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233 33.

: =

PHELECT PLANTS

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR

Jenalnsteial Cultues at Natuyalisation
IN VICTORIA.

WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES
AND SOME OF THEIR USES.

BY

‘BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,

CEG. Me & Pa, D., - FR. S:
“Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt.”—Syrach xxxix. 21, 22.

Printed for the Gobernment of Victoria by
M‘CARRON, BIRD & CO., PRINTERS, 37 FLINDERS LANE WEST.
1876.

SELECT PLANTS

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR

Industrial Culture or Haturalisation

IN VICTORIA,

WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES

AND SOME OF THEIR USES,

BY

BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,

C.M.G., M. & Px.D., F.R.S, —_

eS D Ep ) 2 a y,
“Omnia enim in usus suos creata sunt,”—Syrach xxxix, 21, 26,———

Printey for the Gobernment of Victoriu by
M‘CARRON, BIRD & CO., FLINDERS LANE WEST, MELBOURNE.
1876.

~~
nN

PRHFACH.

In the volumes, issued by our Acclimation Society from 1871 to
1875, four contributions have appeared, concerning such industrial
plants as are available for culture in this colony. These writings
were mainly offered with a view of promoting the introduction
and diffusion of the very many kinds of plants, which in our
geographic latitudes may be extensively reared in forests, on
fields or pastures. The prints, thus originated, became however
accessible merely to the members of the Society, while frequent
calls arose for these or some similar data throughout our
community. The whole has therefore now been reissued in a
rearranged and largely supplemented form as a departmental
publication with ministerial approval. As stated in the preface
to the original essays, they do not claim completeness either
as a specific index or as a series of notes on the respective
technologic applicability of the plants enumerated. But what
these writings perhaps may aspire to is the aim of bringing to-
gether closely-arrayed some condensed notes in popular language
on all the principal utilitarian plants hitherto known to prosper
in extra-tropic zones. Information of this kind is widely scattered
through many and often voluminous works in several languages,
yet such volumes treating perhaps on countries with a climatic
zone far more narrow than ours. Only a share of the books,
which it was desirable to consult, were at my command, hence the
necessity of successive further supplements, even irrespective of

iv. PREFACE.

the needful reference to future discoveries, because in the progress
of geographic, medical, technologic and chemical inquiries many new
plants of utilitarian value are likely to be disclosed, and new uses
of known plants to be elucidated. Thus, for instance, among the
trees and shrubs, or herbs and grasses occurring in the middle and
higher altitudinal zones of Africa, or nearer to us of New Guinea
and the Sunda Islands, many specific forms may be expected to
occur, which we could transfer as well to our colony as to other
extra-tropic countries. Indeed, the writer would modestly hope,
that his local efforts may prove to be of usefulness also to other
countries outside of the tropics; and in this hope he is cheered by
the generous action of an enlightened American, Mr. Ellwood
Cooper, the Principal of the Santa Barbara College of California,
who deemed the publications, now here reprinted for Australian
use, also worthy of reissue in America. It was stated before,
that the rapid progress of tillage almost throughout our colonial
dominion is causing more and more a desire for general and parti-
cular indications of such plants, which a colder clime excludes
from the northern countries, where many of our colonists spent
their youth; and it must be clear to any reflecting mind, that in
our latitudes as compared with the Middle European zones a
vastly enlarged scope exists for cultural choice of plants. In-
dicative as these notes merely are, yet they may thus facilitate
the selection. More extensive information can then be followed
up in larger works extant elsewhere, or which Australian author-
ship may call forth for local requirements. The writer should
even not be disinclined, under fair support and encouragement, to
issue collateral to the present volume also another, exclusively
devoted to the industrial plants of the hotter zones for the pro-
motion of tropical culture, particularly in our Australian con-
tinent. Considerable difficulty was experienced in drawing the
limits of the remarks admissible into the present pages, because a
certain plant may be important only under particular climatic
conditions and cultural applications, or it may have been over-
rated in regard to the copiousness and relative value of its yield.
Thus it was not always easy to sift the chaff from the grain, when

PREFACE, Vv.

these notes were gathered; they might under less rigorous restric-
tions indeed have been indefinitely extended; and although the
author for more than twenty years has been watching for industrial
tests the plantsintroduced by him intothe Melbourne Botanic Garden,
he had still to a very large extent to rely implicitly on the experience
of other observers elsewhere. Here also it may at once be stated,
that in all instances, when calculations of measurements and
weights were quoted, such represent the maximum always, as far
as hitherto on record. To draw prominent attention to the pri-—
marily important among the very many hundreds of plants,
referred to in these pages, the leading species have been desig-
nated with an asterisk. It has not been easy in numerous instances,
to trace the first sources of that information on utilitarian plants,
which we find recorded in the various volumes of phytologic or
technologic literature; many original observations are however
contained in the writings of Bernardin, Bentley, Brandis, Candolle,
Collins, Drury, Flueckiger, Asa Gray, Grisebach, Hanbury,
Hooker, King, Langethal, Lawson, Lindley, Loudon, Martius,
Masters, Meehan, Michaux, Nuttall, Oliver, Pereira, Philippi,
Porcher, Rosenthal, Seemann, Stewart, Trimen, Wittstein and also
some others, to whose names is referred cursorily in the text, The
volumes of the Agricultural Department of Washington, of the
Austrian Apotheker-Verein and of several other periodicals have
likewise afforded data utilised on this occasion.

in grouping together, at the close of this volume, all the genera
enumerated, according to the products which they yield, facility is
afforded for tracing out any series of plants about which special
economic information may be sought, or which may prominently
engage at any time the attention of the cultivator, the manu-
facturer or the artisan. Again, in placing together in index-form
the respective industrial plants according to their geographic dis-
tribution, as has likewise been done in the concluding pages, it is
rendered easy to order or obtain from abroad the plants of such
other countries, with which any one of our colonists may be in rela-
tion through commercial, literary or other intercourse. Lists like the
present may aid also in naming the plants and their products with

Vi. PREFACE.

scientific correctness in establishments of economic horticulture or
in technologic or other educational collections. If the line of
demarcation between the plants admissible into this list and those
which should have been excluded has occasionally been extended
in favour of the latter, then it must be pleaded, that the final im-
portance of any particular species for a peculiar want, locality or
treatment cannot often be fully foretold. Many plants of primary
importance for our rural requirements alluded to now have long
since been secured by the intelligent early pioneers of our colo-
nisation, who timely strove to enrich also our cultural resources,
and in these efforts the writer, so far as his public or private means
did ever permit, has endeavoured for the past quarter of a century
to take an honourable share. But although such plants are intro-
duced, they are not in all instances as yet widely diffused, nor in
all desirable localities tested. For the sake of completeness even
the most ordinary cultural plants have not been passed, as the
opportunity seemed an apt one, to offer a few cursory remarks on
their value. The writer entertains a hope, that a copy of this plain
volume will be placed in the library of each of our State-schools,
to serve educational purposes also by occasional and perhaps
frequent reference to these pages. The increased ease of commu-
nication, which has latterly arisen between Australia and most
other parts of the globe, places us here now in a fair position for
independent efforts, to promote introductions of new vegetable
treasures from unexplored regions, or to submit neglected plants
of promising value to unbiassed original tests. May it merely be
instanced, that after the lapse of more than three centuries only
the most scanty information is extant on the timber of Mexico,
and that of several thousand tropical grasses not many dozen are
tried for pastoral purposes. For inquiries of such kind every
civilised State is striving to afford in well-planned, thoughtfully
directed and generously supported special scientific establishments
the needful aid, not merely for adding to the prosperity, comfort.
and enjoyment of the present generation, but also with an antici-
pation of earning the gratitude of posterity, and this as a rule is
done with a sensitive jealousy, to maintain also thereby for scientific

PREFACE. Vil.

dignity and industrial development the fair fame of the country.
Friendly consideration will recognise, that to arouse more and
more such a spirit for emulation has much inspired the writer to
offer these pages, he trusting that enlightened statesmanship far
and wide will foster this aim.

Merpourne, December 1876.

SHLBCT . PLANTS

READILY ELIGIBLE FOR

VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE,

WITH INDICATIONS OF THEIR NATIVE COUNTRIES
AND SOME OF THEIR USES.

AN ENUMERATION OFFERED BY

BARON FERD. VON MUELLER,

O.M.G., M.D., Ph.D., F.B.S., &¢.

— «<>

Aberia Caffra, Hooker.
The Kai-Apple of Natal and Caffraria. This tall shrub
serves for hedges. The rather large fruits are edible, and can
be converted into preserves. Allied South African species
are A. Zeyheri and A. tristis (Sonder).

Acacia acuminata, Bentham.
A kind of Myall from Western Australia, attaining a height
of forty feet.

Acacia Arabica, Willdenow.

North and Central Africa, also in South-West Asia, growing
in dry calcareous soil. This small tree can be utilised for
thorny hedges, as also A. Seyal (Delile) and A. tortilis
(Forskael). They all furnish the best Gum Arabic for medi-
cinal and technical purposes. The Lac-insect lives also on
the foliage, and thus in Sind the Lac is mainly yielded by
this tree. The stem attains a circumference of ten feet. The
astringent pods are valuable for tanning; the wood, known
as “Sunt,” is esteemed for planks of boats. A. gummifera
(Willd.) and A. Ehrenbergiana (Hayne) are among the
species, and yield Gum Arabic in North Africa.

Acacia Cavenia, Hooker and Arnott.
The Espino of the present inhabitants of Chili, the Cavan of
the former population. A small tree with exceedingly hard
wood, resisting underground moisture. The plant is well
adapted for hedges. The pods, called Quirinca, serve as cattle
food (Dr. Philippi).
B

2 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Acacia concinna, Candolle.

India. Praised by Dr. Cleghorn as a valuable hedge-shrub.
The pod contains Saponin. So is likewise A. latronum
(Willd.), a hedge-bush.

\
\

Acacia decurrens, Willdenow. (A. mollissima, Willd.; A.
dealbata, Link.)

The Black Wattie and Silver Wattle. From the eastern part
of South Australia, through Victoria and New South Wales,
to the southern part of Queensland; in open plains a small
or middle-sized tree, in deep forest recesses a lofty tree of
singularly rapid growth. Its wood can be used for staves
and many other purposes, but a chief use would be to afford
the first shelter, in treeless localities, for raising forests. - Its
bark, rich in tannin, and its gum, not dissimilar to Gum
Arabic, render this tree also important. The English price
of the bark ranges generally from £8 to £11. It varies, so
far as experiments under my direction have shown, in its
contents of tannin from 18 to 33 percent. In the mercantile
bark the percentage is somewhat less, according to the state
of its dryness—it retaining about 10 per cent. moisture.
Any bare barren unutilised places might here be sown most
remuneratively with the seeds of this Wattle-Acacia, to
secure a regular and continuous supply of the bark, which
necessarily must fall off under the indiscriminate arrange-
ments of obtaining the bark from the natural localities of
growth. The return would be within very few years; 13lb.
of Black Wattle bark gives llb. of leather, whereas 5lbs. of
English Oak bark are requisite for the same results, but the
tannic principle is not absolutely identical. The bark of the
variety passing usually as the Silver Wattle (Acacia deal-
bata, Link), is generally of less value, often even fetching
only half the price of that of the Black Wattle. The
tannin of these Acacize yields a grey precipitate with the
oxyde of salts of iron, and a violet colour with sub-oxydes;
it is completely thrown down from a strong aqueous solution
by means of concentrated sulphuric acid. The bark
improves by age and desiccation, and yields about 40 per
cent. of catechu, rather more than half of which is tannic
acid. Bichromate of potash added in a minute quantity to
the boiling solution of mimosa-tannin produces a ruby-red
liquid, fit for dye-purposes, and this solution gives with the
salts of sub-oxyde of iron black pigments, and with the salts
of the full oxyde of iron red-brown dyes.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 3

Acacia falcata, Willdenow.
East Australia. One of the best of trees for raising a woody
vegetation on drift-sand, as particularly proved at the Cape
of Good Hope. Other species serve the same purpose, for
instance—A. pycnantha, A. saligna, A. cyanophylla, A.

salicina.

Acacia Farnesiana, Willdenow.

Dioscorides’ small Acacia. Indigenous to South Asia; found
westward as far as Japan; a native also of the warmer
parts of Australia, as far south as the Darling River; found
spontaneously in tropical and sub-tropical America, but ap-
parently not in tropical Africa. Professor Fraas has recog-
nised in this Acacia the ancient plant. The scented flowers
are much sought after for perfumery. This may also be
utilised as a hedge-plant, and a kind of Gum Arabic may be
obtained from it.

Acacia fasciculifera, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. Desirable for culture on sedotintt of the
excellence of its easily-worked wood.

Acacia glaucescens, Willdenow.
Queensland and New South Wales. Extreme height, about
sixty feet. A kind of Myall, with hard, dark, prettily-
grained but less scented wood.

Acacia harpophyllia, F. v. Mueller.
Southern Queensland, where this tree, according to Mr.
Thozet, furnishes a considerable share of the mercantile
wattle-bark for tanning purposes. Wood, according to Mr.
O’Shanesy, brown, hard, heavy and elastic, used by the
natives for spears.

Acacia homalophylla, Cunningham.
The Victorian Myall, extending into the deserts of New
South Wales. The dark-brown wood is much sought for
turner’s work on account of its solidity and fragrance; per-
haps its most extensive use is in the manufacture of tobacco-
pipes. Never a tall tree.

Acacia horrida, Willdenow.
The Doornboom or Karra-Doorn of South Africa. <A for-
midable hedge-bush, with thorns often three inches long,
readily available for impenetrable hedge-copses. It exudes
also a good kind of gum. So A. Giraffe (Burchell).

Acacia Melanoxylon, R. Brown.
The well-known Blackwood of our river-flats and moist
forest-valleys, passing also under the inappropriate name of

B2

4 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Lightwood. In irrigated valleys of deep soil the tree will
attain a height of eighty feet, with a stem several feet in
diameter. The wood is most valuable for furniture, railway
carriages, boat-building, casks, billiard-tables, pianofortes
(for sound-boards and actions), and numerous other pur-
poses. The fine-grained wood is cut into veneers. It takes
a fine polish, and is considered almost equal to Walnut.
Our best wood for bending under steam. For further details.
refer to the volumes of the Melbourne Exhibitions of 1862
and 1867.

Acacia pendula, All. Cunningham.
New South Wales and Queensland. Generally in marshy
tracts of the interior. One of the Myall-trees.

Acacia pycnantha, Bentham.*

Victoria and South Australia. Though frequent in many
parts of our colony, this tree, known as the Golden Wattle,
deserves even here extensive cultivation, mainly for the sake
of its bark, rich in tannin. It is of rapid growth, will
succeed even in sandy tracts, and yields seeds copiously,
which germinate with the greatest ease. One of the most
important trees for binding waste sands. It is never a large
tree. By improved methods the fragrant oil of the flowers
could doubtless be fixed, though its isolation might be
difficult and unremunerative. Experiments in the writer’s
laboratory have shown that the perfectly dried bark contains
about 25 per cent. of mimosa-tannin. The aqueous infusion
of the bark can be reduced by boiling to a dry extract,
which in medicinal and other respects is equal to the best
Indian catechu, as derived from Acacia catechu and A.
sundra. It yields approximately 30 per cent., about half of
which or more is mimosa tannic acid. This catechu is also
of great use for preserving against decay articles subject to
exposure in water, such as ropes, nets, fishing-lines, We.
While, according to Mr. Simmons, the import of the bark of
oaks and hemlock-spruce into England becomes every year
less, and while the import of sumach and gambir does not
increase, the annual demand _ has, since the last twenty years,
become doubled. Probably, no other tanning plants give so
quick a return in cultivation as our Acacia pycnantha, and
particularly A. decurrens.

Acacia saligna, Wendland.
South-West Australia, where it is ‘the principal tree chosen
for tanner’s bark. It is a wide-spreading small tree, fit for
avenues. The bark contains nearly 30 per cent. of mimosa-
tannin.

Ot

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE.

Acacia Seyal, Delile.
In the Libyan and Nubian deserts. This thorny tree exudes
a good kind of Gum Arabic. It is adapted for the most
arid desert country. In any oasis it forms a large and shady
tree.

Acacia stenophylla, A. Cunningham.
On banks of watercourses in the interior of Australia, as far
south as the Murray River. A tree with exquisite hard dark
wood, serving like Myall-wood.

Acacia Verek, Guillemin and Perrottet.
From Senegambia to Nubia. Affords the best white Gum
Arabic of the Nile region, and a large quantity of this com-
mercial article. A. Etbaica (Schweinf.) from the same region
produces also a good mercantile gum.

Acer campestre, Linné.

The British Maple. Extends from Middle Europe to North
Asia. Height forty feet, in shelter and deep soil; the yellow
and purple tints of its foliage in autumn render the tree then
particularly beautiful. The wood is compact and fine-grained,
and sought for choice furniture. The tree can be trimmed
for hedge-growth. Comparatively quick of growth, and easily
raised from seed. These remarks apply to many kinds of
Maples.

Acer dasycarpum, Ehrhart.

The White Maple of North America. Likes rather a warmer
climate than the other American Maples, and therefore par-
ticularly desirable for us here. Height fifty feet; wood pale
and soft, stem sometimes nine feet in diameter. Much
praised for street-planting; growth comparatively rapid. It
produces no suckers, nor is the tree subject to disease. A
most beautiful tree, with a stout stem and a magnificent
crown, growing best on the banks of rivers with limpid
water and a gravelly bed, but never in swampy ground,
where the Red Maple takes its place. The wood 1s of less
strength and durability than that of its congeners, but pro-
duces excellent charcoal. The tree also yields Maple-sugar,
though not in such quantity as A. saccharinum.

Acer macrophyllum, Pursh.
Large Oregon-Maple. Tree up to ninety feet high, of quick
growth; stem attaining sixteen feet in circumference; wood
whitish, beautifully veined. A beautiful shade-tree; delights
on banks of streams. The inner bark can be utilised for
baskets and superior mats; the wood is a substitute for
hickory.

6 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Acer Negundo, Linné.
The Box-Elder of North America. A tree, deciduous like
the rest of the Maples; attains a height of about fifty feet,
and is rich in saccharine sap. Proved well adapted for our
country. In California it is used extensively as a shade-tree.

Acer palmatum, Thunberg.
This beautiful tree with deeply-cleft leaves is Indigenous to
Japan, where various varieties with red and yellow tinged
leaves occur. Should it be an aim to bring together all the
kinds of Maples which could be easily grown in appropriate
spots of Victoria, then Japan alone would furnish twenty-five
species.
Acer plantanoides, Linné.
The Norway-Maple, extending south to Switzerland. Up to
seventy feet high. The pale wood much used by cabinet-
makers. ‘Tint of the autumn-foliage golden yellow. A tree
of imposing appearance, much recommended for ornamental

gardening; it gives a denser shade than the other Maples.

Acer Pseudo~platanus, Linné.
The Sycamore-Maple or Spurious Plane. Attains a height
of over 100 feet. The wood is compact and firm, valuable
for various implements, instruments, and cabinet-work. It
furnishes like some other Maples a superior charcoal. Will
admit of exposure to sea-air. The sap also saccharine.

Acer rubrum, Linné.

The Red Maple of North America. A tree attaining eighty
feet, fond of swampy places; wood close-grained. Grows well
with several other Maples, even in dry open localities of this
part of Australia, although the foliage may somewhat suffer
from our hot winds. The foliage turns red in autumn. The
tree grows most luxuriantly in swampy fertile soil. The wood
is of handsome appearance, used in considerable quantity for
saddle-trees, yokes, chairs and other furniture. That of old
trees is sometimes cross-grained, and thus furnishes a portion
of the curled Maple-wood, which is very beautiful and much
in request for gun-stocks and inlaying. The tree yields also
Maple-sugar, but like A. dasycarpum only in about half the
quantity obtainable from A. saccharinum (Porcher).

Acer saccharinum, Wangenheim.*
The Sugar, Rock, or Hard Maple; one of the largest of the
Maples. In the colder latitudes of North America, eighty
feet high. The wood is strong, of rosy tinge, and when well-
seasoned used for axle-trees, spokes, also for chairs; when
knotty or curly it furnishes the birdseye and curly maple-
wood. In the depth of winter the trees, when tapped, will

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 7

yield the saccharine fluid, which is so extensively converted
into Maple-sugar, each tree yielding two to four lb. a year.
The trees can be tapped for very many years in succession,
without injury. According to Porcher instances are on
record of 33 Ibs. of sugar having been obtained from a
single tree in one season. The Sugar-Maple is rich in potash,
furnishing a large proportion of this article in the United
States. The bark is an important constituent in several of
the Americon dyes. The tree is particularly recommended
for our alpine regions. It bears a massive head of foliage
on a slender stem. The autumnal colouring is superb. In
the Eastern States of North America the Sugar-Maple is
regarded as the best tree for shade-avenues. Numerous other
Maples exist, among which as the tallest may be mentioned
Acer Creticum (L.) of South Europe, forty feet; A. leviga-
tum, A. sterculiaceum and A. villosum (Wallich) of Nepal,
fifty feet; A. pictum (Thunb.) of Japan, thirty feet.

Achillea Millefolium, Linné.
Yarrow or Millfoil. Europe, Northern Asia and North
America. A perennial medicinal herb of considerable astrin-
gency, pervaded with essential oil, containing also a bitter
principle (Achillein) and a peculiar acid, which takes its
name from the generic appellation of the plant.

Achillea moschata, Wulfen.

Alps of Europe. The Genipi or Iva of the alpine inha-
bitants. This perennial herb ought to be transferred to our
snowy mountains. With the allied A. nana (L.) and A.
atrata (L.), it enters as a component into the aromatic
medicinal Swiss tea. Many species of this genus, including
the Yarrow, are wholesome to sheep. A. fragrantissima
(Reichenbach) is a shrubby species from the deserts of Egypt,
valuable for its medicinal flowers.

Achras sapota, Linné.
The Sapodilla~-Plum of West India and Central Continental
America. Itis not improbable that this fine evergreen tree
would produce its delicious fruit in East Gipps Land within
Victorian boundaries, as tall palms and many other plants of
tropical type occur there. Moreover Achras Australis, a tree
yielding also tolerable good fruit, occurs as far south as
Kiama in New South Wales, where the clime is very similar
to that of many forest-regions of Victoria. Other sapotaceous
trees, producing table-fruit, such as the Lucuma mamosa
(the Marmalade-tree), Lucuma Bonplandi, Chrysophyllum
Cainito (the Star-Apple), all from West India; and Lucuma
Caimito of Peru might also be subjected to trial-culture in

8 ; SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

our warmest forest-valleys; so furthermore many of the
trees of this order, from which gutta-percha is obtained
(species of Isonandra, Sideroxylon, Ceratophorus, Cacosman-
thus, Bassia, Mimusops and Imbricaria), may prove hardy in
our sheltered woodlands, as they seem to need rather an
equable humid mild clime than the heat of the torrid zone.

Aconitum Napellus, Linné.

The Monk’s Hood. In the colder, especially mountainous
parts of Europe and Northern Asia. A powerful medicinal
plant of perennial growth, but sometimes only of biennial
duration, variable in its forms. It was first introduced into
Australia, together with a number of other Aconits, by the
writer of this communication. All the species possess more
or less modified medicinal qualities, as well in their herb as in
their root; but so dangerously powerful are they, that the
plants can only be administered by the exercise of legitimate
medical practice. Napellus-root, according to Dr. Wittstein,
contains three alkaloids; Aconitin, Napellin and Narcotin.
The foliage contains also a highly acrid, volatile principle,
perhaps chemically not unlike that of many other Ranun-
culacez. Aconitin, one of the most potent of any of the
medicinal substances in existence, can likewise be obtained
from the Nepalese Aconitum ferox, and probably from several
other species of the genus.

Acorus Calamus, Linné.
The Sweet Flag. Europe, Middle and North Asia, North
America. A perennial pond or lake plant. The somewhat
aromatic root is used as a stomachic, and also in the pre-
paration of confectionery, in the distillation of gin and
liqueurs, and in the brewing of some kinds of beer. The
flavour of the root depends mainly on a peculiar volatile oil.

Acteea spicata, Linné.
The Baneberry. On forest-mountains, mainly in limestone
soil of EKurope, North Asia and North America. A
perennial medicinal herb. Its virtue depends on peculiar
acrid and bitter, as well as tonic principles. In North
America, this species, and likewise A. alba, are also praised
as efficacious antidotes against ophidian poisons.

Adenostemum nitidum, Persoon.
South Chili, where this stately tree passes by the appel-
lations: Queule, Nuble and Aracua. Wood durable and
beautifully veined, Fruit edible.

Adesmia balsamica, Bertero.
The Jarilla of Chili. A small shrub, remarkable for exuding
a fragrant balsam of some technic value.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 9

/Egiceras majus, Gaertner.
South Asia, Polynesia, North and East Australia. This
spurious Mangrove-tree extends far south in New South
Wales. It may be employed for staying the off-flow of mud
by the tide, and for thus consolidating shores subject to
inundation by sea-floods.

Eschynomene aspera, Linné. .
The Solah of tropical Asia. A large perennial erect or
floating swamp-plant, probably hardy in the warmer tracts
of our colony. Introduced from the Botanic Gardens of
Melbourne into the tropical parts of Australia. The pith-
hats are made from the young stems of this plant. The Solah
is of less importance for cultivation than for naturalisation.

fesculus Hippocastanum, Linné.

The Horse-Chestnut tree. . Indigenous to Central Asia. One
of the most showy of deciduous trees, more particularly
when during spring ‘it has reached the meridian of its
glory, and stands forth in all the gorgeousness of leaves and
blossoms.” Height sixty feet. It will succeed in. sandy soil
on sheltered spots; the wood adapted for furniture; the seeds
a food for various domestic animals; the bark a good tanning
material. The wood remains free from insects. ‘The tree
ascends the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet. A variety occurs
with thornless fruits. Three species occur in Japan, and
several, but none of great height, in North America and
South Asia.

Agaricus Ceesareus, Schaffer.
In the spruce-forests of Middle and South Europe. ‘Trials
might be made to naturalise this long-famed and highly deli-
cious Mushroom in our forests when spruce-fir plantations are
made. It attains a width of nearly one foot, and is of a
magnificent orange colour. Numerous other edible Agarics
could doubtless be brought into these southern colonies by
the mere dissemination of the spores at apt localities. As
large or otherwise specially eligible may here be mentioned
A. extinctorius (L.), A. melleus (Vahl.), A. deliciosus (L.),
A. giganteus (Sowerby), A. Cardarella (Fr.), A. Marzuolus
(Fr.), A. eringii (Cand.), A. splendens (Pers.), A. odorus
(Bulliard), A. auricula (Cand.), A. oreades (Bolt.), A. escu-
lentus (Wulf.), A. mouceron (Tratt.), A. socialis (Cand.), all
from Europe, besides numerous other highly valuable species
from other parts of the globe.

Agave Americana, Linné.

The gigantic Aloe of Central America. It comes here into
flower in about ten years. The pithy stem can be utilised

10

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

for some of the purposes for which cork is usually employed,
for instance, to form the bottoms of insect-cases. The honey-
sucking birds and the bees are very fond of the flowers of -
this prodigious plant. The leaves of this and some other
Agaves, such as A. Mexicana, furnish the strong Pita-fibre,
which is adapted for ropes, and even for beautiful textile
fabrics. The strength of ropes of this fibre is considerably
greater than that of hemp ropes, as well in as out of water.
The leaves contain Saponin. The sap can be converted into
alcohol, and thus the “‘Pulque” beverage is prepared from
the young flower-stems. Where space and circumstances
admit of it, impenetrable hedges may be raised in the course
of some years from Agaves.

Agave rigida, Miller. (A. Jxtl, Karwinsky.)

Yucatan. The Chelem, Henequen and Sacci of the Mexi-
cans, furnishing the Sisal-hemp. Drs. Perrine, Scott and
Engelmann indicate several varieties of this stately plant, the
fibre being therefore also variable both in quantity and
quality. The yield of fibre begins in four or five years, and
lasts for half a century or more, the plant being prevented
from flowering by cutting away its flowerstalk when very
young. The leaves are from two to six feet long and two to.
six inches wide; the flower-stem attains a height of twenty-
five feet, the panicle of flowers about eight feet long, bearing
in abundance bulb-like buds. Other large species of Agave,
all fibre-yielding, are A. antillarum (Descourtil), from Hayti;
A. Parryi (Engelmann), from New Mexico; A. Palmeri
(Engelmann), from South Arizona, up to an elevation of 6000
feet.

Agrostis alba, Linné.

The Fiorin or White Bent-grass. Europe, North and
Middle Asia, North Africa, North America. Perennial,
showing a predilection for moisture; can be grown on peat-
soil. It is the Herd-grass of the United States. It is
valuable as an admixture to many other grasses, as it be-
comes available at the season when some of them fail. Sinclair
regards it as a pasture-grass inferior to Festuca pratensis and
Dactylis glomerata, but superior to Alopecurus pratensis.
The variety with long suckers (A. stolonifera) is best adapted
for sandy pastures, and helps to bind shifting sand on the sea-
coast, or broken soil on river-banks. It has a predilection
for moisture, and luxuriates even on saline or wet soil or
periodically inundated places, as well observed by Langethal.
It is more a grass for cattle-country than for sheep-country,
but wherever it is to grow the soil must be penetrable. Its

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. ll

turf on coast-meadows is particularly dense and of remarkable
fineness. For sowing only one-sixth of the weight of the
seeds as compared with those of the Rye-grass is needed.

Agrostis rubra, Linné. (4. borealis, Hartmann).

Northern Europe, Asia, and America. A perennial grass
called Red-top, and also Herd-grass in the United States of
North America. Mr. Meehan places it for pastoral value
among grasses cultivated there next after Phleum pratense
and Poa pratensis (the latter there called Blue-grass), and
before Dactylis glomerata (the Orchard-grass of the United
States).

Agrostis scabra, Willdenow.*
The Hair-grass of North America. Recently recommended
as one of the best lawn-grasses, forming a dense turf. It
will grow even on poor gravelly soil, and endure drought as
well as extreme cold. Its fine roots and suckers spread
rapidly, forming soon dense matted sods (according to Dr.
Channing). It starts into new growth immediately after
being cut; is for its sweetness picked by pasture animals
preferentially; has proved one of the best grasses for dairy
ground; and suppresses weeds like Hordeum secalinum. One
bushel of seed to an acre is used for pasture-land, two bushels
for lawns.
Agrostis vulgaris, Withering.

Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, North America. One of
the perennial grasses which disseminate themselves with
celerity, even over the worst of sandy soils. Though not a
tall grass, it may be destined to contribute perhaps with Aira
canescens and others largely to the grazing capabilities of the
Australian desert lands; yet it will thrive also even in moist
soil and alpine regions, and is essentially a grass for sheep-
country.

Ailantus glandulosa, Linné.

South-Eastern Asia. A hardy deciduous tree, sixty feet high,
of rather rapid growth, and of very imposing aspect in any
landscape. Particularly valuable on account of its leaves,
which afford food to a silkworm (Bombyx Cynthia), peculiar
to this tree; wood extremely durable, pale yellow, of silky
lustre when planed, and therefore valuable for joiners’ work.
In South Europe planted for avenues. Valuable also for
reclaiming coast-sands.

Aira czespitosa, Linné.
Widely dispersed over the globe. A fodder-grass, to be
utilised for moist meadows.

12 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Albizzia dulcis, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobvum dulce, Bentham.)
Mexico. A valuable hedge-plant. The sweet pulp of the
pod is wholesome.

Albizzia dulibrissin, Durazzini.
From Persia to Japan. A favourite ornamental shade-Acacia
in South Europe.

Albizzia latisiliqua, F. v. Mueller. (Lysiloma latisilqua,
Bentham. )

Tropical America. A large spreading tree, probably hardy
in the warmer tracts of Victoria. Diameter of trunk to
three feet; wood excellent for select cabinet-work, excelling
according to Nuttall the Mahogany in its variable shining
tints, which appear like watered satin; it is white, hard, and
close-grained.

Albizzia Lebbek, Bentham.
The Siris-Acacia of South Asia. Available in the warmer
parts of our colony as a shade-tree. Jt produces also a good
deal of gum.

Albizzia lophantha, Bentham. (Acacia lophantha, Willde
now. )

South-West Australia. One of the most rapidly-growing
trees for copses and first temporary shelter in exposed locali-
ties, but never attaining to the size of a real tree. It pro-
duces seeds abundantly, which germinate most easily. For
the most desolate places, especially in desert tracts, it is of
great importance to create quickly shade, shelter, and copious
vegetation. Cattle browse on the leaves. The bark contains
only about 8 per cent. mimosa-tannin; but Mr. Rummel found
in the dry root about 10 per cent. of saponin, valuable in silk
and wool factories.

Albizzia Saman, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobium Saman, Benth.)
Mexico. A lofty tree, particularly valuable for wet saline
country, probably hardy in the warmer parts of our colony.
The pulpy pods are edible.

Aletris farinosa, Linné.
The Colic-Root of the woodlands of North America. This
pretty herb is of extreme bitterness, and can be medicinally
administered as a tonic.

Aleurites cordata, R. Brown.
From Japan to Nepal, also in Bourbon. This tree for its
beauty and durable wood deserves introduction into our plan-
tations in the warm and humid districts. The oil of the
seeds serves aS varnish. Perhaps also in localities free of
frost, would be of sufficiently quick growth the A. triloba

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 13

(R. and G. Foster), the Candlenut-tree, a native of the
tropics of both hemispheres, which furnishes a valuable dye
from its fruits, and copious oil from its seeds. I found the
tree able to endure the winters of Melbourne.

Alkanna tinctoria, Tausch.
On sandy places around the Mediterranean Sea. It yields
the Alkanna-root, used for dyeing oleaginous and other
substances. It might be naturalised.

Allium Canadense, Kalm.
North American Garlic. Could be cultivated or naturalised
on moist meadows for the sake of its top bulbs, which are
much sought for pickles of superior flavour.

Allium roseum, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. This, with Allium
Neapolitanum (Cyrillo), one of its companions, yields edible
roots, according to Heldreich.

Allium Schcenoprasum, Linné.

The Chives. Europe, Northern Asia and North America.
Available for salads and condiments. This species of Allium
seems not yet so generally adopted in our culinary cultivation
as Allium Ascalonicum (the Shallot), A. Cepa (the ordinary
Onion), A. fistulosum (the Welsh Onion), A. Porrum (the
Leek) or A. sativum (the Garlic). A. Scorodoprasum, or
the Sand-Leek of Europe and North Africa, resembles both
Garlic and Shallot. A. Ampeloprasum is the British Leek,
which extends over Middle and South Europe and West
Asia, called in culture the Summer-Leek, a variety of which
is the Early Pearl Leek.

Alnus glutinosa, Gaertner.

The ordinary Alder. Throughout Europe and extra-tropical
Asia, up to seventy feet high ; well adapted for river-banks ; —
wood soft and light, turning red, furnishing one of the best
charcoals for gunpowder ; it is also durable under water, and
adapted for turners’ and joiners’ work. ‘The wood is also
well suited for pump-trees and other underground work, as
it will harden almost like stone. The tree is valuable for the
utilisation of bog-land. A. incana (Willd.) extends to North
America ; itis of smaller size. The bark of several Alders
is of great medicinal value, and a decoction will give to cloth
saturated with ley an indelible orange colour (Porcher); it
contains a peculiar tannic principle.

Aloe dichotoma, Linné fil.
Damara and Namaqua-land. This species attains a height of
thirty feet and expands occasionally with its branches so far

14 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

as to give a circumference of forty feet. The stem is
remarkably smooth, with a girth sometimes of twelve feet.
Tt is a yellow flowering species. A. Bainesii (Baker & Dyer)
is almost as gigantic as the foregoing. Both doubtless yield
medical gum-resin like many others. A. Barbers, which is
closely related to A. Zeyheri, attains in Caffraria a height
of forty feet, with a stem sixteen feet in circumference at
three feet from the ground.

Aloe ferox, Miller.
South Africa. This species yields the best Cape-Aloe, as
observed by Dr. Pappe. The simply inspissated juice of the
leaves of the various species of this genus constitutes the
Aloe drug. It is best obtained by using neither heat nor
pressure for extracting the sap. By redissolving the aqueous
part in cold water, and reducing the liquid through boiling
to dryness, the extract of Aloes is prepared. All species are
highly valuable in our colony, where they are hardy, and can
be used, irrespective of their medicinal importance, to
beautify any rocky or otherwise arid spot.

Aloe linguiformis, Miller.
South Africa. According to Thunberg, from this species the
purest gum-resin is obtained.

Aloe plicatilis, Miller.
South Africa. The drug of this species acts milder than
that of A. ferox.

Aloe purpurascens, Haworth.
South Africa. Again one of the plants which furnish the
Cape Aloe of commerce. The South African Aloe abor-
escens (Miller) and A. Commelyni (Willdenow) are also
drawn into use for Aloe, according to Baillon, Saunders and
Hanbury.

Aloe socotrina, Lamarck. (A. vera, Linné).
Hills of the Island of Socotra. Extending as a native plant
along the Red Sea and the shores of India. Also cultivated
in Barbadoes and elsewhere, thus yielding the Socotrin-Aloe
and Moka-A loe.

Aloe spicata, Thunberg.
South Africa. This also provides Cape-Aloe. It is an
exceedingly handsome plant.

Aloe vulgaris, Lamarck.
The Yellow-flowered Aloe. Countries around the Mediter-
ranean Sea, also Canary Islands, on the sandy or rocky sea-
coast. Such places could also here readily be utilised for this
and allied plants. Dr. Sibthorp identified this species with
the °Adéy of Dioscorides ; hence it is not probable, that A.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 15

vulgaris is simultaneously also of American origin, although
it is cultivated in the Antilles, and furnishes from thence the
main supply of the Barbadoes-Aloe. In East India this
species is also seemingly only existing in a cultivated state.
Haworth found the leaves of this and of A. striata softer
and more succulent than those of any other Aloe. It is said
to be the only species with yellow flowers among those early
known. It is also this species only, which Professor Will-
komm and Professor Parlatore record as truly wild in Spain
and Italy.

Aloe Zeyheri, Harvey.
South Africa. A magnificent, very tall species, doubtless
valuable like the rest.

Aloexylon Agallochum, Loureiro.
Cochinchina, on the highest mountains; thus this tree would
probably prove hardy here. The precious Aloe-wood, so
famed for its balsamic fragrance and medicinal properties, is
derived from this tree.

Alopecurus bulbosus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. An important grass for salt
marshes.

Alopecurus geniculatus, Linné.
Europe, Asia, North Africa. A good fodder-grass for swampy

ground; easily naturalised.

Alopecurus pratensis, Linné.

Meadow-Foxtail Grass. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. One of the best of perennial pasture-grasses.
Though so extensively cultivated for years in our colony, it
is mentioned, for completeness’ sake, in this list. It attains
to its full perfection only after a few years’ growth, as
noticed by Sinclair. For this reason, it is not equal to
Dactylis glomerata for the purpose of changing crops.
Otherwise it is more nutritious than the latter, although the
annual return in Britain proved less. Sheep thrive well on
it. Sinclair and others found that this grass, when exclu-
sively combined with white clover, will support from the
second season five ewes and five lambs on an acre of sandy
loam. But this grass, to thrive well, needs land not alto-
gether dry. In all permanent artificial pastures this Alope-
curus should form one of the principal ingredients, because it
is so lasting and so nutritive. In our Alpine regions it would
also prove prolific, and might convert many places there
gradually into summer-runs. It is early-flowering, and likes
the presence of lime in the soil.

16 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Alstonia constricta, F. v. Mueller.
Warmer parts of Hast Australia, particularly in the dry
inland districts. The bark of this smali tree is aromatic-
bitter, and regarded as valuable in ague, also as a general
tonic.

Alstroemeria pallida, Graham.
Chili. Palatable starch can be obtained from the root of this
plant, which, for its loveliness alone, deserves a place in any
garden. The tubers of others of the numerous Alstreemerias
can doubtless be utilised in a similar technic manner.

Althzea officinalis, Linné.
The Real Marsh-Mallow. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. A tall perennial herb, with handsome flowers.
The mucilaginous root and also the foliage are used for medici-
nal purposes. The plant succeeds best on damp, somewhat
saline soil.

Amarantus Blitum, Linné.
South Europe, North Africa, South West Asia. This annual
herb is a favourite plant among allied ones for spinage; but
not only species of this genus, but also many other Amaran-
tacez serve as culinary herbs.

Amarantus paniculatus, Linné.
In tropical countries of Asia and also America. An annual
herb, yielding half a pound of floury nutritious seeds on a
square yard of ground in three months, according to Roxburgh.
Extensively cultivated in India.

Amelanchier Botryapium, Candolle.
The Grape-Pear of North America. This fruit-tree attains a
height of thirty feet. The purplish fruits are small, but of
pleasant taste, and ripen early in the season. This bush or
tree will live in sandsoil; but it is one of those hardy kinds
particularly eligible for our Alps.

Amyris terebinthifolia, Tenore.
Brazil. Is here perfectly hardy, and is content in dry ground
without any irrigation. It proved one of the best among the
smaller avenue-trees, is beautifully spreading and umbrageous
and probably of medicinal value.

Anacyclus Pyrethrum, Candolle.
Countries near the Mediterranean Sea. The root is used
medicinally. =

Andropogon argenteus, Candolle.
Pronounced by Leybold to be one of the best fodder-grasses
of the Cordilleras of Chili.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. is

Andropogon avenaceus, Michaux. (Sorghum avenaceum,
Willd.)

North and Central America. This tall perennial grass lives
in dry, sandy soil, and should here be tried for growth of
fodder.

Andropogon bicolor, Roxburgh.
Warmer parts of Asia. One of the annual tall Sorghums.
It ripens its seeds in three or four months from the time of
sowing, the produce in good soil being often upwards of one
hundredfold. It is a wholesome grain.

Andropogon Calamus, Royle.
Central India. The Sweet Calamus of the Ancients. From
this species the Gingergrass Oil of Nemaur is distilled, an
article much used in perfumery.

Andropogon cernuus, Roxburgh. (Sorghum cernuum,
Willd.)

One of the Guinea Corns. India, where it is much culti-

vated, and so also in other tropical countriesx It is perennial,

and forms the “staff of life of the mountaineers” beyond

Bengal. It reaches a height of 15 feet, with leaves over

three feet long. The thick stems are rooting at the lower

joints, and cattle are very fond of them. The grain is white.

The specific limits of the various Sorghums are not well
ascertained.

Andropogon citratus, Candolle.
The Lemon Grass of India. It yields an essential oil for
perfumery ; besides it is occasionally used for tea. This
applies as well to Andropogon Nardus, L., and some allied
grasses.

Andropogon Haleppensis, Sibthorp.
South Europe, warmer parts of Asia and North Africa. A
rich perennial grass, cultivated often under the name of Cuba
Grass. In our colony hardy up to 2000 feet elevation.

Andropogon Ivarancusa, Roxburgh.
One of the fragrant grasses of North India, much used lke

A. Scheenanthus.

Andropogon Martini, Roxburgh. (A. jlexuosus, Nees.)
On the mountains of India. The fragant Citronella Oil is
distilled in Ceylon and elsewhere from the leaves of this
species. General Martin observed, that cattle are voraciously
fond of this grass; but it imparts its fragrance to meat and
milk.

Andropogon muricatus, Retzius.
India. A swamp-grass, with delightfully fragrant roots.

Cc

18 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Andropogon nutans, Linné. (Sorghum nutans, Gray.)

North America. A tall, nutritious, perennial grass, content
with dry and barren soil.

Andropogon pertusus, Willdenow.

South Asia, tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Perennial.
Mr. Nixon, of Benalla, regards it as one of the best grasses
to withstand long droughts, while it will bear any amount of
feeding. A. Haleppensis (recorded before) yields a very
large hay-crop for mowing, as it may be cut halfa-dozen
times in a season, should the land be rich. All kinds of
stock have a predilection for this grass. It will mat the soil
with its deep and spreading roots; hence it should be kept
from cultivated fields.

Andropogon saccharatus, Roxburgh. (Sorghum saccha-
ratum, Pers.)

Tropical Asia. The Broom-Corn. A tall annual species,
splendid as a fodder-grass. From the saccharine juice sugar
is obtainable. A sample of such, prepared from plants of
the Melbourne Botanic Garden, was shown at the Exhibition
of 1862. This Sorghum furnishes also material for a well-
known kind of brooms. A variety ora closely allied species
yields the Caffir Corn (A. Caffrorum, Kunth). The plant
can be advantageously utilized for preparing treacle. For
this purpose, the sap is expressed at the time of flowering,
and simply evaporated ; the yield is about 100 gallons from
the acre. In 1860, nearly seven millions of gallons of
sorghum treacle were prodnced in the United States. The
stem can be used as a culinary vegetable.

Andropogon Schoenanthus, Linné.
Deserts of Arabia. A scented grass, allied to the Indian
oil-yielding Andropogons. The medicinal Siri-oil is prepared
from the root. A similar species occurs in arid places of the
interior of North Australia.

SON Sorghum, Brotero. (Sorghum vulgare, Per-

soon).
The large Indian Millet or Guinea Corn, or the Durra.
Warmer parts of Asia. A tall annual plant. The grains
can be converted into bread, porridge and other preparations of
food. It is a very prolific corn and to us particularly
valuable for green fodder. The panicles are used for carpet-
brooms, the fibrous roots for velvet-brushes. A kind of beer
called ‘‘Merisa” is prepared from the seeds. Many others
of the numerous species of Andropogon, from both hemi-
spheres, deserve our attention.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 19

Anemone Pulsatilla, Linne.
Europe and Northern Asia. On limestone soil. This pretty
perennial herb is of some medicinal importance.

Angophora intermedia, Candoile.
South East Australia. This is the best of the Angophoras,
attaining a height of 50 feet, and growing with the rapidity
of an Eucalyptus, but being more close and shady in its
foliage. It would be one of our best trees to line public
roads, and to effect shelter plantations.

Anona Cherimolia, Miller.
Tropical and sub-tropical South America. This shrub or
tree might be tried in the frostless lower valleys of East
Gipps Land, where humidity and rich soil will also prove
favourable to its growth. It yields the Cherimoyer fruit.
The flowers are very fragrant.

Anthemis nobilis, Linné.
The true Camomile. Middle and South Europe, North
Africa. A well-known medicinal plant, here frequently used
as edgings for garden plots. Flowers in their normal state
are preferable for medicinal use to those, in which the ray-
flowers are produced in increased numbers. They contain a
peculiar volatile oil and two acids similar to Angelica and
Valeriana acid.

Anthemis tinctoria, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, Orient. An annual herb. The
flowers contain a yellow dye.

Anthistiria avenacea, F. v. Mueller.
New South Wales and Queensland. A nutritious perennial
pasture-grass.

Anthistiria ciliata, Linné, fil. (Anthistiria Australis, R.

Brown.)

The well-known Kangaroo Grass, not confined to Australia,
but stretching through Southern Asia also, and through the
whole of Africa. It is mentioned here, because its growth
should be encouraged by every means. There are several
species of Anthistiria deserving introduction and naturalisa-
tion in our colony.

Anthoxanthum odoratum, Linné.
The scented Vernal Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia,
North Africa. A perennial, not of great value as a fattening
grass, yet always desired for the flavour which it imparts to
hay. Perhaps for this purpose the scented Andropogons
might serve here also. On deep and moist soils it attains
its greatest perfection. It is much used for mixing among

c 2

20 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

permanent grasses on pastures, where it will continue long in
season. It would live well in our Alps. The lamellar-
crystalline Cumarin is the principle on which the odour of
Anthoxanthemum depends.

Anthriscus Cerefolium, Hoffmann.
Europe and West Asia. The Chervil. An annual culinary
plant, its herbage used as an aromatic condiment, but the
root seemingly deleterious.

Anthyllis vulneraria, Linné.
The Kidney-Vetch. All Europe, North Africa, West Asia.
This perennial herb serves as sheep fodder, and is particularly
recommended for calcareous soils. Jt would also live on
our Alps.

Apios tuberosa, Moench.
North America. A climber, with somewhat milky juice.
The mealy tubers are edible.

Apium graveolens, Linné.
The Celery. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia.
It is here merely inserted with a view of pointing out, that it
might be readily naturalized on our sea-shores.

Apium prostratum, La Billardiere.
The Australian Celery. Extra-tropical Australia, New Zea-
land, extra-tropical South America. This also can be utilized
as a culinary vegetable.

Apocynum cannabinum, Linné.
On river-banks in North America. This is recorded among
plants yielding a textile fibre.

-Aponogeton crispus, Thunberg.
From India to New South Wales. The tuberous roots of
this water-herb are amylaceous and of excellent taste, though
not large. The same remarks apply to A. monostachyus
Linné fil.).

Aponogeton distachyos, Thunberg.
South Africa, This curious water-plant, introduced already,
might be naturalized in our ditches, swamps and lakes, for
the sake of its edible tubers. The scented flowering portion
affords spinage.

Aquilaria Agallocha, Roxburgh.
On the mountains of Silhet and Assam. A tree of immense
size, probably hardy in our warm forest-valleys. It furnishes
the fragrant Calambac or Agallochum wood, known also as
Ageur or Tuggur or the Aloe-wood of commerce, famed since
ancient times. The odorous portion is only partially distri-
buted through the stem. This wood is also of medicinal value.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 21

Arachis hypogeea, Linné.

The Earth-nut, Pea-nut or Gr ound-nut. Brazil. The seeds
of this annual herb are consumed in a roasted state, or used
for pressing from them a palatable oil. The plant is a very
productive one, and yields a very quick return. It ranks also
as a valuable fodder-herb ; the hay is very nutritious, much
increasing the milk of cows. <A light somewhat calcareous
soil is best fitted for its growth... On such soil, 50 bushels
may be obtained from the acre.

Aralia cordata, Thunberg.
China. The young shoots provide an ssadlent culinary

vegetable.

Araucaria Bidwilli, Hooker.
Bunya Bunya. Southern Queensland. A tree 150 feet in
height, with a fine-grained, hard and durable wood, particu-
larly valuable for furniture; the seeds are large and edible.

Araucaria Brasiliensis, A. Richard.
Brazilian Pine. A tree 180 feet high, producing edible
seeds. Ought to be tried in our fern-gullies.

Araucaria Cookii, R. Brown.
In New Caledonia, where it forms large forests. Height of
tree 200 feet.

Araucaria Cunninghami, Aiton.
Moreton-Bay Pine. East Australia, between 14° and 32° S.
latitude. The tree gets 130 feet igh The timber is used
for ordinary furniture.

Araucaria excelsa, R. Brown.
Norfolk-Island Pine. A magnificent tree, sometimes 220
feet high, with a stem attaining ten feet in diameter. The
timber is useful for ship-building and many other purposes.

Araucaria imbricata, Pavon.
Chili and Patagonia. The male tree attains only a height of
50 feet, but the female reaches 150 feet. It furnishes a hard
and durable timber, as well as an abundance of edible seeds,
which constitute a main article of food of the natives.
Highteen good trees will yield enough for a man’s sustenance
all the year round. In our lowlands of comparative slow
growth, but likely of far more rapid development, if planted
in our ranges.

Araucaria Rulei, F. v. Mueller.
New Caledonia. A magnificent tree with nee shining
foliage, doubtless not merely of decorative but also of
utilitarian value. A closely-allied species, A. Muelleri
(Brogniart), comes with A. Balanse and A. montana from

22, SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

the same island. The New Guinea Araucaria should also be
introduced.

Arbutus Menziesii, Pursh.
North-West America. An evergreen tree, attaining a height.
of 150 feet. I belongs to the coast-tract exclusively. Wood
exceedingly hard. The tree requires a deep loamy soil
(Bolander); it would here be valuable at least as a highly
ornamental garden-plant.

Archangelica officinalis, Hoffmann. |
Arctic zone and mountain regions of Europe. The stalks are
used for confectionery ; the roots are of medicinal use. Only
in our Alps would this herb fully establish its value. The
root is biennial and used in the distillation of some cordials.

Arctostaphylos uva ursi, Sprengel.
Alpine and Arctic Europe, North Asia and North America.
A medicinal small shrub, which here could best be reared in
the heath-moors of our Alpine regions. |

Argania Sideroxylon, Roemer and Schultes.

The Argan-tree. Western Barbary, on dry hills. Its growth
is here found to be slow; but it is a tree of longevity.
Though comparatively low in stature, its foliage occasionally
spreads to a circumference of 220 feet. It sends out suckers
from the root. The fruits serve as food for cattle in Morocco;
but here the kernels would be more likely to be utilized by
pressing the oil from them.

Aristolochia Indica, Linné.
Tropical Asia and Polynesia. A perennial climber; the
leaves famed as an alexipharmic. Can only be grown in
places free from frost.

Aristolochia recurvilabra, Hance.
The green Putchuck of China. A medicinal plant, largely
obtained at Ningpo. The present value of its export is from
£20,000 to £30,000 annually.

Aristolochia Serpentaria, Linné.
The Snake-root of North America. The root of this trailing
herb is valuable in medicine; it contains a peculiar volatile oil.
Several other Aristolochize deserve culture for medicinalh
purposes, for instance,—Aristolochia ovalifolia (Guaco) and.
A. anguicida, from the mountains of Central America, should
they prove hardy. .

Aristotelia Macqui, L’Heritier. ©
Chili. The berries of this shrub, though small, have the
pleasant taste of bilberries, and are largely consumed in
Chili. The plant would thrive in our forest-valleys.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 23

Arnica montana, Linné.
Colder parts of Europe. This pretty herb is perennial, and
of medicinal value. It is eligible for our sub-alpine regions.
The active principles are:—Arnicin, volatile oil, cupron and
capryl acid.

Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Bancroft.
Mountain regions of Central America. An umbelliferous
herb. The roots are nutritious and palatable. There are
yellow, purple and pale varieties.

Artemisia Absinthium, Linné.

' The Wormwood. Europe, North and Middle Asia, and
North Africa. A perennial herb, valuable as a tonic and
anthelmintic. Several other species of Artemisia deserve
cultivation for medicinal purposes. Active principles :—
Absinthin, an oily substance indurating to a crystalline
mass ; a volatile oil peculiar to the species.

Artemisia Cina, Berg.
Kurdistan. This herb furnishes the genuine Santonica
seeds (or rather flowers and fruits), as a vermifuge of long-
estabished use. Some other Asiatic species yield a similar drug.

Artemisia Dracunculus, Linné.
The Tarragon or Estragon. North Asia. <A perennial herb,
used asa condiment. Its flavour rests on two volatile oils,
one of them peculiar to the plant.

Artemisia Mutellina, Villars.
Alps of Europe. This aromatic, somewhat woody plant
deserves to be established in our snowy regions.

Artemisia Pontica, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, West Asia. More aromatic and
less bitter than the ordinary wormwood. Many other species
of this genus deserve attention of the culturist.

Arundinaria falcata, Nees.

The Ringal or Ningala Bamboo of the Himalayas, at elevations
from 3500 to 10,000 feet, forming close and dense thickets.
It rises to the height of 40 feet, the canes durable, attaining
a diameter of only four inches, applied to manifold useful
purposes. The closely allied Jurboota Bamboo of Nepal,
which occurs only in the cold altitudes of from 7000 to 10,000
feet, differs in solitary stems, not growing in clumps. The
Tham or Khaptur Bamboo is from a still colder zone, at
from 8500 to 11,500 feet, only 500 feet or less below the
inferior limits of perpetual glaciers. (Major Madden.)

24 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Arundinaria macrosperma, Michaux.

| Southern States of North America,—particularly on the
Missisippi. ‘This Bamboo-like reed forms there the cane-
brakes. It requires to be replanted after flowering in the
course of years. Height 20 feet.

Arundo Ampelodesmos, Cyrillo.
South Europe, North Africa. Almost as large as A.
Gynerium. The tough flower-stems and leaves readily avail-
able for tying.

Arundo conspicua, G. Forster.
New Zealand and Chatham Islands. Although not strictly
an industrial plant, it is mentioned here as important for
scenic effect, flowering before the still grander A. Sellowiana
comes in bloom.

Arundo Donax, Linné.
The tall evergreen lasting Bamboo-reed of South Europe and
North Africa. It is one of the most important plants of its
class for quickly producing a peculiar scenic effect in pic-
turesque plantations, also for intercepting at once the view to
unsightly objects, and for giving early shelter. The canes can
be used for fishing-rods.

Arundo Karka, Roxburgh.
India, China, Japan. The Durma mats are made of the
split stems of this tall reed.

Arundo Pliniana, Turra.
On the Mediterranean and Adriatic Seas. A smaller plant
than A. Donax, with more slender stems and narrower leaves,
but similarly evergreen, and resembling the Donax reed also
in its roots.

Arundo saccharoides, Grisebach. (Gynervum saccharordes,
Humboldt).
Northern parts of South America. This species is here not
yet introduced; but it is likely to prove hardy. Like the
following, it is conspicuously magnificent.

Arundo Sellowiana, Schultes. (Arundo diocia, Spreng. non
Louriero. Gynerium argenteum, Nees.)
The Pampas Grass of Uruguay, Paraguay and the La Plata
State. A grand autumnal flowering reed, with gorgeous
feathery panicles. As an industrial plant it deserves here a
place, because paper can be prepared from its leaves.

Asparagus acutifolius, Linné.
In all the countries around the Mediterranean Sea, also in
the Canary Islands. Although a shrubby Asparagus, yet the
root-shoots, according to Dr. Heldreich, are collected in

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 25

Greece, and are tender and of excellent taste, though some-
what thinner than those of the ordinary herbaceous species.
The shrub grows on stony rises, and the shoots are obtained
without cultivation. A. aphyllus L. and A. horridus L., ac-
cording to Dr. Reinhold, are utilised in the same manner,
and all may probably yield an improved produce by regular
and careful culture.

Asparagus albus, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea and Sheers Islands.

Serves for garden hedges.

Asparagus laricinus, Burchell.
South Africa. Dr. "Pappe observes of this shrubby species,
that with some other kinds of that country it produces shoots
of excellent tenderness and aromatic taste.

Asparagus officinalis, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, North Asia. The well-known <As-
paragus plant, which, if naturalized on our coast, would aid in
binding the sand. ‘The foliage contains Inosit-Sugar; the
shoots contain Asparagin. Seaweeds are a good additional
material for forcing Asparagus.

Astragalus arenarius, Linné.

Europe and Western Asia. A perennial fodder-herb for our
sandy desert-country. The species, numerous in various

parts of Europe and Asia, in California and some other parts
of the globe, deserve attention for pastoral and agronomic
purposes.

Astragalus Cephalonicus, Fischer. (A. aristatus, Sibthorp.)
Cephalonia. A small shrub, yielding a good Tragacanth ;
and so probably also the true A. aristatus of |’Heritier is
producing it.

Astragalus Cicer, Linné.

Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia. A nutritious
and tasty perennial herb, much sought by pastoral animals.
It requires, according to Langethal, deep friable grounds, and
like most leguminous herbs calcareous ingredients in the soil.

Astragalus Creticus, Lamarck.
Candia and Greece. A small bush, exuding the ordinary
vermicular Tragacanth. The pale is preferable to the brown
sort.

Astragalus glycyphyllos, Linné.
Europe and North Asia. Succeeds on light soil, also in
forest regions. It has been recommended as a perennial
substantial fodder-plant.

26 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Astragalus gummifer, La Billardiére,
Syria and Persia. This shrub also yields a good kind of

Tragacanth.

Astragalus hypoglottis, Linné.
In the colder regions of Europe, Asia and North America.
This perennial plant is regarded as a good fodder-herb on
calcareous and gravelly soil, and would likely be of importance
for our alps. Of the enormous number of supposed species
of this genus (according to Boissier, not less than 750,
merely in Asia Minor and the adjoining countries) many
must be of pastoral value, like some of our closely-allied
Swainsonas, though they also may include deleterious species.

Astragalus parnassi, Boissier (A. Cylleneows, Heldreich).
Greece. This small shrub furnishes there almost exclusively
the commercial Tragacanth. It ascends to elevations of 7000
feet, becomes therefore alpine.

Astragalus strabiliferus, Royle.
Asiatic Turkey. The brown Tragacanth is collected from this
species.

Astragalus verus, Olivier.
Asiatic Turkey and Persia. This shrub furnishes the Takalor
or Smyrna Tragacanth, or it is derived from an allied species.

Atalantia glauca, J. Hooker.
New South Wales and Queensland. This desert-lemon is
mentioned here to draw attention to the likelihood of its
improving in culture, and to its fitness for being grown in arid
land.

Atriplex hortensis, Linné.
North and Middle Asia. The Arroche. An annual Spinage
plant.

Atriplex nummularium, Lindley.

From Queensland through the desert-tracts to Victoria and
South Australia. One of the tallest and most fattening and
wholesome of our pastoral salt-bushes, and although a native
plant even here highly recommendable for artificial rearing,
as the spontaneously growing plants, by close occupation of
the sheep and cattle runs, have largely disappeared, and
as this useful bush even here in many wide tracts does not
exist. )

Atriplex spongiosum, F. v. Mueller.
Through a great part of Central Australia, extending to the
west coast. Available like the preceding, and like A.
halimoides, A. vesicarium, A. holocarpum and several other
native species for salt-bush culture. Unquestionably some of

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 27

the scrubby Extra-Australian species, particularly those of
the Siberian and Californian steppes, could be transferred
advantageously to our salt-bush country to increase its value
for sheep-pasture.

Atropa Belladonna, Linné.
The Deadly Nightshade. South and Middle Europe and
Western Asia. A most important perennial medicinal herb.
The highly powerful Atropin is derived from it, besides
another alkaloid, the Belladonnin.

Avena elatior, Linné.
Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. ‘This tall grass should
not be passed altogether on this occasion, although it becomes
easily irrepressible on account of its wide-creeping roots. It
should here be chosen for dry and barren tracts of country,
it having proved to resist our occasional droughts even better
than Rye-grass. The bulk yielded by it is great, it submits
well to depasturing, and gives two or three crops of hay
annually: it is, however, not so much relished by animals as
many other grasses.

Avena fatua, Linné.
Wild Oat. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia,
eastward as far as Japan. ‘The experiments of Professor
Buckman indicate, that our ordinary Culture-Oat (Avena
sativa, L.) is descended from this plant.

Avena flavescens, Linné. (Zrisetwm flavescens, Beauv.)
Yellowish Oat-Grass. Europe, North Africa, Middle and
North Asia, eastward as far as Japan. One of the best of
perennial meadow-grasses, living on dry soil: fitted also for
our Alps. Lawson observes that it yields a considerable bulk
of fine foliage, and that it is eagerly sought by sheep, but
that it thrives best intermixed with other grasses. It likes
particularly limestone soil, where it forms a most valuable
under-grass, but is not adapted for poor sand nor will it stand
well the traversing of pasture animals (Langethal).

Avena pratensis, Linné.

Meadow Oat-Grass. Europe, North Asia. It thrives well
on dry, clayey soil; it produces a sweet fodder, but not in so
great proportion as several other less nutritious grasses. It is
perennial, and well adapted for our snowy mountains, where it
would readily establish itself, even on heathy moors. Re-
commended by Langethal for arid ground, particularly such
as contains some lime, being thus as valuable as Festuca
ovina. Lligible also for meadows under a system of
irrigation.

298 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Avena pubescens, Linné.

Downy Oat-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Asia. A
sweet perennial grass, requiring dry but good soil, containing
lime. It is nutritious and prolific. One of the earliest
kinds, but not well resisting traffic. Several good Oat-
grasses are peculiar to North America and other parts of the
globe. Their relative value as fodder-grasses is In many cases
not exactly known, nor does the limit assigned to this little
treatise allow of their being enumerated on this occasion.

Averrhoa Carambola, Linné.
Insular India. Dr. Hooker having found this small tree on
the Upper Indus as far as Lahore, it may reasonably be
anticipated that success would attend its rearing in the
warmest and moistest parts of our colonial territory. The
fruit occurs in a sweet and acid variety; the former is raw
available for the table, the other for preserves. That of A.
Bilimbi (Linné) is of similar use.
Avicennia officinalis, Linné.
From the coasts of South Asia to those of South Africa, all
Australia and New Zealand. It is proposed by Dr. Herm.
_ Behr, to plant this tree for consolidating muddy tidal shores.

Azima tetracantha, Lamarck.
From South India to South Africa. A hedge-bush, growing
freely in every kind of soil.

Baccharis pilularis, Candolle. _
California. This evergreen bush, like B. consanguinea, is
grown for hedges, used also for garlands, wrappers of flower
bouquets and many decorative purposes, as cut branches do
not wither for a considerable time. It attains a height of 15
feet (Professor Bolander).

Backhousia citriodora, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. Though only a small tree it is well
worth cultivating for the fragrance of its lemon-scented
foliage.

Bactris Gasipees, Humboldt. (Guilielma speciosa, Mart.)
The Peach Palm of the Amazon River, ascending to the
warm-temperate regions of the Andes. Stems clustered,
attaining a height of 40 feet. Dy. Spruce describes the
large bunches of fruits as possessing a thick, firm and mealy
pericarp, which, when cooked, has a flavour between potato
and chestnut, but superior to either. To us, however, this
palm would be mainly an object of grandeur. It is likely to
endure our clime in the fern-tree gullies.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 29

Baloghia lucida, Endlicher. (Codicwm lucidum, J. M.)
Hast Australia. A middle-sized tree. The sap from the
vulnerated trunk forms, without any admixture, a beautiful
red indelible pigment.

Balsamodendron Ehrenbergi, Berg.
Deserts of Arabia. This tree yields the Myrrha resin, but
perhaps some other species may produce the same substance.
Professor Oliver unites this with the following species.

Balsamodendron Mukul, Hooker.
Scinde and Beludschistan. Yields the Bdellium resin.

Balsamodendron Opobalsamum, Kunth. (B. Gileadense,
Kunth).
Arabia and Nubia, This species furnishes Mekka or Gilead
Balsam. 5B. Capense (Sonder) is a closely allied species from
extra-tropical South Africa. Many other Balsam shrubs de-
serve introduction.

Bambusa arundinacea, Roxburgh.

The Thorny Bamboo of India. It requires rich, moist soil,
and delights on river-banks. Is is of less height than Bam-
busa vulgaris; it also sends up from the root numerous
stems, but with bending branches, thorny at the joints.
According to Kurz it will thrive in a climate too dry for B.
Tulda and B. vulgaris. The seeds of this and some other
Bamboos are useful as food for fowls.

Bambusa aspera, Poiret.
Indian Archipelagus. Attains a height of 120 feet. Stems
very strong and thick. This species ascends to elevations of
4000 feet.

Bambusa Blumeana, Schultes.
Insular India. This Bamboo with its spiny buds and de-
pendent branchlets is, according to Kurz, one of the best for
cattle-proof live hedges among the Asiatic species. In con-
tinental India B. nana and B. arundinacea are much used for
the same purpose. Periodic trimming is required.

Bambusa spinosa, Roxburgh.
Bengal. A Bamboo attaining 100 feetin height. The central
cavity of the canes is of less width than in most other
species, thus the strength for many technic purposes is
increased.

Bambusa vulgaris, Wendland.
The large unarmed Bamboo of Bengal. It attains a height
of 70 feet, and stems may attain even a length of 40 feet in
one season, though the growth is slower in our clime. It has
proved to be capable of resisting the occasional night-frost of

30

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

the lowlands of Victoria. It isthe best for building bamboo-
houses. Immersion in water for some time renders the cane
still firmer. To the series of large thornless Bamboos belong
also Bambusa Tulda and Bambusa Balcooa of India, and
Bambusa Thouarsii from Madagascar and Bourbon. These
Bamboos are much used for various kinds of furniture, mats,
implements and other articles. Besides this, Mr. Kurz
enumerates as among the best Asiatic Bamboos for building
purposes :—Gigantochloa aspera, G. maxima, G. atter; while
Mr. Teysmann for the same purpose notes G. apus. Kurz
recommends further Bambusa arundinacea, B. Balcooa,
B. Brandisii, B. polymorpha, Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni,
Schizostachyum Blumei. In the Moluccas, according to
Costa, Gigantochloa maxima or an allied species produces
stems thick enough to serve, when slit into halves, for canoes,
Bamboos serve for masts and spars of small vessels. Bambusa
Balcooa was found by Wallich to grow 12 feet in 23 days.
Bambusa Tulda, according to Roxburgh, has grown at first
at the rate of from 20 to 70 feet in a month. Fortune
noticed the growth of several Chinese Bamboos to be two to
two-and-a-half feet a day. There are many other kinds of
Bamboo eligible among the species from China, Japan, India,
tropical America, and perhaps tropical Africa. One occurs
in Arnhem’s Land.

Barbareea vulgaris, R. Brown.

In the cooler regions of all parts of the globe, ascending to
alpine zones. This herb furnishes a wholesome salad. As
with other raw vegetables, particularly watercress (Nastur-
tium aquaticum, Trag ), circumspect care is necessary to free
such salads from possibly adherent echinococcus-ova or other
germs of entozoa, particularly in localities where hydatids
prevail.

Barosma serratifolia, Willdenow.

South Africa. This shrub supplies the medicinal Bucco-
leaves. B. crenulata, Hook. (Diosma crenulata, L.), is only
a variety of this species. Active principles—a peculiar
volatile oil, a peculiar resin, and a crystalline substance
called Diosmin.

Basella lucida, Linné.

India. Perennial. This spinage-plant has somewhat the
odour of Ocimum Basilicum; other species serve also culinary
purposes.

Basella rubra, Linné.

From South Asia to Japan. This annual or biennial herb
serves as a spinage of pleasant coloration.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 31

Batis maritima, Linné.
Central America and northward to Florida, also in the Sand-
wich Islands. This halorageous shrub can be used to fix
tidal sediments for the reclamation of valuable harbour-lands.

Beesha elegantissima, Hasskar!.
Java, on mountains about 4000 feet high. Very tall and
exceedingly slender; the upper branches pendulous. A
hardy species of Bamboo.

Benincasa cerifera, Savi.
India. This annual plant produces a large edible gourd,
which in an unripe state forms part of the composition of
many kinds of currie.

Berberis Asiatica, Roxburgh.
Himalaya. One of the best among numerous species with
edible berries. Among these may specially be mentioned B.
lycium (Royle) and B. aristata (Candolle), which also yield
valuable yellow dye-wood (Dr. Rosenthal).

Berberis buxifolia, Lamarck.
From Magelhaen’s Straits to Chili. This bush, according to
Dr. Philippi, is the best among the South American species
for berries, which are comparatively large, black, hardly acid,
but slightly astringent. In Valdivia and Chiloe they are
frequently consumed.

Berberis Darwinii, Hooker.
Chiloe and South Chili. Considered one of the most hand-
some of all shrubs for garden hedges. Several other evergreen
Berbery shrubs serve the same purpose.
Beta vulgaris, Linné.*

The Beet or Mangold Root. Middle and South Europe,
Middle Asia, North Africa. This well-known perennial or
biennial herb ought to engage the general and extensive
attention of our farming population. The herb is most
valuable as a palatable and nutritious spinage; the root is
of importance not only as a culinary vegetable, but, as well
known, also for its content of sugar, fit to he crystallised.
That of Beet, indeed, is now almost exclusively consumed in
Russia, Germany, Austria, France, Sweden and Belgium ;
and these countries not only produce the Beet sugar, but also
export it largely to the neighbouring States. The white
Sicilian Beet is mainly used for salads, spinage and soups.
The thick-ribbed variety serves like Asparagus or Seakale,
dressed like Rhubarb. Cereal soil, particularly such as is
fit for barley, is generally adapted also for the culture of
Beet. The rearing of the root, and the manufacture of the

32

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

sugar, can be studied from manifold works; one has been
compiled by Mr. N. Levy, of this city. A deeply-stirred,
drained soil, rich in lime, brings the saccharine variety of
Beet to the greatest perfection. The Imperial Beet yields
from 12 to 20 per cent. sugar. The Castlenauderry, the
Magdeburg, the Siberian Whiterib and the Vilmorin Beet
are other varieties rich in sugar. About five Ibs. of seeds
are required for an acre. In rotation of crops, the Beet
takes its place best between barley and oats. In Middle
Europe the yield averages 14 tons of Sugar Beet to the acre,
and as many hundred weight of raw sugar. The mercantile
value of the root, at our distilleries, ranged from 20s. to 30s.
per ton. In our clime, the Beet harvest can be extended
over a far longer time of the year than in Middle Europe.
The extraction of the sap is effected generally by hydraulic
pressure. The juice is purified with lime and animal coal.
Excess,of lime is removed by carbonic acid, and the purified
and decolourized juice is evaporated in vacuum pans, with a
view to preventing the extensive conversion of the crystal-
lisable sugar into treacle. The production of Beet-sugar
needs far less labour than that of cane-sugar, and the harvest
is obtained in so short a time as eight months. Beet has
shown itself subject neither to alarming diseases nor to
extensive attacks of insects. Beet is grown in extra-tropical
zones like ours, while the sugar-cane is a plant confined to
tropical and sub-tropical latitudes. Beet culture, by directly
or indirectly restoring the refuge, ameliorates the soil to such
an extent, that in some parts of Germany land, so utilized,
has risen to fourfold its former value. Beet, furthermore,
affords one of the most fattening stable-fodders; and thus
again an ample supply of manure. In Middle Europe now
about one-sixth of all the arable land is devoted to Beet, yet
the produce of cereals has not become reduced, while the
rearing of fattened cattle has increased. Notwithstanding a
heavy tax on the Beet-sugar factories in Europe, the industry
has proved prosperous, and assumes greater and greater
dimensions. In 1865, the sugar consumption of Europe
amounted to 31,676,497 cwt., one-third of which had been
locally supplied by the Beet, from over one thousand Beet-
sugar factories. ‘Treacle obtained from beet is distilled for
alcohol. For establishing remunerative factories on a large
and paying scale, it has been suggested that farmers’ com-
panies might be formed. For ascertaining the percentage of
sugar in Beet, saccharometers are used. In Germany, some
scientific periodicals are exclusively devoted to the fostering
of this industry.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE.

Betula alba, Linné.*

The ordinary Birch of Europe and extratropical Asia. It
attains a height of 80 feet, and would here thrive best in
moist glens of the ranges, or in the higher regions of our
mountains, where it would form up at the Alpine zone
excellent shelter plantations. The durable bark serves for
roofing. Wood white, turning red. The oil of the bark is
used in preparing the Russian leather.

Betula lenta, Willdenow.
The Cherry Birch of North America. A tree of middle size,
liking moist ground. Bark aromatic. Wood rose-coloured
or dark, fine-grained, excellent for furniture. Several Birches
’ occur in Japan, which might well be tried here.

Betula lutea, Michaux.
The yellow or grey Birch of North-East America. Adapted
for moist forest land. In size and most other respects similar
to B. lenta.

Betula nigra, Linné.
The River Birch of North America. One of the tallest of
Birches. If grown on the banks of a limpid stream,
it will bear intense heat. The wood is compact, of a light
colour.

Betula papyracea, Aiton.
The Paper Birch of North America. A larger tree than B.
alba, with a fine-grained wood and a tough bark; much used
for portable canoes. It likes a cold situation.

Boehmeria nivea, Gaudichaud.*
The Ramee or Rheea. Southern Asia, as far east as J apan. |
This bush furnishes the strong and beautiful fibre woven
into fabric, which inappropriately is called grass-cloth.
The bark is softened by hot water or steam, and then
separable into its tender fibres. The best is obtained from
the young shoots; it is glossy, tough and lasting, combining
to some extent the appearance of silk with the strength of
flax. The ordinary warket value of the fibre is about £40
per ton; but Dr. Royle mentions that it has realized, at
times, £120. The seeds are sown on manured or otherwise
rich and friable soil. In the third year, or under very
favourable circumstances even earlier, it yields its crops, as
many as three annually. The produce of an acre has been
estimated at two tons of fibre. This latter, since iaempfer’s
time, has been known to be extensively used for ropes and
cordage in Japan. Our rich and warmest forest-valleys
seem best adapted for the Ramee, as occasional irrigation can
be also there applied. In the open grounds of Victoria it

D

34 | SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

suffers from the night-frosts, although this does not mate-
rially injure the plant, which sends up fresh shoots, fit for
fibre, during the hot season. The plant has been cultivated
and distributed since 1854, in the Botanic Garden of
Melbourne, where it is readily propagated from cuttings,
the seeds ripening rarely there. Cordage of this Boehmeria is
three times as strong as that of hemp. Other species require
to be tested, among them the one which was recently dis-
covered in Lord Home’s Island, namely Boehmeria calophleba.

Bongardia Rauwolfi, C. A. Meyer.

From Greece through Turkey to the Caucasus. A perennial
herb, the leaves of which are utilised like culinary sorrel. -

Boronia megastigma, Nees.

In West Australia on margins of swamps. This remarkable
bush is recorded here as an emblem of mourning, its external
blackish flowers rendering it especially eligible for graves.
Industrially it interests us on account of its powerfully
fragrant blossoms, for the sake of which this bush will
deserve to be cultivated. The scent might be extracted by
Mr. Bosisto’s process.

Borrago officinalis, Linné.
South Europe, Orient. An annual herb, occasionally used
for medicinal purposes or as an admixture to salad.

Boswellia papyrifera, A. Richard.
Morocco, Nubia, and Abyssinia, forming entire forests about
Bertat on the Atlas. This tree exudes a kind of Olibanum
resin and represents apparently one of the hardest species of
this and allied genera.

Bouteloua barbata, Lagasca.
North and Central America. One of the Gramma-grasses of
the prairies, called with some other species also Muskit-grass.
Annual, For nutritive value famed.

Brabejum stellatifolium, Linné.
South Africa. The nuts of this shrub are edible, resembling
those of our Macadamia ternifolia, to which also in foliage
and flowers Brabejum is closely allied. The nuts are also
similar to those of the Chilian Guevina Avellana. The fruit
should be roasted, as otherwise it is deleterious.

Brachychiton acerifolium, F. v. Mueller.
The East Australian Flame-tree. An evergreen shade-tree,
with magnificent trusses of crimson blossoms. Like B.
populneum (R. Br.), eligible for promenade-lines, when
celerity of growth is no object. The mucilaginous sap, when
exuded, indurates to a kind of Tragacanth. |

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 3D

Brassica alba, Visiani. (Sinapis alba, Linné.)

White Mustard. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. Anannual. ‘The seeds are less pungent than those of
the Black Mustard, but used in a similar manner. The
young leaves of both are useful as a culinary and anti-
scorbutic salad. Dr. Masters enumerates Brassica Chinensis,
B. dichotoma, B. Pekinensis, B. ramosa and B. glauca
among the mustards, which nndergo cultivation in various
parts of Asia, either for the fixed oil of thei seeds or for
their herbage. From 15 lbs. to 20 lbs. of seeds of the
White Mustard are required for an acre. In the climate of
California, similar to ours, 1400 lbs. of seeds have been
gathered from an acre.

Brassica Chinensis, Linné.
China and Japan. Serves like the following for cabbage, and
may in cultivation produce new varieties. B. cretica (Lam.),
a woody Mediterranean species.

Brassica juncea, J. Hook and Thoms. (B. Willdenowitt, Boiss.;
Sinapis juncea, Linné),

From Middle Africa to China. According to Colonel Drury,
cultivated all over India for sarepta mustard seeds; also a
good salad plant.

Brassica nigra, Koch. (Sinapis mgra, Linné. )
The Black Mustard. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia,
An annual. The seeds, simply crushed and then sifted, con-
stitute the mustard of commerce. For medicinal purposes
the seeds of this species are preferable for sinapisin and
other purposes. In rich soil this plant is very prolific; and
in our forest-valleys it is likely to remain free from the
attack of aphis. Chemical constituents :—a peculiar fixed
oil, crystalline sinapin, the fatty sinapisin, Myron-acid and
Myrosin.

Brassica oleracea, Linné.
An annual or biennial coast-plant, indigenous to various
parts of Europe. It is mentioned here with a view of
showing that it might be naturalized on our rocky and sandy
sea-shores. From the wild plant of the coast originated
various kinds of cabbages, broccoli, cauliflower, Brussels
sprouts, kail, kohlrabi, &c. Other races of this species are
collectively represented by Brassica Rapa, L. (B. campestris,
L.), the wild Navew, yielding most of the varieties of
turnips, some with other cultivated forms transferred to us
from ancient times. Again, other varieties are comprehended
within Brassica Napus, L., such as the Swedish and Teltower
turnips, while the rape-seed, so important for its oil (Colza),

Dp 2

36 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

is also derived from a form of B..Napus. The rape should
be produced here as an agrarian produce, giving a rapid
return, wherever it should remain free of aphis. The
hardier turnips could be produced on our highest Alps, as
they are grown still within the Arctic circle, and, according
to Dr. J. Hooker, at a height of 15,000 feet in the Himalaya

mountains.

Bromus asper, Murray.
Europe, North and Middle Asia. A good perennial fodder
grass for wood-regions, but like Festuca gigantea late in the
season.

Bromus erectus, Hudson.
Europe, North Africa. Important as a perennial nutritious.
grass for dry limestone regions; much liked by cattle and sheep.

Bromus unioloides, Humboldt.* (B. Schraderi, Kunth.)
Here called the Prairie Grass. From Central America it has.
spread over many parts of the globe. The writer saw it.
disseminated in the mountains of St. Vincent’s Gulf as early
as 1847. It is one of the richest of all grasses, grows
continuously and spreads readily from seeds, particularly on
fertile and somewhat humid soil, and has proved as a lasting
and nutritious fodder-grass or pasture-grass one of our best
acquisitions.

Broussonetia papyrifera, Ventenat.

The Paper Mulberry. Islands of the Pacific Ocean, China,
Japan, perhaps only truly indigenous in the last-named
country. The bast of this tree or shrub can be converted
into very strong paper. It can also be used as a textile
fabric ; furthermore the fabrics made from it can be dressed
with linseed oil for waterproof coverings. In cultivation
the plant is kept like an osier. The leaves cannot be used
for silkworms. Huropean fabrics have largely superseded the
clothing made of this plant in the South Sea Islands.

Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey.*
The true Buffalo-grass of Kansas. Dicecious, creeping, only
rising to half a foot or less. It is extremely fattening, but
apt to be suppressed by coarser grasses on places where these
are not trampled out or kept down by the pasture animals.

Buddleya Madagascariensis, Lamarck.
Madagascar. Of the numerous species of Buddleya, the
most eligible for shelter copses on account of its great size
and always tidy appearance, as well as vigour and celerity of
growth. It is ever-flowering.

FOR VICTORIAM INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 37

Butea frondosa, Roxburgh.
The Dhak or Pulas of India. This magnificent tree extends
to the Himalaya mountains, and therefore might here be a
proper one for acclimatisation. It is very rich in a peculiar
kind of kino. The Lac-insect is also nourished by this tree,
and might be transferred to us with it.

~Butomus umbellatus, Linné.
The Flowering Rush. Europe, North and Middle Asia.
This elegant perennial water-plant is mentioned here more
for its value in embellishing our lakes and watercourses than
for the sake of its roots. The latter, when roasted, are
edible. The plant would live in our sub-alpine rivulets.

Buxus sempervirens, Linné.

The Turkey Box-tree. South Europe, North Africa, South-
West Asia. This slow-growing tree should timely be planted,
to provide the indispensable box-wood for wood engravers
and musical instrument makers, as yet no good substitute for
it having been discovered. The box-tree needs calcareous
soil for its best development. Among allied species B.
Balearica attains a height of 80 feet. Other congeners are
B. subcolumellaris, B. Cubana, B. Purdieana, B. citrifolia,
B. acuminata, B. levigata, B. Vahlii, B. gonoclada, B.
retusa, B. glomerata, B. Wrightii, all from West India;
further, B. Madagascarica, B. longifolia from Turkey, B.
Wallichiana from the Himalayas and B. microphylla from
Japan, but neither of any of these, nor of the various species
of the allied Indian genus Sarcococca, nor of several species
of the Andine genus Styloceras, does it appear to be known
what relation their wood may hold to that of the true box-
tree, and whether they are more rapid in growth.

Ceesalpinia brevifolia, Bentham.
Chili. The pods of this shrub are extraordinarily rich in
tannic acid, and hence valuable for tanneries (Philippi).

‘Ceesalpinia coriaria, Willdenow.
Wet sea-shores of Central America. Might be naturalised
in our salt marshes. Colonel Drury states, that each full-
grown tree produces annually about 100 Ibs, of pods, the husk
of which, commercially known as Divi-Divi, is regarded as
the most powerful and quickly acting tanning material in
India. The mercantile price of the pods is from £8 to £13
per ton.

Ceesalpinia Gilliesii, Wallich. (Poinciana Gilliesti, Hooker.)
La Plata States. This beautiful hardy bush can be utilized
for hedges.

38 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Ceesalpinia Sappan, Linné.
South Asia. The wood funishes red dye. This shrub can
also be utilised for hedges. It would likely prove hardy here
in places free of frost.

