1920 91 9 ” It is \ Worth Remembering ! In 1919 707. OF THE FIRST DP '7ZES IN RGH SHOW. PUL }HAM. THE PETITION DROPS IN ‘SHIRE 'S RS PURCHASED FOR THI UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY y Cup, ‘op of Roots. P| FROM THE n Cup ts of Swedes. 4 e- CANADA COUNCIL SPECIAL GRANT _ 956 Mangotds. es & Co.'s Cup, Ooo 4+ 2 0 nN 8s of Turnips. SU FOR aa Economic History 4 STAR Dems» DSMEN, ANIMAL MEDICINES DAYS’ BLACK DRINK | The Original and only Genuine—Beware of Imitations. Appointment to H.M. The King. imate the valu 1€ of this mag d pick-me-up. n ws ans dC DAYS’ RED clare The Great Cattle Medicine It prepares the Cow Inflammation, or Udder Troubles. Clean Troubles and General Unthrifiiness. It is Canisters with dose measure, £1 and £2 each. DAYS’ ZOMO-SAL. The finest Saline Condition Powder known. Appeti te and Un _Blood Di ae tome In c preparing Show = Epic INE Ae Fn or Sale Animals = Nl | ee ons CREWE NS S niste t 7s. 6d., Packets at 4s. 6d. per doz. DAYS’ OILS. . DAY&SONS Days’ Purified Driffield = = RIFE pore Oils. The perfect Calving nd Lambing Oil; in- tensely soothing and healing. An indispensable dressing for Vounds, Cuts. Broken Knees. and for Sore Teats and Swollen Udders a Daye’ White Oils. For al] Sprains, Sore Throats, Relaxed Tendons, and all the purposet of a general embrocation. Either preparation’ Larg@bottle, Gs.; small size, 2s. Ed. DAYS’ HUSKOLEIN. Por all Internal, Parasitic Disorders, Tapeworm in all for Husk or Hoose in youns or old : stoch 6s. 6d. Tonic and \\ proportion t 5 bottles, 30s. * UNIVERSAL” MEDICINE CHESTS. Enormously popular. Thousands in regular use. Por ence. Arranged in any way to For Cals mbined, or in any for Cattle, for Horses, for all cor £2 4s. and £5. Small Chest, £1 4s. PRICE LISTS FREE POST ORDERS RECEIVE: PROMPT ATTENTION. ONLY ADDRESS :— O CREW E the small cost of the peli 12 bottles, £3. & ~{ a oa | a N.B.— The above trices are now advanced: Prepadations 15 per cent., Medicine Chests to £2 12s., £6, and £1 8s. respectively. Py\-LCox.® KX LUBRICATING J for Traction Engines, Ploughing Engines, Farm Tractors, Motor Wagons, &c. Aliso General Lubricat- ing Oils and Greases for i eZ all classes of Machinery Phy ae A LET US QUOTE FOR YOUR REQUIREMENTS. REQUISITES - 1] a) ys 1 TTT i “ ’ hank. y” A rsiilg “ PENBERTHY 7 AON YS Sr INJECTORS S Si (mon-rubber) AUTOMATIC c : AND ja S- WATER (Ze AUTO-POSITIVE. =F LIFTER HOSE —- : For high pressures on © > will not kink, Traction Engines, &c. Also Automatic Oil Pump Lubricators, Packings and Jointings, Beltings, Semi- Rotary Pumps, &c. Write for Lists. W. H. WILLCOX & Co., Ltd., SOUTHWARK ST., LONDON, S.E.1. Id ORRIES STRENGTH & LIGHTNESS combined, give these Lorries the greatest possible economy in operation with ability to tackle the hardest work. THE 1920 2-TON BURFORD is 20% more efficient and 30% lighter on tyres than any other 2-ton chassis. ORDER NOW FOR QUICK DELIVERY. H. G. BURFORD & CO., LTD., Head Office - 16, REGENT STREET, LONDON, $.W.1. Telegrams: “Burfordism Clawles London.. Telephone: Regent 5280 (2 lines) THE ECONOMICAL TRACTOR FUEL. ote “T Vibe te (TRACTOR VAPOURISING OIL), VAPOURISES COMPLETELY IN THE COLDEST WEATHER, THUS GIVING MAXIMUM POWER COMBINED WITH MINIMUM CONSUMPTION AT ALL TEMPERATURES. SOLE IMPORTERS AND DISTRIBUTERS BRITISH PETROLEUM Co., Ltd., ome, 22, FENCHURCH SIRGee LONDON, E.C.3. South West of England Branches: ST. JAMES BUILDINGS, UNION STREET, BRISTOL. BARCLAY’S BANK BUILDINGS, PRINCESS SQUARE PLYMOUTH. JOURNAL OF THE BATH AND WEST AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES SOCIETY FOR THE ENCOURAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE, ARTS, MANUFACTURES AND COMMERCE. ESTABLISHED 1777. FIFTH SERIES, VOL. X1V- 1919-1920. WORK AND LEARN. LONDON: EDWARD STANFORD, Lp., 12 to 14, LONG ACRE, W.C.2. 1920. [Ad rights reserved. Price to Non-Members, Six Shillings. THE NOTED HOUSE FOR RICK and MOW SHEETS, WAGGONS. WE ARE ALSO MAKERS OF oN, E/ ea — = — —!” — & = BAGS = forall URPOSES — — —— Zz MT | / MM “oO Mf AT LOWEST PRICES. will send samples and prices by return. Our only Address in Bristol :— YEO BROS. PAULL & Co., LIMITED, ~Y I> 2) A ~) | GH. oo COVERS for MOTOR LORRIES and Binder Twine and Shamrock Haycord Drop us a card telling us what you require and we 134, Victoria Street, BRISTOL. elegrams: ‘‘ TARPAULINS, BRISTOL.” Telephone No. : Bristol 768. IL. IX. CONTENTS: VotuME XIV.—FirtTH Serres. 1919-1920. ORIGINAL ARTICLES AND REPORTS. In Memoriam: Thomas Forder Plowman, late Secretary and Editor (Illustrated) The Use of Potash Salts By John Hughes, F.I.C. Fifty Years’ Legislation in Relation to Contagious Diseases of Animals By Prof. J. Penberthy, F.R.C.V.S. Inseets of the Forest (Illustrated) By Haroid Bastin. The Improvement of Live Stock in Relation to the Size of the Farm By Prof. James Long. The Value of Soil Analysis : By Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.I.C., etc. Sugar Beet Culture By 8S. L. Bastin. Annual Report upon the Society’s General Operations By W. A. Smith, Assistant Secretary. The National Fruit and Cider Institute By B.T. P. Barker, M.A., Director. _ Annual Report of the Society’s Consulting Chemist (Dr. J. A. Voelcker, M.A., F.I.C.). PAGH 38 84 “96 99 210 CONTENTS. THE Nore Book. Agricultural Costs Accounts Farm Costings Agricultural Costings Milk Production: A Dairy Farmer’s Balance Sheet Sheep Breeding The Distribution of Vigour Plant Breeding Village Workshops Maintenance of the Tractor Agricultural Education Sheep Diseases Competition as a Factor in Agricultural Development Should Potatoes be Sprayed ? lo THE FARMER’S LIBRARY. The Farmer and the New Day Agriculture and the Farming Business Insect Pests and Plant Diseases Elementary Chemistry of Agriculture Cattle and the Future of Beef Production in England. . Science and Fruit Growing A Course of Practical Chemistry for Agricultural Students The Book of Cheese 263: 266. 269 270: 272 274 275. 276. CONTENTS. xl APPENDIX. PRIVILEGES, Laws, OFFICERS, &C. PAGE Objects of the Society and Privileges of Membership .. Pe i Terms of Membership ii General Laws lii-v Council and Officers vi-xi List of Annual Exhibitions, 1852-1920 5 Sixty. Members’ Chemical Privileges .. . -XV-Xviii SALISBURY MEETING, 1920. Prizes for Stock, Produce, &c. X1x List of Judges XX Conditions and Regulations for Ditto .. XXXxvi Prizes for Poultry xlvi Conditions and Regulations for ditto .. xl viii - FINANCE. Detailed Cash Account to December 31st, 1919 Ae To ily Assets and Liabilities Account | vi List of Members lvii-Ixxxi INDEX Ixxxii ILLUSTRATIONS. The late Thomas Forder Plowman .. ais - Frontispiece FOLLOWING PAGE 48 :— Shoot of Larch, infested by Chermes laricis. Shoots of Spruce, galled by Chermes abietis. Stems of Hawthorns, covered with the scales of Mytilaspis pomorum. Trunk of a Beech attacked by Cryptococcus fagi. Larvae of Lucanus Cervus feeding in decaying oak root. The Stag-beetle (Lucanus Cervus). Aspen Stems galled by Saperda populnea. Larva of Saperda populnea (much enlarged). The Poplar Gall Beetle (Saperda populnea) resting on an aspen leaf. Burrows of Scolytus in Elm Bark. Burrows of Pityogenes on the surface of wood of young Scots Pine stems. Shoots of Scots Fir galled by Retinia resinella. Cluster of Marble Galls caused by Cynips Kollari. Inset, the insect (highly magnified). - a hal aT . ‘ vi) ee te aman nts aah ted ” ve ene ele nh og em ae owe : a rg 3 On t } } { ite i 1 t hs THE LATE THOMAS FORDER PLOWMAN. JOURNAL OF THE BATH AND WEST AND SOUTHERN COUNTIES SOCIETY. Mriginal Articles and Reports. 