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CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY
Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 151-164 June 28, 191 1
THE SEPARATION OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE
ADJECTIVE FROM ITS SUBSTANTIVE
IN PLAUTUS
BY
WINTHROP L. KEEP
BERKELEY THE UNIVERSITY PRESS
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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS
IN
CLASSICAL PHILOLOGY
Vol. 2, No. 7, pp. 151-164 June 28, 191 1
THE SEPARATION OF THE ATTRIBUTIVE
ADJECTIVE FROM ITS SUBSTANTIVE
IN PLAUTUS
BY
WINTHROP L. KEEP
PREFATORY NOTE
In June, 1909, I submitted to the Faculty of the University of California a dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Phil- osophy, entitled "The Separation of the Attributive Adjective from its Substantive in Plautus. " The present essay is an abstract of this dissertation, as somewhat revised and shortened after further study and reflection.
I desire to express here my great gratitude to Professor H. W. Prescott for assisting me in selecting the subject of the disserta- tion, and giving his helpful advice and criticism in the early stages of the paper. Thanks are also due to Professors Merrill and Richardson for their kindly interest, and especially to Pro- fessor H. C. Nutting for his close criticism of the paper and his
helpful suggestions.
W. L. Keep.
Oakland, Calif., March, 1911.
244554
152 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
INTRODUCTION
Normally in Plautus and, in fact, in all the other early Latin poets, the attributive adjective either immediately precedes or immediately follows its substantive.^ A few concrete examples, taken at random, will illustrate the truth of this statement. The phrase res divina occurs twenty-four times in Plautus, and the two words are separated only once (E. 415) ; supremus luppiter, out of its ten occurrences, gives only one case of separation (Ps. 628) ; erilis films (or filia) only two cases out of eighteen occur- rences (B. 351 and Ci. 749). Such statistics might be quoted indefinitely.^
The present paper is a study of the comparatively infrequent instances in our author, in which, within the verse,^ the attribu- tive adjective is separated from its substantive. I have en- deavored to point out, where possible, what are the probable factors that bring about such separations, but to a great extent the treatment can be only descriptive, as too often we are not in a position to assume the author's point of view, and to penetrate his motives for adopting a given woid-order.
Before we proceed to consider the instances of separation in
detail, a few observations of a general nature upon the subject
may be helpful. Whenever an attributive adjective precedes,
and is separated from its substantive by one or more words, as in
Magnasque adportavisse divitias domum, (S. 412)
Pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas. (R. 511)
1 In order to get as much light as possible on Plautine usage by way of comparison, I read practically all the early Latin poetry written before 100 B.C., also the early inscriptions, and noted all the instances in these authors in which an adjective is separated from its substantive. As far as the collocation of the adjective and substantive is concerned, the usage of all these authors seems strikingly similar to that of Plautus.
2 The reader is referred to two most useful books: Rassow, De Plauti substantivis, Leipzig, 1881, = JHB. Supplbd. 12 (1881, 639-732; and Hel- wig. Adjectives in Plautus (St. Petersburg, 1893) (in Russian, but contain- ing in roman type an alphabetical list of the adjectives used by our author). By means of the alphabetical lists contained in these two works, all the occurrences in Plautus of any adjective or noun can readily be located.
3 Of course I have omitted all instances of separation by the verse, as such have already been treated by Prescott, ' ' Some Phases of the Relation of Thought to Verse in Plautus," Univ. Calif. Publ. Class. Phil., vol. 1, no. 7, 1907. This work was of great assistance to me in the preparation of the present paper.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 153
there is always the possibility to be reckoned with that such an adjective acquires emphasis by occupying this position; on the other hand, when the adjective is separated from, and follows its substantive, it may be more or less amplifying,* as in
Nam OS columnatum poetae esse indaudivi barbaro, (Ml. 211)
However, we must always be on our guard against reading too much meaning into the fact that an adjective is separated from its noun, as sometimes it is mere caprice on the poet's part whether it is separated or not, and if separated, whether it pre- cedes or follow^s, as is clearly attested by the four passages below :
Nimia menioras mira. sed vidistin uxorem meam? (Am. 616) Nimia mira memoras: si istaec vera sunt, divinitus (Am. 1105) Quod omnis homines facere oportet, dum id modo fiat bono. (Am. 996) Quin amet et scortuni ducat, quod bono fiat modo. (Mr. 1022)
Metrical considerations can have nothing to do with the question here, as in many cases of separation, since the meter is the same in Am. 616 and 1105, and bono and modo are metrically inter- changeable.