Ceesalpinia sepiaria, Roxburgh.
South Asia, east to Japan. Can be utilized in the warmer
tracts of our colony as a hedge-bush. It can advantageously
be mixed for hedge-growth with Pterolobiwm lacerans
(R. Br.), according to Dr. Cleghorn.

Ceesalpinia tinctoria, Humboldt.
Chili. The bark yields a red dye.

Cajanus Indicus, Candolle.

The Catjang; in Assam, called Gelooa-mah. A shrubby
plant of India and tropical Africa, probably available for
profitable culture and naturalization in the warmer parts of
our colony. It sustains itself on dry ground, and yields the
pulse known as Dhal, Urhur and Congo-pea. The plant
lasts for about three years. Attains a height of 15 feet, and
has yielded in the richest soil of Egypt 4000 Ibs. of peas to
the acre. A crop is already obtained in the first year. The
seeds can be used as peas in the green as well as mature
state. Several species of Cajanus of the Atylosia section,
indigenous to the warmer parts of Australia, might be tested
here for the sake of the economic value of their seeds. The
insect, active in the formation of Lac, lives extensively on the
Cajanus, according to Mr. T. D. Brewster, of Assam.
Silkworms live also on it.

Calamagrostis longifolia, Hooker.
North America. Excellent for fixing drift-sand.

Calamintha Nepeta, Hoftmansegg.
It is of the strongest odour among several species, but not of
so pleasant a scent as C. incana (Boiss.) and C. grandiflora
(Moench).

Calamintha officinalis, Moench.
Middle and South Europe and Middle Asia, North Africa.
A perennial herb, used like melissa as a condiment.

Calamus montanus, T. Anderson.
Himalaya, up to 6000 feet. A hardy climbing palm. The
aged canes are naked. “The light but strong suspension-
bridges, by which the large rivers of Sikkim are crossed, are
constructed of this palm. It supplies material for the
strongest ropes for dragging logs of wood from the forests.
The most durable baskets and the cane-work of chairs are
manufactured from the slit stems. Walking-sticks and

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 39

riding-canes made of this species are exported from Sikkim
in considerable quantity.” Many other Calami serve similar
purposes, but probably few or perhaps none are equally
hardy.

Callitris quadrivalvis, Ventenat.
North Africa. A middling-sized tree, yielding the true

Sandarac resin.

Calyptranthes aromatica, St. Hilaire.
South Brazil. This spice-shrub would likely prove hardy
here, the flower-buds can be used almost like cloves, the
berries like allspice. Several other aromatic species are
eligible for test culture.

Camelina Sativa, Crantz.
Middle and South Europe, temperate Asia. An annual
herb, cultivated for the sake of its fibre and the oil of its
seeds. It is readily grown after corn crops, yields richly
even on poor soil and is not atacked by aphis. Mr. W.
Taylor obtained 32 bushels of seeds from an acre, and from
these 540 Ibs. of oil. The return is within a few months.

Canna Achiras, Gillies.
Mendoza. One of the few extra-tropic Cannas, eligible for
Arrow-root culture.

Canna coccinea, Roscoe.
West India. Yields with some other Cannas the particular
Arrow-root, called “Tous les mois.”

Canna edulis, Edwards.

The Adeira of Peru. One of the hardiest of Arrow-root
plants, and thus well-adapted for our clime. Seeds, even if
many years old, will germinate. This species has yielded
excellent starch at Melbourne, Western Port, Lake Welling-
ton, Ballarat and other localities, from plants supplied at the
Botanic Garden. The Rev. Mr. Hagenauer, of the Guipps-
land Aboriginal Mission station, obtained 220 lbs. of
Arrow-root from one-eighth of an acre of this Canna. The
gathering of the roots is effected about April. The plants
can be set out in ordinary ploughed land. Captain James
Hall, of Hastings, prepared also largely the starch from this
root. Starch grains remarkably large.

Canna flaccida, Roscoe.
Carolina. Probably also available for Arrow-root, though in
first instance like many congeners chosen only for | orna-
mental culture.

Canna glauca, Linné.
One of the West Indian Arrow-root Cannas.

40

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Cannabis sativa, Linné.

The Hemp-plant ; indigenous to various parts of Asia, as far
west as Turkey and as far east as Japan. Cultivated for its
fibre since ancient times. Particularly in hot climes it
exudes the ‘“‘Churras,” a resinous substance of narcotic
intoxicating property. The foliage contains also a volatile
oil, while the seeds yield by pressure the well-known
fixed Hemp-oil. The staminiferous plant is pulled for
obtaining the fibre in its best state immediately after
flowering ; the seeding plant is gathered for fibre at a later
stage of growth. Good soil, well-drained, never absolutely
dry, is needed for successful Hemp culture. Hemp is one of
the plants yielding a full and quick return within the season.
The summer temperatures of St. Petersburg (67° F.) and of
Moscow (62° F.) admit yet of the cultivation of this plant.
The Hemp as a narcotic plant serves as a protection against
insects on cultural fields, if sown along their boundaries.

Capparis sepiaria, Linné.

From India to the Philippine Islands, ascending to cool
elevations and living in arid soil. A prickly bush, excellent
for hedges. Dr. Cleghorn mentions also as hedge-plants
C. horrida (L. fil.), C. aphylla (Roth), C. Roxburghii (Cand.),
some of which yield also capers.

Capparis spinosa, Linné.

South Europe and North Africa, South Asia and North
Australia. A somewhat shrubby and trailing plant, deserving
even for the sake of its handsome fiowers, a place in any
garden. It sustains its life in the most arid deserts. The
frosts of our lowlands do not destroy this plant. The flower-
buds and young berries preserved in vinegar with some salt
form the Capers of commerce. Samples of Capers, prepared
from plants of the Botanic Garden, are placed in our Indus-
trial Museum, together with many other industrial products
emanating from the writer’s laboratory. The Caper-plant is
propagated either from seeds or suckers; it is well able to
withstand either heat or drought. The buds after their first
immersion into slightly salted vinegar are strained and after-
wards preserved in bottles with fresh vinegar. Chemical
principle: Glycosid.

Capsicum annuum, Linné.

Central America. An annual herb, which yields the Chillies
and thus also the material for Cayenne Pepper. Chemical
principle: Capsicin, an acrid soft-resinous substance.

Capsicum baccatum, Linné.

The Cherry-Capsicum. A perennial plant. From Brazil

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 41

brought to tropical Africa and Asia, where now other Pepper-
Capsicums are likewise naturalized.

Capsicum frutescens, Linné. (C. fastigiatum, Blume.)
Tropical America. The berries of this shrubby species are
likewise converted into Cayenne Pepper.

Capsicum longum, Candolle.

Some of the hottest parts of America. An annual herb,
also yielding Cayenne Pepper. Fraas believes this plant, as
an oriental one, to have been known already to Teophrastos
and Dioscorides. ©. grossum (Willd.) is also mentioned by
Colonel Drury as a very pungent species. Our summers
admit of the successful growth of at least the annual species
of Capsicum in all the lowlands.

Caragana arborescens, Lamarck.
The Pea-tree of Siberia. The seeds are of culinary value,
but particularly used for feeding fowl. The leaves yield a
blue dye (Dr. Rosenthal).

Carex arenaria, Linné.

Europe and North Asia. One of the most powerful of sedges
for subduing rolling sand, not attracting pasture animals by
its foliage. The roots are of medicinal value.

Carex Moorcroftiana, Falconer.

_ The Loongmur of the Alps of Thibet. One of the best of
sedges for staying the shifting sand by its deeply penetrating
and creeping roots. It forms an intricate network on the
surface and beneath; outliving most other fodder-plants at its
native places, it becomes available for cattle and horse-food,
particularly in the cold of winter, and is held to be singularly
invigorating to pasture-animals.

Carissa Arduina, Lamarck.

South Africa. A shrub with formidable thorns, well adapted
for boundary lines of gardens, where rapidity of growth is
not an object. Quite hardy at Melbourne. C. ferox (E.
Meyer) and C. grandiflora (A. de Cand.), are allied plants of
equal value. The East Australian, C. Brownii (F. von
Mueller) can be similarly utilized. . The flowers of all are
very fragrant. C. Carandas (Linné), extends from India to
China; its berries are edible.

Carpinus Betulus, Linné.
The Hornbean. A tree 80 feet high. Middle and South
Europe. Wood pale, of a horny toughness and hardness,
close-grained, but not elastic. This tree would serve to arrest
the progress of bushfires, if planted in copses or hedges like
willows and poplars around forest plantations. A smaller

49 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

species, Carpinus Americana, Mich., yields the Ironwood of
North America. Four species occur in Japan (C. cordata,
C. erosa, C. laxiflora, C. japonica (Blume). Carpinus viminea.
(Wallich) is a species with durable wood from the middle
regions of Nepal.

Carthamus tinctorius, Linné.

From Egypt to India. The Safflower. A tall annual rather
handsome herb. The florets produce yellow, rosy, ponceau
and other red shades of dye, according to various admix-
tures. Pigment principles: Carthamin and Carthamus-
yellow. For domestic purposes it yields a dye ready at.
hand from any garden. In India the Carthamus is also.
cultivated for the sake of the oil, which can be pressed from
the seeds.

Carum Ajowan, Bentham. (Ptychotis Ajowan, Candolle.)
India. The fruits of this annual herb form an excellent.
culinary condiment with the flavour of thyme. Its peculiar
oil is accompanied by Cymol and Thymol.

Carum Bulbocastanum, Koch.
Middle of South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, on
limestone soil. The tuberous roots serve as a culinary vege-
table, the fruits as a condiment.

Carum Capense, Sonder.
South Africa, where the edible, somewhat aromatic root is.
called Fenkelwortel.

Carum Carui, Linné.
The Caraway-plant. Perennial. Europe, North and Middle
Asia. It might be naturalized in our Alps and also along
our sea-shores. The Caraway-oil is accompanied by two
chemical principles: Carven and Carvol.

Carum ferulifolium, Koch. (Bunium ferulifolium, Desfont.)
A perennial herb of the Mediterranean regions. The small
tubers are edible.

Carum nigrum, Royle.
Himalaya. With C. gracile this yields caraway-like fruits.

Carum Petroselinum, Bentham. (Apium Petroselinum,
Linné.)

The Parsley. The biennial well-known herb, indigenous‘ta

South Europe and the Orient. Essential oil peculiar with
Stearopten.

Carum segetum, Bentham. (Ansthuwm segetum, Linné.)
Around the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Middle Europe.
An aromatic annual herb, available for culinary purposes.

ite

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULUURE. 43,

Carya alba, Nuttall.*
The Shellbark-Hickory. A deciduous tree, 90 feet high,
which delights in rich forest soil; anative of North America.
Wood strong, elastic, and tenacious, but not very durable.
_ Yields the main supply of hickory nuts. All the hickories
are extensively used in North America for hoops.

Carya amara, Nuttall.
The Bitternut Tree or Swamp Hickory. A tree, 80 feet
high, in swampy grounds of North America. Wood less
valuable than that of other hickories.

Carya glabra, Torrey.* (Carya porcina, Nuttall). |
The Hognut Tree. <A tree, 80 feet high, in forest-land of
North America. Wood very tough; the heart-wood reddish
or dark-coloured; much used for axletrees and axehandles.

-Carya microcarpa, Nuttall. |

The Balsam Hickory. North America. A fine lofty tree,
attaining a height of 80 feet, and a stem of two feet in
diameter. The wood is white and tough, and possessed of
most of the good qualities of C. tomentosa, to which this
species is also in other respects allied. The nut is of a
pleasant taste, but small. (Nuttall.)

Carya oOliviformis, Nuttall.

The Pecan Nut-tree of North America. A handsome lofty
tree up to 70 feet high, with a straight trunk. Its wood is
coarse-grained, heavy and compact, possessing great strength
and durability. The nuts, which are usually abundant,
are from an inch to an inch and a-half long, and are the most
delicious of all walnuts; they form an object of commerce
in the Southern States. Although the wood of all the
hickories is not adapted for building purposes, as it is easily
attacked by insects, and soon decays if exposed to the
weather, yet its great strength and elasticity render it
extremely useful for implements, articles of furniture, hoops,
and many minor uses, besides supplying locally the very best
of fuel. Hickories, even when very young, do not well bear
transplantation, except perhaps C. amara. C. alba and C.
glabra would be particularly recommendable for the sake of
their timber and C. oliviformis on account of its fruit. The
bark of all the hickories contains yellow dye principles; by
addition of copperas an olive colour is produced, by addition
of alum a green colour.

Carya sulcata, Nuttall.*
The Furrowed Hickory and Shellbark Hickory of some
districts; also Shagbark Hickory. A tree, 80 feet high, in

44 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

damp woods of North America. Heart-wood pale-coloured.
Seed of sweet pleasant taste.

Carya tomentosa, Nuttall.*
The Mocker Nut-tree or White Heart Hickory. A big tree
of North America. Likes forest soil, not moist. Heart-
wood pale-coloured, remarkable for strength and durability.
Seeds very oily. Nut small, but sweet. A variety produces
nuts as large as an apple.

Caryota Alberti, F. v. Mueller.
The Albert Paim, known only from the most northern parts
of Queensland; nevertheless, this noble palm would probably
endure our winters as it lives at Sydney without protection.

Caryota urens, Linné.

India. One of the hardier Palms, ascending according to
Dr. Thomas Anderson the Himalayas to an altitude of 5000
feet, yet even there attaining a considerable height, though
the temperature sinks in the cooler season to 40° Fahrenheit.
The trunk furnishes a sago-like starch. This Palm flowers
only at an advanced age, and after having produced a
succession of flowers dies away. From the sap of the
flowers Toddy and Palm-sugar are prepared, like from the
Cocos and Borassus Palm, occasionally as much as 12 gallons
of Toddy being obtained from one tree ina day. The fibre
of the leaf-stalks can be manufactured into very strong ropes,
also into baskets, brushes and brooms. The outer wood of
the stem serves for turnery.

Cassia acutifolia, Delile.
Indigenous or now spontaneous in Northern and tropical
Africaand South-west Asia. Perennial. Themerely dried leaflets
constitute part of the Alexandrian and also Tinnevelly Senna.
In Victoria it will be only in the warmest northern and eastern
regions, where Senna can perhaps be cultivated to advantage.

Cassia angustifolia, Vahl.
Northern and tropical Africa and South-western Asia, indi- —
genous or cultivated. Perennial. Yields Mecca-Senna, also
the Bombay and some of the Tinnevelly Senna.

Cassia fistula, Linné.
South Asia. The long pods of this ornamental tree contain
an aperient pulp of pleasant taste; of medicinal value; also
used in the manufacture of cake-tobacco. Traced by Dr.
Hooker to the dry slopes of the central Himalayas.

Cassia Marylandica, Linné.
An indigenous Senna plant of the United States of North
America. Perennial.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 45

Cassia obovata, Colladon.

South-west Asia; widely dispersed through Africa as a native
or disseminated plant. Perennial. Part of the Alexandrian
and also Aleppo Senna is derived from this species, less
esteemed and less collected however than the other species.
Several of the Australian desert Cassias of the group of C.
artemisioides may also possess purgative properties. The odour
of their foliage is almost that of Senna.

Castanea sativa, Miller.* (C. vesca, Gertner).

The Sweet Chestnut Tree. South Europe and temperate
Asia, as far as Japan, and a variety with smaller fruits ex-
tending to North America. It attains an enormous age; at
Mount Etna an individual tree occurs with a stem 204 feet
in circumference. The wood is light and coarse-grained; the
importance of the tree rests on its adaptability for shade
plantations, its nutritious nuts and timber value.

Castaneopsis argentea, A. Candolle.
A lofty tree in the mountains of India, produces also edible
chestnuts. Other species of the genus Castaneopsis are valu-
able.

Castaneopsis chrysophylla, A. de Candolle.
The Oak-Chestnut of California and Oregon. A tree attaining
a large size and beautiful outlines. The leaves are golden
yellow underneath. Wood durable.

Casuarina Decaisneana, F. von Mueller.
Central Australia, where it is the only species of the genus.
This tree is one of the largest among its congeners, and
particularly valuable for arid regions.

Casuarina equisetifolia, Forster.
East Africa, South Asia, North Australia, Polynesia.
Attains a maximum height of 150 feet. Splendid for fuel,
giving great heat and leaving little ashes. The timber is
tough.

Casuarina Fraseriana, Miquel.
South-West Australia. A middle-sized tree; the wood easily
split into shingles, and also used for furniture, as it does not
rend, This tree is adapted even for sterile heath-land.

Casuarina glauca, Sieber.
The Desert Sheoak, widely distributed through Australia,
but nowhere in forest-like masses. This species attains, in
favourable places, a height of 80 feet. Its hard durable
wood is valuable. Important for its rapid growth, resistance
to exposure for shelter plantation, and a speedy supply of
fuel, a remark which applies also to the following species.

46 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE
Casuarina quadrivalvis, La Billardiére. f

The Coast Sheoak of South-east Australia, but not merely
living in coast-sand, but also on barren places up to the hills
inland. Height to 60 feet. The male tree is very eligible
for avenues, the foliage of the species being drooping. Cattle
are fond of the foliage. For arresting the ingress of coast-
sand by belts of timber, this is one of the most important
trees. It produces, like other Casuarinas, seeds early and
copiously, and is easily raised.

Casuarina suberosa, Willdenow.
The Erect Sheoak of South-east Australia. Height to 40
feet. A beautiful shady species. Casuarina trichodon (Miq.)
and C. Huegeliana (Miq.) are arboreous species of South-west
Australia, all valuable for their wood.

Casuarina torulosa, Aiton.
New South Wales and Queensland. The wood of this hand-
some tree is in demand for durable shingles and furniture
work; it is also one of the best for oven fuel.

Catalpa bignonioides, Walter.
On the Gulf of Mexico. A tree in warm humid climatic
zones of remarkable celerity of growth. My. Meehan regards
the wood to be as durable as that of the best chestnut trees,
and observed a stem in twenty years to attain a diameter of
three feet, even in the clime of New York.

Catha edulis, Forskoel.
Arabia and Eastern Africa. The leaves of this shrub under
the designation Kafta or Cat are used for a tea of a very
stimulating effect, to some extent to be compared to that of
Erythroxylon Coca. To us here the plant would be mainly
valuable for medicinal purposes.

Ceanothus rigidus, Nuttall.

California. One of the best of hedge-shrubs, available for dry
situations. Evergreen; up to 12 feet high; the branches
become densely intricate. In the coast-tracts it is replaced
by C. thyrsiflorus, Esch., which can also be used for hedges
and copses, and will live in mere coast-sand. C. prostratus,
Benth., likes to form natural mats on slopes formed by roads
and slides, which it gradually covers, and with its pretty blue
flowers soon decorates (Professor Bolander).

Cedrela Taona, Roxburgh.*
The Singapore Cedar. A mere variety of this is the Red
Cedar of Hast Australia (Cedrela Australis, Cunn.) The light
beautiful wood, easily worked and susceptible of ‘high polish,
is much in request for furniture, for the manufacture of
pianofortes, for boat-building and a variety of other work.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. AT

As this important tree is largely extirpated in the cedar
brushes, it is highly desirable to form of it in our rich forest
gullies independent plantations for future local supply. The
Red Cedar is hardy at Melbourne, but in our open exposed
gardens and poor soil of slow growth.

Cedronella cordata, Bentham.
United States of North America. A perennial herb, fragrant
like the following.

Cedronella triphylla, Moench.
Madeira and Canary Islands. A shrubby plant with highly
scented foliage. ‘The volatile oil obtainable from it resembles
that of Melissa, but is somewhat camphoric.

Celtis Australis, Linné.
The Lotus-tree of South Europe and North Africa. Of
longevity, 50 feet high, available for avenues. Berries edible.
Wood hard and dense, eligible particularly for turner’s and
and carver’s work.

Celtis Occidentalis, Linné.
The Huckberry-tree. A fine forest-tree in Ohio, and other
parts of North America. Height, 80 feet. The variety called
C. crassifolia is the best. The sweet fruits edible. Wood elastic
and fissile.

Cepheelis Ipecacuanha, Richard.
Brazil, in woods of mountains, consociated with Palms and
Fern-trees. It is not unlikely, that this herb, which is
perennial and yields the important medicinal Ipecacuanha
root, would live in our warmer forest-regions, such as those
of Hast Gipps Land. Active principles: Emetin and Ipeca-
cuanha-acid.

Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Hooker.
China and Japan. This splendid yew attains a height of 60
feet, and is very hardy.

Ceratonia Siliqua, Linné.
The Carob-tree of the Mediterranean regions. It attains a
height of 30 feet and resists drought well; succeeds best on a
calcareous subsoil. Wood pale red. The saccharine pods,
Algaroba or St. John’s Bread, of value for domestic animals.
The seeds germinate readily.—The exportation of the beans
for cattle-food from Creta alone is now about 180,000 tons
annually. (Dr. Masters.)

Cercocarpus ledifolius, Nuttall.
California. Rises in favourable spots to a tree 40 feet high,
with a stem diameter of 24 feet. The wood is the hardest
known in California. C. parvifolius is of lesser dimensions.

48 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Cereus Quixo, Gay.

Chili. This stately Cactus attains a height of 15 feet, and is
one of the hardiest species. The charming snow-white .
flowers are followed by sweetish mucilaginous fruits, available
for the table (Philippi). C. giganteus (Engelmann), from
New Mexico, which attains the stupendous height of 50 feet,
with a proportionate columnar thickness, yields also edible
fruits, and lives unprotected in our clime. It has been intro-
duced by the writer many years ago.

Ceroxyion andicola, Humboldt.

The Wax Palm of New Granada, ascending the Andes to
11,000 feet. One of the most majestic and at the same
time one of the most hardy of all palms, attaining occa-
sionally a height of 180 feet. The trunk exudes a kind of
resinous wax, about 25lbs. being obtainable at a time from
each stem; this by admixture to tallow is used for candles.
There are several other andine palms, which could be reared
in our forests or in sheltered positions at our dwellings, but
some of them are not even yet phy Ena circum-
scribed.

Cervantesia tomentosa, Ruiz and Pavon.
Forest-mountains of Peru. This tree yields edible seeds.
It is likely to prove hardy in our lower forest-regions.

Chzerophylum bulbosum, Linné.
Middle Europe and Western Asia. The Parsnip-Chervil.
A biennial herb. The root a good culinary esculent.

Cheerophyllum sativum, Lamarck. (Anthriscus Cerefolium,
Hoffmann. )

The Chervil. Middle and South Europe, Western Asia.

An annual herb, available for salads and condiments, but the
root deleterious.

Chameerops excelsa, Thunberg.
South China. This Fan Palm is highly desirable, although
not tall as the name would indicate. Has stood 16° Cels.
below freezing-point with only a slight litter. (Count de
Saporta.)

Chameerops Fortunei, Hooker.
North China. The Chusan Palm. It attains a height of
about 12 feet and endures like the following species con-
siderable frost. The leaves can be employed for plaiting
palm-hats. Other hardy palms might be naturalized and
used for various purposes, irrespective of their ornamental
features.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 49

Chameerops humilis, Linné.
The dwarf Fan-Palm of South Europe and North Africa. It
is very decorative for garden plantations, particularly also
eligible for scenic effect.

Chameerops Hystrix, Fraser.
The Blue Palmetto of Florida and Carolina. Another dwarf
Fan-Palm.

Chamezrops Khasyana, Griffith.
In the Himalayas at elevations from 4000 to 8000 feet.
Allied to C. Martiana.

Chameerops Martiana, Wallich.

Ascends the mountains of Nepal to 5000 feet. Attains a
height of 50 feet and is altogether a noble object.

Chameerops Ritchieana, Griffith.
Avid mountains of Affghanistan; seemingly the only Palm of
that country. Has also proved hardy even in England.

Chelidonium majus, Linné.
Europe and Western Asia. The Celandine. A perennial
herb of medicinal value. Chemical principles: Chelerythrin
and Chelidonin; also a yellow pigment: Chelidoxanthin.

Chenopodium ambrosioides, Linné.
Tropical America, An annual medicinal herb. Chenopodium
anthelminticum is a perennial variety of this species.

Chenopodium auricomum, Lindley.
From the Darling River to Carpentaria and Arnhem’s Land.
A tall perennial herb, furnishing a nutritious and palatable
spinage. It will live in arid desert regions.

Chenopodium Blitum, F. v. Mueller. (Blitwm virgatum,
Linné.)

From South Europe to India. An annual herb, extensively
in use there as a cultivated spinage-plant. The fruits furnish
ared dye. The genus Blitum was reduced to Chenopodium
by the writer in Caruel’s Grornale Botanico some years ago.
C. capitatum (Blitum capitatum, Linné) may not be really
a distinct species. C. Quinoa, Willdenow, from Chili,
deserves hardly recommendation for culture, though a
nutritious spinage, it bemg apt to stray as a weed into
cultivated fields. Some of these sorts of plants are useful to
anglers, as attracting fish, when thrown into rivers or
lakes,

E

50 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Chloris truncata, R. Brown.
South-eastern Australia, as far south as Port Phillip. This
perennial and showy grass is regarded by Mr. Walter Bissill
as an excellent summer and autumn grass, of ready growth
and relished by pasture animals. C. ventricosa (R. Br.) is
another valuable Hast-Australian species.

Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Kunth.
California, frequent on the mountains. This liy-like plant
attains a height of eight feet. The heavy bulb is covered
with many coatings, consisting of fibres, which are used for
cushions, mattresses, &c.; large contracts are entered into for
the supply of this material on a very extensive scale
(Professor Bolander), The inner part of the bulb serves as a
substitute for soap, and it might be tried whether it can be
utilised for technological purposes like the root of Saponaria.

Chloroxylon Swietenia, Candolle.

. The Satin-wood. Mountains of India. Like the allied
Flindersias, possibly this tree would prove hardy here in
naturally sheltered places, the cognate Cedrela Taona
advancing in Hast Australia southward to the 35th degree.
A resin, valuable for varnishes, exudes from the stem and
branches.

Chrysanthemum roseum, Adam.
South-West Asia. This perennial herb, with C. carneum,
yields the Persian insect-powder.

Cicer arietinum, Linné.
South Europe and Orient. The Gram. An annual herb,
valuable as a pulse for pasture animals. The seeds can also
be converted into pea-meal or be used otherwise for culinary
purposes.

Cichorium Endivia, Linné.
South Europe, Orient, Middle Asia. A biennial plant, used
since ancient times as a culinary vegetable.

Cichorium Intybus, Linné.

Chicory. A well-known perennial plant, indigenous to
Europe, North Africa and North and West Asia. The roots
much used as a substitute for coffee. This plant requires a
rich deep loamy soil, but fresh manure is detrimental to the
value of the root. It is also a good fodder-plant, especially
for sheep. The root can also be dressed and boiled for
culinary purposes. The leaves useful for salad.

Cimicifuga racemosa, Elliott.
The Black Snake-root of North America. A perennial herb
of medicinal value, the root possessing emetic properties.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 51

Cinchona Calisaya, Ruiz.*
Yellow Peru Bark tree. Andes of Peru and Bolivia, 5000 to
6000 feet above the ocean. This tree attains a height of 40
feet. It yields the Yellow Bark, and also part of the Crown-
Bark. It is one of the richest yielders of Quinin, and produces
besides Cinchonidin,

Cinchona micrantha, Ruiz and Pavon.
Cordilleras of Bolivia and Peru. This tree attains a height
of 60 feet, and from it part of the Grey and Huanuco Bark
as well as Lima Bark are obtained. It is comparatively rich
in Cinchonin and Quinidin, contains however also Quinin.

Cinchona nitida, Ruiz and Pavon.
Andes of Peru and Ecuador. This tree rises to 80 feet under
favourable circumstances. It also yields Grey Bark and
Huanuco Bark, besides Loxa Bark. It will probably prove
one of the hardiest species. It contains predominantly Cin-
chonin and Quinidin.

Cinchona officinalis Linné (partly).* (Cinchona Conda-
minea, Humboldt).

Andes of New Grenada and Peru, at a height of 6000 to
10,000 feet. Yields Crown or Brown Peru Bark, besides
part of Loxa Bark. Comparatively rich in Quinin and
Cinchonidin. The temperature of the middle regions of the
Andes, where this tree grows, is almost the same as that of
the Canary Islands. Superabundance of moisture is particu-
larly to this species pernicious. The Crispilla variety endures
a temperature occasionally as low as 27° F.

Cinchona lancifolia (Mutis) is considered by Weddell a
variety of C. officinalis. This grows on places where the
mean annual temperature is that of Rome, with however
less extremes of heat and cold. It yields part of the Pitaya
Bark.

Cinchona Pitayensis must also be referred to C. officinalis
as a variety. This attains a height of 60 feet and furnishes
also a portion of the Pitaya Bark. It is this particular Cin-
chona, which in Upper India yielded in some instances the
unprecedented quantity of 11 per cent. alkaloids, nearly 6 per
cent. Quinin, the rest Quinidin and Cinchonin.

In Java some of the best results were obtained with Cin-
chona ,Hasskarliana Mig., a species seemingly as yet not
critically identified.

Cinchona succirubra, Pavon.*
Middle andine regions of Peru and Ecuador. A tree attain-
ing a height of 40 feet, yielding the red Peru Bark, rich in

E 2

52

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Quinin and Cinchonidin. It is this species, which is pre-
dominantly cultivated on the mountains of Bengal. It has
been found hardy in Lower Gippsland and the Westernport
district. It grew in Madeira at an elevation of 500 feet,
after having been planted two and a-half years, to a height of
20 feet, flowering freely. All these Cinchonas promise to
become of importance for culture in the warmest regions of
our forest-land, on places not readily accessible or eligible
for cereal culture. The Peruvian proverb that Cinchona trees
like to be “within sight of snow” gives some clue to the con-
ditions, under which they thrive best. They delight in the
shelter of forests, where there is an equable temperature, no
frost, some humidity at all times both in air and soil, where
the ground is deep and largely consists of the remnants of
decayed vegetable substances and where the subsoil is open.
Drippage from shelter-trees too near will be hurtful to the
plants. Closed valleys and deep gorges, into which cold air
will sink, are also not well adapted for Cinchona-culture. In
our colony we ought to consociate the Pertibark-plants with
naturally growing fern-trees, but only in our warmest valleys
of richest soil. The best temperature for Cinchonas is from
53° to 66° F.; but they mostly will endure in open places a
minimum of 32° F.; in the brush shades of the Botanic
Garden of Melbourne, where years ago already Cinchonas
were raised by the thousands, they have even resisted
uninjured a temperature of a few degrees less, wherever the
wind had no access, while under such very slight cover the
Cinchonas withstood also a heat of a few degrees over 100° F.
The plants are most easily raised from seeds, best under some
cover such as mats, and they are seeding copiously already
several years after planting. The contents of alkaloids in the
bark can be much increased by artificial treatment, if the bark
is only removed on one side of the stem and the denuded part
covered with moss, under which in one year as much bark is
formed as otherwise requires three years’ growth, such forced
bark moreover containing the astounding quantity of as much
as 25°/, alkaloids, because no loss of these precious substances
takes place by gradual disintegration through age. The Cin-
chona-plants are set out at distances of about 6 feet. The
harvest of bark begins in the fourth or fifth year. The price
varies in Europe from 2s. to 9s. per lb. according to quality.
The limits assigned to this literary compilation do not
admit of entering further into details on this occasion, but I
may yet add, that in the Darjeeling district over three millions
of Cinchona plants were in cultivation in 1869, raised in
Government plantations.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. ; 53

Cinna arundinacea, Linné.
North America, There recorded as a good fodder-grass ;
perennial, somewhat sweet-scented. Blyttia suaveolens
(Fries) is, according to Dr. Asa Gray, a variety with
pendant flowers.

Cinnamomum Camphora, Nees.*
The Camphor-tree of China and Japan, attaining a height of
about 40 feet. It endures the occasional frosts of Port
Phillip, though the foliage will suffer. The wood, like all
other parts of the tree, is pervaded by camphor, hence resists
the attacks of insects.

Cistus creticus, Linné.
Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. This shrub, with C.
cyprius (Lam.) furnishes the best Ladanum resin, Other
species yield a less fragrant product.

Citrus Aurantium, Linné.*

- The Orange (in the widest sense of the word). A native of
South Asia. A tree of longevity, known to have attained the
age of 600 years or more. Any specific differences, to distin-
guish C. Aurantium from C. medica, if they once existed, are
obliterated now through hybridisation, at least in the culti-
vated forms. In Central India a peculiar variety is under
culture, producing two crops a year. ‘The blossoms of
February and March yield their ripe fruit in November and
December, whereas from the flowers of July mature fruits are
obtained in March and April. To prevent exhaustion only
alternate fruiting is allowed. As prominent varieties of 'C.
Aurantium may be distinguished :—

Citrus Bigaradia, Duhamel. The Bitter Orange. This furnishes
from its flowers the Neroli Oil, so delicious and costly as a
scent. It is stated that Orange-flowers to the value of £50
might be gathered from the plants of an acre within a year.
The rind of the fruit is used for candied orange-peel. Bitter
principle: Hesperidin in the rind, Limonin in the seed.

Citrus dulcis, Volkamer. 'The Sweet Orange, of which many
kinds occur. The St. Michael Orange has been known to
bear in the Azores on sheltered places 20,000 fruits on one
tree in a year. Neroli Oil is obtained from the flowers of
this and allied varieties.

Citrus Bergamium, Risso. From the fruit-rind of this variety
Bergamotte Oil is obtained, but also oil from the flowers.
The Mellarosa variety furnishes a superior oil and exquisite
confitures.

Citrus decumana, Linné. The Shaddock of Pompelmos. The

fruit will exceptionally attain a weight of 20 lbs. The pulp
and thick rind can both be used for preserves.

54 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

| Citrus nobilis, Loureiro. The Mandarin-Orange. The thin peel
separates most readily from the deliciously flavoured sweet
pulp. There are large and small fruited Mandarin Oranges;
the Tangerine variety is one of them.

Citrus Australasica, F. von Mueller.
Coast-forests of extra-tropic East Austr alia. A shrubby
species, with oblong or almost cylindrical fruits of lemon-like
taste, measuring two to four inches in length. They are
thus very much lar ger than those of Atalantia glauca of the
coast and the desert-interior of tropic Australia, which are also
of similar taste. These plants are entered together with
the following on this list, merely to draw attention to them,
as likely capable of improvement of their fruit through culture.

Citrus Japonica, Thunberg.
The Kumquat of Japan. <A shrubby Citrus with fruits of the
size of a gooseberry, from which on account of their sweet.
peel and acid pulp an excellent preserve can be prepared.

Citrus medica, Linné.*
The Citron (in the widest sense of the word). Indigenous to
Southern Asia. For convenience’s sake it is placed here as
distinct from the preceding species. As prominent varieties
of the Citrus medica may be distinguished :—

Citrus Cedra, Gallesio. Thereal Citron. From the acid tuber-
cular fruit essential oil and citric acid can be obtained, irre-
spective of the ordinary culinary use of the fruit. A large
variety with thick rind furnishes candied the Citrionate or
Succade. The Cedra Oil comes from a particular variety.

Citrus Limonium, Risso. The Real Lemon. From the fruit of
this is largely pressed the Lemon-juice, while the thin smooth
aromatic peel serves for the production of volatile oil or for
condiments. The juice of this fruit is particularly rich in
citric acid. A large variety is the Rosaline Lemon.

Citrus Iwmia, Risso. The Sweet Lemon, including the Pear-
Lemon with large pear-shaped fruit. Rind thick and pale;
pulp not acid. This variety serves for particular condiments.

Citrus Limetta, Risso. The real Lime. The best lime-juice is
obtained from this variety, of which the Perette constitutes a
form.

Citrus Planchoni, F. von Mueller. (C. Australis, Planchon,
partly.)
Forests near the coast of sub-tropic East Australia. A noble
tree, fully 40 feet high, with globular fruits about the size of
a walnut, called Native Oranges. The species has first
appeared under the above name in the “ Report on the Vege-
table Products of the Intercolonial Exhibition of 1867.”

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 5D

-Cladrastis tinctoria, Rafinesque.
North America. The wood of this tree produces a saffron-
yellow dye.

Cochlearia Armoracia, Linné.
The Horseradish. Middle Europe and Western Asia.
Perennial. The volatile oil of the root allied to that of
Mustard.

Cochlearia officinalis, Linné.
Shores of Middle and North Europe, North Asia and North
America. A. biennial herb, like the allied C. Angelica and
C. Danica valuable as an antiscorbutic; hence deserving
naturalisation. It contains a peculiar volatile oil.

Cocos Australis, Martius.
From Brazil to Uruguay and the La Plata States. One of
the hardiest of all Palms, hardier even than the Date Palm,
withstanding unprotected a cold of 8° C. below freezing-
point, at which temperature oranges and almonds are injured
or destroyed.

Coffea Arabica, Linné.

Mountains of South-West Abyssinia. The Coffee-plant. This
shrub or small tree has been admitted into this list not with-
out great hesitation, merely not to -be passed. The culti-
vation within Victorian boundary can only with any prospect
of success be tried in the warmest and simultaneously
moistest regions, such as Hast Gipps Land, frost being detri-
mental to the Coffee-plant. In Ceylon the Coffee regions are
between 1000 and 5000 feet above the ocean, but Dr.
Thwaites observes, that the plant succeeds best at an elevation
from 3000 to 4500 feet, in places where there is a rainfall of
about 100 inches a year. The temperature there rises hardly
ever above 80° F., and almost never sinks below 45° F.
Coffee requires moist weather whilst 1t ripens its fruit, and a
season of drier weather to form its wood. For further parti-
culars see the papers of the Planters’ Association of Kandy.
Chemical principles: Coffein, a peculiar tannic acid and
Quina acid.

Colchicum auctumnale, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, West Asia. The Meadow Saffron.
The seeds and roots of this pretty bulbous-tuberous herb are
important for medicinal use. The plant has been introduced
by the writer with a view of being cultivated on moist
meadows in our ranges. Active principle: Colchicin.

Colocasia antiquorum, Schott.
From Egypt through South Asia to the South Sea Islands,
apparently also indigenous in the warmer parts of Hast

56 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Australia, The Taro. The stem-like tuberous starchy roots
lose their acridity by the process of boiling, roasting or
baking. It is the Kolkas of the Arabs and Egyptians, to
them one of the most esteemed and abundant vegetables.
Immense quantities are harvested and kept during the
winter. The plant proved hardy in the Botanic Garden of
Melbourne. The tops of the tubers are replanted for a new
crop. Taro requires a rich moist soil and would grow well
on banks of rivers. For scenic culture it is a very
decorative plant. Colocasia esculenta is a variety of this
species.
Colocasia Indica, Kunth. (Alocasia Indica, Schott).

South Asia, South Sea Islands and East Australia. Culti-
vated for its stem and tubers on swamps or rivulets. This
stately plant will rise in favourable localities to a height of
12 feet, the edible trunk attaining a considerable thickness,
the leaves sometimes measuring three feet in length. In
using the stem and root for food great care is needed to expel
by the heating process all acridity. Colocasia odora and C,
macrorrhiza seem varieties of this species. Several other
Aroid plants deserve attention for test-culture on account of
their edible roots, among them Cyrtosperma edule, Seemann,
from the Fiji Islands.

Combretum butyraceum, Caruel.

The Butter-tree of Caffraria and other parts of South-East
Africa. The Caffirs call the fatty substance obtained from
this tree Chiquito. It is largely used by them as an admix-
ture to their food, and exported also. It contains about one
quarter Olein and three quarters Margarin. This butter-
like fat is extracted from the fruit, and is of an aromatic
flavour. The tree should be hardy in the warmer and milder
parts of Victoria.

Conium maculatum, Linné.

The Hemlock. Europe, North Africa, North and West
Asia. A biennial herb, important for medicinal purposes.
It should however not be allowed to stray from its planta-
tions, as it is apt to be confounded with culinary species of
Anthriscus, Cherophyllum and Myrrhis, and may thus cause
as a most dangerous plant disastrous mistakes. Active prin-
ciples: Coniin, in the fruit also Conhydrin.

Conopodium denudatum, Koch.
Western Europe. The small tuberous roots of this herb,
when boiled or roasted, are available for food and known as
Earth Chestnuts. The plant is allied to Carum Bulbocasta-
num.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 57

Convolvulus floridus, Linné fil.
Canary Island. A shrubby not climbing or winding species.
With C. scoparius it yields the Atlantic Rosewood from
stem and root.

Convolvulus Scammonia, Linné.
Mediterranean regions and Asia Minor. A perennial herb.
From the root is obtained the purgative resin Scammonia.

Convolvulus scoparius, Linné fil.
Teneriffe. One of the Rosewood plants.

Copernicia cerifera, Martius.

Brazil. This magnificent Fan-Palm, like so many others of
this noble order, may prove hardy in our latitudes. It resists
drought in a remarkable degree, and prospers also on a some-
what saline soil. This palm in all probability would prove
fitted for the country along the Murray-river. The stem
furnishes starch, the sap yields sugar, the fibres of the leaves
are converted into ropes, which resist decay in water, and can
also be used for mats, hats, baskets and brooms, and many
other articles are prepared from the leaves. The inner part
of the leafstalks serves as a substitute for cork. Mainly
however this palm is valued for its Carnauba-wax, with
which the young leaves are coated, and which can be detached
by shaking; it is harder than beeswax and is used in candle
manufacture. Hach tree furnishes about 4lbs. annually. In
1862 no less than 2,500,000 lbs. were imported into Great
Britain, realising about £100,000.

Corchorus acutangulus, Lamarck.
Tropical Africa, South Asia and North Australia. This species
is specially mentioned by some writers as a Jute-plant.—A
particular machine has been constructed by Mr. Le France, of
New Orleans, for separating the Jute fibre. With it a ton of
Jute fibre is produced in a day by four men’s work, and it
leaves no butts and refuse. This apparatus can also be used
for other fibre plants. The seeds of the Corchorus, which
spontaneously drop, will reiterate the crop.

Corchorus capsularis, Linné.*
From India to Japan. One of the principal Jute-plants.
An annual, attaining a height of about a dozen feet, when
closely grown, with almost branchless stem. A nearly allied
but lower plant, Corchorus Cunninghami, F. v. Mueller,
occurs in tropical and subtropical East Australia. Jute can
be grown where cotton and rice ripen, be it even in localities
comparatively cold in the winter, if the summer’s warmth is
long and continuous. The fibre is separated by steeping the
full-grown plant in water from five to eight days, and it is

58 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

largely used for rice- and cotton-bags, carpets and other
similar textile fabrics, and also for ropes. About 60,000
tons are annually exported from India to England, and a
large quantity also to the United States. Jute is sown on
good land, well ploughed and drained, but requires no irri-
gation, although it likes humidity. The crop is obtained in
the course of four or five months, and is ripe when the
flowers turn into fruit capsules. Good paper is made from
the refuse of the fibre.

Corchorus olitorius, Linné.*
South Asia and North Australia. Furnishes, with the fore-
going species, the principal supply of Jute-fibre. As it also
is an annual, it can be brought to perfection in our summers.
The foliage can be used for spinage. The fibre is not so
strong as hemp, but very easily prepared. It will not endure
exposure to water. The allied Corchorus trilocularis, L., of
Indian origin, is likewise a native of eastern tropical and
subtropical Australia.

Cordyline Banksii, J. Hooker.
New Zealand. This lax and long-leaved Palm-lily attains a
height of 10 feet; its stem is usually undivided. This and
the following species have been admitted into this list for a
double reason, because not only are they by far the hardiest,
quickest growing and largest of the genus, and thus most
sought in horticultural trade for scenic planting; but also
because they furnish from the leaves a superior fibre for ropes
and other purposes. The small seeds are produced in great
abundance, and germinate with extreme readiness. These
Palm-lilies ought to be naturalised in our ranges by mere
dissemination.

Cordyline Baueri, J. Hooker. (C. Australis, Endlicher, not

J. Hooker.)

Norfolk Island. The stem of this stately species attains a
height of 40 feet, and becomes in age ramified. It is very
intimately allied to the following :-—

Cordyline Forsteri, F. v. Mueller. (C. Australis, J. Hooker,
not Endlicher.)

New Zealand. The stem of this noble thin-leaved plant
attains a height of 40 feet, and is branched. Aged leaves
readily separable; berries, blue.

Cordyline indivisa, Kunth.
New Zealand. The stem of this thick and rigid-leaved
palm-like species rises to a height of 20 feet, and remains
undivided. Leaves finally five inches broad; yield the Toi-
fibre. Aged leaves persistent in a perfectly downward
position for many years. Panicle at first crect. Berries, white.

aa

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 59

Cordyline Ti, Schoot.
China. The roots in a roasted'state are edible. The leaves,
like those of other species, can be utilised for textile fibre.

Coriandrum stivum, Linné.
Orient and Middle Asia. An annual or biennial herb, much
in use for condiments. The essential oil peculiar.

Corylus Colurna, Linné.
The Constantinople Nut-tree, the tallest of Hazels, attaining
60 feet in height, of rather quick growth. This, as well as.
the European Hazel (Corylus Avellana, L.) and the Japan
Hazel (C. heterophylla, Fischer) might be grown for copses in
our forest-gullies.

Corynocarpus levigata, Forster.
The Karaka of New Zealand and the principal forest-tree of
the Chatham Islands, attaining a height of 60 feet. The wood
is light, and used by the natives for canoes. The pulp of the
fruit is edible. Cattle browse on the foliage. In rich humid
soil the tree can be adopted for avenues.

Corynosicyos edulis. (Cladosicyos edulis, J. Hooker.)
Guinea. A new cucumber-like plant, with edible fruits
about one foot long, and three inches in diameter.

Crambe cordifolia, Steven.

From Persia and the Caucasus to Thibet and the Himalayas
up to 14,000 feet. The root and foliage of this Kale afford
an esculent. C. Kotschyana (Boiss.) is an allied plant.

Crambe maritima, Linné.

Sea-Kale. Sand-coasts of Europe and North Africa. A
perennial herb; the young shoots used as a wholesome and
agreeable vegetable.

Crambe Tataria, Wulfen. ,
From Southern Europe to the Orient. Perennial. Like-
wise used for culinary purposes.

Cratzegus eestivalis, Torrey and Gray.

The Apple Haw. Southern States of North America, The
* small juicy fruit of an agreeable acid taste.
Crategus apiifolia, Michaux.
North America. Highly serviceable for hedges.

Crateegus Azarolus, Linné.

Welsh Medlar. South Europe and South-West Asia. The
pleasantly acidulous fruits are much used for preserves.

Crateegus coccinea, Linné.

North-American Whitethorn. <A valuable hedge.plant ; also
very handsome. Spines strong.

60 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Crateegus cordata, Aiton.
Southern States of North America. Also much employed
- for hedges.

Crateegus Crus-Galli, Linné.
North America. The Cockspur-Thorn. Regarded as one of
the best species for hedges. Spines long and stout.

Crateegus Oxyacantha, Linné.
Kurope, North Africa, North and West Asia. The ordinary
Hawthorn or Whitethorn. Recorded here as one of the most
eligible among deciduous hedge-plants.

Crateegus parvifolia, Aiton.
North America. For dwarf hedges. Spines long, slender,
sharp and numerous.

Crateegus pyracantha, Persoon.
The Firethorn. South Europe. This species is evergreen.
Jt is likewise adapted for hedges, but slower in growth than
Hawthorn, but not difficult to rear.

Cratzegus tomentosa, Linné.
North America. Fruit edible. By the species mentioned
the list of American Hedgethorns is probably not yet
exhausted.

Crithmum maritimum, Linné.
The real Samphire. Sea-shores of Middle and South Europe,
North Africa and the Orient. A perennial herb. Settlers on
the coast might readily disseminate and naturalize it. It is
held to be one of the best plants for pickles, the young leaves
being selected for that purpose.

Crocus Sativus, Linne.

The Dye-Saffron. South Europe and Orient. The stigmata
of this particular autumnal flowering Crocus constitute the
costly dye substance. The best is collected from the flowers,
just as they daily open in succession. At our stage of colo-
nisation it would not be remunerative to grow Saffron com-
mercially; but as the plant is well adapted for our clime, it
might be planted out into various unoccupied mountain locali-
ties, with a final view to naturalise it, and to render it thus
available at a later period from native sources.

Crocus serotinus, Salisbury. (C. odorus, Bivona.)
South Europe. Also this species produces Saffron rich in
pigment. The bulbs of several are edible.

Crotalaria Burhia, Hamilton.
Beludschistan, Affghanistan, Scinde. The perennial herb
grows in arid places and yields like the following Sunn-fibre.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 61

Crotalaria juncea, Linné.

The Sunn-Hemp. Indigenous to South Asia, and also widely
dispersed through tropical Australia. An annual herb, rising
under favourable circumstances to a height of 10 feet. In
our colony Sunn can only be cultivated in the warmest and
moistest localities. It comes in four or five months to
maturity. The plant can also be grown as a fodder-herb for
cattle. It requires rich friable soil. If a superior soft fibre
is desired, then the plant is pulled while in flower; if strength
is the object, then the plant is left standing until it has
almost ripened its seeds. The steeping process occupies about
three days. For the purpose of obtaining branchless stems it
is sown closely.

Crotalaria retusa, Linné.
Asia, America and Australia within the tropics. A perennial
herb. Its fibre resembles that of C. juncea, and is chiefly
used for ropes and canvas. Others of the multitudinous
species of Crotalaria deserve to be tested for their fibres.

Croton lacciferus, Linné.
Ceylon, up to 3000 feet. Suitable for the warmer forest-
regions here, to obtain from this tree its peculiar exuding
lac-resin.

Crozophora tinctoria, Necker.
South Europe, North Africa and Orient. An annual herb.
The turnsole-dye is prepared by exposure of the juice to the
air, or by treating it with ammonia.

Cryptomeria Japonica, Don.
Japan and Northern China. A slender evergreen tree, 100
feet high. It requires forest-valleys for successful growth.
The wood is compact, very white, soft and easy to work.
In the Azores preferred even to the Pinus Haleppensis for
timber culture, on account of its still more rapid growth in
that insular clime.

Cucumis cicatrisatus, Stocks.
Scinde, where it is called ““Wungee.” The edible ovate fruit
is about 6 inches long.

Cucumis Citrullus, Seringe. (Citrullus vulgaris, Schraeder.)
Mediterranean regions. The Water-Melon. It is simply
mentioned here, to indicate the desirability of naturalising it
in the interior-deserts, where no Cucurbita and only a single
kind of edible Cucumis (C. acidus, Jacquin), with fruits not
larger than a pigeon’s egg, is indigenous. In South African
deserts it has become spontaneously established, and retained

the characters of the cultivated fruit.

62 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Cucumis Colocynthis, Linné. (Cttrullus Colocynthis, Schrader).
From the Mediterranean regions to India. An annual herb.
The medicinal extract of Colocynth is prepared from the small
gourd of this species. Active principle: Colocynthin.

\

Cucumis Conomon, Thunberg.
Japan. Anannual. The large fruit is used for preserves.

Cucumis Melo, Linné.

The Melon. Originally from the country about the Caspian
Sea. The best varieties might also be naturalised in our sand-
deserts, particularly in places where some moisture collects.
Some of the Bokhara varieties are remarkably luscious and
large. Apparently remunerative results have been gained in
Belgium from experiments to cultivate Melons for sugar and
treacle. The seeds, thus obtained in quantity, become avail-
able for oil-pressing. The root contains Melonemetin.

Cucumis Momordica, Roxburgh.
Cultivated in India. It produces Cucumbers two feet long,
bursting slowly when ripe into several divisions. Young the
fruit is used like Cucumbers, aged like Melons.

Cucumis sativus, Linné.

The Cucumber. Egypt. Indicated here merely for complete-
ness’ sake, also because Gherkin-pickling ought to become a
more extended local industry. Dr. G. King brought under
notice and culture the Chinese Cucumber ‘‘Solly-Qua,” which
attains a length of seven feet. It must be trained on walls
or trellises, to afford to the fruit sufficient scope for
suspension.

Cucumis utilissimus, Roxburgh.
Mountains of Bengal. An annual like the other species.
Fruit of the size and shape of an ostrich’s egg with the
flavour of Melons. ‘These fruits will keep for several
months.

Cucurbita maxima, Duchesne.
Large Gourd. Turkey. Instances are on record of fruits
having weighed over 2 ewt. Also this species is eligible for
naturalisation in the interior. Amongst other purposes it
serves for calabashes.

Cucurbita Melopepo, Linné.
The Squash. May be regarded as a variety of C. Pepo. It
will endure storage for months.

Cucurbita moschata, Duchesne.
The Musky Gourd. Doubtless also from the Oricnt.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 63

Cucurbita Pepo, Linné.

The Pumpkin and Vegetable Marrow. Countries on the
Caspian Sea. Its naturalisation in the desert would be a
boon. ‘The seeds on pressure yield a fixed oil; they are also
anthelmintic. C. melanosperma, A. Braun, is not edible.

Cudrania Javensis, Trecul.
New South Wales and Queensland, South and East Asia to
Japan, Hast Africa. This climbing thorny shrub can be
utilised for hedges. Fruit edible, of pleasant taste; the root
furnishes a yellow dye.

Cuminum Cymimum, Linné.
North Africa. The fruits of this annual herb are known as
Cumin and used for certain condiments, as also in medicine.
Cuminum Hispanicum, Merat, is similar. Essential oil
peculiar.

Cupressus Benthami, Endlicher.
Mexico, at 5000 to 7000 feet. A beautiful tree, 60 feet high.
The wood is fine-grained and exceedingly durable.

Cupressus Lawsoniana, Murray.* (Chamecyparis Law-
soniana, Parl.)
Northern California. This is a splendid red-flowered cypress,
growing 100 feet high, with a stem of 2 feet in diameter, and
furnishes a valuable timber for building purposes, being clear
and easily worked.

Cupressus Lindleyi, Klotzsch.
On the mountains of Mexico. A stately cypress, up to 120
feet high. It supplies an excellent timber.

Cupressus macrocarpa, Hartweg.

California, from Monterey to Noyo, in the granite as well as
sandstone formation, sometimes in Sphagnum-moors. This
beautiful and shady tree attains the height of 150 feet, with
a stem of 9 feet in circumference, and is one of the quickest-
growing of all conifers, even in poor dry soil. One of the
best shelter-trees on sea-sands, naturally following the coast-
line, never extending many miles from the shores, and occur-
ring in localities where the temperature does not rise above 80°
F., nor sinks below the freezing-point (Bolander).

ous ‘ia Lamb. (Chamecyparis Nutkensis,
pach.
The Yellow Cedar or Cypress of Alaska and the neighbour-
ing States. Height of tree, 100 feet. Timber hard, durable,
tough and close, also scented, worked with ease, used for
boat-building and other purposes, the bast for mats and ropes.
Can be trimmed for hedge-growth.

64 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Cupressus obtusa, F. von Mueller. (Retinospora obtusa, 8.
and Z.
Japan. eae a height of 80 feet; stem 5 feet in circum-
ference. It forms a great part of the forests at Nipon. The
wood is white-veined and compact, assuming, when planed, a
silky lustre. It is used in Japan for temples. There are
varieties of this species with foliage of a golden and of a
silvery-white hue.
Two other Japanese cypresses deserve introduction,
namely: C. breviramis (Chamecyparis breviramea, Maxim.),
and C. pendens (Chameecyparis pendula, Maxim.)

Cupressus pisifera, F.von Mueller. (Chamecyparis pisifera,
S. and Z.)
Japan. It attains a height of 30 feet, producing also a
variety with golden foliage.

Cupressus sempervirens, Linné.
Common Cypress of South Europe. Height of tree up to
80 feet. Itis famous for the great age it reaches, and for
the durability of its timber, which is next to imperishable.
At present it is much sought for the manufacture of musical
instruments.

Cupressus thurifera, Humboldt, B. and K.*
Mexican White Cedar; 3000 to 4500 feet above sea-level. A
handsome pyramidal tree, upwards of 40 feet high.

Cupressus thuyoides, Linné. (Chamecyparis spheroidea,
Spach).

White Cedar of North America; in moist or morassy ground.
Height of tree 80 feet; diameter of stem 3 feet. The wood
is light, soft, and fragrant; it turns red when exposed to the
air; it is extensively used for a great variety of purposes.
The aged wood resists the succession of dryness and moisture
better than any other cypress.

Cupressus torulosa, Don.*
Nepal Cypress. Northern India; 4500 to 8000 feet above
sea-level. Average ordinary height 40 feet, but much larger
dimensions are on record, requiring perhaps confirmation.
The reddish fragrant wood is as durable as that of the
Deodar Cedar, highly valued for furniture. The tree seems
to prefer limestone soil.

Cycas Normanbyana, F. v. Mueller.
A noble Queensland species, deserving introduction, and
capable of being shipped to long distances in an upgrown
state without emballage.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 65

Cyeas revoluta, Thunberg.

The Japan Fern-Palm. The trunk attains in age a height of
about six feet, and is rich in sago-like starch. The slow
growth of this plant renders it to us valuable for no other
purpose than scenic decorative culture; it endures the climate
of Melbourne without protection. Cycas angulata, R. Br.,
may also prove hardy, and would prove a noble horticultural
acquisition, as it is the most gigantic of all Cycadez, attain-
ing a height of 70 feet in tropical East Australia. Like the
Zamia stems also the trunks of Cycas admit of translocation
even at an advanced age.

Cymopterus glomeratus, Candolle.
Western States of North America. Root edible (Dr.
Rosenthal).

Cynara Cardunculus, Linné.
The Cardoon. Mediterranean regions, A perennial herb.
The bleached leaf-stalks serve as esculents.

Cynara Scolymus, Linné.
The Artichoke. South Europe and North Africa. The
receptacles and the base of the flower scales well-known as
a vegetable. The plant is perennial and here merely men-
tioned as entitled to extended culture in grouping this with
other stately plants. Several other species are worthy of
cultivation.

Cynodon Dactylon, Persoon.*
Widely dispersed over the warmer parts of the globe, thus
as indigenous reaching the northern parts of our colony.
An important grass for covering bare barren land, or binding
drift-sand, or keeping together the soil of abrupt declivities,
or consolidating earth-banks against floods. It is not
without value as a pasture-grass, resists extreme drought,
and may become of great importance to many desert tracts.
The dispersion is best effected by the creeping rooting stems,
cut into short pieces; each of these takes root readily. In
arable land this grass, when once established, cannot easily
be subdued. The stems and roots are used in Italy for
preparing there the Mellago graminis. Roxburgh already
declared this grass to be by far the most common and useful
of India, that it flowers all the year, and that it forms
three-fourths of the food of the cows and horses there.
Cynosurus cristatus, Linné.

The Crested Dogstail-Grass. Europe, North Africa, West
Asia. A perennial grass, particularly valuable as withstand-
ing drought, the roots penetrating to considerable depth.
The stems can also be used for bonnet plaiting. Though

F

66 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

inferior in value for hay this grass is well adapted for per-
manent pasture, as it forms a dense turf without suffocating |
other grasses or fodder-herbs.

Cyperus corymbosus, Rottboell.
India. This stately perennial species may be chosen to
fringe our lakes and ponds. It is extensively used for mats
in India.

Cyperus esculentus, Linné.
South Europe, West Asia, various parts of Africa. Produces
the “Chufa” or Ground Almond, an edible root which
contains 27 per cent. of starch, 17 per cent. of oil and 12
per cent. of saccharine substance. This plant does not spread
like the C. rotundus, and can be reared on sand-land, though
in rich loose soil the harvest is far more plentiful. The
tubers, of which 100 to 150 can be obtained from each plant,
are consumed either raw or cooked. Hogs root them up for
food. The oil surpasses in excellence of taste all other oils
used for culinary purposes. The roasted tubers are a fair
substitute for coffee. The root of the North American C.
phymatodes (Muehlenberg) is also nutty.

Cyperus Papyrus, Linné.
The Nile Papyrus. Though no longer strictly an utilitarian
plant, as in ancient times, it could scarcely be passed on this
occasion, as it ought to become valuable in the horticultural
trade. Its grand aspect recommends it as very decorative
for aquatic plantations.

Cyperus proliferus, Linné fil.
Canary Islands. The “‘Tagasaste.” This tall herb is recom-
mended as a fodder-plant in countries exposed to drought.

Cyperus Syriacus, Parlatore.

The Syrian or Sicilian Papyrus. This is the Papyrus-plant
usual in garden cultivation. The plants in our Botanic
Garden attain a height of eight feet, but suffer somewhat
from frost. Other tall Cyperi deserve introduction, for
instance C. giganteus, Rottboell, from West India and
Guiana, these kinds of plants being hardier than others from
the tropics.

Cyperus tegetum, Roxburgh.
India. This Galingale-rush might be naturalised on river-
banks, to obtain material for the superior mats made of it in
Bengal. The fresh stems are slit longitudinally into three or
four pieces, each of which curls round by exsiccation, and can
then be worked into durable and elegant mats.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 67

Cyperus textilis, Thunberg. (Cyperus vaginatus, R. Brown.)
Widely dispersed over the Australian continent, but not yet
noticed in Tasmania and New Zealand. It is restricted to
swampy localities, and thus is not likely to stray into ordinary
fields. It is our best indigenous fibre-plant, and it is lke-
wise valuable as being with ease converted into pulp for good
writing-paper, as shown by me some years ago. Its perennial
growth allows of regular annual cutting. Within Victorian
territory this Galingale-rush is particularly common on the
Murvray-flats.

Cytisus scoparius, Link. (Spartiwm scopariwm, Linné.)

The Broom-bush. Europe, North Asia. Of less significance
as a broom-plant than as one of medicinal value. It can
also be used for tanning purposes. Most valuable for arrest-
ing drift-sand. An alkaloid (Spartein) and a yellow dye
(Scoparin) are obtainable from this Broom-bush.

Dacrydium Colensoi, Hooker.
New Zealand. A beautiful tree, growing 50 feet in height
and producing hard and incorruptible timber; chiefiy eligible
for our alpine regions.

Dacrydium cupressinum, Solander.
New Zealand. Native name, Rima; the Red Pine of the
colonists. This stately tree acquires the height of 200 feet,
and furnishes a hard and valuable wood, very lasting for
fences, but readily decaying in waterworks. Mr. Kirk
recommends the timber on account of its great strength for
girders and heavy beams anywhere under cover. With other
New Zealand conifers particularly eligible for our forest-
valleys. A most suitable tree for cemeteries, on account of
its pendulous branches.

Dacrydium Franklini, Hooker fil.
Huon Pine of Tasmania; only found in moist forest recesses,
and might be planted in our dense fern-tree gullies. Height
of tree, 100 feet; stem circumference, 20 feet. The wood is
highly esteemed for ship-building and various artisans’ work.

Dactylis ceespitosa, Forster. (Poa Forsteri, Steudel.)
Fuegia, Falkland’s Island, South Patagonia. The Tussock-
grass. Thrives in cold countries near the sea in pure sand,
at the edge of peat-bogs. It would likely prosper in our
Alpine moors. It is perennial, and reaches to a height of
seven feet. It is very nutritious, and much sought by herds.
The base of the stem is nutty and edible.

Dactylis glomerata, Linné.*
Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia. The Cocks-
F2

68

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

foot-grass. Perennial. One of the best of tall pasture
grasses, adapted as well for dry as moist soil, thus even avail-
able for wet clays. It will live also under the shade of trees
in forests. Its yield of fodder is rich and continuous, but its
stems are hard. It is already largely cultivated, and has
become naturalised. It is generally liked by cattle, unless
when by understocking or neglect it has been allowed to
become rank. lLangethal observes:—‘“ What the Timothy-
grass is for the more dry sandy soil, that is the Cocksfoot-
grass for more binding soil, and no other (European) grass
can be compared to it for copiousness of yield, particularly if
the soil contains a fair quantity of lime. It grows quickly
again after the first cutting and comes early on in the season.
The nutritive power of this grass is of the first class.”

Dammara alba, Rumph. (D. Orientalis, Lamb.)

Agath Dammar. Indian Archipelagus and mainland. A
large tree 100 feet high, with a stem of 8 feet in diameter;
straight and branchless for two-thirds its length. It is of
great importance on account of its yield of the transparent
Dammar resin, extensively used for varnish.

Dammara Australis, Lambert.*

Kauri Pine. North island of New Zealand. This magnifi-
cent tree measures, under favourable circumstances, 180 feet
in height and 17 feet in diameter of stem; the estimated

age of such a tree being 700 or 800 years. It furnishes an

excellent remarkably durable timber, straight-grained, and
much in use for masts, boats, superior furniture, casks, and
particularly sought for decks of ships, lasting for the latter
purpose twice as long as the deal of many other pines. It is
also available for railway break-blocks and for carriages, and
regarded as one of the most durable among timber of the
conifere. Braces, stringers, and tie-beams of wharves re-
mained, according to Professor Kirk, for very many years in
good order under much traffic. In bridge-building the Kauri
timber gave also excellent results; it can also be used advan-
tageously for railway sleepers. Kauri ought to be extensively
introduced into our denser forests. Auckland alone exports
about £20,000 worth of Kauri timber annually. It is easily
worked, and takes a high polish. It yields besides the Kauri
resin of commerce, which is largely got from under the stem
of the tree. The greatest part is gathered by the Maoris in
localities formerly covered with Kauri forests; pieces weigh-
ing 100 lbs. have been found in such places.

Dammara macrophylla, Lindley.

Santa Cruz Archipelagus. A beautiful tree, 100 feet high,
resembling D. alba.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 69

Dammara Moorei, Lindley.
New Caledonia. Height of tree about 50 feet.

Dammara obtusa, Lindley.
New Hebrides. A fine tree, 200 feet high, with a long clear

trunk; resembling D. Australis.

Dammara ovata, Moore.
New Caledonia. This tree is rich in Dammar resin.

Dammara robusta, Moore.
Queensland Kauri. <A tall tree, known from Rockingham’s
Bay and Wide Bay. It thrives well even in open, exposed,
dry localities at Melbourne.

Dammara Vitiensis, Seemann.
In Fiji. Tree 100 feet high; probably identical with Lindley’s
D. longifolia.

Danthonia Cunninghami, J. Hooker.
New Zealand. A splendid alpine fodder-grass with large
panicles.

Danthonia nervosa, J. Hooker.
Extra-tropic Australia. One of the best of nutritious
swamp-grasses.

Danthonia pectinata, Lindley.
New South Wales, Queensland and North Australia, in the
arid interior regions. A perennial desert-grass, resisting
drought ; sought ‘with avidity by sheep, and very fattening £0
them.

Danthonia triticoides, Lindley.
Of nearly the same natural distribution as the preceding,
and equalling that species in value. Both so important as to
deserve rearing even in their native countries.

Daucus Carota, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, extra-tropic Asia east to Japan. The
Carrot. Admits of naturalisation along our shores. Beyond
the ordinary culinary utilisation it serves for the distillation
of a peculiar oil. The chemical substances Carotin and
Hydrocarotin are derived from it.

Debregeasia edulis, Weddell.

The Janatsi-itsigo or Toon-itsigo of Japan. Berries of this
bush edible, fibre valuable for textile fabrics. A few Indian
species, with fibre resembling that of Boehmeria, ascend to
the Himalayas for several thousand feet, and may therefore
be hardy here, namely, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana, D.
hypoleuca; the latter extends to Abyssinia, where it has
been noticed at elevations of 8000 feet. On mountains in
Java occurs D, dichotoma.

a

70 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Dendrocalamus giganteus, Munro.
Malacca and the adjacent islands. Habit of Gigantochloa
maxima, therefore one of the mightiest of all Bamboos.

Dendrocalamus strictus, Nees.
India, particularly Bengal. Grows on drier ground than
Bambusa arundinacea. It is also smaller and quite straight.
Its strength and solidity render it fit for many select technic
purposes.

Desmodium triflorum, Candolle.
In tropical regions of Asia, Africa and America. A densely
matted perennial herb, alluded to on this occasion as recom-
mendable for places too hot for ordinary clover and as
representing a large genus of plants, many of which may
prove of pastoral value. Dr. Roxburgh already stated that
it helps to form the most beautiful turf in India, and that
cattle are veryfond of this herb. Colonel Druryinforms us, that
it is springing up in all soils and situations, supplying there
the place of Trifolium and Medicago.

Digitalis purpurea, Linné.
Greater part of Europe. The Foxglove. A _ biennial and
exceedingly beautiful herb of great medicinal value, easily

raised. Chemical principles: Digitalin, Digitaletin and three

peculiar acids.
Dioscorea aculeata, Linné.*

The Kaawi-Yam. India, Cochin-China, South Sea Islands.
Stem prickly, as the name implies, not angular. Leaves
alternate, undivided. It ripens later than the following
species, and requires no reeds for staking. It is propagated
from small tubers. This Yam is of a sweetish taste, and the
late Dr. Seemann regarded it as one of the finest esculent
roots of the globe. A variety of a bluish hue, cultivated in
Central America (for instance at Caracas), is of very delicious
taste. In the warmest parts of our colony this and the
following species are likely to come to perfection.

Dioscorea alata, Linné.*
The Uvi-Yam. India and South Sea Islands. The stems
are four-angled and not prickly. The tubers, of which there
are many varieties, will attain under favourable circumstances
a length of eight feet, and the prodigious weight of one
hundred pounds! This species, and the preceding one, are

the two principal kinds cultivated in tropical countries.

D. alata is in culture supported by reeds. It is propagated
from pieces of the old root, and comes in warm climes to
perfection in about seven months. The tubers may be baked

or boiled. It is this species, which has been successfully

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 71

cultivated in New Zealand, and also in the Southern States
of North America.

Dioscorea globosa, Roxburgh.
India. Roxburgh states this to be the most esteemed Yam
in Bengal.

Dioscorea hastifolia, Nees.
Extra-tropic Western Australia, at least as far south as 32°.
It is evidently one of the hardiest of the Yams, and on that
account deserves particularly to be drawn into culture. The
tubers are largely consumed by the aborigines for food; it is
the only plant on which they bestow any kind of cultivation,
crude as it is.

Dioscorea daponica, Thunberg.* (D. Batatas, Decaisne.)
The hardy Chinese and Japan Yam. This species, which is
not prickly, has been cultivated some years in our Botanic
Garden. The material here for comparison is not complete,
but seems to indicate, that D. transversa, R. Br., and D.
punctata, R. Br., are both referable to D. Japonica. If this
assumption should prove correct, then we have this Yam
along the coast tracts of North and Hast Australia as far
south as latitude 33°. In Australia we find the wild root of
good taste.

Dioscorea nummularia, Lamarck.
The Tivoli Yam. Continental and Insular India, also South
Sea Islands. A high climbing prickly species, with opposite
leaves. Roots cylindrical, as thick as an arm; their taste
exceedingly good.

Dioscorea oppositifolia, Linné.
India and China. Not prickly. One of the edible Yams.

Dioscorea pentaphylla, Linné.
Continental and Insular India, also South Sea Islands. Like-
wise a good Yam. A prickly species, with alternate divided
leaves.

Dioscorea purpurea, Roxburgh.
India. In Bengal considered next best to D. alata.

Dioscorea quinqueloba, Thunberg.
Japan, and there one of several Yam-plants with edible
tubers. Among numerous congeners are mentioned as
providing likewise root-vegetables : D. piperifolia (Humboldt)
from Quito, D. esurientum (Fenzl) from Guatemala, D.
tuberosa and D. conferta (Velloza) from South Brazil, D.
Cayennensis (Lamarck) from tropical South America, D.
triphylla (Linné) from tropical Asia, D. deltoidea (Wallich)
from Nepal. Of these and many other species the relative

72 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

quality of the roots, and the degree of facility of their field
cultivation, require to be more ascertained.

Dioscorea sativa, Linné.
South Asia, east as far as Japan, also in the South Sea
Islands, and North and tropical East Australia, likewise re-
corded from tropical Africa. Stem cylindrical, not prickly.
The acrid root requires soaking before boiling. It has proved
hardy in the Southern States of North America.

Dioscorea spicata, Roth.
India. Root used like those of other species.

Dioscorea tomentosa, Koenig.
Ooyala Yam. India. The nomenclature of some of the
Asiatic species requires further revision.

Dioscorea trifida, Linné fil.
Central America. One of the Yams there cultivated.
Various other tuberous Dioscorez occur in tropical countries ;
but their respective degree of hardiness, taste and yield are
not recorded or ascertained. The length of the Victorian
warm season is probably sufficient for ripening all these
Yams.
Diospysos Ebenum, Koenig.*

Ceylon, where it furnishes the best kind of Ebony-wood. It
is not uncommon up to 5000 feet in that island, according to
Dr. Thwaites, hence I would recommend this large and
valuable tree for test plantations in East Gippsland and in
other lowland forest-regions of our colony, where also D.
queesita and D. oppositifolia (Thwaites), the best Calamander
trees and D. Melanoxylon, should be tried. Many other
species of Diospyros could probably be introduced from the
mountains of various tropical regions, either for the sake of
their ebony-like wood or thei fruit. Black Ebony-wood
sinks in water. The price in England ranges from £8 to
£10 per ton, from 700 to 1000 tons being imported into
Britain annually for pianoforte-keys, the string-holders of
musical instruments and other select purposes. The
following species yield Ebony-wood, according to Hiern, some
of which may prove hardy. Indian: D. Ebenum Koen.,
D. melanoxylon Roxb., D. silvatica Roxb., D. Gardneri Thw.,
D. hirsuta L. fil., D. discolor, Willd., D. Embryopteris Pers.,
D. Ebenaster Retz., D. montana Roxb., D. insignis Thw.,
D. Tupru Hamilt., D. truncata Zoll., D. ramiflora Wall;
African: D. Dendo Welw., D. mespiliformis Hochst.;
Mauritius: D. tesselaria Poiret ; Madagascar: D. haplostylis
Boivin, D. microrhombus Hiern.

ina at » P

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. (

- Diospyros Kaki, Linné fil.
The Date-plum of China and Japan. A slow-growing not
very productive tree, here recorded for completeness. The
fruit is yellow or pink or dark purple, variable in size, but
never larger than an ordinary apple; it can readily be dried
on strings. A hard and soft variety occur. It has ripened
at Sydney.
Diospyros Lotus, Linné.

From Northern China to the Caucasus. The ordinary Date-
plum. The sweet fruits of this tree, resembling black
cherries, are edible, and also used for the preparation of syrup.
The wood, lke that of D. chloroxylon, is known in some
places as green Ebony ; it must however not be confounded
with other kinds, such as are furnished by some species of
Exceecaria, Nectandra and Jacaranda.

Diospyros Virginiana, Linné.
The North American Ebony or Parsimon. A tree 60 feet
high. Wood very hard and blackish. The sweet variety
yields a good table fruit.

Diposis Bulbocastanum, Candolle.

s

_ Chili, The tubers of this perennial herb are edible (Philippi).

Dipsacus fullonum, Linné.
Fuller’s Teazel. Middle and South Europe and Middle
Asia. A tall biennial herb. The thorny fruit-heads in use
for fulling in cloth factories. ‘The import during one of the
last years into England was valued at £5000. ‘The plant is
most easily raised. The use of these Teazels has not yet
been superseded by any adequate machinery.

Dolichos Lablab, Linné.
Warmer parts of Africa; probably thence spread widely
through the tropics. An annual herb, sometimes lasting
through several years. The young pods as well as the ripe
seeds available for culinary use, but not of all varieties. It
delights in rich soil, and ripens in hot countries within
three months; its yield is about fortyfold according to Rox-
burgh. The whole plant forms excellent stable-feed for cattle.

Dolichos uniflorus, Lamarck.
Tropical and sub-tropical Africa and Asia. An annual herb.

well adapted for stable pulse.

Dorema Ammoniacum, Don.
Persia, on mountains up to 4000 feet. A tall perennial herb
yielding the Gum-resin Ammoniacum, which might be
obtained from plants to be introduced into our snowy
mountains.

74 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Dracocephalum Moldavica, Linné.
North and Middle Asia. An annual showy scent-herb.

Drimys Winteri, R. and G. Forster.
Extra-tropical South America. The Canelo of Chili, sacred
under the name of Boighe to the original inhabitants.
Attains in river-valleys a height of 60 feet. The wood
never attacked by insects (Dr. Philippi) ; thus the Australian
Species may be equally valuable.

Echballion Elaterium, Richard.
Mediterranean regions and Orient. The Squirting Cucumber.
An annual. The powerful purgative Elaterium is prepared
from the pulp of the fruit. Chemical principles: Elaterid,
EHlaterin, Hydroelaterin.

Ehrharta Diplax, F. v. Mueller. (Microlena avenacea, J.

Hooker.

New Zealand. This tall perennial grass is fond of wood-
lands, and deserves introduction. It is likely to prove a rich
pasture-grass. A few other Australian species, particularly
of the section Tetrarrhena, are readily accessible to us, and
so indeed also the South African Ehrhartas, all adapted for
our clime, the majority perennial, and several of superior
value. Ehrharta caudata, Munro, is indigenous in Japan.

Ehrharta stipoides, La Billardiere.
Extra-tropic Australia, also New Zealand. A perennial
grass, which keeps beautifully green all through the year.
For this reason its growth for pasturage should be en-
couraged, particularly as it will live on poor soil. Mr.
W. H. Bacchus, of Ballarat, considers it nearly as valuable
as Kangaroo-Grass, and in the cool season more so. He
finds it to bear over-stocking better than any other native
grass, and to maintain a close turf. It is however not always.
copiously seeding.

Eleeagnus parvifolius, Royle.
From China to the Himalayas. This bush has been intro-
duced as a hedge-plant into North America, and, according
to Mr. Meehan, promises great permanent success, as it
achieved already a high popularity in this respect. Several
other species might well be experimented on in the same
manner.

Elegia nuda, Kunth.

> South Africa. A rush, able with its long root to bind

moving sand; it also affords good material for thatching
(Dr. Pappe). Many of the tall Restiacee of South Africa
would prove valuable for scenic effect in the gardeng and

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 75

conservatories, and among these may specially be mentioned
Cannamois cephalotes (Beauv).

Eleusine Coracana, Gaertner.
Southern Asia, east to Japan. Though annual, this grass is
worthy of cultivation on account of its height and nutritive-
ness. The large grains can be used like Millet. EH. Indica
(Gaertner) only differs as a variety. It extends to tropical
Australia and is recorded also from many other tropical coun-
tries.

Eleusine stricta, Roxburgh.
India. The increase of grain of this annual grass in rich
soil is at times five-hundredfold. E. Tocusso, Fresenius, is a
valuable kind from Abyssinia, seemingly allied to EH. stricta.
The Arabian and Himalaian E. flagellifera, Nees, is peren-
nial. Other species of Eleusine are deserving of trial.

Elymus arenarius, Linné.*
The Sea Lyme-Grass. Hurope and North Asia, on sand-
coasts. One of the most important and vigorous of grasses
for binding drift-sand on the sea-shores. The North Ameri-
can HE. mollis, Trinius, is allied to this species.

Elymus condensatus, Presl.
The Bunch-Grass of British Columbia and California. This
is favourably known as adapted for sandland.

Embothrium coccineum, R. and G. Forster.

From Chili to Magellan’s Straits. The Notra or Ciruelillo
of Chil. A tree of exquisite beauty, but seldom extending
to beyond 30 feet in height. The wood is utilised for
furniture. H. lanceolatum is merely a variety (Dr. Philippi).
The equally gorgeous E. emarginatum of the Peruvian
Andes and HE. Wickhami from Mount Bellenden-Ker of
North Queensland deserve, with the East Australian allied
Stenocarpus sinuatus, a place in any sheltered gardens or parks
of the warm temperate zone.

Encephalartos Denisonii, F. v. Mueller.

New South Wales and Queensland. This noble Pine-Palm
is hardy here, and to be regarded as a most desirable
acquisition to our garden sceneries, along with H. spiralis, E.
Preissii and the South African species. All admit of
translocation even when of large size and when many years
old. The stems, with an unusual tenacity of life, remain
sometimes dormant after removal for several years.

Engelhardtia spicata, Blume.
The spurious Walnut-tree of the mountains of Java and the
Himalayas. It reaches a height of 200 feet.

76 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Ervum Lens, Linné. (Lens esculenta, Moench.)
Mediterranean regions, Orient. The Lentil. Annual, afford-
ing in its seeds a palatable and nutritious food. <A calcareous
soil is essential for the prolific growth of this plant. The
leafy stalks, after removal of the seeds, remain a good stable-
fodder. The variety called the Winter Lentil is more prolific
than the Summer Lentil. |

Erythroxylon Coca, Lamarck.*

Peru. This shrub is famed for the extraordinarily stimu-
lating property of its leaves, which pass under the names of
Spadic and Coca. They contain two alkaloids, Cocain and
Hygrin, also a peculiar tannic acid. More than £600,000
worth is annually collected. The Peruvians mix the leaves
with the forage of mules, to increase their power of enduring
fatigue. Whether any of the many other species of Erythro-
xylon possess similar properties seems never yet to have been
ascertained.

Eucalyptus acmenoides, Schauer.
New South Wales and East Queensland. The wood used in
the same way as that of E. obliqua (the Stringybark-tree),
but superior to it. It is heavy, strong, durable, of a light
colour, and has been found good for palings, flooring-boards,
battens, rails, and many other purposes of house carpentry
(Rev. Dr. Woolls).

Eucalyptus amygdalina, La Billardiere.
In our sheltered springy forest-glens attaining not rarely a
height’ of over 400 feet, there forming a smooth stem and
broad leaves, producing also seedlings of a foliage different to
the ordinary state of E. amygdalina, as occurs In more open
country. This species or variety, which might be called
Eucalyptus regnans, represents the loftiest tree in British
territory, and ranks next to the Sequoia Wellingtonia in size
anywhere on the globe. The wood is fissile, well adapted for
shingles, rails, for house-building, for the keelson and planking
of ships and other purposes. La Billardiére’s name applies ill
to any of the forms of this species. Seedlings raised on rather
barren ground near Melbourne have shown the same amazing
rapidity of growth as those of E. globulus; yet, like those
of E. obliqua, they are not so easily satisfied with any soil. It
has endured the frosts of the milder parts of England, with
E. polyanthemos, and E. viminalis. In New Zealand it has
survived the cold, where E. globulus succumbed. EH. amyg-
dalina, E. urnigera, E. coccifera, E. rostrata and EK. corym-
bosa have proved at Rome, according to the Rev. M. Gildas,
more hardy than EH. globulus, E. diversicolor, E. resinifera,

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. Ws

K. longifolia and E. melliodora. Professor Balfour observed
that E. viminalis has stood since thirty years in the open air
at Haddington (South Scotland), attaining a height of 50 feet
and a base of 8 feet in circumference ; shelter against hard
winds in these cases is imperative The now well-known
medicinal Eucalyptus oil, the distillation of which was initiated
by the writer, is furnished in greater or smaller proportion by
all the different species. It was first brought extensively
into commerce by Mr. Bosisto, who has the credit of having
ascertained many of the properties of this oil for technic appli-
cation.

Eucalyptus botryoides, Smith.
From East Gipps Land to South Queensland. One of the
most stately among an extensive number of species,
remarkable for its dark-green shady foliage. It delights on
river-banks. Stems attain a length of 80 feet without a
branch, and a diameter of 8 feet. The timber usually
sound to the centre, adapted for water-work, waggons, knees
of boats, &c. Posts of it very lasting, as no decay was
- observed in fourteen years.

Eucalyptus brachypoda, Turczaninow.
Widely dispersed over the most arid extra-tropical as well as
tropical inland regions of Australia. One of the best trees
for desert tracts ; in favourable places 150 feet high. Wood
brown, sometimes very dark, hard, heavy and elastic, prettily
marked ; thus used for cabinet-work, but more particularly
for piles, bridges and railway sleepers (Rev. Dr. Woolls).

Eucalyptus calophylla, R. Brown.
South-West Australia. More umbrageous than most
EKucalypts and of comparatively rapid growth. The wood is
free of resin when grown on alluvial land, but not so when
produced on stony ranges. It is preferred to that of E.
marginata and E. cornuta for rafters, spokes and fence rails ; it
is strong and light, but not long lasting underground. The
bark is valuable for tanning, as an admixture to Acacia
bark.

Eucalyptus citriodora, Hooker.
Queensland. It combines with the ordinary qualities ot
many Eucalypts the advantage of yielding from its leaves a
rather large supply of volatile oil of excellent lemon-like
fragrance.

Eucalyptus cornuta, La Billardiére.
South-West Australia. A large tree of rapid growth,
preferring a somewhat humid soil. The wood is used for
various artizan’s work, and there preferred for the strongest

78 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

shafts and frames of carts and other work ad hardness,
toughness and elasticity.

Eucalyptus crebra, F. v. Mueller.

The Narrow-leaved Ironbark-tree of New South Wales and
Queensland. Wood reddish, hard, heavy, elastic and
durable, much used in the construction of bridges, also for
waggons, piles, fencing, &c. HE. melanophloia, F. v. M.,
the Silver-leaved Ivonbark-tree, and E. leptophleba, E.
trachyphloia and E. drepanophylla are closely allied species of
similar value. They all exude astringent gum-resin in
considerable quantity, resembling kino in appearance and
property.