1—Jn H#emoriam. THOMAS FORDER PLOWMAN. “ Death has claimed one who for long had been a leading spirit in all concerning the issue of the Society’s Journal,” so wrote our late Secretary of Sir C. T. D. Acland, Bart., in the last volume of the Journal. In recording the death of our Secretary we may say with still greater emphasis that by his death the Society has lost one who, for the last 37 years, had been the life and soul, not only of its Journal, but also of all the Society’s work and activities, and had endeared himself, as few men could, to Council, Members and Staff. In his “ passing ” the Society, and many outside the Society, feel that they have lost a real and true friend. Mr. Plowman was born in the year 1844, at Oxford, and was a Freeman of that City. He was the son of the late Joseph Plowman, a newspaper proprietor and librarian, and was educated chiefly at the Cathedral School attached to Christ Church. His first pro fessional appointment was, as he tells us, that of “ handy lad” at the Radcliffe Reading Room, or “Camera,” attached to the University Bodleian Library. , After spending four or five years at the “Camera,” he was appointed Chief Librarian of the Oxford City Free Library. During A 2 In Memoriam. this period he engaged in literary work, and amongst other products of his pen wrote several plays; his first—‘ Isaac of York ”— reached and passed its century, and in all he produced fourteen plays. Eleven of them, he tells us, brought grist to his mill, while three others did the same for the Charity for which he wrote them. He also contributed many articles to newspapers and journals, but it is only necessary to refer to his many later contributions to the Society’s Journal to prove that he would have taken a promin- ent place in the field of literature had he not, fortunately for the Society, chosen the role of “Showman” as his future vocation. His final choice of a career was due, more or less, to force of circum- stances. Mr. Plowman’s father held, amongst other appointments, that of Secretary to the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society, then as now, one of the largest and best managed county agricultural societies. The Secretaryship falling vacant by his sudden death in 1867, was offered to and accepted by Mr. Plowman, and at the same time he undertook the Secretaryship of the Local Farmer's Club, of the Corn Exchange, and other appointments, previously held by his father. At that time, however, his heart was in litera- ture, and in his work as Librarian ; but although he tried to retain the latter office, he felt obliged, though very reluctantly, to resign it, and to devote his whole time to the work of the Society. Mr. Plowman still continued to edit and manage the Oxford Journal, the agricultural organ of the county. In his“ Fifty Years ofa Showman’s Life ” he gives a very amusing and interesting account of his first experiences with the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society, for he had had no previous practical insight ‘nto the conduct of a show. To quote his own words, “ he was profoundly ignorant of the most elementary conditions applying to the work he had undertaken.” How he escaped the pitfalls, im- proved the finances, efficiency, and popularity of the Oxfordshire Society's Shows, are set out in his book, and can be vouched for by one of the oldest and most valued members of the Council of the Bath and West Society, who is also, probably, the oldest surviving member of the Oxfordshire Agricultural Society— Mr. Thomas Latham. Mr. Plowman’s first connection with the Bath and West Society was in the year 1878, when that society held its annual show at Oxford. On that occasion he displayed the tactful resource which so often stood him and the Bath and West Society in good stead in after years, and he was able to make more favourable terms for the admission of the members of his society as exhibitors and visitors to the forthcoming show than had ever before been conceded by In Memoriam. 3 the visiting Society. This arrangement, which proved very satis- factory to both parties, was permanently adopted by the Council of the Bath and West Society, at Mr. Plowman’s suggestion, when some years later he became their Secretary. When, by the retirement of the late Mr. Josiah Goodwin, in 1882, the Secretaryship of the Bath and West Society became vacant, no doubt Mr. Plowman’s name was familiar to many members of Council; this, and the reputation he had so well earned during his 15 years’ of service as Secretary of the Oxfordshire Society, brought him in as an easy winner amongst the 342 candidates for the post. Mr. Goodwin still retained the post of editor till his death in 1890, when Mr. Plowman was appointed to succeed him, with Mr. F. J. Lloyd as his associate editor. From the time that Mr. Plowman took over the editorship there appeared in the Journal an interesting annual report of the proceedings of the Society, and in addition, he contributed many excellent articles on the history of the Society and its founders, and on agricultural topics. A more restricted circle of readers were often delighted with his wit, when as the “ Warblin’ Waggoner” Mr. Plowman used to show us the lighter side of his skill as a writer and rhymster of no mean capacity on topical subjects. Looking back to the time when Mr. Plowman joined the Society, there are, I think, not more than three of the then governing body of the Society still living, though many of the names are the same, showing that a younger generation has kept up the good old tradi- tions of the one, which, like our late secretary, though “lost to sight, is still to memory dear.” On first taking up his residence at Bath Mr. Plowman retained for a time some of his Oxford appointments and made constant journeys to and from the city of his birth in connection with them. Ultimately, however, he gave these up and settled down in the Society’s home, where he soon became one of the City’s leading public men, his chief recreation being found,in honorary service to various institutions. Indeed most of his spare time was sernted to public services. With his appointment as Secretary the Society made many administrative changes, the office of Official Superintendent, and, ‘later on, that of Official Accountant, being merged in that of Secre- tary. A new departure was also made in connection with the ‘building of the Showyard, the Society becoming its own contractor and erecting the whole of the necessary show buildings under a Works Department, of which Mr. R. Neville Grenville, of Butleigh Court, was the first Steward. That the change was justified was i 4 In Memoriam. apparent from the first, and the method adopted has been carried out to this day. The scope of the Society’s work was also greatly enlarged ; new departments, such as that for horse-shoeing, were added to the show, and the Society became actively engaged in promoting technical education by the establishment of Schools for instruction in Butter and Cheese-making. In all these departures Mr. Plowman necessarily took a leading part, and the success of them was in a great measure due to his organising power and his ability to cope with difficulties as they arose. The organising and carrying on of the Schools in several counties at the same time necessitated frequent journeys from one centre to another, but his capacity for work and his great endurance enabled him to fulfil whatever calls were made upon him. It was about the time when Mr. Plowman became Secretary, that the late Mr. G. Gibbons, who had joined the Society thirteen or fourteen years previously, was elected a member of Council. He had already at that time made his mark as an agriculturist and dairy farmer, and it was through his influence that the Society started at the Brighton Show, in 1885 its first Working Dairy, where the best methods of butter-making were demonstrated and educational instruction in dairying given. This was followed at the next Show at Bristol by butter-making competitions, which from that date onwards were carried out with great success by that old veteran champion of the dairymaid. Mr. Gibbons’ name is mentioned here, as Mr. Plowman was closely associated with him in the still more important educational work of the Society, the establishment of Migratory Butter Schools, which were started in 1888, and carried on till the County Councils took them over in 1906; during which period 169 schools were conducted in 16 counties, with a total of 3,084 students. A Cheese School was also started in 1890, and 15 districts in Somerset and one in Dorset were visited, the Somerset County Council taking over the schoolin 1906. Very important experimental work at the Cheese Schools was carried out by Professor F. J. Lloyd, F.C.S., the Society’s expert and associate editor of the Journal, and Professor Lloyd’s articles on these experiments had a world wide circulation. The success of this important work was in no small measure due to the co-operation of our late Secretary, and the energy which he always displayed. Another important work which was carried out by the Society about the same time, was the practical and research work in Cider- making. Mr. R. Neville Grenville, of Butleigh Court, Glastonbury, who, one may say, was the pioneer of the movement, placed premises In Memoriam. 