In this paper I have confined my discussion to ordinary attributive adjectives, leaving out of account pronominal adjec- tives^ and cardinal numerals. I have also excluded the lyrical portions of the plays. Trivial separations, common to prose, such as those by the enclitics -que, -ve, -ne, and a preposition, are disregarded. The text employed is that of Goetz and Schoell.
I. CONSCIOUS ART-SEPARATIONS.
Certain separations of the adjective from its substantive are undoubtedly due to conscious art on the poet's part. Naturally the first of these conscious art-separations to be mentioned are those in which the adjective and its substantive occupy the opposite extremities of the same verse,", as in the following : Minore nusquam bene fui dispendio. (Mn. 485)
4 Prescott, loc. cit., 218.
5 This phase of the subject has been treated by Nilsson, de collocatione pron. adi. apud Plautum et Terentium, Lunds Universitets Aarsskrift, 37, 1901.
6 Cf. Norden, Aeneis Buch vi, 382 sq., for a full and interesting discus- sion of this collocation in Virgil and several other authors.
154 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
Cf. Am. 481, As. 311, 599, Al. 49,^ B. 585, Cp. 64, Ca. 13, Ci. 587, Cu. 221, Po. 1080, S. 526.«
A slightly different type, in which another attributive adjec- tive, also in agreement with the substantive, occurs in the interior of the verse, is represented by
Magno atque solido multat infortunio: (Mr. 21) Cf. Am. 6, Mn. 520, Pe. 573,» 683, R. 597, E. 18, Tr. 331.
Two examples of the reverse type appear below ; the first has alliteration as an attendant feature:
Mercator venit hue ad ludos Lemnius (Ci. 157) Frustrationem | hodie iniciam maxumam. (Am. 875)
For other instances of this collocation with alliteration cf. Mn. 1, Po. 1125, S. 258; without alliteration, B. 198, 229, 256, Cu. 227, Mn. 240, Ps. 72, 694, 1167, R. 42, 843.
The tendency of long adjectives and nouns, metrically suit- able, to stand at the verse-end^° is doubtless a factor to be reckoned with in a number of the instances of separation so far discussed. (Cf. below, p. 156.)
It is a well-known fact that many Greek and Latin poets are fond of placing an attributive adjective immediately before the principal caesura or diaeresis, and its substantive at the end of the verse, or vice versa.^^ While Plautus does not adopt this balanced arrangement so frequently as some of the later Latin poets, still he has quite a number of instances like the following :
Quod cum peregrin! cubui uxore militis. (B. 1009)
Et tibi sunt gemini et trigemini, si te bene habes^ filii. (Ml. 717)
Cf. Am. 471, 863, B. 420, Cp. 105, 185,^^ Ci. 749, Cu. 200, 709,
7 In Al. 49 the adnominal word-play grandibo gradiim, is a factor in the situation to be noted. Cf. also E. 597.
8 With S. 526 cf. Terence, Heaut. 539:
Magnarum saepe id remedium aegritudinumst.
9 The anaphora in Pe. 571-573 should be noted.
10 Cf. Prescott, 206 sqq. ; also 235 sqq., for remarks on adjectives of cretic measurement.
11 Boldt, de liberiore linguae graecae et latinae collocatione verborum capita selecta (Gottingen, 1884), 79: "Tali verborum collocatione plerum- que id, quod sub finem positum est, maiorem consequitur accentum, saepe autem utrumque vocabulum seiunctione emphasin quandam exercet. ' '
12 The interlocked word-order in Cp. 185 is probably intentional.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 155
Mn. 4, 231, Mr. 398, Ml. 774, Mo. 808, Po. 362, 746, 1164, Ps. 548, 732, 893, S. 163, 214, 387, Tu. 87^ 350, 447, Frivolaria VII.
Not infrequently alliteration or adnominal word-play is a feature of this word order :
.Erogitare, meo minore quid sit factum filio. (Cp. 952) Neque tam facetis, quam tu vivis, victibus. (Mo. 45)
Cf. Am. 475, 976, B. 351, 761, Cp. 27, Ps. 158, 628, 1232, S. 132, Tu. 892.