Eucalyptus diversicolor, F. v. Mueller.
The Karri of South-west Australia. A colossal tree, excep-
tionally reaching the height of 400 feet, with a proportionate
girth of the stem. Furnishes good timber for ship and boat
planks, particularly for masts, likewise for wheels. Fair
progress of growth is shown by the young trees, planted even
in dry exposed localities in Melbourne. The shady foliage and
dense growth of the tree promise to render it one of our best
for avenues. In its native localities it occupies fertile, rather
humid valleys.

Eucalyptus Doratoxylon, F. v. Mueller.
The Spear-wood of South-West Australia, where it occurs in
sterile districts. The stem is slender and remarkably
straight, and the wood of such firmness and elasticity, that
the nomadic natives wander long distances to obtain it as
material for their spears.

Eucalyptus eugenioides, Sieber.
New South Wales. Regarded by the Rev. Dr. Woolls as a
fully distinct species. Its splendid wood, there often called
blue-gum-tree wood, available for many purposes, and largely
utilised for shipbuilding.

Eucalyptus globulus, La Billardiere.
Blue-Gum-tree of Victoria and Tasmania. This tree is of
extremely rapid growth, and attains a height of 400 feet, fur-
nishing a first-class wood; shipbuilders get keels of this tim-
ber 120 feet long; besides this they use it extensively for
planking and many other parts of the ship, and it is considered
to be generally superior to American Rock Elm. A test of
strength has been made between some Blue Gum, English
Oak, and Indian Teak. The Blue Gum carried 14 Ibs. weight
more than the Oak and 17 lbs. 4 ozs. more than Teak upon
the square inch. Blue-Gum wood, besides for shipbuilding,
is very extensively used by carpenters for all kinds of out-

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 79

door work, also for fence-rails, railway-sleepers—lasting about
nine years—for shafts and spokes of drays, and a variety of
other purposes. EE. globulus is hardier than Orange and
Lemon plants.

Eucalyptus gomphocephala, Candolle.
The Tooart of South-west Australia; attains a height of 120
feet, the clear trunk up to 50 feet long. The wood is close-
grained, hard, and not rending. It is used for shipbuilding,
wheelwright’s work, and other purposes of artisans.

Eucalyptus goniocalyx, F. v. Mueller.
From Cape Otway to the southern parts of New South
Wales. <A large tree which should be included among those
for new plantations. Its wood resembles in many respects
that of E. globulus. For house-building, fence-rails and
similar purposes it is extensively employed in those forest-
districts where it is abundant, and has proved a valuable
timber.

Eucalyptus Gunnii, J. Hooker.
Victoria, Tasmania and New South Wales, at alpine and sub-
alpine elevations. The other more hardy Eucalypts comprise
E. coriacea, E. alpina, E. urnigera, E. coccifera and E.
vernicosa, which all reach heights covered with snow for
several months in the year.

Eucalyptus hemiphloia, F. v. Mueller.
New South Wales and South Queensland. To be regarded
as a timber-tree of great excellence, on the authority of the
Rev. Dr. Woolls. It is famous for the hardness and
toughness of its timber, which is used for shafts, spokes,
plough-beams and similar utensils.

Eucalyptus Leucoxylon, F. v. Mueller.
The ordinary Ironbark-tree of Victoria and some parts of
South Australia and New South Wales. It attains a height
_ of 100 feet, and supplies a valuable timber, possessing great
strength and hardness; it is much prized for its durability by
car penters, shipbuilders, &c. It is largely employed by waggon-
builders for wheels, poles, &c.; by shipbuilders for top- -sides,
treenails, the rudder (stock), belaying-pins, and other purposes ;
it is also used by turners for rough work. This is considered
the strongest wood in our colony. It is much recommended
for railway-sleepers, and extensively used in underground
mining work. It is very extensively employed for the handles
of axes and other implements by Victorian manufacturers. As
the supply of its very durable timber is falling short, and as it
is for some purposes superior to that of almost any other Euca-
lypt, the regular culture of this tree over wide areas should be

80 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

fostered, especially as it can be raised on stony ridges not
readily available for ordinary husbandry. The wood is some-
times pale, or in other localities rather dark. The tree is gene-
rally restricted to the lower Silurian sandstone and slate for-
mation with ironstone and quartz. It is rich in kino. E.
Leucoxylon has, next to E. rostrata, thriven best about Luck-
now (in India) among the species tried there for forest-culture.
K. sideroxylon is a synonym.

Eucalyptus maculata, Hooker.
The Spotted Gum-tree of New South Wales and South
Queensland. A lofty tree, the wood of which is employed
in ship-building, wheelwright’s and cooper’s work. The
heartwood as strong as that of British Oak (Rey. Dr.
Woolls).

Eucalyptus marginata, Smith.*
The Jarrah or Mahogany-tree of South-West Australia, famed
for its indestructible wood, which is attacked neither by Chelura
nor Teredo nor Termites, and therefore so much sought for
jetties and other structures exposed to sea-water, also for any
underground work, and largely exported for railway-sleepers.
Vessels built of this timber have been enabled to do away
with all copper-plating. It is very strong, of a close grain and
a slightly oily and resinous nature; it works well, makes a
fine finish, and is by shipbuilders here considered superior to
either Oak, Teak, or indeed any other wood.. The tree grows
chiefly on ironstone ranges. At Melbourne it is not quick of
growth, if compared to our Blue Gum (E. globulus, Lab.)
or to our Stringybark (E. obliqua, l’Her. ), but it is likely to
grow with celerity in our ranges. Instances are on record of
the stem having attained a oirth of 60 feet at 6 feet from the
ground through the formation of buttresses.

Eucalyptus obliqua, L’Heritier.*

The ordinary String eybark tree, attaining gigantic dimensions.
The most extensively distr ibuted and most gregarious of all
EKucalypts, from Spencer’s Gulf to the southern parts of New
South Wales, and in several varieties designated by splitters
and other wood-workers by different names ; most extensively
used for cheap fencing rails, palings, shingles and any other
rough wood-work, not to be sunk underground nor requiring
great strength or elasticity. The bulk of wood obtained
from this tree in very poor soil is perhaps larger than that of
any other kind, and thus this species can be included even
here, where it is naturally common and easily redisseminated,
among the trees for new forest-plantations in barren woodless
tracts of our own country, to yield readily and early a supply
of cheap and easily fissile wood.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 81

Eucalyptus paniculata, Smith.
The White Ironbark-tree of New South Wales. All the
trees of this series are deserving of cultivation, as their
wood, though always excellent, is far from alike, and that
of each species preferred for special purposes of the artisan.

Eucalyptus phoenicea, F. v. Mueller.

Carpentaria and Arnhem’s Land. Of the quality of the
timber hardly anything is known, but the brilliancy of its
scarlet flowers recommends this species to a place in any
forest or garden-plantation. For the same reason also
E. miniata, from North Australia, and E. ficifolia, from
South-West Australia, should be brought extensively under
cultivation.

Eucalyptus pilularis, Smith.
The Black-butt tree of South Queensland, New South Wales
and Gipps Land. One of the best timber-yielding trees
about Sydney, of rather rapid growth (Rev. Dr. Woolls). It
is much used for flooring-boards.

Eucalyptus platyphylla, F. v. Mueller.
Queensland. Regarded by the Rev. Julian Tenison Woods
as one of the best of shade-trees, and seen to produce leaves
sometimes a foot and a half long and a foot wide. This tree is
available for open exposed localities, where trees from deep
forest-valleys would not thrive.

Eucalyptus polyanthemos, Schauer.
Kast Australia. A tree up to 150 feet high, which furnishes
an extremely hard and lasting timber, in great demand for
mining purposes, also for wheelwright’s work; for fuel this
wood is unsurpassed.

Eucalyptus resinifera, Smith.
The Red Mahogany Eucalypt of South Queensland and New
South Wales. A superior timber-tree, according to the Rev.
Dr. Woolls, the wood being much prized for its strength and
durability. It has proved one of the best adapted for a tropi-
cal clime.

Eucalyptus robusta, Smith.
New South Wales. The timber in use for ship-building, wheel-
wright’s work and many implements, such as mallets, &c.

Eucalyptus rostrata, Schlechtendal.*
The Red Gum of Victoria, South Australia and many river
flats in the interior of the Australian continent. Although a
native tree of this colony, it has been introduced into this list
on account of its wood being of extraordinary endurance
underground, and for this reason so highly valued for fence-
G

82

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

posts, piles, and railway sleepers; for the latter purpose it will
last at least a dozen years, and, if well selected, much longer.
It is also extensively used by shipbuilders for main-stem,
stern-post, inner-post, dead-wood, floor-timbers, futtocks,
transoms, knight-head, hawsepieces, cant, stern, quarter and
fashion timber, bottom-planks, breasthooks and riders, wind-
lass, bowrails, &c. It should be steamed before it is worked
for planking. Next to the Jarrah from West Australia, this
is the best wood for resisting the attacks of seaworms and
white ants. For other details of the uses of this and other
native trees refer to the Reports of the Victorian Exhibitions
of 1862 and 1867. The tree attains a height of fully 100
feet. The supply for our local wants falls already short, and
cannot be obtained from Tasmania, where the tree does not
naturally exist. EH. rostrata was observed by Dr. Bonavia in
the province of Oude to thrive well in places where E. globu-
lus, E. obliqua and E. marginata perished under the extreme
vicissitudes of the clime. It will live in swamps.

Eucalyptus siderophloia, Bentham.

The Large-leaved or Red Ironbark-tree of New South Wales
and South Queensland. According to the Rev. Dr. Woolls
this furnishes one of the strongest and most durable timbers
of New South Wales ; with great advantage used for railway-
sleepers and for many building purposes. It is harder even
than the wood of E. sideroxylon, but thus also worked with
more difficulty.

Eucalyptus Stuartiana, F. v. Mueller.

South-East Australia. A splendid tree, attaining a height of
200 feet, and furnishing a very durable tough wood.

Eucalyptus tereticornis, Smith.*

From East Queensland to Gipps Land. Closely allied to E.
rostrata and seemingly not inferior to it in value.

Eucalyptus tesselaris, F. v. Mueller.

North Australia and Queensland. Furnishes a _ brown,
rather elastic wood, not very hard, available for many kinds
of artisan’s work, and particularly sought for staves and
flooring. The tree exudes much astringent gum-resin
(P. O’Shanesy).—Many other Eucalypts could have been
mentioned as desirable for wood culture, but it would have
extended this enumeration beyond the limits assigned to it.
Moreover, the quality of many kinds is not yet sufficiently
ascertained, or not yet fully appreciated even by the artisans
and woodmen. All the Eucalypts are valuable for the
production of tar, pitch, acetic acid, potash and various dye
substances.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 83

Euclea myrtina, Burchell.
South Africa. Berry small, black, but edible. To us this
plant would hardly be more than an ornamental bush.

Euclea undulata, Thunberg.
South Africa. Berry small, red, edible. Other shrubby
Species from the same portion of the globe yield also esculent
fruits, which under superior culture may vastly improve.

Eucryphia cordifolia, Cavanilles.

The Muermo or Ulmo of Chili. This magnificent evergreen
tree attains a height of over 100 feet, producing a stem of
sometimes 6 feet in diameter. The flowers are much sought
by bees. For oars and rudders the wood is preferred in Chili
to any other (Dr. Philippi). We possess congeneric trees in
_ Tasmania (EH. Billardieri) and in New South Wales (E.
~ Moorei).

Eugenia cordifolia, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 3000 feet “high, Fruit of one inch diameter.

Eugenia Hallii, Berg.
Quito. Fruit of large size.

Eugenia maboides, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 7000 feet elevation. Fruit of the size of a
smali cherry (Dr. 'Thwaites).

Eugenia Malaccensis, Linné.
The large Rose-Apple. India. Although strictly a tropical
tree, ib has been admitted into this list as likely adapted for
our warmer forest-regions. The leaves are often a foot long.
The large fruits of rosy odour are wholesome and of .
agreeable taste. EK. Jambos, L., also from India, produces
likewise excellent fruit.

Eugenia myrtifolia, Sims.
East Australia. A handsome bush with palatable fruits.

Eugenia Nhanica, Cambessedes.
South Brazil. The berries, which are of plum size, are there
a table-fruit.

Eugenia pyriformis, Cambessedes.
Uvalho do Campo of South Brazil. Fruit of pear size.

Eugenia revoluta, Wight.
Ceylon, up to heights of 6000 feet; berry one inch in
diameter.

Eugenia rotundifolia, Wight.
Ceylon, up to 8000 feet, rejoicing therefore in a cool or even
cold climate.
G 2

84 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Eugenia supra-axillaris, Spring.
The Tata of South Brazil. Fruit large.

Eugenia Zeyheri, Harvey.
South Africa. A tree attaining 20 feet in height. The
berries are of cherry size and edible. The relative value of
the fruits of many Asiatic, African and American species of
Eugenia remains to be ascertained; many of them furnish
doubtless good timber, and all more or less essential oil ;.
some probably also superior fruit. All such, even tropical
trees, should be tested in East Gipps Land and other warm
tracts of our colony, inasmuch as many of them endure a
cooler clime than is generally supposed. Hence Anona
muricata, L., the Soursop bush of West India, should also
be subjected to test culture for the yield of its sweet fragrant
melon-like fruit, and not less so Anona squamosa, L., the
Sweetsop shrub or tree of Central America, for the sake of
its very pleasant fruit.

Eupatorium triplinerve, Vahl. (/. Ayapana, Ventenat.)
Central America. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb,
possibly hardy in the warmer parts of our colony. It is
used as a medicinal plant, also as an alexipharmic. It con-
tains Eupatorin and much essential oil, peculiar to the plant.

Euryale ferox, Salisbury.
From tropical Asia to Japan. Though less magnificent than
the grand Victoria Regia, this closely allied Waterlily is
much more hardy, and would live unprotected in ponds and
lakes of our colony. Though not strictly an industrial plant,
it is not without utility, and undergoes some sort of cultiva-
tion in China for yielding its edible roots and seeds.

Euryangium Sumbul, Kaufmann.
Central Asia. Yields the true Sumbul-root.

Exceecaria sebifera, J. M. (Stillingia sebifera, Michaux.)
The Tallow-tree of China and Japan. The fatty coating of
the seeds yields the vegetable tallow. The wood is so hard
and dense as to be used for printing blocks; the leaves furnish
a black dye. The tree endures the night-frosts of our open
lowlands, though its foliage suffers.

Fagopyrum cymosum, Meissner.
The perennial Buck-Wheat or rather Beech-Wheat of the
Indian and Chinese highlands. Can be used with other species
for spinach and for obtaining from the leaves a blue dye.
Fagopyrum emarginatum, Babington.
Chinese and Himalayan Mountains, where it is cultivated for
its seeds. Annual.

.}

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 85

Fagopyrum escluentum, Moench.

Central Asia. The ordinary Buck-Wheat. This annual
herb succeeds on the poorest soil. The crushed amylaceous
seeds can be converted by boiling or baking into a palatable
and wholesome food. As an agrarian plant it can with ad-
vantage be raised as a first crop on sandy heath-land, newly
broken wp, for green manure. The period required for the
cyclus of its vegetation is extremely short. Thus it can be
reared on our higher Alps.

Fagopyrum Tataricum, Moench.
Middle and North Asia. Yields for the higher mountain
regions a still safer crop than the foregoing, otherwise the
remarks offered in reference to F. esculentum apply also to
F. Tataricum.

Fagopyrum triangulare, Meissner.
In the Himalayan Mountains, ascending naturally to regions
11,500 feet high. An annual. F. rotundatum, Babington,
seems a variety of this species. It is cultivated for food like
the rest.

Fagus Cunninghami, Hooker.

The Victorian and Tasmanian Beech. A magnificent ever-
green tree, attaining large dimensions, and only living in
cool damp rich forest-valleys, not rarely 200 feet high. ‘The
wood much used by carpenters and other artisans, the Myrtle-
wood of the trade. It requires to be ascertained by actual
tests in the forests, whether the allied tall evergreen New
Zealand Beeches possess any advantage over ours for forest-
culture; they are-—Fagus Menziesii (Hooker) the Red Birch
of the colonists; Fagus fusca (Hooker) the Black Birch;
Fagus Solandri (Hooker) the White Birch. A magnificent
beech, Fagus Moorei (F. von Mueller) occurs in New Eng-
land.

Fagus Dombeyi, Mirbel.

The Evergreen Beech of Chili, called there the Coigue or
Coihue. Of grand dimensions. Canoes out of its stem can
be obtained of a size to carry ten tons freight. The wood is
still harder than that of the following species, with the
qualities of which it otherwise agrees (Dr. Philippi). This
species extends to the Chonos group and perhaps still further
south, and thus might be of value even for Middle European
forest culture. ;

Fagus obliqua, Mirbel.
The Roble of Chili, called Coyam by the original inhabitants.
A tall tree with a straight stem, attaining three to four feet
diameter. Wood heavy and durable, well adapted for posts,

86

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

beams, girders, rafters, joists, &c., but not for flooring. One
of the few Chilian trees with deciduous foliage (Dr. Philippi).
Its value as compared to that of the European Beech should
in our forest-plantations be tested.

Fagus procera, Poeppig.

Another deciduous Beech of Chili, where it passes by the
names of Reulé or Rauli. Of still more colossal size than
the Roble. Wood fissile, but well adapted for staves; it is
finer in grain than that of F. obliqua, and much used for
furniture (Dr. Philippi).

Fagus silvatica, Linné.

The deciduous Beech of Britain, of most other parts of Europe
and extra-tropical Asia, and as Fagus ferruginea, Ait., in a
particular variety, extending through North America. The
trunk has been measured in height 118 feet, the head 350
feet in diameter; the wood is hard, extensively used by
joiners and ship-builders and the manufacturers of various
implements ; the wood resists great pressure. Beech-tar con-
tains a considerable proportion of paraffine ; the ash from any
portion of this tree is rich in phosphate of lime. An allied
Beech, Fagus Sieboldii, Endl., occurs in Japan. All these
could here be grown to advantage only in our springy
mountain-forests.

Fatsia papyrifera, Bentham. (Arabia papyrifera, Hooker;

Panax papyrifer, F. v. Mueller.)
Island of Formosa. The Rice-paper plant, hardy in the low-
lands of Victoria, and of scenic effect in garden-plantations ;
the pith furnishes the material for the so-called rice-paper.

Ferula galbaniflua, Boissier.

Persia; on mountains 4000 to 8000 feet high. This tall
per ennial herb might be transferred to our Alps, for obtain-

_ ing locally from it ‘the gum-resin Galbanum.

Ferula longifolia, Fischer.

South Russia. The aromatic long roots furnish a pleasant
vegetable (Dr. Rosenthal).

Festuca coiron, Steudel.

Chili. A valuable perennial fodder-grass, according to the
testimony of Dr. Philippi.

Festuca distichophylla, J. Hooker.

Victoria, South Australia, Tasmania, New South Wales.
This dwarf, creeping grass is of great value for binding soil,
forming rough lawns, edging garden-plots on arid places, and
covering coast-sand.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 87

Festuca dives, F. v. Mueller.*

Victoria, from West Gipps Land to Dandenong and the
sources of the rivers Yarra and Goulburn. One of the most
magnificent of all sylvan grasses, not rarely 12 feet and
exceptionally to 17 feet high. Root perennial. This grass
deserves to be brought to any forest-tracts, as it prospers in
shade ; along rivulets in deep soil it assumes its grandest
forms. The large panicle affords nutritious forage.

Festuca elatior, Linné.*

The Meadow Fescue. Europe, North Africa, North and
Middle Asia. A perennial grass, attaining a height of
several feet. There are several varieties of this species.
The tallest follows rivers readily as far down as the tides
reach. ‘The ordinary form is well adapted for permanent
pastures, has tender leaves, produces excellent hay and is
early out in the season. It can be mixed advantageously
with F. ovina. It is superior to ryegrass in produce and
improves with age. I. arundinacea, Schreb., F. pratensis,
Huds. and F. loliacea, Huds. are varieties of this species.

Festuca flava, F. v. Mueller. (Poa flava, Gronov ; Tricuspis
sesleriodes, Torr.; Uralepis cuprea, Kunth.)
The tall Redtop Grass of the Eastern States of North
America. A perennial sand-grass, with wide panicles.

Festuca gigantea, Villars.
Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial good forest-grass.

Festuca heterophylla, Lamarck.

Mountains of Europe. This perennial grass attains a height
of five feet; it produces a proportionately great bulk of
fodder, and serves as an admixture to grasses of hay or
pasture-lands, particularly the former (Lawson). It is best
fitted for our alpine and highest forest-tracts, which in course
of time and perhaps early so, will be sought for close pastoral
occupation, when territorial areas will become less easily
acquired.

Festuca Hookeriana, F. v. Mueller.
Alps of Australia and Tasmania. A tall perennial grass,
evidently nutritious, required to be tried for pastoral culture
and perhaps destined to become a meadow-grass of colder
countries.

Festuca litoralis, La Billarditre.
Extra-tropic Australia and New Zealand. An important
grass for binding drift-sand on sea-shores.

88 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Festuca ovina, Linné.

Sheep-Fescue. Europe, North and Middle Asia, North
America, found also in South America and the Alps of
Australia and New Zealand. ‘This species like F. elatior is
obtainable with facility. F. duriuscula, L., and F. rubra, L.,
are varieties. A perennial grass, thriving on widely different
soil, even moory and sandy ground. It yields a good produce,
maintains its virtue, resists drought and is also well adapted
for lawns and the swards of parks.

Festuca purpurea, F. v. Mueller. (Uralepis purpurea
Nuttall; Zricuspis purpurea, A. Gray.
South-East coast of North America. <A tufty sand-grass,
but annual.

Festuca silvatica, Villars.
Middle and South Europe. A _ notable forest-grass. F.
drymeia (Mert. and Koch), a grass with long creeping roots,
is closely allied. Both deserve here test culture.

Festuca spadicea, Linné.
Alps of Europe. This grass would thrive on the heights of
our showy mountains. Perennial.

The space does not admit of entering here into further
details of the respective value of many species of Festuca
which might advantageously be introduced from various parts
of the globe for rural purposes.

Ficus Carica, Linné.*
Orient. The ordinary Fig-tree. It attains an age of several
hundred years. In our latitudes and clime a prolific tree.
The most useful and at the same time the most hardy of
half-a-thousand recorded species of Ficus. The extreme
facility with which it can be propagated from cuttings, the
resistance to heat, the comparatively early yield and easy
culture recommend the Fig-tree to be chosen, where it is an
object to raise masses of tree-vegetation in widely treeless
landscapes of the warmer zones. Hence the extensive
plantations of this tree, made in formerly woodless parts of
Egypt; hence the likelihood of choosing the Fig as one of
the trees for extensive planting through favourable portions
of our desert-wastes, where moreover the fruit could be dried
with particular ease. Caprification is unnecessary, even in
some instances injurious and objectionable. Two main-
varieties may be distinguished, that which produces two
crops a year and that which yields but one. The former in-
cludes the grey or purple Fig, which is the best, the white
Fig and the golden Fig, the latter being the finest in appear-
ance but not in quality. The main variety, which bears only

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 89

one crop a year, supplies the greatest quantity of Figs for
drying, among which the Marseillaise and Bellonne are con-
sidered the best. The Barnisote and the Aubique produce
delicious large fruits, but they must be dried with fire-heat,
and are usually consumed fresh. The ordinary drying is
effected in the sun. For remarks on this and other points
concerning the Fig, the valuable tract recently published by
the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale should be consulted. The first crop
of figs grows on wood of the preceding year, the last crop
however on wood of the current year. Varieties of particu-
lar excellence are known from Genoa, Savoy, Malaga, Anda-
lusia.

Ficus columnaris, Moore and Mueller.

The Banyan-tree of Lord Howe’s Island, therefore extra
tropical. One of the most magnificent productions in the
whole empire of plants. Mr. Fitzgerald, a visitor to the
island, remarks that the pendulous air-roots, when they touch
the ground, gradually swell into columns of the same
dimensions as the older ones, which already became converted
into stems, so that itis not apparent which was the parent
trunk ; there may be a hundred of stems to the tree, on
which the huge dome of dark evergreen foliage rests, but
these stems are all alike, and thus it is impossible to say
whence the tree comes or whither it goes. The allied Fig-
trees of continental Hast Australia have great buttresses, but
only now and then a pendulous root, approaching in
similarity the stems of Ficus columnaris. The Lord Howe’s
Island Fig-tree is more lke F. macrophylla than F.
rubiginosa ; but F. columnaris is more rufous than either.
In humid, warm sheltered tracts of Victoria, this grand
vegetable living structure may be raised as an enormous
bower for shade and for scenic ornament. The nature of the
sap, whether available for caoutchouc or other industrial
material, requires yet to be tested.

Ficus Cunninghami, Miquel.

Queensland, in the eastern dense forest-regions. Mr.
O’Shanesy designates this as a tree of sometimes monstrous
growth, the large spreading branches sending down roots,
which take firm hold of the ground. One tree measured
was 38 feet in circumference at two feet from the ground, the
roots forming wall-like abutments, some of which extended
20 feet from the tree. Several persons could conceal them-
selves in the large crevices of the trunk, while the main
branches stretched across a space of about 100 feet. A
kind of caoutchouc can be obtained from this tree. A still

90 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

more gigantic Fig-tree of Queensland is F’. colossea (F. v. M.),
but it may not be equally hardy, not advancing naturally to
extra-tropic latitudes. This reminds of the great Council-tree,
F. altissima.

Ficus elastica, Roxburgh.*

Upper India. A large tree, yielding its milk-sap copiously
for caoutchouc. Already Roxburgh ascertained 60 years ago,
that India-rubber could be dissolved in Cajaput oil (so similar
to our Eucalyptus oil), and that the sap yielded about one-
third of its weight caoutchouc. This tree is not of quick
growth in the changeable and often dry clime of Melbourne,
but there is every prospect, that it would advance rather
rapidly in any of our extensively unutilised forest-gullies,
and that copious plantations of it there would call forth a
new local industry. Mr. 8. Kurz states, that also F. laccifera
(Roxburgh) from Silhet is a caoutchouc Fig-tree, and that
both this and F. elastica yield most in a ferrugineous clay
soil on a rocky substratum; further, that both can bear
dryness, but like shade in youth. Several other species of
tropical Figs, as well American as Asiatic, are known to
produce good caoutchouc, but it is questionable whether any
of them would prosper in our southern latitudes ; neverthe-
less for the conservatories of botanic gardens all such plants
should be secured with a view of promoting public
instruction.

Ficus Indica, Linné.

The Banyan-tree of India, famed for its enormous expansion
and air roots. Although not strictly an utilitarian tree, it is
admitted here as one of the most shady trees, adapted for the
warmer and moister regions of this colony. At the age
of 100 years, one individual tree will shade and occupy about
one and a-half acres, and rest on 150 stems or more, the
main stem often with a circumference of fifty feet, the
secondary stems with a diameter of several feet. At Mel-
bourne, the tree suffers somewhat from the night-frosts.

Ficus macrophylla, Desfontaines.*
The Moreton Bay Fig-tree, which is indigenous through a
great part of East Australia. Perhaps the grandest of our —
avenue-trees, and among the very best to be planted, although
in poor dry soil its growth is slow. In our latitudes it is
quite hardy in the lowland. The foliage may occasionally be
injured by grasshoppers. Easily raised from seed.

Ficus rubiginosa, Desfontaines. |
New South Wales. One of the most hardy of all Fig-trees,
and very eligible among evergreen shade-trees. It is

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. |

estimated that the genus Ficus comprises about 600 species,
many occurring in cool mountain-regions of tropical
countries. The number of those, which would endure our
clime, is probably not small.

Ficus Sycamorus, Linné.

The Sycamore Fig-tree of the Orient, copiously planted along
the roadsides of Egypt. The shady crown extends to a width
of 120 feet. Though introduced, we have as yet no local
means of raising this tree in quantity, and must therefore rely
on fresh importations of cuttings or more particularly seeds.

Fitzroya Patagonica, J. Hooker.* ;

Chili, as far south as Chiloe. The Alerce of the Chilians.
Grows on swampy moory places. A stately tree, 100 feet
high. The diameter of the stem reaches sometimes the
extraordinary extent of 15 feet. The wood is almost always
red, easily split, light, does not warp, stands exposure to the
air for half a century, and in Valdivia and Chiloe almost all
buildings are roofed with shingles of this tree (Dr. Philippi).
The outer bark produces a strong fibre, used for caulking
ships. Like Libocedrus tetragona this tree should be
extensively planted in our unutilised swampy moors in the
mountains,

Flacourtia Ramontchi, |’Heritier. (/. sapida, Roxburgh).
India up to Beloochistan. This and F. cataphracta (Roxb.)
form thorny trees with somewhat plum-like fruits. With
other species they can be adopted for hedge-copses.

Flemingia tuberosa, Dalzell.

Western India. The tubers of this herb are said to be edible.
Another species, F. vestita, is on record as cultivated in
North-Western India for its small esculent tubers.

Flindersia Oxleyana, F. v. Mueller.

The Yellow Wood of New South Wales and Queensland.
Other species occur there, among which F. Bennettiana is
the best for avenue purposes.

Flueggea Japonica, C. Richard.

China and Japan. The mucilaginous tubers can be used for
food, a remark which applies to many other as yet
disregarded liliaceous plants.

Foeniculum officinale, Allioni.

The Fennel. Mediterranean regions, particularly on lime-
stone soil. A. perennial or biennial herb, of which two
primary varieties occur—the so-called sweet variety having
fruits almost twice as large as the other. The herb and
fruits are in use as condiments and the latter also for medicine.
The fruits are rich in essential oil, containing much Anethol.

92 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Fourcroya Cubensis, Haworth.
West India and continental tropical America. A smaller
species than the following, but equally utilised for fibre and
impenetrable hedges. F. flavo-viridis (Hooker), from Mexico,
is still smaller.

Fourcroya gigantea, Ventenat.
Central America. With species of Yucca, Agave, Draczena,
Cordyline, Phormium, Doryanthes and this and a few other
Fourcroyas, we have gigantic liliaceous plants available indus-
trially for fibre. Frost injures the leaves of this species.
Scape up to 30 feet high.

Fourcroya longeeva, Karw. and Zuce.
High mountains of Guatemala and Mexico, at an elevation
of about 10,000 feet. One of the most gigantic and magnifi-
cent of all lihaceous or amaryllideous plants, in volumen only .
surpassed by Draceena Draco, the Dragon-tree of the Canary
Islands. This is the only known high-stemmed species, the
trunk attaining a height of 50 feet, and huge panicle of
flowers 40 feet more. It dies, like many allied plants, after
flowering. The species is recorded here as a fibre-plant,
but with us would mainly or solely be kept for its ornamental
grandeur.

Fragaria Chiloensis, Aiton.
In various of the colder parts both of North and South
America. Chili-Strawberry.

Fragaria collina, Ehrhart.
In various parts of Europe. Hiull-Strawberry.

Fragaria grandiflora, Ehrhart. (/. Ananas, Miller.)
Various colder parts of America. Closely allied to F.
Chiloensis. Ananas-Strawberry.

Fragaria Illinoensis, Prince.
North America. Hovey’s Seedling and the Boston kind from
this plant.

Fragaria pratensis, Duchesne. (fragaria elatior, Ehrhart.)
In mountain-forests of Europe. Cinnamon-Strawberry.
Hautbois.

Fragaria vesca, Linné.
Naturally very widely dispersed over the temperate and
colder parts of the Northern Hemisphere. Wild Wood Straw-
berry. From this typical form probably some of the other
Strawberries arose. Middle forms and numerous varieties
now in culture were produced by hybridisation. These
plants, though abounding already in our gardens, are men-
tioned here, because even the tenderest varieties could be

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 93

naturalised in our ranges. Any settler living near some
brook or rivulet might readily set out some plants which with
others, similarly adapted, would gradually spread with the
current.

Fragaria Virginiana, Muller.
North America. Scarlet Strawberry.

Fraxinus Americana, Linné.*
The White Ash of North America. A large tree, 80 feet
high, which delights in humid forests. Timber valuable,
better resisting extreme heat than the common Ash. The
Red Ash (Fraxinus pubescens, Lam.), the Green Ash (F.
viridis, Mich.), the Black Ash (F. sambucifolia, Lam.), and
the Carolina Ash (F. platycarpa, Mich.), are of smaller size.

Fraxinus Chinensis, Roxburgh.
It is this Ash on which a peculiar wax is produced by
Coccus Pela, perhaps also on some species of Ligustrum.
About 40,000lbs. are exported annually according to Mr.
Bernardini. FF. ornus is well adapted for a promenade-tree,
and is earlier in foliage than F. excelsior, F. Americana and
most other Ash-trees.

Fraxinus excelsior, Linné.

The ordinary Ash of Europe and West Asia. Height 80 feet,
of comparatively quick growth, known to attain an age of
nearly 200 years. Rich soil on forest-rivulets or river-banks
suit it best; wood remarkably tough and elastic, used for
agricultural and other implements, for oars, axletrees and
many other purposes. Six peculiar kinds of Ash-trees occur
in Japan, some also in the Indian highlands; all might be
tried here.

Fraxinus floribunda, Don.
Nepal Ash, 40 feet high.

Fraxinus Oregana, Nuttall.
California and Oregon Ash. A tree up to eighty feet in
height, preferring low-lying alluvial lands. The wood of this
fine species 1s nearly white, tough and durable, often used for
oars and handles of implements. Though allied to F. sam-
bucifolia it is very superior as a timber-tree. Ash-trees will
grow readily in the shade of other trees.

Fraxinus Ornus, Linné.*
The Manna-Ash of the Mediterranean regions. Height about
30 feet. It yields the medicinal manna.

Fraxinus quadrangulata, Michaux.*
The Blue Ash of North America. One of the tallest of the
Ashes, 70 feet high, with an excellent timber.

94 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Fraxinus viridis, Michaux.
The Green Ash of North America. Height 70 feet; wood

excellent.

Frenela Actinostrobus, Mueller (Actinostrobus pyramidalis,
Miq.)
From South-West Australia. Though only a shrub, it is placed
here on record as desirable for introduction, because it grows
on saline desert-flats, where any other conifers will not
readily succeed. It may become important for coast cultiva-
tion.

Frenela Macleayna, Parlatore.
New South Wales. A handsome tree, of regular pyramidal
growth, attaining a height of 70 feet; the timber is valuable.

Frenela Parlatorei, F. v. Mueller.
South Queensland. Recommended by Mr. F. M. Bailey as -
a shade-tree. It attains a height of sixty feet. Several
other Frenelas are worthy of forest-culture.

Frenela verrucosa, A. Cunningham.
Also several other species from Victoria and other parts of
Australia are among the trees, which may be utilised for
binding the coast- and desert-sand. They all exude Sandarac.

Garcinia Travancorica, Beddome.
Madras Presidency, up to elevations of 4500 feet. This
seems to be the hardiest of the superior Gamboge trees,
hence there is some prospect of its prospering in our warmer
forests.

Garuleum bipinnatum, Lessing.
South Africa. A perennial herb of medicinal properties,
and like numerous other plants there and elsewhere, praised
as an alexipharmic, but all requiring close reinvestigation in
this respect.

Gaultiera Myrsinites, Hooker.
North California, Oregon, British Columbia. The fruit
of this procumbent shrub is said to be delicious. It would
prove adapted for our alps. ,

Gaultieria Shallon, Pursh.
North-Western America. This handsome spreading bush
would yield its pleasant edible berries in abundance, if
planted on our snowy mountains, where it would likely be-
come naturalised.

Gaylussacia frondosa, Torrey and Gray.
The Blue Tangleberry of North America. A bush with
deciduous foliage. Berry sweet.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 95

' Gaylussacia resinosa, Torrey and Gray.

The Black Huckleberry of North America. A dwarf shrub
with deciduous leaves. It likes swampy woodlands, and thus
would find ample space in our forest-ranges. Berry of
pleasant taste. Perhaps some of the South American species
produce also edible fruits.

Geitonoplesium cymosum, Allan Cunningham.
Through the whole East Australian forests. It is mentioned
here to draw attention to the fact, that special culture may
convert this into an Asparagus plant, as Mr. P. O’Shanesy
has found, that the young shoots offer a fair substitute for
Asparagus.

Gelsemium nitidum, Michaux.
Southern States of North America and Mexico. A twining
shrubby plant of medicinal value, long since introduced into
Australia by the writer, like numerous other plants of
industrial or therapeutical importance. Active principle
Gelseminin. The scent of the flowers has also come into use
as a cosmetic.

Genista monosperma, Lamarck.
Mediterranean regions. One of the best of broom-bushes
for arresting sand-drift. G. spherocarpa, Lamarck, is of
like use, and comes also from the Mediterranean Sea.

Gentiana lutea, Linné.
Sub-Alpine tracts of Middle and South Europe. A peren-
nial most beautiful herb, yielding the medicinal Gentian-root.
It could be easily raised in our higher mountains. Chemical
principles: Gentian-bitter and Gentianin.

Gigantochloa apus, Kurz. (Bambusa apus, Roemer and
Schultes. )
Indian Archipelagus, at elevations up to 5000 feet. Height
of stem to 60 feet. When young it is used for strings and
ropes.

Gigantochloa aspera, Kurz.

Java. Found by Zollinger to attain a maximum height of
170 feet.

Gigantochloa atter, Kurz.
Java, in the region from 2000 to 4000 feet. Height of stems
to 70 feet. One of the extensively cultivated species.

Gigantochloa maxima, Kurz.
Java. Height to 120 feet, the stems nearly a foot thick.
One of the most, extensively cultivated of all Asiatic bamboos,
ascending into mountain regions.

96 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Gigantochloa nigro-ciliata, Kurz. (Oxytenanthera nigro-
ciliata, Munro.) i

Continental and insular India. Stems to 130 feet long.

Gigantochloa robusta, Kurz.
Mountains of Java. Height to i100 feet. Kurz noticed in
Java the early growth to be nearly 18 feet in a month, the
principal branches only commencing when the shoot had
reached a height of about 70 feet. Some Java bamboo is
known to measure at a height of about 120 feet still 22
inches in girth.

Gigantochloa verticillata, Munro. (Lambusa_ verticillata,

Blume.)

The Whorled Bamboo of India. It attains a height of
100 feet ; in damp heat it grows at the astonishing celerity of
40 feet in about three months, according to Bouché. The
young shoots furnish an edible vegetable like G. Apus and
Bambusa Bitung.

Ginkgo biloba, Linné. (Salisburia adiantifolia, Smith.)
Ginkgo-tree. China and Japan. A deciduous fan-leaved
tree, 100 feet high, with a straight stem 12 feet in diameter.
The wood is white, soft, easy to work, and takes a beautiful
polish. The seeds are edible, and when pressed yield a good
oil. Ginkgo-trees are estimated to attain an age of 3000
years.

Gladiolus edulis, Burchell.
Interior of South Africa. The bulb-like roots are edible, an
taste like chestnuts when roasted.

Gleditschia triacanthos, Linné.
The deciduous Honey Locust-tree of North America. Height
up to 80 feet. Wood hard, coarse-grained, fissile. Sown
closely, this plant forms impenetrable, thorny, not readily
combustible hedges. An allied species, the G. horrida,
Willd., in East Asia. The Water Locust-tree of North
America (G. monosperma, Walt.) will grow in swamps to 80
feet.

Glycine hispida, Bentham. (Soja hispida, Mcench.)

An annual herb of India, China and Japan. The beans are
one of the main ingredients of the condiment known as Soja.
Glycine Soja, Siebold and Zuccarini, is said to be a distinct
plant, but probably serving the same purpose.

Glycyrrhiza echinata, Linné.

South Europe and Orient. From the root of this herb at
least a portion of the Italian Liquorice is prepared. The
root is thicker than that of the following. The Russian
Liquorice-root is derived from this species. It is less sweet.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. — 97

Glycyrrhiza glabra, Linné.
South Europe. The extract of the root of this herb consti-
tutes the ordinary Liquorice. The plant grows here most
vigorously. ‘The Liquorice of some utility in medicine, but
also used in porter breweries. Chemical principle: Glycyr-
rhizin,

Gonioma Kamassi, E. Meyer.
South Africa, This small tree furnishes the yellow Kamassi-
wood, much sought for carpenter’s tools, planes and other
select articles of wood-work; also for wood engraving,
according to Dr. Pappe. Flowers deliciously fragrant.

Gordonia lasianthus, Linné.
The Loblolly Bay. North America. A handsome tree,
growing to a height of 60 feet; flowers snowy white. The
wood is extremely light, of a rosy hue and fine silky texture,
but unfit for exposure. The bark is extensively employed
for tanning in the Southern States. Available for swampy
coast-lands.

Gossypium arboreum, Linné.*

The Tree-Cotton. India, Arabia. A tall perennial species,
but not forming a real tree, yielding cotton in the first
season already. Leaves long-lobed. Bracts with few teeth.
Petals yellow or in age pink or purple. Seeds brown, dis-
connected, after the removal of the cotton-fibre greenish-
velvety. The cotton of long staple, but a variety occurs
with short staple. The New Orleans Cotton (G. sanguineum,
Hassk.) belongs to this species. Dr. Seemann connects also
the ordinary G. herbaceum, L., asa variety with G. arboreum.
The cotton-fibre is crisp, white, opaque and not easily
separable.

Gossypium Barbadense, Linné.*

West India. Sea Island Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals
yellow. Seeds disconnected, black, after the removal of the
cotton-fibre naked. The cotton of this species is very long,
easily separable and of a silky lustre. This species requires
low-lying coast-tracts for attaining to perfection. Perennial,
and yielding like the rest a crop in the first season. Culti-
vated largely in the Southern States of North America, also
in South Europe, North Africa, Queensland and various other
countries.

Gossypium herbaceum, Linné.*
Scinde, Cabul and other parts of tropical and sub-tropical
Asia, much cultivated in the Mediterranean countries.
Perennial. Leaves short-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds dis-
connected, after removal of the cotton-fibre grey-velvety.

H

98

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Distinguished and illustrated by Parlatore as a species, re-
garded by Seemann as a variety of G. arboreum. Staple
longer than in the latter kind, white, opaque, not easily
seceding. Hven this species, though supposed to be herba-
ceous, will attain a height of 12 feet. A variety with
tawny fibre furnishes the Nankin Cotton.

Gossypium hirsutum, Linné.*

Upland or Short-staple Cotton. ‘Tropical America, culti-
vated most extensively in the United States, Southern
European and many other countries. Perennial. Seeds
brownish-green, disconnected, after the removal of the
cotton-fibre greenish-velvety. Staple long, white, almost of
a silky lustre, not easily separable. A portion of the
Queensland Cotton is obtained from this species. It neither
requires the coast-tracts nor the highly attentive culture of
G. Barbadense.

Gossypium religiosum, Linné.* (@. Peruvianum, Cavan).

Tropical South America. Kidney Cotton, Peruvian or
Brazilian Cotton. Leaves long-lobed. Petals yellow. Seeds
black, connected. The cotton is of a very long staple, white,
somewhat silky and easily seceding from the seeds) A
tawny variety occurs. This is the tallest of all cotton Bushes,
and it is probably this species, which occurs in the valleys of
the Andes as a small tree, bearing its cotton while frosts
whiten the ground around.

Gossypium Taitense, Parlatore. (G. religioswm, Banks and

Solander).
In several islands of the Pacific Ocean. A shrub. Petals
white. Seeds disconnected, glabrous after the removal of the
fulvous cotton-fibre, which secedes not with readiness.

Gossypium tomentosum, Nuttall.* (G@. Sandvicense, Parlat.;

G. religiosum, A. Gray).
Hawaia. Perennial. Petals yellow. Seeds disconnected,
after the removal of the tawny cotton-fibre, fulvous-velvety,
not easily parting with their cotton. The ‘Cotton-roots
are a powerful remedial agent, which, however, should
only be used by legitimate medical practice. The barks of
Hamamelis Virginiana and Viburnum prunifolium are anti-
dotes (Phares and Durham).

For limitation of species and varieties Parlatore’s “Specie dei

Cotoni” (Florence, 1866) and Todaro’s ‘ Osservazioni su
Cotone” may be consulted; information on culture may be
sought in Porter’s “Tropical Agriculturist” and in Mallet’s
work on ‘“ Cotton” (London, 1862).

There are many parts of our colony, in which all these species

of Gossypium could be cultivated, and where a fair or even

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 99

prolific Cotton-crop may be obtained. Good Cotton for
instance has been produced on the Goulburn River, the
Loddon, the Avoca and the Murray Rivers, particularly in
places where water could be applied. All cultivated kinds of
Cotton-plants are either naturally perennials or become such
in favourable climes, although they may be treated strictly as
annuals. Some of them will indeed in particular instances
grow to the height of 20 feet. The geographic parallels,
between which Cotton-culture is usuaily placed, are stretching in
various girdles between the 36° N.L. and 36° 8.L. The
primary advantages of this important culture are: A return
in a few months, comparatively esay field operations, simple
and not laborious process of collecting the crop, and require-
ment of but little care in the use of the gin-machine in
finally preparing the raw material for the market, the woolly
covering of the seeds constituting the cotton of commerce.
The oil obtained by pressure from the seeds is useful for
various technic purposes, and the oil-cake can be used like
most substances of similar kind for very fattening stable-feed.
Sea Island Cotton was raised in splendid perfection in the
northern parts of Victoria fully fifteen years ago from seeds,
extensively distributed by the writer; but the want of cheap
labour has hitherto militated against the extensive cultivation
of the Cotton, and so also against the culture of tea and
many other industrial plants. Cotton having been raised far
away from the influence of the sea-air, it would be worthy of
attempts, to naturalise various kinds of Cotton in the oases
of our deserts, irrespective of regular culture. Our native
Gossypium of the interior produces no fibre worth collecting.
Cotton-plants have a predilection for gently undulating or
sloping ground, with light soil and a moderate supply of
moisture. In the most favourable climes, such as that of
Fiji, Cotton produces flowers and fruits throughout the year,
but the principal ripening falls in the dry season. From
two hundred to three hundred plants or more can be placed
on an acre. As many as seven hundred pods have been
gathered from a single plant at one time, twelve to twenty
capsules yielding an ounce of mercantile Cotton. Weeding is
rendered less onerous by the vigorous growth of the plants.
Cotton comes well in for rotation of crops. Major Clarke has
ascertained that crossing cannot be effected between the
Oriental and Occidental kinds of cotton. A high summer
temperature is needed for a prolific Cotton harvest. Intense
heat, under which even maize will suffer, does not injuriously
affect Cotton, provided the atmosphere is not dry in the
extreme. ‘The soil should not be wet, but of a kind that
naturally absorbs and retains humidity, without over satura-

H 2

100 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

tion. In arid regions it is necessary to irrigate the Cotton-
plant. Heavy rains at the ripening period are injurious if
not destructive to the Cotton-crop. Dry years produce the
best returns, yet aqueous vapour in the air is necessary for
the best yield. In colder localities the balls or capsules
continue to ripen after the frosts prevent the formation of
new ones. Porous soils resting on limestones and meta-
morphic rocks are eminently adapted for Cotton-culture.
The canebrake soil of the North American Cotton-regions
absorbs ammonia to a prodigous extent.

Grevillea robusta, Cunningham.
Our beautiful Lawn-tree, indigenous to the subtropical part of
East Australia, 100 feet high, of rather rapid growth, and
resisting drought in a remarkable degree; hence one of the
most eligible trees for desert-culture. Our cultivated trees
yield now already an ample supply of seeds. The wood is
valued particularly for staves of casks.

Grumilea cymosa, EH. Meyer.
South Africa. Dr. Pappe describes the wood of this tree as
beautifully citron-yellow.

Guadua angustifolia, Kunth. (Bambusa Guadua, Hum-
boldt and Bonpland.)
New Granada, Ecuador and probably others of the Central
American States. This Bamboo attains a height of 40 feet,
and might prove hardy in sheltered places of our lowlands.

Guadua latifolia, Kunth. (Lambusa latifoha, Humboldt
and Bonpland.)
One of the tall Bamboos of Central America, from whence
several other lofty Bamboos may be obtained, among them
the almost climbing Chusqueas. This Gaudua is stouter than
any Indian Bamboo. In tropical America native Bamboos
are planted for hedges.

Guevina Avellana, Molina. (Quadria heterophylla, Ruiz and
Pavon.
The aan Hazel-tree of Chili, extends from Middle Chili
to the Chonos Archipelagus. One of the most beautiful trees
in existence, attaining a height of 30 feet. The snowy white
flower-spikes produced simultaneously with the ripening of the
coral-red fruit. In the cooler southern regions the tree attains
' considerable dimensions. The wood tough and elastic, used for
boatbuilding (Dr. Philippi). The fruit of the allied Brabejum
stellatifolium can only be utilised with caution and in a
roasted state as an article of diet, because it is noxious or
even absolutely poisonous in a raw state.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 101

Guilandina Bonduc, Linné.
Widely dispersed through the intertropical regions of both
hemispheres with G. Bonducella, L. Both would be well
adapted for hedges in the warmer parts of our colony.

Guizotia oleifera, Candolle.
India and probably also Abyssinia. The Ramtil-oil is pressed
from the seeds of this annual herb, which yields its crop in
three months. The oil is much used like Sesamum-oil, as
well for culinary as technic purposes.

Gunnera Chilensis, Lamarck.

Caracas to Patagonia, chiefly on cliffs. A most impressive
plant for scenic groups in gardens. Darwin measured leaves
8 feet broad and 24 feet in circumference. The acidulous
leaf-stalks serve as a vegetable ; the thick roots are used for
tanning and dyeing. G. macrophylla, Blume, is a native of
Java and Sumatra, where it occurs on mountains, up to 6000
feet.

Gymnocladus Canadensis, Lamarck.
The Chicot. A North American timber and avenue tree,
attaining a height of 80 feet; allied to Gleditschia, but, as
the name implies, thornless. The wood is strong, tough,
compact, fine-grained, and assumes a rosy colour.

Hagenia Abyssinica, Willdenow. (Brayera anthelminthica,
Kunth).
Abyssinia, at elevations from 3000 to 8000 feet. A tall
tree, admitted in this list because its flowers have come into
medicinal use. It is, moreover, quite eligible for ornamental
plantations.

Harina caryotoides, Roxburgh. :
Assam, Chittagong and Darjeeling. A dwarf, tufted, hardy
Palm, desirable for decorative purposes.

Harpullia Hillii, F. v. Mueller.
The Tulip-wood of Queensland. One of the most valuable
of the numerous kinds of trees indigenous there for select
cabinet-work.

Hedeoma pulegioides, Persoon.
The Pennyroyal of North America. An annual herb of
aromatic taste, employed in medicine.

Hedysarum coronarium, Linné.*
The Soola Clover. South Europe. One of the best of peren-
nial fodder-herbs. It carries with it also the recommendation
of being extremely handsome.

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Heleocharis tuberosa, Roemer and Schultes.

China, where it is called Matai or Petsi. This rush can be
subjected to regular cultivation in ponds for the sake of its
edible wholesome tubers. H. plantaginea and H. fistulosa of
India and our own native H. sphacelata are allied plants.

Helianthus annuus, Linné.*

The Sunflower. Peru. This tall showy and large-flowered
annual is not without industrial importance. As much as
fifty bushels of seeds, or rather seed-like nutlets, have been
obtained from an acre under very favourable circumstances,
and as much as fifty gallons of oil can be pressed from such a
crop. The latter can be used not only for machinery, but
even as one of the best for the table. Otherwise the seeds
afford an excellent fodder for fowl. The stalks furnish a
good textile fibre and the blossoms yield a brilliant lasting
yellow dye. About six pounds of seeds are required for an
acre. The plant likes calcareous soil. Several allied North
American species deserve perhaps rural culture. The return
from a Sunflower-field is attained within a few months.

Helianthus tuberosus, Linné.

Brazil. Sunflower Artichoke. Inappropriately passig under
the name Jerusalem Artichoke. The tubers are saccharine
and serve culinary purposes. As fodder, they increase the
milk of cows to an extraordinary degree. The foliage serves.
also well as fodder. The plant is propagated from the
smallest but undivided tubers, placed like potatoes, but at
greater interstices. The root is not susceptible to frost. The
plant would be valuable for our alps. ‘The yield is as large
as that of potatoes, with less labour, and continues from year
to year in fairly-treated land, uninterruptedly and spon-
taneously. The stem is rich in textile fibre. The percentage
of crystalline sugar is largest during the cold season, namely
5-6/100. During the summer the starch-like Inulin prevails.
This plant can only be brought to full perfection in a soil
rich in potash.

Helichrysum lucidum, Henckel. (H. bracteatum, Will-

denow. )
Throughout the greater part of Australia. The regular
cultivation of this perennial herb would be remunerative
to supply its everlasting flowers for wreaths, just like those
of H. orientale, Tournefort, from Candia, are largely grown
and sold in South Europe to provide grave-wreaths.
Furthermore, the lovely Helipterum Manglesu, F. v. M.,
from West Australia, could for like purposes be profitably
reared on a large scale with several other Australian

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 103

everlastings. Some South African species of Helichrysum
and Helipterum are also highly eligible for these purposes of
. decoration.

Heliotropium Peruvianum, Linné.
Andes of South America. A perennial somewhat shrubby
plant. Among various species of Heliotrop this one can best
be utilised for the distillation of the scented oil.

Helleborus niger, Linné. |
Forest-mountains of Middle and South Europe. The Christ-
mas Rose of British Gardens. A perennial handsome herb.
The roots are used in medicine.

Hemarthria compressa, R. Brown.
South Asia, South Africa, extra-tropic Australia. This
perennial, though somewhat harsh, grass is recommendable
for moist pastures, and will retain a beautiful greenness
throughout the year. H. uncinata is a closely allied plant.

Heracleum Sibiricum, Linné.
Colder regions of Europe and Asia. A very tall biennial
herb with leaves of enormous size. Recently recommended
for sheep-fodder in the Alpine regions. The plant could also
be turned to account for scenic effect in horticulture.

Hibiscus cannabinus, Linné. (ZH. radiatus, Cavanilles.)
Tropical Asia, Africa, and Australia. An annual showy
herb. The stem yields a hemp-like fibre. Stems up to twelve
feet high without ramification if closely sown. Rich soil on
the Nile has yielded over 3000 Ibs. of clear fibre from
one acre. The bearing strength is often found to be more
than of the Sunn-fibre. The leaves serve as sorrel-spinach.
Several other Hibisci can be utilised in the same manner.

Hibiscus esculentus, Linné.
West India and Central America. A tall herb. The muci-
laginous seed-capsules are known as Ochro, Bandakai or
Gobbo, and used as culinary vegetables. Our summers bring
them to maturity. The leaves of this and allied species can
be used as pot-herbs. |

Hibiscus Ludwigii, Ecklon and Zeyher.
South Africa. A tall shrubby and highly ornamental
species, desirable also as yielding a fibre of great strength
and toughness.

Hierochloa redolens, R. Brown.
South-eastern Australia, almost confined to the Alps; in Tas-
mania and New Zealand also found in the lowlands, occurring
likewise in the Antarctic islands and the southern extremity
of America. A tall perennial nutritious grass, with the

104 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

odour of Anthoxanthum. It is worthy of dissemination on
moist pasture-land. H. borealis of the colder regions of the
Northern Hemisphere accompanies here in the south H.
redolens, but is a smaller grass. These grasses are particu-
larly valuable for their fragrance as constituents of hay, the
odorous principle, like in Anthoxanthum, Melilotus and
Asperula, being Cumarin. Hierochloas are particularly
appropriate for cold, wet, moory grounds.

Hippocrepis comosa, Linné.
The Horseshoe-Vetch. Middle and South Europe, North
Africa. A perennial fodder-herb, not without importance.
Likes stony ground, hence adapted for our “‘stony rises ;” but
delights, like most leguminous herbs, in limestone soil. The
foliage is succulent and nutritious. Langethal recommends
it for a change after Saintfoin pastures fail.. It furnishes not
quite as much, but an earlier fodder.
Holcus lanatus, Linne.*
Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A well-known and
easily disseminated perennial pasture-grass, of considerable
fattening property. For rich soil better grasses can be
chosen, but for moist, moory, or sandy lands and also for
forests it is one of the most eligible grasses, yielding an
abundant crop; it is however rather disliked by cattle as
well as horses.
Holcus mollis, Linné.*
Of nearly the same geographic range and utility as the pre-
ceding species. Particularly admissible for sandy forest-land.
Holoptelea integrifolia, Planchon. (Ulmus integrifohia,
Roxburgh. )
The Elm of India, extending from the lowlands to subalpine
regions. <A large tree, with timber of good quality. Foliage
. deciduous.
Hordeum deficiens, Steudel.
The Red Sea Barley. One of the two-rowed Barleys, culti-
vated in Arabia and Abyssinia. Allied to this is H. macro-
lepis (A. Br.), a native of Abyssinia.
Hordeum distichon, Linné.
Central Asia. The ordinary two-rowed Barley. To this
species belong: the ordinary English Barley, the Chevalier,
the Annat, the Dunlop, the long-eared, the black, the large,
the Italian and the Golden Barley, along with other kinds.
A variety with grains free from the bracts constitutes the
Siberian and the Haliday Barley, which however is less
adapted for malt. Dry barley-flour, heated at the tempera-
ture of boiling water during several hours, constitutes Hufe-

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 105

land’s meal for invalids. Barley-culture might be carried
on in many parts of our Alps. Marly and calcareous lands
are particularly fit for its culture. It resists moderate spring
frosts.

Hordeum hexastichon, Linné.

Orient. The regularly six-rowed Barley. This includes
among other varieties the Red, the Scotch, the Square and
the Bear Barley. Seeds less uniform in size than those of
H. distichon. The so-called skinless variety is that in which
the grain separates from the bracts. Langethal observes, that |
it is most easily raised, requires less seed-grain than ordinary
barley, has firmer stems, is less subject to the rust disease and
to bending down.

Hordeum secalinum, Schreber. (4. pratense, Hudson.)
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. Perennial.
Famed as the best fattening grass of many of the somewhat
brackish marsh pastures on the North Sea. It never fruits
when kept down by cattle, and suppresses finally nearly all
other grasses and weeds.

Hordeum vulgare, Linné.

Orient. The four-rowed Barley, though rather six-rowed
with two prominent rows. Several varieties occur, among
them: the Spring, Winter and Black Barley, the Russian,
the French, the Naked and the Wheat Barley. Pearl Barley
is obtained from the Winter variety, which also surpasses
Summer Barley in rigour of stems and rich and early yield, it
being the earliest cereal in the season; the straw is copious
and nutritious, and the grain is rich in gluten, hence far
better adapted for flour than for malt. Summer Barley also
passes under the name of Sand Barley; it is inferior in yield to
H. distichon, but is content with a less fertile, even sandy soil,
and comes in a month’s less time to ripeness. In alpine
regions with a summer of sixty or seventy days without frost
it still ripens. The Naked Barley is superior to many.other
varieties for peeled Barley, but inferior for brewing; the grain
is also apt to drop (Langethal). Malt is important as an
antiscorbutic remedy. Chemical principles of malt: Asparagin ;
a protein substance: Diastase; an acid and Cholesterin-fat.

Hordeum zeocriton, Linné.

Central Asia. Also a two-rowed Barley. To this species
belong the Sprat, the Battledore, the Fulham and the Putney
Barley, the Rice Barley, the Turkish Barley and the Dinkel.
This species might be regarded as a variety of H. distichon.
The grains do not drop spontaneously and this variety is
securer than others against sparrows, requires however a
superior soil, and is harder in straw (Langethal).

106

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Hovenia dulcis, Thunberg.

Himalaya, China, Japan. The pulpy fruit-stalks of this tree
are edible. H. inequalis, D. C., and H. acerba, Lindl., are
mere varieties of this species.

Humulus Lupulus, Linné.*

The Hop-plant. Temperate zone of Europe, Asia and North
America. This twining perennial unisexual plant has proved
to yield enormously on river-banks in rich soil or on fertile
slope, where irrigation could be effected, particularly so
within our territory along the river-valleys of Gipps Land
and in other similar localities. A pervious especially alluvial
soil, fertile through manure or otherwise, appliances for
irrigation natural or artificial, and also shelter against storms,
are some of the conditions for success in Hop-growth, and
under such conditions the rearing of Hops will prove thus
far profitable in countries and localities of very different
mean temperature. A dry summer-season is favourable to
the ripening and gathering of Hops. On the Mitchell River,
in Gipps Land, 1500 lbs. have been obtained from an acre.
In Tasmania large crops have been realised for very many
years. The plant might be readily naturalised on river-
banks and in forest-valleys. The scaly fruit-cones form the
commercial Hops, whose value largely depends on the minute’
glandular granules of Lupuline. Hops impart their flavour
to beer, and principally by their tannic acid prevent acetous
fermentation and precipitate albuminous substances from the
malt. Hop-pillows are recommended to overcome want of
sleep. Many of the substitutes of Hops are objectionable
or deleterious. The refuse Hops of breweries possess
double the value of stable manure. Active principles of Hop
leaves and fruits: A peculiar volatile and a bitter acid sub-
stance. The fibre of the stem can be made into cords and paper.

Hydnum imbricatum, Linné.

In pine-forests of Europe. A wholesome Mushroom of deli-
cious taste, which we should endeavour to naturalise in our pine
plantations. Other recommendable European species are :-—
H. erinaceum, Pers., H. coralloides, Scop., H. album, Pers.,
H. diversidens, Fries, H. auriscalpium, Linné, H. subsqua-
mosum, Batsch, H. levigatum, Sw., H. violascens, Alb.,
H. infundibulum, Sw., H. fuligineo-album, Schm., H.
graveolens, Brot., H. Caput Meduse, Nees, H. Hystrix,
Fries. These and other edible fungi are given on the
authority of Rosenthal’s valuable work.

Hydrangea Thunbergi, Siebold.

Japan. The leaves of this shurb give a peculiar Tea, called
there the “Tea of Heaven.”

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 107

Hydrastis Canadensis, Linné.
North America. The Yellow Poccoon. A perennial herb,
utilised in medicine. The root contains two alkaloids:
Berberin and Hydrastin. The root tinges brilliantly yellow,
admitting of its use along with indigo for rich green colours.

Hymenza Courbaril, Linné.
Tropical and Southern sub-tropical America. A tree of
colossal size and remarkable longevity. Timber hard,
extremely ponderous, close-grained, used for select wheel-
work, trenails, beams and planks in various machinery. A
fragrant amber-like resin, known as West India Copal,
exudes from the stem. The beans of the pod are lodged ina
mealy pulp of honey-like taste, which can be used for food.
The possibility of the adaptability of this remarkable
tree to the warmer parts of Victoria needs to be ascertained.

Hymenanthera Banksii, F. v. Mueller.
South-East Australia, New Zealand, Norfolk Island. A tall
spiny shrub, well-adapted for close hedges, where rapid
growth is not required. It stands clipping well. Flowers
profusely fragrant.

Hyoscyamus niger, Linné.
The Henbane. Europe, North Africa, extra-tropic Asia.
An important medicinal herb of one or two years’ duration.
It contains a peculiar alkaloid: Hyoscyamin.

Hyphezene Argun, Martius.
Nubia. Probably hardy in the warmer parts of our colony.

Hyphezene coriacea, Gaertner.
Equatorial Eastern Africa. The dichotomous Palm of the
sea-coast regions. It attains a height of 80 feet.

Hypheene crinita, Gaertner. (H. Thebaica, Martius.)
Abyssinia, Nubia, Arabia and Egypt, as far as 31° N., and
southward to the Zambesi, Nyassa and Sofala. The Ginger-
bread-Palm or Doum-Palm. It is much branched and attains
a height of about 30 feet. The mealy husk of the fruit is
edible. Grows away from the sea.

Hyphzene ventricosa, Kirk.
Zambesi. Loftier than the other species. Stem turgid
towards the middle. Fruit large.

Hypocheeris apargioides, Hooker and Arnott.
Chili, A perennial herb. The root is used for culinary pur-
poses like that of the Scorzonera Hispanica.

Hypocheceris Scorzonere, F. von Mueller. (Achyrophorus

Scorzonerce, Candolle.)

Chili. Of the same use as H. apargioides. Allied species of
probably similar utility exist in Western South America.

108 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Ilex Cassine, Linné.
Southern States of North America. A Tea-bush, to which

also remarkable medicinal properties are ascribed.

Ilex Paraguensis, St. Hilaire.
Uruguay, Paraguay and Southern Brazil. The Maté. This
Holly-bush is inserted into this list rather as a -stimulating
medicinal plant, than as a substitute for the ordinary Tea-
plant. Chemical principles: Coffein, Quina-acid and a
peculiar tannic acid, which latter can be converted into
Viridin-acid.

Illicium anisatum, Linné.
China and Japan. The Star-Anis. An evergreen shrub or
small tree. The starry fruits used in medicine and as a con-
diment. Their flavour rests on a peculiar volatile oil with
Anethol. This species and a few others deserve culture also
as ornamental bushes.

Imperata arundinacea, Cyrillo.
South Europe, North Africa, South and East Asia, Australia.
Almost a sugar-cane in miniature. Valuable for binding
sand, especially in wet localities.

Indigofera Anil, Linné.

Recorded as indigenous to West India, and as extending
naturally through Continental America from Carolina to
Brazil. A shrub several feet high. Pods sickle-shaped,
short, compressed. One of the principal Indigo plants under
cultivation both in the eastern and western hemispheres.
Only in the warmest parts of our colony can we hope to pro-
duce Indigo with remunerative success. But many of the
hardier species seem never yet tested for pigment. Already
114 are recorded alone from extra-tropical Southern Africa.
An Indigofera of Georgia, said to be wild, perhaps I. Anil,
yields an excellent product. The pigment in all instances is
obtained by maceration of the foliage, aeration of the liquid
and inspissation of the sediment.

Indigofera argentea, Linné. (J. coerulea, Roxburgh).
Tropical and extra-tropical Northern Africa, Arabia, India.
A shrub several feet high, closely allied to I. Anil, and like-
wise a good Indigo-plant.

Indigofera tinctoria, Linné.
Warmest part of Asia, as far east as Japan, recorded also
from tropical Africa and even Natal. A shrubby plant,
attaining a height of six feet. Pods straight, cylindrical,
many-seeded. Extensively cultivated in warm zones for
Indigo, and probably hardy in our northern and eastern low-

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 109

land regions. The plant is frequently sold fresh by the
grower to the factories. The Indigo-plant requires a rich
friable soil, neither too moist nor too dry. The seeds are
sown in furrows about a foot apart, and in hot damp climes
the plant can already be cut in about two months, as soon as
it begins to flower; in six or eight weeks it yields a second
crop, and under favourable circumstances as many as four
crops can be gathered in a year. The plants have to be re-
newed every year as the old ones do not yield such an
abundant produce. Bright sunshine favours the development
of the dye-principle, but frequent rains cause a more luxu-
riant growth (Hartwig).

Inula Helenium, Linné.
The Elecampane. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia
eastward to Japan. A perennial herb. The bitter and
somewhat aromatic root, for the sake of its stimulating and
tonic properties, is used in medicine. It contains also the
amylaceous Inulin and the crystalline Helenin.

Ipomcea Batatas, Poiret.* (Batatas edulis, Choisy).
The Sweet Potato. Tropical South America. First brought
to Europe from Brazil. It proved well adapted also for our
part of Australia and for New Zealand. The tubers afford
a palatable food, more nutritious than ordinary potatoes.
Varieties with red, white and yellow roots occur. Each
tuber weighs generally from 3lbs. to dlbs., but may occa-
sionally attain to 56lbs. The yield is from 200 to 300 bushels
from an acre. .

Ipomeea Batatilla, G. Don.
Cooler regions of Venezuela. The tubers serve as sweet
potatoes. Similarly useful I. plantanifolia, Roem. et Schult.,
from Central America, and I. mammosa, Choisy, from
Amboina.

Ipomoea paniculata, R. Brown.
Almost a cosmopolitan plant on tropical coasts; thus indi-
genous to North Australia and the warmer parts of East
Australia. The tubers also of this species are edible. If
hardy, the plant would deserve cultivation.

Ipomoea purga, Wenderoth.
Mountains of Mexico. The true Jalap. This species yields
the medicinal Jalap root. It has recently been cultivated
with apparent success even at New York. Thus it is entitled
to a trial in our warm woodlands. Active principle: the
resinous Convolvulin. J. Orizabensis, Ledanois, yields also
Jalap, according to Hanbury.

110 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Ipomcea simulans, Hanbury.
Mexico. From this species the Tampico Jalap, or rather the
Sierra Gorda Jalap, is derived. I. operculata, Mart., yields
the Brazilian Jalap.

Isatis indigotica, Fortune.
North China. Perennial, almost shrubby. The use is
similar to that of the following plant.

Isatis tinctoria, Linné.

Dyer’s Woad. From the Mediterranean regions through
part of the Orient, apparently extending as far as Japan.
A tall herb of two years’ duration. The blue dye is obtained
from the fermented leaves. It succeeds best in rich limestone
ground. Many other species of Isatis, mostly Asiatic, may
produce perhaps dye with equal advantage. Boissier enu-
merates merely as Oriental twenty-eight kinds.

Jasminum grandiflorum, Linné.
From India to Japan. Flowers white. Extensively culti-
vated in South Europe. The delicate scent is withdrawn
either by fixed oils or alcoholic distillation. The pecuniary
yield obtainable from Jasmin cultivation seems vastly over-
rated, even if inexpensive labour should be obtainable.

dasminum odoratissimum, Linné.

Madeira. Shrubby like the rest. Flowers yellow. Used
like the foregoing and following for scent. This may be pre-
pared by spreading upon wool or cotton, slightly saturated
with olive oil or other fixed oil, the flowers, and covering
them with other layers so prepared. The flowers are re-
newed from time to time until the oil is thoroughly pervaded
by the scent, when the latter is withdrawn by alcohol.
Other modes of extracting the oil exist.

Jasminum officinale, Linné.
From the Caucasus to China. Flowers white. This is the
principal species cultivated in South Europe for its scent.

Jasminum Sambac, Aiton.
From India to Japan. It would probably endure our cool
season in the northern and eastern regions. It has the
richest perfume of all. The bush attains a height of twenty
feet, and is almost climbing. The flowers are white, and
must be collected in the evening before expansion. The
relative value of many other species of Jasmin, nearly all
from the warmest parts of Asia, seems In no instance to have
been ascertained, so far as their oils or scents are concerned.
Our Australian species are also deliciously fragrant, amongst
which J. lineare, Br., occurs in our Victorian deserts, while

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 111

also J. didymum, Forst.; J. racemosum, F. v. M.; J. simpli-
cifolium, Forst.; J. calcareum, F. v. M. and J. suavissimum,
Lindl., reach extra-tropic latitudes.

Jubzea spectabilis, Humboldt.
The tall and stout Coquito-Palm of Chili. Well adapted for
our extra-tropic latitudes. A kind of treacle is obtained
from the sap of this Palm. The small kernels are edible.

Juglans cinerea, Linné.*
The Butternut-tree of North America. About 50 feet high;
stem-diameter 4 feet. Likes rocky places in rich forests.
Wood lighter than that of the Black Walnut, durable and
free from attacks of insects. It is particularly sought for
panels of coaches, corn-shovels, wood dishes and similar
implements, as it is not liable to split, nor heavy. The
leaves, bark and husk are of medicinal importance, and so
are those of other species.

duglans cordiformis, Maximowicz.
Japan. This species approaches in many respects J.
Sieboldiana.

duglans Mandschurica, Maximowicz.
Corea and Mandschurica. This Walnut is allied to J. cinerea
of North America.

Juglans nigra, Linné.*

Black Walnut-tree. Attains a height of 70 feet; trunk 4
feet in diameter; found in rich forest-land in North America.
Wood purplish-brown, turning dark with age, strong, tough,
not liable to warp or to split; not attacked by insects. Wood
stored for many years is the best for gun-stocks. For the
sake of its compactness, durability and its susceptibility to
high polish, it is much sought for elegant furniture, stair-
rails and other select purposes. Seed more oily than the
European walnut.

duglans regia, Linné.*
The ordinary Walnut-tree of Europe, but of Central Asiatic
origin; it attains a height of fully 80 feet, and lives many
centuries. Wood light and tough, much sought for gun-
stocks, furniture and other things. The shells of the nut
yield black pigment. ‘Trees of choice quality of wood have
been sold for £600, the wood being the most valuable of
Middle Europe. In some departments of France a rather
large quantity of oil is pressed from the nuts, which, besides
serving as an article of diet, is used for the preparation of
fine colours. To obtain first-class fruit, the trees are grafted
in France (Michaux). An almost huskless variety occurs in
the north of China. Can be grown in cold localities, as it lives

112 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

at 2000 feet elevation in Middle Europe. The Californian
Walnut-tree (Juglans rupestris, Engelmann) and the Chinese
Walnut-tree (Juglans Mandchurica, Maxim.) ought to be
introduced here.

duglans Sieboldiana, Maximowicz.
Throughout Japan, where it forms a large tree.

duglans stenocarpa, Maximowicz.
From the Amoor territory. Allied to J. Mandschurica.

Juniperus Bermudiana, Linné.*
The Pencil-Cedar of Bermuda and Barbadoes. This species.
grows sometimes 90 feet high, and furnishes a valuable red
durable wood, used for boatbuilding, furniture and particu-
larly for pencils, on account of its pleasant odour and special
fitness. Many of the plants called Thuya or Biotia Meldensis
in gardens, belong to this species.

* Juniperus brevifolia, Antoine.
In the Azores up to 4800 feet; a nice tree with sometimes
silvery foliage.

Juniperus Cedrus, Webb.
A tall tree of the higher mountains of the Canary Islands.

duniperus Chinensis, Linné.*
In temperate regions of the Himalaya, also in China and
Japan. This tree is known to rise to 75 feet. Probably
identical with the Himalayan Pencil-Cedar (Juniperus
religiosa, Royle); it is remarkable for its reddish close-grained
wood.

duniperus communis, Linné.
One of the three native coniferze of Britain, attaiming under
favourable circumstances a height of nearly 50 feet, of medici-
nal uses; the berries also used in the preparation of gin.

Juniperus drupacea, ha Billardiere. Plum-Juniper.
A very handsome long-leaved Juniper, the Habhel of Syria.
It attains a height of 30 feet, and produces a sweet edible
fruit, highly esteemed throughout the Orient.

Juniperus excelsa, Bieberstein.
In Asia Minor, 2000 to 6000 feet above the sea-level. A
stately tree, 60 feet high.

duniperus flaccida, Schlechtendal.
In Mexico, 5000 to 7000 feet high. A tree of 30 feet in
height, rich in resin, similar to Sandarace.

Juniperus foetidissima, Willdenow.
A tall and beautiful tree in Armenia and Tauria, 5000 to
6500 feet.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 113

duniperus Mexicana, Schiede.
Mexico, at an elevation of 7000 to 11,000 feet. A straight
tree, 90 feet high, stem 3 feet diameter, exuding copiously a
resin similar to Sandarac.
duniperus occidentalis, Hooker.
North California and Oregon, at 5000 feet. <A straight tree,
80 feet high, with a stem of 3 feet diameter.
Juniperus Phoenicea, Linné.
South Europe and Orient. A small tree, 20 feet high,
yielding an aromatic resin.
duniperus procera, Hochstetter.
In Abyssinia. A stately tree, furnishing a hard useful timber.
Juniperus recurva, Hamilton.
On the Himalayas, 7500 to 15,000 feet high. A tree
attaining 30 feet in height.
Juniperus spheerica, Lindley.
North China. A handsome tree, 40 feet high.
J uniperus Virginiana, Linné.
North American Pencil Cedar or Red Cedar. A handsome
tree, 50 feet high, supplying a fragrant timber, much esteemed
for its strength and durability ; the inner part is of a beau-
tiful red colour, the outer is white; it is much used for
pencils. It is not bored by insects. The tree grows best
near the sea.
duniperus Wallichiana, J. Hooker and Thomson.
From the Indus to Sikkim, at elevations from 9000 to 15,000
feet. Attainsa height of 60 feet. Desirable for transfer to our
Alps. Woodsimilar tothatof J.excelsa. (Stewartand Brandis.)
dusticia Adhatoda, Linné.
India; enduring the climate of the lowlands of Victoria.
This bush possesses anti-spasmodic and febrifugal properties.
Tt can be utilised also as a hedge-plant.

Kentia Baueri, Seemann.
The Norfolk Island Palm. Height forty feet.
Kentia Belmoriana, Moore and Mueller.
The Curly Palm of Lord Howe’s Island. About 40 feet high.
With its congeners, evidently destined to grace our gardens,
and to become also important for horticultural traffic abroad.
Kentia Canterburyana, Moore and Mueller.
Umbrella Palm of Lord Howe’s Island. Likewise a tall and
hardy palm.
Kentia Mooreana, F. von Mueller.
Dwarf Palm of Lord Howe’s Island, where it occurs, only on
the summits of the mountains.

I

114 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Kentia sapida, Blume.
The Nika-Palm of New Zealand and the Chatham Islands.
It also attains a height of forty feet, and is one of the hardiest
of all Palms. The unexpanded flower-spikes can be converted
as Palm-cabbage into food.

Keeleria cristata, Persoon.
Widely dispersed over the globe. A perennial grass of fair
nutritive quality, sustaining itself on dry soil. The closely
allied K. glauca can be sown with advantage on coast-sand.
Krameria criandra! Ruiz.
Chili, Peru and Bolivia, at elevations from 3000 to 8000 feet.
This pretty little shrub can be grown on sandy ridges in an
equable clime. It produces the medicinal Ratanhia root,
well-known also as a dentifrice. Some other species have
similarly astringent roots, particularly K. Ixine (Loefling),
from Central America and West India. Some could be
chosen to aid in adorning and diversifying our gardens.

Lactuca sativa, Linné.
South Asia. The ordinary annual Lettuce, in use since
remote antiquity. It is not without value, especially as a
sedative, for medicinal purposes. L. Scariola, Linné, seems
to be the wild state of the garden Lettuce. LL. altissima,
Bieberstein, is a variety attaining a height of nine feet.
All yield Lactucarium.

Lactuca virosa, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A
biennial. The inspissated juice of this Lettuce forms the
sedative Lactucarium.

Lapageria rosea, Ruiz and Pavon.
Chili. A half-woody Climber with large showy flowers. The
berries, which are of the size of a hen’s egg, are sweet and edible.

Lardizabala biternata, Ruiz and Pavon.
Chil. A climber with stems of enormous length. Might
be naturalised in our forests for obtaining the tough fibre for
cordage. In its native country the torrified stems are used
instead of ropes, according to Dr. Philippi.

Laserpitium aquilegium, Murray.
Middle and South Europe. The stems of this perennial
herb are edible. The fruits serve as a condiment.

Lathyrus Cicera, Linné.
Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea; also, Canary
Islands. An annual, similar in its use to L. sativus, furnish-
ing a tender palatable fodder, on sandy soil. L. Clymenum,
L., from the same regions, serves similar purposes.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 115

Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Wimmer. (Orobus ituberosus,
Linné).
Europe, West Asia. This herb would establish gradually pas-
turage in sterile forest-regions, and could with some allied
species be disseminated in our Alps.

Lathyrus pratensis, Linné.

Europe, North and Middle Asia. The Meadow Pea. A
good perennial pasture-herb. It can also be utilised for forest
pastures, like L. silvestris. The yield is considerable, and
the herbage, though bitter, relished by sheep. The plant
spreads easily, particularly on fresh ground. LL. tuberosus
(L.) can likewise be utilised as a fodder-herb; its tubers are
edible but very small.

Lathyrus sativus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. The Jarosse. An annual forage-
herb; the pods also available for culinary purposes. Superior
according to Langethal’s observations to Vetches in quality of
fodder and seed, but inferior in yield, content with a lighter
soil, hence often chosen for first sowing on sandlands. Lime
in the soil increases the return. Can only be used with great
caution, as its frequent or continuous use induces, like L.
Cicera, paralysis, not only to man, but also to horses, cattle,
and birds. Probably other species of Lathyrus could advan-
tageously be introduced.

Laurelia aromatica, Poiret.
Southern Chili. A colossal tree, in Valdivia the principal
one used for flooring. Wood never bored by insects, and
well apt to stand exposure to the open air, far superior to
that of L. serrata, the Vouvan or Huahuoa, which tree
predominates over L. aromatica, in the far south of Chili
(Dr. Philippi).

Laurus nobilis, Linné.*
Asia Minor. The Warrior’s Laurel of the ancients. The
leaves are in much request for various condiments, and the
peculiar aroma of these Bay-leaves cannot be replaced by any
others, unless those of Lindera Benzoin.

Lavandula angustifolia, Ehrhart. (JL. vera, Candolle.)
Countries around and near the Mediterranean Sea. The
Lavender-plant, of somewhat shrubby growth, from which by

distillation the best Oil of Lavender is prepared. It lives on

dry soil, but is less hardy than the following.

Lavandula latifolia, Villars. (ZL. spica, Candolle.)
South Europe, North Africa. Also from this species much
Lavender-oil is obtained.

12

116 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Lavandula Stoechas, Linné.
South Europe, North Africa. Topped Lavender. This shrub
can also be utilised for oil-distillation and other purposes, for
which the two other Lavenders are used. The quality of the
oil of these species seems to differ according to their locality
of growth.

Lavatera arborea, Linné.
Tree-Mallow of Middle Europe and the countries at the
Mediterranean Sea. A tall biennial plant of rapid growth.
The ribbon-like bast is produced in greater abundance than in
most other malvaceous plants. The Tree-Mallow might easily
be naturalised on our shores. Perhaps it might serve with
allied plants for green manure.

Lawsonia alba, Lamarck.
North and Middle Africa, Persia, eeinas India and North-
Western Australia. The Henne or Henna-Bush. It may
become of use as a dye-plant in parts of our colony free of
frost The orange pigment is obtained from the ground
foliage. The plant can also be used for garden-hedges.

Leersia oryzoides, Swartz.
Middle and South Europe, various parts of Asia, Africa and
America. <A perennial nutritious swamp-grass. Other Leer-
sias from both hemispheres are deserving of introduction.

Lepidium latifolium, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. A perennial
herb of peppery acridity, much used for some select sauces.
Lepidium sativum, Linné. ,
The Cress. Orient. Annual. Ivrespective of its culinary
value, Cress is of use as one of the remedies in cases of scurvy.
Active principle: a volatile oil and the bitter Lepidin.

Lepidosperma gladiatum, La Billardiere.
The Sword-Sedge of the sea-coasts of extra-tropic Australia.
One of the most important plants for binding sea-sand, also
yielding a paper material as good as Sparta.
Leptospermum levigatum, F. von Mueller. (Fabricia
levigata, Gaertner.)

- The ‘‘Sandstay.” Sea-shores and sand-deserts of extra-tropic
Australia, but not extending to Western Australia. This
shrub or small tree is the most effectual of all for arresting
the progress of drift-sand in a clime like ours. It is most
easily raised by simply scattering in autumn the seeds on the
sand and covering them loosely with boughs.

Lespedeza striata, Hooker and Arnott.*

China and Japan. An annual herb, which in North America
has proved of great use. Mr. Meehan states it to be identical

——

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. | 117

with the Hoop Koop plant, and that it has taken possession of
much waste land in the Southern States. It grows there won-
derfully on the hot dry soil, and the cattle like it amazingly.

Leucadendron argenteum, Brown.
The Silver-tree of South Africa is included on this occasion
among forest-trees, because it would add to the splendour of
our woods, and thrive far better there than in our gardens.
Moreover, with this tree many others equally glorious might
be established in our mild forest-glens as a source of horticul-
tural wealth, were it only to obtain in future years a copious
supply of seeds. Mention may be made of the tall Magnolia
trees of N. America (Magnolia grandiflora, L., 100 feet high ;
M. umbrella, Lam., 40 feet; M. acuminata, 80 feet; M.
cordata, Michx., 50 feet; M. Fraseri, Walt., 40 feet;
M. macrophylla, Michx., 40 feet); M. Yulan, Desf, of China,
50 feet; Magnolia Campbelli, Hook., of the Himalayas, 150
feet high and flowers nearly a foot ACLOSS ; M. spheerocarpa,
Roxb., also of the Indian Highlands, 40 feet; the Mediter-
ranean Styrax-tree (Styrax officinalis, L.); Stenocarpus
sinuosus, Endl., of East Australia (the most brilliant of the
Proteacez); the crimson and scarlet Ratas of New Zealand
(Metrosideros florida, Sm.; M. lucida, Menz.; M. robusta,
Cunn., 80 feet high; M. agence, Cunn., 40 feet) Fuchsia
exconticdta, L., also from New Zealand, stem two feet in
diameter; the crimson-flowered Eucalyptus ficifolia of West
Australia; Rhododendron Falconeri, Hooker, from U pper India,
50 feet high, leaves 18 inches long. In the sassafras gullies,
here alluded to, also may be planted the great Melaleuca
Leucadendron, iby the true Asiatic Cajaput-tree, which grows
to a height of 100 feet; even the North European Holly
(Ilex Aquifolium) ; which occasionally rises to 60 feet, though
both from regions so distant.