5 at Butleigh at the disposal of the Society, and there a valuable series of experiments were carried out under the direction of Professor Lloyd. Here again Mr. Plowman took a leading part in its pro- motion and organised the representation of the Bath and West Society at an important Exhibition and Conference of the Pomolo- gical Society of France at St. Brieuc, Brittany, in 1895. In 1912 this sphere of the Society’s operations was transferred to the National Fruit and Cider Institute at Long Ashton. These are only a few out of many instances which could be given from which it will be seen that Mr. Plowman took as keen an interest in the Educational side of the Society’s work as he showed in that which was more prominently before the public, the work of the show- yard. Nor was anyone more energetic in obtaining new recruits for the Society, and a majority of the members who have jomed during the last 25 years can certainly claim him as their sponsor— “« proposed by the Secretary ” occurring with consistent regularity at the Council Meetings. Soon after taking up his residence in Bath Mr. Plowman became a member of the Royal Literary Institution; im 1885 he was appointed one of its honorary secretaries, an office which he filled up to the time of his death and in which he rendered very valuable assistance to an Institution to which he attached great value. In 1901 his services to the Institution were recognised by his being unanimously elected as one of its Trustees. In 1901 he was elected to a vacancy on the Bath City Council, and in 1905 was appointed a Magistrate for the City. In 1911 he was further honoured by being elected to the Aldermanic Bench, and in the same year was selected by his fellow citizens as Chiet Magistrate, an office which he filled with great distinction. His selection i. Mayor in the year when the City Boundaries were extended to include Greater Bath was a proof of the confidence placed in his great tact and power to reconcile the conflicting aims of political parties, and to deal successfully with the special problems arising during his year of office. The Society’s show being held at Bath during Mr. Plowman’s Mayoral year gave rise to some amusing incidents when, as Mayor, he welcomed the Society to the City, and the efficient way in which he discharged the dual duties of Mayor and Secretary will not be readily forgotten by those witnessing the opening ceremony. He was a keen worker and regular attendant at the City Council and Committee meetings, and’ was Chairman of the Art Gallery and Library Committee and of the Roman Promenade Sub- Committee, besides serving on a number of other Committees and 6 In Memoriam. on the management of five schools. He was also one of the Vice- Chairmen of the Bath Conservative Association, a member of the Board of Directors of the Wessex Associated News, Ltd., and filled many other honorary offices and appointments in the City of his adoption. In all cases his unfailing devotion to duty, his keenness and minute attention to detail made his advice and assistance most valuable assets. He was an old Member of the Farmers’ Club and of the Royal Agricultural Society, and in 1914 the Council of the latter body elected him an Honorary Life Member in recognition of his services to agriculture, an honour that was greatly appreciated by Mr. Plowman, as was shown by his express desire that his badge of office should be placed on his coffin side by side with that of the Bath and West Society. Our Secretary was always well dressed, though from the tailor’s point of view, perhaps, he shone most at the inaugural ceremonies of the Shows, or when the Shows were graced by the presence of Royalty. But he surpassed himself on the occasion when as Secretary, he should have “ received” himself, in all the glories of gold chain and the other insignia of office, as Mayor of Bath. His temporary absence, as Secretary, was gracefully apologized for to His Worship the Mayor, by the President for the year, the Marquis of Bath. Show week, too, recalls those cheery mess dinners, always enlivened by anecdotes and reminiscences by the Secretary, and on occasions, which custom and success later made invariable, by a speech full of quaint humour. Nothing ever disconcerted the late Secretary, and the calm judicial spirit with which he tackled the many questions and difficulties which a showyard must present went far towards smoothing them away; but he always insisted, and very properly so, on adherence to the rules and regulations of the Society. Slow to form an opinion, and ever open to conviction by those holding contrary views, when once he had made up his mind, he allowed nothing to interfere with the carrying out of what he believed to be a right decision. He possessed a sound judgment, a cultivated taste, and a mind well stored with information on many subjects. His memory, too, was of a parti+ cularly retentive nature, and he was able to recall events of his early days with minute detail. Nothing was too small for his notice, and in connection with the annual show especially many occurrences would have passed unnoticed but for his keen percep- tion of the future value of a record of them, An’ enthusiastic amateur of autographs and of prints and old letters from well-known Hucues on the Use of Potash Salts. 7 people of their day, his collection included many interesting docu- ments, some of which have been given to the world in his various writings. _ No memoir of the late Secretary would be complete without a grateful reference to Mrs. Plowman, who assisted the Secretary in his work, and by her devoted care of him prolonged his life. Her unselfishness enabled him to fulfil his heart’s desire of dying in harness. Nor can be omitted a reference to Mr. W. A. Smith, whose connection with the Society goes back even further than that of Mr. Plowman. His zealous and loyal service for the Society, and his invaluable assistance during the period of Mr. Plowman’s illness, will always be remembered with gratitude by the Society, as it was by the late Secretary. A faithful portrait of himself and record of his work can be found in “ In the Days of Queen Victoria” and “ Fifty Years of a Show- man’s Life,” both of which narratives bear testimony to his wonder- ful pluck, energy, and ability in many fields of activity. They were written during the very severe and painful illness which finally terminated in his death. As a playwriter and journalist he made his mark; as Mayor and Alderman of Bath, his fellow citizens will long remember him with honour; but first and foremost in his. thoughts were the welfare of the Society he loved so well, and whose. destiny he so carefully guided during the last 37 years. » IL—THE USE OF POTASH SALTS. By John Hughes, F.1.C., Agricultural Analyst for Herefordshire. The manurial value and economic utility