The reverse word-order (substantive before caesura and adjec- tive at the end of the verse) sometimes occurs, as in Quoi servitutem di danunt lenoniam (Ps. 767)
These instances, however, I have classed under other categories of examples, as apparently the length of the adjective, or its metrical convenience, is the most important factor in producing such separations.
Next to be considered are a number of conscious art-separa- tions due primarily to Plautus ' fondness for adnominal word-play and figura etymologica :^^
Sordido vitam oblectabas pane in pannis inopia: (As. 142) i* Pulmoneum edepol nimis velim vomitum vomas. (R. 511) Omnium hominum exopto ut fiam miserorum miserrumus. (Mn. 817) Male formido: novi ego huius mores morosi males. (Po. 379) is
For very similar instances cf. B. 187, 490, Cp. 333, 914, Cu. 533, E. 306, Po. 991, Tu. 278. Cf. also Am. 137, 204, 605, 1116, Cp. 774, Ci. 231, Mn. 274, 447, Mr. 847, Ml. 198, 228, 309, 734, Po. 308, 759, Ps. 704, R. 100, 305, 886, S. 63, 383.
In his desire for sound-effects, Plautus apparently sometimes separates the adjective from its noun primarily to avail himself of alliterative possibilities :^^
13 Of course other factors, such as metrical convenience, often must be taken into account.
1* Many of the instances of adnominal word-play that concern us here are more fully discussed by Raebel, de usu adnominationis apud Romanorum poetas comicos (Halle, 1882), passim.
13 Boldt, op. cit., 93, calls attention to the elaborate interlocked order in Po. 379.
16 Buchhold, de adliterationis apud veteres Romanorum poetas usu (Leipzig, 1883), passim.
156 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
Ldrgitur peculium: omnem in tergo thensaurum gerit. (As. 277) At nunc dehinc scito ilium ante omnes minumi mortalem preti,
(As. 858)17 Liberos homines per urbem modico magis par est gradu fre: (Po. 522) is Perfidiae laudes gratiasque habemus merito mdgnas, (As. 545)
For other instances of separation largely due to alliteration cf. B. 988, Mr. 363, Ml. 778, Pe. 559, Po. 407, 968, 1245, Ps. 369, 761, R. 87, 101, 636. Of course there are numerous other cases of separation where alliteration is an attendant feature. Through- out this paper attention will be called to many such instances.
II. SEPARATIONS LARGELY DUE TO LENGTH AND METRICAL CONVENIENCE OF THE ADJECTIVE.
Long adjectives, metrically suitable, tend to stand at the verse-end. The same is true of many adjectives of cretic meas- urement.^" Even adjectives of iambic and pyrrhic measurement show this tendency to some extent.-" Hence it is not at all strange that in a large number of instances the substantives with which these adjectives are in agreement precede the latter by one or more intervening words. It is true that in many of these cases other factors, such as sound-effects, must be taken into account. Frequently the substantive immediately precedes the principal caesura or diaeresis,^^ giving the balanced arrangement men- tioned above (p. 155).
17 By means of this word-order the alliterating syllables mi- and mor- both receive the metrical accent, which greatly heightens the pleasing effect. Minumi preti (gen. sing.) occurs in seven other passages in Plautus, always without separation, and with j)reti always at the verse-end, as here. For an interesting parallel to this passage cf. Naevius, Incert. Fab. 1 (Ribbeck II, p. 25):
PatI necesse est multa mortals mala.
18 The contrast between liberos and modico is heightened by the fact that one stands at the beginning of the verse, and the other immediately after the diaeresis.
19 Cf. Prescott, 207 and footnote 2; also 234-239.
20 Below are a few statistical illustrations of the above statements; the figures after each adjective indicate respectively the number of times it occurs at the verse-end, and the total number of its occurrences: pawperculus, 4-5; acerrumus, 6-7; pauxillulus, 6-8; praesentariu^, 5-5; argen- teus, 7-7; argentarius, 18-19; lenonius, 9-11; Atticus, 10-18; marumtis, 39- 86; aureus, 15-27; mutuus, 14-26; barbarus, 5-7; meru^, 12-23. Statistics for any other adjective can be found by consulting Helwig.