Levisia rediviva, Pursh.
North-West America. The root of this herb is large and
starchy, formerly extensively used by the native inhabitants.
The plant deserves trial-culture.

Leyssera gnaphalioides, Linné.
South Africa. A perennial herb of aromatic scent and
taste. Much used there as a medicinal tea.

Liatris odoratissima, Willdenow.
Southern States of North America. A perennial herb
occurring on swampy places.

Libocedrus Chilensis, Endlicher.
In cold valleys on the southern Andes of Chili, 2000 to 5000
feet. A fine tree, eighty feet high, furnishing a hard resinous
wood of a yellowish colour.

118 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Libocedrus decurrens, Torrey. .
White Cedar of California, growing on high mountains.
Attains a height of fully 200 feet, with a stem twenty-five
feet in circumference.

Libocedrus Doniana, Endlicher.
North Island of New Zealand, up to 6000 feet elevation. A
forest-tree 100 feet high, stem three feet and more in
diameter. The wood is hard and resinous, of a dark reddish
colour, fine-grained, excellent for planks and spars.

Libocedrus tetragona, Endlicher.*
On the Andes of North Chili, at an elevation of 2000 to 5000
feet, growing as far south as Magelhaen’s Straits, especially
in moist moory localities. This species has a very straight
stem and grows 120 feet high. The wood, though soft and
light, is resinous and will resist underground decay for a
century and more, like that of Fitzroya Patagonica; for
railway-sleepers this timber is locally preferred to any other
(Dr. Philippi); it is also highly esteemed for various artisan’s
work ; it is quite white.

Ligustrum Japonicum, Thunberg.
The Japan Privet. A shrub, evergreen or nearly so, promising
to become a valuable hedge-plant. It grows like the ordinary
European Privet readily from cuttings.

Limonia acidissima, Linné.
India, up to 4000 feet; hardy in England. This shrub or
small tree has fruit of extreme acidity.

Lindera Benzoin, Blume.
From Canada to the Gulf of Mexico, there called the Spice
Laurel. An aromatic bush, one of the hardiest of the order.
The aroma of the foliage much like that of the bay-leaves.

Linum usitatissimum, Linné.*
The Flax-plant. Orient. A well-known annual, which yields
the fibre for linen and the linseed oil. Flax-culture is doubt-
less destined to become an important industry among us.
Few plants find a wider congeniality of soil and climate, and
few give a quicker return. Good and deep soil, particularly
of forests, well-drained, is requisite for successful Flax-culture.
The Flax belongs to the potash plants. Change of seed-grain
is desirable. Thick sowing extends the length and flexibility
of the fibre. To obtain the best fibre, the plant must be
pulled when the seeds commence to ripen. If the seeds are
allowed in part to mature, then both fibre and seeds may be
turned to account. If the seed is left to ripen completely,
then the fibre is generally discarded. The seed yields by
pressure about 22 per cent. of oil. The residue can either be
prepared as linseed meal or be utilised as admixture to stable-

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 119

fodder. The demand for both fibre and oil is enormous. The
value of our import of raw fibre in 1871 was already £15,634,
while the import of oil was £22,469. Two principal varieties
are under culture: a tall sort, with smaller flowers, closed
capsules, and dark seeds; a dwarf sort, more branched (even
if closely sown), with larger flowers and capsules, the seed-
vessels opening spontaneously and with elasticity, while the
seeds are of a pale colour. None of the perennial species of
Linum are so manageable in culture as the ordinary annual
Flax.
Lippia citriodora, Kunth.

Peru, Chili, La Plata States, Brazil. An evergreen shrub,
yielding scented oil.

Liquidambar Altingia, Blume.
At the Red Sea and in the mountais of India and New
Guinea, at 3000 feet, and probably hardy in the warmer
parts of our colony. The tree attains a height of 200 feet.
Tt yields the fragrant balsam known as liquid Storax.

Liquidambar orientalis, Miller.* (LZ. imberbe, Aiton.)
Asia Minor. Also this tree yields liquid Storax, which
is vanilla-scented, containing much Cumarin, and thus used
for imparting scent to some sorts of tobacco and cigars, also
for keeping moths from woollen clothing. Its use in
medicine is more limited than in perfumery.

Liquidambar styraciflua, Linné.
The Sweet Gum-tree. In morasses and on the springs of
the forests of North America, with a wide geographic range.
The tree attains vast dimensions of its crown; the stem ten
feet in diameter. The terebinthine juice hardens, on ex-
posure, to a resin of benzoin odour. Wood fine-grained.

Liriodendron tulipifera, Linné.
The Tulip-tree of North America. One of the largest trees
of the United States, and one of the grandest vegetable pro-
ductions of the temperate zone. In deep fertile soil it
attains a height of sometimes 140 feet, with a straight, clear
stem up to nine feet in diameter. The Tulip-wood, also in-
appropriately called Poplar, is highly esteemed and very ex-
tensively used wherever this tree abounds, uniting lightness
with strength and durability. It is of a light yellow colour,
fine-grained, compact, is easily worked and takes a good
polish. It is employed for house-building, inside as well as
outside, for bridges, for furniture, coach-building, implements,
and a variety of other purposes. As this tree is difficult to
transplant, it should be grown on the spot where it is to
remain. Though of slow growth, it would be a great acquisi-
tion for the rich lands of our mountain-forests.

120 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE.

Lithospermum canescens, Lehmann.
North American Alkannet. ‘This, as the vernacular name
indicates, offers also a dye-root.

Lithospermum hirtum, Lehmann.
North American Alkanna. A showy perennial herb; the
root yields a red dye.

Lithospermum longiflorum, Sprengel.
North America. A red pigment can also be extracted from
the root of this species.

Livistona Australis, Martius.
Kast Australia. Our own and only Palm-tree in Victoria,
occurring in East Gipps Land (in the latitude of Melbourne),
and there attaining a height of 80 feet. The young leaves
can be plaited as a material for cabbage-tree hats.

Livistona Chinensis, R. Brown.
South China and Japan. A very decorative Fan-palm, hardy
in our lowlands.
Lolium perenne, Linné. 5

Europe, North Africa, Western Asia. The perennial Rye-
grass, mentioned here for completeness’ sake. L. Italicum
(Al. Br.), the Italian Rye-grass, seems to be only a variety.
One of the most important of all pasture-grasses, also almost
universally chosen for lawn-culture. It produces an abun-
dance of seeds, which are readily collected and easily vegetate.
It comes early to perfection. Nevertheless the produce and
nutritive powers are considerably less than those of Dactylis
glomerata, Alopecurus pratensis and Festuca elatior; but it
pushes forward earlier than the last-mentioned grass, while
the ripening of seeds is less defective than in Alopecurus.
Rye-grass though naturally living but a few years, maintains
its ground well by the ease with which it disseminates itself
spontaneously. Several sorts, which scarcely can be called
varieties, are under cultivation. Rye-grass stands the dry
heat of our summers well. It is likely to spread gradually
over the whole of the Australian continent, and may play an
important part in our pastoral affairs and also in ameliorating
the clime of the desert districts. Sheep should not be con-
tinually kept on Rye-grass pasture, otherwise they may
become subject to fits similar to those produced by L. temu-
lentum. It is one of the best grasses to endure traffic on
roads or paths, particularly on soil not altogether light. It is
one of the few among important grasses which can be sown |
at any season. The Italian Rye-grass is preferentially chosen
as an early temporary shelter for tenderer but more lasting
grasses ‘on pastures, thus also furnishing a good collateral
return in the first season.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 121

Lotus corniculatis, Linné.

Birdsfoot-Trefoil. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia, extra-tropical Australia. A deep-rooting perennial
herb, readily growing on pasture-land, sandy links and
heathy places. ‘This plant is well deserving cultivation on
light inferior soil, on which it will yield a greater bulk of
herbage than any of the other cultivated clovers ; it is highly
nutritious, and eaten with avidity by cattle and sheep.
From the great depth to which its roots penetrate, it is not
liable to be injured by drought. It well fills out vacant
places between higher fodder-herbs on meadows ; it is always
somewhat saline and welcome among hay. L. tenuis,
Kitaibel, is a valuable variety of the coasts. The nearly
allied L. major yields a still greater amount of herbage, it is
particularly suited for bushy and moist localities, and it
attains its greatest luxuriance on soils which have some peat
in their composition (Lawson). Here in Australia this
Lotus shows a decided predilection for wet meadows.

Lotus Tetragonolobus, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. Though annual, this
herb is highly valued for sheep pastures. The green pods
serve as a substitute for Asparagus. The allied L. siliquosus,
Linné, is perennial, and occurs in a succulent form on sea-
coasts.

Lupinus albus, Linné.

The White Lupine. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea,
also in the Orient. An annual quick-growing herb, valuable
for fodder and for green manure. It is famed as the “Tra-
moso” in Portugal, to suppress sorrel and other obstinate
weeds by its close and easy growth. The lentil-like seeds,
after the bitter principle (Lupinin) has become removed
through boiling or soaking in salt water, become edible. The
Mediterranean blue-flowered Lupine (L. angustifolius, L.) is
superior to the yellow Lupine for seed harvest, but inferior
in other respects. It would lead too far to enumerate here
many others of the numerous species of Lupines, of which
unquestionably very many are eligible for agrarian purposes,
while all are acceptable as hardy, elegant and easily grown
garden-plants. One (L. perennis, L.) extends in America to
the Northern States of the Union and Canada; fourteen are
recorded from South Europe, seventeen from Brazil, and
numerous species from other parts of America, where the
limits of the genus are about Monte Video southward and
about Nootka Sound northward. The majority of the species
are perennial. The Egyptian L. Termis, Forsk., is closely
allied to L. albus, and of equal use. ;

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Lupinus arboreus, Sims.*

South America. This and another somewhat shrubby species,
namely L. albifrons (Bentham), of California, have been
used there for the reclamation of sand, on account of their
long tap roots, the latter having been traced to depths of
twenty-five feet, while the stems were only three feet high.
The germination is easy and the growth rapid on the sand-
downs. For aiding the young Lupines for the first two
months, to get hold of the sand, barley is sown with them,
as the latter sprouts in a few days and holds the sand in the
second week; the Lupine subsequently covers the sand with
a dense vegetation in less than a year.

Lupinus Douglasii, Agardh.

California. This somewhat woody species can, along with L.
arboreus and lL. Chamissonis, Escholtz (L. albifrons,
Bentham), like many perennial Lupines from other countries,
be used for binding the sand.

Lupinus luteus, Linné.

The Scented Yellow Lupine. Countries m the vicinity of
the Mediterranean Sea. This likewise annual species is pre-
dominantly in use through Middle Europe to improve sandy
soil. It can also be employed like some other Lupines as a
fodder-herb. About 90lbs. of seeds are required for an acre.
Langethal observes: ‘What the Saintfoin does for the poorest
limestone or marly soil, that the Yellow Lupine carries out
for sand-land.” Myr. Joseph Augustin speaks of a yellow-
flowering Lupine which attains in the Azores sometimes a
height of twelve feet in three months.

Lupinus varius, Linné.

The Blue Lupine. Also a Mediterranean annual, used like
the above congeners; but a few others are under cultivation
as Blue Lupines. Some of the American, particularly Cali-
fornian species, are regarded for agrarian purposes superior
to the Mediterranean kinds.

Lycium Afrum, Linné.

Africa and South-West Asia. Can with many other species
be utilised as a hedge-bush.

Lycopodium dendroideum, Michaux.

North America, This, with L. lucidulum, Michaux, has
become there a great article of trade, being in request for
bouquets and wreaths, and both plants, after having been
dyed of various colours, are used as ornaments in vases, &c.
(Meehan), These clubmosses are mentioned here to draw
attention to similar plants indigenous in this colony, viz.,
L. varium, L. clavatum, L. densum, L. laterale and
Selaginella uliginosa.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 123

Lygeum Spartum, Linne.
Regions at the Mediterranean Sea. This perennial grass
serves much like the ordinary Esparto-grass.

Lyperia crocea, Ecklon.
South Africa. The flowers of this shrub produce a fine
orange dye, and are also in use for medicinal purposes.

Maba geminata, R. Brown.

One of the Ebony-trees in Queensland. Wood, according to
Mr. O’Shanesy, black towards the centre, bright-red towards
the bark, close-grained, hard, heavy, elastic and tough, It
takes a high polish, and is recommended for veneers. Maba
fasciculosa, F. v. M., has the outer wood white and pink.
Several other species exist in Queensland, which may likely
give good substitutes for Ebony-wood.

Macadamia ternifolia, F.von Mueller (Helicia ternifolia, F. M.)
The Nut-tree of sub-tropic East Australia, attaining a height
of 60 feet; hardy, as far south as Melbourne; in our forest-
valleys likely of fair celerity of growth. The nuts have the
taste of hazels.

Maclura aurantiaca, Nuttall,

The Osage Orange, or North American Bow-wood, or Yellow-
wood. Texas, Arkansas, Louisiana. This thorny deciduous
shrub or tree can be well trained into hedges. It is unisexual,
and will in favourable localities on rich river banks attain a
height of sixty feet, with a stem two to three feet thick, thus
becoming available as a timber-tree. It resists severe frosts.
The saplings furnish stakes for vines, which are very lasting.
The wood serves well for bows, buggy-shafts, carriage-poles,
and similar articles. The root yields an excellent dye. Our
own thorny Maclura Calcar Galli (Morus Calcar Galli, A.
Cunningh.) of extra-tropical East Australia, which moreover
possesses small edible fruits, deserves attention for live fences.
Neither of the two is readily subject to blight or attacks of
insects. The latter produces suckers and from the root a
yellow dye. M. tinctoria (D. Don), which furnishes the Fustic-
wood of Central and South America, may prove hardy here.

Magnolia macrophylla, Michaux.

Eastern States of North America. Although not cultivated
for any special purposes of the arts or of technics, yet this
tree 1s admitted here into this list as one of the grandest of
its kind, as well in foliage as flowers. It attains a height of
forty feet, its leaves are from one to three and a-half feet
long, while its flowers attain a diameter of fully one foot.
M. grandiflora, L., attains on the Mississippi a height of
eighty feet.

124 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Maharanga Emodi, A. de Candolle.
Nepal. The root produces like that of Alkanna tinctoria a
red dye.

Mallotus Philippinensis, J. M. (Rottlera tinctoria, Rox-

burgh.

South Asia and East Australia, in jungle-country, extending
into New South Wales. Though not of great importance
this bush should not be passed on this occasion, inasmuch as
the powdery substance investing the seed capsules constitutes
the Kamala, which can be employed not only as an orange
dye, but also as an anthelmintic remedy. The Hindoo silk-
dyers use it for an orange colour, obtained by boiling the
Kamala with carbonate of soda.

Mangifera Indica, Linné.
South Asia. An evergreen tree, up to 70 feet high. Possibly
the Mango Tree could be made to bear its delicious fruit in
the warm and humid forest regions of East Gippsland. In
the Himalayas its culture for fruit ascends to 3500 feet.

Manihot Aipi, Pohl.
The Sweet Cassava. Tropical South America, but traced as
far south as the Parana River. The root is reddish and
harmless; it can therefore be used, unlike those of the follow-
ing species, without any further preparations than boiling as
a culinary esculent, irrespective of its starch being also avail-
able for Tapioca. Both are somewhat woody plants, several
feet high, and they are too important to be left altogether
unnoticed on this occasion, although we have no evidence
that they will prove productive even in those parts of Vic-
toria which are free of frost. The Aipi has ligneous tough
fibres, stretching along the axis of the tubers, while generally
the roots of the following species are free of this central
woody substance.

Manihot utilissima, Pohl.
The Bitter Cassava or Tapioca-plant. Tropical South
America. Closely allied to the former, producing varieties
with roots of poisonous acridity, and with tubers perfectly
harmless. The tubers attain a length of three feet; they can
be converted into bread or cakes, the volatile poison of the
milky sap being destroyed through pressing of the grated
root in first instance, and the remaining acridity is expelled
by the heating process. The starch, heated in a moist state,
furnishes the Tapioca. Manihot is abundantly cultivated at
Caracas, where the singularly uniform temperature through-
out the year is only 60° to 70° KF. It is a very exhausting
crop, and stands thus in need of rich soil and manuring.
The propagation is effected by cuttings from the lgneous

FOR VICTORIAN INDSTRIAL CULTURE. 125

part of the stem. The soil, destined for Cassava, must not
be wet. In warm countries the tubers are available in about
eight months, though they still continue to grow afterwards.
The growth of the plant upwards is checked by breaking
off the buds. The Bitter Cassava is the more productive
of the two. The yellowish tubers attain sometimes a
weight of 30lbs. They do not become soft by boiling like Aipi.

Maoutia Puya, Weddell.
India, on mountains up to 4000 feet. It is taller than
Boehmeria nivea, and furnishes a similar fibre. This shrub
belongs to a tribe of the Nettle order, not possessing burning
acridity. Noneof the true Nettles, such as the Girardinias,
nor allied stinging plants have been recommended in this
index, although from some an exquisite fibre is derived, as
the writer wishes to guard against the introduction of any
burning species, which possibly might disseminate itself in a —
mischievous manner in our ranges, and then probably could
not again be suppressed.

Maranta arundinacea, Linné.
The true Arrowroot-plant. West India, Florida, Mexico to
to Brazil. The plant is introduced into this list not without
hesitation, as it seems to require a warmer clime than ours
to attain perfection. It furnishes most of the West Indian
Arrowroot, although other species, such as M. nobilis, M.
Allouya, M. ramosissima, are also cultivated for a similar
starch of their tubers. Porcher observes that it still
flourishes as far north as Florida, producing even in the
pine-lands from 200 to 300 bushels of tubers to the acre. M.
Indica, Tuss., is merely a variety.

Marlea Vitiensis, Bentham.
New South Wales and Queensland. A middle-sized tree,
generally with a gouty trunk ; wood bright yellow with fine
undulating rings, black towards the centre. Fruit edible
(P. O’Shanesy).

Marliera glomerata, Bentham. (Rubachia glomerata, Berg).
The Cambuca of sub-tropical Brazil. The fruits attain the
size of apricots, and are much used for food (Dr. Rosenthal).

Marliera tomentosa, Cambessedes.
Extra-tropical Brazil. The Guaparanga. The sweet berries
of this tall shrub are of the size of cherries.

Matricaria Chamomilla, Linné.

| The annual Chamomile. Hurope, North and Middle Asia.
A highly useful herb in medicine. In many parts of the
European continent it is much more extensively used than
the ordinary perennial Chamomile. The infusion of the

126 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

flowers has rather a pleasant taste without strong bitterness.
The flowers serve as a tonic and especially as a sudorific, and
possess a peculiar volatile oil. Marrubium vulgare, L., is
not prominently mentioned, as it is already rather copiously
naturalised.

Matricaria glabrata, Candolle.
The South African Chamomile. This annual herb is there in

renown as an excellent substitute for the European Chamo-
mile (Dr. Pappe).
Mauritia flexuosa, Linné.

From Guiana to Peru and Brazil. This noble Palm may
prove hardy here, as it is known to ascend up to 4000 feet
along the Essequibo. As Palms like Bamboos prove here to
be among the hardier of tropical plants, also experiments for
naturalising M. vinifera, Martius, might be instituted. This
attains a height of 150 feet, leaves 15 feet long, and spouts
from the incised stem a copious viny sap.

Maytenus Boaria, Molina. (Boaria Moline, Candolle ;
Maytenus Chilensis, Candolle.)
Chili An evergreen tree, assuming in the southern
provinces considerable dimensions. Wood extremely hard.
Cattle and sheep browse with predilection on the foliage ;
hence the trees are cut down when in protracted snowfalls or
in times of drought forage becomes scarce (Dr. Philippi).

Medicago arborea, Linné.
South Europe, particularly Greece. This shrubby yellow
Lucerne is of value for dairy farmers, as it much promotes
the secretion of milk. This genus includes several other
species of pastoral value.

Medicago lupulina, Linné.
The Black Medick. Europe, Asia and North America. An
annual or biennial pasture-herb, easily grown and not with-
out nutritive importance. Langethal observes: It effects for
argillaceous soils what the white clover does for sandy moist
soils. It will even succeed in moory ground, provided such
contains some lime. It suits also particularly for sheep-
pastures.

Medicago sativa, Linné.
Orient; now spread through Middle and South Europe and
Middle Asia. The purple Medick, Alfalfa or Lucerne. A
perennial fodder-herb of great importance, and already largely
utilised in our colony, perhaps descended from the English
Medicago falcata, which also deserves naturalisation. Lucerne
keeps here green and fresh in the hottest season of the year,
even in dry and comparatively barren ground, but developes

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 127

itself for field-culture with the greatest vigour on river-banks or
when subjected to a judicious system of irrigation, particularly
in soil rich in lime. Its deeply penetrating roots render the
plant particularly fit for fixing fenced embankments or
hindering the washing away of soil subject to occasional
inundations. Much iron in the soil or stagnant water are
detrimental to Lucerne culture, while friable warm soil pro-
motes much its growth. Langethal records instances of
Lucerne having yielded on the same field under favourable
circumstances for’ fifteen years four or five cuts annually.
For sandy tracts a yellow variety (M. media, Pers.) deserves
preference.

Melaleuca parviflora, Lindley.
Extra-tropic Australia. A tall bush or small tree. One of
our most important plants for fixing moving coast-sands.

Melaleuca trichostachya, Lindley.

Tropical Hast Australia. A small tree deserving attention
as eligible for saline land, on which it can be raised much
more easily than Myoporum insulare. M. Thozet observes
that it occurs in places where it is bathed by the tides; also
that large saplings without roots can be transplanted. M.
Leucadendron, L., the Cajaput-tree of South Asia and
Eastern Australia, is also adapted for saline sea-shores, and
can be planted in salt swamps for subduing malarian
vapours where no Eucalyptus could live. Its bark pro-
tects it against conflagrations. M. ericifolia, Smith, of
South-East Australia, is the only species known to the writer
which will admit of transplantation in a up-grown aged
state, and it is also one of the few species which will thrive
in brackish water. Thus it may be destined to aid with
Salicornias, Avicennias, Algiceras, Batis ana some other
plants to reclaim low muddy shore-lands from sea-floods.
M. squarrosa, Smith, of South-Hast Australia, can also be
grown in swamps to subdue miasmata. It attains exception-
ally the height of 60 feet with a stem of two feet in
diameter.

Melia Azedarach, Linné.

South Asia, North and also East Australia, and there to far
extra-tropical latitudes. As an avenue-tree not without
importance, because it will successfully cope with dryness of
clime and sterility of soil. It recommends itself also
for retaining the foliage till very late in the season, and for
producing abundance of fragrant flowers. A black-fruited
Melia seems as yet little known. The wood is considered of
value for some kinds of musical instruments.

128 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Melianthus major, Linné.
South Africa. The leaves of this stately plant are very
efficacious as antiseptics, also in cases of scald head, ringworm
and various other cutaneous diseases (Dr. Pappe). Its
effect of promoting granulation is very remarkable (Dr. A.
Brown). |

Melica ciliata, Linné.
Europe and Middle Asia. A perennial fodder-grass, par-
ticularly desirable for sheep. Best for dry gypsy or
calcareous ground.

Melica nutans, Linné.
The Pearl-grass. Europe and North and Middle Asia,
enduring an alpine clime, and living also in the shade of
forests. It produces suckers, and affords good herbage in
woody regions, so also M. uniflora. Several other species
are on record from various parts of the globe, among which
M. mutica, of North America, seems to deserve special
attention.

Melicocca bijuga, Linné.
Central America, on mountains. So many sapindaceous
trees of the Cupania series have been shown by my own
experiments to be hardy here, that now also this important
member of the series could be admitted into this list. The
pulp of the fruit is of grape taste; the seeds can be used
like sweet chestnuts.

Melilotus alba, Desrouss.
The Cabul or Bockhara Clover. Middle and Southern
Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A biennial herb. On
account of its fragrance it is of value for admixture to hay.
It is also a good bee-plant. Flowers white. Odorous prin-
ciple: Cumarin.

Melilotus coerulea, Lamarck.
South Europe and North Africa. An annual very odorous
fodder-herb. It forms an ingredient of the green Swiss
cheese, which owes its flavour and colour chiefly to this plant.

Melilotus officinalis, Desrouss..
Europe and Middle Asia. Also biennial, or lasting through
several years if prevented from flowering. Contains also
Cumarin. An allied species is M. macrorrhiza, Pers. Both
serve purposes similar to those for which M. alba is em-
ployed. Grown on the coast it becomes less odorous.

Melissa officinalis, Linné. .
The Balm-herb. South Europe and Middle Asia. <A peren-
nial herb, valuable for its scent, which depends on a peculiar
volatile oil. It is also valuable as a bee-plant.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL. CULTURE. 129

Melocanna bambusoides, Trinius. (Beesha Rheeder, Kunth.)
The berry-bearing Bamboo, from Chittagong and other moun-
tainous parts of India. It is a thornless Bamboo, growing on
dry slopes of hills. Height up to seventy feet; circumference
towards base, one foot; growth beautifully erect.

Melocanna humilis, Roeper.
India. More slender than the preceding species, and attain-
ing only a height of twenty feet. :

Melocanna Travancorica. (Leesha Travancorica, Beddome.)
A new Bamboo from Travancore, worthy of introduction.

Mentha piperita, Linné.*

The Peppermint. Middle Europe. This well-known peren-
nial herb is important for its peculiar essential oil, which here
by culture is produced in good quality. This distilled oil is
in considerable demand, and would be best obtained from
plants cultivated in the mountain-regions or naturalised along
the forest-rivulets. Eminent authorities refer the Pepper-
mint as a variety to Mentha aquatica (L.), the Water-Mint of
Europe, North Africa, West and North Asia, from which the
true Crisp-Mint (M. crispa, L.) is again derived, as well as
the Bergamot-Mint (M. citrata, Khrh.)

Mentha Pulegium, Linné.
The true Penny-royal. Europe, Western Asia, North Africa.
A perennial scent-herb, yielding a peculiar ethereal oil. It
likes moist soil.

Mentha rotundifolia, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Western Asia.
Fond of wet places, which by the culture of this and other
Mints may be profitably utilised. In odour this Mint
approaches to Melissa. The French and Italian Crisp-Mint
is partly derived from this species. Closely allied to the fol-
lowing, and often regarded as a variety of M. viridis, L.

Mentha silvestris, Linné.
The Horse-Mint. Europe, North Africa, temperate Asia.
Perennial. One of the Crisp-Mints is derived from this
species.

Mentha viridis, Linné.
The Spear-Mint. Middle and South Europe. Perennial.
A particular sort of Crisp-Mint (M. crispata, Schrad.) belongs
to this species. |

Our native Mints, M. Australis, M. gracilis and M. sature-

joides, R. Br., yield also oil of good flavour. M. laxiflora,
Benth., is far the largest and most abundant of these plants.

K

130

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Menyanthes trifoliata, Linné.

Inappropriately called the Bog-bean. Europe, North and
Middle Asia, North America. In springy and spongy bogs.
A perennial herb of great beauty, which could be naturalised
with facility in our Alps. The root is starchy. The whole
plant is pervaded with a bitter principle, largely derived from
Menyanthin. The plant is used medicinally as a tonic and
febrifuge.

Meriandra Abyssinica, F. v. Mueller. (MZ. Benghalensis

Bentham. )
Abyssinia, on high mountains. A shrub of penetrating
odour, utilised much like sage.

Mesembryanthemum acinaciforme, Linné.

Metrosideros tomentosa, A. Cunningham.

Microseris Forsteri, J. Hooker.

The Hottentot-Fig of South Africa. Under the same
vernacular name is also comprised the distinct M. edule, L.
Both, together with our own M. equilaterale, Haworth,
which extends also widely along the American West Coast,
should be transferred into any of the most inhospitable
desert-regions, as they afford in the inner part of their fruit
a really palatable and copious food.

North Island of New Zealand. Could be grown for timber
on rocky sea-shores. Height to 80 feet, trunk stout, but
comparatively short. The timber, according to Mr. Kirk,
deserves attention as one of the most durable for the frame
work in ship-building, for jetties, docks, sills. Other specie
with dense timber occurring in New Zealand are M. lucida
(Menzies) and M. robusta (A. Cunn.), all ornamental tree
with crimson flowers.

The Native Scorzonera of extra-tropical Australia and N:
Zealand. A perennial herb deserving attention, as likely its
roots would enlarge and improve through culture. On the
summits of our snowy mountains the plant developes itself
most luxuriantly. The aborigines use the root for food. The
plant would prove hardy in Middle Europe. ;

Milium effusum, Linné.

English Millet-Grass. Europe, North and Middle Bas,
North America. Perennial, suited for damp forestland
particularly, the pastoral capabilities of which it enhances.
On river-banks it attains a height of six feet. It is relished
by cattle. The seeds can be used like Millet, the stems for
the manufacture of superior straw-hats. It is a t
favourite with pheasants and many other birds for the sake
of its seeds, which ripen early in the season.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 131

Mimosa rubicaulis, Lamarck. .
India. A hedge-bush, almost inapproachable. It has
proved hardy at the Botanic Garden of Melbourne.

Monarda didyma, Linné.
North America. A perennial odorous herb, producing the
medicinal Osnego or Beebalm Tea. M. punctata, L., is also
of very strong scent, and so M. fistulosa, L., with several
others.

Monetia barlerioides, L’Heritier.
South Africa. A hedge-shrub,

Morchella esculenta, Persoon. (MZ. conica, Persoon.)
Europe, Asia, North and Central America. With M.
semilibera this Morel has been found in Victoria and New
South Wales ; its spread should be encouraged by artificial
means, as it is a wholesome esculent. Kuropean superior
species, probably admitting of introduction, are :—M. Gigas,
Pers., M. deliciosa, Fries, which extends to Java, M. patula,
Pers., the Bell-Morel; and several others occur there or in
other parts of the globe. Though these fungi show a

predilection for pine-forests, they are not dependent on them ;
_ thus the writer found M. esculenta in our Eucalyptus forests,
and this late in the autumn. They can all be dried and
_ preserved for culinary purposes.

Moringa pterygosperma, Gaertner.

‘The Horse-Radish tree of India, abundant into the middle
regions of the mountains. The long pods are edible; the
seeds are somewhat almond-like and rich in oil. M. aptera,
Gaertner, occurs from Abyssinia and Egypt to Arabia and
Syria.

Morus alba, Linné.*

The White Mulberry-tree. China. This tree in several
varieties provides the food for the ordinary Chinese silk-insect
(Bombyx Mori). Silk was produced in Italy already 600
years ago, and there this branch of industry has flourished ever
since. In China, Silk was reeled since 4500 years. This may
demonstrate the permanency of an industry which we wish to
establish here extensively under a similar sky. “One pound
of silk is worth its weight in silver, and this pound may be
produced (so far as the food of the Bombyx is concerned)
from thirty pounds of Mulberry-leaves or from a single tree,
which thus may be brought to yield annually the material
for sixteen yards of Gros de Naples.” The White Mulberry-
tree is of extremely easy growth from cuttings, also readily
raised from well-matured seeds. It is usually unisexual, and
attains finally a very large size. It can be grown in climes
i K 2

id

132

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

where no longer olives will thrive. Spots for Mulberry-
culture must not be over-moist, when the leaves are to be
utilised for the Bombyx. In 1870, according to the British
Trade Journal, the produce of cocoons amounted in Europe
to £16,588,000; in Asia to £28,112,000; in Africa to
£44,000; in the South Sea Islands to £24,000; in America
to £20,000;—thus giving a general total of £44,788,000.
Superior varieties of Mulberry can be grafted with ease on
ordinary stock. M. Indica (L.), M. macrophylla (Morett.),
M. multicaulis (Perott.), M. Morettiana (Jacq.), M. Chinen-
sis (Bertol.), M. latifolia (Poir.), M. Italica (Poir.), M.
Japonica (Nois.), M. Byzantina (Sieb.), M. nervosa (Del.),
M. pumila (Nois.), M. tortuosa (Audib.), as well as the Con-
stantinople Mulberry are merely forms of M. alba, to which
probably also M. Tartarica (L.) and M. pabularia (Jacquem.)
belong. The variety known as M. Indica produces black
fruits. The planting of Mulberry-trees has recently assumed
enormous dimensions in California, where in 1870 between
seven and eight millions were planted. The process of rearing
the silk-insect is simple and involves no laborious exertions.
The cocoons, after they have been properly steamed, dried
and pressed, find readily purchasers in Europe, the price
ranging according to quality from 3s. to 6s. per lb. The eggs
of the silkworm sell at a price from 16s. to £2 per ounce,
and in 1870 Japan had to provide two millions of ounces of ©
silk-ova for Europe, where the worms had extensively fallen
victims to disease. Instances have been recorded in Cali-
fornia, where eight tons of leaves were gathered in the first
year from the Mulberry-trees of one acre, and thirty tons in
the next year. As an example of the profit thus to be
realised, a Californian fact may be cited, according to which
£700 were the clear gain from three and a-half acres, the
working expenses having been £93. The Commissioner of
Agriculture of the United States has estimated that under
ordinary circumstances an acre should support from 700 to
1000 Mulberry-trees, producing 5000lbs. of leaves fit for
food when four years old. On this quantity of leaves can be
reared 140,000 worms, from which ova at a net profit
ranging from £80 to £240 per acre will be obtained by the
work of one person. Mr. C. Brady, of Sydney, thinks the
likely proceeds of silk-culture to be from £60 to £150 for
the acre. The discrepancies in calculations of this kind are
explained by differences in clime, soil, attention and treat-
ment.

The White Mulberry-tree has been very copiously distributed

from the Melbourne Botanic Garden since many years. A
very palatable fruit is obtained from a variety cultivated in

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 133

Beloochistan and Affghanistan. Morus Tartarica (L.) re-
sembles M. alba. Its juicy fruit is insipid and small. The
leaves are not generally used for silkworms.

The results of Mr. Brady’s experience on the varieties of the
Morus alba are as follows:—In the normal form the fruits
are white with a purplish tinge more or less deep, the bark is
pale, the leaf is also of a pale hue, not very early nor very
tender, nor very abundant. It may be grown on moist
ground as long as such is drained, or it will live even on
poor loose gravelly soil bordering on running water. The
Cevennes variety is a free grower, affords a large quantity of
leaves though of rather thick consistence; all varieties of the
Morus Bombyx like these leaves at all stages of their age.
It is also called the rose-leaved variety. The silk which it
yields is substantial in quantity and also good in quality. It
does best on rich dry slopes. The bushy Indian variety has
a fine leaf of beautiful green, which though light in weight
is abundantly produced. It can be cut hack to the stem
three or four times a year; the leaves are flat, long and
pointed, possess a fine aroma, and are relished by every
variety of the ordinary silk-insect, though not all thrive equally
well on it. The silk derived from this variety is excellent,
but not always so heavy in quantity as that produced from
the rosy- variety. It prefers rich low-lying bottoms, is a
greedy feeder, but may thus be made to cover an extra-
ordinary breadth of alluvial or manured land in a marvellous
short space of time. At Sydney, Mr. Brady can provide
leaves from this Indian variety all through the year by the
removal of cuttings, which will strike their roots almost at
any season. It ripens also seeds readily, and should be kept
at bush size. It requires naturally less space than the other
kinds. A fourth variety comes from North China; it has
heart-shaped flat thickish leaves, which form very good food
for the silkworm. Mr. Brady, as well as Mr. Martelli, re-
commend very particularly the variety passing under the
name of Morus multicaulis for the worms in their earliest
stages. The former recommends the Cape variety also; the
latter wishes also the variety called Morus Morettiana to be
used on account of its succulent nutritious foliage, so well
adapted for the insect while yet very young, and also on
account of producing the largest amount of food within the
shortest time. The Manila variety, known as Morus multi-
caulis, comes several weeks earlier into bearing than most
other sorts, and should therefore be at hand for early hatched
Worms.

The Muscardine-disease is produced by Botrytis Bassiana, while
the still more terrible Pedrine-disease is caused by a minute

134 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

vibrio-like organism. Countries like ours, happily free of these
pests, can thus rear healthy silk-ova at a high premium for ©
exportation.

The White Mulberry-tree with others, offering food to the silk-
worms, should be planted copiously everywhere for hedges or
copses.

Morus celtidifolia, Humboldt.
From Peru to Mexico, ascending to 7000 feet. The fruit
also of this Mulberry-tree is edible. M. insignis, Planchon,
from New Granada, is a similar species.

Morus nigra, Linné.*
The Black Mulberry-tree. South Russia and Persia. Highly
valuable for its pleasant refreshing fruits. It is a tree of
longevity, instances being on record of its having lived through
several centuries. It is also very hardy. The leaves also of
this species afford food for the ordinary silk-moth. The tree
occurs usually unisexual. M. atropurpurea, Roxb., from
Cochin-China, is an allied tree. The cylindrical fruit-spike
attains a length of two inches.

Morus rubra, Linné.
The Red Mulberry-tree of North America is the largest of
the genus, attaining a height of 70 feet; it produces a strong
and compact timber.

Musa Cavendishii, Lambert. (Musa regia, Rumph; Musa

Chinensis, Sweet; Musa nana, Loureiro.)

The Chinese Banana. A comparatively dwarf species, the
stem attaining only a height of about five or six feet. Its
robust and dwarf habit render it particularly fit for exposed
localities, and this is one of the reasons why it is so exten-
sively cultivated in the South Sea Islands. The yield of fruit
is profuse (as much as 200 to 300 fruits in a spike), and the
flavour excellent. This as well as M. sapientum and M.
paradisiaca ripen still their fruits in Madeira and Florida.

Musa Ensete, Gmelin. |
Bruce’s Banana. From Sofala to Abyssinia, in mountain
regions. This magnificent plant attains a height of thirty
feet, the leaves occasionally reaching to the length of twenty
feet, with a width of three feet, being perhaps the largest in
the whole empire of plants, exceeding those of Strelitzia and
Ravenala, and surpassing even in quadrate measurement those
of the grand water-plant Victoria Regia, while excelling in
comparative circumference also the largest compound frond
of Angiopteris evecta, or divided leaf of Godwinia Gigas,
though the compound leaves of some palms are still larger.
The inner part of the stem and the young spike of the Ensete
can be boiled to serve as a table esculent, but the fruit is.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 135

pulpless. This plant produces no suckers, and requires
several years to come into flower and seed, when it dies off
like the Sago-plant, the Caryota-palm, and others, which
flower but once without reproduction from the root.
Musa Livingstoniana, Kirk.

Mountains of Sofala, Mozambique, and the Niger regions.
Similar to M. Ensete; seeds much smaller. Possibly requir-
ing no protection here in favourable places. :

Musa paradisiaca, Linné.

The ordinary Plantain or Pisang. India. Among the most
prolific of plants, requiring the least care in climes adapted for
_its growth. Stem not spotted. Bracts purple inside. In
this as well as the foregoing and the following, new shoots
are produced from the root, to replace annually the fruit-
bearing stem. The fruit of this is often prepared by some
cooking process. Very many varieties are distinguished, and
they seem to have sprung from the wild state of M. sapien-
tum. The writer did not wish to pass this and the allied
plants unnoticed, as they will endure our clime in the
warmest localities of the colony, where under more careful
attention they are likely to mature with regularity their
fruit. They require rich and humid soil. Plantain-meal is
prepared by simply reducing the dried pulp to powder. It is
palatable, digestible, and nourishing.—M. sapientum, L., the
ordinary Banana or Sweet Plantain, is a variety. It is one
of the most important plants yielding nutritious delicious
fruits. The stem is spotted. Bracts green inside. The
leaves and particularly the stalks and the stems of this and
other species of Musa can be utilised for producing a fibre
similar to Manilla Hemp. The fruit of this is used chiefly
unprepared; it is generally of a yellow colour. Numerous
varieties are distinguished. As much as a hundredweight of
fruit is obtained from a plant annually in tropical climes. At
Caracas, where the temperature is seldom much above or
below 60° F., the Plantain and Banana plants are very pro-
ductive, being loaded with fruits twelve to fifteen inches long,
on mountains about 5000 feet high. In our dry Murray re-
gions the winter temperature seems too low for the successful
development of these plants except on sheltered spots. Re-
quires infinitely less care within its geographic latitudes than
the potato; contains along with much starch also Protein
compounds. Many Indian populations live almost exclusively

on the fruit.
Musa simiarum, Rumph. (MM. corniculata, Loureiro; M.

acuminata, Col.)

From Malacca to the Sunda-Islands. About half-a-hundred

136 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

marked varieties of this species, called mainly Peesangs in
India, are under cultivation there, especially on the Archipe-
lagus, while M. sapientum occurs wild more frequently on
the mainland. Though the latter is principally cultivated on
the Indian continent, yet it never equals in delicacy the cul-
tivated forms of M. simiarum, the fruit of which sometimes
attains a length of two feet (Kurz).

Musa troglodytarum, Linné. (I. wranoscopos, Rumph.)
India, and apparently indigenous also in the Fiji and other
islands of the Pacific Ocean. The fruit-stalk of this species
stands upright; the edible fruits are small, reddish, or orange-
coloured. The Chinese M. coccinea, Ait.,a dwarf ornamental
species, has also the fruit-spike straight.

Myoporum letum, Forster.
New Zealand, where it is called Ngaio by the aborigines.
As a shelter-tree it is equal to our M. insulare for the most
exposed parts of the coast. It is excellent for shade, and its
wood takes a fine polish. It can be raised on the beach from
cuttings. Uprooted it will produce new roots if covered in
near the sea. Sheep and horses browse on the foliage.

Myrica cerifera, Linné.
The Wax-Myrtle. Sandy sea-coast of North America.
This shrub helps to bind the rolling sand; it has fragrant
leaves ; the fruits are boiled, and the floating wax, which can
be converted into candles, is skimmed off.

Myrica cordifolia, Linné.
South Africa. This bushy plant arrests the influx of the
sea-sand ; it also yields remuneratively wax from its fruits,

Myrica Faya, Aiton.
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. A small tree. The
drupaceous fruits are used for preserves. M. sapida, Wallich,
an Indian mountainous species, has also edible fruits.

Myrica quercifolia, Linné.
South Africa. This and M. cordifolia and the following are
the principal wax-bushes there. Many other species from
different parts of the globe are available for trial-culture, but
none has as yet been discovered in Australia.

Myrica serrata, Lamarck.
South Africa. Shrub only about three feet high. The
Myrica-wax is heavier, harder and more brittle than
bees-wax, but melts easier. It is obtained from the fruits
throughout the cool season. The sowing of seeds is done
after the first rain of the cool months has steadied the sand.

et
>

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 137

The plant can also be multiplied from cuttings. The sub-
terraneous trunk is creeping, and in age of considerable
length (Dr. Pappe).

Myrrhis odorata, Scopoli.
The Sweet Chervil or Cicely. Mountains of Middle and
South Europe and Asia Minor, particularly in forests.
A perennial aromatic herb, used for salad and culinary
‘condiments. It could here be naturalised in the forests, and
would endure the climate of our highet alps; a second
species, M. occidentalis, Benth., occurs in Oregon.

Myrtus acmenoides, .F. v. Mueller.
Queensland. The fragrant leaves of this and of M. fra-
grantissima used for flavouring tea, according to Mr. P.
O’Shanesy.

Myrtus communis, Linné.

The Bridal Myrtle. This bush of ancient renown should
not be passed; it is industrially in requisition for myrtle
wreaths.

Myrtus edulis, Bentham. (Myrcianthes edulis, Berg.)
Uruguay. A tree attaining a height of about twenty-five
feet. Berries of one and a-half inches diameter, of pleasant
taste.

Myrtus Luma, Molina.
South Chili, A tree fully one hundred feet high in the
virgin forests. Wood very hard and heavy, much sought for
press-screws, wheel-spokes and select implements (Dr.
Philippi).

Myrtus Meli, Philippi.
South Chili, Of the same use as the foregoing species, and
in this manner most favourably contrasting with the
numerous other myrtaceous trees of Chili.

Myrtus nummularia, Poiret.
The Cranberry-Myrtle. From Chili to Fuegia, also in the
Falkland Islands. This trailing little plant might be trans-
ferred to the turfy moors of our alpine mountains. Dr.
Hooker describes the berries as fleshy, sweet and of agreeable
flavour. Allied species occur in the cold zone of the
Peruvian Andes.

Myrtus tomentosa, Aiton.

India and China. This showy shrub ascends to 8000 feet
high. The berries are dark purple, of cherry size, pulpy,
and of aromatic sweetness. Various other Myrtles with
edible berries are known from different warm countries.

138 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Myrtus Ugni, A. Gray.
The Chilian Guava. <A hardy shrub, freely wie its small
but pleasantly-aromatic berries.

Nageia (Podocarpus) amara, Blume.
Java, on high volcanic mountains. A large tree, sometimes
200 feet high.

Nageia (Podocarpus) andina, Poeppig. (Prumnopithys
elegans, Philippi.)
The Lleuque of Chili. A stately tree with clusters of edible
cherry-like fruits. The wood is yellowish and fine-grained,
and is chosen for elegant furniture work.

Nageia (Podocarpus) bracteata, Blume.
Burmah, Borneo, Java, up to 3000 feet. The close-grained
wood is highly prized. The allied N. neriifolia from the
Himalayas has proved hardy here.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Chilina, Richard. |
The Manniu and Lahual of the Chilians. Height to 100
feet, with corresponding thickness of stem. Wood white,
of excellent quality.

Nageia (Podocarpus) coriacea, Richard.
West India. This tree attains a height of fifty feet, and
advances to elevations of 8000 feet. Other species of both
hemispheres should be tested here.

Nageia (Podocarpus) cupressina, R. Brown.
Java and Phillipine Islands. Height of tree 180 feet; fur-
nishing a highly valuable timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) dacrydioides, A. Richard.
In swampy ground of New Zealand; the “‘Kahikatea” of the
Maories, called White Pine by the colonists. Height of tree
150 feet; diameter of stem four feet. The white sweet fruit
is eaten by the natives; the wood is pale, close-grained, heavy.
It will not stand exposure to wet, but is one of the best for
flooring-boards. The strength is equal to that of Rimu, accord-
ing to Kirk; but it is more readily attacked by boring insects.

Nageia (Podocarpus) elata, R. Brown.
Kast Australia. A fine timber-tree of great height.

Nageia (Podocarpus) elongata, L’Heritier.
South Africa. With N. Thunbergi and with Erythrina
Caffra and Oreodaphne bullata, this is the tallest tree of
Capeland and Caffraria, although it does not advance beyond
seventy feet. The yellowish wood is highly valuable, deal-
like, not resinous. The stems can be used for top-masts and
yards of ships.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 139

Nageia (Podocarpus) ferruginea, Don.
Northern parts of New Zealand. The Black Pine of the
colonists; native name “Miro.” Height of tree 80 feet; it
produces a dark-red resin of a bitter taste: the wood is of a
reddish colour, very hard; will stand exposure to sea-water.
Fruit, solitary.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Lamberti, Klotzsch. —
Brazil. A stately tree, yielding valuable timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) nubigena, Lindley.
Southern Chili, generally a companion of N. Chilina, with
which it agrees in its dimensions and the utility of its
timber.

Nageia (Podocarpus) Purdieana, Hooker.
Jamaica, at 2500 to 3500 feet. This quick-growing tree
attains a height of 100 feet.

Nageia (Podocarpus) spicata, Brown.
Black Pine or Matai of New Zealand. Fruit spicate. Tree
80 feet high; wood pale, soft, close and durable; used advan-
tageously for piles, machinery, stringers, braces, mill-wright’s
work, house-blocks, railway-sleepers, also weather-boards,
flooring-boards. (Kirk.)

Nageia (Podocarpus) Thunbergi, Hooker.
South Africa. Superior in the quality of its wood to N.
pruinosa, E. Meyer, and even N. elongata; it is bright-
yellow, fine-grained and very handsome when polished
(Dr. Pappe).
Nageia (Podocarpus) Totara, Don.*

New Zealand. A fine tree, 120 feet high, with a stem of
twenty feet in circumference; it is called Mahogany Pine by
the colonists. The reddish close-grained and durable wood
is valuable both for building and for furniture, and is also
extensively used for telegraph-posts; it is considered the
most valuable timber of New Zealand. Used for piles of
bridges, wharves and jetties, and in other naval architecture ;
the heart-wood resists for a long time decay, and the
attacks of the Teredo, according to Mr. Thos. Kirk. It
ranks below Kauri in strength, but equals it in durability.
It is one of the most lasting woods for railway-sleepers.
When used for piles, the bark should not be removed from
the timber.— Many other tall timber-trees of the genus
Podocarpus or Nageia occur in various parts of Asia, Africa
and America, doubtless all desirable, but the quality of their
timber is not well known, though likely in many cases ex-
cellent. Nageia is by far the oldest published name of the
genus.

140 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Nardostachys datamansi, Candolle.
Mountains of Bengal and Nepal. The Spikenard. A peren-
nial herb, famous already in ancient times as a medicinal
plant. The root contains an ethereal oil and bitter principle.
This drug is often also obtained from N. grandiflora, Cand.

Nelumbo lutea, Caspary.* (Welumbiwm luteum, Willdenow.)
In North America, north to 44°; also in Jamaica. This mag-
nificent perennial water-plant carries with it the type of
Nelumbo nucifera, but seems more hardy and thus better
adapted for our latitudes, the Pythagorean Bean not descend-
ing in Australia naturally beyond the 23°, although also this
species may perhaps live in the warmer parts of our colony.
The tuberous roots of both species résemble the Sweet Potato
and are starchy; the seeds are of particularly pleasant taste.
To us the plants would be of great value as ornamental
aquatics. The leaves of N. lutea are from one to two feet in
diameter. ‘The flowers measure one-half to one foot across.
The capsular fruit contains from twenty to forty nut-like
seeds. ‘The plant in congenial spots displaces nearly all other
water-vegetation by the vigour of its growth.

Nelumbo nucifera, Gaertner.* (WVelumbium speciosum, Will-
denow.

The Pythagorean Bean. Egypt; at the Caspian and Aral
Seas (46° N.); Persia; through India, where in Cashmere it
occurs at an elevation of 5000 feet; China; Japan; Amur;
(46° N.); tropical Australia as far south as 23°. The occur-
rence of this grand plant at the Ima, at Pekin and at Astra-
chan proves sufficiently, that we can naturalise it in Victoria.
The Nelumbo requires deep water with a muddy bottom.
The large white or rosy flowers are very fragrant. The seeds
retain their vitality for several years. According to the
ancient Egyptian method they are placed in balls of muddy
clay and chaff and then sunk into the water.

Nephelium lappaceum, Linné.
India. This tree furnishes the Rambutan or Rampostan
fruit, similar to the Litchi and Logan fruit. As one species
of Nephelium is indigenous as far south as Gipps Land, and
as all the species seem to require rather a moist mild forest-
clime than great atmospheric heat, we may hope to bring also
this tree here in favourable spots to perfect bearing.

Nephelium Litchi, Cambessedes.
South China, Cochin-China and Philippine Islands. An
evergreen tree, producing the Litchi-fruit. The pulpy arillus
is of extremely pleasant taste, though not large.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 141

Nephelium Longanum, Cambessedes.
India and Southern China. The Longan-fruit is obtained
from this tree; it is smaller than that of the Litchi-tree, '

Nicotiana multivalvis, Lindley.
The Native Tobacco of the Columbia River. An annual.
This with the following species can be utilised for certain
kinds of Tobacco.

Nicotiana Persica, Lindley.

The Shiraz Tobacco. Persia. Annual. This can be brought
to perfection only in cool mountain-regions. The mode of
culture is somewhat different to that of the ordinary Tobacco.
Moderate irrigation is favourable. The plants when ripe are
cut off and stuck into the ground again until they become
yellow. They are then heaped together for a few days in the
drying-house. They are then packed into thin strata and
placed into bags, for pressure and daily turning.

_Wicotiana quadrivalvis, Pursh.
The Native Tobacco of the Missouri. An annual.

Nicotiana repanda, Willdenow.
Cuba, Mexico, Texas. Annual. It is utilised for some of
the Havannah Tobaccoes.

Nicotiana rustica, Linné.
Tropical America. Annual. Some sorts of Eastern India
Tobacco, of Manilla Tobacco and of Turkey Tobacco are
derived from this particular species.

Nicotiana Tabacum, Linné.* !
The ordinary Tobacco-plant of Central America. Annual.
Various districts with various soils produce very different
sorts of Tobacco, particularly as far as flavour is concerned,
and again various climatic conditions will affect vastly the
Tobacco-plant in this respect. We can thus not hope to
produce for instance Manilla or Havannah Tobacco in our
latitudes, but we can anticipate to produce good sorts of our
own, more or less peculiar, or we may aspire to producing in
our rich and frostless forest-valleys a Tobacco similar to that
of Kentucky, Maryland, Connecticut and Virginia, parts of
Victoria resembling in climate very much these countries.
Frost is detrimental to the Tobacco-plant; not only particu-
larly when young must it be guarded against it, but frost will
also injure the ripe crop. Mr. Politz consider the scarcity
of dew in some of our districts to militate against the pro-
duction of the best kinds, otherwise the yield as a rule is
large, and the soil in many places well-adapted for this

142

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

culture. Leaves of large size are frequently obtained. The
moister and warmer northern and eastern regions of our
colony are likely to produce the best Tobacco, if the final
preparation of the leaf for the manufacturer is effected by
experienced skill. The cruder kinds are obtained with ease,
and so leaves for covering cigars. Virgin soil with rich loam
is the best for Tobacco-culture, and such soil should also con-
tain a fair proportion of lime and potash, or should be en-
riched with a calcareous manure and ashes, or with well-
decomposed stable-manure. The seedlings, two months or
less old, are transplanted. When the plants are coming into
flower the leading top-shoots are nipped off, and the young
shoots must also be broken off. A few weeks afterwards the
leaves will turn to a greenish-yellow, which is a sign that the
plants are fit to be cut, or that the ripe leaves can gradually
be pulled. In the former case the stems are split; the drying
is then effected in barns by suspension from sticks across
beams. The drying process occupies four or five weeks and
may need to be assisted by artificial heat. Stripped of the
stalks the leaf-blades are then tied into bundles to undergo
sweating or a kind of slight fermentation. It does not
answer to continue Tobacco-culture beyond two years on the
same soil uninterruptedly. A prominent variety is Nicotiana
latissima (Miller) or N. macrophylla (Lehm.), yielding largely
the Chinese, the Orinoco and the Maryland Tobacco.
Latakia Tobacco, according to Dyer, is prepared by sub-
mitting the leaves for several months to fumigation from fir-
wood. The dangerously powerful Nicotin, a volatile acrid
alkaline oily liquid, and Nicotianin, a bitter aromatic lamellar
substance, are both derived from Tobacco in all its parts and
are therapeutic agents.

Niemeyera prunifera, F. v. Mueller. (Lucuma prunifera,

Bentham.)
The Australian Cainito. An evergreen tree, sparingiy dis-
persed from the North of New South Wales through the
coast-forests of Queensland. The fruit is of a plum-like
appearance and edible. Culture is likely to improve its

quality.

Nyctanthes Arbor tristis, Linné.

India, up to Assam. This arborescent shrub may be grown
in any moist regions of this colony free of frost, for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers, from which essence of
Jasmin can be obtained.

Nyssa aquatica, Linné.

North America. The Tupelo. This large deciduous tree can
be reared in pools and deep swamps, thus for aquatic scenery.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 143

The spongy roots of this species serve as a substitute for cork
and the floats of nets.

Nyssa multiflora, Wangenheim.

Eastern States of North America, where it is called the
Forest Tupelo or Black Gum-tree (Dr. Asa Gray). Suited
for forest-soil, has horizontal branches and a “light, flat spray,
like the Beech.” The wood is very hard, but light and almost
unwedgeable; it serves for hubs of wheels, pumps, side-
boards of carts, trays, bowls, dippers, mortars, wooden shoes,
and various turner’s work. The foliage turns bright crimson
in autumn. The fruits are pleasantly acidulous like those
of N. capitata (Walter) and of some other species, and often
used for preserves.

Nyssa uniflora, Walter.
Eastern States of North America. The Swamp Tupelo.
Wood soft, that of the roots very ight and spongy, thus used
for corks (Dr. Asa Gray). Attains a height of eighty feet.
The mucilaginous fruits are edible.

Ocimum Basilicum, Linné.
The Basil. Warmer parts of Asia and Africa. An annual
herb, valuable for condiments and perfumery. Several
varieties exist, differing considerably in their scent. A
crystalline substance is also obtained from this and similar
species. O. canum (Sims) is closely allied.

Ocimum gratissimum, Linné.
Recorded from India, the South Sea Islands and Brazil, as
indigenous. Somewhat shrubby. ‘This is also a scent-plant
like the following, and is one of the best of the genus. O.
viride (Willd.) from tropical Africa seems a variety.

Ocimum sanctum, Linné.
Arabia, India, tropical Australia. A perennial herb. The
odour of the variety occurring in North Australia reminds
of anise; the smell of the variety growing in East Australia
resembles cloves. QO. tenuiflorum, L., seems to be another
variety. Probably other species, as well cis- as trans-
Atlantic, can be used like Basil.

Ocimum suave, Willdenow.
East Africa. A scrubby species,

Olea Europea, Linné.*
The Olive-tree. From South-western Asia; naturalised in
the countries around the Mediterranean Sea. <A tree not of
great height, but of many centuries’ duration and of un-

144

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE
abating fecundity. The well-known Olive-oil is obtained
from the fruit. Certain varieties of the fruit, preserved in
vinegar or salt liquid before perfectly ripe, are also much
used for the table. For this purpose the fruit is generally
macerated previously in water containing potash and lime.
The gum-resin of the Olive-tree contains the crystalline
Olivil. The oil of the drupaceous fruit is a most important
product of countries with climates similar to that of Victoria.
Its chemical constituents are:—30 per cent. crystalline
Palmitin; 70 per cent. Olein, through which Olive-oil

belongs to those kinds which are not drying. The wild

variety of the Olive-tree has usually short blunt leaves and
thorny branches. Long continued droughts, so detrimental
to most plants, will affect the Olive but slightly. It thrives
best on a free loamy calcareous soil, even should it be strong
and sandy, but it dislikes stiff clay. Proximity to the sea is
favourable to it, and hillsides are more eligible for its
culture than plains. The ground must be deeply trenched.
Manuring with well-decayed substances is requisite annually,
or every second or third year according to circumstances.
Irrigation will add to the productiveness of the plant.
Mons. Riordet distinguishes three main varieties, of which he
recommends two: 1, the Cayon, a small-sized tree, which
comes into bearing already after three or four years, but it
bears fully only every second year ; its oil is fine with some
aroma. 2, the Pendulier, a larger tree, with long drooping
branches, yielding an oil of first-rate quality. Mons.
Reynaud, ‘Culture de l’Olivier,” separates twelve varieties,
as cultivated in France, and recommends among them :—
1, the Courniau or Courniale, also called Plante de Salon,
bearing most prolifically a small fruit and producing an
excellent oil. 2, the Picholine, which by pruning its top
branches is led to spread over eight square yards or more. It
is of weeping habit, yields a good oil in fair quantity and
resists well the attack of insects. 3, the Mouraou or
Mourette, a large tree furnishing also oil of a very fine
quality. Olive-trees require judicious pruning immediately
after the fruit is gathered, when the sap is comparatively at
rest. They may be multiplied from seeds, cuttings, layers,
suckers, truncheons or estacas and old stumps, the latter to
be split. The germination of the seeds is promoted by
soaking the nutlets in a solution of lime and woodash. The
seedlings can be budded or grafted after a few years.
Truncheons or estacas may be from one to many feet long
and from one inch to many inches thick; they are placed
horizontally into the ground. Olive plantations at Grasse
are worth from £200 to £250 per acre. For many details

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 145

the tract on the “Culture of Olive and its Utilisation,” here
recently issued by the Rev. Dr. Bleasdale, should be consulted,
as it rests largely on its author’s observations during a long
stay in Portugal. The Olive-oil imported in 1871 into
Victoria was valued at £15,538.

The following notes are derived from the important “Tratado
del Cultivo del Olivo en Espana,” by the Chev. Capt. José de
Hidalgo-Tablada (second edition, Madrid 1870). The
Olive-tree will resist for a short time considerable frost
(—15° C.) provided the thawing takes place under fogs or
mild rain (or perhaps under a dense smoke). It requires for
ripening its fruit about one-third more annual warmth than
the vine. The Olive zones of South Europe and North
Africa are between the 18° and 44° N. latitude. An eleva-
tion of about 550 feet corresponds in Spain, as far as this
culture is concerned, to one degree further north. Olives do
not grow well on granite soil. The fruit produced on lime-
stone formations is of the best quality. Gypsum promotes
the growth of the tree (which thus may perhaps prosper in
parts of the Murray-desert, underlaid with gypsum). An
equable temperature serves best; thus exposure to prevailing
strong winds is to be avoided. The winter temperature
should not fall below —7° C. The content of oil in the fruit
varies from 10 to 20 per cent.; sometimes it even exceeds the
latter proportion. In the Provence at an average 24lbs. of
Olive-oil are consumed by each individual of the population,
in Andalusia about 30lbs. For obtaining the largest quantity
of oil the fruit must be completely ripe. Hand-picked Olives
give the purest oil, Knocking the fruit from the branches
with sticks injures the tree and lessens its productiveness in
the next year. About thirty Olive-trees can be planted
conveniently on an acre for permanence; each tree under
ordinary circumstances will produce fruits for 4lbs. to 5lbs.
of oil annually. Spain alone produces about 250,000,000lbs.
of Olive-oil a year.

SPANISH VARIETIES.

A.—Varieties of early maturation, for colder localities :—

1. Var. pomiformis, Clem.
Manzanillo. (French: Ampoulleau). Fruit above an inch
in diameter, spherical, shining black. Putamen broad and
truncate.

2. Var. regalis, Clem.
Sevillano. (French: Pruneau de Catignac). Fruit about an
inch in diameter, ovate-spherical, blunt, bluish-black.

L

146 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

3. Var. Bellotudo or Villotuda.
Fruit about an inch long, egg-shaped; pericarp outside dark-
red, inside violet.

4, Var. Redondillo.
Fruit ovate-spherical, nearly an inch long. Pericarp outside
bluish-black, inside whitish. A rich yielder.

5. Var. ovalis, Clem.
Lechin, Picholin, Acquillo. (French: Saurine). Fruit
broad-oval, two-thirds of an inch long. A copious yielder.

6. Var. argentata, Clem.
Nevadillo blanco; Doncel; Zorzalena; Moradillo; Ojiblanco;
Olivo lucio. Fruit broad-ovate, an inch long, very blunt, not
oblique. Quality and quantity of oil excellent.

7. Var. Varal blanco.
(French: Blanquette). Fruit ovate, globular, three-fourths
of an inch long, neither pointed nor oblique, outside blackish-
red.

8. Var. Empeltre.
Fruit ovate, an inch loug, equable. Rich in oil of excellent
quality, also one of the best for pickles. Pericarp outside
violet, inside white.

9. Var. Racimal.
(French: Bouteillan, Boutiniene, Ribien, Rapugette). Fruit
violet-coloured, globose-ovate, about an inch long; neither
pointed nor oblique. Bears regularly also on less fertile soil,
and is one of the earliest to ripen.

10. Var. Varal negro.
Alameno. (French: Cayon, Nasies). Fruit violet-black,
spotted, globose-ovate, nearly an inch long, somewhat pointed.
Bears richly.

ll. Var. Colchonuda.
Fruit spheric, outside red, inside white, one inch in diameter,
slightly pointed. Produces a large quantity of good oil.

12. Var. Ojillo de Liebre.
Ojo de Libre. Fruit nearly spheric, outside violet-black;
about one inch long, somewhat oblique. One of the less
early varieties.

13, Var. Carrasquena.
(French: Redouan de Cotignat). Fruit black-red, almost
spherical, slightly oblique, about an inch long. Valuable
both for oil and preserves, but liable to be attacked by
various insects,

14, Var. Hispalensis, Clem.
Gordal; Ocal; Olivo real. Fruit black-grey, oblique,
spherical, measuring fully an inch. Rather a large and
quick-growing tree. Fruit used in the green state for pre-
serves, not used for table oil.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 147

15. Var. Verdejo.
Verdial. (French: Verdal, Verdan). Fruit black-violet,
obligque-spheric, pointed, about one inch long. Furnishes
good oil and resists best of all the cold.

B.—Varieties of late maturation, for warmer localities :—

16. Var. maxima, Clem.
Madrileno; Olivo morcal. Fruit over an inch long, cordate-
globose, strongly poimted. Less valuable for oil than for
preserves.

17. Var. rostrata, Clem.
Cornicabra. (French: Cournaud, Corniaud, Courgnale, PI.
de Solon, Pl. de la Fane; Cayon, Rapunier, Grasse). Strong
and tall, less tender. Fruit black-reddish, over an inch
long, oval, much pointed. Good for oil.

18. Var. ceratocarpa, Clem.
Cornezuelo. (French: Odorant, Luquoise, Luques). Fruit
fully an inch long, oval, pointed.

19. Var. Javaluno.
Fruit black-grey, over an inch long, egg-shaped, somewhat
oblique, gradually pointed. Rich in good oil; can also be
chosen for preserves; much subject to attacks of insects.

20. Var. Picudo.
Fetudilla. Fruit fully an inch long, egg-shaped, blunt at the
base, pointed at the apex, with black-grey pulp. Pericarp
easily separable. Employed both for oil and preserves.

21. Var. Nevadillo negro.
Fruit egg-shaped, fully an inch long, with turned pointed
apex. One of the richest of all varieties in yield. Endures
considerable cold and ripens not quite late.

All these Spanish varieties show rather long lanceolate leaves
of more or less width.

FRENCH VARIETIES.
(Some verging into the Spanish kinds).

22. Var. angulosa, Gouan.
Galliningue, Laurine. For preserves.
23. Var. Rouget.
Marvailletta. Produces a fine oil.
24. Var. atrorubens, Gouan.
Salierne, Saverne. Fruit dusted white. Furnishes one of
the best of oils.
25. Var. variegata, Gouan.
Marbée, Pigale, Pigau. Purple fruit with white spots.
26. Var. Le Palma.
Oil very sweet, but not largely produced.
27. Var. atrovirens, Ros.
Pointue, Punchuda. Fruit large with good oil.

L2

148 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

28. Var. rubicans, Ros. .
Rougette. Putamen small. Yield annual and large.
29. Var. alba, Ros.
Olive blanche, Blancane, Vierge. This with many others
omitted on this occasion is an inferior variety.
30. Var. Caillet Rouge.
Figanier. Small tree. Fruit large, red. Oil good and pro-
duced in quantity.
31. Var. Caillet Blanche.
Fruit almost white, produced annually and copiously, yielding
a rather superior oil.
32. Var. Raymet.
Fruit large, reddish. Oil copious and fine. This variety
prefers flat country.
33. Var. Cotignac.
Pardigniere. Fruit middle-sized, blunt. Oil obtained in
quantity and of excellent quality. This wants much pruning.
34. Var. Bermillaon.
Vermillon. Yields also table-oil and resists cold well.

Many other apparently desirable varieties occur, among which
the Italian Oliva d’ogni mese may be mentioned, which
ripens fruits several times in the year, and furnishes a
pleasant oil and also berries for preserves.

Onobrychis sativa, Lamarck.*
The Saintfoin, or Esparsette, or Cocks-head Plant. South
and Middle Europe, Middle Asia. A deep-rooting perennial
fodder-herb, fond of marly soil, and living in dry localities.
It is thus well adapted also for the limestone formation of
the lower Murray River. It prepares dry calcareous soil
also for cereal culture. Stagnant underground humidity is
fatal to this plant. It prospers still where Red Clover and
Lucerne no longer succeed. Sheep cannot so well be turned
out on young Saintfoin fields as cattle. The hay is superior
even to that of Lucerne and Clover. The plant will hold
out from five to seven years (Langethal).

Ophelia Chirata, Grisebach. (Agathotes Chirata, D. Don).
Widely dispersed over the higher mountain-regions of India.
A perennial herb, considered as one of the best of tonics; it
possesses also febrifugal and antarthritic properties. Its ad-
ministration in the form of an infusion, prepared with cold
water, is the best. Besides O. elegans (Wight) some of the
other Upper Indian, Chinese and Japanese species deserve
probably equal attention. Hanbury and Fliickiger mention
as Chiratas or Chirettas of Indian bazaars: O. angustifolia
(D. Don), O. densiflora (Grisebach), O. elegans (Wight) and

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 149

O. multiflora (Dalzell), besides species of Exacum and Andro-
graphis. All come from the cooler uplands.

Opuntia coccinellifera, Miller.
Mexico and West India. The Cochineal Cactus. On this
and O. ‘Tuna, O. Hernandezii and perhaps a few others
subsists the Coccus, which offers the costly Cochineal dye.
Three gatherings can be effected in the year. About 1200
tons used to be imported annually into Britain alone, and a
good deal also to other countries, valued at about £400 for
the ton. The precious Carmin-pigment is prepared from
Cochineal.

Opuntia Dillenii, Candolle.
Central America. A Tuna-like Cactus, serving for unin-
flammable hedges, and perhaps also for the rearing of the
Coccus Cacti. It is particularly eligible for barren land.

Opuntia elatior, Miller.
Central America. A hedge-plant with formidable thorns.

Opuntia Ficus Indica, Miller.
Central America, north as far as Florida. Serves for hedges.
Pulp of fruit edible.

Opuntia Hernandezii, Candolle.
Mexico. Affords also food for the Coccus Cacti.

Opuntia Missouriensis, Candolle.
From Nebraska to New Mexico. Mr. Meehan found this
Cactus covered with the Cochineal Coccus, and points to the
fact that this insect will live through the intense cold, which
characterises the rocky mountains of the Colorado regions.

Opuntia Rafinesquii, Engelmann.
North America. The most northern of all species, extending
to Lake Michigan.

Opuntia spinosissima, Miller.
Mexico and West India. Stem columnar with pendant
branches. Also a good hedge-plant.

Opuntia Tuna, Miller.
West India, Ecuador, New Granada, Mexico. Ivrespective
of its value as the principal Cochineal-plant, this Cactus is
also of use for hedges. It will attain a height of twenty
feet. The pulp of the fruit is edible. With the other
species hardy at least in our lowlands.

Opuntia vulgaris, Miller.
Central America, northward to Georgia, southward to Peru.
Adapted for hedges and like the rest not inflammable, thus par-
ticularly valuable along railway lines. The fruit almost
smooth, also eatable. A dye can also be prepared from its

150 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

pulp and that of allied species. Numerous other species are
here industrially eligible for hedging purposes.

Oreodoxa regia, Humboldt.
West India. This noble Palm attains a height of sixty feet.
It has proved hardy in Southern Brazil, and would probably
endure our clime. The stem is thickened at the middle, and
from it, like from the much taller O. oleracea (Martius), starch
can be obtained.

Origanum Dictamnus, Linné.
Candia. Like the following a scent-plant of somewhat
shrubby growth.

Origanum Majorana, Linné.
North Africa, Middle Asia, Arabia. A perennial herb, used
for condiment, also for the distillation of its essential oil.

Origanum Maru, Linné.
Palestine. Perennial and very odorous.

Origanum Onites, Linné.
Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. Somewhat shrubby
and strongly-scented.

Origanum vulgare, Linné.
The ordinary Marjoram. All Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia. A scented herb of perennial growth, con-
taining a peculiar volatile oil. It prefers limestone soil. O.
hirtum (Link.), O. virens (Hoffmannsegg) and O. normale
D. Don) are closely-allied plants of similar use. Several
other Marjorams, chiefly Mediterranean, are of value.

Ornithopus sativus, Brotero.
South Europe and North Africa. The Seratella or Serra-
della. An annual herb, larger than the ordinary Birdsfoot-
clover. It is valuable as a fodder-plant on sterile soil. It
requires, like the smaller O. perpusillus, no lime, but improves.
in growth on gypsum land, of which there is much in the
Murray desert.

Oryza sativa, Linné.*
The Rice-plant. South Asia and North Australia. Annual
like most cereals. The many rivulets in our ranges afford
ample opportunities for irrigating Rice-fields: but these can
be formed with full advantage only in the warmer parts of
the colony, where rice will ripen as well as in Italy, China,
or the Southern States of the American Union. Among the
numerous varieties of Indian Rice may be noted as prominent
sorts: The Early Rice, which ripens in four months and is
not injured by saline inundations. The hardier Mountain
Rice, which can be raised on comparatively dry ground, and

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 151

which actually perishes under lengthened inundation, but
which is less productive. The Glutinous Rice, which suc-
ceeds as well in wet as almost dry places, and produces black
or reddish grains. In the rich plains of Lombardy, irrigated
from the Alps, the average crop is estimated at forty-eight
bushels for the acre annually. The spirit distilled from Rice
and molasses is known as Arrack.

Oryza latifolia, Humboldt and Bonplaud.
Central America. This species is said to be perennial and
to attain a height of eighteen feet. It deserves here trial-
culture, and may prove a good fodder-grass on wet land in
warm localities. O. perennis (Moench) seems closely allied.

Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Cassini.
South Africa. A camphor-scented shrub, much in use there
for medicinal purposes (Dr. Pappe).

Ostrya carpinifolia, Scopoli.
South Europe and Orient. The Hop Hornbean. A deci-
duous tree, 60 feet high.

Ostrya Virginica, Willdenow.
Leverwood-tree of North America, 40 feet high, in rich
woodlands. Wood singularly hard, close-grained and heavy,
in use for levers and other implements, for mill-cogs, wheels,
&ce. Cattle browse on the foliage.

Oxalis crassicaulis, Zuccarini.
Peru. This seems one of the best of those Woodsorrels,
which yield a tuberous edible root. Amongst others O.
tuberosa (Mol.) and O. succulenta (Barn.) from Chili, as well
as O. carnosa (Mol.) and O. conorrhiza (Jacq.) from Paraguay,
might be tried for their tubers.

Oxalis esculenta, Otto and Dietrich.

Mexico, there with O. tetraphylla (Cavanilles), O. Deppei
(Loddiges), O. violacea (Linné) and several others producing
tuberous starchy wholesome roots; the first mentioned gives
the largest yield. As similarly useful may be mentioned
among many others—O. crenata (Jacquin), from Chili and O.
enneaphylla (Cavanilles), from the Falkland Islands and
Magelhaen’s Straits.

Oxytenanthera Thwaitesii, Munro.
Ceylon, on mountains from 4000 to 6000 feet high, A
dwarf but handsome Bamboo, reaching only a height of 12 feet.

Oxytropis pilosa, Candolle. (Astragalus pilosus, Linné.)
Europe, West Asia. This perennial plant furnishes fair
pasture-herbage ; the numerous other species, twenty-four
alone enumerated as oriental by Boissier, should be tested.

152 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

All these plants might be classed as Astragals. They are
mostly content with poor soil.

Pachyma Heelen, Fries.
China. This large Truffle occurs particularly in the province
of Souchong. Flavour most agreeable.

Pachyrrhizus angulatus, Richard.
From Central America rendered spontaneous in many tropical
countries. A climber, the horizontal starchy roots of which
attain a length of eight feet, and a thickness of many inches.
It requires rich soil. The root is edible, though inferior to
Yam. From the stems a tough fibre is obtained. The plant
proved hardy at Sydney.

Paliurus ramosissimus, Poiret. (P. Aubletia, Schultes.)
China and Japan. A thorny tree, which could be utilised
for hedging.

Paliurus Spina Christi, Miller. (P. aculeatus, Lambert.)
The Christ-Thorn. From the Mediterranean Sea to Nepaul.
A deciduous bush or finally tree, which can be trimmed into
hedges.

Pandanus furcatus, Roxburgh.

This screw Pine occurs in India, up to heights of 4000 feet,
according to Mr. 8. Kurz; hence it will likely bear our clime,
and give us a stately plant for scenic group-planting. P.
pedunculatus (R. Br.) occurs in East Australia as far south
as 32°, and the same or an allied tall species luxuriates in
Howe’s Island.

Panicum amarum, Elliot.
North America. A perennial species, fit to be grown on
drifting coast-sand.

Panicum barbinode, Trinius.
Brazil. Valuable as a fodder-grass.

Panicum brizanthum, Hochstetter.
From Abyssinia to Nepal. A large-grained perennial Millet-
grass.

Panicum Crus-Galli, Linné. 3
The Barnyard or Cockshin Grass. Occurring now in all warm
countries, but probably of Oriental origin, as it seems not
recorded in our ancient classic literature. A rich but annual
grass of ready spontaneous dispersion. P. colonum, L., and
P. Crus-Corvi, L., are varieties of it. Regarded by R.
Brown as indigenous to Eastern and Northern Australia,
where many other excellent fodder-species occur, some
perennial. It will succeed also on somewhat saline soil,
particularly on brackish water-courses, also in moor-land.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 153

Panicum decompositum, R. Brown. (P. laevinode, Lindley.)
The Australian Millet. One of the most spacious of native
nutritious grasses. ‘The aborigines convert the small millet-
like grains into cakes. This grass will thrive on poor soil.

Panicum fluitans, Retzius.
Tropical Asia and Africa. This grass, like P. spinescens
(R. Brown), of Hast Australia, ought to be naturalised along
lakes, lagoons and rivers, particularly for the benefit of
water-fowl.

Panicum frumentaceum, Roxburgh.
The Shamalo or Deccan Grass. Probably introduced from
tropical Africa into South Asia. It serves as a fodder-grass
and produces also a kind of Millet.
To this species is allied P. sarmentosum, Roxb., from Sumatra,
which is now likewise much cultivated in tropical countries.
It is perennial.

Panicum Italicum, Linné.

This grass, notwithstanding its specific name, is of Indian
origin, but appears to be likewise a native of North Aus-
tralia. It is annual and worthy to be cultivated as a tender
green-fodder, attaining a height of five feet. It keeps weeds
down. The abundantly-produced grain is not only one of the
best for poultry, but that of some varieties can also be utilised
as Millet. P. Germanicum, Roth., is a form of this species.

Panicum Koenigii, Sprengel. (P. Helopus, Trin.)
India. A good fodder-grass.

Panicum latissimum, Mikan.
Brazil. A highly-ornamental grass. Leaves extremely
broad but hard ; panicle very rich.

Panicum maximum, Jacquin.* (P. jumentorum, Persoon.)
The Guinea-Grass. Tropical Africa; elsewhere not indi-
genous. ‘This perennial grass attains a height of eight feet
in tropical countries. Jt is highly nutritious and quite
adapted for the warmer parts of our colonial territory.

Panicum miliaceum, Linné.* (P. miliare, Lam.)

The true Millet. South Asia and North Australia, but
cultivated in Southern Europe already at Hippocrates’ and
Theophrastos’ time. Annual, attaining a height of four feet.
Several varieties occur, one with black grains, They all need
a rich but friable soil. It is one of the best of all grains for
poultry, but furnishes also a palatable and nutritious table-
food. It ripens still in Middle Europe.

Panicum pilosum, Swartz.
Tropical America. A perennial fodder-grass.

154 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Panicum repens, Linné.
At the Mediterranean Sea, also in South Asia and} North
Australia. Regarded {by the Cingalese as a good fodder-
grass. It is perennial and well-suited for naturalisation on
moist soil or river-banks or swamps.

Panicum prostratum, Lamarck. (P. setigerum, Retz.)
Egypt, South Asia, North Australia, perhaps also indigenous.
to tropical America. Perennial. Recommendable for
pastures.

Panicum sanguinale, Linné.

From South Europe and Southern Asia spread through all
countries with a warm climate, but apparently also indi-
genous in Hast Australia. It readily disseminates itself on
barren ground, and is likely to add to the value of our
desert-pastures, although it is annual. Stock relish this
grass. P. ciliare (L.) and P. glabrum (Gaudin) are allied
species.

Panicum spectabile, Nees.*

The Coapim of Angola. From West Africa transferred to.
many other tropical countries. A rather succulent very
fattening grass, attaining a height of about four feet.—It
may be assumed, that hitherto about 300 well-defined species
of Panicum are known, chiefly tropical and sub-tropical, thus
very few extending naturally to Europe, or the United
States of North America, or Japan, or the southern part of
Australia. Though mostly from the hot zones these grasses
endure in many instances our clime, and some of them would
prove great acquisitions, particularly the perennial species.
Numerous good kinds occur in Queensland and North
Australia spontaneously. Panicum is the genus richest in
species among grasses.

Panicum turgidum, Forskael.
Egypt, where this Millet yields a bread-grain.

Panicum virgatum, Linné.
North America, South Asia and North Australia. <A tall
perennial species, with a wide nutritious panicle.

Papaver somniferum, Linné.*
The Opium-Poppy. Orient. The capsules of this tall
annual, so showy for its flowers, are used for medicinal pur-
poses; from the minute but exceedingly numerous seeds oil
of a harmless and most palatable kind can be pressed re-
muneratively ; but a still more important use of the plant is
that for the preparation of Opium, of which a quantity
valued in the Customs returns at £94,455 was imported
during 1871 into Victoria, and this does not provide for a

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 155

large portion of the Morphia used in medicine. Both the
black and pale seeded varieties can be used for the production
of Opium. The return of Poppy-culture, whether for opium
or for oil, is within a few months. Our milder and somewhat
humid open forest-tracts proved most productive for obtaining
Opium from this plant; but it can be reared also in colder
localities, good Opium, rich in Morphia, having even been
obtained in Middle Europe and the Northern United States,
the summers there being sufficiently long to ripen the Poppy
with a well-elaborated sap. The Morphia contents in Opium
from Gipps Land was at an average somewhat over 10 per
cent. Opium was prepared in our Botanic Gardens for the
Exhibition of 1866; but particularly Mr. J. Bosisto and Mr.
J. Hood have given to this branch of rural industry here
commercial dimensions. The Smyrna variety is particularly
desirable for Opium; it enables the cultivator to get from
40lbs, to 75lbs. of Opium from an acre, generally worth 30s.
to 35s. per pound. The ground for Poppy-culture must be
naturally rich, or otherwise be well manured; dressing with
ashes increases the fecundity of the plant. The seed, about
9lbs. to an acre, is generally sown broadcast, mixed with
sand. In the most favourable places as many as three crops
are obtained during a season. ‘The collecting of the Opium,
which consists merely of the indurating sap of the seed-
vessels, is commenced a few days after the lapse of the petals.
Superficial, horizontal or diagonal incisions are made into the
capsules as they successively advance to maturity. This
operation is best performed in the afternoons and evenings,
and requires no laborious toil. The milky Opium-sap thus
directed outward, is scraped off next morning into a shallow
cup, and allowed to dry on a place away from sunlight; it
may also be placed on Poppy-leaves. From one to six
successive incisions are made to exhaust the sap, according to
season, weather, locality or the knife-like instrument em-
ployed. In the Department of Somme (France) alone Opium
to the value of £70,000 annually is produced, and Poppy-
seed to the value of £170,000. Our seasons here, as a rule,
are favourable for collecting Opium, and thus this culture is
here rendered less precarious than in many other countries.
Our Opium has proved as good as the best Smyrna kinds,
The petals are dried for packing the Opium. The main
value of Opium depends on its contents of Morphia, for
which the genus Papaver, as far as hitherto known, remains
the sole source. But not less than eleven alkaloids have
been revealed in Opium by the progressive strides of organic
chemistry: Codein, Metamorphin, Morphia or Morphin,
Narcein, Narcotin, Opianin, Papaverin, Porphyroxin,

pneminnimesdie

156 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pseudo-morphin and Thebain. It contains besides an in-
different bitter principle: Meconin and Meconic Acid (vide
““Wittstein’s Chemische Analyse von Pflanzentheilen”).
Various species of Papaver produce more or less Opium and
Morphia.
Pappea Capensis, Ecklon and Zeyher.

South Africa. The fruit of this tree is of the size of a cherry,
savoury and edible.

Pappophorum commune, F. v. Mueller.
Widely dispersed over the continent of Australia, also in
some parts of Asia and Africa. Perennial; regarded as a
very fattening pasture-grass, and available for arid localities,

Parinarium Nonda, F. von Mueller.
The Nonda-tree of North-East Australia. It may prove
hardy in East Gipps Land, and may live perhaps in the dry
and hot air of our deserts, where it deserves trial-culture for
the sake of its edible mealy plum-like fruit. A few other
species with esculent drupes occur in different tropical
countries.

Parkinsonia aculeata, Linné. .
From California to Monte Video. A thorny shrub, clearly
adapted for the warmer parts of Victoria, where it might be
utilised with the following plant for evergreen hedges. The
flowers are handsome.

Parkinsonia Africana, Sonder.
South Africa. A tall bush. A third species, P. microphylla,
Torr., occurs on the Colorado.

Parthenium integrifolium, Linné.
North America. The flowering tops of this perennial bitter
herb have come into use as a febrifuge (Houlton).

Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Decaisne.

North Western Himalayas, from about 3000 to 8500 feet
elevation. This deciduous-leaved small tree merits intro-
duction. Its tough and pliable twigs are used for basket-
work and preferentially for the twig-bridges, the latter up to
300 feet long; hence this tree could be used here for a
variety of economic purposes (Stewart and Brandis).
P. Persica (C. A. Meyer) occurs on the Caspian Sea.

Paspalum ciliatum, Humboldt.
Tropical South America. A perennial and lauded cereal grass.

Paspalum dilatatum, Poiret. S
Extra-tropical South America. Perennial, of excellent
quality for fodder. Mr. Bacchus found it hardy here up to a
height of 2000 feet.

FOR VICTORIAN INDSTRIAL CULTURE, Taz

Paspalum distichum, Burmann.
From India to South-Eastern Australia. A creeping swamp-
grass, forming extensive cushions. It keeps beautifully
green throughout the year, affords a sufficiently tender blade
for feed, and is exquisitely adapted to cover silt or bare
slopes on banks of ponds or rivers, where it grows grandly;
moderate submersion does not destroy it, but frost injures it.

Paspalum scrobiculatum, Linné.

Through the tropics of the Eastern Hemisphere widely
dispersed, extending to South Hast Australia. A valuable
pasture-grass. A superior variety is cultivated in Indian for
a grain-crop. This grass furnishes a good ingredient to hay.
The stem sometimes attains a height of eight feet. Rosen-
thal pronounces it pernicious, perhaps when long and ex-
clusive use is made of this grass, under which circumstances
also the Rye-grass will become injurious.

Paspalum stoloniferum, Bosc.
Central America. A fodder-grass of considerable value.

Passiflora alata, Aiton.
Peru and Brazil. This Passion-flower and all the following
(and probably other species) furnish Granadilla fruits.

Passiflora coccinea, Aublet.
From Guiana to Brazil.

Passiflora coerulea, Linné.
South Brazil and Uruguay. One of the hardiest of all
Passion-flowers, and with many others well-adapted for
covering bowers, rookeries and similar structures. Many of
the Equatorial species come from mountainous regions and
may thus endure our lowland clime.

Passiflora edulis, Sims.
Southern Brazil.

Passiflora filamentosa, Willdenow.
Southern Brazil.

Passiflora incarnata, Linné.
North America from Virginia and Kentucky southward.
‘The fruits are called Maypops.

Passiflora laurifolia, Linné. (P. tinifolia, Jussieu.)
The Water-Lemon. From West India to Brazil.

Passiflora ligularis, Jussieu.
From Mexico to Bolivia.

158 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Passiflora lutea, Linné.
North America from Pennsylvania and Illinois southward.

Berries small.

Passiflora macrocarpa, Masters. ‘
Brazil and Peru. Mr. Walter Hill reports having obtained
fruits of eight pounds weight at the Brisbane Botanic Garden.

Passiflora maliformis, Linné.
From West India to Brazil.

Passiflora quadrangularis, Linné.
Brazil. One of the most commonly cultivated Granadillas.

Passiflora serrata, Linné.
From West India to Brazil.

Passiflora suberosa, Linné. (P. pallida, Linné.)
From Florida to Brazil. A careful investigator, Dr. Maxw.
Masters, has recently defined about 200 species of Passion-
flowers.

Peireskia aculeata, Miller.
West India. The Barbadoes Gooseberry. A tall shrub,
adapted for hedges in localities free of frost. The Cochineal
insect can be reared also on this plant. The berries are
edible. Several other species exist in tropical America,
among which P. Bleo (Humb.) is particularly handsome, but
they may not all be sufficiently hardy for utilitarian purposes
in our clime. Otherwise the Bleo is used for salad.

Peireskia portulacifolia, Haworth.
West India. This attains the size of a fair tree.

Pelargonium odoratissimum, Aiton.
South Asia. A perennial trailing herb, from the leaves of
which a fragrant oil can be distilled. The same remark
applies to the shrubby P. Radula and P. capitatum (Dr.
Rosenthal).

Pennisetum thyphoideum,'‘Richard.* (Penicillaria spicata,
Willdenow ; Panicum coeruleum, Miller.)
Tropical Asia, Nubia and Egypt. The Bajree. An annual,
ripening its millet crop in about three months in warm
countries. The stems are thick and reach a height of six
feet. This grass requires a rich and loose soil, and on such it
will yield upwards of a hundred fold. It furnishes also a
good hay, and is also valuable as green-fodder. Some of the
many other species of Pennisetum are doubtless of pastoral
value. A plant allied to P. thyphoideum occurs in China:
namely, P. cereale (Trin.). This affords also millet or corn

for cakes.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 159

Pentzia virgata, Lessing.
South Africa. A small bush, recommended to be established
in our deserts for sheep-fodder. Several other species occur
in South Africa.

Periandra dulcis, Martius.
Sub-tropical Brazil. The sweet root yields liquorice.

Perilla arguta, Bentham. !
Japan. An annual herb. An infusion of this plant is used
to impart to table-vegetables and other substances a deep red
colour. P. ocimoides (L.), of Upper India, serves probably.
similar purposes.

Persea gratissima, Gaertner.
From Mexico to Peru and Brazil in forest-tracts near the
coast. The Avocado-Pear. Suggestively mentioned here as
likely available for East Gipps Land, French Island and
other mild localities of our country, inasmuch as it has
become naturalised in Madeira, the Azores and Canary
Islands. A noble evergreen spreading tree. The pulp of
the large pear-shaped fruit is of delicious taste and flavour.

Persea Teneriffe, Poiret (sub Lauro). (P. Indica, Sprengel.)
Madeira, Azores and Canary Islands. This magnificent tree
produces a very beautiful hard mahogany-like wood, especially
sought for superior furniture and turners’ work. One of the
most hardy trees of the large order of Laurine.,

Peucedanum cachrydifolium, Ledebour.

Persia. A valuable fodder-herb (Dr. Rosenthal).

Peucedanum graveolens, Bentham. (Anethum graveolens,
Linné.

The Dill. ee Europe, North Africa, Orient. Annual.
The well-known aromatic fruitlets used as a condiment. P.
Sowa, Benth. (Anethum Sowa, Roxb.) is a closely-allied
Indian annual herb.

Peucedanum officinale, Linné.
The Sulphur-Root. Middle and South Europe, North
Africa, Middle Asia. Perennial. The root is used in
veterinary medicine. It contains like that of the following
species the crystalline Peucedanin.

Peucedanum Ostruthium, Koch. (/mperatoria Ostru-
thiwm, Linné.)

Mountains of Middle Europe. A. perennial herb, which
could be grown in our Alps. ‘The acid aromatic root is used
in medicine, particularly in veterinary practice. It is required
for the preparation of some kinds of Swiss Cheese. P.
Cervaria (Cuss.) and P. Oreoselinum (Moench) are also
occasionally drawn into medicinal use.

160 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Peucedanum sativum, Bentham. (Pastinaca sativa, Linné.)
The Parsnip. Europe, North and Middle Asia. Biennial. —
The root palatable and nutritious. A somewhat calcareous
soil is favourable for the best development of this plant. The
culture is that of the carrot; for fodder, the root surpasses
that of the latter in augmenting milk (Langethal). |

Peucedanum Sekakul, Bentham.
Egypt and Syria. Biennial. The root is edible.

Peumus Boldus, Molina.
The Boldo of Chili. A small ornamental evergreen tree, with
exceedingly hard wood, which is utilised for many kinds of
implements. The bark furnishes dye-material. The fruits
are of aromatic and sweet taste (Dr. Philippi).

Phalaris Canariensis, Linné.

The Canary-Grass. An annual grass from the Canary
Islands, now widely dispersed as a spontaneous plant over
the warmer zones of the globe. Thus it has also become
naturalised in Australia. It is grown for its seeds, which
form one of the best kinds of fodder for many sorts of small
cage-birds. The flour is utilised in certain processes of
cotton-manufacture, and liked for some kinds of cakes. The
soil for the culture of the Canary-grass must be friable and
not too poor. It is an exhaustive crop. As allied annual
species of similar use, but mostly of less yield, may be enu-
merated: P. brachystachys (Link.) from Italy, P. minor
(Retz) and P. truncata (Guss.) from various countries at the
Mediterranean Sea. Other species, including some from
Asia, are deserving of trial; but the perennial British P.
arundinacea (L.), is too harsh to serve for wholesome fodder,
nor does it furnish Canary-seed.

Phaseolus adenanthus, G. Meyer. (P. Tru«illensis, Hum-
boldt; P. rostratus, Wallich.)

Almost cosmopolitan within the tropics, where irrespective
of navigation and other traffic it becomes dispersed by
migrating birds; truly spontaneous also in tropical Australia.
A perennial herb with large flowers, resembling those of
Vigna vexillata (Benth.) Cultivated for its seeds, which are
rather small, but copiously produced. A variety with edible
roots occurs.

Phaseolus coccineus, Kniphof.* (P. multiflorus, Will-
denow.)

The Turkish Bean or Scarlet-Runner. A native of the

Orient, if Sprengel’s identification is correct, according to

which this plant was known in Arabia and Persia at

Avicenna’s time; but according to other opinions it is a

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 161

native of Mexico. A twining showy perennial, as useful as
the ordinary French Bean. Its seeds usually larger than
those of the latter plant, purple with black dots, but some-
times also pure blue and again quite white. The flowers
occur sometimes white. The root contains a narcotic poison.

Phaseolus lunatus, Linné.

Considered as a native of tropical America, but also recorded
as wild from many parts of tropical Africa and Asia. Bien-
nial according to Roxburgh. Much cultivated in the warm
zone for its edible beans, which are purple or white. A
yellow-flowered variety or closely-allied species is known as
the Madagascar-Bean and proved hardy and productive here.
P. perennis, Walt., from the United States of North
America, is another allied plant.

Phaseolus Max, Linné. (P. Mungo, Linné; P. radicatus, Linné.)
The Green Gram. South Asia and tropical Australia. An
annual very hairy plant, not much climbing. Frequently
reared in India, when rice fails or where that crop cannot be
produced. The seeds are but small, and the herb is not
available for fodder. This plant requires no irrigation, and
ripens in two and a-half to three months. The grain tastes well
and is esteemed wholesome. ‘The harvest is about thirtyfold.

Phaseolus vulgaris, Linné.*
The ordinary Kidney-Bean or French Bean or Haricot.
India, from whence it came to Europe through the conquests
of Alexander the Great; but apparently it is also wild in
North-Western Australia. Though this common and im-
portant culinary annual is so well known, it has been deemed
desirable, to refer to it here with a view of reminding, that
the Kidney-Bean is nearly twice as nutritive as wheat.
The meal from Beans might also find far augmented use.
As constituents of the Beans should be mentioned a large
proportion of starch (nearly half), then much Legumin, also
some Phaseolin (which like Amygdalin can be converted into
an essential oil) and Inosit-sugar. Lentils contain more
Legumin but less starch, while Peas and Beans are in respect
to the proportion of these two nourishing substances almost
alike. The Kidney-Bean can still be cultivated in cold
latitudes and at sub-alpine elevations, if the uninterrupted
summer-warmth lasts for four months; otherwise it is more
tender than the Pea. The soil should for field-culture be
friable and somewhat limy and not sandy. Phaseolus nanus,
L., the Dwarf-Bean, and P. tumidus, Savi, the Sugar-Bean or
Sword-Bean or Egg-Bean, are varieties of P. vulgaris.
Several other species of Phaseolus seem worthy of culinary
culture.
M

162 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Phleum pratense, Linné.* ;
The Catstail- or Timothy-Grass. Europe, North Africa,
North and Middle Asia. One of the most valuable of all :
perennial fodder-grasses. Its production of early spring-
herbage is superior to that of the Cocksfoot-grass. Jt should
enter largely into any mixture of grasses for permanent
pasturage. It will live also on moist and cold clay-ground. :
This grass and perhaps more yet the allied Phleum alpinum, |
L., are deserving of an extensive transfer to our moory Alps.
For hay it requires mowing in a young stage. The seed is
copiously yielded and well-retained. The greatest advantage
from this grass arises, according to Langethal, when it is
grown along with clovers. It thrives even better on sandy
meadows than on calcareous soil; it will prosper on poorer
ground than Alopecurus pratensis ; the latter furnishes its full
yield only in the fourth year, whereas the Phleum already in
the second. The Timothy dries more quickly for hay and
the seeds are gathered more easily, but it vegetates later, is
of harder consistence and yields less in the season after the
first cut.

Phoenix dactylifera, Linné.*
The Date-Palm. North Africa, also inland; Arabia, Persia.
This noble palm attains finally a height of 80, exceptionally
120 feet. It is unisexual and of longevity :—‘‘ Trees of from
100 to 200 years old continue to produce their annual crop of
dates.” Though from the sap sugar or palm-wine can be
obtained, and from the leaves hats, mats and similar articles
can be manufactured, we here would utilise this palm
beyond scenic garden-ornamentation only for its fruits. It
is in the oases of our desert-tracts, swept by burning winds,
where the Date-Palm would afford in time to come a real
boon, although it might be grown also in the valleys of our
mountains and in any part of our lowlands. Several bunches
of flowers are formed in a season, each producing often
as many as 200 dates. In Egypt as many as 4 ewt. of dates
have been harvested in one season from a single Date-Palm.
Many varieties of Dates exist, differing in shape, size and
colour of the fruit; those of Gomera are large and contain
no seed. The unexpanded flower-bunches can be used for
palm-cabbage, the fibre of the leaf-stalks for cordage. The
town Elche in Spain is surrounded by a planted forest of about
80,000 Date-Palms, and the sale of leaves for decorative
purposes produces irrespective of the value of the Date-fruits
a considerable income to the town, and so it is at Alicante.
As far north as the Gulf of Genoa exists also a Date-forest.
The ease, with which this palm grows from seeds, affords

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 163

facility in adapted climes to imitate these examples, and we
certainly ought to follow them in all parts of Australia,

Phoenix paludosa, Roxburgh.
India. A stout species, not very tall. Of value at least for
decorative culture.

Phoenix pusilla, Gaertner.
India and South China. A dwarf species, likely also to be
hardy here. P. farinifera (Roxb.) appears to be identical.
It is adapted for sandy and otherwise dry and barren land,
but prefers the vicinity of the sea. Berry shining black,
with a sweet mealy pulp.

Phoenix reclinata, Jacquin.
South Africa, in the eastern districts. A hardy species, but
not tall, often reclining. It is adapted for ornamentation.
The seeds are frequently drawn into local use as a substitute
for coffee.

Phoenix silvestris, Roxburgh.

India, almost on any soil or in any situation. It has proved
at Melbourne a very hardy species. Its greatest height is
forty feet. Berries yellowish or reddish, larger than in P,
pusilla. Where this Palm abounds much sugar is obtained
from it by evaporation of the sap, which flows from incisions
into the upper part of the trunk, a process not sacrificing the
plant, as for twenty years the sap can thus be withdrawn. A
kind of arrack is obtained by fermentation and distillation of
this sap, and also from the young spikes. ach plant
furnishes the juice for about 8lbs. of date-sugar annually, but
in some instances much more. About 50,000 tons of sugar
are produced a year in Bengal alone from this and some other
palms. ‘The leaves are used for mats.

Phoenix spinosa, Thonning.
Tropical Africa, ascending mountain-regions, thus perhaps
hardy here with us. Dr. Kirk found the green bushes, if
immersed in water for half a day, suddenly to assume a
scarlet hue, and then the astringent pulp to become edible
and sweet.

Phormium tenax, J. R. and G. Forster.*
The Flax-lily of New Zealand, where it occurs as far south
as 46° 30’, occurring also in the Chatham Islands and Norfolk
Island, though not on Lord Howe’s Island. It seems im-
portant that this valuable plant should here be brought uni-
versally under culture, particularly on any inferior spare
ground or on the sea-beaches or any rocky declivity, where
it may be left unprotected to itself, as no pastoral animal will
touch it. It is evident that the natural upgrowth will soon

M 2

164

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

be inadequate to the demand for the plant. Merely torn
into shreds the leaves serve at once in gardens and vineyards
as cordage, and for this purpose, irrespective of its showy
aspect, the Phormium has been distributed from our Botanic
Garden since the last eighteen years. From the divided
roots any plantation can gradually be increased, or this can
be done more extensively still by sowing the seeds. In all
likelihood the plant would thrive and become naturalised in
the Auckland and Campbell’s Group, in Kerguelen’s Land,
the Falkland Islands, the Shetland Islands and many conti-
nental places of both hemispheres. Among the varieties
three are better characterised than the rest: the Tehore, the
Swamp and the Hill variety. The first and the last men-
tioned produce a fibre fine and soft, yet strong, and the plants
attain a height of only about five feet, whereas the Swamp-
variety grows to double that height, producing a larger yield
of a coarser fibre, which is chiefly used for rope or paper
making. As might be expected, the richer the soil the more
vigorous the growth of the plant; it likes moreover now and

then to be overflown by fresh or brackish water, but it will

not live if permanently sunk into wet. In swampy ground
trenches should be dug to divert the surplus of humidity.
Fibre free from gum-resin properly dressed withstands
moisture as well as the best Manila rope. Carefully prepared
the fibre can also be spun into various textile durable fabrics,
either by itself or mixed with cotton, wool or flax, In
October, 1872, the sale of Phormium-fibre in London was
11,500 bales, ranging in price from £19 to £31. The tow
can also be converted into paper, distinguished for its strength
and whiteness. The London price of Phormium-fibre for this
purpose is from £10 to £20 per ton.

For further details on the utilisation of this plant the elaborate

reports of the New Zealand Commission for Phormium
should be consulted. One of the dwarf varieties is Phor-
mium Colensoi (J. Hook).

Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Richard.

Celery-Pine of Tasmania. <A stately tree up to sixty feet
high, with a stem of two to six feet in diameter. The timber
is valuable for ships’ masts. It will only grow to advantage
in deep forest-valleys.

Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Don.

Celery-Pine of New Zealand, northern island; it is also called
Pitch-Pine by the colonists—native name, Tanekaha. This
tree attains a height of seventy feet, with a straight stem of
three feet in diameter, and furnishes a pale close-grained
timber, strong, heavy, and remarkably durable according to

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 165

Professor, Kirk greatly valued for mine-props, struts, caps,
sleepers, water-tanks, bridge-planks and piles and spars; the
Maories employ the bark for dyeing red and black.

Physalis Alkekengi, Linné.
The Strawberry-Tomato or Winter-Cherry. Middle and
South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia, extending to
Japan, said to have come originally from Persia. A peren-
nial herb. The berry, which is red and of a not unpleasant
taste, has some medicinal value. The leaves contain a bitter
principle: Physalin.

Physalis angulata, Linné.
In many tropical countries, extending as a native plant to
the northern parts of the United States and to Japan. An
annual herb. Yellowish; the berries edible. P. minima,
L. (P. parviflora, R. Br.), appears to be a variety and extends
also into tropical Australia.

Physalis Peruviana, Linné.
Temperate and tropical America, widely naturalised in many
countries of the warmer. zones. With double inaptness
called the Cape Gooseberry. A perennial herb; but for pro-
ducing its fruit well, it requires early renovation. The
acidulous berries can be used as well as a table-fruit as for
preserves. Doubtless several other kinds of Physalis can be
utilised in the same manner. In colder countries the P.
Peruviana becomes annual.

Pimpinella Anisum, Linné.
The Anise-plant. Greece, Egypt, Persia. An annual. The
seed-like fruits enter into various medicines and condiments,
and are also required for the distillation of oil, rich in
Anethol. The herbage left after obtaining the seeds serves
for fodder.

Pimpinella Saxifraga, Linné.
Europe, North and. Middle Asia. A. perennial herb; its
root used in medicine; a peculiar volatile oil can be distilled
from the root. P. magna (L.) is a closely allied species, and
P. nigra (W.) is a variety. The root of the last is particu-
larly powerful.

Pimpinella Sisarum, Bentham. (Stwm Sisarwm, Linné).
Kast Asia. A perennial herb. The bunches of small tubers
afford an excellent culinary vegetable. The taste is sweet
and somewhat celery-like. The roots endure frost.

Pinus Abies, Du Roi.* (Pinus Picea, Linné.)

Silver-Fir, Tanne. In Middle Europe up to 50° N. latitude,
forming dense forests. A fine tree, already the charm of the
ancients, attaining 200 feet in height, and twenty feet in cir-

166 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

cumference of stem, reaching the age of 300 years. It fur-
nishes a most valuable timber for building as well as furniture,
and in respect to lightness, toughness, and elasticity it is even
more esteemed than the Norway Spruce, but is not so good
for fuel or for charcoal. It also yields a fine white resin and
the Strassburg turpentine, similar to the Venetian.—Beside
the above normal form, the following two main varieties
occur :—-P. Abies var. Cephalonica, Parlatore (P. Cephalonica,
Endl.). Greece, 3000 to 4000 feet above the sea. A tree
sixty feet high, with a stem circumference of ten feet. The
wood is very hard and durable, and much esteemed for build-
ing. General Napier mentions that in pulling down some
old houses at Argostoli, which had been built 150 to 300
years, all the wood-work of this Fir was found as hard as Oak
and perfectly sound. P. Abies var. Nordmanniana, Parlatore
(P. Nordmanniana, Steven). Crimea and Circassia, 6000 feet
above the sea. This is one of the most imposing Firs, attain-
ing a height of 100 feet, with a perfectly straight stem. It
furnishes a valuable building-timber. The Silver-Fir is
desirable for our mountain-forests.
Pinus alba, Aiton.

White Spruce. From Canada to Carolina, up to the highest -
mountains. It resembles P. Picea, but is smaller, at most
fifty feet high. Eligible for our alpine country.

Pinus Alcocquiana, Parlatore. |
Japan, at an elevation of 6000 to 7000 feet. A fine tree, 120
feet high, with very small blue-green leaves; the wood is used
for light household furniture.

Pinus amabilis, Douglas.

Californian Silver-Fir. North California, at an elevation of
4000 feet. A handsome Fir, 200 feet high, circumference of
stem twenty-four feet; the stem is naked up to 100 feet.

Pinus Australis, Michaux.*

Southern or Swamp Pine, also called Georgia, Yellow Pitch
or Broom Pine. In the Southern States of North America.
The tree attains a height of seventy feet. It furnishes a good
timber for furniture and building. It is this tree, which forms
chiefly the extensive Pine-barrens of the United States, and
yields largely the American turpentine, as well as resin, pitch
and tar. Porcher observes that the tree shoots up devoid of
branches for sometimes as much as sixty feet, and he calls it
“one of the greatest gifts of God to man.” The emanations
from Pines, particularly the very resinous species, are anti-
malarian and antiseptic, as proved by residences near Pine-
forests, and by the use of hospital buildings constructed of
Pine-wood.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 167

Pinus Ayacahuite, Ehrenberg. (P. Loudoniana, Gordon.)
In Mexico, at an elevation of 8000 to 12,000 feet. An
excellent Pine, 100 to 150 feet high, with a stem-diameter of
three to four feet. Yielding a much-esteemed white or some-
times reddish timber.

Pinus balsamea, Linné.
Balsam-Fir, Balm of Gilead Fir. Canada, Nova Scotia, New
England. An elegant tree, forty feet high, which with Pinus
Fraseri yields the Canada-Balsam, the well-known oleo-resin.
The timber is light, soft and useful for furniture. It thrives
best in cold swampy places. Eligible for our alps.

Pinus bracteata, D. Don.
Southern California, up to 6000 feet. A very handsome
tree, attaining 150 feet in height, with a slender, perfectly
straight stem, not more than two feet in circumference. The
resin is used for incense.

Pinus Brunoniana, Wallich. (P. dumosa, D. Don.)
Himalaya, descending to 8000 and ascending to 10,500 feet.
Attains a height of 120 feet, and the stem a circumference of
28 feet (J. D. Hooker). Particularly eligible for our alps.
The timber is pale and soft and does not stand exposure
well.

Pinus Canadensis, Linné.

Hemlock-Spruce. In Canada and over a great part of the
United States, on high mountains. A very ornamental tree,
100 feet high, with a white cross-grained and inferior wood.
The tree, however, is extremely valuable on account of its
bark, which is much esteemed as a tanning material; it is
stripped off during the summer months. The young shoots
are used in making spruce-beer.

Pinus Canariensis, C. Smith.*
Canary-Pine. Canary Islands, forming large forests at an
elevation of 5000 to 6000 feet. A tree seventy feet high,
with a resinous durable very heavy wood, not readily attacked
by insects. It thrives well in Victoria, and shows celerity of
growth. |

Pinus Cedrus, Linné.
Cedar of Lebanon. ‘Together with the Atlas-variety on the
mountains of Lebanon and Taurus, also in North Africa.
The tree grows to a height of 100 feet, and attains a very
great age; the wood is of a light reddish colour, soft, easy to
work, and much esteemed for its durability.

Pinus Cedrus, var. Deodara.*
Deodar-Cedar. On the Himalaya mountains, 3000 to 12,000
above the sea-level. A majestic tree, reaching a height of

168 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

more than 200 feet and sometimes 30 feet in circumference of
stem. The wood is of a light-yellow colour, very close-
grained and resinous, strongly and agreeably scented, light,
extremely durable, well resisting the vicissitudes of a variable
clime, and furnishes one of the best building-timbers known.
Pillars of Kashmir mosques of this wood are found sound
after 400 years, and bridges of still greater antiquity are in
existence. White ants hardly ever attack the heartwood.
Boats built of this wood last forty years. It is also exten-
sively used for canal-edges and for railways. The tree should
not be felled too young. It also yields a good deal of resin
and turpentine. A humid clime very much accelerates the
growth of this Pine, which in our forest-ranges would come
best and quickest to its development.

Pinus Cembra, Linné.

On the European Alps, also in Siberia and Tartary. The
tree attains a height of 120 feet, the stem upwards of four
feet in diameter; the wood is of a yellow colour, very soft
and resinous, of an extremely fine texture and is extensively
used for carving and cabinet work. ‘The seeds are edible,
and when pressed yield a great quantity of oil. A good tur-
pentine is also obtained from this Pine.

Pinus cembroides, Zuccarini. (P. Laveana, Schiede and
Deppe.)
Mexican Swamp-Pine. A small tree, thirty feet high, grow-
ing at an elevation of 8000 to 10,000 feet. The timber is not
of much use, but the seeds are edible and have a very agree-
able taste.

Pinus Cilicica, Antoine and Kotschy.
Cilician Silver-Fir. Asia Minor. 4000 to 6500 feet above
sea-level. A handsome tree of pyramidal growth, 160 feet
high. The wood is very soft, and used extensively for the
roofs of houses, as it does not warp.

Pinus contorta, Douglass. (P. Bolandri, Parlatore.)
On high damp ranges in California, attaining fifty feet in
height, also abundant on the mountains of Colorado, and very
eligible for clothing rocky hill-sides (Meehan). In California
it forms dense thickets along the coast, and is in this respect
as valuable as P. Laricio, P. Pinaster, and P. Haleppensis in
Europe, as a shelter-tree in stormy localities.

Pinus Coulteri, D. Don. |
California, on the eastern slope of the coast range, at an ele-
vation of 3000 to 4000 feet. A Pine of quick growth, attain-
ing a height of about 100 feet, with a trunk up to four feet
in diameter; it has the largest cones of all Pines.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 169

Pinus densiflora, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan, in the interior of Nipon, where it forms, along with
P. Massoniana, extensive forests at 1000 to 2000 feet above
sea-level. The timber is excellent for building.

Pinus Douglasii, Sabine.*
Oregon-Pine, called also the Yeilow Pine of Puget Sound, where
it yields the principal timber for export, and is therefore of
great commercial value in the lumber-trade. The maximum
height known is 400 feet, the greatest diameter of the stem
14 feet. The timber is fine and clear-grained, splendid for
masts and spars, also for flooring, being for that purpose
regarded as the best of California (Bolander). It is the
strongest wood on the North Pacific coast, both in horizontal
strain and perpendicular pressure. Sub-alpine localities here
should be extensively planted with this famous tree. It
requires deep and rich soil, but likes shelter ; its growth is at
the rate of the Larch ; it passes in various localities as Black
and Red Spruce. P. Lambertiana yields also much of the
floormg-wood in California. Wood firm, heavy and solid.
Both in clayey and light. soil it attains fifty feet in about
eighteen years; it requires however a moist forest-clime for
rapid growth.
Pinus excelsa, Wallich.*

The Lofty or Bootan Pine. Himalaya, forming large forests
at from 5000 to 12,500 feet elevation, also in Macedonia and
Montenegro. A fine tree, 150 feet high, furnishing a valu-
able, close-grained, resinous, soft and easily workable wood,
ranking among Himalayan Pine-woods for durability next to
Deodar-timber (Stewart and Brandis). It also furnishes a
good quantity of turpentine.

Pinus firma, Antoine.
North Japan, at 2000 to 4000 feet above the sea-level. A
lofty tree of the habit of the Silver-Fir. The timber is
white, soft and fine-grained, employed particularly by coopers
and upholsterers.

Pinus flexilis, James.
The White Pine of the Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico
to British Columbia, ascending to 12,000 feet. A valuable
Fir for cold regions. It attains a height of 100 feet. Wood
pale and compact.

Pinus Fortunei, Parlatore.
China, in the neighbourhood of Foo-Chow-Foo. <A splendid
tree, seventy feet high, somewhat similar in habit to P.
Cedrus.

170 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pinus Fraseri, Pursh.
Double Balsam-Fir, On high mountains of Carolina and
Pennsylvania. This tree, which gets about twenty feet high,
yields with P. balsamea Canada-Balsam.

Pinus Gerardiana, Wallich.
Nepal Nut-Pine. In the north-eastern parts of the Himalaya
at an elevation of 10,000 to 12,000 feet, forming extensive
forests. The tree gets fifty feet high, with a comparatively
short stem, and produces very sweet edible seeds, also turpen-
tine. In reference to the nut-like seeds, the proverb prevails
at Kunawar—‘“ One tree a man’s life in winter.”

Pinus glabra, Walter.
Carolina. Allied to P. mitis. It attains, according to
Chapman, a height of sixty feet. Porcher compares the
wood to that of P. Strobus.

Pinus grandis, Douglas.
Great Silver-Fir of North California. A splendid Fir, 200
feet high and upwards, growing best in moist valleys of high
ranges; the wood is white and soft.

Pinus Griffithii, Parlatore. (Larix Griffithu, J. Hooker and
Thomson).
The Himalayan Larch. Descends to 8000 feet and ascends
to 12,000 feet. Timber pale, soft, without distinct heartwood,
one of the most durable of all Pine-timbers (Stewart and
Brandis). P. Ledebourii, Endlicher, is the Siberian Larch.

Pinus Haleppensis, Miller.
Aleppo-Pine. South Europe and North Africa. This well-
known Pine attains a height of eighty feet, with a stem of
from four to five feet in diameter. The timber of young trees
is white, of older trees of a dark colour; it is principally
esteemed for ship-building, but also used for furniture. The
tree yields a kind of Venetian turpentine, as well as a valu-
able tar. Although ascending mountains in South Europe to
the height of 4000 feet, it thrives best in loose coast-sands,
where in ten years it will attain to twenty-five feet, and
finally willbecome a larger tree than onfirm lands. We find the
Haleppo-Fir one of our best avenue-trees, as here first proved
by the writer. P. maritima is a variety of this species. Con-
tent with the poorest and driest localities and rapid of
growth.

Pinus Hartwegii, Lindley.
Mexico, 9000 to 13,000 feet above sea-level. A Pine fifty
feet in height, with a very durable wood of a reddish colour;
it yields a large quantity of resin.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 171

Pinus Hudsonica, Poiret. (P. Banksiana, Lamb.)
| Grey Pine. North America, up to 64° N. latitude. Height
of tree forty feet, in the cold north only a shrub. The wood
is light, tough, and easily worked.

Pinus Jeffreyi, Murray. ,
North California, on a sterile sandy soil. A noble Pine, 150
feet high; stem four feet thick.

Pinus Jezoensis, Antoine and Endlicher.
Japan. A large tree, with light, soft, smooth timber, used
principally for household utensils.

Pinus Keempferi, Lambert.
Chinese Larch; also called Golden Pine. China. This is
the handsomest of all the Larches. Itis of quick growth,
and attains a height of 150 feet. The leaves, which are of a
vivid green during spring and summer, turn to a golden
yellow in autumn. The wood is very hard and durable.

Pinus Koraiensis, Siebold and Zuccarini.
China and Japan. A handsome tree, thirty to forty feet high,
producing edible seeds.

Pinus Lambertiana, Douglas.*
Giant or Sugar Pine. North-West coast of America, mostly
in great altitudes. <A lofty tree, of rapid growth, upwards of
300 feet high, with a straight naked stem of from twenty to
sixty feet in circumference. It thrives best in sandy soil,
and produces a soft, white, straight-grained wood, which for
inside work is esteemed above any other Pine in California,
and furnished in large quantities. The tree yields an abun-
dance of remarkably clear and pure resin, of sweet taste,
used instead of sugar by the natives. The cones are eighteen
inches long; the seeds are edible, and used as food by the
natives. Would come best to perfection in the humid regions
of our higher mountains. The timber serves also for flooring.

Pinus Laricio, Poiret.*

Corsican Pine. South Europe. It attains a height of 120
feet. The wood is white, towards the centre dark, very
resinous, coarse-grained, elastic and durable, and much es-
teemed for building, especially for waterworks. There are
three main varieties of this Pine, viz.:—P. L. Poiretiana, in
Italy; P. L. Austriaca, in Austria; P. L. Pallasiana, on the
borders of the Black Sea. The tree grows best in calcareous
soil, but also in poor sandy soil, where, however, the timber
is not so large nor so good. It yields all the products of P.
silvestris, but in greater quantities, being perhaps the most
resinous of all Pines.

172 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pinus Larix, Linné.

Common Larch; deciduous. On the European Alps, up to
7000 feet. It attains a height of 100 feet, sometimes rising
even up to 160 feet, and produces a valuable timber of great
durability, which is used for land and water buildings, and
much prized for ship-building. .The bark is used for tanning
and dyeing. The tree is of great importance for its yield of
the Venetian turpentine, which is obtained by boring holes
into it in spring; these fill during the summer, supplying
from half to three-quarters of a pint of turpentine. In Pied-
mont, where they tap the tree in different places and let the
liquid continually run, it is said that from seven to eight
pints may be obtained in a year, but the wood suffers through
this operation. P. L. var. Rossica, Russian Larch, grows
principally on the Altai Mountains, from 2500 to 5500 feet
above sea-level; it attains a height of eighty feet. The species
would be important for our upland country.

Pinus leiophylla, Schiede and Deppe.
7000 to 11,000 feet up on the mountains of Mexico. A tree
ninety feet high. The wood is excessively hard.

Pinus leptolepis, Siebold and Zuccarini.
Japan Larch. In Japan, between 35° and 48° N. latitude,
wp to an elevation of 9000 feet. The timber is highly valued
by the Japanese.

Pinus longifolia, Roxburgh.*

Emodi-Pine or Cheer-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains,
from 2000 to 9000 feet. A handsome tree with a branchless
stem of fifty feet, the whole tree attaining a maximum height
of somewhat over 100 feet, the girth of the stem twelve feet.
The wood is resinous, and the red variety useful for building;
it yields a quantity of tar and turpentine. The tree stands
exposure and heat well.

Pinus Massoniana, Lambert. (P. Sinensis, Lamb.)
China and Japan. This Pine attains a height of sixty feet,
and supplies a resinous, tough and durable wood, used for
buildings and furniture. The roots, when burned with the
oil of Brassica Orientalis, furnish the Chinese Lampblack.

Pinus Menziesii, Douglas. ~
North-West America. A very handsome tree, which grows
to a height of seventy feet, and furnishes a valuable timber ;
it thrives best in moist ground.

Pinus Mertensiana, Bongard.
Californian Hemlock-Spruce. North-West America. The
wood is white and very soft, but is often used for building.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. £3

The tree is from 100 to 150 feet high, with a stem of four to
six feet in diameter.

Pinus mitis, Michaux.
Yellow Pine of North America. In dry sandy soil, attaining
a height of sixty feet. Wood durable, fine-grained, mode-
rately resinous, valuable for flooring.

Pinus monophylla, Torrey. (P. edulis, Engelmann.)
Stone or Nut Pine of California, on the Sierra Nevada and
Cascade Mountains, 6500 feet. It thrives best in dry lime-
stone soil. The seeds are edible, of an almond-like taste, and
consumed in quantity by the natives. Height of tree gene-
rally about thirty-five feet, but occasionally as much as eighty
feet ; stem not of great thickness.

Pinus montana, Du Roi. (P. Pumilio, Henke.)
On the Alps and Carpathians up to the highest points, cover-
ing large tracts, and thriving on the poorest soil. The tree,
which grows about twenty-five feet high, in favourable locali-
ties fifty, yields much oil of turpentine. The wood is used
for carving and for firewood. Only available to advantage for
our highlands.

Pinus Montezume, Lambert. (P. Devoniana, Lindley.)
(P. Grenvillece, Gordon.)
Mexico. A handsome Pine, eighty feet high; wood white,
soft and resinous.

Pinus monticola, Douglas.
California, at an elevation of 7000 feet. It thrives best in
poor soil of granite formation, and attains the height of 200
feet, with a stem of one and a-half to four feet thick. The
wood is white, close-grained.

Pinus muricata, D. Don.
Bishop’s-Pine. California. Found up to 7500 feet. This Pine
grows to about forty feet.

Pinus nigra, Aiton.

Black Spruce. North-East America. Occurring extensively
between 44° and 53° N. latitude. This tree, which is termed
Double Spruce by the Canadians, attains a height of seventy
feet, and furnishes a light elastic timber of pale colour, ex-
cellent for yards of ships. The young shoots are used for:
making spruce-beer, and the small roots serve as cords. It
likes swampy forest-land.

Pinus nobilis, Douglas.
Noble White Fir. North-West Coast of America, on the
Columbia-River and the mountains of North California,

174 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

where it forms extensive forests at 6000 to 8000 feet. A
majestic tree, 150 to 200 feet high, with regular horizontal
branches.

Pinus’ orientalis, Linné. |
Sapindus-Fir. In Asia Minor, at 4000 feet. The tree rises
to about eighty feet, and resembles somewhat the Norway
Spruce. ‘The wood is exceedingly tough and durable.

Pinus parviflora, Siebold.
In Japan. It only gets about twenty-five feet high; but is
much used as an avenue-tree. Wood for fine furniture and
boat-building.

Pinus Pattoniana, Parlatore.
California, 5000 to 6000 feet above sea-level. A very fine
Fir, 300 feet high, with a perfectly straight stem. The wood
is hard, of a reddish colour, with handsome veins; but poor
in resin.

Pinus patula, Schiede and Deppe.
In Mexico, at an elevation of 8000 to 9000 feet. A graceful
Pine, eighty feet high.

Pinus pendula, Solander. (P. microcarpa, Lambert.)
Small-coned American Larch, Black Larch, or Tamarack.
Frequent in Vermont and New Hampshire. A Pine of
pyramidal growth, 100 feet high. The timber is pale,
heavy, resinous, and as highly valued as that of the Common
Larch.

Pinus picea, Du Roi.* (P. Abies, Linné.)

Norway Spruce, Fichte. Middle and Northern Europe and
Northern Asia, rising from the plains to an elevation of 4500
feet, and forming extensive forests. The tree attains a height
of 150 feet or even more, and furnishes an excellent timber
for building and furniture, commonly known under the name
of White Deal. It also produces the Burgundy Pitch in
quantity, while the bark is used for tanning. Though
enduring our dry summers, this Spruce would have to be
restricted for timber purposes to the damp mountains.

Pinus Pinaster, Solander.*

Cluster-Pine. On the shores of the Mediterranean. The
tree is of quick growth, and rises up to sixty feet in height.
The wood is soft and resinous; it yields largely the French
turpentine. Among the best Pines for consolidation of sandy
coast-land, and converting rolling sands into pasture and
agricultural land. For ease of rearing and rapidity of growth
one of the most important of all Pines.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 175

Pinus Pinceana, Gordon.
Mexico, up to 9000 feet above sea-level. A very remarkable
Pine, having drooping branches like the Weeping Willow,
sixty feet high. Most desirable for cemeteries.

Pinus Pindrow, Royle.
In great abundance on the spurs of the Himalaya mountains,
8000 to 12000 feet above the sea-level. A fine straight-
stemmed tree, 100 feet high; cones purple.

Pinus Pinea, Linné.*
Stone-Pine. Frequent in the countries bordering on the
Mediterranean. Height of tree, sixty feet. The wood is
whitish, light, but full of resin, and much used for buildings,
furniture and ships. The seeds are edible, somewhat resem-
bling almonds, but of a resinous though not disagreeable
taste; they should be left in the cones until they are about to
be used, as otherwise they speedily become rancid; they only
ripen in their third year. This Pine grows as easily and
almost as quickly as the Cluster-Pine.

Pinus Pinsapo, Boissier.
Spanish Fir. In Spain, on the Sierra Nevada, 4000 to 6000
feet. A tree sixty feet high, with branches from the
ground. ‘The timber is similar to that of the Silver-Fir.

Pinus ponderosa, Douglas.* (P. Benthamiana, Hartweg.)
Yellow or Pitch Pine of the mountains of North-West
America. Height of tree up to 225 feet, with a stem of 24
feet in circumference, of comparatively quick growth. The
wood is heavy, and for general purposes preferred to that of
any other Pine. Mas proved well-adapted even for dry
localities in Victoria.

Pinus Pseudo-Strobus, Lindley.*
In Mexico. This tree is superior in appearance to any other
Mexican Pine ; height eighty feet.

Pinus Pyrenaica, Lapeyrouse.
In the South of Spain and on the Pyrenees. A fine
ornamental tree of quick growth, eighty feet high ; the wood
is pale and dry, poor in resin.

Pinus radiata, Don.* (P. insignis, Douglas.)
California. A splendid Pine, fully 100 feet high, with
a straight stem two to four feet in diameter. It is of
remarkably rapid growth, a seedling one year old being
strong enough for final transplantation ; it has been noticed
to grow fully five feet in a year, in light soil near Melbourne.
In the United Kingdom it suffers greatly from the attacks of
the Pine-beetle, Hylurgus piniperda (Lawson). The wood is
tough, and much sought for boat-building and various
utensils. This tree can be utilised for obtaining tar and pitch.
It bears exposure to the sea at the very edge of the coast.

176 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pinus religiosa, Humboldt.
~ Oyamel-Fir. Mexico, 4000 to 9000 feet above the sea-level. A
magnificent tree with silvery leaves, growing 100 feet
high ; stem six feet in diameter; the wood is particularly
well fit for shingles and laths. -

Pinus resinosa, Solander.
Red Pine. North America, principally Canada and Nova
Scotia. It gets eighty feet high and two feet in diameter ;
the wood is red, fine-grained, heavy and durable, very
resinous, and is used for ship-building.

Pinus rigida, Miller.*
American Pitch-Pine. From New England to Virginia. It
grows to a height of eighty feet; the timber from light
gravelly or rocky soil heavy and resinous, from damp alluvial
soil ight and soft ; used for building ; but the tree is principally
important for its yield of turpentine, resin, pitch and tar.
The tree is suitable for sea-shores ; it will also grow in the
driest localities, nor is it readily susceptible to injury from
fire.

Pinus rubra, Lambert.
Hudson’s Pine, Red Spruce. Nova Scotia, Newfoundland
and other northern parts of the American Continent. A
straight slender tree, seventy feet high; the wood is of a
reddish colour and highly esteemed.

Pinus Sabiniana, Douglas.* .
Californian Nut-Pine or White Pine. Most frequent on the
western slopes of the Rocky Mountains, intermixed with
other trees; 150 feet high; stem three to five feet in
diameter. The wood is pale and soft; the clustered heavy
cones attain a length of one foot. The seeds are edible.
Proves in dry localities of Victoria to be of quick growth.

Pinus serotina, Michaux.
Pond-Pine. Southern States of North America, in black
morassy soil, principally near the sea-coast. It is fifty feet
high, stem eighteen inches in diameter. The wood is soft.

Pinus Sibirica, Turezaninow. (P. Pichta, Fischer.)
Siberian Pitch-Fir. On the Altai Mountains; it reaches a
height of fifty feet.

Pinus silvestris, Linné.*
Scotch Fir, Foehre. Middle and Northern Europe, up to
70° N. latitude, and North Asia, thriving best in sandy soil.
A very valuable tree, fully one hundred feet high, growing to
the age of about 120 years. The Red Baltic, Norway or
Riga deals are obtained from this Pine, as well as a large
portion of the European Pine-tar. Proves weli-adapted

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 177

even for the drier parts of Victoria.—The leaves of Pines
can be well converted into material for pillows and
mattresses, with the great recommendation of healthiness for
such a purpose.

Pinus Smithiana, Lambert. (P. Khutrow, Royle.)
In the Himalayan Mountains at elevations from 6000 to
11,000 feet. Attains a height of 150 feet, and the stem a
girth of 15 feet. The wood is pale, even and straight-
grained, but only durable under shelter.

Pinus Strobus, Linné.*

Weymouth-Pine or American White Pine. North-Eastern
America, growing on any soil, but particularly adapted for
deep rich soil in mountain-valleys ; known to reach a height
of 270 feet, with a stem of 8 feet diameter. The wood is
soft, white, light, free of knots, almost without resin, easy to
work, and much esteemed for masts, flooring, oars, &c. It
yields American turpentine and gallipot.

Pinus Teeda, Linné.
Frankincense- or Loblolly-Pine. Florida and Virginia, in
sandy soil, attaining a height of eighty feet; the timber is
used for pumps, &c. It also yields turpentine in good
quantity, though of inferior quality. The tree likes the
regions near the coast, hence can be utilised for raising Fir-
forests on sea-sand.

Pinus tenuifolia, Bentham.
Mexico, at an elevation of 5000 feet, forming dense forests.
Height of tree, 100 feet, stem up to five feet in diameter.

Pinus Teocote, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Okote or Torch-Pine. Mexico, 5000 to 8000 feet above the
sea-level. Tree 100 feet high, stem three to four feet in
diameter; the wood is resinous and durable.

Pinus Tsuga, Antoine.
In the Northern provinces of Japan, 6000 to 9000 feet above
the sea. The tree gets only twenty-five feet high; its timber
is highly esteemed for superior furniture, especially by
turners.

Pinus Webbiana, Wallich.
King-Pine, Dye-Pine. On the Himalaya Mountains, at an
elevation of from 7000 to 13,000 feet. A splendid Fir, reach-
ing a height of 150 feet, the stem a circumference up to thirty
feet. In compact forests the bare trunk is very short. The
wood is of a pale colour, soft, coarse-grained, and very
resinous; the natives extract a splendid violet dye from the

cones.
N

178 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pipturus propinquus, Weddell.
Insular India, South Sea Islands and warmer parts of East

Australia. This bush is higher and rather more hardy than ~

Boehmeria nivea; but in fibre it is similar to that plant. P.
velutinus (Wedd.) is closely allied. ‘The few other species
serve probably as well for fibre.
Pircunia dioica, Moquin.

Southern Brazil and La Plata States. A deciduous tree, for
shady avenues grown in South Europe, as well as in many
tropical countries, tested by the writer to be hardy in our
lowlands. It is comparatively quick of growth.

Pisonia aculeata, Linné.
Tropical and sub-tropical countries of both hemispheres, ex-
tending as a native plant into New South Wales. This ram-
bling prickly bush can be chosen for hedge-copses.

Pistacia Lentiscus, Linné.
The Mastic-tree. Mediterranean regions. <A tall evergreen
bush, exuding the Mastic-resin mostly through incisions
into its bark. In Morocco it is extensively used for hedges.

Pistacia Terebinthus, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. <A tall bush or
small tree with deciduous foliage. The fragrant Cyprian or
Chio Turpentine exudes from the stem of this species.

Pistacia vera, Linné.
Indigenous in the Orient, as far as Persia. A deciduous tree,

thirty feet high, yielding the Pistacia-nuts of commerce, re- .

markable for their green almond-like kernels. The likewise

deciduous P. Atlantica (Desfontaines) and the evergreen

South European P. Lentiscus (L.), furnishing the Mastic,
grow rarely to the size of large trees.

Pisum sativum, Linné.*

The Common Pea. Mediterranean countries and Western
Asia. This annual of daily use could hardly be left disre-
garded on this occasion. Suffice it to say, that the herbage
as a nutritious fodder deserves more attention than it re-
ceives. The green fruit contains Inosit-sugar and Cholestrin-
fat. For field-culture a sandy calcareous loam should be
chosen for this plant, to ensure rich and safe harvests. A
second species, P. Aucheri (Jaub. and Spach.), which is
perennial, occurs in alpine elevations on the Taurus.

Pittosporum tenuifolium, Banks and Solander.
New Zealand. This with P. eugenioides has proved exquisite
for tall garden-hedges, for which these and several other
species were first brought into notice by the writer. Our

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 179

native P. undulatum is rather adapted for copses, and deserves
cultivation also for the sake of its fragrant flowers, from which
an essential oil can be distilled.

Planera aquatica, Gmelin.
North America. An elm-like tree, which can be chosen for
plantations in wet localities. The wood is hard and strong.

Platanus occidentalis, Linné.
The true Plane-tree of the east part of North America. More
eligible as an avenue-tree than as a timber-tree; diameter of
stem at times fourteen feet; wood dull red, not readily
attacked by insects. It has been successfully planted in
morassy places, to cope with miasmatic effluvia.

Platanus orientalis, Linné.
The Plane-tree of South Europe and Middle Asia. One of
the grandest trees for lining roads and for street-planting,
deciduous like the other Planes, rather quick of growth, and
not requiring much water; attains a height of ninety feet.
Tt resists, in large towns such as London, the smoke better
than any other tree, growing even under such disadvantage
vigorously. The wood is well adapted for furniture and
other kinds of cabinet-work.

Platanus racemosa, Nuttall.
The Californian Plane-tree. A good promenade-tree, which,
according to Professor Bolander, grows more rapidly and
more compact than P. occidentalis. Wood harder and thus
more durable than that of P. occidentalis, also less liable to
warp.

Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griffith.
Sikkim, up to 7000 feet. This Rattan-Palm requires moist
forest-land. Its canes are not durable, but this palm is an
object worthy of scenic horticulture and would prove the
hardiest among its congeners.

Plectronia ventosa, Linné.
South Africa. A hedge-bush, like P. ciliata (Sonder) and

P. spinosa (Klotzsch).

Poa Abyssinica, Jacquin.

The Teff of Abyssinia. An annual grass. The grain there
extensively drawn into use for bread of an agreeable acidu-
lous taste.

Poa airoides, Koeler. (Catabrosa aquatica, Beauvois.)
Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North
America. The Water Whorl-grass. A creeping grass, suit-
able for soil subject to inundation.

N 2

180 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Poa alpina, Linné.
Alpine and Arctic Europe, Asia and North Andeeiea De-
serves to be transferred to our snowy mountains as a nutri-
tious perennial pasture-grass. P. Sudetica (Haenke) and
P. hybrida (Gaudin) are mentioned also as excellent alpine
grasses.

Poa angustifolia, Linné.
Europe, North Asia, North America. A perennial pasture-
grass, allied to P. nemoralis. An excellent grass for moist
meadows and river-banks. Poa fertilis (Host.) may be a
mere variety of this species.

Poa aquatica, Linné. (Glyceria aquatica, Smith.)
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This
conspicuous Water-grass attains a height of six feet. It is
perennial, and deserves naturalisation in our swamps. It
produces a large bulk of foliage, and may be disseminated for
fodder purposes.

Poa Brownii, Kunth. (/ragrostis Brown, Nees.)

Tropical and Eastern extra-tropical Australia, extending
rather widely through our colony. It is here mentioned as
a valuable perennial species, keeping beautifully green in our
driest summer, even on poor soil. The section Eragrostis of
the genus Poa contains numerous species in the hotter parts.
of the globe. Of these many would doubtless be hardy here
and prove of pastoral value.

Poa Canadensis, Beauvois.
The Rattlesnake-grass of South-East America. A valuable

Swamp-grass.

Poa cynosuroides, Retz.
North-Eastern Africa, South Asia. A harsh perennial grass,
not serviceable for fodder, but mentioned by Royle as a fibre-
plant of North-Western India, where it is valued as a material
for ropes. In this respect it many not surpass the rough
tufty variety of our own Poa caespitosa, F., so common
on our river-banks, from the leaves of which excellent nets
are made by the natives.

Poa digitata, R. Brown.
South-Eastern and Central Australia. Valuable for fixing
wet river-banks and slopes. It forms large stools. Cattle
and horses relish it.

Poa distans, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia, North
America. Perennial. It is one of the limited number of
tender grasses, suited for moist saline soil, and thus affords
pasturage on coast marshes.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 181

Poa fertilis, Host. (P. serotina, Ehrhart.)
Europe, North Asia, North America. Perennial ; important
for wet meadows, even with sandy sub-soil. Its foliage is
tender, tasty and nourishing. In mixtures of grasses it
keeps up the growth late into the autumn.

Poa fluitans, Scopoli. (Glyceria fuitans, R. Brown.)
Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia, North
America. The Manna-grass. Perennial. Excellent for
stagnant water and slow-flowing streams. The foliage is
tender. The seeds are sweet and palatable, and are in many
countries used for porridge.

Poa maritima, Hudson.
Europe, North Africa, North Asia, North America. Its
long creeping roots help to bind the coast-sand. This grass
can also be depastured.

Poa nemoralis, Linné.
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. This
perennial grass can be grown on shady forest-land, as the
name implies, but it accommodates itself also to open places,
and will grow even among rocks: It endures alpine winters.
According to Lawson no better grass exists for displacing
weeds on pleasure-lawns; the same may be said of Poa com-
pressa, L.

Poa pratensis, Linné.
The ordinary English Meadow-grass. A perennial species,
fit for any meadows, thriving early, and able to live also in
alpine localities. Better adapted for pasture than hay. It
is suitable for moor-land, when such is laid dry; although
it shoots only once in the season into flower, yet it forms a
nutritious fodder, even on comparatively poor soil. It resists
drought. It forms excellent sward, and with advantage can
be used for intermixing it with other pasture-grasses.

Poa trivialis, Linné.*

Europe, North Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. Also a
good perennial grass for mixture on pasture-land. One of
the best grasses for sowing on ground recently laid dry.
Sinclair regarded the produce of this Poa as superior to
many other kinds, and noticed the marked partiality which
horses, oxen and sheep evince towards it. To thrive well it
wants rather moist and rich soil and sheltered places. It is
a later grass than P. pratensis, is well adapted for hay and
gives good after-growth (Langethal).

These few species of Poa have been singled out as recom-
mendable, because they are well tested. Future experiments
beyond Europe will add others to lists of recommendations
like this.

182 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Podachzenium alatum, Bentham. (ferdinanda eminens,
Lagasca. )

Central America, up to heights of 8000 feet. A tall shrub,

for the grandeur of its foliage in requisition for scenic effects.

Podophyllum peltatum, Linné.*

North America. A perennial forest-herb, not without im-
portance for medicinal purposes. The root contains the
bitter alkaloid Berberin. Podophyllum Emodi (Wall.), oc-
curring in the Indian mountains at a height from 6000 to
14,000 feet, can probably be used like the American species.
The berries of both are edible, though the root and leaves are
poisonous.

Pogostemon Patchouli, Pellet.
Mountains of India. A perennial herb, famed for its power-
ful scent arising from a volatile oil. YP. parviflorus (Benth.)
and P. Heyneanus (Benth.) belong to this species.

Polygala crotalaroides, Hamilton.
Temperate Himalaya. Praised as an ophidian alexipharmic.
To several other species both of the eastern and western
hemispheres similar properties are ascribed, but we are
almost entirely without any reliable medical testimony on
these and many other vegetable antidotes against snake-
poison.

Polygala Senega, Linné.
North America. A perennial herb. The root is of
medicinal value.

Polygaster Sampadarius, Fries.
South-Eastern Asia. One of the most palatable of all
trufiles.

Polygonum tinctorium, Loureiro.
Japan and China. An annual herb, deserving attention and
local trials here, as yielding a kind of Indigo. Its growth
would be vigorous.

Populus alba, Linné.
The Abele or White Poplar of Europe and Middle Asia,
growing in the Himalayas up to 10,000 feet, ceasing at 4000
feet. Height ninety feet. It proved here an excellent
avenue-tree, even in comparatively waterless situations, and
gives by the partial whiteness of its foliage a pleasing effect
in any plantation. The wood is pale with a reddish tinge,
brown near the centre, soft and light, it can be used for
flooring; it is particularly sought for trays, bowls, bel-
lows and shoe-soles; also according to Porcher for wooden
structures under water. ‘Sparterie” for plaiting is obtained
from the wood-shavings. The wood of this and some

a a ee a

eA

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 183

other Poplars is easily converted into paper-pulp, which
again is cheaply bleached. Lines of Poplars along forest-
streams prevent the progress of wood-conflagrations. The
roots of Poplars spread widely. P. canescens (Sm.), the
Grey Poplar, is either a variety of the Abele or its hybrid
with the Aspen, and yields a better timber for carpenters
and millwrights.

Populus balsamifera, Linné.

The Tacamahac or Balsam-Poplar of the colder, but not the
coldest parts of North America, also in Siberia and the
Himalayan Mountains, where it ranges from 8000 to 14,000
feet. It attains a height of eighty feet. The tree may be
lopped for cattle-fodder (Stewart and Brandis). Mr. Meehan
says that it will grow near the ocean’s brink. Its variety is
P. candicans (Ait.).

Populus eiliata, Wallich.
Himalaya, from 4000 to 10,000 feet. Height up to 70 feet
with a straight trunk, which attains ten feet in girth.

Populus Euphratica, Olivier.

From Algeria, dispersed to the Himalayas and Songaria, up
to 13,500 feet. Height up to fifty feet. Wood harder than
that of most Poplars, the inner wood turning black in old
trees; it is used for planking and boat-building (Stewart and
Brandis), also for beams, rafters, boxes, panneling, turnery.
Cattle will browse on the leaves. This is the Willow of the
137th Psalm.

Populus grandidentata, Michaux.
North America. Sixty feet high. The Soft Aspen. P.
angulata (Ait.) is another large Poplar of North-Eastern
America.

Populus heterophylla, Linné.
The Downy Poplar of North America. Height sixty feet.

Populus monilifera, Aiton. (P. Canadensis, Desfontaines.)
The Cottonwood-tree of North America. Height 100 feet.
One of the best Poplars for the production of timber. It is
recommended to obtain for planting along streets or near
dwellings cuttings from male trees only, as the minute downy
seeds of the female trees are copiously wafted through the air,
and have irritant effects on the respiratory organs. Of quick
and luxuriant growth, thriving even in arid and exposed
places.

Populus nigra, Linné.
The European Black Poplar, extending spontaneously to
China; in the Himalayas up to 12,500 feet. The spreading
variety one of the best of trees for lining roads. "Wood

184 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

similar to that of P. alba. It includes P. dilatata (Ait.) or
as a contracted variety, P. fastigiata (Desf.), the Lombardy-
Poplar. Greatest height 150 feet. Growth rapid, like that
of all other Poplars. Wood soft, light and of loose texture,
-used by joiners, coopers and turners; also for matches; fur-
nishing also superior charcoal for gunpowder. Bark employed
in tanning. The tree requires damp soil.

Populus tremula, Linné.
The European Aspen. Height eighty feet. It extends to
Japan, where also a peculiar species, P. Sieboldii (Miq.),
exists. The Aspen-wood is white and tender, and in use by
coopers and joiners. Like the wood of other Poplars, much
sought for paper-mills as an admixture to the pulp.

Populus tremuloides, Michaux.
The North-American Aspen. Height fifty feet. It extends
west to California, where a particular species, P. trichocarpa
(Torrey), occurs. All Poplars might be planted like all
Willows, in our gullies, to intercept forest-fires, also generally
on river-banks.

Prangos pabularia, Lindley.
Plateaux of Mongolia and Thibet. A perennial fodder-herb,
much relished by sheep, eligible for cold and arid localities,
and deserving naturalisation on our alpine pasture-grounds.
Other perennial species exist near the Mediterranean Sea, on
the Atlas, the Caucasus and the Indian Highlands. P.
pabularia is regarded by some as the Silphium of Arrianus.

Pringlea antiscorbutica, W. Anderson and R. Brown.*
The Cabbage or Horse-Radish of Kerguelen’s Island. The
perennial long roots taste somewhat like Horse-Radish. The
leaves in never-ceasing growth are crowded cabbage-like into
heads, beneath which the annual flower-stalks arise. The
plant ascends mountains in its native island to the height of
1400 feet, but luxuriates most on the sea-border. To Arctic
and other Antarctic countries it would be a boon. Probably
it would live not only on our shores, but also on our Alps.
Whalers might bring us the roots and seeds of this remark.
able plant, which seems to have never entered into culture
yet. Not even its flowers in a perfect state are known.
The plant was used by the celebrated Captain Cook and all
subsequent navigators, touching at yonder remote spot, as

- Cabbage, and it proved to possess powerful properties against
scurvy. Dr. Hooker observes, that Pringlea can sectionally
be referred to Cochlearia. The whole plant is rich in a
pungent volatile oil, Through culture important new
culinary varieties may likely be raised from this plant The
taste of this vegetable in its natural growth is like mustard

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 185

- and cress, and the Kerguelen’s Land Cabbage, when boiled,
proved a wholesome and agreeable substitute for the ordinary
Cabbage.

Priva leevis, Jussieu.
Chili and the Argentine Republic. A perennial herb, the
small tubers of which can be used for food (Philippi).

Prosopis dulcis, Kunth.

From Mexico to the southern parts of the La Plata States.
A. thorny shrub, growing finally to a tree, adapted for live-
fences. This is one of the species yielding the sweetish
Algaroba-pods for cattle-fodder, and utilised even in some
instances for human food. Mere varieties according to
Bentham are: P. horrida, P. juliflora, P. siliquastrum, P.
glandulosa. The latter variety exudes a gum not unlike
Gum Arabic, and this is obtained so copiously, that children
could earn two to three dollars a day in Texas while
gathering it, latterly about 40,000 lbs. being bought by
druggists there. The tree attains a height of thirty feet, and
its wood is excessively hard. The pods of several
species are rich in tannin. A short communication on the
American Algaroba-trees was presented to our Parliament by
the writer in 1871.

Prosopis pubescens, Bentham.
Texas, California, New Mexico. Likely available for hedges,
with other species of other countries.

Prosopis spicigera, Linné.
India, extending to Persia. A thorny tree, also with edible
pods, possibly hardy here. It attains a height of sixty feet,
but is of slow growth. Serves for hedge-lines. It can be
chosen for desert-land (Kurz).

Prosopis Stephaniana, Kunth.
Syria and Persia. A shrubby species for hedge-growth.

Prunus Americana, Marshall. (P. nigra, Aiton).
Canada, Eastern United States of America. A thorny
tree, furnishing the Yellow and Red Plum of North
America. The fruit is roundish and rather small, but of
pleasant taste.

Prunus Amygdalus, J. Hooker. (Amygdalus communis,
Linné.
The Almond-tree. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea
and Orient; really indigenous on the Anti-Lebanon, in Kur-
destan, Turkestan, and perhaps on the Caucasus (Stewart).
Both the sweet and bitter Almond are derived from
this species. Their uses, and the value of the highly
palatable oil, obtained by pressure from them, are well

186 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

known. This oil can well be chosen as a means of providing
a pleasant substitute for milk during sea voyages, &c., by
mixing, when required, with it half its weight of powdered
gum arabic, and adding then successively, while quickly
agitating in a stone mortar, about double the quantity of
water. Thus a palatable and wholesome sort of cream for tea
or coffee is obtained at any moment. There exist hard and
soft-shelled varieties of both the sweet and bitter Almond.
In time, they should form an important article of our exports.
Almonds can even be grown on sea shores. The crystalline
Amygdalin can best be prepared from bitter Almonds,
through removing the oil by pressure, then subjecting them
to distillation with alcohol, and finally precipitating with
ether. The volatile bitter Almond-oil—a very dangerous.
substance —is obtained by aqueous distillation. Dissolved in
alcohol, it forms the Essence of Almonds. This can also be
prepared from peach-kernels.

Prunus Caroliniana, Aiton.
Southern States of North America. Porcher regards it as.
one of the most beautiful and manageable evergreens of those
States. It can be cut into any shape, and is much employed
for quick and dense hedges. It can be grown on coast-land.

Prunus Chisasa, Michaux.
North America, west of the Mississippi. On the prairies it
isonly three tofour feet high. Fruit spherical, red, rather small,
with a tender usually agreeable pulp. Other species with
edible fruit occur in North America, such as P. pumila, L.,
P. Pennsylvanica (L.), P. Virginiana (L.), P. serotina.
(Ehrh.), but their fruits are too small to render these plants
of importance for orchard-culture, though they may also
become enlarged by artificial treatment.

Prunus ilicifolia, Nuttall.
California. In deep rich soil, valuable for evergreen hedges
of intricate growth.

Prunus Mahaleb, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. It deserves some attention on
account of its scented seeds and also odorous wood, the latter
used in turnery for pipes and other articles. ‘The flowers are
in use for perfumes.

Prunus maritima, Wangenheim.
The Beach-Plum of North America. A shrubby species, of
service not only for covering coast-sands, but also for its
fruit, which is crimson or purple, globular and measuring
from a-half to one inch. It is not necessary to enter here
any notes on the generally known species of Prunus, which
have engaged already for years the keen attention of many

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 187

orchard-cultivators also in this colony. Thus we possess in
this country numerous though not all the best varieties, of
the Cherry, P. avium (L.) and P. Cerasus (L.), of the Plum,
P. domestica (L.), of the Apricot, P. Armeniaca (L.) and of
the Cherry-Plum, P. myrobalana (L.), the latter Canadian,
the others European and Oriental. Information on these
and other varieties, to which we have added independently
also here, may be sought in “Hoge’s Fruit Manual.” The
Almond (Amygdalus communis, L.) and the Peach (Amyg-
dalus Persica, L.) belong also generically to Prunus, as
indicated in 1812 by Stokes (“Bot. Mat. Med.,” i., 101)
and in 1813 by F. G. Hayne (*‘Arznei-Gewichse,” iv., 38)
and finally settled by J. D. Hooker (Benth. and Hook., gen.
pl. i., 610), for which therefore now the names P. Amygdalus
and P. Persica should be adopted. The latter came originally
from China, while P. Armenica seems indigenous to the
Caucasian regions, and perhaps the Himalayas, and P. Cerasus
originated from West. Asia.

Prunus spinosa, Linné.

The Sloe or Blackthorn. Wild in many parts of Europe.
With its flowers it is one of the earliest plants to announce
the spring. Its tendency to throw out suckers renders the
bush less adapted for hedges of gardens than of fields, but
these suckers furnish material for walking-sticks. The small
fruits can be made into preserves. PP. insititia (L.), the
Bullace, with larger and sometimes yellow fruits, extends, as
a variety, to North Africa and Middle Asia. Dr. Hooker
and other phytographers consider P. domestica not specifically
distinct from P. spinosa. Of medical value are P. Lauro-
Cerasus (L.), the evergreen Cherry-Laurel from the Orient,
and P. Padus (L.), the deciduous Bird’s Cherry, which extends
from Europe to North Africa and West Asia. These and
most other species contain in their foliage and in some other
parts Amygdalin. Perhaps some of the species from Eastern
Asia, California and tropical America are eligible for im-
proving their fruit through horticultural skill. The Sloe and
others might with advantage be naturalised on our forest-
streams.

Prunus Virginiana, Linné.
The Choke Cherry-tree of the United States. In a mild
clime and fertile soil this tree attains a height of 100 feet and
a stem of sixteen feet in circumference. The wood is com-
pact, fine-grained, and not liable to warp when perfectly
seasoned, of a dull, light-red tint deepening with age. The
fruit finally loses its austerity.

*>

188 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Psamma arenaria, Roemer and Schultes. (P. kitoralis,
Beauvois, Calamagrostis arenaria, Roth.)

The Moram or Marrem or Bent Grass. Sand-coasts of
Europe, North Africa and Middle North America. One of
the most important of reedy grasses, with long creeping
roots, for binding and moving drift-sands on the sea-shore, for
the consolidation of which in Europe chiefly this tall grass
and Elymus arenarius are employed. Psamma Baltica (R.
and 8.) from the Baltic and North Sea, serves the same pur-
pose. Both can also be used in the manner of Sparta for
paper material, for tying and for mats. Like Elymus
arenarius it is not touched by pastoral animals. It collects
the sand-heaps at the tops of ridges, while the Elymus
fastens their sides.

Psidium acidum, Martius.
Higher regions on the Amazon River. A tree thirty feet
high ; its Guava-fruit pale-yellow and of apple size.

Psidium Araca, Raddi.
From West India and Guiana to Peru and Southern Brazil,
where it is found in dry high-lying places. This is one of
the edible Guavas, recorded already by Piso and Marcegray.
The greenish-yellow berry is of exquisite taste.

Psidium arboreum, Vellozo.
Brazil; province Rio de Janeiro. This Guava-fruit measures
about one inch, and is of excellent flavour.

Psidium Cattleyanum, Sabine.*
The Purple Guava. Brazil and Uruguay. One of the
hardiest of the Guava-bushes, attaining finally a height of
twenty feet. The purple berries are seldom above an inch
long, but of delicious flavour and taste, resembling thus far
strawberries. P. buxifolium (Nutt.) of Florida, seems nearly
related to this species.

Psidium chrysophyllum, F. v. Mueller. (Abdevillea
chrysophylla, Berg.)
The Guabiroba do mato of South Brazil. This tree attains
also a height of about thirty feet. The fruit generally not
larger than a cherry. Perhaps other species of the section
Abbevillea would be hardy here and worthy of cultivation.

Psidium cinereum, Martius.
Brazil; provinces Minas Geraes and Sao Paulo. Also yield-
ing an edible fruit.

Psidium cordatum, Sims.
The Spice Guava. West India. This one attains the height
of a tree. Its fruit edible.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 189

Psidium cuneatum, Cambessedes.
Brazil, province Minas Geraes. Fruit greenish, of the size of
a Mirabelle Plum.

Psidium grandifolium, Martius.
Brazil; provinces Rio Grande do Sul, Parana, Sao Paulo,
Minas Geraes, where the climate is similar to Southern
Queensland. A shrub of rather dwarf growth. The berries
edible, size of a walnut.

Psidium Guayava, Raddi.* (P. pomiferum, Linné; P.

pyriferum, Linné.

The large Yellow Guava. From West India and Mexico to
South Brazil. For this handsome evergreen and useful bush
universal attention should be secured anywhere in our warm
lowlands, for the sake of its aromatic wholesome berries,
which will attain the size of a hen’s egg and can be converted
into a delicious jelly. The pulp is generally cream-coloured
or reddish, but varies in the many varieties which have
arisen in culture, some of them bearing all the year round.
Propagation is easy from suckers, cuttings, or seeds. Many
other berry-bearing Myrtacez (of the genera Psidium, Myr-
tus, Myrcia, Marliera, Calyptranthes, Hugenia) furnish edible
fruits in Brazil and other tropical countries, but we are
not aware of their degrees of hardiness. Berg enumerates
as esculent more than half a hundred for Brazil alone, of
which the species of Campomanesia may safely be transferred
to Psidium.

Psidium incanescens, Martius.
Brazil, from Minas Geraes to Rio Grande do Sul. This
Guava-bush attains a height of eight feet. Berry edible.

Psidium lineatifolium, Persoon.
Mountains of Brazil. Berry about one inch diameter.

Psidium malifolium, F. v. Mueller. (Campomanesia mali-
Solia, Berg.)

Uruguay. Berry about one inch diameter.

Psidium polycarpon, Al. Anderson.*
From Guiana to Brazil, also in Trinidad. A comparatively
small shrub, bearing prolifically and almost continuously its
yellow berries, which are of the size of a large cherry and of
exquisite taste.

Psidium rufum, Martius.
Brazil, in the province Minas Geraes, on sub-alpine heights.
This Guava-bush gains finally a height of ten feet, and is

likely the hardiest of all the species producing palatable
fruit.

190 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pterocarpus Indicus, Roxburgh.
The Lingo of China and India. A tree of considerable
dimensions, famed for its flame-red wood. It furnishes also
a kind of dragon-blood resin.

Pterocarpus Marsupium, Roxburgh.

India, ascending in Ceylon and the Circars to at least 3000
feet altitude ; hence this tree would doubtless grow without
protection in those tracts of our colony, which are free of
frost. It exudes the best medicinal kino, which contains
about 75 per cent. of tannic acid. The foliage is deciduous.
P. santalinus (Linné fil.), which provides the Saunders or red
sandal-wood, is also indigenous to the mountains of India.

Pterocarya fraxinifolia, Kunth. 7
From Central Asiatic Russia to Persia. A kind of Walnut-
tree, which with P. stenoptera (Cas. de Cand.) on Dr. Hance’s
recommendation, should be adopted as trees for both ornament
and timber, and so perhaps also the Japanese species.

Ptychosperma Alexandree, F. v. Mueller.
The Alexandra-Palm. Queensland, as well in tropical as
extra-tropical latitudes. The tallest of Australian Palms,
and one of the noblest forms in the whole empire of vegeta-
tion. It exceeds 100 feet in height, and is likely destined to
grace any shady moist grove free from frost in this and other
countries, as it seems less tender than most palms. The
demand for seeds has already been enormous.

Ptychosperma Cunninghami, Hermann Wendland.

East Australia, as far south as Illawarra; thus one of the
most southern of all Palms. This also is a very high species,
destined to take here a prominent position in decorative plan-
tations. Several species occur in Fiji and other islands of the
Pacific Ocean, and again others might be obtained from India,
but they are probably not so hardy as ours. Though strictly
speaking of no industrial value, these Palms are important
for horticultural trade, and are objects eminently fitted for
experiments in acclimation.

Ptychosperma disticha, Miquel. (Areca disticha, Griffith.)
Assam, up to 4000 feet.

Ptychosperma elegans, Blume. (P. Seaforthia, Miquel ;
Seaforthia elegans, R. Brown.)
Littoral forests of tropical Australia. Also a lofty magnifi-
cent Feather-Palm. Its leaflets are erose. It may prove
hardy.

Pueraria tuberosa, Candolle. -
South Asia, up to 4000 feet. A tall woody twiner. Its
large tubers are edible and might improve by culture.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 191

Punica Granatum, Linné.
The Pomegranate. North Africa and West Asia, in the
Himalayas up to 6000 feet. Well-known for its showy
habit, rich coloured flowers, peculiar fruit, and medicinal
astringency, but much overlooked regarding its value as a
hedge-plant.

Pycnanthemum incanum, Michaux.
North America. A perennial herb, in odour resembling both
Pennyroyal and Spearmint. It likes to grow on rocky wood-
land, and on such it might be easily naturalised.

Pycnanthemum montanum, Michaux.
The Mountain-Mint of North America. A perennial herb of
pleasant aromatic mint-like taste. These two particular
species have been chosen from several North American
kinds to demonstrate, that we may add by their introduction
to the variety of our odorous garden-herbs. ‘They may also
be subjected with advantage to distillation.

Pyrularia edulis, Meissner.
Nepal, Khasia, Sikkim. <A large umbrageous tree. The
drupaceous fruit is used by the inhabitants for food. A few
other species occur in Upper India, one on the high moun-
tains of Ceylon and one in North America. The latter, P.
pubera (Mich.) can be utilised for the oil of its nuts.

Pyrus coronaria, Linné.

The Crab-Apple of North America. This showy species is
mentioned here as worthy of trial-culture, since it is likely
that it would serve well as stock for grafting. It seems
unnecessary to refer here to any of the forms of Pyrus
communis (L.), P. Malus (L.), P. Cydonia (L.) and P.
Germanica (J. Hooker.) (Mespilus Germanica, L.), but it may
passingly be observed, that curious fruits have been produced
latterly in North America by the hybridisation of the Apple
with the Pear. <A bitter Glycosid, namely Phlorrhizin, is
obtainable from the bark of apple and pear trees, particu-
larly from that of the root, while a volatile alkaloid, namely
Trimethylamin, can be prepared from the flowers.

Pyrus Japonica, Thunberg.
Japan. One of the prettiest of small hedge-bushes. Under
favourable circumstances it will produce its quince-like fruit.
Pyrus nivalis, Jacquin.
The Snow-Pear. Middle and South Europe. This would be
adapted for orchards in our higher mountain-regions. The
fruit becomes soft and edible through exposure to snow. P.
amygdaliformis (Villars) is probably the wild state of this
tree.

192 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Pyrus salicifolia, Linné.
Greece, Turkey, Persia, South-West Russia. Though its
fruit, which slowly mollifies, is edible, this tree is mainly
utilised as a superior stock for grafting.

Quercus A®gilops, Linné.
South Europe, also Syria. A nearly evergreen tree of the
‘size of the British Oak. The cups, known as Valonia, used
for tanning and dyeing; the unripe acorns, as Camata or
Camatena, for the same purpose. The ripe acorns are eaten
raw or boiled. ‘The wood is capital for furniture.

Quercus agrifolia, Nee.
California and Mexico. One of the most magnificent among
evergreen Oaks, with dense, widely-spreading foliage.

Quercus alba, Linné.*
The White or Quebec Oak. A most valuable timber-tree,
100 feet high; diameter of stem seven feet. Wood in use by
shipbuilders, wheelwrights, coopers and other artisans.

Quercus annulata, Smith.
A large evergreen Oak of Nepal, which provides a very good
timber. It does not ascend quite so high as Q. incana. Q.
spicata (Smith), another very large Himalayan Oak, ascends
only to 5000 feet; it is known also from Borneo, Java and

Sumatra.

Quercus aquatica, Walter.
North America. Height of tree sixty feet; it fanatahee a

superior bark for tanning, also wood for ship-building.

Quercus Castanea, Nee.
The Mexican Chestnut-Oak. It furnishes also edible acorns.

Quercus Cerris, Linné.

South Europe, South-West Asia. Of the height of the
English Oak, in suitable localities of quick growth. The
foliage deciduous, or also evergreen. The wood available for
wheelwrights, cabinetmakers, turners, coopers; also for
building purposes. Structure of the wood similar to that of the
British Oak; the sapwood larger, the heartwood of a more
saturated brown, and the large rays more numerous, giving
it a most varied and beautiful wainscot grain (Brandis).

Quercus Chinensis, Bunge.
North China, One of the hardiest among the evergreen

Oaks.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 193

Quercus coccifera, Linné.
The deciduous Kermes-Oak of South Europe, North Africa.
and South-West Asia. So called from the red dye furnished
by the Coccus ilicis from this Oak. It also supplies tanners’
bark. The huge and ancient Abraham’s Oak belongs to this
species.

Quercus coccinea, Wangenheim.
The Black Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; stem-
diameter five feet. Foliage deciduous. The yellow dye
known as Quercitron comes from this tree. It is much more
powerful than that of Woad (Bancroft). With alumina the
tinge of the bark is bright yellow, with oxyde of tin it is
orange, with oxyd of iron it is drab (Porcher). Q. tinctoria
(Bartram) is a variety. The bark of the variety called Scar-
let Oak is practically far inferior in value to that of the
Black Oak (Meehan). Bark rich in tannic acid.

Quercus cornea, Loureiro.
China. An evergreen tree, forty feet high. Acorns used for

food.

Quercus densiflora, Hooker and Arnott.
Californian Chestnut-Oak. A large evergreen tree of beautiful
outline, dense foliage and compact growth. Bark very valu-
able for tanning; wood however subject to rapid decay
(Prof. Bolander). Quercus Douglasi is another tall Oak of
California.

Quercus dilatata, Lindley.
From the Himalayas to Afghanistan, at elevations from 4500
to 10,000 feet. Height up to 100 feet; crown very shady,
lopped for sheep-fodder. The hard, heavy and durable wood
much used for building-purposes and implements (Madden),

uercus falcata, Michaux.

North America. A tree attaining a height of eighty feet,
with a stem four feet in diameter. Foliage deciduous. It
lives in dry sandy ground and can also be utilised for sea-
coasts. Produces an excellent tanner’s bark and also galls
for superior ink.

Quercus Garryana, Douglas.
North-West America, along the coast between the 38th and
50th degrees. <A gigantic tree, 100 feet high or more, with a
stem 6 feet in diameter. The timber is remarkably pale
for an Oak, hard and fine-grained, of great strength and
durability, well-suited for almost every kind of construction
for which the White or the Kuropean Oak is employed. The
acorns, being sweet and agreeable, form an excellent mast for
hogs.

0

194 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Quercus Ilex, Linné.
The Holly-Oak of South Europe; extending also to Algeria
and to the Himalayas, which it ascends up to about 10,000
feet. Height of tree fifty feet. Wood in use for ship-
building, bark for tanning. From varieties of this tree are
obtained the sweet and nourishing Ballota and Chestnut
acorns.

Quercus incana, Roxburgh.
Himalayas, at elevations between 3000 and 8000 feet. A
beautiful evergreen tree of great dimensions. Mr. Simmonds
reminds us that a silkworm (Antheraea Roylei) producing
large cocoons, lives on this Oak. In its native localities Q.
lanuginosa (D. Don) is associated with it. Q. lamellosa
(Smith), of the same region, attains a height of 120 feet,
with a straight trunk of 60 feet and 15 feet in girth
(Brandis).

Quercus infectoria, Oliver.
Around the Mediterranean Sea. Only a small tree, with
deciduous foliage. Chiefly from this tree the galls of com-
merce are obtained. A variety, Q. Lusitanica (Webb), or Q.
Mirbeckii (Durieu), attains a height of 120 feet, with a stem-
girth of twenty feet. Some states of this are almost ever-
green.

Quercus lancifolia, Roxburgh.
A tall timber-tree of the Himalayas. Wood valued for its
durability.

Quercus lobata, Nee.
California. The acorns of this Oak used to form a large

proportion of the winter-food of the aboriginal inhabitants of
North California.

Quercus lyrata, Walter.
The Overeup-Oak of the South-Eastern States of North
America, extending from South Illinois to Florida and
Louisiana. A tree of majestic size, eighty feet high, with a
stem four feet in diameter. Lately recommended as one of
the most valuable for timber-cultivation, especially for wet
ground.

Quercus macrocarpa, Michaux.*
The Bur-Oak of North America. Tree seventy feet high.
The timber nearly as good as that of the White Oak.

Quercus palustris, Du Roi.
The Pin-Oak or Marsh-Oak of North America. Height

eighty feet; of quick growth. The wood, though not fine-
grained, is strong and tough.

i

ae

- +: pia i erecta i

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 195

Quercus Phellos, Linné.

The Willow-Oak of the Eastern States of North America.
The acorns available for food, like those of several other
species, for instance, Q. glabra (Thunb.) of Japan. The
comparative value of the very numerous cis- and trans-
atlantic Oaks, but little as yet understood, either for avenue
purposes or timber-plantations, should be tested with care in
botanic gardens. Even recently Oaks have been discovered
on the mountains of New Guinea.

Quercus Prinus, Linné.
The North American Swamp-Oak. A tree ninety feet high,
available for wet localities. Foliage deciduous. Wood strong
and elastic, of fine grain; according to Porcher, it is easy to
split and not hard. A red dye is produced from the bark.

Quercus Robur, Linne.*

The British Oak. Extending through a great part of Europe
and Western Asia, attaining a great age and an enormous
size. Extreme height 120 feet. Two varieties are dis-
tinguished :—1l. Q. sessiliflora (Salisbury). The Durmast-
Oak, with a darker, heavier timber, more elastic, less fissile.
This tree is also the quickest of the two in growth, and lives
on poorer soil. Its bark is also richer in medicinal, dyeing,
and tanning principles. 2. Q. pedunculata (Ehrh.). This
variety supplies most of the oak-timber in Britain for ship-
building, and is the best for bending under steam. It is also
preferred for joiners’ work. In Britain it is attacked by
Scolytus multistriatus. The long-continued adherence of
dead leaves in the cool and here most verdant season renders
this Oak not so well adapted for pleasure-grounds as many
other, particularly evergreen Oaks.

Quercus rubra, Linné.
The Red Oak of North America. Height 100 feet; diameter
of stem four feet. The wood is not of value, but the bark is
rich in tannin. Autumnal tint of foliage beautifully red.
The acorns, which are produced in great abundance, are
relished by animals.

Quercus semecarpifolia, Smith.
In the Himalayas, up to 10,000 feet. The largest of the
Oaks of India, upwards of 100 feet high, with a stem up to
18 feet in girth. Leafless for a short time. It furnishes a
hard and heavy timber of fair quality.

Quercus serrata, Thunberg.
One of the twenty-three known Japan Oaks; extending to
China and Nepal. A good avenue-tree, though deciduous.

0 2

196 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

It yields the best food for the Oak Silkworm (Bombyx.
Yamamai).

