GIFT OF SELECT EXTEA-TROPICAL PLANTS, READILY ELIGIBLE FOR tytltnn or WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES AND SOME OF THEIR USES; BARON FEED. VON MUELLER, « t K.C.M.G., M.D., PH.D., F.B.S., F.L.S., F.G.S., F.O.S., F.K.G.S., C.M.Z.S., H.M.R.H.S., H.C.M.S.A., H.F.R.B.S., H.M.G.S.K., H.M.B.S.E., ETC., GOVERNMENT BOTANIST FOR VICTORIA. Omnia enim in tisus sues creata, sunt." — SYRACH, ^xxix., 2i, 2 . New Victorian Edition, Revised and Enlarged. MELBOURNE: JOHN FERRES, GOVERNMENT PRINTER. 1885. CL X .„...... . , -:• -•:: : " •*» • •. !•«•» TO THE HONORABLE GRAHAM BERRY, M.L.A., CHIEF SECRETARY OF THE COLONY OF VICTORIA, AN ENLIGHTENED PROMOTER OF RURAL INDUSTRIES AND A GENEROUS SUPPORTER OF THE AUTHOR'S RESEARCHES, THIS VOLUME IS RESPECTFULLY DEDICATED. 444CG5 PREFACE In the volumes, issued by the Victorian Acclimatisation- Society from 1871 to 1878, five contributions have appeared concerning such indus- trial plants, as are available for culture in extra-tropical countries, or in high mountain -regions within the tropics. These writings were mainly offered with a view of promoting the introduction and diffusion of the very many kinds of plants, which may be extensively reared in the forests, fields or pastures of temperate geographic latitudes. But the work thus originated became accessible merely to the members of the Society, while frequent calls arose for these or some similar data, not only throughout the Australian communities, but also abroad. The whole was therefore re-arranged and largely supplemented, first for re- issue in Victoria, and lately also in India, under the auspices of the Central Government at Calcutta. Subsequently the work was likewise honored by being reprinted, with numerous additions, for the use of New South Wales; and at nearly the same time it went through a German translation, by Dr. Goeze, in Herr Th. Fischer's publishing establishment in Cassel; while last year it appeared revised and still further augmented, more particularly for North- American use, through the generous interest of one of the most enterprising scientific publishers in the United States, Mr. George Davis of Detroit. The early Victorian edition having become exhausted, the present one is offered now, still further enlarged by such notes as could be made very recently. As stated in the preface to the original essays, they did not claim com- pleteness, either as a specific index to, or as a series of notes on the respective rural or technologic applicability of the plants enumerated. But what these writings may perhaps aspire to, is to bring together some condensed data in popular language on all the principal utilitarian plants, hitherto known to prosper in extra-tropical zones. Information of this kind is widely scattered through many and often voluminous works in several languages ; yet such volumes apply generally to countries with a climatic zone far narrower than that, for which these pages were written. vi Preface. Most, but not all the books, which it was desirable to consult, were at the author's command; Jims the necessity of further successive sup- plements will be apparent, even irrespective of needful references to future discoveries; because in the progress of geographic, medical, tech- nologic and chemical inquiries many new plants are likely to be disclosed, and additional uses of known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among the trees and shrubs, or herbs and grasses, occurring in the middle and higher altitudinal zones of Africa, or, nearer to us, of New Guinea and the Sunda-Islands, many specific forms may be expected to occur, which we could transfer to extra-tropical countries or to moun- tains in equinoctial regions. Moreover the writer would modestly hope, that his local efforts may prove to be useful in other parts of the globe for extending rural pursuits; indeed, through the generous action of an enlightened American, Capt. Ellwood Cooper, President of the State Board of Horticulture of California, the first fragmentary publications, then offered for Australian use, were deemed worthy of re-issue in San Francisco. Gradual or partial reprints had also previously appeared in weekly journals of Sydney and San Francisco and in some other periodicals. As already intimated, the rapid progress of tillage almost throughout all colonial dominions and in other new States is causing a growing desire for general and particular indications of such plants, which a colder clime excludes from the northern countries, in which many of the colonists spent their youth; and it must be clear to any reflecting mind, that in all warmer latitudes, as compared with the Middle-European zone, is existing a vastly enlarged scope for cultural choice of plants. Thus, indicative as these notes merely are, they may yet facilitate the selection. More extensive information can then be sought for in larger, though less comprehensive works already extant, or likely still to be called forth by local requirements in other countries. The writer should even not be disinclined, under fair support and encouragement, to issue, collateral to the present volume, also another, exclusively devoted to the industrial plants of the hotter zones, for the promotion of tropical culture, particu- larly in our Australian continent. Considerable difficulty was experienced in fixing the limits of such remarks, as are admissible into the present pages, because certain plants may be important only under particular climatic "conditions and cultural applications, or they may have been overrated in regard to the copious- ness and relative value of their yield. Thus it was not always easy to sift the chaff from the grain, when these notes were gathered; the Preface. vii remarks, offered in these pages, might indeed under less rigorous restric- tions have been indefinitely extended; and although the author has for more than twenty years been watching for industrial tests the plants, intro- duced by him into the Melbourne Botanic Garden, he had still to a very large extent to rely implicitly on the experience of other observers elsewhere. It may also be at once here stated, that when calculations of measurements and weights were quoted, such always represent the maximum as far as hitherto on record. It was not always found easy, to fix with accuracy the geographic range of the species for this work in concise terms, as even some of the best and newest taxologic works relate not with sufficient distinctness; what is truly indigenous and what merely naturalized in any particular part of the globe. Furthermore schematic indices, to facilitate general views over the geographic dis- tribution of plants, such as given for Australia in " a systematic census of plants with geographic and literary annotations " have not been yet forthcoming for any of the other great divisions of the earth with completeness. To draw prominent attention to the primarily important among the very many hundreds of plants, referred to in these pages, the leading species have been designated with an asterisk. It has not been easy in numerous instances, to trace the original source of that informa- tion on utilitarian plants, which we find recorded in the various volumes of phytologic or rural or technologic literature ; many original observa- tions are however contained in the writings of Bernardin, Bentham, Bentley, Brandis, Brockhaus, Candolle, Chambers, Collins, Dyer, Drury, Engelmann, Engler, Flueckiger, Fraas, Freyn, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury, Hooker, King, Koch, Langethal, Lawson, Lindley, Lorentz, London, Martius, Masters, Meehan, Meyer, Michaux, Naudin. Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi, Porcher, Eosenthal, Roxburgh, Sargent, Seemann, Simmonds, Stewart, Trimen, Witfstein and others, to whose names reference is cursorily made in the text. The volumes of the Agricultural Department at Washington, of the Austrian Apotheker- Verein, of the Journal of Applied Science, of the Bulletin de la Societe d'Acclimatation de France and of several other periodicals have likewise afforded data, utilized on this occasion. In selecting notes from general rural literature great caution had to be exercised, to guard against being misled by perhaps sometimes faulty nomenclature. Furthermore in choosing or elaborating the data for entries injo this work, it had constantly to be kept in view, that the information is intended for the bread-winning portion of communities in young colonies mainly if not exclusively; nothing beyond this is aimed at. viii Preface. In grouping together at the close of this volume all the genera-, enumerated according to the products, which they yield, facility is afforded for tracing out any series of plants, regarding which special economic information may be sought, or which may at any time prominently engage the attention of the cultivator, the manufacturer or the artisan. Again, the placing together in index-form of the respective industrial plants according to their geographic distribution, as has likewise been done in the concluding pages, has rendered it easy, to order or obtain from abroad the plants of such other countries, with which any settlers or colonists may be in relation, through commercial, literary or other intercourse. Lists like the present may also aid in naming the plants and their products with scientific correctness in establishments of economic horticulture or in technologic or other educational collections. If the line of demarcation between the plants, admissible into this list and those which should have been excluded, has occasionally been extended in favor of the latter, then it must be pleaded, that the final value of any particular species for a peculiar want, locality or treatment cannot always be fully foretold. Doubtless, many plants of primary importance for rural requirements, here again alluded to, have long since been secured by intelligent early pioneers of immigration, who timely strove to enrich the cultural resources of their adopted country. In these efforts the writer, so far as his public or private means would permit, has endeavored for more than a quarter of a century to take an honor- able share. But although such plants are introduced, they are not in all instance as yet widely diffused, nor tested in all desirable localities. For the sake of completeness even the most ordinary cultural plants have not been passed, as the opportunity seemed an apt one, to offer a few cursory remarks on their value also. The writer entertains a hope, that a copy of this plain volume may find a place in the library of every educational establishment for occa- sional and perhaps frequent reference to its pages. The increased ease of communication, which has latterly arisen between nearly all parts of the globe, places us now also in a fair position for independent efforts, to suggest or promote introductions of new vegetable treasures from unex- plored regions, or to submit neglected plants of promising value to unbiassed original tests. It may merely be instanced, that after the lapse of more than three centuries since the conquest of Mexico, only the most scanty information is extant on the timber of that empire, and that of several thousand tropical grasses not many dozen have been tried with rural or chemical exactitude for pasture-purposes, not to speak of Preface. ix many prominently utilitarian trees, shrubs and herbs, restricted to cool mountain-regions elsewhere within the tropics, but never yet carried to the lowlands of higher latitudes. For inquiries of such kind every civilized State is striving to afford in well-planned, thoughtfully directed and generously supported special scientific establishments the needful aid, not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort and enjoyment of the present generation, but also with an anticipation of earning the gratitude of posterity ; and this, as a rule, is done with a sensitive jealousy, to maintain also thereby the fair fame of the country for scientific dignity and industrial development. Friendly consideration will recognize the fact, that a desire to arouse more and more such a spirit of emulation has much inspired the writer, to offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened statesmanship far and wide will foster the aims, which he has had in view, through liberal and circumspect support. Melbourne, August 1885. SELECT PLANTS, EEADILY ELIGIBLE FOE INDUSTEIAL CULTUBE IN EXTRA-TROPICAL COUNTRIES. Aberia Caffra, J. Hooker and Harvey. The " Kai- Apple" of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub serves for hedges ; it bears only slight frost. The rather large fruits are edible, and can be converted into preserves. Allied South-African species are A. Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sonder). Acacia acuminata, Bentham. A kind of " Myall" from Western Australia, attaining a height of 40 feet. The scent of the wood comparable to that of raspberries. It is the best of West- Australian woods for charcoal. The stems much sought for fence-posts, very lasting for this purpose, even when selected young. A similar tree with hard and scented wood is A. Doratoxylon (A. Cunn.), of the dry regions of South-Eastern Australia. Acacia aneura, F. v. Mueller. Arid desert-interior of extra-tropic Australia. A tree never more than 25 feet high. The principal " Mulga " tree. Mr. S. Dixon praises it particularly as valuable for fodder of pastoral animals; hence it might locally serve for ensilage. Mr. W. Johnson found in the foliage a considerable quantity of starch and gum, rendering it nutritious. Cattle and sheep browse on the twigs of this and some allied species, even in the presence of plentiful grass, and are much sustained by such Acacias in seasons of protracted drought. Drome- daries in Australia crave for the Mulga as food. Wood excessively hard, dark -brown, used preferentially by the natives for boomerangs, sticks to lift edible roots, end-shafts of Phragmites-spears, woomerangs, nulla-nullas and jagged spear-ends. Acacia Arabica, Willdenow. The "Kikar" or " Babur." Northern and Central Africa, also . in South-Western Asia, growing in dry, calcareous soil. This small tree can be utilized for thorny hedges. It furnishes one of the best 2 •'• Select Plants for Industrial Culture '. . 'kinds of gum. ara-bl-e for medicinal and technical purposes. The lac- insect lives also on the foliage, and thus in Sind the lac is mainly yielded by this tree. The stem attains a circumference of 10 feet. The astringent pods are valuable for tanning, also the bark, which is known as "Baboot" bark; the wood is very durable if water-seasoned, extensively used for wheels, well-curbs and many kinds of imple- ments, also for the knees and planks of boats. This species is of com- paratively quick growth. A. Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) is among the species, which yield gum arabic in North- Africa. A. latronum (Willdenow) and A. modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India according to Dr. Brandis. Acacia armata, R. Brown. Extra-tropical Australia. The Kangaroo-Thorn. Much grown for hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge-plants, and not so fire-proof. More important for covering coast-sand with an unapproachable prickly vegetation. Acacia binervata, I>e Candolle. Extra- tropical East- Australia. A tree attaining a height of 40 feet. The bark used by tanners, but not quite so valuable as that of A. decurrens (W. Dovegrove). Acacia Catechu, Willdenow. India, East- Africa, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining 40 feet in height. Will bear some frost (Brandis). Wood hard, heavy, ex- tremely durable, locally chosen for underground posts, particularly also mill-work. The extract prepared from the bark and heartwood is the catechu of medicine or cutch of tannery. Pure cutch is worth about £25 per ton; 4 tons of bark will produce 1 ton of cutch. A. Suma (Kurz) is closely allied. Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott. The " Espino " of the present inhabitants of Chili, the " Cavan " of the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard wood, resisting underground-moisture. The plant is well adapted for hedges. The husks contain 32 per cent, tannin (Sievers), particularly valuable as a dye-material. Acacia Cebil, Grisebach. (Piptadenia Cebil, Grisebach.) La Plata-States. This is one of the most useful of all trees there, on account of its bark, which is exceedingly rich in tannic acid; a species well worthy of introduction elsewhere, even as an ornamental tree. Numerous other Acaciae, particularly the Australian species, deserve yet tests for tannin. Acacia concinna, De Candolle, India, China. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge-shrub. The pod contains saponin. in Extra-Tropical Countries. & Acacia dealbata, Link. Sou th-Eas tern Australia and Tasmania. This tree is generally known amongst Australian colonists as Silver- Wattle. It prefers for its habitation humid river-banks, and sometimes attains there a height of 150 feet, supplying a clear and tough timber used by coopers and other artisans, but principally serving as select fuel of great heating power. The bark of this variety is much thinner and greatly inferior in quality to that of the Black Wattle, yielding only about half the quantity of tannin-principle. It is chiefly employed for lighter leather. This tree is distinguished from the Black Wattle by the silvery or rather ashy hue of its young foliage: it flowers early in spring, ripen- ing its seeds in about 5 months, while the Black Wattle occurs chiefly on drier ridges, blossoms late in spring or at the beginning of summer, and its seeds do not mature in less than about 14 months. Acacia decurrens, Willdenow.* The Black Wattle. ' From the eastern part of South -Australia, through Victoria and New South Wales, to the southern part of Queens- land, also in Tasmania. A small or middle-sized tree. Its wood is used for staves, for turners' work, occasionally also for axe- and pick- handles and many other purposes; it supplies an excellent firewood; a chief use of the tree would be also, to afford the first shelter in treeless localities for raising forests. Its bark, rich in tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to gum arabic, render this tree highly im- portant. The English price of the bark ranges generally from £8 to £11. In Melbourne it averages about £5 to £8 per ton. It varies, so far as experiments made in my laboratory have shown, in its con- tents of tannic principle from 30 to 40 per cent, in bark completely dried. In the mercantile bark the percentage is somewhat less, ac- cording to the state of its dryness — it retaining about 10 per cent, moisture. 1J Ibs. of Black Wattle-bark give 1 Ib. of leather, whereas 5 Ibs. of English Oak-bark are requisite for the same results, but the tannic principle of both is not absolutely identical. Melbourne tan- ners consider a ton of Black Wattle-bark sufficient to tan 25 to 30 hides; it is best adapted for sole-leather and other so-called heavy goods. The leather is fully as durable as that tanned with oak -bark, and nearly as good in color. Bark carefully stored for a season im- proves in tanning power considerably. From experiments made under the author's direction it appears, that no appreciable difference exists in the percentage of tannin in Wattle-bark, whether obtained in the dry or in the wet season. The tannin of this Acacia yields a gray precipitate with ferric, and a violet color with ferrous salts; it is completely precipitated from a strong aqueous solution by means of concentrated sulphuric acid. The bark improves by age and desiccation, and yields about 40 per cent, of catechu, rather more than half of which is tannic acid. Bichromate of potash added in a minute quantity to the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces a ruby -red liquid, fit for dye-purposes; and this solution gives with the salts of sub-oxide of iron black pigments, and with the salts of the Select Plants for Industrial Culture full oxide of iron red-brown dyes. As far back as 1823 a fluid extract of Wattle-bark was shipped to London, fetching then the extraordinary price of £50 per ton, one ton of bark yielding 4 cwt. of extract of tar-consistence (Simmonds), thus saving much freight and cartage. Tan extract is best obtained from the bark by hydraulic pressure and evaporation of the strong liquid thus obtained in wide pans under steam-heat, or better still, to avoid any decomposition of the tannic acid, by evaporation under a strong current of cold air. For cutch or terra japonica the infusion is carefully evaporated by gentle heat. The estimation of tannic acid in Acacia barks is effected most expe- ditiously by filtering the aqueous decoction of the bark after cooling, evaporating the solution and then re-dissolving the residue in alcohol and determining the weight of the tannic principle obtained by evaporating the filtered alcoholic solution to perfect dryness. The cultivation of the Black Wattle is extremely easy, being effected by sowing either broadcast or in rows. Seeds can be obtained in Melbourne at about 5s. per lb., which contains from 30,000 to 50,000 grains ; they are known to retain their vitality for several years. For discrimination in mercantile transactions it may be noted, that the seeds of the genuine A. decurrens are somewhat smaller, com- paratively shorter, rounder and not so flat as those of A. dealbata, while the funicular appendage does not extend so far along the seeds, nor is the pod quite so broad ; from those of A. pycnantha they differ in being shorter, thus more ovate than oblong. Seeds should be soaked in warm water before sowing. Any bare, sterile, unutilized place might most remuneratively be sown with this Wattle- Acacia; the return could be expected in from five to ten years. Full-grown trees, which supply also the best quality, yield as much as 1 cwt. of bark. Mr. J. Dickinson states, that he has seen 10 cwt. of bark obtained from a single tree of gigantic dimensions at Southport. A quarter of a ton of bark was obtained from one tree at Tambo without stripping all the limbs. The height of this tree was 60 feet, and the stem 2 feet in diameter. The rate of growth of the tree is about 1 inch in diameter of stem annually. It is content with the poorest and driest soil, although in more fertile ground it shows greater celerity of growth. This Acacia is perhaps the most impor- tant of all tan-yielding trees of the warm temperate zones, for its strength in tannic acid, its rapidity of growth, its contenteduess with almost any soil, the ease with which it can be reared and its early yield of tanner's bark, and indeed also gum and stave-wood. This tree is to be recommended for poor land, affected with sorrel. It is hardier than Eucalyptus globulus, thus enduring the climate of South England, although it hardly extends to sub-alpine elevations. The wood of this Acacia, particularly when the trees are in an unhealthy state, is sometimes bored by the large larva of a moth, namely that of Eudoxyla Eucalypti. For fuller information the " Report on Wattle-bark," presented in 1878 to the Parliament of Victoria by a special commission, may be referred to. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 5 Acacia estrophiolata, F. v. Mueller. Central Australia. A tree, attaining a height of 30 feet and a stem- diameter of 1 foot, enduring the extremest of dry heat; suitable for cemeteries on account of its pendent branches. It flowers almost con- stantly, and accommodates itself to all sorts of soil, even sand. Wood very durable, locally much used for implements and especially wheel- wright's work (Rev. H. Kempe). Bark rich in tannin. Acacia excelsa, Bentham. The Ironbark-Acacia of Queensland, extending into New South Wales. Attains a height of 80 feet. Branches pendent. The wood is dark-colored, hard, heavy and durable, well adapted for furniture and implements ; towards the centre it is of a deep pinkish color. The tree exudes a large quantity, of clear gum (O'Shanesy), and sprouts again from the root after the stem is cut. Also particularly eligible for cemeteries. Acacia falcata, Willdenow. Extra-tropical East-Australia. A small tree. Important for its bark in tanneries. Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow. Dioscorides' small Acacia. Indigenous to Southern Asia; found eastward as far as Japan; a native also of the warmer parts of Aus- tralia, as far south as the Darling-River; found spontaneous in tropical and sub-tropical America, but apparently not in tropical Africa. Professor Fraas has recognized in this Acacia the ancient plant. The scented flowers, inappropriately called "cassie" flowers, are much sought for perfumery, and develop successively. This species may well be utilized as a hedge-plant ; a kind of gum arabic may also be obtained from it. The scent perhaps obtainable from the fresh and slightly moist flowers by gentle dry distillation under mere steam-heat. Ordinarily the odorous essential oil is withdrawn from the flowers by the enfleurage-process ; many Australian Acacias might be thus treated for perfumery. Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller. South-Queensland. Tree, sometimes to 70 feet high; branches pendent. Desirable for culture on account of the excellence of its easily worked dark wood. Eligible also for cemeteries. Acacia giraffae, Willdenow. South- Africa. The Camel-Thorn. This tree attains a great age and a height of 40 feet. The trunk assumes a large size, and sup- plies a wood of great hardness. The tree will grow on the driest soil and in the hottest clime. Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow. Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height about 60 feet. A kind of " Myall," with hard, dark, prettily grained wood, which is however less fragrant than that of some other species. 6 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Acacia gummifera, Willdenow. This tree yields principally the Gum Arabic of Morocco. (Sir Joseph Hooker and John Ball.) The principal collecting time extends over six weeks in midsummer. Acacia harpophylla, F. v. Mueller. Southern Queensland. A tree, sometimes attaining a height of 90 feet, furnishing locally a considerable share of the mercantile wattle- bark for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr. P. O'Shanesy, brown, hard, heavy and elastic, of violet odor; it splits freely and is thus also well adapted for fancy lathe-work ; used by the natives for spears. The tree grows naturally on sand-lands, almost to the exclusion of other trees and shrubs. Saplings used as stakes in vine- yards have lasted 20 years and more. The tree yields also consider- able quantities of gum. It is one of the principal " Brigalows " in. the scrubs of that designation. Acacia heteroclita, Meissner. South- Western Australia. This or an allied species furnishes a particular sort of edible gum, called by the autochthones " Quannot." (Hon. John Forrest.) Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham. The Victorian " Myall," extending into the deserts of South-Aus- tralia and New South Wales. Never a tall tree. The dark-brown wood is much sought for turners' work on account of its solidity and fragrance; perhaps its most extensive use is in the manufacture of tobacco-pipes. Allied species pass under the aboriginal appellation "Boree." Acacia horrida, Willdenow. The "Doornboom" or "Karra-Doorn" of South- Africa. A for- midable hedge-bush with thorns often 3 inches long, readily available for impenetrable hedge-rows. It exudes also a gum of good quality, but often of amber-color. This is the principal species used for tanners' bark in South-Africa, where Leucospermum conocarpum (R. Br.) is also extensively employed for the same purpose (Me Gibbon). It imparts however an unpleasant odor to the leather made with it (McOwan). Acacia implexa, Bentham. Victoria, New South Wales, Queensland. A tree of middle size, content with poor soil. Wood firm and close, dark-brown with yellowish stripes; much in demand for turnery, cogwheels and other purposes, which need tenacity and strength (Dickinson). Bark available for tanneries. Acacia Koa, A. Gray. Hawaii ; there one of the most valuable of timber-trees. Stem reaching a height of 60 feet, topped by wide-spreading phyllodinous foliage. Wood easy to work, particularly in a fresh state; formerly in Extra-Tropical Countries. 7 much used for boat-building and for building purposes generally; also suitable for cabinet-work. Species of Metrosideros, some ascending to 8,000 feet, one overtopping all other trees, furnish a large share of hard, tough and very durable timber in the Hawaian islands. Their wood varies from a light red to a purplish hue. (Hon. Judge McCully.) Acacia leiophylla, Bentham.* (A. saligna, Bentham not Wendland.) South- Western Australia, where it is the principal tree chosen for tanners' bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for avenues ; emitting suckers. The weeping habit fits it particularly also for cemeteries. The bark contains nearly 30 per cent, of mimosa-tannin, and is extensively used by tanners in West-Australia. Perfectly dried leaves yield from 7 to 8 per cent, mimosa-tannic acid, giving a lead-precipitate of a light yellow color; the leaves contain also a considerable quantity of sulphate of lime. The London price of fair West- Australian gum arabic from this species was from 46s. to 49s. per cwt. in 1879. The tree has proved in Algeria to resist the sirocco better than most species (Dr. Bonand). A. cyanophylla (Lindley) is a closely allied species, serving the same purposes. Acacia longifolia, Willdenow. South-Eastern Australia. This tree is introduced into this list, inasmuch as the very bushy variety known as A. Sophoras (R. Brown) renders most important service in subduing loose coast-sand, the lower branches striking root into the soil ; it should therefore be disseminated on extensively bare sand- shores in regions, where no severe frosts occur. The bark of A. longifolia is only half as good as that of A. decurrens for tanning, and used chiefly for sheep-skins. The tree is of quick growth — 20 to 30 feet in o to 6 years (Hartmann). Acacia macrantha, Bentham. From Mexico to Argentina, also in the Galapagos-Group. This tree, usually small, provides the " Cuji-pods " for tanning (Sim- monds). Acacia Melanoxylon, R. Brown.* South-Eastern Australia. Generally known as Blackwood-tree, passing also under the inappropriate name of Lightwood-tree. In irrigated glens of deep soil the tree will attain a height of 80 feet, with a stem several feet in diameter. The wood is most valuable for furniture, railroad-cars and carriages, boat-building (stem and stern- post, ribs, rudder), for tool-handles, crutches, some portions of the work of organ-builders, casks, billiard-tables, pianofortes (for sound- boards and actions) and numerous other purposes. The fine-grained wood is cut into veneers; it takes a fine polish, and is considered almost equal to walnut. The best wood in Victoria for bending under steam; it does not warp and twist. Local experiments gave the strength in transverse strain of Blackwood equal to Eucalyptus- wood of middling strength, approaching that of the American White 8 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Oak, and surpassing that of the Kauri. The bark contains about 20 per cent, mimosa-tannin. The tree has proved, with A. decurrens and A. dealbata, hardy in the Isle of Arran (Rev. D. Landsborough). Acacia microbotrya, Bentham. South- Western Australia. " The Badjong." A comparatively tall species, the stem attaining a diameter of 1 to 1^ feet. It prefers river-valleys, and lines brooks naturally. According to Mr. Geo. Whitfield, a single tree may yield 50 Ibs. of gum in a season. The aborigines store the gum in hollow trees for winter use ; it is of a pleasant, sweetish taste. Acacia moniliformis, Grisebach. Argentina. The " Tusca." The young pods are used for feeding horses and cattle (Dr. Lorentz), like those of Acacia Cavenia in South- Western America. Acacia pendula, Cunningham. New South Wales and Queensland, generally in marshy tracts of the interior. The " Weeping Myall." Reaching 35 feet in height. Wood violet-scented, hard, close-grained, beautifully marked ; used by cabinet-makers and turners, in high repute for tobacco-pipes (W. Hill). The tree is desirable for cemeteries. Acacia penninervis, Sieber. Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland. A small tree, so hardy as to occupy sub-alpine localities. The bark contains about 18 per cent, of tannin. Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.* Victoria and South- Australia. The "Golden Wattle " of the colonists. This tree, which attains a maximum height of about 30 feet, is second only to A. decurrens in importance for its yield of tanners' bark ; the quality of the latter is even sometimes superior to that of the Black Wattle, but the yield is less, as the tree is smaller and the bark thinner. It is a tree of rapid growth, content with almost any soil, but is generally found in poor sandy ground, particu- larly near the sea-coast, where A. decurrens would not succeed, and thus also important for binding rolling sand. Experiments instituted by me have proved the absolutely dried bark to contain about 30 per cent tanning principle, full-grown sound trees supplying the best quality. The aqueous infusion of the bark can be reduced by boil- ing to a dry extract, which in medicinal and other respects is equal to the best Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia Catechu and A. Suma. It yields nearly 30 per cent., about half of which or more is mimosa-tannic acid. This catechu is also of great use for preserving against decay articles subject to exposure in water, such as ropes, nets and fishing-lines. The fresh leaves yield 6 per cent, and dry leaves 15 to 16 per cent, of mimosa -tannin. While, according to Mr. Simmoiads, the import of the bark of oaks and hemlock-spruce in Extra- Tropical Countries. 9 into England becomes every year less, and while the import of sumach and gambir does not increase, the annual demand for tanning sub- stance has within the last twenty years been doubled. A. pycnantha is also important for its copious yield of gum, which is in some localities advantageously collected for home-consumption and also for export. The wood, though not of large dimensions, is well adapted for staves, handles of various implements and articles of turnery, especially bobbins (Dickinson). By improved methods, the fragrant oil of the flowers could doubtless be fixed, though its absolute isolation might be difficult and uuremunerative. The tree as a rule seeds well. Acacia retinodes, Schlechtendal. South-Eastern Australia. Ascertained so early as 1846 by Dr. Hermann Behr to yield a good tanners' bark and much gum. This Acacia is ever-flowering, and in this respect almost exceptional. It likes river-banks, but never grows beyond the height of a small tree. A. neriifolia (A. Cunningham) of New South Wales is a closely allied species. Acacia Sentis, F. v. Mueller. Interior of Australia. This shrub or small tree is suitable for hedges. The seeds of this species and also of A. Kempeana, A. cibaria and some others are eaten by the natives. Horses, cattle, sheep and camels browse in Central Australia with avidity on the foliage (Rev. H. Kempe). This species will endure most protracted drought and a shade-temperature of 118° F. Acacia Seyal, Delile. In the Libyan and Nubian Deserts. This thorny tree exudes a brownish kind of gum arabic. It is adapted for the most arid desert- country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady tree. Native name " Soffar." Can be utilized for thorny hedges as well as A. tortilis (Forskael), the latter also yielding gum arabic. Acacia stenocarpa, Hochstetter. Abyssinia and Nubia. A large tree, which yields the brownish " Suak-" or " Talha "-Gum, a kind of gum arabic. (Hanbury and Flueckiger.) Acacia stenophylla, Cunningham. On banks of water-courses in the interior of Australia, as far south as the Murray-River. A tree with exquisite, hard, dark wood, serving the same purposes as Myall-wood, and also known as Iron- wood. Attains a height of 60 feet and a stem-diameter of 2 feet. Acacia supporosa, F. v. Mueller. South-Eastern Australia. Straight stems over 50 feet long are formed by this tree; the wood is tough and elastic, fit for carriage- shafts, gunstocks, various select tools. (L. Morton.) B 2 10 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Acacia Verek, Guillemin and Perrottet. From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white gum arabic of the Nile-region, and a large quantity of this on a commercial scale. A. Etbaica (Schweinfurth) from the same region produces also a good mercantile gum. Acanthophoenix rubra, H. Wendland. Mauritius and Reunion. This palm has proved hardy in Florida, also as far south as Sydney (C. Moore). Height reaching 60 feet. The upper rings of the stem are of a bright red. In gardens usually passing as an Areca. Acanthosicyos horrida, Welwitsch. In the deserts of Angola, Benguela and Damarland. This thorny erect, cucurbitaceous shrub bears fruit of the size and color of oranges and of pleasant acidulous taste. The seeds are also edible. No rain occurs in the Acanthosicyos- and Welwitschia-region, but the mean heat does not exceed 70° F. and the soil is kept somewhat moist through capillarity from beneath. Acer Campbellii, J. Hooker and Thomson. The chief Maple of the North-Eastern Himalayas. A large tree. Freely reproduced by seed or coppice. Wood pale, close-grained, particularly valuable for planking (Gamble). Acer campestre, Linn^. The British Maple. Extends from South- and Middle-Europe to Northern Africa, also to many parts of Asia. Height reaching 40 feet, in shelter and deep soil; the yellow and purple tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree then particularly beautiful. Occurs in Nor- way to 63° 26' N. L. (Prof. Schuebeler). The wood is compact and fine-grained, and sought for choice furniture, machinery and musical instruments. The tree can be trimmed into hedges. Comparatively quick in growth, and easily raised from seed. These remarks apply to many kinds of maples. Acer circinatum, Pursh. The Vine-Maple of North- Western America, forming in some parts of Oregon impenetrable forests on account of its long branches bending to the ground and striking root; its autumnal tint gives quite a picture to the landscape.' The stem is sometimes 40 feet long, but slender. Found to be hardy as far north as Christiania or even Nyborg, in lat. 70° 10', where the mean annual temperature is 29° F., the highest 95° and the lowest — 40° F. (Professor Schue- beler). The wood is heavier and of closer grain than that of A. macrophyllum (Dr. Gibbons); very tough, used for helves. Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart. (.4. saccharinum, Linne".) The Silver-Maple of North-America. Requires a rather warmer climate than the other American maples, but has proved hardy in Norway as far as 59° 55' N. (Schuebeler). Height reaching 50 feet; stem sometimes 9 feet in diameter. Much praised for street-planting; in Extra-Tropical Countries. 11 growth comparatively rapid. It produces no suckers, nor is the tree subject to disease. A most beautiful tree, with a stout stem and a magnificent crown, growing best on the banks of rivers with limpid water and a gravelly bed, but never in swampy ground, where the Red Maple takes its place. The wood is pale and soft, of less strength and durability than that of many of its congeners, but makes excellent charcoal. It may be cut into extreme thinness for wood- paperhangings (Simmonds). The tree also yields maple-sugar, though not in such quantity as A. saccharinum. With other maples, an early yielder of honey to bees. Acer macrophyllum, Pursh. Large Oregon-Maple. From British Columbia to Northern Mexico. A fine shade-tree of quick growth; sometimes reaching a height of 90 feet; stem attaining 16 feet in circumference; wood whitish, beautifully veined; delights on banks of streams. The inner bark can be utilized for baskets, hats and superior mats; the hard and close wood is a substitute for hickory. The wood when curled is splendid for ornamental work. Maple-sugar is also manu- factured from the sap of this species (Sargent). Acer Neglindo, Linne. (Negundo aceroides,M.oench.) The Box-elder of North-America. Hardy in Norway to 59° 55' N. (Schuebeler). A tree, deciduous like the rest of the maples; may attain a height of about 50 feet, and is rich in saccharine sap; according to Vasey it contains almost as much as the Sugar-maple. In California it is used extensively as a shade-tree. Cultivated, the stem attains about 8 inches in diameter in 8 years (Brewer). The wood is yellow, marked with violet and rosy veins (Simmonds). Rate of stem- girth in Nebraska about 2 feet in fourteen years (Governor Furnas). Acer niveum, Blume. Continental and Insular India, up on the forest-ranges. This is the tallest of the maples, attaining a height of 150 feet. Several other large maples, worthy of cultivation particularly in parks, occur on the mountains of India. Acer palmatum, Thunberg. Japan. A beautiful tree, with deeply cleft leaves; various varie- ties with red- and yellow-tinged leaves occur. Unhurt by frost at 0° F. (Gorlie). Should it be an aim, to bring together all the kinds of maples, which could be easily grown in appropriate spots, then Japan alone would furnish 22 species. Acer pictum, Thunberg. From Persia to Japan. Ascending the Himalayas to 9,000 feet. Foliage turning yellow and red in autumn. Wood close-grained and elastic, particularly sought for load-poles, ploughs, chairs and various implements and utensils (Brandis); twigs lopped off for fodder (Gamble). 12 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Acer platanoides, Linne. The Norway-Maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to 80 feet high. Found hardy in Norway (cultivated) to 67° 56' N.; attained in 59° 46' a stem-diameter of 3^ feet (Schuebeler). The pale wood much used by cabinet-makers. Tint of the autumn-foliage golden-yellow. The tree is of imposing appearance, and much recom- mended for ornamental gardening; it gives a denser shade than most of the other maples. Sap of this species also saccharine. Acer Pseudo-Platanus, Linne. The Sycamore-Maple, or Spurious Plane. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. Hardy to 67° 56' N. in Norway (Schue- beler). The celebrated maple at Trons, under which the Grisons swore the oath of union in 1424, exists still (Langethal). Attains a height of over 100 feet. The wood is compact and firm, valuable for various implements, instruments and cabinet-work; thus mangles, presses, dishes, printing and bleaching works, beetling-beams, and in foundries the patterns are often made of this wood (Simmonds) ; for the back, neck, sides and circle of violins, for pianofortes (portion of the mechanism) and harps it is utilized, it being free-cutting and clean on the end-grain. This like some other maples furnishes a superior charcoal for intense and continuous heat (Hartig). Will admit of exposure to sea-air. The sap also saccharine. Acer rubrum, Linne. The Red Maple of North- America. Hardy in Norway to 63° 26' N. (Schuebeler). A tree, attaining over 100 feet in height, 5 feet in stem-diameter. This species grows well with several other maples even in dry, open localities, although the foliage may somewhat suffer from hot winds, but thrives most luxuriantly in swampy, fertile soil. It is valued for street-planting. The foliage turns red in autumn, the flaming tints being indescribable (A. J. Cook). The wood is of handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for saddle-trees, yokes, turnery and various furniture; that of old trees is somewhat cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion of the curled Maple-wood, which is so beautiful and much in request for gun- stocks and inlaying. The tree yields also Maple-sugar, but like A. dasycarpum, only in about half the quantity obtained from A. sac- charinum (Porcher). The flowers of some, if not all, maples are early frequented by bees for honey. Acer sacch.ari.nuni, Wangenheim.* (A. nigrum, Michaux.) The Sugar- or Rock-Maple; one of the largest of the genus. Eastern North- America, extending to Arizona. It is the national emblem of Canada. In the cooler latitudes often 80 or rarely 120 feet high, with a stem 3 to 4 feet in diameter. Hardy to 59° 55'" N. in Norway (Schuebeler). The wood is strong, tough, hard, close- grained, of rosy tinge, and when well seasoned is used for axle-trees, spokes, shafts, poles and furniture, exteriors of pianos, saddle-trees, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 13 wheel-wrights' work, wooden dishes, founders' patterns and flooring; not apt to warp; preferred for shoe-lasts; when knotty or curly it fur- nishes the Bird's-eye and Curly Maple- wood. From the end of Feb- ruary till the early part of April the trees, when tapped, will yield the saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted into Maple- sugar, each tree yielding 12 to 24 gallons of sap in a season, 3 to 6 gallons giving 1 Ib. of sugar; but exceptionally the yield may rise to 100 and more gallons. The tapping process commences at the age of 20 years, and may be continued for 40 years or more without destruc- tion of the tree (G. Maw). According to Porcher, instances are on record of 33 Ibs. of sugar having been obtained from a single tree in one season. The Sugar-Maple is rich in potash, furnishing a large proportion of this article in the United States. The bark is import- ant for the manufacture of several American dyes. The tree is par- ticularly recommendable in Australia for sub-alpine regions. It bears a massive head of foliage on a slender stem. The autumnal coloring is superb. In the Eastern States of North-America the Sugar-Maple is regarded as the best tree for shade-avenues. Numerous other maples exist, among which may be mentioned Acer Creticum (Linne) of South- Europe, 40 feet; A. laevigatum, A. sterculiaceum and A. villosum (Wallich) of Nepal, 40 feet'. Achillea Millefolium, Linn& Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia and North- America. A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astringency, pervaded with essential oil, containing also a bitter principle (achillein) and a peculiar acid, which takes its name from the generic appellation of the plant. Fitted for warrens and light sandy soil. Recommended by many for sheep-pastures, but disregarded by Langethal. Found indigenous in Norway as far as 71° 10' N. (Schuebeler). Achillea moschata, Wulfen. Alps of Europe. The " Genipi " or " Iva " of the Swiss. This perennial herb ought to bear transferring to any other alpine moun- tains. With the allied A. nana (Linne) and A. atrata (Linne) it enters as a component into the aromatic medicinal Swiss tea. A. fragran- tissima (Reichenbach) is a shrubby species from the deserts of Egypt, Turkey and Persia, valuable for its medicinal flowers. Achras Sapota, Linn^. (Sapota Achras, Miller.) The " Sapodilla-Plum " of the West-Indies and Central America. A fine evergreen tree, producing delicious fruit. Yields also gutta- percha. The bark possesses tonic properties. Achras Australis (R. Brown; Sideroxylon australe, J. Hooker), a tree yielding also tole- rably good fruit, occurs in New South Wales and Queensland. Other sapotaceous trees, producing table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mammosa (the Marmalade-tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum Cainito (the Star- Apple), all from West India, and Lucuma Cainito of Peru, might also be subjected to trial-culture in sub-tropical forest-valleys; 14 Select Plants for Industrial Culture so furthermore many of the trees of this order, from which gutta- percha is obtained (species of Dichopsis, Isonandra, Sideroxylon, Cacosmanthus, Illipe, Mimusops, Imbricaria and Payeuia) might prove hardy in sheltered woodlands, as they seem to need rather an equable humid and mild climate, than the heat of the torrid zone. Aconitum Napellus, Linn4. The " Monk's Hood." In the colder parts of Europe and Asia, extending to the Himalayas and also to arctic America, especially in mountainous regions. A powerful medicinal plant of perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial duration, variable in its forms. It was first introduced into Australia, together with a number of other Aconites, by the writer. All the species possess more or less modi- fied medicinal qualities, as well in their herbage as in their roots; but so dangerously powerful are they, that the plants should never be ad- ministered except as prescribed by a qualified physician. Napellus- root contains three alkaloids: aconitin, napellin and narcotin. The foliage contains also a highly acrid volatile principle, perhaps chemi- cally not unlike that of many other Ranunculaceae. Aconitin, one of the most potent poisons in existence, can likewise be obtained from the highly powerful Nepalese and Himalayan Aconitum ferox (Wallich) and probably from several other species of the genus. Acorus Calamus, Linn£. The " Sweet Flag." Europe, Middle and Northern Asia, North- America. In Norway indigenous to 61° N., cultivated up to 63° 26' (Schuebeler). A perennial pond- or marsh-plant. The aromatic root is used as a stomachic and also in the preparation of confec- tionery, in the distillation of gin and liqueurs, and in the brewing of some kinds of beer. The flavor of the root depends mainly on a peculiar volatile oil. Acrocomia Mexicana, Karwinski. Mexico, in the cooler regions up to 3,000 feet, with a mean -tempera- ture of 65° F. (Drude). A prickly palm, reaching 20 feet in height, accompanied by very splendid Chamsedora-Palms in the shade of oak- forests. A. Totai (Martius) of Argentina yields sweet fruit. Actsea spicata, Linn£. The " Baneberry." On wooded mountains, mainly on limestone- soil in Europe, Northern Asia and North- America. A perennial medicinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar acrid and bitter as well as tonic principles. In North- America this species and likewise A. alba (Bigelow) are also praised as efficacious antidotes against ophidian poisons. Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon. Southern Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appellations " Queule, Nuble and Aracua." Wood durable and beautifully veined. Fruit edible. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 15 Adesmia balsamica, Bertero. The " Jarilla " of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding a fragrant balsam of some technic value (Philippi). jiEglceras majus, Gaertner. Southern Asia, Polynesia, Northern and Eastern Australia. This spurious Mangrove-tree extends far south into New South Wales. It may be employed for preventing the washing away of mud by the tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject to inundation by sea- floods. -ZEschynomene aspera. Linn£. The " Solah " of tropical Asia and Africa. A large perennial erect or floating swamp-plant. Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of Melbourne early into the tropical parts of Australia. Pith-hats are made from the young stems of this plant; this pith is also a substi- tute for cork in some of its uses. The Solah is of less importance for cultivation than for naturalization. Californica, Nuttall. California. This beautiful tree attains a height of 50 feet, with a stem 6 feet in diameter, the crown spreading out exceptionally over a width of 60 feet, the upper branches touching the ground. In full bloom it is a magnificent ornament, with its crowded snow-white. flowers, visible for a long distance. The wood is light and porous, and used for the yokes of oxen and for various other implements (Dr. Gibbons). ^Bsculus Hippocastanum, Linn£. The " Horse-Chestnut Tree." Indigenous to North-Greece, Thessaly and Epirus, on high ranges (Heldreich), where it is asso- ciated with the Walnut, several Oaks and Pines, at an altitude of 3-4,000 feet, occurring likewise in Imeretia, the Caucasus (Eichwald), and possibly wild also in Central Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 10,000 feet. One of the most showy of deciduous trees, more parti- cularly when during spring "it has reached the meridian of its glory, and stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and blossoms." Height reaching 60 feet, circumference of stem sometimes 16 feet. In cool climates one of the choicest of trees for street-planting. Flowers sought by bees in preference to those of any other northern tree except the Linden. Even in Norway, in latitude 67° 56' N., a cultivated tree attained a height of 60 feet and a stem-circumference of 11 feet (Schuebeler). It will succeed even in sandy soil, but likes sheltered spots. The wood adapted for furniture, also par- ticularly for mould-patterns in casting, the slips of pianofortes and a variety of other purposes ; it remains free from insects. The seeds yield starch copiously, and supply also food for various domestic animals; the bark serves as a good tanning material. A variety is known with thornless fruits. Three species occur in Japan and several in North-America and South- Asia, mostly not of great height. 16 Select Plants for Industrial Culture JEsculus Indica, Colebrooke. In the Himalayas, from 3,500 to 9,000 feet. Height finally 50 feet; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a girth of 25 feet. Never quite without leaves. Can be used like the Horse- Chestnut as an ornamental shade-tree. Twigs lopped off for fodder in India. Wood whitish, soft, available for various purposes, parti- cularly liked for water-troughs, drinking-vessels, platters (Gamble). Other Asiatic species are A. Punduana (Wallich), A. Chinensis (Bunge), A. dissimilis (Blume). JEsculllS lutea, Warigenheim. (A. flava, Aiton.) The " Buck-eye." North- America. This showy tree rises occa- sionally to a height of 80 feet. The wood is light, soft and porous, not inclined to split or crack in drying. It is valuable for troughs, bread-trays, wooden bowls and shuttles (Simmonds) ; also for ceiling and wainscoting (Mohr). JEsculus turbinata, Blume. Japan. Allied to A. Chinensis. The seeds are there used for human food. Agaricus csesareus, Schaeffer. In the spruce-forests of Middle and Southern Europe. Trials might be made, to naturalize this long famed and highly delicious mushroom in our woodlands. It attains a width of nearly one foot, and is of a magnificent orange-color. Numerous other edible Agarics could doubtless be brought into this country by the mere dispersion of the spores in fit localities. As large or otherwise specially eligible may here be mentioned, on the authority of Dr. Rosenthal, who alludes to many more, A. extinctorius L., A. melleus Vahl, A. deliciosus L., A. giganteus Sowerby, A. Cardarella Fr., A. Marzuolus Fr., A. Eryngii Cand., A. splendens Pers., A. odorus Bulliard, A. auricula Cand., A. oreades Bolt., A. esculentus Wulf.^ A. mouceron Tratt., A. socialis Cand., A. laccatus Scop., all from Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species from other parts of the globe. Professor Goeppert adds as edible species, sold in Silesia and other parts of Germany: A. decorus Fries, A. fusipes Bull., A. gambosus Fries, A. procerus Scop., A. scorodonius Fries, A. silvaticus Schaeff., A. virgineus Wulf., A. volemus Fries, besides the almost cosmopolitan A. campestris Linne and A. arvensis Schaeffer. Dr. M. C. Cooke mentions of Agarics besides as European (mostly British) kinds, fit for the kitchen: A. rachodes Vitt., A. personatus Fr., A. nebularis Batsch, A. dealbatus Sow., A. geotropus Bull., A. salignus Tratt., A. prunulus Scop., A. mutabilis Schaeff., A. squarrosus O. Muell., A. pudicus Viv. Dr. L. Planchon noted the following among the French edible species addi- tionally: A. vaginatus Bull., A. ovoideus Bull., A. rubescens Fr., A. caligatus Viv., A. terreus Schaeff., A. albellus Cand., A. nudus Bull., A. crassipes Desm., A. piperatus L., A. oreades Bolt., A. cylindrius in Extra-Tropical Countries. 17 Cand., A. pluteus Fr., A. bombycinus Schaeff. Several of these extend spontaneously to Australia. Mushroom-beds are best made from horse-manure, mixed with one-eighth loam, the scattering of the mushroom-fragments to be effected, when the temperature of the hot- bed has become reduced to 85° F., this sowing to be made 2-3 inches deep and 4 inches apart; 1 inch sifted loam over the damp bed and some hay to cover the whole. After two months mushrooms can be gathered from the bed. Mushroom-beds can also be prepared in spare places of cellars, stables, sheds and other places, where equability of mild temperature and some humidity can be secured. According to Mr. C. F. Heinemann, of Erfurt, the needful hot-beds can best be made one above another, inclined forward, generating a temperature of from 60° to 90° F., a surface-layer of cut straw being applied subse- quently, to be removed after about two weeks, then to be replaced by a stratum of rich loam as a matrix for the root-like organs of the push- ing fungs. In Japan mushrooms are reared on decayed split logs, and largely consumed. In France mushrooms are grown in caves to an enormous extent. Puff-balls when young are also edible, and some of them delicious (Meehan). Agaricus flammeus, Scopoli. Europe, Asia. In Cashmere particularly noticed as a large and excellent edible mushroom (Dr. Atchison). Some of the noxious- mushrooms become edible by drying. Professor Morren mentions among edible Belgian species Agaricus laccatus, Scop., Russula integra, Fr. Any kind of cavern might be turned into a mushroom field; the spawn is spread on fermented manure, and kept moist by water, to which some saltpetre is added. They all afford a highly nutritious nitrogenous food, but some require particular cooking. See also the agaric-like mushrooms noticed under Cantharellus^ Coprinus, Cortinarius, Russula. Agaricus ostreatus, J acquin. On trunks chiefly of deciduous trees throughout Europe. The delicious oyster-mushroom, renowned from antiquity, hence pro- minently on this occasion mentioned. For fuller information on fungs for the table consult as very accessible works Badham's " Esculent Funguses of England/' and Cooke's " British Fungi "; for systematic characteristics see the works of Fries and of Berkeley. Agave Americana, Linn^. One of the gigantic Aloes of Central America, quite hardy at Port Phillip. In the open air it comes into flower in about ten years or later. The flowering stem may shoot up to the extent of ten feet in a week, and may finally rise to 40 feet; mellaginous sap flows also from the flower-stem. Mr. Fred. Hickox at Clnnes saw the young offshoots producing also small flower-bunches, while the maternal plant was in bloom. The pithy stem can be utilized for some of the purposes, for which cork is usually employed — for instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey-sucking 18 Select Plants for Industrial Culture birds and bees are very fond of the flowers of this prodigious plant. The leaves of this and some other Agaves, such as A. Mexicana, furnish the strong Pita-fibre, which is adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful textile frabrics. The strength of ropes of this fibre is considerably greater than that of hemp-ropes, as well in as out of water. The leaves contain saponin. The sap can be converted into alcohol, and thus the " Pulque " beverage is prepared from the young flower-stem. Where space and circumstances admit of it, impene- trable hedges may be raised in the course of some years from Agaves. One kind rose in Fiji also to 38 feet (Thurston). Agave inaequidens, K. Koch. A species closely allied to A. Americana; it seems to include A. Hookeri and A. Fenzliana, Jacobi, according to Baker (in Bot. Mag., 6589 and Gardener's Chron., 1871, p. 718). Agave rigida. Miller. (A Ixtli, Karwinski.) Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen and Sacci of the Mexicans, furnishing the Sisal-hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott and Engelmann indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the fibre being therefore also variable, both in quantity and quality. The leaves of the Sacci or Sacqui giving the largest return. The yield of fibre begins in four or five years, and lasts for half a century or more, the plant being prevented from flowering by cutting away its flower-stalk when . very young. The leaves are from 2 to 6 feet long and 2 to 6 inches wide; the flower-stem attains a height of 25 feet; the panicle of flowers is about eight feet long, bearing in abundance bulb-like buds. Other large species of Agave, all fibre- yielding, are A. antillaruni (Descourtil) from Hayti; A. Parryi (Engelmann) from New Mexico; A. Palmeri (Engelmann) from South- Arizona, up to a cool elevation of 6,000 feet. Concerning the uses of Agaves refer also to Dr. Fr. P. Porcher's" Southern Fields and Forests," p. 596-599 (1869). Agonis flexuosa, De Candolle. The Willow-Myrtle of South-Western Australia. A tree, attaining finally a height of 60 feet, with pendent branches. One of the best of evergreen trees for cemeteries in a climate free from frost. The foliage is rich in antiseptic oil. Agriophyllum Gobicum, Bunge. Eastern Asia. The " Soulchir " of the Mongols. Prevalsky says, that the seeds of this plant, wild as well as cultivated, afford a great part of the vegetable food of the Ala-Shan nomads. Several other annual salsolaceous herbs belong to the genus Agriophyllum, among them A. arenarium (Bieberstein) being closely cognate to A. Gobicura. Agrostis alba, Linne. The Fiorin or White Bent- Grass. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North- Africa, North- America. Perennial, showing a predilection for moisture ; can be grown on peat-soil. It is the herd-grass of the in Extra-Tropical Countries. 19 United States and valuable as an admixture to many other grasses, as it becomes available at the season, when some of them fail. Sinclair regards it as a pasture-grass inferior to Festuca pratensis and Dactylis glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pratensis The variety with long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best adapted for sandy pastures, and helps to bind shifting sand on the sea-coast, or broken soil on river- banks. It luxuriates even on saline wet soil or periodically inundated places, as well observed by Langethal. It is more a grass for cattle- runs than for sheep-pastures, but wherever it is to grow, the soil must be penetrable. Its turf on coast-meadows is particularly dense and of remarkable fineness. For sowing, only one-sixth of the weight of the seeds as compared with those of the rye-grass is needed. The creeping variety is also valuable for fine and enduring lawns. Agrostis rubra, Linne. Northern Europe, Asia and America. A perennial grass, called red-top and also herd-grass in the United States of North- America. Professor Meehan places it for its value on pasture-land among grasses cultivated there next after Phleumpratense and Poa pratensis (the latter there called blue grass), and before Dactylis glomerata, the orchard- grass of the United States. Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.* The hair-grass of North-America. Recently recommended as one of the best lawn-grasses, forming a dense turf. It will grow even on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as well as extreme cold. Its fine roots and suckers spread rapidly, forming soon dense matted sods (Dr. Channing). It starts into new growth immediately after being cut, is selected for its sweetness by pasture-animals, has proved one of the best grasses for dairyground, and suppresses weeds like Hordeum secalinum. One bushel of seed to an acre suffices for pastures ; two bushels are used for lawns. A. perennans (Tukermann) is an allied species of similar value. Agrostis Solandri, F. v. Mueller. Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. Produces a large quantity of sweet fodder in damp localities (Bailey). Valuable as a meadow-grass (W. Hill). In Australia it is essentially a winter-grass, but available also in our sub-alpine regions (J. Stirling). Chemical analysis in spring gave the following results : Albumen, 4'08; Gluten, 8-81 ; Starch, 1'34 ; Gum, 2'50 ; Sugar, 9'75 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel.) Under the name A. Forsteri (Roemer and Schultes) only some forms of this very variable grass are comprehended. Agrostis vulgaris, Withering. Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia, North- America. One of the perennial grasses, which disseminate themselves with celerity, even over the worst of sandy soils. Though not a tall grass, it may be destined to contribute perhaps with others largely to the grazing 20 Select Plants for Industrial Culture capabilities of desert-lands; yet it will thrive also even in moist soil and alpine regions, and is essentially a grass for sheep-pastures ; counted by Hein and many others among valuable lawn-grasses. Ailantus glandulosa, Linne. South-Eastern Asia. A hardy, deciduous tree, reaching 60 feet in height, of rather rapid growth and of very imposing aspect in any landscape. Particularly valuable on account of its leaves, which afford food to a silk-worm (Attacus Cynthia) peculiar to this tree. Wood extremely durable, pale-yellow, of silky lustre when planed, and therefore valued for joiners' work ; it is tougher than that of oak or elm, easily worked, and not liable to split or warp. In Southern Europe this tree is much planted for avenues. Valuable also for reclaiming coast-sands, and U> this end easily propagated by suckers and fragments of roots, according to Professor Sargent. The growth of the tree is quick even in poor soil, but more so in somewhat calcareous bottoms. Thrives on chalk (Vasey). Professor Meehan states, that it checks the spread of the rose-bug, to which the tree is destructive. In Norway hardy to latitude 63° 26' N. (Schuebeler), but suffers from frost in youth. Aira csespitosa, Linne. Widely dispersed over the globe, reaching as indigenous also Australia. A rough fodder-grass, best utilized for laying dry any moist meadows ; affords fair pasturage, if periodically burnt down (J. Stirling). Extends to 71° 7' N. in Norway (Schuebeler). Albizzia basaltica, Bentham. Eastern sub-tropic Australia. A small tree. The wood praised by Mr. P. O'Shanesy for its beautiful reddish color and silky lustre. Cattle like the foliage. As a genus Pithecolobium differs no more from Albizzia than Vachelia from Acacia or Cathartocarpus from Cassia. The oldest generic name is Zygia, but no species was early described under that name. Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium bigeminum, Martins.) India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4,000 feet. Desirable for Australian forestry on account of its peculiar dark and hard wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolobium sub- coriaceum, Thwaites), from the mountains of India is deserving of utilitarian cultivation with numerous other tall species. Albizzia dulcis, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium duke, Bentham. ) Mexico. A valuable hedge-plant. The sweet pulp of the pod is regarded as wholesome. Albizzia Julibrissin, Durazzini. From the Caucasus to Japan. A favorite ornamental red-flower- ing Shade-Acacia in Southern Europe. Naturally it seeks river- banks. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 21 Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. (Lysiloma latisiliqua, Bentham.) Tropical America. A large spreading tree; trunk attaining a diameter of 3 feet; wood excellent for select cabinet-work, excelling according to Nuttall the Mahogany in its variable shining tints, which appear like watered satin; it is hard and close-grained. Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham. The Siris-Acacia of Southern and Middle Asia and Northern Africa. Available as a shade-tree. It produces also a good deal of gum; the flowers much sought for honey by bees. An allied species is the North-Eastern Australian A. canesceus (Bentham). Albizzia lophantha, Bentham. ( A cdcia lophantha, Willdenow. ) South-Western Australia. One of the most rapidly-growing plants for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed localities, but never attaining the size of a real tree. It produces seeds abundantly, which germinate most easily. For the most desolate places, especially in desert-tracts, it is of great importance, quickly affording shade, shelter and a copious vegetation. Cattle browse on the leaves, The bark contains only about 8 per cent, mimosa-tannin ; but Mr. Rum- mel found in the dry root about 10 per cent, of saponin, so valuable in silk- and wool-factories. Saponin also occurs in Xylia dolabrifor- mis of Southern Asia. In Australia this plant is found better even than the Broom-bush for sheltering new forest-plantations in open sand-lands ; in rich soil known to have grown 14 feet in a year. Albizzia micrantha, Boivin. (A. odoratissima, Bentham.) India; ascending to 5,000 feet ; growing in almost any kind of soil; hardy in sub-tropical countries. A middle-sized tree; timber particularly hard, dark-colored, durable and strong ; well adapted for naves and felloes (Drury and Brandis). Regarded by Roxburgh as one of the most valuable jungle-timbers. Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium .Saman, Bentham. ) The " Rain-tree " or " Guango," extending from Mexico to Brazil •and Peru. It attains a heighth of 70 feet, with a trunk 6 feet in diameter, the colossal branches expanding to 150 feet ; it is of quick growth, and in outline not unlike an oak ; it is content with light soil, and forms a magnificent feature in a landscape. In India it attained in ten years a stem-girth of about 6 feet at 5 feet from the ground, its ramifications by that time spreading out to 90 feet (Blechyndon). It thrives particularly in the dry salt-pond districts of the West Indies, and likes the vicinity of the sea, " its foliage possessing the power, to an unusual extent, to attract, absorb and condense aerial humidity " (Consul for France at Laroto). Not ascending to above 1,000 feet altitude in Jamaica ; resisting drought. The pods mature for fodder at a time, when grass and herbage on pastures become parched. Rain and dew fall through the foliage, which is shut up at night, thus allowing grass to grow underneath. The tree thrives best where the rainfall fluctuates between 30 and 60 inches a year. 22 Select Plants for Industrial Culture One of the best trees in mild climates for shade by the roadsides. The wood is hard and ornamental; but the principal utility of the tree lies in its pulpy pods, which are produced in great abundance and constitute a very fattening fodder for all kinds of pastoral animals, which eat them with relish (Jenman, J. H. Stephens). Albizzia stipulata, Bentham. Continental and insular South-Asia, extending to the Himalayas and China, ascending to 4,000 feet. An umbrageous tree of easy culture. Alchemilla vulgaris, Bnmfels. Europe, West- Asia, Arctic North- America, Alpine Australia; extending in Norway to 71° 10' N. (Schuebeler). This perennial herb is important for moist dairy-pastures. The same can be said of other congeners; for instance, A. alpina(L.) from the coldest parts of Europe, North-Asia and North-America; A. Capensis (Thunberg) and A. elongata (Ecklon and Zeyher) of South-Africa, some Abys- sinian species, as well as A. pinnata (Ruiz and Pavon) and other con- geners of the Andes. _ .1, • Aletris farinosa, Linn4. The " Colic-root " of the woodlands of North-America. This pretty herb is of extreme bitterness, and is employed medicinally as a tonic; inaptly called also " Star-Grass." Aleurites cordata, R. Brown. From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree deserves culti- vation for its beauty and durable wood in warm humid districts. The oil of the seeds serves as a varnish. Perhaps in localities, quite free from frost, it would be of sufficiently quick growth. Aleurites triloba, R. and O. Forster. The " Candlenut-tree/' a native of some of the tropical regions of both hemispheres ; it furnishes a valuable dye from its fruits and copious oil from its seeds, the yield being about one-third. I found the tree barely able to endure the winters of Melbourne. Alibertia edulis, A. Richard. Guiana and Brazil, southward to extra-tropic latitudes, widely dis- persed through the drier regions. The fruit of this shrub is edible and known as " Marmeladinha." A. Melloana (J. Hooker), of Southern Brazil, seems to serve the same purpose. Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch. On sandy and calcareous places around and near the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Hungary. Cultivated in the open air to perfection up to 59° 55' N., by Professor Schuebeler. This perennial herb yields the " alkanna-root," used for dying oleaginous and other substances. It might be naturalized. Can be grown in almost pure coast-sand. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 23 Allium Ampeloprasum, Linn<$. The British Leek. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia and North- Africa. Called in culture the Summer-Leek, a variety of which is the Pearl-Leek. The specific name arose already from Dioscorides' writings. Allium Ascalonicum, Linn£. The Shallot. South- Western Asia. Specific name already used by Theophrastos and Plinius. Allium Canadense, Kalm. Eastern North-America. This Garlic could be cultivated or naturalized on moist meadows for the sake of the tops of its bulbs, which are sought for pickles of superior flavor. Allium Cepa, Linn£. Wild in Turkestan (Dr. A. Hegel). The ordinary Onion. At Aschersleben and Quedlinburg alone about 130,000 Ibs. of onion-seeds are raised annually (B. Stein). The specific name in use already by Plinius and Columna. Raw onions quench excessive thirst. One of the staple-products of Bermuda (Sir J. Lefroy). Allium. flstulosum, Linn£. Central Asia. The Welsh Onion. Allium Porrum, Linn£. The Leek. Regarded by Gay and Regel as a cultural variety of A. Ampeloprasum. Allium roseum, Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This; with Allium Neapoli- tanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible bulbs, according to Heldreich. A Ilium rubellum, Bieberstein. (A. kptophyllum, Wallich.) The Himalayan Onion. Captain Pogson regards the bulbs as sudorific; they are of stronger pungency than ordinary onions; the leaves form a good condiment. Allium sativum, C. Bauhin. The Garlic. Soongarei and in the farthest N.W. of India, as shown by Dr. von Regel. Nearest allied to A. Scorodoprasum. The "Al- lium" of Plinius. Allium Schcenoprasum, The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia and North- America. Culti- vated in Norway to latitude 70° 22' (Schuebeler). Available for salads and condiments. This species of Allium seems here not yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation as other congeners. C 24 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Allium Scorodoprasum, Linn£. The Sand-Leek. Europe and North-Africa. Resembles in some respects Garlic, in others Shallot. The Scorodoprason of Dioscor- ides according to Fraas seems A. descendens (Linne), indigenous to South-Europe. Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner. The common Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical Asia; indigenous to 64° 10' N. lat. in Norway (Schuebeler). Reaches a height of 90 feet; attaining even in lat. 61° 47' a stem-diameter of 10 feet. Easily clipped, when young, into hedges; well adapted for river-banks; recommended by Wessely for wet valleys in coast-sand; wood soft and light, turning red, furnishing one of the best charcoals for gunpowder; it is also durable under water, and adapted for turners' and joiners' work; the wood is also well suited for pump-trees and other underground-work, as it will harden almost like stone. The tree is further valuable for the utilization of bog-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North- America; it is of smaller size; was found to grow over 60 feet high in lat. 70° of Norway by. Professor Schuebeler. The bark of .several alders is of medicinal value, and a decoction will give to cloth saturated with lye an indelible orange-color (Porcher) ; it contains a peculiar tannic principle to the extent of 36 per cent. (Muspratt). American alder-extract has come into use for tanning; it renders skins particularly firm, mellow and well-colored (Eaton). A. Oregana (Nuttall), of California and Oregon, rises to a height of 80 feet; its wood is extensively used for bent-work (Meehan). A. Japonica and A. firma (Siebold and Zuccarini), of Japan, furnish wood there for carvers and turners, and bark for black dye (Dupont). A; rubra (Bongard), the Red or Tag Alder of California and British Columbia, rises to fully 100 feet, and gets finally a- stem-diameter of 6 feet. The timber is excellent for piles and bridge-bottoms, also for pumps, and proved exceedingly durable; the wood serves further for carving, turnery, furniture, machinery (Dr. Kellogg). . Alnus Nepalensis, D. Don. .^ / Himalayas, between 3,000 and 9,000 feet. Reaches a height of 60 feet. With another Himalayan alder, A. nitida (Endlicher), it can be grown along streams for the sake of its wood. Aloe dichotoma, Linn4 fil. Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of 30 feet, and occasionally an expanse of 40 feet. The stem is remarkably smooth, with a girth sometimes of 12 feet. It is a yellow-flowering species. A. Zeyheri is still more gigantic than the foregoing, it at- taining exceptionally a height of 60 feet (Dyer) ; it occurs in Caff- raria and Natal, with a stem 16 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the ground. A. Bainesii and A. Barberse are identical, according to Mr. J. G. Baker. A. speciosa (Baker) rises also to a height of 25 feet. All grand scenic plants. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 25 Aloe ferox, Miller. South- Africa. This species yields the best Cape-aloes, as observed by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the leaves of the various species of the genus constitutes the aloe-drug. It is best obtained by using neither heat nor pressure for extracting the sap. By re-dissolving the aqueous part of Aloes in cold water, and reducing the liquid through boiling or other processes of exsiccation to dryness, the extract of aloes is prepared. The bitter sap, used for dressing wounds, keeps off flies very effectually. It deserves introduction par- ticularly in veterinary practice. All species are highly valuable, and can be used, irrespective of their medicinal importance, to easily and inexpensively beautify any rocky or otherwise inarable spot. Aloe linguiformis, Miller. South- Africa. According to Thunberg, the purest gum-resin is obtained from this species. Aloe Perryi, Baker. Socotra. It is now known, that it was this species, which furnished the genuine "Aloes," renowned in antiquity (Baker, Balfour). It grows best in limestone-soil, and ascends to 3,000 feet. Flowers turning from scarlet to yellow. Closely allied to A. vulgaris. Aloe plicatilis, Miller. South- Africa. The drug of this species acts more mildly than that of A. ferox. Aloe purpurascens, Haworth. South- Africa. Another of the plants, which furnish the Cape-aloes of commerce. The South- African Aloe arborescens (Miller) and A. Commelyni (Willdenow) are also utilized for aloes, according to Bail- Ion, Saunders and Hanbury. Aloe spicata, Thunberg. South- Africa. This also furnishes Cape-aloes, and is an exceed- ingly handsome plant. Aloe vera, Miller. (A. succotritw, Lamarck.) South- Africa. A purplish flowered species, figured already by Commelyn in 1697 (Baker). Yields the common Socotrine-aloes and Moka-aloes. Aloe vulgaris, Bauhin. (A. vera, Linne"; A. JBarbadensis, Miller.) The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also Canary-Islands, on the sandy or rocky sea- coast. Such places could also be readily utilized elsewhere for this and allied plants. Dr. Sibthorp has identified this species with the AXo»/ of Dioscorides ; thus it is also the real Aloe of Plinius ; hence it is not probable, that A. vulgaris is also simultaneously of American origin, although it is long cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from C 2 26 Select Plants for Industrial Culture thence the main supply of the Barbadoes-aloes, also Guinea-aloes; likewise in East-India this species seemingly only exists in a cultivated state. Haworth found the leaves of this and of A. striata softer and more succulent, than these of any other aloe. It is said to be the only species with yellow flowers among those early known, and it is also the only one, which Professors Wilkomm and Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain and Italy. Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro. Cochinchina, on the highest mountains. The precious aloe- wood, so famed from antiquity for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal pro- perties, is derived from this tree. Alopecurus bulbosus, Linne". Middle- and South-Europe. An important rural grass for salt- marshes. Alopecurus geniculatus, Linne", Europe, Asia, North- Africa. A perennial fodder-grass, valuable for swampy ground ; easily naturalized. Alopecurus pratensis, Linne". Meadow " Fox-tail" grass. Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. In Norway indigenous to lat. 69° 11' (Schue- beler). One of the best of perennial pasture-grasses. It reaches its full perfection only after a few years of growth, as noticed by Sinclair. For this reason it is not equal to Dactylis glomerata for crop-rotation, but it is more nutritious than the latter, although the annual return in Britain has proved less. Langethal places it next to Timothy-grass for artificial pastures. Sheep thrive well on it. Sinclair and others have found, that this grass, when exclusively combined with white clover, will support after the second season five ewes and five lambs on an acre of sandy loam; but to thrive well it needs land not altogether dry. In all permanent artificial pastures this Alopecurus should form one of the principal ingredients, because it is so lasting and so nutritive. It is also one of the best grasses for maritime or alluvial tracts of country. In alpine regions it would also prove prolific, and might gradually convert many places there into summer-pastures. It does not altogether dislike shade, is early flowering and likes the presence of lime in the soil. Alstonia constricta, F, v. Mueller. Warmer parts of East- Australia, particularly in the dry inland- districts. The bark of this small tree is aromatic-bitter, and regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general tonic. It is allied to the Dita-bark of India and North-Eastern Australia, procured from Alstonia scholaris (R. Brown), and from this bark a peculiar alkaloid, the Porphyrin of Hesse, is prepared. The sap of all Alstonias should be tried for caoutchouc, that of A. plumosa and another species yield- ing Fiji-rubber (Hooker). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 27 Alstrcemeria pallida, Graham. Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this plant, which for its loveliness alone deserves a place in any garden. The tubers of others of the numerous Alstroemerias can doubtless be practically utilized in a similar manner. Althaea officinalis, Linne". The real "Marsh-Mallow." Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. Hardy to lat. 59° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler). A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers. The mucilaginous root and also the foliage are used for medicinal purposes. The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat saline soil. Amarantus Blitum, Linne". Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South- Western Asia. This annual herb is a favorite plant amongst allied ones for spinage, but not the only species of this genus, as also many other Amarantaceae serve for culinary purposes. The dried plant contains 10 to 12 per cent, nitrate of potash. It arrives at maturity in two or three months, producing on favorable soil about 4 tons per acre, calculated to contain about 400 Ibs. saltpetre. A. cruentus L., A. hypochon- driacus L. and A. caudatus L. are cultivated in Ceylon, though not all of the agreeable taste of real spinage. A. Mangostanus, A. Gangeticus, A. melancholicus, A. tristis, L. and A. polystachyus, Willdenow, likewise furnish in Southern Asia, either foliage for spinage or seeds for porridge. Amarants for spinage must be well boiled and the water repeatedly changed. Amarantus paniculatus, Linne*. (A. frumentaceus, Royle.) In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual herb, attaining a height of 6 feet, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a square yard of ground in three months, according to Roxburgh. Extensively cultivated in India for food-grain; the leaves serve as vegetable. Amelanchier Botryapium, Be Candolle. The " Grape-pear" of North-America; also called " Shadbush." Cultivated in Norway as far north as 59° 55' (Schuebeler). This handsome fruit-tree attains a height of 30 feet. Its purplish or almost black fruits are small, but of pleasant subacid taste, and ripen early in the season. It bears abundantly; and Mr. Adams, of Ohio, has calculated the yield at 300 bushels per acre annually, if the variety oblongifolia is chosen; it is the Dwarf " June-berry" of North- America. This bush or tree will live on sandy soil; but it is one of those hardy kinds, particularly eligible for alpine ground; it is remarkably variable in its forms. Anacylus Pyrethrum, De Candolle. Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root of this perennial herb is used medicinally. 28 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Ananas sativa, Schultes. South-America. The famous " Pine-apple" plant. Mr. Th. Mead remarks, that in Florida the fruit is produced by merely piling a little brush over the plant during the three cool months of the year. Fruits even to 10 Ibs. weight have there been produced. The leaves yield an excellent fibre. Andropogon annulatus, Forskael. Intra- and Sub-tropical Africa, Asia and Australia. Recommended by Mr. Walter Hill as a meadow-grass. Dr. Curl observes, that in New Zealand it is both a summer- and autumn-grass, that it does not grow fast in winter, but at the period of its greatest growth sends up an abundance of foliage. Andropogon argenteus, De Candolle. Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best pasture-grasses of the Cordilleras of Chili. Andropogon australis, Sprengel. (Sorghum plumosum, Beauvois.) Tropical and also Eastern Extra-tropic Australia as far south as Gippsland. Brought under notice by Mr. Ch. Moore as an admirable perennial pasture-grass. The allied A. serratus (Thunberg) of tropical Australia, Southern Asia, China and Japan, serves similar purposes. General Sir H. Macpherson proved some Indian Andropogons well adapted for Silos. Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. (Sorghum avenaceum, Willdenow.) North- and Central-America. This tall perennial grass lives in dry sandy soil, and should be tried for growth of fodder. Andropogon bombycinus, R. Brown. Australia. This robust grass, which is generally well-spoken of by graziers, seems to like a somewhat strong soil, and is often found among the rocks on hill-sides. The bases of the stems of this species, like several others of the genus, are highly aromatic (Bailey). It will live in shifting sand and endure the hottest desert-clime. The Australian A. procerus (R. Br.) and the Mediterranean A. laniger (Desf.) are closely allied congeners. Andropogon Calamus, Royle. Central India. The " Sweet Cane " and " Calamus " of Scripture, according to Calcott; it is regarded as the aromatic reed of Dioscorides by Royle. From this species the gingergrass-oil of Nemaur, an article much used in perfumery, is distilled. It is the " Cusha " of India. Gibson and Dalzell regard it identical with A. nardoides (Nees) of South- Africa. Andropogon cermiUS, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum cernuum, Willd. One of the Guinea-corns. India, where it is much cultivated, as in other tropical countries. It is annual (according to Hackel); but in Extra-Tropical. Countries. 29 Roxburgh distinctly asserts that " the plant is of two or more years' duration, if suffered to remain." It forms the " staff of life " of the mountaineers beyond Bengal. It reaches a height of 15 feet, with leaves over 3 feet long. The thick stems root at the lower joints, and cattle are very fond of them. The grain is white. The specific limits of the various sorghums are not well ascertained. This belongs to the series of A. Halepensis. Andropogon erianthoid.es, F. v. Mueller. Eastern Sub-tropical Australia. Mr. Bailey observes of this perennial species, that " it would be difficult to find a grass superior for fodder to this ; it produces a heavy crop of rich, sweet, succulent foliage ; it spreads freely from roots and seeds, and shoots again when fed down." Andropogon falcatus, Steudel. India and Queensland. Considered by Mr. Bailey a good lawn- grass, as it is of dwarf compact growth, and of bright verdure. Andropogon involutus, Steudel. From Nepal to China. The " Bhaib-Grass," used for the manu- facture of ropes, string-matting and other textile articles; approaches Esparto in the quality of its fibres; grows readily on dry soil. (Dr. Hance). Andropogon Gryllus, Linne. In the warm temperate and the hot zone of the eastern hemisphere. A perennial pasture-grass, of easy dissemination, particularly useful in arid climes. Ajidropogon Halepensis, Sibthorp. (Sorghum Halepense, Persoon.) Southern Europe, warmer parts of Asia, Northern Africa. Praised already by Theophrastus more than 2,000 years ago. Not easily repressed in moist ground. A rich perennial grass, cultivated often under the name of Cuba-grass. All the vernacular names given to this grass should be discontinued in maintaining the very appropriate original appellation " Haleppo-grass." It keeps green in the heat of summer (J. L. Dow), is not eaten out by pastoral animals (Hollings- worth) ; the roots resist some frost ; three tons can be cut from one acre in a single season; it yields so large a hay-crop, that it may be cut half a dozen times in a season, should the land be rich. All kinds of stock have a predilection for this grass. It will mat the soil with its deep and spreading roots; hence it should be kept from cultivated fields. Detrimental to Lucerne on meadows (Rev. Dr. Woolls). In Victoria hardy up to 2,000 feet elevation. Andropogon Ischaemum, Linne*. Southern Europe, Southern Asia, Africa. One of the fittest of grasses for hot dry sand -regions, and of most ready spontaneous dispersion. Perennial. Succeeds well on lime-soil and that contain- ing gypsum. In its new annual upgrowth it is particularly liked by sheep. It needs burning off in autumn. 30 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Andropogon montanus, Roxburgh. Southern Asia, Northern and Eastern Australia. Rapid in growth and valuable for fodder when young; resists fire better than many- other grasses (Holmes). Perennial, like most other species of this large genus. Andropogon muricatus, Retzius. ' India. The " Vitivert " or " Kus-kus." A grass with delight- fully fragrant roots. According to Surgeon-Major Dr. G-. King, the fragrant Indian mats are made of this grass, and according to Prof. Lindley, awnings, tatties, covers for palanquins and screens are manufactured from this species; also an essence. Andropogon Nardus, Linnd (A. Ivarancusa, Blane.) Southern Asia. Perennial. One of the lemon-scented species. * Prof. Hackel suggests, that A. Calamus may be referable to this species. Kunth unites with this A. citriodorus (De Candolle) the A. citratus of many botanic gardens, while Link referred this grass to A. Schoenanthus. It yields an essential oil for condiment and perfumery, and is occasionally used for tea. Simmonds gives the export value of this oil as from Ceylon alone at £7,000. " Citrionella" Oil to the extent of 40,000 Ibs. annually is in Ceylon distilled from this grass (Piesse). Andropogon nutans, Linn£. (Sorghum nutans, Gray.) North-America. A tall, nutritious, perennial grass, content with dry and barren 'soil. Andropogon pertusus, Willdenow. Southern Asia, Tropical and Sub-tropical Australia. Perennial. Mr. Nixon, of Benalla, regards it .as one of the best grasses to with- stand long droughts, while it will bear any amount of feeding. It endures cold better than some other Andropogons of Queensland, according to Mr. Bailey's observations. Andropogon provincialis, Lamarck. Southern Europe. Strongly recommended by Bouche for fixing loose maritime sand. Attains a height of 5 feet. A. furcatus (Muehlenberg) is the same species, according to Hackel. • Andropogon refractus, R. Brown. Northern and Eastern Australia, Polynesia. Mr. Bailey observes of this perennial grass, that it is equally excellent for pastures and hay, and that it produces a heavy crop during summer; the root is fragrant. According to Mr. Holmes, it is easily inflammable, of inferior fodder-value, but is particularly useful for mattresses. Andropogon saccharatus, Roxburgh.* (Sorghum saccharatum, Persoon. ) Tropical Asia, or perhaps only indigenous in equatorial Africa. The Broom-corn or Sugar-Millet; also passing as " Durra," " Dodhna " and " Battari." A tall annual species. Produces in Extra- Tropical Countries. 31 of all grasses, except the Teosinte and maize, the heaviest of all fodder-crops in warm climates. From the saccharine juice sugar is obtainable. A sample of such, prepared from plants of the Mel- bourne Botanic Garden, was shown already at the Exhibition of 1862. This Sorghum furnishes also material for a well-known kind of brooms. Mr. Simmonds relates, that as many as 150,000 doz. of these brooms have been made in one single factory during a year. To pigs this plant is very fattening also. The plant can be advan- tageously utilized for preparing syrup. For this purpose the sap is expressed at the time of flowering, and simply evaporated; the yield is from 100-200 gallons from the acre. Already in I860 nearly seven millions of gallons of sorghum-treacle were produced in the United States. General Le Due, then commissioner for agriculture at Washington, states that Mr. Seth Kenny, of Minnesota, obtained from the " Early Amber " variety up to 250 gallons of heavy syrup from one acre of this sorghum. Machinery for the manufacture of sorghum-sugar on plantations can be erected at a cost of £50 to £100. Sorghum juice can be reduced to treacle and sugar without the use of chemicals, beyond clearing with lime and neutralizing the lime remaining in the juice by sulphurous acid. Eaw sorghum-sugar is nearly white. By an improved method Mr. F. L. Stewart obtained 10 Ibs. of sugar from a gallon of dense syrup. At the State- University's experimental farm, in Wisconsin, Professors Swenson and Henry have proved, that sorghum-sugar, equal to the best cane-sugar, can be produced at 4J cents per pound. The seeds are very valuable for stable-fodder as well as for poultry-feed, and may even be utilized for bread and cakes. The stem can be used as a culinary vegetable. See also the elaborate chemical reports by Dr. P. Collier, Washington, 1880-1882; further, the essay by Commissioner Hon. G. B. Loring, 1883. An able report from a committee of the National Academy of Science, submitted to the Senate of the United States on the sugar-producing capacity of the Sorghum, gives the following con- clusions: That from about 4,500 most accurate analyses, instituted by Dr. Collier in the Department of Agriculture in Washington, the presence of cane-sugar in the juice of the best varieties of Sorghum (Amber, Honduras and Orange) in such quantity is established, as to equal the yield of that of sugar-cane, the average quantity of crystallis- able sugar in the juice being 16 per cent., the average percentage of juice in stripped stalks from plants grown at Washington being 58 per cent., the sugar really obtainable by ordinary processes of manufacture from the juice being 11 '30 per cent. It is further demonstrated, that the Sorghum-stalks should be cut only, when the seeds are already of a doughy consistence or still* harder, and the stalks should be worked up immediately after cutting; further it is shown, that the sugar from Sorghum is not inferior to that from cane or beet, and that excellent sugar can likewise be obtained from maize ; that Sorghum when advanced to maturity will resist some frost ; that no more than 12-J per cent, of the sugar is lost by the evaporation 32 Select Plants for Industrial Culture of the juice to syrup, quite as great a loss taking place in the juice of sugar-cane by defecation, skimming and inversion (change into glucose or grape-sugar). The committee considered this new Sorghum-industry placed already on a safe and profitable footing. Sorghum-stubbles are of surprising value as pastoral feed. Sugar- Sorghum was introduced into the United States for rural purposes only 30 years ago ; but its culture spread with unexampled rapidity there, having only its counterpart in the tea- and cinchona-culture of the last decennia in India. The process of manufacture of sugar from Sorghum is not more difficult than that of cane, and less com- plicated than that of beet. Some varieties mature in 80 days, others require twice that time, the Orange-variety becoming perennial, and is with the Amber- variety most saccharine, while the Honduras - variety gives a very heavy crop; the broomcorn-variety is poor in sugar. Sorghum will thrive well in sandy loam too light for maize and in a clime too dry for that corn, and can be grown closer. The variety A. bicolor (Roxburgh) ripens its seeds in Lower India within three or four months of the time of sowing, the produce being often upwards of one-hundredfold, and the grain particularly wholesome for human sustenance. Sorghum giganteum (Edgeworth) represents a form of very tall growth. Andropogon Schcenanthus, Linn4. (A. Martini, Roxburgh.) Southern Asia and Tropical Australia, extending to Japan. One of the " Lemon-grasses/' It will live in arid places. The medicinal Siri-Oil is prepared from the root. The Australian A. bombycinus (R. Brown) approaches in affinity this species. Andropogon scoparius, Michaux. North-America. Takes permanent possession of sandy or other- wise poor land, and is regarded as one of the best forage-resources of the prairies. Andropogon sericeus, R. Brown. Hotter regions of Australia, even in desert-tracts, also extending to New Caledonia and the Philippine-Islands. A fattening perennial pasture-grass, worthy of praise. Andropogon Sorghum, Brotero.* (Sorghum vulgare, Persoon.) The large " Indian millet " or " Guinea-corn " or the " Durra." Warmer parts of Asia, but according to Alph. De Candolle perhaps indigenous only in Tropical Africa. It matures seed even at Christiania in Norway (Schuebeler). A tall annual plant. The grains can be converted into bread, porridge and other preparations of food. It is a very prolific corn; Sir John Hearsay counted 12,700 seeds on one plant; it is particularly valuable for green fodder. The panicles are used for carpet-brooms, the fibrous roots for velvet- brushes. The grain of this millet is in value superior to that of A. saccharatus. A variety (A. caffrorum, Kuiith) yields the " Kaffir- corn." The " Imphee " affords a superior white food-grain. Even A.. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 33 saccliaratus may be only an extreme form of A. Sorghum. In Cen- tral Australia it ripens within three months (Rev. H. Kempe). A kind of beer called " Merisa " is prepared from the seed. Many others of the numerous species of Andropogon, from both hemispheres, deserve our attention. Anemone Pulsatilla, Linne". Europe and Northern Asia. On limestone-soil. This pretty perennial herb is of some medicinal importance. Angophora intermedia, De Candolle. South-Eastern Australia. This is one of the best of the Angophoras, attaining a large size, and growing with the rapidity of an Eucalyptus, but being more close and shady in its foliage. It would be a good tree for lining public roads and for sheltering plan- tations. Exudes much kino. The Rev. J. Tennison- Woods states, that it is not rarely over 150 feet high, that the wood is hard and very tough, bearing dampness well, but that the many kino-veins lessen its usefulness. Carefully selected, it can be employed in car- penters' and wheelwrights' work. Mr. Kirton observes, that a single tree of this species or of A. lanceolata, will yield as much as two gallons of liquid kino. Timber useful, when extra-toughness is to be combined with lightness (Reader). A lanceolata (Cavanilles) of the same geographic region is a closely allied species. Flowers of all Angophoras much frequented by the honey-bee (Ch. French). Angophora subvelutina, F. v. Mueller. Queensland and New South Wales. Attains a height of 100 feet- The wood is light and tough, soft while green, very hard when dry, used for wheel-naves, yokes, handles and various implements; it burns well and contains a large proportion of potash (C. Hartmann). Anona Cherimolia, Miller. Ecuador to Peru. One of the " Custard-Apples." This shrub or tree might be tried in frostless forest- valleys, where humidity and rich soil will prove favorable to its growth. It is hardy in the mildest coast- regions of Spain, also in Chili. It yields the Cherimoyer-fruit. The flowers are very fragrant. A. muricata L. (the Sour Sop), A. squamosa L. and A. sericea Dunal (the Sweet Sop) and A. reticulata (the Custard- Apple), all natives of the Antilles, can probably only under exceptionally favorable conditions be grown in any extra-tropic countries, though they produce fruits still in Florida. Anthemis nobilis, Linne". The true " Chamomile." Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa. A well-known medicinal plant, frequently used as edgings for garden-plots. Flowers in their normal state are preferable for medicinal use to those, in which the ray florets are produced in in- creased numbers. They contain a peculiar volatile oil and two acids, similar to angelic and valerianic acid. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 52' (Schuebeler). 34 Select Plants for Industrial Cidtivre Anthemis tinctoria, Linne". Middle and Southern Europe, Orient. An annual herb. The flowers contain a yellow dye. Anthistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller. Extra-tropical and Central Australia. A nutritious, perennial pasture-grass. Called by Mr. Bailey " one of the most productive grasses of Australia"; it produces a large amount of bottom-fodder, and it has also the advantage of being a prolific seeder, while it endures a hot, dry clime. Anthistiria ciliata, Linne" fil. (Anthistiria Australia, R. Brown.) The well-known " Kangaroo-grass," not confined to Australia, but stretching through Southern Asia also and through the whole of Africa; perennial, nutritious, comparatively hardy, ascending to sub- alpine elevations. Chemical analysis of this grass during its spring- growth gave the following result: — Albumen, 2*05; gluten, 4-67; starch, 0-69; gum, 1'67; sugar, 3*06 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Hummel.) Several species of Anthistiria occur variously dispersed from South- Africa to Japan, deserving introduction and naturaliza- tion into countries of warm-temperate or tropical climates. Anthistiria membranacea, Lindley. Interior of Australia. Esteemed as fattening ; seeds freely (Bailey). Particularly fitted for dry, hot pastures, even of desert- regions. Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linne. The " Scented Vernal-grass." Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-Africa. Found wild in Norway to lat. 71° 7' (Schuebeler). Perennial, and not of great value as a fattening grass, yet always desired for the flavor, which it imparts to hay. Perhaps for this purpose the scented Andropogons might also serve. On deep and moist soils it attains its greatest perfection. It is much used for mixing among permanent grasses in pastures, where it will continue long in season. Discarded as a pasture- or hay-grass by Professor Hackel, liked by many as an admixture to lawn-grasses. It would live well in any alpine region. Dr. Curl observes, that in New Zealand it grows all the winter, spring and autumn, and is a good feeding- grass. The lamellar crystalline cumarin is the principle, on which the odor of Authoxanthum depends. Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffmann. Europe and Western Asia. The Chervil. An annual culinary plant; its herbage used as an aromatic condiment, but the root is seemingly deleterious. The plant requires in hot countries a shady situation (Vilmorin); the foliage forms the principal ingredient of of what in France is called " fines herbes." in Extra- Tropical Countries. 35 Anthyllis vulneraria, Linne. The Kidney-vetch. All Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia. This perennial herb serves as sheep-fodder, and is particularly recom- mended for calcareous soils. It would also live in any alpine region. Indigenous in Norway as far north as lat. 70° (Schuebeler). Apios tuberosa, Moench. North-America. A climber with somewhat milky juice. The mealy tubers are edible. Apium Chilense, Hooker and Arnott. Western Extra-tropic temperate America. A stouter plant than the ordinary celery, but of similar culinary use. Apium graveolens, Linne. The a Celery." Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. Grows in Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). It is here merely inserted with a view of pointing out, that it might be readily natural- ized anywhere on sea-shores. The wild plant is however by some considered unwholesome in a raw state. The fruitlets are occasionally utilized for condiment. Seeds will keep for several years. Apium prostratum, La Billardiere. The Australian Celery. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Extra-tropical South- America. This also can be utilized as a culinary vegetable. Apocynum cannabinum, Linne". North- America. Locally known as " Indian Hemp." A perennial herb. This is- recorded among plants yielding a textile fibre. A. androsaemifolium (Linne) yields medicinally the " Bitter Root " of the United States, that of A. cannabinum being likewise medicinally valuable. Aponogeton crispus, Thunberg. From India to New South Wales. The tuberous roots of this water-herb are amylaceous and of excellent taste, though not large. The same remarks apply to A. monostachyos (Linne fil.) and several other species, all from the warmer regions of the eastern hemisphere. Aponogeton distachyos, Thunberg. South- Africa. This curious water-plant might be naturalized in ditches, swamps and lakes, for the sake of its edible tubers. The scented flowering portion of this plant affords spinage. Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxburgh. Silhet and Assam. A tree of immense size. It furnishes the fragrant calambac or agallochum-wood, known also as aggur or tug- gur or the aloe-wood of commerce, famed since ancient times. The odorous portion is only partially distributed through the stem. This wood is also of medicinal value. 36 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Arachis hypogsea, Linne*.* Brazil. The "Earth-nut, Pea-nut or Ground-nut." The seeds of this annual herb are consumed in a roasted state, or used for the ex- pression of a palatable oil, which is not readily becoming rancid. The plant is a very productive one, and yields a very quick return. It ranks also as a valuable fodder-herb ; the hay is very nutritious, much increasing the milk of cows. A light somewhat calcareous soil is best fitted for its growth. On such soil 50 bushels may be ob- tained from the acre, but Mr. Bernays notes the return up to 120 bushels, the weight of which ranging from 25 to 32 Ibs. In 1880 the pea-nut-crop in the Southern United States came to 2,820,000 bushels, representing a value of £517,000. Aralia cordata, Thunberg. China. The young shoots provide an excellent culinary vegetable. Aralia Ginseng, Decaisne and Planchon. (Panax Ginseng, Meyer.) China and Upper India, ascending to 12,000 feet. This herb furnishes the celebrated Ginseng-root, so much esteemed as a stimu- lant by the Chinese, the value of which however may be overrated. 'The root, to be particularly powerful, needs probably to be obtained from high mountain-elevations. The species is closely related to the North- American A. quinquefolia (Decaisne and Planchon). Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker.* Southern Queensland. Bunya-Bunya. A tree, attaining 250 feet in height, with a fine-grained, hard and durable wood, particularly valuable for furniture 5 it shows its beautiful veins best when polished. The seeds are large and edible. Growth in height at Port Phillip, 30-40 feet in 20 years, the big strobiles ripening there. Araucaria Brasiliensis, A. Richard.* Southern Brazil. A tree to 180 feet high, producing edible seeds. Dr. Saldanhada Gama reports, that the wood makes spendid boards, masts and spars, and that the tree also yields a good deal of turpentine. Except a few palms (Mauritia, Attalea, Copernicia), this seems the only tree, which in Tropical South- America forms forests by itself. (Martius.) Araucaria Cookii, R. Brown. New Caledonia, where it forms large forests. Height of tree to 200 feet. Habit and technical value similar to that of A. excel sa. Growth at Port Phillip not quite 30 feet in 20 years. Araucaria Cunninghami, Alton.* "Moreton-Bay Pine." Eastern Australia, between 14° and 32° south latitude, extending also to New Guinea, according to Dr. Beccari. The tree attains a height of 200 feet, with a trunk 6 feet in diameter. , Growth in .height at Port Phillip 30 to 40 feet in 20 years. The timber is fine-grained, strong and durable, if not exposed in ExtrarTropical Countries. 37 to alternately dry and wet influences ; it is susceptible of a high polish, and thus competes with satin-wood, and in some respects with birdseye-maple. Value in Brisbane, £2 los. to £3 10s. per 1,000 superficial feet. The tree grows on alluvial banks as well as on rugged mountains, overtopping all other trees. The resin, which exudes from it, has almost the transparency and whiteness of crystal, and is often pendent in the shape of icicles, which are sometimes 3 feet long and 6 to 12 inches broad (W. Hill). Araucarias should be planted by the million in fever-regions of tropical countries for hygienic purposes, on account of their antiseptic exhalations. Araucaria excelsa, R. Brown.* " Norfolk-Island Pine." A magnificent tree of remarkable symme- try, sometimes to 220 feet high, with a stem attaining 10 feet in dia- meter, and with regular tiers of absolutely horizontal branches. The timber is useful for ship-building and many other purposes. Growth in height at Port Phillip about 40 feet in 20 years. Araucaria imbricata, Pavon.* Chili and Patagonia, The male tree attains generally a lesser height than the female, which reaches 150 feet. At Brest it attained 72 feet. in 55 years (de Kersanton). This species furnishes a hard and durable timber, as well as an abundance of edible seeds, which constitute a main-article of food of the natives. Eighteen good trees will yield enough of vegetable food for a man's sustenance all the year round. The wood is yellowish-white, full of beautiful veins, capable of being polished and worked with facility. It is admirably adapted for ship-building. The resin is pale and smells like frankin- cense (Lawson). The tree is most frequently found on rocky eminences almost destitute of water (J. Hoopes). It is hardier than any other congener, having withstood the frosts of Norway up to latitude 61 ° 15' (Schuebeler). Endures also the clime in many parts of Scotland. Grows more slowly in Australia than the native species. Araucaria Rulei, F. v. Mueller. New Caledonia. A magnificent tree, with large shining leaves; doubtless not merely of decorative but also of utilitarian value. A closely allied species, A. Mueller! (Brogniart), comes with A. Balan- sse and A. montana from the same island. Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh. North- Western America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height of 150 feet, with a stem reaching 8 feet in diameter. It is of compara- tively quick growth (Dr. Gibbons), and it belongs to the coast- tract exclusively. Wood exceedingly hard, not apt to rend, splendid for furniture. The tree requires a deep loamy soil (Bolander), and is fit only for shady, irrigated woodlands; likes the company of Pinus Douglasii and of Sequoias. It would be valuable at least as a highly ornamental garden- or park-plant, being the tallest among about a thousand Ericese of the world. 38 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. Arctic zone and mountain-regions of many parts of Europe. The young shoots and leaf-stalks of this biennial herb are used for Angelica-confectionery; the roots are of medicinal use, and likewise they are chosen as well as the fruitlets for the distillation of some cordials. Hardy in Norway to lat. 71° 10' (Shcuebeler). In any sub-alpine regions this plant would particularly establish its value. The surprisingly gigantic Angelica ursina (Regel; Angelophyllum ursinum, Ruprecht) forms a conspicuous feature in the landscape of Kamtschatka and Sachalin. It is delineated on plate XVI. of Lindley and Moore's Treasury of Botany; it ought to become an important plant for annual scenic culture. Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel. Europe, Northern Asia and North- America, in colder regions, extending to the arctics. A medicinal small shrub, which could best be reared in the heath-moors of alpine tracts. Valuable also as a honey-yielding plant (Cook). Arenga saccharifera, La Billardtere. India, Cochinchina, Philippines and also most Southern Japan (Doederlein). This Palm attains a height of 40 feet. The black fibres of the leaf-stalks are adapted for cables and ropes, intended to resist wet very long. The juice convertible into toddy or sugar; the young kernels made with syrup into preserves. This Palm dies off as soon as it has produced its fruit; the stem then becomes hollow, and can be used for spouts and troughs of great durability. The pith supplies sago, about 150 Ibs. from a tree, according to Roxburgh. Argania Sideroxylon, Roemer and Schultes. Western Barbary, on dry hills. " The Argan-tree." Its growth is generally slow, but it is a long-lived tree. Though comparatively low in stature, its foliage occasionally spreads to a circumference of 220 feet. It sends out suckers from the root. The fruit serves as food for cattle in Morocco; but in Australia the kernels would be more likely to be utilized by pressing an oil from them. Height of tree exceptionally 70 feet. Aristida prodigiosa, Welwitsch.* Angola, on the driest sand-hills. A perennial fodder-grass, of which the discoverer speaks in glowing terms of praise. In the West- African desert-country, in places devoid of almost all other vegetation, the zebras, antelopes and hares resort with avidity to this grass; it also affords there in the dry season almost the only fodder for domestic grazing animals. Moreover, this seems to indicate, that the closely cognate A. plumosa, L. and A. ciliata, Desf., of the countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea,, might likewise be en- couraged in their natural growth or be cultivated. All feathery in Extra-Tropical Countries. 39 grasses are among the most lovely for minor decorative purposes or designs, and this may also be said of the Australian plumous Stipa elegantissima (La Billardiere) and S. Tuckeri (F. v. M.). Aristolochia Indica, Linn£. Tropical Asia, North-Eastern Australia and Polynesia. A peren- nial climber; the leaves famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be grown in places free from frost. Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance. The green " Putchuck" of China. A medicinal plant, largely ob- tained at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from £20,000 to £30,000 annually. Aristolochia serpentaria, Linn<$. The " Snake-root" of North- America. The root of this trailing herb is valuable in medicine; it contains a peculiar volatile oil. Several other Aristolochiae deserve culture for medicinal purposes, — for instance, Aristolochia ovalifolia (the Guaco) and A. auguicida, from the mountains of Central America. Aristotelia Macqui, L'Eteritier. Chili. The berries of this shrub, though small, have the pleasant taste of bilberries, and are largely consumed in Chili (Philippi). The plant would thrive in mild forest-valleys. Arnica montana, Linn<$. Colder parts of Europe and Western Asia. This pretty herb is perennial and of medicinal value. It is particularly eligible for sub- alpine regions. Hardy in Norway to lat. 62° 47' (Schuebeler). The active principles are arnicin, a volatile oil, caproic and caprylic acids. Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Bancroft. Mountain-regions of Central America. A perennial umbelliferous herb. The root is nutritious and palatable. There are yellow, purple and pale varieties, which are kept up by division of the roots. Artemisia Abrotanum, Lhm<$. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A very odorous shrub, known as " Southern Wood." The foliage used in domestic medicine, also as condiment. The plant is easily grown from cuttings. Artemisia Absinthium, Linn^. Europe, North- and Middle-Asia and North-Africa. The " Worm- wood/' A perennial herb, valuable as a tonic and anthelmintliic. Should be avoided where bees are kept (Muenter). Recommended for cultivation as a preventative of various insect-plagues, even the Phylloxera. Several other species of Artemisia deserve cultivation for medicinal purposes. Active principles: Absinthin, an oily sub- stance indurating to a crystalline mass; also a volatile oil peculiar to the species. 40 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Artemisia Cina, Berg. Kurdistan. This herb- furnishes the genuine santonica-seeds (or rather flowers and fruits), a vermifuge of long-established use. Some other Asiatic species yield a similar drug. Artemisia Dracunculus, Linne". Northern Asia. The " Tarragon or Estragon." A perennial herb, used as a condiment. Its flavor depends on two volatile oils, one of them peculiar to the plant. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 52' (Schuebeler). Propagation by division of root; the wild plant has but little flavor (Vilmorin). Artemisia Mutellina, Villars. Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant deserves to be established in any alpine region. This plant and A. glacialis, L., A. rupestris, L. and A. spicata, Wulf. comprised under the name of " Genippi," serve for the preparation of the Extrait d' Absinthe (Brockhaus). Artemisia Pontica, Linne". Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. More aromatic and less bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Hardy to lat. 63° 45' in Norway (Schuebeier). Many other species of this genus deserve attention of the culturist. Artocarpus COmmunis, R. and G. Forster. (A. incisa, Linne" fil.) South Sea-Islands, Moluccas and Sunda-Islands. The Tahiti "Bread-fruit tree." It stretches in the Sandwich- Islands through cultivation almost beyond the tropics. According to Dr. Seemann's excellent account seedless varieties exist, and others with entire leaves and with smooth and variously shaped and sized fruits; others again ripening earlier, others later, so that ripe bread-fruit is obtainable more or less abundantly throughout the year. The fruit is simply boiled or baked or converted into more compli- cated kinds of food. Starch is obtainable from the bread-fruit very copiously. The very fibrous bark can be beaten into a sort of rough cloth. The light wood serves for canoes. The exudation, issuing from cuts, made into the stem, is in use for closing the seams of canoes, and could be turned to technic account. Artocarpus integrifolia, Linne" fil. India. The famous "Jack-Tree," ascending like the allied A. Lakoocha (Roxburgh) to 4,000 feet ; only fit for places free of frost. The fruit attains exceptionally a weight of 801bs.; it is eaten raw or variously prepared; the seeds when roasted are not inferior to chest- nuts (Dr. Roxburgh). Arundinaria falcata, Nees. The Nirgal- or Ningala-Bamboo of the Middle Himalayan zone, The canes attain a diameter of only 4 inches, are durable and applied to manifold useful purposes. This bamboo does not necessarily in Extra-Tropical Countries. 41 require moisture. In reference to various bamboos see the Gardeners' Chronicle of December, 1876, also the Bulletin de la Societe d' Accli- mation de Paris, 1878. The closely-allied Jurboota-Bamboo of Nepal, which occurs only in the cold altitudes of from 7,000 to 10,000 feet, differs in its solitary stems, not growing in clumps. The Tham- or Kaptur-Bamboo is from a still colder zone, at from 8,500 to 11,500 feet, only 500 feet or less below the inferior limits of perpetual glaciers (Major Madden). The wide and easy cultural distribution of bamboos by means of seed has been first urged and to some extent initiated by the writer of the present work. Arundinaria Falconer!, Munro. ( Thamnocalamus Falconeri, J. Hooker. ) Himalaya, at about 8,000 feet elevation. A tall species with a panicle of several feet in length. Allied to the foregoing species. Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Himalaya, up to nearly 7,000 feet. Grows to a height of about 15 feet. Vernacularly known as " Yoksun and Praong." The seeds are edible, and also used for a kind of beer (Sir Jos. Hooker). Arundinaria Japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini. The " Metake " of Japan. Attains a height of from 6 to 12 feet. Uninjured by even the severest winters at Edinburgh, with 0° F. (Gorlie). Arundinaria macrospertna, Michaux and Richard. Southern States of North-America, particularly on the Mississippi. This bamboo-like reed forms there the cane-brakes. Fit for low borders of watercourses and swamps. According to C. Mohr it affords throughout all seasons of the year an abundance of nutritious fodder. It requires to be replanted after flowering, in the course of years. Height reaching 20 feet. Arundinaria spathiflora, Trimus. Himalaya, at elevations of 8,000 to 10,000 feet, growing among firs and oaks in a climate almost as severe as that of England, snow being on the ground from 2 to 3 months. Arundinaria tecta, Muehlenberg. Southern States of North- America. A cane, growing 10 feet high. Prefers good soil, not subject to inundations ; ripens its large mealy seeds early in the season, throwing out subsequently new branches with rich foliage. Fire destroys this plant readily (C. Mohr). Arundinella Nepalensis, Trimus. Middle and Southern Africa, Southern Asia, Northern and Eastern Australia. This grass commences its growth in the spring- weather, and continues to increase during the whole summer, forming a dense mat of foliage, which grows as fast as it is fed off or cut. In New Zealand it is only a summer-grass, but valuable for its rapid growth at that season, and for thriving on high dry land (Dr. Curl). D 2 42 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cyrillo. Southern Europe, Northern Africa. Almost as large as a Gynerium. The tough flower-stems and leaves readily available for tying. Arundo Bengalensis, Roxburgh. China, India. Closely allied to A. Donax. The long panicle beautifully variegated with white and violet (Hauce). Arundo conspicua, G. Forster. New Zealand and Chatham-Islands. Although not strictly an industrial plant, it is mentioned here as important for scenic effect, flowering before the still grander A. Sellowiana comes in bloom, but not quite .so hardy as that species, still bearing considerable frost. Arundo Donax, Linn<$. The tall, evergreen, lasting Bamboo-reed of Southern Europe and Northern Africa. It is one of the most important plants of its class for quickly producing a peculiar scenic effect in picturesque plantations, also for intercepting almost at once the view of unsightly objects, and for giving early shelter. The canes can be used for fishing-rods, for light props, rustic pipes, distaffs, baskets and various utensils. Readily flowering when strongly manured. The root is used medicinally in France; ^easily transplanted at any season. Cross-sections of the canes are very convenient, placed closely and erect, for sowing into them seeds of pines, eucalypts and many other trees, seedlings of which are to be forwarded on a large scale to long distances (J. E. Brown), in the same manner as bamboo-joints are used in India. Arundo Karka, Roxburgh. India, China, Japan. The Durma-mats are made of the split stems of this tall reed. Arundo Pliniana, Turra. On the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A smaller plant than A. Donax, with more slender stems and narrower leaves, but similarly evergreen, and resembling the Donax-reed also in its roots. Arundo saccharoides, Grisebach. (Gynerium saccharoides, Humboldt.) Northern parts of South-America. Attaining a height of 20 feet. Like the following, it is conspicuously magnificent. Arundo Sellowiana, Schultes. (Arundo dioica, Sprengel non Loureiro, Gynerium argenteum, Nees.) The "Pampas-grass" of Uruguay, Paraguay and La Plata-States. A grand autumnal-flowering reed, with gorgeous feathery panicles. As an industrial plant it deserves here a place, because paper can be prepared from its leaves, as first shown by the author. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 43 Asparagus acutifolius, Linn& In all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in the Canary- Islands. Although a shrubby Asparagus, yet the root-shoots, accord- ing to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in Greece, and are tender and of excellent taste, though somewhat thinner than those of the ordinary herbaceous species ; in Istria and Dalmatia they are consumed as a favorite salad. The shrub grows on stony rises, and the shoots are obtained without cultivation. A. aphyllus, L. and A. horridus, L., according to Dr. Reinhold, are utilized in the same manner, and all may probably yield an improved product by regular and careful culture. Asparagus albus, Linn(*. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in the Canary-Islands. Serves for garden-hedges. Asparagus laricinus, Burchell. South- Africa. Dr. Pappe observes of this shrubby species, that with some other kinds of that country it produces shoots of excellent tenderness and aromatic taste. Asparagus officinalis, Linn£. Europe, North- Africa, North-Asia. The well-known Asparagus- plant, which, if naturalized on any coast, would aid in binding the sand. Hardy in Norway to lat. 64° 12' (Schuebeler). The foliage contains inosit-sugar ; the shoots yield asparagin. Sea-weeds are a good additional material. for forcing asparagus. Asperula odorata, Brunfels. The " Woodruff." Europe, Western and Northern Asia, Northern Africa, there as in Southern Europe only on mountains, always a forest-plant. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 66° 59' (Schuebeler). A perennial herb with highly fragrant flowers ; it deserves natural- ization in forests ; it contains much cumarin in its flowers, and serves in Germany for preparing the " Maitrank." Aspidosperma Quebracho, Grisebach. Argentina. Shrub or tree, even tall, with wood fit for xylography. The bitter bark is astringent and febrifugal (Lorentz), being almost as rich in tannin as that of Acacia Cebil. The leaves even contain 27^ per cent.; both have the advantage of producing an almost color- less leather (Sievert). F. Jean states, that even the Quebracho-wood contains 14 to 16 per cent, of tannic and 2 to 3 per cent, of gallic acid. Astartea fascicularis, De Candolle. South-Western Australia. A tall shrub or small tree, with a predilection for swampy ground, rather remarkable for quick growth, and evidently destined to take its place in antimalarian plantations . The foliage is locally used for tea. 44 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Astragalus adscendens, Boissier and Haussknecht. Persia, in alpine elevations of 9,000 to 10,000 feet. A shrubr attaining a height of 4 feet. Yields gum-tragacanth in abundance (Haussknecht). Many species of this genus, numerous in various parts of Europe and Asia, in California and in some other parts of the globe, deserve attention for pasture and other agronomic purposes. Astragalus arenarius, Linne". Europe and Western Asia. A perennial fodder-herb for any sandy desert-country. Astragalus brachycalyx, Fischer. 'Kurdistan. A low shrub, affording gum-tragacanth (Flueckiger). Astragalus Cephalonicus, Fischer. (A. aristatus, Sibthorp.) Cephalonia. A small shrub, yielding a good tragacanth ; and so probably also does the true A. aristatus of 1'Heritier. Astragalus Cicer, Linne". Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia. A nutritious and well flavored perennial herb, much sought by grazing animals. It requires, according to Langethal, deep friable grounds and, like most leguminous herbs, calcareous ingredients in the soil. Astragalus Creticus, Lamarck. Candia and Greece. A small bush, exuding the ordinary vermic- ular tragacanth ; the pale is preferable to the brown sort. Astragalus glycyphyllos, Linne". Europe and Northern Asia. Succeeds on light soil, also in forest- regions. It has been recommended as a perennial, substantial fodder- plant. Astragalus gummifer, La Billardiere. Syria and Persia. This shrub also yields a good kind of traga- canth. Astragalus hypoglottis, Linne". (A. Danicus, Retzius.) Colder regions of Europe, Asia and North- Am erica. This peren- nial plant is regarded as a good fodder-herb on calcareous and gravelly soil, and would likely be of importance in any alpine region. Of the enormous number of supposed species of this genus (according to Boissier, not less than 750 merely in Asia Minor and the adjoining countries) many must be of value for pasture, like some of the closely- allied Australian Swainsonas, though they also may include delete- rious species; thus A. Hornii and A. lentiginosus (Gray) of California, and A. mollissimus (Nuttall) of Texas, are known as loco-weeds, and are poisonous to cattle and horses, just as Swainsona lessertifolia (Candolle) and S. Greyana (Lindley) have shown themselves highly injurious to pastoral animals in Australia ; the active principle of these plants may however become of importance in medicine. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 45 Astragalus microcephalus, Willdenow. From Turkey to Russian Armenia. Gum-tragacanth is collected largely also from this species (Farnsworth) and from the nearly allied A. pycnocladus (Boissier and Haussknecht). Astragalus Parnassi, Boissier. (A. Cylleneus, Heldreich.) Greece. This small shrub furnishes there almost exclusively the commercial tragacanth. It ascends to elevations of 7,000 feet, becoming therefore alpine. Astragalus strobiliferus, Royle. Asiatic Turkey. A brown tragacanth is collected from this species. Astragalus stromatodes, Bunge. Syria, at elevations of approximately 5,000 feet. Exudes Aintab- tragacanth, which is also obtained from A. Kurdicus (Boissier). Astragalus venosus, Hochstetter. From Abyssinia to Central Africa. This perennial herb is subjected to regular cultivation for fodder, known as " Hamat-Kochata " (D. Oliver). Astragalus verus, Olivier. Asiatic Turkey and Persia. This shrub furnishes the Takalor- or Smyrna-tragacanth, or it is derived from an allied species. Astrebla pectinata, F. v. Mueller.* (Danthonia pectinata, Lindley.) New South Wales, Queensland, Northern and Central Australia, in arid regions, always inland. A perennial desert-grass, resisting drought ; sought with avidity by sheep, and very fattening to them and other pasture-animals. Astrebla triticoides, F. v. Mueller.* (Danthonia triticoide*, Lindley.) The " Mitchell-grass." Of nearly the same natural distribution as the preceding, and equalling that species in value. Both so important as to deserve artificial rearing even in their native country. Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker. New South Wales and Queensland. This Desert-lemon is men- tioned here, to draw attention to the likelihood of its improving in cul- ture, and to its fitness for being grown in arid climes. Atriplex albicans, Aiton. South- Africa. A good salt-bush for pastures there (McOwan). Atriplex crystallinum, J. Hooker. South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania, on the brink of the ocean and exposed to its spray. This herb vegetates solely in salty coast- sands, which it helps to bind, like Cakile. 46 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Atriplex halimoides, Lindley. Gregarious over the greater part of the saline desert-interior of Australia, reaching the South- and West-coasts. A dwarf bush, with its frequent companion, A. holocarpum (F. v. M.), among the very best for saltbush-pasture. All readily raised from seeds. Atriplex hortense, Dodoens. Northern and Middle Asia. The " Arroche." An annual spin- age-plant. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). Atriplex Muelleri, Bentham. Interior of Australia, reaching the South- and West-coasts. Cattle and especially sheep are so fond of it, that they often browse it to the root. This species approaches in its characteristics closely to A. roseum (Linne) from Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia; which thus perhaps may be of greater rural significance also, than hitherto supposed. Atriplex immmularium, From Queensland through the desert-tracks to Victoria and South- Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and wholesome of Australian pastoral salt-bushes. Sheep and cattle, pastured on salt- bush-country, are said not only to remain free 'of fluke, but to recover from this Distoma-disease and other allied ailments. Atriplex semibaccatum, B. Brown. Extra-tropic Australia. A perennial herb, very much liked by sheep (R. H. Andrews), thus considered among the best of saline herbage of the saltbush-country. Atriplex sponglosum, F. v. Mueller. Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the South- and West-coast. Available, like the preceding and several other species, for saltbush-culture. Unquestionably some of the shrubby extra-Australian species, particularly those of the Siberian and Cali- fornian steppes, could also be transferred advantageously to sub- saline country elsewhere, to increase its value, particularly for sheep- pasture. Atriplex vesicarium, Hewerd. In the interior of South -Eastern and Central Australia. One of the most fattening and most relished of all the dwarf pastoral salt-bushes of Australia, holding out in the utmost extremes of drought, and not scorched even by sirocco-like blasts. Its vast abundance over ex- tensive saltbush-plains of the Australian interior, to the exclusion of almost every other bush except A. halimoides, indicates the facility, with which this species disseminates itself. Splendid wool is pro- duced in regions, where A. vesicarium and A. halimoides almost monopolize the ground for enormous stretches. With other woody species easily multiplied from cuttings also. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 47 Atropa Belladonna, Linn<*. The " Deadly Nightshade." Southern and Middle Europe and Western Asia. A most important perennial medicinal herb. The highly powerful atropine is derived from it, besides another alkaloid, belladonnine. Audibertia polystachya, Bentham. California. A shrub, attaining a height of 10 feet; keeps the bees roaring with activity about its flowers for honey during the whole spring (A. J. Cook). The same can be said of A. Palmeri (Gray) and some other species. Avena elatior, Linn£. (Arrhenatherum elatius, Beauvois.) The tall Meadow-Oat-grass. Europe, Middle Asia, North-Africa. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 68° 11' (Schuebeler). This grass should not be passed altogether on this occasion, although it becomes easily irrepressible on account of its wide-creeping roots. It should be chosen for dry and barren tracts of country, having proved to resist occasional droughts better than rye-grass. Mr. J. L. Dow regards it as one of the very best of grasses for sandy soil. Yields more green feed in the southern states of North- America during winter than most other grasses (Loring). The bulk yielded by it is great; it submits well to pasturing, and gives two or three crops of hay annually; it is however not so much relished by animals as many other grasses. Avena fatua, Linn£. Wild Oat. Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia, eastward as far as Japan. The experiments qf Professor Buckman seem to indicate, that our ordinary cultivated Oat (Avena sativa, L.) is descended from this plant. Cultivated in California for fodder, but requiring early cutting, as it matures and sheds its seed in July. For this reason it is also hard to exterminate it in grain-fields, where it sometimes proves quite troublesome, except by change of crops. Avena flavescens, Linn£. ( Trisetum flavescens, Beauvois. ) Yellowish Oat-grass. Europe, Northern Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, eastward as far as Japan. . One of the best of perennial meadow-grasses, living on dry soil; fitted also for alpine regions. Lawson observes, that it yields a considerable bulk of fine foliage, and that it is eagerly sought by sheep, but that it thrives best intermixed with other grasses. It likes particularly limestone- soil, where it forms a most valuable undergrass, but is not adapted for poor sand, nor will it stand well the traversing of grazing animals (Langethal). Avena pratensis, Linn£. Meadow-Oat-grass. Europe, Northern Asia. Indigenous in Nor- way, to lat. 66° 40' (Schuebeler). It thrives well on dry clayey soil, is well adapted also for alpine mountains, where it would readily 48 Select Plants for Industrial Culture establish itself, even on heathy moors. It produces a sweet fodder, but not in so great quantity as several other less nutritious grasses. It is perennial, and recommended by Langethal for such ground, as contains some lime, being thus as valuable as Festuca ovina. Eligible also for meadows, especially under a system of irrigation. Avena pubescens, Linn£. Downy Oat-grass. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A sweet perennial grass, requiring dry but ^ood soil containing lime; it is nutritious and prolific, and one of the earliest kinds, but not well resisting traffic. Several good Oat-grasses are peculiar to North- America and other parts of the globe. Their relative value for fodder is in many cases not exactly known, nor does the limit assigned to this volume allow of their being enumerated specially. Avena sativa, Linne. The Common Oats. In Middle Europe cultivated before the Christian era, and in Switzerland already at the Bronze-Age. A. de Candolle regards it as probably indigenous to Eastern temperate Europe, particularly the Austrian Empire, thence perhaps extending to Siberia. Annual. Important for fodder, green or as grain — for the latter indispensable. Fit for even poor or moory or recently drained land, though not so well adapted for sandy soil as rye, nor well available for calcareous ground; resists wet better than other cereals; best chosen as first crop for inferior land, when newly broken up; middling grassy soil is particularly suited for oats; in rich ground more prolific for green fodder. It succeeds in rotation after every crop, though variously as regards yield, and best after clover. In volcanic soil of the Victoria-colony as much as 75 bushels of Oats have been obtained from an acre in one harvest, and in most favorable places in New Zealand exceptionally even double that quantity. Its culture extends not quite so far towards polar and alpine regions as barley, on account of the longer time required for its maturing; yet it will ripen still at lat. 69° 28' in Norway (Schuebeler). Varieties with seeds separating spontaneously from the bracts (chaff) are : A. nuda, L. and A. Chinensis, Metzger, the Tatarian and Chinese Oats, which are the sorts preferred for porridge and cakes. Other varieties or closely allied species are: A. orientalis, Schreber, which is very rich in grain, and on account of the rigidity of its stem especially fitted for exposed mountain-localities; A. brevis, Roth, the short- grained oats, which is particularly suitable for stable-fodder; A. strigosa, Schreber, which is a real native of Middle-Europe, arid deserves preference for sandy soil. Russian quas-beer is made of oats (Langethal, Brockhaus). Averrhoa Carambola, Continental and insular India. Not hurt by slight frost, except when very young. Sir Jos. Hooker found this small tree on the Upper Indus as far as Lahore. The fruit occurs in a sweet and acid in Extra-Tropical Countries. 49 variety; the former is available for the table raw, the other for pre- serves. That of A. Bilimbi (Linne) is of similar use, especially for tarts. Avicennia officinalis, Linne". From the coasts of South-Asia to those of South- Africa, all Australia and New Zealand. ' It is proposed by Dr. Herm. Behr, to plant this tree for consolidating muddy tidal shores. The copious nectar from the flowers eagerly sought by bees. Aziina tetracantha, Lamarck. From South-India to South-Africa. A hedge-bush, growing freely in every kind of soil. Baccharis pilularis, De Candolle. California and Oregon. This evergreen bush can be grown for hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower-boquets and other decorative purposes, as cut branches do not wither for a considerable time. It attains a height of 15 feet (Professor Bolander), and could readily be naturalized along sandy sea-shores. Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller. Southern Queensland. Though only a small tree, it is well worth cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented foliage, from which also a culinary and cosmetic oil can be cheaply distilled. Bactris GrasipSBS, Humboldt. (Guilielma speciosa, Martins.) The " Peach-Palm " of the Amazon-River, ascending to the warm temperate regions of the Andes. Stems clustered, attaining a height of 40 feet. The fruit grows in large bunches ; Dr. Spruce describes it as possessing a thick, firm and mealy pericarp, and when cooked to have a flavor between that of the potato and chestnut, but superior to either. Bacularia Arfakiana, Beccari. In Araucaria-forests of New Guinea up to 6,000 feet. A reed- like palm, evidently desirable for decorative purposes. Bacularia mon.ostach.ya, F. v. Mueller. (Areca monostachya, Martius. ) Eastern Australia, extending to extra-tropical latitudes. One of the best among small Palms for table-decoration. The stems sought for walking-sticks. Baloghia lucida, Endlicher. (Codiceum lucidum, J. Mueller.) East- Australia. A middle-sized tree. The sap from the wounded trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful red indelible pigment. Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker. Scinde and Beluchistan. Yields the Bdellium-resin. 50 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Balsamodendron Myrrha, Nees. (Commiphora Myrrha, Engler.) Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the commercial " Myrrh," but perhaps some other species may produce the same substance. Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. (B. Gileadense, Kunth. Commiphora Opobalsamum, Engler.) Deserts of Arabia, Abyssinia and Nubia. A small tree. This species furnishes Mekka- or Grilead-Balsam. B. Capense (Sonder) is a closely allied congener from Extra- tropical South- Africa. Some other Balsam-shrubs deserve introduction into warm dry regions. Bambusa arundinacea, Roxburgh.* The " Thorny Bamboo " of India. It likes rich, moist soil, and delights on river-banks ; it is of less height than Bambusa vulgaris, also sends up from the root numerous stems, but with bending branches, thorny at the joints. Used in continental India for hedges. According to Kurz it will thrive in a climate too dry for B. Tulda and B. vulgaris. The seeds of this and some other Bamboos are useful as food for fowls. Whenever seeds of any Bamboos can be obtained fresh and disseminated soon, large masses of these plants could easily be raised in suitable forest-ground of other countries ; Bamboo-seeds moreover, like Palm-seeds, ought to become a very remunerative article of commercial export for horticultural purposes under practical and experienced hands. Bambusa aspera, Poiret Indian Archipelagus. Attains a height of 120 feet. Stems very strong and thick. This species ascends to cool elevations of 4,000 feet. Bambusa Balcooa, Roxburgh.* From the Plains of Bengal to Assam. Proved hardy at the Cape of Good Hope. Height reaching 70 feet. With B. Tulda the principal Bamboo used by the natives for constructing large huts or sheds, but, as Roxburgh has pointed out, in order to render the material durable, it needs long previous immersion in water. Mr. Routledge recommends young shoots of Bamboos as paper-material. The seeds of Bambusa Tulda have been found by me to retain their vitality for some time and to germinate readily. Bambusa Blumeana, Schultes. Insular India. This Bamboo, with its spiny buds and pendent branchlets, is according to Kurz one of the best for cattle-proof live- hedges among the Asiatic species. In continental India B. nana and B. arundinacea are much used for the same purpose. Periodic trimming is required. Bambusa Brandisii, Munro. Tenasserim, Martaban and Pegu, wild up to elevations of 4,000 feet. Height of stems reaching 120 feet, diameter 9 inches. It likes lime- in Extra- Tropical Countries. 51 stone-soil. Locally much used for rural buildings, affording posts, rafters, flooring-material and shingles ; also many utensils, among them buckets, are made of this Bamboo (Dr. Brandis). Bambusa flexuosa, Munro. China. Only 12 feet high, but very hardy, having resisted in Southern France a temperature of 8° F (Geoffroy de St. Hilaire). Bambusa Senaensis, Franchet and Savatier. Japan. A tall and hardy species, distinguished from all other Japanese Bambusaceae by its large leaves. Young Bamboo-shoots (probably of several species) constitute part of the nourishment of all classes in Japan (Dupont). Bambusa spinosa, Roxburgh.* Bengal. A Bamboo, attaining 100 feet in height. The central cavity of the canes is of less diameter than in most other species; thus the strength for many technic purposes is increased. Bambusa vulg-aris, Wendland. The large unarmed Bamboo of Bengal. It rises to a height of 70 feet, and the stems may attain a length even of 40 feet in one season, though the growth is slower in cooler climes. It has proved to be capable of resisting occasional night-frosts. It is the best for build- ing bamboo-houses. Immersion in water for some time renders the cane still firmer. To the series of large thornless bamboos belong also Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa Balcooa of India, and Bambusa Thouarsii from Madagascar and Bourbon. These bamboos are much used for various kinds of furniture, mats, implements and other articles. Besides these, Kurz enumerates as among the best Asiatic bamboos for building purposes: Gigantochloa aspera, G. maxima, G. attar,- while Teysmann notes G. apus for the same purpose. Kurz recom- mends further, Bambusa arundinacea, B. Balcooa, B. Brandisii, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus Hamilton! and Schizostachyum BlumeL In the Moluccas, according to Costa, Gigantochloa maxima, or an allied species, produces stems thick enough to serve when slit into halves for canoes. Bamboos are utilized for masts and spars of small vessels. Bambusa Balcooa was found by Wallich to grow 12 feet in 23 days. Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, has grown at first at the rate of from 20 to 70 feet in a month. Fortune noticed the growth of several Chinese Bamboos to be two to two and a half feet a day. There are many other kinds of Bamboo eligible among the species from China, Japan, India, tropical America and perhaps tropical Africa. Two occur in Arnhem's Land, and one at least in North-Queensland. New Guinea is sure to furnish also additional kinds of technical importance or eminent horticultural value. Baptisia tinctoria, B. Brown. The " Wild Indigo " of Canada and the United States. A peren- nial herb. It furnishes a fair pigment, when treated like the best Indigoferas; also used as an antiseptic in medicine. 52 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Barbarea vulgaris, R. Brown. In the cooler regions of all parts of the globe, ascending to alpine zones. Hardy to lat. 64° 5' in Norway (Schuebeler). This herb furnishes a wholesome salad. As with other raw vegetables, particu- larly watercress (Nasturtium aquaticum, Trag.), circumspect care is necessary, to free such salads from possibly adherent Echinococcus-ova or other germs of entozoa, particularly in localities where hydatids prevail. An excellent honey-plant (Muenter), particularly for cold regions. Several allied species exist. Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow. South-Africa. This shrub supplies the medicinal Bucco-leaves. B. crenulata, Hooker (Diosma crenulata, L.) is only a variety of this species. Active principles: a peculiar volatile oil, a peculiar resin and a crystalline substance called diosmm. Empleurum serrulatum (Solander), a small South- African shrub, yields also Bucco-leaves as noted by Prof. Eichler. Basella lucida, Linn£. India. Perennial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the odour of Ocimum Basilicum ; other species serve also for culinary purposes. Basella rubra, Linne. From Southern Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb serves as a spinage of pleasant coloration, but is not possessed of the agreeable flavor of real spinage. It yields also a rich purple dye, not easily fixed however (Johnson). Bassowia SOlanacea, Bentham. ( Witheringia solanacea, L'Heritier.) South- America. This perennial herb needs trial-culture, on account of its large edible tubers. Batis maritima, Linn<$. Central America and northward 'to Florida, also in the Sandwich- Islands. This shrub can be used, to fix tidal sediments for the reclamation of harbor-lands. Beesha elegantissima, Hasskarl. Java, on mountains of about 4,000 feet elevation. Very tall and exceedingly slender; the upper branches pendulous. A hardy species of Bamboo. Bells jaculifolia, Salisbury. (Cunninghamia Sinensis, R. Brown.) Southern China. A tree, attaining 40 feet in height. Though too slow for timber-growth, it should not be passed in this work, as its Araucaria-like habit entitles it to a place in any arboretum, which is not subject to severe frosts; it proved hardy at Arran (Rev. D. Landsborough). The tree furnishes resin; the timber serves building- purposes well. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 53 Benincasa cerifera, Savi. India, Philippines, China, Japan, perhaps also North -Eastern Aus- tralia and Polynesia. This annual plant produces a large edible gourd, which in an unripe state forms part of the composition of many kinds of curry. Berberis Asiatica, Roxburgh. Himalaya. A Berberry-shrub. Hardy in Christiania (Schuebeler). One of the best among numerous species with edible berries. Among these may particularly be mentioned B. Lycium (Royle) and B. aristata (De Candolle), which also yield valuable yellow dye-wood (Dr. Rosenthal). All kinds of Berberry-shrubs must be kept away from cereal fields, as they might become the seat of the Aecidium-state of one of the principal rust-fungs, Puccinia graminis. Berberis buxifolia, Lamarck. From Magelhaen's Straits to Chili. This bush, according to Dr. Philippi, is the best among the South- American species for berries, which are comparatively large, black, hardly acid, but slightly astringent. In Valdivia and Chiloe they are frequently consumed. Berberis Darwinii, Hooker. Chiloe and South-Chili. Considered one of the most handsome of all shrubs for garden-hedges. Hardy in England; even at Christiania. Several other evergreen Berberry-shrubs serve the same purpose. Berberis Nepalensis, Sprengel. Himalayas, at elevations between 4,000 and 8,000 feet. Hardy to lat. 59° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler). The fruit of this evergreen species is edible. Beschorneria yuccoides, Hooker. Mexico, at rocky elevations from 8,000 to 10,000 feet (Finck). This handsome plant will bear slight frost. The stem attains a height of 6 feet, and produces flowers annually like yuccas. The leaves yield a remarkable fine and strong fibre (T. Christy). The two other 'known species, also from Mexico, B. tubiflora (Kunth) and B. Par- mentierii (Jacobi), are probably similarly useful. Beta vulgaris, Linn&* The " Beet or Mangold-Wurzel." Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia, Northern Africa. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70° 4' (Schuebeler). This well-known perennial or biennial herb ought to engage the general and extensive attention of any farming population. Can be grown for mere foliage even in sandy soil near the sea, and is often chosen for the first crop on heath-lands in Northern Germany. The herbage is most valuable as a palatable and nutritious spinage ; the root is of importance not only as a culinary vegetable, but, as is well-known, also for containing crystallizable sugar. The sugar of 54 Select Plants for Industrial Culture the beet is indeed now almost exclusively consumed in Russia, Ger- many, Austria, France, Sweden and Belgium; and these countries not only produce beet-sugar, but also export it largely to the neigh- boring States. The white Sicilian Beet is mainly used for salads, spinage and soups. The thick-ribbed variety serves like asparagus or sea-kale, dressed like rhubarb. Cereal soil, particularly such as is fit for barley, is generally adapted also for the culture of beets. The rearing of the root and the manufacture of the sugar can be studied from manifold works; one has been compiled by Mr. N. Levy, of Melbourne. A deeply-stirred, drained soil, rich in lime, brings the saccharine variety of beet to the greatest perfection. The Imperial beet yields from 12 to 20 per cent, sugar. The Castlenauderry, the Magdeburg, the Siberian White-rib and the Vilmorin-Beet are other varieties rich in sugar. About 5 Ibs. of seed are required for an acre. In rotation of crops the beet takes its place best between barley and oats. In Middle Europe the yield averages 14 tons of sugar-beets to the acre, and as many hundredweight of raw sugar. The mercantile value of the root, at distilleries, has ranged from 20s. to 30s. per ton. In climates not subject to frost the beet-harvest can be extended over a far greater portion of the year than in Middle Europe. The extrac- tion of the sap is effected generally by hydraulic pressure; the juice is purified with lime and animal charcoal; excess of lime is removed by carbonic acid, and the purified and decolorized juice is evaporated in vacuum pans, with a view to prevent the extensive conversion of the crystallizable sugar into treacle. The production of beet-sugar needs far less labor than that of cane-sugar, and the harvest is obtained in so short a time as eight months. The beet has shown itself subject neither to alarming diseases nor to extensive attacks of insects. It is mostly grown in extra-tropical zones, while the sugar-cane is confined to tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. Beet- culture, by directly or indirectly restoring the refuse, ameliorates the soil to such an extent, that in some parts of Europe land so utilized has risen to fourfold its former value. The beet furthermore affords one of the most fattening stable-fodders; and thus again an ample supply of manure. In the beet-districts of Middle Europe about one- sixth of the arable land is devoted to beets, yet the produce of cereals has not been reduced, while the rearing of fattened cattle has increased. Notwithstanding a heavy tax on the beetsugar-factories in Europe, the industry has proved prosperous, and assumes greater and greater dimensions. In 1865 the sugar-consumption of Europe amounted to 1,583,825 tons, one-third of which had been locally supplied by the beet, from over one thousand factories. Treacle obtained from beet is distilled for alcohol. For establishing remunerative factories on a large and paying scale, it has been suggested, that farmers' companies might be formed. For ascertaining the percentage of sugar in the beet, saccharometers are used. In Germany some scientific periodicals are exclusively devoted to the fostering of this industry. In 1875 the total production of beet-sugar amounted to 1,318,000 tons (Boucheraux) in Extra-Tropical Countries. 55 Betula acuminata, Wallich. Himalaya, between 3,000 and 10,000 feet. Attains a height of 60 feet, and thrives along forest-streams. The wood is hard, strong and durable. Another Himalayan Birch, B. utilis (D. Don), grows on arid ground, and produces good timber of less hardness. Betula alba, " White Birch." The common Birch of Europe and Extra-tropical Asia and North- America. With some Willows approaching nearer to the North-Pole than any other woody vegetation, but ceding in milder regions before the Beech when occurring mixed. It attains a height of 80 feet, and would, when cultivated, thrive best in moist glens of ranges or in the higher regions of mountains, where it would form at the alpine zone also excellent shelter-plantations. The variety B. pubescens (Ehrhart) attains still a height of 60 feet in lat. 70° N. in Norway (Schuebeler). Content with the poorest soil. The variety B. populifolia (Wllld.) extends to North-Eastern America, the variety B. occidentalis (Hooker) to North- Western America. The durable bark serves for rough roofing. Wood white, turning red, tough, adapted for spools, shoe-pegs and many other minor purposes, also for some parts of the work of organ-builders; affords like that of other Beeches charcoal for gunpowder. The oil of the bark is used in preparing the Russian leather. Betula lenta, Willdenow. The "Cherry-Birch" of North -America. A tree, reaching to 80 feet in height, and 2 feet in stem-diameter, liking moist ground, but also content with dry soil. Hardy at Christiania in Norway (Schue- beler). Wood rose-colored or dark, fine-grained, excellent for furni- ture. It is so heavy, that when fresh it will not float in water. It is used for ships' keels, machinery, furniture and other purposes, where strength, hardness and durability are required. Bark of a somewhat aromatic odor. Several Birches occur in Japan, which might well be tried elsewhere. Betula lutea, Michaux. The " Yellow or Gray Birch " of North-Eastern America. Height sometimes 80 feet. Adapted for moist forest-land. In timber similar to B. lenta. The wood is used for shoe-lasts and various other purposes. Betula nigra, Linn£. The " Red Birch" or " River Birch " of North- America. One of the tallest of Birches, occasionally more than 3 feet in stem-diameter, If grown on the banks of streams, it will bear intense heat. The wood is compact, of a light color, easily worked, excellent for turning, also in use by cabinet-makers and carriage-builders; well adapted to sustain shocks and friction (Robb). It is also used for E 56 Select Plants for Industrial Culture shoe-lasts, bowls and trays, and the saplings and branches for hoops. The bark is well adapted for rough roofing. Twigs of the Red Birch furnish one of the best materials for rough brooms. Hardy at Christiania (Schuebeler). Betula papyracea, Aiton. The " Paper-Birch " of North- America. A larger tree than B. albaj with a fine-grained wood and a tough bark; the latter much used for portable canoes. It likes a cold situation. Hardy to lat. 63° 55' in Norway (Schuebeler). Boeh.rn.eria nivea, Gaudichaud.* The " Ramee or Rheea." Southern Asia, as far east as Japan. This bush furnishes the strong and beautiful fibre, woven into fabric, which inappropriately is called grass-cloth. The bark is softened by hot water or steam, and then the bast separable into its tender fibres. The bast is obtained from the young shoots; it is glossy, tough and lasting, combining to some extent the appearance of silk with the strength of flax. The ordinary market-value of the fibre is about £40 per ton; but Dr. Royle mentions, that it has realized at times £120. The seeds are sown on manured or otherwise rich and friable soil. In the third year, or under very favorable circumstances even earlier, it yields its crops, as many as three annually. The produce of an acre has been estimated at two tons of fibre. This latter, since Kaempfer's time, has been known to be extensively used for ropes and cordage in Japan. Rich forest- valleys seem best adapted for the Ramee, as occasional irrigation can be applied there. In the open lands at Port Phillip it suffers from the night-frosts, although not to such an extent as materially to injure the plant, which sends up fresh shoots, fit for fibre, during the hot season. The plant has been cultivated and distributed since 1854 in the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, where it is readily propagated from cuttings, the seeds rarely ripening there. Cordage of this Boehmeria is three times as strong as that of hemp. Numerous shoots spring after cutting from the same root. Fertile humid soil or rich manuring is necessary for productive returns. Dr. Collyer, of Saharumpore, boils the whole branches with soap-water (a process used here since 1866, for separating the Phormium-fibre) for the easy separation of the fibre, of which he obtained 150 Ibs. from a ton of Rheea-branches ; the cost of separation and final preparation being calculated at £10 per ton (interest on capital for machinery not counted). He also perfected machinery, to render the process easy and more remunerative. Fibre, further prepared by Bonsor's process, can be spun into the finest yarn. Colonel Hannay and Dr. Forbes Watson record, that in Assam four to six crops are cut annually, that obtained in the cool season providing the strongest fibre; the latter is obtainable to the length of 6 feet. Other species require to be tested, among them the one, which was discovered in Lord Howe's Island, namely Boehmeria calophleba, Moore and Mueller. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 57 Boletus bovinus, Linne". Europe. Besides this species Dr. Goeppert mentions also the fol- lowing, as sold for food in the markets of Silesia: B. circinans, Persoon; B. edulis, Bulliard; B. luteus, Linne; B. sapidus, Harzer; B. scaber, Bulliard; B. subtomentosus, Linne; B. variegatus, Swartz. Dr. Cooke lauds B. aestivalis, Fries, for food. Dr. L. Planchon's list of edible fungs of France includes from this generic group: B. sereus, Bulliard; B. granulatus, Linne'; B. castaneus, Bulliard. Among the Victorian species one, allied to B. edulis, attains a weight of 3 Ibs., and the pileus then is of 12 inches width. The genus is dis- persed over the globe in numerous species, many doubtless fair esculents. Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer. From Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial herb, the leaves of which are utilized like culinary sorrel. Borassus Aethiopicus, Martius. Africa, from Zanzibar to Egypt. A palm of gigantic dimensions, its stem attaining 9 feet in diameter at the base, or 7 feet at 4 feet above the ground; sometimes even stems have been measured having a circumference of 37 feet. Leaves occur as much as 12 feet across; they serve for the manufacture of baskets, mats, ropes and sieves. The edible portion of the fruit is yellow, stringy, of a fruity flavor. The sap obtained from incisions in the stem under the leaves yields a kind of palm- wine. In its natural home the tree always denotes water (Colonel Grant). Sir W. Hooker admits only one species, and regards Africa solely as its home. Borassus flabelliformis, Linne". The "Palmyra." From the Persian Gulf to India, extending to 30° North. This noble palm attains a height of 100 feet. The pulp of the fruit serves as food. Enormous masses of sugar and toddy are produced in India from the sap, which flows from incisions of the stalk of the unexpanded flowers. This palm, wherever hardy, should be reared for scenic plantations. Assumed to reach, like the Date- Palm, an age of more than 200 years. Many other Palms are notable for longevity; thus Euterpe oleracea has been calculated to attain 130 years; Cocos oleracea, 650 years; Cocos nucifera, 330 years, according to the number of their stem-rings (Langethal), of which however perhaps more than one are formed in a year. Boronia megastigma, Nees. In Western Australia, on margins of swamps. This remarkable bush is recorded here as an emblem of mourning, its externally blackish flowers rendering it especially eligible for graves. Indus- trially it interests us on account of its very fragrant blossoms, for the sake of which this bush well deserves to be cultivated. The perfume could doubtless be extracted and isolated, particularly by absorbents in vacuum. Individual plants of this Boronia will endure in a culti- vated state for very many years. B. heterophylla (F. v. M.) from King George's Sound is of similar but not quite so strong a scent. E2 58 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Borrago officinalis, Linne". Southern Europe, Orient. An annual herb, rich in nitrate of pot- ash, occasionally used for medicinal purposes or as an admixture to salad. Readily disseminating itself; not to be overlooked as a honey- plant. Boswellia papyrifera, Hochstetter. Morocco, Nubia and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about Bertat on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of Olibanum-resin, and represents apparently one of the hardiest species of this or allied genera. Boswellia serrata, Roxburgh. (B. thurifera, Colebrooke.) India. A deciduous tree, living in arid forest-regions. Yields an aromatic resin. The real Olibanum is exuded by B. Carteri (Bird- wood) of Arabia and tropical Africa. Boussingaultia baselloides, Humboldt. South-America. This hardy climber is well fitted for bowers; the mucilaginous tubers are edible. It is not uncommonly grown as a climber on verandahs, where no severe frosts occur. Bouteloua polystachya, Bentham. New Mexico, Texas and Arizona. One of the Gramma-grasses of the prairies, called with some other species also Muskit-grass; grega- rious ; famed for nutritive value; fit for arid regions. Dr. Vasey recently enumerated fourteen kinds of Bouteloua, of which B. f oenea, B. eriopoda and B. oligostachya (Torrey) are mentioned as those best liked by the herds; others proved excellent in Argentina. Brabejum stellatifolium, Linne". South-Africa. The nuts of this small tree are edible, resembling those of our Macadamia ternifolia, to which also Brabejum is closely allied in foliage and flowers. The nuts are also similar to those of the Chilian Guevina Avellana. The fruit should be roasted, otherwise it is deleterious. Flowers sweet-scented. Brachychiton acerifolium, F. v. Mueller. The East-Australian Flame-tree. An evergreen shade-tree, with magnificent trusses of crimson blossoms. Like B. populneum (R. Br.), eligible for shading promenades, when rapidity of growth is no object. The mucilaginous sap, when exuded, indurates to a kind of Bassorin-Tragacauth. Brahea dulcis, Martius. Mexico, as far as its northern parts, and ascending to 4,500 feet, A Brahea-Palm has also been discovered as far north as Arizona, 32° (Drude). Brahea edulis, Herm. Wendland. Lower California. Height to 20 feet. The clusters of plum- shaped fruits sometimes weigh' 40 Ibs., and are eaten by domestic animals. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 59 Brassica alba, Visiani. (Sinapis alba, Linne.) White Mustard. Eastern Europe, Northern Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. An annual. The seeds are less pungent than those of the Black Mustard, but used in a similar manner. The young leaves of both are useful as a culinary and also antiscorbutic salad. Can be employed with great advantage as green manure and suppresses weeds simultaneously (W. Emerson Mclvor). The cold-pressed oil of mus- tard-seed serves for table-use. Dr. M. T. Masters enumerates Brassica dichotoma, tB. Pekinensis, B. ramosa and B. glauca among the mustards, which undergo cultivation in various parts of Asia, either for the fixed oil of their seeds or for their herbage. From 15 Ibs. to 20 Ibs. of seed of the White Mustard are required for an acre. In the climate of California 1,400 Ibs. of seed have been gathered from an acre. Can be grown in shallow soil, even on land recently reclaimed from swamps. It prefers argillaceous ground. The return is obtained in a few months. The stalks and foliage after the seed-harvest serve as sheep-fodder. In Norway the plant comes still to perfection as far north as lat. 70° (Schuebeler). Brassica Chinensis, Linne. China and Japan. Serves like B. oleracea for cabbage, and pro- duced in cultivation new varieties, particularly for use very late in the season. The seeds in Japan extensively pressed for oil. B. Cretica (Lamarck) is a woody Mediterranean species. Brassica juncea, J. Hooker and Thomson. (B. Willdenovii, Boissier; Sinapis juncea, Linne.) From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury cul- tivated all over India for Sarepta-Mustard seed ; also a good salad- plant. Brassica nigra, Koch. (Sinapis nigra, Linne. ) The " Black Mustard.-" Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia. An annual. The seeds simply crushed and then sifted constitute the mustard of -commerce. For medicinal purposes the seeds of this species are preferable for sinapisin and especially sinapisms. Through aqueous distillation a volatile oil of extreme pungency is obtained from mustard-seeds. In rich soil, this plant is very prolific; and in forest-valleys it is likely to remain free from the attacks of aphides. Chemical constituents: a peculiar fixed oil, crystalline sinapin, the fatty sinapisin, myronic acid and myrosin. All mustards can be regarded as honey-plants. Brassica-seeds of various kinds are retaining their vitality for several years. Brassica oleracea, Linne.* An annual or biennial coast-plant, indigenous to various parts of Europe. It is mentioned here with a view of showing, that it might be naturalized on any rocky and sandy sea-shores. One of the best plants for newly reclaimed lands. From the wild plant of the coast have originated various kinds of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower; 60 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Brussels-sprouts, kale, kohl-rabi &c. Some regard the fattening qualities of cabbage as superior to those of turnips, particularly for stable-food during the autumnal season. The gluten of cabbages on one acre has been estimated at 1,500 Ibs. against 1,000 Ibs. of gluten obtainable from turnips. Other races of this species are collectively represented by Brassica Rapa, L. (B. campestris, L.), the wild Navew, yielding most of the varieties of turnips, some handed down to us from ancient times with other cultivated forms. Again, other varieties are comprehended within Brassica Napus, L., such as the Swedish and Teltower turnips, while the Eape-seed, so important for its oil (Colza), is also derived from a form of B. Napus. The Rape-plant should be reared extensively for agrarian produce, giving a rapid return, wherever it remains free from aphides. Ordinary Rape is a good admixture to summer-fodder. Important where bees are kept. The hardier turnips can be produced on the highest Alps, as they are grown even within the Arctic Circle, and according to Sir J. Hooker at a height of 15,000 feet in the Himalayan mountains. Oil-Rape and Turnips are grown as far north as 70° 22' in Norway (Schue- beler), yet they also succeed as winter-crops in the hottest parts of Central Australia. Rhind mentions a very tall variety, introduced from the Vendee, as cattle-provender. MJUJ Bromus asper, Murray. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. A good perennial fodder-grass for wood- regions; but like Festuca gigantea late in the season. Bromus ciliatus, Linne. North-America. A perennial fattening grass, resembling the Prairie-grass, growing in mild temperate climes all the winter and also during summer, if drought is not too long continued, starting afresh after the least rain (Dr. Curl). Bromus erectus, Hudson. Europe, Northern Africa. Important as a perennial nutritious grass for dry limestone-regions; much liked by cattle and sheep. Bromus unioloides, Humboldt.* (B. Schraderi, Kunth.) From Central America to the sub-alpine zone of Northern Argen- tina. In Australia called the Prairie-grass. It has spread over many parts of the globe. The writer saw it disseminated on the mountains of St. Vincent's Gulf as early as 1847. It is one of the richest of all grasses, grows continuously and spreads rapidly from seeds, particu- larly on fertile and somewhat humid soil, and has proved as a lasting and nutritious fodder-grass or pasture-grass one of our best acquisi- tions. Very early out in the season for fodder. Kept alive in the hottest and driest parts of Central-Australia, where it was first intro- duced by the writer of this work. In Norway it comes to perfection up to lat. 67° 55' (Schuebeler). Chemical analysis in early spring gave: albumen, 2-80; gluten, 3*80; starch, 3'30; gum, 17'0; sugar, 2-30 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 61 Broussonetia papyrifera, Ventenat. The " Paper Mulberry-tree." Islands of the Pacific Ocean, China, Japan, perhaps only truly indigenous in the last-named country. The bark of this tree or shrub can be converted into very strong paper. It can also be used for textile fabrics; furthermore, the cloth made from it can be dressed with linseed-oil for waterproof coverings. In cultivation the plant is kept like an osier. The leaves cannot be used for silkworms. European fabrics have largely superseded the clothing made of this plant in the South-Sea-Islands. Buchloe dactyloides, Engelmann.* The true Buffalo-grass of Kansas, also known as one of the mes- quite-grasses, naturally extending from Canada to Texas, forming a large proportion of the food of the buffaloes on the prairies (Engel- mann). Dioecious, creeping, only rising to half a foot or less, but overpowering the Boutelouas. It is extremely fattening, but apt to be suppressed by coarser grasses on ground, where these are not trampled out or kept down by pasture-animals. One of the best of summer-grasses, resisting also some frost. Buddlea Asiatica, Loureiro. Continental and .insular India up to 7,000 feet, thence to China, the Philippines and New Guinea. Shrub, attaining to 15 feet; eligible for ornamental copses; flowers produced in profusion, sweet- scented. Buddlea Colvillei, J. Hooker and Thomson. Himalayan mountains at elevations of 9,000 to 12,000 feet. One of the hardiest of all species, attaining a height of 20 feet, but not so quick of growth as some other kinds. Extremely handsome, with its masses of dark-crimson flowers (Gamble). Buddlea globosa, Lamarck. Andes of Chili and Peru. Withstands the winter-cold of Arran. The author has in this as in a very few other instances broke through the rule, adopted for this work, not to accept into it any plant on ornamental value alone; but on the present species almost all the praise of B. Madagascariensis can also be bestowed, and it is really useful likewise for screening unsightly fences quickly and also for other kinds of hedgings. A similar species from the same geo- graphic region is B. connata (Ruiz and Pavon). Buddlea macrostachya, Bentham. Mountains of India from 3,000 to 7,000 feet. Shrub with fragrant spikes; flowers with yellowish tube, bluish limb and orange- colored throat. Highly desirable for sesthetic culture with several ' congeners. 62 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Buddlea Madagascariensis, Lamarck. Madagascar, Bourbon and Rodriguez. Of the numerous species of Buddlea the most eligible one for shelter-copses on account of its great size and always tidy appearance, as well as vigor and celerity of growth. It is ever-flowering, highly elegant, tolerant to many kinds of soil, bears some frost and like most congeners is easily pro- pagated from cuttings in the open air. Buddlea paniculata, Wallich. (B.crispa, Bentham.) Himalayan mountains at altitudes between 4,000 and 7,300 feet, extending to Ava, Cabool and Beloochistan. Attaining the size of a small tree, resisting English winters unharmed, merely protected by a wall; flowering there already from the beginning of February till May, scenting the atmosphere around with fragrance (Sir Will. Hooker). The trusses of flowers resemble those of the Lilac in shape and color. Bursera elemifera, J. Hooker. Mexico, up to the temperate plateau. This tree furnishes the Mexican Copal or Elemi. Butea frondosa, Roxburgh. The " Dhak'or Pulas" of India. This magnificent tree extends to the Himalayan mountains, ascending to elevations of 4,000 feet, and bears a few degrees of frost. It is very rich in a peculiar kind of kino, which according to Muspratt contains up to 73 per cent, of tannin. The Lac-insect is also nourished by this tree. Butomus umbellatus, Linn£. The " Flowering Rush." Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. This elegant perennial water-plant is mentioned here more for its value in embellishing our lakes and water-courses than for the sake of its roots. The latter, when roasted, are edible. The plant would live in sub-alpine rivulets. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 59° 55' (Schuebeler). BUXUS microphylla, Siebold and Zuccarini. Japan. There used for the best of wood-engravings and turnery; considered as good as ordinary box-wood. Native name, Tsougne (E. Dupont). Buxus sempervirens, Linnd.* The Turkey Box-tree. England, Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South-Western Asia, extending to Upper India and Japan. This slow-growing tree should be planted, to provide the indispen- sable box-wood for wood-engravers and instrument-makers, no good substitute for it having been discovered as yet. It is also employed for shuttles, rollers and various other select implements, clarionets, flutes, flageolets. Box-wood on account of its extreme density can best be used as an unit in comparative scales of the closeness of various in Extra- Tropical Countries. 63 kinds of wood. The box-tree needs calcareous soil for its best development. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 63° 26', according to Prof. Schuebeler, who saw a plant 11 feet high and 6 inches in stem- diameter in lat. 58° 58'. Among allied species B. Balearica attains a height of 80 feet. Other congeners are B. subcolumnaris, B. Cubana, B. Purdieana, B. citrifolia, B. acuminata, B. laevigata, B. Vahlii, B. gonoclada, B. retusa, B. glomerata, B. Wrightii, all from the West Indies; B. Madagascar! ca, also B. longifolia from Turkey and B. Wallichiana from the Himalayas. It does not however appear to be known, how the wood of any of these, nor of the various species of the Indian genus Sarcococca or the genus Styloceras of the Andes compares with true box-wood; nor is it known, whether or not they are of much more rapid growth. Csesalpinia Bonduc, Roxburgh. (Guilandina Bonduc, Linn£.) Widely dispersed through the inter-tropical regions of both hemi- spheres with Gr. Bonducella, L. These two species would be well adapted for hedges in the warmer parts of the temperate zone. Csesalpinia brevifolia, Bentham. (Balsamocarpon brevifolium, Clos. ) Chili, the " Algorobillo." The pods of this shrub are extraordi- narily rich in tannic acid. Godeffroy found in the husks 68^ per cent. The process of tanning with these pods is accomplished in one-third of the time, required for leather from oak -bark; this material is also especially valuable as giving a bloom to the leather. Csesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow. Wet sea-shores of Central America. Might be naturalized in salt- marshes elsewhere. Colonel Drury states, that each full-grown tree produces annually about 100 Ibs. of pods, the husk of which, com- mercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as the most powerful and quickly acting tanning material in India. The mercantile price of the pods is from £8 to £13 per ton. Casesalpinia crista, Linne*. West-Indies and Carolina. This shrub or tree furnishes a yellow dye-wood. Caesalpinia echinata, Lamarck. Brazil. The Fernambuc-wood or Red Brazil-wood is obtained from this tree and allied species; they also furnish the dye-principle brazilin. Csesalpinia Gilliesii, Wallich. (Poinciana Gilliesii, Hooker.) La Plata-States. This beautiful hardy bush can be utilized for hedges. Csesalpinia Sappan, Linn£. South-Asia. The wood furnishes a red dye. This shrub can also be adopted as a hedge-plant. 64 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Csesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh. Southern Asia, east to Japan. There often utilized as a hedge- bush. It can advantageously be mixed for hedge-growth with Pterolobiurn lacerans (R. Br.), according to Dr. Cleghorn, It furnishes a red dye-wood. Caesalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt. Chili. The bark yields a red dye. Csesalpinia vesicaria, Linn<$. (G. bijuga, Swartz.) West-Indies, on dry savannas and limestone-rocks. This tree furnishes part of the red Fernambuc-wood of commerce, for dye- purposes and select implements. Cajanus Indicus, Sprengel.* The Catjang ; in Assam called Gelooa-mah, often also Arhar. A shrubby plant of tropical Africa and perhaps Asia, but ascending to 6,000 feet in the extra-tropical latitudes of. the Himalayas. One of the upland-varieties will endure a few degrees of frost (C.B. Clarke). It sustains itself on dry ground, and yields the pulse known as Dhal, Urhur and Congo-Pea. The plant lasts for about three years, attains a height of 15 feet, and has yielded in the richest soil of Egypt 4,000 Ibs. of peas to the acre. A crop is obtained in the first year. The seeds can be used as peas in the green state as well as when ripe. Even more utilized in India than Phaseolus radiatus and Cicer arietinum. Some of the tribes of Central Africa use the stem of this shrub in friction with reeds, to strike fire, according to Speke. Several species of Cajanus of the Atylosia-section, partly indigenous to the warmer parts of Australia, might be tested for the sake of the economic value of their seeds. The insect, active in the formation of Lac, lives extensively on the Cajanus, according to Mr. T. D, Brewster of Assam. Silkworms also live on it. Cakile maritima, Scopoli. Europe, North-Africa, North- and South-America, extra-tropical Australia. Not unimportant for aiding to cover drift-sand, cast up on low sea-shores; not hurt by the spray. Regarded as antiscorbutic^ In Norway hardy to lat. 71° 7' (Schuebeler). Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker. North- America. Excellent for fixing drift-sand. C. Epigeios (Roth) and C. Halleriana (De Candolle) serve the same 'purpose according to Wessely. Calamintha Nepeta, Hoffinansegg. From England to the countries around the Mediterranean Sea; fond of limestone-soil. It is strongest in odor among several species, but not of so pleasant a scent as C. incana, Boissier, and C. grandiflora, Moench. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 65 Calaminth.a officinalis, Moench. Middle and Southern Europe and Middle Asia, Northern Africa. A perennial herb, used like Melissa as a condiment. Calamus montanus, T. Anderson. Himalaya, up to 6,000 feet. A hardy climbing palm. The old canes are naked. The light but strong suspension-bridges, by which the large rivers of Sikkim are crossed, are constructed of this palm. It supplies material for the strongest ropes, to drag logs of wood from the forest. Most durable baskets and cane-work of chairs are manufactured from the slit stems. Walking sticks and riding canes made of this species are exported from Sikkim in con- siderable quantity. Many other Calami serve similar purposes, but probably few, or perhaps none, are equally hardy. Callitris arborea, Schrader. ( Widdringtonia juniperoides, Endlicher. ) Southern Africa, 3,000 to 4,000 feet above sea-level. A middle- sized tree, rich in resin. Callitris calcarata, R. Brown. (Frenela, Endlicheri, Parlatore.) Eastern Australia. A tree to 70 feet in height and 3 feet in stem- diameter. Spreads readily over sterile, particularly sandy land. Wood of local importance, strong, durable, and of agreeable smell. It is used for piles, and furnishes planks for boats; it is repugnant to termites. The knotty portion of the stem valuable to cabinet- makers for inlaying. Market price about £5 per 1,000 feet. Callitris columellaris, F. v. Mueller. Eastern Australia, on bare and sandy coast-tracts. Height reaching 100 feet. Timber durable, fine-grained, fragrant, capable of a high polish; used for piles of wharves and sheeting of punts and boats; it resists the attacks of chelura and whits ants; the knotty portion valued for veneers. The young stems are liked for telegraph-poles according to Mr. Thozet. Present market value of timber £6 per 1,000 superficial feet. (Queensland Exhibition, 1878.) Callitris Macleayana, F. v. Mueller. (Frenela Macleayana, Parlatore.) New South Wales. A handsome tree, of regular pyramidal growth, attaining a height of 70 feet; the timber is valuable. C. actinostrobus and C. acuminata from South-West Australia are too small for timber- purposes, but the first-mentioned is one of the very few conifers fit for saline soil. Callitris Parlatorei, F. v. Mueller. Southern Queensland. Recommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey as a shade-tree. It attains a height of 60 feet. The wood is esteemed by cabinet-makers. Several other species of Callitris are worthy of forest-culture. 66 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Callitris quadrivalvis, Richard. North- Africa. A middle-sized tree, yielding the true sandarac- resin. Tables, made of the mottled butt--wood, fetched fabulous prices already at Plinius's time. (J. St. Gardner.) Callitris verrucosa, R. Brown. (Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunningham. ) Through the greater part of Australia. Stems used for telegraph- posts (C. Moore). Wood obnoxious to insects, hard, heavy, light- colored, pleasantly scented, fit for furniture and flooring. This tree disseminates itself with great ease in sandy soil, and will succeed in the driest clime. Planks 2 feet wide can be obtained. Dromedaries, according to Giles, browse on the foliage. Some of the other species are also among the trees, which may be utilized for binding the coast- and desert-sand. They all exude Sandarac. Calodendron Capense, Thunberg. Eastern South- Africa. A large and handsome tree, called the Wild Chestnut-tree by the colonists. Particularly fit for promenades. Rate of growth in height at Port Phillip, where it was first brought by the writer, about 1^ foot in a year. Fresh seeds readily germinate. Calyptranthes aromatica, Saint Hilaire. South-Brazil. The flower-buds of this spice-shrub can be used almost like cloves, the berries like allspice. Several other aromatic species are eligible for test-culture. Calyptronoma Swartzii, Grisebach. West-Indies. A palm, reaching a height of 60 feet. Ascends on tropical mountains to over 3,000 feet elevation. It yields the " long thatch " of Jamaica, the foliage furnishing an amber-colored roofing material, neater and more durable than any other used on that island, lasting twenty years or more without requiring repairs (Jenman). The generic name Calyptrogyne takes precedence. Camelina sativa, Crantz. Middle and Southern Europe, temperate Asia. An annual herb, cultivated for the sake of its fibre and the oil of its seeds. It is readily grown after cereals, yields richly even on poor soil, and is not attacked by aphides. Mr. W. Taylor obtained 32 bushels of seed from an acre, and from this as much as 540 Ibs. of oil. The return is obtained within a few months. Hardy in Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). Camellia Japonica, Linn& This renowned horticultural plant attains a height of 30 feet in Japan. It is planted there on roadsides for shelter, shade and orna- ment (Christie). The wood is used for superior xylography (Dupont). The seeds, like those of C. Sasanqua (Thunberg), are available for pressing oil. C. reticulata (Lindley) from China is in Extra-Tropical Countries. 67 conspicuous for its very large flowers, attaining sometimes 20 inches in circumference. Like C. Japonica it is hardy at Arran, flowering 'there far more freely (Rev. D. Landsborough). In England a very large plant of C. reticulata, reared in Mr. Byam Martin's conservatory, had in October 1848 removed from it 2,600 flower buds, to allow for April 1849 about 2,000 flowers to come to perfection (Sir W. Hooker). Camellia Thea, Link.* (Thea Chinensis, The Tea-shrub of South-Eastern Asia, said to be indigenous also to some localities of Japan, for instance Suruga, traced as spon- taneous as far as Manschuria (Fontanier). This evergreen and ornamental bush has proved hardy in the lowlands at Melbourne, where in exposed positions it endures quite unharmed light night- frosts as well as the free access of scorching summer-winds. But it is in humid valleys, with rich alluvial soil and access to springs for irrigation, that the most productive tea-fields can be formed. The plant comes into plentiful bearing of its product as early as the Vine and earlier than the Olive. Its culture is not difficult, and it is singularly exempt from fungus-diseases, if planted in proper localities. Pruning is effected in the cool season, in order to obtain a large quantity of small tender leaves from young branches. Both the Chinese and Assam tea are produced by varieties of a single species, the tea-shrub being indigenous in the forest-country of Assam also,. Declivities are best adapted and usually chosen for tea-culture, par- ticularly for Congo, Pekoe and Souchong, while Bohea is often grown in flat countries. In Japan the tea-cultivation extends to 43° north latitude, where the thermometer occasionally sinks to 16° F. (Simmouds), and where in winter 'time the ground is frozen several inches deep for weeks (General W. Gr. Le Due). The Chinese- variety has withstood the winter of Washington in sheltered positions without protection (W. Saunders). The Assam-variety succumbs to frost. For fuller details Fortune's work, " The Tea-Districts of China" might be consulted. The very troublesome Tea-bug of Asia is Helopeltis theivora. Fumigation and the application of birdlime are among the remedies to cope with this insect. The third volume of the Journal of the Agricultural and Horticultural Society of India is mainly occupied by Lieut. -Colonel Edw. Money's and Mr. Watson's elaborate essays on the cultivation and manufacture of tea in India. For more advice on the culture and preparation of tea consult also the writer's printed lecture, delivered in 1875 at the Farmers' Club of Ballarat, further the Report of the Commissioner for Agriculture, Washington, 1877, pp. 349-367, with illustrations; also Bernays's Cultural Industries for Queensland, pp. 181-190. The tea of commerce consists of the young leaves, hea.ted, curled and sweated. The process of preparing the leaves can be effected by steam-machinery. Already in 1 866 three machines for dressing tea were patented in England — one by Messrs. Campbell and Burgess, one by Mr.Thomson, and one by Mr. Tayse. To give an idea of the quantity <68 Select Plants for Industrial Culture of tea, which is consumed at the present time, it may be stated, that from June to September 1871, 11,000,000 Ibs. of tea were shipped from China alone to Australia, and that the produce of tea in India from January to June of 1872 was 18,500,000 Ibs. In 1840 India sent its first small sample of tea to the European market, but in 1877 exported to England forty million pounds, that is, as much as the 'whole English importation thirty years ago (Burrell). Ceylon alone exported already in the commercial year 1882-3 one and a half mil- lion Ibs. of tea. Dr. Scherzer estimates the Chinese home-consumption at 400,000,000 Ibs., others much higher. In 1873 China exported 242,000,000 Ibs., Japan, 12,000,000 Ibs. Simmonds calculates the area under tea cultivation in China at 25,000,000 acres. In 1884 Great Britain imported 215,000,000 Ibs. of tea, valued at ten and a half million pounds sterling; of this quantity 66,000,000 Ibs. came from India, after such a comparatively short time of culture. 100 Ibs. of prepared tea is the average yield per acre. Seeds of the tea-bush are now locally to be gathered in many parts of Australia from plants distributed by the' writer since 1859; and for years to come the culti- vation of the tea-bush, merely to secure local supplies of fresh seeds, ready to germinate, will in all likelihood prove highly lucrative. Tea contains an alkaloid, caffein, a peculiar essential oil and Boheic acid, along with other substances. Canavalia gladiata, De Candolle.* Within the tropics of Asia, Africa and America. This perennial climber grows to an enormous height, and bears an abundant crop of large edible beans, which can be used green (Sir Walter Elliott). It varies with red and white seeds, and in the size of the latter, which are said to be wholesome. C. ensiformis (D.C.) is another variety. C. obtusifolia is deleterious. Canna Achiras, Gillies. Mendoza. One of the few extra-tropic Cannas, eligible for arrow- root culture. Canna coccinea, Roscoe. West-Indies. Yields, with some other Cannas, the particular arrowroot called Tous Les Mois. Canna edulis, Edwards.* The Adeira of Peru. One of the hardiest of arrowroot-plants. Seeds will germinate even when many years old. Plants, supplied at the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, have yielded excellent starch at Melbourne, Western Port, Lake Wellington, Ballarat and other localities in the colony of Victoria. The Rev. Mr. Hagenauer, of the Gippsland Aboriginal Mission-station, obtained over one ton from an acre. The Rev. Mr. Bulmer found this root to yield 28 per cent, of starch. The gathering of the roots is effected there about April. The plants can be set out in ordinary ploughed land. Starch grains in Extra-Tropical Countries. 69 remarkably large. This Canna resembles a banana in miniature, hence it is eligible for scenic plantations; the local production in Gippsiand is already large enough to admit of extensive sale. Canna flaccida, Roscoe. Carolina. Probably also available for arrowroot, though in the first instance, like many congeners, chosen only for ornamental culture. Canna glauca, Linn£. One of the West-Indian Arrowroot-Cannas. Cannabis sativa, C. Bauhin.* The Hemp-plant, seemingly indigenous to various parts of Asia, as far west as Turkey and as far east as Japan, recorded recently by Dr. A. v. Regel as naturally also wild in Turkestan; A. de Can- dolle gives Dahuria and Siberia as the native country. Long culti- vated for its fibre. It exudes the churras or hasheesh, a medicinal resinous substance of narcotic properties, particularly in hot climates. The foliage also contains a volatile oil, while the seeds yield by pressure the well-known fixed hemp-oil. The staminate plant is pulled for obtaining fibre in its best state immediately after flowering; the seeding plant is gathered for fibre at a later stage of growth. Good soil, well-drained, never absolutely dry, is needed for successful hemp-culture. Hemp is one of the plants yielding a full and quick return within the season. The average summer-temperatures of St. Petersburg (67° F.) and of Moscow (62° F.) admit still of the culti- vation of this plant. The Hemp-plant serves as a protection against insects on cultivated fields, if sown along their boundaries. The seeds are sometimes used in medicine, and are a favorite fodder for various cagebirds. The importations of Hemp into the United Kingdom in 1884 were 1,335,000 cwt., worth over two million pounds sterling. Canella alba, Murray. West-India and Florida. An evergreen tree, to 50 feet high, aromatic in all its parts; the bark particularly used, less in medicine than as a condiment. Cantharellus edulis, Persoon. (G. tibarius, Fries.) The Chantarelle. Various parts of Europe, occurring also in South-Eastern Australia and some other parts of the globe. Dr. Goeppert mentions this among the many mushrooms, admitted under Government- supervision for sale in Silesia. Capparis sepiaria, Linn£. From India to the Philippine-Islands, ascending to cool elevations and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent for hedges. Dr. Cleghorn mentions also as hedge-plants C. horrida (L. fil.), C. aphylla (Roth), C. Roxburghii (D.C.), some of which also yield capers. 70 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Capparis spinosa, Linne". The Caper-Bush. Southern Europe and Northern Africa, Southern Asia and Northern Australia. A somewhat shrubby and trailing plant, deserving already for the sake of its handsome flowers a place in any garden. It sustains its life even in arid deserts. Light frosts do not destroy this plant; the soil requisite for greatest produc- tiveness should be of calcareous clay. The flower-buds and young berries, preserved in vinegar with some salt, form the capers of com- merce. Samples of capers, prepared from plants of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne, were placed already twenty years ago in 'our Industrial Museum, together with many other products, emanating from the writer's laboratory. The Caper-plant is propagated either from seeds, or suckers, or cuttings; it is well able to withstand either heat or drought. The buds, after their first immersion in slightly salted vinegar, are strained and afterwards preserved in bottles with fresh vinegar. In sheltered plains of Provence annually about 1,760,000 Ibs., worth at an average 7d. per pound, are collected. The shrub comes into full bearing at the fifth year, the harvests continuing well for many years afterwards (Masters). Chemical principle: Rutin. Capsicum annuum, Linn£. Central America. An annual herb, which yields the Chillies, and thus also the material for cayenne-pepper. Chemical principle: the acrid, soft, resinous capsicin. Comes to seeding in Christiania still. Capsicum baccatum, Linne\ The Cherry-Capsicum. A perennial plant. Brought from Brazil to tropical Africa and Asia, where other pepper-capsicums are like- wise now naturalized. Capsicum frutes.cens, Linne". (C.fastigiatum, Blume.) Tropical South-America. The berries of this shrubby species are likewise converted into cayenne-pepper. Capsicum longnm, De Candolle. Some of the hottest parts of America. An annual herb, also yield- ing cayenne-pepper. C. grossum (Willd.) is also mentioned by Colonel Drury as a very pungent species. The summers of the warm temperate zone admit of the successful growth of at least the annual species of Capsicum in all the lowlands. C. humile also binds sand even when brackish. Capsicum microcarpum, De Candolle. South- America. It is this species, which is used by preference in Argentina. There are annual and perennial varieties. Caragana arborescens, Lamarck. The Pea-tree of Siberia, reaching to 70° North. The seeds are of culinary value, but particularly used for feeding fowls. The leaves yield a blue dye (Dr. Rosenthal). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 71 Carex arenaria, Linn. Batatas, Decaisne.) The Chinese Yam. From India to China. Not prickly. The root is known to attain a length of 4 feet, with a circumference of 14 inches, and a weight of about 14 Ibs. The inner portion of the tuber is of snowy whiteness, of a flaky consistence and of a delicious flavor; preferred by many to potatoes, and obtainable in climes too hot for potato-crops. The bulblets from the axils of the leaf -stalks, as in other Dioscoreas, serve as sets for planting, but the tubers from them attain full size only in the second year. The upper end of the tubers offers ready sets, but there are dormant eyes on any portion of the surface of the tubers (Sir Samuel Wilson, General Noble). First grown in Australia by the author in 1858. A remarkably hardy species ; its yam-root keeps well (Vilmorin). Dioscorea globosa, Roxburgh. India. Roxburgh states this to be the most esteemed yam in Bengal. Dioscorea hastifolia, Nees. Extra-tropical Western Australia, as far south as 32°. It is evi- dently one of the hardiest of the yams, and on that account deserves particularly to be drawn into culture. The tubers are largely con- sumed by the local aborigines for food. This the only plant, on which they bestow any kind of cultivation, crude as it is. Fit for arid situations, but fond of lime. Dioscorea Japonica, Thunberg. The hardy Japan- Yam. Not prickly. The material here for comparison is not complete, but seems to indicate, that D. transversa and D. punctata (R. Br.) are both referable to D. Japonica. If this assumption should prove correct, then we have this yam along the coast-tracts of North- and East- Australia, as far south as latitude 33°. In Australia we find the wild root of good taste and large size; the tubers are eaten by the savages raw when young, roasted when aged (E. Palmer). I 2 122 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Dioscorea nummularia, Lamarck. The Tivoli-Yam. Continental and insular India, also South-Sea Islands. A high-climbing, prickly species, with opposite leaves. Roots cylindrical, as thick as a man's arm ; their taste exceedingly good. Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linne. India and China. Not prickly. One of the edible yams. Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linne". Continental and insular India, also South-Sea Islands. Likewise a good yam. A prickly species, with alternate divided leaves. Dioscorea purpurea, Roxburgh. India. In Bengal considered next best to D. alata and D. globosa. Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg. Japan, and there one of several yam-plants with edible tubers. Among numerous congeners are mentioned as providing likewise root- vegetables : D. piperifolia (Humboldt) from Quito, D. esurientum (Fenzl) from Guatemala, D. tuberosa and D. conferta (Yellozo) from South-Brazil, D. Cayennensis (Lamarck) from tropical South-America, D. triphylla (Linne) from tropical Asia, D. deltoidea (Wallich) from Nepal. Of these and many other species the relative quality of the roots and their adaptability to field-cultivation, require to be more fully ascertained. Dioscorea sativa, Linne". Southern Asia, east as far as Japan, also in the South Sea-Islands, North- and tropical East- Australia, likewise recorded from tropical Africa. Stem cylindrical, not prickly. The acrid root requires soaking before boiling. The plant has proved hardy in the Southern States of North-America. Starch is very profitably obtainable from the tubers. Dioscorea spicata, Roth. India. Roots used like those of other species. Dioscorea tomentosa, Koenig. Ooyala-Yam. India. The nomenclature of some of the Asiatic species requires further revision. Dioscorea trifida, Linne fil. Central America. One of the yams there cultivated. Various other tuberous Dioscorese occur in tropical countries, but their respec- tive degrees of hardiness, taste and yield are not recorded or ascertained. The length of the warm season in many extra-tropical countries is probably sufficient for ripening all these yams. Diospyros Ebenum, Koenig.* Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony-wood. It is not uncommon up to an elevation of 5,000 feet in that island, according to Dr. Thwaites; hence I would recommend this large and valuable in Extra-Tropical Countries. 123 tree for test-plantations in warm extra-tropical lowland forest-regions, where also D. quaesita and D. oppositifolia, the best Calamander- trees, and D. inelanoxylon should be tried. Many other species of Diospyros could probably be introduced from the mountains of various tropical regions either for the sake of their ebony-like wood or their fruit. Black Ebony -wood sinks in water. The price in England ranges from £8 to £10 per ton, from 700 to 1,000 tons being imported into Britain annually for pianoforte-keys, the string-holders of musical instruments, the fingerboard and tail-piece of violins, sharp note-pieces of pianos, harmoniums and cabinet-organs, and other select purposes. The following species, some of which may prove hardy, yield Ebony- wood, according to Hiern : India — D. Ebenum, Koen, D. melan- oxylon, Roxb., D. silvatica, Roxb., D. Gardneri, Thw., D. hirsuta, L. fil., D. discolor, Willd., D. Embropteris, Thw., D. Ebenaster, Retz., D. montana, Roxb., D. insignis, Pers., D. Tupru, Hamilt., D. truncata, Zoll., D. ramiflora, Wall; Africa— D. Dendo., Welw., D. mespiliformis, Hochst.; Mauritius — D. tesselaria, Poiret; Mada- gascar— D. haplostylis, Boivin, D. microrhombus, Hiern. Diospyros Kaki, Lhm6 fil. The Date-plum of China and Japan. A rather slow-growing not very productive tree, hardy at Port Phillip, comes into bearing when only five years old. The fruit is yellow, pink or dark-purple, variable in size, but seldom larger than an ordinary apple; it can readily be dried on strings. A hard and soft variety occur. It has ripened as far north as Philadelphia (Saunders). The most famed varieties are, according to the Rev. Mr. Loorins : Ronosan, Nihon, Micado, Daimio, Taikoon, Yamato, the latter particularly large and saccharine, and with the Jogen- variety mostly used for drying. In Japan this is thought to be the best native fruit (Christie); attains one pound in weight. There is also a small seedless variety. Dried Kaki-fruit is considered superior to figs. For drying the fruit is peeled; it requires a month to exsiccate. The Hyakuma-variety when shrivelled measures as much as 4 by 3 inches (Jarmain). The green fruits serve as medicinal astringents (Dupont). Fruits weighing nearly a pound have been obtained at Melbourne. Diospyros Lotus, Linn£. From Northern China to the Caucasus. The ordinary Date-plum. The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black cherries, are edible and also used for the preparation of syrup. The wood, like that of D. chloroxylon, is known in some places as Green Ebony. It resembles Mottled Ebony; it must not however be confounded with other kinds, such as are furnished by some species of Exco3caria, Nectandra and Jacaranda. This tree endures the winters of Northern Germany (C. Koch); in the Crimea it rises to 40 feet (Loudon). Diospyros Texana, Scheele. Mexico and Texas. Tree, reaching a height of 30 feet; fruit globose, black, luscious (A. Gray). 124 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Diospyros Virginiana, The North- American Ebony or Parsimon or Persimmon, indigen- ously restricted to the South-Eastern States. A tree, reaching 70 feet in height, sends suckers up from the roots. Wood heavy, very hard, blackish or brownish, valuable for shuttles instead of box- wood. (Jos. Gardner); for turnery, also shoe-lasts (Sargent); for shafts one of the very best (Michaux). The stem exudes a kind of gum. The sweet variety yields a good table-fruit. Ripens fruit to 41° North in Illinois (Bryant). Hot summers promote the early ripening and sweetness of the fruit, the delicious taste not alone depending on early frost. The final sweetness depends upon chemical decomposition. The flowers yield honey. The species is of very close affinity to D. Lotus, as remarked by A. Gray, and endures the clime of Northern Germany also. Diplothemimn campestre, Martins. Southern Brazil. A dwarf Palm of dry regions. The sweetish pulpy outer covering of the small fruits is edible. Diposis Bulbocastanum, De Candolle. Chili. The tubers of this perennial herb are edible (Philippi). Dipsacus fullonum, Linne. Fuller's Teasel. Middle Asia. A tall biennal herb. The thorny fruit-heads are used for fulling in cloth-factories. The import into England during one of the last years was valued at £5,000. The plant is most easily reared. The use of these teasels has not yet been superseded by any adequate machinery. The young leaves can be used as food for silkworms (Thorburn). The flowers are rich in nectar for honey (A. J. Cook), which is of excellent quality (Quinby). Dirca palustris, Linne. Eastern States of North- America, extending to Canada. An orna- mental forest-shrub, the tough bark of which is serviceable for straps and whipcords. Distichlis maritima, Rafinesqtie. (Festuca distichophytta, J. Hooker.) North- and South- America, extra-tropical Australia. This dwarf creeping Grass is of great value for binding soil in arid places, forming rough lawns, edging garden-plots and covering coast-sand. Dolichos gibbosus, Thunberg. South- Africa. This woody climber is one of the most eligible for covering rustic buildings with a close and almost ever-flowering vegetation. Dolichos Lablab, Linne". India, probably from thence only spread widely through the tropics. An annual herb, sometimes lasting through several years, cultivated up to 7,000 feet in the Himalayas ; ripening its fruit at Port Phillip. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 125 The young pods, as well as the ripe seeds, of several varieties available for culinary use. It delights in rich soil, and ripens in hot countries within three months ; its yield is about forty-fold, according to Rox- burgh. The whole plant forms excellent stable-feed for cattle. Dolichos uniflorus, Lamarck. Tropical and sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb, the Horse-Gram of South-India, where it is extensively grown. Colonel Sykes got over 300 seeds from a moderate-sized plant. Dr. Stewart saw it cultivated up to 8,000 feet. Content with poor soils ; well adapted for stable pulse. Dorema Anunoniacum, D. Don. From Persia extending to Afghanistan and Turkestan, up to 4,000 feet. A tall perennial herb, yielding the gum-resin Ammoniacum, which might be obtained from plants introduced, especially as this plant will grow in dry regions. Dracaena Draco, Linne". The Dragon-blood Tree of the Canary-Islands. An imposing feature in scenic horticulture, with D. schizantha (Baker) of eastern, tropical Africa ; it yields one kind of Dragon-blood resin. The famed Dragon-tree of Teneriffe, measured in 1831, showed 46 feet stem-circumference, and even at the commencement of the 15th century was celebrated for its age and large proportions. Dracocephalum Moldavica, Linne. Northern and Middle Asia. An annual showy scent-herb; also of some medicinal value and particularly for culinary condiment. Drimys "Winter!, R. and G. Forster. Extra-tropical South- America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred under the name of Boighe to the original inhabitants. Attains in river- valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood never attacked by insects (Dr. Philippi). Bark used for medicinal purposes. The Australian and New Zealand species may be equally valuable. Duboisia Hopwoodii, F. v. Mueller. The Pitury. Inland desert-regions from New South Wales and Queensland to near the west-coast of Australia. This shrub deserves cultivation on account of its highly stimulating properties. D. myoporoides (R. Br.) of East- Australia and New Caledonia has come into use for ophthalmic surgery. The alkaloid of the latter, duboisin, is allied to piturin, and important as a mydriatic (Bancroft). The tree attains in deep forest-glens a height of 60 feet (Ralston), but flowers even as a shrub. Duvaua longifolia, Lindley. La Plata-States. This shrub and the allied D. latifolia, called Molle there, yield foliage rich in tannin (about 20 per cent.), which, as it does not give any color to leather, is much valued for particular currying (Dr. Lorentz). 126 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Dypsis pinnatifrons, Martius. Madagascar. This dwarf Palm proved hardy in Sydney, together with Copernicia cerifera (C. Moore). Bcbalium Elaterium, Richard. The Squirting Cucumber. Mediterranean regions and Orient. An annual. The powerful purgative Elaterium is prepared from the pulp of the fruit. Chemical principles : elaterid, elaterin, hydro elaterin. Bchinocactus Fendleri, Engelmann. Mexico. A species attractive for its large rosy flowers and, like the orange-flowered E. gonacanthus and E. Simpsoni, E. conoideus, E. phoeniceus, E. viridiflorus, E. viviparus and E. paucispineus, among the most hardy of North- American Cactese (E. G. Loder). Bchium candicans, Linnefil. Madeira. This showy shrub, with the allied E. fastuosum (Jacquin) is an exquisite honey-plant ; other species deserve in this respect also attention. Bctrosia Gulliveri, F. v. Mueller. North-Eastern Australia. A pretty but annual grass, useful for covering stony slopes in dry exposed localities (Bailey). Ehrharta diplax, F. v. Mueller. (Microlama avenacea, J. Hooker.) New Zealand. This tall perennial grass is fond of woodlands, and deserves introduction elsewhere. It is likely to prove a rich pasture- grass. A few Australian species, particularly of the section Tetrarr- hena, are readily accessible, and so indeed also the South- African Ehrhartas, all adapted for a warm temperate clime ; the majority perennial, and several of superior rural value. Ehrharta caudata (Munro) is indigenous to Japan. Ehrharta longiflora, Smith. South- Africa. Easily disseminated and, like other perennial species from the same part of the world, fit to grow in sand-land as a pasture- grass. Eagerly consumed by cattle (Cole). Bhrharta stipoides, La Billardiere. Extra-tropical Australia, also New Zealand. Often called Weep- ing-Grass. A perennial grass, which keeps beautifully green all through the year. For this reason its growth for pasturage should be encouraged, particularly as it will li^e on poor soil. Mr. W. H. Bacchus, of Ballarat, considers it nearly as valuable as Kangaroo- Grass, and in the cool season more so. He finds it to bear overstock- ing better than any other native grass, and to maintain a close turf. Hence it is praised by Mr. 0. Tepper as a lawn-grass. High testi- mony of the value of this grass is also given by Mr. Rankin, of Gippsland, after many years experiments. However, it does not in Extra-Tropical Countries. 127 always seed copiously. The chemical analysis, made in spring, gave the following results: Albumen, T66, gluten 9*13, starch 1*64, gum 3'25, sugar 5'05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). Elseagnus hortensis, Bieberstein. From South-Europe and North-Africa to Siberia and China. The fruits of this shrub, known under the name of Trebizonde-dates, are used in Persia for dessert. Flowers highly fragrant (G. W. Johnson). Elaeagrms parvifolius, Royle. From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been introduced into North-America as a hedge-plant, and, according to Professor Meehan, promises great permanent success, as it has already achieved a high popularity in this respect. In Norway hardy to lat. 59° 55' (Schue- beler). Sever other species might well be experimented on in the same manner. Elaeagnus umbellatus, Thunberg. Japan. The fruits of this or an allied species are edible, of a particular and pleasant flavor, and especially adapted for confec- tionery. This bush resists frost as well as drought, and bears in pro- digious abundance throughout the year (Joseph Clarte). It can be struck from cuttings, and comes into bearing in the third year. Elegia nuda, Kunth. South-Africa. A rush, able with its long roots to bind moving sand; it also affords good material for thatching (Dr. Pappe). Many of the tall Restiaceas of South-Africa would prove valuable for scenic effect in gardens and conservatories, and among these may specially be mentioned Cannamois cephalotes (Beauvois). Elephanthorrhiza Burchelli, Bentham. South- Africa. The huge club-footed roots of this somewhat shrubby plant are extraordinarily rich in tannin (Prof. Mac Owan). All graz- ing animals like the foliage much; it starts from the root again after frost (Mrs. Barber). An allied species is E. Burkei. Eleusine Coracana, Gaertner. Southern Asia, east to Japan, ascending the Himalayas to 7,000 feet. Though annual, this grass is worthy of cultivation on account of its height and nutritiveness. It is of rapid growth, and the pro- duce of foliage and seeds copious. Horses prefer the hay to any other dry fodder in India, according to Dr. Forbes Watson. The large grains can be used like millet. E. Indica (Gaertner) only differs as a variety. It extends to tropical Australia, and is recorded also from many other tropical countries. Eleusine stricta, Roxburgh. India. The increase of grain of this annual grass in rich soil is at times five-hundredfold. E. Tocusso (Fresenius) is a valuable kind 128 Select Plants for Industrial Culture from Abyssinia, seemingly allied to E. stricta. The Arabian and Himalayan E. flagellifera (Nees) is perennial. Other species of Eleusine are deserving of trial. Elymus arenarius, Linne.* The Sea Lyme-Grass. Europe and North- Asia, on sand-coasts, growing in Norway to lat. 71° 7'. One of the most important and vigorous of grasses for binding drift-sand on the sea-shores. En- dures being gradually covered with sand, but not so completely as Psamma. The North-American E. mollis (Trinius) is allied to this species. Elymus condensatus, Presl.* The Bunch-Grass of British Columbia and California, extending to lat. 58°. This is favorably known as adapted for sand-land. Prof. Bolander says, that it does excellent service in fixing soil on steep banks. Mr. W. Gorlie noted it to bear severe frost, as much as 0° F. Bunches become fully a yard in diameter and bear stalks up to 10 feet high, so that in annual bulk of weight of produce it surpasses all British pasture-grasses. It is also earlier than any of them, and its young growth never suffers from spring-frosts; moreover it is highly nutritious and greedily eaten in all its stages by stock. This grass should have some claim for adoption in scenic culture. Elymus Virginicus, Linne". Eastern North-America. Perennial, easily spreading, but fit for river-banks; of some fodder value (C. Mohr). Embothrium coccineum, E. and G. Forster. From Chili to the Straits of Magellan. The Notra or Ciruelillo. A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom reaching above 30 feet in height. The wood is utilized for furniture. E. lanceolatum is merely a variety (Dr. Philippi). The equally gorgeous E. emarginatum of the Peruvian Andes and E. Wickhami (F. v. M.) from Mount Bellen- den-Ker of North-Queensland, deserve, with the East- Australian allied Stenocarpus sinuatus (Endlicher), a place in any sheltered gardens or parks of the warm temperate zone. Enceph.alartos Denisonii, F. v. Mueller. (Macrozamia Denisonii, Moore and Mueller.) New South Wales and Queensland, in the litoral forest-tracts. This noble Pine-palm is hardy as far south as Melbourne, and with E. spiralis, E. Preissii and the South- African species to be regarded as a most desirable acquisition to any garden-scenery in mild zones. All admit of translocation even when of large size and when many years old. The lifted stems, with an unusual tenacity of life, sometimes remain dormant for several years. After removal they can be shipped in close cases as dead goods, the leaves being previously cut away, but such shipments should not be exposed to severe frost on transit. Where naturally these Pine-palms abound, an excellent starch may profitably be got from their stems. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 129 Engelhardtia spicata, Blume. The Spurions Walnut-tree of the mountains of Java, Burmah and the Himalayas. It reaches a height of 200 feet. Wood pale-red, hard and heavy, manufactured into the solid cart-wheels and large troughs, which are in use throughout the Sunda-Islands (Brandis). The bark is rich in tan-substance (Roxburgh). Eremophila longlfolia, F. v. Mueller. Desert-regions throughout Australia. In the hot season this tall bush or small tree affords food to sheep in desert-tracts, when grass and herbage fail (A. N. Grant). Sheep browse on many other species of this highly ornamental genus. All resist drought and great climatic heat. Eremurus aurantiacus, Baker. Afghanistan, 7,000 to 9,000 feet. The leaves of this liliaceous plant form for two months in the year almost the sole vegetable, on which the natives of Hariab depend; it is an agreeable food, crisp and somewhat hard, but neither tough nor fibrous (Dr. Aitchison). Likely to become valuable as a spring- vegetable. Erianthus fulvus, Kunth. Interior of Australia. A sweet perennial grass, of which cattle are so fond, as to eat it closely down, and thus cause it to die out (Bailey). Readily raised by re-dissemination. Erianthus Japonicus, Beauvois. Japan. Bears frosts of 0° F. (Gorlie). Stems woody at the base, reaching a height of 6 feet with spikes nearly a foot long. The striped-leaved variety is particularly decorative. Eriochloa annulata, Kunth. In tropical and sub-tropical regions around the globe. Perennial. Endures moderate cold in South-Queensland, and affords fodder all the year round (Bailey). It resists drought, and is fattening and much relished by stock (Dr. Curl). E. punctata (Hamilton) has a- similarly wide range, and is of equal pastoral utility. Erodium cygnorum, Nees. Extra-tropical Australia. This herb yields a large amount of feed even in the sandy desert-tracts of Central Australia, and is relished by all kinds of pasture-animals. Eruca sativa, Lamarck. From Southern Europe to Central Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 10,000 feet. An annual herb, not unimportant as an oil-plant; much cultivated in some parts of Siberia for its seed (Dr. A. Regel). Ervum Lens, Linne. (Lens esculenta, Moench.) The Lentil. South-Europe, South- Western Asia. Cultivated up to an elevation of 11,500 feet in India. Annual, affording in its seeds 130 Select Plants for Industrial Culture a palatable and very nutritious food. A calcareous soil is essential for the prolific growth of this plant. The leafy stalks, after the removal of the seeds, remain a good stable-fodder. The variety called the Winter-Lentil is more prolific than the Summer-Lentil. Valuable as honey-yielding for bees. Seeds will retain their vitality for about four years (Vilmorin). The " Revalenta Arabica " consists mainly of lentil-flour. Eryngium maritimum, Linne". Europe, North- Africa, South- Western Asia. This perennial herb deserves dissemination on sandy oceanic shores. Root of medicinal value. Young shoots serve as a substitute for asparagus (Dr. Rosen- thai), so those of E. campestre (Linne), a plant of similar geographic range. -Eryngium pandanifolium, Chamisso. South-Brazil, Paraguay, Misiones and Chaco. This or an allied species, called " Caraguata " with bromeliaceous habit, yields there textile fibre, which is long and silky (Kew Report, 1877, p. 37 j Gard. Chron., 1882, p. 431, E. H. Egerton). .Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck.* Peru and Eastern Bolivia. This shrub is famed for the extraor- dinary stimulating property of its leaves, which pass under the names of Spadic and Coca. They contain two alkaloids, cocain and hygrin ; also a peculiar tannic acid. The cocain has become of great import- ance in medicine, as a topical anaesthetic, particularly in ophthalmic surgery. In the native country of the plant its leaves have for ages been in use to prepare from them an infusion for allaying local pain. An enormous quantity is annually collected and sold. The Peruvians mix the leaves with the forage of mules, to increase their power of enduring fatigue. Whether any of the many other species of Erythroxylon possesses similar properties, seems never yet to have flbeen ascertained. Eucalyptus Abergiana, F. v. Mueller. Northern Queensland. A stately tree with unusually spreading branches of dense foliage. The quality of its timber has remained hitherto unknown, but the species will probably prove one of the most suitable among its congeners for tropical countries. JEucalyptus amygdalina, La Billardiere.* South-Eastern Australia. Vernacularly known as Brown and White Peppermint-tree, Giant-G-umtree, and as one of the Swamp- Gumtrees. In sheltered springy forest-glens attaining exceptionally to a height of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage different from the ordi- nary form of E. amygdalina, which occurs in more open country, and has small narrow leaves and a rough brownish bark. The former species or variety, which might be called Eucalyptus regnans, repre- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 131 sents probably the loftiest tree on the globe. Mr. G-. W. Robinson, surveyor, measured a tree at the foot of Mount Baw-Baw, which was 471 feet high. Another tree in the Cape Otway-ranges was found to be 415 feet high and 15 feet in diameter, where cut in felling, at a con- siderable height above the ground. Another tree measured 69 feet in circumference at the base of the stem; at 12 feet from the ground it had a diameter of 14 feet; at 78 feet a diameter of 9 feet; at 144 feet a diameter of 8 feet, and at 210 feet a diameter of 5 feet. Individual trees are known with a stem-circumference of 56 feet at 5 feet from the ground. The wood is fissile, well adapted for shingles, rails, for inner building-material and many other purposes, but it is not a strong wood. That of the smaller rough-barked variety has proved lasting for fence-posts. La Billardiere's name applies ill to any of the forms of this species. Plants raised on rather barren ground near Melbourne have shown nearly the same amazing rapidity of growth as those of E. globulus; yet, like those of E. obliqua, they are not so easily satisfied with any soil. In the south of France this tree grew to a height of 50 feet in eight years. It has endured the frosts of the milder parts of England, with E. G-unnii and E. viminalis. In New Zealand it has survived the cold, where E. globulus succumbed. E. amygdalina, E. urnigera, E. coccifera, E. rostrata and E. corymbosa have proved more hardy than E. globulus, E. diversicolor, E. resini- fera, E. longifolia and E. melliodora at Rome, according to the Rev. M . Gildas. E. coccifera being hardier than any other. Professor Ch. Naudin believes, that E. amygdalina will prove hardy along the western maritime districts of France as far north as Brittany; the ordinary variety proved also hardy in the mild clime of Arran (Rev. D. Landsborough) ; also along with E. globulus at Falmouth (G-. H. Taylor), the typical rough-barked form enduring more frost than the silvan form E. regnans. The now well-known Eucalyptus-oil, the dis- tillation of which was initiated by the writer, is furnished in greater or lesser proportion by all the different species. It was first brought exten- sively into commerce by Mr. Bosisto, who has the credit of having ascertained many of the properties of this oil for technic application. It is this species, which yields more volatile oil than any other hitherto tested, and which therefore is largely chosen for distillation ; thus it is also one of the best for subduing malarian effluvia in fever- regions, although it does not grow with quite the same ease and celerity as E. globulus. The respective hygienic value of various Eucalypts may to some extent be judged from the average percentage of oil in their foliage, as stated below, and as ascertained by Mr. Bosisto, at the author's instance, for the Exhibition of 1862: — E. amygdalina . 3 '313 percent, volatile oil. E. oleosa ... . T250 E. Leucoxylon . 1'OGO E. goniocalyx . 0'914 E. globulus ... . 0-719 E. obliqua ... . O'SOO The lesser quantity of o 1 of E. globulus is however compensated for by the vigor of its growth and the early copiousness of its foliage. 132 Select Plants for Industrial Culture The proportion of oil varies also somewhat according to locality and season. E. restrain, though one of the poorest in oil, is neverthless important for malaria-regions, as it will grow well on periodically inundated places and even in stagnant water not saline. According to Mr. Osborne's experiments initiated by myself, Eucalyptus-oils dissolve the following, among other substances, for select varnishes and other preparations: camphor, pine-resins, mastic, elemi, sandarac, kauri, dammar, asphalt, xanthorrhosa-resin, dragon's blood, benzoe, copal, amber, anime, shellac, caoutchouc, also wax, but not gutta- percha. These substances are arranged here in the order of their greatest solubility. The potash obtainable from the ashes of various Eucalypts varies from 5 to 27 per cent. One ton of the fresh foliage of E. globulus yields about 8^ Ibs. of pearl-ash ; a ton of the green wood, about 2J Ibs.; of dry wood, about 4| Ibs. For resins, tar, acetic acid, tannin and other products and educts of many Eucalypts, see various documents and reports of the writer, issued from the Melbourne Botanic Garden. Eucalyptus Baileyana, F. v. Mueller. South-Queensland and northern part of New South Wales. A tree to about 100 feet high; bark remarkably tenacious (Bailey). The timber splits easily, yet is tough and durable, thus locally used for fence-posts and similar purposes (A. Williams). This species, unlike most of its congeners, can be grown to advantage on sandy soil. Branches more spreading and foliage more dense than of most other Eucalypts. Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith.* From East-Gippsland to South-Queensland. Vernacular name Bastard-Mahogany, and a variety called Bangalay, the latter generally found on coast-sands. One of the most stately among an extensive number of species, remarkable for its dark-green shady foliage. It delights in river-banks. Stems attain a height of 80 feet without a branch and a diameter of 8 feet. The timber usually sound to the centre, adapted for water-works, wagons, particularly for felloes, also knees of boats. Posts formed of it are very lasting, as no decay was observed in fourteen years ; it is also well adapted for shingles. The Rev. Dr. Woolls, Mr. Kirton and Mr. Reader all testify to its general excellence. Eucalyptus calophylla, R>. Brown. South-Western Australia, where it is vernacularly known as Red Gumtree. More umbrageous than most Eucalypts and of comparatively rapid growth. In its native forests it has quite the aspect of the eastern Bloodwood-trees. The wood is almost destitute of resin when grown on alluvial land, but not so when produced on stony ranges. It is preferred to that of E. marginata and E. cornuta for rafters, spokes and fence-rails, also used for handles and agricultural imple- ments ; it is strong and light, but not durable underground. The bark is valuable for tanning, as an admixture to Acacia-bark; the seed- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 133 vessels of this and perhaps all other Eucalypts can be used for the same purpose. The stem of this tree may occasionally be observed to 10 feet in diameter; it is the only tree in West- Australia which yields copiously the fluid and indurating Eucalyptus-kino; this is soluble in cold water to the extent of 70 to 80 per cent. This species will only endure a slight frost; its. flowers are much frequented by the honey- bee. Eucalyptus capitellata, Smith. One of the Stringybark-trees of South-East-Australia, extending into the dry mallee-country, attaining occasionally a height of 200 feet. The timber is principally used for fence-rails, shingles and rough building purposes. This species might with advantage be raised on wet sandy land. Eucalyptus citriodora, Hooker. Queensland. A handsome slender tree with a smooth white bark, supplying a useful timber. Succeeded remarkably well at Lucknow (Ridley), also at Zanzibar, where it grows at a tremendous rate (Sir J. Kirk), and thrives also in Bengal. According to notes of the late Mr. Thozet, a trunk 40 feet long and 20 inches in diameter broke after a flexion of 17 inches, under a pressure of 49 tons. This species combines with the ordinary qualities of many Eucalypts the advantage of yielding from its leaves a rather large supply of volatile oil (slightly more than one per cent.) of excellent lemon-like fragrance, in which respect it has, among about 120 species of Eucalypts, only one rival. Very closely allied to E. maculata, and perhaps only a variety. Particularly adapted for a tropical jungle-clime. Eucalyptus cordata, La Billardtere. Southern Tasmania. Maximum height, 50 feet; flowering in a shrubby state already. The variety E. urnigera (J. Hooker) is par- ticularly hardy, and may become of sanitary importance to colder countries in malarian regions, the foliage being much imbued with antiseptic oil. Greatest height of E. urnigera 150 feet; stem diameter to 6 feet (Abbott). Eucalyptus cornuta, La Billardtere.* The Yate-tree of South- Western Australia. A large tree of rapid growth, preferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used for various artisans' work, and preferred there for the strongest shafts and frames of carts and other work requiring hardness, toughness and elasticity, and is considered equal to ordinary ash-wood. The tree appears to be well adapted for tropical countries, for Dr. Bonavia reports, that it attained a height of 8 to 10 feet in the first year of its growth at Lucknow, and that the plants did not suffer in the rainy season like many other Eucalypts. The dry wood sinks in water. E. occidentalis (Endlicher) is the flat-topped Yate, an allied and equally valuable species of South- Western Australia. 134 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Eucalyptus corynibosa, Smith. The principal Blood wood-tree of New South Wales and Queensland. A tree attaining large dimensions; it has a rough furrowed bark and a dark-reddish wood, soft when fresh, but very hard when dry; very durable underground, and therefore extensively used for fence-posts, rails, rail way- sleepers and rough building-purposes. The bark is rich in kino. Eucalyptus corynocalyx, F. v. Mueller. South- Australia, North- Western Victoria. The Sugar-Gumtree. A timber-tree, attaining a height of 120 feet, length of bole to 60 feet, circumference at 5 feet from the ground reaching 17 feet. The wood has come into use for fence-posts and railway-sleepers. Its durability is attested by the fact, that posts set in the ground fifteen years showed no sign of decay. The tree thrives well even on dry ironstone- ranges. The base of the trunk swells often out in regular tiers. The sweetish foliage attracts cattle and sheep, which browse on the lower branches, as well as on saplings and seedlings. Scarcely any other Eucalypt is similarly eaten (J. E. Brown). In ordinary culture the writer did not find this species of very quick growth; but Mr. Brown records, that under favorable circumstances it will grow one foot a month. Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller. The Narrow-leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and Queens- land. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and durable; much used in the construction of bridges and for railway-sleepers, also for wagons, piles, fence-posts. E. leptophleba and E. drepanopliylla are closely allied species of similar value.. They all exude astringent gum- resin, resembling kino in appearance and property, in considerable quantity. Eucalyptus diversicolor, F. v. Mueller.* (E. colossea, F. v. M.) The Karri of South- Western Australia. A colossal tree, exception- ally reaching the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate girth of the stem. Mr. Muir measured stems nearly 300 feet long without a branch; widths of timber of as much as 12 feet can be obtained. Furnishes good timber for building, even for masts, likewise for planks; also valuable for shafts, spokes, felloes, fence-rails; it is elastic, but not so easily wrought as that of E. marginata. Mr. Gr. Simson does not deem the wood very durable, if exposed to moisture or if in con- tact with the ground. Its strength in transverse strain is equal to English oak. Wood exposed to the wash of the tide for twenty-six years continued quite sound. Fair progress of growth is shown by the trees planted even in dry exposed localities in Melbourne. The shady foliage and quick growth of the tree promise to render it one of our best for avenues. In its native localities it occupies fertile, rather humid valleys, and resembles there in habit the E. amygdalina var. regnans of South-Eastern Australia. in Extra-Tropical Countries.- 135 Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller. The Spearwood-tree of South- Western Australia, where it occurs in sterile districts. The stem is slender and remarkably straight, and the wood of such firmness and elasticity, that the nomadic natives wander long distances, to obtain it as a material for their spears. Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber. One of the Stringybark-trees of Victoria and New South Wales. The tree is abundant in some localities, and attains considerable dimensions. Its useful fissile wood is employed for fencing- and building-purposes. Systematically the species is closely allied to •E. piperita. Eucalyptus ficifolia, F. v. Mueller.* South- Western Australia.' Although not a tree of large dimensions, this splendid species should be mentioned for the sake of its magni- ficent trusses of crimson flowers, irrespective of its claims as a shady, heat-resisting avenue-tree, not standing in need of watering. It bears a close resemblance to E. calophylla. Eucalyptus gflobulus, La Billardiere.* The Blue Gumtree of Victoria and Tasmania, famed all over the world. The tree is, among evergreen trees, of unparalleled rapid growth, and attains exceptionally a height of 350 feet, furnishing a first-class wood. Ship-builders can get keels of this timber 120 feet long ; besides this, they use it extensively for planking and many other parts of the ship. Experiments on the strength of various woods, instituted by Mr. Luehmann and the author, proved the wood of the Blue Gumtree in average of eleven tests to be about equal to the best English oak, American white oak and American ash. The best samples indeed carried as great a weight as hickory in trans- verse strain, the ordinary kind about as much as that of Eucalyptus rostrata, and more than that of E. macrorrhyncha, E. Gunnii, E. Sturtiana and E. goniocalyx, but did not come quite up to the strength of JE. melliodora, E. polyanthema, E. siderophloia and E. Leucoxylon. Bluegum-wood is also very extensively used by carpenters for all kinds of out-door work, joists and studs of wooden houses ; also for fence-rails, telegraph-poles, railway-sleepers (lasting nine years or more), for shafts and spokes of drays and a variety of other purposes. Mr. W. Tait, of Oporto, has recommended the wood for wine-casks, these requiring no soaking. The price of the timber in Melbourne is about Is. 7d. per cubic foot. In South-Europe the E. globulus has withstood a temperature of 19° F., but succumbed at 17° F.; it perished from frost at the Black Sea and in Turkestan, when young, according to Dr. Hegel. The sirocco, however, does not destroy it. In Jamaica it attained 60 feet in seven years, on the hills ; in Cali- fornia it grew 60 feet in eleven years, in Florida 40 feet in four years, with a stem of 1 foot in diameter. In some parts of India its growth has been even more rapid ; at the Nilgiri-Hills it has been reared advantageously, where E. marginata, E. obliqua, E. robusta and E. 136 Select Plants for Industrial Culture calophylla had failed. Its growth was there found to. be four times as fast as that of teak, and the wood proved for many purposes as valuable. Trees attained a height of 30 feet in four years ; one tree, twelve years old, was 100 feet high, and 6 feet in girth at 3 feet from the ground ; to thrive well there it wants an elevation of not less than 4,000 feet. It has succeeded particularly well at elevations of from 2,500 to 7,000 feet in Central Mexico (Dr. Mariano Barcena). In Algeria and Portugal it has furnished railway-sleepers in eight years, and telegraph poles in ten years (Cruikshank). At Tirana it grew 15 feet in two years, with irrigation (E. van Weenen). On the moun- tains of Guatemala it attained, in twelve years, a height of 120 feet and a stem-circumference of 9 feet (Boucard). According to the Rev. D. Landsborough, it proved hardy in the Isle of Arran. Mr. Ch. Traill notes it as thriving amazingly as far south as Stewart-Island. For window-culture in cold countries E. globulus was first recom- mended by Ucke ; for culture in hospital wards to counteract contagia, by Mosler and Goeze. Eucalyptus leaves generate ozone largely for the purification of air ; the volatile oil is very antiseptic. This tree, particularly when in an unhealthy state, is, at Melbourne, apt to be bored by the larva' of a large moth (Endoxyla Eucalypti) and also by two beetles (Hapatesus hirtus and particularly Phoracantha tricuspis), as noticed by Mr. Ch. French. Seeds will keep for several years, admit of easy transmission abroad, and germinate quickly; but a tree of such celerity in growth and of such vast final dimensions wants necessarily soil open to great depth for full scope of its roots to attain unimpaired development. Mr. T. Waugh observed in South- Island, New Zealand, that plants, raised from locally ripened seeds, proved hardier than those raised from Australian ordinary seed. Eucalyptus gomphocephala, De Candolle.* The Tooart of South-W'estern Australia; attains a height of 120 feet, the clear trunk a length of 50 feet. The wood is tough, heavy and rigid, the texture close and the grain so twisted, as to make it difficult to cleave. It shrinks but little, does not split while under- going the process of seasoning, and is altogether remarkably free from defects. It will bear exposure to all vicissitudes of weather for a long time, and is particularly valuable for large scantling, where great strength is needed; in ship-building it is used for beams, keel- sons, stern-posts, engine-bearers and other work below the floatation;- recommendable also for supports of bridges, framing of dock-gates and for wheelwrights' work; indeed it is one of the strongest woods known, whether tried transversely or otherwise (Laslett). This species, as well as E. odorata, E. foecunda and E. decipiens, thrive best in limestone-soil. Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller.* Generally known as Bastard-Boxtree and occasionally as Spotted Gumtree. From Cape Otway to the southern parts of New South Wales, rare near St. Vincent's Gulf (McEwin) and Flinders-Range (J. E. Brown). A large tree, which should be included among those in Extra-Tropical Countries. 137 for Eucalyptus-plantations. Its wood resembles in many respects that of E. globulus, and is comparatively speaking easily worked. For house-building, fence-rails and similar purposes it is extensively employed in those forest-districts, where it is abundant, and has proved a valuable timber. It is especially esteemed for wheelwrights' work (Falck). Our local experiments showed the strength greater than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua, but less than that of E. globulus. Melitose is formed occasionally on this tree and also on the following species. Eucalyptus G-unnii, J. Hooker.* Known as Swamp- Gumtree, the mountain-variety as Cider-tree. Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales, ascending alpine eleva- tions. In the low land along fertile valleys it attains a considerable size, and supplies a strong useful timber. It is this species, which survived severe frosts at Kew Gardens. Bees obtain unusually much honey from the flowers of this species. Cattle and sheep browse on the foliage. Timber found to be almost equal in strength to that of E. macrorrhyncha, E. rostrata and E. globulus. The other very hardy Eucalypts comprise E. pauciflora, E. alpina, E. urnigera, E. cocci- fera, and E. vernieosa, which all reach heights covered with snow for several months in the year. Succeeded well at Arran (Capt. Brown and Rev. D. Landsborough). Any cutting down of healthy Eucalypts in places of centres of populations, to substitute for them in a zone of evergreen vegetation northern deciduous trees extensively, is regret- table, as therewith the far superior hygienic value of the Eucalypts is lost. Eucalyptus haemastoma, Smith. One of the White Gumtrees of New South Wales and Southern Queensland, abundant in many localities. This species attains a very considerable size, and furnishes fencing and rough building material, also fuel of fair quality. Claims our attention particularly as fit for culture on sandy land, for which very few other Eucalypts are suited. A variety occurs with persistent stringy bark. Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. v. Mueller.* South-Eastern Australia, particularly inland. A tree, reaching 90 feet in height and 4 feet in stem-diameter. Trunk generally not tall. Regarded as a timber-tree of great excellence. It is famous for the hardness and toughness of its timber, which is used for railway- sleepers, telegraph-poles, shafts, spokes, mauls, plough-beams and similar utensils. This passes at its places of growth as a " Box- tree " and a variety of it as " White Boxtree." icalyptus Hcrwittiana, F. v. Mueller. Literal North-Queensland. A tree, gaining a height of fully 100 feet, with remarkably umbrageous foliage; girth of stem towards the base to fully 12 feet. Wood comparable to that of the so-called " Boxtrees/' but straighter in grain. This species would be parti- cularly adapted for intra-tropical countries. K 2 138 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Eucalyptus larginorens, F. v. Mueller. South-Eastern Australia, principally in the inland-districts. One of the so-called Boxtrees, rising to a height of 120 feet as a maximum. Stem-diameter to 3 feet. Wood dark brown-red, excessively hard; fence-posts from this wood were found quite sound after 30 years. Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, F. v. Mueller.* The ordinary Ironbark-tree of Victoria and some parts of South- Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height of 100 feet, and supplies a most valuable timber, possessing great strength and hard- ness; it is much prized for its durability, is largely employed by wagon-builders for wheels and poles, by ship-builders for top-sides, tree-nails, the rudder (stock), belaying pins and other purposes; it is also used by turners for rough work. It proved to be the strongest of all the woods hitherto subjected to test by Mr. Luehmann and myself, bearing nearly twice the strain of American oak and ash, and excelling even hickory by about 18 per cent. It is much recommended for railway-sleepers and extensively used in underground mining work. It is likewise very extensively employed for the handles of axes and other implements by Victorian manufacturers. The price of the timber in the log is about 2s. 5d. per cubic foot in Melbourne. As it is. for some purposes superior to that of almost any other Eucalyptus, the regular culture of this tree over wide areas should be fostered, especially as it can be raised on stony ridges not readily available for ordinary husbandry. The wood is sometimes pale, in other localities rather dark. The tree is generally restricted to the Lower Silurian sandstone- and slate-formation with ironstone and quartz. Nevertheless, it accommodates itself to various geologic formations, thus even to limestone-ground. The bark is remarkably rich in kino-tannin, yielding as much as 22 per cent, in the fresh state, but m.uch less after drying ; the fresh leaves contain about 5 per cent, and the dried leaves 9 to 10 per cent. This kino-tannin is not equal in value to mimosa-tannic acid from Acacia-bark, but it is useful as a subsidiary admixture, when light-colored leather is not aimed at. As an astringent drug this kino is not without importance. The flowers are sought by bees, even more eagerly than those of most Eucalypts. E. Leucoxylon has, next to E. rostrata, thriven best about Lucknow (in India) among the species tried there for forest-culture. E. Sideroxylon is a synonym, referring particularly to the rough-barked variety. Eucalyptus longifolia, Link.* Extra-tropic Eastern Australia. A tree, known as the Woolly Butt, under favorable circumstances reaching 200 feet in height, the stem attaining a great girth. Mr. J. Reader asserts, that there is not extant a more useful timber; it stands well in any situation. Eucalyptus loxophleba, Bentham.* The York-Grumtree of extra-tropic West-Australia. Attains a height of about 100 feet, the stem a diameter of four feet. The in Extra-Tropical Countries. 139 wood is very tough, and preferably sought in West- Australia for naves and felloes. Even when dry it is heavier than water. This species passes into the earlier known E. foecunda (Endlicher). Eucalyptus macrorrhyncha, F. v. Mueller. The common Stringybark-tree of Victoria, not extending far into New South Wales. This tree attains a height of 120 feet, and is generally found growing on sterile ridges, not ascending higher mountains. The wood, which contains a good Heal of kino, is used for joists, keels of boats, fence-rails and rough building purposes, also extensively for fuel. The fibrous dark-brown bark serves for roofs of huts and also for rough tying. The wood proved in our experiments here nearly as strong as that of E. globulus and E. rostrata, and considerably stronger than than that of E. obliqua. The fresh bark contains from 11 to 14 per cent, of kino-tannic acid (F. v. M. and Rummel). Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker. The Spotted Gumtree of New South Wales and Queensland. A tree, reaching 150 feet in height, the wood of which is employed in ship-building, wheelwrights' and coopers' work. The heart- wood is as strong as that of British oak (Rev. Dr. Woolls). Content with poor soil. Eucalyptus marginata, Smith.* The Jarrah or Mahogany-tree of South-Western Australia, famed for its indestructible wood, which is neither attacked by chelura, nor teredo, nor termites, and therefore much sought for jetties and other structures exposed to sea water, also for any underground-work, telegraph-poles, and largely exported for railway-sleepers. Vessels built wf this timber have been enabled to do away with copper- plating. For jetties the piles are used round, and they do not split when rammed even into limestone or other hard foundations, provided the timber is of the best hard kind (Walker and Swan). The Oovernment Clerk of Works at Perth observes, that he took up piles in 1877, which were driven for a whaling jetty in 1834, and that the timber was perfectly sound, although the place was swarming with teredo. At the jetty in Fremantle, piles thirty years old and others one year old could scarcely be distinguished. The durability of the timber seems largely attributable to Kino-red, allied to phlobaphen, of which it contains about 15 to 17 per cent. Of kino-tannin it con- tains 4 to 5 per cent. It is of a close grain and a slightly oily and resinous nature ; it works well, makes a fine finish, and is by local ship-builders considered superior to either sal, teak or any other wood, except perhaps English oak or live-oak. In West- Australia it is much used for flooring, rafters, shingles; also for furniture, as it is easily worked, takes a good polish and then looks very beautiful. It is not too hard, and hence is more easily worked than E. redunca and E. loxophleba. The wood from the hills is darker, tougher and heavier than that from the plains. Well-seasoned timber weighs about 64 Ibs. 140 Select Plants for Industrial Culture per cubic foot; freshly cut, from 71 to 76 Ibs. It is one of the least inflammable woods according to Captain Fawcett, and is locally regarded as one of the best woods for charcoal. Mr. H. E. Victor, C.E., of Perth, estimates the area covered at present by marketable Jarrah in South-Western Australia at nine million acres, and its yield at an average about 500 cubic feet of good timber per acre. The trees should be felled in autumn or towards the end of summer, in which case the timber will not warp. The tree grows chiefly on ironstone- ranges. At Melbourne it is not quick of growth, if compared to E. globulus or. to E. obliqua, but it is likely to grow with celerity in mountain-regions. Massed in its native country it presents the features of the East-Australian stringybark-forests. Stems of this tree have been measured 80 feet to the first branch, and 32 feet in circumference at 5 feet from the ground. Instances are even on record of the stem having attained a girth of 60 feet at 6 feet from the ground, through the formation of buttresses. Eucalyptus melanophloia, F. v. Mueller. The Silver-leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and Queens- land. A middle-sized tree with a deeply furrowed barlv and mealy white foliage. The timber is strong and durable, and used for tele- graph-poles and railway-sleepers; it is however apt to rend, when exposed to the sun, unless well seasoned. Mr. Cosmo Newbery obtained from the bark 9 to 10 per cent, tannin. Eucalyptus melliodora, A. Cunningham.* The Yellow Boxtree of Victoria and some parts of New South Wales; of a spreading habit of growth, attaining a height of about 120 feet, with a comparatively stout stem. The wood resembles that of E. rostrata in texture, but is of a paler color, and not .quite so durable; it is fully as strong, though second to that of E. Leucoxylon, E. siderophloia and E. polyauthema in this respect, but equalling that of E. globulus; it is esteemed for wheelwrights' and other artisans' work, in ship-building, and supplies excellent fuel; the young trees are used for telegraph-poles. Flowers much sought by bees. Eucalyptus microcorys, F. v. Mueller.* One of the Stringy bark-trees of New South Wales and South - Queensland, mostly known as Tallow-wood by the colonists. It attains a great size; barrel up to 100 feet in length and to 7 feet in diameter. The wood is yellowish, free from kino-veins, easily worked by saw or plane; it is of a very greasy nature, so much so as to be quite slippery when fresh cut (Ch. Fawcett). This oily sub- stance, very similar to viscin, of which it contains about 1 per cent., prevents the wood from splitting and twisting, though not from shrinking. The timber is also hard and durable underground, and is employed for railway-sleepers, wheelwrights' work, for knees and breasthooks in ship-building; the young trees serve for telegraph-, poles. The foliage is remarkably rich in volatile oil. This species in Extra-Tropical Countries. 141 did particularly well at George-town in British Guiana, growing at a rate from 10 to 18 feet in a year while in a young state (Jenman). Eucalyptus microtheca, F. v. Mueller. Widely dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical as well as tropical inland-regions of Australia. Withstood unscorched a fre- quent heat of 156° F. in Central Australia. One of the best trees for desert-tracts; in favorable places 150 feet high. Wood brown, sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and elastic; it is prettily marked, hence used for cabinet-work, but more particularly for piles, bridges and rail way- sleepers (Rev. Dr.. Woolls). Eucalyptus obliqua, The ordinary Stringybark-tree of Tasmania, generally designated Messmate-tree in Victoria, attaining a height of 300 feet, with astern more than 10 feet in diameter, growing mostly in mountainous country. The most gregarious of all Eucalypts from Spencer's Gulf to the southern parts of New South Wales, and in several varieties designated by splitters and other wood-workers by different names. Most extensively used for cheap fencing rails, palings, shingles, and any other rough wood-work, not to be sunk underground, nor requiring great strength or elasticity. The bulk of wood obtained from this tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger than that of any other kind, and thus this species can be included even in its native country, where it is naturally common and easily re-disseminated, among the trees for new forest-plantations in barren woodless tracts, with a view of obtaining a ready and early supply of cheap and easily fissile wood. The young trees are sometimes used for tele- graph-poles. The fresh bark contains from 11 to 13 J per cent, kino- tannic acid. Eucalyptus ochrophloia, F. v. Mueller. Arid interior of sub-tropic Eastern Australia, on ground subject to occasional floods. A tree seldom over 30 feet high. Wood tough, serviceable for slabs, rails and rafters, but not lasting underground. A tree recommendable for hot and dry regions. Eucalyptus odorata, Behr. The Peppermint-tree of South-Australia. Reaching 70 feet in height, the stem 2J feet in diameter. Timber hard, very durable; used for sleepers, posts and piles (J. E. Brown). The tree follows the limestone-formation, but occurs also in clayey loam; 1,000 Ibs. of foliage gave 112 oz. of oil (Nitschke). Eucalyptus oleosa, F. v. Mueller. One of the smaller Eucalypts known as Mallee, extending from East- to West- Australia through the desert-regions. The essential oil, in which the foliage of this species is comparatively rich, dissolves india-rubber without heat, according to Mr. Bosisto. It is also one of the best solvents for amber and other fossil resins. The variety 142 Select Plants for Industrial Culture longirostris attains a height of 120 feet, with a stem of 70 feet with- out a branch, in West- Australia, where it is vernacularly known as Morrell. The wood is remarkably hard, splits freely, and is used for spars, rafters, fence-rails, wheelwrights' work and agricultural imple- ments. It is of a red tinge, and sinks in water, even when dry. 1,000 Ibs. of fresh foliage gave, in distillation, 62 oz. of oil (Nitschke). Of other Malices E. gracilis gave 54 oz.; E. uncinata, 69 oz.; E. incrassata, 112 oz. Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith.* The Red Ironbark-tree of New South Wales. This species fur- nishes a hard durable wood, excellent for railway-sleepers. It is also much used for building and fencing, as it splits well and is lasting underground. All the trees of this series are deserving of cultivation, as their wood, though always excellent, is far from alike, and that of each species preferred for special purposes of the artisan. Eucalyptus patens, Bentham. The "Black -butt " of South- Western Australia. Attains a height of 120 feet and a stem-diameter of 6 feet. The timber is so tough as not to yield to ordinary splitting processes, therefore useful for various wheelwrights' work; it has proved also durable underground. Eucalyptus pauciflora, Sieber. (E. coriacea, A. Cunningham.) Vernacularly known as White-gumtree, Drooping-gumtree, or Swamp-gumtree. New South Wales, Victoria, Tasmania. A tree of handsome appearance, with a smooth white bark and generally droop- ing foliage; it attains considerable dimensions, grows best in moist ground, ascends to alpine elevations, and thus is one of the hardiest of all its congeners, enduring the winters of Arran (Rev. D. Lands- borough); it shows a preference for basaltic soil. Horses, cattle and sheep browse readily on the foliage. It is locally a " stand-by " in bad pastoral seasons. Its timber is used for ordinary building and fencing purposes. Eucalyptus phoenicea, F. v. Mueller. Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Of the quality of the timber hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its scarlet flowers recommends this species for a place in any park-plantation of countries with a serene clime. For the same reason also E. miniata (Cunning- ham) from North- Australia, and E. ficifolia (F. v. M.) from South- western Australia, should be brought extensively under cultivation. Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith. The Black-butt of South-Queensland, New South Wales and Gippsland. -One of the best timber-yielding trees about Sydney; of rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. Woolls). It is much used for flooring- boards, also for railway-sleepers and telegraph-poles. Messrs. Camara and Kirton measured a tree in the Ilia warra- district, which had a stem-girth of 45 feet and a height of about 300 feet. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 143 Eucalyptus piperita, Smith. New South Wales and Gippsland, often termed White Stringy- bark-tree. It grows to a considerable height, and its stem attains a diameter of four feet. The wood is fissile, and used for the same purposes as that of other Stringybark -trees. The foliage is rich in volatile oil. All Eucalypts with strong-scented foliage are useful as insecticides; the fresh leaves also purify the air of unsalubrious dwellings and hospitals. Eucalyptus Planchoniana, F. v. Mueller. South-Queensland and Northern part of New South Wales. A tree to about 100 feet in height, the stem reaching 3 feet in diameter. The foliage is dense. Timber sound, heavy, hard and durable, well adapted for sawing, but not easy to split (Bailey). Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. v. Mueller. Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison- Woods as one of the best of shade-trees, and seen by him to produce leaves sometimes 1^ feet long and 1 foot wide. This tree is available for open exposed localities, where any kinds of trees from deep forest- valleys would not thrive. It is closely allied to E. alba from Timor. The timber is curly and durable. Eucalyptus polyanthema, Schauer.* South-Eastern Australia. Generally known as Red Boxtree. A tree attaining a height of 150 feet; it furnishes an extremely hard and lasting timber, in great demand for mining purposes and railway- sleepers, also for wheelwrights' work. For fuel this wood is unsur- passed. It is extremely strong, excelling oak and ash, surpassed among Eucalypts in transverse strength, according to our experiments, only by E. Leucoxylon and E. siderophloia. Eucalyptus populifolia, Hooker. The "Bembil" or Shining-leaved Box-Eucalyptus. Dry inland- portions of Eastern Australia. Height not above 50 feet; but stem- diameter to 3 feet. Leaves deciduous for a short time in the year. Likes humid underground. Wood used for posts, handspikes, levers and other articles needing toughness; proved to be very durable (Bailey). Eucalyptus punctata, De Candolle.* The Leatherjacket or Hickory-Eucalypt of New South Wales. A beautiful tree, attaining a height of 100 feet or more, of rather quick growth, thriving even in poor soil. The wood is of a light-brown color, hard, tough and very durable; used for fence-posts, railway- sleepers, wheelwrights' work, also for ship-building (Woolls). Eucalyptus Raveretiana, F. v. Mueller.* Vernacularly known as Grey- or Iron-Gumtree. Queensland. A tree of the largest size, attaining a height of 300 feet and a stem-diameter of 10 feet ; delights in the immediate vicinity of rivers or swamps. 144 Select Plants for Industrial Culture It furnishes a very hard, durable, dark-colored wood, valuable for piles, railway-sleepers, and general building purposes (Thozet, O'Shanesy, Bowman). From cuts into the stem an acidulous almost colorless liquid exudes, available in considerable quantity, like that of E. Gunnii. Eucalyptus redunca, Schauer.* The White Gumtree of Western Australia, the Wandoo of the aborigines. Attains very large dimensions; stems ha-ve been found with a diameter of 17 feet. The bark is whitish, but not shining, imparting a white coloration when rubbed (Hon. J. Forrest). The tree is content with cold flats of comparatively poor soil, even where humidity stagnates during the wet season. It furnishes a pale, hard, tough, heavy and durable wood, highly prized for all kinds of wheel- wrights' work, and especially supplying the best felloes in West- Australia. The seasoned timber weighs about 70 Ibs. per cubic foot. Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.* The Red Mahogany-Eucalypt of South-Queensland and New South Wales. A superior timber-tree, of large size. Wood much prized for its strength and durability (Rev. Dr. Woolls). This Eucalyptus has proved one of the best adapted for a tropical clime; it grew 45 feet in ten years at Lucknow, but in the best soil it has attained 12 feet in two years (Dr. Bonavia). Proved in Italy nearly as hardy a E. amygdalina and E. viminalis, according to Prince Troubetzkoy, but is often confounded with E. siderophloia. A large- leaved variety extends far into the tropics. Eucalyptus robusta, Smith.* New South Whales and Southern Queensland, where it is known as Swamp-Mahogany. It attains a height of 1 00 feet and a stem-girth of 12 feet, bearing a really grand mass of foliage. Resists cyclones better than most of its congeners. The wood is remarkably durable, reckoned a fairly good timber for joists, also used for ship-building, wheelwrights' work and many implements, for instance such as mallets. The tree seems to thrive well in low, sour swampy ground near the sea-coast, where other Eucalypts look sickly but E. robusta the picture of health (W. Kirton). Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendal.* The Red Gumtree of Southern Australia and many river-flats in the interior of the Australian continent, nearly always found on moist ground with a clayey subsoil. It will thrive in ground, periodically inundated for a considerable time, and even in slightly saline places. Attains exceptionally a height of 200 feet with a comparatively slight stem, but is mostly of a more spreading habit of growth than the majority of its tall congeners. Prof. Tate measured a tree on Mount Lofty which showed a stem-girth of 25 feet. Mr. R. G. Drysdale of the Riverina-district observed,' that an exceptional temperature of in Extra-Tropical Countries. 145 125° F. in the shade did not shrivel the foliage of this tree; it has also withstood the severest heat in Algeria better than E. globulus; and Dr. Bonavia found it to thrive well in the province of Oude in places, where E. globulus, E. obliqua and E. marginata perished under the extreme vicissitudes of the clime. It does not bear cold so well as E. amygdalina, succumbing when still young at a temperature below 23° F., as observed in Italy by Prince Troubetzkoy. In Mauritius and Reunion it resisted the hurricanes better than any other Eucalypt ; in the latter island the Marquis de Chateauvieux observed it to grow 65 feet in six years, and it is always of more rapid growth than E. marginata, but less so than E. globulus. It grew also with remark- able rapidity in British Guiana (Jenman). It is recommended as an antiseptic tree for cemeteries in tropical countries. The timber is one of the most highly esteemed in all Australia among that of Eucalypts, being heavy, hard, strong and extremely durable, either above or under ground, or in water. For these reasons it is very much prized for fence- posts, piles and railway-sleepers. For the latter purpose it will last at least a dozen years, but if well selected much longer. It is also ex- tensively employed by ship-builders for main-stem, stern-post, inner- post, dead-wood, floor-timbers, futtocks, transoms, knighthead, hawse- pieces, cant-, stern-, quarter- and fashion-timbers, bottom-planks, breast- hooks and riders, windlass and bow-rails. It should be steamed before it is worked for planking. Also largely used for felloes, buffers and posts and any parts of structures, which come in contact with the ground; not surpassed in endurance for woodbricks in street paving and for tramways. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia this is the best Eucalyptus-wood. for resisting the attacks of the crustaceous chelura and limnoria, the teredo-mollusk and white ants, and it has the advantage of being considerably stronger, proving equal in this respect to American white oak. According to my experiments and those of Mr. Luehmann, it is surpassed in resistance to transverse strain by E. melliodora, E. polyanthema, and particularly E. sidero- phloia and E. Leucoxylon, though stronger than the wood of many other of its congeners. The kino of E. rostratais far less soluble in cold water than that of E. calophylla, and is used as an important medicinal astringent. For other details of the uses of this and some Eucalyptus -trees, refer to the Reports of the Victorian Exhibitions of 1862 and 1867, also to the ten Decades of the Eucalyptographia. E. rostrata becomes already as spontaneous disseminated in Southern France, according to Prof. Ch. Naudin, whose important " Memoire sur les Eucalyptus 1883," should also be consulted regarding the characteristics, development, hardiness and uses of Eucalyptus. Eucalyptus salmonophloia, F. v. Mueller. The Salmon-barked Gumtree of South-Western Australia, attaining a height of 120 feet. The timber is good for fencing, while the foliage is available for profitable oil-distillation. The shining mixed whitish and purplish bark does not give off a white coloration like that of E. redunca. 146 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Eucalyptus saligna, Smith. The Blue or Flooded Gumtree of New South Wales. A tall straight-stemmed species, attaining a stem-diameter of 7 feet. Ac- cording to the Rev. Dr. Woolls the wood is of excellent quality, and largely used for building purposes. The tree is generally found on rich soil along river-banks. Eucalyptus salubris, F. v. Mueller. The Gimletwood or Fluted Gumtree of Western and Central Australia, living on poor dry soil and in the hottest desert clime. It is generally a slender-stemmed tree, sometimes to 100 feet high, and . to 2 feet in stem-diameter, with scanty foliage. The bark is shining with a brownish tinge, and has broad longitudinal and often twisted impressions, or roundish blunt longitudinal ridges. The wood is hard and tough, but worked with comparative ease, heavier than water, even when dry. It serves locally for roof-supports, fence-posts and rails, poles and shafts. For xylography it seems better than Pear- tree-wood, and deserves attention for this purpose. The tree exudes kino. Eucalyptus siderophloia, Bentham.* The Large-leaved or White Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and South-Queensland, attaining a height of 150 feet. According to the Rev. Dr. Woolls this furnishes one of the strongest and most durable timbers of New South Wales; with great advantage used for railway- sleepers and for many building purposes. It is likewise highly appre- ciated by wheelwrights, especially for spokes, also well adapted for tool-handles and various implements. Found by us to be even stronger than hickory, and only rivalled by E. Leucoxylon. It is harder than the wood of E. Leucoxylon, but for this reason worked with more difficulty. The Melbourne price of the timber is about 2s. 6d. per cubic foot in the log. The tree yields much kino. Mr. Newbery obtained from the bark 8 to 10 per cent, tannin. This species is often confounded with E. resinifera in culture. Eucalyptus Sieberiana, F. v. Mueller. (E. virr/ata, Bentham, not Sieber. ) South-Ea stern Australia. Vernacularly known as Mountain-ash in Gippsland and New South Wales, and as Jronbark-tree or Gum- top in Tasmania. A straight-stemmed tree, reaching 150 feet in height and 5 feet in stem-diameter. The wood is of excellent quality, strong and elastic, hence used for ship-building, implement-handles, cart-shafts, swingle-trees, also for fencing and for general building purposes. It splits freely, and is easy to work. It burns well, even when freshly cut. Systematically the species is very closely allied to E. haemastoma, but much superior as a timber-tree. Eucalyptus Staigeriana, F. v. Mueller. North-Queensland. Durable. A rather small tree, .allied to E. crebra. Wood reddish but twisted. Produces readily new shoots from the root (G. Wycliffe). Foliage delightfully fragrant, there- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 147 fore available for the distillation of a superior cosmetic oil, remind- ing in odor of that Lippia; the perfume and flavor are so excellent as to render this oil eligible for table-condiments. Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F. v. Mueller. South-Eastern Australia. Known to the colonists as Apple-scented Gumtree. A medium-sized tree, with fibrous bark and drooping branches; foliage copious. Occurs on rather dry and sandy as well as on humid soil. The wood is mostly used for fencing and for fuel, but might also be turned to account for furniture, as it is of a hand- some dark color, and takes a good polish (Boyle). According to our own observations here it is of nearly the same strength as that of E. rostrata and E. globulus, and somewhat stronger than that of E. amygdalina and particularly E. obliqua. This is one of the hardiest species, as first ascertained by Mr. T. Waugh. . Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.* From Eastern Queensland, where it is termed Red Gumtree, to Gippsland, attaining a height of 160 feet. Closely allied to E. rostrata. The timber is esteemed for the naves and felloes of wheels. For telegraph-poles and railway-sleepers it is inferior to some of the Ironbark-trees, lasting a shorter time, and then not rarely decaying by dry rot. Quite under ground it remains sound much longer (Thozet), but much depends, as regards its durability, on the locality where it is obtained, and the manner of drying, a remark which applies also to many other Eucalypts. Eucalyptus terminalis, F. v. Mueller. The Bloodwood-tree of the northern parts of Australia, closely allied to E. corymbosa, attaining a considerable size. The wood is dark-red, hard and extremely tough, particularly fit for boards, as it does not crack. The tree resists the enormous desert-heat of Central Australia, where the shade-temperature ranges from 27° to 122° F., and where the annual rainfall in some years is only 2 inches and seldom more than 10 inches. Particularly adapted for dry tropical climes. Eucalyptus tessellaris, F. v. Mueller.* Central and Northern Australia and Queensland. The Moreton- bay-Ash. This tree reaches even on dry ridges a height of 150 feet, surpassing any other Central-Australian species in loftiness, and there resists the severest summer-heat (Rev .H. Kempe). Furnishes a brown, rather elastic wood, not very- hard, easily worked, of great strength and durability, available for many kinds of artisans' work, and particularly sought for staves and flooring. The tree exudes much astringent kino (P. O'Shanesy). Several other species might yet be mentioned, particularly from tropical Australia, but we are not yet well enough acquainted with their technical value. All Eucalypts are eligible for the production of tar, pitch, acetic acid, paper-material, potash and various dye-substances. 148 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Eucalyptus triantha, Link. (E. acmenoides, Schauer.) New South Wales and Eastern Queensland. Known as White Mahogany. It attains a considerable height, with a stem reaching 4 feet in diameter, and is of rapid growth. The wood is used in the same way as that of E. obliqua, but is superior to it. It is heavy, strong, durable, of a light color, and has been found good for palings, flooring-boards, battens, rails and many other purposes of house- carpentry (Rev. Dr. Woolls). Eucalyptus viminalis, La Billardiere. South-Eastern Australia. On poor soil only a moderate-sized tree, with a dark rough bark on the trunk, and generally known as Manna- gum tree ; in rich soil of the mountain-forests it attains however gigantic dimensions, rising to a height of rather more than 300 feet, with a stem occasionally to 15 feet in diameter. It has there a cream- colored smooth bark, and is locally know as White Grumtree. The timber is light-colored, clear, and though not so strong and durable as that of many other kinds of Eucalyptus, is very frequently employed for shingles, fence-rails and ordinary building purposes. It is stronger than that of E. amygdalina and E. obliqua. The fresh bark contains about 5 per cent, kino-tannin. Professor Balfour observes, that a tree of this species has stood thirty years in the open air at Haddington (South-Scotland), attaining a height of 50 feet with a stem 8 feet in circumference at the base. Shelter against hard cold winds is in these cases imperative. This is the only species, which yields the crumb- like melitose-manna copiously. The wood of this, of E. globulus, E. melliodora and some others is occasionally bored by the larva of a large moth, Endoxyla Eucalypti, and also by two beetles, Phoracantha tricuspis and Hapatesus hirtus (C. French). For fuller information on Eucalypts consult my " Descriptive Atlas." Euchlsena luxurians, Ascherson.* (Reana luxurians, Durieu.) The Teosinte. Guatemala, up to considerable elevations. Annual. Highly recornmendable as a fodder- grass for regions free of frost. A large number of stems, sometimes as many as 90, spring from the same root, attaining a height of 18 feet. The leaves grow to lengths of 3 feet and form a good forage. The young shoots, when boiled, constitute a fair culinary esculent. Dr. Schweinfurth harvested at Cairo from three seeds in one year about 12,000 grains; the plant requires •about ten months to ripen seeds from the time of sowing. This grass, particularly in its young state, is remarkably saccharine. For scenic growth this stately plant is also recommendable. Vilrnorin estimates one plant sufficient for feeding two head of cattle during twenty-four hours. Mons. Thozet, at Bockhampton, obtained plants 12 feet high and 12 feet wide in clamp alluvial soil, each with 32 main-stalks bearing nearly 100 flower bunches. It is rather slower in growth than Maize, but lasting longer for green fodder, and not so hardy as Sorghum. Its growth can be continued by cutting the tufts as green fodder, thus tender feed is continued; also, it does not cause colic to in Extra- Tropical Countries. 149 horses and cattle. As a forage-plant it is without a rival in warm climes. It likes humid soil best, but also resists extreme dryness. It was first brought into notice by the Acclimatisation- Society of Paris, and introduced into Australia and Polynesia by the writer. In Fiji it is thriving most luxuriantly, forming, sown at 4 feet apart, im- penetrable masses. The native parrots prey on the seeds, and horses are fond of this grass for forage (Hon. John Thurston). In cooler climes the Teosinte might well serve for ensilage, or as a big summer- grass. Each plant requires at least 16 square-feet of ground for its full development. Even in regions, where the seeds will not ripen, this huge grass should be annually re-sown on pastures overrun with noxious weeds, which would soon become suffocated. Euchlaena Mexicana might also be tested. Euclea myrtina, Burchell. South-Africa. Berry1 small, black, but edible. To us this plant would hardly be more than an ornamental bush. Euclea Pseudebenus, E. Meyer. Africa, down to extra-tropic regions. Yields the Orange-River Ebony. Euclea undulata, Thunberg. South-Africa. Berry small, red, edible. Other shrubby species from the same portion of the globe also yield esculent fruits, which under superior culture may vastly improve. Eucryphia cordifolia, CaTanilles. The Muermo or Ulmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen tree attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem sometimes 6 feet in diameter. The flowers are much sought by bees. For oars and rudders the wood is preferred in Chili to any other (Dr. Philippi). We possess congeneric trees in Tasmania (E. Billardieri, J. Hooker) and in New South Wales (E. Moorei, F. v. M.). Eugenia Australis, Wendland. (E. myrtifolia, Sims.) East- Australia. A handsome bush with palatable fruit. Careful special culture would probably improve all Eugenia-fruits. Eugenia cordifolia, Wight. Ceylon, up to 3,000 feet elevation. Fruit edible, of 1 inch dia- meter. Eugenia Hallii, Berg. Quito. Fruit of large size, edible. Eugenia Jambolana, Lamarck. Southern Asia, Polynesia, East- Australia to extra-tropic latitudes. The fruit of this handsome tree is about cherry-size and edible; it may perhaps be improved by well directed skilful culture. Madame Van Nooten indeed in her splendid work on Java plants pictures fruits over IJ inches long. 150 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Eugenia maboides, Wight. Ceylon, up to 7,000 feet elevation. Fruit of the size of a small cherry (Dr. Thwaites). Eugenia Malaccensis, Linn<$. The large Rose-Apple. India. A tree, attaining a height of 40 feet, but fruiting already as a shrub. Although strictly a tropical plant, it has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for warmer forest-regions in extra-tropic zones. The leaves are often a foot long. The large juicy fruits, of rosy odor, are wholesome and of agreeable taste. E. Jambos (L.), E. macrocarpa (Roxburgh), E. Javanica (Lamarck), E. aquea (Bnrmann), E. amplexicaulis (Roxburgh), also from Lower India, likewise produce edible fruit of good size, and may perhaps endure a cool clime. Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes. .. South-Brazil. The berries, which are of the size of plums, are there a table-fruit. Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes. Uvalho do Campo of South-Brazil. Fruit of pear-size and edible. Eugenia revoluta, Wight. Ceylon, up to heights of 6,000 feet; berry 1 inch in diameter, edible. Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight. Ceylon, up to 8,000 feet; rejoicing therefore in a cool or even cold climate. The fruit of this and the allied E. calophylloides (E. calophyllifolia, Wight), which extends to Upper India, edible; so that of E. Arnottiana (Wight), which tree ascends to 7,000 feet. Eugenia Smithii, Poiret. From Gippsland to Queensland. A splendid large umbrageous tree, but not of quick growth, and requiring rich soil in river-valleys for its perfect development. The bark contains about 17 per cent, tannin. This fact may give a clue to the recognition of the same tan- principle in the barks of numerous other species of the large genus Eugenia. Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring. The Tata of South-Brazil. Fruit large, edible. Eugenia unifLora, Linne". (E. Michellii, Lamarck.) From Extra-tropical South- America extending to the Antilles. A tree of beautiful habit, with edible fruit of cherry-size. Dr. Lorentz mentions also as a sub-tropical Argentine fruit-species E. Mato (G-risebach). Hieronymus adduces similarly E. ligustrina (Willdenow) and E. edulis (Bentham), the fruit of the latter species being of apple-size. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 151 Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey. South-Africa. A tree attaining about 20 feet in height. The berries are of cherry-size and edible. The relative value of the fruits of many Asiatic, African and American species of Eugenia remains to be ascertained; many of them doubtless furnish also good timber, and all more or less essential oil. All such, even tropical trees, should be tested in warm tracts of the temperate zone, inasmuch as many of them endure a cooler clime than is generally supposed. Euonymus atropurpureus, Jacquin. The "Waahoo" of Eastern North-America. A tall shrub, the bark of which is used in medicine, and from it the Euonymin, an oleo-resin as a cholagogue is prepared. To this species is closely allied E. occidentalis (Nuttall) from Oregon and California. Euonymus Japonicus, Thunberg. Japan. This evergreen shrub can be used advantageously for forming hedges; it is easily multiplied by layers and requires little care in cultivation. Eupatorium purpureum, Linn4. :» Eastern North-America. " Queen of the Meadows." A perennial herb, easily naturalized; has come into medicinal use as a powerful diuretic; so also E. perfoliatum L., the " Thoroughwort" or " Boneset"; these with other species are also not unimportant as honey-plants j so of the same order in N. America species of Actinomeris and Prenanthes. Eupatorium tinctorium, Grisebach. Paraguay. A shrub of remarkably prolific and vigorous growth (E. H. Egerton). Competes almost with the indigo-plant for dye. It can be stripped of its leaves four times a year without injury to the plant. Eupatorium triplinerve, Vahl. (E. Ayapana, Ventenat.) Central America. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, possibly hardy in the warmer parts of extra-tropical countries. It contains eupatorin and much essential oil peculiar to the plant. It stands locally in renown as a remedy against ophidian poisons, and evidently possesses important medicinal properties. A tanning extract is pre- pared for the English market from this herb, which contains about 20 per cent, tannic acid. Euryale ferox, Salisbury. From tropical Asia to Japan, ascending in Cashmir to 5,000 feet, extending northward in Amur to nearly 46° N. Though less magnificent than the grand Victoria Regia, this closely allied water- lily is much more hardy, and would live unprotected in ponds and •lakes of a temperate climate. Though not strictly an industrial plant, it is not without utility, and undergoes some sort of cultivation in China for its edible roots and seeds. The leaves attain a width of 3 feet. L 152 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Bustrephus Brownii, F. v. Mueller. East- Australia as far south as Gippsland. This climber produces sweet though only small tubers, which however are probably capable of enlargement through culture. Euterpe andicola, Brongniart. Bolivia. Ascends to 9,000 feet (Martins), an altitude higher than is reached there by any other palm unless E. Haenkeana and E. longivaginata (Drude). E. edulis (Martius) extends as far south as Minas Geraes in Brazil. Euxolus viridis, Moquin. (Amamntus viridis, Linne".) Temperate and tropical regions of Europe, Asia and Africa. Annual; quickly raised. Not without value as a spinage-plant. E. oleraceus is a cognate plant. ExCJBCaria sebifera, J. Mueller. (Stittingia sebifera, Michaux.) The Tallow-tree of China and Japan. The fatty coating of the seeds constitutes the vegetable tallow, which is separated by steaming. The wood is so hard and dense, as to be used for printing-blocks ; the leaves furnish a black dye. The tree endures slight night-frosts, though its foliage suffers. Exidia auricula Judae, Fries. (Hirneola auricula Jtidae, Fries.) Widely spread over the globe. Of this edible fungus in 1871 alone the quantity exported from Tahiti to China represented a value of £7,600 (Simmonds). Doubtless this useful fungus is amenable to translocation and subsequent naturalization. We have it as indige- nous in Australia also. Exomis axyrioides, Fenzl. South-Africa. A good salt-bush there for pastures (McOwan). Fagopyrum cyinosum, Meissner. The perennial Buck-wheat or rather Beech-wheat of the Indian and Chinese highlands. Can be used with other species for spinage and grain; also a blue dye may be obtained from its leaves. Fagopyrum emarginatum, Babington. Chinese and Himalayan mountains, where it is cultivated for its seeds. Annual. Fagopyrum esculentum, Moench.* Central Asia, extending eastward to Manchuria, growing to an elevation of 14,000 feet in the Himalayas. The ordinary Buck-wheat, called Buch-Waizen in Germany, from the resemblance (in miniature) of the seeds to Beech-nuts ; hence also the generic name. This annual herb succeeds on the poorest land ; clayey soil yields more foliage but less grain. The crushed amylaceous seeds can be con- verted into a palatable and wholesome food by boiling or baking. Starch has also recently been prepared from the seeds as an article of in Extra-Tropical Countries. 1 53 trade. Fagopyrum can be raised with advantage as an agrarian plant for the first crop on sandy but not too dry heath-land, newly broken up, for green manure. It gives a good green-fodder, serves as admixture to hay, and is* also important as a honey-plant. The period required for the cyclus of its vegetation is extremely short ; thus it can even be reared on alpine elevations. In Norway it grows to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler). The produce of this grain in the United States during 1879 was 13,140,000 bushels, valued at £1,636,000. Fagopyrum Tataricum, Moench.* Middle and Northern Asia. Yields for the higher mountain- regions a still safer crop than the foregoing; otherwise the remarks offered in reference to F. esculentum apply also to F. Tataricum; but the seeds of the latter are more thick-shelled, less amylaceous and less palatable. Fagopyrum triangular e, Meissner. In the Himalayan mountains, ascending naturally to regions 11,500 feet high. An annual. F. rotundatum (Babington) seems a variety of this species. It is cultivated for food like the rest. Fagus betuloides, Mirbel. Patagonia and Fuegia. An evergreen Beech, on the branches of which a peculiar edible fungus, Cyttaria Darwinii (Berkeley) occurs. It seems quite feasible, that the Cyttaria-fungs could be transferred from some beeches to others of different countries. Cyttaria Hookeri lives on Fagus antarctica (Forster). C. Darwinii forms for some months of the year a large share of the vegetable food of the 'Fuegians (Hieronymus). Fagus Cunningham!, Hooker. The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech. The Myrtle-wood of local trade. A magnificent evergreen-tree, attaining large dimensions', not rarely to 200 feet, but living only in cool, damp, rich forest-valleys. The wood is much used by carpenters and other artisans, and particularly liked for saddle-trees. It remains to be ascertained by actual tests in the forests, whether the allied tall evergreen New Zealand Beeches possess any advantage over this species for forest- culture ; they are Fagus Menziesii, the Red Birch of the colonists ; F. fusca and F. cliffortioides (J. Hooker), the Black Birches and F. Solandri (Hooker), the White Birch. A magnificent and peculiar beech, Fagus Moorei (F. v. Mueller), occurs in New Sonth Wales on high mountains. Cyttaria Gunnii (Berkeley) is the Raspberry-fungus o'f the Tasmanian evergreen Beech; a Cyttaria occurs also on the . New Zealand Beeches, as ascertained by the author of this work. Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel. The Evergreen Beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or Coihue. Of grand dimensions. Canoes can be made out of its stem, large enough to carry 10 tons freight. The wood is still harder than that L 2 154 Select Plants for Industrial Culture of the following species, with the qualities of which it otherwise agrees (Dr. Philippi'). This species extends to the Chonos-group, and perhaps still further south, and thus may be of value even for Middle European forest-culture. Fagus ferruginea, Aiton. North-American Beech. A large tree, with deciduous foliage, easily raised in woodlands. Wood variable according to localities. Well-seasoned wood, according to Simmonds, is remarkably hard and solid, hence employed for plane-stocks, shoe-lasts, tool-handles, . various implements and turneries. Fagus obliqua, Mirbel. The Roble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants. A tall tree with a straight stem, attaining 3 to 4 feet diameter. Wood heavy and durable, well adapted for posts, beams, girders, rafters and joists, but not' for flooring. One of the few Chilian trees with deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi). Its value as compared with that of the European Beech should be tested in forest-plantation's. Cyttaria Berteroi (Berkeley) grows on the branches of this Beech. Fagus procera, Poeppig. Another deciduous Beech of Chili, where it passes by the name 'of Reule or Rauli. Of still more colossal size than the Roble. Wood fisstle, well adapted for staves; finer in grain than that of F. obliqua, and much used for furniture (Dr. Philippi). Fagus silvatica, Linn<$. The deciduous Beech of Britain, of most other parts of Europe and extra- tropical Asia. The trunk has been measured in height to 118 feet, the head to 350 feet in circumference. As far north as lat. 60° 23' in Norway Professor Schuebeler found a tree over 70 feet high with a stem 12 feet in circumference; smaller trees grew even to lat. 67° 56'. • Apt to overpower any other kinds of trees in its native forests. The wood is hard, extensively used by joiners and ship-builders in their trade and by the manufacturers of various implements, especially for planes, shoe-lasts, keys and cogs of machinery, lathe-chucks, gun- stocks, staves, chairs, spoke-shaves, in piano-manufacture for bridges, likewise some portion of the work of organ-builders; enters also into the construction of harmoniums (beds of notes, pallets, rest-pl'anks), further used for carved moulds and for wooden letters in large prints; • it is of rather difficult cleavage, great compactness and of considerable strength, and resists great pressure. Beech-tar contains a consider- able proportion of paraffine; the ashes from any portion of this tree are rich in phosphate of lime. For trimming into copse-hedges many give preference to a purple-leaved variety for shoAv. An allied Beech, Fagus Sieboldii (Endlicher), grows in Japan. In the warmer tempe- rate zones all these could only be grown to advantage in springy mountain-forests. in Extra- Tropical Countries. 155 Fatsia papyrifera, Bentham. (Aralia papyrifera, Hooker.) Island of Formosa. The Rice-paper Plant, hardy in the lowlands of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden-plantations. The pith furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper, also for some sorts of solah-hats. Ferula Assa foetida, L. (Scorodosma foetidum, Bunge.) Persia, Afghanistan and Turkestan. This very tall perennial herb yields the ordinary medicinal assafetida. Ferula Narthex, Boissier (Narthex Assa foetida, Falconer), furnishes a very similar drug in Thibet. The cultivation of these plants in adequate climes seems not surrounded by any difficulties. Ferula galbanifLua, Boissier. Persia; on mountains 4,000 to 8,000 feet high. This tall perennial herb might be transferred to other sub-alpine regions, for obtaining locally from it the gum-resin galbanum. Ferula longifolia, Fischer. Southern Russia. The long aromatic roots furnish a pleasant vegetable (Dr. Rosenthal). Ferula Sambul, J. Hooker. (Euryanyium Sambul, Kauffmann. ) Turkestan, at elevations between 3,000 and 4,000 feet. A peren- nial herb, attaining a height of 9 feet or perhaps more. Yields the true Sambul-root, a powerful stimulant, with the odor of musk. It is also a scenic-decorative plant, and proved hardy in England. Festuca Coiron, Steudel. Chili. ' A valuable perennial fodder-grass, according to the testi- mony of Dr. Philippi. Festuca dives, F. v. Mueller. Victoria, from West-Gippsland to Dandenong, towards the sources of rivers, ascending sub-alpine elevations. One of the most mag- nificent of all sylvan grasses, often 12 and sometimes when in rank growth on forest-brooks fully 17 feet long. Root perennial or per- haps of only two or three years' duration. This grass deserves to be brought to any forest-tracts in mild climes, as it prospers in shade; it assumes its grandest forms in deep soil along rivulets. The large panicle affords nutritious forage. Festuca elatior, Linne".* The Meadow-Fescue. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. A perennial grass, attaining a height of several feet. There are several varieties of this species; the tallest follows rivers readily as far clown as the tides reach; the ordinary form is well adapted for permanent pastures, has tender leaves, produces excellent, tasty, nutritious hay, and is early out in the season. Langethal places Meadow-Fescue above Timothy- and Foxtail-grass in value, though 156 Select Plants for Industrial Culture its copiousness is somewhat less. The seed is readily collected. The tall variety (arundinacea) will occupy wet land preferentially among the best of eligible fodder-grasses. It can be mixed advantage- ously with F. oviria, is superior to Rye-grass in production and improves with age. It succeeds also on humid and even swampy ground and in forest-land as well with sandy as a calcareous subsoil- Dr Curl observes, that this and some other Fescues grow vigorously in New Zealand, and yield pasturage there also in the cool season, when Rye-grass is nearly dormant. Chemical analysis, made in spring, gave the following results: Albumen 2'47, gluten 2'75, starch O50, gum 2*84, sugar 2*84 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). F. aruudinacea (Schreber), F. pratensis and F. loliacea (Hudson) 'are varieties of this species. Pestuca flava, F. v. Mueller. (Poa jlava, Gronovius; Tricusins sesleriodes, Torrey : Uralepis cuprea, Kunth. ) The tall Red-top Grass of the Eastern States of North- America. A perennial sand-grass with wide panicles. F. scabrella is one of the " Bunch-grasses " of Oregon and California. Pestuca gigantea, Villars. Europe and Middle Asia. A good perennial forest-grass. Festuca heterophylla, Lamarck. Europe. This perennial grass is best fitted for cool forest-tracts. Recommended also among lawn-grasses. Festuca Hookeriana, F. v. Mueller.* Alps of Australia and Tasmania. A tall perennial grass, evidently nutritious, required to be tried for pasture-culture, and perhaps destined to become a new meadow-grass of colder countries elsewhere. Stands mowing and depasturing well; much liked by cattle, horses and . sheep (Th. Walton). Festuca litoralis, La Billardiere. Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. An important strong perennial grass for binding drift-sand on sea-shores. Festuca Magellanica, Lamarck. Extra-tropic South- America. Ascending the Andes to 12,000 feet, and contributing much to the fattening pasturage there (Hier- onymus). Festuca ovina, Linne. Sheep-Fescue. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North- America; found also in South- America and the Alps of Australia and New Zealand. This species, like F. elatior, is obtainable with facility. F. duriuscula and F. rubra (Linne) are varieties. A per- rennial grass, thriving on widely different soils, even moory and sandy. It yields a good produce, maintains its virtue, resists drought, and is also well adapted for lawns and swards of parks. F. vaginata in Extra-Tropical Countries. 157 (Willdenow) is a form particularly recommended by Wessely for sand-soil. Chemical analysis, made very late in spring, gave the folio wing results: Albumen 1'86, gluten 8-16, starch 1*45, gum 2*14, sugar 5*05 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. ( Uralepls purpurea, Nuttall ; Tricuspis purpurea, A. Gray. ) South-Eastern coast of North- America. A tufty sand-grass, but annual. Festuca silvatica, Villars. . •'• Middle and Southern Europe. A notable forest-grass. F. dry- meia (Mertens and Koch),« a grass with long creeping roots, is closely allied. Both deserve test-culture. Space does not admit of entering here into further details of- the respective values of many species of Festuca, which might advantageously be introduced from various parts of the globe for rural purposes. Ficus Carica, Linne". - The ordinary Fig-tree. Alph. de Candolle speaks of it as spon- taneous from Syria to the Canary-Islands; Count Solms-Laubach . confines the nativity of the Fig-tree to the countries on the Persian Gulf. It attains an age of several hundred years. In warm temperate latitudes and climes a prolific tree. The most useful and at the same time the most hardy of half a thousand recorded species of Ficus. The extreme facility, with which it can be propagated from cuttings, the resistance to heat, the comparatively early yield and easy culture recommend the Fig-tree, where it is an object to raise masses of tree- vegetation in widely treeless lands of the warmer zones for shade and fruit. Hence the extensive plantations of this tree made in formerly woodless parts of Egypt; hence the likelihood of choosing the Fig as one of the trees for extensive planting through favorable portions of desert-waste, where moreover the fruit could be dried with particular ease. Small cuttings went quite well chiefly by horse-post from Port Phillip to the central Australian Mission-stations, a distance as far as from Petersburg to the Black Sea, or from Bombay to Thibet, or from Capetown to Lake Ngami, or from San Francisco to the Upper Missouri. Fig-trees can be grown even on sand-lands, at least as observed on the Australian south-coast. In Greece the average yield of figs per acre is about 1,600 Ibs. (Simmonds). Caprification is unnecessary, even in some instances injurious and objectionable. Two main-varieties may be distinguished: that which produces two crops a year, and that which yields but one. The former includes the Gray or Purple Fig, which is the best, the White Fig and the Golden Fig, the latter being the finest in appearance, but not in quality. The main-variety, which bears only one crop a year, supplies the greatest quantity of figs for drying, among which the Marseil- laise and Bellonne are considered the best. The Barnisote and the Aubique produce delicious large fruits, but they must be dried with fire-heat, and are usually consumed fresh. The ordinary drying is 158 Select Plants for Industrial Culture effected in the sun. For remarks on this and other points concerning the Fig, the valuable tract published by the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale should be consulted. The first crop of figs grows on wood of the preceding year; the last crop however on wood of the current year. Varieties of particular excellence are known from Genoa, Savoy, Malaga, Andalusia. For some further information, see among other publications also that of the Hon. the Commissioner of Agriculture, Washington, 1878. Ficus COlumnaris, Moore and Mueller. The Banyan-tree of Lord Howe's Island, therefore extra-tropical. One of the most magnificent productions in the whole empire of plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the island, remarks that the pendulous aerial roots, when they touch the ground, gradually swell into columns of the same dimensions as the older ones, which have already become converted into stems, so that it is not evident, which was the parent-trunk; there may be a hundred stems to the tree, on which the huge dome of dark evergreen foliage rests, but these stems are all alike, and thus it is impossible to say, whence the tree comes or whither it goes. The aerial roots are rather rapidly formed, but the wood never attains the thickness of F. macrophylla, which produces only a single trunk. The allied F. rubiginosa of continental East- Australia has great buttresses, but only now and then a pendulous root, approaching in similarity the stems of Ficus columnaris. The Lord Howe's Island Fig-tree is more like F. macrophylla than F. rubiginosa, but F. columnaris is more rufous in foliage than either. In humid, warm, sheltered tracts this grand vegetable living struc- ture may be raised as an enormous bower for shade and for scenic ornament. The nature of the sap, whether available for caoutchouc or other industrial material, requires yet to be tested. A substance almost identical with gutta-percha, but not like india-rubber, has been obtained by exsiccation of the sap of F. columnaris (Fitzgerald). The hardened sap of this species resembles in many respects that of F. subracemosa and F. variegata, called Getah Lahoe, but differs appa- rently by its greater solubility in cold, alcohol, and by the portion in- soluble in alcohol being of a pulverulent instead of a viscid character. The mode of exsiccation affects much the properties of the product. Ficus Cunning'h.anii, Miquel. Queensland, in the eastern dense forest-regions to about 28° S. Mr. J. O'Shanesy designates this as a tree of sometimes monstrous growth, the large spreading branches sending down roots, which take firm hold of the ground. One tree measured was 38 feet in circum- ference at 2 feet from the ground, the roots forming wall-like abut- ments, some of which extended 20 feet from the tree. Several persons could conceal themselves in the large crevices of the trunk, while the main-branches stretched across a space of about 100 feet. A kind of caoutchouc can be obtained from this tree. A still more gigantic Fig-tree of Queensland is F. colossea, F. v. M., but it may not be in Extra- Tropical Countries. 