21 Al. 525, B. 1018, Cu. 239, Mn. 6, 58, 67. 102, Mr. 811. Mo. 361. 621, 828, Pe. 512, Po. 139, 651, 705, 708, Ps. 80, 100, 424, 767, R. 70, S. 768. Tr. 216, 847, 962, Tu. 43, 697.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Flautus. 157
Let us first consider adjectives of four or more syllables in length. Alliteration is an attendant feature of the separation in Cu. 205 :
inter nos amore utemur semper subreptlcio? Cf. also Al. 171, B. 94, Cp. 901, E. 159, Mn. 595, Mr. 193, Ml. 1177, Mo. 361, 913, Po. 705, R. 69, S. 138, Tu 697.
The following is a typical instance in which length is perhaps the only factor producing the separation :
Atque adeo, ut ne legi fraudem faciant aleariae, (Ml. 164) Cf. B. 675, Cp. 775, Cu. 239, 660, Mn. 6, 102, 436, 845, Mo. 404, 621, Pe. 97, Po. 651, 708, Ps. 100, 146, 303, 424, 706, 766, 767, R. 70, 1320, S. 760, Tr. 216, Tu. 72, 880.
Atticus is a good representative of adjectives of cretic fand
dactylic) measurement. In ten of its eighteen occurrences it
stands at the end of the verse. Three times when in this position
it concerns us :
Ego illam reperiam. — Hinc Athenis civis earn emit Attieus: (E. 602) Civisne esset an peregrinus. — Clvem esse aibant Atticum. (Mr. 635) immo Athenis natus altnsque educatusque Atticis. (E. 741)
For similar instances of other adjectives of cretic (and dactylic) measurement in this position cf. maxumus (Am. 782, Mn. 67, Mr. 632, 811, Ml. 75, Pe. 512, Po. 842, Ps. 897), omnia (Am. 948, B. 1018, Po. 704, 726, R. 639, Tr. 1168, Tu. 774, 798), aureus (Am. 144, 260, Cu. 439), publicus (Am. 524, Pe. 75, Tr. 1057), mutuus (Cu. 68, Ps. 80),-- proxumus (As. 776, R. 84, 561), alterum (Mn. 38, 58, 1088), parvolus (R. 39, S. 161), optumus (Cp. 946, Ml. 1210), plumbeus (Ca. 258, Tr. 962), harbarus Ml. 211, Mo. 828), pessumus (Ps. 270, R. 40), and also Am. 280,23 Al. 525, 626, Cp. 169, Ml. 1178, Pe. 571,-* Po. 139, R. 574, 1010.
Four times, when standing at the end of the verse, merus is separated from its noun :
Eam ego, ut matre fuerat natum, vini | eduxi meri. (Am. 430) Factumst illud, ut ego illic vini hirneam ebiberim meri. (Am. 431) Ne mihi | incocta detis. Rem loquitur meram. (Pe. 93) Si semel amoris poculum accepit meri. (Tu. 43)
22 Cf. Prescott 234, for the suggestion that muiuum may have a sub- stantival force.
23 Note the alliteration in Am. 280.
24 In Pe. 571 the artificial arrangement ferreas — ferrea should be noted.
158 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
For other adjectives of iambic and pyrrhic measurement in this position cf bonus (Am. 996, B. 1022, E. 107, Ml. 733, Tr. 28), malus (Mo. 531, Ps. 492, 974, Tr. 128, U6,^'' 847), novus (E. 229, Mo. 466, S. 768), vetus (Ci. 505, Mr. 771), gravis (As. 55, E. 557), also Al. 606, Mn. 908, Mr. 999, Po. 508, Tu. 797.