of Nitrogen, either in the form of farmyard manure, wool refuse, shoddy, dried blood, and rape cake, or in the more soluble, though less permanent, form of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and soot, has long been recognised by experienced farmers. Also the economic manurial value of phosphate of lime either as fine bone dust, guano, basic slag, steamed bone flour, or in the more soluble form of dissolved bones, superphosphates, and the various compound manures, is generally acknowledged. Pd The manurial value of potash salts, such as sulphate of potash, muriate of potash, and kainit (a compound of potash, soda, and 8 Hueues on the Use of Potash Salts. magnesia), is not, however, generally admitted, because the results of field experiments have proved that on certain soils the appli- cation of such salts has not produced an economical return for the costs incurred. It is the relative increased yield as compared with the cost that the farmer has to bear in mind in the selection of ferti- lisers, and not the increased yield alone. But for many years before the war the Potash Syndicate, which, no doubt, was largely sup- ported by the German Government, had instituted in this country a vigorous propaganda by means of pamphlets, leaflets and money prizes. These prizes were offered in a very ingenious manner for the best crops grown by the application of potash, which might however be manured by other fertilisers in addition, so that it was impossible really to determine how far the extra yield was due to potash salts. Farmers were being gradually educated into the belief that they must apply a certain quantity of potash, and when war was declared on the 4th August, 1914, great consternation was excited among the farming class because no further supplies of potash could be obtained from the Stassfurt mines of Germany. Apparently they had forgotten that good crops, not only of wheat, oats, barley and rye, but also of potatoes, turnips, mangolds and hops, were produced long before the German potash salts were introduced into this country. The war has certainly demonstrated in a very practical manner that we can do without such potash salts on all soils naturally suitable to the above-named crops. No doubt, for certain crops, such as potatoes, especially where early maturity is desired, potash is a desirable addition to phosphates and ammonia, but now that our Government have arranged for the importation and distribution for agricultural purposes of about 40,000 tons, it may be useful to suggest the particular crops and the kinds of soil to which potash may be applied if the cost be reasonable. Wuat Crors REQUIRE. It will first be desirable to ascertain the relative proportion of potash absorbed from the soil by different crops in comparison with the proportions of the other important ingredients of plant food, namely nitrogen, phosphoric acid and lime. CERFAL CROPS. From the following table it will be seen that wheat, barley, and oats require very little potash, and that most of it is contained in the straw, which under good farming is largely returned to the land Hueuss on the Use of Potash Salts. 9 in the form of dung. It will be noticed that in the case of wheat and barley there is about twice as much potash in the straw as there is in the grain. In the case of oats there is three times as much, which probably accounts for the softness and superior feeding value of oat straw and for the fact that this crop does best in a damp season and moist soil, because under such conditions the rootlets can more readily assimilate potash from the natural resources of the soil. Field experiments with potash salts on various crops have usually shown better results during a dry season, when the potash in the soil cannot be assimilated, than in a wet season. TaBLE I. TImMPoRTANT CONSTITUENTS REMOVED Perr ACRE. Phosphoric | Nitrogen Acid | Lime | Potash Ibs. | Ths. Ibs. Tbs. Wheat, 30 bushels 33 14-4 | 1-0 3-7 Straw .. os ee 8-4 | 9-2 18-2 Barley, 40 bushels ..| 34 LBD iHigaMeRocshivn 20° Straw... saul 2 49). 8-5 23:7 Oats, 45 bushels ee | 38 118 | 2-0 8:5 oe ee 71 | 98 | 29-6 Meadow Hay, 1} tons .. | 49 12-7 | 28-1 56:3 Clover Hay, 2 tons 1. 102 | 25-1 «| 86-1 87-4 Beans, 30 bushels lel: «lil bal: Sal ae oF 23-0 Straw 22 9-2 30-2 58-1 Turnips, 17 tons | 71 | 2: 22-4 25:5 108 -6 Leat 1 ee i tS 48-5 40-2 Swedes, 14 tons Ae ya LTT 16-9 19-7 63-3 es = “ig 28 4°8 22°7 16-4 Mangels, 22 tons a 96 34-0 24-2 191-6 Beat. si Bo | 51 15-1 29-1 71-4 Potatoes, 6 tons el | 47 | 24-1 2-9 | 75-4 Haulm oie AAes foo 2 22-7 | 1-1 Hops, Flowers, 10 cwt. | 33 ea ae Sb oy S18 ves... se bag 1° agig 66-9 | 31-7 Bine .. pri a4 Se 1% 156-4 | 17-6 At Rothamsted the application of 200]bs. potassium sulphate per acre upon wheat in Broadwalk field, only produced an increase of two bushels grain and 2 ecwt. straw, over the continuously un- manured plot, and even that increase may have been due rather to the 3} cwt. superphosphate that was applied in conjunction with the potash salts, At Woburn, where the soil is of a lighter nature and deficient 10 Hueues on the Use of Potash Salts. | in lime, the results of the application of potash salts were very similar to those obtained at Rothamsted. Indeed, all autumn-sown crops, like wheat and oats, have plenty of time to obtain from the soil itself all the potash that they require, and at the present time with the high price demanded for potash it cannot be remunerative to apply imported potash salts to any autumn-sown crop. Though barley is a spring-sown crop and often a late-sown one, experiments both at Rothamsted and Woburn have demonstrated that, provided a suitable dressing of phosphates and ammonia or phosphates and nitrate of soda be applied, the stimulating influence of these fertilisers is sufficient to enable this crop to obtain all the potash it requires from the soil. At Rothamsted, in Hoos Field, the average results of 38 years are as follows :—The continuously unmanured plot gave 162 bushels grain and 93 ewt. straw; the plot having 200lbs. potassium sul- phate, 100lbs. sodium sulphate, and 100lbs. magnesium sulphate per acre gave 18} bushels grain and 93 ewt. straw; the plot having 3 ewt. superphosphate gave 213 bushels grain and 10§ ewts. straw ; whereas the plot having 200lbs. ammonium sulphate in addition to 34 ewt. superphosphate gave no less than 42% bushels grain and 252 ewt. straw. At Woburn no economical increase has been produced by the application of potash, but red sandstone soil is in any case far too deficient in lime to produce good crops of barley. Indeed, the fact that some of the best quality of barley is grown on chalky land, which is deficient in potash, is a practical proof that barley as a crop is not specially in need of artificial supplies of potash salts. Meapows, PASTURES AND CLOVER. On pastures there is no great exhaustion of potash because it does not enter into the composition either of flesh or bone in the animals which feed thereon, but passes away in the exereta liquid and solid. The numerous field experiments at Cockle Park (1910 “ Journal of the Bath and West Society”), and in other parts of the country have practically demonstrated that basic slag on damp, sour clay or peaty land, and superphosphate on soils containing plenty of lime, supply all that is required to improve the feeding quality as well as to increase the yield; and that potash is not required. Indeed, if applied alone potash salts have frequently done positive harm, while nitrogen is now regarded as also un- desirable for pastures. Hueues on the Use of Potash Salts. 