159 equally hardy, not advancing naturally to extra- tropical latitudes. This reminds us of the great Council-tree, F. altissima, from Java, where it grows in mountains on calcareous ground. F. eugenioides (F. v. M.) from North- and East- Australia, attains a height of 100 feet, and produces also columnar air-roots. It is comparatively hardy, reaching extra-tropic latitudes. Ficus elastica, Roxburgh.* Upper India, to the Chinese boundary, known as far as 28° 30' north-latitude. A large tree, yielding its milk-sap copiously for the kind of caoutchouc called Assam-Rubber. Roxburgh ascertained 70 years ago, that india-rubber could be dissolved in cajaput-oil (very similar to eucalyptus-oil), and that the sap yielded about one-third of its weight of caoutchouc. This tree is not of quick growth in the change- able and often dry clime of Melbourne; but there is every prospect, that it would advance rather rapidly in any mild humid forest-gullies, and that copious plantations of it there would call forth a new local industry. This tree has grown in Assam to 112 feet with 100 aerial roots in thirty-two years (Markham). In moist Warm climes, accord- ing to observations in Assam by Mr. Gustave Mann, branches lopped oil and planted will speedily establish themselves. Single branches attain a length of 50 feet; the root-crown will attain a diameter of 200 feet exceptionally (Haeckel). The import of caoutchouc into the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 198,000 cwt., representing a value of £2,266,000, of which F. elastica must have furnished a con- siderable proportion. Markham and Collins pronounce the caoutchouc of F. elastica not quite so valuable as that of the Heveas and Castil- loas of South- America. Heat and atmospheric moisture greatly pro- mote the growth of F. elastica. Like most other Fig-trees, it is easily raised from seed. A tree of F. elastica is tapped in Assam when twenty-five years old. After fifty years the yield is about 40 Ibs. of caoutchouc every third year, and lasts till the tree is over 100 years old. The milky sap flowing from cuts in the stem yields nearly one- third of its weight of caoutchouc; the collected sap is poured into boiling water and stirred till it gets firm; or the sap is poured into large bins partly filled with water; the fluid caoutchouc-mass after a while floats on the surface, when it is taken out and boiled in iron- pans, after the addition of two parts of water, the whole being stirred continuously; after coagulation the caoutchouc is taken out and pressed, and if necessary boiled again, then dried, and finally washed with lime-water. The sap from cuts into the branches is allowed to dry on the trees (J. Collins). Dr. S. Kurz states, that F. laccifera (Rox- burgh) from Silhet is also a caoutchouc-tree, and that both this and F. elastica yield most in a ferruginous clay-soil on a rocky substratum; further, that both can bear dryness, but like shade in youth. Several other species of tropical figs, American as well as Asiatic, are known to produce good caoutchouc, but it is questionable, whether any of them would prosper in extra-tropical latitudes; nevertheless for the conservatories of botanic gardens all such plants should be secured 160 Select Plants for Industrial Culture with a view of promoting public instruction. Te give some idea of the vastly increasing extent, to which " Rubber " is now required, it may be stated, that at Wetzell's factories in Miinden and Hildesheim alone during 1884 were produced 100,000 Ibs. of surgical articles; 100,000 Ibs. valves, buffers and washers; 150,000 Ibs. hose and belting; 200,000 Ibs. insertion-sheets and tucks-packings; 250,000 dozens of fancy-colored balls, irrespective of other rubber-articles ; this factory, which exists since 1868, employing 600 workmen, and is operating with machinery equal to 300 horses-power. Ficus Vogelii (Miquel) yields Rubber in West- Africa. Ficus Indica, Linne". The Banyan-tree of India, famed for its enormous expansion and air-roots. Although not strictly an utilitarian tree, it is admitted here as one of the most shady trees, adapted for warm and moist regions. At the age of 100 years one individual tree will shade and occupy about one and a half acres, and rest on 150 stems or more, the main- stems often with a circumference of 50 feet, the secondary stems with a diameter of several feet. At Melbourne the tree suffers somewhat from the night-frosts. Ficus infectoria, Willdenow. India, ascending to 5,000 feet. Probably hardy where frosts are only slight, and then adapted for street-planting. Brandis and Stewart found its growth quicker than that of Siris or Albizzia procera. F. religiosa (Linne) ascends to the same height, and is of quick growth in moiat climates. It bears well the clime of Beloochistan. It is one of the trees, on which the lac insect largely exists. The fruits of some huge Himalayan species — for instance, F. virgata, F. glomerata (Roxburgh) and F. Roxburghii (Wallich) — are edible. Ficus macrophylla, Desfontaines.* The Moreton-Bay Fig-tree, which is indigenous through a great part of East- Australia. Perhaps the grandest of Australian avenue-trees, and among the very best to be planted, although in poor dry soil its growth is slow. In the latitude of Melbourne it is quite hardy in the lowland. The foliage may occasionally be injured by grasshoppers. Easily raised from seed, the smallness of which admits of their very easy transmission to remote places. Average-growth in height at Port Phillip, 30 feet in 20 years. Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines. - • » • New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all Fig-trees, and very eligible among evergreen shade-trees, particularly for promenades. It is estimated, that the genus Ficus comprises about 600 species, many occurring in cool mountain-regions of tropical countries. The number of those, which would endure a temperate clime, is probably not small. Ficus Sycomorus, Linne". The Sycomore-Figtree. Egypt, Abyssinia, Nubia. Copiously planted along the roadsides of Egypt. The evergreen shady crown, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 161 with very spreading branches, extends to a width of 120 feet. At- tains an enormous age. A tree at Cairo, which legends connect with Christ's time, still exists. Seven men 'with outstretched arms could hardly encircle the stem. Fistulina hepatica, Fries. Europe and Asia, East- Australia, This large esculent fungus grows generally on old oak-stems, but does accommodate itself to other habitations also. Its introduction elsewhere is worthy of trial. Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.* Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians. Grows on swampy, moory places. A stately tree, sometimes to 100 feet high ; the diameter of the stem occasionally reaches the extraordinary extent of 15 feet. The wood is almost always red, easily split, light, does not warp, stands exposure to the air for half a century; in Yaldivia and Chiloe almost all buildings are roofed with shingles of this tree (Dr. Philippi). The outer bark produces a strong fibre, used for calking ships. Like Libocedrus tetragona, this tree should be extensively planted in unutilized swampy moors of mountains. Flacourtia Bamontchi, L'Heritier. (F. sapida, Roxburgh.) India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxburgh) form thorny trees with somewhat plum-like fruits. They can be adopted for hedge-copses with other species. Flemingia tuberosa, Dalzell. Western India. The tubers of this herb are said to be edible. Another species, F. vestita (Bentham), is on record as cultivated in North- Western India, where it ascends to the temperate region up to 7,000 feet, for its small esculent tubers. Flindersia Australis, R. Brown. New South Wales and Queensland. With Araucaria Cunning- hami and Ficus macrophylla, the tallest of all the jungle-trees of its localities, attaining 150 feet. Bark scaly; stem frequently with a diameter of 8 feet. Timber of extraordinary hardness (Ch. Moore). A noble tree for avenues. Rate of growth, according to Mr. Fawcett, about 25 feet in eight years. Flindersia Oxleyana, F. v. Mueller. The Yellow Wood of New South Wales and Queensland, called " Bogum Bogum" by the aborigines. Jts wood is used locally for dye, also for staves as well as that of F. Australis, Tarrietia Argyro- dendron, Stenocarpus salignus and Castanospermum Australe. Mr. C. Hartmann mentions, that F. Oxleyana attains a height of 150 feet, and supplies one of the finest hardwoods for choice cabinet-work. Other species occur, among which F. Bennettiana is the best for avenue-purposes. 162 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Fceniculum officinale, Allioni. The Fennel. Mediterranean regions, particularly on limestone-soil, extending to Central Asia, certainly wild in Turkestan (Dr. A. von Regel). A perennial or biennial herb, of which primary varieties occur, the so-called sweet variety having fruits almost twice as large as the other. The herb and fruits are in use as condiments and the latter also for medicine. The fruits are rich in essential oil, containing much anethol. Vilmorin found them to keep their vitality for about four years ; he also remarks that the bleached leafstalks yield the Carosella-salad. A variety, F. dulce (Bauhin), yields its young shoots for boiling as a vegetable of sweetish taste and delicate aroma. . ,'. Fourcroya Cubensis, Haworth. West-Indies and continental tropical America. A smaller species than the following, but equally utilized for fibre and impenetrable hedges. F. flavo-viridis (Hooker), from Mexico, is still smaller. Fourcroya gigantea, Ventenat. Central America. In species of Yucca, Agave, Dracsena, Cordy- line, Phormium, Doryanthes and this as well as a few other Four- croyas we have gigantic liliaceous and amaryllidaceous plants avail- able industrially for fibre. Frost injures the leaves of tliis species. Development of flower-stalks extremely rapid, up to 30 feet high. Fibre often 3 feet long and of considerable tenacity. The fibre, produced in Mauritius by Messrs. Bourgignon and Fronchet, proved stronger than hemp and resisted decay in water. Mr. Boucard also testifies to the excellence of the fibre, which he describes as long, silky and solid, particularly adapted for luxurious hammocks and for cordage. Fourcroya longseva, Karwinski and Zuccarini. High mountains of Guatemala and Mexico, particularly at an eleva- tion of about 10,000 feet. One of the most gigantic and magnificent of all liliaceous or amaryllideous plants, in volume only surpassed by Draca3na Draco, the Dragon-tree of the Canary-Islands. This is the principal high-stemmed species, the trunk attaining a height of 50 feet, and the huge panicle of flowers 40 feet more. It dies, like many allied plants, after flowering. The species is recorded here as a fibre- plant, but should also be cultivated for its ornamental grandeur. Fragaria Calif ornica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. California and Mexico. Closely allied to C. vesca. Fragaria Chiloensis, Aiton. Chili- Strawberry. In various of the colder parts both of North- and South- America. Almost incredible accounts have been published regarding the yield of the Chiloen Strawberry in the neighborhood of Brest, far exceeding the fecundity of any other strawberry. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 163 Fragaria collina, Ehrhart. Hill-Strawberry. In various parts of Europe. Cutivated in Norway to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler); may be regarded as a mere variety of F. vesca. Fruit of a somewhat musky odor. Fragaria grandiflora, Ehrhart. (F. Ananas, Miller.) Ananas-Strawberry. Various colder parts of America. Closely allied to F. Chiloensis. Many of the large-fruited varieties have been, derived from this species. Fragaria Illinoensis, Prince. North-America. Hovey's seedling and the Boston-kind from this plant. Is regarded by Professor Asa Gray as a variety of F. Virginiana. Pragaria pratensis, Duchesne. (F. elatior, Ehrhart.) Cinnamon- Strawberry. Hautbois. In mountain-forests of Europe. F. moschata (Duchesne) is a variety of this species. Fragaria vesca, Linne". Wild Wood- Strawberry. Naturally very widely dispersed over the temperate and colder parts of the northern hemisphere, extending northward to Lapland and Iceland, southward to the mountains of Java, ascending the Himalayas to 13,000 feet (J. D. Hooker). From this typical form probably some of the other Strawberries arose. Middle forms and numerous varieties now in culture were produced by hybridization. These plants, though already abounding in our gardens, are mentioned here, because they should be naturalized in any ranges. Settlers, living near some brook or rivulet, might readily set out plants, which, with others similarly adapted, would gradually spread with the current. The minute seeds will retain their vitality for fully three years. A highland-variety, F. alpina (Persoon), furnishes fruit throughout the warm season, long after the other varieties cease bearing in gardens (Vilmorin). Pragaria Virginiana, Miller. Scarlet Strawberry. Eastern North-America, extending northward to 64° (Sir J. Richardson), therefore adapted for the coldest climates also, yet even fruiting well in Bermuda (Sir J. Lefroy). Fraxinus Americana, Lhme".* The White Ash. Eastern North- America, extending from Florida to Canada. A large tree, which delights in humid forests. Trunks have been found 75 feet long without a limb, and 6 feet in diameter (Emerson). It is the best of all American Ashes, and of compara- tively rapid growth. In Nebraska the stem attains to about 32 inches circumference at 2 feet from the base in 22 years (Furnas). Resisting extreme heat better than the common Ash. Timber largely exported ; it assumes a red tint in age ; much valued for its toughness, lightness and elasticity, excellent for work subject to sudden shocks and strains, 164 Select Plants for Industrial Culture such as the frames of machines, carriage-wheels, agricultural imple- ments, pick-handles, billiard-cues, fishing-rods, handles, chair-rails, shafts, staves, pulley-blocks, belaying-pins and oars; also for furniture and musical instruments. The young branches are utilized for mast- hoops. Baron von Mueller and Mr. J. G. Luehmann found the strength greater than that of our Blackwood-tree and of many Eucalypts, but not equal to that of E. Leucoxylon, E. siderophloia, E. polyanthema, the best E. globulus and hickory. Over-old wood not desirable. When once thoroughly seasoned, it does not shrink or swell, and is therefore preferred for flooring to any native timber in Virginia (Robb, Simmonds). The inner bark furnishes a yellow dye. The Red Ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lamarck) and the Carolina- Ash (F. platycarpa, Michaux) are of smaller size, but F. pubescens may sometimes also become large. Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh. It is this Ash, on which a peculiar wax is produced by .Coccus Pela, perhaps also on some species of Ligustrum. About 40,000 Ibs. are exported, anually according to Bernardini. F. Mandschurica (Ruprecht) attains a height of 60 feet and a stem-diameter of 4 feet. Fraxinus excelsior, C. Bauhin.* The ordinary Ash of Europe and Western Asia, extending to the Himalayas and Thibet, there ascending to 9,000 feet. A tree of com- paratively quick growth, known to attain an age of nearly 200 years. It is a very hardy tree, braving the winters of Norway to lat. 69° 40', though there only a shrub ; but in lat. 61° 12' it attained still a height of 100 feet and a stem-diameter of 5 feet (Schuebeler). Rich soil on forest-rivulets or river-banks suits it best, although it also thrives on moist sand. Wood remarkably tough and elastic, used for agricul- tural and other implements, handles, ladders, drum-hoops, carriage- work, oars, axle-trees and many other purposes. -Six peculiar kinds of Ash-trees occur in Japan, some also in the Indian highlands; all might be tried for industrial culture. Fraxinus noribunda, Don. Nepal-Ash. Himalaya, between 4,000 and 11,000 feet. It attains a height of 120 feet, girth of stem sometimes 15 feet. Serves not only as a timber-tree, but also as a fine avenue-tree. The wood much sought for oars, ploughs and various implements (Stewart and Brandis). For forest-plantations Ashes are best mixed with beeches and some other trees. Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall. Californian and Oregon-Ash. A tree, reaching 80 feet in height, preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this fine species is nearly white, very tough and durable, often used for oars and handles of implements, also in carriage-building. Though allied to F. sam- bucifolia, it is very superior as a timber-tree. Ash-trees will grow . readily in the shade of other trees. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 165 Fraxinus ornus, Linn& The Manna-Ash of the Mediterranean regions, extending to Austria and Switzerland. Height about 30 feet. Hardy still at Christiania. It yields the medicinal manna by incisions into the bark, which is done only on one side of the stem each year. F. ornus is well adapted for a promenade-tree/and is earlier in foliage than F. excelsior, F. Ameri- cana and most other Ash-trees. Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.* The Blue Ash of North- America, from Michigan to Tennessee. One of the tallest of the Ashes, becoming 70 feet high. Timber excellent, better than that of any other American species except the White Ash, hence .frequently in use for flooring and shingles. The inner bark furnishes a blue dye. The tree requires a rather mild clime and the most fertile soil. Fraxinus sambucifolia, Lamarck. Black or Water-Ash of Eastern North- America. Attains a height of 80 feet. Wood still more tough and elastic than that of F. Ameri- cana, but less durable when exposed; easily split into thin layers for basket-work; it is also comparatively rich in potash, like that of most of its congeners; for oars and implements it is inferior to that of the White Ash (Simmonds). F. nigra (Marsh) is the oldest name. Fraxinus viridis, Michaux. The Green Ash of Eastern North- America. Height reaching 70 feet. Wood excellent, nearly as valuable as that of the White Ash, but of less dimensions. The tree requires wet, shady woodlands. Especially recommended for street-planting by Dr. J. Warder. This species, like the preceding, is hardy as far north as Christiania in Norway (Schuebeler). Rate of circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska 30 inches in 22 years (Furnas). -. .- Fuchsia racemosa, Lamarck. Mountains of Hayti. One of the species with edible berries of very good taste. Another Fuchsia occurs in cold regions of Guatemala up to 10,000 feet high, with orange- colored flowers and with tasty whole- some berries, the latter an inch and a half long. F. excorticata (Linne fil.) of New Zealand extends there far south, and is perhaps as hardy as F. Magellanica (Lamarck); it rises to 30 feet, if not. higher, and gains a stem-diameter of 3 feet. Garcinia Travancorica, Beddome. Madras-Presidency, up to elevations of 4,500 feet. This seems to be the hardiest of the superior Gamboge-trees; hence there is some prospect of its prospering in forests of the warmer temperate zone. Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing. South- Africa. A perennial herb of medicinal properties; praised like numerous other plants there and elsewhere as an alexipharmic, but all requiring close re-investigation in this respect. 166 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Gaulthieria Myrsinites, Hooker. ^Northern California, Oregon, British Columbia. The fruit of this procumbent shrub is said to be delicious. It would prove adapted for any of the Alps. Gaulthieria Shallon, Pursh. North- Western America. This handsome spreading bush would yield its pleasant edible berries in abundance, if planted on alpine mountains, where it would likely become naturalized. G. procumbens (L.) is the North-Eastern American Wiutergreen used in medicine. Gaylussacia frondosa, Torrey and Gray. The Blue Tangleberry of Eastern North- America. A bush with deciduous foliage; fruit very sweet. Gaylussacia resinosa, Torrey and Gray. The Black Huckleberry of North-Eastern America. A dwarf shrub, with deciduous leaves. It likes swampy woodlands, and thus would find ample space in any forest-ranges. Berry of pleasant taste. Perhaps some of the South-American species may also produce edible fruits. Geitonoplesium cymosum, Cunningham. Through the whole East- Australian forests. It is mentioned here, to draw attention to the likelihood, that special culture may convert this into a culinary plant, as Mr. P. O'Shanesy found the young shoots to offer a fair substitute for Asparagus. Gelsemiuni nitidum, Michaux. Southern States of North-America, also in Mexico. " Yellow Jessamine. " A twining shrubby plant of medicinal value, long since introduced into Australia by the writer, with numerous other plants of industrial or therapeutical importance. Active principle: gelsemin. The perfume of the flowers has also come into use as a cosmetic. Genista monosperma, Lamarck. Mediterranean regions. One of the best of Broom-brushes for arresting sand-drift. G. sphaerocarpa, Lamarck, is of like use, and also comes from the Mediterranean Sea. Genista tinctoria, Linne". Europe, Northern and Western Asia. A perennial herb, of some medicinal use. From the flowers a yellow dye may be extracted, which with woad gives a good green, and comes well in for domestic dyeing, particularly of wool. A kind of Schiittgelb, different from the one prepared from Madura tinctoria, is obtained from this Genista, known also as factitium-yellow, and perhaps not altogether to be superseded by picric acid or by Anilin-colors (G. Don; Rosenthal; Brockhaus) . in Extra-Tropical Countries. 167 Gentiana lutea, Lmn£. Sub-alpine tracts of Middle and Southern Europe. A beautiful perennial herb, yielding the medicinal gentian-root. It could be easily raised in high mountains elsewhere. Chemical principles: gentian-bitter and geutianin. Medicinal gentian-root is also obtained from G. punctata, L., G. purpurea, L. and G. panonica, Scop., of the European Alps. Several native species are used as substitutes in North-America, particularly G. quinqueflora (Lamarck). Geonoma vaga, Grisebach and Wendland. West-Indies to Brazil. A dwarf decorative Palm, ascending moun- tain-regions to 3,000 feet. Geum urbanum, Brunfels. The "Avens" of Britain. Europe, North-Africa, extra-tropical and alpine Asia, South-Eastern Australia, North- America. A peren- nial herb; the powerful anti-dysenteric root, according to Muspratt, contains as much as 41 per cent, of tannic acid. Gigantochloa Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Bentham.) Tropical Africa. A tall species, ascending to considerable moun- tain-elevations. Gigantochloa apus, Kurz. (Bambusa apus, Eoemer and Schultes.) Indian Archipelagus, at elevations under 5,000 feet. Height of stem reaching 60 feet. When young it is used for strings and ropes. Gigantochloa aspera, Kurz. Java. Found by Zollinger to attain a maximum-height of 170 feet. Gigantochloa atter, Kurz. Java, at elevations of from 2,000 to 4,000 feet. Height of stems reaching 70 feet. One of the species much grown for rural and in- dustrial purposes. Gigantochloa maxima, Kurz. Java. Height sometimes 120 feet, the stems nearly a foot thick. One of the most extensively cultivated of all Asiatic Bamboos, ascending into mountain-regions. Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera nigro-cttiata, Munro.) Continental and insular India. Stems to 130 feet long. Gigantochloa robusta, Kurz. Mountains of Java. Height to about 100 feet. Kurz noticed the early growth to be nearly 18 feet in a month, the principal branches only commencing when the shoot had reached a height of about 70 feet. Some Java-bamboos are known to measure 22 inches in girth at a height of about 120 feet. M 168 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Gigantochloa Thwaitesii, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, Munro.) Ceylon, at cool elevations of from 4,000 to 6,000 feet. This pretty Bamboo reaches only 12 feet in height. Gigantochloa verticillata, Munro. (Bambusa vertidlfata, Blume.) .The Whorled Bamboo of India. It attains a height of fully 100 feet; in damp heat it grows at the astonishing rate of 40 feet in about three months, according to Bouche. The young shoots furnish an edible vegetable like G. apus and Bambusa Bitung. GinkgO biloba, Linn£.* (Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.) Ginkgo-tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved tree, to 100 feet high, with a straight stem to 12 feet in diameter. The wood is pale, soft, easy to work and takes a beautiful polish. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a good oil. The fruits, sold in China under the name of " Pa-Koo," are not unlike dried almonds, but the kernel fuller and rounder. Ginkgo-trees are estimated to attain an age of 3,000 years. Mr. Christy observes, that the foliage turns chrome-yellow in autumn, and that it is the grandest and most highly esteemed of all trees in Japan; it will grow in dry situations. In America it is hardy as far north as Montreal, in Europe to Christiania. Gladiolus edulis, Burchell. Interior of South-Africa. The bulb-like roots are edible, and taste like chestnuts when roasted. Glaucium luteum, Scopoli. Western and Southern Europe, Northern Africa and Western Asia. This fast-spreading biennial herb, now also naturalized on some of the Australian coasts, does good service in aiding to subdue drift-sand. The plant has also some medicinal value. Gleditschia triacanthos, Linn<$. The deciduous Honey-Locust tree of South-Eastern States of North- America. Height reaching 80 feet, trunk to 4 feet in diameter. Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile, durable, sought principally for blocks and hubs. The tree is not without importance for street- planting. Rate of circumferential stem-growth in Nebraska, about 40 inches in 22 years at 2 feet from the ground (Furnas); growth in height at Port Phillip, about 35 feet in 20 years. Sown closely, this plant forms impenetrable, thorny, not readily combustible hedges. An allied species, the G. Sinensis, Lamarck (G. horrida, Willd.), occurs in East-Asia. The Water-Locust tree of North- America (G. monosperma, Walt.) will grow to a height of 80 feet in swamps. The flowers of Gleditschia exude much honey -nectar for bees. Glycine hispida, Bentham. (Soja hispida, Moench. ) An annual herb of India, China and Japan. The beans afford one of the main ingredients of the condiment known as Soja; they are very oily, nutritious, and of pleasant taste when boiled. The plant in Extra-Tropical Countries. 169 endures slight frost (Wittmack). It is uot subject to attacks of insects and fungs (Vilmorin). Oil is pressed from the seeds. Glycine Soja, Siebold and Zuccarini, is said to be a distinct plant, but probably serves the same purpose. Glycyrrhiza echinata, Linne". South-Europe and South- Western Asia. From the root of this herb a portion of the Italian liquorice is prepared. The Russian liquorice is also derived from this species. The root is thicker and less sweet than that of the following. Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linns'. South-Europe, North-Africa, South- Western and Middle Asia. The extract of the root of this herb constitutes the ordinary liquorice. The plant grows most vigorously in adequate climes. Both this and the preceding are hardy in Norway to lat. 59° 55' (Schuebeler). Liquorice is of some utility in medicine and also used in porter-breweries. Chemical principle: glycyrrhizin. GlyptostrobllS heterophyllus, Endlicher. (Taxodium heterophyllum, Brongniart. ) China. An ornamental tree, allied to Taxodium distichum in some respects, and like that tree particularly fit for permanently wet ground. The Chinese plant it along the edges of canals and narrow creeks, the buttress of the tree standing actually in the moist mud (Dr. Hance). G-melina Leichhardtii, F. v. Mueller. East-Australia. Grown now on a commercial scale for fancy timber-purposes in Queensland. Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer. South-Africa. This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi- wood, much sought for carpenters' tools, planes and other select articles of wood-work ; also for wood-engraving, according to Dr. Pappe. Flowers deliciouslv fragrant. Gordonia Lasianthus, Linne". The Loblolly-Bay. South-Eastern North- America. A handsome tree, growing to a height of 60 feet; flowers snowy white. The wood is extremely light, of a rosy hue and fine silky texture, but unfit for exposure. The bark is extensively employed for tanning in the Southern States. Available for swampy coast-lands. Gossypium arboreum, Linne".* The Tree-Cotton. Upper Egypt, according to A. de Candolle, seemingly also Abyssinia, Sennaar and thence to Upper Guinea. A tall perennial species, but not forming a real tree, yielding cotton in the first season. Leaves long-lobed. Bracts with few teeth. Petals yellow, or in age pink or purple. Seeds brown, disconnected, after the removal of the cotton-fibre greenish-velvety. The cotton of long staple, but also a variety occurs with short staple. The New Orleans M2 170 Select Plants for Industrial Culture cotton (G. sanguineum, Hasskarl) belongs to this species. The cotton-fibre is crisp, white, opaque and not easily separable. All Gossypiums can be regarded as honey-plants. Gossypium Barbadense, Linn£.* Sea-Island Cotton. From Mexico to Peru and Brazil. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, black, after the removal of the cotton-fibre naked. The cotton of this species is very long, easily separable and of a silky lustre and always white. This species requires low-lying coast-tracts for attaining to perfection. Perennial, but yielding like the rest a crop already in the first season. Cultivated largely in the Southern States of North-America, also in South-Europe, Central and North- Africa, Queensland and various other countries. G. Kirkii (Masters), from Dar Salam, may be a wild state of G. Barbadense. The only other type of this genus in tropi- cal Africa is G. anomalum according to Dr. Welwitch. The "Kidney- cotton" is a variety with more acuminate leaves. M. Delchevalerie has drawn attention to a new plant, tall in size and exceedingly pro- lific in bearing, raised in Egypt, called Bamia-cotton, which Sir Joseph Hooker regards as a variety of G. Barbadense. The Barnia Cotton-bush grows 8 to 10 feet high, ripens (at Galveston) fruit in four or five months, and produces 2,500 pounds of cotton and seed per acre. It is remarkable for its long simple branches, heavily fruited from top to bottom. Its cotton is pale yellow. Gossypium herbaceum, Linn£.* Persia, Scinde, Cabul and some other parts of tropical and sub- tropical Asia. Much cultivated in the Mediterranean countries, also in the United States of North-America. Perennial. Leaves short-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected, after removal of the cotton-fibre gray -velvety. Distinguished and illustrated by Parlatore as a species, regarded by Seemann as a variety of G. arboreum. Staple longer than in the latter kind, white-opaque, not easily separating. The wild type of this seems to be G. Stocksii (Masters). Even this species, though supposed to be herbaceous, will attain a* height of 12 feet. The root of this and some other congeners is a powerful emmenagogue. A variety with tawny fibre furnishes the Nankin-cotton. Gossypium hirsutum, Linnd* Upland- or Short-staple Cotton. Tropical America, cultivated most extensively in the United States, Southern Europe and many other countries. Perennial. Seeds brownish-green, disconnected, after the removal of the cotton-fibre greenish- velvety. Staple white, almost of a silky lustre, not easily separable. A portion of the Queensland- cotton is obtained from this species. It neither requires the coast- tracts nor the highly attentive culture of G. Barbadense. Gossypium religiosum, Linn<$.* (G. Peruvianum, Cavauilles.) Tropical South -America, southward to Chili. Kidney- Cotton, Peruvian or Brazilian Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 171 Seeds black, connected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white, somewhat silky, and easily separable from the seeds. A tawny variety occurs. This is the tallest' of all cotton-bushes, and it is pro- bably this species, which occurs in the valleys of the Andes as a small tree, bearing its cotton, while frosts whiten the ground around. Gossypium Taitense, Parlatore. (G. reUgiosum, Banks and Solander.) In several islands of the Pacific Ocean. A shrub. Petals white. Seeds disconnected, glabrous after the removal of the fulvous cotton- fibre, which does not separate with readiness. Gossypium tomentosum, Nuttall. (G. Sandvicense, Parlatore ; G. rell- yiosum, A. Gray.) Hawaia. Perennial. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected; after the removal of the tawny cotton-fibre fulvous-velvety, not easily parting with their cotton. The roots are a powerful remedial agent, which however should only be used in legitimate medical practice. The barks of Hamamelis Virgiuiana and Viburnum prunifolium are antidotes (Phares and Durham). For limitation of species and varieties Parlatore's " Specie del Cotoni" (Florence, 1866) and Todaro's " Osservazioni su Cotone" may be consulted. Information on culture may be sought in Porter's " Tropical Agriculturist " and in Mallet's Work on " Cotton " (London, 1862). The following notes were written for the use and guidance of Victorian colonists: — There are many parts of our colony, in which all these species of Gossypium could be cultivated, and where a fair or even prolific cotton-crop may be obtained. Good cotton for instance has been produced on the Goulburn-River, the Loddon, the Avoca and the Murray-River, particularly in places, where water could be applied. All cultivated kinds of cotton-plants are either naturally perennials or become such in favorable climes, although they may be treated strictly as annuals. Some of them will indeed in particular instances grow to the height of 20 feet. The geographical parallels, between which cotton-culture is usually placed, stretch in various girdles between 56° north latitude and 36° south latitude. According to General Capron, cotton is grown in Japan to 40° ndrth latitude, but superior quality is not obtained north of 35°. The cotton-culture in the Southern States of North- America utilized seven million acres before the civil war, cultivated by a mil- lion and a half of Negroes; India has now 14 million acres in cotton, as much as the United States in 1879, the yield in the latter being at an average nearly half a bale per acre, and the export thence in 1881 in value about 260 millions of dollars (J. R. Dodge); in 1883 the cotton-area of the United States was 16,777,993 acres; in 1882 the cotton-yield there 6,957,000 bales. The importations of cotton into the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 15^ million cwt., its value being £44,000,000; about two-thirds of this came from the United States. The primary advantages of this important culture are: a 172 Select Plants for Industrial Culture return in a few months, comparatively easy field-operations, simple and not laborious process of collecting the crop, and requirement or but little care in the use of the gin -machine in finally preparing the raw material for the market, the woolly covering of the seeds consti- tuting the cotton of commerce. The oil obtained by pressure from the seeds is useful for various technic purposes, and the oil-cake can be utilized like most substances of similar kind as a very fattening stable-food. This oil can even be used quite well in domestic cookery (Colonel O. Nelson). Crushed cotton-seed cake without admixture is eaten by cattle and sheep with avidity. Of cotton seeds 212,000 tons were introduced into Great Britain in 1884, valued at £1,580,000, mostly from Egypt. Sea-Island cotton was raised to great perfection in the northern parts of Victoria fully twenty-five years ago from seeds extensively distributed by the writer; but the want of cheap labor has hitherto militated against the extensive cultivation of this crop, as well as that of tea and many other indus- trial plants. Cotton having been reared far away from the influence of the sea-air, it would be worthy of attempts, to naturalize various kinds of cotton in the oases of our deserts, irrespective of regular culture. Our native Gossypiums of the interior produce no fibre worth collecting. Cotton plants have a predilection for gently undu- lating or sloping ground, with light soil and a moderate supply of moisture. In the most favorable climes, such as that of Fiji, cotton produces flowers and fruit throughout the year, but the principal ripening falls in the dry season. From two hundred to three hundred plants or more can be placed on an acre. As many as seven hundred bolls have been gathered from a single plant at one time, twelve to twenty capsules yielding an ounce of mercantile cotton. Weeding is rendered less onerous by the vigorous growth of the plants. Cotton comes in well for rotation with other crops. Major Clarke has ascer- tained, that crossing cannot be effected between the oriental and oc- cidental kinds of cotton. A high summer temperature is needed for a prolific cotton-harvest. Intense heat, under which even maize will suffer, does not injuriously affect cotton, provided the atmosphere is not dry in the extreme. The soil should not be wet, but of a kind that naturally absorbs and retains humidity, without over-saturation. In arid regions it is necessary, to irrigate the cotton-plant. Heavy rains at the ripening period are injurious, if not destructive, to the cotton-crop. Dry years produce the best returns, yet aqueous vapor in the air is necessary for the best yield. In colder localities the bolls or capsules continue to ripen after night-frosts prevent the forma- tion of new ones. Porous soils, resting on limestones and meta- morphic rocks, are eminently adapted for cotton-culture. The cane- brake-soil of the North-American cotton-regions absorbs ammonia to a prodigious extent. Gourliaea docorticans, Grisebach. The Chafiar of Argentina. Bears sweet pleasant fruits, and yields a tough valuable wood (Dr. Lorentz). in Extra- Tropical Countries. 173 Grevillea annulifera, F. v. Mueller. West-Australia. A tall brush or small tree, with highly orna- mental flowers. The seeds are comparatively large, of almond-taste, and the fruits produced copiously. The shrub will live in absolute desert-sands, where the other Australian proteaceous Nut-tree, Brabejum (Macadamia) ternifolium, could not exist. Well may we plead, that enlightened statesmanship should lastingly preserve at least on a few chosen spots also in South-Western Australia all the splendid Grevilleas and hundreds of other gay or remarkable plants, quite peculiar to that part of the world, where the endemism of vegetation is more singularly and strongly concentrated than any- where else on the globe, unless in South- Africa and California; so that future generations also may yet be able, to contemplate at least the local remnants of a world of plants as charming as it is diversified and peculiar, before many of its constituents succumb by aggress of herds and flocks altogether. Grevillea robusta, Cunningham. A beautiful lawn-tree, indigenous to the sub-tropical part of East- Australia, rising to 150 feet, of rather rapid growth, and resisting drought in a remarkable degree; hence one of the most eligible trees, even for desert-culture. Cultivated trees at Melbourne yield now an ample supply of seeds. The wood is elastic and durable, valued particularly for staves of casks, also for furniture. The richly developed golden-yellow trusses of flowers attract honey-sucking birds and bees through several months of the year. The seeds are copiously produced and germinate readily. Rate of growth in Victoria, 20-30 feet in 20 years. Grindelia squarrosa Dunal. North- America in the middle-regions, but extending also far north- ward. A perennial balsamic herb, praised for medicinal virtues in its native lands. Several congeners occur from California and Mexico to Chili and Argentina. G-. robusta (Nuttall) serves therapeutic pur- purposes in California. Guadua anglistifolia, Kunth. (Bambusa Guadua, HumboldtandBonpland.) New Granada, Ecuador and probably other of the Central Ameri- can States. This Bamboo attains a height of 40 feet, and might prove hardy in sheltered places of temperate low-lands. Holton re- marks of this species, that it is, after the plantain, maize and cane, the most indispensable plant of New Granada, and that it might be called the lumber-tree, as it supplies nearly all the fencing and wood-work of most of the houses, and is besides manufactured into all kinds of utensils. The genus Guadua comprises the stoutest of all Bamboos. Guadua latifolia, Kunth.* (Bambusa latlfolia, Humboldt and Bonpland.) One of the tall Bamboos of Central America, whence several other lofty Bamboos may be obtained, among them the almost climbing Chusqueas. This Guadua is stouter than any Indian Bamboo. In tropical America native Bamboos are planted for hedges. 174 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Guevina Avellana, Molina. (Quadria heterophylla, Ruiz and Pavon.) The evergreen Hazel-tree of Chili, extending to the Chonos- Archipelagus. One of the most beautiful trees in existence, attaining a height of 30 feet. The snowy white flower-spikes produced simul- taneously with the ripening of the coral-red fruit. In the cooler southern regions the tree attains considerable dimensions. The wood is tough and elastic, and used particularly for boat-building (Dr. Philippi). The fruit of the allied South- African Brabejum stella- tifolium (Linne) can only be utilized with caution and in a roasted state as an article of diet, because it is noxious or even absolutely poisonous in a raw state. Guizotia oleifera, De Candolle. India and probably also Abyssinia. Rantil-oil is pressed from the seeds of this annual herb, which yields its crop in three mouths. The oil is much used like Sesamum-oil, for culinary as well as for technic purposes. Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck. Caraccas to Patagonia, chiefly on cliffs. A most impressive plant for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves 8 feet broad and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous leaf-stalks serve as a vegetable; the thick roots are used for tanning and dyeing. G. peltata (Philippi) is another large species, restricted to Juan Fernan- dez. G. macrophylla (Blume) is a native of Java and Sumatra, where it occurs on mountains up to 6,000 feet elevation. Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck. The Chicot or Kentucky Coffee-tree. North-Eastern America. A timber- and avenue-tree, attaining a height of 80 feet: allied to Gleditschia, but, as the name implies, thornless. Delights in a rich soil and a sheltered position. Can be raised from cuttings of the roots. The wood is strong, tough, compact, fine-grained, and assumes a rosy color. The pods, preserved like those of Tamarinds, are said to be wholesome (Simmonds). Insects preying on the foliage of this tree are poisoned by it. It will bear the frosts of Norway to lat. 61° 17' (Schuebeler). Hagenia Abyssinica, Willdenow. (Bray era anthelmintica, Kunth.) Abyssinia, at elevations from 3,000 to 8,000 feet. A tall tree, admitted in this list, because its flowers have come into medicinal use. It is moreover quite eligible for ornamental plantations. Hancornia speciosa, Gomes. Brazil, to far southern regions, on sandy plains. This small tree may prove hardy in extra- tropic regions free of frost. The good-sized berries are of very pleasant taste, and vernacularly known as Man- gaihas. Most valuable is the very elastic rubber of this plant. Mr. Thomas Christie regards it superior to Para-Rubber, and worth at present 3s. per Ib. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 175 Hardwickia binata, Roxburgh. India, up to elevations of nearly 4,000 feet. Maximum height of tree 120 feet. Wood from red-brown to nearly black, close-grained, exceedingly hard, heavy and durable; valued for under-ground work. The bark furnishes easily a valuable material for cordage. The tree can readily be pollarded for cattle-fodder (Brandis). Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller. The Tulip-Wood of Queensland. One of the most important of the numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select cabinet-work. H. pendula (Planchon) is equally valuable. Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon. The Penny-royal of Eastern North-America. An annual herb of aromatic taste, employed in medicine. The volatile oil is also in use. Hedera Helix, Linne". The Ivy. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia as far as the Himalayas. Not to be omitted here, as it quickly forms evergreen walls over all kinds of fences and on sides of buildings without injuring any masonry; it is also a bee-plant for honey. Individual plants will live through several centuries. The variety with yellow- marked leaves is singularly .ornamental. Resists the smoky air of cities (London). Hederic acid is of medicinal value. A decoction of the leaves dyes hair black. Hedysarum coronarium, Linne".* The Soola-Clover. Southern Europe, Northern Africa. One of the best of perennial fodder-herbs, yielding a bulky return. It is also recommended as quite a handsome garden-plant. Heleocharis sphacelata, R. Brown. Australia, New Zealand and South-Sea Islands. This rush is well deserving, to be transferred to any swamps in warmer climes on account of its nutritious and palatable tubers. Heleocharis tuberosa, Roemer and Schultes. China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be sub- jected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its edible whole- some tubers. H. plantaginea (Brown) and H. fistulosa (Schultes) of tropical Asia and Madagascar are allied plants. Helianthus animus, Linne".* The Sun-Flower. Peru. This tall, showy and large-flowered annual is not without industrial importance. As much as fifty bushels of seeds, or rather seed-like nutlets, have been obtained from an acre under very favorable circumstances, and as much as fifty gallons of oil can be pressed from such a crop. The latter can be used not only for machinery, but even as one of the best for the table; also for superior toilet-soaps and for painting ; it belongs to the series of drying-oils. Otherwise the seeds afford an excellent fodder for fowl; 176 Select Plants for Industrial Culture they are also used for cakes, and afford a substitute for coffee, according to Professor Keller. The leaves serve for fodder. The large flower-heads are important as yielding much honey The stalks furnish a good textile fibre, and the blossoms yield a brilliant lasting yellow dye. About six pounds of seed are required for an acre. The plant likes calcareous soil. Important also for quickly raising vegeta- tion around fever-morasses, the absorbing and exhaling power of this plant being very large (Dr. v. Hamm). The Sun-Flower, according to Lacoppidan, will exhale 1| Ib. of water during a hot day. Several North- American species may deserve rural culture. The return from a Sun-Flower field is attained within a few months. In Norway it can be grown to lat. 70° 4' (Schuebeler); yet it will, according to the Rev. H. Kempe, also endure the excessive summer heat of Central Australia better than any other cultivated herb yet tried there. Helianthus tuberosus, Lhm<$.* Brazil. Sun-Flower Artichoke, inappropriately passing under the name " Jerusalem-Artichoke," instead of " Girasol- Artichoke." The wild state, according to Professor Asa G-ray, seems to be the North- American H. doronicoides (Lamarck). The tubers are saccharine and serve culinary purposes. As a fodder they increase the milk of cows to an extraordinary degree. The foliage serves well also as fodder. The plant is propagated from the smallest but undivided tubers, placed like potatoes, but at greater distances apart. The root is little sus- ceptible to frost. The plant would be valuable for alpine regions. In Norway it can be grown successfully still at lat. 68° 24' (Schue- beler). The yield is as large as that of potatoes, with less labor, and continues from year to year in fairly treated land uninterruptedly and spontaneously. The stem is rich in textile fibre. The percentage of crystalline sugar is largest during the cold season, then 5-6 per cent. During the summer the starch-like inulin prevails. This plant can only be broughf to full perfection in a soil rich in potash. Helichrysura lucidum, Henckel. (H. bracteatum, Willdenow.) Throughout the greater part of Australia. H. lucidum can be grown as a summer-plant to lat. 70° 4' in Norway (Schuebeler). The regular cultivation of this perennial herb would be remunerative, to supply its everlasting flowers for wreaths, just as those of H. orientale (Tournefort) from Candia are largely grown and sold in South- Europe, to provide wreaths for graves. Furthermore, the lovely Helipterum Mauglesii (F. v. M.) from West- Australia could for the same purposes be reared on a large scale with several other Australian everlastings. Some South-African species of Helichrysum and Helipterum are also highly eligible for these purposes of decoration ; as such may be mentioned Helichrysum f ulgidum (Willdenow), H. sesamoides (Thunberg), H. vestitum (Leasing); Helipterum canescens, H. eximium and H. speciosissimum (De Candolle). Helichrysum apiculatum (De Candolle) affords herbage in the worst deserts of Australia. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 177 Heliotropium Peruvianum, Linn<$. Andes of South- America. A perennial somewhat shrubby plant. Among various species of Heliotrope this one can best be utilized for the extraction of the scented oil. Heliotropin obtainable from this and allied plants has been produced synthetically also. Helleborus niger, Brunfels. Forest-mountains of Middle and Southern Europe, particularly in sub-alpine regions. The Christmas-rose of British Gardens. A perennial handsome herb, remarkable for flowering even in cold countries during mid-winter. The roots are used in medicine; so those of H. viridis (Linne) from the same region, particularly where lime prevails in the soil. Helvella esculenta, Persoon. Europe. Dr. Goeppert notes among saleable Silesian mushrooms for table-use this species as well as H. gigas (Krombholz) and H. infula (Fries). Kohlrausch and Siegel found in H. esculenta when dried 26 per cent, of protein, against the following other results : in beef 39 per cent., in veal 44, wheat-bread 8, oatmeal 10, pulse 27 potatoes 5, various mushrooms often 33 per cent. Of course starch, sugar, inulin, pectin, gum and even fibre have to be further taken into consideration in these calculations on value of nutriments. The dele- terious principle of H. esculenta needs to be removed by repeated treatment with boiling water, or by keeping the dried fungus for about a year before it is used for the kitchen. Dr. M. C. Cooke mentions as fair English substitutes of Morels Helvella lacunosa (Afzelius) and H. mitra (Linne). Bergner and Trog illustrate as edible among fungs of Switzerland H. crispa (Fries). Hemarthria compressa, R. Brown. Southern Asia, Southern Africa, extra-tropical Australia. This perennial grass, though somewhat harsh, is recommendable for moist pastures, and will retain a beautiful greenness throughout the year in dry climes ; highly esteemed by graziers in Gippsland (Victoria); it is not injured by moderate frost. H. uncinata is a mere variety, which grows down to high-water mark on estuaries of rivers ; also otherwise on somewhat saline ground. H. fasciculata (Kunth) occurs around the Mediterranean Sea. The genus is also represented by one species in the warmer litoral regions of America. Heracleum Sibiricum, Linn<$. Colder regions of Europe and Asia. A very tall biennial herb with leaves of enormous size. Recently recommended for sheep- fodder in alpine regions. This plant could also be turned to account for scenic effect in horticulture, as well as H. dulce (Fischer) of Kamtschatka. Heterothalamus brunioides, Lessing. Southern Brazil and Argentina. A dwarf shrub, furnishing the yellow Romerillo-dye from its flowers. 178 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Hibiscus Cannabinus, Linn£. (H. radiatus, Cavanilles.) Tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. An annual showy herb, yielding the Garnbo-Hemp. Stems to 12 feet high, without rami- fication if closely sawn. Rich soil on the Nile has yielded over 3,000 Ibs. of clear fibre from one acre. The bearing strength is often found to be more than that of the Sunn-fibre. The leaves serve as sorrel- spinage. Several other Hibisci can be utilized in the same manner. Good fibre is also obtained from Sida rhombifolia (Linne). Hibiscus esculentus, Linn£. Tropical Africa. A tall herb. The unripe mucilaginous seed- capsules are known as Ochro, Okra Bandakai or Gumbo, and used as a culinary vegetable. The summers of Victoria bring them to maturity. The Ochro can be preserved by being dried either in the sun or by artificial heat after previous slicing. The leaves of this and allied species can be used as pot-herbs. The seeds retain their vitality for about five years (Vilmoriu). In hot moist countries also multiplied from cuttings, and there growing with amazing quickness. Dr. A. Gibson pronounces the Ochro quite a safe food, even when extensively consumed. Hibiscus Ludwigii, Ecklon and Zeyher. South-Africa. A tall, shrubby and highly ornamental species, desirable also as yielding a fibre of fair strength and toughness. Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Linn£. Tropical Asia and Africa. A showy annual plant, occasionally of more than one year's duration, admitting of culture in the warmer temperate regions ; it is however cut down by frost. It yields the Rosella-fibre. The acidulous calyces furnish a delicious sorrel and rosella-jellies, particularly relished in hot climes. H. punctatus (Dalzell and Gibson) is mentioned as an annual fibre-plant, occurring in Sindh and Mooltan ; H. tetraphyllus (Roxburgh) is noted by Prof. Wiesner as an annual Indian fibre-plant also. Hierochloa redolens, R. Brown. South-Eastern Australia, there almost confined to the Alps; also in New Zealand, in the Antarctic Islands and the southern extremity of America. A tall, perennial, blady grass, with the odor of Anthoxan- thum. It is worthy of dissemination on moist pasture-land in cool countries. H. borealis of the colder regions of the northern hemi- sphere accompanies H. redolens in the south, but is a smaller grass. These grasses are to some extent valuable for their fragrance as con- stituents of hay, the odorous principle, as in Anthoxanthum, Melilotus and Asperula, being cumarin. Hierochloas are particularly appro- priate for cold, wet, moory grounds. Hippocrepis comosa, Linn4. The Horse-shoe Vetch. Middle and Southern Europe, North- Africa. A perennial fodder-herb, not without importance. Likes in Extra-Tropical Countries. 179' stony ground, and delights like most leguminous herbs in limestone- soil. The foliage is succulent and nutritions. Professor Langethal recommends it for a change after Sainfoin-pastures fail. It furnishes not quite as much but an earlier fodder. Holcus lanatus, Linn£. Velvet-grass or Meadow-Softgrass, also known as Yorkshire-fog. Europe, North-Africa, Middle Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 63° 34'. A well-known and easily disseminated perennial pasture- grass, of considerable fattening property. For rich soil better grasses can be chosen, but for moist, moory or sandy lands and also for forests it is one of the most eligible pasture-grasses, yielding an abundant and early crop; it is however rather disliked by cattle as well as horses. One of the best rural grasses in recently cleared forest- ground, not — like Cocksfoot-grass and particularly Rye-grass — apt to be attacked by caterpillars; also suited for suppressing bracken-ferns after they have been burnt down. Recommendable also for newly drained land. Does thrive according to the Rev. H. Kempe in the hottest and driest regions of Central Australia. The chemical analysis . made in full spring gave the followg results: — Albumen, 3*20; gluten, 4-11; starch, O72; gum, 3'08; sugar, 4'56 per cent. (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). Holcus mollis, Linn<$. Creeping Softgrass. Of nearly the same geographic range and utility as the preceding species. Particularly adapted to sandy forest- land. Grown in Norway to lat. 63° 7' (Schuebeler). Holoptelea integrifblia, Planchoii. ( Ulmus integrifolia, Roxburgh. ) The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to sub-alpine regions. A large tree, with timber of good caiality. Foliage deci- duous. Hordeum andicola, Grisebach. Argentina. Pronounced by Prof. Hieronymus as an excellent pasture-grass of the Sierras. Hordeum deficiens, Steudel. The Red- Sea Barley. One of the two-rowed barleys cultivated in Arabia and Abyssinia. Allied to this is H. macrolepis, (A. Braun),. a native of Abyssinia. Hordeum distichon, C. Bauhin.* Wild from Arabia to Central Asia (A. de Candolle). Cultivated as early as the stone-age (Heer). The ordinary Two-rowed Barley. To this species belong the ordinary English barley, the Chevalier, the Annat, the Dunlop, the Long-eared, the Black, the Large, the Italian and the Golden barley, along with other kinds. A variety with grains free from the bracts constitutes the Siberian- and the Haliday-barley, which however is less adapted for malt. Dry barley- flour, heated at the temperature of boiling water during several hours 180 Select Plants for Industrial Culture under the exclusion of atmospheric air, constitutes Hufeland's meal for invalids. Barley-culture can be carried on even in alpine regions. Marly and calcareous lands are particularly fit for rearing this cereal grass. It resists moderate spring-frosts. As much as 100 bushels of Cape-barley have been obtained from an acre of land in volcanic soil of Victoria as a first harvest. Hordeum hexastichon, Linne.* Orient. The regular Six-rowed Barley. In cultivation already during the stone-age (Heer). This includes among other varieties the Red, the Scotch, the Square- and the Bear-barley. Seeds less uniform in size than those of H. distichon. The so-called skinless variety is that, in which the grain separates from the bracts. Lange- thal observes, that it is most easily raised, requires less seed-grain than ordinary barley, has firmer stems, is less subject to the rust- disease and to bending down. Hordeum secalinum, Schreber.* (H. nodosum, Smith ; H. pratense, Hudson. ) Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. Perennial. Famed as the best fattening grass of many of the somewhat brackish marsh-pastures on the North Sea. It never fruits, when kept down by cattle, and finally suppresses nearly all other grasses and weeds. Hordeum vulgare, Linne.* Orient. The Four-rowed Barley, though rather six-rowed with two prominent rows. Of less antiquity than H. distichon and H. hexastichon. Several varieties occur, among them: the Spring- and Winter-barley, Black barley, the Russian, the French, the Naked and the Wheat-barley. Pearl-barley is obtained from the winter-variety, which also surpasses Summer-barley in rigor of stems and rich and early yield, it being the earliest cereal in the season; the straw is copious and nutritious, and the grain is rich in gluten, hence far better adapted for flour than for malt. Summer-barley also passes under the name of Sand-barley. It is inferior in yield to H. distichon, but is content with a less fertile, even sandy soil, and comes to ripeness in a month's less time. In alpine regions it ripens with a summer of sixty or seventy days without frost. In Norway it can be grown to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). The Naked barley is superior to many other varie- ties for peeled barley, but inferior for brewing; the grain is also apt to drop (Langethal). Malt is important as an antiscorbutic remedy. Chemical principles of malt: asparagin, a protein substance, diastase, an acid and cholesterin fat. Maltine is a therapeutic extract. Hordeum zeocriton, Linne.* Central Asia. A Two-rowed Barley. To this species belong the Sprat, the Battledore, the Fulham- and the Putney-barley, the Rice- barley, the Turkish barley and the Dinkel. This species might be regarded as a variety of H. distichon. The grains do not drop spon- taneously, and this kind is securer than others against sparrows; requires however a superior soil and is harder in straw (Laugethal). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 181 Hovenia dulcis, Thunberg. Himalaya, China, Japan. The pulpy frnit-stalks of this tree are edible. H. inasqualis (De Candolle) and H. acerba (Lindley) are mere varieties of this species. Hunrulus lupulus, Linne.* The Hop-plant. Temperate zone of Europe, Asia and North- America. Very hardy, being indigenous in Norway to lat. 64° 12' and cultivated to lat. 69° 40' (Schuebeler). This twining perennial unisexual plant is known to yield enormously on river-banks in rich soil or on fertile slopes, where irrigation can be effected. A pervious, specially alluvial soil, fertile through manure or otherwise, appliances for irrigation natural or artificial, and also shelter against storms are some of the conditions for success in hop-growth, and under such conditions the raising of hops will prove thus far profitable in coun- tries and localities of very different mean-temperature. A dry summer season is favorable to the ripening and gathering of hops. On the Mitchell-River, in Gippsland, 1,500 Ibs. have been obtained from an acre; on the King-River in Victoria even as much as 2,286 Ibs. in one particular year. In Tasmania large crops have been realized for very many years. The plant might be readily naturalized on river- banks and in forest-valleys. The scaly fruit-catkins form the com- mercial hops, whose value largely depends on the minute glandular granules of lupuline. Hops impart their flavor to beer, prevent acetous fermentation, and precipitate albuminous substances from the malt principally by their tannic acid. Hop-pillows are recommended to overcome want of sleep. Many of the substitutes for hops are objectionable or deleterious. The refuse of hops of breweries possess double the value of stable-manure. Great Britain imported in 1884 nearly 13,000 tons of hops valued at £1,600,000. Active principles of hop-leaves and fruits : a peculiar volatile and bitter acid substance. The fibre of the stem can be made into cords and paper. The young shoots can be used for food, dressed like asparagus. Hydnum coralloides, Scopoli. Europe, Asia, North- and South-America. In Cashmere, where it inhabits hollow trunks of Pinus Webbiana, called the Koho-Khur. Common on dead wood in forests in the United States. Cooked, of excellent taste. Hydnum imbricatum, In pine-forests of Europe. A wholesome mushroom of delicious taste, which we should endeavour to naturalize in any pine-planta- tions. Other recommendable European species are, H. erinaceum (Persoon), H. album (Persoon), H. diversidens (Fries), H. auriscal- pium (Linne), H. subsquamosum (Batsch), H. laevigatum (Swartz), H. violascens (Albertini), H. infundibulum (Swartz), H. fuligineo- album (Schmitz), H. graveolens (Brotero), H. Caput Medusae (Nees), H. hystrix (Fries). These and some other edible fungi are given on 182 Select Plants for Industrial Culture the authority of Rosenthal's valuable work. The Rev. M. J. Berkeley, Dr. Morren and Dr. Goeppert add HydDum repaudum (Linne) and H. suaveolens (Scopoli). Hydrangea Thunbergi, Siebold. Japan. The leaves of this shrub give a peculiar tea, called the " Tea of Heaven." Hydrastis Canadensis, Linne". The Yellow Puccoon or Golden Seal. Eastern North- America. A perennial herb, utilized in medicine. The root contains two alkaloids, berberin and hydrastin. The root-dye is of a brilliant yellow, admitting of its use with indigo for rich green colors. Hymeneea Courbaril, Linne". Tropical and Southern sub-tropical America. A tree of colossal size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard, extremely heavy, close- grained, used for select wheel-work, treenails, beams and planks, also in various machinery. Courbaril-wood exceeds the British oak four times in elasticity and nearly three' times in resistance to fracture (Lapparents). A fragrant amber-like resin, known as West-Indian Copal, exudes from the stem. The Mexican trade-name of the resin is Coapinole. The beans of the pod are lodged in a mealy pulp of » honey-like taste, which can be used for food. The chance of the adaptability of this remarkable tree to the warmer temperate zone needs to be ascertained. This is one of the Algaroba- trees. Hymenanthera Banksii, F. v. Mueller. South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk-Island. A tall spiny shrub, well adapted for close hedges, where rapid growth is not required. It stands clipping well. Flowers profusely fragrant, hence this plant is among those best to be chosen for maintaining succes- sively a strong fragrance in gardens during the whole year in serene climes. Hyoscyamus niger, Limie". The Henbane. Europe, North-Africa, extra-tropical Asia. In Norway indigenous to lat. 63° 35'. An important medicinal herb of one or two years' duration. It contains a peculiar alkaloid, — hyoscyamin. Hyphsene Argun, Martins. Nubia, to 21° north-latitude. Possibly hardy anywhere on lowlands in the warmer temperate zone. Hypheene coriacea, Gaertner. Equatorial Eastern Africa; the dichotomous Palm of the sea- coast-regions. It attains a height of 80 feet. Deserving of cultural trials in cooler latitudes. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 183 Hyphaene crinita, Gaertner. (H. Thebaica, Martius.) The Gingerbread-Palm or Doum-Palm. Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia and Egypt, as far as 31° north latitude, and southward to the Zam- besi, Nyassa and Sofala. In Arabia to 28° north latitude (Schwein- furth); up to the plateau of Abyssinia (Drude). It is much branched, and attains a height of about 30 feet. The mealy husk of the fruit is edible. Grows away from the sea. Hypheene ventricosa, Kirk. Zambesi. Loftier than the other species. Stem turgid towards the middle. Fruit large. Perhaps not absolutely requiring a tropical clime. Hypochoeris apargioides, Hooker and Arnott. Chili. A perennial herb. The root is used for culinary purposes like that of the Scorzonera Hispanica. Hypoclic0ris Scorzonerse, F. v. Mueller. (Achyrophorus Scorzonerce, D.C.) Chili. Of the same use as H. apargioides. Allied species of pro- bably similar utility exist in Western South- America. Hyssopus officinalis, Linne". South-Europe, South- Western Asia. A perennial herb, discarded and re-introduced in medicine. The essential oil of this herb is also used for some perfumeries. Ilex Aquifolium, Linne". The Holly. Europe, Western Asia. In some cold regions the only evergreen tree not coniferous. Known to have attained an age of more than 150 years, a height of 60 feet, and a stem-circumference of 8|- feet. It yields a wood for ornamental turnery, mathematic and other instruments, remarkable for its almost whitish paleness. In Norway it is indigenous to lat. 63° 7', and in lat. 59° 45' it at- tained still a height of nearly 50 feet (Professor Schuebeler). Ilex Cassine, Linne". Southern States of North- America. A tea-bush, to which also remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed. Ilex opaca (Aiton) attains a height of over 50 feet in Alabama. Ilex crenata, Thunberg. Japan. The wood employed there for superior kinds of wood- cuts. This shrub proved hardy in Holland (C. Koch). Ilex Integra, Thunberg. Japan. Bird-lime can be prepared from the bark of this and several other hollies; from this species at the rate of 10 per cent. Ilex Paraguensis, St. Hilaire. The Mate. Uruguay, Paraguay and Southern Brazil. This Holly-bush, which attains the size of a small tree, is inserted in this list rather as a stimulating medicinal plant than as a substitute for the N 184 Select Plants for Industrial Culture ordinary Tea-plant, although in its native country it is very exten- sively used as such. From the province of Parana alone more than 36 million pounds were exported in 1871, besides 9 million pounds used for home-consumption; while in Rio Grande de Sul the local provincial consumption is nearly four times as much, not counting large quantities consumed by the aboriginal race. It is cheaper than coffee or tea (about 5d. per pound), but an individual there uses about 1 Ib. per week. It has a pleasant aroma, can be taken with milk and sugar, and is the favorite beverage in large portions of South- America (Dr. Macedo Soares). The leaves destined for the Mate are slightly roasted. I. Dahoon (Walter) and I. dipyrena (Wallace) are used for the same purpose, and probably other hollies may be found occasionally fair substitutes. I. theezans (Martius) also yields in Southern Brazil a kind of Mate. Chemical principles: coffein, quina-acid and a peculiar tannic acid, which latter can be converted into viridin-acid. Hex verticillata, Gray. (Prinos verticillatus, Linne". ) Eastern North-America. There the bark much used for medicinal purposes, both externally and internally. Illicium anisatura, Linne*. China and Japan. The Star-Anis. An evergreen shrub or small tree. The starry fruits used in medicine and as a condiment. Their flavor is derived from a peculiar volatile oil with anethol. This species and a few others also deserve culture as ornamental bushes. Illipe butyracea, F. v. Mueller. (Bassia butyracea, Roxburgh.) India, up to 4,500 feet. A tree, gaining a height of 50 feet. The pulp of the fruit is edible. The seeds yield a soft fat. Illipe latifolia, F. v. Mueller. (Bassia latifolia, Roxburgh.) The " Mahwa." Central India. A tree to 50 feet high, content with dry, stony ground ; enduring slight frost. The succulent corolla affords a never-failing crop of nourishing food to the rural inhabi- tants. Each tree supplies 2 to 3 cwt., each hundredweight yields on distillation about 3 gallons of spirit; essential oil is also obtained from the corolla. The flowers are also used for feeding cattle; they will keep for a long time. The seeds yield oil of thick consistence. I. neriifolia is an allied species, which ascends to 4,000 feet. Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo. South-Europe, North-Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, Aus- tralia, Polynesia. The Lalong-grass of India. Almost a sugar-cane in miniature. Valuable for binding sand, especially in wet localities. Difficult to eradicate. Available also for thatching. Indigofera Anil, Linne". Recorded as indigenous to the West-Indies, and extending naturally through continental America from Carolina to Brazil. A shrub, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 185 several feet high. Pods sickle-shaped, short, compressed. One of the principal Indigo-plants under cultivation both in the eastern and western hemisphere. Only in the warmer parts of the temperate zone can we hope to produce indigo with remunerative success. But many of the hardier species seem never yet to have been tested for pigment. Over 100 have already been recorded from extra-tropical Southern Africa alone. An Indigofera of Georgia, said to be wild, perhaps I. Anil, yields an excellent product. The pigment in all instances is obtained by maceration of the foliage, aeration of the liquid and inspissation of the sediment. Indigofera argentea, Linn£. (7. ccerulea, Roxburgh.) Tropical and extra-tropical Northern Africa, Arabia and perhaps India. A shrub, several feet high, closely allied to I. Anil, and like- wise a good Indigo-plant. Indigofera tinctoria, Linn^.* Warmest parts of Asia, as far east as Japan; recorded also from tropical Africa and even Natal as wild and seemingly also indigenous to Northern Queensland. A shrubby plant, attaining a height of 6 feet. Pods straight, cylindical, many-seeded. Extensively cultivated in warm zones for indigo, and probably hardy in warm temperate regions. The plant is frequently sold fresh by the grower to the factories. The Indigo-plant requires a rich friable soil, neither too moist nor too dry. The seeds are sown in furrows about a foot apart, and in hot damp climes the plant can be cut in about two months, as soon as it begins to flower; in six or eight weeks it yields a second crop, and under favorable circumstances as many as four crops can be gathered in a year. The plants have to be renewed every year, as the old ones do not yield an abundant produce. Bright sunshine favors the development of the dye-principle, but frequent rains cause a more luxuriant growth (Hartwig). In 1884 Great Britain imported 1 04,000 cwt. of Indigo, valued at £2,484,000. Inula Helenium, Linn£. The Elecampane. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia east- ward to Japan. A perennial herb. The bitter and somewhat aromatic root, for the sake of its stimulating and tonic properties used in medi- cine. It contains also the amylaceous inulin and the crystalline helenin. With many other large herbs adaptable for scenic effects. Ipomcea Batatas, Poiret.* (Batatas edulis, Choisy.) The Sweet Potato. Tropical South-America. First brought to Europe from Brazil. It has proved well adapted also for the southern part of Australia and for New Zealand. The tuberous roots afford a palatable food, more nutritious than ordinary potatoes; they can also be well utilized for starch. Varieties with red, white and yellow roots occur. Each tuber weighs generally from 3 to 5 Ibs., but may occasionally attain to 56 Ibs. The yield is . 200 to 800 bushels from an acre. N2 186 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Ipomcea Batatilla, G. Don. Cooler regions of Venezuela. The tubers serve as sweet potatoes. I. platanifolia (Roemer and Schultes), from Central America, and I. m'ammosa (Choisy), from Amboina, are similarly useful. Ipomcea Calobra, Hill and Mueller. Eastern Central Australia. Hardy in the South of France (Prof. Naudin). The stems cover the ground for a radius of several yards; the spots becoming picturesque by the showy large flowers for 8 months in the year; the tubers are formed at 4 or 5 yards' distance along running roots, weigh from 5 to 30 lbs.,.and are a fair esculent. The plant likes a ferruginous loam (Rev. Dr. Woolls). Ipomcea costata, F. v. Mueller. Central and North-Western Australia. Produces edible tubers. Ipomcea graminea, R. Brown. Tropical Australia. The root, called " Mallamak," is eaten by the natives either raw or cooked (Foelsche). Ipomcea magapotamica, Choisy. Southern Brazil and Argentina. The root attains several pounds weight, and serves as jalap. Propagation by pieces of the root or from cuttings of the underground-stem. Ipomoea paniculata, R. Brown. Almost a cosmopolitan plant on tropical coasts ; so also indigenous to North- Australia and the warmer parts of East- Australia. The tubers of this species also are edible. If hardy, the plant would de- serve cultivation in any mild extra-tropical countries. Ipomcea pes caprae, Roth. Tropical and sub-tropical sea-shores of both hemispheres.. Can be used in coast-regions free of frost, to bind drift-sand. Preferentially chosen for this purpose by Colonel Worster in Madras. IpomcBa purga, Wenderoth. Mountains of Mexico. The true Jalap. This species yields the medicinal jalap-root. It has recently been cultivated with apparent success even at New York, and is therefore entitled to a trial in warm woodlands. Active principle : the resinous convolvulin. I. Oriza- bensis (Ledanois) also yields jalap, according to Hanbury. Ipomcea simulans, Hanbury. Mexico. From this species the Tampico-jalap, or rather the Sierra- Gorda-jalap, is derived. I. operculata (Martius) yields the Brazilian jalap. Iris Florentina, Linne". Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The well-known " Orris- root " is obtained from this species. Of the same geographic range in Extra-Tropical Countries. 187 is Iris juncea (Poiret), the edible root of which is known by the name of-Zeloak among the Algerian natives (Simmonds). I. versicolor (Linne) of North-America is there drawn into medicinal use. Isatis indigotica, Fortune. Northern China. Perennial, almost shrubby. Its use is similar to that of the following plant. Isatis tinctoria, Linn<$. " Dyer's Woad." From the Mediterranean regions through part of the Orient, apparently extending as far as Japan. In Norway it is hardy to lat. 67° 16' (Schuebeler). A tall herb of two years' dura- tion. The blue dye is obtained from the fermented leaves. Woad succeeds best in rich limestone-ground. Contains luteolin. Many other species of Isatis, mostly Asiatic, may perhaps produce dye with equal advantage. Boissier enumerates twenty-eight kinds merely as Oriental. Jacaranda mimosifolia, D. Don. Brazil. This tree, with J. Braziliana and J. obtusifolia (Humboldt), furnishes a beautiful and fragrant kind of Palixander- or Palissandre- wood, and so do probably some other tropical American species. This wood is bluish-red, traversed by blackish veins. J. mimosifolia is hardy at Melbourne, soon recovering from the injuries of our slight nocturnal frosts, and thus may perhaps be reared with advantage in many of the warmer and moister regions of the temperate zone. Jacksonia cupulifera, Meissner. West-Australia. It might prove an advantage, to disseminate this small tree in arid desert-regions, as horses and cattle relish the foliage amazingly. Several other Jacksonias share the local renown, which this congener of theirs has acquired from its utility as a pasture- bush. Jasmirmm grandiflorum, Linn<$.* From India to Japan. Flowers white. Extensively cultivated in South-Europe. It is planted in rows 3 feet apart. Leek, tuberoses and similar plants are used, to occupy the spare-ground for the first year ; 1,000 plants in the second year after grafting produce 50 kilos (about 1 cwt.) of flowers in rich soil. Ten thousand Ibs. can be pro- duced on a hectare (nearly 2j acres), which under very favorable cir- cumstances will realize a profit of £230 per annunl. Dr. Piesse records, that in very recent times at Grasse, Cannes and the adjoining villages about 100,000 Ibs. of Jasmin-flowers were gathered annually for perfumery-purposes. The plants must be guarded against frost and exposure to wind (Deherain). In France this jasmin is generally grafted .on J. officinale. The bushes are richly manured and well watered. Ordinary cleft-grafting is practised, the stock being headed down to near the ground. A good workman and assistant will graft about 1,000 plants in a day. The delicate scent is withdrawn, either 188 Select Plants for Industrial Culture by fixed oil or fat through alcohol, if not required by itself, or it may be drawn over along with oil of orange-peel. The pecuniary yield obtainable from Jasmin-cultivation seems vastly overrated, even if inexpensive labor could be produced. Jasminum odoratissimum, Linnpulus trenmloides, Michaux. The North- American Aspen. Ascends to alpine elevations of about 10,000 feet; easily disseminated. Height to as much as 50 feet. The wood is whitish, soft, readily worked, and can be converted into paper-pulp; also of this a weeping variety occurs; the tree ex- tends westward to California. All poplars might be planted in gullies, like willows, to intercept forest-fires; also generally on river-banks. They are also valuable honey-yielders (Prof. Cook). All can easily be propagated from cuttings, and are of quick growth. >pulus trichocarpa, Torrey and Gray! From British Columbia to California. One of the " Cottonwood"- trees." The stem attains a diameter of 5 feet, and is used by the autochthones for canoes (Dr. G. Dawson). D 2 298 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Portulacaria Afra, Jacquin. South-Africa. A shrub, rising to 12 feet, called " Spekboom/' Affords locally the principal food for elephants; excellent also for sheep-pasture, according to Professor McOwan; hence this succulent shrub may deserve naturalization on stony ridges and in sandy desert- land, not readily otherwise utilized. Pouzolzia tuberosa, Wight. India. The turnip-shaped root of this herb is edible. The plant may prove hardy in extra-tropic frostless regions, and its root may improve in culture. Prangos pabularia, Lindley. Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb, much relished by sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities and deserving naturalization on alpine pasture-grounds. Other perennial species exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on the Atlas, the Caucasus and the Indian highlands. P. pabularia is regarded by some as the Silphium of Arrianus. Prestoa pubigera, J. Hooker. (Hyospathe pubigera, Grisebach.) Trinidad. At an elevation of about 3,000 feet (Krueger). The stem of this palm attains only about 12 feet in height. Valuable among the dwarf .palms, now so much sought for table- and window- decoration. Plinglea antiscorbutica, "W. Anderson and R. Brown.* The Cabbage or Horse-radish of Kerguelen's Island. • The peren- nial long roots taste somewhat like horse-radish. The leaves in never- ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into heads, beneath which the annual flower-stalks arise. The plant ascends mountains in its deso- late native island to the height of 1 ,400 feet, but luxuriates most on the sea-border. To arctic and other antarctic countries it would be a boon. Probably it would live on our Alps. Whalers might bring us the roots and seeds of this remarkable plant, which seems never to have entered into culture yet. The plant was used as cabbage by the celebrated Captain Cook and all subsequent navigators, touching at yonder remote spot, and it proved to possess powerful properties against scurvy. Sir Joseph Hooker observes, that Pringlea can sectionally be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a pungent volatile oil. Through culture important new culinary varie- ties may probably be raised from this plant. This vegetable in its natural growth tastes like mustard and cress ; but when boiled it proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the ordinary cab- bage. Priva Isevis, Jussieu. Chili, Argentina. A perennial herb, the small tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 299 Prosopis alba, Grisebach. La Plata-States. A tree, rising finally to about 40 feet, with a stem-diameter to 3 feet. The fruit, known as Algaroba blanca, is considered wholesome and nutritious. The tree yields also tan-bark. P. nigra (Hieronymus) serves in Argentina similar purposes also. Prosopis dulcis, Kunth. From California and Texas to the southern parts of the La Plata- States. Vernacularly known as the.Cashaw- Mesquite- or Algaroba- tree. A thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree of 30 feet height, with a stem 2^ feet in diameter; adapted for live-fences. The wood is durable and of extraordinary strength and excessive hardness, fit for select furniture particularly, assuming when polished the appear- ance of mahogany. This is one of the species yielding the sweetish Algaroba-pods for cattle-fodder, and utilized even in some instances for human food. The pods of the various kinds of Prosopis are adapted only for such animals as chew the cud, and thus get rid of distending gases (R. Russell). Argentina Algaroba-pods contain, according to Sievert, 25 to 28 per cent, grape-sugar, 1 1 to 17 per cent, starch, 7 to 11 per cent, protein, of organic acids, pectin and other non-nitrogenous nutritive substances 14 to 24 per cent. They are also comparatively rich in potash, lime and phosphoric acid. A spark- ling drink called Aloja is made of the fruits. This and some allied species yield the Algarobylla-bark for tanning; the leaves contain, according to Sievert, 21 per cent, tannin. The pods also of several species are rich in tannic acid. Mere varieties, according to Bentham, are: P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P. glandulosa. Particu- larly the latter variety exudes a gum not unlike gum-arabic, and this is obtained at times so copiously, that children could earn two to three dollars a day in Texas while gathering it, latterly about 40,000 Ibs. being bought by druggists there. A short communication on the American Algaroba-trees was presented to the Parliament of Victoria by the writer in 1871. Pods of some Prosopis, used as fodder, have caused the death of horses in Jamaica by overfeeding. Prosopis pubescens, Bentham. The Tornillo or Screw-bean. Texas, California, Mexico. The pods ripen at all seasons and contain much saccharine nutritive sub- stance (J. S. Gamble). Likely available for hedges with other species of other countries. Seeds can be converted into food (Sar- gent). Not resisting climatic vicissitudes so well as P. dulcis. Prosopis spicigera, Linn£. India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also producing edible pods and enduring some frost. It attains a height of 60 feet, but is of slow growth (Brandis). Serves for hedge-lines. It can be chosen for desert-land (Kurz). Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth. Syria and Persia. A shrubby species for hedge-growth. 300 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Prostanthera lasiantha, Labillardi&re. South-Eastern Australia and Tasmania. Confined to the banks of forest-streams. The only one among more than 2,500 Labiatse which becomes a good-sized tree, reaching a height of fully 60 feet, Wood useful for many technologic purposes. The leaves of this and its many congeners afford on distillation aromatic oils. Protea mellifera, Thunberg. South- Africa. This tall bush is deserving a place among the plants of this work, not only in view of its gaudy ornamental aspect, but also on account of the richdom of honey-nectar in its large in- florescence. Pmnus Americana, Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton.) Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny tree, furnish- ing the Yellow and Red Plum of North- America. Hardy in Norway northward to lat. 65° (Schuebeler). The fruit is roundish and rather small, but of pleasant taste. All kinds of Prunus are impor- tant to the apiary. Pmnus Amygdalus, J. Hooker.* (Amygdalus communis, Linn£.) The Almond-tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea and South- Western Asia ; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kurdestan, Turkestan and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart). Both the sweet and bitter almond are derived from this species. The cost of gathering the crop in South-Europe is about 20 per cent, of its- market-value. Their uses and the value of the highly palatable oil, obtained by pressure from them, are well known. This oil can well be chosen as a means of providing a pleasant substitute for milk during sea- voyages, by mixing with it, when required, half its weight of powdered gum-arabic, and adding then successively, while quickly agitating iu a stone-mortar, about double the quantity of water; thus a palatable and wholesome sort of cream for tea or coffee is obtained at any moment. There exist hard- and soft-shelled varieties of both the sweet and bitter almond. Almonds can even be grown on sea- shores. The tree bears the climate of Christiania in Norway (Professor Schuebeler). The crystalline amygdalin can best be prepared from bitter almonds, through removing the oil by pressure, theri subjecting them to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with ether. The volatile bitter almond-oil — a very dangerous liquid — is obtained by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in alcohol it forms the essence of almonds. This can also be prepared from peach kernels. The almond-tree is one of the aptest, to be chosen as a standard of comparison with other kinds of trees (as well as other plants) for records of synchronous flowering time. Prunus Armeniaca, Linn& (Ai~meni,aca vulgaris, Lamarck.) The Apricot-tree. China, as already indicated by Roxburgh, not indigenous in Armenia. Cultivated up to 10,000 feet in the Hima- layas. Professor C. Koch points to the alliance of this tree to- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 301 P. Sibirica (Linne), and he considers P. dasycarpa (Ehrhart) to be a hybrid between the apricot- and. plum-tree. A variety of apricot occurs with a sweet kernel. Cold-pressed apricot-seeds yield an oil much like that of almonds. Muspratt found as much as 24 per cent, tannin in the bark. The Chinese P. Mume, Sieb. and Zucc., is a peculiar apricot-tree. Prunus Caroliniana, Alton. South-Eastern States of North- America. Porcher regards it as one of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of the States. It can be cut into any shape, and is much employed for quick and dense hedges. It can be grown on coast-land. Prunus cerasifera, Ehrhart. (P. Myrobalanus, Desfontaines.) The Cherry-Plum tree. Countries at and near the Caspian Sea. The fruits known also as Mirabelle-Plums, whence long ago the objectionable designation Myrobalane-Plum arose. Among all kindred species it is this one, which flowers earliest, indeed before the develop- ment of its leaves, hence its claims for decorative horticulture. On this and some other cultivated species see also Koch's Dendrologie, 1869. Prunus Cerasus, Linn<5. The Cherry-tree. Orient, especially in the countries near the Caspian Sea. The name applies strictly only to the species, dis- tinguished by never assuming large dimensions, by emitting suckers. by smoothness of leaves and austerity and acidity of fruit. P. avium (Linne), the sweet-fruited Cherry-tree, seems naturally to extend as far as Middle Europe, and attains a high age, when the stem may acquire a diameter of 4 feet, produces no suckers and has downy more wrinkled leaves, irrespective of some few other discrepancies. It afforded its fruit already to the ancient inhabitants of Switzerland in pre-historic times (Heer, Mortillet), and the tree was cultivated by the early Greeks also, according to historic records (A. de Candolle). It is hardy in Norway to lat. 66° 30' (Schuebeler). In the Himalayas it is cultivated up to 12,000 feet. The tree enjoys everywhere a remarkable immunity from insect-attacks. Prunus Chisasa, Michaux. (P. angustifolia, Marsh.) North-America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it is only 3 to 4 feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small, with a tender usually agreeable pulp. Other species with edible fruit occur in North- America, such as P. pumila and P. Pennsylvanica (Linn6), but their fruits are too small, to render these plants of importance for orchard-culture, though they also may become enlarged by rural treatment. Marsh's name is the oldest. Prunus demissa, Walpers. California. The Wild Plum of Utah. Worthy of improving cultivation. It fruits abundantly, often when only 2 or 3 feet high. It is of near affinity to P. Virginiana. 302 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Prurms domestica, Linn& Plum-tree, Damson-tree, Prune-tree. From the Black Sea to Western China. In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea numerous varieties were cultivated even at the commencement of the Christian era. In Norway this species endures the winter to lat. 64° (Professor Schuebeler). The wood is sought for musical instruments and select turnery. Prurms ilicifolia, Nuttall. California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges of intricate growth. Fruit about ^ inch diameter, red or black, of a pleasant sub-acid flavor, but somewhat astringent (Gibbons). Prunus insititia, Linn<§. The Bullace. Middle and Southern Europe, North-Africa, Western Asia to the Himalayan mountains. Professor Heer has proved, that the lacustrine Swiss of the stone-age were already ac- quainted with the Bullace as well as the Sloe. This species yields some of the Damascene-Plums. P. cerasifera seems descended from P. insititia, and this again may be the original wild plant of P. do- mestica (Loudon, J. Hooker). Prunus Lauro-Cerasus, Linn& The Cherry-Laurel. Persia and adjoining countries. A tall shrub or small tree, with evergreen remarkably shining foliage; the latter, as not quickly shrivelling, valuable for garlands and for other decorative purposes. From the leaves the medicinal laurel-water is distilled. Prunus Lusitanica, Linn£. The Portugal Cherry-Laurel. A small tree, seldom over 30 feet high, not of strictly industrial value, but mentioned here as one of the very hardiest among evergreen trees not coniferous. Prunus Mahaleb, Linn£. South-Europe and South- Western Asia. It deserves some atten- tion on account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter used in turnery for pipes and other articles. The flowers are in use for perfumes. The tree is hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 26'. The kernels are used for making marasquino-liqueur (Prof. Wittstein). Prunus maritima, Wangenheim. The Beach-Plum of Eastern North- America. A shrubby species, of service not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its fruit, which is crimson or purple, globular, measuring from ^ to 1 inch. Information on these and other varieties and on orchard-fruits in general may be sought in Hogg's " Fruit-Manual." Prunus Padus, Linn£. . The Birds' Cherry-tree. Europe, Northern and Western Asia, ex- tending to the Himalayas and the mountains of Northern Africa. A in Extra-Tro2)ical Countries. 303 small tree. Foliage deciduous; the leaves distilled for medicinal purposes, the bark also utilized therapeutically. Prunus Persica, J. Hooker. (Amygdalus Persica, Linn£.) China, not really indigenous to Persia, as ascertained by Alph. de Candolle. The Peach-tree, as delightful through its early flowering as through the ready yield of its luscious fruit. Not quite so hardy as the Almond-tree in cooler climes, its near ally, though enduring the clime of England. In the southern of the United States peaches are not rarely turned to account for alcoholic fermentation and distillation (Rhind). The Nectarine, which is characterized by smooth fruits, is a variety merely. The bark used as an anthelmintic. The necessity of reducing the genus Amygdalus to that of Prunus was indicated in 1812 already by Stokea (Bot. Mat. Med. in. 101) and in 1813 by F. G-. Hayne (Arznei-Gewaechse iv. 38). Prunus Pseudo-Cerasus, Lindley. (P. Puddum, Roxburgh.) The "Sakura"of Japan, extending to Upper India. A large shady tree, the stem attaining two feet in diameter, charming to view when bearing its profusion of flowers. The fruit is of the size of small cherries and of pleasant and refreshing taste, though never quite sweet (Wallich). This is this tree, which supplies mainly the wood so extensively required for xylography in Japan (Dupont). Prunus serotina, Ehrhart. The Black Cherry-tree of Eastern North-America. Fruit slightly bitter, but with a pleasant vinous flavor; wood compact, light, easily worked, not liable to warp (Sargent), very valuable for cabinet- and sash-makers (A. Gray). In Virginia and Alabama the tree attains a height of about 100 feet, with a stem 4 feet in diameter ; it prefers rich porous soil in the upper parts of valleys. Wood pale-red, dense, fine-grained; when polished as beautiful as mahogany-wood (Robb and Simmonds). Will live on the poorest soil, and even within the salt-spray of the coast. Readily raised from seeds and transplanted ; not succumbing under rough usage (Sargent). Prunus spinosa, Linn<*. The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe. Indi- genous in Norway to lat. 60° 8'; but it will endure the winter even to lat 67° 56' (Schuebeler). Hardly at all liable to be attacked by insects. With its flowers 'it is one of the earliest plants to announce the spring. Its tendency, to throw out suckers, renders the bush less adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but these suckers fur- nish material for walking-sticks. The small globular fruits can be made into preserves. Perhaps the fruit of some of the species from Eastern Asia, California and tropical America may be improved by horticultural skill. The sloe and others might with advantage be naturalized on forest-streams. 304 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Primus tomentosa, Thunberg. Northern China. A very hardy species with cherry -like edible- fruits. Prunus Virginiana, Lhm£. The Choke Cherry-tree of the Eastern United States. In a mild clime and fertile soil this tree attains a height of about 100 feet and a stem-circumference of 16 feet. Endures the winters of Norway to lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler). The wood is compact, fine-grained, and not liable to warp when perfectly seasoned, of a dull light-red tint, deepening with age. The fruit finally loses its acerbity. The bark used in medicine. Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes.* (P. littwalis, Beauvois; Cala- magrostis arenaria, Roth.) The Morram, Marrem or British Bent-grass. Sand- coasts of Europe, North-Africa and North-America. One of the most impor- tant of reedy grasses with long descending roots, to bind moving drift-sands on the sea-shore, for the consolidation of which this tall grass and Elymus arenarius are chiefly employed in Europe. It de- lights in the worst of drift-sands, and for its full development gradual accumulation of fresh sands around it becomes necessary (Wessely): hence it never gets suffocated. The plant will by gradual upgrowth finally form stems and roots, sanded in to a depth of fully 100 feet. Psamma Baltica (R. & S.) from the Baltic- and North-Sea, serves the same purpose. Both can also be used in the manner of Sparta for paper-material, for tying and for mats. Like Elymus arenarius, they are not touched by grazing animals. P. arenaria collects the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus fastens their sides. Psidium acidum, Martius. Higher regions on the Amazon-River. A tree, at length 30 feet high; its guava-fruit pale yellow and of apple-size. Psidium Araca, Raddi. From the West-Indies and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil, where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of the edible guavas, already recorded by Piso and Marcgrav. The greenish-yellow berry is of exquisite taste. Psidium arboreum, Vellozo. Brazil, province of Rio de Janeiro. The guava-fruit of this plant measures about one inch, and is of excellent flavor. Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.