III. INTERVENING WORDS OP AN ENCLITIC NATURE.
In the following section of this paper I propose to present a large number of examples in which it is probable that the enclitic nature of the intervening word accounts for the separation. WackernageP" has shown that short enclitic words, including many pronouns, tend to occupy the second or third place in their sentence. The following lines illustrate how this tendency fre- quently affects the position of the adjective :
Voluptabilem mihi nuntium tuo adventu adportas Thesprio. (E. 21)
Canora hie voce sua tinnire temperent, (Po. 33)
Avis me ferae consimilem faciam, ut praedicas. (Cp. 123)
Peiorem ego hominem magisque vorsute malum (Ps. 1017)
DI me omnes magni minutique et etiam patellarii (Ci. 522)
There are a great many other passages in which an intervening pronoun or pronominal adverb occupies the second or third place in its sentence or clause.^^ Sometimes, by the law of pronominal attraction, two pronouns intervene, as in Ca. 584, E. 302, 669, Mn. 199. In Mn. 551 and Tr. 1030 a pronoun and quidem occupy this position ; in Tr. 68 an elided pronoun and ut. The following lines are of especial interest :
Stills me totum usque iilmeis conscribito. (Ps. 545) Locum sibi velle liberum praeb^rier, (Po. 177 and 657)
In the first, totum usque simply amplifies me; in the second, sihi velle is probably a stereotyped phrase.
Often the intervening pronominal word does not occupy the
26 In Tr. 446 the chiastic arrangement of bonis and malas should be observed.
26 Indog. Forsch., i, 406 if.
27 Am. 525, As. 69, Al. 324, 340, 482, B. 55. 913, 1141, Cp. 355, 859, 861, Ci. 369, 670, E. 693, Mr. 49, 141, 477, Ml. 21, 731, Mo. 371, 532, 779, Pe. 238, 292, Po. 75, 317, Ps. 69, 329, 474, 584, 590, 968, 1200, R. 303, 476, 1100, S. 259, 365, 420, Tr. 365, 453, 655, 997, Tu. 131, 285, 438, 812, Vid. 85, Frag. fab. inc. vii.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 159
second or third place in its sentence ;^^ sometimes, however,
alliteration may explain this fact, as prohri me maxumi (Ml. 364) ,
partem mihi maiorem (Ml. 711), undas me maioris (R. 167).
Several forms of the verb sum (especially the monosyllabic
forms) are undoubtedly enclitics. This fact probably accounts
for the large number of instances in which these forms separate
the adjective from its substantive. Below are three typical cases :
Item genus est lenonium inter homines meo quidem animo (Cu. 499) Magni sunt oneris: quicquid imponas, vehunt. (Mo. 782) Scio te bona esse voce: ne clama nimis. (Mo. 576)
The complete list of instances is as follows : Sum : Am. 34, Al. 2, Mo. 564, Ps. 1025. Es (contracted) : As. 511, B. 74, Ml. 49, Mo. 176, Tu. 134. Es (uncontracted) : Cp. 427, Mo. 251.
Est (contracted) -r-^ Am. 506, 1054, Al. 235, Cp. 104, Ci. 80,
492, Cu. 15, 49, 189, E. 163, 425, 675, Mr. 378, Ml. 68, 682,
Pe. 516, 547, 830, Po. 10, 1370, Ps. 791, R. 144, 1156, 1387,
S. 116, 200, 524, 748, Tr. 24, Vid. 31.
Est (uncontracted) : Am. 484, B. 120, Cu. 49, 499, Mn. 906,
1087, Ml. 665, Po. 200, Ps. 782, R. 1160, Tu. 149, 246. Estis: Cu. 501.
Sunt : Mn. 94, Mr. 969, Mo. 782, Pe. 243, Po. 584, Ps. 268. Sis : As. 726, Mr. 890, Mo. 396. Esse :^° Am. 1090, Ci. 660, E. 415, Mr. 966, Ml. 68, Mo. 576,
Pe. 113,^^ Tr. 456. Another class of enclitic words, sometimes separating the adjective from its noun, are the asseverative particles hercle, edepol, mecastor.^"^ Three instances of this collocation are Fulcra edepol dos (E. 180), Conceptis hercle verbis (Ps. 1056), Lepidus mecastor mortalis (Tu. 949). Cf. also E. 192, 715, Pe. 193, Po. 45,
as Am. 926, B. 570, Cp. 539, Ca. 264, Ci. 778, E. 299, Ml. 751, Mo. 763, Pe. 565, Po. 895, Ps. 228, 729, E. 546, 999, 1147, 1221 Tr. 97, 1139, Tu. 35, 216. Before we leave this phase of the subject, three instances in which a pronoun and its governing preposition intervene should be mentioned: As. 918, Tr. 548, 1011.