1I Professor Somerville, in his address to the Agricultural Section at the recent meeting of the British Association, stated that at three original manuring for mutton-stations, 30 ewt. of lime was added to- the superphosphate applied in three dressings over a period of hine years, and that a noticeable effect was produced at all stations. and at two of them the gain was a profitable one. Basic slag and probably Basic superphosphate, in which the acidity is neutralised by lime, has the peculiar effect of altering the character and compo- sition of the herbage; the various grasses being diminished and the clovers and leguminose being increased. As clover is much richer in nitrogen than the various grasses it must be obvious that: the feeding value is consequently much higher, because nitrogen is a necessary constituent of albumen, which enters largely into the composition of animal and human flesh. Meadow hay and clover carry off much larger quantities of the important plant food consti- tuents, as will be seen from an examination of Table I, so that. where grass land is regularly mown it is desirable to supply a generous dressing of a fairly complete fertiliser. At Rothamsted, potash has had considerable influence on the yield and composition of the hay from the meadow mown annually when applied in conjunction with ammonia and phosphates in vary- ing proportions. The annual dressing has enabled the land to bear the exhaustion of its natural resources caused by the removal of the hay. Many years ago the late Sir John Lawes pointed out that the ash or mineral portion of leguminous crops like clover, when grown on land well supplied with potash, contained 32 per cent. of potash and 22 per cent. of lime: but when grown on land poorly supplied with potash, but well supplied with lime, the ash contained 32 per cent. of lime, and only 14 per cent. of potash. If, therefore, there is plenty of lime in the soil it is usually not so necessary to apply potash. On peat land, as found in Dumfrieshire, potash has proved useful, and no doubt on certain chalky soils its application at a reasonable cost may prove remunerative. But at the present time farmers should be cautious in reference to the purchase of potash, either directly or in the form of compound fertilisers. Lime as an alkaline earth will furnish a most economical substitute for the actual alkali-potash. POTATOES. Of all farm crops potatoes probably respond most generously and economically to the application of potash in conjunction with superphosphate and ammonium sulphate, and prior to 1914 large 12 Huaues on the Use of Potash Salts. quantities of potash were directly imported for this crop. During the war direct importation was of course stopped, and any sulphate, muriate, or kainit that reached this country arrived indirectly and at a greatly increased cost. Consequently the percentage of potash had to be reduced in compound fertilisers, or entirely omitted by some manufacturers; for the recently introduced sources of potash in the form of “Flue Dust” from blast furnaces were not rich enough to be employed in compound manures, nor sufficiently soluble in water to act as immediate food for a quickly produced crop like potatoes. The percentage of ammonia and phosphates in compound fertilisers were also reduced and possibly the total quantity of artificial fertilisers applied per acre was less. Nevertheless, the yield per acre does not appear to have been reduced, as will be demonstrated in the following tables. Indeed. the successful production of potatoes largely depends on the character of the soil and a favourable season. A finely divided or grained soil, soft and easily broken, in fact, ‘ good tilth ” is most essential, combined with warmth and moderate rainfall. These combined conditions largely exist in the Channel Islands, especially in Jersey which is famous for the growth and export of large quantities of early potatoes. The writer is well acquainted with the general character of the soil and the chemical composition of the fertilisers applied to potatoes in Jersey, having visited the island nine times and analysed many specimens of the soil and of the artificial fertilisers imported. The soil consists of a light, sandy loam, fairly uniform, but somewhat heavier in certain districts in which the crops are later. From twelve analyses of soil taken from different localities the important plant food ingredients occur in the. following average proportion :— . TaB_Le II. AVERAGE PERCENTAGE IN Dry Sor. Lime Zt 4 ale .. *435 Potash sb + ee .. 300 Phosphoric Acid .. ar .-, 145 Nitrogen .. aa The above figures represent the percentage dissolved by hydro- chloric acid in the usual process of analysis, and it will be seen that potash exists in about twice the quantity of either phosphoric acid or nitrogen. As the soil is in excellent mechanical condition, allowing full play to atmospheric action and moisture, it is reason- able to conclude that the potash content does not require to be Hueuss on the Use of Potash Salts. 13: increased by artificial supplies; for in round numbers -10 per cent of potash to a depth of 9 inches represents about one ton per acre. On referring to the annual report of Mr. Woodland Toms, the official analyst for Jersey, we find that the usual composition of potash manures applied in the island was as follows :— TABLE III. AVERAGE COMPOSITION OF JERSEY Porato MANURES. Pre-War. 1911-14. 1917-18. /O /a Nitrogen Re rs ss OUR 5-54 Equal to Ammonia... 3 BMTt8S 6-72 Soluble Phosphate a -. (828 17-06 Insoluble Phosphate .. Selvepitislly- 4-96 Potash ig 40 ae 3°61 2-93 Equal to Sulphate of Potash .. 6-69 5-43 The above figures represent the average results from the analyses: of 32 samples, some of which did not contain any potash. It will be noticed that phosphoric acid in the form of phosphate of lime is. the dominant constituent. Nitrogen chiefly in the form of sulphate of ammonia, comes next, and potash, in the form of sulphate, comes last and in very small proportion, and it is not surprising to learn that in some of the samples it was entirely absent. Now a crop of 6 tons of potatoes per acre removes from the soil according to Table I., 76-5lbs. potash per acre, whereas, if 6 cwt. of the compound fertilisers containing say 3 per cent. potash were applied to an acre, only 20lbs. of potash would be artificially sup- plied. Consequently, by far the larger portion must be obtained from the soil itself. In fact, the successful production of potatoes. really depends on the suitable character of the soil, a favourable season, and good seed ; even more than on the quality or quantity of the manure. Over manuring may adversely affect the quantity as well as the keeping properties of the crop. Let us see how far the reduction in the general quality of the manure, and the reduced quantity imported, affected the pro- duction and export of potatoes. Captain Renouf, the Harbour Master at St. Helier, has kindly supplied me with the following returns :— TaBLe IV, Manure Potatoes Imported Exported tons. tons. In 1914 ao ¥c «eo», £1,602 54,500 3 1915 ee - -- 10,515 54,700 O16 aie S Feats 6,813 43,600 oe LOLs is as 55 6,210 57,000 33,, AIG “s we -- 10,423 65,000 14 Huaues on the Use of Potash Salts. It is not stated how this tonnage of imported manures was made up, for compound fertilisers, superphosphate, dissolved bones, basic slag, sulphate of ammonia and potash salts, were entered under the general term of manure; but a local resident largely engaged in the sale of fertilisers informs me that during the last three years of the war only half the quantity of potash was applied, and he adds that he does not think it is absolutely necessary for potatoes on soils similar to those existing in Jersey. It will be noticed that with the smallest importation of manure in 1917 the export of potatoes was actually larger than in 1914 when the manure imported was nearly twice as much ; proving that the yield largely depends on the kind of season. In Scotland the potato manures usually contain about 18 per cent. soluble phosphate, 6 per cent. nitrogen, but as regards potash, Dr. J. F. Tocher, Analyst to the Highland Society, states that in 1918 out of six samples analysed three had no potash at all, while in the -other three, the percentage was 2-47, 2-34 and -33 only. From the foregoing remarks it will be seen that even in the case of potatoes, which respond liberally to a dressing containing some potash, it is quite possible to omit it entirely if the soil is naturally suitable and capable of supplying the requisite potash. The warp land of Lincolnshire and Yorkshire, consisting of specially fine grained soil, deposited by the agency of sea-water, produces excellent crops of potatoes; indeed, newly warped land is capable of producing potatoes without any manure, and crops srown on such land are less subject to disease.. As a typical standard of suitable land for potatoes the following analysis is given in full :— TABLE V. Warp Sor. DEPOSITED FROM YORKSHIRE OUSE NEAR Drax. Water lost at 212°F. ie ag wollte *Organic matter ia i ma os £4 Stop. Oxide of Iron ore en kgs - | 186870 | 18631 18628 | 186-25 | 18607 | -80. ,. 