* The Purple Gruava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of the guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of 20 feet. The purple berries are seldom above an inch long, but, as well known, of delicious flavor and taste, resembling thus far strawberries. P. buxifolium (Nuttall) of Florida, seems nearly related to this species. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 305 Psidium chrysoph.yllu.ni, F. v. Mueller. (Abbevillea chrysophylla, Berg.) The Guabiroba do Mato of South-Brazil. This tree attains a height of about 30 feet. The fruit is generally not larger than a cherry. Perhaps other species of the section Abbevillea would be hardy and worthy of cultivation. Psidium cinereum, Martius. Brazil, provinces Miuas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yielding aa edible fruit. Psidium cor datum, Sims. The Spice-Guava. West-Indies. This attains the height of a tree. Its fruit is edible. Probably hardy in sub-tropic regions. Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes. Brazil, province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of a Mirabelle-plum. Psidium grandifolium, Martius. Brazil, provinces Rio Grand do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo, Minas Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern Queensland. A shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries edible, size of a walnut. Psidium Guayava. Linne".* (P. pomiferum, Linne"; P. pyriferum, Linne*.) The large Yellow Guava. From the West-Indies and Mexico to South-Brazil. This handsome evergreen and useful bush should engage universal attention anywhere in warm lowlands, for the sake of its aromatic wholesome berries, which will attain the size of a hen'a egg, and can be converted into a delicious jelly. The pulp is gene- rally cream-colored or reddish, but varies in the many varieties, which have arisen in culture, some of them bearing all the year round^ Propagation is easy from suckers, cuttings or seeds. Many other berry-bearing Myrtaceae of the genera Psidium, Myrtus, Myrciar Marliera, Calyptranthes and Eugenia furnish edible fruits in Brazil and other tropical countries; but we are not aware of their degrees of hardiness. Berg enumerates as esculent more than half a hundred from Brazil alone, of which the species of Campomanesia may safely be transferred to Psidium. Psidium incanescens, Martius. Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grand do Sul. This guav-a-busK attains a height of 8 feet. Berry edible. Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon. Mountains of Brazil. Berry about 1 inch in diameter. Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Campomanesia malifolia, Berg.) Uruguay. Berry about 1 inch in diameter. Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.* From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively small shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its yellow berries,, which are of the size of a large cherry and of exquisite taste. 306 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Psidium rufum, Martins. Brazil, in the province of Minas Geraes, on sub-alpine heights. This guava-bush gains finally a height of 10 feet, and is probably the hardiest of all the species producing palatable fruit. Psophocarpus tetragonolobus, Be Candolle. Tropical Africa, perhaps to Madagascar. A climber with annual stem; pods to one foot long, used as peas. P. palustris (Desvaux) is closely allied, and has shorter pods. Likely to ripen fruits also out- side the tropics. Psoralea esculenta, Pursh. North- America. This herb is mentioned here, as its tuberous roots, known as the Prairie-Turnip, may be capable of great improve- ment by cultivation, and of thus becoming a valuable esculent. Psychotria Bckloniana, F. v. Mueller. (Orumilia cymosa, E. Meyer.) South- Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as of a beautiful citron-yellow. Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh. The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable dimensions, famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also a kind of dragon- blood resin. Pterocarpus marsupium, Roxburgh. India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to fully 3,000 feet alti- tude; hence this tree would doubtless grow without protection in those tracts of the temperate zone, which are free from frost. The tree is large when in its final development; its foliage is deciduous. It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains about 75 per cent, of tannic acid. P. santalinus (Linne fil.) which provides the Saunders ' or Red Sandal- Wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of India and important for dye-purposes. Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth. From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut-tree, which, with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Candolle) on Dr. Hance's recom- mendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament and timber, and so perhaps also the Japanese species, P. rhoifolia (Siebold and Zuccarini). iPtychosperma Alexandras, F. v. Mueller. The Alexandra-Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as extra- tropical latitudes. The tallest of Australian palms, and one of the noblest forms in the whole empire of vegetation. Aged it exceeds 100 feet in height, and is likely destined to grace many shady moist groves yet outside the tropics, so long as they are free from frost, as this palm seems less tender than most others. The demand for seeds has already been enormous; for long voyages they are best packed into the sawdust of resinous kinds of wood. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 307 Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Beccari. New Guinea, reaching elevations of 5,000 feet in comparatively temperate regions. Height as much as 30 feet. Ptychosperma Cunningiiami, Hermann Wendland. East- Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the most southern of all palms. This also is a very high species, destined to take a prominent position in decorative plantations even far beyond the tropics. Several congeners occur in Fiji and other islands of the Pacific Ocean, and others again might be obtained from India, but they are probably not so hardy as those just mentioned. Though strictly speaking of no direct industrial value, these palms are impor- tant for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently fitted for experi- ments in acclimation. Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.) Assam, up to 4,000 feet. Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. (P. Seaforthia, Miquel; Seaforthia elegans, R. Brown.) !' -'•.'"; Literal forests of tropical Australia. Also a magnificent Feather- palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove hardy in mild extra- tropic regions. Ptychosperma Musschenbroekiana, Beccari. Ternate, Insular India, up to 3,000 feet. Height of this palm reaching 90 feet. Almost sure to be hardy in sheltered localities of the warmer temperate zone. Pueraria Thunbergiana, Bentham. Japan. There starch is prepared from the tubers of this climber. The fibre of the bark is woven locally into cloth (Dyer). Pueraria tuberosa, De Candolle. Southern Asia, up to 4,000 feet. A tall woody twiner. Its large tubers are edible, and might improve by culture. Pugionium cornutum, Gaertner. From the Caspian Sea to China. This herb is grown by the Mon- gols as a vegetable (Hance). Punica G-ranatum, Linne". The Pomegranate. North- Africa and South- Western Asia, in the Himalayas up to 6,000 feet. Well-known for its showy habit, rich- colored flowers, peculiar fruit and medicinal astringency, but much overlooked regarding its value as a hedge-plant. The bark contains 32 per cent, tannin (Muspratt), and is also used for dyeing the yellow Morocco- leather (Oliver). The peel of the fruit serves likewise for dye. For therapeutic purposes particularly the root-bark is administered. Concerning pelletierin and other alkaloids from the root-bark, ample information is given in Husemaun's and Hilger's Pflanzenstofle (1884).. 508 . Select Plants for Industrial Culture Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux. North- America. A perennial herb, in odor resembling both Penny- royal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky woodland, and on such it might be easily naturalized. Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux. The Mountain-Mint of North -America. A perennial herb of pleasant, aromatic, mint-like taste. These two particular species have been chosen from several North-American kinds to demonstrate, that we may add by their introduction to the variety of our odorous garden-herbs. They may also be subjected with advantage to distillation. Pyrularia edulis, Meissner. Nepal. Khasia, Sikkim. A large umbrageous tree. The drupa- ceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few other species occur in Upper India, one on the high mountains of Ceylon, and one in North-America. The latter, P. pubera (Michaux), can be utilized for the oil of its nuts. Pyrus aucuparia, Gaertner. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The Rowan or Mountain- Ash. Height seldom over 30 feet. Wood particularly valuable for machinery and pottery-work, also crates. Pyrus coronaria, Lmn4. The Crab-Apple of North-America. This showy species is mentioned here as worthy of trial-culture, since it is likely that it would serve well as stock for grafting. Best grown in glades. Wood nearly as tough for screw- work as that of the pear-tree (Robb). Pyrus communis, Linn4. The Pear-tree. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. Well known even at the time of Homer; and many varieties were cultivated in Italy at the commencement of the Christian era; pears were available also to the lacustrine people of Switzerland, Lombardy and Savoy, but seemingly not so extensively as the apple. Prof. C. Koch regards the Chinese Pyrus Achras (Gaertner), which is the oldest name for P. Chinensis of Desfontaines and Lindley, as the wild plant, from which all our cultivated varieties of pears have originated. The pear-tree is cultivated iip to 10,000 feet in the Himalayas; like the apple-tree, it sets no fruit in tropical regions, but on the other hand it will bear a good deal of frost, being grown in Norway to lat. 63° 52'. The tree attains an age of over three hundred years, fully bearing. At Yarmouth, a tree over 100 years old has borne as many as 26,800 pears annually; the circum- ference of its crown is 126 feet (Masters). Pear-wood is used by wood-engravers, turners and instrument-makers. A bitter gly- cosid, namely phlorrhizin, is attainable from the bark of apple- and in Extra-Tropical Countries. 309 pear-trees, particularly from that of the root; while a volatile alkaloid, namely trimethylamin, can be prepared from the flowers. Pyrus auricularis, Knoop (P. Polveria, L.), the Bollwiller-Pear, is a hybrid between P. communis and P. Aria, Ehrhart. Curious fruits have been produced latterly in North- America by the hybridization of the apple with the pear. The generic writing of Pirus is inadmissible, as even Plinius used both Pirus and Pyrus in his writings, and as the latter wording was already adopted by Malpighi and fixed for the genus by Linne. The flowers of all the leading European fruit-trees afford nectar for honey to bees. Pyrus Cydonia, Linn£. (Cydonla vulyaris, Persoon.) The Quince. Countries at the Caspian Sea. Reared in South- Europe from antiquity ; in the Himalayas its culture reaches to 5,500 feet elevation. The Portuguese variety bears extremely large fruit. The preserved quince is one of the most agreeable of fruits. The seeds impart copiously to water a tasteless mucilage. Quinces are not readily attacked by sparrows. Pyrus Germanica, J. Hooker. (Mespilus Germanica, Linne".) The Medlar. Southern Europe, Western Asia. Of this species a variety exists with large fruits of particularly pleasant taste. The ordinary medlar-fruits become edible after some storage. A large- fruited variety of excellent taste is cultivated in South-Europe. P. Maulei (Masters) is a closely cognate plant, with golden-yellow edible fruit, particularly fit for preserves. Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg. Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes, and one of the earliest flowering. Under favorable circumstances it will produce its- quince-like fruit. It is one of the early species, so valuable to the apiarist. Pyrus Malus, Linne. The Apple-tree. Europe, Western Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet. Shown to have been in culture already in Switzer- land and Northern Italy prior to historic records, though Professor C. Koch regards neither the wild and variable crab-trees nor the pear, as original denizens of Middle and Northern Europe, but simply as strayed from cultivation aud degenerated. Koch traces some sorts of cultivated apples to P. pumila (Miller) of South- Western Asia; as other original forms he notes the P. dasyphylla (Borkhausen), P. silvestris and P. prunifolia (Willdenow) of Middle and Western Asia. This tree is one of longevity; Mr. H. C. Hovey gives records of an apple-tree in Connecticut, which at the age of 175 years measured about 14 feet in circumference at 3 feet from the ground, the diameter of the top of the tree being over 100 feet. In Prof. Meehan's Gardeners' Monthly is a record of the fecundity of an apple- tree in New England, given by Mr. W. S. Platt, of Cheshire; its eight branches spread over six rods, and five of the branches bore in oue 310 Select Plants for Industrial Culture year over 100 bushels of apples, the bearing taking place alternately with the other three branches. The value of the annual import of American apples into the United Kingdom has risen to two millions sterling. In Europe apple-trees and other fruit-trees are occasionally bored by the Scolytus destructor. Succulent apples contain about 70 per cent, of juice, a remark which may serve in calculating the yield of cider. Apple-trees will endure the winters of Norway to lat. 65° 28' (Schuebeler). The best dried apples and similar fruits are obtained by submitting them, according to the new American method, to a blast of cold air. The United States sent to England in the season 1880-1 about 1,350,000 barrels of apples, irrespective of the large quantity sent by Canada. Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin. The Snow-Pear. Middle and Southern Europe. This would be adapted for orchards in higher mountain-regions. The fruit becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P. amygdaliformis (Villars) or P. Kotschyana (Boissier) are probably the wild state of this tree. . Pear-cider is often made of the fruit of this species. Pyrus rivularis, Douglas. The Crabapple-tree of North-Western America. Fruit prized by the aborigines for food (G-. Dawson); likely amenable to cultural improvements. Dr. C. Koch draws attention to the probable identity of P. Toringo (Siebold) from Japan. Pyrus salicifolia, Linn£. Greece. Turkey, Persia, South-Western Russia. Hardy at Chris- tiania. Though its fruit, which softens slowly, is edible, this tree is mainly utilized as a superior stock for grafting. Quercus ^gilops, Linne.* South-Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the size of the British oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used for tanning and dyeing; the unripe acorns, called Camata or Camatena, for the same purpose. Valonia is largely exported from Smyrna to London (33,802 tons in 1876). Greece used to produce annually 10,000 tons, worth as much as £18 per ton. The supply is inadequate to present demand. 34,450 tons of Valonia, worth about £526,000, were im- ported into the United Kingdom in 1884. Valonia (Wallones) produces a rich bloom on leather, which latter also becomes less permeable to water (Muspratt). The ripe acorns are eaten raw or boiled. This oak is also recommended as a fine avenue-tree. It bears considerable frost. The wood is capital for furniture. Dr. Kotschy separates Q. JEgilops into several species, of which A. Grseca, Q. oophora and Q. Vallonea yield the mercantile article. Quercus agrifolia, N^e. California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among ever- green oaks, with dense, wide-spreading foliage. The thick bark available for tanning. According to Dr. Gibbous this tree attains a in Extra-Tropical Countries. 311 height of about 100 feet, a stem-diameter of 8 feet, and a crown of 125 feet breadth. Wood-cutters distinguish two varieties, one with red arid one with pale wood. It grows naturally near the sea, and luxuriates in the deep soil of valleys, but also on the tops of moun- tains. The value of its timber is not fully appreciated. Although brittle when green and perishable if exposed to the weather, it be- comes almost as hard and strong as live-oak, if properly seasoned, and is especially adapted for ships' knees. Quercus alba, Linne*.* The White or Quebec-Oak. From Canada to Florida, west to Texas. A most valuable timber-tree, becoming fully 100 feet high; diameter of stem to 7 feet, trunk sometimes 65 feet long to first branch. Rate of stem -growth in Nebraska according to Governor Furnas 29 inches circumferentially in 22 years. Attains a great age; succeeds best in rich woodlands; and is of quicker growth than the English oak. The timber is pliable, most durable, one of the very best of all woods for casks, also of first-class value for cabinet-work, for machinery, spokes, naves, beams, plough-handles, agricultural im- plements, carriages, flooring, basket-material (Sargent) and railway- ties (Robb); it is also largely employed in ship-building; the young saplings serve for hoops and whip-handles. The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin, and is used also in medicine. Quercus annulata, Smith. Upper India. A large evergreen oak, which provides a very good timber. It does not ascend quite so high as Q. incana. Q. spicata (Smith), another very large Indian oak, ascends only 5,000 feet; it is known also from Borneo, Java and Sumatra. Quercus aquatica, Walter. North- America. Height of tree often 60 feet; it furnishes a superior bark for tanning. This oak should be chosen for planting in wet ground or for bordering streams. Although the wood is not of much value, yet the tree is a great favorite as a shade-tree, being of rapid growth and fine outline. Prof. C. Koch identified this with the true Q. nigra of Linne. Quercus bicolor, Willdenow. Southern White-Oak. South-Eastern States of North-America. Closely allied to Q. Prinus, but vernacularly distinguished as Basket- Oak; it thrives best in deep, damp forest-soil, and is regarded as the most important hardwood-tree in the Gulf -region; height reaching 120 feet, stem-length to 70 feet. The growth comparatively slow; wood similar in applicability to that of the white oak; it is split readily into thin strips of great strength and flexibility for rough baskets (Dr. C. Mohr). Quercus Castanea, Nee. The Mexican Chestnut-Oak. Evergreen. It furnishes edible acorns. 312 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Quercus Cerris, Linn£. Turkey or Moss-cupped Oak. Southern Europe, South-Western Asia. Hardy still at Christiania. Of the height of the English oak; in suitable localities of quick growth. The foliage deciduous or also evergreen or nearly so. The wood available for wheel- • wrights, cabinet-makers, turners, coopers, also for builders generally. , It is still firmer and harder than that of the British oak; the sap- wood larger, the heartwood of a more saturated brown, and the large rays more numerous, giving it a most varied and beautiful wainscot- grain (Dr. Brandis, Prof. C. Koch). Quercus Chinensis, Bunge. Northern China. One of the hardiest among the evergreen oaks. Quercus chrysolepis, Liebmann. California. According to Dr. Vasey this evergreen oak rarely exceeds 50 feet in height, but supplies the hardest oak-wood on the Pacific coast. Dr. Gibbons observes, that it holds a primary rank among Calif ornian forest-trees, but is of sparse occurrence; in suitable soil on the sides of mountains it is of giant-growth, spreading out in magnificent proportions. In toughness and density of wood it repre- sents the live-oak of Florida, being thus highly useful to imple- ment-makers, wheelwrights and machinists; the ivory -like appearance of the wood befits it particularly for inlaying (Dr. Kellogg). Quercus coccifera, Linn£. The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South-Europe, North-Africa and South-Western Asia. So called from the red dye, furnished by the Coccus ilicis from this oak. It also supplies tanners' bark con- taining about 8 per cent, tannin (Muspratt). The huge and ancient Abraham's Oak belongs to this species. The tree likes rich wood- lands. Quercus COCCinea, Wangenheim. The Black Oak of North- America. Height to about 100 feet; stem-diameter to 5 feet. Foliage deciduous. The tree thrives best in rich woodlands and moist soil. The timber is almost as durable as that of the white oak, and in use for flooring and other carpenters' work. Rate of growth about the same as that of the red oak. The yellow dye, known as quercitron, comes from this tree ; it is much more powerful than that of woad (Bancroft). With alumina the tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is orange, with oxyde of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. velutina (Lamarck) or Q. tinc- toria (Bartram) has been called a variety of this. According to Sargent, it produces timber of close grain and great durability, utilized for carriage-building, cooperage and various constructions ; the bitter inner bark yields a yellow dye. The bark of the variety called scarlet oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the . black oak (Meehan). Bark contains about 8 per cent, of tannic in Extra^ Tropical Countries. 313 acid. Dr. Engelmann found the black oaks twice as rapid in growth as the white oaks of the United States. Bartram's oak (Q. hete- rophylla) is, according to him, a hybrid between the willow-oak and scarlet oak. Hybrid oaks produce acorns capable of germination. Quercus cornea, Loureiro. China. An evergreen tree, at length 40 feet high. Acorns used for food. Quercus corrugata, Hooker. Mexico. Attains a height of about 80 feet. The acorns are as large as those of Q. Skinneri. Quercus cuspidata, Thunberg. Japan. A magnificent evergreen oak, grand in its proportions, bears acorns in bunches or strings, of very sweet taste when baked like chestnuts, but only of small size (F. C. Christy). These acorns, boiled or roasted, are regularly sold in Japan for food (Rein). Quercus densinora, Hooker and Arnott. Californian Chestnut-Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Very hardy, having withstood the severest winters at Edinburgh with a temperature of 0° F. (Gorlie). Bark very valuable for tanning; wood however subject to rapid decay (Prof. Bolander). Quercus dentata, Thunberg.* Manchuria, Northern China, Japan. This is one of the species, on which the Oak-silkworm (the Yama Mayon) lives. Franchet and Savatier enumerate 22 distinct species of oaks as indigenous to Japan. Quercus Douglasii, Hooker and Arnott. The Blue Oak, California. Stem reaching 7 feet in circumference (Brewer). Resembles the white oak in the quality of its timber, but this particularly used in wheelwrights' work. Quercus dilatata, Lindley. From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4,500 to 10,000 feet. Evergreen. Height becoming 100 feet ; crown very shady; branches lopped for sheep-fodder. The hard, heavy, elastic and durable wood much used for building purposes and implements (Major Madden), easily worked, and but little apt to warp and rend (Dr. Brandis). Quercus falcata, Michaux. South-Eastern States of North- America. Known as Spanish Oak. A tree, attaining a height of 80 feet, with a stem 5 feet iu diameter. Foliage diciduous. It lives in dry sandy ground, and can also be utilized for sea-coasts. Produces an excellent tanners' bark, and also galls for superior ink. The wood is finer grained and more durable X 2 314: Select Plants for Industrial Culture than that of Q. rubra, and used for staves, railway-carriages and in ship-building (C. Mohr). Prof. C. Koch points out, that Q. cuneata (Wangenheim) is the oldest name for this species. Quercus Garryana, Douglas. North- Western America, along the coast between the 38th and 50th degrees. A tree, to 100 feet high or more, with a stem often 6 feet in diameter. This, with Q. Douglasii and Q. lobata, passes as California White Oak. The timber is remarkably pale for an oaky hard and fine-grained, of great strength and durability, well suited for almost every kind of construction, for which the white or the European oak is employed. The acorns, being sweet and agreeable, form an excellent mash for hogs. Quercus glabra, Thimberg. Japan. Evergreen. The acorns are consumed for food by the Japanese. Quercus glauca, Thimberg. The Kashi of Japan. A truly magnificent evergreen tree, to 80 feet high. The hard and close-grained wood is chosen there for select tools, particularly planes and utensils (Christy). Quercus Ilex, Linne\ The Holly-Oak of Soutli-Europe ; extending also to Algeria and to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000 feet. Height of tree rather less than that of the English oak, but occasionally it is very lofty. Wood in use for ship-building and wheelwrights' work, bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are obtained the sweet and nourishing Ballota- and Chestnut-acorns, as much as 20 bushels occasionally from one tree in a season. Quercus incana, Roxburgh. Himalayas, at elevations between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A beautiful evergreen tree of great dimensions. Young branchlets in spring, as noted by Dr. Brandis, from whitish to lilac-colored. Mr. Simmonds reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei), producing large cocoons, lives on this oak. In its native localities Q. lanuginosa (D. Don) is associated with it. Q. lamellosa (Smith) of the same region attains a height of about 120 feet, with a straight trunk to 60 feet with a girth of 15 feet (Brandis). Quercus infectoria, Olivier. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Persia. A tree deciduous in its foliage. The galls of commerce are chiefly obtained from this species. A variety or closely allied species Q. Lusitanica (Webb) or Q. Mirbeckii (Durieu) reaches a height of 120 feet, with a stem-girth of 20 feet. Some states of this are almost evergreen, and then particularly eligible as promenade- trees. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 315 Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh (not Chamisso nor Bentham). A tall evergreen timber-tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for its durability; its medullary rays exceedingly fine (Brandis). Quercus lobata, Ne'e. California. The Sacramento White Oak. A tree finally about 150 feet high, with a stem six feet in diameter, with wide-spreading , branches, which often bend to the ground. Hardy in Middle Europe (C. Koch). The wood is brittle when green, but hard and tough when seasoned; its value has been much underrated (Gibbons). The acorns of this oak used to form a large proportion of the winter-food of the aboriginal inhabitants of North -California. Quercus lyrata, Walter. The Overcup-Oak of the South-Eastern States of North-America, extending from South-Illinois to Florida and Louisiana. A tree of majestic size, with a stem to four feet in diameter. Lately recom- mended as valuable for timber-cultivation, especially in wet ground. Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux. The Burr-Oak of Eastern North-America. Tree to about 70 feet high; stem-diameter sometimes 8 feet. . Hardy at Christiania. The timber regarded by some almost as good as that, of the white oak. The bark contains about 8 per cent, tannin. Circumferential stem- measurement after 22 years' growth 3J feet in Nebraska (Furnas). Quercus macrolepsis, Kotschy.* Greece. This evergreen oak also yields Valonia, being closely allied to Q. aegilops. A. de Candolle unites it with Q. Grseca of Kotschy. Quercus magnolifolia. Ne'e. Mexico, in cooler mountain-regions. From NeVs note it would appear, that he saw on this oak the numerous caterpillars, which con- struct ovate cocoons eight inches long, consisting of a kind of grey silk, which was there locally manufactured into stockings and handkerchiefs. iQuercus Mongolica, Fischer.* Manchuria and Northern China. It is on this tree and on Q. serrata and Q. dentata, that the silk-insect peculiar to oak-trees mainly, if not solely, is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance. Quercus Muehlenbergii, Engelmann. Middle and Eastern States of North-America. A middle-sized tree; its wood compact, strong, durable for posts and railway-ties (Sargent). •Quercus palustris, Du Roi. , The Pin-Oak or Marsh-Oak of South-Eastern North- America. Hardy at Christiania. Height at length 80 feet; of quick growth. 316 Select Plants for Industrial Culture The wood is fine-grained, strong and tough; it is ornamental for furniture on account of the strong development of medullary rays. Quercus Phellos, Linn£. The Willow-Oak of the South-Eastern States of North-America. In low damp forest-land attaining a stem-girth of 12 feet. The wood is hard, compact and very elastic, suitable for railway-carriages and many other structures (Dr. C. Mohr). The acorns available for food. A variety or closely allied species is the Shingle-Oak, Q. imbricaria, Michaux. The comparative value of the very numerous Cis- and Trans- Atlantic oaks, but little as yet understood in the eastern world either for avenue-purposes or timber-plantations, should be tested with practical care. Even recently oaks have been discovered on the south-eastern mountains of New Guinea at not very high elevations. Quercus Prinus, Linn£. The Swamp-Oak or Chestnut-Oak. South-Eastern States of North- America. A tree, becoming 90 feet high: aged stem as much as 15 feet in girth (Meehan). The tree is hardy in Norway to lat. 59° 55'. Foliage deciduous. Wood strong and elastic, but more porous and of a coarser grain than that of the white oak; according to Porcher it is easy to split and not hard, used for building purposes, also cooperage. A red dye is produced from the bark; the latter is one of the most important among oak-bark for tanning, furnishing a very solid and durable leather. Quercus Robur, The British Oak. Extending through the greatest part of Europe, also to Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous size. It endures the frosts of Norway as far north as 65° 54'; while in lat. 59° 40' a tree measured was 125 feet high and 25 feet in cir- cumference of stem (Schuebeler). Over 700 sound annual rings have been counted, and it has even been contended, that oaks have lived through 1,500 years. At Ditton's Park, owned by the Duke of Buccleugh, is an ancient oak, assumed to be 600 years old, with a stem-circumference of 30 feet at some distance (a few feet) from the ground (Dr. Masters and Th. Moore). Oaks have been known to gain a stem 12 feet in diameter at the base, 10 feet in the middle and 5 feet at the main branches. Two varieties are distinguished; 1. Q. sessili- flora (Salisbury), the Durmast-Oak, with a darker, heavier timber, more elastic, less fissile, easier to bend under steam. This tree is also the quicker of the two in growth, and lives in poorer soil. Its bark is richer in medicinal dyeing and tanning principles. Extract of oak-bark for tanners' use fetches about £18 per ton in the London market; the best oak-bark yields 16 to 20 per cent, tannin. 2. Q. pedunculata (Ehrhart). This variety supplies most of the oak-timber in Britain for ship-building, and is the best for cabinet-makers' and joiners' work. In Britain it is sometimes attacked by Scolytus multistriatus. Mr. W. Winter noticed, that the British oak with- stood an occasional shade-temperature of 118 degrees F. in Riverinay in Extra-Tropical Countries. 317 New South Wales. The long continued adherence of dead leaves in the cool and most verdant season renders this oak not so well adapted for pleasure-grounds in the warmer parts of the temperate zone as many others, particularly evergreen oaks. The English oak is how- ever of quicker growth than many other species. At Port Phillip it attains to a height of 40-50 feet in 20 years. The galls, produced by Cynips calicis, are sought for particular tanning, and called in Ger- many Knoppern. The best oak-bark for tanning is obtained from trees 12-36 years old (Prof. Wiesner). Quercus rubra, Linne. The Red-Oak of Eastern North- America. Height reaching about 100 feet; diameter of stem 4 feet. A tree, content with poor soil. The wood, though coarse, is of rigidity, and has not the fault of warping ; it is of fair value for staves (Simmonds), and even building purposes, but variable in quality according to soil and clime (Sargent). The bark is rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage beautifully red. The acorns, which are produced in great abundance, are relished by hogs. The tree is hardy still at Christiania. Cir- cumferential stem-measurement at 2 feet from the ground after 22 years about 38 inches (Furnas). Quercus semecarpifolia. Smith. In the Himalayas and adjoining ranges up to about 10,000 feet. The largest of the oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a stem often 18 feet in girth. Leafless annually for a short time, not quick of growth. It furnishes a hard and heavy timber of fair quality. Quercus serrata, Thunberg.* One of the twenty-three known Japanese Oaks; extending to China and Nepal. Hardy in Middle Europe. A good avenue-tree, though deciduous. It yields the best food for the Oak-silkworm (Bombyx Yamamai). It is recommended to pack acorns intended for far distances in wooden cases between dry moss or sand, to secure retention of vitality; moreover they must be quite fresh, when packed. Quercus sideroxyla, Humboldt. Mountains of Mexico, up to about 8,000 feet elevation. An oak of great size; timber compact, almost imperishable in water. Q. lanceolata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q. obtusata, Q. crassipes, Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis, Humb. and Q. acutifolia^ Nee, are among the many other highly important timber-oaks of the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed record seems extant, concerning the technology of the numerous Mexican oaks, though doubtless - their respective values are well known to local artisans. According to the Abbe and Surgeon Liturgie, one of the Mexican oaks, near San Juan, nourishes a Bombyx the cocoons of which are spun by the natives into silk (Tschichatchef). 3 1 8 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Quercus Skinneri, Bentham.* Mexico. On limestone-soil, in the temperate region at 7,000-8,000 feet elevation. " Cozahual." Acquiring a height of 150 feet; thick- ness of stem to 12 feet. Wood yellowish, remarkably durable and elastic, not excelled in value by that of any other oak. Bark rich in tannin (Hugo Finck). Foliage deciduous. The acorns of this oak measure nearly 6 inches in circumference, and are available for feeding various domestic animals. Quercus stellata, Wangenheim. (Q. obtusiloba, Michaux.) The Post-Oak of North-Eastern America. Content with poor and even sandy soil, but not a large tree. Can be reared on sea-shores. On account of its very durable and dense wood it is much in requisi- tion there for posts, and is particularly prized for ship-building, also sought for railroad-ties. Quercus Suber, Lmn£.* The Cork-Oak of South-Europe and North- Africa. It is ever- green and attains an age of fully two hundred years. Hardy in the lowlands of England. After about twenty years it can be stripped of its bark every six or seren years; but the best cork is obtained from trees over forty years old. Height of the tree finally about 40 feet. Acorns of sweetish taste. Mr. W. Robinson found that young cork-oaks, obtained from the writer, made a growth of 4 feet yearly in the humid Western Port-district of Victoria. The bark of Q. pseudo-suber (Santi) is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q. occidentalis (Gay), which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces an excellent cork-bark. Quercus Sundaica, Blume. One of the oaks from the mountains of Java, where several other valuable timber-oaks exist. The existence of oaks on the north- western mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated by Dr. Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable evergreen species will be obtainable thence for our arboreta and forests. Quercus Tozae, Bosc. South-Europe. One of the handsomest oaks, and one of the quickest in growth. Will live in sandy soil and emits suckers. It furnishes superior tanners' bark. Quercus virens, Linn£.* The Live-Oak of North- America, extending northward only to Virginia, occurring also in Mexico. One of the hardiest of the evergreen species. Likes a coast-climate and a soil rich in mould. Becomes 60 feet high, with a stem sometimes to 9 feet in diameter. Supplies a most valuable timber for ship-building; it is heavy, com- pact, fine-grained; it is moreover the strongest and most durable yielded by any American oaks. Like Q. stellata, it lives also on sea- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 319 shores, helping to bind the sand, but it is then not of tall stature. Q. Virginiana (Miller) is the oldest name for this oak, as pointed out by C. Koch. Of many of the 300 oaks, occurring in the western and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere, the properties remain unrecorded and perhaps unexamined; but it would be important to introduce as many kinds as possible for local test-growth. Quercus Wislizenii, A. de Candolle. Mexico, at an elevation of about 7,000 feet, also reaching California. A magnificent tree with dense foliage, the stem attaining finally a circumference of 18 feet (Prof. Sargent). Quercus Xalcepensis, Humboldt and Bonpland. Mexico, ascending to 5,000 feet, preferring for localities poor soil, but of ferruginous clay, where little else will grow. Height to 80 feet; it is a quick grower; its timber will endure only under roof; the tree gives a heavy crop of acorns (Hugo Finck). Quillaja saponaria, Molina. Chili. A colossal tree, fit not only for loamy but also sandy and peaty soil. The bark is rich in saponin, and therefore valuable for dressing wool and silk, also for various cleansing processes. Rafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg. South-Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice, and ' is administered in medicine. Rafnia perfoliata (E. Meyer), also from South- Africa, furnishes likewise a medicinal root. Raphanus sativus, Linn<5. The Radish. Temperate Asia, southward to the Himalayas, up to 16,000 feet, eastward to Japan. In Norway it can be grown north- ward to lat. 70° 22' (Prof. Schuebeler). R. caudatus, L., the radish with long edible pods, is regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere variety, and he thinks, that all are sprung from the ordinary R. Raphanistrum, L., of Europe. All radishes succeed best in a cal- careous soil, or their culture must be aided by manure rich in lime. The root of the black radish is comparatively rich in starch. The seeds, according to Vilmorin, will keep about five years. Remirea maritima, Aublet. Intra-tropical coast-regions around the globe. A perennial creeping sedge for binding sand. Reseda Luteola, Linn£. The Weld. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia, North- Africa. An herb of one or two years' duration. Likes calcareous soil. A yellow dye (luteolin) pervades the whole plant. The plant must be cut before the fruit commences to develop, otherwise the pigment will much diminish. 320 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Reseda odorata, The true Mignonette. North-Africa and Syria. A favorite garden-herb of one or very few years duration. The delicate scent can best be concentrated and removed by enfleurage. To be counted also among the honey-plants. Mess. Dippe in Quedlinburg devote regularly about 50 acres to rearing of mignonettes for seeds. Rhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown. Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding moving sand on sea-shores. Resists the severest gales as well as the spray of the sea. Rhagodia nutans, R. Brown. Southern, Eastern and Central Australia. This, as well as the allied R. hastata, is a good fodder-herb for saltbush-runs. Some other species, mostly shrubby, are equally valuable. Rhamnus Alaternus, Lhm£. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A hedge-shrub, becoming arborescent, thus gaining a height of 20 feet. It strikes readily from cuttings. G. Don admits it as a splendid honey-plant. Rhamnus alnifolius, L'H^ritier. (R. Purshianus, D.C.) From Oregon to California and British Columbia. Allied to R. Carolinianus (Walter). Reaches a height of about 20 feet. Leaves deciduous. This species furnishes as "Cascara Sagrada" its bark famed for cathartic properties ; the fruits are also powerfully aperient, Rhamnus catharticus, C. Bauhin. The Buckthorn. Middle and Southern Europe, North- Africa, Middle Asia. It can be utilized as a hedge-plant. The berries are of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific name. The foliage and bark can be employed for the preparation of a yellow and green dye; the juice of the fruit mixed with alum constitutes the " sap- green " of painters. The plant is hardy in Norway to lat. 60° 48'. R. Dahuricus (Pallas) is a closely cognate species. Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley. China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared. R. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose. This kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and is known as Lokao. Rhamnus Frangula, Linn£. Europe, North- Africa, Northern and Western Asia. Endures the climate of Norway to lat. 64° 30' (Schuebeler). A tall shrub, with deciduous leaves. The flowers are particularly grateful to bees (G. Don). The wood one of the very best woods for gunpowder. Recom- mended by Sir Joseph Hooker to be grown on the coppice-system for this purpose. The bark is valuable as a cathartic; yields also a yellow dye. R. purpureus (Edgeworth) is an allied Himalayan, species. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 321 Rhamnus Grsecus, Renter. Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the allied R. prunifolius (Sibthorp) are derived the green dye-berries collected in Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These shrubs grow on stony mountains up to 2,500 feet. Rhamnus infectorius, Linne". On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it. Hardy still at Christiania. The berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in commerce as Graines d' Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a valuable green dye. Other species seem to supply a similar dye- material; for instance, R. saxatilis, L., R. amygdalinus, Desf., R* oleoides, L., R. tinctorious, W. & K., all from the Mediterranean regions and near them. Rhapidophyllum Hystrix, Wendland and Drude. (Chamcerops Hystrix, Fraser. ) The Blue Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. A hardy dwarf Fan- palm. Rhapis nabelliformis, Linne* fil. China and Japan. This exceedingly slender palm attains a height of only a few feet. The stems can be used for various small implements. It is one of the best plants for table-decorations. It bears the climate of the South of France to 43° 32' N. lat» (Naudin). Rhaponticum acaule, De Candolle. On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is edible. Rheum australe, D. Don.* (#. Emodi, Wallich; P. Webbianum, Royle.) Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at least a portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained, its quality depending much on the climatic region and the geological formation, in which the plant grows. Should we wish to cultivate any species here for superior medicinal roots, localities in our higher and drier alpine tracts should clearly be chosen for the purpose. Hayrie regards the presence of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as indicating a good medicinal rhubarb-plant. As much as 5 Ibs. of the dried drug are obtainable from a single plant several years old. An important orange-red crystalline substance, ernodin, allied to chrysophanic acid, occurs in genuine rhubarb. Medicinal rhubarb-root is now also grown in England. Rheum officinale, Baillon.* Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high table-land. Height of stem sometimes to 10 feet; circumference of foliage reaching 30 feet; blade of leaf 2 feet long and broad (Balfour). It furnishes most of the true Turkey-Rhubarb, not merely from the root but also from the woody stem. Suited for mountainous regions. Recommended also as a scenic plant by Regel. Hardy at Christiania. S22 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Rheum palmatum, Linn<§.* From insular to alpine North-Eastern Asia. Attains a height of 9 feet. A variety from the Tangut-country of Mongolia or North- Thibet, found by Col. Przewvalski, yields an excellent medicinal root, known as the Kiakhta- or Khansu-Rhubarb (Maximowicz) — indeed the best Russian Rhubarb. The plant is valuable also for decorative effect. For medicinal culture alpine valleys with soil rich in lime are needed (Sir Rob. Christison). For indications of the literature on medicinal rhubarbs see among lexicographic works particularly B. D. Jackson's "Vegetable Technology," London Index- Society, 1882. Rheum Rhaponticum, Linn<$. From the Volga to Central Asia. This species, together with R. Tartaricum, L. fil., R. undulatum, L. and a few others, all Asiatic (one extending to Japan), provide their acidulous leaf-stalks and unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes. Rhubarb leaves can also be used in the manner of spinage. Propagation generally by division of root. The soil for rhubarb-plants, intended to yield kitchen-vegetable, must be deep and rich. Rhizopogon magnatum, Corda. Europe. One of the edible truffles sold in the markets of Middle Europe, with R. rubescens, Tulasne. Rhododendron maximum, Linn4. North-Eastern America. Attains a height of about 20 feet. Irre- spective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden-copses, this bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr. C. Forster asserts, that the wood of this and the allied Kalmia latifolia, L., is surpassed only by the best boxwood. This may give a clue to other sub- stitutes for that scarce commodity, needed so extensively by the wood- engraver. Rhus aromatica, Aiton. North- America, from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, northward to Canada. A straggling bush. The aromatic foliage important for medicinal purposes. Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott. (Lithrcea venenosa, Miers.) Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized tree, the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth, axletrees and select furniture. The plant seemed neither caustic nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Phillippi). Rhus copallina, Linn<*. Eastern North- America, extending to Canada. A comparatively dwarf species. This can be used for tanning. A resin for varnishes is also obtained from this shrub. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 323 Bhus coriaria, Dodoens. The Tanner's Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea extending to temperate Western Asia. The foliage of this shrub or small tree, simply dried and reduced to powder, forms the sumach of commerce. It is remarkably rich in tannic acid, yielding as much as 30 per cent., and is extensively used for the production of a superior Corduan or Maroquin-leather and pale-colored leathers and dress- goods. Sumach allows the leather to carry more grease (Bailment). Price in Melbourne £24 to £36 per ton. It thrives best in loose calcareous soils, and cannot endure stagnant water. The strongest sumach is produced on dry ground. The cultivation presents no difficulty. A gathering can be obtained from suckers in the first year. The duration of sumach-fields under manure extends to fifteen years- Sumach can also be used for ink and various, particularly black, dyes. Under favorable circumstances as much as a ton of sumach is obtained from an acre. Sumach from Melbourne-plants was shown already at the Exhibition of 1863. Rhus cotinoides, Nuttall. Arkansas and Alabama. A tree, rising to 40 feet. The inner bark and the wood valuable for yielding a yellow dye (C. Mohr). Rhus COtinus, Linne.* (Ootinus coggyria, Scopoli.) The Scotino. In the countries on the Mediterranean Sea, extend- ing to Hungaria and to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a yellow pigment. The Scotino, so valuable as a material for yellow and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance, consists merely of the ground foliage of this plant. It contains up to 24 per cent, tannin. The plant endures the Norwegian winters northward to lat. 67° 56' (Prof. Schuebeler). Rhus glabra, Linne". North- America, extending to 54° north latitude; in Norway hardy to lat. 58° 8'. This sumach-shrub will grow on rocky and sterile soil. It produces a kind of gall, and can also be used as a substitute for the ordinary sumach. This species can be easily multiplied from suckers. It will live on poor soil, and is rich in the quality and long lasting yield of honey from its flowers (Quiuby). American sumachs contain generally from 15 to 20 per cent., or occasionally up to 26 per cent, tannin. [On value of American Sumachs see Special Report No. 26, U. S. Department of Agriculture, 1880.] Employed also for therapeutic purposes. Rhus lucida, Linne. South-Africa. This shrub proved in Victoria of peculiar adapt- ability for forming hedges; it is evergreen, close growing, and stands clipping well. About half a hundred South- African species are known, of which probably some could be utilized like ordinary sumach; but hitherto we have remained unacquainted with the nature and degree of any of their tanning and coloring principles. 324 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Rhus rhodanthema, F. v. Mueller. East-Australia, on river-banks. A tree finally to 70 feet high; stem often 2 feet in diameter. Wood dark-yellow, soft, fine-grained, beautifully marked, much esteemed for cabinet-work. Worth £5 to £6 per 1,000 feet in Brisbane (W. Hill). Rhus semialata, Murray. China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a height of 40 feet. This species produces a kind of nutgalls. It is apt to spread beyond ready control in rich soil. The stem will finally reach the thickness of a foot or more; the wood is tough and durable but stringy, prettily marked with dark edging. Rhus succedanea, Linne. The Japan Wax-tree, extending to China and the Himalayas, there up to 8,000 feet. The produce of this tree has found its way into the English market. The crushed berries are steamed and pressed, furnishing about 15 per cent, of wax, which consists mainly of palmatin and palmitic acid. Rhus silvestris (Siebold & Zuccarini) and R. vernicifera yield there a similar wax. Rhus typhina, Linne\ The Staghorn-Sumach. Eastern North-America, extending to Canada. Hardy in Norway to lat. 61° 17'. This species will become a tree of about 30 feet height. Its wood is of orange tinge. Through incisions into the bark a kind of copal is obtained. The leaves may be used like ordinary sumach. This bush can be reared on inferior land. The leaves of American sumachs must be collected early in the season, if a clear white leather like that from Sicilian sumach is to be obtained. This can be ascertained by the color of the precipi- tate effected with gelatine. Some of the American and also other sumachs are important to apiarists. Rhus vernicifera, De Candolle. Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size and yields the Japan- varnish. In India it ascends to 7,000 feet; but Stewart and Brandis are doubtful, whether the Japan species (R. Vernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian. The fruit yields vegetable wax. R. Wallichii (J. Hooker) of the Himalayas is a cognate species. Ribes aureum, Pursh. From Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon to Canada. Endures the cold of Norway to lat. 70° (Schuebeler). This favorite bush of garden- shrubberies would probably along forest- streams produce its pleasant berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black. Professor Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from Utah, with berries larger than those of the black currant; they are quite a good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange to black, and this variety remains constant from seeds. Allied to this is R. tenuiflorum (Lindley) of California in Extra-Tropical Countries. 325 and the adjoining States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of agreeable flavor and either dark-purple or yellow color. R. aureum, R. palmatum and some other strong American species have come into use as stocks, on which to graft the European gooseberry (C. Pohl). Bibes Cynosbati, Linn& The Prickly-fruited Gooseberry -bush of Canada and the Eastern States of the American Union. . The berries are large. There is a variety not so objectionably burlike-prickly. R. Cynosbati has been hybridized with R. Grossularia, and the sequence has been a good result (Saunders). Eibes divaricatum, Douglas. California and Oregon. One of the gooseberry -bushes of those countries. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 69° 40'. Berries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch in diameter, pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve this and many of the other species. R. Nuttalli (R. villosum, Nuttall, not of Gay nor of Wallich) is an allied plant, also from California. Bibes floridum, L'Heritier. The Black Currant-bush of North-Eastern America. The berries resemble in odor and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this is R. Hudsonianum (Richardson) from the colder parts of North- America. Bibes Griffith!, J. Hooker and T. Thomson. Himalaya, at heights from 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to R. rubrnm, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat austere taste. R. laciniatum (H. & T.) is likewise a Himalayan species with red berries, and so is R. glaciale (Wallich). Furthermore, R. villosum, Wall. (R. leptostachyum, Decaisne), comes from the Indian highlands and seems worthy of practical notice. Bibes Grossularia, Linn<$.* The ordinary Gooseberry-bush. Europe, North-Africa, extra- tropical Asia, extending to the Chinese boundary (Regel), on the Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000 feet; in Norway enduring the cold to lat. 62° 44'. This plant, familiar to everyone, is mentioned here merely to indicate the desirability of naturalizing it in any sub-alpine regions, where it is not indigenous already. Bibes hirtellum, Michaux. North- America, particularly in the New England- States, extending to Canada. It likes moist ground. Yields the commonest smooth gooseberry there. Bibes nigrum, Linn£. The Black .Currant-bush. Europe, Middle and Northern Asia, North- America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibetan mountains to 326 Select Plants for Industrial Culture a height of about 12,000 feet; also particularly fit to be dispersed through forests in elevated situations. Hardy in Norway to lat, 69° 30'. Bibes niveum, Lindley. One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black, of a somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavor. Hardy to lat. 67° 56' in Norway. Eibes orientale, Desfontaines. From Syria to Afghanistan, up to an elevation of about 11, 000 feet. The leaves emit a pleasant perfume (C. Koch). The berries act as a powerful purgative (Dr. Aitchison). * ^ J Eibes rotundifolium, Michaux. Eastern North- America, as far as Canada. Hardy at Christiania. Yields part of the smooth gooseberries of the United States. The fruit is small, but of delicious taste. Unlike the ordinary gooseberry, not subject to mildew. Careful cultivation has gradually advanced the size of the fruit (Meehan). Eibes rubrum, Luin^. The ordinary Red Currant-bush. Europe, North -America, Northern and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan mountains, ceasing where R. Griffith! commences to appear. One of the best fruit-plants for jellies and preserves, that can be chosen for colder mountain- altitudes. It endures the climate of Norway to lat. 70° 30' (Prof. Schuebeler). The root-bark contains phlorrhizin. Perhaps other species than those recorded here, among them some from the Andes, may yet deserve introduction, irrespective of showiness, for their fruits. Eichardia AMcana, Kunth. (R. Aethiopica, Rosenthal.) The " Calla " of gardens. From the Nile to the Cape of Good Hope. Important for scenic effects, particularly on the margins of waters. Easily moved at all seasons. The fresh root contains about 2 per cent, of starch. ^ Eichardsonia scabra, Kunth. From Mexico to Brazil. As an herb for pastures .and hay-crop appreciated in localities with sandy soil (C. Mohr). It has spread over the Southern States of North- America. Eicinus cbmmunis, Linn£.* The Castor-Oil Plant. Spontaneous in the tropical and sub-tropical • zones of Asia and Africa, but hardly in South-Europe, originating according to A. de Candolle in North-Eastern Africa. A shrubby, very decorative plant, attaining the size of a small tree. At Chris- tiania it grew to 12 feet in height and bore fruit, and it is reared as a summer-plant even to lat. 68° 7' (Prof. Schuebeler). It was well in Extra- Tropical Countries. 327 known to Egyptians four thousand years ago, and is also mentioned in the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates, Dioscorides, Theophrastos, Plinius and other ancient physicians, philosophers and naturalists. The easy and rapid growth, the copious seeding, and the early return of produce render this important plant of high value in the warm temperate zone, more particularly as it will thrive on almost any soil, and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being scorched by hot winds. Recently recommended for staying bush-fires and for keeping off noxious insects and blights from plantations. It may thus become an important plant also for culture in desert-tracts, and is evidently destined to be in countries with cheap labor one of the most eligible plants to furnish oil for technical uses, particularly for lubricating machinery, irrespective of the value of its oil for medicinal purposes. The scalded leaves, applied externally, have long been known as particularly active on the mammary glands as a powerful galactagogue; the foliage is also in use as an emmenagogue; the root-bark has purgative properties. The seeds contain about 50 per cent. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil, hydraulic pressure should be employed, and the seeds not be subjected to heat; the seed-coat should also be removed prior to the extracting process being proceeded with. A screw-press suffices however to obtain the oil for ordinary supplies. By decantation and some process of filtration it is purified. For obtaining oil to be used fer lubrication of machinery or other technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared by various methods under application of heat and access of water. For lubrication it is one of the most extensively used of all oils. Castor- oil is usually bleached simply by exposure to solar light, but this procedure lessens to some extent the laxative properties of the oil. It dissolves completely in waterless alcohol and in ether, and will become dissolved also in spirit of high strength, to the extent of three-fifths of the weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind may become valuable for various technical purposes, and afford some test for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it will deposit margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the oil will distil over, and a substance resembling india-rubber remains, which saponizes with alkalies. Other educts are at the same time obtained, which will probably become of industrial value. These facts are briefly mentioned here merely to explain, that the value of this easily produced oil is far more varied than is generally supposed; and this remark applies with equal force to many other chemical compounds from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar alkaloid — ricinin. The solid chemical compound of castor-oil is the crystalline isocetic acid (a glycerid). The oil contains also a non-crystalline acid, peculiar to it (ricinoleic acid). For the production of a particular kind of silk the Elcinus-plant is also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx Arrindi requires the leaves of this bush for food. Even a few of the seeds, if swallowed, will produce poisonous effects. The root-bark has also been drawn into use as a purgative (Bernays). 328 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Bobinia Pseudacacia, Linne. The North-American Locust- Acacia, ranging from Alleghany to Arkansas. Height reaching 90 feet. Hardy to lat. 63° 26' in Norway. The hard and durable wood is in use for a variety of pur- poses, and particularly eligible for treenails, axletrees and turnery; strength greater than that of the British oak, weight lighter (D. J. Browne). The natives used the wood for their bows. The tree is of rapid growth, and attains an age of several hundred years. A tree, raised in 1635, in the Paris Jardin des Plantes, is still alive. It may be planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter on farm-lands. It is one of the best trees for renovating exhausted land and for improving poor soil. Also a bee-plant. Recommended as one of the easiest grown of all trees on bare sand, though standing in need of twice as much mineral aliment as Pinus silvestris and nearly as much as poplars. It pushes through shifting sand its spreading roots, which may attain a length of seventy feet. It will maintain its hold in hollows of drifts, where even poplars fail (Wessely). The roots are poisonous. The allied R. viscosa (Ventenat) attains a height of 40 feet. Roccella tinctoria, De Candolle. Canary-Islands, Azores, also in Western and Southern Europe and North-Africa. This lichen furnishes the litmus, orseille or orchil for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of interest, whether it could be translocated and naturalized on the cliffs of our shores also. Other dye-lichens might perhaps still more easily be naturalized; for instance, Lecanora tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia sordida, Isidium corallinum and some others, which furnish the Cud- bear or Persio. Rosa canina, Europe, "Northern and Middle Asia, North-Africa. This species attains a very great age; the famed and sacred rose at the cathedral of Hildesheim existed before that edifice was built, therefore before the ninth century (Langethal). In some of the German monasteries real roses of tree-size occur, which have also lived through several centuries and are regarded with veneration. Rosa centifolia, Linn£. The Cabbage-Rose, Moss-Rose, Provence-Rose. Indigenous on the Caucasus and seemingly also in other parts of the Orient. It will endure the frosts of Norway as far north as lat. 70° (Schuebeler). Much grown in South -Europe and Southern Asia for the distillation of rose-water and oil or attar of roses. No pruning is resorted to, only the dead branches are removed; the harvest of flowers is from the middle of May till nearly the middle of June; the gathering takes place before sunrise (Simmonds).' From 12,000 to 16,000 roses, or from 250 Ibs. to 300 Ibs. of rose-petals, are required according to some calculations for producing a single ounce of attar through ordi- nary distillation. The flowers require to be cut just before expansion; in Extra-Tropical Countries. 329 the calyx is separated and rejected; the remaining portions of the flowers are then subjected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated rose-water so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation, when on any cold place the oil separates from the overcharged water and floats on the surface, whence it can be collected after refrigeration by fine birds' feathers. Rose-oil consists of a hydro-carbon stearopten, which is scentless, and an elaeopten, which is the fragrant principle. But some other methods exist for producing the oil; for instance, it may be got by distilling the rosebuds without water at the heat of a salt water bath, or by merely passing steam through the still. The odor may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distillation from the roses, or be extracted by the " enfleurage " process. The latter is effected by placing the flowers, collected while the weather is warm, into shallow frames covered with a glass-plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty substance has been thinly spread. The scent of the flowers is absorbed by the adipose or oleous substance, though the blossoms do not come in direct contact with it; fresh flowers are sup- plied daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn from its matrix by maceration with pure alcohol. Purified eucalyptus-oil can be used for diluting rose-oil, when it is required for the preparation of scented soap. The essential oil of orange-peel might similarly be employed as a vehicle. Rosa Damascena, Miller. Orient. Allied to the preceding species, and also largely used for the production of essential oil of roses. The annual time of flower- ing extends over several months. Rosa Gallica, Linn£. (R. provincialis, Miller.) The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and Southern Europe, Orient. Hardy to lat. 70° in Norway. The intensely colored buds of this species are particularly chosen for drying. These however may be got also from other kinds of roses. Rosa Indica, Linne". (R. Sinica, L.; R. Chinensis, Jacquin.) China, thence brought to India. The " Hybrid Perpetuals " are largely traceable to this plant. Flowering time of long duration annually. Some roses of the sweetest scent are derived from this species. R. fragrans (Redoute), the Tea-Rose, is a variety. The Noisette Rose is a cross of this and R. moschata. Rosa Isevigata, Michaux. (fi. Siniea, Murray, non Linne.) The Cherokee-Rose. China and Japan-. Considered one of the best hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed in North- America. It serves well also for bowers. Allied to the foregoing species.— ^Rosa rugosa (Thunberg) of Japan, a large-fruited and large-leaved rose, is exceedingly well adapted for garden-hedges also. moschata, Miller.* North-Africa and South-Asia, ascending the Indian mountains to 11,000 feet. Blooming all the year round in warm climes, but more Y 2 330 Select Plants for Industrial Culture profusely in the cool season. From the flowers of this extremely tall climbing species also essential oil is obtained. The attar thus derived from roses of not only different varieties, but even distinct species, must necessarily be of various qualities. In the Balkan- mountains, on basalt-slopes facing south, the most odorous roses are produced. At Kesanlik rose-distillation is the main - industry. Shoots of rose-bushes are placed in trenches 3 feet deep and 5 feet apart. Irrigation promotes the growth. The gathering commences in the third and lasts till about the fifteenth year (Simmonds). The pure oil as a European commodity is worth from £20 to £23 per pound. This is also the rose, according to Schlagintweit, used for attar-distillation in Tunis. Pure attar, valued at 30 shillings per ounce, is produced in Roumelia to the amount of £80,000 annually (Piesse). Rosa sempervirens, Linne. From South-Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. Hardy still at Christiania. One of the best rose-bushes for covering walls, fences and similar structures. The flowers of this species also can be utilized for rose-oil. Rosa setigera, Michaux. North-Eastern America, where it is the only climbing rose-bush. It deserves introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth, — 10 to 20 feet in a season. Its flowers however are nearly inodorous. Other original species of roses are worthy of our attention, Sir Joseph Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the northern hemi- sphere. But on the snow-clad uuascended mountains of New Guinea and Africa south of the equator, perhaps new roses may yet be discovered, as they have been traced southward to Abyssinia already. Rosa spinosissima, Linn£. Europe, North-Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. The Burnet- Rose. Adapted for holding coast-sands; unapproachable to pasture- animals, and not spreading into culture-land or pastures like the sweetbrier, R. rubigiiiosa, L. Rosmarinus officinalis, Linn£. The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extend- ing to Switzerland. This well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant. One of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The oil, distilled from its foliage, enters into certain compositions of per- fumery; one cwt. of fresh herb yields about 24 ounces of oil (Piesse). The flowers are much sought by bees. Vilmorin states that the seeds will keep for about four years; but the propagation from cuttings is easy also. Rottboellia ophiuroides, Bentham. Tropical East- Australia. A tall perennial grass, praised by Mr. Walter Hill for fodder. Hardy in regions free of frost. in Extra-Tropical Countries. -331 Royenia Pseudebenus, E. Meyer. South- Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet-black, hard and durable; in Capeland and Caffraria called ebony. E,. pubescens (Willdenow), according to Dr. Pappe, furnishes there a wood adapted for xylography; this may give a clue to the adaptability of many other kinds of woods in the large order of Ebenacese as substitutes for the Turkish boxwood. Kubia COrdifolia, Linne. (R. Mungista, Roxburgh.) From the Indian highlands through China and Siberia to Japan; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far south as Caffraria and Natal. This perennial plant produces a kind of madder. Probably other species likewise yield dye-roots. The genus is represented widely over the globe, but as far as known not in Australia. Rubia peregrina, Linne*. Middle and Southern Europe, South- Western Asia. This perennial species also yields madder-root. Several other kinds deserve com- parative test-culture. Rubia tinctorum, Linne*. The Madder. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea, extending to temperate Western Asia. Hardy still at Christiania. A perennial herb of extremely easy culture. Soil, fit for barley, is also suitable for madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and suffocates weeds, but requires much manure, leaving the land enriched however. Stagnant water in the soil must be avoided, if madder is to succeed. The harvest is in the second or third year. It can be raised from seeds, or planted from off-shoots. The roots merely dried and pounded form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous: in the herb: rubichloric and rubitannic acid; in the root: alizarin, purpurin, rubiacin, rubian, ruberythric acid and three distinct resins; also chlorogenin, xanthin and rubichloric acid. On the five first depend the pigments produced from the root. Madder is one of the requisites for alizarin-ink. Since the manufacture of artificial alizarin from anthracene, a constituent of coal-tar, was commenced, the cultivation of madder has declined. Still it remains a valuable root, handy for domestic dye. The root is also important as an emmenagogue. Rubus acuminatus, Smith. Indian mountains, at elevations between 4,000 and 7,000 feet. A scandent species with large fruits. Rubus biflorus, Hamilton. Indian mountains, at temperate altitudes between 7,000 and 10,000 feet. A rambling shrub, with sweet • red or orange-colored fruit. Hardy in England. Another Himalayan species, R. macilentus (Cambessedes), has bright yellow fruits. 332 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Rubus caesius, Linn£. The British Dewberry. Europe, Western and Northern Asia. Resists extreme frosts, protracted dryness and also heat of exceptional seasons. In this respect the most accommodating of all blackberry- bushes. In Russia the berries are boiled together with apples into a preserve, which is of particularly pleasant taste. This Rubus supplies fruit till late in the season. Easily naturalized on ground, subject to occasional inundations, and sheltered by bushy vegetation (Burmeister). Some regard R. caesius as one of the numerous forms of R. fruticosus. Rubus Canadensis, Linn£.* The Dewberry of Eastern North-America. A shrub of trailing habit. Fruit large, black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of R. villosus (Aiton). All the species can readily be raised from seeds; thus the naturalization of these plants in adapted locali- ties is easy by mere dissemination. The astringent root is a popular remedy in dysentery and diarrhoea. Rubus Chamsemorus, Linn£. The Cloudberry. North-Europe, North-Asia, North-America, particularly in the frigid zone. In Norway it will grow northward to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). A perennial but herbaceous plant; a pigmy amongst its congeners; nevertheless it is recommended for introduc- tion to spongy, mossy, alpine moors, on account of its grateful amber- colored or red fruit. R. Arcticus (Linne), also with edible fruit, is usually its companion in the high north. A similar little herb, living for a great part of the year in snow — namely R. Gunnianus, Hooker, — occurs on the alpine heights of Tasmania, whence it might be easily transferred to snowy mountains of other countries. The fruit of R. Gunnianus is red and juicy, but not always well developed. R. calycinus (Wallich), occurring on the Indian mountains in regions between 4,000 and 9,000 feet, is also a dwarf herbaceous species, having a creeping stem, and scarlet fruits, usually however with, but few fruitlets. Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh. The Sand-Blackberry. Eastern North- America. A dwarf shrub. The fruit is of agreeable taste. Rubus deliciosus, Torrey.* About the sources of the Missouri. An erect, exceedingly hand- some shrub. Fruit raspberry-like, large and grateful. Rubus ellipticus, Smith.* (R.flavus, Hamilton.) On the mountains of India, from 4,000 to 7,000 feet elevation, also in Ceylon and Yunan. A large rather erect bush with yellow fruits, which are reckoned in flavor fully equal to the ordinary rasp- berry (C. B. Clarke). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 333 Rubus fruticosus, Linn£.* The ordinary Bramble or Blackberry-bush. All Europe, North- and South- Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Hardy in Norway to lat. 60° 24'. The shrub bears well in a temperate clime. In some countries it is a favorite plant for hedges. It likes above all calca- reous soil, though it is content with almost any, and deserves to be naturalized on the rivulets of any ranges. R. corylifolius (Smith), R. suberectus (Andrews) and R. leucostachys (Smith) are varieties like many other named kinds of European blackberries, or perhaps belong to the closely allied R. caesius; or in some instances hybrid- forms may have arisen from the two, although the generality of these various blackberry-bushes bear their fruit freely enough. Rubus geoides, Smith. Falkland-Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia and Chiloe. An herbaceous kind of raspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits, resembling the Cloudberry, and possessing a very agreeable taste. Best adapted for mountainous regions. Rubus Havaiensis, A. Gray. Sandwich-Islands. The fruit of this bramble-shrub is raspberry- like. Rubus Idaeus, Linn<*.* The ordinary Raspberry-bush. Europe and Northern Asia, east- ward to Japan. In Norway hardy to lat. 70° 22'. It is mentioned here to point out the desirability of naturalizing the plant on moun- tains and on river-banks. The fruits contain a stearopten. The leaves are sometimes used as a substitute for tea. Rubus imperialis, Chamisso. Brazil and Argentina. Furnishes superior fruits. Rubus lasiocarpus, Smith. India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of about 10,000 feet, in Ceylon of 7,000 feet, in Java of 6,000 feet. The fruit is very palatable. R. opulifolius (Bertoloni) is closely allied. R. lanatiis (Wallich) affords also edible but rather insipid fruits in Upper India (Atkinson). Rubus Moluccanus, Linn<$. (K. rugosus, Smith.) India, continental as well as insular, there ascending to 7,000 feet, advancing southward through New Guinea and East- Australia to Gippsland, northward to China and eastward to the Philippine- Islands and Fiji. A very tall and variable species. Fruit red. A variety, R. reticulatus (Wallich), ascends the Indian mountains to 10,000 feet (Sir J. Hooker), and is remarkable for its large fruit. The plant proved hardy at Christiania. It ripens in warm climes its fruits all the year round. R. tiliaceus (Smith) is an allied congener from the same region. 334 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Rubus nutans, Wallich. Himalayan mountains, ascending to about 10,000 feet; growing on the ground like strawberry-plants, yielding fruits of very pleasant subacid taste (Atkinson), but not of large size (J. Hooker). A species easily spreading and probably improvable by culture. Rubus occidentalis, Lmn4.* The " Black Cap "-Raspberry or " Thimbleberry "-bush. North- America. A species with woody stems and nice fruits, the latter with a glaucous bloom, well flavored and large; it ripens early. To this bears near affinity R. leucodermis (Douglas) from California, Utah and Arizona; its fruit is yellowish-red, rather large and of agreeable flavor (A. Gray). Rubus odoratus, Cornuti.* North- America. A kind of raspberry-bush. Handsome on ac- count of its large purple flowers. Berries edible. Hardy in Norway to lat. 67° 56'. Culture would doubtless enhance the value of the fruits of many of these Rubi. Hybridising might be tried. R. Nutkanus (Mocino) is the Salmon-Raspberry of Western North- America and closely allied to R. odoratus. Rubus parvifolius, Linn<$. East-Asia, Eastern and Southern Australia. It produces much finer fruits in the Alps of Australia than in the lowlands. It extends as a native to Japan, where according to Maximowicz 22 species of Rubus exist, many of them endemic, and probably some eligible for special fruit-culture. Rubus phcenicolasius, Maximowicz. Japan. A Raspberry-Bramble with fair-sized fruits. Rubus rosifolius, Smith. Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, ascending the Himalayas to about 10,000 feet, also occurring throughout the literal forests of East- Australia. In woody regions this shrub bears an abundance of fruits of large size, and these early and long in the season, though not so excellent as those of many other species. Rubus strigosus, Michaux.* Eastern North-America, extending to Canada. Closely allied to the European raspberry. Its fruits large, also of excellent taste. Rubus tiliaceus, Smith. Indian mountains, at altitudes "between 3,000 and 8,000 feet. A rambling species. Fruit large, purplish-black, but rather insipid. Rubus trivialis, Michaux.* South-Eastern States of North- America. Another shrubby species with good edible fruits, which are large and black. The plant will thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other congeners, this one has the bark rich in tannic acid. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 335 Rubus ursinus, Chamisso and Schlechtendahl. (R. macropetalus, Douglas.) California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black, oval- cylindric, particularly sweet. Readily rendered spontaneous. It would lead too far to enumerate other utilitarian kinds of Rubus, although altogether about one hundred genuine species do occur, which render the genus one of very wide dispersion over the globe. Rubus villosus, Aiton. Eastern North-America, reaching Canada, there the ordinary Blackberry-bush. Growth tall. Fruit large and pleasant (Asa Gray). The Rochelle- and Lawton- varieties are of this species (C. Koch). The root-bark is praised for medicinal purposes. Rumex Acetosa, Linn£. The Kitchen- Sorrel. Europe, Middle and Northern Asia to Japan, also in the frigid zone of North-America. Endures the frosts of Norway northward to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). A perennial herb. The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish one (R. Hispanicus, Koch), also the alpine one (R. montanus, Desfontaines) serve as pleasant acidulous vegetables, but must be used in moderation, as their acidity, like that of the species of Oxalis (Wood-Sorrel), depends on binoxalate of potash. The South-African R. luxurians, L., serves likewise as culinary sorrel. Aquatic species of Rumex help to solidify embankments subject to floods. Rumex hymenosepalus, Torrey. Texas, New Mexico. This " Dock," vernacularly known as " Canaigre," has come into use in tanneries, the roots acting by their powerful tan-principle doubly as quick as oak-bark. This may prove a hint for testing other large species of the extensive genus Rumex in this respect. The root of R. hymenosepalus yields in a dry state 23^ per cent, rheo-tannic acid. Rumex Patientia, Linn<5. Middle and Southern Europe, South-Western Asia. Biennial. It is the R. sativus of Plinius according to Fraas. Bears the cold of Norwegian winters to lat. 70°. The young leaves furnish a palatable sorrel, like spinach. In cold climes it pushes forth its leaves, before the frost is hardly gone, and thus comes in as one of the first vege- tables of the season. Rumex scutatus, Linn4. The French Sorrel. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing as a culinary plant. They are all of use against scurvy, and most easily reared. Dr. Rosenthal lauds even the common R. crispus (Linne) of Europe and Asia as a spinage-plant; further for culinary purposes, R. pulcher (Linne) and R. bucephalophorus (Linne) from the countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea. 336 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Rumex vesicarius, Linne". Southern Europe, Middle Asia, Northern Africa. An annual herb of the same utility as other sorrels. Ruscus aculeatus, Linne. Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South-Western Asia. This odd plant serves for forming garden-hedges. The young shoots of this and a few allied plants are edible. Russula vesca, Fries. Europe. One of the best of mushrooms for the kitchen within the genus Russula, which has representatives in most parts of the globe. Dr. Cooke mentions further as culinary R. lepida and R. virescens (Fries.). Professor Morren notes R. integra (Fries) as used among the Belgian champignons. Under any circumstances, mushrooms should only be used when fresh collected or quickly dried. Ruta graveolens, Linne*. The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. Hardy in Norway to lat. 63° 26'. The foliage of this acrid and odorous shrub, simply dried, constitutes the rue-herb of medicine. The allied R. sylvestris (Miller) is still more powerful in its effect. These plants and others of the genus contain a peculiar volatile oil and a glycosid, the rutiii. Fresh they should be handled most cautiously, best with gloves. Sabal Adansoni, Guernsent. Dwarf Palmetto. South-Carolina, Georgia and Florida. A stem- less Fan-palm, with the following congeners, Rhaphidophyllum Hystrix and Washingtonia filifera, attaining the most northerly positions of any American palms. According to Count de Saporta it resists a temperature as low as 17° F. Professor Ch. Naudin found it to endure the frosts in Southern France to 43° 20' north latitude. This palm does well in marshy places. Sabal Palmetto, Loddiges.* Extends from Florida to North-Carolina. The stem attains a height of 40 feet. This hardy palm delights on sandy coast- tracts. Stems almost imperishable under water, not attacked by the teredo, Sabal serrulata, JRoemer and Schultes. (Serenaea serrulata, J. Hooker.) The Saw-Palmetto. South-Carolina, Georgia and Florida, particu- larly well adapted for sea-coasts. The stem grows to eight feet in height, but according to Mr. A. J. Cook may slimly creep along the ground for 20 feet, sending roots beneath for nourishment. This is a grand honey-plant. Mr. G. Damko'hler mentions this Sabal as a tan- plant. The leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats, mats, baskets and other purposes, for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous- spongy parts of the stem serve as brushes. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 337 Sabal umbraculifera, Grisebach. West-Indies. Attains a height of 80 feet, or occasionally even over 100 feet. Though naturally a tropical Savannah-palm, it has proved even hardier than the orange. A near relative is S. Blackburniana (Glazebrook), a native of Bermuda, where, according to Sir John Lefroy, it gains a stem-height of 50 feet, and where the leaves are extensively used for plat; the sweet pulp of the fruit is edible. At Hyeres this palm withstood a temperature of 22° F. (Bonnet). Another equally tall Antillan palm is S. glaucescens, Loddiges. Sabbatia angularis, Pursh. North-Eastern America. This pretty biennial herb is lauded as a substitute for gentian by American physicians, and might with its congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though its naturalization would not be desirable, as pastoral animals avoid the bitter gentian- aceous plants. Saccharum officinarum, Linn4.* The Sugar-Cane. India, Cochin-China, South-Sea Islands, spon- taneous; probably derived from one of the native South- Asiatic species of Saccharum, according to Loureiro indigenous in Cochiu- China, an observation confirmed by Dr. Bretschneider. Sugar-cane having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on the Mediter- ranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial, at what distance from the equator and at what elevations in tropical parts of the globe sugar from cane can be produced to advantage. In the United States the profitable culture of cane ceases at 32° north latitude; ia Japan it is carried on with advantage to 36° north latitude and even- further northward (General Capron); the average-yield of raw sugar even there is 3,300 Ibs. per acre; in China this crop extends only to 30° north latitude. In South- Asia the culture of the sugar-cane dates from the remotest antiquity; from China we have a particular kind (S. Sinense, Roxburgh), which is hardier and bears the drought better than the ordinary cane; this kind needs renewal only every third year, and ripens in seven months, if planted early in spring; but if planted in autumn and left standing for fully a year the return of sugar is larger. Moderate proximity to the sea is favorable for the growth of canes. Prolific yields have been secured in East- Australia south to 29°. A very saccharine but hard cane is wild in New Guinea (Maclay). The multiplication of all sorts of sugar-cane is usually ef- fected from top-cuttings; but this cannot be carried on from the same original stock for an indefinite period without deterioration; and as seeds fit to germinate do not ripen on cultivated canes, new plants must from time to time be brought from a distance. Thus, New Caledonia and Fiji have latterly supplied their almost wild-growing splendid varieties for replanting many sugar-fields in Mauritius and some other places. The Bourbon-variety is praised as one of the richest for sugar; the Batavian variety, S. violaceum (Tussac), is content with less fertile soil. Many other varieties are known. The .338 Select Plants for Industrial Culture sugar-cane is one of the best of all plants of economic value, to keep cleared ground in tropical forests free from weeds or the invasion of other plants. Excessive rains produce a rank luxuriance of the canes at the expense of the saccharine principle. Rich manuring is neces- sary to attain good crops, unless in the best of virgin soil. The lower leaves of the stem must successively be removed, also superabundant ;Suckers, to promote the growth upwards, and to provide ventilation iand light. Out of the remnants of sugar-cane either molasses or rum or taffia can be prepared. The average-yield of sugar varies from 1 ton 6 cwt. to 3 tons for the acre; but exceptionally as much as 6 tons per acre have even been obtained in the hardly tropical Hawaian Islands. The world's production of cane-sugar in 1875 amounted to 2,140,000 tons (Boucheraux). Among some other works for fuller information the valuable volume of Mr. A. McKay, " The Sugar-Cane in Australia," should be consulted, particularly in the far southern colonies. The stately S. spontaneum (Linne), which extends from India to Egypt and New Guinea, is available for scenic culture. It attains a height of 15 feet, and ascends in Java, according to Dr. Junghuhn's observations, to a height of 17,000 feet. Other tall kinds of Saccharum occur in South-Asia. For the conditions and prospects of the cane-sugar industry in the Southern United States see the special report of the Hon. General Le Due, Washington, 1877; also the " Sugar Industries of the United States," by H. W. Wiley, 1885. Sagittaria lancifolia, Linn4. From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic plant can doubtless be utilized like the following species. It attains a height of five feet. Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (S. latifotia, Willdenow.) North- America, where it replaces the closely-allied S. sagittifolia. A few other conspicuous species are worthy of introduction. The Tule or Wapatoo-root of California is derived from a species of Sagittaria. .Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linn£. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the most showy of all hardy water-plants; still not alone on that account deserving naturalization, but also because its root is edible. If once established, this plant maintains its ground well, and might occupy submerged spots not otherwise utilized. Salix alba, Linn£.* The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe, originally of North- Africa, Northern and Western Asia; according to Prof. Andersson of exclusively Asiatic origin. It bears the frosts of Norway to lat. 63° 52'. It is positively known, that the Silky Willow will live to an age of 150 years, and probably much longer. Available for wet places not otherwise in cultivation. Height reaching to 80 feet, cir- cumference of stem sometimes to 20 feet; of rapid growth. Foliage in Extra-Tropical Countries. 339- silvery-pubescent. Wood smooth, soft and tough, bearing pounding and knocking better than that of any other British tree; eligible where lightness, pliancy and elasticity are required; hence in request for wheel-floats and shrouding of water-wheels, as it is not subject to splinter; for the sides and bottoms of carts and barrows, for break- blocks of trucks; also used for turnery, trays, fenders, shoe-lasts, light handles (Simmonds). Its weight is from 26 to 33 Ibs. per cubic foot. Timber, according to Rbbb, the lightest and softest of all prominently utilitarian woods; available for bungs; it. is planed into chips for hat-boxes, baskets and woven bonnets; also worked np for cricket-bats, boxes and many utensils. The bark is particularly valued as a tan for certain kinds of glove-leather, to which it imparts an agreeable odor. Mr. Scaling records, that in rich ground on the banks of streams this willow will grow to a height of 24 feet in 5 years, with 2 feet basal girth of the stem; in 8 years he found it to grow 35 feet, with 33 inches girth at 1 foot from the ground. London noticed the height to be 53 feet in 20 years, and the girth 7^ feet. In winterless countries the growth is still more rapid. To produce straight stems for timber, the cuttings must be planted very close, some of the trees to be removed from time to time. After 30 or 40 years the trees will deteriorate. Scaling estimates the value of an acre of willow-timber to be about £300. The Golden Osier, Salix vitellina, L., is a variety. The shoots are used for hoops and wicker- work. With other large willows and poplars one of the best scavengers for back -yards, where drainage cannot readily be applied; highly valuable also for forming lines along narrow watercourses or valleys in forests, to stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gun- powder. The wood in demand for matches. All willows, as early flowering, are of particular importance to apiarists (Cook, Quinby). The extreme rapidity of growth of most willowtrees and poplars, particularly in mild climes, renders it quite feasible, to rear them purposely for providing wood as an adjunct to paper-material, particularly on ground not eligible as agrarian. Salix Babylonica, Tournefort. The Weeping Willow. Indigenous in North-China, sparingly wild,, according to Stewart, in the Himalayas; probably likewise in Persia- and Kurdistan. One of the most grateful of all trees for the facility of its culture and its fitness for embellishment; also as one of the quickest growing and most easily reared of all shade-trees. Fifty feet upward growth has been witnessed in five years. The tree is important for consolidating river-banks, and everywhere available for cemeteries. In frostless climes annually only for a few weeks without leaves. In Norway it will grow northward to lat. 58° 8'. A powerful, scavenger of back-yards, but apt to undermine masonry and to get into cisterns. Dr. C. Koch prefers Moench's name S. pendula, as the Weeping Willow is not a native of Babylon, and he distinguishes another Weeping Willow from Japan as S. elegantissima, which is still hardier than S. Babylonica; allied also is S. Japonica. 340 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (8. Gariepina, Burchell.) South- Africa. This willow might be introduced on account of its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. Prof. Harvey says of it, that it is one of the greatest ornaments of the banks of the Gariep- River. Salix caprea, Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or Hedge- Willow. In Norway it extends to lat. 70° 37'; in 65° 28' Prof. Schuebeler found it to attain a height of nearly 70 feet. The Kil- marnock Weeping Willow is a .form of this species. Wood used for handles and other implements, the shoots for hoops; it is also largely employed for gunpowder-coal. Bark available for tanning, particu- larly glove-leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by bees. It is one of the earliest flowering of willows, hence with S. daphnoides, as the harbinger of spring, particularly gladdening to bees, although all willows are honey-plants. Salix cordata, Muehlenberg. One of the Osiers of North- America, extending to Canada. Fit also to bind sand. One of the dwarf Californian willows has been found on the coast-sands to send out root-like stems to 120 feet in length. .Salix daphnoides, Villars. Northern and Middle Europe and Northern Asia, eastward as far as the Amoor, ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas, growing in Norway northward to lat. 62° 20'. A tree, rising to about 60 feet in height, rapid of growth, attaining' 12 feet in four years. It is much chosen to fix the ground at railway-embankments, on sandy ridges and slopes, for which purposes its long-spreading and strong roots render it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets, wicker- work and twig-bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The variety pruinosa is considered by Dr. Sonder to be as valuable as the Bedford- Willow. The foliage furnishes cattle-fodder. The tree is comparatively rich in salicin, like S. pentandra (Linne) and the following. .Salix fragilis, Linn<5. The Crack- Willow or Withy. Indigenous in South- Western Asia; widely spontaneous also in Europe. Hardy in Norway to lat. 64° 5'. Height to 90 feet; stem reaching 20 feet in girth. According to Scaling next to S. alba the best of the European timber-willows, but the wood not quite so tough and the tree requiring more space for growth. Both species are recommended for shelter-plantations, on account of their rapidity of growth, uninflammability and easy propagation; the latter quality they share with most willows. A variety or hybrid of this species is the Bedford- Willow, also called Leicester-Willow, Salix Russelliana (Smith), which yields a light, elastic, tough timber, more tannin in its bark than oak, and more salicin (a substitute for quinine and most valuable as an anti-rheumatic remedy) than most in Extra-Tropical Countries. 341 of its congeners. According to Sir H. Davy the inner layers of the bark contain fully 16 per cent, tannin, the whole bark only about 7 per cent. Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow. Through a great part of South- America, southward as far as Pata- gonia, there furnishing building timber for inside-structures. This willow is of pyramidal habit, attains a height of 50 feet and more, and is in moist ground of quick and ready growth. The wood is locally much in use for yokes and other implements. Many kinds of willows can be grown for consolidating shifting sand-ridges. Salix Japonica, Thunberg. Japan. Here mentioned, to draw attention to its distinctness from S. Babylonica, to which Prof. Andersson referred it as a variety. Salix longlfolia, Muehlenberg. North-America from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean. Acquires finally a height of about 20 feet; likes to creep on sand and gravel along river-banks. It is one of the species forming- long flexible wythes. S. petiolaris (Smith) and S. tristis (Aiton) are among the North-American species best fitted for binding sand. Salix lucida, Muehlenberg. One of the Osiers of North-America, reaching Canada. Likes river-banks for its habitation. Salix nigra, Marshall. (S. Purshiana, Sprengel.) The Black Willow of North- America. It attains a height of 30 feet. One of the willows used for basket-work, although it is sur- passed in excellence by some other species, and is more important as a timber-willow. Mr. W. Scaling of Basford includes it among the sorts, which he recommends in his valuable publication, " The Willow/' London 1871. Salix purpurea, Linne".* Of wide range in Europe, Northern and Western Asia, extending also to North-Africa, according to Sir. J. Hooker. The Bitter Willow; one of the Osiers. Hardy in Norway northward to lat. 67° 56'. In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilized, it will yield annually, four to five tons of the best of rods, qualified for the finest work. Impenetrable, not readily inflammable screens as much as 25 feet high can be reared from it in five years. In localities exposed ' to storms, willow-copses fully 40 feet high can be raised from this species. It forms also a variety with pendent branches. It is most valuable also for the reclamation of land along watercourses. Rich in salicin, which collaterally can be obtained from the peelings of the twigs, when the latter are prepared for basket-material. From Mr. Scaling's treatise on the Willow, resting on unrivalled experience, it will be observed, that he anew urges the adoption of the Bitter 342 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Willow (also called the Rose- Willow or the Whipcord- Willow) for game-proof hedges, the species scarcely ever being touched by cattle, rabbits and other herbivorous animals. Not only for this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and remunerative yield of the very best of basket-material, he recommends it for field-hedges. Cuttings are planted only half a foot apart and must be entirely pushed into the ground. The annual produce from such a hedge is worth 4s. to 5s. for the chain. To obtain additional strength, the shoots can be interwoven. In rich bottoms the shoots will grow from 7 to 1 3 feet in a year. The supply of basket-material from this willow has fallen very far short of the demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light soil or warp-land, but not on clay. It likes sandy loam, and will even do fairly well on gravelly soil, but it is not so easily reared as S. triandra. Mr. Scaling's renewed advocacy for the formation of willow-planta- tions comes with so much force, that his advice is here given, though condensed in a few words. Osier-plantations come into full bearing in the third year; they bear for about ten years and then slowly decline. The raw produce from an acre in a year averages 6 to 1\ tons, ranging from £2 10s. to £3 10s. for the ton (unpeeled). Although 7,000 acres are devoted in Britain to the culture of basket- willows (exclusive of spinneys and plantations for the farmer's own use), yet in 1866 there had to be imported from the Continent 4,400 tons of willow-branches, at an expense of £44,000, while besides the value of the made baskets imported that year was equal to that sum. In recent years the importation into the United States of willow- material for baskets, chairs and other utensils has, according to Simmonds, been estimated as approaching $1,000,000. Land, com- paratively unfit for root- or grain-crops, can be used very remunera- tively for osier-plantations. The soft-wooded willows like to grow in damper ground than the hard-wooded species. The best peeled willow-branches fetch as much ac £25 for the ton. Peeling is easiest effected by steam, by which means the material is also increased in durability. No basket-willow will thrive in stagnant water. Osier- plantations in humid places should therefore be drained. The cuttings are best taken from branches one or two years old, and are to be planted as close as one foot by one foot and a half. No part of the cutting must remain uncovered, in order that only straight shoots may be obtained; manuring and ploughing between the rows is thus also facilitated, after the crop has been gathered, and this, according to the approved Belgian method, must be done by cutting the shoots close to the ground after the fall of the leaves. The accidental introduction from abroad of destructive saw-flies (particularly Ne- matus ventralis), which prey also on currant- and gooseberry-bushes, should be guarded against. Salix rubra, Hudson * Throughout Europe, also in West-Asia and North- Africa; much chosen for osier-beds. When cut down, it will make shoots eight feet long in a season. Dr. Porcher regards it as one of the most in Extra-Tropical Countries. 