29 I have disregarded the intervening contracted form of sum in such instances as unicust mihi filius (Ca. 264).
30 The infinitive esse frequently becomes monosyllabic by elision.
31 Infinitive of edo.
32 Wackernagel, loc. cit. 423 sq.
160 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [ Vol. 2
Ps. 992. In the following lines, one of these three ^yo^ds inter- venes in combination with one other word : As. 471, B. 999, Mn. 1013,33 Mr. 442, 521, 567, Mo. 657, Pe. 546, Po. 978.
Probably the adverbs quidem^* (As. 762, :M1. 1282, R. 529), and quoque^^ (Mo. 1110, Tr. 753) owe their intervention to their enclitic nature.
IV. SINGLE INTERVENING WORDS.
In the next section of this paper will be presented all the instances of separation, not already discussed, in which a single word intervenes between the adjective and its noun. I shall classify these examples on a mechanical basis, according as the intervening word is a verb, noun, adverb, etc.
By far the largest class consists of instances in which some form of the verb separates the adjective from its noun. Some- times the adjective begins the line, as in
Erilis praevortit metus: accurro ut sciscam quid velit: (Am. 1069) Cf. Am. 616, B. 782, 838, Mn. 1000, Ps. 17, R. 552, 764,-'« S. 412.
Another type is represented by
Gratesque agam eique ut Arabico fumificeni odore amoene: (Ml. 412) Cf. Am. 328, 785, As. 575, Al. 192, Cp. 56, Ca. 332, Ci. 6, 98, 128, E. 397, Mr. 859, Ml. 763, Pe. 313, Po. 331, 901, 1258, R. 530, 1123, S. 772, Tu. 484, 781. In Po. 964 and Tu. 136 an elided monosyllable and a verb intervene.
An exceedingly common word-order is represented by six
instances in which the noun nianus, standing at the end of the
verse, is separated from its adjective by some form of the verb :
Quom Priami patriam P^rgamum divina moenitum manu. (B. 926)
Perque conservitiiim commune quod hostica evenit mami, (Cp. 246)
Ha6e per dexterdm tuam te dextera retinens manu (Cp. 442)
Si quisquam banc liberali asseruisset manu, (Cu. 668)
Lepidis tabellis, lepida conscriptis manu? (Ps. 28)37
T4m mihi quam illi libertatem hostilis erpuit manus: (Cp. 311)
33 In Mn. 1013 and Mr. 442 the alliteration should be noted.
34 Lane, Latin Grammar (1903), 93, (6).
35 Lindsay, Syntax of Plautus (Oxford, 1907), 92.
30 The chiastic arrangement of R. 764 gives a certain pathos. Cf. Tr. 446.
37 For other instances in which the same adjective stands at the begin- ning of the verse and immediately after the caesura cf. Cp. 333, Ml. 228; also Am. 785.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 161
Metrical convenience is perhaps here a factor to be taken into account, as manu (abl. sing.) in forty-nine out of a total of eighty-two occurrences, is at the verse-end, manus (nom. sing.) in six out of nine, and manum in thirty-one out of fifty. Other nouns often standing at the verse-end, and in more than one instance separated from the adjective by an intervening verb, are modus (Am. 119, B. 507^ Mr. 1022, R. 895), ^^ via (As. 54, B. 692, Cu. 35), fides (As. 199, Ml. 456, Po. 439), honiim (Pe. 63, 74, Tr. 220), gratia (Ci. 7, Tr. 376, 659), locus (Ca. 537, R. 1185), dies (Pe. 115, S. 638). There are also numerous other instances of this collocation.^*^ Ut and a verb intervene in Am. 490, As. 695, and Ca. 558 ; in Al. 630 a verb and elided mono- syllable.
In the instances of separation just treated, the adjective pre- ceded its substantive. Many examples of the reverse word order occur, however, as
Causiam habeas ferrugineam et scutulam ob oculos laneam:
(Ml. 1178)
Cf. Am. 189, Al. 191, B. 370, 422, 513, 566,*'' 785, Cp. 862, 918, Mn. 232, 858, Mr. 41, Ml. 1179, Mo. 673, 1122, Po. 1026, R. 325, 753, 977, 1412, S. 209, Tr. 85, 171.