3 219-095 218-04 216-47 | 215-41 212-78 | 6315 ,, 4 | 182-055 181-11 | 17958 | 178-43 | 17480 | 7-255, 5 184-020 182-09 «181-28 | 17993 17650 | 7520, 6 209363 20841-20782 | 20730 204-76 | 4-603 | eee eee ee erence erence The experiment was then stopped, as further weighings showed only insignificant losses in weight, and a microscopical examination of the yeast deposit showed that growth had ceased. The content of nitrogen in the juices and the percentages of sugar left were as follows :— Flask Nitrogen Specific Sugar No. percent. | Gravity. per cent. inancendl 6 ia ] 0221 | -998 | Trace ve | +0033 1-026 / 6:3 3 | 0125 1-008 | Trace 4 | -9146 -999 * 5 -0168 “999 “ 6 “0094 | 1-008 1-04 Nos. 1, 3, 4 and 5 fermented regularly until all the sugar had disappeared. No. 2 showed a very weak fermentation, which soon stopped, 6:3%, of sugar being left unfermented. No. 6 fermented slowly, and over 1% of sugar was left when the fermentation stopped. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 113 lf these results are compared with the amount of nitrogen present in the ciders it will be seen that No. 2 only contained -0033% nitrogen, and No. 6 about 3 times as much, namely -0094%. The four completely fermented juices contained from -0135 to -0221% of nitrogen. The minimum amount of nitrogen necessary to assure a complete fermentation is thus apparently slightly above -01%. If to juices deficient in nitrogen, such as Nos. 2 and 4, is added some nitrogenous yeast food, such as sulphate of ammonia or yeast extract, the fermentation will proceed rapidly until all the sugar is fermented. The problem of altering a slow fermenting to a rapid fermenting juice is thus an easy one. It is much more difficult to check the fermentation by depriving the juice of nitrogenous matter without otherwise. interfering with its chemical composition, and no satisfactory method is at present - available. Consequently the reduction of the rate of fermentation, in rapidly fermenting ciders, a matter of necessity if sweet cider is to be produced naturally therefrom, must be affected by other means, such as filtration, until a practicable method of reducing the amount of organic nitrogen present in the juice is discovered. The reason for deferring the determination of nitrogen present until the completion of fermentation was to enable it to be made in the presence of as little sugar as possible. The total quantity of nitrogen is so small that the presence of much sugar renders its determination with accuracy difficult. There is no ground for supposing that any loss of nitrogen from the fermenting vessel occurs during fermenta- tion. INVESTIGATIONS ON PLANT PATHOLOGY. THe APPLE CANKER FUNGUS. (S. P. Wiltshire.) During the year, some progress has been made in the study of this disease, more especially as regards the culture of the organism in the laboratory and also concerning the spread of the disease under natural conditions. The Culture of the Fungus.—The most interesting feature of this work was the production of the perithecial stage on artificial media. The strain of fungus used was isolated from ascospores of the fungus as follows :— . A Petri dish containing malt extract agar was inverted for ten minutes over a few moistened perithecia on a small portion of apple bark. The ascospores ejected from the perithecia were caught on H 114 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. the agar and could be identified under the microscope. The ger- mination of one group of eight ascospores was observed and as soon as the resulting colony was about 2 mm. in diameter, a mycelial transfer was made to a sloped tube of medium. In this way a pure culture was obtained the origin of which was known. The fungus was grown successfully on malt extract agar, malt extract gelatine, apple wood extract gelatine, Koch’s gelatine, raisin salt gelatine, Claussen’s media, cornflour extract agar, and glycerine potato agar. The growth of the mycelium varied greatly according to the medium used, some media producing a dense white cottony aerial growth, others a closely adpressed and almost invisible myce- lium. Abundant conidia were produced in most of the cultures, but they were frequently of a much smaller size than the normal and did not resemble the typical long sickle-shaped conidia characteristie of the fungus. On Claussen’s medium, however, although only a very poor growth of aerial mycelium was obtained, a fair number of typical conidia were formed. The culture which produced perithecia was grown on malt extract agar, the malt extract used for making up the agar (1-5% strength) being of 1-020 Sp.G. It was inoculated on 31/5/19 and on 14/8/19 red perithecia were seen to be forming on a somewhat raised circular area, about 1” from the bottom of the tube. No ascospores could be obtained from the unripe perithecia at this time, but on 19/9/19 drops of a milky fluid were observed at the ostioles, and this liquid was found to contain large numbers of ascospores. The culture at the same time was producing in abun- dance conidia of the small type referred to above and the complete life cycle of the fungus may be said therefore to have been produced in pure culture. This fact is important in view of the discussion of the identity of the canker fungus which has been carried on in various foreign publications. Other details concerning the life of the fungus in pure culture have also been obtained. The reaction of the secretory products was found to be alkaline and cultures made on media of varying acidity showed that the fungus could accommodate itself quite readily to such widely different acidities as 40° to +50° Fullers scale. On the more acid media, however, the growth resembled that of cultures incubated at too high a temperature and further the under side of the central portion of the colony was much more wrinkled on the alkaline than on the acid gelatine. With regard to the thermal relationships of the fungus, it was found that growth was com- pletely inhibited at 33° C., whilst some slight growth took place at 30° ©. There was some slight inhibition at 25° C., and the optimum temperature appears to be 20-22° C. The fungus grew well at room The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 115 temperature (15-20° C.), but very poorly in cultures left outdoors, where the temperature varied from 5°-10° C. A new point of interest was also found in the sensitiveness of the various organs of the fungus to light. The germ tubes of the conidia when growing under well aerated conditions showed a decided nega- tive heliotropism not so striking as in the case of Botrytis cinerea, but none the less quite definite. The mature mycelium does not appear to be sensitive to light at all, whilst the conidiophores, under healthy conditions are markedly positively heliotropic. This was especially evident in Petri dish cultures on Claussen’s medium. The conidiophores on this medium, were localised into groups to some extent and were quite conspicuous. When examined under the microscope, the hyphae were seen growing towards the light, and if the direction of the rays of light acting on the fungus was changed by turning the Petri dish, the hyphae of the conidiophores showed a corresponding turning also. The biologic advantages of this sensitiveness to light in guiding the germ-tubes into the host and also in placing the conidiophores in suitable positions for the dissemination of spores, are obvious. ____ Infection through young buds.