343 valuable species for work, in which unpeeled rods are used. It is also admirably adapted for hedges. The bark is one of the best for salicin. Considered by some as a hybrid between S. purpurea and Su viminalis. Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh. Mountains of India, from 2,000 to 7,000 feet. Height of tree reaching 40 feet. This thick-stemmed willow is worthy of a place on banks of watercourses. The twigs can be worked into baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for cattle- fodder. Salix triandra, Linn£.* (8. amygdalina, Linne.) The Almond-Willow. Through nearly all Europe and extra-tropical Asia. Height of tree at length 30 feet. It sheds its bark annually after the third year. Likes rich loamy soil ; requires less space 'than S. viminalis, more than S. purpurea. It is a prominent representative of the hard- wooded basket-willows, and comprises some of the finest varieties in use by the manufacturers. Shoots are obtainable 9 feet long; they answer for hoops and white basket-work, being pliant and durable. The bark contains a good deal of salicin. For basket-pur- poses 20,000 to 30,000 cuttings can be planted on an acre, and 2,000 to 3,000 can be planted in a day by an expert; the second year's crop is already of considerable value; at five years it comes to its prime, the plantation holding good for 15 to 25 years. The rods for baskets should be cut as soon as the leaves have dropped. The annual value of a crop of basket-willows is in England from £25 to £35 per acre (Scal- ing). The cultivation of basket-willows along railroads has proved in cold countries one of the best protectives against snow-drifts. S. lanceolata (Smith) is a hybrid between S. triandra and S. viminalis, according to Prof. Andersson. Salix viminalis, Linn£. The common Osier of Europe, North- and West-Asia. Height to 30 feet. The best of basket-willows for banks, subject to occasional inundations. It is a vigorous grower, very hardy (to lat. 67° 56' in Norway), likes to be fed by deposits of floods or by irrigation, and disposes readily of sewage (Scaling). One of the best for wicker- work and hoops; when cut, it shoots up to a length of 12 feet; dis- tinguished by the basket-makers as the soft-wooded willow; it is best for rods requiring two years' age, but inferior to several other species for basket-manufacture. Prof. Wiesner mentions this species among those drawn into use for tanning purposes. S. Smithiana (Willdenow) is a hybrid of S. vimiualis and S. caprea, and has proved one of the best willows for copses and hedges. Its growth is very quick and its foliage remarkably umbrageous. It would lead too far, to enumerate even all the more important willows on this occasion. Professor Andersson, of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these willows could be grown to rural or technologic advantage. 344 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Salpichroma rhomboides, Miers, Extra-tropical South-America, as far south as Magelhaen's Straits. A half-shrub, .with good-sized berries of vinous taste (Lorentz). Salvia Matico, Grisebach. Sub-alpine Argentina. An important medicinal herb. Salvia officinalis, Linne\ The Garden-Sage. South-Europe, ranging to Switzerland. En- dures the climate of Norway to lat. 70°. A somewhat shrubby plant of medicinal value, pervaded by essential oil. Prefers calcareous soil. Counted also with honey-plants; enters into some condiments. S. Sclarea (Linne), which ranges from South-Europe to Persia, is similarly drawn into use, and was grown by Imperial order already in the gardens of Charles the Great (E. Meyer). Among nearly half a thousand species of this genus some are gorgeously ornamental. SambUGUS Australis, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. Southern Brazil and La Plata-States. Resembles the ordinary elder, and is locally used for tall hedges (Dr. Lorentz). Sambucus Canadensis, Linne. North-Eastern America. The berries of this half-woody elder are used, like those of Phytolacca decandra, for coloring vinous liquids. Dr. Gibbons observes, that this species is recognised in the United States Pharmacopoeia, and that S. Mexicana (Presl.) and S. racemosa (Linne) possess similar medicinal properties. The flowers are gently excitant and sudorific, the berries diaphoretic and aperient; a kind of wine is frequently manufactured from them; the inner bark in large doses acts as a hyrdagogue cathartic and as an emetic. S. xanthocarpa (F. v. Mueller) is a large elder-tree of extra- tropical East- Australia. Sambucus nigra, Linne". The ordinary Elder. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia. Endures the frosts of Norway northward to lat 66° 5' (Schuebeler). Known to have exceptionally attained a height of 35 feet. The flowers are of medicinal value, and an essential oil can be obtained from them. The wood can be utilized for shoe-pegs and other purposes of artisans. The berries are used for coloring portwine and for other dyeing pur- poses. The roots of the elder possess highly valuable therapeutic properties, according to Dr. Al. Buettner. Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linne". North-Eastern America. " Blood-root." A perennial herb. Hardy to lat. 63° 26' in Norway. The root important as a therapeutic agent. It contains also dye-principles. An excellent bee-plant (Cook). Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poterium Sanyuisorba, Linne*.) The Salad-Burnet. Europe, North- Africa, Northern and Western Asia. A perennial herb, easily disseminated and naturalized, par- ticularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and particu- larly as a sheep-fodder. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 345 Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow. India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be passed in this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in temperate climes, free from frost. Four pounds of leaves give nearly one pound of fibre, which unites softness and silky lustre with extraordinary strength and tenacity, serving in its native country particularly for bow-strings. The plant might be left to itself for continued growth in rocky unutilized places. Several species, South- Asiatic as well as African, exist. Santalum album, C. Bauhin. India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A small or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and roots. In the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest fragrance of the wood is generated. S. Freycinetianum (Gaudichaud) produces santal-wood on the mountains of Hawaia up to 3,000 feet. Several other species occur in Polynesia. The precious santal-oil is obtained by slow . distillation from the heartwood and root, the yield being about two and a half per cent. It is worth about £3 per pound, and important , not only for cosmetic but also for medicinal purposes. Santalum Austro-Caledonicum (Vieillard), from New Caledonia, furnishes there santal-wood, excellent for strength and agreeableness of odor (Sim- monds). Santalum cygnorum, Miquel. South-Western Australia, where this small tree furnishes scented santal-wood. The wood on distillation yields nearly 2 per cent, oil (Seppelt). Santalum Preissianum, Miquel. (S. acuminatum, A. de Candolle.) The Quandong. Desert-country of extra-tropical Australia. The fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is advisable to raise the plant in desert-tracts. Dromedaries, according to Mr. E. Giles, feed on the foliage. Santalum Yasi, Seemann. The Santal-tree of the Fiji-Islands, where it grows on dry and rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy, and deserves, with a few other species from the South-Sea Islands yielding scented wood, test- culture in warm temperate regions. Santolina Cyparissias, Linne". Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and hand- some bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied species. Saponaria officinalis, Linn<$. The Soapwort or Fuller's Herb. Europe, Northern and Western Asia. Hardy jn Norway to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the root can be employed with advantage in some final processes of washing silk and wool, to which Z 2 346 Select Plants for Industrial Culture it imparts a peculiar gloss and dazzling whiteness, without injuring in the least any subsequent application of the most sensitive colors. The same purpose serves Saponaria Struthium (Loeffling) of Spain. Sassafras officinale, Hayne. The deciduous Sassafras-tree, indigenous from Canada to Florida, occurring in dry open woods. Height sometimes to 80 feet; the stem has been known to attain a girth of more than 19 feet at 3 feet from the ground. It furnishes the medicinal sassafras bark and wood, and from this again an essential oil is obtainable. The deciduous and often jagged leaves are remarkable among those of Lauraceae; they are used as a condiment in cookery. The root-bark contains 58 per cent, tannin (Reinsch). The wood ranks also as a material for a lasting dye; for turnery it is easily worked, and proved of great resistance to the influence of water (Dr. C. Mohr). Satureja hortensis, C. Bauhin. The Summer-Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic oil can be distilled; it is used also as a condiment. The culture of this and allied plants is easy in the extreme.. This is one of about 100 kinds of plants, which Charles the Great already ordered to be grown on his domains or gardens (E. Meyer). Satureja montana, Linn£. The Winter- Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the Medi- terranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb, frequently used as a culinary condiment along with or in place of the foregoing species, although it is scarcely equal to it in fragrance. Satureja Thymbra, Linne. Countries on or near the Mediterranean Sea. . A small evergreen bush, with the flavor almost of thyme. The likewise odorous S. Graeca, and S. Juliana (Linne) have been transferred by Bentham to the closely cognate genus Micromeria ; they have been in use since •Dioscorides' time, though not representing, as long supposed, the Hyssop of that ancient physician, which according to Sprengel and Fraas was Origannm Smyrnaeum or some allied species. Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.) Cashmere. The aromatic root of this perennial species is of medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of the ancients. Saxono-G-otheea conspicua, Lindley. The Mahin of Southern Chili and Patagonia. A middle-sized tree, with fine-grained yellowish timber. Scandix grandinora, Linne". Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb, much liked there as a salad of pleasant aromatic taste. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 347 Schima Wallichii, Choisy. India, up to 5,000 feet. A tree attaining a height of about 100 feet. Timber highly valuable (C. B. Clarke). Schinus Molle, From Mexico to Chili, ascending the Andes to about 12,750 feet. A tree, thriving on dry and sandy soil, odorous in all its parts ; the foliage in bouquets a good substitute for ferns and not quickly shrivelling ; the jerking motion of leaf-fragments thrown into water very remarkable; the somewhat spicy small fruits serving as condi- ment. Rate of growth of tree at Port Phillip about 1 foot a year. S. terebinthifolia (Raddi) from Brazil proved a good promenade-tree in Victoria. ;Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees. Java, at an elevation of about 3,000 feet. A lofty Bamboo. A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, in the South-Sea and Philippine-Islands, also in Madagascar. The Bamboos being thus brought once more before us, it may be deemed advisable, to place together in one brief list all kinds, which are recorded either as very tall or as particularly hardy. Accordingly, from Major- General Muiiro's admirable monography (Transactions of the Linnean Society, 1868) the succeeding enumeration is compiled, and from that masterly essay, resting on very many years' close study of the richest collec- tions, a few prefatory remarks are likewise offered, to vindicate the wish of the writer of seeing these noble and graceful forms of vege- tation largely transferred to every part of Australia, and indeed to many other portions of the globe, where they would impress a grand .tropical feature on the landscapes. Even in the far southern latitudes of Victoria, Tasmania and New Zealand, some Bamboos from the Indian lowlands have proved able to resist our occasional night- frosts of the low country ; but in colder places the many sub-alpine species could be reared. Be it remembered, that Chusquea aristata advances to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the Andes of Quito, indeed to near the zone of perpetual ice. Arundinaria racemosa and A. spathiflora live on the Indian highlands, at a zone between 10,000 .and 11,000 feet, where they are annually beaten down by snow. Forms of Bambusacese still occur, according to Grisebach, in the Kurilian archipelagus up to 46° N., and in Japan even to ol°. We may further recognise the great importance of these plants, when we reflect on their manifest industrial uses, when we consider their grandeur for picturesque scenery, when we observe their resistance to storms or heat, or when we watch the marvellous rapidity with which many develop. Their seeds, though generally produced only at long intervals, are valued in many instances higher than rice. The ordinary great Bamboo of India is known to grow 40 feet in forty days, when bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. Delche- valerie noticed the growth of some Indian Bamboos at Cairo to have .been 1-0 inches in one night. Their power of growth is such, as to 348 Select Plants for Industrial Culture upset stone-walls or demolish substantial buildings. As shelter-plants for grazing animals these giant-reeds are most eligible. The Bourbon-Bamboo forms an impenetrable sub-alpine belt of extra- ordinary magnificence in that island. One of the Tenasserim-Bam- busas rises to about 150 feet, with the mast-like cane sometimes measuring fully one foot in diameter. The great West-Indian Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as high and quite as columnar in its form, while the Dendrocalamus at Pulo-Geum is equally colossal. The Platonia-Bamboo of the highest wooded mountains of Panama sends forth leaves occasionally 15 feet in length and 1 foot in width. Arundinaria inacrosperma, as far north as Philadelphia, still rises to a height of nearly 40 feet in favorable spots, and one of the Japan- Bamboos, according to Mr. Christy, gains the height of 60 feet even in those extra-tropical latitudes. Through perforating with artistic care the huge canes of various Bamboos, musical sounds can be melodiously produced, when the air wafts through the groves, and this singular fact may possibly be turned to practice for checking the devastations from birds on many a cultured spot. Altogether twenty genera, with one hundred and seventy well- marked species, are circumscribed by General Munro's con- summate care ; but how may these treasures yet be enriched, when once the alpine mountains of New Guinea through Bamboo jungles have been scaled, or when the highlands on the sources of the Nile, which Ptolemseus and Julius Caesar already longed to ascend,, have become the territory also of phytologic researches, not to speak of many other tropical regions as yet left unexplored ! Europe pos- sesses no Bamboo; Australia, as far as hitherto ascertained, only three. Almost all Bamboos are local, and there seems really no exception to the fact, that none are indigenous to both hemispheres, a remark which applies to Palms as well, with the sole exception of Cocos nucife'ra, the nuts of which indeed may have drifted from the western to the eastern world. All true Bambusas are Oriental. Observations on the growth of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by Chevalier FenzL The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest imaginable, either from seeds or the living roots. The consuls at distant ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and navigating gentle- men abroad, and particularly also many travellers could all easily aid in transferring the various Bamboos from one country to another — from hemisphere to hemisphere. Most plants of this kind, once well established in strength under glass, can be trusted out in mild tem- perate climes to permanent locations with perfect and lasting safety at the commencement of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos are hardier than most intra-tropical plants, and the majority of them are not the denizens of the hottest lowlands, but delight in the cooler air of mountain-regions. Strong manuring brings some tardy flowering Bamboos early into bloom. In selecting the following array from General Munro's monograph, it must be noted, that it comprises only ' a limited number, and that among those, which are already to some extent known, several as yet cannot be defined with precision in their- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 349 generic and specific relation; evidently some occur, which in ele- gance, grace and utility surpass even many of those now specially mentioned : — Arthrostylidium excelsum, Grisebach. West-Indies. Height reaching at length 80 feet, stem-diameter 1 foot. Arthrostylidium longiflorum, Munro. Venezuela; ascends to 6,000 feet. Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico; ascends to 7,500 feet. Height 30 feet. Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Munro. Guiana; ascends to 6>000 feet. Height 60 feet. Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height 20 feet. Arundinaria collosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height 12 feet. Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8,000 feet. A tall species. Arundinaria ffookeriana, Munro. Sikkim; ascends to 7,000 feet. Height 15 feet. Arundinaria Japonica, Siebold and Zuccarini. Japan. Height becoming 12 feet. Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height 12 feet. Arundinaria spathiflora, Trinius. The true " Ringal." Himalaya. Height 30 feet. Often confounded with A. falcata. Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 4,500 feet. Height 15 feet. Arundinaria tessellata, Munro. South- Africa; ascends to 6,500 feet. Height 20 feet. Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in cool regions. Tall, climbing. Bambusa Balcooa, Roxburgh. Bengal to Assam. Height 70 feet. Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height 20 feet. Bambusa Brandisii, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 4,000 feet. Height reaching 120 feet, stem-circumference finally 2 feet. Bambusa marginata, Munro. Tenasserim; ascends to 5,000 feet. Tall, scandent. Bambusa nutans, Wallich. Himalaya; ascends to 7,000 feet. Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to 3, 500 feet. Height 50 feet. Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burmah, in the Teak-region. Height 80 feet. Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height 40 feet. Bambusa Tulda, Roxburgh. Bengal to Burmah. Height 70 feet. 350 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong Kong, Formosa. Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar. Height 50 feet. Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon. Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height 30 feet. Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 5,000 feet. Rather tall. Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro. Burmah. Height 50 feet. Cephalostachyum schizostachyoides, Kurz. Burmah. Height 30 feet. Chusquea abietifolia, Grisebach. West-Indies. Tall, scandent. Chusquea capituliflora, Trinius. South-Brazil. Very tall. Chusquea Culcou, E. Desvaux. Chili. Height 20 feet. Straight. Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height 10 feet. Chusquea Fendleri, Munro. Central America; ascends to 12,000 feet. Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet. Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South-Brazil. Very tall. Chusquea Lorentziana, Grisebach. Sub-tropic Argentina. Height 30 feet; not hollow. Useful for many kinds of utensils and structures. Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chilian Andes. Height 10 feet. Chusquea Muelleri, Munro. Mexico; ascends to 8,000 feet. Climbing. Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall. Chusquea scandens, Kunth. Colder Central America. Climbing, tall. Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height 80 feet. Scandent. Chusquea tenuiftora, Philippi. Chili. Height 12 feet. Chusquea uniflora, Steudel. Central America. Height 20 feet. Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall. Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height 60 feet. Dendrocalamus Ifookeri, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Height 50 feet. Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar; ascends to 4,000 feet. Tall. Dinochloa Tjankorreh, Buese. Java, Philippines; ascends to 4,000 feet. Climbing. Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height 30 feet. Guadua capitata, Munro. South-Brazil. Height 20 feet. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 351 •Guadua macrostachya, Ruprecht. Guiana to Brazil. Height 30 feet. Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height 30 feet. Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height 30 feet. Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South-Brazil; ascends to 2,000 feet. Height 30 feet. Guadua virgata, Ruprecht, South-Brazil. Height 25 feet. Merostachys Clausseni, Munro. South-Brazil. Height 80 feet. Merostachys Kunthii, Ruprecht. South-Brazil. Height 30 feet. Merostachys ternata, Nees. South-Brazil. Height 20 feet. JVastus Borbonicus, Gmelin. Bourbon; ascends to 4,000 feet. Height 50 feet. •Oxy tenant her a Abyssinica,M.{inTQ. Abyssinia to Angola; ascends to 4,000 feet. Height 50 feet. Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tali, scandent. Phyllostachys bambusoides, Siebold and Zuccarini. Himalaya, China and Japan. Height 12 feet. Phyllostachys ntgra, Munro. China, Japan. Height 25 feet. Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region. Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6,000 feet. Very tall. Teinostachyum Griffithi, Munro. Tall and slender. Referred by Kurz to Cephalostachyum. Besides these, various others are specially enumerated in the alphabetic sequence of this work. See index also. Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz. Sunda-Islands and Moluccas. Stems at length 40 feet high, very hollow. The short branches give to this Bamboo a peculiar habit. One variety has splendidly yellow stems. Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz. Java; at elevations from 3,000 to 6,000 feet. Unlike all other Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height 25 feet; stems ^tout. It requires renewal after flowering, like many allied plants. Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz. Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of Bamboo- vegetables for cookery; the young shoots, when bursting out of the ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions as culinary "Rebong"-Bamboos: Gigantochloa aspera, G. robusta, G. maxima, G. atter. For ornamental culture the same meritorious writer singles -out : Schizostachyum brachycladum, the varieties of Bambusa 352 Select Plants for Industrial Culture vulgaris, with gaudy and glossy coloring of the stems, in contrast with the black-stemmed species of Phyllostachys from China and Japan. Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel, Sunda-Islands and Moluccas. Stems to 80 feet high, remarkably slender. Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel. Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height to 35 feet; stems slender. Schkuhria abrotanoid.es, Roth. From Peru to Argentina. This annual herb yields locally an insecticidal powder. Schoenocaulon qfficinale, A. Gray. (Asa-Gray a offidnalis, Lindley; Saba- ditta officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.) Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with leafless stem, thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It furnishes the sabadilla-seeds, and yields two alkaloids, veratrin and sabadillin; further a resinous substance, helonin; also sabadillic and veratric acid. The generic names adopted for this plant by Gray and by Dierbach are coetaneous. Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold. The curious " Kooya-maki" or Umbrella-Fir of Japan. Becoming 140 feet high; pyramidal in habit. Resists severe frosts. Wood white and compact. S cilia esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley.) The Quamash. In the western extra- tropical parts of North- America, on moist prairies. The onion -like bulbs in a roasted state form a considerable portion of the vegetable food, on which the aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe extensively live. This is a pretty plant, and might be naturalized on moist meadows. Scilla Fraseri, A. Gray. The Quamash of the Eastern States of North-America. Most prolific in the production of its bulbs, which taste somewhat like potatoes. Scirpus nodosus, Rottboell. South-Africa, extra-tropic South-America, New Zealand and extra- tropic Australia. A tufty sedge with widely creeping rhizomes, well fitted to bind driftsand on coasts even in saline wet places (Ch. French). Scolymus Hispanicus, Linne". Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea. The young roots and tender shoots of this biennial herb serve as culinary vegetable; much. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 353 like salsify; the aged root acts as a diuretic. S. maculatus (Linne) is a cognate annual species. Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp. Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr. Heldreich, used there for a favorite salad and spinach. Scorzonera deliciosa, Gussone.* • Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species; equal, if not superior, in its culinary use to the allied salsify. Scorzonera Hispanica, Lhm<*.* . Middle and Southern Europe, South-Western Asia. In Norway .hardy to lat. 63° 26'. The root of this yellow-flowered perennial herb fur- nishes not only a wholesome and palatable food, but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much like dandelion. Long boiling destroys its medicinal value (B. Clark). Some other kinds of Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn i,uto similar use, there being many Asiatic species; they should be cultivated as annuals. The leaves of some may be used as salad. Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas. On the Volga and in Turkestan, in sandy desert country * This species also yields an edible root, and so perhaps the Chinese S. albicaulis (Bunge), the Persian S. Scowitzii (Candolle), the North - African S. undulata (Vahl), the Greek S. ramosa (Sibthorp), the Russian S. Astrachanica, the Turkish S. semicana (Candolle), the Iberian S. lanata (Bieberstein). At all events, careful culture may render some of them valuable esculents. Scutia Indica, Brogniart. Southern Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn's recommendation, might be utilized as a thorny hedge-shrub. Sebsea ovata, R Brown. Extra-tropical Australia and New Zealand. This neat little annual herb can be utilized for its bitter tonic principle (Gentian-bitter). S. albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species from somewhat saline ground. These plants get disseminated most readily, but are unac- ceptable to stock. S. crassulifolia (Chamisso) and Chironia baccifera (Linne) serve for the same therapeutic purposes in South-Africa (McOwan). Secale cereale, Linn£. The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in Afghanistan, and, as recently noted by Dr. A. von Regel, also in Turkestan. Mentioned as one of the hardiest of all grain-plants for sub-arctic and sub-alpine regions. In Norway it can be grown as far north as lat. 69° 30' (Schuebeler). There are annual and biennial varieties, while a few allied species, hitherto not generally used for fodder or cereal culture, are perennial. The rye, though not so nutritious '354 Select Plants for Industrial Culture as wheat, furnishes a most wholesome well-flavored bread, which keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in Middle and Northern Europe and Asia. This cereal moreover can be reared in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat will no longer thrive. In produce of grain, rye is not inferior to wheat in colder countries, while the yield of straw is larger, and the culture less exhaustive. It is not readily subject to disease, and can be grown on some kinds of peaty or sandy or moory ground. The sowing must not be effected •at a period of much wetness. Wide sand-tracts would be uninhabi- table, if it were not for the ease of providing human sustenance from this grateful corn. It dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain. It is a very remarkable fact, that for ages in some tracts of Europe rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to year without interruption. In this respect rye stands favorably alone among alimentary plants. It also furnishes in cold countries the earliest green fodder, and the return is large. Dr. Sonder observed in cultivated turf-heaths with much humus, that the spikelets pro- duce three or even four fertile florets, and thus each spike will yield as many as eighty beautiful seeds. Langethal recommends for argil- laceous soils a mixture of early varieties of wheat and rye, the united crops furnishing grain .for excellent bread. When the rye grains get attacked by Cordyceps purpurea (Fries) or similar species of fungs, it becomes dangerously unwholesome; but then also a very important medicinal substance — namely Ergot — is obtained. The biennial Wallachian variety of rye can be mown or depastured prior to the season of its forming grain. In alpine regions Wallachian rye is sown with pine-seeds, for shelter of the pine-seedlings in the first year. Rye-grain is also extensively used for the distillation of gin. Rye-straw serves as paper-material. Sechmm edule, Swartz. Central America. The Chocho or Chayota. The large starchy root of this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable, while the good-sized fruits are also edible. The fruit often germinates before it drops. The plant bears even in the first year, and may ripen one hundred fruits in a year. It comes to perfection in the warmer parts of the temperate zone. Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Mueller. (Anesorrhiza Capensis, Ch. and Schl.) South-Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A. nion- tana (Ecklon and Zeyher), a closely allied plant, yields likewise an edible root; and so it is with a few other species of the section Anesorrhiza. Selago leptostachya, E. Meyer. South-Africa. There an excellent bush for sheep-pastures in the Karro-grounds, reproduced spontaneously with great readiness from dropping seeds, and maintaining itself also by the running stems. It is the " W^aterfinder" of the Orange-river regions, indicating generally humidity beneath the ground (McOwan). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 355 Selinum Monnieri, Linn<$. Eastern- Asia, preferring moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as valuable for medicinal purposes. Sequoia sempervirens, Eiidlicher.* (Taxodium sempervirens, Lambert.) Red Wood or Bastard-Cedar of North- Western America, chiefly California. One of the most colossal trees of the globe, exceptionally becoming 360 feet high, occasionally with a stem-diameter of 55 feet- Likes humidity of soil, particularly in its early youth (Prof. Meehan)- The wood is reddish, soft, easily split, very durable, but light and brittle. The timber of mission-buildings one hundred years old are still quite sound. The growth of this tree is about 32 feet in sixteen years. The tree is often found on metamorphic sandstone. It luxuriates in the cool dampness of sea-fogs. Shinn describes these Sequoias as rugged shafts, rising like huge monolithic columns, crowned with downward curving branches of shining green. Dr, Gibbons writes, that this tree forms forests along the coast-range for a distance of about 200 miles in a belt 20 miles wide. The wood is suitable for external as well as internal finish. It constitutes almost the sole material for weather-boarding along the Californian coast;, and for fence-posts, foundations of buildings and railway- sleepers it is almost the only material used there. Is also susceptible of a splendid polish for furniture; is largely sawn into boards and shingles, furnishing in California the cheapest lumber. Stem bare for 100 feet or more; when cut, sending suckers from the root for renovation. Dr. Gibbons records as the stoutest stems some of 33 feet diameter at 3 feet from the ground. The foliage of this Sequoia is much like that of a Fir or Abies, while the foliage of the following species is more resembling that of a Spruce or Picea. Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* ( Wellingtonia gigantea, Lindley; Sequoia gigantea, Decaisne not Endlicher.) Mammoth-tree. California, up to 8,000 feet above the sea. This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem-length of 320 feet and a cir- cumference of 112 feet, the age of the oldest trees being estimated at 1,100 years. The total height of a tree has been recorded as occa- sionally 450 feet, but such heights have never been confirmed by actual clinometric measurements of trees existing now. A stem broken at about 300 feet had yet a diameter of 18 feet. The wood is soft and white when felled; afterwards it turns red; it is very dur- able. Traditional accounts seem to have overrated the height of the Mammoth-tree. In the Calveras-grove two of the largest trees, which may have been the tallest of all, were destroyed; the two highest now existing there are respectively 325 and 319 feet high, with a circumference of 45 feet and 40 feet at 6 feet from the ground. At the Mariposa-grove the highest really measured trees are 272, 270 and 260 feet high; but one of these has the enormous circumference of 67 feet at 6 feet from the ground, while another, the height of which is not recorded, is 93 feet in girth at the ground, and -356 Select Plants for Industrial Culture 64 feet at 11 feet from it; the branches of this individual tree are as thick as the stems of large elms. The elevation of Calveras is about • 4,760 feet above sea-level. A stump 33 feet in diameter is known at Yosemite. According to Dr. Gibbons this giant of the forest has a far wider range, than was formerly supposed, Mr. John Muir having shown, that it stretches over nearly 200 miles at an altitude of 5,000 to 8,000 feet. From the Calveras to the King-River it occurs in small and isolated groves, but from the latter point south to Deer-Creek, a distance of about 70 miles, there are almost unbroken forests of this noble tree. Growth of the tree about 2 feet avear under ordinary culture, much more in damp forest-glens, professor Schuebeler found it to endure the climate of Norway northward to lat. 61° 15'. Both Sequoias produce shoots from the root after the stem is cut away. The genus Sequoia can be reduced to Athrotaxis, as shown by Bentham and J. Hooker. Sesanrtirn Indicum, The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastward to Japan, origi- nating according to A. de Candolle in the Sunda-Islands. This annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude in Japan. The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is one of the best for table-use and free from any unpleasant taste; it congeals far less readily than olive-oil. There are varieties of this plant with white, red and black seeds; the latter is the earliest and richest, but gives a darker oil. Yield 45 to 50 per cent. oil. Nearly a million acres are under culti- vation with this plant in the Madras-Presidency. The export of the oil from Bangkok in 1870 was valued, according' to Simmonds, at £183,000; the market value is from 25s. to 35s. per cwt. The plant still succeeds at Malta and at Gaza, and is much grown in Turkey. Parched and pounded, the seeds make a rich soup. In Greece the seeds are often sprinkled over cakes. One of the advantages of the culture of this plant consists in its quick return of produce. The soot of the oil is used for China-ink. Sesbania aculeata, Persoon. The Danchi. Intra-tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa and Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted for desert- regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets and cordage, valued at from £30 to £40 per ton. Several congeneric plants can be equally well utilized. Sesbania JEgyptiaca, Persoon. Africa, Southern Asia, Northern and Central Australia, ranging to 33° north in Afghanistan and to 33° south on the Darling-River, ascending to 4,000 feet in the Himalayas. The foliage of this tall perennial herb and of the allied annual S. brachycarpa (F. v. M.) serves as fodder, which cattle are ravenously fond of. According to Mr. T. Gulliver, the green pods, as well as the seeds, are nutritious, wholesome and of pleasant taste. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 357 Sesbania cannabina, Persoon. South- Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet localities, requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise than the Jute-plant. The crop for fibre ripens in about five months. Regarded by Baker as a variety of S. aculeata, in which case S. cannabina would claim the right of priority for its specific name. Sesbania grandiflora, Persoon. North-Western Australia to the verge of the tropics, Indian Archi- pelagus. Called in Australia the Corkwood-tree; valuable for various utilitarian purposes. The red-flowered variety is grandly ornamental. Dr. Roxburgh recommends the leaves and young pods as an exquisite spinage. The plant is shy of frost. •Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.* Many parts of Europe, but not in the far northern regions, though in Scotland ascending to 2,500 feet. Of this perennial grass Langethal observes, that it is for dry and loose limestone what Elymus arenarius is for loose sand. It stands depasturing by sheep well, and is one of the earliest grasses of the season. Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linne". All round the globe on the shores of tropical and sub-tropical countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port Jackson. A perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt on the edges of sea- coasts. Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall. The Buffalo-Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson's Bay. This bush bears red, acidulous, edible berries. Shorea robusta, Gaertner. The Sal-tree. India, up to about 3,000 feet. It attains as a maximum a height of 150 feet and a stem -girth of 25 feet. Foliage evergreen; leaves annual. One of the most famed of Indian timber trees, likes a rather humid clime (about 70 inches rain), thrives in annual extremes of temperature from the freezing point to about 100° F. Drs. Stewart and Brandis found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly and shingly ground, where loose water- transmitting soils are mixed with a large portion of vegetable mould. The climatic conditions within a Sal-area may be expressed as — mean annual rainfall, 40 to 100 inches; mean temperature, in the cool season 55° to 77°, in the hot season 77° to 85° F. The heartwood is dark-brown,' coarse- grained, hard, very heavy, strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure, the fibres interlaced. It requires careful seasoning, otherwise it will rend and warp. For buildings, river-boats and railway-sleepers it is the most important timber of North-India. It exudes a pale, aromatic, dammar-like resin. The Tussa-silkworm derives food from this tree. 358 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (8. lactifera, Heyne.) India, abounding in Mysore, where South-European fruits prosper. On this tree also the Lac-insect lives. It furnishes a peculiar dammar. Sison Amomum, Linn£. Middle and Southern Europe. An herb of one or two years' duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can be used for condiment. Smilax bona I1OX, Linn£. (8. tamnoicres, A. Gray.) Southern States of North- America and Mexico. The young shoots of this, of S. laurifolia (L.) and some others are edible. Smilax China, Linne". Japan and China. Stems of medicinal value; in its native country the young shoots used for food. Smilax glauca, Walter. Southern States of North- America, extending into Mexico. One of the Sarsaparilla-plants, regarded by Dr. Porcher of undoubted medicinial efficacy, both sudorific and alterative, containing much smilacin; it likes rich soil. Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal. Mexico. This plant produces mainly the Sarsaparilla-root of that country. It is one of the richest in smilacin. Smilax officinalis, Humboldt. New Granada and other parts of Central America. This climbing shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian sarsaparilla, S. syphilitica (Willdenow) yields some Brazilian sarsaparilla, S. febri- fuga (Kunth) the Purhampui-sarsaparilla of Peru. Smilax papyracea, Duhamel. Guiana to Brazil. The original of the principal supply of Brazilian sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although several others of this genus, largely represented in Brazil, may yield the medicinal root also, so S. Brasiliensis (Sprengel). In warm humid gullies of the temperate zone these plants would probably succeed in establishing themselves. Smilax Australis (R. Brown) extends from the tropical coast-parts of Australia to East-Gippsland. Neither this, nor the East- Australian S. glycyphylla (Smith), nor the New Zealand Ripo- gonum scaudens (Forster), has ever been subjected to accurate therapeutic tests, and the same may be said of numerous other Smilaces, scattered through the warmer countries of the globe. Even the Italian sarsaparilla, which is derived from the Mediterranean S. aspera (Linne), has been introduced into medicine. Smilax Pseudo-China, Linnd. South-Eastern States of North-America. This climber likes swampy banks of streams for its habitation. Serves as sarsaparilla in Extra-Tropical Countries. 359 locally. The round root is starchy, and when boiled edible ; the young shoots serve as asparagus (Dr. Porcher). Smilax rotundifolia, Lhm<$. Eastern States of North-America, extending to Canada. A prickly climber with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is made of the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes. It is estimated, that nearly three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a year. The reed-portion of these pipes is generally prepared from Alnus serrulata (Willdenow) according to Professor Meehan. Smilax rubiginosa, Grisebach. South-Brazil and La Plata- States. The roots of this and S. cam- pestris are there employed as sarsaparilla (Prof. Hieronymus). Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linn<$. The Alisander. Southern Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia. A biennial herb, which raw or boiled can be utilized in the manner of celery. The roots and fruitlets serve medicinal purposes. Solanum Aculeastrum, Dunal. South- Africa. Recommended for hedges as one of the tallest species of this genus, and as armed with the most formidable prickles. Solanum ^thiopicum, Linn£. Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account of its edible berries, which are large, red, globular and uneven. The plant is annual. Solanum betaceum, Cavanilles. (Cyphomandra betacea, Sendtner.) Central America. This shrub is cultivated as far south as Buenos Ayres and Valparaiso, also on the Mediterranean Sea, for the sake of its tomato-like berries. Bears about five months each year, and fruits in the second season already. The berries can be eaten raw, when quite ripe, and are of pleasant taste (Morris). Solanum cardiophyllum, Lindley. Central Mexico. A Potato-Solanum with naturally large tubers. Solanum Commersonii, Dunal. La Plata- States, in rocky arid situations at a low level. Also a Pota to- S olanum. Solanum Dulcamara, Linn£. Europe, Northern Africa, Middle Asia, indigenous in Norway to lat. 66° 32'. A trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The stems are used in medicine, and contain two alkaloids: dulcamarin and solanin. Concerning these ample information is given by Huse- mann and Hiiger in their large work " Pflanzenstoffe " (1884). 2 A 360 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning. Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and edible. How far this species is hardy remains to be ascertained. Solanum Gilo, Raddi. Tropical America ; much cultivated there for the sake of its large, spherical, orange-colored berries, which are eatable. Solanum Guinense, Lamarck. Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this shrub serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet, for silk. Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire. Southern Brazil. A dye-shrub, deserving trial-culture. Solanum Jamesii, Torrey. Mountains of the South- Western States of North- America and of Mexico. A potato-bearing species, with small tubers, on which however continued cultural care may improve. See Mr. J. G. Baker's review of the tuber-bearing species of Solanum in the Journal of the Linnean Society 1884. Solanum Lycopersicum, Linne\* (Lycopersicum esculentum, Miller.) The Tomato. South- America, particularly Peru. Annual. Several varieties exist, differing in shape and color of the berries. It is one of the most eligible plants with" esculent fruits for naturalization in desert-countries. As well known, the tomato is adapted for various culinary purposes. Export of berries from Bermuda alone in 1871 as much as 672 tons (Sir J. Lefroy). Tomato-foliage may be placed round fruit-trees, like the equally poisonous potato-leaves, to prevent the access of insects, and an infusion of the herb serves also as an insecticide for syringing, as first adopted for Mr. Sircy. Solanum macrocarpum, Linne". Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb. The berries are of the size of an apple, globular and yellow. S. Thonningi (F. Jacquin) from Guinea, is a nearly related plant. S. calycinum (Mocino and Sesse) from Mexico is also allied. Solanum Maglia, Molina. From Chili to the Chonos-Archipelagus along the shores. A Potato-Solanum with naturally large tubers. Solanum Melongena, Linne". (S. ovigerum, Dunal; S. esculentum, Dunal.) The Egg-Plant. Arabia. Ripening still at Christiania like the tomato. A perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an annual. The egg-shaped large berries are known under the name of Aubergines, Bringals or Begoons as culinary esculents. Prepared in France like an omelette. The seeds will keep for several years. Allied plants are S. insanum (L.), S. longum (Roxb.), S. serpentinum (Desf.), S. undatum (Lam.), S. ferox (L.), S. pseudo-saponaceum in Extra-Tropical Countries. 361 (Blume), S. album (Dour.), which all bear large berries, considered harmless; but all may not represent well-marked species. Absolute ripeness of all such kinds of fruit is an unavoidable requisite, as other- wise even wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Pro- bably many other of the exceedingly numerous species of the genus Solanum may offer yet good-sized edible berries. Seeds keep 7 years. Solarium muricatum, L'Heritier. •The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species, yielding egg-shaped edible berries, which are white with purple spots, and attain a length of 6 inches. Solanum oxycarpum, Schiede. Central Mexico. A species with very small tubers only in its wild state, which culture may however further develop. Solanum Quitoense, Lamarck. Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble small oranges in size, color and even somewhat in taste, and are of .a peculiar fragrance. To this S. Plumierii (Dunal) from the West-Indian Islands is also cognate, as well as S. Topiro (Kunth) from the Orinoco- region. Solanum torvum, Swartz. From the West-Indies to Peru. A shrubby species with yellow spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome. Other species from tropical America have shown themselves sufficiently hardy, to induce us to recommend the test-culture of such kinds of plants. Many of them are highly curious and ornamental. S. sisym- brifolium (Lamarck) of South- America, where it becomes extra- tropical, also yields edible berries. Solanum tuberosum, Linn£.* The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili and Peru, but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Bolivia, Ecuador and Columbia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory, and extends northward into the United States and Mexico, in its variety boreale (S. Fendleri, Gray). In Norway it can be grown as far north as 71° 7' (Schuebeler). From some varieties of potatoes three crops may be obtained within a year in regions free from frost. In rich coast-lands of Victoria as much as 14 tons of potatoes have been taken from an acre in a single harvest. As a starch-plant, the potato interests us on this occasion particularly. Considering its prolific yield in rich soil, we possess as yet too few factories for potato-starch. The average yield is 10 per cent. Great Britain im- ported in 1884 about 14,000 tons of dry yeast, for the manufacture of which potato-starch is largely used, at a value of £777,000. The starch, by being heated with mineral acids or malt, can be converted into dextrin and dextro-glucose for many purposes of the arts. Dextrin, as a substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting 2 A 2 362 Select Plants for Industrial Culture potato-starch in a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may be largely produced from the tubers. The berries and shoots contain solanin. Baron von Liebig remarks, " So far as its foliage is con- cerned, it is a lime-plant; as regards its tuber a potash-plant/' Lange- thal says, " It surpasses in easy range of cultivation all other root- crops; its culture suppresses weeds and opens up the soil, besides preparing the land for cereals." Seeds of the potato-berries should be sown in adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most formidable potato-disease of the last thirty years, from the Peronos- pora infestans, seems to have originated from the use of objectionable kinds of guano, with the introduction of which the murrain was con- temporaneous; along with this fung the Fucisporium Solani works almost constantly its mischief also ; to destroy their hibernating spores, all vegetable remnants on potato-fields must be burnt (W. G. Smith). The foliage of potato-plants, when thickly placed under trees or shrubs infected by blights, checks materially the spread of insects, which cause the disease. The most destructive potato-grub is Lita Solanella. The Colorado-beetle, injurious to the potato-crop in North-America, is Doryphora decemlineata. See in reference to nativity Sir Joseph Hooker's notes on the wild forms of the potato- plant in the Flora Antarctica, II., 329-332. The plant in one of its wild states (S. Fendleri) in New Mexico and Arizona is said to endure a temperature of zero. Solanum Uporo, Dunal. In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large red spherical berries of this shrub can be used like tomatoes. Proves hardy at Port Phillip. The leaves, macerated in cold water, render it quickly mucilaginous, and the liquid thus obtained is regarded as valuable against dysentery (Rob. MacDougall). Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller. The Gunyang. South-Eastern Australia, extending to Tasmania. A shrub, yielding edible berries, which need however to be fully ripe for securing absence of deleterious properties. Sophora Japonica, Linne.* A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the Laburnum, at length 60 feet high. Hardy in Middle Europe. Wood hard and compact, valued for turners' work. All parts of the plant purgative; the flowers rich in yellow dye, used for silk. The variety pendula, desirable for cemeteries, when trained as a creeper, has few rivals in handsomeness. Sophora tetraptera, J. Miller. New Zealand, Lord Howe's Island, Juan Fernandez Island, Chili, Patagonia. The " Pelu " of the latter countries. A small tree with exceedingly hard and durable wood, which can be used for cog- wheels and other select structures. Trunk exceptionally attaining a in Extra-Tropical Countries. 363 diameter of three feet. The wood differs much from that of S. Tomairo of the Easter-Island (Dr. Philippi). Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow. Eastern part of North- America, there often called Prairie-grass. A perennial grass of fresh- water swamps; it can be utilized for fodder, and its value as paper- material seems almost equal to that of Esparto. Emits shoots copiously, hence is recommended by Bouche for binding maritime driftsands, covering the ground densely with its persistent rigid foliage. Spartina juncea, Willdenow. Salt-marshes of North- America. A grass with creeping roots; it can be utilized to bind moist sand on coasts. A tough fibre can readily be obtained from the leaves. S. polystachya (Willdenow) is a stately grass, adapted for saline soil; it is also a North- American grass. S. juncea and S. cynorsuroides extend to Canada (J. Macoun). Spartina stricta, Roth. The Twin- spiked Cord -grass. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Britain and also to North-America. A rigid peren- nial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing and rendering solid any mud-flats on low shores and at the mouths of rivers; only suitable for brackish ground. Spartium junceuni, Linne". Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, thence to the Canary Islands, Styria and Persia. The flowers of this bush provide a yellow dye. A textile fibre can be separated from the branches. Spergula arvensis, Linne". All Europe, North- Africa, West-Asia. This annual herb, though easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here mentioned for the desir- able completeness of this enumeration. The tall variety with large seeds (S. maxima, Weihe) can be chosen with advantage for the commencement of tillage on any sandy soil too poor for barley. It takes up the land only for about two months, if grown for green fodder, and as such much increases the yield of milk. It serves also for admixture to hay (Langethal). It is one of the earliest of fodder- plants, and imparts a particularly pleasant taste to butter. Spigelia Marylandica, Linne\ The "Pinkroot" of North-Eastern America, north to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. A perennial handsome herb, requiring cautious administration as a vermifuge. S. anthelmia, L., is an annual pretty plant of tropical America, and possesses similar medicinal pro- perties, in which probably some others of the many species likewise share. 364 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin. South- America. Inaptly called the "Para-Cress." An annual herb of considerable pungency, used as a medicinal salad. Spinacia oleracea, Linne". Siberia. The ordinary Spinach, an agreeable culinary annual of rapid growth. Can be grown in Norway to lat. 70° 4' (Sclmebeler). It has a mild aperient property, like several species of Chenopodium. Two varieties are distinguished, the Summer- and the Winter- Spinach, the former less inclined to run into seed, but also less hardy. The seeds are found by Burbridge and Vilmorin to retain their vitality for about five years. Spinacea tetrandra, Steven. . -. The " Schamum." From the Caucasus and Persia to Turkestan and Afghanistan. Also an annual'and unisexual plant like the pre- ceding, with which it has equal value, though it is less known. A- de Candolle surmises, that it may be the original parent of the Spinage-plant. Spinifex hirsutllS, La Billardiere. On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly valuable for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots; deserving transfer to other parts of toe world. Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown. On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Australia. Available like the former. Spinifex paradoxus, Bentham. Central Australia. Not unimportant as a large perennial fodder- grass on sand-ridges, and remarkable for its endurance of protracted drought and extremely high temperature (Flierl). Spinifex squarrosus, Linne". India. Useful for binding sand. Tenuant remarks, that the radiating heads become detached when the seed is matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand, over the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the upper- most spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried across narrow estuaries, to continue the process of embanking beyond on any newly formed sandbars. Spondias dulcis, G. Forster. Polynesia, perhaps also Philippine Islands. This noble tree is introduced into this indicative list, with a view of showing the desirability, that trials should be instituted as regards the culture of the various good fruit-bearing species of this genus, one of which, S. Solandri (Bentham), crosses the tropical circle in East- Australia. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 365 The lamented Dr. Seemaun saw S. dulcis 60 feet high, and describes it as laden with fruits of agreeable apple-flavor, called " Wi," some attaining over 1 Ib. weight. Spondias mangifera, Willdenow. Continental and insular India, ascending the Himalayas to about 5,000 feet. A small tree with deciduous foliage and edible fruit, the latter of the size of a small mango. Sporobolus Virginicus, R. Brown. Warmer regions of both hemispheres. A perennial grass, which will luxuriate even in sandy maritime places, and keep perfectly green after three or four months' drought. In Jamaica horses become rapidly and astonishingly fat while feeding upon this grass ( Jenman). S.Indicus, S.purpurascens (Hamilton) and S. Jacquemonti(Kunth) are also highly spoken of as pasture-grasses in the West-Indian Islands. Several other congeners deserve attention, but S. elongatus (Brown), though a very resisting grass, is rather too hard for fodder-purposes. Stenopetalum nutans, F. v. Mueller. Central Australia. An excellent annual herb for sheep-pastures, disseminating itself over the ground readily (Rev. H. Kempe). The naturalization of other species, all Australian, might be effected in arid hot sandy deserts. Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck.* (S. glabrum, Trinius.) South- Asia, North- Australia, Africa, warmer countries of America; not known as really indigenous from any part of Europe. Here called the Buffalo-grass. It is perennial, creeping, and admirably adapted for binding sea-sand and river-banks, also for forming garden - edges, and for establishing a grass-sward on lawns much subjected to traffic; it is besides of some value on pastures, and is one of the best of shade-grasses also, though not particularly nutritious. It kept alive in the hottest and driest regions of Central Australia, where it was first introduced by the writer of this work; it endures also some frost, even the tender portions of its blade, and has shown itself adapted for recently reclaimed swamp-land. The chemical analysis, instituted late in spring, gave the following results: — Water, 80'25; albumen, 0'50; gluten, 5-44; starch, 0*08; gum, 1-60; sugar, 1-60; fibre, 10-53 (F. v. Mueller and L. Rummel). It consolidates rolling sands into a firm pasture-turf. It was this grass, which Mr. John C. Bell reared with so much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of the Island of Ascension; and it was there, where Australian Acacias took the lead, to establish wood-vegetation and to secure permanency of drinking water. S. subulatum (Triuius) is a closely allied grass of New Guinea and some of the adjoining islands. Sterculia Carthaglnensis, Cavanilles. (S. Chicka, St. Hilaire.) South-Brazil. This and some other South- American species furnish seeds of almond-like taste. 366 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Sterculia nobilis, Smith. From India to China. A middle-sized spreading tree. The rather large seeds can be used as chestnuts in a roasted state. Sterculia quadrifida, R. Brown. Eastern and Northern Australia. This tree might be naturalized in rich and humid forest-regions within mild climes. It is the " Calool " of the natives. The black seeds are of filbert- taste, like those of some other Sterculice. As many as eleven of the brilliantly scarlet large fruitlets may occur in a cluster, and each of them may contain as many as ten or eleven seeds (Ch. Fawcett). The fruit is almost alike to that of, S. nobilis in size and color. Sterculia urens, Roxburgh. India, extending to the north-western provinces, to Assam and Ceylon. A tree with deciduous foliage; likes dry, rocky, hilly situations. This and S. urceolata (Smith), from the Moluccas and Sunda-Islands, produce edible seeds, and may prove hardy in mild extra-tropical regions. The same may be said of S. foetida (Linne), which extends from India to tropical Africa and North-Australia. Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon. Auckland's and Campbell's Islands, also in the southern extremity of New Zealand, and also in Macquarie's Island, luxuriating in a frigid zone and in exposed, boisterous localities. An herbaceous plant with long roots, which are saccharine, and served some wrecked people for a lengthened period as sustenance. The plant is recom- mended here for further attention, as it may prove through culture a valuable addition to the stock of culinary vegetables of cold countries. Herbage liked by some pasture-animals. Stipa aristiglumis, F. v. Mueller. South-Eastern Australia, in the dry inland -regions. Graziers con- sider this perennial grass as very fattening and as yielding a large quantity of feed. Its celerity of growth is such that, when it springs up, it will grow at the rate of 6 inches in a fortnight. Horses, cattle and sheep are extremely fond of it. It ripens seeds in little more than two months, should the season be favorable. Stipa tenacissima, Linne*.* (Macrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.) The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North-Africa, ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4,000 feet. This grass has become celebrated for some years, having already afforded a vast quantity of material for British paper-mills. In 1884 Great Britain imported of Esparto and other vegetable fibres for paper-mills 184,000 tons, representing a value of £1,128,ODO. It is tall and perennial, and would prove a valuable acquisition anywhere, inasmuch as it lives on any kind of poor soil, occurring naturally on sand and gravel, as well as on clayey, calcareous or gypseous soil, and even on the very brink of the coast. Possibly the value of some Australian grasses, allied to in Extra- Tropical Countries 367 the Atocha, may in a like manner become commercially established; and mainly with this view paper-samples of several grass-kinds were prepared by the writer. (Vide " Report Industrial Exhibition, Mel- bourne, 1867.") Even in the scorching heat and the forbidding sands of the Sahara-region the Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be destined, to play an important part in the introduced vegetation of any arid places of desert-tracts, particularly where lime and gypsum exist. The very tenacious fibre resists decay, and is much employed for the manufacture of ropes, also for baskets, mats, hats and other articles. During 1870 the export of Esparto-ropes into England was 18,500 tons, while the raw material to the extent of about 130,000 tons was imported. Extensive culture of this grass has commenced in the south of France. It is pulled once a year, in the earlier part of the summer. The propagation can be effected from seeds, but is done usually by division of the root. 10 tons of dry Esparto, worth from £4 to £5 each, can be obtained from an acre under favorable cir- cumstances. The supply has fallen short of the demand. Good writing-paper is made from Esparto without admixture; the process is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. The price of Esparto-paper ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa arenaria (Brotero) is a closely allied and still taller species, confined to Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P. Marks deserves great praise for having brought the Atocha into commercial and manufactural recognition. In some places it passes under the name " Alfa." Mr. Christy notes, that half its weight consists of fibre, fit for paper-mills. Stipa pennata, S. capillata and S. elegantissima will grow in pure sand, are pretty for bouquets, must however be kept away from pasture-lands. Streblus asper, Loureiro. South-Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live fences, in being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches. Stylosanthes elatior, Swartz. South-Eastern North-America, West-Indies. A perennial herb, possessing valuable medicinal properties (Dr. E. Sell). Styrax officinalis, Linn£. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small tree. The fragrant solid storax-resin exudes from this plant, or is particu- larly obtained by pressure of the bark. Swertia Chirata, Bentham. (Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach.) Widely dispersed over the higher mountain-regions of India. A perennial herb, considered as one of the bes* tonics; it possesses also febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its administration in the form of an infusion, prepared with cold water, is the best. Besides S. elegans (Wallich) and some of the other Upper Indian, Chinese and Japanese species probably deserve equal attention. Hanbury and Fliickiger mention as chiratas or chirettas of Indian bazaars : S. 368 Select Plants for Industrial Culture angustifolia (D. Don), S. densifolia (Grisebach) and S. multiflora (Dalzell), besides species of Exacum and Andrographis. All come from the cooler uplands, Swietenia Mahagoni, Linn£.* The Mahogany-tree of the West-Indies, extending naturally to Florida and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous tree seems not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it ascends to 3,000 feet. It reaches a considerable height, and the stem a diameter of 6 or 7 feet, indicating a very great age. Sir William Hooker counted 200 wood-rings in a block of 4 feet width, which may not however indicate as many years of age. The importation of Mahogany-wood into the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to 62,000 tons at a value of £562,000. Symphytum officinale, Linne.* The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb. The root is utilized chiefly in veterinary practice. Symphytum peregrinum, Ledebour.* The Prickly Comfrey. Caucasus and Persia. The growth of this hardy plant may be recommended as an adjunct to lupine-culture. The Hon. Arthur Holroyd of Sydney has recently devoted a special publication to this plant. He quotes on seemingly good authority the return of foliage even in the first year as 20 tons to the acre, in the second year 50 tons, and every year after the astonishing quantity of 80 to even 120 tons on richly manured land. Anyhow this herb yields a nutritive and relished foliage in rapid and continuous reproduction. It is likewise recommended for green manure. Dr. Curl observed it to grow well in the moist climate of New Zealand during the hottest and driest as well as coldest weather. Fit especially for sub-alpine country. Dr. Voelcker found much mucilage but little sugar in this plant. The massive root, known to penetrate to a great depth, sometimes to fully 9 feet, sustains the plant in vigor, allowing it to be cut almost throughout the year. The propagation is easy from root-cuttings, difficult from seeds; 4,000 of the former to an acre; it will thrive even in sand and tough clay, but prefers moist and even boggy land. In tropical countries cattle have a predilection for it; there it likes shade. The likewise borragineous Cynoglossum Morrisonii (De Candolle), of North America, yields three cuttings annually. Horses and cattle relish it. It ought to be naturalized along swamps, lagoons and river-banks. It can be dried for hay. Finally it is recommended as a plant for game. It ought to suit well for ensilage. Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich. Himalayas, up to 7,500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr. Stewart, the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this tree. Two allied species occur spontaneously in the forests of East- Australia far south, many in Southern Asia, several in tropical America. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 369 Syncarpia laurifolia, Tenore. (Metrosideros ylomulifera, Smith.) Queensland and New South Wales. Vernacular name, Turpentine- tree; attains a height of 200 feet, with a stem of great thickness, to 30 feet in girth; rather of quick growth; well adapted to shade road- sides. The wood is very durable, mostly used for flooring and cabinet- making, as it takes a high polish (Hartmann) ; extremely durable, of excellent qualities (A. McDowall). Synoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu. New South Wales and South-Queensland. This tall evergreen tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys on account of its rose-colored easily worked wood. Some species of Dysoxylon of East-Australia also produce rose-wood, for instance, D. Fraseranum (Bentbam), of New South Wales, a tree reaching 100 feet in height and 3 feet in stem-diameter, with fragrant wood, and D. Muelleri (Bentham), 80 feet high; the wood of the last mentioned species is of a rich color, valuable for cabinet-work, and fetches in Brisbane £3 to £4 per 1,000 feet (W. Hill). Tacca pinnatiflda, G. Forster. From India to tropical Australia and Polynesia, also in Madagas- car. This perennial plant will live even on sand-shores. From the tubers of this herb the main supply of the Fiji-arrowroot is prepared. It is not unlikely that this plant will endure a temperate clime. The Tacca-starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly used in cases of dysentery and diarrhoea. Its characteristics are readily recognized under the microscope. Several other kinds of Tacca are distinguished, but their specific limits are not yet we'll ascertained. From the leaves and flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited.. A Tacca, occurring in Hawaia, yields a large quantity of the so-called arrowroot exported thence. Other species (including those of Atac- cia) occur in India, Guinea, Guiana and North-Brazil, all deserving tests in reference to their hardiness and their value as starch-plants. Tag-etes glanduligera, Schranck. South-America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr. Pren- tice to be pulicifugous. Talinum patens, Willdenow. From Mexico to Argentina. A perennial succulent herb, which might easily be naturalized on coast- and river-rocks. It furnishes the "Puchero" vegetable. The Talinum-species can all be placed well enough into the genus Claytonia. Tamarindus Indica, Linn^. Tropical Asia and Africa. This magnificent, large, expansive tree ranges northward to Egypt, and was found in North-Western Aus- tralia by the writer of this list; reaches a very great age. Final stem- girth of 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur, according to Brandis, with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated here not without 370 Select Plants for Industrial Culture hesitation, to suggest trials of its acclimation in regions of the tem- perate zone with a warm, humid and equable temperature. The acid pulp of the pods forms the medicinal tamarind, rich in formic and butyric acid, irrespective of its other contents. Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh. India, up to 2,500 feet. An important shrub for binding newly formed river-banks, even in saline soil. Tamarix Gallica, Linne".* Southern Europe, Northern and tropical Africa, Southern and Eastern Asia, ascending the Himalayas to 11,000 feet; hardy still at Christiania. Attains a height of 30 feet in Algeria, according to Cosson. This shrub or small tree adapts itself in the most extra- ordinary manner to the most different localities. It will grow alike in water and the driest soil, also in salty ground, and is one of the most grateful and tractable plants in culture; it is readily multiplied from cuttings, which strike root as easily as a willow, and push forth stems with unusual vigor. Hence it is one of the most eligible bushes for planting on coast-sand, to stay its movements, or for lining embank- ments. Furnishes material for a superior charcoal (W. H. Colvill) and various implements (Brandis). Planted much in cemeteries. In Australia first largely sent out by the writer. Tamarix Germanica, Linne". Europe and Western Asia, ascending to about 15,000 feet in the Himalayas; hardy in Norway to lat. 70° 20' (Schuebeler). Likewise available for arresting the ingress of shifting sand, particularly in moist places, also for solidifying precipitous river-banks. The allied T. elegans (Myricaria elegans, Royle) attains a height of 20 feet. Tamarix orientalis, Forskael. (T. articulata, Vahl.) Northern and Middle Africa, Southern Asia. A fast-growing tree, attaining a height of 60 feet, the trunk occasionally enlarging to a circumference of 12 feet. Springs up readily from seeds, and is also easily propagated from cuttings. Coppices well. The wood serves for ploughs, wheels and many implements (Stewart and Brandis). With T. Gallica it grows with sufficient rapidity, to be reared in India for fuel. Dye-galls and a kind of manna are also produced by this tree. The same, or an allied species, extends to Japan. Tanacetum vulgare, Linne. The Tansy. Northern and Middle Europe, Northern Asia, North- Western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil. One of over 100 kinds of plants, ordered to be grown in the gardens of Charles the Great already. Taraxacum officinale, Weber. Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the globe, but apparently not a native of Australia. It lives in Norway in Extra-Tropical Countries. 371 northward to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). This well-known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought under regular cultivation, to obtain the medicinal extract from its roots. It is also considered wholesome to ? razing animals. The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad, t is also an important honey-plant and flowers early in the season. Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linn£. South-Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medicinal value. As an odorous garden-plant it is also very acceptable. Taxodium distichum, Richard.* Virginian Swamp- or Bald-Cypress. In swampy places of Eastern North-America, extending from 38° to 47° north latitude. Thought to attain occasionally an age of 2,000 years; wood -rings to the num- ber of about 4,000 have been counted, but perhaps these not all fully annual. A valuable tree, 100 feet high or more, sometimes with a stem-circumference of 40 feet above the conical base; of rapid growth; foliage deciduous, like that of the Larch and Ginkgo. Im- portant as antimalarian for wet fever-regions. It is found fossil in the miocene formation of many parts of Europe. The wood is fine- grained, hard, strong, light, elastic and very durable, splits well; it is much used for shingles, rails, cabinet-work and planks; it is almost indestructible in water. The tree requires a rich soil, a well-sheltered site, with much moisture but also good drainage (Lawson). It yields a superior kind of turpentine, and thus also much oil on distillation. Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or river-banks. Dr. Porcher says, " This tree, lifting its giant-form above the others,, gives a striking feature to many of the swamps of Carolina and Georgia; they seem like watch-towers for the feathered race." Taxodium mucronatum, Tenore. The famed Montezuma-Cypress of Mexico; to 120 feet high, with a trunk reaching 44 feet in circumference; it forms extensive forests between Chapultepec and Tescuco. Taxus baccata, Linn£. Yew. Europe, North- Africa and Asia, in the Himalayas up to 11,000 feet elevation. In Norway it extends northward to lat. 67° 30' (indigenous); Professor Schuebeler found it to attain still a height of 45 feet and a circumference of 4 feet in lat 59° 26'. Gener- ally a shrub, finally a tree as many as 100 feet high; it furnishes a yellow or brown wood, which is exceedingly tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by turners; one of the best of all woods for bows. Simmonds observed, that " a post of yew will outlast a post of iron." Much valued also for pumps, piles and water-pipes, as more lasting than any other wood; also for particular musical in- struments, the strongest axletrees and select implements. The tree is of very slow growth, but attains a great age, perhaps three thou- sand years; some ancient ones are known with a stem of 50 feet in .372 Select Plants for Industrial Culture girth; wood-rings to the extent of 2,880 have been counted. In the " Garden " it is stated, that a jew, still existing at the Foun- tain-Abbey in Yorkshire, was already in 1132 a large tree, when this monastery was founded. It should be kept out of the reach of grazing animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous. T. cuspidata (Siebold) is a closely cognate Japan-Yew. Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (T. Lindleyana, Lawson.) Western Yew. North-Western America. A stately tree, finally to 75 feet high, with a stem to 5 feet in circumference. Wood beau- tifully whitish or slightly yellow, or rose-colored, tough, very hard, but remarkably elastic; as fine and close-grained as that of the European yew. The Indians use it for their bows. Sir Joseph Hooker regards this as well as the Japanese and some other yews all as forms of one species. Tectona grandis, Linn^fil.* The "Teak" of South-Asia. This superb timber-tree has its northern limit in Bandalkhaud, at elevations of 3,000 feet; it ascends to 4,000 feet, but is then not of tall size; it extends to the Sunda- Islands and New Guinea; likes rather open forest-land. In Western India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is not uncommon in the teak-districts. The leaves drop annually. Price now in London £15 for 50 cubic feet. Teak-wood is held in the highest esteem by ship-builders; for the backing of ironclad men-of-war preferred to any other wood; also used for the panels of coaches, and for various other select purposes unsurpassed. It scarcely shrinks. Tectona Hamiltoniana, Wallich. Lower India. Yields the Burma-wood, which is heavy, close- grained, streaked and susceptible to a high polish. In habit and size it is similar to the ordinary teak (Kurz), but perhaps not so hardy. Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro. One of the hardier Bamboos of Ceylon, there growing on the mountains at elevations between 4,000 and 6,000 feet. It attains a height of about 25 feet. Three species of this genus from New Caledonia have been described as Greslanias. Doubtless Mr. Th. Christy's use of" Thiolyte " (value £8 10s. per ton) would be par- ticularly applicable also for converting the foliage of many kinds of Bamboos into paper-pulp; it has a most remarkable effect on fibres for separating and cleansing, and it prevents oxydation, when green parts of plants are boiled under high pressure. Telfairia pedata, Hooker. Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial stems, attaining sometimes a length of fully 100 feet, bearing fringed lilac flowers of extraordinary beauty, and fruits attaining occasionally a weight of 60 Ibs. and a length of 3 feet, containing at times as in Extra-Tropical Countries. 373 many as 500 large seeds. The latter iu a boiled state are edible, or a large quantity of oil, fit for the table, can be pressed from them. The root is fleshy. A second huge species of similar use, T. occi- dentalis (J. Hooker), occurs in Guinea. The genus-name Joliffia is coetaneous, if not anterior. These superb plants may not be abso- lutely restricted to hot tropical lowlands, and therefore possibly endure a warm temperate clime. Terfezia leonis, Tulasne. (Cheiromyces leonis, Tul.) Southern Europe, Northern Africa. This edible truffle, together with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of wide naturalization. Terminalia Buceras, J. Hooker. (Bucida Buceras, Linn£.) From the Antilles to Brazil. One of the Mangrove-trees, living in salt-water. Possibly hardy and calculated to consolidate mud-shores. The Tussa-silkworm inhabits, among other trees, several Terminalias. Terminalia Catappa, Linne". India, continental as well as insular, ascending only lower moun- tain-regions, also North-Eastern Australia. Few trees, as stated by Roxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have yet to learn, whether it can be naturalized in temperate climes, which it especially deserves for its nuts. The seeds are almond-like, of fil- bert taste, and wholesome. The astringent fruits" of several other species constitute an article of trade, sought for a lasting black dye. T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms a large tree in Ceylon, at elevations up to 4,000 feet. Several of their congeners reach extra-tropic latitudes in Eastern Australia. Terminalia Chebula, Retzius. On the- drier mountains of India, ascending to 5,000 feet. A tree rising to about 100 feet. The seeds are of hazel taste; the galls of the leaves and also the young fruits, the latter known as Myrobalans, serve for superior dye and tanning material. Some of its congeners answer the same purpose, among them T. Belerica (Roxburgh). Tetragonia expansa, Murray. The New Zealand Spinach, occurring also on many places of the coast and in the desert-interior of Australia. Known also from New Caledonia, China, Japan and Valdivia. An annual herb, useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding drift-sand. It produces its suc- culent branchlets and leaves also in the hottest weather and driest . localities (Rhind). Rapid in growth. The seeds will keep fully five years (Vilmorin). Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zealand, Chatham-Island. A frutescent, widely expanding plant, forming often large natural festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and sand, never far 374 Select Plants for Industrial Culture away from the coast. As a spinach-plant it is of not less value than the preceding species. It is well adapted for the formation of bowers even in arid places; it also helps to bind sand. T. trigyna (Banks and Solander) seems identical. Teucrium Marum, Linn£. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat shrubby plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a peculiar stearopten. T. Scordium, from Europe and Middle Asia, T. Chamaedrys, T. Folium and T. Creticum, L., from South-Europe, are occasionally drawn into medical use. All these, together with many other species from various countries, are pleasantly odorous. Thapsia edulis, Bentham. ( Monizia edulis, Lowe. ) On the Island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is called the Carrot-tree. It might be of some use, to bring this almost shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of other shores; though the root is inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would improve it. T. decipiens, Bentham (Melanoselinum decipiens, Lowe) from Madeira, is of palm- like habit and desirable for scenic effects in plant-grouping. T. Silphium (Viviani) is the Silphion of the ancients. Theligonum Cynocrambe, Linn6. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to the Canary- Islands. An annual spinach-plant of somewhat aperient effect. Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon. Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious and tender grass might be easily introduced, to help in binding the sand on sea-beaches. Thrinax parviflora, Swartz. South-Florida, West-Indies and also on the continent of Central America. The stem of this Fan-palm attains a height, according to Dr. Chapman, of about 40 feet, but is extremely slender. Belongs to the sand-tracts of the coast; hardy in the South of France to 43° 32' N. lat. (Naudin). The fibre of this palm forms material for ropes. T argentea, Loddiges, is an allied palm. The few other species of the genus from the West-Indies also deserve trial-culture. Thuya dolabrata; Linne fil. (Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini.) The " Akeki" of Japan, ascending to an elevation of 8,000 feet. A majestic tree, of conical shape and drooping habit, growing to 50 feet high, attaining a stem-diameter of 3 feet. It delights in shaded and rather moist situations, and is used in China and Japan for avenues. Hardy in Norway to lat. 58° 27' (Schuebeler). It furnishes an excellent hard timber of a red color. Thuya gigantea, Nuttall. North- Western America. The Yellow Cypress of the colonists, also known as Oregon Red or White Cedar. A straight tree, in some in Extra-Tropical Countries. 375 instances known to have attained a height of 325 feet, with a stem 22 feet in diameter; it furnishes a valuable building timber of a pale or light-yellow color, susceptible of high polish. It is light, soft, smooth and durable, and makes the finest sashes, doors, mouldings and similar articles (Vasey); also used for shingles (Dawson). Canoes carrying 4 tons have been obtained out of one stem. The bast can be converted into ropes and mats. The tree can be trained into hedges and bowers. It endures the climate of Christiania. To Thuya are referred by Bentham and J. Hooker all the cypresses of the sections Chama3cyparis and Retinospora. Thuya Japonica, Maximowicz. Japan. Closely allied to T. gigantea. Dr. Masters has pointed out the characteristic differences between the two in an essay on Conifers of Japan, published in the Journal of the Linnean Society, 1881. Thuya occidentalis, North-America, extending from Carolina to Canada. Northern White Cedar or Arbor Vitse. A fine tree, to 70 feet high. Bears the frosts of Norway northward to lat. 63° 52'. The wood is reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous, light, soft, durable, and well fit for building, especially for water-work and railway-ties, also for turnery and machinery. Michaux mentions, that posts of this wood last forty years; a house built of it was found perfectly sound after sixty years. The tree prefers moist soil; it is valuable for copses; it can also be trained into garden-bowers. Dr. Porcher says, that it makes the finest ornamental hedge or screen in the United States, attaining any required height and being very compact and beautiful; such hedges indeed were observed by the writer himself many years ago in Rio de Janeiro. The shoots and also an essential oil from this tree are used in medicine; the bast can be converted into ropes; the branches serve for brooms. Thuya Olientalis, Linn£. (Biotia orientalis, Endlicher.) China and Japan. The Chinese " Arbor- Vitae" of gardens. Though seldom exceeding 20 feet in height, this common garden-plant is mentioned here, as it will admit of clipping for hedge-growth, and as the "Fi-Moro" variety should on account of its elongated slender and pendent branches be chosen extensively for cemeteries. Thymelsea tinctoria, Endlicher. (Passerina tinctoria, Pourret.) Portugal, Spain, South-France. A small shrub, which yields a yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here, that some of the Aus- tralian Pimelese contain a blue pigment, which has not yet been fully tested. Their bark produces more or less of daphnin and of the volatile acrid principle, for which the bark of Daphne Mezereum (Linne) is used; these are remarkably developed in the South-Eastern Austra- lian Pimelea stricta (Meissner). The bark of many is also pervaded 2 B 376 Select Plants for Industrial Culture by a tough fibre, that of the tall Pimelea clavata (Labillardiere), a West- Australian bush, being hence particularly tenacious, and used for whips. Thymus capitatus, Hoffimannsegg and Link. (Satureja capitata, Linne.) Around the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since the time of Hippo- crates, Theophrastos and Galenus this small scented shrub has been employed in medicine. Thymus mastichina, Linne". Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent, used also occasionally in medicine. Thymus Serpillum, Linn6. Europe, Western Asia, North-Eastern Africa, A perennial herb of some medicinal value. It would live on the highest alps. An essential oil can be obtained from it. One particular variety is lemon- scented. Thymus vulgaris, Linne". The Garden-Thyme. South-Europe, particularly westward. Both this and the preceding species can be grown in Norway up to lat. 70° 22' (Schuebeler). This small shrubby plant is available for scent and for condiments; further as a honey-plant. It is also well adapted for forming garden-edges. The essential oil of this plant can be separated into the crystalline thymol and the liquid thymen and cymol. T. gestivus (Reuter) and T. hiemalis (Lange) are closely cognate plants. Several other species with aromatic scent occur at or near the Mediterranean Sea. Tilia alba, Alton. (T. heterophytta, Ventenat.) The " Silver-Linden " of the Eastern and Middle States of North- America. Tilia Americana, Linne. The Basswood-Tree or North-American Linden-Tree, growing there to 52° north latitude in the eastern regions. In Norway it is hardy as far as Christiania (59° 55') as well as the following (Schue- beler). Height of tree reaching about 80 feet, diameter of stem 4 feet. The wood is close-grained and firm, as soft as deal; used in the construction of musical instruments, particularly pianofortes. Speci- ally valuable for the cutting-boards of curriers and shoemakers, bowls, pails, shovels, panelling of carriages (Robb). As the wood is free from knots, it is particularly eligible for turnery and carving and certain portions of machinery. The tree is highly valued for street- planting in its native land, where it also furnishes linden-bast or bass. This is one of the principal honey-plants in many parts of the United States. Quinby saw 25 Ibs. of honey gathered by a single swarm in one day from Basswood-flowers, bees travelling gradually several miles for them if necessary. For profusion and quality of honey the flowers in ExtrarTroplcal Countries. 377 are unsurpassed (A. J. Cook). Rate of stem-growth in Nebraska 35 inches girth at 2 feet from the ground in fourteen years (Furnas). Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.* The Silver-Linden of South-Eastern Europe and Asia Minor. The wood is not attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously fragrant and yield a precious oil. The oldest specific name, according to Prof. Koch, is T. tomentosa (Moench). Tilia Europsea, Linn<5. The common Linden-tree of Europe, extending naturally to Japan; the large-leaved variety of South-European origin. It lives to a great age. A very hardy tree, living in Norway as far north as lat. 67° 56' (Schuebeler). A weeping variety is known. Height sometimes to 120 feet; stem exceptionally to 50 feet in girth. One of the best of promenade-trees in climes not too dry. The wood pale, soft and close-grained; sought for turnery, piano-keys, carving; used by shoe- makers, saddlers and glovers, to cut leather on; also for toys (Sim- monds). The flowers yield a highly aromatic honey. The bast excellent for mats. Tilia Mandschurica, Ruprecht. Amoor and Mandschuria. Not so tall as T. tomentosa, to which it bears close alliance (Maximowicz, Koch). Tillandsia usneoides, Linn4. Black Moss, Long Moss, Florida-Moss. From Carolina and Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees. Might be naturalized in forests of countries with mild climes. In its native country a favorite material for upholsterers' work. Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore. Southern Italy. The root is edible and celery-like. Todea Africana, Willdenow. (Osmunda barbara, Thunberg.) South-Africa, South-Eastern Australia, New Zealand. Most im- portant for scenic effects in wet places; as an export article the very aged stems of this fern are now much sought, and have endured wide transits, which were initiated by the writer. Stems have been found bearing from 500 to 600 fronds. A gigantic specimen was got in the Dandenong forests, the trunk of which weighed 4,368 Ibs., after the fronds were cut away, the extreme dimensions of the stem being about 6 feet in height, breadth and width. Supplies of this massive fern in the gullies ought to be maintained for future generations by the artificial dispersion of the dust-like spores. Torreya Calif ornica, Torrey. (T. myristica, Hooker.) California, extending from the coast to the Sierras. A symmetrical tree, becoming about 100 feet high, with a clear straight trunk to 30 . feet in length and 6 feet in diameter (Dr. Gibbons). The wood is hard and firm. 2 B2 378 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Torreya grandis, Fortune. The " Kaya " of China. A tree at length 60 feet high, with an umbrella-shaped crown; it produces good timber. Torreya nucifera, Siebold. (Oaryotaxus nucifera, Zuccarini.) Japan. Height of tree about 30 feet. From the nuts the Japanese press an oil, used as an article of food. The wood is highly valued in Japan by coopers, also by turners; it resembles to some extent boxwood (Dupont). Torreya taxifolia, Arnott. Florida. A tree, reaching about 50 feet in height. Wood firm, close-grained, light, durable, of a reddish color; very lasting also underground. Prostrated trees did not decay in half a century. Timber slightly more yellow than that of the white pine (P. J. White). The tree yields a reddish turpentine (Hoopes). Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud. In the Hawaian Islands. A shrub, allied to Boehmeria nivea, yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as shown by Dr. Hille- brand. Probably best adapted to humid warm gullies. Tragopogon porrifolius, Linne". The " Salsify." Middle and Southern Europe, Northern Africa, South- Western Asia; hardy to lat. 70° in Norway. Biennial. The root of this herb is well known as a useful culinary vegetable ; it is obtainable even in cold countries through the winter ; the young leaves supply a very good salad (Vilmorin). Trapa bicornis, Linn£ fil.* The Leng, Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this water-plant are extensively brought to market in that country. The horns of the fruit are blunt. The kernel, like that of the two following species, is of an excellent taste. The plant is regularly cultivated in the lakes and ponds of China. Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.* Middle and Southern Asia, where it is called " Singhara," extend- ing to Ceylon and Japan ; found also in Africa as far south as the Zambezi. The nuts are often worked for starch. They can be con- verted into most palatable cakes or porridge, and may be stored for food, even for several years. The produce is copious and quite maintained by spontaneous dissemination. In some countries, for instance in Cashmere, the nuts in a raw or cooked state form an im- portant staple of food to the population. To this species probably belong T. Cochin-Chinensis (Loureiro) and T. incisa (Siebold and Zuccarini). Trapa natans, Linne".* The ordinary Waternut. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia, Northern and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual. T. quadrispinosa (Roxburgh) from Sylhet, is a mere variety. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 379 Tremella mesenterica, Retzius. From Europe to Australia. Arrayed by Dr. L. Planchou with the fungs fit for human food. Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Brown. (Pollichla Zeylanica, F. v. M.) From Abyssinia and Southern Asia to extra-tropical Australia. An annual herb, perhaps available for green manure. The dromedaries show an extraordinary predilection for the herb (Giles). Several other species deserve trial for fodder-growth. Trichostema lanatum, Bentham. California, where it is called the " Black Sage." A half-shrub, recorded by Mr. A. J. Cook in his "Bee-keepers' Guide" among important honey-plants. Trifolium agrarium, Dodoens. (T. aureum, Pollich.) The Perennial Yellow Clover or Hop- Clover. All Europe, North- ern Africa, Western Asia ; wild in Norway northward to lat. 63° 26' (Schuebeler). Of considerable value in sandy soil as a fodder-herb. It is easily naturalized. Trifolium Alexandrirmm, LinncS.* The Bersin-Clover. North-Eastern Africa, South-Western Asia, South-Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt, where it is used as the main-fodder. On the Nile it gives three green crops during the season, each up to 2 feet high. Seeds of this and other clovers must be sifted, to free them from any of the destructive Dodder-plants or Cuscutas. About 20 Ibs. of seed are required for an acre (Morton). Recorded as annual. Trifolium alpestre, Linn& Europe, Western-Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil than that needed for most clovers, but the constituents must be fairly marly or limy. This clover is early out and very palatable to herds and flocks (Langethal). Trifolium fragiferum, Vaillant. The Strawberry-Clover. Europe, North- Africa, Middle and North- ern-Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat. 59° 55'. A perennial species, well adapted for clay-soils. Foliage closer and more tender than that of the white clover, but its vegetation later (Langethal). Morton recommends it for moist sandy soil. It delights in ground much wetter than suits most other clovers ; it spreads over humid pastures most readily, with a growth more luxuriant than that of white clover, consequently stands the summer-heat better, smother- ing most other plants and covering the ground with a thick and close herbage. Cattle are very fond of it, and fatten well on it (Geo. Black). Trifolium furcatum, Lindley. California. A stout and somewhat succulent spesies, with large flower -heads. Affords good pasturage (A. Gray), and gets 380 Select Plants for Industrial Culture disseminated readily ; but it is annual. Several other native clovers occur in Western North -America; 25 are described from California. Trifolium hybridum, Linn£.