The many instances in which the adjective is at the verse-end, and is separated from its preceding substantive merely by an intervening verb, have already been discussed, chiefly in con- nection with separations due to the length or metrical conveni- ence of the adjective.
The great number of cases in which a verb slips in between an adjective and its substantive would seem to indicate that such a separation was not considered a violent one. Even the early sepulchral monuments sometimes exhibit this word order :
Eheu, heu Taracei ut acerbo es deditus fato. (C.I.L., I, 1202) Tu qui secura spatiarus niente viator (I, 1220) Concordesque pari viximus ingenio. (Ibidem)
38 Cf. also B. 490 (already discussed under adnoniinal word-play).
39 Am. 190, 785, 1088, 1140, As. 34, Al. 313, 595, B. 71, 446, 590, Cp. 476, 722, 780, Ca. 6, 469, 511, Ci. 232, 701, Cu. 537, Mn. 73, 828, Ml. 547, Mo. 1141, Pe. 480, Po. 915, Ps. 312, 1228, R. 609, S. 500, Tu. 517.
40 Note the alliteration in B. 566.
162 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
"With the exception of limiting genitives*^ (As. 520, Cu. 334, Mr. 547, Po. 451, 524, R. 311, 402, 1318, 1344), and vocatives*^' (Mn. 506, Mr. 710, R. 1151), a noun seldom intervenes between the adjective and its substantive. The instances yet remaining to be mentioned are de summo adulesce^is loco (Al. 28), servi f acinus frugi (Al. 587), maxumam multo fidem (Al. 667),*^ in via petronem publica (Cp. 821), meliorest opus auspicio (Mn. 1149), festivam mulier opcram (Ml. 591), Fortuna faculam lucrifera (Pe. 515)."
Still rarer are the instances in which an adjective intervenes :
Quod me sollieitat pliirumis miserum modis. (Al. 66)
Veluti Megadorus temptat me omnibus miserum modis: (Al. 462)*^
To these examples are to be added cum opulento pauper homine (Al. 461),*" and advocatos meliusi celeris (Po. 568).
Intervening adverbs need not detain us long. Quidem and quoque have already been classed as enclitics (p. 160). Vero (Al. 285 and Mo. 15), adeo (As. 763 and Mo. 280), profecto (Ml. 1264), usquam (Mr. 35), umquam (Mn. 594), and magis (S. 485) need little comment. More worthy of note are postremo (Po. 1369), minus (B. 672), inde (Ps. 333), hodie (Pe. 474 and S. 459), cito (B. 202), mmc (R. 533), semper (Tu. 388), palam (Tu. 819), and adaequest (Cp. 999).
Conjunctions intervene as follows: lit (Am. 14, Mr. 112, Mo. 811, Po. 5, 15, 575),*^ si {Ah. 947, Cp. 202, Tu. 305), autem (Pe. 695), ergo (Po. 1051).
41 A limiting genitive frequently intervenes in prose; e.g., summa oratoris eloquentia.
4^ Because of its parenthetical nature, an intervening vocative inter- rupts the thought only slightly.
43 Note that a form of fides begins and ends this line.
** Mores morosi malos (Po. 379) has already been discussed under cases of adnominal word-play.
*■> Alliteration, interlocked order and metrical convenience are factors to be noted in Al. 66 and 462. For other cases of modis at the verse-end cf. above Am. 119, etc. (p. 161).