Quercus Sideroxylon, Humboldt.

Mountains of Mexico, at 8000 feet elevation. An Oak of
great size, of compact timber, almost imperishable in water.
Q. lanceolata, Q. chrysophylla, Q. reticulata, Q. laurina, Q.
obtusata, Q. glaucescens, Q. Xalapensis (Humb.) and Q.
acutifolia (Nee) are among the many other highly important
timber Oaks of the cooler regions of Mexico. No printed
records seem extant concerning the technology of the nume-
rous Mexican Oaks, though doubtless their respective value
is well known to local artisans.

Quercus Skinneri, Bentham.
Mexico. The acorns of this Oak measure nearly six inches
in circumference, and are available for various domestic:
animals.

Quercus squamata, Roxburgh.
One of the tallest of the Himalayan Oaks. Wood lasting.

Quercus stellata, Wangenheim.
The Post-Oak of North-East America. Content with poor
and even sandy soil, but not a large tree. For its very
durable and dense wood it is much in requisition there ‘for
posts, and particularly highly-prized for ship-building.

Quercus Suber, Linné.*
The Cork-Oak of South Europe and North Africa; evergreen.
It attains an age of fully 200 years. After about twenty
years it can be stripped of its bark every six or seven years;
but the best cork is obtained from trees over forty years old.
Height of tree about forty feet. Acorns of a sweetish taste.
Mr. Robinson found that young Cork-Oaks, obtained from the
writer, made a growth of four feet in a year in the humid
Western Port district. The bark of Q. Pseudo-Suber (Sant.)
is inferior for cork, but the closely-allied Q. occidentalis (Gay),
which is hardier than Q. Suber, produces a superior cork-
bark.

Quercus Sundaica, Blume.
One of the Oaks from the mountains of Java, where several
other valuable timber Oaks exist. The existence of Oaks on
the higher mountains of New Guinea has been demonstrated
by Dr. Beccari; hence, in all probability, additional valuable
evergreen species will be obtainable for our arboreta from
thence.

Quercus Toza, Bose.
South Europe. One of the handsomest Oaks, and one of the
quickest of growth. Will live in sandy soil. It furnishes
superior tanners’ bark.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 197

Quercus virens, Linné.*
The Live-Oak of North America. Evergreen, fifty feet high,
with a stem of sometimes nine feet in diameter. Supplies a
most valuable timber for ship-building; it is heavy, compact,
fine-grained; it is moreover the strongest and most durable
of all American Oaks. Like Q. obtusiloba (Mich.), it lives
also on sea-shores, helping to bind the sand, but it is then
not of tall stature. Of many of the 300 Oaks of both the
western and eastern portions of the northern hemisphere, the
properties remain unrecorded and perhaps unexamined; but
it would be important to introduce as many kinds as possible
for local test-growth. The acorns, when packed in dry moss,
retain their vitality for some months. The species with
deciduous foliage are not desirable for massive ornamental
planting, because in this clime they shed their dead leaves
' tardily during the very time of our greatest verdure.

‘Quillaja saponaria, Molina.
Chili, <A colossal tree. The bark is rich in Saponin, and
thus valuable for dressing wool and silk.

Rafnia amplexicaulis, Thunberg.
South Africa. The root of this bush is sweet like liquorice,
and is administered in medicine. Mafnia perfoliata (E.
Meyer), also from South Africa, furnishes likewise a medi-
cinal root.

Raphanus sativus, Linné.
South Asia, up to 16,000 feet in the Himalayas, eastward to
Japan. The Radish. R. caudatus (L.), the Radish with long
edible pods, is regarded by Dr. Th. Anderson as a mere
variety, and he thinks that all are sprung from the ordinary
R. Raphanistrum (L.) of Europe. All Radishes succeed best
in a calcareous soil, or aided by manure rich in lime.

Reseda Luteola, Linné.
The Weld. Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia, North
Africa. A herb of one or two years’ duration. Likes cal-
eareous soil. A yellow dye (Luteolin) pervades the whole
plant. The plant must be cut before the fruit commences to
develop, otherwise the pigment will much diminish.

Reseda odorata, Linné.
The true Mignonette. North Africa and Syria. A herb of
one or very few years’ duration. The delicate scent can best
be concentrated and removed by enfleurage.

Rhagodia Billardieri, R. Brown.
Extra-tropical Australia. An important bush for binding
moving sand on sea-shores. A herb of this order, Atriplex

198 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

erystallinum (J. Hooker), should be encouraged in its growth
at the very edge of tides or sand-shores, where with Cakile
maritima, Mesembrianthemum australe, and M. equilaterale,
it will form one of the most effectual first impediments to the
influx of sea-sand.

Rhamnus catharticus, Linné.
The Buckthorn. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Middle Asia. It can be utilised as a hedge-plant. The
berries are of medicinal value, as indicated by the specific
name. ‘The foliage and bark can be employed for the pre-
paration of a green dye.

Rhamnus chlorophorus, Lindley.
China. From the bark a superior green pigment is prepared.
R. utilis, from the same country, serves for the like purpose.
This kind of dye is particularly used for silk, and known as
Lokao.

Rhamnus Greecus, Reuter.
Greece. From this shrub, and to no less extent from the
allied R. prunifolius (Sibth.), are the green dye-berries
collected in Greece, according to Dr. Heldreich. These
shrubs grow on stony mountains up to 2500 feet.

Rhamnus infectorius, Linné.
On the Mediterranean Sea and in the countries near to it.
The berry-like fruits of this shrub are known in commerce as
Graines d’Avignon and Graines de Perse, and produce a
valuable green dye. Other species seem to supply a similar
dye-material, for instance R. saxatilis (L.), R. amygdalinus
(Desf.), R. oleoides (L.), R. tinctorius (W. and K.)

Rhapis flabelliformis, Linné fil.
China and Japan. This exceedingly slender Palm attains
only a height of a few feet. The stems can be used for
various small implements. It is one of the best plants for
table decoration. )

Rhaponticum acaule, Candolle.
On the Mediterranean Sea. A perennial herb. The root is
edible.

Rheum australe, Don.* (&. Hmodi, Wall.; R. Webbranun,
Royle.)
Himalayan regions up to 16,000 feet. From this species at
least a portion of the medicinal Rhubarb is obtained; most
likely several species furnish Rhubarb-root, and its quality
depends probably much on the climatic region and the geo-
logic formation, in which the plant grows. Should we wish
to cultivate any species here for superior medicinal roots,
then clearly localities in our higher and drier alpine tracts

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 199

should be chosen for the purpose. Hayne regards the pre-
sence of much yellowish pigment in the seed-shell as
indicating a good medicinal Rhubarb-plant. As much as
five lbs. of the dried drug are obtained from a single plant,
several years old. An important orange-red crystalline
substance, Emodin, allied to Crysophanic acid, occurs in
genuine Rhubarb.

Rheum officinale, Baillon.*
Western China and Eastern Thibet on the high tableland.
Tt furnishes the most of the true Turkey Rhubarb, not merely
from the root, but also from the woody stem. Suited for our

Alps.

Rheum Rhaponticum, Linné.
From the Volga to Central Asia. This species together with
R. Tataricum (L. fil.), R. undulatum (L.) and a few others,
all Asiatic (one extending to Japan), provide their acidulous
leaf-stalks and unexpanded flower-mass for culinary purposes.
Rhubarb-leaves can also be used in the manner of Spinage.
R. palmatum (L.) often considered to yield the best Rhubarb-
root, is an insular plant of North-Hastern Asia, but may in
the alpine deserts far inland become a source of the genuine
root, so long ascribed to it. That is the only one with
deeply-jagged leaves.

Rhododendron maximum, Linné.
North-East America. Attains a height of twenty feet.
Irrespective of its being a fine acquisition for any garden-
copses, this bush seems of industrial importance, because Mr.
C. Forster asserts that the wood of this and the allied
Kalmia latifolia (L.) is equalled only by the best boxwood.
This may give a clue to other substitutes for that scarce com-
modity, needed so extensively by the wood-engraver.

Rhus caustica, Hooker and Arnott.
Chili, where it is called the Litre. A small or middle-sized
tree, the very hard wood of which is used for wheel-teeth,
axletrees and select furniture. The plant seems neither
caustic nor otherwise poisonous (Dr. Philippi).

Rhus copallina, Linné.
North America, extending to Canada. A comparatively
dwarf species. This can also be used for tanning. A resin
for varnishes is also obtained from this shrub.

Rhus coriaria, Linné.*
The Tanner’s Sumach. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea. The foliage of this shrub or small tree, reduced to
powder, forms the Sumach of commerce. Many localities in
our colony are particularly well adapted for the growth of

200 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

this bush. It is remarkably rich in tannic acid, yielding as
much as 30 per cent., and extensively used for the production
of a superior Corduan- or Maraquin-leather. The cultivation
presents no difficulty. Sumach can also be used for ink
and various, particularly black dyes. Under favourable
circumstances as much as a ton of Sumach is obtained from
an acre.
Rhus Cotinus, Linné.

The Scotino. Countries of the Mediterranean Sea, extending
to the Himalayas. The wood of this bush furnishes a
yellow pigment. The Scotino, so invaluable as a material for
yellow and black dye, and as a superior tanning substance,
consists of the ground foliage of this plant.

Rhus glabra, Linne.
North America, extending to 54° N. latitude. This Sumach
shrub will grow on rocky and sterile soil. It produces a
kind of gall, and can also be used as a good substitute for the
ordinary Sumach. ‘This species can be easily multiplied from
suckers. It will live on poor soil. American Sumachs
contain generally from 15 to 20 per cent. tannin.

Rhus lucida, Linné.
South Africa. This shrub proved here of particular adapta-
bility for forming hedges. About half a hundred South
African species are known, of which probably some could be
utilised like ordinary Sumach, but hitherto we have remained
unacquainted with the nature and degree of any of their
tanning and colouring principles.

Rhus semialata, Murray.
China and Japan, extending to the Himalayas. Attains a
height of forty feet. This shrub produces a kind of nutgalls.

Rhus succedanea, Linné.
The Japan Wax-tree, the produce of which has found its way
into the English market.

Rhus typhina, Linné.
The Staghorn-Sumach. North America, extending to
Canada. This species will grow to a tree of thirty feet
high. Its wood is of an orange tinge. Through incisions
into the bark a kind of Copal is obtained. The leaves can
be used like ordinary Sumach. This bush can be reared on
inferior land.

Rhus vernicifera, Candolle.
Extends from Nepal to Japan. It forms a tree of fair size,
and yields the Japan varnish. It ascends in India to 7000
- feet, but Stewart and Brandis are doubtful whether the Japan
species (R. Vernix, L.) is really identical with the Indian.

«GS ied ie eae

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 201

Ribes aureum, Pursh.
Arkansas, Missouri, Oregon. This favourite bush of our |
shrubberies would likely on our forest-streams produce its plea-
sant berries, which turn from yellow to brown or black. Mr.
Meehan mentions a variety or allied species from Utah, with
berries larger than those of the black currant; they are quite
a good table-fruit, and of all shades from orange to black.
Allied to this is R. tenuiflorum (Lindl.), of California and the
nearest States, with fruits of the size of red currants, of
agreeable flavour, and either dark-purple or yellow colour.

Ribes divaricatum, Douglas.
California and Oregon. One of the Gooseberries of those
countries. Berries smooth, black, about one-third of an inch
in diameter, pleasant to the taste. Culture might improve
this and many of the other species. R. Nuttalli (R. villosum
Nutt., not of Gay, nor of Wallich), is an allied plant also
from California.

Ribes Floridum, L’Heritier.
The Black Currant of North America. The berries resemble
in odour and taste those of R. nigrum. Allied to this is
R. Hudsonianum (Rich.), from the colder parts of North
America.

Ribes Griffithi, J. Hooker and T. Thomson.

Himalaya, at the height of 10,000 to 13,000 feet. Allied to
R. rubrum, bearing similar but larger berries of somewhat
austere taste. The naturalisation of this Currant-bush on
our highest alps may prove of advantage. R. laciniatum
(1. and T.) is likewise a Himalayan species with red berries,
and so R. glaciale (Wall). Furthermore R. villosum Wall.,
(R. leptostachyum, Decaisne) comes from the Indian high-
lands and seems worthy of introduction.

Ribes Grossularia, Linné.
The ordinary Gooseberry. Europe, North Africa, Western
Asia, on the Himalayan mountains up to a height of 12,000
feet. This bush, familiar to every one, is mentioned here
merely to indicate the desirability of naturalising it in our
alpine regions, where no fruits equal to it in value exist.

Ribes hirtellum, Michaux.
The commonest smooth Gooseberry of North America. It
likes moist ground.

Ribes nigrum, Linné.
The Black Currant. Middle and Northern Asia, Europe,
North America, ascending the Himalayan and Thibet moun-
tains to a height of 12,000 feet. Commonly cultivated

202 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

already in the cooler parts of Victoria, but also particularly
fit to be dispersed through our forests and over our alps.

Ribes niveum, Lindl. '
One of the Oregon Gooseberry-bushes. Berries small, black,
of a somewhat acid taste and rich vinous flavour.

Ribes rotundifolium, Michaux.
North America. Yields part of the smooth Gooseberries of
the United States. The fruit is small, but of delicious taste.
Unlike the ordinary Gooseberry, not subject to mildew.

Ribes rubrum, Linné.

The ordinary Red Currant. Europe, North America, North
and Middle Asia, in the Himalayan mountains ceasing where
R. Griffithi commences to appear. One of the best fruit-
plants for jellies and preserves that could be chosen for the
colder mountain altitudes of our colony. The root-bark
contains Phlorrhizin. Perhaps other species than those
recorded here, among them some from the Andes, may yet
deserve introduction, irrespective of their showiness, for their
fruits.

Ricinus communis, Linné.*
The Castor-oil plant. Indigenous to the tropical and sub-
tropical zones of Asia and Africa. A shrubby very decora-
tive plant, attaining the size of a small tree. It was well
known to the Egyptians 4000 years ago, and is also men-
tioned already in the writings of Herodotus, Hippocrates,
Dioscorides, Theophrastos, Plinius and other ancient physi-
cians, philosophers and naturalists. The easy and rapid
growth, the copious seeding and the early return of produce
render this important plant of high value in a clime like
ours, more particularly as it will thrive on almost any soil,
and can thus be raised even on arid places, without being
scorched by hot winds. It may thus become an important
plant also for culture in our desert-tracts, and is evidently
destined to be one of our most eligible oil-plants for tech-
nical uses, particularly for lubricating machinery, irrespective
of the value of its oil for medicinal purpose. The seeds con-
tain about 50 per cent. oil. To obtain the best medicinal oil,
hydraulic pressure should be employed, and the seeds not be
subjected to heat; the seed-coat should also be removed prior
to the extracting process being proceeded with. A screw-
press suffices however for ordinary supply to obtain the oil.
By decantation and some process of filtration it is purified. For
obtaining oil to be used for lubrication of machinery or other
technological purposes, the seeds may be pressed and prepared
by various methods under application of heat and access of

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 203

water. Castor-oil is usually bleached simply by exposure to
solar light, but this procedure lessens to some extent the
laxative properties of the oil. It dissolves completely in
waterless alcohol and in ether, and will become dissolved also
in spirit of high strength, to the extent of three-fifths of the
weight of the latter. Solutions of this kind may become
valuable for various technic purposes, and afford some tests
for the pureness of the oil. If pressed under heat it will
depose margaritin. Heated in a retort about one-third of the
oil will distil over, and a substance resembling india-rubber
remains, which saponises with alkalies. Other educts are at
the same time obtained, which will likely become of indus-
trial value. These facts are briefly mentioned here merely
to explain, that the value of this easily produced oil is far
more varied than is generally supposed, and this remark
applies with equal force to many other chemical compounds
from vegetable sources, briefly alluded to in this present
enumerative treatise. The seeds contain also a peculiar
alkaloid: Ricinin. The solid chemic compound of Castor-oil
is the crystalline Isocetin-acid (a Glycerid). The oil con-
tains also a non-crystalline acid peculiar to it (Ricin-acid).
For the production of a particular kind of silk the Ricinus-
plant is also important, inasmuch as the hardy Bombyx
Arrindi requires for food the leaves of this bush. The value
of Castor-oil imported in 1871 into Victoria was according
to the Customs returns not less than £23,755. Even a few
of the seeds if swallowed will produce poisonous effects.

Robinia Pseudacacia, Linné.

The North-American Locust-Acacia. Height to ninety feet.
The strong hard and durable wood is for a variety of purposes
in use, and particularly eligible for tree-nails, axle-trees,
turnery. The natives used the wood for their bows. Tree of
rapid growth, and attains an age of several hundred years.
It may be planted closely for timber-belts and hedge-shelter
on farm-lands. It is one of the best trees for renovating
exhausted land and for improving poor soil. The roots are
poisonous. The allied R. viscosa attains a height of forty feet.
No less than four arborescent Robinias are recorded from
Juan Fernandez.

Roccella tinctoria, Candolle.
Canary Islands, Azor es, also in Middle and South Europe and
North Africa. This Lichen furnishes the Litmus, Orseille or
Orchil for dyes and chemical tests. It is a question of
interest, whether it could be trans-located and naturalised on
the cliffs also of our shores. Other dye-lichens might per-
haps still more easily be naturalised; for instance, Lecanora

204 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

tartarea, L. parella, Pertusaria communis, Parmelia sordida,
Isidium corallinum and some others, which furnish the Cud-
bear or Persio.

Rosa centifolia, Linné.
The Cabbage-Rose. Indigenous on the Caucasus and seem-
ingly also in other parts of the Orient. Much grown in
South Europe and South Asia for the distillation of Rose- —
water and Oil or Attar of Roses. From 12,000 to 16,000
Roses, or from 250lbs. to 300lbs. of Rose-petals are required
according to some calculations for producing a single ounce
of Attar through ordinary distillation. The flowers require
to be cut just before expansion; the calyx is separated and
rejected; the remaining portions of the flowers are then sub-
jected to aqueous distillation, and the saturated Rose-water
so obtained is repeatedly used for renewed distillation, when
from the overcharged water the oil separates on a cold place
and floats on the surface. But some other methods exist for
producing the oil, for instance it may be got by distilling the
rosebuds without water at the heat of a saltwater bath.
The odour may also be withdrawn by alcoholic distillation
from the Roses, or be extracted by the “enfleurage” process.
The latter is effected by placing the flowers, collected while
the weather is warm, into shallow frames covered with a
glass plate, on the inner side of which a pure fatty substance
has been thinly spread. The odour of the flowers is
absorbed by the adipose or oleous substance, though the
blossoms do not come with it in direct contact; fresh flowers
are supplied daily for weeks. The scent is finally withdrawn
from its matrix by maceration with pure alcohol. Mr. Jos,
Bosisto’s method for obtaining the most delicate and precious
volatile oils will likely be applicable also to the Rose, and
prove more advantageous both in labour and gain than any
other process. Purified Eucalyptus-oil can be used for
diluting Rose-oil, when it is required for the preparation of
scented soap.

Rosa Damascena, Miller.
Orient. Allied to the preceding species, and also largely
used for the production of Essential Oil of Roses.

Rosa Gallica, Linné.
The French or Dutch Rose. Middle and South Europe,
Orient. The intensely coloured buds of this species are par-
ticularly chosen for drying. These however may be got also
from other kinds of Roses.

Rosa Indica, Linné.
Noisette Rose. From Upper India to China and Japan. Some
Roses of the sweetest scent are derived from this species.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. ~~~ 205

Rosa leevigata, Michaux. (2. Sinica, Aiton.)
The Cherokee-Rose. China and Japan. Considered one of
the best Hedge-roses, and for that purpose much employed
in North America. It serves also well for bowers. Allied
to the foregoing species.

Rosa moschata, Miller.
North Africa and South Asia as far east as Japan. From
the flowers of this extremely tall climbing species also essen-
tial oil is obtained. The Attar thus derived from Roses of
not only different varieties but even distinct species must
necessarily be of various quality.

Rosa sempervirens, Linné.
From South Europe through Southern Asia to Japan. One
of the best Rose-bushes for covering walls, fences and similar
structures. Also the flowers of this species can be utilised
for Rose-oil.

Rosa setigera, Michaux.
North America, where it is the only climbing Rose-bush. It.
deserves introduction on account of its extremely rapid growth,
ten feet to twenty feet in a season. Its flowers however are
nearly inodorous.

Other original species of Roses deserve our attention, Dr. J.
Hooker admitting about thirty, all from the Northern Hemi-
sphere. But on the snow-clad unascended mountains of
Borneo, Sumatra, New Guinea, and Africa south of the
Equator yet perhaps new Roses may be discovered, as they
have been traced south to Abyssinia already.

Rosa spinosissima, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, Middle and North Asia. Adapted
for holding coasts-sands ; unapproachable to pasture animals,
and not spreading like the Sweet Briar, R. rubiginosa (L.)
into culture-land or pastures.

Rosmarinus officinalis, Linné.
The Rosemary. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea.
This well-known bush is mentioned here as a medicinal plant,
from which a distilled oil is rather copiously obtainable. One
of our best plants for large garden-edgings. The oil enters.
into certain compositions of perfumery.

Royenia Pseudebenus, E. Meyer.

South Africa. Only a small tree, but its wood jet-black,
hard and durable, thus in Capeland and Caffraria called
ebony. R. pubescens (Willd.), according to Dr. Pappe,
furnishes there a wood adapted for xylography; this may
give a clue to the adaptability of many other kinds of woods
in the large order of Ebenacee as substitutes for the Turkish
boxwood.

206 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Rubia cordifolia, Linné. (&. Mungista, Roxburgh.)
From the Indian Highlands through China and Siberia to
Japan; also occurring in various parts of Africa, as far
south as Caffraria and Natal. This perennial plant produces
a kind of Madder. Probably other species yield likewise
dye-roots. The genus is represented widely over the globe,
but as far as known not in Australia.

Rubia peregrina, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, South-West Asia. This perennial
species yields also Madder-root. Several other kinds deserve
comparative test-culture.

Rubia tinctorum, Linné.

The Madder. Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. A
perennial herb of extremely easy culture. Soil fit for Barley
suits also for Madder. Its culture opens any deep subsoil and
suffocates weeds, but requires much manure, leaving however
then the land enriched. Any stagnant water in the soil
must be avoided, if Madder is to succeed. The harvest is in
the second or third year. It can be raised from seeds or
planted from offshoots. The roots merely dried and pounded
form the dye. The chemical contents are numerous; in the
herb—Rubichloric and Rubitannic acid ; in the root—Alizarin,
Purpurin, Rubiacin, Rubian, Ruberythrin acid, and three
distinct resins; also Chlorogenin, Xanthin, and Rubichloric
acid. On the five first depend the pigments produced from
the root. Madder is one of the requisites for Alizarin Ink.

Rubus Canadensis, Linné.*
The Dewberry of North America. A shrub of trailing habit.
Fruit black, of excellent taste, ripening earlier than that of
R. villosus (Ait.), which constitutes the High Blackberry of
the United States, with large fruits. .

Rubus Chameemorus, Linné.

The Cloudberry. North Europe, North Asia, North America,
particularly in the frigid zone. A perennial but herbaceous
plant; a pigmy amongst its congeners. Nevertheless it is
recommended for introduction to our spongy mossy alpine
moors, on account of its grateful amber-coloured or red fruit.
All the species can readily be raised from seeds. R. Articus
(L.), also with edible fruit, is in the high north usually its
companion. Near to us we have a similar little herb, living
for a great part of the year in snow, namely R. Gunnianus
(Hook.). It occurs on the alpine heights of Tasmania, from
whence it might be easily transferred to our snowy mountains
and those of New Zealand. The fruit of R. Gunnianus is red
and juicy, but not always well developed.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 207

Rubus cuneifolius, Pursh.
The Sand-Blackberry. North America. A dwarf shrub.
The fruit is of agreeable taste.

Rubus deliciosus, Torrey.
On the sources of the Missouri. An erect shrub. Fruit
raspberry-like, large and grateful. An exceedingly hand-
some species.

Rubus fruticosus, Linné.*

The ordinary Blackberry or Bramble. All Europe, North
and South Africa, Middle and Northern Asia. This shrub
bears well in our clime. In some countries it is a favourite
plant for hedges. It likes above all calcareous soil, though it
is content with almost any, and deserves to be naturalised on
the rivulets of our ranges. RR. corylifolius (Sm.),

suberectus (Andr.) and R. leucostachys (Sm.) are varieties
like many other named kinds of European Blackberries, or
perhaps belong to the closely allied R. caesius (L.), the
English Dewberry; or in some instances hybrid forms may
have arisen from the two, although the generality of these
various Blackberry-bushes bear their fruit freely poet

Rubus geoides, Smith.
Falkland Islands, Fuegia, Patagonia and Chiloe. A_herba-
ceous kind of Raspberry-plant with greenish-yellow fruits,
resembling the Cloudberry, and of a very agreeable taste.
Best adapted for our Alps.

Rubus Idaeus, Linné.*
The ordinary Raspberry. Europe, Northern and West Asia.
It is mentioned here to point out the desirability of
naturalising the plant in our mountains and on river-banks.
It would live also on our highest alps, where the native
Raspberry (R. parvifolius, L.) produces much finer fruits
than in our lowlands. The fruits contain Stereopten. Leaves
a substitute for tea.

Rubus lasiocarpus, Smith.
India, reaching in the Himalayas an elevation of 8000 feet,
in Ceylon of 6000 feet. The black fruit is very palatable.
R. biflorus (Hamilton) ascends with R. rosifolius to 10,000
feet; its fruit either red or orange is sweet (J. D. Hooker).

Rubus macropetalus, Douglas.*
California and Oregon. An unisexual shrub. Fruit black,
oval-cylindric, particularly sweet.

Rubus occidentalis, Linné.*
The Black Raspberry or Thimbleberry. North America. A
species with woody stems and nice fruits, with a glaucous
bloom, well flavoured and large. It ripens early.

908 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Rubus odoratus, Linné.*
North America. A kind of Raspberry. A handsome
species on account of its large purple flowers. Berry edible.
Culture would doubtless enhance the value of the fruits of
many of these Rubi. Hybridising might be tried.

Rubus rosifolius, Smith.
Tropical and sub-tropical regions of Africa and Asia, also
throughout the littoral forests of East-Australia. This shrub
bears in woody regions an abundance of fruits oh large size
and these early and long in the season.

Rubus rugosus, Smith.
South-Asia. The fruit, which ripens here all the year round,
is nearly twice the size of the ordinary Blackberry.

Rubus strigosus, Michaux.
North America. Closely allied to the European Raspberry.
Its fruits large, also of excellent taste. It would lead too
far to enumerate other kinds of Rubus, although about a
hundred genuine species occur, which render the genus one of
very wide dispersion over the globe.

Rubus trivialis, Michaux.*
Southern States of North America. Another shrubby
species with good edible fruits, which are large and black.
The plant will thrive in dry sandy soil. Like many other
species rich in tannic acid.

Rumex Acetosa, Linné.
The Kitchen Sorrel. Europe, Middle and North Asia to
Japan, also in the frigid zone of North America. A peren-
nial herb. The tender varieties, particularly the Spanish
one, serve as pleasant aciduous vegetables, but must be: used
in moderation, as their acidity like that of the species of
Oxalis (Wood-sorrel) depends on binoxylate of potash. The
ae African R. luxurians (L.) serves likewise as culinary
orrel.

Rumex Patientia, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, Middle Asia. Biennial. The
young leaves furnish a palatable Sorrel, like Spinage. In cold
climes it pushes forth its leaves before the frost is hardly
gone, and thus comes in as one of the first vegetables of the
season.

Rumex scutatus, Linné.
The French Sorrel. Middle and South Europe, North
Africa, Orient. Also perennial, and superior to the foregoing
as a culinary plant. They all are of use against scurvy
and most easily reared.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 209

Rumex vesicarius, Linné.
South Europe, Middle Asia, North Africa. An annual herb
of similar utility as the two former ones.

Ruscus aculeatus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, South-West Asia.
This odd plant is the only shrubby species of the genus. It
serves for forming garden-hedges. The young shoots of this
and others are edible.

Ruta graveolens, Linné.
The Rue. Mediterranean countries and the Orient. The
foliage of this acrid and odorous shrub, simply dried, consti-
tutes the Rue-herb of medicine. The allied R. silvestris
(Mill.) is still more powerful in its effect. These plants and
others of the genus contain a peculiar volatile oil and a
glycosid (Rutin).

Sabal Adansoni, Guernsent.
Dwarf Palmetto. South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. A
stemless Fan-Palm, with the two following and Chamaerops
Hystrix attaining the most northerly positions of any
American Palms. According to Count de Saporta it resists
a temperature as low as 17° F. This Palm does well in
marshy places.

Sabal Palmetto, Roemer and Schultes.*
Extends from Florida to North Carolina. The stem attains
a height of forty feet. This noble Palm ought to grow on
our sandy coast-tracts, as in such it delights to live.

Sabal serrulata, Roemer and Schultes.
South Carolina, Georgia and Florida. The stem grows to
eight feet high; particularly weli-adapted for sea-coasts.
The leaves can be used for cabbage-tree hats and other
purposes, for which palm-leaves are sought. The fibrous
spongy parts of the stem serve as brushes.

Sabal umbraculifera, Martius.

- West India. Attains, according to Grisebach, a height of
eighty feet. Though naturally a tropical Savannah-Palm, it
has proved even hardier than the Orange. Another equally
tall Antillan-Palm is S. glaucescens (Loddiges).

Sabbatia angularis, Pursh.
North-East America. This biennial pretty herb is lauded as
a substitute for Gentian by American physicians, and might
with other congeners be grown in medicinal gardens, though
its naturalisation would not be desirable, as stock avoid the
bitter gentianaceous plants.
P

210

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Saccharum officinarum, Linné.

The Sugar-Cane. India, China, South Sea Islands, not
indigenous in any part of America or Australia. Sugar-
cane having been cultivated in Spain and other countries on
the Mediterranean Sea, it will be worthy of further trial,
whether in the warmest parts of our colony under similar
climatic conditions sugar from cane can be produced to
advantage. Though the plant will live unprotected in the
vicinity of Melbourne, it thrives there not sufficiently for
remunerative culture. But it may be otherwise in East
Gipps Land or along the Murray River and its lower
tributaries. In the United States the profitable culture of
cane ceases at 32° north latitude, in China it extends only to
the 30° north latitude. In the last-mentioned country the
culture of Sugar-cane dates from the remotest antiquity ;
moreover we have from thence a particular kind, 8. Sinense
(Roxb.), which is hardier and bears drought better than the
ordinary cane ; this kind needs renewal only every second or
third year, and ripens in seven months, if planted early in
spring, but if planted in autumn and left standing for fully a
year the return of sugar is larger. Moderate vicinity to the
sea is favourable for the growth of canes. Prolific yields
have been secured in Hast Australia as far south as 28°.

The multiplication of all sorts of Sugar-cane is usually effected |

from top-cuttings, but this cannot be carried on from the same
original stook for an indefinite period without deterioration ;
and as seeds hardly ever ripen on the canes, new plants
must from time to time be brought from the distance.
Thus New Caledonia has latterly supplied its wild-growing
splendid varieties for replanting many sugar-fields in
Mauritius. The Bourbon variety is praised as one of the
richest for sugar: the Batavian variety 8S. violaceum
(Tussac), is content with less fertile soil. Many other
varieties are known. Excessive rains produce a rank luxu-
riance of the canes at the expense of the saccharine principle.
Rich manuring is necessary to attain good crops, unless in
the best of virgin soil. The lower leaves of the stem must
successively be removed, also superabundant suckers, to
promote the growth upwards, and to provide ventilation and
light. Out of the remnants of Sugar-cane molasses, rum
and taffia can be prepared. The average yield of Sugar
varies from 1 ton 6 cwt. to 3 tons for the acre. For fuller —
information the valuable local work of Mr. A. McKay,
“The Sugar-cane in Australia,’ should be consulted. The
stately S. spontaneum (L.), which extends from India to
Egypt, is available for scenic culture. It attains a height of
fifteen feet. Other tall kinds of Saccharum occur in South Asia.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. DN AN

Sagittaria lancifolia, Linné.
From Virginia to the Antilles. This very handsome aquatic-
plant can doubtless be utilised like the following species. It
attains a height of five feet.

Sagittaria obtusa, Muehlenberg. (8. latifolia, Willdenow).
North America, where it replaces the closely-allied S.
sagittifolia. A few other conspicuous species are worthy of
introduction.

Sagittaria sagittifolia, Linné.

Europe, North and Middle Asia, east to Japan. One of the
most showy of all hardy water-plants ; still not alone on that
account deserving naturalisation, but also because its root is
edible. If once established this plant maintains its ground well,
and might occupy spots neither arable nor otherwise utilised.

Salix alba, Linné.

The Huntingdon or Silky Willow of Europe, originally pro-
bably from Middle Asia. Available for wet places not
otherwise utilised. Height eighty feet, circumference of stem
twenty feet; wood light and elastic, available for carpenter’s
work and implements, bark for tanning. The Golden Osier,
Salix vitellina (L.) is a variety. The shoots are used for
hoops and wickerwork. With other large Willows and
Poplars one of the best scavengers for back yards, where
drainage cannot readily be applied; highly valuable also for
forming lines along narrow watercourses or valleys in forests,
to stay bush-fires. The charcoal excellent for gunpowder.
The wood in demand for matches.

Salix Babylonica, Tournefort.

The Weeping Willow, indigenous in West Asia as far as
Japan, sparingly wild, according to Stewart, in the
Himalayas, probably also in Persia, Kurdistan and China.
One of the most grateful of all trees for the facility of its
culture, rapidity of growth, and fitness for embellishments,
also as one of the quickest growing and most easily reared
of all shade-trees. Dr. C. Koch distinguishes another
Weeping Willow as S. elegantis sima from Japan.
Important for consolidating river-banks.

Salix Capensis, Thunberg. (S. Gariepina, Burchell.)

South Africa. This Willow might be introduced on account
of its resemblance to the ordinary Weeping Willow. S.
daphnoides (Vill.) of Europe and Asia, S. petiolaris (Smith),
S. cordata (Muehlenb.), 8. tristis (Ait.), of North America,
ave among the best for binding sand. 5S. longifolia
(Muehlenb.), also North American, is among those which
form long flexible withes.

P2

212 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Salix caprea, Linné. ji
Europe, North and Middle Asia. The British Sallow or
Hedge Willow; grows also to a tree; wood useful for handles
and other implements, the shoots for hoops. It is largely em-
ployed for the coal for gunpowder. Bark for tanning, parti-
cularly glove-leather. The flowers are eagerly sought by
bees. It is the earliest flowering Willow.

Salix cordata, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North America.

Salix daphnoides, Villars.
Middle Europe and Northern Asia, as far as the Amoor,
ascending to 15,000 feet in the Himalayas. A tree of sixty
feet in height, of remarkable rapidity of growth, attaining
twelve feet in four years. It is much chosen to fix the
ground at railway embankments, on sandy ridges and slopes,
for which purpose its long-spreading and strong roots render
it particularly fit. The twigs can be used for baskets and
wickerwork and twig-bridges (Stewart and Brandis). The 3
foliage furnishes cattle-fodder. The tree is comparatively

- rich in Salicine, like S. pentandra (L.)

Salix fragilis, Linné. |
The Crack-Willow. Indigenous in South-Western Asia.
Height ninety feet, stem to twenty feet in girth. A variety
of this species is the Bedford-Willow, Salix Russelliana
(Smith), which yields a light elastic tough timber, more
tannin in its bark than oak, and more Salicine (a substitute
for quinine and most valuable as an antirheumatic remedy)
than most congeners. One of the dwarf American Willows,
perhaps S. tristis (Aiton) has been traced on the coast-
sands of California to send out root-like stems up to 120 feet
length.

Salix Humboldtiana, Willdenow.
Through a great part of South America. This Willow is of
pyramidal habit, attains a height of fifty feet and more. The
wood is much in use for yokes and other implements. Many
kinds of Willow can be grown for consolidating shifting sand
ridges.

Salix lucida, Muehlenberg.
One of the Osiers of North America.

Salix nigra, Marshall. (8. Purshiana, Sprengel.)
The Black Willow of North America. It attains a height
of twenty-five feet. The Black Willow is one used for
basket-work, although it is surpassed in excellence by some
other species, and is more important as a timber-Willow.
Mr. W. Scaling, of Basford, includes 1t among the sorts,

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 213

which he recommends in his valuable publication ‘‘The
Willow” (London, 1871).

Salix purpurea, Linné.*
Of wide range in Europe and West Asia. One of the Osiers.
In deep moist soil, not readily otherwise utilised, it will
yield annually four to five tons of the best of rods, qualitied
for the finest work. Impenetrable, not readily inflammable
screens twenty-five feet high can be reared from it in five
years. In localities exposed to storm willow-screens fully
forty feet high can be raised. It is invaluable also for the
reclamation of land along water-courses. Rich in Salicine.
From Mr. Scaling’s treatise on the Willow, resting on un-
rivalled experience, it will be observed, that he anew urges
the adoption of the Bitter Willow (also called the Rose-
Willow or the Whipcord-Willow), 8. purpurea (L.), for
game-proof hedges, this species scarcely ever being touched
by cattle, rabbits and other herbivorous animals. Not only
for this reason, but also for its very rapid growth and
remunerative yield of the very best of basket-material he
recommends it for field-hedges. Cuttings are planted only
half a foot apart, and must be entirely pushed into the
ground. The annual produce from such a hedge is worth 4s.
to 5s. for the chain. For additional strength the shoots can
be interwoven. In rich bottoms they will grow from seven
feet to thirteen feet in a year. The supply of basket-
material from this species has fallen very far short of the
demand in England. The plant grows vigorously on light
soil or warp-land, but not on clay. 8S. rubra (Huds.), is also
admirably adapted for hedges. The real Osier, 8. viminalis
(L.), is distinguished by basket-makers as the soft-wooded
Willow, and is the best for rods requiring two years’ age,
and also the most eligible for hoops, but inferior to several
other species for basket-manufacture. S. triandra (L) is a
prominent representative of the hard-wooded basket- Willows,
and comprises some of the finest varieties in use of the
manufacturers. A crop in the third year after planting from
an acre weighs about 12 tons, worth £3 for the ton. S.
fragilis (L.) and 8. alba (L.) are more important as timber-
Willows, and for growing hoop-shoots. Their rapidity of
growth recommends them also for shelter-plantations, to
which advantage may be added their uninflammability and
their easy propagation ; the latter quality they share with
most Willows. Mr. Scaling’s renewed advocacy for the
formation of Willow-plantations comes with so much force,
that his advice is here given though condensed in a few
words, Osier-plantations come into full bearing already in

214 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

the third year; they bear for ten years and then slowly
decline. The raw-produce from an acre in a year averages
6 tons to 74 tons, ranging in price from £2 10s. to £3 10s.
for the ton (unpeeled). Although 7000 acres are devoted in
Britain to the culture of basket-Willows (exclusive of
spinneys and plantations for the farmers’ own use), yet in
1866 there had to be imported from the continent 4400 tons
of Willow-branches, at a value of £44,000, while besides the i
value of the made baskets imported in that year was equal ;
to the above sum. Land comparatively valueless for root- or
grain-crops can be used very remuneratively for Osier-
plantations. The soft-wooded Willows lke to grow in ‘
damper ground than the hard-wooded species. The best 4
peeled Willow-branches fetch as much as £25 for the ton.
Peeling is best effected by steam, by which means the
material is also increased in durability. No basket-Willow
will thrive in stagnant water. Osier-plantations in humid
places should therefore be drained. The cuttings are best
taken from branches one or two years old, and are to be
planted as close as one foot by one and a half foot. No part
of the cutting must remain uncovered, in order that only
straight shoots may be obtained; manuring and ploughing
between the rows is thus also facilitated, after the crop has
been gathered, and this, according to the approved Belgian
method, must be done by cutting the shoots close to the
ground after the fall of the leaves.

Salix rubra, Hudson.*
Throughout Europe, also in West Asia and North Africa; it
is much chosen for osier-beds. When cut down, it will make
shoots eight feet long in a season. Porcher regards it as one
of the most valuable species for work in which unpeeled rods
are used.

Salix tetrasperma, Roxburgh.
Mountains of India, from 2000 to 7000 feet. Height of tree
forty feet. This thick-stemmed Willow is worthy of a place
on the banks of our watercourses. The twigs can be worked
into baskets, the wood serves for gunpowder, the foliage for
cattle-food.

Salix triandra, Linné.* (S. amygdalina, Linné).
The Almond-Willow, through nearly all Europe and extra-
tropical Asia. Height of tree thirty feet. Shoots nine feet
long, for hoops and white basket-work, being pliant and
durable. The bark contains a good deal of Salicine. S.
lanceolata (Smith) is a hybrid between S. triandra and S.
viminalis, according to Andersson.

Serial ag ae ee
Bs eS 5 Be Ee

eS

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 215

Salix viminalis, Linné.*
The common Osier of Europe and North and West Asia ;
attains the height of thirty feet. One of the best for wicker-
work and hoops ; when cut it shoots up to a length of twelve
feet. Jt would lead too far to enumerate even the more im-
portant Willows all on this occasion. Professor Andersson,
of Stockholm, admits 158 species. Besides these, numerous
hybrids exist. Many of the taller of these Willows could
here be grown to advantage. |

Salvia officinalis, Linné.
The Garden Sage. Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A.
somewhat shrubby plant of medicinal value, pervaded by
essential oil. Prefers calcareous soil. Among nearly half
a thousand species of this genus some are gorgeously
ornamental.

Sambucus Canadensis, Linné.
North-East America. The berries of this half-woody Elder
are used as well as those of Phytolacca decandra for colouring
vinous liquids. 8. xanthocarpa (F. v. Mueller) is a large
Hlder-tree of extra-tropic East Australia.

Sambucus nigra, Linné.
The ordinary Elder. Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia.
The flowers are of medicinal value, and an essential oil can
be obtained from them. The wood can be utilised for shoe-
pegs and other purposes of artisans. The berries are used for
colouring port-wine and for other purposes of dye.

Sanguinaria Canadensis, Linné.
North-East America. A perennial herb. The root impor-
tant as a therapeutic agent, contains also dye-principles.

Sanguisorba minor, Scopoli. (Poteriwm Sanguisorba, Linné.)
The Salad Burnet. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. A perennial, easily disseminated and naturalised herb,
particularly adapted for calcareous soils. Serves as salad and
particularly as a sheep-fodder.

Sanseviera Zeilanica, Willdenow.
India. This thick-leaved liliaceous plant should not be
passed in this enumeration, as it has proved hardy in places
free of frost. Four pounds of leaves give about one pound of
fibre, which unites with softness and silky lustre extraordi-
nary strength and tenacity, serving in its native country for
bowstrings. The plant might be left to itself in rocky
unutilised places. Several allied species exist.

Santalum album, Linné.*
India, ascending to the temperate elevations of Mysore. A
small or middle-sized tree, famed for its fragrant wood and

216 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

roots. In the drier and stony parts of ranges the greatest
fragrance of the wood is generated. 8S. Freycenetianum
(Gaudichaud) produces sandal-wood on the mountains of the
Sandwich Islands, up to 3000 feet. Several other species
occur in Polynesia. The precious sandal-oil is obtained by
slow distillation from the heartwood and root, the yield being
about two and a-half per cent.

Santalum cygnorum, Miquel.
South-Western Australia, where this tree yields scented
sandal-wood.

Santalum Preissianum, Miquel. (S. acwminatwm, A. de
Candolle.)

The Quandong. Desert-country of extra-tropical Australia.
The fruits of this small tree are called Native Peaches. As
both the succulent outer part and kernel are edible, it is ad-
visable to raise the plant in desert-tracts, where the species
does not occur, since moreover it becomes gradually sacrificed
on many native places by pasture operations.

Santalum Yasi, Seemann.
The Sandal-tree of the Fiji Islands, where it grows on dry
and rocky hills. It is likely to prove hardy here, and
deserves with a few other species from the South Sea Islands,
yielding scented wood, test-culture in the warmest parts of
our colony.

Santolina cyparissias, Linné.

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A very aromatic and
handsome bush, of medicinal value. There are several allied
species,

Saponaria officinalis, Linné.

The Soapwort or Fuller’s Herb. Europe, North and Middle
Asia. A perennial herb of some technologic interest, as the
root can be employed with advantage in some final processes
of washing silk and wool, to which it imparts a peculiar
gloss and dazzling whiteness, without injuring in the least the
most sensitive colours. Experiments instituted in the labo-
ratory of the Botanic Garden of Melbourne render it highly
probable that Saponin, which produces the froth from the
Soapwort, is also present in the bark and root of Acacia
(Albizzia) lophanta (W.) At all events a substance closely
resembling Saponin was unexpectedly detected (in the course
of other investigations entrusted to Mr. Rummel) in the
bark of this Acacia, and this substance occurred in so large
@ proportion as to constitute 10 per cent. of the dry bark.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 217

Sassafras officinale, Hayne.
The deciduous Sassafras-tree, indigenous from Canada to
Florida, in dry open woods. Height fifty feet. It furnishes the
medicinal Sassafras bark and wood, and from this again an
essential oil is attainable. The deciduous and often jagged
leaves are remarkable among those of Lauracee.

Satureja hortensis, Linné.
The Summer Savory. Countries around the Mediterranean
Sea. An annual scent-herb, from which an essential aromatic
oil can be distilled. ‘The culture of this and allied plants is
easy in the extreme.

Satureja montana, Linné.

The Winter Savory. On arid hilly places at and near the
Mediterranean Sea. A perennial somewhat shrubby herb,
frequently used as a culinary condiment along with or in
place of the foregoing species, although it is scarcely equal to
it in fragrance.

Satureja Thymbra, Linné.

Countries at or near the Mediterranean Sea. A small ever-
green bush, with the flavour almost of thyme. The likewise
odorous 8. Graeca (L.) and 8. Juliana (L.) have been trans-
ferred by Bentham to the closely cognate genus Micromeria;
they are in use since Dioscorides’ time, though not repre-
senting, as long supposed, the Hyssop of that ancient phy-
sician.

Saussurea Lappa, Bentham. (Haplotaxis Lappa, Decaisne.)
Cashmere. ‘The aromatic root of this perennial species is of
medicinal value, and by some considered to be the Costus of
the ancients.

Saxono-Gotheea conspicua, Lindley.

The Mahin of Southern Chili, A middle-sized tree, with
fine-grained yellowish timber.

Scandix grandiflora, Linné.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual herb,
much liked there as a salad for its pleasant aromatic taste.

Schizostachyum Blumei, Nees.
Java, at an elevation of about 3000 feet. A lofty Bamboo.
A few other species, less elevated, occur in China, the
South Sea and Philippine Islands and Madagascar. The
genus might well be united with Melocanna. The Bam-
boos being brought once more thus before us, it may
be deemed advisable to place together into one _ brief
list all other kinds which are recorded either as very
tall or as particularly hardy. Accordingly, from Major-
General Munro’s admirable monography (“Linnean Trans-

218

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

actions,” 1868), the succeeding enumeration is compiled, and
from that masterly essay, resting on very many years’ close
study of the richest collections, a few prefatory remarks are
likewise offered, to vindicate the wish of the writer of seeing
these noble and graceful forms of vegetation largely trans-
ferred to every part of Australia, where they would impress
a grand tropical feature on the landscapes. Even in our far
southern latitudes Bamboos from the Indian lowlands have
proved to resist our occasional night-frosts of the low country.
But in colder places the many sub-alpine species could be
reared. Be it remembered that Chusquea aristata advances
to an elevation of 15,000 feet on the Andes of Quito, indeed
to near the zone of perpetual ice. Arundinaria falcata, A.
racemosa and A. spathiflora live on the Indian highlands, at
a zone between 10,000 and 11,000 feet, where they are
annually beaten down by snow. We may further recognise
the great importance of these plants, when we reflect on
their manifest industrial uses, or when we consider their
grandeur for picturesque scenery, or when we observe their
resistance to storms or heat, or when we watch the mar-
vellous rapidity in which many develop themselves. Their
seeds, though generally only in long intervals produced, are
valued in many instances higher than rice. The ordinary
great Bamboo of India is known to grow forty feet in forty
days, when bathed in the moist heat of the jungles. The
Bourbon Bamboo forms an impenetrable sub-alpine belt of
extraordinary magnificence in yonder island. One of the
Tenasserim Bambusas rises to 150 feet, with a diameter of
the mast-like cane sometimes measuring fully one foot. The
great West Indian Arthrostylidium is sometimes nearly as
high and quite as columnar in its form, while the Dendro-
calamus at Pulo Geum is equally colossal. The Platonia
Bamboo of the highest wooded mountains of Parama sends
forth leaves fifteen feet in length and one foot in width.
Arundinaria macrosperma as far north as Philadelphia rises
still in favourable spots to a height of nearly forty feet.
Through perforating with artistic care the huge canes of
various Bamboos musical sounds can be melodiously produced
when the air wafts through the groves, and this singular fact
may possibly be turned to practice for checking the devasta-
tions from birds on many a cultured spot. Altogether twenty
genera with 170 well-marked species are circumscribed by
General Munro’s consummate care; but how may these
treasures yet be enriched, when once the snowy mountains of
New Guinea through Bamboo jungles become ascended, or
when the alps on the sources of the Nile, which Ptolemzeus
and Julius Cesar already longed to ascend, have become the

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 219

territory also of phytologic researches, not to speak of many
other tropical regions as yet left unexplored. Hurope pos-
sesses no Bamboo; Australia as far as hitherto ascertained
only one (in the interior of Arnhem’s Land). Almost all
Bamboos are local, and there seems really no exception to
the fact, that none are indigenous to both hemispheres, all
true Bambusas being Oriental. Observations on the growth
of many Bamboos in Italy are recently offered by Chevalier
Fenzi.

The introduction of these exquisite plants is one of the easiest
imaginable, either from seeds or the living roots. The
consuls at distant ports, the missionaries, the mercantile and
navigating gentlemen abroad, and so particularly also any
travellers, could all easily aid in transferring the various
Bamboos from one country to the other—-from hemisphere to
hemisphere. Most plants of this kind here with us, once
well established in strength under glass, can be trusted out to
permanent locations with perfect and lasting safety at the
commencement of the warm season. Indeed, Bamboos are
hardier than most intra-tropical plants, and the majority of
them are not the denizens of the hottest tropical lowlands,
but delight in the cooler air of mountain regions. In select-
ing the following array from General Munro’s monography,
it must be noted, that it comprises only a limited number,
and that among those, which are already to some extent
known, but as yet cannot be defined with precision in their
generic and specific relation, evidently some occur which in
elegance, grace and utility surpass even many of those now
specially mentioned :—

Arundinaria Japonca, S. and Z. Japan. Height to twelve
feet.

Arundinaria verticillata, Nees. Brazil. Height to fifteen
feet.

Arundinaria debilis, Thwaites. Ceylon; ascends to 8000
feet. A tall species.

Arundinaria acuminata, Munro. Mexico. Height to twenty
feet.

Arundinaria tesselata, Munro. South Africa; ascends to
6500 feet. Height to twenty feet.

Arundinaria callosa, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6000
feet. Height to twelve feet.

Arundinaria Khasiana, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6000
feet. Height to twelve feet.

Arundinaria Hookeriana, Munro. Sikkim; ascends to 7000
feet. Height to fifteen feet.

220

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Arundinaria suberecta, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 4500
feet. Height to fifteen feet.

Thamnocalamus Falconert, J. Hook. Himalaya; ascends to
8000 feet. Tall.

Thamnocalamus spathiflorus, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
11,000 feet. Tall.

Phyllostachys bambusoides, 8. and Z. Himalaya, China and
Japan. Height to twelve feet.

Phyllostachys nigra, Munro. China, Japan. Height to
twenty-five feet.

Arthrostylidium longiflorum, Munro. Venezuela; ascends to
6000 feet.

Arthrostylidium Schomburgkii, Munro. Guiana; ascends to
6000 feet. Height to sixty feet.

Arthrostylidium excelsum, Griseb. West India. Height to
eighty feet, diameter one foot. |

Arthrostylidium racemiflorum, Steudel. Mexico; ascends to
7500 feet. Height to thirty feet.

Aulonemia Quexo, Goudot. New Granada, Venezuela, in
cool regions. Tall, climbing.

Merostachys ternata, Nees. South Brazil. Height to twenty
feet.

Merostachys Claussent, Munro. South Brazil. Height to
eighty feet.

Merostachys Kunthw, Ruprecht. South Brazil. Height to
thirty feet.

Chusquea simpliciflora, Munro. Panama. Height to eighty
feet. Scandent.

Chusquea abietifolia, Griseb. West India. Tall, scandent.

Chusquea Culcou, EK. Desv, Chili. Height to twenty feet.
Straight.

Chusquea uniflora, Steudel. Central America. Height to
twenty feet. ;

Chusquea Galleottiana, Ruprecht. Mexico; ascends to 8000
feet.

Chusquea montana, Philippi. Chili Andes. Height to ten
feet.

Chusquea Dombeyana, Kunth. Peru; ascends to 6000 feet.
Height to ten feet.

Chusquea Fendlerit, Munro. Central America; ascends to
12,000 feet.

Chusquea scandens, Kunth. Colder Central America. Climb-
ing, tall.

Chusquea Quila, Kunth. Chili. Tall.

Chusquea tenuiflora, Philippi. Chili. Height to twelve feet.

Chusquea Gaudichaudiana, Kunth. South Brazil. Very tall.

Chusquea capitulifiora, Trinius. South Brazil. Very tall.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. Zo

Platonia nobilis, Munro. New Granada, colder region.

Nastus Borboncus, Gmel. Bourbon, Sumatra; ascends to
4000 feet. Height to fifty feet.

Guadua Tagoara, Kunth. South Brazil; ascends to 2000
feet. Height to thirty feet.

Guadua macrostachya, Rupr. Guiana to Brazil. Height
to thirty feet.

Guadua capitata, Munro. South Brazil. Height to twenty
feet.

Guadua virgata, Rupr. South Brazil. Height to twenty-
five feet.

Guadua refracta, Munro. Brazil. Height to thirty feet.

Guadua paniculata, Munro. Brazil. Height to thirty feet.

Bambusa Tulda, Roxb. Bengal to Burmah. Height to
seventy feet.

Bambusa nutans, Wall. Himalaya; ascends to 7000 feet.

Bambusa tuldoides, Munro. China, Hong Kong, Formosa.

Bambusa pallida, Munro. Bengal to Khasia; ascends to
3500 feet. Height to fifty feet.

Bambusa polymorpha, Munro. Burmah, in the Teak-region.
Height to eighty feet.

Lambusa Balcooa, Roxb. Bengal to Assam. Height to
seventy feet.

Bambusa flecuosa, Munro. China. Height to twelve feet.

Bambusa Beecheyana, Munro. China. Height to twenty
feet.

Bambusa marginata, Munro. ‘Tenasserim ; ascends to 5000
feet. Tall, scandent.

Bambusa regia, Th. Thomson. Tenasserim. Height to forty
feet.

Bambusa Brandisii, Munro. Tenasserim ; ascends to 4000
feet.. Height to 120 feet, circumference 2 feet.

Gigantochloa heterostachya, Munro. Malacca. Height to
thirty feet.

Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Munro. Abyssinia to Angola;
ascends to 4000 feet. Height to fifty feet.

Oxytenanthera albo-cihata, Munro. Pegu, Moulmein. Tall,
scandent.

Cephalostachyum capitatum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
6000 feet. Height to thirty feet.

Cephalostachyum pallidum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to
5000 feet. Tall.

Cephalostachyum pergracile, Munro. Burmah. Height to
forty feet.

Pseudostachyum polymorphum, Munro. Himalaya; ascends
to 6000 feet. Very tall.

Teimostachyum Griffith, Munro. Burmah. Tall and slender.

222, SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Beesha stridula, Munro. Ceylon.

Beesha capitata, Munro. Madagascar. Height to fifty feet.

Dendrocalamus sericeus, Munro. Behar; ascends to 4000 feet.
Tall.

Dendrocalamus flagellifer, Munro. Malacca. Very tall.

Dendrocalamus Hookeri, Munro. Himalaya; ascends to 6000
feet. Height to fifty feet.

Dendrocalamus Hamilton, Nees. Himalaya; ascends to
6000 feet. Height to sixty feet.

Dinochloa Tjankorreh, Buehse. Java, Philippines ; ascends
to 4000 feet. Climbing.

Schizostachyum brachycladum, Kurz.
Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to forty feet high, very
hollow. The short branches give to this Bamboo a peculiar
habit, One variety has splendidly yellow stems.

Schizostachyum elegantissimum, Kurz.
Java, at elevations from 3000 to 6000 feet. Unlike all other
Bamboos, this bears flowers at an age of three years, and is
therefore of special importance for scenic effect. Height up
to twenty-five feet, stems stout. It requires, like many allied
plants, renewal after flowering.

Schizostachyum Hasskarlianum, Kurz.

Java. This and S. serpentinum afford the best kinds of Bam-
boo vegetables for cookery, the young shoots, when bursting
out of the ground, being used for the purpose. Kurz mentions
as culinary ‘‘ Rebong” Bamboos :—Gigantochloa aspera, G.
robusta, G. maxima, G. atter. For ornamental culture the
same meritorious writer singles out Schizostachyum brachy-
cladum, the varieties of Bambusa vulgaris with gaudy, glossy
colouring of the stems, in contrast with the black-stemmed
species of Phyllostachys from China and Japan.

Schizostachyum irratum, Steudel.
Sunda Islands and Moluccas. Stems to thirty feet high, re-
markably slender.

Schizostachyum Zollingeri, Steudel.
Hills of Java. Much cultivated. Height up to thirty-five
feet, stems slender.

Schoenocaulon officinale, A. Gray. (Asa-Graya officinalis,
Lindley ; Sabadilla officinalis, Brandt and Dierbach.)

Mountains of Mexico. A bulbous-rooted herb with leafless
stem, thus far specially distinct from any Veratrum. It fur-
nishes the Sabadilla-seeds and yields two alkaloids: Veratrin
and Sabadillin; a resinous substance: Helonin; also Sabadillic
and Veratric acid. The generic names adopted for this plant
by Lindley and by Dierbach are coetaneous.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 223

Sciadopitys verticillata, Siebold.
The lofty and curious Umbrella-Fir of Japan, 140 feet high.
Resists severe frosts. Wood white and compact.

Scilla esculenta, Ker. (Camassia esculenta, Lindley.)
The Quamash. In the western extra-tropic parts of North
America, on moist prairies. The onion-like bulbs in a roasted
state form a considerable portion of the vegetable food, on
which the aboriginal tribes of that part of the globe are living.
It is a pretty plant, and might be naturalised here on our moist
meadows.

Sclerachne cyathopoda, F. v. Mueller.
Tropical Australia. A perennial grass, valuable according to
Mr. P. O’Shanesy for green feed, yielding a large return.

Scorzonera crocifolia, Sibthorp.
Greece. A perennial herb; the leaves, according to Dr.
Heldreich, used there for a favourite salad and spinage.

Scorzonera deliciosa, Gusson.*
Sicily. One of the purple-flowered species; equal, if not supe-
rior, in its culinary use to the allied Salsify.

Scorzonera Hispanica, Linné.*
Middle and South Europe, Orient. The perennial root of
this yellow-flowered herb furnishes not only a wholesome and
palatable food, but also serves as a therapeutic remedy much
like dandelion. Long boiling destroys its medicinal value.
Some other kinds of Scorzonera may perhaps be drawn into
similar use, there being many Asiatic species.

Scorzonera tuberosa, Pallas.

At the Volga and in Syria. Also this species yields an
edible root, and so perhaps the Chinese Se. albicaulis (Bunge),
the Persian Sc. Scowitzii (Cand.), the North African Sec.
undulata (Vahl), the Greek Sc. ramosa (Sibth.), the Russian
Sc. Astrachanica (Cand.), the Turkish Sc. semicana (Cand.),
the Iberian Sc. lanata (Bieberst.). At all events careful
culture may render them valuable esculents.

Scutia Indica, Brogniart.
South Asia. This, on Dr. Cleghorn’s recommendation, might
be introduced as a thorny hedge-shrub.

Sebzea ovata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropic Australia and New Zealand. This neat little
annual herb can be utilised for its bitter tonic principle
(Gentian-bitter). S. albidiflora (F. v. M.) is an allied species
from somewhat saline ground. These plants disseminate
themselves most readily.

224 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Secale cereale, Linné.*

The Rye. Orient, but perhaps wild only in the country
between the Caspian and Black Seas. Mentioned here as
the hardiest of all grain-plants for our highest alpine regions.
There are annual and biennial varieties, while a few allied
species, hitherto not generally used for fodder or cereal
culture, are perennial. The Rye, though not so nutritious as
wheat, furnishes a most wholesome well-flavoured bread,
which keeps for many days, and is most extensively used in
Middle and North Europe and Asia. The grain moreover
can be reared in poor soil and cold climates, where wheat
will no longer thrive. In produce of grain Rye is not
inferior to wheat in colder countries, while the yield of
straw is larger, and the culture less exhaustive. It is a
hardy cereal, not readily subject to disease, and can be grown
on some kinds of peaty or sandy or moory ground. The
sowing must not be effected at a period of much wetness.
Wide sand-tracts would be uninhabitabe, if it were not for the
facility to provide human sustenance from this grateful corn.
Tt dislikes moist ground. Sandy soil gives the best grain.
Tt is a very remarkable fact, that since ages in some tracts of
Europe, Rye has been prolifically cultivated from year to
year without interruption. In this respect Rye stands
favourably alone among alimentary plants. It furnishes in
cold countries also the earliest green-fodder, and the return
is large. Dr. Sonder observed in cultivated turf-heaths with
much humus, that the spikelets produce three or even four
fertile florets, and thus each spike will yield up to eighty
beautiful seeds. Langethal recommends for argillaceous soils
a mixture of early varieties of wheat and rye, the united crops
furnishing grain for excellent bread. When the Rye-grain
becomes attacked by Cordyceps purpurea (Fr.), or very similar
species of fungi, then it becomes dangerously unwholesome, but
then also a very important medicinal substance, namely Ergot,
is obtained. The biennial Wallachian variety of Rye can be
mown or depastured prior to the season of its forming
grain. In alpine regions Wallachian Rye is sown with
pine-seeds, for shelter of the pine-seedlings in the first year.

Secale creticum, Linné.
Though probably only a variety of S. cereale (L.), it deserves |
specially to be mentioned as furnishing a bread of peculiar taste.

Sechium edule, Swartz. :
West India. The Chocho or Chayota. The large root of |
this climber can be consumed as a culinary vegetable, while
the good-sized fruits are also edible. The plant comes in ;
climates like ours to perfection.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 225

Selinum anesorrhizum, F. v. Muller. (Anesorrhiza Capen-
sis, Ch. and Schl.)
South Africa. The root of this biennial herb is edible. A.
montana (Eckl. and Zeyh.), a closely allied plant, yields like-
wise an edible root, and so it 1s with a few other species of
the section Anesorrhiza.

Selinum Monnieri, Linné.
From East Asia now extending to South Europe, preferring
moist places. An annual herb, praised by the Chinese as
valuable for medicinal purposes.

Sequoia sempervirens, Endlicher.* (Zaxodiwm sempervirens,

Lambert.)

Red-Wood or Bastard-Cedar of North-West America, chiefly
California. A splendid tree, 360 feet high, occasionally with
a diameter of the stem of fifty-five feet. The wood is reddish,
close-veined, but light and brittle. One of the most colossal
trees of the globe. Its growth is about thirty-two feet in six-
teen years. Often found on metamorphic sandstone.

Sequoia Wellingtonia, Seemann.* (Wellingtonia gigantea,
Lindley.)

Mammoth-tree. California, up to 5000 feet above the sea.
This, the biggest of all trees, attains a stem of 320 feet in
length and 112 feet in circumference, the oldest trees being
estimated at 1100 years. The total height of a tree will
occasionally be 450 feet. A stem broken at 300 feet had yet
a diameter of eighteen feet. The wood is soft and white
when felled, afterwards it turns red. Traditional accounts
seem to have overrated the height of the Mammoth-tree. In
the Calaveras-grove two of the largest trees, which may have
been the tallest of all, were destroyed; the two highest now
existing there are respectively 325 and 319 feet high, with a
circumference of forty-five and forty feet at six feet from the
ground. At the Mariposa-grove the highest really measured
trees are 272, 270 and 260 feet high, but one of these has the
enormous circumference of sixty-seven feet at six feet from
the ground, while another, the height of which is not recorded,
is ninety-three feet in girth at the ground and sixty-four feet
at eleven feet from it; the branches of this individual tree
are as thick as the stems of large Elms. The height of the
Calaveras-grove is 4760 feet above sea-level. Both Sequoias
produce shoots from the root after the stem is cut away.

Sesamum Indicum, Linné.
The Gingili. Southern Asia, extending eastwards to Japan.
This annual herb is cultivated as far as 42° north latitude.
The oil, fresh expressed from the seeds, is the best for table
use ; free of any unpleasant taste. In Greece the seeds are

Q

226 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

often sprinkled over cakes. One of the advantages of the
culture of this plant consists in its quick return of produce.
The soot of the oil is used for China-ink.

Sesbania aculeata, Persoon.
The Danchi. Intra-tropical and sub-tropical Asia, Africa
and Australia. This tall annual plant has proved adapted
for our desert-regions. It yields a tough fibre for ropes, nets
and cordage, valued at from £30 to £40 for the ton. Several
congeneric plants can be equally well utilised.

Sesbania cannabina, Persoon.
South Asia. An annual herb of easy growth in wet
localities, requiring less attention in weeding and otherwise
than the Jute-plant. The crop for fibre ripens in about five
months.

Sesleria coerulea, Arduino.*
Most parts of Europe. Of this perennial grass Langethal ob-
serves, that it 1s for dry and loose limestone what Elymus are-
narius is for loose sand. It stands well depasturing by sheep
and is one of the earliest grasses in the season. S. dacty-
loides, Nuttall (Buchloa dactyloides, Torrey), is the Buffalo-
grass of Kansas.

Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Linné.
All around the globe on the shores of tropical and some sub-
tropical countries, occurring naturally as far south as Port
Jackson. A perennial creeping herb, fit to fix the sandy silt
on the edges of sea-coasts.

Shepherdia argentea, Nuttall.
The Buffalo-Berry. From the Missouri to Hudson’s Bay.
This bush bears red acidulous edible berries.

Shorea robusta, Gaertner.

The Sal-tree. India, up to 3000 feet. It attains as a maxi-
mum a height of 150 and a girth of 25 feet. One of the most
famed of Indian timber-trees. It could likely be grown in
the warm forest-valleys of East Gipps Land. Drs. Stewart
and Brandis found it on sandstone, conglomerate, gravelly
and shingly ground, where loose water-transmitting soils are
mixed with a large portion of vegetable mould. The climatic
conditions within a Sal-area may be expressed as:—Mean an-
nual rainfall, 40 to 100 inches; mean temperature, in the cool
season 55° to 77°, in the hot season 77° to 85° F. Sal will
stand the occasional sinking of the temperature below freezing-
point. The heart-wood.is dark-brown, coarse-grained, hard,
very heavy, strong, tough, with fibrous cross-structure, the
fibres interlaced. For buildings, river-boats and railway-
sleepers it is the most important timber of North India. It
exudes a pale, aromatic, Dammar-like resin.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 227

Shorea Talura, Roxburgh. (S. laccifera, Heyne.)
India, abounding in Mysore, where South European fruits
prosper. On this tree also the Lac-insect lives. It furnishes
a peculiar Dammar.

Sison Amomum, Linné.
Middle and South Europe. <A herb of one or two years’
duration. It grows best on soil rich in lime. The seeds can
be used for condiment.

Smilax officinalis, Humboldt.
New Granada and other parts of Central America. This
climbing shrub produces at least a portion of the Columbian
Sarsaparilla.

Smilax medica, Chamisso and Schlechtendal.
Mexico. This plant produces mainly the Sarsaparilla-root of
that country.

Smilax papyracea, Duhamel.

Guiana to Brazil. The origin of the principal supply of
Brazilian Sarsaparilla is ascribed to this species, although
several others of this genus, largely represented in Brazil,
may yield the medicinal root also. In our fern-tree gullies
these plants would likely succeed in establishing themselves.
Smilax Australis (R. Br.), extends from the tropical coast-
parts of Australia to East Gipps Land. Neither this, nor
the East Australian 8. glycyphylla (Smith) nor the New
Zealand Ripogonum scandens (Forst.) have ever been sub-
jected to accurate therapeutic tests, and the same may be
said of numerous other Smilaces, scattered through the
warmer countries of the globe. The Italian Sarsaparilla,
which is derived from the Mediterranean 8. aspera (L.), has
been. introduced into medicine.

Smilax rotundifolia, Linné.

Eastern States of North America and Canada. A prickly
climber with deciduous foliage. An immense local use is
made of the roots for the bowls of tobacco-pipes, clay pipes
being there almost unknown. It is estimated that nearly
three millions of these briar-root pipes are now made a-year.
The reed-portion of these pipes is generally prepared from
Alnus serrulata (Meehan).

Smyrnium Olusatrum, Linné.
The Alisander. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Western Asia. A biennial herb, which raw or boiled can be
utilised in the manner of Celery. The roots and the fruit-
lets serve medicinal purposes.

Q 2

228 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Solanum Ethiopicum, Linné.
Tropical Africa. Cultivated there and elsewhere on account:
of its edible berries, which are large, red, globular and
uneven. The plant is annual.

Solanum Dulcamara, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, North Africa, Middle Asia. A
trailing half-shrub, with deciduous leaves. The stems are
used in medicine, and contain two alkaloids: Dulcamarin and
Solanin.

Solanum edule, Schumacher and Thonning.

Guinea. The berry is of the size of an apple, yellow and
edible.

Solanum Fendleri, Asa Gray.

New Mexico. <A new kind of Potato, enduring a tempera-
ture of zero. Mr. Meehan’s endeavours to obtain good-sized
tubers have as yet not been successful. The following plants
are also spoken of by Dr. Rosenthal and others as new kinds
of Potato, perhaps to be developed through cultivation: 8.
demissum (Lindley), 8. cardiophyllum (Lindley), 8. utile
(Klotzsch), S. verrucosum (Schlechtendal), S. Bulbocastanum
(Dunal), 8. stoloniferum (Schlechtendal), all from Mexico
and some from elevations 10,000 feet high; 8. Maglia
(Molina) from Chili and 8. immite (Dunal) from Peru.

Solanum Gilo, Raddi.
Tropical America; much cultivated there for the sake of its
large spherical orange-coloured berries, which are eatable.

Solanum Guinense, La Marck. .
Within the tropics of both hemispheres. The berries of this
shrub serve as a dye of various shades, particularly violet,
for silk.

Solanum indigoferum, St. Hilaire.
Southern Brazil. A dye-shrub, deserving here trial-culture.

Solanum Lycopersicum, Linné. (Lycopersicum esculentum,
Mill.
The rae South America. Annual. Several varieties
exist, differing in shape and colour of the berries. It is one
of the most eligible plants with esculent fruits for naturalisa-
tion in our desert-country. As well known, the Tomato is
adapted for various culinary purposes.

Solanum macrocarpum, Linné.
Mauritius and Madagascar. A perennial herb.. The berries
are of the size of an apple, globular and yellow. S. Thonningi
_ (F. Jacq.), from Guinea, is a nearly-related plant. S. calyci-
num (Moc. et Sess.), from Mexico, is also allied.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 229

Solanum Melongena, Linné. (S. ovigerum, Dunal; S. escu-
lentum, Dunal.)
The Egg-plant. India and some other parts of tropical Asia.
A perennial plant, usually renewed in cultivation like an
annual. The egg-shaped large berries are known under the
name of Aubergines or Bringals or Begoons as culinary
esculents. Allied plants are: 8S. insanum (L.), S. longum
(Roxb.), S. serpentinum (Desf.), S. undatum (Lam.), S. ferox
(L.), S. pseudo-saponaceum (Blume), 8. album (Lour.), which
bear all large berries, considered harmless, but may not all
represent well-marked species. Absolute ripeness of all such
kinds of fruits is an unavoidable requisite, as otherwise even
wholesome sorts may prove acrid or even poisonous. Pro-
bably many other of the exceedingly numerous species of the
genus Solanum may be available for good-sized edible berries.

Solanum muricatum, L’Heritier.
The Pepino of Peru. A shrubby species with egg-shaped edible
berries, which are white with purple spots, and attain a length
of six inches.

Solanum Quitoense, La Marck.
Ecuador, Peru. A shrubby plant. The berries resemble in
size, colour and taste small oranges, and are of a peculiar
fragrance. To this the S. Plumierii (Dun.), from the West
Indian Islands, is also cognate, and the 8. Topiro (Kunth),
from the Orinoco.

Solanum torvum, Swartz.
From West India to Peru. A shrubby species with yellow
spherical berries of good size, which seem also wholesome.
Other species from tropical America have shown themselves
sufficiently hardy for inducing us to recommend the test-culture
of such kinds of plants. Many of them are highly curious and

ornamental.

Solanum tuberosum, Linné.*
The Potato. Andes of South America, particularly of Chili,
but not absolutely trans-equatorial, as it extends into Colum-
bia. It is also wild in the Argentine territory. As a starch-
plant, the Potato interests us on this occasion particularly.
Considering its prolific yield in our richer soil, we possess as
yet too few factories for Potato-starch. The latter, by being
heated with mineral acids or malt, can be converted into Dex-
trin and Dextro-Glucose for many purposes of the arts. Dex-
trin, as a substitute for gum, is also obtainable by subjecting
Potato-starch in a dry state to a heat of 400° F. Alcohol may
be largely produced from the tubers. .The berries and shoots
contain Solanin. Baron von Liebig remarks :—‘‘So far as its
foliage is concerned, it is a lime-plant; as regards its tubers, a

230 _ SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

potash-plant.” Langethal says:—“It surpasses in easy range
of cultivation all other root-crops. Its culture suppresses.
weeds and opens up the soil, besides preparing the land for
cereals.” Seeds of the Potato-berries should be sown in
adapted places by explorers of new countries. The most for-
midable Potato-disease of the last thirty years from the Pero-
nospora infestans seems to have originated from the use of
objectionable kinds of guano, to the introduction of which the
murrain was contemporaneous.
Solanum Uporo, Dunal.

In many of the islands of the Pacific Ocean. The large red
spherical berries of this shrub can be used like Tomato.

Solanum vescum, F. v. Mueller.
The Gunyang. South-East Australia. A shrub yielding edible
berries, which need, however, to be fully ripe for securing ab-
sence of deleterious properties.

Solanum xanthocarpum, Schrader and Wendland.
North Africa and South Asia. A perennial herb. The berries:
are of the size of a cherry, and either yellow or scarlet.

Sophora Japonica, Linné.*
A deciduous tree of China and Japan, resembling the
Laburnum, up to sixty feet high; wood hard and compact,
valued for turner’s work. All parts of the plant purgative;
the flowers rich in a yellow dye, used for silk.

Sophora tetraptera, Aiton. Var. Macnabiana, Graham.
The Pelu of Chili and Patagonia. A small tree with exceed-
ingly hard and durable wood, much used for cog-wheels and.
similar structures. The wood differs much from that of 8.
Toramiro of the Easter Island (Dr. Philippi).

Spartina cynosuroides, Willdenow.
Kastern part of North America. A perennial grass of fresh-
water swamps, there often-called Prairie-grass; it can be
utilised for fodder, and its value as paper-material seems.
equal to that of Esparto.

Spartina juncea, Willdenow.
Salt marshes of North America. A grass with creeping
roots ; it can be utilised to bind moist sand on the coast. A
tough fibre can readily be obtained from the leaves. S. poly-
stachya (W.) is a stately grass, adapted for saline soil. ;

Spartina stricta, Roth.
Countries at the Mediterranean Sea, extending to Britain
and also to North America. The twin-spiked Cord-grass. A
rigid perennial with creeping roots, recommended for fixing
and rendering solid any mud-flats on low shores and at the
mouth of rivers; only suitable for brackish ground.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. Dei

Spartium junceum, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The flowers of this
bush provide a yellow dye. A textile fibre can be separated
from the branches.

Spergula arvensis, Linné.
All Europe, North Africa, West Asia. This annual herb,
though easily becoming a troublesome weed, is here men-
tioned for the desirable completeness of this enumeration.
The tall variety with large seeds (S. maxima, Welhe), can be
- chosen with advantage for the commencement of tillage on
any sandy soil, too poor for barley. It takes up the land
only for about two months, if grown for green-fodder, and
increases much the yield of milk. It serves also for ad-
mixture to hay (Langethal).
Spigelia Marylandica, Linné.
North America, north to Pennsylvania and Wisconsin. A
perennial handsome herb, requiring as a vermifuge cautious
administration. S. anthelmia (L.) is an annual plant of
tropical America and possesses similar medicinal properties,
in which probably other species likewise share.

Spilanthes oleracea, N. Jacquin.
The Para-Cress. South America. An annual herb of
considerable pungency, used as a medicinal salad.

Spinacia oleracea, Linné.
Siberia. The ordinary Spinage. An agreeable culinary
annual of rapid growth. It is of a mild aperient property.
Two varieties are distinguished, the Summer and the Winter
Spinage, the former less inclined to run into seed but also
less hardy.

Spinacia tetrandra, Stev.
Caucasus. Also annual and unisexual like the preceding
plant, with which it has equal value, though it is less known.

Spinifex hirsutus, La Billardieére.
On the whole coast of extra-tropical Australia. Highly
valuable for binding coast-sand with its long creeping roots.

Spinifex longifolius, R. Brown.
On the tropical and western extra-tropical coast of Aus-
tralia. Available like the former. 2

Spinifex squarrosus, Linné.
India. Useful, like the two preceding plants. Tennent
remarks, that the radiating heads become detached when the
seed is matured, and are carried by the wind along the sand,
over the surface of which they are impelled by their elastic
spines, dropping their seeds as they roll along. The heads

232

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE |

are so buoyant as to float lightly on water, and while the
uppermost spiny rays are acting as sails, they are carried
across narrow estuaries to continue the process of embanking
beyond on any newly formed sandbars.

Spondias dulcis, G. Forster.

Fiji, Tongan and Society Islands. This noble tree is intro-
duced into this list to indicate, that trials should locally be
instituted here as regards the culture of the various good
fruit-bearing species of this genus, one of which, 8. pleiogyna
(FE. von Mueller), transgresses in Hast Australia the tropical
circle. The lamented Dr. Seemann saw S. dulcis sixty feet
high, and describes it as laden with fruit of agreeable apple-
flavour called Rewa, and attaining over 1-lb. weight.

Stenotaphrum Americanum, Schranck. (S. glabrum,

Trinius. )

South Asia, Africa, warmer countries of America, not known
from any part of Europe or Australia. Here called the
Buffalo-grass. It is perennial, creeping and admirably
adapted for binding sea-sand and river-banks, also for
forming garden-edges, and for establishing a grass-sward on
lawns much subjected to traffic; it is besides of some
pastoral value. It was this grass, which Mr. John C. Bell
reared with so much advantage for fodder on the bare rocks of
the island of Ascension, and it was there where Australian
Acacias took the lead to establish wood vegetation and for
securing permanency of drinking-water.

Stilbocarpa polaris, Decaisne and Planchon.

Auckland’s and Campbell’s Islands, and seemingly also in
the southern extremity of New Zealand. A_ herbaceous
plant with long roots, which are saccharine and served some
wrecked people for a lengthened period as sustenance. The
plant is recommended here for further attention, as it may
prove through culture a valuable addition to the stock of
culinary-vegetables of cold countries.

Stipa tenacissima, Linné.* (IJacrochloa tenacissima, Kunth.)

The Esparto or Atocha. Spain, Portugal, Greece, North
Africa, ascending the Sierra Nevada to 4000 feet. This
grass has become celebrated since some years, having
afforded already a vast quantity of material for British
paper-mills. It is tall and perennial, and may prove here a
valuable acquisition, inasmuch as it lives on any kind of poor
soil, occurring naturally on sand and gravel as well as on
clayey or calcareous or gypseous soil, and even on the very
brink of the coast. But possibly the value of grasses of our
own, allied to the Atocha, may in a like manner become
commercially established, and mainly with this view paper

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. ieee

samples of several grass-kinds were prepared by the writer
(vide ‘‘ Report, Industrial Exhibition, Melbourne, 1867”).
Even in the scorching heat and the arid sands of the Sahara
the Atocha maintains itself, and it may thus yet be destined
to play an important part in the introduced vegetation of any
arid places of our desert-tracts, particularly where lime and
gypsum exist. The very tenacious fibre resists decay, and is
much employed for the manufacture of ropes. During 1870
the import of Esparto-ropes into England was 18,500 tons,
while the raw material to the extent of about 130,000 tons
was imported. Extensive culture of this grass has com-
menced in the south of France. It is pulled once a year, in
the earlier part of the summer. The propagation can be
effected from seeds, but is done usually by division of the
root. Ten tons of dry Esparto, worth from £4 to £5 each,
can under favourable circumstances be obtained from an acre.
The supply has fallen short of the demand. Good writing-
paper is made from Esparto without admixture ; the process
is similar to that for rags, but cleaner. ‘The price of Esparto-
paper ranges from £40 to £50 for the ton. Stipa arenaria
(Brot.) is a closely allied and still taller species, confined to
Spain and Portugal. Consul W. P. Mark deserves great
praise for having brought the Atocha into commercial and
manufactural recognition.
Streblus asper, Loureiro.

South Asia. This bears a good recommendation for live
fences, it being a shrub of remarkable closeness of branches.

Styrax officinale, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. A tall bush or small
tree. The fragrant solid Storax-resin exudes from this plant,
or is particularly obtained by pressure of the bark.

Swietenia Mahagoni, Linné.
The Mahogany-tree of West India, extending naturally to
Florida and Mexico. The degree of endurance of this famous
tree is not sufficiently ascertained. In its native mountains it
ascends to 3000 feet.

Symphytum asperrimum, Sims.* !
The Prickly Comfrey. Caucasus. The growth of this hardy
plant may be recommended as an adjunct to Lupine-culture.
The Hon. Arthur Holroyd, of Sydney, has recently devoted
a special publication to this plant. He quotes on good
authority the return of foliage already in the first year as
20 tons to the acre, in the second year 50 tons and every
year after 80 to 120 tons on manured land. It yields a
nutritive and relished forage in rapid and continuous repro-
duction. It is likewise recommended for green manure. Dr,

234 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Voelcker found much mucilage but little sugar in this plant.
The massive root known to penetrate to nine feet depth
sustains the plant in vigour, admitting it to be cut almost.
throughout the year. The propagation is easy from root-
cuttings, difficult from seeds, 4000 of the former to an acre ;.
it will thrive even in sand and tough clay, but prefers moist
and even boggy land. It ought here to be naturalised along
swamps, lagoons and river-banks. It can be dried for hay.
Finally it is recommended as a plant for game.

Symphytum officinale, Linné.
The Comfrey. Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb.
The root is utilised in veterinary practice.

Symplocos ramosissima, Wallich.
Himalaya, up to 7500 feet. In Sikkim, according to Dr.
Stewart, the yellow silkworm is reared on the leaves of this
tree. Two allied species occur spontaneously in the forests of
Kast Australia.

Synoon glandulosum, A. de Jussieu.
New South Wales and South Queensland. This evergreen
tree deserves cultivation in sheltered warm forest-valleys of
our colony, on account of its rose-scented wood. Some
species of Dysoxylon of East Australia produce also rose-
wood.

Tacca pinnatifida, G. Forster.

Sand-shores of the South Sea Islands. From the tubers of
this herb the main supply of the Fiji arrowroot is prepared.
It is not unlikely, that this plant will endure our coast-clime.
The Tacca-starch is much valued in medicine, and particularly
used in cases of dysentery and diarrhea. Its characteristics.
are readily recognised under the microscope. Several other
kinds of Tacca are distinguished, but their specific limits are
not yet well ascertained. Dr. Seemann admits two (T.
maculata and T. Brownii) for tropical Australia, one of these
extending as a hill-plant to Fiji. From the leaves and
flower-stalks light kinds of bonnets are plaited. A Tacca
occurring in the Sandwich Islands yields a large quantity of
the so-called arrowroot exported from thence. Other species
(including those of Ataccia) occur in India, Madagascar,
Guinea and Guiana, all deserving tests in reference to their
value as starch-plants.

Tagetes glanduligera, Schranck.
South America. This vigorous annual plant is said by Dr.
Prentice to be pulicifugous.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 235

Tamarindus Indica, Linné.

Tropical Asia and Africa. This magnificent large expansive
tree extends northwards of Egypt, and was found by the
writer of this list in North-Western Australia. Final girth
of stem 25 feet not rare. Never leafless. Varieties occur
according to Brandis with sweetish red pulp. It is indicated
here not without hesitation, to suggest new trials of its
acclimation on the lower Murray River and in East Gipps-
land. The acid pulp of the pods forms the medicinal Tama-
rind, rich in formic and butyric acid, irrespective of its other
contents.