* The Alsike-Clover. Europe, Northern Africa, Western Asia. Wild in Norway to lat. 63° 50'. A valuable perennial pasture-herb, particularly for swampy locah'ties. It succeeds, where the ground becomes too sandy for lucerne and too wet for red clover, but does not withstand drought so well, while it produces a heavier bulk of forage than white clover, and maintains its ground, when the soil has become too much exhausted for other clovers. The seed being very small, less than half the quantity is required for the same area as of red clover. Much frequented by bees for honey. Trifolium incarnatum, Linn£. The Carnation-Clover, also called Crimson or Italian Clover. In Norway it can be grown to lat. 70° 22'. Southern Europe, extending naturally to Switzerland. Though annual only, or sometimes biennial, it is valued in some of the systems of rotations of crops. In the south of England it is much sown on harrowed stubble-fields, to obtain an early feed of great fattening value. It forms particularly a good fodder for sheep, and is recommended especially for gypsum- regions. A white-flowering variety exists. Bees are very fond of this clover (Darwin). Trifolium medium, Linn£. The Red Zigzag-Clover. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia. Indigenous in Norway to lat 63° 26' (Schuebeler). A deep-rooting, wide-creeping perennial herb, much better adapted for dry sandy places than.T. pratense. It would also endure the inclemency of the clime of alpine heights, if disseminated there; also one of the best of clovers for forest-regions. For regular culture it needs lime, like most plants of its class. More hardy than T. hybridum, less produc- tive than T. pratense (Langethal). It ought not to be omitted among mixed clovers and grasses. According to Morton it is not so much sought and relished by grazing-animals as many other clovers. T. Quartinianum (A. Richard) is an allied plant from Abyssinia, where several endemic species exist. Trifolium montanum, Linn£. Europe, Western Asia. Perennial. Not without importance for limy or marly ground. It is indigenous northward to Christiania. Trifolium ochroleucum, Linne. Pale-yellow Clover. Middle and Southern Europe, Western Asia. Perennial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy; its value is that of T. medium (Langethal). Trifolium Pannonicum, Linn& The Hungarian Clover. Southern Europe. Perennial. Earlier in the season than red clover, to which it is allied, but less tender in foliage (Morton). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 381 Trifolium pratense, Camerarius.* The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. It is found wild as far north as 69° 20' in Norway (Schuebeler). A biennial, or under certain circumstances also a perennial herb, of special importance for stable-fodder. The perennial variety passes under the name of Cow-clover, by which name also T. medium is sometimes designated. Highly recommendable for per- manent pastures, particularly in cool humid climes, as it continues to Srow year after year, and produces a large amount of herbage (Dr. url). It prefers rich ground and particularly soil, which is not devoid of lime; gypsum-dressings are recommendable for the fields. It enters into the rotation-system of crops very advantageously. This species lives also in alpine regions, where it much enriches the pastures. The nectar of the flowers is sucked by bumble bees, which tends to facilitate the production of seeds. Trifolium reflexum, Linn<$.* The Pennsylvania- or Buffalo-Clover. Eastern North-America, Annual or biennial; flower-heads larger than those of the red clover ; likes alluvial flats. Trifolium repens, Kivin.* The ordinary White Clover, called also Dutch Clover. Europe, . North- Africa, Northern and Middle Asia, sub-arctic America. In Norway indigenous to lat. 70° 57'. Perennial. ]\fbst valuable as a fodder-plant on grazing land. It has a predilection for moist soil, but also springs again from dry spots after rain. It likes soil contain- ing lime, prospers on poorer ground than red clover, is more nourish- ing and better digested, and less exhaustive to the soil. Dressing with gypsum vastly enhances the value and productiveness of any clover-field. Important as a bee-plant. Trifolium resupinatum, Linn£. The annual Strawberry-Clover. From South -Europe and North- Africa to Persia; also in the Canary-Islands and Azores. Admitted here, though annual, as this clover is cultivated with predilection in Upper India; it is of tall growth and succulent foliage. Trifolium spadiceum, Linn£. Brown Clover. Europe, Western Asia. Perennial. This has been recommended for wet sandy moorland, on which it gets dis- seminated with readiness. Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter. The Mayad-Clover. Northern and Middle Africa, ascending to 9,000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries utilized with advantage for clover-culture. This by no means closes the list of the clovers variously desirable for introduction, inasmuch as about 150 well-marked species are recognized, many doubtless of value for pasture. But the notes of 382 Select Plants for Industrial Culture rural observers on any of these kinds are so sparingly extant, that much uncertainty about the yield and nutritive value of various kinds continues to prevail. Most clovers come from the temperate zone of Europe and Asia; only two are indigenous to the eastern of the United States of North- America, none occur in Australia, a few are found in South- Africa, a good number in California and the adjoining countries, several also in Chili, no species is peculiar to Japan. Trigonella Fcenum Graecum, Linn£. Countries on the Mediterranean Sea, Western and Central Asia. The seeds of this annual herb find their use in veterinary medicine. Trigonella suavissima, Lindley. Interior of Australia, from the Murray-River and-fts tributaries to the vicinity of Shark-Bay. This perennial, fragrant, clover-like plant proved a good pasture-herb. A lithogram, illustrating this plant, occurs in the work on the " Plants indigenous to Victoria." Some of the many European, Asiatic and African species of this genus deserve local tests. Trilliura erectum, Linn<$. " The Birthroot." Eastern North-America. This liliaceous plant has found its way into the materia medica. Triodia exigua, Kirk. South-Island of New Zealand, at 1,200 to 3,000 feet elevation. Forms naturally almost even plots, often many square-yards in extent; the leaves are hard, short and shining; the compact growth of the turf or sward prevents weeds and other grasses to encroach. It is particularly to be recommended for croquet-lawns, never requiring mowing (Prof. Th. Kirk). Should prove especially valuable in colder countries for lawns, and may hold its ground also in hotter climes through some irrigation. Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro. South-Eastern Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits, though small, are of pleasant sweetness. The plant may also prove well adapted for hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia, Lindley, and Claussena punctata, Oliver, also East-Asiatic fruit-shrubs, may possibly show themselves hardy in sheltered forest-regions of warm temperate climes. Tripsacum dactyloides, Linn<$. Central and Northern America; known popularly as a Gama- grass. A reedy perennial grass, more ornamental than utilitarian. It is the original Buffalo-grass, and attains a height of 7 feet, assuming the aspect of maize. It seems of inferior value for feed, but serves for binding sand. Prof. C. Mohr however regards it as a valuable fodder-grass. The seeds are available for food. Howard, speaking in Carolina of this grass, contends, that it may be cut three in Extra-Tropical Countries. 383 or four times in a season, that it makes a coarse but nutritious hay, and that the quantity of forage, which can be made from it, is enor- mous; cattle and horses are fond of it, and the hay can be harvested easily. Trisetum antarcticum, Trinius. New Zealand. Ascending to sub-alpine elevations. A perennial lustrous grass, particularly fit for cool climes. According to Mr. John Buchanan it keeps its ground well, becoming an important element locally in the pasture-vegetation. The abundant natal growth indicates, how easily the grass by dissemination could be naturalized elsewhere. Tristania conferta, R. Brown. New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree, attaining a height of about 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an avenue-tree, but also as producing select timber; ribs of vessels from this tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years and more. Growth in height 20-30 feet at Port Phillip in twenty years. Trithrinax Acanthocoma, Dmde. Rio Grande do Sul, in dry elevations. A dwarf Fan-palm for window- or table-decoration, attaining only a height of about 6 feet; foliage not leathery. ' Trithrinax Brasiliensis, Martius. Rio Grande do Sul and Parana, Uruguay and Paraguay. A very hardy palm, not tall. Trithrinax campestris, Drude.* Argentina, as far south as 32° 40'. Height reaching about 30 feet. One of the most southern of all palms. Content with even less humidity than Chamaerops humilis. The leaves are almost of a woody hardness and stiffer than those of any other palm (Drude). Germination from seeds easy (Lorentz and Hieronymus). Another species occurs in Southern Bolivia. Triticum junceum, Linn£. (Agropyrum junceum, Beauvois.) Europe and North- Africa. A rigid coast-grass, with pungent leaves and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its per- manent growth. One of the best grasses, to keep rolling sand-ridges together, and particularly eligible, where cattle and other domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from getting access. Triticum vulgare, Villars.* The Wheat. Indigenous to the Euphrates-regions, according to A. de Candolle. Traced back more than 5,000 years as an Egyptian and Chinese culture-plant; indeed the earliest lacustrine people in Switzerland reared wheat in a stone-age (Heer). In many intra- tropical countries, not too wet, wheat and barley can be grown as winter-crop. In Japan wheat is of extraordinary precocity (Lartigne), 384 Select Plants for Industrial Culture and it is greatly recommended there as a forage-plant. The Punjab- Wheat with a few other varieties is rust-proof. This is not the place, to enter into details about a plant universally known, unless we may allude to the much overlooked fact, that a light beer can be brewed from wheat; it may therefore suffice merely to mention, that three primary varieties must be distinguished among the very numerous sorts of cultivated wheat: 1. Var. muticum, T. hybernum, L., the Winter- Wheat or Unbearded Wheat; 2. Var. aristatum, T. sestivum, L., the Summer- Wheat or Bearded- Wheat; 3. Var. adhserens, T. Spelta, L., Wheat with fragile axis and adherent grain. Metzger enumerates as distinct kinds of cultivated wheat: — T. vulgare, Villars, which includes among other varieties the ordinary Spring-Wheat, the Fox- Wheat and the Kentish Wheat. It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting straw -bonnets and straw-hats, for which only the upper part of the stem is used, collected before the ripening of the grain, and bleached through exposure to the sun while kept moistened. T. turgidum, Linne, comprising some varieties of White and Red Wheat, also the Clock- Wheat and the Revet- Wheat. T. durum, Desfontaines, which contains some sorts of the Bearded Wheat. T. Polonicum, Linne, the Polish Wheat, some kinds of which are well adapted for peeled Wheat. T. Spelta, Linne, the Spelt-Corn or Dinkel- Wheat, a kind not readily subject to disease, succeeding on soil of very limited fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of excellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled wheat. Fo.r preparing the latter it is necessary to collect the spikes while yet somewhat green, and to dry them in baking- houses. T. dicoccum, Schrank, (T. amyleum, Seringe). The Emmer- Wheat. Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, produce excellent starch, are most hardy and not subject to diseases. To this belongs the Arras-Wheat of Abyssinia, where a few other peculiar sorts of wheat are to be found. A large- grained variety of wheat is baked in Persia like rice (Colvill). T. monococcum, Linne. St. Peter's Corn, which is hardier than most other wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces grains less adapted for flour than for peeled wheat. Indigenous to Serbia, Greece and Turkey, if derived from T. Baeoticum (Boissier). The Champlain- Wheat, recently here introduced by me, yields about 40 fold and seems quite rust- and smut-proof; the crop is heavy; but this variety is preferable for green fodder and hay, the grain carrying too much bran (Hermiston). Dr. Bancroft's experiments in Southern Queensland showed the common Indian Bearded Wheat to be exempt from rust, as well as two beardless varieties from the same part of Asia. On this in Extra-Tropical Countries. 385 subject see also the print of my lecture before the Agricultural Society of Bendigo, "on rust in wheat/' 1865. According to the report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in 1882, 37 millions of acres were under wheat-culture in the United States. In various parts of the world the prodigious quantity of 60 bushels on an acre is sometimes obtained on rich and new land. Tropseolum majus, Linn<$. Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impropriety under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and flowers serve as- cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic. The plant can be grown in Norway northward to lat. 70° 22' (Schuebeler). A smaller species, T. minus, L., from Peru, can likewise be chosen for a cress-salad;, both besides furnish in their flower-buds and young fruits a substitute for capers. A volatile oil of burning taste can be distilled from the foliage of both, and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil of mustard-seeds. In colder countries these plants are only of one year's duration. Numerous other species, all highly ornamental, occur in South-America and a few also in Mexico. The seeds will keep for several years. Tropaeolum sessilifolium, Pceppig. Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most eligible for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw state, and are larger than those of most other TropaBolums, while the stems are- short and procumbent (Prof. Philippi). TropsBolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon. Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent; some frost improves it. Trophis Americana, Linn£. West-Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree has been recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba and Jamaica it is used as provender for cattle and sheep. Tuber sestivum, Micheli. Middle and Southern Europe. The truffle most frequent in the markets of England. The White British Truffle, Chairomyces meandriformis, though large, is valued less. In the Department Yaucluse alone about 60,000 Ibs. of truffles are collected annually, at a value of about £4,000. Many other kinds of truffles are in use. The Australian truffle, Mylitta Australis (Berkeley) or Notiohydnum Australe, sometimes attains the size of the cocoa-nut, and is also a fair esculent. It seems quite feasible, to naturalize the best edible fungs of these and other genera, although such may not be amenable to regular culture; thus efforts should be made for the introduction of all the superior kinds of truffles, as an insight into the manner, in which vegetables of the fungus-species might be transferred to wide .386 Select Plants for Industrial Culture distances, has gradually been obtained. The total value of the export of truffles from France in 1877 amounted to considerably over half a million pounds sterling, the total production in that year being valued at about £800,000. The annual revenue of the truffle- ground of Carpentras is, according to Simmonds, £80.000. The great White North- American Truffle (Tuber album) is as white as snow and as tender as curds (Millington), Tuber albidum, Cesalpini. Occurs with T. aestivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in taste. Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp. .The Black Truffle. Middle and Southern Europe. Like all others growing underground, and generally found in forest-soil of limestone- formation. It attains a weight of over one pound. Experiments for naturalization may be effected with every prospect of success by con- veying the truffle in its native soil and locating it in calcareous places of forest-regions. As a condiment or merely in a roasted state, it affords an aromatic food. The famous Quercy- or Perigold-Truffle is derived from this species. T. melanosporum (Vittadini) from France, Germany and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste than T. cibarium — indeed, of strawberry-flavor. Tuber mag-natum, Pico. Grey Truffle. South-Europe. One of the most esteemed of all truffles, with some garlic-flavor. Hymenogaster Bulliardi (Vittadini) and Melanogaster variegatus (Tulasne) of South-Europe are also excellent truffles. Tuber rufum, Pico. Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food, but smaller than Terfezia-Truffles. Typha latifolia, Lhm£. The Cattail, large Reedmace or Bulrush. Widely distributed over the northern hemisphere — in Norway to lat. 60° 41'. Worthy of being encouraged in its growth on rivers and around lakes, and of being transferred to unutilized waters, as the very light and soft foliage can be converted into material for mattresses, which in the Royal Navy of Italy have come into universal use as additional means of saving human life in the event of shipwreck. These mattresses continue to float for a very long time and bear a great weight ; thus one mattress is capable of supporting several persons in water (Marquis Toverena and Captain Romano). The large rootstocks are rich in nourishing starch. The closely allied T. angustifolia extends to Australia. Ulex Europseus, Linne. The Whin, Gorse or Furze. Western and Southern Europe, Azores, Canary -Islands; hardy in Norway to lat. 58° 58'. A bush, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 387 important for covering quickly drift-sands on coasts, not readily approached by pastoral animals. Too apt to stray as a hedge-plant. Prof. C. Koch recommends a thornless variety for sheep-pastures. TJllUGUS tuber/OSUS, Lozano. (Mdloca tuberosa, Lindley.) Andes of New Granada and Peru, up to an elevation of 9,000 feet. A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible ; they are of about the size of hens' eggs. Can also be propagated from cuttings, and will endure some frost (Watson). A mean temperature of about 50° F. is favorable for the production of tubers of this plant (Vilmorin). Shablee found the tubers in a dried state to contain 3 per cent. fat> 4 per cent, gum, 19 per cent, grape-sugar, 33 per cent, starch, 12 per cent, albumen. Ulmus alata, Michaux. The Whahoo-Elm of North-America, extending to Newfoundland and Texas. Of quick growth. Height of tree reaching about 40 feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that of the White Elm, of a dull-red color, unwedgeable, used by wheelwrights, but like that of U. Americana not equal to the wood of the European elm. Ulmus Americana, Linn£.* The White Elm of Eastern North- America, also called Rock- or Swamp-Elm. A tree of longevity, fond of moist river-banks, becom- ing fully a hundred feet hfgh; trunk to 60 feet and as much as 5 feet in diameter. The tree is found hardy in Norway at least to Jat. 59° 55'. Manning mentions that trees have been known to attain a cir- cumference of 27 feet at 3 feet from the ground, and of 13 feet where the branches burst forth. It is highly prized for street-planting in North-America. Can be propagated from suckers like the European elm, irrespective of multiplication from cuttings or seeds. Almost indifferent to soil. The timber is light, used for wheelwrights' work, for tubes, water-pipes; bears driving bolts well (Robb); it is durable, if either kept quite dry or permanently submerged in water. U. floridana (Chapman) is a variety. Rate of growth in Nebraska r stem-circumference, 63 inches in 24 years (Furnas) 2 feet above ground. Ulmus campestris, Linn<$.* The ordinary Elm, indigenous to Europe and temperate Asia, as- far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as the Cork Elm and Wych-Elm, exist, also a weeping variety. The elm in attaining an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size. Sir Joseph Hooker records the height of a tree at 125 feet, with a stem- circumference of 50 feet. In Britain it has been occasionally attacked by Scolytus destructor, and irrespective of this beetle, also by the Goat-moth, Cossus ligniperda, both boring into the stem. The wood is tough, hard, fine-grained and remarkably durable, if constantly under water. Next to the yew it is the best of European woods, 388 Select Plants for Industrial Culture where great elacticity is required, as for archery-bows. It is also . used for keels, blocks, wheels, piles, pumps, gun- and railway-carriages, gunwales, various tools and implements. The Wych-Elm (U. mon- tana, Withering) grows still further north than the Cork-Elm, in Norway to lat. 66° 5.9'; even in lat. 59° 45' Professor Schuebeler . found a tree still over 100 feet high, with a stem 4 feet in diameter. The wood of the Wych-Elm is preferred for bending purposes (Eassie). The bast is tough. The average growth at Port Phillip proved 40 feet in 25 years. De Candolle estimated a particular aged elm in France to be 335 years old then. Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall. . The Evergreen Elm of Mexico, Arkansas and Texas. A tree fully 90 feet high and 2 feet in stem-diameter. Ulmus fulva, Michaux. The Slippery or Red Elm of Eastern North- America. Reaching a height of about 60 feet. Splendid for tree-planting. There is a pendent-branched variety. Wood red, tenacious, useful for wagon- hubs and wheels (Vasey). Regarded as the best North- American wood for blocks of rigging, according to Simmonds. The leaves seem avail- able as food for the silkmoth; the bark is employed in medicine. Rate of growth, little more than half that of the White Elm (Furnas). Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon. Cordilleras of South-Western North-America. This elm attains a height of 60 feet or perhaps more. Many of these elms are avail- able as quick-growing avenue-trees for shade-lines. Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin. The Evergreen Elm of China, Japan, Upper India and Burmah. A similar tree is found on the Himalayan mountains. Well eligible for big hedges also. Ulmus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. ciliata, Ehrhart.) Europe and Asia, through the middle zone. A fine avenue- tree. Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.* The Cork-Elm of North-America, also called Western Rock -Elm Wood as valuable as that of U. Americana, but much heavier; it is fine-grained and compact, tough, flexible, not liable to split, holds bolts better than most timber, and is extremely durable when con- stantly wet; deserves unqualified praise as a furniture-wood for hard- ness, strength, beauty and buff- reddish tint; largely also employed for piles, pumps, naves, tackle-blocks, keels, heavy agricultural imple- ments, such as mowing and threshing machines, ploughs, gunwales (Robb, Sargent). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 389 Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon. Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3,500 feet to 10,000 feet. A tree sometimes to 90 feet high, the stem attaining a girth of 24 feet. Bark very tough ; foliage locally lopped off for cattle-fodder (Brandis). Umbellularia Calif ornica, Nuttall. (Oreodaphne Calif ornica, Nees; Tetran- thera California, Hooker and Arnott.) Oregon and California, where it is called the "Mountain-Laurel" or " Bay-tree. " Tree becoming 100 feet high; throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric odor. Wood most valuable for cabinet- work, also for the best of flooring; that of the root splendid for turnery; it is hard, close-grained, durable, easily worked, susceptible of high polish (Dr. Behr and Prof. Bolander). Uniola gracilis, Michaux. North- America. A perennial pasture-grass of considerable value, con- tent with sandy soil, and liking the vicinity of the sea. Root creeping. Uniola latifolia, Michaux. North-America. This rather tall perennial grass forms large tufts, and affords valuable fodder ; it is best adapted for shady woodlands (C. Mohr). Uniola paniculata, Linne\ North-Eastern America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen on account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast- sands. Urena lobata, Linne. Intra-tropic girdle around the globe. This perennial herb has recently been enumerated among plants with comparatively tenacious fibre; it can be reared far beyond the tropics. Some congeneric plants can similarly be utilized. Urginea Scilla, Steinheil. (Scilla maritima, Linn4.) The medicinal Squill. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, Canary-Islands. Already ordered by Charles the Great to be grown in the imperial gardens. This coast-plant needs no regular cultivation; but settlers living near the sea might encourage its dissemination, and thus obtain the bulbs as drugs from natural localities. Its peculiar bitter principle is called scillitin. The bulb contains 24 per cent, tannin. U. altissima (Baker) serves in South-Africa as squill. U vularia sessilifolia, Linn<§. North- America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as yield- ing a good substitute for asparagus. Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Thibaudia alata, Dunal.) Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub, with pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly ornamental plant could be grown in sub-alpine regions. 390 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Vaccinium Arctostaphylos, Lhme". From Greece to the Caucasus. The leaves, dried and slightly heated, furnish the Broussa-tea, the material for a fairly palatable beverage (Gr. Maw). Vaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. (Thibaudia bicolor, Ruiz and Pavon.) Cold zones of Peruvian Andes. A high evergreen bush, with red berries of about the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias seem best to form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some species of the latter — for instance, Vaccinium Imrayi (Hooker) from Dominica — mediating the transit. The species of the section Thibaudia, as a rule, produce red berries of acidulous grateful taste. Many others may therefore deserve culture or naturalization in forest-ravines or on sub-alpine heights. They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in the West-Indies. One species, Vaccinium melliflorum (Thibaudia melliflora, Ruiz and Pavon), has its flowers particularly rich in honey-nectar. Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux. Labrador, Canada and North-Eastern States of the American Union. A deciduous-leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovali- folium (Smith) is an allied species. Vacciniuni Canadense, Kalm.* From the Middle States of North-America northwards. A dwarf shrub in swampy ground of woodlands. Yields, like V. Pennsyl- vanicum, to which it is allied, edible blueberries or huckleberries. Mr. Marity calls the berries delicious, fetching a high price — up to 1 1 dollars a bushel, never lower than 5 dollars, in New York. One bush yields from a pint to a quart of berries. It thrives through all grades of soil and exposure. The berries are rather large and aro- matic; for cooking and preserves they locally take precedence to any other kind of berry; they are easily dried, and retain their full delicious- flavor. The bush grows occasionally to a height of 15 feet. Vaccinium corymbosum, Linne". The Swamp-Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. Canada and Eastern States of North- America. A good sized shrub, reaching a height of 15 feet, with deciduous foliage. Berries bluish-black, rather large, aromatic, of sweetish taste, ripening late in the season. The fre- quency of this bush in its native countries induces the anticipation, that it could readily be disseminated elsewhere in apt climes and soils. Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus erectus, Pursh.) Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains. An upright bush, a few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transparent scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent taste. Vaccinium grandmorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemmagrandiflorum, Ruiz and Pavon). Andes of Peru. A tall evergreeu shrub. The berries of a pleasant acidulous taste. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 391 Vaccinium humifusum, Graham. North-Western America, particularly on the Rocky Mountains. Berries of this bush well flavored. Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. (Agapetes arborea, Dunal.) Southern India, extending to Ceylon, at elevations from 4,000 to 8,000 feet. This evergreen species attains the size of a small tree, flowering and fruiting throughout the year. The fruits resemble cranberries. Vaccinium leucanthum, Chamisso. Mountains of Mexico. An arborescent species. The blackish berries are edible. Vaccinium macrocarpon, Aiton.* (Oxy coccus macrocarpus, Persoon.) The large Cranberry. From Canada to Virginia and Carolina, particularly in sandy and peaty bogs, and in cold mossy swamps, Hardy to Christiania. A trailing evergreen bush, with stems attain- ing a length .of 3 feet. In sunny places more fruitful than in shady localities. It is this species, which has become so extensively culti- vated in the eastern parts of the United States, where on moory laud, often not otherwise to be utilized, enormous quantities of this fruit have been produced by regular culture at a highly profitable scale. The berries are of acid taste, pleasant aroma and the scarlet bright- ness of the British cranberry, but considerably larger. The plant is rooting also along its depressed stem, from which it can be readily multiplied. Vaccinium meridionale, Swartz. Jamaica, from the summits of the highest ranges down to the coffee-regions. It attains a height of 30 feet, and is evergreen. The small berries are of the taste and color of those of V. Vitis Idaea. Vaccinium Mortinia, Bentham. Mountains of Columbia. A shrub, several feet high. The fruits resemble those of V. Myrtillus, but are more acid. They come to the Quito-market under the name Mortina. Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux. Michigan, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador. The large edible berries are called Bluets. This little bush is adapted for alpine country. Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linn&* The British Whortleberry or Bilberry. Throughout Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, remotest North-America, extending to the Calif ornian Sierra Nevada; in heathy and turfy forest-land. In Norway it is found wild to lat. 71° 10' (Schuebeler). A shrub, a few feet high or less, deciduous, erect, of great value for its copious supply of berries. They are, as well known, black with a bluish-grey hue, of exceedingly grateful taste and very wholesome. The naturalization of this plant 2 c i. 392 Select Plants for Industrial Culture on alpine ranges and in cooler woodlands would prove a boon, The berries can be utilized also for their dye. The whole bush contains quina-acid. Vaccinium ovalifolium, Smith. North- Western America from Mendocino to Oregon. This shrub bears large edible berries (Dr. Gibbons). Vaccinium ovatum, Pursh. Common throughout California, also in British Columbia, at alti- tudes from 1,000 to 2,000 feet, attaining a height of about 8 feet. It bears its fruit in densely crowded racemes, the dark -blue but small berries being of good flav . . This species would doubtlessly form a valuable accession among cultivated fruits (Gibbons). Vaccinium Oxy COCCUS, Linn£. (Gxycoccus palustris, Persoon.) The British Cranberry. Throughout Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North- America; on turf -moss in moory heaths. A creeping evergreen shrub of particular neatness. The berries give a most agreeable preserve, and are of antiscorbutic value. This species is particularly eligible for the spongy, mossy bogs of alpine mountains. Indigenous in Norway northward to lat. 70° 45'. Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith. North-Western America, from Mendocino to Sitka. A tall shrub. The berries are excellent for preserves. Vaccinium penduliflorum, Gaudichaud. Hawaia, where it is called the " Ohelo." The acidulous berries of this bush are edible. Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lamarck.* (V. angustifolium, Alton.) The early Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. North- America, on dry woody hills. A dwarf bush with deciduous foliage, producing fruit in abundance and early in the season. The berries are large, bluish-black and of sweet taste. V. Canadense (Kalm), according to Dr. Asa Gray, is closely allied. Vaccinium prsestans, RudolpM. Kamtschatka. A minute plant, but with large delicious fruits. It might perhaps easily be disseminated on any alpine mountains. Vaccinium uliginosum, Lhm£. British Bog-Bilberry. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North- America. A deciduous bush, with blackish berries, similar to those of V. Myrtillus, but hardly of equal excellence. Wild to lat'. 78° north in Greenland. Vaccinium vacillans, Solander. Eastern North- America, in sandy forest-lands. A deciduous small bush, with its blue berries coming later into season than V. Pennsyl- vanicum (Dr. A. Gray). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 393 Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, Linne". Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, North-America. Extends in Greenland to 76° N. L. (Nathorst); therefore fit for subglacier- regions. A dwarf shrub Avith evergreen leaves. The purplish-red berries are sought for jellies and other preserves. It is as yet impos- sible to say, how many other species of Vaccinium produce good-sized and well-flavored fruits. The genus ranges also in tropical species from Continental Asia to the Indian Archipelagus, and has a wide extension likewise in South-America, occupying in hot countries higher mountain-regions; but few reliable notes on the tropical species are extant as far as their fruits are concerned. Vahea florida, F. v. Mueller. (Landolphia florida, Bentham.) West-Africa, up to 2,500 feet. This may prove hardy in mild extra-tropic regions. Dr. Welwitsch describes the Aboh-fruit of this species as sweet and acidulous, but was not less gratified with the beauty and marvellous abundance of its large snow-white and jasmin- scented flowers. V. florida also yields caoutchouc, like V. Heudelotii (Landolphia Heudelotii, D.C.) from the Senegal -regions. The genus Vahea was fully established by Lamarck as early as 1791. The excellent work on the caoutchoucs of commerce, by James Collins, may be consulted as regards the sources of various kinds of India- rubbers. Prof. Wiesner (Rohstoffe des Pflanzenreichs, 1873) enumer- ates at p. 15-4-156 the various plants then known to yield caoutchouc, giving also a chemical account of these substances. Vahea Owariensis, F. v. Mueller. (Landolphia Owariensis^ Beauvois.) Tropical West-Africa, but ascending to the highlands of Angola, according to Dr. Welwitsch. This climber, with several other Vaheas, yields the West-African caoutchouc ; others furnish the Madagascar- sort, particularly V. gummifera (Lamarck), now cultivated also in India. Prof. Wiesner of Vienna enumerates 47 species of various genera, which yield either rubber, gutta percha, or balata. It is said, that the addition of ammonia to the sap improves the rubber. V. Owariensis produces edible fruits as large as middle-sized oranges, with sweet and slightly acid pulp. Valeriana Celtica, Linne". Alps of Europe; hardy at Christiania. The " Speik." The root of this perennial herb is particularly aromatic. Valeriana edulis, Nuttall. North- Western America, from Oregon to the Rocky Mountains. The thick spindle-shaped root of this herb affords food to the natives of that part of the globe. When baked, the root proves agreeable and wholesome. When we consider the wild state of the plants, from which many of our important root-crops arose, this Valeriana and •• several other plants, suggestively mentioned in these pages, may well be admitted for trial-culture. 2 C z 394 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Valeriana officinalis, Linne. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, in swampy grass-land, with a predilection for forests and river-banks. In Norway it extends north- ward to lat. 70° 22' (Prof. Schuebeler). This perennial herb would do particularly well on higher mountains. It is the only one among numerous congeners of Europe, Asia and America, which is drawn to a considerable extent into medicinal use. The root and herb contain valerianic acid and a peculiar tannic acid; the root furnishes also an essential oil, which again resolves itself into valerol (70 per cent), valeren, barneol and valerianic acid. Concerning these see Huse- mann and Hilger's Pflanz ens toff e 1884. The order of Yalerianeae is not represented by any native plant in Australia. Valerianella olitoria, Moench. Lamb's Lettuce. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia. Northward to lat. 59° 16' in Norway. A fair and early salad- plant. It is an annual, and has several congeners in Europe and Asia. V. eriocarpa (Desvaux) is similarly utilitarian. With still more force this may be said of the co-ordinal Fedia cornucopias (Gaertner). The seeds will keep about five years (Vilmorin). Vangneria infausta, Burchell. From tropical Africa to Natal and Caffraria. The fruit of this shrub or small tree is medlar-like, but superior in taste. Worth test- cultivation with a view of improving the fruit. V. edulis (Vahl) from the warmer regions of Africa and from Madagascar proved hardy as far south as Port Jackson, and yields esculent rather small fruits. Veratrum album, Linn£. Europe, Northern and Middle Asia, extending eastward to Japan. Hardy still at Christiania. It delights particularly in sub-alpine localities. The root furnishes veratrin, jervin and sabadillic acid. The root is used in medicine particularly for external applications. Veratrum viride, Aiton. Canada and United States of North- America. A near relative of the former plant. Professor Schuebeler found it hardy in Norway to lat. 71°. Its root has recently come into medicinal use,- especially as an arterial sedative (Porcher). Verbascum Thapsus, Linn£. The Mullein. A biennial herb of some use in medicine, but adapted also for scenic cultural effects. Veronica Virginica, Linn£. Eastern North- America. A perennial herb, which for medicinal use furnishes the " Culver's-root," from which again the Leptandrin as a chologogue is prepared. The showy shrubby species, such as Y. speciosa (R. Cunningham) of New Zealand and their hybrids can easily be multiplied from cuttings in the open air; they are grate- ful in culture, and afford good material for table-bouquets. in Extra-Tropical Countries* 395 Viburnum Tinus, The Lauristine. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An evergreen shrub, one of the earliest flowering of the season; well adapted for ornamental hedges. Hardy in the south of Eng- land. An excellent plant as a standard of comparison for floral calendars. Vicia Cracca, Linn£. Europe, North-Africa, Northern and Middle Asia, North- America; in Norway it extends to lat. 71° 10'. Perennial. Recommendable for naturalization as a fodder-plant in sylvan and sub-alpine lands. It yields in shade a return three times larger than in open places (Langethal). Lauded as most nourishing to cattle by Dr. Plot of Staffordshire. The cognate V. Cassubica and V. biennis, Liune, serve also for field-culture. Vicia Brvilia, Willdenow. (Ervum Ervilia, L. ) South-Europe, North-Africa, South-Western Asia. An annual. herb, praised as a valuable fodder-plant particularly fit for dry cal- careous soil. Cultivated already at Troja (Virchow, Wittmack). Vicia Paba, Linne. The Straight Bean, called also Common Field-Bean. Orient, particularly on the Caspian Sea. Professor Schuebeler found it to bear seeds still in lat. 67° 17'. Was cultivated already at Troja (Virchow, Wittmack). This productive annual herb not only affords its seeds for table-use, as Broad-Bean and Windsor-Bean, but pro- vides also a particularly fattening stable-food, in its common form the Horse-Bean. The seeds contain about 33 per cent, starch. V. Narbonensis, L., from South-Europe and South- Western Asia, is prefer- able for the table, because its seeds contain less bitter principle, though they are smaller. They will retain their vitality for six years or more. Vicia peregrina, Linn4. South-Europe. Annual. In Italy preferred to the ordinary Tare for sandy soil; recommends itself also for its close growth. Vicia sativa, Linn4.* (V. anyustifolia, Roth.) The ordinary Vetch or Tare. Europe, North- Africa, Western and Northern Asia, extending to Japan. According to Professor Schue- beler it will grow in Norway to lat. 70°; it perfected its seeds there still in 63° 26'. One of the best fodder-plants, but only of one or two years' duration. Praised particularly for dairy-cattle by Gr. Don. This plant according to Middleton has yielded as large a crop as 12 tons on an acre, cut green. Horses thrive remarkably on it. Important also for green manure and as a companion of clovers. The allied V. cordata, Wulfen, and V. globosa, Retzius, are similarly cultivated in Italy (Laugethal). Many of the other European and Asiatic species of Vicia are deserving of our attention. 396 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Vicia sepium, Rivinus. Europe, Western and Northern Asia. A perennial Vetch, enduring an alpine clime; indigenous in Norway northward to lat. 69° 40'. It might with advantage be naturalized in forests and on high moun- tains, but it can also readily be subjected to field-culture, the yield being large and nutritious in regions with humid air, though the soil might be poor. This vetch can be kept continually on the same field for about fifteen years (Langethal). V. Pannonica, Jacquin, is an allied but annual species. Vicia Sitchensis, Bongard. ( V. gigantea, Hooker. ) From California to Sitka. Dr. Asa Gray remarks, that the young seeds of this tall vetch are eatable like green peas. Vicia sylvatica, Linn<$. The Wood- Vetch. Europe, Northern Asia. Indigenous in Nor- way to lat. 67° 56'. Perennial. Recommendable to culturists settling in new forest-land; available also for growth in sub-alpine copses. Pasture-animals have a predilection for this vetch; its yield is large and very nourishing. In limestone-soil of forests V. pisiformis and V. dumetorum, Linne, can best be selected for introduction. Vicia tetrasperma, Koch. (Ervum tetraspermum, Linn£.) The Lentil-Tare. Europe, Western Asia, North- Africa. Annual. According to Langethal this species is preferable to the ordinary tare for sandy soil. It is also less hard as fodder and very palatable. Lime in the sand enlarges the yield. V. monantha and V. hirsuta, Koch, serve nearly as well. Vigna lanceolata, Bentham. Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Mr. P. O'Shanesy observes, that this twiner produces, along with the ordinary cylindrical pods, others underground from buried flowers, and these somewhat resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant might be rendered perhaps available for culinary purposes. Vigna Sinensis, Endlicher.* (Dollchos Sinensis, Humph.) Tropical Asia and Africa. The cultivation of this twining annual pulse-herb extends to Southern Europe, the United States and many other countries with a temperate clime. One of the many ver- naculars of this plant is the " Cow-Pea." The pods are remarkable for their great length, and used like French-beans, dry as well as preferentially also green. This plant bears plentifully even in seasons of severe drought in Central Australia (Rev. H. Kempe). V. Cat jang, V. unguiculata, V. sesquipedalis and V. melanophthalma are varieties of this species. In fair soil the produce is about forty fold. The Laubich-grains of Egypt are from a variety of this species (Sir J. Hooker). This Vigna is satisfied with comparatively poor soil and stands also dryness well. in Extra- Tropical Countries. 397 Villebrunia integrifolia, Gaudichaud. India, ascending the Himalayan mountains to 5,000 feet. A small tree, allied to the Ramie-plant (Boehmeria nivea). Mr. C. B. Clarke regards the fibre as one of the strongest available in India, it being used for bow-strings. Other Villebrunias — for instance, V. frutescens, and also some species of Debregeasia, particularly D. velutina — like- wise deserve regular culture, for the sake of their fibre. Moist forest- tracts seem particularly adapted for these plants, because V. integri- folia grows in Sikkim at an elevation, where the rainfall ranges from 100 to 200 inches. This fibre is much more easily separable than that of Maoutia Puya, according to Dr. Gr. King's observations. Viola odorata, Renealm. The Violet. Middle and Southern Europe, North- Africa, Western and Middle Asia. Passingly alluded to here, as this modest though lovely plant should be extensively naturalized in forest-glens; it fur- nishes its delicate scent by enfl enrage for various compositions of perfumery. It flowers in the southern regions of Australia through the whole of our almost six-monthly spring. The annual produce of flowers from violets obtained at Nice and Cannes alone amounts to about 50,000 Ibs. Violets are there often grown as an extra-crop under lemon- and orange-trees; the kind chiefly cultivated for per- fumery is the " Double Parma" (Piesse). Varieties specially cultivated for bouquets, are: Lee's Victoria, the Czar and the Neapolitan and Semperflorens. Their culture proves quite remunerative. Vitis acetosa, F. v. Mueller. Carpentaria and Arnhem's Land. Stems rather herbaceous than shrubby, erect. The whole plant is pervaded with acidity, and proved valuable in cases of scurvy. The berries are edible. This species, if planted in countries with a mild temperate clime, would probably spring afresh from the roots annually. Vitis sestivalis, Michaux.* The Summer-Grape of the Middle and Eastern States of North- America. Flowers fragrant. The berries are deep blue, of pleasant taste, and ripen late in the season, but are generally rather small and in some kinds somewhat sour. Among the varieties derived from this species, the Jacques, Herbemont, Norton's Virginia, Elsinburg, Cun- ningham, Rulander and Pauline are the best known; all resist the attacks of the Phylloxera vastatrix, as has been fully demonstrated by experience in the United States as well as in the south of France. Several of these give an excellent produce; Jacques and Norton's Virginia gained a first prize in competition with the wines of Southern France, at an exhibition held in Montpellier. The Jacques-variety especially is much esteemed in the Provence for its resistance to Phylloxera, also for its luxuriant growth, great fertility and excellent wine of rich color. The whole group of Vitis aestivalis is however rather difficult to propagate, and is for this reason not so valuable for stock of the European vine as V. riparia. As these vines are of 398 Sel-ect Plants for Industrial Culture larger growth than V. vinifera, they should be planted further apart; a distance of 8 or 10 feet, and 6 feet between the rows is considered the most suitable. In Europe the flowering season is at the end of June, about a fortnight later than that of the European vine. The following method has been recommended for propagating these American vines in districts infested by the Phylloxera. Cut the best old stocks of European vines down to six or eight inches underground, graft upon them American scions having at most three eyes, fasten with clay and cover the graft with soil, preferably with sand. To obtain then a number of American vines, cut off any European shoots which may have sprouted, leave all the best American shoots, make furrows about four inches deep, radiating from the stock, in which layer the shoots, fixing them down with pegs, and cover them with sand. It is to be observed, that in very poor dry soil, where the European vine still yields a fair crop, American vines do not succeed (Planchon, Vignes Americaines). Vitis Baudiniana, F. v. Mueller. (Cissiis Antarctica, Ventenat.) East-Australia. With V. hypoglauca the most southern of all species of grapes, none extending to New Zealand. It is evergreen, and a vigorous plant for bowers, but suffers even from slight frosts. The berries are freely produced and edible, though not large. Vitis candicans, Engelmann. The Mustang-Grape of Texas, extending to Florida. Suited for warm dry climes. Climbs to a maximunvheight of 80 feet, and gets finally a stem of nearly 2 feet diameter. Bears abundantly. Mr. Buckley obtained from a plant 8 years old, 54 gallons of juice ; but the wine obtained is inferior to that from some other American species. The variety Solon is is derived from crosses between V. riparia, V. rupestris and V. candicans (Prof. Millardet). Vitis cinerea, Engelmann. Valley of the middle and lower Mississippi. Of near affinity to V. asstivalis. A large vine. Resists Phylloxera. Some hybrids from this serve well for stock to graft on (Millardet). Vitis cordifolia, Michaux.* The Winter-Grape or Frost-Grape, From Canada to Florida. A very large deciduous vine. The scent of the flowers reminds of Reseda. The berries are small, either blackish or amber-colored and very acid. They can be used for preserves, and are only fully matured when touched by frosts. A succession of seedlings may give us a superior vine, with the recommendation of particular hardiness; this species developes however also well in rather warm climes and bears also considerable dryness. Resists the attacks of Phylloxera very well, and seems also safe against mildew (Professor Millardet). Vitis hypoglauca, F. v. Mueller. East- Australia, as far south as Gippsland. An evergreen climber of enormous length, forming a very stout stem in age. The black in Extra-Tropical Countries. 399 berries attain the size of small cherries. This species also may per- haps be vastly changed in its fruit by continued culture. Bears slight frost; but it is best in cool climes to keep seedlings for two or three years under shelter, so that sufficient increment and induration of the woody stem takes place for its resisting subsequently some frost, a remark applying to many other kinds of plants to be acclimatised. Vitis Indica, On the mountains of various parts of India, ascending to an altitude of 3,000 feet in Ceylon. The small berries are edible. The plant should be subjected to horticultural experiments. This is an apt opportunity, to draw attention to some of the various Indian species of Vitis with large edible berries — for instance, V. laevigata (Blume), V. thyrsiflora (Miquel), Y. mutabilis (Blume), V. Blumeana (Steudel), all from the mountains of Java, and all producing berries as large as cherries, those of V. Blumeana being particularly sweet. Further may here be inserted V. imperialis (Miquel), from Borneo, V. auricu- lata and V. elongata (Wallich), the latter two from the mountainous mainland of Coromandel, and all producing very large juicy berries; even in the jungle-wilderness. V. quadrangularis (Linne) stretches from Arabia to India and Central Africa, and has also edible fruits. Many such plants may be far more eligible for grape-culture in hot wet climates than the ordinary vine. About 250 species of Vitis are already known, mostly from intra- tropical latitudes, and mostly ever- green; but in regard to their elevation above the ocean and to the nature of their fruits we are almost utterly without data. An herbaceous species of a tuberous vine, occurring in Soudan, is recommended by Mr. Lecard; another tuberous species is noted by Mr. J. B. Martin as wild in Cochin-China, the herbaceous stems being reproduced annually from the roots; both kinds bear excellent grapes; the species from Cochin-China forms long shoots, sometimes to a length of 60 and exceptionally 150 feet, bearing grapes all along the branches. Occa- sionally more than a cwt. of grapes are obtained from one plant, accord- ing to General Haldeman. It would be a grand acquisition to tropical countries; its ripe grapes are produced successively through fully three months; the berries are very large. Vitis Labrusca. Linn<$. The Isabella-Grape. North -Am erica, from Canada to Texas and Florida, also in Japan. The Schuylkill-Grape is derived from this species. A pale-fruited variety furnishes the Bland's Grape; another yields the American Alexander-Grape (Torrey and Gray). The Concord, Catawba, Isabella, Martha, I ves- Seedling, Hartford- Prolific and a number of other less known varieties are also derived from this species. Among these the Concord takes the first rank as well for wine as for dessert-grapes in the Eastern United States, where it is cultivated more than all the other varieties put together, although it has a strong so-called foxy taste. It is not quite proof against the attacks of the Phylloxera vastatrix, but suffers less than 400 Select Plants for Industrial Culture most other varieties of this species (Planchon, Yignes Americaines). Many good and fertile crosses between V. Labrusca and V. vinifera occur in North- American cultivation; the Delaware-Grape is a hybrid from V. Labrusca according to Bush and Meisner, and has in its turn given rise to many other good crosses. The berries of V. Labrusca are large among American kinds, and are of pleasant taste. Flowers fragrant. It is the only species which thrives well and bears largely in the clime of Brisbane, according to Dr. Bancroft. This and the other hardy North- American vines seem never to be attacked by the Oidium-disease. Dr. Regel unites the South- Asiatic V. lanata (Rox- burgh) with this. riparia, Michaux.* (V. cordifolia var. riparia, A. Gray.) From the Northern and Central United States to the Rocky Moun- tains of Colorado. To this species belong the Clinton, Franklin, Taylor and some other varieties, probably also- Vitis Solonis, which seem more particularly destined to revive viticulture in Southern France and other countries, where the Phylloxera vastatrix has annihilated such a vast extent of vineyards. They serve as grafting stock for the European vine, the majority of them showing a sufficient if not a complete resistance to this pest, while they are for the most part not difficult to propagate. The experiments hitherto made in the Pro- vence and elsewhere have given good results, and the produce of the European vine on American stock has been found as good as if grown on its own root. Professor Planchon places the varieties in the fol- lowing order of merit: Vitis Solonis, Clinton-Vialla or Franklin, wild Vitis riparia, Taylor, Clinton. The York -Madeira, which may be a hybrid between V. riparia and V. Labrusca, is by some growers placed next to Vitis Solonis and answers well for grafting. The seed- lings of V. Solonis retain the typical characteristics of the parent-plant — which the other varieties do not. To raise vines from seeds, the pips may be taken either before or after fermentation of the grape; the essential point is, not to let them get dry; they should be kept in a cool place and mixed with sand, to prevent mould. For transmission to great distances they should be sent dried in the peel and pulp to ensure the preservation of their vitality. Several French cultivators recommend grafting " by approach." For this purpose an American and an European vine are planted side by side; early in spring, when the shoots are about the size of a small goose-quill, two from the different stocks are brought together and in the most convenient place a. slice is taken out of the bark and the outer portion of the wood of each, about half an inch in length, care being taken that the two surfaces exactly fit each other; they have only to be tied together, the sap which is then at the height of its flow soon closing up the wound; the Ameri- can shoot is pinched off when it has made 3 or 4 leaves, the following winter the root of V. vinifera is cut off. Phylloxera-galls are fre- quently found on the leaves of V. riparia as well as of V. aestivalis, but the roots are not so often attacked ; if the latter happens, the wounds inflicted by the insect are superficial and soon heal up (Plauchon, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 401 Vignes Americaines). Professor A. Millardet of Bordeaux has in 1885 issued an excellent illustrated work on the principal Varieties and Species of Vines of American Origin resisting the Phylloxera. At present in the Department Herault already 170,000 acres are planted with American vines. Unfortunately the mildew, which has attacked so much the European vine is equally hurtful to the Ameri- can species, unless V. rubra and V. cordifolia be proof (Planchon). The I3hylloxera has now found its way to Algeria, Smyrna, and New South Wales, so that all the five great parts of the globe are invaded. Vitis rubra, Michaux. The Cat-Vine. Illinois and adjoining country, on river-banks. May climb to half a hundred feet height. Proof against Phylloxera and mildew. Promises to become of value for hybridisation (Millardet). Vitis rupestris, Scheele. The Sand-Grape or Sugar-Grape. From the Missouri to Texas. Likes naturally gravelly borders of torrents, along which elsewhere this species might be naturalized. Hybridises easily; also well adapted for grafting on it the European vine (Prof. Millardet). Vitis Schimperiana, Hochstetter. 'From Abyssinia to Guinea. This vine may perhaps become valuable, with many other Central African kinds, for tropical culture, and may show itself hardy also in extra-tropical countries. Barter compares the edible berries to clusters of Frontignac-Grape. Vitis vinifera, C. Bauhin.* The Grape- Vine. Greece, Turkey, Persia, Tartary; probably also in the Himalayas. One of the most thankful of plants over a wide cultural range. Praised already by Homer; cultivated in Italy as early as the bronze-age, in Armenia since Noah's time. This is not the place, to discuss at length the great industrial questions con- cerning this highly important plant, even had these not already engaged the attention of a large number of colonists for many years. A large territory of West- and South-Australia, also of Victoria and New South Wales stretches essentially through the Vine-zone, and thus most kinds of vine can be produced here, either on the low- lands or the less elevated mountains in various climatic. regions and in different geological formations. The best grapes with us are produced mainly between the 30th and 38th degree of latitude. Cultivation for wine advances on the Rhine to 50° north; on trellis it extends to 52° or 53° N., in Norway even to 61° 17'. In Italy vines are often trained high up over maples, willows and elms, since Pliny's time; in the Caucasus they sometimes grow on Pterocarya. Vines attain an age of centuries and get stems 3 feet in diameter'. The doors of the dome of the Ravenna-Cathedral are of vine-wood (Soderim). Tozetti saw a vine with branches extending diametrically, as a whole, . •402 Select Plants for Industrial Culture over 3,000 feet at Montebamboli. Rezier notes a plant, bearing about 4,000 bunches of grapes annually at Besan£on (Regel). A single plant of " Black Hamburg " under glass at Rockhampton, England, bore annually 900-1,000 Ibs. of grapes (Davis). A vine of enormous dimensions at Hampton-Court has also gained wide celebrity. In Italy the establishing of vine-plantations on ordinary culture-land is regarded as enhancing the value of the latter four or five fold, and elsewhere often even more (whereas cereal-land is apt to deteriorate), provided that vine-diseases can be kept off. The imports of wine into the United Kingdom in 1884 amounted to about 15 million gallons, worth more than £5,000,000, of which only a very small proportion came from British colonies. The Corinthian variety, producing the currants of commerce, also thrives well in some districts of extra-tropic Australia, where with raisins its fruit may become a staple-article of export beyond home- consumption. The Sultana-variety is not to be much pruned; the bunches. when gathered are dipped in an alkaline liquid obtained from wood-ashes, to which a little olive oil is added, to expedite drying, which is effected in about a week (G. Maw). The produce of Sultana- raisins fluctuates from 7 to 30 cwt. per acre. The plant is best reared on limestone- formations. In Greece the average-yield of ordinary raisins is about 2,000 Ibs. per acre (Simmonds). Great Britain im- ported in 1884 about 60,000 tons of currants and 25^000 tons of raisins, nearly all for home-consumption. Dr. W. Hamm, of Vienna, has issued a Vine-map of Europe, indicating the distribution of the different varieties and the principal sources of the various sorts of wine. The writer would now merely add, that the preservation of the grapes in a fresh state, according to M. Charmeux's method, and the sundry modes of effecting the transit of ripe grapes to long dis- tances, ought to be turned to industrial advantage. The pigment of the dark wine-berries is known as racemic acid. The juice contains along with tartaric acid also grape-acid. All these chemically defined substances have uses of their own in art and science. It might be worthy of a trial, how far the Grape-vine can be grafted on such other species, not American, of the extensive genus Vitis, as may not be attacked by the destructive Pemphigus or Phylloxera. Irrespective of sulphur, borax has also latterly been recommended against the "Oidium-disease. Professor Monnier, of Geneva, has introduced the very expansive sulphurous anhydrous acid gas against the Phylloxera. The cultivation of insecticidal herbs to check the ingress of Phylloxera should be more extensively tried, as such plants might ward off the insect at all events in its wingless state. Dr. Herman Behr suggests for the mitigation of this plague the ignition of wood near vineyards, when the insect is on its wings, as all such insects seek fires, and succumb in them largely, the attraction to the fiery light being greatest when the sky is overcast, or when the nights are without moonlight. Mr. Leacock, in Madeira, applies a coating of a sticky solution of resin in oil of turpentine advantageously to the roots of Vines affected by Phylloxera. None of the remedies hitherto in Exira-Tropical Countries. 40$ suggested however seem to have proved really effective, or they are not of sufficiently easy and cheap application, and the Phylloxera-pest is- still rapidly on the increase in Europe; according to the latest accounts one-third of all the vineyards of France are affected, and the disease is also spreading in Italy and Spain. Inundation to the depth of a few inches for about a month, where that is practicable, com- pletely suffocates the Phylloxera, but renders the vine for a while much less productive. In sandy soil this dreadful insect is retarded in its development, action and progress. Bisulphide of carbon has proved an efficient remedy; this expansive fluid is introduced into the soil by a peculiar injector, or through porous subtances (wood, earth), saturated with the bisulphide, the cost of this operation being, in France, £3 10s.-£4 per acre annually. (Planchou, David, Marion, Robart. See also translations by K. Staiger and A. K. Findlay.) Dressing with sulpho-carbonate of potassium is still more efficacious and less dangerous, but involves an annual expenditure of about £8 per acre (W. T. Dyer). Sand might be dug in at the roots of vines, which may be in imminent danger of becoming a prey of Phylloxera. Recently it has been insisted on by Mr. Bauer, of San Francisco, that it would be best to put minute quantities of mercury, triturated with chalk, near the roots of vines affected with Phylloxera, a measure which deserves every consideration, as the particles of quicksilver would only very gradually become dissolved, and long remain stationary; and we know that metal in its solutions to be the most powerful antiseptic, a dilution of one part of bichloride of mercury in 5,000 parts of water proving strong enough for surgical purposes. It is reported from California, likewise, that there cereals seem also attacked by Phylloxera. Little's soluble Phenyl is among the reme- dies, recommended by the chief viticultural officer in San Francisco against the insect. Wetmore urges the use of sulphate of iron against the mildew of vines. Travellers through new temperate regions might include carefully kept vine-seeds among those to be disseminated. Vitis VUlpina, Linn£.* (Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.) The Muscadine- or Fox-Grape. South-Eastern States of North- America; extends also to Japan, Manchuria and the Himalayas. This species includes as varieties the Bullace, the Mustang, the Bull- ate-Grape and both kinds of the Scuppernongs. The berries are of pleasant taste, but in some instances of strong flavor; they are the largest among Amerian grapes. All the varieties derived from Vitis vulpina are perfectly proof against the attacks of Phylloxera vasta- trix. Although in infected districts a few insects may sometimes be found on it, yet no ill effects are ever manifested. The flowering season is about six weeks later than that of the European vine. This species is not easily propagated from cuttings, but must be raised from seeds or by layering. As this is a very large species, the vines should be planted 20 to 30 feet apart, and grown in bower- fashion or on trellises. It does not bear pruning, but some of the superfluous wood may be trimmed off during summer. It is only suited for mild 404 Select Plants for Industrial Culture climates; even in the latitude of Washington it succumbs to the cold, being thus not hardy like most other North-American species in Northern Germany. The bunches contain generally only from 4 to 10 large berries, but are produced abundantly all over the plant. The berries are of a brownish-yellow color with a bronze-tinge when ripe; the peel is coriaceous, the juice vinous, of delicate perfume, re- sembling muscat. The grapes do not ripen together, but successively during about a month, and drop off the stalk when ripe. To gather them a sheet is generally spread under the vine and the latter shaken. The Muscadine vine grows sometimes to an extraordinary size, rising to the top of the tallest trees. A Scuppernong, planted on the island of Roauoke, covers an area of more than 40 acres; another is men- tioned by M. Labiaux as extending still further. Vitis vulpiua is not suited for stock, on which to graft the European vine (Planchon). Hybrids of this species with the European and with other American vines are but little fertile, but by further crossing the first hybrids can furnish fertile sorts, whereas crosses between Vitis vinifera, V. asstivalis, V. cordifolia, V. riparia and V. Labrusca in any way are hardly less fertile than the original species (Bush and Meisner). V. caudicans, the Mustang-grape of Texas, is recommended by Professor Millardet for grape-culture. Dr. Regel refers to V. vulpina also V. parviflora, Roxburgh. The important memoirs " Les Vigues Ameri- caines," published by Planchon since 1875, should be consulted in reference to American vines. Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars. Madagascar and various parts of Africa, as far south as Natal. This Earth-Pea is annual, and pushes its pods underground for ma- turation in the manner of Arachis hypogsea. The pods are edible and consumed in some tropical countries. ^Tallichia caryotoid.es, Roxburgh. (Harina caryotoides, Hamilton.) India, up to 4,000 feet elevation (Kurz). A dwarf tufted palm, eligible for scenic group-planting. ^Tallichia densiflora, Martius. (W. oblongifolia, Griffith.) Himalaya as far as 27° north. There one of the hardiest of all palms. It is not a tall one, yet a graceful and useful object for cultural industries. Washingtonia fllifera, H. Wendland. (Pritchardia filifera, Linden.) From South-California to Arizona and Colorado. One of the most northern and therefore most hardy of American palms. This species attains a height of about 50 feet. In gardens it passes often under the name Brahea filamentosa. W. robusta (H. Wendland) occurs on the Sacramento-River, and will endure long continued drought as well as a few degrees of frost (Prof. Naudin). Wettinia augnsta, Poeppig. Peru, on mountains several thousand feet high. This palm is therefore likely to endure mild, temperate climes. in Extra- Tropical Countries. 405 Wettinia Maynensis, Spruce. Cordilleras of Peru. Like the foregoing, it attains a height of about 40 feet, and advances to elevations of 3,000 to 4,000 feet. Before finally parting from the American palms, it may be appro- priate to allude briefly to some of the hardier kinds, which were left unnoticed in the course of this compilation. From Dr. Spruce's im- portant essay on the Palms of the Amazon-River may be learned that, besides other species as yet imperfectly known from the sources of this great river, the following kinds are comparatively hardy, and hence might find places for cultivation or even naturalization within the limits of extra-tropical countries: Geonoma undata (Klotzsch), Iriartea deltoidea (Ruiz and Pavon), Iriartea ventricosa (Martius), which latter rises in its magnificence to fully 100 feet; Iriartea exorrhiza (Martius); this, with the two other Iriarteas, ascends the Andes to 5,000 feet.. Oenocarpus multicaulis (Spruce) ascends to 4,000 feet; from six to ten stems are developed from the same root, each from 15 to 30 feet high. Of Euterpe two species occur in a zone between 3,000 and 6,000 feet. Phytelephas microcarpa (Ruiz and Pavon) ascends to 3,000 feet on the eastern slope of the Peru- Andes. Phytelephas macrocarpa, R. & P., grows also on the eastern side of the Andes, up to 4,000 feet; it is this superb species, which yields by its seeds much of the vegetable ivory. Phytelephas agquatorialis, Spruce, occurs on the western slope of the Peruvian Andes, up to 5,000 feet ; this palm is one of the grandest objects in the whole vegetable creation, its leaves attaining a length of 30 feet ! The stem rises to 20 feet. Palm-ivory is also largely secured from this plant. Though equinoctial, it lives only in the milder regions of the mountains. Carludovica palmata (R. & P.), on the eastern side of the Andes of Peru and Ecuador ascends to about 4,000 feet ; the fan- shaped leaves from cultivated specimens furnish the main-material for the best Panama-hats. Count de Castelnau saw many palms on the borders of Paraguay during his great Brazilian expedition. Most of these, together with the palms of Uruguay and the wide Argentine territory, would probably prove adapted for acclimation in mild tem- perate latitudes ; but hitherto the limited access to those countries has left us largely unacquainted with their vegetable treasures also in this direction. Von Martius demonstrated so early as 1850 the occurrence of the following palms in extra-tropical South- America : Juania australis (H. Wendland), on high mountains in Juan Fernandez, at 30° south latitude; Jubcea spectabilis (Humboldt), in Chili; at 40° south latitude ; Trithrinax Brasiliana (Mart.), at 31° south latitude ; Copernicia cerifera, (Mart.), at 29° south latitude ; Acrocomia Totai (Mart.), at 28° south latitude ; Cocos Australis (Mart.), at 34° south latitude; Cocos Yatai (Mart), at 32° south latitude; Cocos Ro- manzoinana (Chamisso), at 28° south latitude ; Diplothemium lit- torale (Mart.), at 30° south latitude. All the last-mentioned palms occur in Brazil, the Acrocomia imd Trithrinax extending to Paraguay, and Cocos Australis to Uruguay and the La Plata-States. 406 Select Plants for Industrial Culture While some palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes, others- ascend to temperate and even cold mountain-regions. Among the American species are prominent in this respect — Euterpe andicola (Brongniart), E Haenkeana (Brogn.), E. longivaginata (Mart.), Diplothemium Porallyi (Mart.) and Ceroxylon pithyrophyllum (Mart.), all occurring on the Bolivian Andes at an elevation of about 8,000 feet. Ceroxylon andicola (Humboldt), Kunthia montana (Humb.), Oreodoxa frigida (Humb.) and Geonoma densa (Linden), also reach on the Andes of New Granada an elevation of 8,000 foet. Ceroxylon Klopstockia (Mart.) advances on the Andes of Venezuela fully to a zone of 7,500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw stems 200 feet high, with leaves 24 feet long. There also occur Syagrus Sancona (Karsten) and Platenia Chiragua (Karsten), at elevations of 5,000 feet, both very lofty palms, and both recently reduced by Sir Joseph Hooker to the genus Cocos. From the temperate mountain- regions of sub-tropical Mexico are known, among others, Chamasdorea concolor (Mart.), Copernicia Pumos (Humb.), C. nana (Kunth) and Brahea dulcis (Mart.), at elevations of from 7,000 to 8,000 feet. Wissadula rostrata, Planchon. Tropical Africa and America. A perennial somewhat shrubby plant, easily naturalized in frostless regions. The bark abounds in serviceable fibre ; and as the plant shoots quickly into long simple twigs, if cut near the root, fibre of good length is easily produced (Dr. Roxburgh). Chinensis, De Candolle. The " Fuji " of Japan and China ; hardy still at Christiania. Lives through a century and more. The stem is carried up straight, and the branches are trained on horizontal trellises at Japanese dwellings, affording shade for seats beneath. One Wistaria tree will thus cover readily a square of 50 feet by 50 feet, the delightfully odorous trusses of flowers pendent through the trellis overhead (Christy). Fortune tells us of a tree of great age, which measured at 3 feet from the ground 7 feet in circumference, and covered a space of trellis-work 60 feet by 100 feet. At Sunningdale (England) a single plant covers a wall 9 feet high for a length of 340 feet (J. B. Torry). Flowers probably available for scent- distillation. Wistaria frutescens, Candolle. ( W. spetiosa, Nuttall. ) South-Eastern States of North- America. A woody tall-climbing plant, of grand value, with the preceding species, for bees. Withania coagulans, Dunal. Mountains of India. A somewhat shrubby plant. With the fruit milk can be coagulated into curd for cheese, as with rennet ; the active principle, according to Mr. Sheridan Lee, is best extracted by a weak aqueous solution of kitchen- salt. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 407 Withania somnifera, Dunal. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea, thence to South- Asia and South-Africa. A half-shrub. The root, according to Professor McOwan, acts much like that of Podophyllum medicinally. Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L'Heritier. Eastern North-America. A perennial, almost shrubby plant, of medicinal value. The root produces a yellow pigment, similar to that of Hydrastis Canadensis. Both also contain berberin. Xanthorrhcea Tatei, F. v. Mueller. Kangaroo-Island. One of the largest of the so-called "Grass- trees," and one of the best for furnishing the fragrant resin of this genus of plants, it being in demand for particular sorts of varnishes, for the manufacture of sealing-wax, for picric acid, which it yields in large percentage, for coloring walls as an admixture to lime and for some other technologic purposes. Approximate London-price now £8 for the ton, according to Mr. Will. Somerville. Resin is also commercially exported from X. australis (R. Brown) of Tasmania and Victoria, from X. resinosa (Persoon) of N. S. Wales and Queensland, from X. quadrangulata (F. v. M.) of South- Australia, from X. Preissii (Endiicher) of West- Australia and from X. hastilis of New South Wales. Mechanical redissemination should be effected, wherever the plants largely become sacrificed for obtaining the resin. For technologic and geographic notes on various Xanthorrhreas see also Zeitschrift des oesterreich. Apotheker-Vereins xxiii., 293-295 (1885). Xanthosoma sagittifolium, Schott. West-Indies. The tubers are largely cultivated there, and used as an esculent like those of Colocasia. The plant may be as hardy as the latter. Xanthoxylon piperitum, De Candolle. Used as a condiment in China and Japan. Fruit-capsules re- markably fragrant. Ximenia Americana, Linne". Tropical-Asia, Africa and America, passing the tropics however in Queensland, and gaining also an indigenous position in Florida. This bush may therefore accommodate itself to cooler climes in localities free from frost. The fruits are edible, resembling yellow plums in appearance; their taste is agreeable. The wood is scented. In Mexico Called "Alvarillo del campo." Mr. P. O'Shanesy recom- mended this shrub for hedges. Xylia dolabriformis, Bentham. The "Pyengadu" of India, extending to China and the Philippine-Islands, ascending mountains to 3,000 feet. An Acacia- like tree, attaining a height of about 120 feet, the stem often clear up 2 D 408 Select Plants for Industrial Culture to about 80 feet and of very considerable girth. Foliage deciduous. The wood is reddish-brown, close-grained, and pervaded when fresh by an oily glutinous clamminess. The heartwood is of greater dura- bility than even teak, and of a marvellous resistance to shocks through its extreme hardness. It is used for gun-carriages, crooks of ships, railway-sleepers, tools, gauges, ploughs, house- and bridge- posts (Laslett). It is as indestructible as iron, hence locally called iron-wood; a rifle shot at 20 yards distance will scarcely cause any penetration into it (Colonel Blake). Neither the teredo nor termites will touch the heartwood (J. Hooker). It can only be sawn up in a fresh state. The stem exudes a red gum-resin (Kurz). This tree yields also saponin. Yucca aloifolia, Linn£. Carolina, Florida, West-India, Mexico, in coast-sand. Stem to 20 feet high. With its congeners a fibre-plant. Yucca angustifolia, Pursh. From Missouri and Iowa to Colorado, Arizona and New Mexico. Height according to Mr. Greene to about 15 feet. One of the hardiest of all. Yucca baccata, Torrey. Colorado, Texas, Southern California, Utah, Northern Mexico. In its ordinary state not tall; but the variety Y. filifera (Chabaud) will sometimes produce a stem half a hundred feet high with a diameter to 3 feet. The leaves are singularly short (S. Watson). This furnishes the Tambico-fibre for cordage, ropes, rugs and other fabrics. Yucca brevifolia, Engelmann. Southern California, Arizona and Utah, in the deserts, ascending to 4,000 feet. Attains a height of 30 feet, The whole plant can be converted into paper (Vasey, Baker). Yucca filamentosa, Linne. The Adam's Needle. From Maryland to Florida. An almost stemless species. It would hardly be right, to omit the plants of this genus altogether here, as they furnish a fibre of great strength, similar to that of the Agaves. Moreover, all these plants are decorative, and live in the poorest soil, even in drifting coast-sand. They are also not hurt, as is the case with the Fourcroyas, by slight frosts. Yucca gloriosa, Linn£. Carolina and Florida, along the sandy coast-tracts. Stem not tall, . but leaves very numerous. The fibre of the leaves furnishes much material for rope to supply the wants for ships and boats locally. Yucca-ropes are lighter, stronger and more durable than those of hemp (H. M. Brakenridge). At Edinburgh it bore a temperature of 0° F. with impunity (Grorlie). in Extra-Tropical Countries. 409 Yucca Guatemalensis, Baker. Mexico and Guatemala. Acquires finally a height of about 20 feet. Regarding the specific characteristics of the various Yuccas see particularly Baker's descriptions in the journal of the Linn. Soc. 1880. Yucca Treculiana, Carriere, From Texas to Mexico. Stem to about 50 feet high, branched only near the summit. Grand in aspect and also most showy on account of its vast number of white flowers of porcelain-lustre. The fruit tastes like that of the Papaw (Lindheimer). Yucca Yucatana, Engelmann. Mexico. This species attains a height of about 25 feet, branching from the base. Y. canaliculata (ETooker) ranges from Texas to North- Mexico, and has a stem up to 25 feet high, with very long leaves. Zalacca secunda, Griffith. Assam, as far north as 28°. A stemless palm with large feathery leaves, exquisitely adapted for decorative purposes. Before we quit the Asiatic palms, we may learn from Von Martius' great work, how many extra-tropical members of this princely order were already known in 1850, when that masterly publication was concluded. Martius enumerates as belonging to the boreal extra-tropical zone in Asia; From Silhet at 24° north latitude: Calamus erectus, Roxb.; C. extensus, Roxb. ; C. quinquenervius, Roxb. ; — from Garo at 26s north latitude: Wallichia caryotoides, Roxb.; Ptychosperma gracilis, Miq.; Caryota urens, L.; Calamus leptospadix, Griff.; — from Khasya, in 26° north latitude : Calamus acanthospathus, Griff. ; C. macrospathus, Griff. ; Plectocomia Khasyana, Griff. ; — from Assam, about 27° north latitude: Areca Nagensis, Griff.; A. triandra, Roxb.; Livistona Jenkinsii, Griff.; Daemonorops nutantiflorus, Griff.; D. Jenkinsii, Griff.; D. Guruba, Mart.; Plectocomia Assamica, Griff.; Calamus tenuis, Roxb.; C. Flagellum, Griff.; C. Heliotro- pium, Hamilt.; C. floribundus, Griff.; Phoenix Ouseloyana, Griff.; — -from Upper Assam, between 28° and 29° north latitude: Caryota obtusa, Griff.; Zalacca secunda, Griff.; Calamus Mishmelensis, Griff.; — -from Darjiling, at 27° north latitude: Wallichia obtusi- folia, Griff.; Licuala peltata, Roxb.; Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griff.; Calamus schizospathus, Griff.;— -from Nepal, between 28° and 29° north latitude: Chamaerops Martiana, Wall.; — from Guhrvall, in 30° north latitude: Calamus Royleanus, Griff.; — -from Saharanpoor, in 30° north latitude: Borassus flabelliformis, L.; — -from Duab, in 31° north latitude: Phoenix sylvestris, Roxb.; — -from Kheree, in 30° north latitude: Phoenix humilis, Royle; — -from Dekan: Bentinckia Coddapanna, Berry, at an elevation of 4,000 feet. Miquel mentions as palms of Japan (entirely extra-tropical): Rhapis flabelliformis, Aiton; R. humilis, Bltime; Chamaerops excelsa, Thunb.; Livistona Chinensis, Br. and Arenga saccharifera, Labill., or a species closely allied to that palm. 410 Select Plants for Industrial Culture Zea Mays, Linn<$.* The Maize or Indian Corn. Indigenous to the warmer parts of South- America. St. Hilaire mentions as its native country Paraguay. A. de Candolle believes it to have come originally from New Granada. Found — as cultivated — in Central America already by Columbus. This conspicuous, though annual, cereal grass interests us on this occasion as being applicable to far more uses than those, for which it has been employed in most parts of the globe. In North- America, for instance, maize is converted into a variety of dishes for the daily table, being thus boiled in an immature state, as "green corn." Mixed with other flour it furnishes good bread. For some kinds of cakes it is solely used, also for maizena, macaroni and polenta. Several varieties exist, the Inca-Maize of Peru being remarkable for its gigantic size and large grains; the variety named is very hardy, having matured seeds in Norway as far north as 63° 15' according to Professor Schue- beler. Some varieties in wet tropical countries ripen grain within six weeks from the time of sowing. Maize is not readily subject to the ordinary corn-diseases, but to prosper it requires fair access to potash and lime. Good writing and printing papers can be prepared from maize-straw. Meyen calculated, that the return from maize under most favorable circumstances in tropical countries would be eight hundred fold, and under almost any circumstances it is the largest yielder among cereals in warm countries. Acosta counted on some cobs of the Inca-Maize as many as 700 grains, and says that it is not uncommon to harvest of this variety 300 fold the seeds sown; it grows to a height of 15 feet in rich soil and under careful cultivation, by which means the grains will become 4 or 5 times as large as the ordinary kind. In Peru it can be grown up to an altitude of 8,000 feet. Mr. Buchanan, of Lindenau, obtained 150 bushels of ordinary maize from an acre in Gippsland-flats, colony Victoria. Even in the very dry clime of the Murray-River districts maize, but under irri- gation, has yielded 80 bushels per acre (D. Cormack). According to the Report of the Commissioner of Agriculture in Washington, the maize culture extended over 68,804,685 acres in the United States in 1882, that being over one- third of all the land under tillage in the Union. From the stalks of ordinary maize, after the ripened grains have been plucked, sugar at the rate of 900 Ibs. per acre is still obtain- able (Department of Agriculture, Washington). Maize has also come into extensive use for alcoholic distillation. In 1879 already the United States produced 1,547,900,000 bushels of maize on 53 millions of acres, to the value of 580 million dollars, or about £140,000,000. In 1882 the maize-produce there was 1,617,000,000 bushels, realizing monetarily 783,867,000 dollars, equal to £188,128,000. Maize-grain will retain its power of germination for two years with certainty. As a fattening saccharine green- fodder, maize is justly and universally in warm countries appreciated. In Middle Europe the Horse-tooth variety is frequently grown for this purpose and attains occasionally a height of fully 12 feet, although the seeds do not come to perfection there. Any ergot from it is used, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 411 like that of rye, for medicinal purposes. Maize-corn contains about 75 per cent, of starch. Dierbach recommends mellago or treacle from maize instead of that prepared from the roots of Triticum repens, L., and the molasses so obtained serves also for culinary uses. Sugar and treacle are now made on a large scale from maize-stems in the manner indicated under Andropogon saccharatus. Exposure to extreme and protracted cold — four years in Polaris-Bay, Smith-Sound, 81° 38' north latitude — did not destroy the vitality of .wheat- and maize-grains (R. J. Lynch). The elongated threadlike styles have come recently into medicinal use. Zelkova acuminata, Planchon. (Planera acuminata, Lindley; P. Japonica, . Miquel; Zelkovia Keaki, Savatier and Franchet.) The "Keaki," considered one of the best timber -trees of Japan; it proved of rapid growth and valuable as a shade-tree also at Mel- bourne. The wood never cracks, and is hence most extensively used for turnery, also much for furnitnre (Rein). Stems occasionally to 20 feet in girth. For out-door work the most valued wood in Japan (Christie). Zelkova crenata, Spach. (Planera Richardi, Michaux.) South- Western Asia, ascending to 5,000 feet. In favorable locali- ties a good-sized tree, with qualities resembling those of the elms. The allied Z. Cretica (Spach) is restricted to South-Europe. Zingiber officinale, Roscoe. The Ginger. India and China. Possibly this plant may be pro- ductive also in the warmer temperate zone, and give satisfactory results. The multiplication is effected by division of the root. For candied ginger only the young succulent roots are used, which are peeled and scalded prior to immersion into the saccharine liquid. Great Britain imported in 1884 about 56,000 cwt. of ginger, valued at £124,000. Zizania aquatica, Linn£.* (Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.) The Canada-Rice. In shallow streams and around ponds and lakes, from Canada to Florida. This grass might be readily naturalized. Annual. It attains a height of 9 feet. Although its grain can be utilized for bread-corn, we would wish to possess the plant chiefly, to obtain additional food of a superior kind for water-birds. Zizania fluitans, Michaux. (Hydrochloa Carolinensis, Beauvois.) Southern- States . of North- America. This grass, floating in shallow streams, or creeping on muddy banks of rivers or swamps, is praised by Prof. C. Mohr as valuable for fodder, lasting throughout the year. Zizania latifolia, Turczaninow. (Hydropyrum latifolium, Grisebach.) The Kau-sun of China. In lakes of Amur, Manchuria, China and Japan. Regarded by Bentham as conspecific wiih Z. aqnatica. 412 Select Plants for Industrial Culture From Dr. Hance we know, that the solid base of the stem forms a very choice vegetable, largely used in China, where this tall water-grass undergoes regular cultivation like the Trapa. Zizania miliacea, Michaux.* Southern part of North- America, West-Indies. Tall and perennial, but more restricted to the tide-water meadows and ditches, according to Pursh; while according to Chapman's note it is generally distri- buted like Z. aquatica, with which it has similar use. In Southern Brazil occurs a similar if not identical grass — namely Z. microstachya (Neesj. Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martius. Brazil. Recommended as yielding edible fruit in arid regions. Zizyphus Jujuba, Lamarck. From India to China and East- Australia, extending also to tropical Africa, ascending the Himalayas to 4,500 feet. This shrub or tree can only be expected to bear its pleasant fruits within the temperate zone in warm regions. The fruit is red or yellow and of the size of a cherry. The Tussa-silkworm, which according to Dr. Forbes Watson is the most important and widely distributed of the wild silk -insects of India, feeds on Z. Jujuba, but also on Terminalias, Shorea, Bombax heptaphyllum (Cavanilles) and some other trees. Often the cocoons are merely collected in the forests. Zizyphus Lotus, Lamarck. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are small and less sweet than those of Z. vulgaris; nevertheless they are largely used for food in the native country of this bush, and are quite a staple- product for the local fruit-markets there (Dr. Shaw). Z. nummularia (Wight and Arnott) is an allied species from the mountains of India, ascending to about 3,000 feet. It is much used for garden-hedges. The fruit is sweet and acidulous and of a pleasant flavor (Brandis). Zizyphus MiStal, Grisebach. Argentina. A fine tree with edible fruits. Zizyphus rugosa, Lamarck. Nepal and other mountainous parts of India! A small tree, hardier than Z. Lotus. The drupe of this is also edible, and. the same may be said of a few other Indian species. Zizpyhus Sinensis, Lamarck. China and Japan. Similar in use to the last. Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow. Middle and North-Africa, South- Western Asia. Rather a hedge- plant than a fruit-bush. in Extra- Tropical Countries. 413 Zizyphus vulgaris, Lamarck. Orient, particularly Syria, extending to China; in the Himalayas up to 6,500 feet, A small tree, adapted for a mild temperate clime. Fruits scarlet, about an inch long, with edible pulp; they are known as South-European Jujubes. The allied Z. oxyphylla (Edgeworth) has a very acid fruit. Zoysia pungens, Willdenow. Eastern and Southern Asia, East- Australia. This creeping grass, although not large, is important for binding coast-sands; it will live on saline soil, and can also be utilized as a lawn-grass. Number of plants primarily recorded Number of plants secondarily mentioned., Total 2,279 1,347 3,626 TABLE OF AVERAGES AND EXTREMES OF TEMPERATURE OF AIR IN VICTORIA. Furnished by the Melbourne-Observatory. Stations. Yearly Mean Temperature. Extreme Maximum Temperature. Extreme Minimum Temperature. Years. Fahr. Years. Fahr. Years. Fahr. o 0 0 Cape Otway 22 65-1 20 108-0 16 30'0 Portland 8 56-8 21 108-0 17 27-0 Melbourne ... 27 57'3 27 111-2 27 27-0 Cape Schanck 2 56'7 2 98-0 2 33-0 Wilson's Promontory 9 56'2 7 101-0 8 30-0 Gabo Island 16 58-2 6 93-0 • 7 38-0 Baltarat 25 54'3 24 114-0 24 22'0 Birregurra .. fi 55-1 5 103-0 5 29-0 A/TQ f»or1 rm 11 53*0 IVJ.dC c lA U 11 Romsey ;; 3 54-2 3 105-5 3 25-0 Sunbury .. 5 55-7 5 107-7 5 • 28-0 Berwick 18 57'0 Stratford 6 56-6 & 108-0 6 22-0 Stawell . 16 57-7 17 120-0 19 25-0 Dimboola 4> 4 57-8 4 116-0 4 20-0 Sandhurst J0 22 58-6 23 117-4 22 27-5 dunes 5 55-0 5 113-0 4 23-0 Cashel 3 59-1 3 lll'O 4 25-0 Beech worth 8 55-4 8 111-0 . 7 26-5 Echuca A 58-6 3 111-0 3 23-0 Yarrawonga 5 60-5 5 112-0 5 25-0 Omeo 3 53-7 3 107-0 3 19'0 414 Select Plants for Industrial Culture TABLE OF AVERAGE ANNUAL RAINFALL IN VICTORIA. Furnished by the Melbourne-Observatory. District or Basin. Names of Stations. Amount. Years. Cape Otway inches 35-09 21 West Coast Portland ... Warrnambool 32-65 28-15 24 5 Glenhuntly, Macarthur 31-74 5 Geelong 18-36 10 Wyndham ... 18-58 10 South Coast Melbourne ... 25-76 27 Tyabb, Hastings 36-42 10 Cape Schanck 27-96 5 ( Wilson's Promontory 42-79 10 East Coast ... ... < Port Albert 24-92 19 | Gabo Island 36-87 16 Hamilton ... 24-90 10 Glenthomson Retreat, Casterton ... 26-32 24-96 7 5 i Ercildoune , Burrumbeet 25-00 8 Hopkins River and Mount) Emu Creek ... ... j Ararat Yalla-y-Poora, Streatham Wickliffe 21-14 20-95 21-88 10 6 5 / Keilambete, Terang ... 29-92 6 Camperdown 29-41 10 Mount Elephant and Lake^ Corangamite ... ... j Rokewood ... Poligolet, Derrinallum Mount Bute, Lin tons 20-73 23-08 24-79 10 6 7 Pirron Yalloak 27-40 6 r Buninyong ... 29-10 10 Ballarat 26-74 25 Birregurra ... 34-16 10 Moorabool and Barwon rivers • Stony Creek Reservoir 24-51 8 Murdeduke, Winchelsea 20-50 5 Lovely Banks Reservoir 17-44 8 I Mount Gellibrand 23-95 6 Macedon 35-20 10 Romsey 28-04 6 Blackwood ... 40-97 6 Sunbury 20-68 6 Ballan 28-75 5 Bacchus Marsh 18-25 5 •r Yan Yean Reservoir ... 23-70 10 Warrandyte 34-64 10 Berwick 37-17 10 Ferntree Gully 43-83 10 Yarra River arid Dandenong I Kew 28-43 10 Creek \ Gembrook ... 46-17 6 Dandenong... 30-11 6 Yering 32-18 4 Beenak . ... 65-45 6 I Warburton ... 60-26 6 in Extra-Tropical Countries. TABLE OF AVERAGE RAINFALL — continued. District or Basin. Names of Stations. Amount. Mitchell and La Trobe-rivers< v Lowan Shire and Mallee Wimmera-Blver ... Avon and Richardson-rivers \ c Loddon-River ... ... Pisum, Psophocarpus, Yicia, Vigna. 5. YIELDING VARIOUS ESCULENT FRUITS — • Aberia, Acanthosicyos, Acbras, Adenostemon, Agriophyllum, Albizzia, Alibertia, Amarantus, Amelanchier, Anona, Arachis, Araucaria, Aristotelia, Artocarpus, Atalantia, Averrhoa, Benincasa, Berberis, Borassus, Brabejum, Canavalia, Carica, Carissa, Carya, Casimiroa, Castanea, Castanopsis, Celtis, Ceratonia, Cereus, Cer- vantesia, Citrus, Coccoloba, Condalia, Corynocarpus, Corynosicyos, Crataegus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cudrania, Cupania, Cynara, Debre- geasia, Diospyros, Euclea, Eugenia, Fagopyrum, Ficus, Fragaria, Fuchsia, Gaultiera, Gaylussacia, Gingko, Gourliaea, Guevina, Hibiscus, Hovenia, Hymenaea, Illipe, Juglans, Juniperus, Lapa- geria, Limonia, Macadamia, Maclura, Maiigifera, Marlea, Marliera, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 417 GENERA INDICATING — continued. Melicocca, Mesembrianthemum, Moringa, Morns, Musa, Myrica, Myrtus, Nageia, Nelurabo, Nephelium, Niemeyera, Nuphar, Nyssa, Opuntia, Pappea, Parinarium, Passiflora, Peireskia,Persea, Peumus, Phoenix, Photinia, Phyllanthus, Physalis, Piuus, Pistacia, Prunus, Psidiura, Punica, Pyrularia, Pyrus, Quercus, Ribes, Rubus, Sal pi- chroma, Sambucus, Santalum, Sechium, Shepherdia, Solanum, Spondias, Sterculia, Tamarindus, Telfairia, Terminalia, Trapa, Triphasia, Vaccinium, Vahea, Vangueria, Vitis, Voandzeia, Ximenia, Zizyphus. 6. TRUFFLES, MUSHROOMS AND OTHER FUNGS — Agaricus, Boletus, Cantharellus, Clavaria, Coprinus, Cortinarius, Fistulina, Helvella, Hydnum, Morchella, Pachyma, Peziza, Poly- gaster, Polyporus, Rhizopogon, Russula, Terfezia, Tremella, Tuber. Avenue-Plants (partly also for street-planting) — Acer, xEsculus, Castanea, Corylus, Cupressus, Eucalyptus, Ficus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia, Grevillea, Jubsea, Juglana, Melia, Oreodoxa, Pinus, Pircunia, Pistacia, Planera, Platanus, Populus, Prunus, Pyrus, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sequoia, Thespesia, Tilia, Ulmus, Zelkova. Bamboo-Plants— Arundinaria, (Arundo), Bambusa, Beesha, Dendrocalamus, Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocalamus, Melocanna, Phyllostachys, Schizostachyum (many other genera mentioned under Schizos- tachyum), Teinostachyum, Thamnocalamus. Camphor-Plant— Cinnamomum. Coffee-Plant; CofEea, Condiment-Plants— Acorus, Allium, Apium, Archangelica, Artemisia, Asperula, Benincasa, Borrago, Brassica, Calamintha, Calyptranthes, Capparis, Capsicum, Carum, Chaerophyllum, Cinnamomum, Citrus, Coch- learia, Coriandrum, Crithmum, Cuminum, Foeniculum, Glycine, Illicium, Laserpitium, Laurus, Lepidium, Lindera, Mentha, Meri- andra, Monarda, Monodora, Myrrhis, Nyssa, Ocimum, Olea, Origanum, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Prunus, Pycnanthemu-m, Sal via, Satureja, Sison, Smyrnium, Spilanthes, Tropseolum/Thymus, Tuber, Valerianella, Xanthoxylon, Zingiber. Cork-Plants— Quercus. — Substitutes: - J. Castanopsis. Comptonia. Corylus. Harpullia. Melianthus. Melicocca. Beta. Boussingaultia. Chenopodium. Myrica. Ostrya. PlcltcHlllS Nephelium. Pappea. Exomis. Rhagodia. Spinacia. Populus. Quercus. Celastrinae, ' Catha. Theligonum. Ullucus. Salix. . Casuarineae. Casuarina. Euonymus. Maytenus. Rhamnaceae. Polygonaceae. Calligonum. Coccoloba. Rutaceae. Ceanothus. Colletia. Polygonum. Rheum. Atalantia. Condalia. Rumex. Barosma. Hovenia. Boronia. Calodendron. Casimiroa. Paliurus. Rhamnus. Scutia. Nyctagineae. Pisonia. Citrus. JLimonia. ZLzyphus. Phytolacceae. Murraya. Aquifoliaceae. Pircunia. Pilocarpus. Ruta. Ilex. Haloragese. Triphasia.' Datiscese. Batis. Xanthoxylon. Datisca. Gunnera. 426 Select Plants for Industrial Culture SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA— continued. Rosacese. Medicago. Combretacese. Alchemilla. Melilotus. Combretum. Amelanchier. Mimosa. Terminalia. Cercocarpus. Cratsegus. Fragaria. Hagenia. Parinarium. Onobrychis. Ornithopns. Oxytropis. Pachyrrhizus. Parkinsonia. Onagrese. Fuchsia. Trapa. Prunus. Pyrus. Quillaja. Rosa. Peltophorum. Periandra. Phaseolus. Piptadenia. Lythracese. Lawsonia. Punica. Rubus. Piscidia. Passifloreae. Sanguisorba. . *™*£ Cari,a Leguminosse. Psophocarpus. Passiflora. Acacia. Psoralea. Adesm'ia. Pterocarpus. Cucurbitaceae. ^Eschynomene. Pueraria. Albizzia. Rafnia. Acanthosicyos. Benincasa. Aloexylon. Anthyllis. Apios. Robinia. Sesbania. Sophora. Corynosicyos. Cucumis. Cucurbita. Aracliis. Spartium. Ecballion. Astralagus. Butea. Stylosanthes. Tamarindns. Sechium. Telfairia. Caesalpinia. .*•.*} . Eremurus. Aroidese. Dioscorea. Geitonoplesium. Acorus. Irideae. Lapageria. Ophipogon. Colocasia. Richardia. 01*00118. Phormium. Xanthosma. Amaryllidese. Ruscus. Agarve. Saiiseviera. Pandanaceae. Aletris. Schcenocaulon. Pandanus. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 429 SYSTEMATIC INDEX TO GENERA — continued. Palmaceae. Heleocharis. Acanthophcenix. Acrocomia. Bactris. Lepidosperma. Lepironia. Scirpus. Bacularia. Brahea. Gramme Borassus. Agrostis. Calamus. Aira. Calyptronoma. Alopecurus. Caryota. Ceroxylon. Andropogon. Anthistiria. Chamsedora. Anthoxanthum. ChamaBrops. Cocos. Aristida. Arundinaria. Copernicia. Diplothemium. Arundinella. Arundo. Dypsis. Avena. n Geonoma. Bambusa. Hyphaene. Jubsea. Beesha. Bouteloua. Kentia. Bromus. Livistona. Buchloa. Mauritia. Calamagrostis. Oncosperma. Oreodoxa. Chionachne. Chloris. Phoenix. Chusquea. Plectocomia. Cinna. Prestoa. Cynodon. Ptychosperma. Rhapis. Rhapidophyllum. Sabal. Cynosurus. Dactylis. Danthonia. Dendrocalamus. Thrinax. Dimochloa. Trithrinax. Ectrosia. Wallichia. Ehrharta. Wettinia. Eleusine. Zalacca. Elymus. Erianthus. Restiacese. Eriochloa. Euchlsena. Elegia. Festuca. Cyperacese. Gigantochloa. Guadua. Carex. Hemarthria. Cyperus. Hierochloa. Filices. Cyathea. Dicksonia. Lycopodium. Todea. Lichenes. Cetraria. Roccella. Fungacese. Agaricus. Boletus. ACOTYLEDONE.E. Cantharellus. Clavaria. Coprinus. Cortinarius. Exidia. Fistulina. Helvella. Hydnum. Morchella. Pachyma. Peziza. Polygaster. 2 G 2 Holcus. Hordeum. Imperata. Kceleria. Leersia. Lolium. Lygeum. Melica. Melocalamus. Melocanna. Milium. Muehlenbergia. Nastus. Neurachne. Oryza. Oryzopsis. Oxytenanthera. Panicum. Pappophorum. Paspalum. Pennisetum. Phalaris. Phleum. Phyllostachys. Poa. Rottboellia. Saccharum. Schizostachyum . Secale. Sesleria. Spartina. Spinifex. Stenotaphrum. Stipa. Thamnocalamus. Teinostachyum. Thou area. Triodia. Tripsacum. Trisetum. Triticum. Uniola. Zea. Zizania. Zoysia. Polyporus. Rhizopogon. Russula. Terfezia. Tremella. Tuber. Algse. Chondrus. Porphyra. 