40 Doubtless the juxtaposition of opulento and pauper is intentional.
47 The word preceding the intervening ut always ends in an elided vowel, except in Mr. 112.
1911] Keep. — The Separated Adjective in Plautus. 163
V. MISCELLANEOUS SEPARATIONS.
There remain yet untreated a large class of examples in which the adjective, whether it precedes or follows the noun, is separ- ated from the latter by two or more intervening words. Fre- quently the adjective acquires emphasis by preceding. The instances in which honus assumes this position are well worth quoting :
Et uti bonis vos vostrosque omnis nuntiis
Me adficere voltis, (Am. 8)*8
Hocine boni esse officium servi existumas, (Mo. 27)
Bono med esse ingenio ornatam quam auro multo mavolo. (Po. 301)
Bonam dedistis mlhi operam. — It ad me lucrum. (Po. 683)
Bonam dedistis, advocati, operam mihi. (Po. 806)
Bonamst quod habeas gratiam merito mihi, (R. 516)
Bonis esse oportet dentibus lenam probam: (Tu. 224)
Other adjectives so situated with reference to the substantive are omnis (Am. 122, B. 373, Mr. 920, Ml. 662, R. 500, Tu. 876), multus (Am. 190,"^ Cp. 326, 554, Mo. 589, Po. 208, 687, R. 400, S. 87, Tr. 380), niillus (Am. 385, Cp. 518, Ci. 653, Mo. 409, 836, 839), ullus (As. 775, Po. 450), magnus (As. 143, Mn. 201, Ml. 228, Tu. 702), alter (Am. 153, B. 719), alius (As. 204, 236, Tr. 356, Tu. 936), maxumus (Al. 485, Mo. 899), verus (Cp. 610, R. 1101), paucus (Cp. 1033, Ps. 972). For various other adjectives in this positon cf. Al. 622, 767, B. 552, 911, Cp. 258, 897, Ca. 9, 639, Cu. 470, Mn. 167,^" 802, Mr. 507, Mo. 195, 357, Pe. 780, Po. 602, Ps. 752, R. 406, Tr. 764, Tu. 767, 782. In many of the cases of separation just mentioned there are extenuating circumstances : for example, at least one of the intervening words is often an enclitic, as Bono med esse ingenio (Po. 301). Sometimes we have a stereotyped formula, as Multa tibi dei dent bona (Po. 208, 687).
There yet remain to be considered only a few cases in which
48 Note that Am. 9 ends with the word nuntiem. Cf. Al. 621-22 for a very similar instance.
40 It is possible that in Am. 190 there is a reminiscence of Homer, Iliad I, 2:
ovKofi^vriVj fi fivpi' ' AxaioTs AXye edrjKev.
50 Note that in Mn. 167 and Tu. 767 the adjective and its noun stand respectively at the beginning of the verse and after the diaeresis.
164 University of California Publications in Classical Philology. [Vol. 2
the adjective is in the interior of the verse, and is separated from its preceding substantive by two or more intervening words. Very frequently an adjective in this position is decidedly amplify- ing, as will be seen in the following :
Eos ego hodie omnis contruncabo duobus solis Ictibus. (B. 975) Ea nunc perierunt omnia. — Oh, Neptune lepide, salve: (R. 358) Di ilium infelicent omnes qui post hunc diem (Po. 449) Inde sum oriundus. — Di dent tibi omnes quae velis. (Po. 1055 ) Rem eloeuta sum tibi omnem: sequere hac me. Selenium, (Ci. 631) Rem tibi sum elocutus omnem, Chaeribule, atque admodimi. (E. 104) Et aiirum et argentum fuit lenonis omne ibidem. (R. 396) Bona sua med habiturum omnia. — Ausculto lubens. (Tu. 400)
For other adjectives in this position cf. Am. 959, As. 50, 598, Ca. 710, Ci. 103, Mr. 139, 292, Ml. 313, Mo. 841, Pe. 35, Ps. 773, R. 352, 1109, 1133, 1281, 1421. It will be noticed that there, too, one of the intervening words is often an enclitic. Also appar- ently in some cases we have stereotyped phrases.
In conclusion we may say that many cases of separation are due to conscious art. Sometimes the adjective and substantive occupy the opposite extremities of the same verse ; sometimes one immediately precedes the principal caesura or diaeresis, and the other is at the end of the verse. Not a few conscious art- separations are largely due to adnominal word-play and allitera- tion. Long adjectives and nouns, metrically convenient, many also of cretic, pyrrhic, and iambic measurement, display a very decided tendency to drift to the end of the verse. This ten- dency is responsible for no small number of separations. Enclitic words, especially certain pronominal words, mono- syllabic forms of the verb sum, and a few particles, intervene verj' frequently. Often the separated adjective precedes because it demands emphasis; often it follows because it is amplifying. We must not lose sight of the fact that a combination of two or more of the above mentioned factors is frequently at work pro- ducing the separation. A verb seems to slip in very easily and naturally between the adjective and its noun, while except for some good reason, generally patent even to the modern reader, other single words intervene relatively infrequently.
Transmitted April 7, 1911.
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