Tamarix dioica, Roxburgh.
India, up to 2500 feet. An important shrub for binding
newly-formed river-banks even in saline soil.

Tamarix Gallica, Linné.*

South Europe, North and tropical Africa, South Asia, ascend-
ing the Himalayas to 11,000 feet. This shrub adapts itself
in the most extraordinary manner to the most different
localities. It will grow alike in water and the driest soil ;
also in salty ground; and is one of the most grateful and
tractable plants in culture; it is readily multiplied from
cuttings, which strike root as easily as a willow, and push
forth stems with unusual vigour. Hence it is one of the
most eligible bushes for planting on coast-sand to stay its
movements, or for lining embankments. Planted much in
cemeteries. Here first largely sent out by the writer.

Tamarix Germanica, Linné.
Europe and West Asia, ascending to 15,000 feet in the
Himalayas. Likewise available for arresting the ingress of
shifting sand, particularly in moist places, also for solidifying
precipitous river-banks. The allied T. elegans (Myricaria
elegans, Royle) attains a height of twenty feet.

Tamarix orientalis, Forskal. (7. articulata, Vahl.)
North and Middle Africa, South Asia. A fast-growing tree,
attaining a height of sixty feet, the trunk occasionally ex-
panding to a circumference of twelve feet. Springs up freely
from seeds and is also readily propagated from cuttings.
Coppices well (Stewart and Brandis). The wood serves for
ploughs, wheels and many implements. Dye-galls and a
kind of manna are also produced by this tree. The same or
an allied species extends to Japan.

Tanacetum vulgare, Linné.
The Tansy. North and Middle Europe, North Asia, North-
Western America. A perennial herb of well-known medicinal
value, which mainly depends on its volatile oil.

236 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Taraxacum officinale, Weber. |
Dispersed over most of the temperate and cold parts of the
globe, but apparently not a native of this part of Australia.
This well-known plant is mentioned, as it can be brought
under regular cultivation to obtain the medicinal extract from
its roots. It is also considered wholesome to pasture-animals.
The young leaves furnish a medicinal salad.

Tarchonanthus camphoratus, Linné.
South Africa. This bush deserves attention, being of medi-
cinal value. As an odorous garden-plant it is also very
acceptable.

Taxodium distichum, Richard.*

Virginian Swamp- or Bald-Cypress. In swampy places of
North America. A large and valuable tree, one hundred
feet high, with a stem circumference of sometimes forty feet ;
of rapid growth, with deciduous foliage like that of the larch
and ginkgo. It is found fossil in the miocene formation of
many parts of Europe. The wood is fine-grained, hard and
durable ; it yields an essential oil and a superior kind of tur-
pentine. Useful for avenues on swampy margins of lakes or
river-banks. Porcher says: This tree, lifting its giant form
above the others, gives a striking feature to many of the
swamps of Carolina and Georgia; they seem like watch-
towers for the feathered race.

Taxodium mucronatum, Teno.
The famed Montezuma-Cypress of Mexico, 120 feet high,
with a trunk 44 feet in circumference; it forms extensive
forests between Chapultepec and Tescuco.

Taxus baccata, Linné.

Yew. Middle and South Europe and Asia, at 1000 to 10,000
feet elevation. Generally a shrub, sometimes a tree one
hundred feet high, which furnishes a yellow or brown wood,
exceedingly tough, elastic and durable, and much esteemed by
turners ; one of the best of all woods for bows. The tree is
of very slow growth, and attains a great age, perhaps several
thousand years ; some ancient ones are known with a stem of
fifty feet in girth. It should be kept out of the reach of
pasture-animals, as leaves and fruit are deadly poisonous.

Taxus brevifolia, Nuttall. (Z. Lindleyana, Lawson.)
North-West America. Western Yew. A stately tree,
seventy-five high, with a stem of five feet in circumference.
Wood beautifully white or slightly yellow, as fine and close-
grained as the European Yew. ‘The Indians use it for their
bows.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 237

Tectona grandis, Linné fil. |
The Teak of South Asia. This superb timbér-tree has its
northern limit in Bandalkhand, at elevations of 3000 feet,
ascending to 4000 feet; but then not of tall size. In
Western India, according to Stewart and Brandis, frost is not
uncommon in the Teak districts.

Teinostachyum attenuatum, Munro.
The hardy Bamboo of Ceylon, there growing on the moun-
tains at elevations between 4000 to 6000 feet. It attains a
height of 25 feet.

Telfairia pedata, Hooker.

Mozambique. A cucurbitaceous climber with perennial
‘stems, attaiming a length of 100 feet, with fringed lilac
flowers of extraordinary beauty and with fruits attaining a
weight of 60lbs., and containing at times as many as 500
large seeds. The latter in a boiled state are eatable, or a
large quantity of oil can be pressed from them. The root is
fleshy. Our summers in the Murray-country are likely to
bring this plant regularly into bearing. A second huge
species of similar use, T. occidentalis (J. Hook.), occurs in
Guinea.

Terfezia Leonis, Tulasne.
South Europe, North America. This edible Truffle, together
with other species of this and other genera, is deserving of
naturalisation in Australia.

Terminalia Catappa, Linné.

India, ascending mountain-regions. Few trees, as stated by
Roxburgh, surpass this in elegance and beauty. We have
yet to learn whether it can be naturalised here, which it
especially deserves for its nuts. Several species extend in
East Australia to subtropical latitudes. The seeds are
almond-like, of filbert taste and wholesome. The astringent
fruits of several other species form an article of trade, sought
for a lasting black dye. T. parviflora (Thwaites) forms a
large tree in Ceylon, at elevations up to 4000 feet.

Tetragonia expansa, Murray.
The New Zealand Spinage, occurring also on many places of
the coast and in the desert-interior of Australia. Known
also from New Caledonia, China, Japan and Valdivia. An
annual herb, useful as a culinary vegetable, also for binding
drift-sand.

Tetragonia implexicoma, J. Hooker.
Extra-tropic Australia, New Zealand, Chatham Island. A
frutescent widely expanding plant, forming often large
natural festoons, or trailing and climbing over rocks and

238

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

sand, never away from the coast. As a spinage-plant it is as
valuable as the succeeding species. It is well adapted for
the formation of bowers in arid places; it helps also to bind
sand. ‘T. trigyna (Banks and Solander) seems identical.

Tetranthera Californica, Hooker and Arnott.* (Oreo-

daphne Californica, Nees.)

Oregon and California, where it is called the Mountain-Laurel
or Bay-tree. On the banks of rivers attaining a height of
100 feet, throughout pervaded by a somewhat camphoric
odour. Wood hard, close-grained, durable, susceptible of a
high polish, easily worked, used for superior flooring, turnery
and manifold other select work. The tree is easily cultivated,
and of comparatively quick growth (Dr. Behr and Prof.
Bolander.)

Tetranthera calophylla, Miquel. (Cylicodaphne sebifera,

Blume.)
Mountains of Java and the Neilgherries. From the kernels
of the berries a tallow-like fat is pressed for the manufacture
of candles. The yield is comparatively large. Trial cultures
with this tree might be instituted in our humid forest-valleys.
T. laurifolia (Jacq.) of tropical Asia and Australia and T.
japonica (Sprengel) are noted as similarly utilitarian.

Teucrium Marum, Linné.

Countries at the Mediterranean Sea. A small somewhat
shrubby plant, in use for the sake of its scent, containing a
peculiar Stearopten. T. Scordium (L.) from Europe and
Middle Asia, T. Chamaedrys (L.), T. Polium (L.) and T.
Creticum (L.) from South Europe, are occasionally drawn
into medical use. All these together with many other species
from various countries are pleasantly odorous.

Thapsia edulis, Bentham. (Monizia edulis, Lowe.)

On the island of Deserte Grande, near Madeira, where it is
called the Carrot-tree. It might be of some use to bring this
almost shrubby umbellate to the cliffs of our shores; though
the root is inferior to a carrot, perhaps cultivation would
improve it.

Thea Chinensis, Sims.* (Camellia Thea, Link.)

The Tea-shrub of South-eastern Asia. This evergreen and
ornamental bush has proved quite hardy in our lowland
clime, where in exposed positions it endures without any
attention as well our night-frosts as also the free access of
scorching summer-winds. But it is in our humid valleys,
with rich alluvial soil and access to springs for irrigation,
where only the most productive Tea-fields can be formed.
The. plant comes into plentiful bearing of its product as early

: FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 239
as the Vine and earlier than the Olive. Its culture is
surrounded with no difficulties, and it is singularly exempt
from diseases, if planted in proper | localities. Pruning is
effected in the cool season, in order to obtain a large quantity
of small tender leaves from young branches. Both the
Chinese and Assam Tea are produced by varieties of one
single species, the Tea-Shrub being indigenous in the forest-
country of Assam. Declivities are best adapted and usually
chosen for Tea-culture, particularly for Congo, Pekoe and
Souchong, while Bohea is often grown in flat countries. For
many full details Fortune’s work, “The Tea-Districts of
China,” might be consulted. The very troublesome Tea-bug
of Asia is Helopeltis theivora. Fumigation and the appli-
cation of birdlime are among the remedies to cope with this
insect. The third volume of the Agricultural and Horticul-
tural Society of India is mainly,occupied by Lieut.-Colonel
Edw. Money’s and Mr. Watson’s elaborate essays on the
cultivation and manufacture of Teain India. For full advice
on and culture preparation consult the writer’s printed lecture,
delivered in 1875 at the Farmers’ Club of Ballarat.

The Tea of commerce consists of the young leaves, heated,
curled and sweated. The process of preparing the leaves can
be effected by steam machinery ; a machine of particular con-
struction has been suggested recently by Mr. J oachimi according
to requirements explained by the writer. In 1866 three
machines for dressing Tea have been patented in England, one
by Messrs. Campbell and Burgess, one by Mr. Thomson and
one by Mr. Tayser. To give an idea of the quantity of Tea,
which is consumed at the present time, it may be stated, that
from June to September, 1871, 11,000,000 Ibs. of Tea were
shipped from China alone to Australia, and that the produce
of Tea in India from January to June of this year has been
18,500,000 Ibs. Seeds of the Tea-bush are now in many
parts of this colony locally to be gathered from plants
distributed by the writer, and for years to come the cultiva-
tion of the Tea-bush, merely to secure local supplies of fresh
seeds, ready to germinate, will in all likelihood prove highly
lucrative. Tea contains an alkaloid: Coffein, a peculiar
essential oil and Bohea-acid along with other substances.

Theligonum cynocrambe, Linné.
Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. An annual Spinage
plant of somewhat aperient effect.

Thouarea sarmentosa, Persoon.
Tropical shores of the eastern hemisphere. This curious
and tender grass might be easily introduced, to Hele binding
the sand on “sea-beaches.

240.

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Thrinax parviflora, Swartz.

West India, and also on the continent of Central America.
The stem of this Fan-Palm attains a height of twenty-five
feet. It belongs to the sand-tracts of the coast and may
endure our clime.. The fibre of this palm forms material for
ropes. T. argentea (Lodd.) is a closely allied palm. The
few other species of the genus deserve also trial-culture here.

Thuya gigantea, Nuttall.

North-West America, on the banks of the Columbia River.
The Yellow Cypress of the colonists. A straight, graceful
tree 200 feet high, furnishing a valuable building-timber of
a pale or light-yellow colour, known as the Oregon White
Cedar-wood, susceptible of high polish. The diameter of the
stem attains ten feet or even more. The timber is light.
Canoes carrying four tons have been obtained out of one
stem. The bast can be converted into ropes and mats.

Thuya occidentalis, Linné.

North America, particularly frequent in Canada. Northern
White Cedar. A fine tree, seventy feet high ; the wood is
reddish or yellowish, fine-grained, very tough and resinous,
and well fit for building, especially for water-work ; also for
turnery and machinery. Michaux mentions that posts of this
wood last forty years ; a house built of it was found perfectly
sound after sixty years. It prefers moist soil. Valuable for
hedge-copses ; it can also be trained into garden-bowers. The
shoots and also an essential oil of this tree are used in
medicine; the bast can be converted into ropes. The
branches serve for brooms.

Thuyopsis dolabrata, Siebold and Zuccarini.

Japan. A majestic tree, furnishing an excellent hard timber
of a red colour.

Thymelea tinctoria, Endlicher. (Passerina tinctoria, Pourr.)

Portugal, Spain, South France. A small shrub. It yields a
yellow dye. Cursorily it may be noted here, that some of
our Pimelez contain a blue pigment, which has not yet been
fully tested. Their bark produces more or less of Daphnin
and of the volatile acrid principle, for which the bark of
Daphne Mezereum (L.) is used. These are remarkably
developed in the Victorian Pimelea stricta (Meissn). The
bark of many is also pervaded by a tough fibre, that of the
tall Pimelea clavata (Labill.), a West Australian bush, being
particularly tenacious, and used for whips.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 241
Thymus capitatus, Hoffmann and Link. (Satwreja capitata,
inné).

Around the whole Mediterranean Sea. Since the times of
Hippocrates, Theophrastos and Galenusthis small scented shrub
has been employed in medicine.

Thymus Mastichina, Linné.
Spain, Portugal, Morocco. A half-shrub of agreeable scent,
used also occasionally in medicine.

Thymus Serpillum, Linné.
Europe, Western Asia. A perennial herb of some medicinal
value. It would live on our highest alps. An essential oil
can be obtained from it. One particular variety is lemon-
scented.

Thymus vulgaris, Linné.
The Garden-Thyme. South Europe. This small shrubby
plant is available for scent and for condiments. It is also
well adapted for forming garden-edges. The essential oil of
this plant can be separated into the crystalline Thymol and
the liquid Thymen and Cymol. T. aestivus (Ruet.) and T.
hiemalis (Lange) are closely cognate plants. Several other
species with aromatic scent occur at the Mediterranean Sea.

Tilia Americana, Linné.
The Basswood-tree or North American Linden-tree, growing
to 52° north latitude. Height of tree eighty feet, diameter
of stem four feet. Wood pale and soft. Tilia heterophylla
(Vent.), the Silver-Lime of North America, and Tilia
Manchurica (Rupr.) of South Siberia might be tested.

Tilia argentea, Desfontaines.*
The Silver Lime-tree of South-East Europe. The wood is
not attacked by boring insects. The flowers are deliciously
fragrant, and yield on distillation a precious oil.

Tilia Europea, Linné.
The common Lime of Europe, extending naturally to Japan,
the large-leaved variety of South European origin. Height up
to 120 feet, exceptionally 50 feet in girth. The wood pale,
soft and close-grained ; sought for turnery and carving. The
bast excellent for mats.

Tillandsia usneoides, Linné.
From Carolina and Florida to Uruguay and Chili, on trees.
Might be naturalised in our forests. In its native country a
favourite material for upholsterers’ work.

Tinguarra Sicula, Parlatore.
In the countries at the Mediterranean Sea. The root is

edible and celery-like.
R

242 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Torreya Californica, Torrey. (7. myristica, Hooker.)
In California. Tree eighty feet high.

Torreya grandis, Fortune.
China. A tree sixty feet high, with an umbrella-shaped
crown ; it produces good timber.

Torreya nucifera, 8S. and Z. (Caryotaxus nucifera, Zuc-
carini.)
Japan. Height of tree about thirty feet. From the nuts
the Japanese press an oil, used as an article of food.

Torreya taxifolia, Arnott.
Florida. A tree fifty feet in height, with a firm, close-
grained, durable wood of a reddish colour.

Touchardia latifolia, Gaudichaud.
In the Hawaian Islands. A shrub allied to Boehmeria nivea,
yielding a tough and easily separable fibre, as first shown by
Dr. Hillebrand. Probably best adapted for our ferntree-
gullies.

Tragopogon porrifolius, Linné.
The Salsify. Middle and Southern Europe, Middle Asia.
Biennial. The root of this herb is well known as a useful
culinary vegetable.

Trapa bicornis, Linné fil.*
The Leng or Ling or Links of China. The nuts of this
water-plant are extensively brought to market in that
country. The horns of the fruit are blunt. The kernel,
like that of the two following species, is of excellent taste.
The plant is regularly cultivated in lakes and ponds of
China.

Trapa bispinosa, Roxburgh.*
Middle and South Asia, extending to Ceylon and Japan;
found also in Africa as far south as the Zambesi. Here in
our culture it lasts through several years. In some countries,
for instance in Cashmere, the nuts form an important staple
of food to the population. To this species probably belong ~
T. Cochin-chinensis (Lour.) and T. incisa (Sieb. and Zuec.)

Trapa natans, Linné.*
The ordinary Waternut. Middle and South Europe, Middle
Asia, North and Central Africa. Recorded as an annual.
T. quadrispinosa (Roxb.), from Sylhet, is an allied plant.
Trifolium agrarium, Linné.
The perennial Yellow Clover or Hop-Clover. All Europe,
Western Asia. Of considerable value in sandy seu as a
fodder-herb. It is easily naturalised.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 243

Trifolium Alexandrinum, Linné.*
The Bersin-Clover. North-Eastern Africa, South-Western
Asia, South Europe. Much grown for forage in Egypt.
Recorded as annual.

Trifolium alpestre, Linne.
Europe, West Asia. Perennial. Content with lighter soil
than that needed for most Clovers, but its constituents must be
fairly marly or limy. It is early out and very palatable
(Langethal).

Trifolium fragiferum, Linné.
The Strawberry-Clover. Europe, North Africa, Middle and
North Asia. A perennial species, well adapted for clay-soils.
Foliage closer and more tender than that of the White
Clover, but its vegetation later (Langethal).

Trifolium hybridum, Linné.*
The Alsike-Clover. Europe, North Africa, Western Asia.
A valuable perennial pasture-herb, particularly for swampy
localities. It succeeds where the ground becomes too sandy
for Lucerne and too wet for Red Clover. ;

Trifolium incarnatum, Linné.
_ The Carnation-Clover. Middle and South Europe. Though
annual only, or sometimes biennial, it is valued in some of
the systems of rotations of crops. It forms particularly a
good fodder for sheep; it is recommended especially for
gypsum-regions. A white-flowering variety exists.

Trifolium medium, Linné.*

The Red Zigzag-Clover. Europe, North and Middle Asia.
A deep-rooting perennial herb, much better adapted for dry
sandy places than T’. pratense. It would also endure the
inclemency of the clime of our higher alpine regions, if dis-
seminated there. One of the best Clovers for forest-regions.
For regular culture it needs lime, like most plants of its
class. More hardy than T. hybridum, less productive than
T. pratense (Langethal). It ought not to be omitted among
mixed Clovers and grasses. 'T. Quartinianum (A. Rich) is an
allied plant from Abyssinia, where several endemic species
exist. Some of the twenty-five known Californian Clovers
would deserve test-culture.

Trifolium montanum, Linne.
EKurope, West Asia. Perennial. Not without importance
for limy or marly ground.

Trifolium ochroleucum, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, West Asia. Pale-yellow Clover.
Perennial. This species is much cultivated in Upper Italy ;
its value is that of T. medium (Langethal).
R2

244; SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Trifolium pratense, Linné.*
The ordinary Red Clover. All Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia, extending to Japan. A biennial or under
special circumstances also perennial herb, of great importance
for stable-fodder. It prefers rich soil, and particularly such
which is not devoid of lime; gypsum dressings are recom-
mended for its fields. It enters very advantageously into the
rotation-system of crops. Also this species would live in our
alps, where it would much enrich the pastures.

Trifolium repens, Linné.*
The ordinary White Clover. Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia, Sub-Arctic America. Perennial. Most.
valuable as a fodder-plant on pastoral land. It has a predi-
lection for moist soil, but springs again from dry spots after
rain. It likes soil containing lime, prospers on poorer ground -
than Red Clover, is more nourishing and better digested and
less exhaustive to the soil. It has naturally spread over
many of our humid valleys, and its growth should be en-
couraged in such localities.

Trifolium spadiceum, Linné.
Brown Clover. Europe, West Asia. Though only annual
or biennial, this has been recommended for wet sandy moor-
land, on which it redisseminates itself with readiness.

Trifolium subrotundum, Hochstetter.
The Mayad-Clover. North and Middle Africa, ascending to
9000 feet. A perennial species, in its native countries with
advantage utilised for Clover-culture. This by no means
closes the list of the Clovers desirable for introduction,
inasmuch as about 150 well-marked species are recognised,
many doubtless of pastoral value. But the notes of rural
observers on any of these kinds are so sparingly extant,
that much uncertainty about the yield and nutritive value
of the various kinds continues to prevail. Most Clovers
come from the temperate zone of Europe and Asia; only
two are indigenous to the eastern of the United States of
North America, none occurs in Australia, few are found
in South Africa, several in California and the adjoining
countries, several also in, Chili; no species is peculiar to
Japan.

Trigonella Foenum Greecum, Linné.
Countries on the Mediterranean Sea. The seeds of this
annual herb find their use in veterinary medicine.

Trigonella suavissima, Lindley.
Interior of Australia, from the Murray-River and its tribu-
taries to the vicinity of Shark’s Bay. This perennial,

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 945

fragrant, clover-like plant proved a good pasture-herb. A
lithogram, illustrating this plant, occurs in the work on
the ‘Plants Indigenous to Victoria.” Some of the many
European, Asian and African plants of this genus deserve
our local tests.

Triphasia Aurantiola, Loureiro.
South-East Asia. This shrub is worth cultivation for the
exquisite fragrance of its flowers. The fruits though small
are of pleasant sweetness. The plant may prove also adapted
for hedges. Glycosmis citrifolia (Lindley) and Claussena
punctata (Oliver), also both East Asiatic fruit-shrubs, may
possibly show themselves hardy in our sheltered forest-
regions. | ,

Tripsacum dactyloides, Linné.
Central and North America. A reedy perennial grass, more
ornamental than utilitarian. It is the original Buffalo-
grass, and attains a height of seven feet, assuming the aspect
of Maize. It is of inferior value for fodder, but serves for
binding sand. ‘The seeds are available for food. To T.
monostachyon belongs, according to Decaisne, the Teosinté or
Reana luxurians (Durien.)

Tristania conferta, R. Brown.
New South Wales and Queensland. A noble shady tree,
attaining a height of 150 feet. It is not only eligible as an
avenue-tree, but also as producing select, lasting timber; ribs
of vessels from this tree have lasted unimpaired thirty years
and more.

Triticum junceum, Linné.
Europe and North Africa. A rigid grass with pungent leaves
and extensively creeping roots, requiring sea-sand for its
permanent growth. One of the best grasses to keep rolling
sand-ridges together, and particularly eligible where cattle
and other domestic animals cannot readily be prevented from
getting access.

Triticum vulgare, Villars.*
The Wheat. Apparently arisen through culture from
ZXgilops ovata (L.), and then a South European, North
African and Oriental plant. This is not the place to enter
into details about a plant universally known. It may there-
fore suffice merely to mention, that three primary varieties
must be distinguished between the very numerous sorts of
cultivated Wheat: 1. Var. muticum, T. hybernum (L.), the
Winter Wheat or Unbearded Wheat; 2. Var. aristatum,
T, estivum (L.), the Summer Wheat or Bearded Wheat;
3. Var. adherens, T. Spelta (L.), Wheat with fragile axis

RO ee

246 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

and adherent grain. Metzger enumerates as distinct kinds
of cultivated Wheat :—

T. vulgare (Vill.), which includes among other varieties the
ordinary Spring Wheat, the Fox Wheat and the Kentish
Wheat. It comprises also the best Italian sorts for plaiting
straw-bonnets and straw-hats, for which only the upper
part of the stem is used, collected before the ripening of the
grain and bleached through exposure to the sun while kept
moistened.

T. turgidum (L.), comprising some varieties of White and Red
Wheat, also the Clock Wheat and the Revet Wheat.

T. durum (Desfont.), which contains some sorts of the Bearded
Wheat.

T. Polonicum (L.), the Polish Wheat, some kind of which is
well-adapted for peeled Wheat.

T’. Spelta (L.), the Spelt Corn or Dinkel Wheat, a kind not
readily subject to disease, succeeding on soil of very limited
fertility, not easily attacked by birds, furnishing a flour of
excellence for cakes, also yielding a superior grain for peeled
Wheat. For preparing the latter it is necessary to collect
the spikes while yet somewhat green and to dry them in
baking-houses.

ZT’. dicoccum (Schrank). (Z. amyleum, Ser.) The Emmer |
Wheat. Its varieties are content with and prolific on poor soil, :
produce excellent starch, are mostly hardy in frost and not :
subject to diseases. To this belongs the Arras Wheat of
Abyssinia, where a few other peculiar sorts of Wheat are to
be found.

T. monococcum (L.) St. Peter’s Corn, which is hardier- than
most other Wheats; exists in the poorest soils, but produces
grains less adapted for flour than for peeled Wheat.

Tropeolum majus, Linné.

Peru. This showy perennial climber passes with impro-
priety under the name of Nasturtium. The herbage and
flowers serve as Cress, and are also considered antiscorbutic.
A smaller species T. minus (L.), also from Peru, can likewise
be chosen for a Cress-salad; both besides furnish in their
flower-buds and young fruits a substitute for Capers. A
volatile oil of burning taste can be distilled from the foliage |
of both; and this is more acrid even than the distilled oil
of Mustard-seeds. In colder countries these plants are only
of one year’s duration. Numerous other species, all highly
ornamental, occur in South America and a few also in
Mexico.

— Se

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 247

Tropzolum sessilifolium, Pcppig.
Chili. Among the species of this genus one of the most
eligible for its tubers, which can be consumed even in a raw
state and are larger than those of most other Tropzolums, while
the stems are short and procumbent (Philippi).

Tropzolum tuberosum, Ruiz and Pavon.
Peru. The tuberous root serves as an esculent.

Trophis Americana, Linné.
West Indian Archipelagus. The foliage of this milky tree
has been recommended as food for the silk-insect. In Cuba
and Jamaica it is used as provender for cattle and sheep.

Tuber aestivum, Vittadini.
The Truffle most in the markets of England. The white
British Truffle, Chairomyces meandriformis (Vitt.), though
large is valued less. In the Department Vaucluse (France)
alone about 60,000 lbs. of Truftles are collected annually at
a value of about £4000. Many other kinds of Truffles are
in use. Our own native Trufile, Mylitta Australis (Berk.)
attains sometimes the size of the Cocos-nut, and is also a fair
esculent. It seems also quite feasible to naturalise the best
of edible fungi of other genera, although such may not be
amenable to regular culture.

Tuber albidum, Fries.
Occurs with T. estivum, but is smaller and less agreeable in
taste. The means of transferring Truffles and any other
edible fungi from one country to another require yet to be
further studied and finally devised, but they appear quite
feasible.

Tuber cibarium, Sibthorp.

Middle and South Europe. The Black Truffle. Like all
others growing under ground, and generally found in forest-
soil of limestone formations. It attains a weight over one
pound. Experiments for naturalisation may be effected with
every prospect of success by conveying the Truffle in its
native soil to us, and locating it in calcareous places of our
forest-regions. As condiment or merely in a roasted state it
affords an aromatic food. T. melanosporum (Vitt.) from
France, Germany and Italy, is of a still more exquisite taste
than T. cibarium, indeed of strawberry flavour.

Tuber magnatum, Pico.
Grey Truffle. South Europe. One of the most esteemed
Truffles, with some garlic flavour.

Huber rutum, Pico.
Red Truffle, especially in vineyards. Much used for food,
but smaller than the Terfezia Trufiles.

248 _ SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Ulex Europzeus, Linné.
Middle and South Europe, Azores, Canary Islands. The
Whin, Gorse or Furze. A bush important for covering
quickly drift-sands on coasts. Too apt to stray as a hedge-
plant.

Ullucus tuberosus, Lozano. (Melloca tuberosa, Lindley.)
Andes of New Granada and Peru, up to an elevation of
9000 feet. A perennial herb, the tubers of which are edible.

Ulmus alata, Michaux.
The Whahoo-Elm of North America. Height of tree thirty
feet. Wood fine-grained, heavier and stronger than that
of the White Elm, of a dull red colour, used by wheelwrights,
but like that of U. Americana not equal to the European Elm,

Ulmus Americana, Linné.
The White Elm of North America. A tree fond of moist
river-banks. One hundred feet high, trunk sixty feet, five
feet in diameter.

Ulmus campestris, Linné.*

The ordinary Elm, indigenous to South Europe and temperate
Asia, as far east as Japan. Several marked varieties, such as
the Cork-Elm and Wych-Elm, exist. The Elm in attaining
an age of several centuries becomes finally of enormous size.
In Britain much attacked by Scolytus destructor. The wood
is tough, hard, fine-grained and remarkably durable, if
constantly under water. Next to the Yew it is the best of
European woods, where great elasticity is required, as for
archery bows. It is also used for keels, blocks and wheels.
Bast tough.

Ulmus crassifolia, Nuttall.
The evergreen Elm of Mexico and Texas.

Ulmus Floridana, Chapman.
The West Florida Elm. Forty feet high.

Ulmus fulva, Michaux.
The Slippery or Red Elm of North America. Sixty feet
high. Wood red, tenacious.

Ulmus Mexicana, Planchon. :

cv. Cordilleras of North America. This Elm attains a height
of sixty feet or perhaps more. Many of these Elms are
available as quick-growing avenue trees for shade-lines.

Ulmus parvifolia, Jacquin.
The evergreen Elm of China, Japan and Queensland. A
similar tree is found in the Himalaya Mountains. .

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE, 249

Ulmus pedunculata, Fougeraux. (U. ciliata, Ehrhart.)
Kurope and Asia, through their middle zone. A fine avenue-
tree.

Ulmus racemosa, Thomas.
The Cork-Elm of North America.

Ulmus Wallichiana, Planchon.
Himalayan Elm. In the mountains of India from 3500 to
10,000 feet. A tree up to ninety feet high with deciduous
foliage, the stem attaining a girth of twenty-four feet.

Uniola paniculata, Linné.
North-East America. This tall maritime grass can be chosen
on account of its creeping roots to bind rolling coast-sands.
- It serves also as a nourishing forage-plant on sand-tracts.
Urginia Scilla, Steinheil. (Scilla maritima, Linné.)
South Europe, North Africa. The medicinal Squill. The
plant needs not regular cultivation, but settlers living near
the coast might encourage its dissemination, and thus obtain
the bulbs as drug from natural localities. Its peculiar bitter
principle is called Scillitin. U. altissima (Baker) serves in
South Africa as Squill.

Uvularia sessilifolia, Linné.
North America, in forests. This pretty herb is mentioned as
yielding a good substitute for Asparagus.

Vaccinium alatum, Dombey. (Zhibaudia alata, Dunal.)
Frigid regions of the Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen
shrub, with pink berries of the size of a cherry. This highly
ornamental plant could be grown in our sub-alpine regions.

Vaccinium bicolor, F. v. Mueller. (Thibaudia bicolor,
Ruiz and Pavon.)

Cold zone of the Peruvian Andes. A high evergreen bush,
with red berries of the size of a hazel-nut. All Thibaudias
seem best to form a section in the genus Vaccinium, some
species of the latter, for instance Vaccinium Imrayi (Hook.),
from Dominica, mediating the transit. The species of the
section Thibaudia are, as a rule, producing red berries of
acidulous grateful taste. Many others may deserve there-
fore culture in our forest-ravines or on our alpine heights.
They occur from Peru to Mexico, also in West India. One
species, Vaccinium melliflorum (Thibaudia melliflora, R. and
P.), has its flowers rich in honey-nectar.

Vaccinium caespitosum, Michaux.
Canada and Northern States of North America. A deciduous-
leaved small bush, with bluish edible berries. V. ovalifolium
(Smith) is an allied species.

250 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Vaccinium corymbosum, Linné.*
The Swamp-Blueberry or Blue Huckle-berry. Canada and
United States of North America. A good-sized shrub with
deciduous foliage. Berries bluish-black of sweetish taste,
ripening late in the season.

Vaccinium erythrocarpum, Michaux. (Oxycoccus erectus,
Pursh.)
Carolina and Virginia, on high mountains. An upright bush
of a few feet in height, with deciduous leaves. The transparent.
scarlet berries, according to Pursh, are of excellent taste.

Vaccinium grandiflorum, Dombey. (Ceratostemma grandi-
Jlorum, Ruiz and Pavon.)
Andes of Peru. A tall evergreen shrub. The berries of a
pleasant acidulous taste.
Vaccinium humifusum, Graham.
North-Western America, on the Rocky Mountains. Berries
of this bush well flavoured.

Vaccinium Leschenaultii, Wight. (Agapetes arborea, Dunal.)
India, Neilgherries and Ceylon. This evergreen species
attains the size of a tree, flowering and fruiting throughout
the year. The fruits resemble cranberries.

Vaccinium leucanthum, Cham.
Mountains of Mexico. An arborescent species. The blackish
berries are edible.

Vaccinium macrocarpon, Aiton.* (Oxycoccus macrocarpus,
Persoon.)

The large Cranberry. From Canada to Virginia and Caro-
lina, particularly in sandy and peaty bogs and in cold mossy
swamps. A trailing evergreen bush, with stems attaining a
length of three feet. It is this species which has become so
extensively cultivated in the eastern parts of the United
States, where on moory land, often not otherwise to be
utilised, enormous quantities of this fruit have been pro-
duced by regular culture at a highly profitable scale. The
berries are of the acid taste, pleasant aroma and scarlet
brightness of the British Cranberry, but considerably larger.

Vaccinium meridionale, Swartz.
Jamaica, from the summits of the highest ranges down to
the coffee-regions. It attains a height of thirty feet and is
evergreen. The small berries are of the taste and colour of
those of V. Vitis Ideea.

Vaccinium Mortinia, Bentham.
Mountains of Columbia. A shrub several feet high. The
fruits resemble those of V. Myrtillus, but are more acid.
They come under the name Mortina to the Quito market.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 251
Vaccinium myrtilloides, Michaux. |
Michigan, Canada, Newfoundland, Labrador. ‘The large
edible berries are called Bluets. This little bush is adapted
for our higher alpine country.

Vaccinium Myrtillus, Linné.*

The British Whortleberry or Bilberry. Throughout Europe,
North and Middle Asia, remotest North America, in heathy
and turfy forest-land. A shrub, a few feet high or less, deci-
duous, erect, of great value for its copious supply of berries.
They are, as well known, black with a blueish-grey hue and
of exceedingly grateful taste. The naturalisation of this
plant on our alpine ranges and in our cooler woodlands, par-
ticularly in our forests of Fagus Cunninghami, would prove
a boon. The berries can be utilised for their dye. The whole
bush contains Quina acid.

Vaccinium Oxycoccus, Linné. (Oxycoccus palustris, Per-
soon.

The hs Cranberry. Through Europe, North and Middle
Asia, North America, on turf-moss in moory heaths. A
creeping evergreen shrub of particular neatness. The berries
give a most agreeable preserve and are of anti-scorbutic value.
This species is particularly eligible for the spongy mossy bogs
of our snowy mountains.

Vaccinium parvifolium, Smith.
North-Western America. A. tall shrub. The berries are
excellent for preserves.

Vaccinium Pennsylvanicum, Lamarck.* (V. angustifo-
liwm, Aiton.)
The early Blueberry or Blue Huckleberry. North America,
en dry woody hills. A dwarf-bush with deciduous foliage,
producing fruit in abundance. The berries are large, blueish-
black and of sweet taste. V.Canadense (Kalm), according
to’ Dr. Asa Gray, is closely allied.

Vaccinium prezestans, Rudolphi.
Kamschatka. A minute plant, but with large delicious fruits.
It might easily be disseminated on our Alps.

Vaccinium uliginosum, Linné.
British Bog-Bilberry. Europe, North and Middle Asia,
North America. A deciduous bush, with blackish berries,
similar to those of V. Myrtillus, but hardly of equal excel-
lence.

Vaccinium vacillans, Solander.
North America, in sandy forest-lands. A deciduous small
bush, coming with its blue berries later imto season than
V. Pennsylvanicum.

252 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Vaccinium Vitis Idaea, Linné. :
Europe, North and Middle Asia, North America. <A dwarf
‘shrub with evergreen leaves. The purplish-red berries are
sought for jellies and other preserves.

It is as yet impossible to say, how many other species of
Vaccinium produce good-sized and well-flavoured fruits.
The genus ranges in many species from Continental Asia
to the Indian Archipelagus, and has a wide extension also in
South America, occupying in hot countries higher mountain
regions, but few reliable notes on the tropical species are
extant, as far as the fruits are concerned.

Valeriana Celtica, Linné.
Alps of Europe. The root of this perennial herb is particu-
larly aromatic. |

Valeriana edulis, Nuttall.

North-Western America, from Oregon to the Rocky Moun- -
tains. The thick spindle-shaped root of this herb affords
food to the natives of that part of the globe. When baked
the root proves agreeable and wholesome. When we con-
sider the wild states of the plants, from which many of our
important root-crops arose, then this Valeriana and several
other plants, suggestively mentioned in these pages, may well

be admitted for trial-culture.

Valeriana officinalis, Linné.

Europe, North and Middle Asia, in swampy grass-land, with
a predilection for forests and river-banks. This perennial
herb would do particularly well on our alps. It is the
only one among numerous congeners of Europe, Asia and
America, which is drawn to a considerable extent into
medicinal use. The root and herb contain Valerianic acia
and a peculiar tannic acid; the root furnishes an essential
oil, which again resolves itself into Valerol (70 per cent.),
Valereen, Barneol and Valerianic acid. -The order of .
Valeriane is not represented by any native plant in
Australia.

Valerianella olitoria, Moench.
Lamb’s Lettuce. Europe, North Africa, North and Middle
Asia. A fair and early Salad-plant. It is an annual plant,
and has several congeners in Europe and Asia.

Veratrum album, Linné.
Europe, North and Middle Asia, extending eastwards to
Japan. It delights particularly in sub-alpine localities. The
root furnishes Veratrin, Jervin and Sabadillic acid.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 253

Veratrum viride, Aiton.
Canada and United States of North America. A near
relative of the former plant. Its root has come recently into
medicinal use.

Vicia Cracca, Linné.
Europe, North Africa, North and Middle Asia, North
America. Perennial. Recommendable for naturalisation as
a fodder-plant in silvan and alpine lands. It yields in shade
a three times larger return than in open places (Langethal).
The cognate V. Cassubica and V. biennis (Linné) serve also
for field-culture.

Vicia Ervilia, Willdenow. (Zrvwm Hrvila, L.)
South Europe, North Africa, South- Western Asia, An
annual herb, praised as a valuable fodder-plant on ny cal-
careous soil.

Vicia Faba, Linné.*

The Straight Bean. Orient, particularly on the Caspian Sea.
This productive annual herb affords not only its seeds for
table-use, but provides also a particularly fattening stable-
food. The seeds contain about 33 per cent. starch. V.
Narbonensis (L.), from South Europe and South-West Asia
is preferable for the table, because its seeds contain less
bitter principle, though they are smaller.

Vicia peregrina, Linné.
South Europe. Annual. In Italy preferred to the ordinary
Tare for sand-soil; it recommends itself also for its close
growth.

Vicia sativa, Linné.* (JV. angustifolia, Roth.)

The ordinary Vetch or Tare. Europe, North Africa, North
and Middle Asia. One of the best fodder-plants, but only
of one or two years’ duration. Important also for green-
manure, and as a companion of clovers. The allied V.
cordata (Wulfen) and V. globosa (Retzius) are similarly cul-
tivated in Italy (Langethal). Many of the other European
and Asiatic species of Vicia are deserving our attention.

Vicia sepium, Linné.

Europe, West and North Asia. Deserves attention as a
perennial Vetch, enduring an alpine clime. It might with
advantage be naturalised in our forests and alps, but it can
also readily be subjected to field-culture, the yield being large
and nutritious in regions with humid air, though the soil
might be poor. This Vetch can be kept for about fifteen
years continually on the same field (Langethal). V, Pan-
nonica (Jacquin) is an allied but annual species.

254 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Vicia silvatica, Linné.
Europe, North Asia. The Wood-Vetch. Perennial. Re-
commendable to culturists settling in new forest-land, avail-
able also for our alpine copses. Pasture animals have a
predilection for this Vetch; its yield is large. Jn limestone
soil of forests V. pisiformis and V. dumetorum (Linné) can
best be selected for introduction. !

Vicia Sitchensis, Bongard.
From California to Sitka. Asa Gray remarks that the young
seeds of this tall Vetch are eatable like green peas.

Vicia tetrasperma, Koch. (Hrvum tetraspermum, Linné.)
The Lentil-Tare. Europe, West Asia, North Africa. An-
nual. According to Langethal this species is preferable to
the ordinary Tare for sandy soil. It is also less hard as
fodder, and very palatable. Lime in the sand enlarges the
yield. V. monantha and V. hirsuta (Koch) serve nearly

as well.

Vigna lanceolata, Bentham.
Tropical and sub-tropical Australia. Mr. O’Shanesy observes
that this twiner produces, along with the ordinary cylin-
drical pods, others underground from buried flowers, and
these somewhat resemble the fruit of Arachis. The plant is

available for culinary purposes.

Vigna Sinensis, Endlicher.* (Dolichos Simensis, Linné.)
Tropical Asia and Africa. The cultivation of this twining
annual Pulse-herb extends to Southern Europe and many
other countries with a clime like ours. The pods are remark-
able for their great length, and used like French Beans.
Vigna Catjang (A. Rich) and Vigna sesquipedalis and V.
melanophthalma are varieties of this species. In fair soil
the produce is fortyfold.

Villebrunia integrifolia, Gaudichaud.
India, ascending the Himalayan mountains to 5,000 feet. A
small tree, allied to the Rami-plant, Boehmeria nivea. Mr.
C. B. Clarke regards the fibre as one of the strongest
available in India, it being used for bow-strings. Other
Villebrunias, for instance V. frutescens, and also some
species of Debregeasia, particularly D. velutina, deserve
likewise regular culture, for the sake of their fibre. Moist
forest-tracts seem particularly adapted for these plants,
‘because V. integrifolia grows in Sikkim at an elevation
where, according to Dr. G. King, the rainfall ranges from 100
to 200 inches. This fibre is much more easily separable than
that of Maoutia Puya, according to Dr. King’s observations.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. . 255

Viola odorata, Linné.
The Violet. Middle and South Europe, North Africa,
Middle Asia. Passingly alluded to here, as this modest
though lovely plant should be extensively naturalised in our
forest-glens, to furnish its delicate scent for various com-
positions of perfumery.

Vitis acetosa, F. v. Mueller.
Carpentaria and Arnhem’s Land. Stems rather herbaceous
than shrubby, erect. The whole plant is pervaded with
acidity, and proved valuable in cases of scurvy. The berries
are edible. This species, if planted here, would likely spring
annually afresh from the roots.

Vitis aestivalis, Michaux.*
The Summer-Grape of the United States of North America.
Flowers fragrant. The berries are deep blue, of pleasant
taste, and ripen late in the season.

Vitis Baudiniana, F. v. Mueller. (Cissus Antarctica,
Ventenat.)

East Australia. With V. hypoglauca the most southern of
all Grapes, none extending to New Zealaud. It is evergreen,
and here a vigorous plant for bowers, but suffers even from
slight frosts. The berries are freely produced and edible,
though not large.

Vitis cordifolia, Michaux.* (Vitis riparia, Michaux.)
The Winter-Grape or Frost-Grape. From Canada to Florida.
A deciduous vine. The scent of the flowers reminds of
Reseda. The berries are small, either blackish or amber-
coloured, and very acid. ‘They can be used for preserves, and
are only fully matured when touched byfrosts. A succession of
seedlings may give us a superior and simultaneously a very
hardy vine.

Vitis hypoglauca, F. v. Mueller.
East Australia, as far south as Gipps Land. An evergreen
climber of enormous length, forming a very stout stem in
age. The black herries attain the size of small cherries.
Also this species may perhaps be vastly changed in its fruit
by continued culture.

Vitis Indica, Linné.
On the mountains of various parts of India, ascending an
altitude of 3000 feet in Ceylon. The small berries are
edible. The plant should be subjected to horticultural
experiments. This is an apt opportuity to draw attention
to the various Indian species of Vitis with large edible
berries; for instance: V. laevigata (BI.), V. thyrsiflora
(Miq.), V. mutabilis (Bl.), V. Blumeana (Steud.), all from the

256 . SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

mountains of Java, and all producing berries as large as
cherries, those of V. Blumeana being particularly sweet.
Further may here be inserted V. imperiaiis (Miquel) from
Borneo, V. auriculata (Wallich), and V. elongata (Wallich),
both the last from the mountainous mainland of Coromandel,
and all producing very large juicy berries even in the jungle
wilderness. V. quadrangularis (L.) stretches from Arabia to
India and Central Africa, and has also edible fruits. Many
such plants may be far more eligible for Grape-culture in hot
wet climes than the ordinary vine. About 250 species of
Vitis are already known, mostly from intra-tropical. latitudes,
and mostly evergreen ; but in regard to their elevation above
the ocean, and to the nature of their fruits, we are almost
utterly without data.

Vitis Labrusca, Linné.*

The Isabella-Grape. North America, from Canada to Texas
and Florida, alsoin Japan. The Schuylkill-Grape is derived
from this species. A pale-fruited variety furnishes the
Bland’s Grape. Another yields the American Alexander-
Grape. The berries are large among American kinds and
are of pleasant taste. Flowers fragrant. This and the other
hardy North American Vines seem never to be attacked by
the Oidium disease.

Vitis Schimperiana, Hochstetier.
From Abyssinia to Guinea. This Vine may become perhaps
valuable with many other Central African kinds for tropical
culture, and may show itself hardy here. Barter compares
the edible berries to clusters of Frontignac-grape.

Vitis vinifera, Linné.*
The Grape Vine. Turkey, Persia, Tartary; probably also in
the Himalayas and Greece. This is not the place to discuss
at length the great industrial questions concerning this highly
important plant, even had these not engaged already since
many years the attention of a large number of our colonists.
The whole territory of Victoria stretches essentially through
the Vine-zone, and thus most kinds of Vine can be produced
here, either on the lowlands or the less elevated mountains
in various climatic regions and in different geologic forma-
tions.

The Corinthian variety, producing the “Currants” of commerce,
thrives also well in some districts, where with Raisins its fruit
may become a staple article of our exports beyond home
consumption. Dr. W. Hamm, of Vienna, has recently issued
a WVine-map of Europe, indicating the distribution of the
different varieties and the principal sources of the various
sorts of Wine. The writer would now merely add, that the

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 257

preservation of the Grapes in a fresh state, according to M.
Charmeux’s method, and the sundry modes of effecting the
transit of ripe Grapes to long distances, ought to be turned
to industrial advantage. The pigment of the dark Wine-
berries is known as Oenolic acid. The juice contains along
with Tartaric acid also Grape acid. All these chemically
defined substances have uses of their own in art and science.
It might be worthy of trial, how far the Grape-vine can be
grafted on such other species of the extensive genus Vitis as
may not be attacked by the destructive Pemphygus or Phyl-
loxera. Irrespective of sulphur, latterly also borax has been
recommended against the Oidium-disease.

Vitis vulpina, Linné. (Vitis rotundifolia, Michaux.)
The Muscadine or Fox-Grape. South-Eastern States of
North America. Extends also to Japan, Manchuria and
the Himalayas. This species includes as varieties also the
Bullace, the Mustang, the Bullet-Grape and both kinds of
the Scuppernangs. The berries are of a pleasant taste, but
in some instances of a strong flavour; they are the largest
among American Grapes. The Clinton- and Elsinboro-Grapes,
according to Mr. Meehan, the eminent American horticul-
turist, seem to have had their origin with V. cordifolia and
V. riparia. V. Labrusca extends also to the Himalayas.
Dr. Planchon’s important memoir, “Les Vignes Ameri-
caines,” published in 1875, should be consulted in reference
to American grapes.

Voandzeia subterranea, Thouars.
Madagascar and various parts of Africa, as far south as
Natal. This Earth-Pea is annual, and pushes its pods under
ground in the manner of Arachis hypogzea for maturation.
The pods are edible, and much consumed in tropical
countries.

Wallichia oblongifolia, Griffith.
Himalaya, as far as 27° north. There one of the hardiest of

all Palms. It is not a tall one, yet a graceful and useful

object for cultural industries. Several species exist.
Wettinia augusta, Poeppig.

Peru, on mountains several thousand feet high. This Palm

is therefore likely to endure our clime.

Wettinia Maynensis, Spruce.
Cordilleras of Peru. Like the foregoing, it attains a height
of forty feet and advances to elevations of 3000 or 4000 feet.
Before finally parting from the American Palms, it may be
appropriate, to allude briefly to some of the hardier kinds,

Ss

258

SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

which were left unnoticed in the course of this compilation.
From Dr. Spruce’s important essay on the Palms of the
Amazon-River may be learnt that, besides other species as
yet imperfectly known from the sources of this great river,
the following kinds are comparatively hardy; thus they
might find places for cultivation or even naturalisation within
the limits of our colony:—Geonema undata (Klotzsch),
Iriartea deltoidea (R. and P.), Iriartea ventricosa (Mart.),
which latter rises in its magnificence to fully 100 feet;
Triartea exorrhiza (Mart.); this with the two other Iviarteas
ascends the Andes to 5000 feet.—Oenocarpus multicaulis
(Spruce) ascends to 4000 feet; from six to ten stems are
developed from the same root, each from fifteen to thirty feet
high.—Euterpe; of this two species occur in a zone between
3000 and 6000 feet.—Phytelephas microcarpa (R. and P.),
eastern slope of the Peru Andes, ascending to 3000 feet.—
Phytelephas macrocarpa (R. and P.), also on the eastern side
of the Andes, up to 4000 feet; it is this superb species, which
yields by its seeds part of the vegetable ivory.—Phytelephas
aequatorialis (Spruce), on the west slope of the Peruvian
Andes, up to 5000 feet; this Palm is one of the grandest
objects in the whole vegetable creation, its leaves attaining a
length of thirty feet! The stem rises to twenty feet. Palm-
ivory is also largely secured from this plant. Though aequi-
noctial it lives only in the milder regions of the mountains;
therefore in the equable temperature of East Gipps Land it
would likely prosper without protective cover.—Carludovica
palmata (R. and P.), on the east side of the Andes of Peru
and Ecuador, up to 4000 feet; the fan-shaped leaves from
cultivated specimens furnish the main material for the best
Panama-hats. The illustrious Count de Castelnau saw many
Palms on the borders of Paraguay during his great Brazilian
expedition. Most of these together with the Palms of
Uruguay and the wide Argentine territory would likely
prove adapted for acclimation in our latitudes; but hitherto
the limited access to those countries has left us largely unac-
quainted with its vegetable treasures also in this direction.
Von Martius demonstrated already in 1850 the occurrence
of the following Palms in extra-tropic South America:—
Ceroxylon australe (Mart.), on high mountains in Juan Fer-
nandez at 30° south latitude; Jubzea spectabilis (Humb.), in
Chili at 40° south latitude; Trithrinax Brasiliana (Mart.), at

-31° south latitude; Copernicia cerifera (Mart.), at 29° south

latitude; Acrocomia Totai (Mart.), at 28° south latitude;
Cocos australis (Mart.), at 34° south latitude; Cocos Yatai
(Mart.), at 32° south latitude; Cocos Romanzoffiana (Cham.),
at 28° south latitude; Diplothemium littorale (Mart.) at 30°

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 259

south latitude. All the last-mentioned Palms occur in
Brazil, the Acrocomia and Trithrinax extending to Paraguay,
and Cocos australis to Uruguay and the La Plata States.

While some Palms, as indicated, descend to cooler latitudes,
others ascend to temperate and even cold mountain regions.
Among the American species are prominent in this respect :—
Euterpe andicola (Brogn.), E. Haenkeana (Brogn.), E. longi-
vaginata (Mart.), Diplothemium Porallyi (Mart.) and
Ceroxylon pithyrophyllum (Mart.), all occurring on the Boli-
vian Andes at an elevation of about 8000 feet.—Ceroxylon
andicola (Humb.), Kunthia montana (Humb.), Oreodoxa
frigida (Humb.) and Geonoma densa (Linden) reach also on
the Andes of New Granada a height of at least 8000 feet.—
Ceroxylon Klopstockia (Mart.) advances on the Andes of
Venezeula to a zone of 7500 feet altitude, where Karsten saw
stems 200 feet high with leaves twenty-four feet long! There
also occur Syagrus Sancona (Karst.) and Platenia Chiragua
(Karst.) at elevations of 5000 feet, both very lofty Palms.
From the temperate mountain-regions of sub-tropical Mexico
are known, among others:—Chamaedora concolor (Mart.),
Copernicia Pumos (Humb.), C. nana (Kunth), and Brahea
dulcis (Mart.), at elevations from 7000 to 8000 feet.

Widdringtonia juniperoides, Endlicher.
South Africa, 3000 to 4000 feet above sea-level. A
middling-sized tree, rich in resin.
Witheringia solanacea, L’Heritier.

South America. This perennial herb needs trial-culture, on
account of its large edible tubers.

Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, L’Heritier. :
North America. A perennial almost shrubby plant of
medicinal value. The root produces a yellow pigment
similar to that of Hydrastis Canadensis (L.). Both contain
also Berberin.

Ximenia Americana, Linné.
Tropical Asia, Africa. and America, passing however the
tropics in Queensland, and gaining also an indigenous
position in Florida. This bush may therefore accommodate
itself to our clime in localities free of frost. The fruits are
edible, resembling yellow plums in appearance; their taste is
agreeable. The wood is scented.

Yucca filamentosa, Linné. -
The Adam’s Needle. From Carolina and Florida to Texas
and Mexico. An almost stemless species. It would hardly
be right to omit here the plants of this genus altogether, as

s 2

260 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

they furnish a fibre of great strength, similar to that of the
Agaves. Moreover all these plants are decorative, and live
in the poorest soil, even in drifting coast-sand. They are also
not hurt, as is the case with the Fourcroyas, by the frosts
of our lowlands. Among the species with stems of several
feet in height may be recorded Y. gloriosa (L.) and Y.
aloifolia (L.), both from the sandy south coast of North
America. “

Zalacca secunda, Griffith.

Assam, as far north as 28°. A stemless Palm with large
feathery leaves, exquisitely adapted for decorative purposes.
Before we finally quit the Asiatic Palms we may yet learn
from Von Martius’s great work, how many extra-tropic
members of this princely order were known in 1850 already,
when that masterly work was concluded. Martius enume-
rates as belonging to the boreal extra-tropic zone in Asia:
From Silhet at 24° north latitude: Calamus erectus, Roxb.;
C. extensus, Roxb.; C. quinquenervius, Roxb.;—from Garo
at 26° north latitude: Wallichia caryotoides, Roxb.; Ptycho-
sperma gracilis, Miq.; Caryota urens, L.; Calamus leptospadix,
Griff. ;—from Khasya in 26° north latitude: Calamus acantho-
spathus, Griff; C.. macrospathus, Griff; Plectocomia
Khasyana, Griff.;—from Assam about 27° north latitude :
Areca Nagensis, Griff; A. triandra, Roxb.; Livistona
Jenkinsil, Griff; Daemonorops nutantiflorus, Griff; D.
Jenkinsii, Griff.; D. Guruba, Mart.; Plectocomia Assamica,
Griff.; Calamus tenuis, Roxb.; C. Flagellum, Griff; C.
Heliotropium, Hamilt.; C. floribundus, Griff; Phenix
Ouseloyana, Griff.;—from Upper Assam between 28° and 29°
north latitude: Caryota obtusa, Griff; Zalacca secunda,
Griff.; Calamus Mishmelensis, Griff.;—from Darjiling at 27° y
north latitude: Wallichia obtusifolia, Griff.; Licuala peltata,
Roxb.; Plectocomia Himalaiana, Griff.; Calamus _ schizo-
spathus, Griff;—from Nepal between 28° and 29° north
latitude : Chamaerops Martiana, Wall.;—from Guhrval in 30°
north latitude: Calamus Royleanus, Griff.;—from Saharam-
poor in 30° north latitude: Borassus flabelliformis, L.;—from
Duab in 31° north latitude: Phcenix silvestris, Roxb. ;—from
Kheree in 30° north latitude: Phenix humilis, Royle ;—
from Dekan: Bentinckia Coddapanna, Berry ; at an elevation
of 4000 feet.

Miquel mentions as Palms of Japan (entirely extra-tropical):
Rhapis flabelliformis, Aiton; R. humilis, Blume; Cham-
aerops excelsa, Thunb.; Livistona Chinensis, Br. and Arenga
saccharifera, La Bill. or a species closely allied to that
Palm.

\

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 261

Zea Mays, Linné.*

The Maize or Indian-Corn. Indigenous to the warmer parts
of South America. St. Hilaire mentions as its native
country Paraguay. Found in Central America already by
Columbus. This conspicuous though annual cereal-grass
interests us on this occasion as being applicable here to far
more uses than those, for which it has hitherto been employed.
In North America, for instance, Maize is converted into a
variety of dishes for the daily table, being thus boiled in an
immature state as ‘green corn.” Mixed with other flour it
furnishes good bread. For some kinds of cakes it is solely
used, also for Maizena, Macaroni and Polenta. Several
varieties exist ; the Inca-Maize of Peru being remarkable for
its gigantic size and large grains. Maize is not readily
subject to the ordinary corn-diseases; but to prosper it
requires fair access to potash and lime. Good writing and
printing papers can be prepared from Maize-straw. Meyen
calculated that the return from Maize under most favourable —
circumstances in tropical countries would be eight hundred
fold, and under almost any circumstance it is the largest yielder
among cereals in warm countries. As a fattening saccharine
green-fodder Maize is justly appreciated. Any Ergot from it
is used, like that of Rye, for medicinal purposes. Maize-
corn contains about 75 per cent. of starch. Dierbach
recommends mellago or treacle from Maize, instead of that
prepared from the roots of Triticum repens (L.), and the
molasses, so obtained, serve also culinary uses.

Zelkova acuminata, Planchon. (Planera acuminata, Lind-
ley; P. Japonica, Miquel.)
The “Keaki,” considered one of the best timber-trees of
Japan; proved here of rapid growth and valuable as a shade-
tree.

Zelkova crenata, Spach. (Planera Richardi, Michaux.)
South-West Asia, ascending to 5000 feet. In favourable
localities a good-sized tree, with qualities resembling those of
the Elms. The allied Z. cretica (Spach) is restricted to
South Europe.

Zingiber officinale, Roscoe.
The Ginger. India and China. Possibly this plant may be
productive in the hottest parts of our colony, and give satis-
factory results. The multiplication is effected by division
of the root. For candied Ginger only the young succulent
roots are used, which are peeled and scalded prior to the
immersion into the saccharine liquid.

262 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Zizania aquatica, Linné.* (Hydropyrum esculentum, Link.)
The Canada-Rice. In shallow streams and around ponds
and lakes from Canada to Florida. This tall grass might
be readily naturalised. Although its grain can be utilised
for bread-corn, we would wish to possess the plant chiefly to
obtain additional food of a superior kind for water-birds.

Zizania latifolia, Hance.* (Hydropyrum latifolium, Grise-
bach.

The lie of China. In lakes of Amur, Manchuria,
China and Japan. Nearly related to the preceding species.
From Dr. Hance we know, that the solid base of the stem
forms a very choice vegetable, largely used in China, where
this tall water-grass undergoes regular cultivation like the
Trapa.

Zizania miliacea, Michaux.
Southern part of North America, West India. Likewise
tall and perennial, but more restricted to the tide-water
meadows and ditches, according to Pursh; but according to
Chapman’s note generally distributed lke Z. aquatica, with
which it has similar use. In South Brazil occurs a similar
grass, namely Z. microstachya (Nees).

Zizyphus Joazeiro, Martius.
Brazil. Recommended as yielding fruit in arid regions.

Zizyphus Jujuba, La Marck.
From India to China, East Australia, extending also to
tropical Africa, ascending the Himalayas to 4500 feet. This
shrub or tree can only be expected to bear its pleasant fruits
in the warmest part of our colony. The fruit is red or
yellow, and of the size of a cherry.

Zizyphus Lotus, La Marck.

Countries around the Mediterranean Sea. The fruits are
small and less sweet than those’of Z. vulgaris ; nevertheless
they are largely used for food in the native country of this
bush. Z. nummularia (Wight and Arnott) is an allied
species from the mountains of India, ascending to 3000 feet.
It is much used for garden-hedges. The fruit is sweet and
acidulous and of a pleasant flavour (Brandis).

Zizyphus rugosa, La Marck.
Nepal and other mountainous parts of India. A. small tree,.
hardier than the last. The drupe of this is also edible, and
the same may be said of a few other Indian species.

Zizyphus Sinensis, La Marck.
China and Japan. Similar in use to the last.

°

-

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 263

Zizyphus Spina Christi, Willdenow. \
Middle and North Africa, South-West Asia. Rather a
hedge-plant than a fruit-bush.

Zizyphus vulgaris, La Marck.
Orient, particularly Syria; in the Himalayas up to 6500
feet. A small tree, well adapted for our clime. Fruits
scarlet, about an inch long, with edible pulp; they are known
as South European Jujubs. The allied Z. oxyphylla (Edge-
worth) has a very acid fruit.

Zoysia pungens, Willdenow.
HKastern and Southern Asia, East Australia. This creeping
grass, although not large, is important for binding coast-
sands.

OD LP EOINS:

Acacia Arabica.
Add: Wood very durable if water-seasoned, extensively used
for wheels, wellcurbs and many kinds of implements, also for
the knees of boats. A. latronum (Willdenow) and A.
modesta (Wallich) form thorny hedges in India (Brandis).

Acacia armata, R. Brown.
Extra-tropic Australia. The Kangaroo-Thorn. Much grown
for hedges, though less manageable than various other hedge-
plants. Important for covering coast-sand with an unap-
proachable prickly vegetation.

Acacia Catechu, Willdenow. |
India, up to 3000 feet. Tree of forty feet height. The
extract prepared from the heartwood is the Catechu of medi-
cine or Cutch of tannery. A Suma (Kurz) is closely allied.

Acacia longifolia, Willdenow.
South-Eastern Australia. Although this tree occurs indi-
genously here, it is introduced into this list inasmuch as the
very bushy variety known as A. Sophore (R. Brown) renders
most important services in subduing loose coast-sand; 1t

264 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

should therefore be disseminated on our extensively bare
sand-shores. To the recommendations of this bush can be
added that it grows so quickly.

Acer niveum, Blume.
Continental and Insular India, up on the forest-ranges.
This is the tallest of the Maples, attaining a height of 150
feet. Several other large Maples worthy of introduction,
particularly into our parks, occur on the mountains of India.

4Esculus Indica, Coiebrooke.
In the Himalayas, from 3500 to 9000 feet. Height finally
fifty feet; trunk comparatively short, occasionally with a
girth of twenty-five feet. Never quite without leaves. Can
be used like the Horse-Chestnut as an ornamental shade-
tree.

Albizzia bigemina, F. v. Mueller. (Pithecolobiuwm bige-
minum, Martius.)
India, up to Sikkim and Nepal, ascending in Ceylon to 4000
feet. Available for our forests for its peculiar dark and hard
wood. Another congener, A. subcoriacea (Pithecolobium
subcoriaceum, Thwaites) from the mountains of India is
deserving with numerous other tall species here test-culture.

Albizzia lophantha.
Add: Here better still than the Broom-bush for shelter of
new forest-plantations in open sand-lands.

Alnus Nepalensis, D. Don.
Himalayas, between 3000 and 9000 feet. Reaches a height
of sixty feet. With an other Himalayan Alder, A. nitida
(Endlicher), it can be grown along streams for the sake of its
wood.

Artocarpus integrifolia, Linné.
India. The famous Jack-tree, ascending like the allied A.
Lakoocha (Roxburgh) to 4000 feet. Trials might be made
to see, whether it would ripen its fruit in the hottest and
moistest regions of our colony.

Berberis Nepalensis, Sprengel.
Himalayas, at elevations between 4000 and 8000 feet. The
fruit of this evergreen species is edible.

Betula acuminata, Wallich.
Himalaya, between 3000 and 10,000 feet. Attains a height
of sixty feet, and delights on forest-streams. The wood hard,
strong and durable. Another Himalayan Birch, B. utilis
(D. Don), grows on arid ground, and produces good timber of
less hardness.

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 265

Borassus flabelliformis, Linné.
The Palmyra. From the Persian Gulf to India, extending
to 30° North. This noble Palm attains a height of 100 feet.
The pulp of the fruit serves as food. Hnormous masses of
sugar or toddy are produced in India from the sap, which
flows from incisions of the stalk of the unexpanded flowers.
By us to be reared for scenic plantations.

Boswellia thurifera, Colebrooke.
India. A deciduous tree, living in arid forest-regions, pro-
bably hardy here. Yields an aromatic resin. The real
Olibanum is exuded by B. Carteri (Birdwood), of Arabia and
tropical Africa.

Brassica alba.
Add: Can be grown in shallow soil, even on land recently
reclaimed from swamps. It prefers argillaceous ground. The
return is in a few months. The stalks and foliage after the
seed-harvest serve as sheep-fodder.

Butea frondosa.
Add: Ascends to elevations of 4000 feet.

Camellia Thea, Link.
This name should be adopted by priority for the Tea-plant,
Thea Chinesis (Sims.)

Carum Petroselinum.
Add: Always desirable on pastures as a preventive or
curative of some kidney and liver diseases of sheep, horses
and cattle. The root is also valuable for the table.

Castanopsis Indica, A. de Candolle.
Mountains of India, at about 4000 feet. This Oak-Chestnut
produces seeds with the taste of filberts.

Casuarina distyla, Ventenat.
Extra-tropical Australia. A shrubby species, well adapted
for fixing the sand-drifts of sea-coasts. All Casuarinas can
be pollarded for cattle-fodder.

Cedrela Chinensis, A. de Jussieu.
China. An elegant tree, hardy in Middle Europe. It
furnishes a wood not unlike that of the Singapore Cedar,
reddish in colour, particularly sought for cigar-boxes.

Cedrela Taona. |
Add: Ascends the Himalayas to 8000 feet. The Rev. Dr.
Woolls noted in New South Wales trees so large as to
yield 30,000 feet of timber.

Celtis Australis.
Add: Ascends the Himalayas to 9000 feet.

266 SELECT PLANTS READILY ELIGIBLE

Chlorogalum pomeridianum.
Add: The bulb contains Saponin.

Cupressus torulosa.,
Add: Dr. Brandis thinks that it may attain an age of 1000
years.

Dalbergia Sissoo, Roxburgh.

The Indian Sissoo-tree, ascending to elevations of 5000 feet,

attaining a height of 60 feet. It may be worthy of test
whether in localities free of frost, particularly along sandy
river-banks, this important timber-tree could be naturalised.
Brandis found the transverse strength of the wood greater
than that of teak and of sal; it is very elastic, seasons well,
does not warp or split and takes a fine polish. It is also
durable as a wood for boats. The tree is easily raised from seeds
or cuttings, is of quick growth and resists slight frosts. The
supply of its wood has fallen short of the demand in India.

Dendrocalamus Hamiltoni, Nees.
Himalayas, between 2000 and 6000 feet. Height up to 60
feet. The young shoots of this stately Bamboo are edible in
a boiled state (Brandis). D. strictus attains a height of 100
feet and occasionally forms forests of its own.

Eucalyptus amygdalina.

Add: It is this species which yields more volatile oil than
any other hitherto tested, and which therefore is largely
chosen for distillation; thus it is also one of the best for
subduing malarian effluvia in fever-regions, although it does
not grow with quite the same ease and celerity as E. globu-
lus. The respective hygienic value of various Eucalypts
may to some extent be judged from the percentage of oil in
their foliage, as stated below and as ascertained by Mr.
Bosisto, at the author’s instance, for the exhibition of 1862:

K. amygdalina_.... 3°313 per cent. volatile oil.
E. oleosa .. oe 1:250 es

E. leucoxylon ini 1:060 is 55

E. goniocalyx ns 0-914 55 33

E. globulus alt 0-719 eS 55

E. obliqua .. 0-500 us

The lesser quantity of oil of E. globulus is however compen-
sated for by the vigour of its growth and the early copious-
ness of its foliage. The proportion of oil varies also some-
what according to locality and season. LE. rostrata, though
one of the poorest in oil, is nevertheless important for mala-
rian regions, as it will grow well on periodically inundated
places, and even in stagnant water not saline. LE. oleosa (F.
v. M.), from the desert regions of extra-tropic Australia,

Oe ee ae ——_

fond

FOR VICTORIAN INDUSTRIAL CULTURE. 267

might be reared on barren sands of other countries for the
sake of its oil. According to Myr. Osborne’s experiment,
Kucalyptus-oils dissolve the following among other substances
for select varnishes and other preparations: Camphor, Pine-
resins, Mastich, Elemi, Sandarac, Kauri, Dammar, Asphalt,
Xanthorrhea-resin, Dragon’s-blood, Benzoé, Copal, Amber,
Anime, Shellac, Caoutchouc, also Wax, but not Gutta-Percha.
These substances are arranged here in the order of their
greatest solubility. The potash obtainable from the ashes of
various Eucalypts varies from five to twenty-seven per cent.
One ton of the fresh foliage of E. globulus yields about 85
Ibs. of Pearl-ash, a ton of the green wood about 24 lbs., of
dry wood about 44 lbs. For resins, tar, acetic acid, tannin
and other products of many EHucalypts see various docu-
ments and reports of the writer, issued from the Melbourne
Botanic Garden.

Ficus infectoria, Willdenow.

India, ascending to 5000 feet. Probably hardy, and then
adapted for street-planting. Brandis and Stewart found its
growth quicker than that of Siris or Albizzia procera.
F. religiosa (L.) ascends to the same height, and is in moist
climates of quick growth. Itis one of the trees on which
the Lac-insect largely exists. The fruits of some huge Hima-
layan species, for instance F. virgata (Roxb.), F. glomerata
(Roxb.), F. Roxburghii (Wallich), are edible.

Fraxinus floribunda.
Add: Himalaya, between 5000 and 11,000 feet. It attains
a height of 120 feet, and serves as a fine avenue-tree; girth
of stem sometimes fifteen feet. The wood much sought for
oars, ploughs and various implements (Stewart and Brandis).
For forest-plantations Ashes are best mixed with Beeches and
some other trees.

Hardwickia binata, Roxburgh.
India, up to elevations of nearly 4000 feet. Maximum height
of tree 120 feet. Wood from red-brown to nearly black,
close-grained, exceedingly hard, heavy and durable, valued
for underground work. The bark furnishes easily a valuable
material for cordage. The tree can readily be pollarded for
cattle-fodder (Brandis).

Helianthus annuus.
Add: Important also for raising quickly vegetation around
fever-morasses, the absorbing and exhaling power of this
plant being very large (Dr. v. Hamm).

268 SELECT PLANTS ELIGIBLE FOR VICTORIAN CULTURE.

Juniperus communis.
Add: Colder parts of Europe, Asia, North Africa and North
America, ascending the European Alps to 8000 feet, the
Indian mountains to 14,000 feet. Important for fuel in the
coldest regions.

duniperus excelsa.

Add: Extends to the Himalayas, where its range of elevation.

is from 5000 to 14,000 feet. Trunk short but of great girth,
over twenty feet circumference being known (Stewart an
Brandis).

Lavandula Stoechas.

Add: Mr. James Dickinson, of Portarlington, informs us,
that this is the best plant known to him for staying sand.
It grows much quicker than the Ulex ; every seed which falls
germinates, so that around each bush every stroke of the
spade brings up lots of seedlings fit for transplantation.
Here five months in full flower annually, it being early in
bloom. Bees are passionately fond of the mucilaginous secretion
of the flowers. Mr. Dickinson calculates, that annually from
an acre of this Lavender a ton of the finest-flavoured honey
can be obtained.

Morus alba.
p. 135, last line, read Pebrine-disease instead of Pedrine-
disease.

Quercus Mongolica, Fischer.*
Manchuria. It is on this tree and on Q. serrata (Thunberg)
that the silk-insect peculiar to Oak-trees mainly, if not
solely, is reared, as shown by Dr. Hance.

Tripsacum dactyloides.
Add: Known vernacularly as Gama-grass.

—_—— ne

HOGA AP LG dN Dax

NORTHERN AND MIDDLE EUROPE.

Acer campestre, A. platanoides, A. Pseudo-platanus, Achillea atrata, A.
Millefolium, A. moschata, A. nana, Aconitum Napellus, Acorus Calamus,
Actza spicata, Agaricus auricula, A. cesareus, A. Cardarella, A. deliciosus,
A. eryngii, A. esculentus, A. extinctorius, A. giganteus, A. Marzuolus, A.
melleus, A. Mouceron, A. odorus, A. oreades, A. socialis, A. splendens,
Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. vulgaris, Aira cespitosa, Allium Schcenoprasum,
A. Scorodoprasum, Alnus glutinosa, A. incana, Alopecurus bulbosus, A.
geniculatus, A. pratensis, Althea officinalis, Anemone Pulsatilla, Anthemis
nobilis, A. tinctoria, Anthriscus Cerefolium, Archangelica officinalis, Arcto-
staphylos uva-ursi, Arnica montana, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Mutellina,
A. Pontica, Asparagus officinalis, Astragalus arenarius, A. glycyphyllos,
A. hypoglottis, Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens,
A. pubescens, A. sativa, Barbarza vulgaris, Beta vulgaris, Betula alba,
Brassica alba, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea, B. Rapa, Bromus asper,
Calamintha officinalis, Camelina sativa, Carex arenaria, Carpinus Betulus,
Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui, C. segetum, Cheromyces meandriformis,
Cherophyllum bulbosum, C. sativum, Cichorium Intybus, Cochlearia
Armoracia, C. officinalis, Colchicum autumnale, Conium maculatum,
Corylus Avellana, Crambe maritima, Cratzegus Oryacantha, Cynosurus
cristatus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis glomerata, Daucus Carota, Digitalis
purpurea, Dipsacus fullonum, Elymus arenarius, Fagus silvatica, Festuca
arundinacea, F. drymeia, F. duriuscula, F. elatior, F. gigantea, F. hetero-
phylla, F. loliacea, F. ovina, F. pratensis, F. rubra, F. silvatica, F.
spadicea, Fragaria collina, F. vesca, Fraxinus excelsior, Gentiana lutea,
Helieborus niger, Heracleum Sibiricum, Holcus lanatus, H. mollis,
Hordeum secalinum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum album, H. auriscalpium,
H. Caput-Medusze, H. coralloides, H. diversidens, H. erinaceum, H.
fuligineo-album, H. graveolens, H. Hystrix, H. imbricatum, H. infundi-
bulum, H. laevigatum, H. subsquamosum, H. violascens, Hyoscyamus
niger, Ilex Aquifolium, Inula Helenium, Juniperus communis, Lactuca
virosa, Laserpitium aquilegium, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, L. pratensis, L.
sativus, Lavatera arborea, Leersia oryzoides, Lolium perenne, Lotus
corniculatus, L. major, Marrubium vulgare, Matricaria Chamomilla, Medi-
cago falcata, M. sativa, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus
alba, M. officinalis, Mentha citrata, M. crispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium,
M. rotundifolia, M. silvestris, M. viridis, Menyanthes trifoliata, Milium
effusum, Morchella deliciosa, M. esculenta, M. Gigas, M. patula, Onobrychis
sativa, Origanum vulgare, Peucedanum officmale, P. Ostruthium, P.
sativum, Phleum alpinum, P. pratense, Physalis Alkekengi, Pimpinella
Saxifraga, Pinus Abies, P. Cembra, P. Larix, P. montana, P. Picea, P.
silvestris, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. distans,
P. fertilis, P. fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, P. pratensis, P. trivialis,
Populus alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula,

270 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Prunus Mahaleb, P. spinosa, Psamma arenaria, P. Baltica, Pyrus
Germanica, P. nivalis, Quercus Robur, Reseda Luteola, Rhamnus cathar-
ticus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. rubrum, Rosa Gallica, R.
Spinosissima, Rubia peregrina, Rubus czsius, R. Chamaemorus, R.
fruticosus, R. Ideus, Rumex Acetosa, R. scutatus, Ruscus aculeatus, Salix
alba, S. caprea, S. daphnoides, 8S. fragilis, 8. lanceolata, S. purpurea, S.
rubra, S. triandra, 8. viminalis, Sambucus nigra, Sanguisorba minor,
Saponaria officinalis, Scorzonera Hispanica, Sesleria coerulea, Sison
Amomum, Smyrnium Olusatrum, Solanum Dulcamara, Spartina stricta,
Spergula arvensis, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Tilia Europea,
Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Trifolium agrarium, T. alpestre, T.
fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, T. montanum, T.
ochroleucum, T. pratense, T. repens, T. spadiceum, Triticum junceum,
Tuber estivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, T. melanosporum,
Ulex Europaeus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Vaccinium Myrtillus,
V. Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Idea, Valeriana Celtica, Valerian-
ella olitoria, Veratrum album, Vicia sativa, V. sepium, V. silvatica, Viola
odorata.

COUNTRIES AT OR NEAR THE MEDITERRANEAN SEA.

Acacia Arabica, A. Seyal, A. tortilis, A. Verek, Acer Creticum, Achillea
fragrantissima, Aigilops ovata, Aisculus Hippocastanum, Agaricus czsareus,
Agrostis alba, A. vulgaris, Aira cspitosa, Alkanna tinctoria, Allium
Ascallonicum, A. Cepa, A. Neapolitanum, A. Porrum, A. roseum, A.
Scorodoprasum, A. sativum, Aloe vulgaris, Alopecurus bulbosus, A. genicu-
latus, A. pratensis, Althza officinalis, Amarantus Blitum, Anacyclus
Pyrethrum, Andropogon Haleppensis, A. Schoenanthus, Anthemis nobilis,
A. tinctoria, Anthoxanthum odoratum, Anthyllis vulneraria, Apium
graveolens, Argania Sideroxylon, Artemisia Absinthium, A. Pontica,
Arundo Ampelodesmos, A. Donax, A. Pliniana, Asparagus acutifolius, A.
albus, A. aphyllus, A. horridus, A. officinalis, Astragalus Cephalonicus, A.
Cicer, A. Creticus, A. gummifer, A. Parnassi, A. strobiliferus, A. verus,
Atropa Belladonna, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens,
A. sativa, Balsamodendron Ehrenbergii, B. Mukul, B. Opobalsamum, Beta
vulgaris, Betula alba, Bongardia Rauwolfii, Borrago officinalis, Brassica
alba, B. campestris, B. Cretica, B. juncea, B. Napus, B. nigra, B. oleracea,
B. Rapa, Bromus erectus, Buxus Balearica, B. longifolia, B. sempervirens,
Cajanus Indicus, Calamintha Nepeta, C. officinalis, Callitris quadrivalvis,
Camelina sativa, Cannabis sativa, Capparis spinosa, Carpinus Betulus,
Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Bulboscastanum, C. Carui, C. ferulifolium, C.
Petroselinum, C. segetum, Cassia acutifolia, C. angustifolia, C. obovata,
Castanea sativa, Catha edulis, Cedronella triphylla, Celtis Australis,
Ceratonia Siliqua, Chzrophyllum bulbosum, C. sativum, Chamerops
humilis, Chelidonium majus, Chenopodium Blitum, Chrysanthemum carneum,
C. roseum, Cicer arietinum, Cichorium Endivia, C. Intybus, Cistus
Creticus, C. Cyprius, Cochlearia Armoracia, Coffea Arabica, Colchicum
autumnale, Colocasia antiquorum, Conium maculatum, Conopodium denu-
datum, Convolvulus floridus, C. Scammonia, C. scoparius, Coriandrum
sativum, Corylus Colurna, Corynosicyos edulis, Crambe cordifolia, C.
Klotschyana, C. maritima, C. Tataria, Crategus Azarolus, C. Oxyacantha,
C. pyracantha, Crithmum maritimum, Crocus sativus, C. serotinus, Crozo-
phora tinctoria, Cucumis Citrullus, C. Colocynthis, C. Melo, C. sativus,
Cucurbita maxima, C. Melopepo, C. moschata, C. Pepo, Cuminum
Cyminum, C. Hispanicum, Cupressus sempervirens, Cynara Cardunculus,
C. Scolymus, Cynodon Dactylon, Cynosurus cristatus, Cyperus esculentus,
©. Papyrus, C. proliferus, C. Syriacus, Cytisus scoparius, Dactylis
glomerata, Daphne Mezereum, Daucus Carota, Digitalis purpurea, Dios-

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. DA)

pyros Lotus, Dipsacus fullonum, Dolichos Lablab, D. uniflorus, Dorema
Ammoniacum, Dracocephalum Moldavica, Ecballion Elaterium, Eleusine
flagellifera, E. Tocussa, Elymus arenarius, Ervum Lens, Fagopyrum
esculentum, F. Tataricum, Fagus silvatica, Ferula galbaniflua, F. longi-
folia, Festuca elatior, F. gigantea, F. silvatica, Ficus Carica, F. Syca-
morus, Foeniculum officinale, Fragaria collina, F. pratensis, F. vesca,
Fraxinus excelsior, F. Ornus, Genista monosperma, G. sphzrocarpa,
Gentiana lutea, Glycyrrhiza echinata, G. glabra, Gossypium arboreum,
Guilandina Bonduc, G. Bonducella, Hedysarum coronariuni, Helichrysum
orientale, Helleborus niger, Hippocrepis comosa, Holcus lanatus, H.
mollis, Hordeum deficiens, H. distichon, H. hexastichon, H. macrolepis,
H. secalinum, H. vulgare, H. zeocriton, Humulus Lupulus, Hydnum
imbricatum, Hyoscyamus niger, Hyphene Argun, H. coriacea, Imperata
arundinacea, Indigofera argentea, Inula MHelenium, Isatis tinctoria,
Jasminum odoratissimum, J. officinale, Juglans regia, Juniperus brevifolia,
J. Cedrus, J. drupacea, J. excelsa, J. foetidissima, J. Phcenicea, J. procera,
Koeleria cristata, K. glauca, Lactuca virosa, Lathyrus Cicera, L. pratensis,
L. tuberosus, Laserpitium aquilegium, Laurus nobilis, Lavandula angusti-
folia, L. latifolia, L. Steechas, Lavatera arborea, Lawsonia alba, Leersia
oryzoides, Lepidium lJatifolium, L. sativum, Linum usitatissimum, Liquid-
ambar Altingia, L. Orientalis, Lolium Italicum, L. perenne, Lotus
corniculatus, L. major, L. siliquosus, L. tetragonolobus, Lupinus albus, L.
luteus, L. varius, Lycium Afrum, Lygeum Spartum, Marrubium vulgare,
Matricaria Chamomilla, Medicago arborea, M. lupulina, M. media, M.
sativa, Melica ciliata, M. nutans, M. uniflora, Melilotus alba, M. cerulea,
M. macrorrhiza, M. officinalis, Melissa officinalis, Mentha citrata, M.
erispa, M. piperita, M. Pulegium, M. rotundifolia, M. silvestris, M. viridis,
Menyanthes trifoliata, Meriandra Abyssinica, Milium effusum, Morchella
deliciosa, M. esculenta, Moringa aptera, Morus nigra, Musa Ensete, M.
Livingstoniana, Myrica Faya, Myrrhis odorata, Myrtus communis, Nelumbo
nucifera, Nicotiana Persica, Ocimum Basilicum, O. sanctum, O. suave, Olea
Europea, Onobrychis sativa, Origanum Dictamus, O. hirtum, O. Majorana,
©. Maru, O. normale, O. Onites, O. virens, O. vulgare, Ornithopus sativus,
Ostrya carpinifolia, Oxytenanthera Abyssinica, Oxytropis pilosa, Paliurus
Spina-Christi, Panicum brizanthemum, P. Crus-Galli, P. glabrum, P.
maximum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. spectabile, P.
turgidum, Papaver somniferum, Pennisetum thyphoideum, Persea Tener-
iffe, Peucedanum cachrydifolium, P. officinale, Phalaris brachystachys, P.
Canariensis, P. minor, P. truncata, Phaseolus coccineus, Phleum alpinum, P.
pratense, Pheenix dactylifera, Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata, Pimpinella
Anisum, P. magna, P. nigra, P. Saxifraga, P. Sisarum, Pinus Abies, P.
Canariensis, P. Cedrus, P. Cembra, P. Cilicica, P. Haleppensis, P. Laricio,
P. Larix, P. montana, P. orientalis, P. Pinaster, P. Pinea, P. Pinsapo, P.
Pyrenaica, Pistacia Atlantica, P. Lentiscus, P. Terebinthus, P. vera,
Peucedanum sativum, Platanus orientalis, Poa Abyssinica, P. airoides, P.
angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. cynosuroides, P. distans, P. fluitans, P.
maritima, P. nemoralis, P. trivialis, Populus alba, P. canescens, P. dilatata,
P. Euphratica, P. fastigiata, P. nigra, P. tremula, Prosopis Stephaniana,
Prunus Amygdalus, P. Armenica, P. avium, P. Cerasus, P. domestica, P.
Lauro-Cerasus, P. Mahaleb, .P. Padus, P. Persica, P. spinosa, Psamma
arenaria, Punica granatum, Pyrus communis, P. Cydonia, P. malus, P.
nivalis, P. salicifolia, Quercus Atgilops, Q. Cerris, Q. coccifera, Q. Ilex, Q.
infectoria, Q. Robur, Q. Suber, Q. Toza, Reseda luteola, R. odorata,
Rhamnus amygdalinus, R. catharticus, R. Grecus, R. infectorius, R.
oleoides, R. prunifolius, R. saxatilis, Rhaponticum acaule, Rheum Rhapon-
ticum, Rhus Coriaria, R. Cotinus, Ribes Grossularia, R. nigrum, R. rubrum,
Ricinus communis, Roccella tinctoria, Rosa centifolia, R. Damascena, R.
Gallica, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rosmarinus officin-

272 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

alis, Rubia peregrina, R. tinctorum, Rubus fruticosus, R. Ideus, Rumex
Acetosa, R. scutatus, Ruscus aculeatus, Ruta graveolens, R. silvestris,
Sagittaria sagittifolia, Salix alba, 8. Babylonica, 8. daphnoides, S. fragilis,
S. purpurea, S. rubra, 8S. viminalis, Salvia officinalis, Sambucus nigra,
Sanguisorba minor, Santolina Cyparissias, Saponaria officinalis, Satureja
Greca, S. hortensis, 8. Juliana, 8S. montana, 8. Thymbra, Saussurea Lappa,
Scandix grandiflora, Scorzonera Astrachanica, S. crocifolia, 8. deliciosa, 8.
Hispanica, S. lanata, S. ramosa, 8. Scowitzii, S. semicana, S. tuberosa, S.
undulata, Secale cereale, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Sison Amomum, Smilax
aspera, Smyrnium Olusatrum, Solanum A®thiopicum, S. Dulcamara, S.
edule, S. xanthocarpum, Spartina stricta, Spartium junceum, Spergula
arvensis, Spinacia tetrandra, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Stipa arenaria,
S. tenacissima, Styrax officinalis, Symphytum asperrimum, S. officinale,
Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articulata, T. Gallica, T. Germanica,
Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale, Taxus baccata, Terfezia Leonis,
Teucrium Chamedrys, T. Creticum, T. Marum, T. Polium, T. Scordium,
Thapsia edulis, Theligonum Cynocrambe, Thouarea sarmentosa, Thymelea
tinctoria, Thymus estivus, T. capitatus, T. hiemalis, T. Mastichina, T.
Serpillum, T. vulgaris, Tilia argentea, T. Europea, Tinguarra Sicula,
Tragopogon porrifolius, Trapa natans, Trifolium agrarium, T. Alexandrinum,
T. alpestre, T. fragiferum, T. hybridum, T. incarnatum, T. medium, TT’.
montanum, T. ochroleucum, T. pratense, T. Quartinianum, T. repens, T.
spadiceum, T.subrotundum, Trigonella Fonum-Grecum, Triticum junceum,
T. vulgare, Tuber estivum, T. albidum, T. cibarium, T. magnatum, Ulex
Europeus, Ulmus campestris, U. pedunculata, Urginia Scilla, Vaccinium
Myrtillus, V. Oxycoccus, V. uliginosum, V. Vitis-Idzea, Valeriana officin-
alis, Valerianella olitoria, Veratrum album, Vicia Cracca, V. Ervilia, V.
Faba, V. peregrina, V. sativa, V. sepium, V. silvatica, V. tetrasperma,
Viola odorata, Vitis Schimperiana, V. vinifera, Zelkova crenata, Z. Cretica,
Zizyphus Lotus, Z. Spina-Christi, Z. vulgaris.