430 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GENERIC SYNONYMS, REFERRED RESPECTIVELY TO THE ADOPTED GENERA. (In many cases the name of the genus changeable only for some of its species.) Abbevillea ... Psidium. Cotinus ... Rhus. Abies ... Pinus. Cunninghamia ... Belis. Acacia ... Albizzia, Pipta- Cydonia . . . ... Pyrus. denia. Dactylis ... ... Poa. Achyrophorns ... Hypochaeris. Danthonia ... Astrebla. Adenachsena ... Phymaspermum. Diosma ... Barosma. Aeluropus... Agapetes ... ... Dactylis. . . . Vaccinium. Dolichos .. Eragrostis... ... Vigna. ... Poa. Agropyrum ... Triticum. Eriobotrya ... Phdtinia. Alocasia . . . ... Colocasia. Ervum ... Vicia. Amarantus ... Euxolus. Euryangium ... Ferula. Amphibromus ... Danthonia. Fabricia ... . . . Leptospermum. Amygdalus ... Prurms. Ferdinanda ... Podachsenium. Anesorrhiza ... Selinum. Festuca ... ... Distichlis. Anethum ... ... Carum, Peuceda- Flueggea ... ... Ophiopogon. num. Frenela ... Callitris. Apium ... Carum. Glechoma ... ... Nepeta. Aralia ... Fatsia. Glyceria ... ... Poa. Areca ... Bacularia, Pty- Grumilia . . . ... Psychotria. chosperma. Guilandina ... Csesalpinia. Armeniaca ... Prunus. Guilielma ... ... Bactris. Arrhenatherum ... Avena. Gynerium... ... Arundo. Asa-Graya ... Schoenocaulon. Haplotaxis ... Saussurea. Astragalus . Oxytropis. Harina ... Wallichia. Azadirachta ... Melia. Hedyscepe . . . Kentia. Balsamocarpon ... Csesalpinia. Hirneola ... ... Exidia. Bambusa ... ... Gigantochloa, Howea ... Kentia. Guadua, Phyl- Hydrochloa ... Zizania. lostachys. Hydropyrum ... Zizania. Bassia ... Illipe. Hyospathe ... Prestoa. Batatas ... Ipomoea. Imperatoria ... Peucedanum. Beesha . . . Melocanna. Isachne ... Panicum. Biotia ... Thuya. Isonandra . . . ... Dichopsis. Blighia ... Cupania. Juania ... Ceroxylon. Blitum ... Chenopodium. Kentia . Clinostigma. Boaria ... Maytenus. Landolphia ... Vahea. Brahea ... Washingtonia. Larix ... Pinus. Bray era . . . Hagenia. Lens ... Ervum. Bunium ... Carum. Lithrsea ... ... Rhus. Caesalpinia Calamagrostis Camassia ... ... Peltophorum. ... Psamma. ... Scilla. .:;;\ Lucuma Lycopersicum Lysiloma ... ... Niemeyera. ... Solanum. ' ... Albizzia. Campomanesia ... Psidium. Macranthus ... Mucuna. Caryotaxus ... Torreya. Macrochloa ... Stipa. Catabrosa . . . ... Poa. * Macrozamia ... Encephalartos. Caulophyllum . . . Leontice. Maharanga ... Onosma. Cedrus ... Pinus. Malabaila... ... Peucedanum. Ceratostemma ... Vaccinium. Melloca ... ... Ullucus. Chamsecyparis Chamserops Cibotium ... . . . Cupressus, Thuya. . . . Rhapidophy Hum . . . . Dicksonia. Mespilus ... Metrosideros Microlsena ... Crataegus, Pyrus. ... Syncarpia. ... Ehrharta. Cicca ... Phyllanthus. Monizia ... ... Thapsia. Citrullus . . . ... Cucumis. Myrcianthes ... Myrtus. Cladosicyos ... Corynosicyos. Nannorrhops ... Chamaerops. Codiseum ... . . . Baloghia. Nasturtium ... Cochlearia. Commiphora . . . Balsamodendron . Negundo ... ... Acer. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 431 GENERIC SYNONYMS — continued. Nelumbium ... Nelumbo. Rubachia Marliera. Nengella ... ... Kentia. Sabadilla Schoenocaulon. Ophelia ... Swertia. Salisburia Ginkgo. Oplismenus ... Panicum. Sapota Achras. Oreodaphne ... Umbellularia. Satureja . Thymus. Orobus ... Lathyrus. Scilla Urginea. Osmunda ... ... Todea. Scorodosma Ferula. Oxycoccos... ... Vaccinium. Seaf orthia ... Ptychosperma. Oxytenanthera ... Gigantochloa. Serenaea Sabal. Panax ... Aralia. Setaria Panicum. Panicum ... ... Pennisetum. Sinapis Brassica. Paspalum ... ... Panicum. Sium Pimpinella. Passerina ... ... Thymelaea. Slackea Decaisnea. Pastinaca ... ... Peucedanum. Soja Glycine. Penicillaria ... Pennisetum. Sorghum Andropogon. Picea ... Pinus. Spartium Cytisus. Piptochaetium ... Oryzopsis. Stillingia ... Excaecaria. Pithecolobium ... Albizzia. Taxodmm... Glyptostrobus, Planera ... Zelkova. Sequoia. Poa ... Festuca. Tetranthera Umbellularia. Podocarpus ... Nageia. Thamnocalamus ... Arundinaria. Poinciana . . . ... Caesalpinia. Thea Camellia. Pollichia ... ... Trichodesma. Thibaudia Vaccinium. Ppterium ... . Sanguisorba. Thuyopsis... Thuya. Prinos Pritchardia ... Ilex. ... Washingtonia. Trachy carpus Tricholaena Chamaerops. Panicum. Prumnopithys ... Nageia. . • Tricuspis ... Festuca. Pyrethrum ... Chrysanthemum. Trisetum ... Avena. Quadria ... ... Guevina. Ulmus Holoptelea. Reana ... Euchlsena. Uralepis ... Festuca. Retinospora Rhopalostylis ... Cupressus. ... Kentia. Wellingtonia Widdringtonia Sequoia. Callitris. Rottlera ... ... Mallotus. Witheringia Bassowia. 432 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. NORTHERN AND MIDDLE EUROPE. Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. Pseudo-platanus, Achillea atrata, A. Millefolium, A. moschata, A. nana, Aconitum Napellus, Acorus Calamus, Actaea spicata, Agaricus Auricula, A. ca3sareus, A. campestris, A. Cardarella, A. decorus, A. deliciosus, A. eryngii, A. esculentus, A. extinctorius, A. flammeus, A. fusipes, A. gam- bosus, A. giganteus, A. Marzuolus, A. melleus, A. Mouzeron, A. odorus, A. oreades, A. ostreatus, A. procerus, A. scorodonius, A. socialis, A. splendens, A. sylvaticus, A. virgineus, A. volemus, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. vulgaris, Aira caespitosa, Alchemilla alpina, A. vulgaris, Allium Ampeloprasum, A. Schoe- noprasum, A. Scorodoprasum, Alnus glatinosa, A. incana, Alo- pecurus bulbosus, A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea officinalis, Anemone Pulsatilla, Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthriscus Cerefolium, Archangelica officinalis, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Arnica montana, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Mutellina, A. Pontica, Asparagus officinalis, Asperula odorata, Astragalus arenarius, A. glycyphyllos, A. hypoglottis, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pratensis, A. pubescens, A. sativa, Barbarea vulgaris, Beta vulgaris, Betula alba, Boletus bovinus, B. circinans, B. edulis, B. luteus, B. sapidus, B. scaber, • B. subtomentosus, B. variegatus, Brassica alba, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus asper, Butomus umbellatus, Buxus sempervirens, Cakile maritima, Calamintha officinalis, Camelina sativa, Cantharellus edulis, Carex arenaria, Carpinus Betulus, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C. segetum, Cetraria Islandica, Chasromyces meandriformis, Chasro- phyllum bulbosum, C. sativum, Clienopodium Bonus Henricus, Chondrus crispus, Cichorium Intybus, Clavaria aurea, C. botrytis, C. brevipes, C. coralloides, C. crispa, C. flava, C. formosa, C. grisea, C. muscoides, C. palmata, Cochlearia Armoracia, C. officinalis, Colchicum autumnale, Conium maculatum, Convallaria majalis, Copri- nus comatus, Cornus mas, Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Corylus Avellana, Crambe maritima, Crataegus Oxyacantha, Crepis biennis, Cynosurus cristatus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus Carota, Digitalis purpurea, Dipsacus fnllonum, Elymus arenarius, Euxolus viridis, Exidia auricula Judaaa, Fagus sylvatica, Festuca arundinacea, F. drymeia, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. gigantea, F. heterophylla, F. loliacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, F. silvatica, Fistulina hepa- tica, Fragaria collina, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, Genista tinctoria, Gentiana lutea, Geum urbanum, Helleborus niger, Helvella esculenta, H. Gigas, H. infula, Heracleum Sibiricum, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Hordeum nodosum, H. secaliuum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum album, H. auriscalpium, H. Caput Medusae, H. coralloides, H. diversidens, H. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 433 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. •erinaceum, H. fuligineo-album, H. graveolens, H. repandura, H. suaveo- lens, H. hystrix, H. imbricatum, H. infundibulura, H. Isevigatum, H. subsquamosum, H. violascens, Hyoscyamus Diger, Ilex Aquifoliura, Inula Helenium, Juuiperus communis, Lactuca virosa, Laserpitium aquilegium, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, L. pratensis, L. sativus, Lavatera .arborea, Leersia oryzoides, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, L. major, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Cliamomilla, Medicago falcata, M. sativa, Melica altissima, M. ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. officinalis, Mentha arvensis, M. citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundifolia, M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Men- yanthes trifoliata, Milium eiFusura, Morchella conica, M. deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. Gigas, M. patula, Nepeta Cataria, N. Glechoma, CEnantke Phellandrium, Onbbrychis sativa, Origanum vulgare, Panicum Germanicum. Peucedanum officinale, P. Ostruthrium, P. sativum, Peziza macroptis, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Physalis Alkekengi, Pimpinella saxifraga, Pinus Abies, P. Cembra, P. Larix, P. montana, P. obovata, P. picea, P. silvestris, Plantago lanceolata, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. distans. P. fertilis, P. fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. palustris, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Polyporus citrinus, P. frondosus, P. giganteus, P. ovinus, P. tuberaster, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Porphyra vulgaris, Primus Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. spinosa, Psamraa arenaria, P. Baltica, Pyrus aucuparia, P. Germanica, P. nivalis, Quercus Robur, Reseda Luteola, Rhamnus catharticus, R. Frangula, Rhizopogon magnatum, R. rubescens, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. rubrum, Rosa Gallica, R. spinosissima, Rubia peregrina, Rubus caesius, R. Ohamaemorus, R. fruticosus, R. Idaeus, Ruraex Acetosa, R. scutatus, Ruscus aculeatus, Russula vesca, Salix alba, S. caprea, S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, S. lanceolata, S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. triaudra, S. viminalis, Sambucus uigra, Sanguisorba minor, Saponaria officinalis, Scorzonera Hispanica, Sesleria coerulea, Sison Amomum, Smyrnium Olusatrum, Solanum Dulcamara, Spartina stricta, Spergula arvensis, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tilia Europaea, Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Tremella mesenterica, Trifoltum agrarium, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum, T. Panuonicum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. spadiceum, Triticum junceum, Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magna- tum, T. melanosporum, Typha latifolia, Ulex Europaeus, Ulmus cam- pestris, U. pedunculata, Vaccinium Myrtillus. V. Oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis Idaea, Valeriana Celtica, Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum album, Verbascum Thapsus, Vicia sativa, V. sepium, V. sylvatica, Viola odorata. COUNTRIES ON OR NEAR THE MEDITERANEAN SEA. Acacia Arabica, A. gummifera, A Seyal, A. tortilis, A. Verek, Acer campestre, A. Creticum, A. Pseudo-Platanus, Achillea fragrantissima, ^gilops ovata, ^Esculus Hippocastanum, Agaricus 434 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued. cassareus, A. flammeus, Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Aira caespitosar Albizza Lebbeck, Alcliemilla vulgaris, Alkanna tictoria, Allium Ampe- loprasum, A. Ascallonicum, A. Cepa, A. Neapolitanura, A. Porrum, A. roseum, A. sativum, A. Scored oprasum, Aloe vulgaris, Alopecurus, bulbosus, A. geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althaea officinalis, Amarantus Blitum, Anacyclus Pyrethrura, Andropogon Gryllos, A. Haleppensis, A. Ischaemum, A. provincialis, A. Schcenantlms, Anthemis nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Apium graveolens, Argania Sider.oxylon, Artemisia Abrotanum, A. Absin- thium, A. Pontica, Arundo Ampelodesmos, A. Douax, A. Pliniana, Asparagus acutifolius, A. albus, A. aphyllus, A. horridus, A. officiualis, Astragalus adscendens, A. arenarius, A. brachy calyx, A. Cephalonicus, A. Cicer, A. Creticus, A. glycyphyllos, A. gummifer, A. microcephalus, A. Parnassi, A. strobiliferus, A, stromatodes, A. venosus, A. verus, Atriplex rosea, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, A. sativa, Balsamodendron Mukul, B. Myrrha, B. Opobalsamum, Beta vulgaris, Betula alba, Bongardia Rauwolfii, Borassus .ZEthiopicus, Borrago officinalis, Brassica alba, B. campestris, B. Cretica, B. juncea, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus erectus, Buxus Balearica, B. longifolia, B. sempervirens, Cajanus Indicus, Cakile maritima, Calamintha Nepeta, C. officinalis, Callitris quadrivalvis, Camelina sativa, Cannabis sativa, Capparis spinosa, Carpinus Betulus, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C. ferulifolium, C. Petroselirmm, C. segetum, Cassia acutifolia, C. angustifolia, C. obovata, Castauea sativa, Catba edulis, Cedronella triphylla, Celtis Australis, Ceratonia SiHqua, Cerintlie major, Chamae- rops humilis, Chelidonium majus, Chenopodium Blitum, Chcerophyl- lum bulbosum, Choiromyces Leonis, Chrysanthemum carneum, C. parthenium, C. roseum, Cicer arietinum, Cichoriurn Endivia, C. Intybus, Cistus Creticus, C. Cyprius, Cochlearia Arnioracia, Coffea Arabica, Colchicum autumnale, Colocasia antiquorum, Conium maculatum, Cono- podium denudatum, Convallaria majalis, Convolvulus floridus, C. Scamrnonia, C. scoparius, Coprinus comatus, Cornus mas, Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Coriandum sativum, Corylus Avellana, C. Colurna, C. maxima, C. Pontica, Corynosicyos edulis, Crambe cordifolia, C. Kots- chyana, C. maritima, C. Tartaria, Crata3gus Azarolus, C. Oxyacantha, C. Pyracantha, Crepis biermis, Crithmum maritimum, Crocus sativus, C. serotinus, Crozophora tinctoria, Cucumis Citrullus, C. Colocynthis, C. Melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita maxima, C. Melopepo, C. moschata, C. Pepo, Cuminum Cyminum, C. Hispanicum, Cupressus sempervirens, Cynara Carduriculus, C. Scolymus, Cynodon Dactylon, Cynosurus cristatus, Cyperus esculentus, C. Papyrus, C. proliferus, C. Syriacus, Cytisus proliferus, C. scoparius, C. spinosus, Dactylis glomerata, D. litoralis, Daphne Mezereum, Datisca cannabina, Daucus Carota, Digitalis purpurea, Diospyros Lotus, Dipsacus fullonum, Dolichos Lablab, D. uniflorus, Dorema Ammoniacum, Draca3na Draco, D. schizantha, Dracocephalum Moldavica, Ecballion Elaterium, Echium candicans, ^la^agnus hortensis, Eleusine flagelligera, E. Tocussa,, in Extra-Tro2)ical Countries. 435 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued. Eljmus areuarius, Eruca sativa, Ervum Lens, Eryngium maritimum, Euxolus viridis, Exidia auricula Judoa, Fagopyrum esculentum, F. Tataricum, Fagus sylvatica, Ferula galbaniflua, F. longifolia, Festuca elatior, F. gigantea, F. sylvatica, Ficus Carica, F. Sycomorus, Fistulina hepatica, Focniculum officinale, Fragaria collina, F. pratensis, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, F. Oruus, Genista monosperma, G. sphaerocarpa, G. tinctoria, Geutiana lutea, Geum urbanum, Glaucium luteum, Glycyrr- hiza echinata, G. glabra, Gossypium arboreum, Guilandina Bonduc, G. Bonducella, Hedysarum coronarium, Helichrysuin orientale, Helleborus niger, Hippocrepis comosa, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H. hexastichon, H. macrolepis, H. nodosum, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum imbricatumy Hyoscyaratis niger, Hyphaene Argun, H. coriacea, Hyssopus officinalis, Imperata arundinacea, Indigofera argentea, Inula Helenium, Iris Florentina, I. juncea, Isatis tinctoria, Jasminum odoratissimum, J. officinale, Juglans regia, Juniperus brevifolia, J. Cedrus, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. fbetidissima, J. Phoenicea, J. procera, Koeleria cristata, K. glauca, Lactuca virosa, Lathyrus Cicera, L. pratensis, L. tuberosus, Laserpitium aquilegium, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. Sto3chas, Lavatera arborea, Lawsonia alba, Leersia oryzoides, Lepidium latifolium, L. sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Liquidambar Altingia, L. orientalis, Lolium Italicum, L. perenne, Lotus corniculatus, L. major, L. siliquosus, L. tetragonolobus, Lupinus albus, L. angusti- folius, L. luteus, L. varius, Lycium Afrum, L. barbarum, L. Europium, Lygeum Spartum, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Chamomilla, Medi- cago arborea, M. lupulina, M. media, M. orbicularis, M. sativa, M. scutellata, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. co3rulea, M. macrorrhiza, M. officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Mentha arvensis, M. citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundi- folia, M. sylvestris, M. viridis, Menyantbes trifoliata, Meriandra Abyssinica, Milium effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. conica, Moringa aptera, Morus nigra, Musa Ensete, Myrica Faya, Myrrhis odorata, Myrtns communis, Nelumbo nucifera, Nepeta raphanorrhiza, N. Cataria, !N. Glechoma, Nicotiana Persica, Ocimum basilicum, O. sanctum, O. suave, QEnanthe Phellandrium, Olea Europaea, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum Dictamnus. O. hirtum, O. Majoraua, O. Maru, O. normale, O. Onites, O. virens, O. vulgare, Ornithopus sativus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Oxytropis pilosa, Paliurus Spina Christi, Panicumbrizanthum, P. Crus- Galli, P. glabrum, P. maximum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. spectabile, P. turgidum, Papaver somniferum, Pennise- tum thyphoideum, Persea Teneriffoe, Peucedanum cachrydifolium, P. graveolens, P. officinale, P. Sekakul, Phalaris aquatica, P. brachy- stachys, P. Canariensis, P. minor, P. truncate, Phaseolus coccineus, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Phoenix dactylifera, Physalis Alkekengi, P. augulcTla, Pimpinella Anisum, P. magna, P. nigra, P. saxifraga, P. Sisarum, Pinus Abies, P. Canariensis, P. Cedrus, P. Cembra, P. Cilicica, P. Haleppensis, P. Laricio, P. Larix, P. montana, P. orientalis, P. 436 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Pinsapo, P. Pyrenaica, Pistacia Atlantica, P. Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, P. vera, Peucedanum sativum, Plan- tago lanceolata, P. Psyllium, Platanus orientalis, Poa Abyssinica, P. airoides, P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. cynosuroides, P. distans, P. fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. palustris, P. trivialis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata, P. Euphratica, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Prosopis Stephaniana, Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armeniaca, P. avium, P. cerasifera, P. Cerasus, P. domestica, P. insititia, P. Lauro- Cerasus, P. Lusitanica, P. Mahaleb, P. Padus, P. Persica, P. spinosa, Psamma arenaria, Pugionium cornutum, Punica Granatum, Pyrus aucuparia, P. conimunis, P. Cydonia, P. Germanica, P. Malus, P. nivalis, P. salicifolia, Quercus JEgilops, Q. Cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. Ilex, Q. infectoria, Q. macrolepis, Q. Robur, Q. Suber, Q. Toza, Reseda luteola, R. odorata, Rhamnus Alaternus, R. amygdalinus, R. catharticus, R. Frangula, R. Grsecus, R. inf'ectorius, R. oleoides, R. prunifoJius, R. saxatalis, Rhaponticum acaule, Rheum Rhaponticum, Rhus Coriaria, R. Cotinus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. orientale, R. rubrum, Richardia Africana, Ricinus communis, Roccella tinctoria, Rosa ceiiti- folia, R. Damascena, R. Gallica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rosamarinus officinalis, Rubia peregrina, R. tinctoria, Rubus fruticosus, R. Idaeus, Rumex Acetosa, R. scutatus, R. vesicarius, Ruscus aculeatus, Russula vesca, Ruta graveoleus, R. sylvestris, Sagit- taria sagittifolia, Salix alba, S. Babylonica, S. daphnoides, S. fragilis, S. purpurea, S. rubra, S. viminalis, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra, Sanguisorba minor, Santolina Cyparissias, Saponaria officinalis, Satureja Graaca, S. hortensis, S. Juliana, S. montana, S. Thymbra, Saussurea Lappa, Scandix grandiflora, Scolymus Hispanicus, Scorzonera Astra- chanica, S. crocifolia, S. deliciosa, S. Hispanica, S. lanata, S. ramosa, S. Scowitzii, S. semicana, S. tuberosa, S. undulata, Secale cereale, S. Creticum, Sesbania JEgyptica, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Sison Amomum, Smilax aspera, Smyrnium Olusatrum, Solanum JEtkio- picum, S. Dulcamara, S. edule, Spartina stricta, Spartium junceum, Spergula arvensis, Spinacia tetrandra, Stipa arenaria, S. tenacissima, Styrax officinalis, Symphytuni peregrinum, S. officinale, Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articulata, T. Gallica, T. Germanica, T. orientalis, Tanacetnm vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus baccata, Terfezia Leonis, Teucrium Chamasdrys, T. Creticum, T. Marum, T. Polium, T. Scordium, Thapsia edulis, Theligonum Cynocrambe, Thouarea sarmen- tosa, Thymelasa tinctoria, Thymus a3Stivus, T. capitatus, T. hiemalis, T. Mastichina, T. Serpillum, T. vulgaris, Tilia argentea, T. Europsea, Tinguarra Sicula, Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Tremella mesenterica, Tricbodesma Zeylanicum, Trifolium agrarium, T. Alexan- dria urn, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum, T. pratense, T. Quartinianum, T. repens, T. resupinatum, T. spadiceum, T. subrotundum, Trigonella Fcenum Graecum, Triticum junceum, T. vulgare, Tuber sestivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. rnagnatum, Ulex Europaeus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Urginia Scilla, Vaccinum Arctostapbylos, V. Myrtillus, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 437 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. V. Oxycoccos, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Jdeea, Valeriana officinalis, Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum album, Verbascum Tbapsus, Viburnum Tinus, Vicia Cracca, V. Ervilia, V. Faba, V. peregrina, V. sativa, V. sepium, V. sylvatica, V. tetrasperma, Viola odorata, Vitis Scbimperiana, V. vinifera, Withania somnifera, Zelkova crenata, Z. Cretica, Zizypbus Lotus, Z. Spina Christi, Z. vulgaris. NORTHERN AND TEMPERATE EASTERN ASIA. Acer palmatum, A. pictum, ^Esculus turbinata, Agaricus flammeus, Agriophyllnm Gobicum, Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Ailanthus glan- dulosa, Albizzia Julibrissin, Aleurites cordata, Allium Cepa, A. fistulo- sum, A. sativum, A Schoenoprasum, Alopeeurus geniculatus, Andro- pogon involutus, Aralia cordata, Arenga saccliarifera, Aristolochia recurvilabra, Artemisia Cina, A. Dracunculus, Arundinaria Japonica, Atriplex hortensis, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens, Balsamodendron Mukul, Bambusa Beechyana, B. flexuosa, B. Senaensis, B. tuldoides (under Schizostachyum), Barbarea vulgaris, Basella rubra, Betula alba, Boehmeria nivea, Brassica alba, B. Chinensis, B. juncea, B. nigra, Bromus asper, Broussonetia papyrifera, Butomus umbellatus, Buxus microphylla, B. sempervirens, Cassalpinia sepiaria, Camellia Japonica, C. Thea, Cannabis sativa, Caragana arborescens, Carissa Carandas, Carpinus cordata, C. erosa, C. Japouica, C. laxiflora, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, Catalpa Ksempferi, Cedrela Sinensis, Cepha- lotaxus Fortunei, C. drupacea, Cetraria Islandica, Chamaerops excelsa, C. Fortunei, Chenopodium Bonus Heuricus, Cinnamomum Camphora, Citrus Japonica, C. trifoliata, Convallaria majalis, Coprinus comatus, Corchorus capsularis, Cord y line terminalis, Cornus mas, Cortinarius cinnamomeus, Corylus heterophylla, Cryptomeria Japonica, Cucumis Melo, Cudrania triloba, Cupressus funebris. C. obtusa, C. pisifera, Cycas revoluta, Daucus Carota, Debregeasia edulis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea Japonica, D. oppositifolia, D. quinqueloba, D. sativa, Dios- pyros Kaki, D. Lotus, Ehrharta caudata, ElaBagnus bortensis, E. parvi- folius, E. umbellatus, .Eleusine Coracana, Eriantlms Japonicus, Eruca sativa, Euonymus Japonicus, Euryale ferox, Euxolus viridis, Excaecaria sebifera, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. esculentum, F. Tataricum, Fagus Sieboldii, Fatsia papyrifera, Ferula Sambul, Fistulina hepatica, Fraxinus Chinensis, Genista tinctoria, Geum urbanum, Ginkgo biloba, Gleditschia horrida, Glycine hispida, G. vSoya, Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Heleocharis tuberosa, Heracleum Sibiricum, Hordeum secalinum, Hovenia dulcis, Hydrangea Thunbergi, Ilex crenata, Illicium anisatum, Imperata arundinacea, Isatis indigotica, I. tinctoria, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. officinale, J. Sambac, Juglans cordiformis, J. Mand- schurica. J. Sieboldiana, J. stenocarpa, Juniperus Chinensis, J. sphaerica, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Lepidium latifolium, Lespedeza striata, Ligustrum Japonicum, Liquidambar Formosana, Livistona Chinensis, Magnolia hypoleuca, M. Yulan, Melia Azadirachta, Melica altissima, Mentha arvensis, Morchella conica, Morus alba, Mucuna Cochin- 438 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. chinensis, Musa Cavendishii, Myrica rubra, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia cupressina, Nephelium Litchi, N. Longanum, CEnanthe Phellan- drium, Ophiopogori Japonicus, Osmanthus fragrans, Pachyma Hoelen, Paliurus ramosissimus, Panax Shinsing, Paulownia imperialis, Pennisetum cereale, Perilla arguta, Phoenix pusilla, Photinia Erio- botrya, Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. nigra, Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, Pinus Alcockiana, P. densiflora, P. firma, P. Fortune!, P. Jezoensis, P. Kasmpferi, P. Koraiensis, P. leptolepis, P. Massoniana, P. obovata, P. selenolepis, P. Thimbergi, P. parviflora, P. polita, P. Sibirica, P. stenolepis, P. Tsuga, Pisum sativura, Planera Japonica, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. fertilis, P. palustris, Polygaster Sampadarius, Polygonum tinctorium, Poptilus nigra, P. tremula, Prangos pabularia, Porpbyra vulgaris, Prunus Armeniaca, P. domestica, P. Padus, P. Persica,P.Pseudo-cerasus,P. tomentosa, Pterocarpus Indicus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, P. stenoptera, Pueraria Thunbergiana, Pugionium cornu- tum, Pyrus aucuparia, P. Japonica, Quercus Chiuensis, Q. cornea, Q. cuspidata, Q. dentata, Q. glabra, Q. glauca, Q. Mongolica, Q. serrata, Rhamnus chlorophoros, R. Frangula, R. utilis, Rhapis flabelliformis, R. humilis, Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, R. Tartar- icum, R. undulatum, Rhus semialata, R. succedanea, R. vernicifera, Rosa Indica, R. lasvigata, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rubia cordifolia, Rubus parvifolius, R. phoenicolasius, Rumex acetosa, R. Patientia, R. vesicarius, Saccharura officinarum, S. Sinense, Sagit- taria sagittifolia, Salix Babylonica, S. Japonica, Sanguisorba minor, Sciadopitys verticillata, Scorzonera albicaulis, Selinum Monnieri, Sinilax China, Sophora Japonica, Spergula arvensis, Spinacia oleracea, Sterculia nobilis, Tetragonia expansa, Tetranthera Japonica, Tilia Europsea, T. Manchurica, Thuya dolabrata, T. Japouica, T. orientalis, Torreya grandis, T. nucifera, Trapa bicornis, T. bispinosa, Trifolium pratense, Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus campestris, U. parvifolia, Vaccinium prasstans, Veratrura album, Vicia Cracca, V. sepium, V. sylvatica, Vigna Sinensis, Vitis Labrusca. V. vulpina, Wistaria Chinensis, Xantho- xylon piperitum, Zelkova acuminata, Zizania latifolia, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. Sinensis, Zoysia pungens. SOUTHERN ASIA. Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. coucinna, A. Farnesiana, A. latronum, A. Sundra, Acer Campbelli, A. laevigatum, A. niveum, A. sterculiaceum, A. villosum, Aconitum ferox, ^giceras majus, -^Eschy- nomene aspera, ^Esculus Indica, Albizzia bigemina, A. Lebbeck, A. micrantha, A. stipulata, Aleurites cordata, A. triloba, Allium rubellum, Alnus Nepalensis, Aloe socotrina, Aloxylou Agallochum, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon annulatus, A. Calamus, A. cernuus, A. falcatus, A. G-ryllos, A. involutus, A. Ischaemum, A. montanus, A. muricatus, A. Nardus, A. pertusus, A. saccharatus, A. Schosnanthus, A. sericeus, A. Sorghum, Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogeton crispus, Aquilaria Agallocha, Aralia Ginseng, Areca Nagensis, A. triandra in Extra-Tropical Countries. 439 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. (under Zalacca), Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus Bengalensis, A. integ- rifolia, Arundinaria collosa, A. debilis, A. falcata, A. Falconeri, A. Hookeriana, A. Japonica, A. Khasiana, A. macrosperma, A. spathiflora, A. suberecta, A. tecta (partly under Schizostacliyum), Aruu- dinella Nepalensis, Arundo Bengalensis, A. Karka, Averrhoa Bilimbi, A. Carambola, Avicennia officinalis, Azima tetracantha, Bambusa arundinacea, B. aspera, B. attenuata, B. Balcooa, B. Blumeana, B. Brandisii, B. elegantissima, B. flexuosa, B. marginata, B. monadelpba, B. nutans, B. pallida, B. polymorpha, B. regia, B. spinosa, B. stricta, B. Tulda (under Schizostachyum). B. verticillata, B. vulgaris, Basella lucida,B. rubra, Beesha elegantissima, B.Rheedei, B. stridula, B. Travan- corica (under Schizostacliyum), Belis jaculifolia, Beuincasa cerifera, Ben- tinckia Coddapanna (under Zalacca), Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, B. Lycium, B. Nepalensis, Betula acuminata, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus ilabelliformis, Boswellia serrata, Brassica juncea, Buddlea Asiatica, B. Colvillei, B. macrostacliya, B. paniculata, Butea frondosa, Bnxus Wallichiana, Caesalpinia Sappan, C. sepiaria, Cajanus Indicus, Calamus montanus, C. acanthospatlius, C. erectus, C. exteusus, C. Flagellum, C. floribundus, C. leptospadix, C. macrospathus, C. Mishmelensis, C. quinquenervius, C. Royleanus, C. schizospathus, C. tenuis (under Zalacca), Camellia Thea, Canavalia gladiata, Capparis aphylla, C. horrida, C. Roxburghi, C. sepiaria, Carex Moorcroftiana, Carissa Carandas, Carpinus viminea, Cartbamus tinctorius, Carum Ajowan, C. gracile, C. nigrum, C. Roxburghianum, Caryota obtusa (under Zalacca), C. urens, Cassia fistula, Castanopsis argentea, C. Indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cedrela febrifuga, C. Taona, Ce- phalostachyum capitatum, C. pallidum, C. pergracile (under Schizos- tachyum), Chamaerops Khasyana, C. Martiana, C. Richieana, Cliloro- xylon Swietenia, Chrysanthemum roseum, Cinnamornum Cassia, Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Corchorus acutangulus, C. capsularis, C. olitorius, Cordyline terminalis, Crambe cordifolia, Crotalaria Burhia, C. juncea, C. retusa, Croton lacciferus, Cucumis cicatrisatus, C. Colocynthis, C. Momordica, C. utilissimus, Cupressus torulosa, Cyamopsis psoraloides, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus corymbosus, C. tegetum, Dasmonorops G-uruba, D. Jenkinsii, D. nutan- tiflorus (under Zalacca), Dalbergia latifolia, D. Sissoo, Dammara alba, Debregeasia dichotoma, D. hypoleuca, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana, Decaisnea insignis, Dandrocalamus flagelllifer, D. giganteus, D. Hamilton!, D. Hookeri, D. longispathus, D. sericeus, D. strictus (under Schizostachyum), Desmodium triflorum, Dichopsis Gutta, Dimochloa Andamanica, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D. deltoidea, D. glabra, D. globosa, D. nummularia, D. oppositifolia, D. pentaphylla, D. purpurea, D. sativa, D. spicata, D. tomentosa, D. triphylla, Diospyros Chloroxylon, D. Ebenum, D. Melanoxylon, D. oppositifolia, D. quaesita, Dolichos uniflorus, Eleusine Coracana, E. stricta, Engelhardtia spicata, Eriochloa annulata, Eriophorum comosum, Eugenia cordifolia, E. Jam- bolana, E. Jambos, E. maboides, E. Malaccensis, E. revoluta, E. rotundi- folia, Euryale ferox, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. rotun- 440 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. datum, F. triangulare, Ficus elastica, F. Indica, F. infectoria, F. laccifera Flacourtia cataphracta, F. Ramontchi, Flemingia tuberosa, Fraxinns floribunda, Garcinia Travancorica, Gigantochloa apus, G. aspera, G. atter, G. heterostachya, G. maxima (under Schizostachyum), G. nigro-ciliata, G. robusta, G. verticillata, Glycine hispida, Gossypium arboreum, G. herbaceum, Guilandina Bonduc, Guizotia oleifera, Gun- ner.a macrophylla, Hardwickia binata, Heleocharis fistulosa, H. plauta- ginea, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, H. Sabdariffa, Holoptelea integrifolia, Hydnum coralloides, Illipe butyracea, I. latifolia, Indigofera argentea, I. tinctoria, Ipomoea mammosa, I. paniculata, I. pes caprae, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. Sambac, Juniperus recurva, J. Wallichiana, Justicia Adhatoda, Kentia Moluccana, Lactuca sativa, Lagerstroemia Indica, Launasa pinnatifida, Lawsonia alba, Lepironia mucronata, Licnala peltata (under Zalacca), Limonia acidissima, Liquid- ambar Altingia, Litsea Wightiana, Livistona Jenkinsii (under Zalacca), Maba Ebenus, Machilus odoratissima, Magnolia Campbell!, M. sphaero- carpa, Maharanga Emodi, Mallotus Philippinensis,Malvastrum spicatum, Mangiiera Indica, Maoutia Puya, Melaleuca Leucadendron, Melia Aza- dirachta, M. Azedarach, Melocanna barnbusoides, M. humilis, M. Travan- corica, Melanorrhoea usitata, Melocalamus compactiflorus, Michelia ex- celsa, Mimosa rubicaulis, Moringa pterygosperma, Morus atropurpurea, Mucuna Cochinchinensis, Murraya exotica, Musa coccinea, M. cornicu- lata, M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum, M. simiarum, M. textilis, M. trog- lodytarum, Myrica sapida, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia amara, K". bracteata, N. cupressina, Nardostachys grandiflora, N. Jatamansi, Nastus Borbonicus, Nephelium lappaceum, N. Longanum, Nyctanthes Abortritis, Ocimum Basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Oncospermum fasciculatum, Oryza sativa, Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, O. nigro-ciliata, O. Thwaitesii (under Schizostachyum), Onosma Emodi, Pandanus furcatus, Panicum atro-virens, P. brizanthum, P. coloratum, P. compositum, P. flavidum, P. fluitans, P. foliosum, P. frumeutaceura, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P. miliaceum, P. molle, P. Mytirus, P. pro- stratum, P. repens, P. sarmentosum, P. semialatum, P. tenuiflorum, P. virgatum, Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Paspalum distichum, P. scrobicu- latum, Pelargonium odoratissimum, Peunisetum thyphoideum, Perilla ocimoides, Peucedanum Sowa, Phaseolus aconitifolius, P. adenanthns, P. lunatus, P. Max, Phoenix humilis, P. Hanceana, P. Kasya, P. Mer- kusii, P. Ouseloyana (under Zalacca), P. paludosa, P. pusilla, P. sylvestris, Phyllostachys bambusoides, Phyllanthus Cicca, Pinus Bru- noniana, P. Cedrus, P. excelsa, P. Gerardiana, P. Griffithii, P. longifolin, P. Pindrow, P. Smithiana, P. Webbiana, Pipturus propinquus, P. velutiiius, Plectocomia Assamica, P. Himalayana, P. Khasyana (under Zalacca), P. macrostachya, Poa Chineusis, P. parviflora, P. cynosuroides, Podophyllum Emodi, Pogostemon Heyneanus, P. parvifloms, P. Patchouli, Polygala crotalaroides, Polygaster sampadarius, Populus ciliata, P. Euphratica, Pouzolzia tuberosa, Prosopis spicifera, P. Ste- phaniana, Pseudostachyum polymorphum (under Schizostachyum) , Pterocarpus Indicus, P. Marsupium, P. santalinus, Ptychosperma in Extra-Tropical Countries. 441 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. disticha, P. Muschenbrockiana, Pueraria tuberosa, Pyrnlaria edulis, Quercus annulata, Q. dilatata, Q. incana, Q. lancifolia, Q. semicarpifolia, Q. squamata, Q. Sundaica, Raphanus caudatus, R. sativus, Remirea maritiraa, Rheum Australe, R. cfficinale, Rhododendron Falconer!, Rhus vernicifera, Ribes glaciale, R. Griffith!!, R. laciniatum, R. villosurn, Ricinus communis, Rosa Indica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, Rubia cordifolia, Rubus acuminatus, R. biflorns, R. ellipticus, R. lasiocarpus, R. Moluccanus, R. nutans, R. tiliaceus, Saccharum officinarum, S. spontaneum, S. violaceum, Salix tetrasperma, Sanseviera Zeylanica, Santalum album, Schima Wallichii, Schizostachyum elegant! ssimum, S. Blumei, S. brachycladum, S. Hasskarlianum, S. irratum, S. Zollingeri, Scutia Indica, Sesamum Indicum, Sesbania aculeata, S. ^Egyptiaca, S. cannabina, S. graudiflora, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Shorea robusta, S. Talura, Solauum album, S. ferox, S. Guineense, S. insanum, S. longum, S. Melongena, S. pseudo-saponacenm, S. undatum, Spinifex squarrosus, Spondias mangifera, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Sterculia monosperma, S. urceolata, S. ureus, Streblus asper, Swertia Chirata, S. elegans, Symplocos ramosissima, Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articulata, T. dioica, T. Gallica, T. orientalis, Tectona grandis, T. Hamiltoniana, Teinostachyum attenuatum, T. Griffith!! (under Schizostachyum), Ter- miualia Catappa, T. Chebula, T. parviflora, Tetranthera calophylla, T. laurifolia, Thouarea sarmentosa, Trapa bispinosa, T. Cochinchinensis, T. incisa, T. quadrispinosa, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus Wallichiana, Urena lobata, Vaccinium Leschenaulti, Vigna Sinensis, Villebrunea frutescens, V. integrifolia, Vitis auriculata, V. Blumeana, V. elongata, V. imperialis, V. Indica, V. Labrusca, V. laevigata, V. mutabilis, V. quadrangularis, V. thyrsiflora, V. vulpina, Wallichia caryotoides, W. densiflora, Withania coagulans, W. somnifera, Ximenia Americana, Xylia dolabriformis, Zalacca secunda, Zingiber officinale, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. rugosa, Zoysia pungens. WESTERN SOUTH-AMERICA. Acacia Cavenia, A. macracantha, Achras Balata, Adenostemum nitidum, Adesmia balsamica, Alchemilla pinnata, Alstroemeria pallida, Ananas sativa, Andropogon argenteus, Anona Cherimolia, Apium Chilense, A. prostratum, Arachis hypoga3a, Araucaria imbricata, Ari- stotelia Macqui, Arracacha xanthorriza, Bassovia solanacea, Berberis buxifolia, B. Darwinii, Boussingaultia baselloides, Buddlea globosa, Cuesalpinia brevifolia, C. tinctoria, Canna edulis, Carica Candamarcensis, C. Papaya, Cereus Quixo, Ceroxylon andicola, C. Australe, C. pithyro- phyllum (under Wettinia), Cervantesia tomentosa, Chenopodium Quinoa, Chusquea Culcou, C. Dombeyana, C. montana, C. Quila, C. tenuiflora (under Schizostachyum), Cinchona Calisaya, C. cordifolia, C. micrautha, C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra, Condalia microphylla, Dactylis caespitosa, Datura arborea, Dioscorea piperifolia, Diplothemium Porallys (under Wettinia), Diposis Bulbocastanum, Drimys Wintcri, Elymus condeusatus, Embothrium coccineum, E. emarginatum, E. lanceolatum, 442 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued. Erythroxylon Coca, Eucryphia cordifolia, Eugenia Hallii, Euterpe andicola, E. Haankena, E. longivaginata (under Wettinia), Fagus Dombeyi, F. obliqua, F. procera, Fagus betuloides, Festuca Coiron, F. Magellanica, Fitzroya Patagonica, Fragaria Chiloensis, Fuschia racemosa, Geonoma densa (under Wettinia), Gossypium religiosum, Guadua angustifolia, G. latifolia, Guevina Avellana, Gunnera Chilensis, Heli- anthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Heliotropiura Peruvianum, Hibiscus esculeutus, Hypocho3ris apargioides, H. Scorzonerae, Ipornoea Batatas, I. pes caprae, Jubaea spectabilis, Krameria triandra, Lapageria rosea, Lardizabala biternata, Laurelia aromatica, L. serrata, Libocedrus Chilensis, L. tetragona, Lippia citriodora, Manihot Aipi, Maranta arundinacea, Mauritia flexuosa, Maytenus Boaria, Melicocca bijuga, Mesembrianthemum aequilaterale, Morus celtidifolia, M. insignis, Myrtus Luma, M. Meli, M. nummularia, M. Ugni, Nageia andina, N. Chilina, N. nubigena, Opuntia vulgaris, Oreodoxa frigida (under Wettinia), Oryza latifolia, Oryzopsis cuspidata, 0. panicoides, Oxalis crassicaulis, O. crenata, O. enneapliylla, O. succulenta, 0. tuberosa, Pacchyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum pilosura, Paspalum ciliatum, P. dilatatum, Passiflora alata, P. tilifolia, P. ligularis, P. macrocarpa, Persea gratissima, Peumus Boldus, Phaseolus vulgaris, Physalis Peruviana, Phytelephas aequatorialis (under Wettinia), Piptadenia rigida, Prosopis horrida, P. juliflora, P. Siliquastrum, Priva laevis, Quillaja saponaria, Rhus caustica, Rubus geoides, Salix Humboldtiaua, Saxono-Gothaea conspicua, Schkuhria abrotanoides, Schinus Molle, Scirpus nodosus, Sesuvium Portulacastrura, Smilax officinalis, Solanum Gilo, S. Maglia, S. Guinense, S. Lycopersicum, S. muricatum, S. Quitoense, S. tuberosum, S. torvum, Sophora tetraptera, Spilanthes oleracea, Tagetes glaiiduligera, Tetragonia expansa, Tillandsia usneoides, Tritlirinax campestris, Tropaeolum majus, T. minus, T. sessilifolium, T. tuberosum, Ullncus tuberosus, Vaccinium alatum', V. bicolor, V. grandiflorum, V. melliflorum, Wettinia augusta, W. Mayneusis, Zea Mays, Zizyphus Joazeiro, Z. Mistal. WESTERN NORTH-AMERICA. Acer circinnatum, A., macrophyllum, JEsculus Californica, Arbutus Menziesii, Audibertia polystachya, Baccharis consanguinea, B. pilularis, Baptisia tinctoria, Barbarea vulgaris, Beschorneria yuccoides? Bouteloua polystachya, Carica Papaya, Carum Gairdneri, Castaneopsis chryso- phylla, Ceanothus prostratus, C. rigidus, C. thyrsinorus, Cercocarpus ledifolius, C. parvifolius, Cereus Engelmanni, C. Thurberi, Chamcedora elatior, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Claytonia perfoliata, Coruus Nut- tallii, Cupressus fragrans, C. Lawsoniana, C. macrocarpa, C. Nutkaensis, Cymopterus glomeratus, Fragaria Californica, Fraxinus Oregana, Gaultiera Myrsinites, Geum urbanum, Juglans rupestris, Juniperus occidentalis, Libocedrus decurrens,Lupinus Douglasii, Myrica Californica, Myrrhis occidentalis, Nicotiana multivalvis, Nuphar multisepalum, Nyssa aquatica, Parkinsonia aculeata, P. microphylla, Pinus albicaulis, P. amabilis, P. Arizonica, P. bracteata, P. Chihua-huana, P. concolor, P. in Extra-Tropical Countries. 443 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. contorta, P. Coulteri, P. Douglasii, P. edulis, P. flexilis, P. grandis, P. Hookeriana, P. Jeffrey!, P. Lambertiana, P. Menziesii, P. Merteusianay P. monophylla, P. monticola, P. muricata, P. nobilis, P. Nuttallii, P. Pattoniana, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. reflexa, P. resiuosa, P. Sabiniana, P. Williamsonii, Platanus racemosa, Popuhis Fremontii, P. tremu- loides, P. trichocarpa, Pritchardia filamentosa, Prosopis pubescens, Primus demissa, P. ilicifolia, Pyrus rivularis, Quercus agrifolia, Q. chrysolepis, Q. densiflora, Q. Bouglasii, Q. Garryana, Q. lobata, Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. niveum, R. tenuiflorum, R. villosum, Rubus leucodermis, R. raacropetalus, R. ursinus, Salix longifolia, Schinus Molle, Scilla esculenta, Sequoia sempervirens, S. Wellingtouia, Solanum Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Tetranthera Californica, Torreya Californica, Trichostema lanatum, Umbel hi laria Californica, Vaccinium hnmifusura, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum, Valeriana edulis, Washingtonia filifera, Yucca angustifolia, Y. baccata, Y. brevifolia, Y. Sitchensis, Y. Treculiaiia. EASTERN NORTH- AMERICA. Acer dasycarpurn, A. Negundo, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, Achillea Millefolium, Achras Sapota, Acorns Calamus, Acrocomia Mexicana, Actrea alba, A. spicata, JEsculus lutea, Agave Americana, A. Mexicana, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. scabra, A. vulgaris, Alchemilla alpina, A. vulgaris, Aletris farinosa, Allium Canadense, A. Schoeno- prasum, Amelanchier Botryapium, Andropogon avenaceus, A. nutans, A. scoparius, Apios tuberosa, Apocynum cannabinum, Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Aristolochia auguicida, A. ovalifolia, A. serpentaria, Arundi- naria macrosperma, A. tecta, Astragalus hypoglottis, Barbarea vulgaris, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. nigra, B. papyracea, Bouteloua barbata, Brahea dulcis, B. edulis, Bromus ciliatus, B. marginatus, Buchloa dactyloides, Bursera elemifera, Caesalpinia Bonduc, Cakile maritima, Calamagrostis longifolia, Canella alba, Canna flaccida, Carya alba, C. amara, C. glabra, C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C. tomentosa, Carpinus Americana, Cassia Marylandica, Catalpa bignonioides, C. speciosa, Cedronella cordata, Celtis occidentalis, Cephalantus occidentalis, Cetraria Islandica, Cham^edora concolor, Clielone glabra, Chondrus crispus, Cimicifuga racemosa, Cinna arundinacea, Cladastri.s tinctoria, Cochlearia officinalis, Comptonia asplenifolia, Cornus florida, Corylus Americana, Crata3gus aestivalis, C. Mexicana, C. apiifolia, C. coccinea, C. cordata, C. Crus-Galli, C. parvifolia, C. tomentosa, Cupressus Benthami, C. Lindleyi, C. thurifera, C. thuyoides, Desmodium acuminatum, Diospyros Virginiana, Dirca palustris, Echinocactus Fendleri, Elymus mollis, E. Virginicus, Euonymus atropurpureus, Eupatoriunr purpureum, Fagus ferruginea, Festuca flava, F. purpurea, Fragaria Chiloeusis, F. grandiflora, F. Illinoensis, F. vesca, F. Virginiana, Fraxinus Americana, F. platycarpa, F. pubescens, F. quadrangulata, F. sambticifolia, F. viridis, Gaultieria Shallon, Gaylussaciafrondosa, G. resinosa, Gelsemium nitidurn, Geum urbanum, Gleditschia monosperma, G. triacanthos, Gordonia 2 H 444 . Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. lasianthos, Grindelia squarrosa, Gymnocladus Canadensis, Hedeoma pulegioides, Hordeum uodosum, H. secalinum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydrastis Canadensis, Ilex Cassine, I. verticillata, ludigofera Anil, Ipomoea Megapotamica, I. platanifolia, I. purga, I. simulans, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra, Juniperus flaccida, J. Mexicana, J. Virginiana, Leon- tice thalictroides, Levisiarediviva, Liatris odoratissima, Lindera Benzoin, Liquidambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Lithospermum caues- cens, L. hirtum, L. longiflorum, Lupinus arboreus, L. perennis, Lyco- podium dendroideum, L. lucidulum, Maclura aurantiaca, Magnolia acuminata, M. cordata, M. Fraseri, M. grandiflora, M. macrophylla, M. umbrella, Melica mutica, Menyanthes trifoliata, Milium effusum, Mimusops Sieberi, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. punctata, Morchella conica, M. esculenta, Morns rubra, Muehlenbergia diffusa, M. Mexicana, Myrica cerif'era, Nelumbo Intea, Nicotiana quadrivalvis, N. repaiida, N. rustica, N. Tabacum, Nyssa aquatica, N. multiflora, N. uniflora, Opiuitia coccinellifera, 0. Ficns-Indica, O. Hernandezii, O. Missouriensis, O. Rafinesquii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, O. vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, O. perennis, Ostrya Virginica, Oxalis Deppei, O. esculenta, O. tetraphylla, O. violacea, Pachyma Cocos, Pariicum amarum, P. Myurus, P. obtusum, P. striatum, P. Texanum, P. virgatum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Par- thenium integrifdliura, Passiflora incarnata, P. lutea, P. suberosa, Pas- palum laeve, P. lentiginosum, P. platycanle,- P. undulatum, Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Phaseolus perennis, Physalis angu- lata, P. pubescens, Pinus alba, P. aristata, P. Australis, P. Ayacahuite, P. Balfouriana, P. balsamea, P. Canadensis, P. cembroides, P. Cubensis, P. Fraseri, P. glabra, P. Hartwegii, P. Hudsonica, P. inops, P. leio- phylla, P. mitis, P. Montezumse, P. nigra, P. patula, P. pendula, P. Pinceana, P. Pseudostrobus, P. pungens, P. religiosa, P. rigida, P. rubra, P. serotina, P. Strobus, P. Ta3da, P. tenuifolia, P. Teocote, P. Torreyana, Pisonia aculeata, Planera aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. aquatica, P. Canadensis, P. distans, P. fertilis, P. fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. nervata, P. palustris, P. pectinacea, Podophyllum peltatum, Poliantlies tuberosa, Polygala Senega, Populus angulata, P. balsamifera, P. Canadensis, P. grandideutata, P. hetero- phylla, P. monilifera, P. tremuloides, Porphyra vulgaris, Prosopis dulcis, P. glandulosa, P. julinora, P. pubescens,. Primus Americana, P. Caro- liniana, P. Chisasa^ P. maritima, P. Pennsylvauica, P. pumila, P. serotina, P. Virginiana, Psamma arenaria, Psoralea esculenta, Pycnan- themum incanum, P. montanum, Pyrularia edulis, Pyrus coronaria, Quercus acutifolia, Q. alba, Q. aquatica, Q. Castanea, Q. chrysophylla, Q. coccinea, Q. corrugata, Q. Douglasii, Q. falcata, Q. glaucescens, Q. lanceolata, Q. laurina, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. magnolifolia, Q. Muehlenbergii, Q. obtusata, Q. palustris, Q. Pliellos, Q. Prinus, Q. reticulata, Q. rubra, Q. sideroxyla, Q. stellata, Q. virens, Q. Wislizenii, Q. Xalapensis, Rhamnus alnifolius, Rhaphidophyllum Hystrix, Rhodo- dendron maximum, Rhus aromatica, R. cotinoides, R. copallina, R. glabra, R. typhina, Ribes aureum, R. cynosbati, R. floridum, R. hir- tellum, R. Hudsonianum, R. nigrum, R. rotundifolium, R. rubrum, in Extra-Tropical Countries. 445 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. Hobinia Pseudo-Acacia, Rosa setigera, Rubus arcticus, R.' Canadensis, R. Chamoemorus, R. cuneifolius, R. deliciosus, R. occidentalis, R. odoratus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R. villosus, Rumex acetosa, R. hymenosepalus, Sabal Adansoui, S. Palmetto, S. serrulata, Sabbatia angularis, Sagittaria lancifolia, S. obtusa, Salix cordata, S. longifolia, S. lucida, S. nigra, S. petiolaris, S. tristis, Sambucus Canadensis, San- guinaria Canadensis, Sassafras officinale, Scho3iiocaulon officinale, Scilla Fraseri, Shepherdia argentea, Smilax bona nox, S. glauca, S. medica, S. Pseudo-China, S. rotundifolia, Solanum calycinum, S. cardiophyllum, S. Fendleri, S. Jamesii, S. oxycarpum, S. tuberosum, Spartina cynosuroides, S. juncea, S. polystachya, S. stricta, Spigelia Marylandica, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Stylosanthes elatior, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxodium distichum, T. mucronatum, Taxus brevifolia, Thuya gigantea, T. occidentalis, Tilia alba, T. Americana, Tillandsia usneoides, Torreya taxifolia, Trifolium reflexum, T. repens, Trillium erectum, Tripsacum dactyloides, Typha latifolia, Ulmus alata, U. Americana, U. crassifolia, U. fulva, U. Mexicana, U. racemosa, Uniola gracilis, U. latifolia, U. paniculata, Uvularia sessilifolia, Vaccinium Canadense, V. cajspitosum, V. corymbosum, V. erythrocarpum, V. leucanthum, V. macrocarpum, V. myrtilloides, V. Myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum, V. Oxycoccos, V. parvifolium, V. Pennsylvanicam, V. uliginosum, V. vacilians, V. Vitis Idaea, Valeriana edulis, Veratrum viride, Vicia Cracca, V. Sitchensis, Vitis sestivalis, V. candicans, V. cinerea, V. cordifolia, V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rubra, V. rupestris, V. vulpina, Wistaria frutescens, Xanthorriza apiifolia, Ximenia Americana, Yucca aloifolia, Y. angustifolia, Y. filamentosa, Y. gloriosa, Zizania aquatica, Z. fluitans, Z. miliacea. CENTRAL AMERICA. Acacia macracantha, Achras Sapota, Acrocomia Mexicana, Agave Americana, A. ina3quidens, A. rigida, Albizzia dulcis, A. latisiliqua, A. Sam an, Aleurites triloba, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon avena- •ceus, Anona muricata, A. squamosa, Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Arthros- tylidium excelsum, A. longiflorum, A. racemiferum (under Schizos- tachyum), Arundinaria acuminata, Aulonemia Quexo (under Schizos- tachyum), Bactris Gasipass, Batis maritima, Beschorneria yuccoides, Brahea dulcis, Bursera elemifera, Buxus acuminata, B. citrifotia, B. Cubana, B. glomerata, B. gonoclada,, B. Ia3vigata, B. Purdieana, B. retusa, B. subcolumnaris, B. Vahlii, B. Wrightii, Caesalpinia crista, C. vesicaria, Cakile maritima, Calyptronoma Swartzii, Canavalia- giadiata, Canna coccinea, C. glauca, Canella alba, Carica Papaya, Caiiudovica palmata (under Wettinia), Ca3salpinia .Bonduc, Casi- miroa edulis, Celtis Tala, Ceroxylon andicola, C. Klopstockia (under Weltinia), Cestrum nocturnum, Chusquea abietifolia, C. Fendleri, C. Galeottiana, C. Muelleri, C. scandens, C. siraplici- flora, C. uniflora (under Schizostachyum), Claytoriia perfbliata, Coccoloba uvifera, Cocos regia, Copernicia naua, C. Ptimos, 446 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. Cyperus giganteus, Dioscorea Cajennensis, D. esurientum, D. trifida, Eriochloa annulata, Eucblasna luxurians, Eupatorium triplinerve, Fourcroya Cubensis, F. gigantea, F. longaeva, Geonoma vaga, Gossypium Barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. religiosum, Hibiscus esculentus, Indigofera Anil, Ipomcea Batatilla, Juniperus Bermndiana, Kunthia montana, Malvastrum spicatum, Maranta arundinacea, Meli- cocca bijnga, Mimusops globosa, M. Sieberi, Morus celtidifolia, Nageia coriacea, N. Purdieana, Opuntia coccinellifera, O. Dillenii, O. elatior, O. Hernandezii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, Oreodoxa frigida, O. oleracea, O. regia, Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum altissimum, P. divaricatura, P. molle, P. Myurus, P. obtusum, P. striatum, Paspalum stoloniferum, Passiflora laurifolia, P. ligularis, P. maliformis, P. pedata, P. serrata, Peireskia aculeata, Persea gratissima, Pinus Cubensis, Piscidia erythrina, Platenia Chiragua (under Wettinia), Podachsenium alatum, Polianthes tuberosa, Prestoa pubigera, Psidium acidum, P. Araca, P. cordatum, P. Guayava, P. polycarpum, Quercus agrifolia, Q. Castanea, Q. Skinneri, Remirea maritima, Richardsonia scabra, Sabal umbraculifera, Schinus Molle, Sechium edule, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax officinalis, S. papyracea, Solanum betaceum, S. Guineense, S. Plumieri, S. Topiro, S. torvum, Sporobolus Virginicus, Stylosanthes elatior, Swietenia Mahagoni, Talinum patens, Terminalia Buceras, Thrinax argentea, T. parviflora, Tillandsia usneoides, Trophis Americana, Urena lobata, Vaccinium meridionale, V. Mortinia, Wissadula rostrata, Xarithosoma sagittifolium, Yucca aloifolia, Y. Guatemalensis, Y. Yucatana, Zizania miliacea. EASTERN SOUTH-AMERICA. Acacia Cebil, A. macracantha, A. moniliforrms, Acrocomia Totai (under Wettinia), Alibertia edulis, Ananas sativa, Apium prostratum, Araucaria Brasiliensis, Arundinaria verticillata (under Scbizostachyum), Arundo saccharoides, A. Sellowiana, Aspidosperma Quebracho, Bactris Gasipaes, Boussingaultia baselloides, Bromus unioloides, Cjesalpinia coriaria, C. ecliinata, C. Gilliesii, Calyptranthes aromatica, Canna Achiras, Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. longum, C^ microcarpum, Cedrela Brasiliensis, C. Velloziana, Celtis Sellowiana, C, Tala, Cephaelis Ipecacuanba, Ceroxylon Klopstockia, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Cbusquea capituliflora, C. Culeon, C. Gaudichaudiana (under Schizostachyum), C. Lorentziana, Cocos Australis, C. flexuosa, C. plumosa, C. Romanzoffiana, C. Yatay (under Wettinia), Copernicia cerifera, Condalia micropbylla, Cyperus giganteus, Dalbergia nigra, D. Miscolobium, Desmodium triflorum, Dioscorea conferta, D. tuberosa, Diplothemium campestre, D. littorale (under Wettinia), Duvaua longi- folia, Eryngium pandanifolium, Eugenia Nbanica, E. pyriformis, E. supra-axillaris, E. uniflora, Eupatorium tinctorium, Geonoma vaga, Gourliaea decorticans, Guadua augustifolia, G. capitata, G. latifolia, G. macros tachy a, G. paniculata, G. refracta, G. Tagoara, G. virgata, Han- cornia speciosa, Heterothalamus brunioides, Hordeum andicola, Hymenrea in Extra-Tropical Countries. 447 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. Courbaril, Ilex Paraguensis, Indigofera Anil, Ipomoea Batatas, I. Bata- tilla, 1. Megapotamica, I. operculata, I. paniculata, I. pes capras, Iriartea deltoidea, I. exorrhiza, I. ventricosa (under Wettinia), Jacaranda mimo- sifolia, Lippia citriodora, Loxopterygium Lorentzii, Lupinus arboreus, Maclnra Mora, Malvastrnm spicatum, Manihot Aipi, M. Glazioni, M. utilissima, Maliera glomerata, M. tomentosa, Melica sarmentosa, Mero- stachys Claussenii, M. Kunthii, M. ternata (under Schizostachyum), Myrtus edulis, M. incana, M. mucronata, Nageia Lamberti, Nicotiana rustica, N. glauca, N. Tabacum, Ocimum gratissimum, (Enocarpus multicaulis (under Wettinia), Opuntia vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, Ory- zopsis panicoides, Oxalis carnosa, O. conorrliiza, Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum altissimum, P. barbinode, P. divaricatum, P. latissimum, P. molle, P. Myurus, Parkinsonia aculeata, Paspalum notatum, P. ciliatura, P. dilatatum, P. undulatura, Passiflora alata, P. coccinea, P. cocrulea, P. edulis, P. filamentosa, P. laurifolia, P. maliformis, P. mucronata, P. pedata, P. .quadrangularis, P. serrata, P. suberosa, Paullinia sorbilis, Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Peltophorum Linnei, Pennisetum latifolium, Periandra dulcis, Persea gratissima, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. lunatus, Physalis angulata, P. Peruviana, P. pubescens, Phytelephas macrocarpa, P. microcarpa (under Wettinia), Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Piptadenia Cebil, P. rigida, Pircunia dioica, Poa Bergii, P. Forsteri, Prosopis alba, P. dulcis, P. Siliquastrum, Psidium Araca, P. arboreum, P. Cattleyanum, P. chrysophyllum, P. cinereum, P. cuneatum, P. grandifolium, P. Guayava, P. incanescens, P. lineatifolium, P. mali- folium, P. polycarpon, P. rufum, Rubus imperialis, Salix Humboldtiana, Salpichroma rhomboidea, Salvia Matico, Sambucus Australis, Schinus Molle, Scirpus nodosus, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax papyracea, S. rubiginosa, Solanum Commersonii, S. Gilo, S. Guineense, S. indigo- ferum, S. Lycopersicum, S. torvum, S. tuberosum, Spilanthes oleracea, Sporobolus Indicus, Syagrus Sancona, Sterculia Cartkaginensis, Tagetes glanduligera, Talinum patens, Tillandsia usneoides, Terminalia Buceras, Trithrinax Acanthocoma, T. Brasiliensis (under Wettinia), Trophis Americana, Ullucus tuberosus, Wissadula rostrata, Zea Mays, Zizania microstachya, Zizyphus Mistal. MIDDLE AFRICA (AND MADAGASCAR). Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. stenocarpa, A. Verek, Acantho- phrenix rubra, Acanthosicyos horrida, -ZEschynomene aspera, Aloe Perryi, Andropogon annulatus, Aristida prodigiosa, Arundiuella Nepa- lensis, Asplenium Nidus, Astragalus venosus, Bacularia Arfakiana, Beesha capitata, Buddleya Madagascariensis, Buxus Madagascarica, Canavalia gladiata, Casuarina equisetifolia, Coffea Liberica, Cor- chorus acutangulus, Corynosicyos edulis, Cucumis Anguria, Cudrania Javensis, Cupania sapida, Dalbergia melanoxylon, Dypsis pinnatifrons, Eriochloa annulata, Hagenia Abyssinica, Hibiscus Sabdariffa, Hyphaene Thebaica, Launea pinnatifida, Lepironia mucronata, Maclura excelsa, Malvastrum spicatum, Monodora Angolensis, M. Myristicar, Musa 2 I 448 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX— continued. Li vingstoniana,Panicum coloratura, P. compositum, P. fluitans, P. molle, Pennisetum villosum, Pharnaceum acidum, Phosnix spinosa, Psopho- carpus tetragonolobus, Pterolobium lacerans, Remirea maritima, Rubus rosifolius, Solanum edu-le, S. -ZEthiopicum, S. macrocarpum, S. Thon- ningi, Tamarix orientalis, Telfairia occidentalis, T. pedata, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Urena lobata, Vahea florida, V. Owariensis, Vigna Sinensis, Vitis Scliimperiana, Wissadula rostrata. SOUTHEEN AFRICA. Aberia Caffra, A. tristis, A. Zeyheri, Acacia Giraffe, A. horrida, Alchemilla Capensis, A. elongata, Aloe dichotoma, A. ferox, A. linguiformis, A. plicatilis, A. purpurascens, A. spicata, A. vera, A. Zeyheri, Andropogon Caffrorum, Antliistiria ciliata, Apanogeton distachyos, Arundinaria tesselata, Arundinella Nepaleusis, Asparagus laricinus, Atriplex albicans, Avicennia officinalis, Azima tetracantha, Barosma serratifolia, Brabejum stellatifolium, Callitris arborea, Calo- dendron Capense, Cannamois cephalotes, Carissa Arduina, C. ferox, C. grandiflora, Carum Capense, Combretum butyraceum, Ehrharta longi- flora, Elegia nuda, Elephanthorrhiza Burchelli, Euclea myrtina, ]E. undulata, E. Pseudebenus, Eugenia Zeyheri, Exomis axyrioides, Garuleum bipinnatum, Gladiolus edulis, Gonioma Kamassia, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus Ludwigii, Hyphasne ventricosa, Kochia pubescens, Lasiocorys Capensis, Leonotis Leonurus, Leucadendron argenteum, Leyssera gnaphalioides, Lyperia crocea, Matricaria glabrata, Melianthus major, Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, M. capitatum, M. crystallium, M. edule, M. floribundum, Myrica cordifolia, M. quercifolia, M. serrata, Nageia elongata, N. Thunbergi, Nastus Borbonicus, Osmitopsis asteris- coides, Osyris compressa, Panicum coloratum, P. compositum, P. roseum, Pappea Capensis, Parkinsonia Africana, Pentzia virgata, Phosnix reclinata, Phymaspermum parvifolium, Plectronia ciliata, P. spinosa, P. ventosa, Portulacaria Afra, Protea mellifera, Psychotria Eckloniana, Rafnia amplexicaulis, R. perfoliata, Rhus lucida, Royenia Pseudebenus, R. pubescens, Rubus fruticosus, Salix Capensis, Scirpus nodosus, Selago leptostachya, Selinum anesorrhizum, S. montanum, Solanum Aculeastrum, Tarchoiianthus camphoratus, Todea Africana, Voandzeia subterranea, Vangueria infausta, Withania somnifera. WESTERN AUSTRALIA. Acacia acuminata, A. aneura, A. armata, A. heteroclita, A. leiophylla, A. microbotrya, A. Sentis, Agonis flexuosa, Albizzia lophantha, Astartea fascicularis, Atriplex Muelleri, Avicennia offici- nalis, Boroniamegastigma, Cassia artemisioides, Casuarina Decaisneana, C. distyla, C. Fraseriana, C. Huegeliana, C. trichodon, Conospermum Stoechadis, Danthonia bipartita, Dioscorea hastifolia, Duboisia Hop- woodii, Encephalartos Preissii, Erianthus fulvus, Eucalyptus calophylla, E. cornuta, E. diversicolor, E. Doratoxylon, E. ficifblia, E. gom- in Extra-Tropical Countries. 449 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. phocephala, E. loxoplileba, E. marginata, E. oleosa. E. patens, E. redunca, E. rudis, E. salmonophloia, E. salubris, Grevillea annulifera, Helichrysum, lucidum, H. Manglesii, Jacksonia cupulifera, Kochia villosa, Lepidosperma gladiatum, Livistona Marias, Oryza sativa, Panicum flavidum, P. semialatum, Phaseolus vulgaris, Pimelea clavata, Santalum cygnorum, S. Preissiauum, Scirpus nodosus, Sesbauia JEgyptiaca, S. grandiflora, Spinifex liirsutus, S. longifolius, Strychnos Nux vomica, Tamarindus Indica. EASTERN AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING TASMANIA). Acacia aneura, A. armata, A. binervata, A. dealbata, A. decurrens, A. estrophiolata, A. excelsa, A. falcata, A. Farnesiaua, A. fasciculifera, A. glaucescens, A. harpophylla, A. homalophylla, A. implexa, A. longifolia, A. Melanoxylon, A. pendula, A. penninervis, A. pycnantha, A. retiuodes, A. salicina, A. Sentis, A. stenophylla, A. supporosa, JEgiceras majus, Agrostis Solandri, Aira caespitosa, Albizzia basaltica, Alchemilla vulgaris, Aleurites triloba, Alstonia constricta, Andropogon annulatus, A. Australis, A. bombycinus, A. erianthoides, A. falcatus, A. Gryllos, A. pertusus, A, refractus, A. sericeus, Angophora intermedia, A. lanceolata, A. subvelutiua, Anthistiria avenacea, A. ciliata, A. membranacea, Apium prostratum, Aponogeton crispus, Araucaria Bid- willi, A. Cunningharni, Aristolochia Indica, Astrebla pectinata, A. triticoides, Atalantia glauca, Atriplex crystallinum, A. halimoides, A. holocarpum, A. Muelleri, A. nummularium, A. semibaccaturn, A. spon- giosum, A. versicarium, Avicennia officinalis, Backhousia citriodora, Bacularia monostachya, Barbarea vulgaris, Balogliia lucida, Brachy- chiton acerifolius, Cakile maritima, Callitris calcarata, C. columel- laris, C. Endlicherii, C. Macleayana, C. Parlatorei, C. verrucosa, Carissa Brownii, Cassia artemisioides, Casuarina distyla, C. equisetifolia, C. Slauca, C. quadrivalvis, C. suberosa, C. torulosa, Cedrela Australis, eratopetalum apetalum, Chenopodium atiricomum, C. nitrariaceum, Chionachne cyathopoda, Chloris scariosa, C. truncata, Citrus Austral- asica, C. Planchoni, Colocasia Iiidica, Corchorus acutangulus, C. Cunninghami, C. olitorius, Cordyline terminalis, Crotalaria juncea, C. retusa, Cudrania Javanensis, Cycas angulata, C. Normanbyana, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus textilis, Dacrydium Franklini, Dammara robusta, Danthonia bipartita, D. nervosa, D. penicillata, D. robusta, Dicksonia Billardieri, Dioscorea sativa, D. transversa, Distichlis maritima, Duboisia Hopwoodii, D. myoporoides, Ectrosia Gulliverii, Ehrharta stipoides, Embothrium Wickhami, Encephalartos Denisonii, E. spiralis, Eremophila longifolia, Erianthus fulvus, Eriochloa aunulata, Erodium cygnorum, Eucalyptus alpina, E. amygdalina, E. Baileyana, E. botryoides, E. capitellata, E. citriodora, E. coccifera, E. cordata, E. corymbosa, E. corynocalyx, E. crebra. E. drepanophylla, E. eugenioides, E. Globulus, E. goniocalyx, E. Gunnii, E. ha3mastoma, E. hemiphloia, E. Howittiana, E. largiflorens, E. leptophleba, E. Leucoxylon, E. longifolia, E. macrorrhyncha, E. maculata, E. melanophloia, E. melliodora, 212 450 Select Plants for Industrial Culture GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. E. microcorys, E. microtheca, E. miniata, E. obliqua, E. ochro- phloia, E. oleosa, E. paniculata, E. pauciflora, E. phoenicea, E. pilularis, E. Planchoniana, E. platyphylla, E. polyanthema, E» populifolia, E. punctata, E. Raveretiana, E. resinifera, E. robusta, E. rostrata, E. saligna, E. siderophloia, E. Sieberiana, E. Staige- riana, E. Stuartiana, E. tereticornis, E. terminalis, E. tesselaris, E. trachyphloia, E. triantha, E. urnigera, E. vernicosa, E. viminalis, Eucryphia Billardieri, E. Moorei, Eugenia Jambolana, E. Australis, E. Smithii, Eustrephus Brownii, ExLdia auricula Judas, Fagus Cun- ninghami, F. Moorei, Festuca Billardieri, F. Hookeriana, F. litoralis, F. dives, Ficus colossea, F. columnaris, F. Cunninghami, F. eugenioides, F. macrophylla, F. rubiginosa, Fistulina hepatica, Flindersia Australis, F. Bennettiana, F. Oxleyana, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Geum urbanum, Gmelina Leichhardtii, Grevillea robusta, Harpullia Hillii, Heleocharis sphacelata, Helichrysum lucidum, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus can- nabinus, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenanthera Banksii, Imperata arundi- nacea, Ipomoea Calobra, I. costata, I. graminea, I. paniculata, I. pes caprae, Jasminum calcareum, J. didymum, J. lineare, J. racemosum, J. simplicifolium, J. suavissimum, Kentia Belmoreana, K. Canterburyana, K. Mooreana, Kochia eriantha, K. villosa, Lagerstroemia Indica, Leersia hexandra, Lepidosperma gladiatura, Lepironia mucronata, Lep- tospermum Isevigatum, L. lanigerum, Livistona Australis, L. Leich- hardtii, L. Mariae, Lycopodium clavatum, L. densum, L. laterale, L. varium, Maba fasciculosa, M. geminata, Macadamia ternifolia, Mallotus Philippinensis, Malvastrum spicatum, Marlea Vitiensis, Melaleuca erici- folia, M. genistifolia, M. Leucadendron, M. linarifolia, M. parviflora, M. styphelioides, Melia Azedarach, Mentha Australis, M. gracilis, M. laxi- flora, M. saturejoides, Mesembrianthemum asquilaterale, Microseris Forsteri, Morchella conica, Murraya exotica, Mylitta Australis, Myoporum insulare, Myrtus acmenoides, Nageia elata, Neurachne Mitchelliana, Niemeyera prunifera, Ocimum sanctum, Owenia acidula, O. venosa, Oryza sativa, Pandanus Forsteri, P. pedunculatus, Panicum atro-virens, P. bicolor, P. coenicolum, P. coloratura, P. compositum, P. decompositum, P. divaricatissimum, P. flavidum, P. foliosum, P. mar- ginatum, P. melanthum, P. Myurus, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P. miliaceum, P. parvifolium, P. prolutum, P. prostratum, P. pygmeeum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. semialatum, P. tenuiflorum, P. virgatum, Pappophorum commune, Parinarium Nonda, Paspalum distichum, P. scrobiculatum, Peltophorum ferrugineum, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. Max, Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Pimelea stricta, Pipturus propinquus, Pisonia aculeata, Pittosporum undulatum, Poa Australis, P. Billardieri, P. Brownii, P. caespitosa, P. Chinensis, P. digitata, Prostanthera lasiantha, Ptychosperma Alexandras, P.. Cunninghami, P. elegans, Rhagodia Billardieri, R. nutans, Rhus rhodanthema, Rottboellia ophiuroides, Rubus Gunnianus, R. parvifolius, R. rosifolius, Santalum Preissianum, Scirpus nodosus, Sclerachne cyathopoda, Sebsea albidiflora, S. ovata, Selagi- nella uliginosa, Sesbania aculeata, S. ^Egyptiaca, Sesuvium Portulacas- trum, Smilax Australis, S. glycyphylla, Solanum yescum, Spinifex in Extra- Tropical Countries. 451 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX — continued. hirsutus, S. paradoxus, Spondias Solandri, Stenocarpus sinuosus, Stenopetalnm nutans, Sterculia quadrifida, Stipa artistiglumis, Syncarpia laurifolia, Synoon glandulosum, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetragonia expansa, T. implexicoma, Tetranthera laurifolia, Todea Africa,na, Tremella mesenterica, Trichodesma Zeylanicum, Trigonella suavissima, Tristania conferta, Vigna lanceolata, Vitis acetosa, V. Baudiniana, V. hypo- glauca, Xanthorrhoea Tatei, Xirnenia Americana, Zizyphus Jujuba, Zoysia pungens. NEW ZEALAND. Agrostis Solandri, Apium prostratum, Arundo conspicua, Avicennia officinalis, Cordyline Banksii, C. indivisa, C. superbiens, Corynocarpus Isevigata, Dacrydium Colensoi, D. cupressinum, D. Kirkii, Dammara Australis, Danthonia Cunninghami, Dicksonia Billardieri, Ehrharta Diplax, E. stipoides, Fagus cliffortioides, F. fusca, F. Menziesii, F. Solandri, Festuca litoralis, Fuchsia excorticata, Heleocharis sphacelata, Hierocliloa redolens, Hymenanthera Banksii, Kentia sapida, Knightia excelsa, Libocedrus Doniana, Metrosideros florida, M. lucida, M. robusta, M. tomentosa, Myoporum Igetum, Nageia dacrydioides, N. ferruginea, N. spicata, N. Totara, Panicum atro-virens, Phormium tenax, Phyllo- cladus trichomanoides, Pittosporum eugenioides, P. tenuifolium, Poa csespitosa, P. foliosa, Ripogonum scandens, Scirpus nodosus, Sebaea ovata, Stilbocarpa polaris, Tetragonia expansa, T. implexicoma, Triodia exigua, Trisetum antarcticum. POLYNESIA, Acacia Koa, JEgiceras majus, Aleurites triloba, Andropogon refractus, Araucaria Cookii, A. excelsa, A. Rulei, Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus communis, Bacnlaria Arfakiana, Batis maritima, Brous- sonetia papyrifera, Casuarina equisetifolia, Colocasia autiquorum, C. Indica, Cordyline Baueri, C. terminalis, Cyrtosperma edule, Dammara macrophylla, D. Moorei, D. obtusa, D. ovata, D. Vitiensis, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. sativa, Eugenia Jambolana, Exidia auricula Judae, Gossypium Taitense, G. tomentosum, Heleocharis sphacelata, Ipomoea paniculata, Kentia Baueri, K. Beccarii, Lagerstroemia Indica, Musa Troglodytarum, Ocimum gratissimum, Pip- turus propinquus. Pringlea antiseorbutica, Ptychosperma Arfakiana, Rubus Hawaiensis, Saccharum officinarum, Santalum Freycinetianum, S. Yasi, Solanum Uporo, Spondias dulcis, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetragonia expansa, Touchardia latifolia, Vaccinium penduliflorum. 452 Select Plants for Industrial Culture I. IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN IN ONE YEAR, BUT REQUIRING RENEWAL. (Annuals, including a few Biennials.) Allium Ampeloprasum, A. Ascalonicum, A. Cepa, A. fistulosum, A. Porrum, A. sativum, A. Schoenoprasum, A. Scorodoprasum, Andropogon saccharatus, A. Sorghum, Apium graveolens, Arachis hypogsea, A vena sativa, Beta vulgaris, Brassica alba, B. nigra, B. oleracea, Cannabis sativa, Capsicum annuum, Carum Petroselinum, Cha3rophyllum bulbosum, Cicer arietinura, Cichorium Endivia, Corchorus capsularis, C. olitorius, Crotalaria juncea, Gucumis Citrullus, C. Melo, C. sativus, Cucurbita Pepo, Daucus Carota, Dioscorea aculeata, D. alata, D. Batatas, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. sativa, Dolichos Lablab, Ervum Lens, Euchlsena luxurians, Fagopyrum emarginatum, F. esculen- turn, F. Tataricum, F. triangulare, Glycine hispida, Helianthus annuus, Hibiscus esculentus, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H. hexastichon, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton, Iporncea Batatas, Lactuca sativa, Linum usitatissimum, Lupinus albus, L. angustifolius, L. luteus, L. varius, Medicago orbicularis, M. scutellata, Nicotiana Tabacum, Oryza sativa, Panicum Crus Galli, P. frumentaceum, P. Italicum, P. miliaceum, P. sanguinale, Papaver somniferum, Pennisetum typhoideum, Peuce- dauum sativum, Phalaris Canariensis, Phaseolus derasus, P. lunatus, P. Max, P. vulgaris, Physalis pubescens, Pisum sativum, Raphanus sativus, Rumex vesicarius, Secale cereale, Sesamum Indicum, Sesbania cannabina, Solanum Lycopersicum, S. tuberosum, Spinacia oleracea, Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Trifolium Alexandrinum, T. furcatum, T* incarnatum, T. pratense, T. reflexum, T. resupinatum, T. spadiceum,. Triticum vulgare, Vicia Faba, V. sativa, Vigna Siuensis, Zea Mais. II. IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN IN THE FIRST OR SECOND SEASON, AND ALSO FOR SOME YEARS AFTERWARDS. (Perennials and some Shrubs.) .^Eschynomene aspera, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, Aloe ferox, A. lin- guiformis, A. Perryi, A. purpurascens, A. vera, A. vulgaris, Alopecuru& pratensis, Ananas sativa, Andropogon Haleppensis, Aiithistiria ciliata, Artemisia Dracunculus, Arundinaria spathiflora, Asparagus in Extra-Tropical Countries. 453 IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS — continued. officinalis, Astrebla pectinata, A. triticoides, Atriplex halimoides, A. nummularium, A. vesicarium, Bambusa aruiidinacea, B. Brandisii, B. Balcooa, B. spinosa, B. vulgaris, Bcehmeria nivea, Bromus nnioloides, Cajanus Indicus, Canavalia gladiata, Caima Achiras, C. coccinea, C. edulis, C. glauca, Capparis spinosa, Capsicum frutescens, Cedronella triphylla, Chenopodium auricomum, Chrysanthemum cinerarifolium, C. coronopifolium, C. roseum, Cichorium lutybus, Cochlearia Armoracia, Crambe cordifolia, C. maritima, C. Tataria, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus esculentus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Danthonia penicil- lata, Dendrocalamus giganteus, D. strictus, Desmodium triflorum, Elymus arenarius, Fagopyrum cymosum, Festuca elatior, F. ovina, Fragaria Californica, F. Chiloensis, F. collina, F. grandiflora, F. Illinoensis, F. pratensis, F. vesca, F. Virginiana, Gigantochloa Apus, G. atter, G. maxima, G. robusta, Glycyrrhiza glabra, Gossypium arboreum, G. Barbadense, G. herbaceum, G. hirsutum, G. religiosum, Guadua angustifolia, G. latifolia, Hedysarum coronarium, Helianthus tuberosus, Humulus Lupulus, Indigofera Anil, I. tinctoria, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. odoratissimum, J. officinale, J. Sambac, Kochia villosa, Lavandula angustifolia, L. latifolia, L. Stcechas, Lippia citriodora, Lolium perenne, Lotus corniculatus, Lupinus arboreus, L. Douglasii, Manihot Aipi, M. utilissima, Medicago sativa, Mentha piperita, Morus alba, Musa Cavendishii, M. paradisiaca, M. simiarum, Nelumbo lutea, N. nucifera, Ocimum gratissimum, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum Majorana, Panicum decompositum, P. maximum, P. spectabile, Pap- pophorum commune, Paspalum distichum, Passiflora alata, P. edulis, P. ligularis, P. macrocarpa, P. quadrangularis, Pelargonium ca;>itatum, P. odoratissimum, P. Radula, Phaseolus coccineus, Phleum pratense, Phormium tenax, Phyllostachys bambusoides, P. nigra, l>hysalis Peruviana, Pimpiuella Sisarum, Po.a araninifera, P. Brownii, P. Forsteri, P. pratensis, P. trivialis, Portulacaria Afra, Psamma arenaria, Rheum australe, R. officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, Ribes floridum, R. Griffithii, R. Grossularia, R. hirtellum, R. nigrum, R. rubrum, Ricinus communis, Rosa centifolia, R. Damascena, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, Rubia tinctorum, Rubus caesius, R. Canadensis, R. deliciosus, R. ellipticus, R. fruticosus, R. geoides, R. Idasus, R. im- perialis, R.lasiocarpus, R. nutans, R. occidentalis, R. phoenicolasius, R. rugosus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R. ursinns, R. villosus, Rumex Acetosa, R. Patientia, R. scutatus, Salix purpurea, S. rubra, S. triandra, S. viminalis, Scorzonera crocifolia, S. deliciosa, S. Hispanica, S. tuberosa, Sechium edule, Sesbania JEgyptiaca, Sesleria coerulea, Solanum betaceum, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Symphytum pere- grinum, Tinguarra Spicula, Trifolium . agrarium, T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. medium, T. montanum, T. ochroleucum, T. Pannonicum, T. repens, Vaccinium c&spitosum, V. Canadense, V. corymbosum, V. erythrocarpum, V. humifusum, V. macrocarpon, V. myrtilloides, V. Myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, V. ovatum, V. Oxycoccos, V. Pennsylvanicum, V. vacillans, Zingiber officinale. 454 Select Plants for Industrial Culture III. IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN IN THE THIRD OR FOURTH SEASON AND FOR SOME OR MANY YEARS AFTERWARDS. (Shrubs and some small Trees.) Aberia Caffra, Agave Americana, A. inaequidens, A. rigida, Alibertia edulis, Aloe dichotoma, A. plicatilis, A. spicata, Astragalus adscendens, A. brachycalyx, A. Cephalonicus, A. Creticus, A. gummifer, A. mi- crocephalus, A. Parnassi, A. verus, Camellia Thea, Carica Candamar- censis, C. Papaya, Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Coffea Arabica, Erythroxylon Coca, Gaylussacia frondosa, G. resinosa, IlexParaguensis, Laurus nobilis, Myrtus Ugni, Olea Europaea, Opiintia coccinellifera, O. Hernandezii, O. Tuna, Photinia eriobotrya, Pilocarpus pinnatifolius, Pistacia Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armenica, P. Cerasus, P. domestica, P. Persica, Psidium Cattleyanum, P. Guayava, P. polycarpon, Pyrus communis, P. Cydonia, P. Malus, Rhamnus catharticus, Rhus coriaria, R. Cotinus, R. glabra, R. typhina, Vaccinium Leschenaultii, V. leucanthum, V. meridionale, V. Mortinia, V. parvi- foliuni, V. penduliflorum, Vitis sestivalis, V. eandicans, V. cinerea, V. cordifolia, V. Labrusca, V. riparia, V. rupestris, V. Schimperiana, V. vinifera, V. vulpina, Yucca aloifolia, Y. brevifolia, Y. filamentosa, Y. gloriosa, Y. Yucatana, Zizyphus Jujuba. IV. IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS, YIELDING A RETURN AFTER SEVERAL YEARS, AND OFTEN FOR MANY SUBSEQUENT YEARS ALSO. (Trees, mostly large.) Acacia aneura, A. Arabica, A. Catechu, A. decurrens, A. Koa, A. leiophylla, A. Melanoxylon, A. microbotrya, A. pycnantha, A. Verek, Acer saccharinum, Achras Sapota, Albizzia Samau, Amelanchier Botryapium, Anona Cherimolia, Argania Sideroxylon, Callitris cupressiformis, C. quadrivalvis, C. verrucosa, Carya alba, C. amara, C. glabra, C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C, tomentosa, Casimiroa edulis, Castanea sativa, Cedrela australis, C. Sinensis, C. Taona, Ceratonia Siliqua, Ceroxylon andicola, Cinchona Calisaya, C. cordifolia, C. micrantha, C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra, Copernicia cerifera, Corylus Avellana, C. Colurna, C. maxima, C. Pontica, C. rostrata, Dammara australis, D. robusta, Dichopsis Gutta, in Extra-Tropical Countries. . 455 IMPORTANT CULTURAL PLANTS— continued. Diospyros Ebenum, D. Kaki, D. Virginiana, Eucalyptus citriodora, E. crebra, E. Globulus, E. gomphocephala, E. goniocalyx, E. Leucoxylon, E. melliodora, E. rostrata, E. siderophloia, Ficus Carica, F. elastica, Fraxinus Americana, F. excelsior, F. Ornus, F. quadran- gulata, Gink go biloba, Guevina Avellana, Hovenia dulcis, Hymeuaea Courbaril, Jubaea spectabilis, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra, J. regia, Juniperus Bermudiana, J. Chinensis, J. drupacea, J. Virginiana, Liquidambar Altingia, L. orientalis, L. styraciflua, Macadamia terni- folia, Mangifera Indica, Morus nigra, M. rubra, Nephelium Litchi, Persea gratissima, Phoenix dactylifera, Pinus Abies, P. amabilis, P. australis. P. balsamea, P. Cedrus, P. cembroides, P. Coulteri, P. Douglasii, P. edulis, P. excelsa, P. Fraseri, P. Gerardiana, P. Haleppensis, P. Hartwegii, P. Knempferi, P. Lambertiana, P. Laricio, P. Larix, P. longifolia, P. mitis, P. monticola, P. nigra, P. Picea, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. rigida, P. Sabiniana, P. silvestris, P. Sitkensis, P. Strobus, P. Webbiana, Pistacia vera^ Populus alba, P. monilifera, P. nigra, Quercus JEgilops, Q. alba, Q. Cerris, Q. chrysolepis, Q. coccinea, Q. Douglasii, Q: Garryana, Q. Ilex, Q. incana, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa, Q. macrolepis, Q. Phellos, Q. Robur, Q. serrata, Q. Skinneri, Q. Suber, Q. virens, Sequoia sempervirens. S. Wellingtonia, Spondias dulcis, Swietenia Mahagoni, Taxodium distichum, Thuya gigantea, rJ'ilia Americana, T. Europaea, Ulmus carapestris, U. fulva, U. racemosa. All these plants fit for extra-tropical countries, but many only for particular climatic regions ; for information in respect to the latter, the geographic index is to some extent indicative. 456 Select Plants for Industrial Culture INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES. Abele 295 Aboh-fruit 393 Acacia, Locust 328 Acajou-wood .. 80 Adam's Needle 408 Adeira 68 Agallochum 35 Agath-Dammar 116 Aggur 35 Akamatsou 272 Akeki 374 Alder 24 Aleppo-grass ... 29 Alerce ... 161 Alexandra-Palm 306 Alfalfa 211 Algaroba 82, 182, 299 Algoborillo 63 Alisander 359 Alkanna 22,202 Alkanet 202 Almond-tree 300 Aloe, gigantic 18 ,, ordinary 24 Aloe-wood 26 Aloja '.. 299 Alvarillo 407 Angelica 38 Angico-gum 287 Anise 266 Apple : 308 Apple-gumtree 147 Apple-haw 103 Apricot 300 Aracacha 243 Aracua 14 Arbor vike ... 307 Argan-tree 38 Arhar 64 Aroche 46 Arrowroot ...68, 209, 369 Artichoke Ill ,, Jerusalem 176 Aru-root 209 Ash 163 Asparagus ... ... 43 Aspen 297 Assafetida ... ... 155 Atocha 366 Aubergine 360 Avens 167 Avocado-pear 257 Baboot-bark 2 Babur 1 Badjong 8 Bajree 256 Balata 14, 218, 393 Balm-herb 215 Balmony 85 Balsam ... ... 50* Bamboo reed 42 Bamboos 417 Bananas 222 Bandakai 178 Baneberry 14 Bangalay 132 Banyan- tree 158, 160 Barley ' 179 Barnyard-grass ... 245 Basil ' 233 Basswood-tree 376 Bastard Mahogany 132 Battari 30 Bay-berry 225 Bay-tree 389 Sweet Beach -Plum Bean, Broad Field French Haricot Horse Kidney Straight Windsor Beebalm-Tea Beeches Beet Begoon Bembil Bent-grass 195 302 395 395 260 260 395 260 395 395 280 153 53 360 143 18, 304 Berberry 53 Bermuda-grass ... 112 Bhaib-grass 29 Bilberry 391 Birch 55 Birdsfoot Clover 241 Birdsfoot Trefoil 203 Bitternut-tree 74 Birthroot 382 Blackbutt-tree 142 Black Gumtree 233 Blackberry 333 Blackthorn 303 in Extra-Tropical Countries. 457 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. Black wood -tree 7 Bloodroot 344 Blood wood- tree 134 Blue-grass 293 Blue Gumtree 135,146 Blueberry 390 Bluets ' 391 Bog-Bean ... ; 216 Bogum Boighe Boldo Box-Elder ... Boxtree, Bastard common yellow red shining Turkey 161 ... 125 ... 258 ... 11 ... 136 137, 138 ... 140 ... 143 ... 143 62 Bramble ' 333 Brasiletto-wood 256 Brazil-wood ... ... ... 63 Brea- turpentine 286 Breadfruit-tree 40 Bringal 360 Brocoli ... 60 Broom-bush- 114 Broom-corn ... ... 30 Broussa-tea 390 Brussels Sprouts ; ... 60 Bucco 52 Buckthorn 320 Buckeye 16 Buckwheat 162 Buffalo-berry 357 Buffalo-grass ... 61, 365, 382 Bullace 302 Bullrush 382 Bunch-grass ... 128, 156, 242 Bunya Bunya 36 Bur-Oak , 315 Burmah-wood Burnet Butter-tree Butternut- tree Button-Snakeroot ... Button- wood 372 344 98 188 199 289 Cabbage 59 ,, Kerguelen 298 Cactus 83, 239 Caffir-corn 31 Caffir-thorn 205 Cainito 232 Cajaput-tree 212 Calambac , 35 Calamus 28 Calla 326 Calool 366 Camata ;.. ... 310 Camatena 310 Cambuca 209' Camelthorn 5 Camphor-tree ... ... ... 91 Canada-Rice 411 Canaigre 335 Canary-grass ' 259 Caiidlenut-tree ... 22 Canelo ... 125 Caoutchouc 393 Cape-Gooseberry 266 Caper-plant 70' Caraguata 130 Caraway ... 72 Cardoon ... Ill Carnauba-Palm 99 Carob-tree ... ... ... ... 82 Carrot 118 Carrot-tree 374 Cartagena-bark ... 88 Cashaw-tree 299 Cassava 208 Cassia-bark 92 Castor-oilplant 326 Cat ... 79 Catechu 2 Catjang 64 Catmint 230 Catstail-grass ... 261 Cattail 386 Cauliflower 60 Cavan ... 2 Caviuna-wood ... 115 Cayenne-Pepper . . . Ceara-Eubber Cedar, Bastard Bermuda ... Deodar Japanese ... Lebanon . . . Northern White Oregon Pencil Red Red Oregon ' Redwood . . . Singapore ... White Yellow ... 70- ... 208 ... 355 ... 190 ... 271 ... 106 ... 270 ... 110 ... 108 190, 192 ... 79 ... 374 ... 355 ... 80 110, 197 109 Celandine 85 Celery 35 Celery-Pines 265 Chamomile 33 ,, annual 210 Chanar 172 Chantarelle 69 Chayota 354 458 Select Plants for Industrial Culture INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES— continued. Chelem PAGE. 18 Coffee-plant PAGE. 96 Cherimoyer •Cherry ... 33 ... 301 Cohosh ,, Blue 88 197 Black 303 Coigue 153 „ Choke •Cherry-Capsicum ... 304 70 Coihue Colic -root 153 22 302 Colocynth . . 107 Cherry -Plum Chervil Chestnut-Oaks ... 301 34, 84, 226 311 316 Colorado Bottom-grass Columbia-bark Colza 250 88 60 •Chestnut-trees ... 76 368 Wild ... ,}.f^ Chick-Pea . ... 66 87 Copal, Mexican ,, West Indian 62 182 88 194 Chicot Chillies ... 174 70 Coquito-Palm 188 366 9° Cork-Oak 318 ... 229 Corkwood-tree 357 Chiretta . . . .. 367 169 Chives Chocho Christ-Thorn Christmas-Rose Chufa ... 23 ... 354 ... 244 . . 177 112 Cotton-bush Cotton wood-tree . . . Couch-grass Courbaril Coy am ... 193 296 112 182 154 Chusan-Palm ... .'.. ... 84 ... 226 Crab- Apple Crab-grass ... 308 ... 249 Cider-Grumtree •«• ... 137 391 92 Cress... 52, 95, 197, 385 Ciruelillo 128 Para ... 364 94 Cuba-grass ... 29 Cloudberry 332 107 380 Cuii-pods ... 7 Bersin Birdsfoot ••• ... 379 241 Culver's Root 394 108 Bokhara Brown Buffalo Cabul ... 214 ... 381 ... 381 ... 214 380 Curly Palm Currant „ Black „ Red 192 402 .'..' ... 305 306 28 Hop ... 379 380 Custard- Apple Cutch 33 2 Japan Mayad Ordinary Red White ... Pale-yellow Pennsyl vanian Red Zigzag ... 198 ... 381 ... 381 ... 381 ... 380 ... 381 380 Cypress, Bald ,, Common... ,, Montezuma ,, Swamp ... Yellow ... 371 108 371 371 374 116 Soola 175 302 381 356 Yellow 379 Date -Palm 261 249 Date-Plum .. .. 123 Coapinole 182 Deadly Nightshade 47 Coca 130 Deccan-grass 246 114 332 OQg Dhak 62 245 Dill 258 Cocksmir-Thorn 104 Dita-bark 27 in Extra-Tropical Countries. INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES— continued. 459 PAGE. t ... 63 Flax-Lily New Zealand PAGE. 9fjq Doab - grass ... 112 Flooded Gumtree 14.fi Dochna ... . . 30 Flowering Rush fi'~> Dogstail -grass Dogwood Doornboom 112 101, 288 6 Fluted Gumtree Foehre Foxglove ... ... 146 ... 285 120 Doorva-grass Doum-Palm .• 112 183 Foxtail-grass Fuji ... 26 406 Dragonblood-tree ... Drooping Gumtree Durra ' ... Dwarf Fan-Palm ... Dyer's Woad Earth-Chestnut ... Earth-Nut 125 142 30, 32 ... 84 187 98 ... 36 Fuller's Herb Teazel Furze ... Galingale Rush Gama-grass Gambo-Hemp Gamboge ... ... ..< ... 345 ... 124 ... 386 ... 113 ... 382 ... 178 "... 165 Earth-Pea 434 Garlic . . 23 Ebony Egg-plant ... ... 122, 124, 149, 206 360 Genipi Gentian . 13, 40 i«7 344 Giant Gumtree 130 Elecampane Elemi ... ..; 185 61 Gimlet- wood Ginger . ... 146 411 Elms Esparsette 179, 387 238 Ginger-grass Gingerbread -Palm • ... 29 IQQ 366 Gingili 356 Espino 2 Ginkgo-tree • • 1 liS 39 Ginseng-root Qfi 421 Golden Seal Gooseberries ... 182 325 Feather-Palms Fenkelwertel Fennel 421 72 162 Gooseberry, Barbadoes ... Cape Gooseberry-Tomato 255, 266 .:. 266 266 Fernambuc-wood ... ... 63 Gorse '.'.'. 386 Fescue, Meadow ... 155 107 ,, Sheep Feverfew Fichte ... 156 87 281 Gram ,, Green Gramma-grass 87, 125 ... 260 58 Figtree 157 254 Fi-Moro 375 Grape Fox 403 Fioriii-grass Fir, Balm of Gilead Balsam Cilician Double Balsam Great Silver ... Noble White Cyamel Red 18 ... 269 ... 269 ..; ... 271 274 274 280 ... 283 280 Frost Isabella Muscadine Mustang ordinary ... Sand Summer Winter Grape-Pear ... 398 ... 399 ... 403 ... 398 ... 401 ... 401 ... 397 ... 398 27 Sapindus 280 Grape- Vine..; 401 Scotch ... 285 Green River-grass 250 Siberian Pitch 285 Grass-trees ... ... 407 Spanish Umbrella > Veitch's ,m Yellow Firethorn 282 ... 352 284 275 104 Grey Gumtree Ground -Almond Ground -Nut ..i Ground-Ivy Guabiroba ... ... ... 143 ... 112 ... 36 ... 230 305 Flametree 58 39 Flax .. , 200 21 460 Select Plants for Industrial Culture INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. Guaparanga 209 Guarana 255 Guavas 227, 304 Ouinea-Corn 28, 32 Guinea-grass .. 247 Oumbo 178 Gunyang 362 £hittapercha-tree 119, 393 •GuttaTaban 119 Habhel Hackberry-tree Hack-me-tack Hair-grass ... Hamat Kochata Haricot • ... Hawthorn ... Hazel 191 81 272 19 45 260 104 102, 174 Heliotrope 177 Hemlock 98 Hemlock-Spruce 270, 278 Hemp 69 Henbane ( ... 182 Henequen ... ... 18 Henna-bush 196 Henoki 81 Herd-grass 18 Hickory-trees 73 Hickory-Eucalypt 143 Hinoki 109 Hognut-tree 74 Holly 183 Holly-oak ' ... 314 Honey-Locust ... 168 Hoop-koop ... 198 Hop ... 181 Hop-Hornbeam 242 Horehound 209 Hornbeam ... 72 Horse-Chestnut ... 15 Horse-Gram "... 125 Horse-radish 95, 219 Kerguelen 298 Horseshoe-Vetch 178 Hottentot-Fig 216 Huahuoa ... 195 Huanuco-bark ... 89 Huckleberry 390 Huon-pine ... ... 114 Iceland-moss Imekomatsou Imphee Indian Bread Indian Corn Indian Fig ... Indian Hemp Indigo 84 280 32 243 402 239 35 ...51, 185, 294 Inoumaki 228 Ipecacuanha 81 Ironbark- Acacia 5 Ironbark-trees .... 140, 142, 146 Iroii-Gumtree 143 Ironwood ... ... 9, 71 Iva 13 Ivy ... 175 Jaborandi 266 Jacaranda-wood 115 Jack-tree 40 Jalap 186 Janatsi-itsigo ... 118 Jarilla 15 Jarosse 195 Jarrah 139 Jasmine 166, 187 Jujuba 412 Juneberry 27 Juniper 191 Jurbuta-Bamboo 41 Jute-plant ... 100 Kaawi-Yam 120 Kafta 79 Kahikatea ... ... 227 Kai-Apple ... 1 Kail or Kale 60,103 Kamala 207 Kamassi-wood ... . . 169 Kangaroo-grass Kangaroo-thorn ... Kaptur-Bamboo ... Karaka Karamatsou Karra-Doorn Kawi Kashi 34 2 41 103 277 6 134 314 Kauri-Pine 116 Kau-sun 412 Kaya 378 Keaki 411 Kermes-Oak 312 Kentucky Blue-grass 293 Kidney- vetch ... 35 Kikar 1 Kohlrabi 60 Koho-Khur 181 Kolkas ... 97 Kooya-Maki 352 Kouromatsou ... 286 Kumquat 93 Kuskus 30 Ladanum-resin Lahual Lalong-grass 92 227 184 in Extra-Tropical Countries. 4G1 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. Madder Magnolia Mahin Mahogany - tree ,, Bastard Red ... ,, Swamp... ,, West Australian White .., PAGE. Lamb's Lettuce . 394 j Larch, American . 280 t Black 280 | Chinese 276 Common . 277 Himalayan... ... , 274 Japan . 277 Oregon 280 Laubich -grains ... ... . 396 Laurel, Mountain .389 Spice 200 Warriors 195 Lauristine • ... ... 395 Lavender , 196 Leather-jacket ... , ... ... 143 Leek 23 Lemon 94 Desert 45 Lemon-grass • 32 Leng 378 Lentil 129 Lettuce 194 Lever-wood 242 Lightwood ... 8 Lily of the Valley 99 Lima-Bean 260 Lime ... ... 94 Linden-tree 376 Ling 378 Lingo 306 Links 378 Liquorice ... 169 Litchi 230 Litmus ... 328 Litre 322 Lleuque ... 227 Loblolly-Bay 169 Loco-weed 44 Locust- Acacia 328 Locust-tree 168 Longan 230 Loongmur ... 71 Loquat 264 Lotus 229 Lotus-tree ... ... 81 Loxa-bark ... ... 89 Lucerne ... ... ... ... 211 Lupines 204 331 207 346 368 132 144 144 139 148 PAGE. Mahwa 184 Maize 410 Mallamak 186 Mallee 141 Mammoth-tree 355 Mandrake 293 Mangaihas ... 174 Mango-tree 208 53 373 224 292 148 227 114 10 Mangold -root Mangrove-tree Manilla-hemp Manna-grass Manna-Gumtree Manniu Manoao Maples Marjoram ... ... ... ... 241 Marmalade- tree ... 14 Marmeladinha 22 Marrem 304 Marsh-Mallow 27 Mastic-tree 288 Matai 175,228 Mate 183 Matsou 286 May-Pops 254 Meadow-Fescue ... 155 ,, Foxtail-grass „ Oatgrass... Meadow-grass Meadow-Pea Meadow-Saffron ... Medick Medlar Melon 26 47 293 195 97 ... 210 103, 309 ... 106 Mesquite 299 Mesquite-grass 248 Messmate- tree ... 141 Metake 41 Mignonette 320 Millets 244,247,256 Millet, Indian 32 ,, Sugar 30 Millet-grass 218 Millfoil 13 Mint-plants ... 215, 218, 230 Mint, Mountain ... Miro Mitchell-grass Mockernut-tree Molle Monk's Hood Moram Morel Moreton-Bay Ash ... Moreton-Bay Fig ... Morrell Mortina 308 228 45 75 125 14 304 219 147 160 142 391 462 Select Plants for Industrial Culture INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. Mosquito-grass Moss, Black , , Florida , , Long PAGE. ... 248 377 ... 377 377 Palmetto Blue ,, Dwarf Palm-Lilies Palms PAGE. ... 321 ... 336 ... 100 . 421 Mosscupped Oak ... Mountain-Ash Muermo . . ... 312 146, 308 149 Palmyra ... Pampas-grass Pampelmos . . ... 57 ... 42 93 Mulberry-trees Mulga-grass ... 219 231 1 Papa w- tree Paper-Mulberry ... Pappoose - root ... 71 ... 61 197 Mullein . ... 394 Papyrus . 113 Mustard . ' 59 Para-gras ... 113 248 Myall-trees... ... 1, 5, 6, 8 ... 124 Myrobalams 373 Parsley ... 73 Myrrh 50 Parsnip ... 258 Myrtle Nasturtium... ... 153, 226 385 Parsnip-Chervil Passion-flower Patchouli ... 84 ... 254 294 60 Pea Common 288 Nectarine ... ... 303 Cow 396 213 Pea-nut 36 Ngaio ... 225 Pea-tree . . 70 Nika-Palm ... 193 Peach 303 Ningala Bamboo ... 40 ... 252 Peach-Palm Pear ... 49 ... 308 Norfolk-Island Palm Norfolk -Island Pine 192 37 Pear, Snow Pearl-grass... ... ... 310 ... 214 128 Pecan-nut tree 74 Nuble 14 Pelu ... 362 Nut-Pine, Nepal ... 274 Pencil-Cedar Pennyroyal ... ... 190, 192 175 216 Oak -Chestnut ..; • 77 Pennsylvania-grass Pepino ... ... ... 293 361 Oaks 310-319 ... 233 Oat-grass Oats ... 47, 48 48 Peppermint ... Peppermint-tree ... ... 215 130, 141 Ochro 178 Persimmon ... ... ... 124 Ohelo 392 Perubark-trees 88 Olibanum-resin 58 Petsi ... 175 Olive ... 234 Pin-Oak ... 315 288 Pine, Aleppo . ... 274 Onion Ooyala-Yam Orange ... 23 122 92 American Pitch American White ... Bastard ... 284 ... 286 ... 272 Orchard-grass Orchil Oregon Larch Oregon Red Cedar 20 328 280 374 . 186 Bishop's Black Bootan Brazilian Broom ... 279 ... 228 ... 273 ... 36 ... 268 Orseille ... 328 Bull ... 273 Osage-Orange Osiers . . . 206 ... 338 Canary Celery ... 270 . 265 Oswego-Tea Overcup-Oak Oyster-Mushroom 218 ... 315 18 Cheer Cluster Corsican Dye ... 277 ... 281 ... 276 287 Pa-Koo ... 168 Emodi ... ... ... 277 Palixander ... 115, 187 Foxtail ... ... ... 269 in Extra-Tro2ncal Countries. INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. 403 Pine, Frankincense ,, Georgia Giant PAGE. ... 286 ... 268 ... 276 Pomegranate Pompelmos Pompion PAGE. 307 93 107 „ Ginger Golden ... 108 ... 276 Poplars Poppv 295 250 Grev ... 275 Potato 361 ,, Hickory „ Huon Jersey ... 269 ... 114 ... 275 Prairie-grass Prairie-turnip 60, 363 336 41 »» ",7 V t, Kaurl ,, King „ Loblolly ... , Lofty ... 116 ... 287 ... 286 ... 273 Prickly Pear Pride of India Privet 240 213 200 302 ,, Long-leaved Yellow Mahogany ... ... 268 ... 229 Puccoon . 182 369 ,, Mexican Swamp ... 271 Pulas 62 Moreton-Bay 36 Pulque . . . 18 Norfolk-Island ... 37 Pumpkin ... 107 Nut 274, 278, 284 Putchuk 39 , Okote ... 286 407 , Oregon , Pitch Pond ... 272 282, 284 ... 284 Pythagorean Bean Quamash 229 352 ) Red , Scotch , Screw ' , Shake , Short-leaved . . . 114, 284 ... 285 ... 244 ... 276 ... 278 Quandong Quannot-tree ... ' Quebracho ... Queen of the Meadows 345 6 43, 204 151 14 Slash ... 272 Quick ... ... 104 , Southern ... 268 309 , Stone Sugar ... 282 ... 276 Radish 319 , Swamp ... ... 272 21 Torch ... 286 230 , Trucker ... 282 56 , Weymouth ... ... 286 230 White ... 273, 284, 286 243 New Zealand ... 227 Ran til-oil ... ... 174 Yellow ... 272, 278, 282 60 , Pitch .., 268, 282 Raspberries ... . 333 Zirbel ... ' ... ... 271 Rata 198 Pine- Apple ... ... 28 Ratanhia-root 193 ... Ill Rattlesnake-grass ... . 291 ... 363 Raiili 154 Pino-nut , Piquillin-bush ... »•« ... 273 98 Red Brazil-wood ... Red Cedar 63 79 ... 223 Red Gumtree 132, 144, 147 Pistacia-nut Pita-fibre ... 288 18 Red Mahogany Red Pine ... 144 114 Pitaya-bark Piturv ... 88 ... 125 Red Sandal wood ... Redtop-srrass .. 306 19 156 ... 289 Redwood-Cedar . . . ... 355 ,, spurious 12 386 Plantain ... ... 223 Reul4 154 Plantain-herb Plum- Juniper ... 289 ... 191 RewaRewa Rheea 193 56 Plums 300 Rhubarb 321 Pocoon 182 Rib-herb , 289 2 K 464 Select Plants for Industrial Culture INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. Rice ,, Canada Bicepaper-plant Rimu Ringal Robte Romerillo-dye Rose- Apple Roses ' ... PAGE. 341 411 155 114 40 154 177 150 328 Rosemary 330 Rosewood 99 Rowan-tree 308 Rubber-trees 159, 393 Rue 336 Rye ..- 353 Rye-grass 202 Sabadilla 352 Sacci 18 Safflower 72 Saffron 125 Sage, Black 379 „ Garden 344 Sainfoin 238 Sakura 303 Salad-Burnet 344 Sallow 340 Salmonbarked Gumtree 145 Salsify 378 Saltbush 45, 46, 152, 193 Sal-tree 357 Sambul 155 Samphire 104 Sandal-trees 306, 345 Sandarac-tree 66 Sandstay 198 Sapodilla-Plum 13 Sarsaparilla ... ... ... 358 Sassafras-tree 346 Satinwood ... 86 Savara 109 Savory 346 Scammonia ... 99 Scarlet Runner 260 Schamum ... ' 364 Scorzonera ... ... 353 Native 217 Scotino 323 Screw-Bean ... 299 Screw-Pine 244 Sea-Kail 103 Sea Lyme-grass ... ... ... 128 Senna 75 Seratella 241 Serradella 241 Shadbush 27 Shaddock 93 Shallot ... 23 Shamalo 247 Sheep-Fescue ... 156 She-Oaks 78 Silt-grass 253 Silver-Fir 267 ,, Calif ornian 268 ,, Cilician 271 „ Great ... 274 ,, Great White 271 Silver tree 198 Silvery Tree- Fern 120 Simbi-Bean 259 Singhara-Nut 378 Siris- Acacia ... 21 Sisal-Hemp 18 Sissoo-tree ... ... 115 Sloe 303 Snake-root 39, 88, 199, 294 Soapwort 345 Soffar 9 Soft-grass 179 Soja 168 Solah 15 Soola-Clover ... 175 Soom-tree 206 Sorrel, French ... 335 ,, Kitchen 335 „ Wood 243 Soulchir 18 Sour Gumtree 233 Sour Plum 243 Soursop ... ... 33 SouthernWood 39 Spadic 130 Spearwood 135 Speik 393 Spekboom ... 298 Spikenard 229 Spinage 364 „ New Zealand 373 Spotted Gumtree 136,139 Spruce, Black 279 „ Blue 285 „ Hemlock 270, 278 ,, Kutro 285 ,, Morindo ... 285 ,, Norway 281 „ Red 284 ,, Sapindus 280 „ Tideland 285 ,, White ... 267 Squash 107 Squill ... 389 Squirting Cucumber ... ... 126 Star-Anise 184 Storax 201 Strawberries 162 Strawberry-Tomato 265 in Extra-Tropical Countries. 465 INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES — continued. Tham- Bamboo Thimbleberry Thyme Tideland-Spruce Timothy-grass Tivoli-Yam Tobacco Tomato Tooart Tornillo Tragacanth Tree-Mallow Trefoil Truffles Stringy bark-trees ... 133-143 Styrax-tree Suak-Gum 367 9 Sugar- Cane Sugar-Gumtree 337 134 Sugi 106 Sulphur root , 258 Sumach 323 ,, Staghorn... 324 Sunflower 175 Sunflower-Artichoke 176 Sunn-Hemp 105 Sunt 2 Swamp-Gumtree ... 130, 137 ,, Mahogany Sweet Bay ... 144 195 Cane 28 Chervil 226 Fernbush ... 98 Flag ..; ... 14 Gale 225 Gumtree 201 Potato 185 Sweetsop 33, 151 Switch-grass Sword- Sedge 250 197 Sycamore-Figtree 160 Maple ... 12 Tacamahac ... 295 Tagasaste 114 Talha-Gumtree ... 9 Tallow-tree 153 Tallow- wood 140 Tamarack 280 272 Tamarind ... 269 Tambico- fibre 408 Tanekaha 265 Tangleberry 166 Tanne 267 Tansy 370 208 Tare 395 ,, Lentil 396 Taro 97 Tarragon 39 Tata 150 Tea-shrub 67 ,, Mexican 85 ,, Paraguay 183 Tea of Heaven 182 Teak 372 Teazel 124 Teff 290 Teon-itsigo 118 Teosinte" 148 Terra Japonica 2 PAGE. 41 334 376 285 261 122 231 360 136 299 44 196 203 243, 373, 385 Tsougn6 62 Tuberose 294 Tuggur 35 Tule ... 338 Tulip-tree 201 Tulip-wood 175 Tupelos ... 233 Turkey-Oak 312 Turnips 60 Turnsole 105 Turpentine-tree 288, 369 Tusca 8 Tussock-grass ... 292 Ulmo ... 149 Umbrella-Fir 352 Umbrella-Palm 192 Uvalho do campo 150 Uvi-Yam ... 121 Valonia ... 310 Varnish-tree 213 Vegetable Marrow '107 Velvet-grass 179 Verbena 201 Vernal-grass '34 Vetches 395, 396 Vines 397 Vine-Maple... 10 Violet ... 397 Vitivert 30 Vouvan 195 Waahoo 151 Walnut-trees ... 129, 189, 306 Wandoo 144 Wapatoo 338 Water-Beech 71 Water-Chinquepin 229 Water-Cress 95 Water-Lily 232 Water-Melon 106 Water-Nut 378 Water- Whoflgrass 290 466 Select Plants for Industrial Culture. INDEX TO VERNACULAR NAMES— continued. Wattle, Black ,, Golden ,, Silver 3 8 3 Wood-Sorrel Woodruff Woollybutt 243 43 138 Wax- Myrtle Wax-Palm 225 83 Wormseed ... 85 39 Wax-tree ... 324 Wungee 106 Weld 319 Wheat Whin 383 386 120 White Gumtree ... 137, 142, 144, 148 Yate-tree 13 133 White Thorn Whorlgrass... 103 290 Yellow-wood Yew 161, 206 82 371 W hortleberry 391 41 Willow-Oak Willow-Myrtle Willows ... Windmill-grass Winter-Cherry 316 18 338-343 86 265 York Gumtree Yorkshire Fog-grass Zapote 138 179 75 Woad ,.. 187 Zeloak 186 By Authority : JOHN FERRES, Government Printer, Melbourne. 14 DAY USE RETURN TO DESK FROM WHICH BORROWED LOAN DEPT. This book is due on the last date stamped below, or on the date to which renewed. Renewals only: Tel. No. 642-3405 Renewals may be made 4 days prior to date due. Renewed books are subject to immediate recall. TO 6 1971 2 7 RETURNED TO ANTHRO LIB BBS. SEP LD21A-50m-2,'71 (P2001slO)476— A-32 General Library University of California Berkeley 4440G5 UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA LIBRARY