—It has been recorded by numerous observers that Nectria ditissima enters the host through young buds, but nevertheless it is commonly regarded merely as a wound par- asite. Many attempts to infect through the uninjured cortex have been made by Aderhold and various other workers (see also Station Report 1913, p. 80) but without success. During the season of 1919, a severe attack of canker took place on certain crosses of Kingston Black and Medaille d’Or, raised at this Station for breeding purposes, in which a large percentage of the buds became infected. This material enabled the process of infection to be investigated somewhat further. Numerous examples of young cankers evidently started from buds formed in the preceding autumn were obtained in August and observations made later (when the leaves had fallen) showed that the number of infections for 1919 to be considerably in excess of those for the previous years. Counts of the cankers on the wood formed in each year gave the following results :— Year of growth. No. of cankered buds found in 1919. 1915 = Ge 4 1 1916 <6 a sc 4 1917 ay ays rf 29 1918 5 -. 4 434 The buds on the 1918 wood of course developed in the season 1919, the shoots formed during the latter year remaining entirely free from canker throughout the season. The trees in question had never 116 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. been pruned and therefore the number of cankers formed on each year’s wood gave an indication of the number of infections occurring during each succeeding year. The counts were made on 20 different branches and the totals include all the cankers found on these branches. On one branch, almost every bud on the 1918 wood was cankered, the number reach- ing the very high total of 65. Besides the actual cankers, there were numerous cases in which the buds of 1918 had failed to develop in the Spring of 1919, and gave rise to the view that the fungus, in some cases, killed off the buds, or at least injured them so as to prevent their development, without succeeding in infecting the main stem. Such shoots, during August, showed long stretches of bare stem, and a tree severely attacked presented a partially de- foliated appearance. The exact means by which the infection of the buds is brought about is still under investigation, but it may be mentioned that mycelium and conidia of Nectria ditissima type were found between the bud scales of undeveloped buds taken from the trees in September. In this connection, it is interesting to note that another species of Fusarium is normally found only on the buds of the apple and pear where it succeeds in in- festing the buds very completely. It is very doubtful if this parasite enters through wounds, as no signs of wounding are found on the infected buds, and it is possible that Nectria ditissima enters in the same way. The surfaces of the bud scales, especially the inner ones which are not exposed, are only covered with a very much thinner cuticle than is found elsewhere, and they obviously present a weak place in the plant armour. The buds of the potato tubers are similarly covered with only a very thin cuticle and there- by afford an entrance to that dangerous parasite of the wart disease, Synchytrium endobioticum. On the other hand Nectria ditissima normally behaves as a wound parasite, and it has been suggested that the strains set up by the growth of the buds may result in small injuries by bursting open the cortex, thereby allowing Nectria to gain entrance. The matter is an important one and opens up the larger question as to some other diseases, which are now regarded as being only capable of infecting wounds, but which may yet be found to enter the healthy uninjured host. This bud infection of canker is of importance economically, as it affords a possibility of some measure of control of the disease. Care- ful observations of many varieties on this Station have shown that this type of infection is responsible for quite a considerable amount of canker present. Some specimens of pear shoots sent in for in- The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 117 vestigation from Somerset, were excellent samples of typical bud infection of canker. Pruning, of course, elimimates much of the young wood each year and trees which are pruned do not sufier so _ extensively as those which are not. Standards are especially liable to bud infection, and very numerous cases have been found in the cider plantations here, especially of the Kingston Black, Cap of Liberty, and Strawberry Norman varieties. A method of prevent- ing bud infection, therefore, would considerably reduce the incidence of the disease and such a method may possibly be found in spraying. Preliminary Control Trials. (in conjunction with Mr. Spinks).— A preliminary spraying experiment on a small scale has been started with the object of testing the protective action of spraying against the infection of buds by Nectria. Twenty branches were selected on the Kingston Black x Medaille d’Or trees already referred to, and the number of cankers on each noted. Ten of these branches were sprayed and ten left to act as controls, the spray fluid used being copper stearate. Information as to the exact time of inocula- tion of the buds being unavailable at present a first spray was given in the middle of December, and it is hoped that a count of the number of bud infections on the 1919 wood of the sprayed and unsprayed branches will afiord some indication as to the effect of this treat- ment. Canker, unlike many diseases, such as scab or potato blight, lives on inside the host from year to year and the effect there- fore on the trees is a cumulatiye one. Consequently any spraying experiments will have to be continued over a period sufficient to allow the full effect of the treatment to be gauged. In addition to the attempt to limit the action of the fungus spores _by spraying, some trials were also made to stop the distribution of the conidia from old cankers by coating the latter with various covering substances. The first substance tried was red paint. Fourteen cankers were painted on James Grieve on August 29th, in the plantation, and ten on the Kingston Black trees in the cider orchard. Further, ten cankered shoots were selected, and plaecd under a bell jar in the laboratory on September Ist; the cankers on five were painted, the other five serving as conttols. Although the paint delayed the appearance of pustules slightly, both the painted and control cankers were fructifying within a week. The cankers painted on the trees were much slower in getting through the protective covering, but in almost every case finally succeeded in doing so, the paint drying up after a while and cracking along the original cracks of the et Vaseline and canada balsam were next tried in the laboratory, but were complete failures, the vaseline gradually soaking into the wood. Coal tar was tried finally 118 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. and served quite well to keep the fungus within the stem, but ex- periments have yet to be made with this substance in the plantation. The Relation of Woolly Aphis to Canker.