MIDDLE AND TEMPERATE EASTERN ASIA.

Acer palmatum, A. pictum, Agrostis vulgaris, Ailantus glandulosa, Albizzia.
Julibrissin, Allium fistulosum, Alopecurus geniculatus, Aralia cordata,
Arenga saccharifera (under Zalacca), Aristolochia recurvilabra, Artemisia
Cina, A. Dracunculus, Arundinaria Japonica (under Schizostachyum),
Atriplex hortensis, Avena elatior, A. fatua, A. flavescens, A. pubescens,
Balsamodendron Mukul, Bambusa Beechyana, B. flexuosa, B. tultoides,
(under Schizostachyum), Barbarea vulgaris, Basella rubra, Betula alba,
Beehmeria nivea, Brassica alba, B. Chinensis, B. juncea, B. nigra, Bromus
asper, Broussonetia papyrifera, Buxus microphylla, Czesalpinia sepiaria,
Camellia Thea, Cannabis sativa, Caragana arborescens, Carpinus cordata,
C. erosa, C. Japonica, C. laxiflora, Carum Bulbocastanum, C. Carui,
Cedrela Sinensis, Cephalotaxus Fortunei, Chamzrops excelsa, C. Fortunei,
Cinnamomum Camphora, Citrus Japonica, Corchorus capsularis, Cordy-
line Ti, Corylus heterophylla, Cryptomeria Japonica, Cucumis Conomon,
Cupressus obtusa, C. pisifera, Cycas revoluta, Daucus Carota, Debregeasia
edulis, Dendrocalamus strictus, Dioscorea Japonica, D. oppositifolia,
D.quinqueloba, D. sativa, Diospyros Kaki, D. Lotus, Ehrharta caudata, Eleag-
nus parvifolius, Kleusine Coracana, Excecaria sebifera, Euryale ferox, Kuryan-
gium Sumbul, Fagopyrum cymosum, F. emarginatum, F. esculentum, F.
Tataricum, Fagus Sieboldii, Fatsia papyrifera, Flueggea Japonica, Fraxinus
Chinensis, Ginkgo biloba, Gleditschia horrida, Glycine hispida, G. Soya,
Heleocharis tuberosa, Heracleum Sibiricum, Hovenia dulcis, Hydrangea
~Thunbergi, Illicium anisatum, Imperata arundinacea, Isatis indigotica,
I. tinctoria, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. officinale, J. Sambac, Juglans
cordiformis, J. Mandschurica, J. Sieboldiana, J. stenocarpa, Juniperus

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. DHS,

Chinensis, J. spheerica, Lathyrus macrorrhizus, Lepidium latifolium, Lespe-
deza striata, Ligustrum Japonicum, Livistona Chinensis, Magnolia Yulan,
Morus alba, Musa Cavendishii, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia cupressina,
Nephelium Litchi, N. Longanum, Pachyma Heelen, Paliurus ramosissimus,
Pennisetum cereale, Perilla arguta, Phoenix pusilla, Phyllostachys bam-
busoides, P. nigra (under Schizostachyum), Physalis Alkekengi, P. angulata,
Pinus Alcocquiana, P. densiflora, P. firm», P. Fortunei, P. Jezoensis, P.
Kempferi, P. Koraiensis, P.leptolepis, P. Massoniana, P. parviflora, P. Si-
birica, P. Tsuga, Planera Japonica, Poa airoides, P. alpina, P. fertilis, Poly-
gaster Sampadarius, Polygonum tinctorium, Populus nigra, P. tremula,
Prangos pabularia, Pterocarpus Indicus, Pterocarya fraxinifolia, P. stenop-
tera, Pyrus Japonica, Quercus Chinensis, Q. cornea, Q. glabra, Q. Mongolica,
q. serrata, Rhamnus chlorophorus, R. utilis, Rhapis: flabelliformis, R.
humilis, Rheum officinale, R. palmatum, R. Rhaponticum, R. Tartaricum,
R. undulatum, Rhus semialata, R. succedanea, R. vernicifera, Rosa Indica,
R, levigata, R. moschata, R. sempervirens, R. spinosissima, Rubia cordifolia,
Rumex Acetosa, R. Patentia, Saccharum officinarum, 8. Sinense, Sagittaria
sagittifolia, Salix Babylonica, Sanguisorba minor, Sciadopitys verticillata,
Scorzonera albicaulis, Selinum Monnieri, Sophora Japonica, Spergula
arvensis, Spinacia oleracea, Tetragonia expansa, Tetranthera Japonica, Thea
Chinensis, Tilia Europea, T. Manchurica, Thuyopsis dolabrata, Torreya
grandis, T. nucifera, Trapa bicornis, T. bispinosa, Trifolium pratense,
Triphasia Aurantiola, Ulmus campestris, U. parvifolia, Vaccinium prestans,
Veratrum album, Vicia Cracca, V. sepium, V. silvatica, Vigna Sinensis,
Vitis Labrusca, V. vulpina, Zelkova acuminata, Zizania latifolia, Zizyphus
Jujuba, Z. Sinensis, Zoysia pungens.

SOUTHERN ASIA,

Acacia Arabica, A. Catechu, A. concinna, A. Farnesiaua, A. latronum,
A. Sundra, Acer levigatum, A. niveum, A. sterculiaceum, A. villosum,
Aconitum ferox, Aegiceras majus, Aeschynomene aspera, Aesculus Indica,
Albizzia bigemina, A. Lebbeck, Aleurites cordata, Alnus Nepalensis, Aloe
socotrina, Aloexylon Agallochum, Amarantus paniculatus, Andropogon
Calamus, A. cernuus, A. citratus, A. Ivarancusa, A. Martini, A. muricatus,
A. Nardus, A. pertusus, A. saccharatus, A. Schoenanthus, A. Sorghum,
Anthistiria ciliata, Aponogeton crispus, Aquilaria Agallocha, Areca Nagen-
sis, A. triandra (under Zalacca), Aristolochia Indica, Artocarpus integri-
folia, Arundinaria falcata, A. callosa, A. debilis, A. Hookeriana, A. Khasi-
ana, A. suberecta (under Schizostachyum), Arundo Karka, Averrhoa Bilimbi,
A. Carambola, Avicennia officinalis, Azima tetracantha, Bambusa arundi-
nacea, B. aspera, B. attenuata, B. Blumeana, B. elegantissima, B. mona-
delpha, B. spinosa, B. stricta, B. verticillata, B. vulgaris, B. Balcooa, B.
Blumeana, B. Brandisii, B. marginata, B. nutans, B. pallida, B. polymor-
pha, B. regia, B. Tulda (under Schizostachyum), Basella lucida, B. rubra,
Beesha elegantissima, B. Rheedei, B. stridula, B. Travancorica (under
Schizostachyum), Benincasa cerifera, Bentinckia Coddapanna (under
Zalacca), Berberis aristata, B. Asiatica, B. Lycium, B. Nepalensis, Betula
acuminata, Boehmeria nivea, Borassus flabelliformis, Boswellia thurifera,
Brassica juncea, Butea frondosa, Buxus Wallichiana, Cesalpinia Sappan,
C. sepiaria, Cajanus Indicus, Calamus montanus, C. acanthospathus, C.
erectus, ©. extensus, C. Flagellum, C. floribundus, C. leptospadix, C.
macrospathus, C. Mishmelensis, C. quinquenervius, C. Royleanus, C.
schizospathus, C. tenuis (under Zalacca), Capparis aphylla, C. horrida, C.
Roxburghi, C. sepiaria, Carex Moorceroftiana, Carissa Carandas, Carpinus
viminea, Carthamus tinctorius, Carum Ajowan, C. gracile, C. nigrum,
Caryota obtusa (under Zalacca), C. urens, Cassia fistula, Castanopsis
argentea, C. Indica, Casuarina equisetifolia, Cephalostachyum capitatum,

fh

274 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

C. pallidum, C. pergracile (under Schizostachyum), Chamzrops Khasyana,
C. Martiana, C. Richieana, Chloroxylon Swietenia, Chrysanthemum roseum,
Citrus Aurantium, C. medica, Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Corchorus
acutangulus, C. capsularis, C. olitorius, Crambe cordifolia, Crotalaria
Burhia, C. juncea, C. retusa, Croton lacciferus, Cucumis cicatrisatus, C.
Colocynthis, C. Momordica, C. utilissimus, Cupressus torulosa, Cynodon
Dactylon, Cyperus corymbosus, C. tegetum, Demonorops Guruba, D.
Jenkinsii, D. nutantiflorus (under Zalacca), Dalbergia Sissoo, Dammara
alba, Debregeasia dichotoma, D. hypoleuca, D. velutina, D. Wallichiana,
Dendrocalamus flagellifer, D. giganteus, D. Hamiltoni, D. Hookeri, D.
sericeus, D. strictus (under Schizostachyum), Desmodium triflorum, Dios-
corea aculeata, D. alata, D. deltoidea, D. globosa, D. nummularia, D. oppo-
sitifolia, D. pentaphylla, D. purpurea, D. sativa, D. spicata, D. tomentosa,
D. triphylla, Diospyros chloroxylon, D. Ebenum, D. Melanoxylon, D. oppo-
sitifoha, D. quesita, Dolichos uniflorus, Eleusine Corocana, E. stricta,
Engelhardtia spicata, Eugenia cordifolia, E. Jambos, E. maboides, E.
Malaccensis, E. revoluta, E. rotundifolia, Euryale ferox, Fagopyrum cymo-
sum, F. emarginatum, F. rotundatum, F. triangulare, Ficus elastica, F.
Indica, F. mfectoria, F. laccifera, Flacourtia cataphracta, F. Ramontchi,
Flemingia tuberosa, Fraxinus floribunda, Garcinia Travancorica, Giganto-
chloa apus, G. aspera, G. atter, G. heterostachya, G. maxima (under
Schizostachyum), G. nigrociliata, G. verticillata, G. robusta, Glycine
hispida, Gossypium arboreum, G. herbaceum, Guizotia oleifera, Gunnera
macrophylla, Hardwickia binata, Harina caryotoides, Heleocharis fistulosa,
H. plantaginea, Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, Holoptolea
integrifolia, Indigofera argentea, I. tinctoria, Ipomcea mammosa, I. panicu-
lata, Jasminum grandiflorum, J. Sambac, Juniperus recurva, J. Wallichiana,
Justicia Adhatoda, Lactuca sativa, Lawsonia alba, Licuala peltata (under
Zalacca), Limonia acidissima, Liquidambar Altingia, Livistona Jenkinsii
(under Zalacca), Magnolia Campbelli, M. sphzrocarpa, Maharanga Emodi,
Mallotus Philippinensis, Mangifera Indica, Maoutia Puya, Melaleuca Leu-
cadendron, Melia Azedarach, Meloccanna bambusoides, M. humilis, Mimosa
rubicaulis, Moringa pterygosperma, Morus atropurpurea, Musa coccinea,
M. paradisiaca, M. sapientum, M. simiarum, M. troglodytarum, Myrica
sapida, Myrtus tomentosa, Nageia amara, N. bracteata, N. cupressina,
Nardostachys grandiflora, N. Jatamansi, Nastus Borbonicus (under Schizos-
tachyum), Nephelium lappaceum, N. Longanum, Nyctanthes Arbor-tristis,
Ocimum Basilicum, O. canum, O. gratissimum, O. sanctum, Ophelia
Chirata, O. elegans, Oryza sativa, Oxytenanthera albo-ciliata, O. nigro-
ciliata, O. Thwaitesii (under Schizostachyum), Pandanus furcatus, Panicum
brizanthum, P. fluitans, P. frumentaceum, P. Italicum, P. Koenigii, P.
miliaceum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sarmentosum, P. virgatum,
Parrotia Jacquemontiana, Paspalum distichum, P. scrobiculatum, Penni-
setum thyphoideum, Perilla ocimoides, Peucedanum Sowa, Phaseolus ade-
nanthus, P. lunatus, P. Max, P. vulgaris, Pheenix humilis, P. Ouseloyana
(under Zalacca), P. paludosa, P. pusilla, P. silvestris, Phyllostachys bam-
busoides (under Schizostachyum), Pinus Brunoniana, P. Cedrus, P. excelsa,
P. Gerardiana, P. Griffithii, P. longifolia, P. Pindrow, P. Smithiana, P.
Webbiana, Pipturus propinquus, P. velutinus, Plectocomia Assamica (under
Zalacca), P. Himalayana, P. Khasyana (under Zalacca), Poa cynosuroides,
Podophyllum Emodi, Pogostemon Heyneanus, P. parviflorus, P. Patchouli,
Polygala crotalaroides, Polygaster sampadarius, Populus ciliata, P. Euphra-
tica, Prosopis spicifera, Pseudostachyum polymorphum (under Schizos-
tachyum), Pterocarpus Indicus, P. Marsupium, P. santalinus, Ptychosperma
disticha, P. gracilis (under Zalacca), Pueraria tuberosa, Pyrularia edulis,
Quercus annulata, Q. dilatata, Q. incana, Q. lancifolia, Q. semicarpifolia,
Q. squamata, Q. Sundaica, Raphanus caudatus, R. sativus, Rheum Australe,
R. officinale, Rhododendron Falconeri, Rhus vernicifera, Ribes glaciale, R

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. } 275

Griffthii, R. laciniatum, R. villosum, Ricinus communis, Rosa Indica, R.
moschata, R. sempervirens, Rubia cordifolia, Rubus lasiocarpus, R. rugo-
sus, Saccharum officinarum, 8. spontaneum, 8. violaceum, Salix tetrasperma,
Sanseviera Zeylanica, Santalum album, Schizostachyum Blumei, S. brachy-
cladum, S. Hasskarlianum, S. irratum, S. Zollingeri, Scutia Indica, Sesamum
Indicum, Sesbania aculeata, 8S. cannabina, Sesuvium Portulacastrum,
Shorea robusta, S. Talura, Solanum album, 8. ferox, 8. Guineense, S.
insanum, S. longum, 8. Melongena, S. pseudo-saponaceum, S. undulatum,
S. xanthocarpum, Spinifex squarrosus, Stenotaphrum Americanum, Streb-
lus asper, Symplocos ramosissima, Tamarindus Indica, Tamarix articu-
lata, T. dioica, T. Gallica, Tectona grandis, Teinostachyum attenuatum,
T. Griffithii (under Schizostachyum), Terminalia Catappa, T. parviflora,
Tetranthera calophylla, T. laurifolia, Thamnocalamus Falconeri, 'T. spathi-
florus (under Schizostachyum), Thea Chinensis, Thouarea sarmentosa,,
Trapa bispinosa, T. Cochinchinensis, T. incisa, T. quadrispinosa, Triphasia
Aurantiola, Ulmus Wallichiana, Vaccinium Leschenaulti, Vigna Sinensis,
Villebrunea frutescens, V. integrifolia, Vitis auriculata, V. Blumeana, V.
elongata, V. imperialis, V. Indica, V. Labrusca, V. levigata, V. mutabilis,
V. quadrangularis, V. thyrsiflora, V. vulpina, Wallichia caryotoides, W.
oblongifolia, W. obtusifolia, Ximenia Americana, Zalaccasecunda, Zingiber
officinale, Zizyphus Jujuba, Z. rugosa, Zoysia pungens.

WESTERN SOUTH AMERICA.

Acacia Cavenia, Adenostemum nitidum, Adesmia balsamica, Alstroe-
meria pallida, Andropogon argenteus, Anona Cherimolia, Apium pro-
stratum, Arachis hypogea, Araucaria imbricata, Aristotelia Macqui, Arra-
cacha xanthorriza, Berberis buxifolia, B. Darwinii, Czsalpinia brevifolia,
C. tinctoria, Canna edulis, Ceroxylon andicola, Cereus Quisco, Ceroxylon
Australe, C. pithyrophyllum (under Wettinia), Cervantesia tomentosa,
Chenopodium Quinoa, Chusquea Culcon, C. Dombeyana, C. montana, C.
Quila, C. tenuiflora (under Schizostachyum), Cinchona Calisaya, C.
micrantha, C. nitida, C. officinalis, C. succirubra, Dactylis cespitosa, Dios-
corea piperifolia, Diplothemium Porallys (under Wettinia), Diposis Bulbo-
castanum, Drimys Winteri, Elymus condensatus, Embothrium coccineum,
EH. emarginatum, E. lanceolatum, Erythroxylon Coca, Eucryphia cordifolia,
Eugenia Hailii, Euterpe andicola, HE. Henkena, E. longivaginata (under
Wettinia), Fagus Dombeyi, F. obliqua, F. procera, Festuca Coiron, Fitzroya
Patagonica, Fragaria Chiloensis, Geonoma densa (under Wettinia), Gossy-
pium religiosum, Guadua angustifolia, G. latifolia, Guevina Avellana, Gun-
nera Chilensis, Helianthus annuus, H. tuberosus, Heliotropium Peruvia-
num, Hibiscus esculentus, Hypochoeris apargioides, H. Scorzonere,
Ipomcea Batatas, Jubzea spectabilis, Krameria triandra, Lapageria rosea,
Lardizabala biternata, Laurelia aromatica, L. serrata, Libocedrus Chilensis,
L. tetragona, Lippia citriodora, Manihot Aipi, Maranta arundinacea, Mau-
ritia flexuosa, Maytenus Boaria, Melicocca bijuga, Morus celtidifolia, M.
insignis, Myrtus Luma, M. Meli, M. nummularia, M. Ugni, Nageia andina,
N. Chilina, N. nubigena, Opuntia vulgaris, Oreodoxa frigida (under
Wettinia), Oryza latifolia, Oxalis crassicaulis, O. crenata, O. enneaphylla,
O. succulenta, O. tuberosa, Pacchyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum pilosum,
Paspalum ciliatum, P. dilatatum, Passiflora alata, P. ligularis, P. macro-
carpa, Persea gratissima, Peumus Boldus, Physalis Peruviana, Phytelephas
zequatorialis (under Wettinia), Prosopis horrida, P. juliflora, P. Siliquas-
trum, Priva levis, Quillaja saponaria, Rhus caustica, Rubus geoides, Salix
Humboldtiana, Saxono-Gothea conspicua, Sesuvium Portulacastrum,
Smilax officinalis, Solanum Gilo, S. Guineense, 8. Lycopersicum, S. muri-
catum, S. Quitoense, 8. tuberosum, S. torvum, Sophora tetraptera, Spi-
lanthes oleracea, Tagetes glanduligera, Tetragonia expansa, Tillandsia

T 2

276 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

usneoides, Tropeolum majus, T. minus, T. sessilifolium, T. tuberosum,
Ullucus tuberosus, Vaccinium alatum, V. bicolor, V. grandiflorum, V. melli-
florum, Wettinia augusta, W. Maynensis, Witheringia solanacea, Zea.
Mays, Zizyphus Ioazeiro.

WESTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Acer macrophyllum, Arbutus Menziesii, Baccharis consanguinea, B.
pilularis, Barbara vulgaris, Bouteloua barbata, Castaneopsis chryso--
phylla, Ceanothus prostratus, C. rigidus, C. thyrsiflorus, Cercocarpus ledi-.
folius, C. parvifolius, Chlorogalum pomeridianum, Cupressus Lawsoniana,
C. macrocarpa, C. Nutkaensis, Cymopterus glomeratus, Fraxinus Oregana,
Gaultiera chyrsinites, Juglans rupestris, Juniperus occidentalis, Libocedrus.
decurrens, Lupinus Douglasii, Myrrhis occidentalis, Nicotiana multivalvis,
Nyssa aquatica, Parkinsonia aculeata, P. microphylla, Pinus amabilis, P..
bracteata, P. contorta, P. Coulteri, P. Douglasii, P. grandis, P. Jeffreyi, P.
Lambertiana, P. Menziesii, P. Mertensiana, P. monophylla, P. monticola,
P. muricata, P. nobilis, P. Pattoniana, P. ponderosa, P. radiata, P. Sabi-
niana, Platanus racemosa, Populus tremuloides, P. trichocarpa, Prosopis —
pubescens, Prunus ilicifolia, Quercus agrifolia, Q. densiflora, Q. Douglasii,
Q. Garryana, Q. lobata, Ribes aureum, R. divaricatum, R. niveum, R.
tenuiflorum, R. villosum, Rubus macropetalus, Scilla esculenta, Sequoia
sempervirens, 8S. Wellingtonia, Solanum Fendleri, 8. tuberosum, Tetran-
thera Californica, Torreya Californica, Vaccinium humifusum, Valeriana
edulis, Yucca Sitchensis.

EASTERN NORTH AMERICA.

Acer dasycarpum, A. Negundo, A. rubrum, A. saccharinum, Achillea
Millefolium, Achras Sapota, Acorus Calamus, Actza alba, Agave Ameri-
cana, A. Mexicana, Agrostis alba, A. rubra, A. scabra, A. vulgaris,
Aletris farinosa, Allium Canadense, A. Schcenoprasum, Amelanchier
Botryapium, Andropogon nutans, Apios tuberosa, Apocynum cannabinum,
Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, Aristolochia anguicida, A. ovalifolia, A. Serpen-
taria, Arundinaria macrosperma, Astragalus hypoglottis, Barbarza vul--
garis, Betula lenta, B. lutea, B. nigra, B. papyracea, Bouteloua barbata,
Buchloa dactyloides, Calamagrostis longifolia, Canna flaccida, Carya alba,
C. amara, C. glabra, C. microcarpa, C. oliviformis, C. sulcata, C. tomen--
tosa, Cassia Marylandica, Catalpa bignonioides, Cedronella cordata, Celtis.
occidentalis, Chamzdora concolor, Chamzrops Hystrix, Cimicifuga race-
mosa, Cinna arundinacea, Cladastris tinctoria, Cochlearia officinalis, Cra--
tegus estivalis, C. apiifolia, C. coccinea, C. cordata, C. Crus-Galli, C.
parvifolia, C. tomentosa, Cupressus Benthami, C. Lindleyi, C. thurifera,
C. thuyoides, Diospyros Virginiana, Elymus mollis, Festuca flava, F.
purpurea, Fragaria Chiloensis, F. grandiflora, F. Illinoensis, F. vesca, F.
Virginiana, Fraxinus Americana, F. platycarpa, F. pubescens, F. quadran-.
gulata, F. sambucifolia, F. viridis, Gaultieria Shallon, Gaylussacia frondosa,
G. resinosa, Gelsemium nitidum, Gleditschia monosperma, G. triacanthos,
Gordonia lasianthos, Guilandina Bonduc, Gymnocladus Canadensis,
Hedeoma pulegioides, Hordeum secalinum, Humulus Lupulus, Hydrastis.
Canadensis, Ilex Cassine, Indigofera Anil, Ipomcea plantanifolia, I. simu-
lans, Juglans cinerea, J. nigra, Juniperus flaccida, J. Mexicana, J. Vir-
giniana, Levisia rediviva, Liatris odoratissima, Lindera Benzoin, Liqui-
dambar styraciflua, Liriodendron tulipifera, Lithospermum canescens, L.
hirtum, L. longiflorum, Lupinus perennis, Lycopodium lucidulum, Maclura.
aurantiaca, Magnolia acuminata, M. cordata, M. Fraseri, M. grandiflora,
M. macrophylla, M. umbrella, Melica mutica, Menyanthes trifoliata,
Milium effusum, Monarda didyma, M. fistulosa, M. punctata, Morchella.
esculenta, Morus rubra, Myrica cerifera, Nelumbo lutea, Nicotiana quadri-
valvis, N. repanda, N. rustica, N. Tabacum, Nyssa aquatica, N. multiflora,

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. Dat

N. uniflora, Opuntia coccinellifera, O. Ficus-Indica, O. Hernandezii, O.
Missouriensis, O. Rafinesquii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, O. vulgaris, Oryza
latifolia, O. perennis, Ostrya Virginica, Oxalis Deppei, O. esculenta, O.
tetraphylla, O. violacea, Panicum amarum, P. virgatum, Parkinsonia
aculeata, Parthenium integrifolium, Passiflora incarnata, P. lutea, P.
suberosa, Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Phaseolus perennis,
Physalis angulata, Pinus alba, P. Australis, P. Ayacahuite, P. balsamea,
P. Canadensis, P. cembroides, P. Fraseri, P. glabra, P. Hartwegii, P.
Hudsgonica, P. leiophylla, P. mitis, P. Montezume, P. nigra, P. patula, P.
pendula, P. Pinceana, P. Pseudo-strobus, P. religiosa, P. rigida, P. rubra,
P. serotina, P. Strobus, P. Teda, P. tenuifolia, P. Teocote, Pisonia
aculeata, Planera aquatica, Platanus occidentalis, Poa airoides, P. alpina,
P. angustifolia, P. aquatica, P. Canadensis, P. distans, P. fertilis, P.
fluitans, P. maritima, P. nemoralis, Podophyllum peltatum, Polygala
Senega, Populus balsamifera, P. grandidentata, P. heterophylla, P. monili-
fera, P. tremuloides, Prosopis dulcis, P. glandulosa, P. juliflora, P.
pubescens, Prunus Americana, P. Caroliniana, P. Chisasa, P. maritima, P.
Pennsylvanica, P. pumila, P. serotima, P. Virginiana, Psamma arenaria,
Pycnanthemum incanum, P. montanum, Pyrularia edulis, Pyrus coronaria,
‘Quercus acutifolia, Q. alba, Q. aquatica, Q. chrysophylla, Q. coccinea, Q.
falcata, Q. glaucescens, Q. lanceolata, Q. laurina, Q. lyrata, Q. macrocarpa,
Q. obtusata, Q. obtusiloba, Q. palustris, Q. Phellos, Q. Prinus, Q. reti-
culata, Q. rubra, Q. Sideroxylon, Q. stellata, Q. virens, Q. Xalapensis, Rho-
dodendron maximum, Rhus copallina, R. glabra, R. typhina, Ribes aureum,
R. Floridum, R. hirtellum, R. Hudsonianum, R. nigrum, R. rotundifolium,
R. rubrum, Robina Pseudo-acacia, Rosa setigera, Rubus Arcticus, R.
Canadensis, R. Chamzmorus, R. cuneifolius, R. deliciosus, R. occidentalis,
R. odoratus, R. strigosus, R. trivialis, R. villosus, Rumex Acetosa, Sabal
Adansoni, 8. Palmetto, S. serrulata, Sagittaria lancifolia, S. obtusa, Salix
-cordata, S. longifolia, S. lucida, Sabbatia angularis, S. nigra, 8. petiolaris,
S. tristis, Sambucus Canadensis, Sanguinaria Canadensis, Sassafras officinale,
Schoenocaulon officinale, Shepherdia argentea, Smilax medica, 8S. rotundi-
folia, Solanum calycinum, 8. Fendleri, S. tuberosum, Spartina cynosu-
roides, 8. juncea, S. polystachya, Spartina stricta, Spigelia Marylandica,
Stenotaphrum Americanum, Tanacetum vulgare, Taraxacum officinale,
Taxodium distichum, T. mucronatum, Taxus brevifolia, Thuya gigantea,
‘T. occidentalis, Tilia Americana, T. heterophylla, Tillandsia usneoides,
Torreya taxifolia, Trifolium repens, Tripsacum dactyloides, Ulmus alata,
‘U. Americana, U. crassifolia, U. fulva, U. Mexicana, U. racemosa, Uniola
‘paniculata, Uvularia sessilifolia, Vaccinium cespitosum, V. corymbosum,
V. erythrocarpum, V. leucanthum, V. macrocarpum, V. myrtilloides, V.
Myrtillus, V. ovalifolium, V. Oxycoccus, V. parvifolium, V. Pennsyl-
vanicum, V. uliginosum, V. vacillans, V. Vitis-Idza, Valeriana edulis,
‘Veratrum viride, Vicia Cracca, Vitis estivalis, V. Labrusca, V. vulpina,
Xanthorrhiza apiifolia, Ximenia Americana, Yucca aloifolia, Y. filamentosa,
Y. gloriosa, Zizania aquatica, Z. miliacea.

CENTRAL AMERICA.

Achras Sapota, Agave Americana, A. rigida, Albizzia dulcis, A. latisi-
liqua, A. Saman, Amarantus paniculatus, Anona muricata, A. squamosa,
Arracacha xanthorrhiza, Arthrostylidium excelsum, A. longiflorum, A.
racemiferum (under Schizostachyum), Arundinaria acuminata, Aulonemia
Quexo (under Schizostachyum), Bactris Gasipaes, Batis maritima, Boute-
loua barbata, Brahea dulcis, Buxus acuminata, B. citrifolia, B. Cubana, B.
glomerata, B. gonoclada, B. levigata, B. Purdieana,.B. retusa, B. sub-
columellaris, B. Vahlii, B. Wrightii, Canna coccinea, C. glauca, Carludovica
palmata (under Wettinia), Ceroxylon andicola, C. Klopstockia (under
Wettinia), Chusquea abietifolia, C. Fendleri, C. Galeottiana, C. scandens

278 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

C. simpliciflora, C. uniflora (under Schizostachyum), Copernicia nana, C.
Pumos, Cyperus giganteus, Dioscorea Cajennensis, D. esurientum, D. trifida,
Eupatorium triplinerve, Fourcroya Cubensis, F. gigantea, F. longeva, Geo-
nema undata, Gossypium Barbadense, G. hirsutum, G. religiosum, Hibiscus.
esculentus, Indigofera Anil, Ipomcea Batatilla, Juniperus Bermudiana,
Kunthia montana, Maranta arundinacea, Melicocca bijuga, Morus celtidi-
folia, Nageia coriacea, N. Purdieana, Opuntia coccinellifera, O. Dillenii,
O. elatior, O. Hernandezii, O. spinosissima, O. Tuna, Oreodoxa regia, Pa-
chyrrhizus angulatus, Paspalum stoloniferum, Passiflora laurifiora, P.
ligularis, P. maliformis, P. serrata, Peireskia aculeata, Persea gratissima,
Platenia Chiragua (under Wettinia), Podachenium alatum, Psidium
acidum, P. Araca, P. cordatum, P. Guayava, P. polycarpum, Quercus.
agrifolia, Q.. Castanea, Q. Skinneri, Sabal umbraculifera, Sechium edule,
Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax officinalis, 8. papyracea, Solanum
Guineense, S. Plumieri, S. Topiro, 8. torvum, Swietenia Mahagoni,
Thrinax argentea, T. parviflora, Tillandsia usneoides, Trophis Americana,
Vaccinium meridionale, V. Mortinia, Zizania miliacea.

EASTERN SOUTH AMERICA.

Acrocomia Totai (under Wettinia), Amyris terebinthifolia, Apium pro-
stratum, Araucaria Brasiliensis, Arundinaria verticillata (under Schizo-
stachyum), Arundo saccharoides, A. Sellowiana, Bromus unioloides, Czsal-.
pinia coriaria, C. Gilliesii, Calyptranthes aromatica, Canna Achiras,
Capsicum annuum, C. baccatum, C. frutescens, C. longum, Cephelis Ipeca-
cuanha, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Chusquez capituliflora, C. Gaudi-
chaudiana (under Schizostachyum), Cocos Australis, C. Romanzoffiana, C.
Zantai (under Wettinia), Copernicia cerifera, Cyperus giganteus, Dactylis
cespitosa, Desmodium triflorum, Dioscorea conferta, D. tuberosa, Diplo-
themium littorale (under Wettinia), Eugenia Nhanica, E. pyriformis, E,
supra-axillaris, Guadua latifolia, G. angustifolia, G. capitata, G. macro-
stachya, G. paniculata, G. refracta, G. Tagoara, G. virgata, Hymenza.
Courbaril, Ilex Paraguensis, Indigofera Anil, Ipomcea Batatas, I. Batatilla,
I. operculata, I. paniculata, [riartea deltoidea, I. exorrhiza, I. ventricosa
(under Wettinia), Lippia citriodora, Lupinus arboreus, Manihot Aipi, M.
utilissima, Maliera glomerata, M. tomentosa, Merostachys Clausseni, M.
Kunthi, M. ternata (under Schizostachyum), Myrtus edulis, Nageia Lam-
berti, Nicotiana rustica, N. Tabacum, Ocimum gratissimum, Cinocarpus.
multicaulis (under Wettinia), Opuntia vulgaris, Oryza latifolia, Oxalis
carnosa, O. conorrhiza, Pacchyrrhizus angulatus, Panicum barbinode, P.
latissimum, P. pilosum, Parkinsonia aculeata, Paspalum ciliatum, P. dila-
tatum, Passiflora alata, P. coccinea, P. cerulea, P. edulis, P. filamentosa,
P. laurifolia, P. maliformis, P. quadrangularis, P. serrata, P. suberosa,
Peireskia aculeata, P. Bleo, P. portulacifolia, Periandra dulcis, Persea.
gratissima, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. lunatus, Phytelephas macrocarpa,
P. microcarpa (under Wettinia), Prosopis dulcis, P. Siliquastrum, Psidium
Araca, P. arboreum, P. Cattleyanum, P. chrysophyllum, P. cinereum, P.
cuneatum, P. grandifolium, P. Guayava, P. imcanescens, P. lineatifolium,
P. malifolium, P. polycarpon, P. rufum, Salix Humboldtiana, Sesuvium.
portulacastrum, Smilax papyracea, Solanum Gilo, 8. Guineense, S. indigo-
ferum, S. Lycopersicum, S. torvum, S. tuberosum, Spilanthes oleracea,
Syagrus Sancona, Tagetes glanduligera, Tillandsia usneoides, Trithrynax
Brasiliana (under Wettinia), Trophis Americana, Ullucus tuberosus, Zea
Mays, Zizania microstachya.

MIDDLE AFRICA (AND MADAGASCAR).

Beesha capitata, Buddleya Madagascariensis, Buxus Madagascarica,
Casuarina equisetifolia, Corchorus acutangulus, Hagenia Abyssinica,.

GEOGRAPHIC INDEX. 279

Hyphene Thebaica, Panicum fluitans, Phcenix spinosa, Pterolobium
lacerans, Rubus rosifolius, Solanum edule, 8. Thonningi, Telfairia occiden-
talis, T. pedata, Vigna Sinensis, Vitis Schimperiana.

SOUTHERN AFRICA.

Aberia Caffra, A. tristis, A. Zeyheri, Acacia Giraffe, A. horrida, Aloe
dichotoma, A. ferox, A. linguiformis, A. plicatilis, A. purpurascens, A.
spicata, A. Zeyheri, Andropogon Caffrorum, Anthistiria ciliata, Apono-
geton distachyon, Arundinaria tesselata, Asparagus laricinus, Azima
tetracantha, Barosma serratifolia, Cannamois cephalotes, Carissa Arduina,
C. ferox, C. grandiflora, Carum Capense, Combretum butyraceum,
Elegia nuda, Euclea myrtina, E. undulata, Hugenia Zeyheri, Garuleum
bipinnatum, Gladiolus edulis, Gonioma Kamassi, Grumilea cymosa,
Hemarthria compressa, Hibiscus Ludwigti, Hyphzne ventricosa, Leuca-
dendron argenteum, Leyssera gnaphalioides, Lyperia crocea, Matricaria
glabrata, Melianthus major, Mesembrianthemum acinaciforme, M. edule,
Monetia barlerioides, Myrica cordifolia, M. quercifolia, M. serrata, Nageia
elongata, N. Thunbergi, Osmitopsis asteriscoides, Pappea Capensis,
Parkinsonia Africana, Pentzia virgata, Phcenix reclinata, Plectronia
ciliata, P. spinosa, P. ventosa, Rafnia amplexicaulis, R. perfoliata, Rhus
lucida, Royenia Pseudebenus, R. pubescens, Rubus fruticosus, Salix
Capensis, Selinum anesorrhizum, 8. montanum, Tarchonanthus camphora-
tus, Voandzeia subterranea, Widdringtonia juniperoides.

WESTERN AUSTRALIA.

Acacia acuminata, A. armata, A. saligna, Albizzia lophantha, Boronia
megastigma, Casuarina Decaisneana, C. distyla, C. Fraseriana, C. Huege-
liana, C. trichodon, Dioscorea hastifolia, Encephalartos Preissii, Eucalyptus
calophylla, E. cornuta, E. diversicolor, E. Doratoxylon, EH. ficifolia, E.
gomphocephala, E. marginata, Frenela Actinostrobus, Helichcrysum
lucidum, H. Manglesi, Lepidosperma gladiatum, Oryza sativa, Phaseolus
vulgaris, Pimelea clavata, Santalum cygnorum, S. Preissianum, Spinifex
hirsutus, 8. longifolius, Strychnos Nux-Vomica, Tamarindus Indica.

EASTERN AUSTRALIA (INCLUDING TASMANTA),

Acacia armata, A. decurrens, A. falcata, A. Farnesiana, A. fascifulifera,
A. glaucescens, A. harpophylla, A. homalophylla, A. longifolia, A. Melan-
oxylon, A. pendula, A. pycnantha, A. salicina, A. stenophylla, A‘giceras
majus, Aira cespitosa, Alstonia constricta, Andropogon pertusus, Ango-
phora intermedia, Anthristiria avenacea, A. ciliata, Apium prostratum,
Aponogeton crispus, Araucaria Bidwilli, A. Cunninghami, Aristolochia
Indica, Atalantia glauca, Atriplex halimoides, A. holocarpum, A. nummu-
larium, Backhousia citriodora, Bologhia lucida, Brachychiton acerifolium,
Carissa Brownii, Caryota Alberti, Casuarina distyla, C. equisetifolia,
C. glauca, C. quadrivalvis, C. suberosa, C. torulosa, Cedrela Taona, Cheno-
podium auricomum, Chloris truncata, Citrus Australasica, C. Planchoni,
Colocasia Indica, Corchorus acutangulus, C. Cunninghami, C. olitorius,
Crotolaria juncea, C. retusa, Cudrania Javanensis, Cycas angulata, C.
Normanbyana, Cynodon Dactylon, Cyperus textilis, Dammara robusta,
Danthonia nervosa, D. pectinata, D. triticoides, Dioscorea sativa, D. trans-
versa, Khrharta stipoides, Embothrium Wickhami, Encephalartos Deni-
sonii, E. spiralis, Eucalyptus acmenoides, E. alpina, E. amygdalina, E.
botryoides, E. brachypoda, E. citriodora, E. coccifera, E. coriacea,
K. crebra, E. drepanophylla, KE. eugenioides, E. globulus, E. goniocalyx, E.
Gunnii, E. hemiphloia, E. leptophleba, E. leucoxylon, E. maculata, E.
melanophloia, E. melliodora, E. miniata, E. obliqua, E. paniculata, E.

280 GEOGRAPHIC INDEX.

Pheenicea, E. pilularis, E. platyphylla, E. polyanthemos, E. resinifera,
E. robusta, E. rostrata, E. siderophloia, E. Stuartiana, E. tereticornis,
E. tesselaris, E. trachyphloia, E. urnigera, E. vernicosa, E. viminalis,
Eucryphia Billardieri, E. Moorei, Eugenia myrtifolia, Fagus Cunninghami,
F. Moorei, Festuca distichophylla, F. dives, F. Hookeriana, F. littoralis,
Ficus colossea, F. columnaris, F. Cunninghami, F. macrophylla, F.
rubiginosa, Flindersia Bennettiana, F. Oxleyana, Frenela Macleayana,
F. Parlatorei, F. verrucosa, Geitonoplesium cymosum, Grevillea robusta,
Harpullia Hillii, Heleocharis sphacelata, Helichrysum lucidum, Hemarthria
compressa, Hibiscus cannabinus, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenanthera
Banksii, Imperata arundinacea, Ipomea paniculata, Jasminum calcareum,
J. didymum, J. lineare, J. racemosum, J. simplicifolium, J. suavissimum,
Kentia Belmoreana, K. Canterburyana, K. Mooreana, Lepidosperma
gladiatum, Leptospermum laevigatum, Lycopodium clavatum, L. densum,
L. laterale, L. varium, Maba fasciculosa, M. geminata, Macadamia
ternifolia, Mallotus Philippinensis, Marlea Vitiensis, Melaleuca parviflora,
M. trichostachya, Melia Azedarach, Mentha Australis, M. gracilis, M.
laxiflora, M. saturejoides, Mesembrianthemum equilaterale, Microseris
Forsteri, Mylitta Australis, Myoporum insulare, Myrtus acmenoides,
Nageia elata, Niemeyera prunifera, Ocimum sanctum, Oryza sativa,
Pandanus Forsteri, P. pedunculatus, Panicum depositum, P. Italicum, P.
miliaceum, P. prostratum, P. repens, P. sanguinale, P. virgatum, Pappo-
phorum commune, Paspalum distichum, Phaseolus adenanthus, P. Max,
Phyllocladus rhomboidalis, Pimelea stricta, Pipturus propinquus, Pisonia
aculeata, Pittosporum undulatum, Poa Australis, P. Brownu, P. digitata,
Ptychosperma Alexandre, P. Cunninghami, P. elegans, Rhagodia Billar-
dieri, Rubus Gunnianus, R. parvifolius, R. rosifolius, Santalum Preissia-
num, Sclerachne cyathopoda, Sebza albidiflora, 8. ovata, Selaginella
uliginosa, Sesbania aculeata, Sesuvium Portulacastrum, Smilax Australis,
S. glycyphylla, Solanum vescum, Spinifex hirsutus, Spondias pleiogyna,
Stenocarpus sinuosus, Synoon glandulosum, Tacca pinnatifida, Tetragonia
expansa, T. implexicoma, Tetranthera laurifolia, Trigonella suavissima,
Tristania conferta, Ulmus parvifolia, Vigna lanceolata, Vitis acetosa,
V. Baudiniana, V. hypoglauca, Ximenia Americana, Zizyphus Jujuba,
Zoysia pungens.
NEW ZEALAND.

Apium prostratum, Arundo conspicua, Cordyline Banks, C. Forsteri, C.
indivisa, Corynocarpus levigata, Dacrydium Colensoi, D. cupressinum,
Dammara Australis, Danthonia Cunninghami, Ehrharta Diplax, E. stipoides,
Festuca littoralis, Fuchsia excorticata, Fagus fusca, F. Menziesu, F. Solan-
dri, Hierochloa redolens, Hymenanthera Banksii, Kentia sapida, Libocedrus
Doniana, Metrosideros florida, M. lucida, M. robusta, M. tomentosa, Myo-
porum letum, Nageia dacrydioides, N. ferruginea, N. spicata, N. Totara,
Phormium tenax, Phyllocladus trichomanoides, Pittosporum eugenioides,
P. tenuifolium, Ripogonum scandens, Seba ovata, Tetragonia expansa, T.

implexicoma.
POLYNESIA.

AXgiceras majus, Araucaria Cookii, A. excelsa, A. Rulei, Aristolochia
Indica, Batis maritima, Broussonetia papyrifera, Casuarina equisetifolia,
Colocasia antiquorum, C. Indica, Cordyline Baueri, Cyrtosperma edulis,
Dammara macrophylla, D. Moorei, D. obtusa, D. ovata, D. Vitiensis, Dios-
corea aculeata, D. alata, D. nummularia, D. pentaphylla, D. sativa, Gossy-
pium Taitense, G. tomentosum, Ipomeea paniculata, Kentia Baueri, Musa
Troglodytarum, Ocimum gratissimum, Pipturus propinquus, Pringlea anti-
scorbutica, Saccharum officinarum, Santalum Freycinetianum, S. Yasi,
Solanum Uporo, Spondias dulcis, Stilbocarpa polaris, Tacca pinnatifida,
Tetragonia expansa, Touchardia latifolia.

INDICATED GENERA,

CONTAINING

Alimentary Plants:

1. YreLDING HERBAGE:
Allium, Amarantus, Anthriscus, Apium, Aralia, Atriplex,
Barbara, Basella, Beta, Bongardia, Borrago, Brassica,
Chenopodium, Corchorus, Crambe, Cynara, Fagopyrum,
Gunnera, Hibiscus, Lactuca, Lepidium, Musa, Pringlea,
Rheum, Rumex, Sanguisorba, Scandix, Scorzonera, Spina-
cia, Tetragonia, Theligonum, Tropeolum, Valerianella,
Zizania,

2. YieLpine Roots:
Alum, Apios, Aponogeton, Arracacha, Asparagus, Beta,
Brassica, Butomus, Carum, Cherophyllum, Cichorium,
Cochleria, Colocasia, Conopodium, Cordyline, Cymopterus,
Cyperus, Daucus, Dendrocalamus, Dioscorea, Diposis, Fe-
rula, Fiemingia, Flueggea, Geitonoplesium, Gigantochloa,
Gladiolus, Heleocharis, Helianthus, Hypocheris, Ipomea,
Manihot, Microseris, Nelumbo, Oxalis, Pachyrrhizus, Peu-
cedanum, Pimpinella, Priva, Pueraria, Raphanus, Rhapon-
ticum, Ruscus, Scilla, Scorzonera, Sechium, Selinum, Sola-
num, Stilbocarpa, Thapsia, Tinguarra, Tragopogon, Tro-
peolum, Ullucus, Uvularia, Valeriana, Witheringia.

3, YIELDING CEREAL GRAIN:
Andropogon, Avena, Eleusine, Hordeum, Oryza, Panicum,
Pennisetum, Poa, Secale, Triticum, Zea, Zizania.

4, Yie~pinc TaBLE-PULSE:
Cajanus, Caragana, Cicer, Dolichos, Ervum, Lupinus,
Phaseolus, Pisum, Vicia, Vigna.

5, YIELDING vARIouS EscuLent FRuvIts:
Aberia, Achras, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Amarantus, Ame-
lanchier, Anona, Arachis, Araucaria, Aristotelia, Artocar-
pus, Atalantia, Averrhoa, Benincasa, Berberis, Borassus,
Carissa, Carya, Castanea, Castanopsis, Celtis, Ceratonia,
Cereus, Cervantesia, Citrus, Corynocarpus, Corynosicyos,
Crategus, Cucumis, Cucurbita, Cudrania, Cynara, Debre-
geasia, Diospyros, Euclea, Eugenia, Fagopyrum, Ficus,
Fragaria, Gaultiera, Gaylussacia, Gingko, Guevina, Hibis-
cus, Hovenia, Hymenza, Juglans, Juniperus, Lapageria,

282 INDICATED GENERA.

Limonia, Macadamia, Maclura, Mangifera, Marlea, Mar-
liera, Melicocca, Mesembrianthemum, Moringa, Morus,
Musa, Myrica, Myrtus, Nageia, Nelumbo, Nephelium,
Niemeyera, Nyssa, Opuntia, Pappea, Parinarium, Passi-
flora, Peireskia, Persea, Peumus, Phoenix, Physalis, Pinus,
Pistacia, Prunus, Psidium, Punica, Pyrularia, Pyrus, Quer-
cus, Ribes, Rubus, Sambucus, Santalum, Sechium, Shep-
herdia, Solanum, Spondias, Tamarindus, Telfairia, Termi-
nalia, Trapa, Triphasia, Vaccinium, Vitis, Voandzeia, Xime-
nia, Zizyphus.
6. TRUFFLES:

Agaricus, Hydnum, Morchella, Pachyma, Polygaster,
Terfezia, Tuber.

Bamboo-Plants:
Arundinaria (Arundo), Bambusa, Beesha, Dendrocalamus,
Gigantochloa, Guadua, Melocanna, Oxytenanthera, Schizo-
stachyum (many other genera mentioned under Schizo-
stachyum), Teinostachyum.

Camphor-~Plant:
Cinnamomum.

Coffee-Plant:
Coffea (doubtful).

Condiment-—Plants:
Acorus, Allium, Apium, Archangelica, Artemisia, Borrago,
Brassica, Calamintha, Calyptranthes, Capparis, Capsi-
cum, Carum, Cherophyllum, Citrus, Cochlearia, Corian-
drum, Crithmum, Cuminum, Feniculum, Glycine,
Illicium, Laserpitum, Laurus, Lepidium, Lindera, Mentha,
Meriandra, Myrrhis, Ocimum, Olea, Origanum, Peuce-
danum, Pimpinella, Prunus (Amygdalus), Pycnanthemum,
Satureja, Sison, Smyrnium, Spilanthes, Tropzolum,
Thymus, Tuber, Valerianella, Zingiber.

Cork-Plant:
Quercus.

Dye-Plants :

Acacia, Acer, Albizzia, Aleurites, Alkanna, Alnus, An
themis, Baloghia, Czsalpinia, Carthamus, Carya, Chloro-
galum, Cladastris, Crocus, Crozophora, Cytisus, Draczna,
Excecaria, Fagopyrum, Garcinia, Gunnera, Helianthus,
Indigofera, Isatis, Juglans, Lawsonia, Lithospermum,
Lyperia, Maclura, Maharanga, Mallotus, Opuntia, Pei-
reskia, Perilla, Peumus, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Polygonum,
Quercus, Reseda, Rhamnus, Rhus, Roccella, Rubia, Sam-
bucus, Saponaria, Solanum, Sophora, Spartium, Terminalia,
Thymelea, Vaccinium, Xanthorrhiza.

INDICATED GENERA. 283

Fibre-Plants:
Agave, Apocynum, Boehmeria, Broussonetia, Camelina,
Cannabis, Caryota, Chlorogalum, Copernicia, Corchorus,
Cordyline, Crotalaria, Cyperus, Debregeasia, Fitzroya,
Fourcroya, Gossypium, Hardwickia, Helianthus, Hibiscus,
Humulus, Lardizabala, Lavatera, Linum, Maoutia, Musa,
Pachyrrhizus, Phormium, Pipturus, Poa, Sanseviera, Ses-
bania, Spartina, Spartium, Thuya, Tillandsia, Touchardia,
Villebrunea, Yucca.

Fullers-Plant :
Dipsacus.

Fodder-Plants:
1. GRASSES :
Agrostis, Aira, Alopecurus, Andropogon, Anthistiria, An-
thoxanthum, Avena, Bouteloua, Bromus, Buchloa, Carex,
Chloris, Cinna, Cynodon, Cynosurus, Dactylis, Danthonia,
Ehrharta, Eleusine, Festuca, Hemarthria, Hierochloa, Hol-
cus, Hordeum, Koeleria, Leersia, Lolium, Melica, Milium,
Panicum, Pappophorum, Paspalum, Pennisetum, Phalaris,
Phleum, Poa, Sclerachne, Secale, Sesleria, Spartina, Steno-
taphrum, Tripsacum, Triticum, Uniola, Zizania.
2. OTHER HERBAGE:
Achillea, Anthyllis, Arachis, Astragalus, Atriplex, Bras-
sica, Cichorium, Desmodium, Ervum, Heracleum, Hippo-
crepis, Lespedeza, Lotus, Pentzia, Peucedanum, Prangos,
Sanguisorba, Spergula, Symphytum, Trophis.
3. STABLE PuLsE (Pods and Herbs):
Cicer, Dolichos, Hedysarum, Lathyrus, Lupinus, Medicago,
Melilotus, Onobrychis, Ornithopus, Oxytropis, Pisum,
Trifolium, Trigonella, Vicia.
4, OTHER FRUITS:
Argania, Carya, Ceratonia, Helianthus, Prosopis, Quercus.
Garland-Plants:
Baccharis, Helichrysum, Laurus, Lycopodium, Melaleuca,
Quercus.
Grave-Plants:
Boronia, Cupressus, Fraxinus, Helichrysum, Lycopodium,
Salix, Tamarix, Thuya, Viola. )
Gum-Plants:
Acacia, Albizzia, Astragalus, Bambusa, Brachychiton,
Caragana, Olea, Prosopis.
Hedge~Plants:
Aberia, Acacia, Acer, Agave, Albizzia, Azima, Baccharis,
Bambusa, Berberis, Buxus, Cesalpinia, Capparis, Carissa,

284 INDICATED GENERA.

Ceanothus, Crategus, Cupressus, Eleeagnus, Flacourtia,
Gleditschia, Guilandina, Hymenanthera, Justicia, Law-
sonia, Ligustrum, Lycium, Maclura, Mimosa, Monetia,
Opuntia, Paliurus, Parkinsonia, Peireskia, Pisonia, Pista-
cia, Pittosporum, Plectronia, Prosopis, Pramas) Punica,
Pyrus, Rhamnus, Rhus, Rosa, Rubus, Ruseus, Salix,
Scotia, Streblus, Thuya, Zizyphus.

Honey-Plants:
Acacia, Agave, Brassica, Eucalytus, Eucryphica, Helianthus,
Lavandula, Medicago, ‘Melissa, Mentha, Origanum, Rosa,

Rosinarinus, Salvia, Thymus, Tilia, Trifolium, Tropeolum,
Viola.

Hop-Plant:

Humulus.

Medicinal Plants:

1. YreLpInc HEeRBAGE oR FLOWERS:
Achillea, Aconitum, Agave, Aletris, Aloe, Althzea, Ane-
mone, Anthemis, Arctostaphylos, Aristolochia, Arnica,
Artemisia, Atropa,’ Barosma, Cannabis, Cassia, Catha,
Chelidonium, Chenopodium, Chrysanthemum, Cochlearia,
Conium, Crocus, Cytisus, Digitalis, Erythroxylon, Eupa-
torlum, Garuleum, Hagenia, Hedeoma, Hyoscyamus, Ilex,
Justicia, Lactuca, Leyssera, Marrubium, Matricaria,
Melianthus, Mentha, Menyanthes, Ophelia, Osmitopsis,
Papaver, Parthenium, Polygala, Prunus, Rafnia, Ricinus,
Rosmarinus, Ruta, Salvia, Sambucus, Santolina, Sebma,
Selinum, Solanum, Sophora, Spigelia, Spilanthes, Tanace-
tum, Tarchonanthus, Teucrium, Thuya, Thymus.

2. YIELDING Bark:
Alstonia, Cinchona, Juglans, Salix.

3. YIELDING Roots:
Acorus, Actea, Althea, Anacyclus, Archangelica,
Aristolochia, Arnica, Atropa, Carex, Cephelis, Cimicifuga,
Colchicum, Convolvulus, Euryangium, Gentiana, Glyeyr-
rhiza, Helleborus, Hydrastis, Inula, Ipomea, Krameria,
Nardostachys, Periandra, Peucedanum, Pimpinella, Podo-

- phyllum, Polygala, Punica, Rafnia, Rheum, Sabbatia,

Sanguinaria, Saponaria, Sassafras, Saussurea, Schoeno-
caulon, Scorzonera, Smilax, Smyrnium, Symphytum,
Taraxacum, Urginia, Valeriana,, Veratrum, Xanthorrhiza.

4, YreLtpinc Fruits (OR ONLY SEEDS):
Cassia, Cucumis, Cuminum, Ecballion, Feniculum, Ili-
cium, Mallotus, Punica, Rhamnus, Rheum, Ricinus,
Schoenocaulon, Smyrnium, Tamarindus, Trigonella.

INDICATED GENERA. 285

Oil-Plants:
Aleurites, Arachis, Argania, Brassica, Camelina, Cannabis,
Carya, Combretum, Cucurbita, Cyperus, Excecaria,
Ginkgo, Gossypium, Guizotia, Helianthus, Juglans,
Linum, Olea, Papaver, Prunus (Amygdalus), Pyrularia,
Ricinus, Sesamum, Telfairia, Tetranthera.

Palm=Plants:

Bactris, Borassus, Calamus, Caryota, Ceroxylon, Chame-
rops, Cocos, Copernicia, Hyphzene, Juba, Kentia,
Livistona, Mauritia, Oreodoxa, Phenix, Plectocomia,
Ptychosperma, Rhapis, Sabal, Thrinax, Wallichia, Wet-
tinia, Zalacca. (Many other American genera under
Wettinia, many other Asian genera under Zalacca).

Paper-Plants :
Arundo, Broussonetia, Cyperus, Fatsia, Lepidosperma,
Lygeum, Populus, Psamma, Spartina, Stipa, Zea. (See
also Fibre-Plants).

Resin=-Plants:

Acacia, Balsamodendron, Boswellia, Butea, Cajanus,
Callitris, Ceroxylon, Chloroxylon, Cistus, Croton, Dam-
mara, Dorema, Ferula, Ficus, Frenela, Garcinia, Hyme-
nea, Juniperus, Liquidambar, Myrica, Pinus, Pistacia,
Pterocarpus, Rhus, Shorea, Styrax, Widdringtonia.

Sand-coast=Plants :

Acacia, Agrostis, Ailantus, Aloe, Apium, Asparagus,
Calamagrostis, Carex, Casuarina, Crambe, Crithmum,
Cynodon, Cytisus, Dactylis, Ehrharta, Elegia, Elymus,
Festuca, Frenela, Genista, Hemitaphrum, Imperata,
Lavandula, Lepidosperma, Leptospermum, Lupinus, Mela-.
leuca, Mesembrianthemum, Myrcia, Panicum, Paspalum,
Phormium, Pinus, Poa, Prunus, Psamma, Quercus,
Rhagodia, Sabal, Salix, Sesuvium, Spartina, Spinifex,
Stenotaphrum, Stipa, Yamarix, Tetragonia, Thouarea,
Thrinax, Tripsacum, Triticum, Ulex, Uniola, Urginia,
Yucca, Zoysia.

Scenic Plants (others than Palms or Bamboos):

Agave, Aloe, Andropogon, Arundo, Berberis, Boehmeria,
Canna, Colocasia, Cordyline, Cynara, Cyperus, Elegia,
Fatsia, Encephalartos, Ferula, Festuca, Fceniculum,
Fourcroya, Gunnera, Helianthus, Heracleum, Lavatera,
Leucadendron, Melianthus, Musa, Opuntia, Pandanus,
Phormium, Pipturus, Podachenium, Rheum, Ricinus,
Touchardia, Yucca, Zea.

286 INDICATED GENERA.

Scent-Plants:
Acacia, Adesmia, Aloexylon, Andropogon, Anthoxan-
thum, Aquilaria, Backhousia, Boronia, Calamintha, Cedro-
nella, Citrus, Convolvulus, Dracocephalum, Eucalyptus,
Gelsemium, Hedeoma, Heliotropium, Jasminum, Lavan-
dula, Liatris, Lippia, lLiquidambar, Melia, Melissa,
Mentha, Monarda, Myrtus, Nyctanthes, Ocimum, Origa-
num, Pelargonium, Pittosporum, Pogostemon, Prunus
(Amygdalus), Pycnanthemum, Reseda, Rosa, Rosmarinus,
Santalum, Satureja, Styrax, Synoon, Teucrium, Thymus,
Tilia, Triphasia, Viola.

Silk-Plants :
Ailantus, Cajanus, Morus, Quercus, Ricinus, Symplocos,
Trophis.

Starch-Plants:
Alstroemeria, Canna, Caryota, Colocasia, Copernicia, Cycas,
Fagopyrum, Hordeum, Levisia, Manihot, Maranta, Oreo-
doxa, Oryza, Secale, Solanum, Tacca, Triticum, Zea.

Sugar-Plants:
Acer, Andropogon, Beta, Borassus, Caryota, Copernicia,
Cucumis, Pheenix, Saccharum, Zea.

Tannic-—Plants :
Acacia, Aesculus, Albizzia, Butea, Cesalpinia, Cytisus,
Eucalyptus, Gordonia, Gunnera, Pinus, Populus, Prosopis,
Pterocarpus, Quercus, Rhus, Salix.

Tea-Plants :
Andropogon, Hydrangea, Ilex, Thea.
Tide-Plants :
Agiceras, Avicennia, Batis, Myoporum, Spartina.
Timber-Plants :
1. TREES, CONIFEROUS :
a. LHvergreen—
Araucaria, Cephalotaxus, Cryptomeria, Cupressus, Dacry-
dium, Dammara, Fitzroya, Frenela, Juniperus, Libocedrus,
Nageia, Phyllocladus, Pinus, Saxono-Gothza, Sciadopitys,
Sequoia, Taxus, Thuya, Thuyopsis, Torreya, Widdringtonia.
b. Deciduous—
Ginkgo, Pinus, Taxodium.
2. TREES, NOT CONIFEROUS.
a. Hvergreen—
Acacia, Adenostemon, Albizzia, Amyris, Angophora,
Brachychiton, Castanopsis, Casuarina, Cedrela, Cercocarpus,
Chloroxylon, Corynocarpus, Dalbergia, Diospyros, Emboth-
rium, Eucalyptus, Eucryphia. Fagus, Ficus, Flindersia,

INDICATED GENERA. 287

Gonioma, Gordonia, Grevillea, Grumilea, Harpullia,
Hymenza, Laurelia, Maba, Magnolia, Marlea, Maytenus,
Metrosideros, Myrtus, Persea, Peumus, Quercus, Rhus,
Royenia, Santalum, Shorea, Swietenia, Tectona, Tetran-
thera, Tristania.
6. Deciduous—

Acer, Aisculus, Ailantus, Alnus, Betula, Butea, Carpinus,
Carya, Castanea, Catalpa, Celtis, Corylus, Diospyros,
Engelhardtia, Excecaria, Fagus, Fraxinus, Gleditschia,
Gymnocladus, Holoptelea, Juglans, Liriodendron, Mag-
nolia, Melia, Ostrya, Pircunia, Planera, Platanus, Populus,
Pterocarpus, Pterocarya, Quercus, Robinia, Salix, Sophora,
Tilia, Ulmus, Zelkova.

Tobacco=—Plants:
Nicotiana.

Water-Plants: |
Acorus, Aischynomene, Aponogeton, Butomus, Cyperus,
Euryale, Menyanthes, Nelumbo, Nyssa, Oryza, Poa
Sagittaria, Trapa, Zizania.

Wicker-Plants :

Cyperus, Parrotia, Salix (also genera mentioned under
Bamboo-Plants).

METEOROLOGICAL TABLES

FROM THE OBSERVATORY RECORDS OF MELBOURNE.

TEMPERATURE IN SHADE From 1858-1874.

Extreme Maximum. | Extreme Minimum. Yearly Mean.

Degrees. Degrees. Degrees.
Melbourne ... 1122 27:0 57°6
Sandhurst ... 117°4 27°D 58°9
Ballarat 109°0 22°0 53°6
Portland 108-0 30°0 61°6

AVERAGE YEARLY RAINFALL AT MELBOURNE,
From 1857 To 1874—26°35 INCHES.

RAINFALL AND TEMPERATURE From 1872-1874.

Nwerice Yearly Extreme Extreme

Ye arly Mean Maximum Minimum

Rainfall Temperature Temperature Temperature

° in shade, in shade. in shade.

Inches Degrees. Degrees. Degrees.
Ararat 24°47 a —_ _
Ballarat 29°04 55°4 107°3 25°0
Berwick 44°33 Sy fel | — =
Camperdown 32°77 — — —
Cape Otway 37°38 55°4 101°0 35°0
Daylesford 38°85 — — —
Geelong... 23°00 _ — _
Hamilton ... 25°54 == = —
Kew he 33°18 — — ==
Kingston ... 35°46 — _— —-
Melbourne... 28°74 57°4 103°3 29°3
Portland 33°30 61°8 — _
Rokewood ... 24°83 — — _-
Sale Ae 29°16 — — _
Sandhurst ... bb 22°12 58°4 109°5 30°0
Schnapper Point ... 37°32 — — —
Wahgunyah 25°35 _ — =
Warrandyte 40°84 — — —

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES.

Page
Abele - - - 182
Acacia, locust- - 203
Adam’s needle - 259
Adeira - - - 39
Agallochum - - 20
Agath-dammar - 68
Agegur - - - 20
_Albert-palm - - 44
Alder - - 13, 264
Alerce - - ay OL
Alexandra-palm - 190
Alfalfa - - 126
Algaroba~ - - 185
Alisander - =), 227
Alkanna, North-
American - - 12¢
Alkannet - - 120
Almond - - 185
Aloe, gigantic - 9
», yellowflow’rd 14
Aloe-wood - 15, 20
Anise - - - 165
Apple, crab - - 191
ee aw = - 59
Aracua - - 8
Argan-tree - - 22
Arroche - = »126
Arrowroot - - 125
Artichoke - - 65
Ash - - 93, 266
Aspen, European- 184

», N.American 184

» soft - - 183
Atocha - =) 1232
Avocado-pear - 159
Bajree - - -. 158
Balm-herb - - 128
Balsam-fir, double 170
Bamboos - 23, 29, 100,
120, 217

Bamboo-reed - 24
Bananas - - 134
Bandakai_- - 103
Bane-berry - - 8
Banyan-tree - - 89
Barley - - - 104
Barnyard-grass - 152

Vv

Page Page

Basil - - - 143) Cainito - - 142
Bass-wood - - 241} Cajaput-tree - 117
Bay-tree - - 238] Calambac - - 20
Beach-plum - - Cambuca - - 125
Beans - - - 160) Camphor-tree - 53
Bean, straight - 253| Canada-rice - - 262
Beebalm-tea - - 131) Canary-grass - 160
Beeches - - 85] Candlenut-tree - 13
Beet - - - 31/ Canelo - - - 74
Bent-grass - 10, 188) Cape Gooseberry - 165
Berberry - 31, 264] Caper-plant - - 40
}| Bilberry = - - 251| Caraway’ - - 42
», British bog- 251) Cardoon - - 65
Birch - 33, 85, 264) Carob-tree - - 47
Birdsfoot-trefoil - 121/ Carrot - - - 69
Blackbutt-tree - 81| ,, tree - - 238
Blackberry - - 207| Cassava - - 125
an sand - 207| Castor oil-plant - 202
Blackthorn - - 187| Cat - - - 46
Blackwood - - 3| Catjang - - 38
Blueberry, early - 251) Catstail-grass - 162
50 swamp 250) Cavan - - - 1
Bluegum-tree - 78} Cedars - - - 63
Blue palmetto - 49] Cedar, Bastard - 225
Bluets - - - 251 ,, Deodar - 167
Bockhara-clover - 128 ,, Lebanon - 167
Bog-bean - - 130 ,, northern white 240
Boldo - - - 160 », redwood - 225
Box-elder - - 6 ,, whiteOregon 240
Box-tree—_- - 37); Celandine - - 49
Bramble - - 207| Celery - - - 20
Broom-bush - - 67| Celery-pines - 164
Broom-corn - - 18) Chamomile - male)
Buckthorn - - 198 3 annual 125
Buckwheat or Chayota - - 224
Beechwheat - 84| Chelem - - 10
Buffalo-berry - 226} Cherimoyer - - 19
Buffalo-grass 36, 232, 245| Cherry - - 187
Bunch-grass - - 75\ Cherry, choke - 187
Bunya-bunya - 21} Chervil - 48, 137
Butter-nut tree - 111| Chestnut-tree - 45
Butter-tree - - 56) Chicot - - - 101
Cabbage - - 35) Chicory - - 50
» Kerguelen 184) Chillies - - 40
Cabul-clover - - 128} Chiretta - - 148
Cactus - - - 149] Chives - - =Me ls
Caffir-corn - - 18] Chocho - - 224

290

Christmas-rose_ -
Christ-thorn :
Chufa - - :
Chusan-palm -
Chusqueas - -
Cicely - - -
Ciruelillo” - -
Citron - - -
Cloud-berry - :
Clover, alsike -
»5 Bersin «ir
» brown -
- carnation
2 «= HOP -
» Mmayad -
», ordinary red
Sy », white
», pale yellow
5, red zigzag
3, strawberry
aa yellow -
Coapim - -
Coca - - -
Cocksfoot-grass_ -
Cockshead-plant -
Cocksshin-grass_ -
Cocksspur-thorn -
Coffee-plant - -
Coigue - - :
Coihuc - - -
Colic-root - -
Comfrey - -
prickly a-
Copal, W. Indian
Coquito-palm—s-
Cord-grass - -
Cotton - - -
Cottonwood-tree -
Coyam - -
Cranberry, British
- large -
Cress - : -
‘7 Parask -
Cucumber - -
Cumin - - -
Curly palm - -
Currant, black -
S% red -
Cypresses -. -
(ies, bald -
;, Montezuma

Dandelhon
Date-palm

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES.

Page
Date-plum - 73
Deals, ni ieee 27
Deccan-grass - 153
Dewberry - - 206
Dhak - - See y |
Dil - : - 159
Divi-divi - - 37
Dogstail-grass - 65
Doorn-boom - 3
Doum-palm - - 107
Durra - - - 18
Dwarf-palm - - 113
Dyer’s Woad - 110
Earth-chestnut - 56
— mut |} ee A!
s> peal ys - 257
Ebony-wood - 72
>, tree - - 25
Egg-plant - ~ 229
Elder - - = Wad
Elecampane - - 109
Elms - - 248, 104
Esparsette - - 148
Esparto - - 232
Espino - : - 1
Estragon”- lle
Fenkel-wortel - 42
Fennel - oi). Lae
Fern-palm_ - - 65
Fescue - . - 7
Fichte - - 6 ET
Fig-tree - - 88
Fiorin-grass - eu iO
Fire-thorn - - 60
Fir, balm of Gilead 167
,, balsam - = 67
>, Ooyamel - tel iG
», Sapindus - 174
3, scotch - - 176
», Siberian pitch 179
5) Spanish - - 175
umbrella - 223
Flame-tree - - 34
Flax - - - 118
ell tis - 163
Flowering rush - 37
Fochre - - 176
Fox-glove - “750
Foxtail-grass site Ie
Fuller’s herb - 216
ee teasel - 73
Furze - - - 248
Galingale-rush - 66

Gama-grass (Buffalo-

grass) : - 245
Gamboge - - 94
Garlic - - Bale

Page
Genipi - “ - 7
Gentian - - 95
Ginger - 261
Cineerb ead edie 107
Ginger-grass S. ie
Gingili - - - 225
Gink eos - = on
Gobbo - - - 103
Gooseberry - - 201
&; Barba-
does - - 158
Gooseberry, Cape- 165
Gorse - - - 248
Gourd - - - 62
Gram - - - 50
»» - green. - 161
Grape-pear - - 16
55 Oe ~ (od
> irost - - 255
»- Jsabella _- 256
», Muscadine- 257
» Summer - 255
»»* wane - 256
>> Winter - 255

Grass, buffalo 36. 232,245
» gama (buffalo-

grass - - 245
>> manna = St
,, Tattlesnake 180

Ground-almond - 66
5 meee =| $2
Guaberoba - - 188
Guaparanga - - 125
Guavas - 188, 189
Guinea-corn 17/18
a grass ni tee
Gunyang - - 230
Habhel- - =» 412
Hair-grass - «(pdb
Haricot - - 161
Hawthorn - - 60
Hazel - : - 59
Hazel-tree - - 100
Heliotrope - - 103
Hemlock - - 56
ey spruce - 167
fornian - - 172
Hemp - - - 40
Henbane~ - - 107
Henequen - «uth HO
Henna-bush - - 116
}| Herd-grass - 10, 11
Hickory-trees 43, 44
Holly - : e Sas
Honey-locust - 96
Hoop-koop : ~ ad¢

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES,

Page Page

Hop - .- - 106} Larch, Japan - 172
», hornbeam - 15] Laurel - - - 115
Hornbeam - 41 » mountain - 238
Horse-chestnut 9, 264 », Spice - 118
»» radish git 55| Lavender - - 115
¥3 35, Ker- Leek - - =n fd
elen - - 184| Lemon - - - 54
Horseshoe-vetch - 104 5, grass - 17
Hottentot-fig - 130| Leng - - - 242
Huahuoa - - 115} Lentil - - - 76
Huckleberry - 95) Lettuce - - 114
Hs blue 250, 251| Lever-wood - - 151

ais tree - 47) Light-wood - - 4
Huon-pine - - 67| Lime - - - 54
Indian corn - - 261| Lime, common - 241
Indigo - - - 108) Lime-tree, silver - 241
Ipecacuanha- - 47| Linden-tree - - 241
Ironbark- ces 78, 79, 81| Ling - - - 242
Iva - 7| Lingo - - - 190
ete fee - - 264] Links - - - 242
Jalap - - - 109} Liquorice - ey ha)
Janatsi-itsigo - 69} Litchi - - - 140
Japan-privet - 118) Litmus - - 203
Jarilla, - - - 8| Litre - - - 199
Jarosse- - - 115} Lieugue - - 138
Jarrah - - - 80| Locust-tree - - 96
Jasmin- - - 110} Longan - - 141
Jerusalem-artichoke 102| Loongmur - - Al
Jujub - - - 263) Lotus-tree - - 47
Jute-plants - - 957| Lucerne - - 126
Kaawi-yam - - 70| Lupines - - 121
Kafta - - - 46] Madder - - 206
Kahikatea - - 138) Magnolia | - - 117
Kai-apple - - 1) Mahin - - - 217
Kale - - - _ 59! Mahogany-pine - 139
Kamala - - 124 i tree 80, 233
Kamassi-wood - 97| Maize - - - 261
Kangaroo-grass - 19] Mammoth-tree - 225
ay thorn - 263} Mangold-root - 3il
Karaka - - 989| Mango-tree - - 124
Karra-doorn - 3| Manniu - - 138
Karri - - - 78)| Maples - 5, 6, 264
Kauri-pines - 68, 69| Marjoram - - 150
Kau-sun - - 262) Marmalade-tree . - if
Keaki - - - 261) Marrem - - 188
Kidney-vetch - 20; Marsh-mallow - 16
Kolkas - - - 56] Mastic-tree - - 178
Kumquat - - 54] Matai - - 102, 139
Lapual - - - 138| Maté - - - 108
Lamb’s lettuce - 252) Meadow-fescue - 87
Larch, American - 174 », grass, English 181
Eye black - 174 9 ~~ ~pea - 115

>> cheer - 172 sea) SALON =e eco

», Chinese - 171] Medick - - 126

»» common - 172| Medlar- - - 659

», Emodi - 172| Melon - - - 62

5, Himalayan 170! Mignonette - an O7

Page

Millet - - 18, 153
»» grass - - 130
Millfoil - - 7
Mint, mountain - 191
Mint-plants - - 129
Miro - - 139
Monks- focae - 8
Moram - - 188
Morel - - - dl
Moreton-bay fig ou)
Muermo - - 838
Mulberry - - 131
Myall-trees - 1, 3, 4
Myrtle Suge Lay
», wood i toys)
Mustard - - 35
Nasturtium - - 246
Ngaio - - - 136
Nika-palm_ - - 114
Ningala-bamboo - 23
Nonda-tree - - 156
Norfolk Isld. pare 113
Notra - - 75
Nuble - - - 8
Nut-pine, Nepal - 170
Nut-tree - 123
Oak-chestnut 45, 265
Oaks - - 192, 196
Oats - - 27, 28
Ochro - - - 103
Olive - - - 143
Onion - - - 13
Ooyala-yam - et pe
Orange - - 53
Orchard-grass - Il]
Orchil - - - 203
Osage-orange ay) P23)
Osiers - - 211, 215
Osnego-tea - - 131
Palmetto, dwarf - 209
Palm-lilies - - 58
Palmyra - - 265
Pampas-grass - 24
Paper-mulberry - 36
Papyrus - - 66
Parsimon - Suge
Parsley - - 42
Parsnip | - - 160
», chervil - 48
Passion-flowers - 157
Pea, common - 178
Pea-nut - = 21
Pea-tree - - 4)
Peach-palm - - 28
Pearl-grass - - 128
Pear, snow - - 191

Pecan-nut tree

292 INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES,
: Page Page Page:
Peu - “- - 230} Pompelmos - - 53|Samphire -- - 66
Pencil-cedar - 112] Poplars - 182, 183} Sandal-tree - - 216.
Penny-royal 101, 129| Poppy - - - 154] Sand-stay - - 116.
Pepino - - 229] Potato- - 228, 329) Sapodilla-plum - 7
Peppermint - - 129| Prairie-grass- - 36) Sarsaparilla - - 227
Peru-bark trees - 51) Pulas - - - 37) Sassafras-tree - 217
Petsi_ - - - 102) Pulque- - - 63) Satim-wood - - 50
Pine, Aleppo ~ - 170) Pulse, 38,50, 73,76,121,| Savory, summer - 217
;, American pitch 176 160, 178, 253, 254 e winter - 217
Es », white 177; Pumpkin - - 683) Scarlet-runner - 160
», Bishop's - 173} Putchuck —- - 22) Scorzonera,native 130
», black - - 139) Pythagorean bean 140/ Scotino - - . 200:
», Bootan - 169| Quamash ~-- - 223) Screw-pine - - 152
» Brasilian - 21] Quandong -- - 216| Sea-lyme grass - 75
», broom - 166} Queule- - . 8| Seratella - - 150
» canary - 167/ Quirinca - - 1) Serradella_ - - 150:
», cluster - 174) Rambutan - - 140; Shaddock - ~ 86
,», Corsican - 171} Ramee- - - 33) Shallot- - Shae |
» dye - - 177) Ramposten - - 140| Shamals”~ - - 153
», frankincense 177/ Ramtil-oil - - - 101) Sheoaks - 45, 46
», Georgia - 166/ Raspberry - - 207| Silphium - - 184
> giant - - 171| Rata - - - 117] Silver-fir_ - - 165
», golden - 171| Ratanhia -- - 114 >» », Californian 166.
aa. | Srey: t= - 171) Rauli: - - - 86 > 5s Qreab “= =e
» Hudson’s - 176'Redcedar - 46, 133 3. >, Ciltician = aes
> king - - 177| ,, gum-tree - 81 », tree = SET
» loblolly - 177) ,, mahogany - 81} Siris-acacia - - 10
5 SHOLLy %- = L691) £8. ge 4 - 67| Sisal-hemp - =
», Mahogany - 139] _ ,, top-grass 11, 87) Sissoo-tree - - 266.
,, Mexicanswamp 168) Redwood - - 225| Sloe - - - 187
,, Moreton-bay 21| Reulé - = - 86} Snake-root - 22, 50:
>, NorfolkIsld. 21] Rewa - - - 232! Soap-wort - - 216
» nut - 178, 176| Rheea - - - 33| Soja - - - 96.
»» Okote- - 177| Rhubarb — - - 198} Solah - - - 9
» Oregon - 169) Rice - . - 150} Soola-clover - - 101
» pitch - 164,175| ,, Canada- - 262) Sorrel, French - 208
»» pond - - 176|_,, paper-plant - 86) ,, kitchen - 208.
wired. “- - 176] Rima - - - 67 a wood = UGE
», Southern - 166) Ringal - - - 23] Sour-sop~ - -. 84
», Stone - 173, 175| Roble - - - 85/ Spadic - - = SHG:
»» sugar - - 171) Rose-apple - - 83) Spear-wood - 7S
> Swamp - 166) Roses - - 204, 205| Spikenard - - 140
Loree - 177| Rosemary - - 205] Spinage - - 231
», Weymouth- 177} Rosewood - =)57 », New Zealand 237
» white - 169, 176| Rue - - - - 209| Spotted gum-tree 80
> »> Of NIZ. 138 || Rye. - - - 224/ Spruce, black - 173.
» yellow 178,175) ,, grass ~ - - 120 >», hemlock- 167
PP », of Puget Sabadilla = - - 222 » - Norway) °a74-
Sound - 169) Sacci - - - 10 LS red ae - 176
Ne » pitch 166) Safflower - shed] » white ~- 166
Pisang - - - 135) Saffron- - - 60} Squash - - 62
Pita-fibre - - 10) Sage, garden - 215} Squill - - - 249
Plane, spurious - 6| Saintfom = - - 148] Squirting cucumber 74
Plane-tree - - 179) Salad-burnet - 215|Star-anis - - 108.
Plantain - - 135) Sallow, British - Star-apple - - ‘f
Poccoon, yellow - 107} Salsify - - - 242) Strawberries - .. 92
Pomegranate - 191) Sal-tree . - 226| Strawberry-tomato 165.

Stringy-bark tree
Styrax-tree - :
Sugar-cane - :
Sulphur-root :
Sumach : -

5, staghorn -
Sumbul - -
Sunflower - :

», artichoke
Sunn-hemp -
Sunt - :
Sweet flag -

» gum-tree

»» potato

a9, SOP. *
Sword-sedge
Sycamore-fig
Tagasasti
Tallow-tree
Tamarack
Tamarind
Tanekaha
Tangle-berry
Tanne -
Tansy -
Tapioca
Tare -

», lentil
Taro -
Tarragon
Tata -
Teak -

INDEX OF VERNACULAR NAMES. 293

Page

0) Tea-shrub -
Teff

23
237

e€ - a
Thimble-berry
Thyme, garden
Timothy-grass

Tivoli-yam -
Tobacco -
Tomato -
Toon-itsigo -
Tooart - -
Tree-mallow

Tuggur °
Tulip-tree -

99

wood =

Tupelo -
Turnips :
Turnsole -

Tussock-grass

Ulmo - -

Umbrella-palm

Uvalho do campo!
Uvi-yams-
Valerian -
Valonia -
Vegetable marrow
Vernal-grass
84| Vetch - -

99

wood -

Violet - +
Vouvan -
Walnut-tree 111

aa spurious 75

Water-melon - 61
Water-nut - « 242
Wattle, black’ - 2

» Silver - 2
Wax-myrtle - 136

» palm - - 48

», tree - - 200
Weld - - - 197
Wheat - - - 245
Whin - - - 248

White cedar - 118

au due, nobler) 73

», thorn 59, 60
Whorl-grass, water 179
Whortle-berry, Brit. 251
Willows -. 211, 215
Winter-cherry - 165

Woad - - - 110
Wood-sorrel - 51
Worm-wood seh se
Wangee - <1) Ok
Yams - - - 70
Yarrow - - i
Yellow cedar -
>» wood = OL
Yew =- - - 236
>,» western - 236

MELBOURNE:
M‘CARRON, BIRD AND CO., PRINTERS,

37 FLINDERS LANE WEST.

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