—In the 1914 Report, some account was given of work attempted during that year on the relation of woolly aphis to canker. After showing that infection could not take place through the slight wounds made by the pro- bings of the insect, it was stated that infection probably occurs during the late stages of the growth of the galls, m which the wood is exposed. During the year 1919 eight 5 year old bushes of the Allington Pippin variety, set aside for canker experiments became heavily infested by woolly aphis. The trees were left unpruned and untreated, allowing the attack to develop very severely. No signs of canker were visible throughout the summer, although there were three trees of Warner’s King in the vicinity, suffering badly from canker, and which naturally formed an excellent source of infection. On November 25th, however, careful examination of the trees showed the presence of a few cankers in a very active state of de- velopment on the shoots formed in 1919, and the cankered areas were always found surrounding a woolly aphis injury. It was evident that infection had taken place through the galls, especially in the older galls, found towards the base of the year’s growth. In- fection of the woolly aphis galls had taken place during the late autumn in this case, and not in the year succeeding their formation— as generally held. No case was observed in which an unburst gall had become infected, all the scars surrounding gall wounds which had split open. The scars surrounding the point of inoculation (which might conveniently be termed primary scars) were much larger than usual, the lengths of five such scars being 5-3; 3-0; 7-0; 3-4 and 5-4 ems. respectively, an average of 4:8 cms., whilst the length of primary scars of artificial infections on Cox’s Orange Pippin—a variety producing a large primary scar—were 2-5; 1-6; 2-0 and 2-5 cms. respectively, an average of 2-1 cms. The fungus grew very vigorously in the gall tissue which became very soft and disorganised, and the virulence of the disease was shown by the development of comparatively numerous pustules of typical conidia, even in the late autumn. The occurrence of conidia at such a late time as December was remarkable, especially in view of the fact that perithecia were first observed on Lord Hindlip nearly a month earlier. It may be remarked incidentally that the type of fructifica- tion formed by the fungus does not depend wholly on temperature, but also on the supply of food available. The production of peri- thecia in pure culture at normal summer temperature, as reported above, showed that the stimulus for the formation of this type of The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 119 fruit body is not necessarily low temperature, and the finding of conidia on woolly aphis infections in December, showed that the summer form of fructification also is not always determined by high temperature. It seems quite probable that alterations in the nutri- tion of the fungus produced by seasonable changes of the host, may also play some part in determining the type of fructification of the fungus. j The course of development of a canker infection of a woolly aphis wound was investigated as far as the limited amount of material available permitted. Young infections of woolly aphis galls were carefully sought and in few such cases were found. Since no infection of an unburst gall was ever found, and also since repeated inoculations of unburst galls gave no infection, atten- tion was centred on the injury resulting to the gall on the bursting of the cortex. The parenchymatous gall tissue formed as a res- ponse to the probings of the woolly aphis, grew rapidly and finally burst open the cortex by a shallow longtitudinal split. The con- tinued growth of the gall tissues beneath, caused the split to open out more and more until its edges were thrust wide apart. The aphides (a certain proportion of which winter on the branches), however, desiring to find a winter shelter, continued their attacks uninterruptedly, choosing the central portion of the cracks on which to feed, such portions being naturally the least well protected and the most succulent. The reaction of the host in the production of fresh cells became weaker and weaker as the autumn advanced, and the cracks penetrated deeper and deeper as the result of the con- tinued tension brought about by the growth of the gall. The host still continued to form a phellogen layer over the exposed gall tissue, but the splits gradually extended until they approached the normal wood formed before the aphis attacks began. Once the wood elements were exposed, no phellogen could be formed over them, and hence any infecting fungi has free access to theinterior. Although inoculation experiments have not yet been made, one very young natural infec- tion was found in which a fungus (probably Nectria ditissima) had just succeeded in infecting a few wood vessels exposed by the crack- ing open of the gall tissue. Once infection has occurred, growth of the fungus took place very rapidly—more rapidly than the host could cope with it in the cortex, when in many cases, no phellogen layer was found limiting the progress of the invading hyphae. From the present stage of the investigation, therefore, it appears that in- fection takes place during the late autumn, through the wood ele- ments exposed by the splitting of the aphis gall. The dead tissue, cut off by the phellogen covering the exposed surfaces of the gall, 120 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. was frequently heavily infested with fungi of various sorts, and evidently formed an excellent pabulum upon which infecting spores Nectria ditissima could obtain nourishment. The number of galls splitting open, so as to expose the wood to infection was not so large as might be imagined. A large proportion never split open at all, and of those which did so, many did not ex- pose the wood elements. It was therefore not surprising that on the Allington Pippin trees mentioned above, not more than 2% of the aphis galls had become cankered by the end of January. Some Allington Pippin trees in another plantation, about 250 yards away, did not show a single case of infection although heavily attacked by woolly aphis. Even this small percentage infection was sufficient, however, to cause considerable damage to a tree— canker ‘resulting in the death of the branch, whilst the woolly aphis attack merely results in galls. THE DIEBACK OF RED CURRANTS. (S. P. Wiltshire.) During the past three or four years, considerable trouble has been caused at Long Ashton by the sudden wilting and subsequent death of branches of the red currant bushes. An enquiry from Worcester- shire concerning the same disease, focussed attention on the subject, and some preliminary investigations have been made regarding it. In addition to the material sent in for report, other specimens were obtained by Mr. Spinks from Pershore and Wisbech, and an abundant supply was also available from this station. The first symptom of the disease was the sudden wilting of the leaves and fruit of one or more of the main branches of the bushes. This wilting occurred at any time of the season, but was most notice- able in July, when the branches were laden with almost ripe fruit. The wilted branches slowly but surely shrivelled up, the process taking some days to complete, and the leaves and fruit remaining attached to the branch for a considerable time. The material from Worcestershire was examined and found to be heavily infected with a fungus in the cortex, and in the wood. Small portions of the diseased wood were cut by a flamed scalpel from the centre of the stem and of the cortex, and transferred to plates of malt extract agar. Six plates were thus inoculated, each by four pieces of infected material, and in almost every case a pure culture of a white sterile mycelium was obtained within a short time. This type (which may be termed type A) was isolated and subse- quently a fungus identical in appearance and in culture was also The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 121 isolated as the dominant fungus from five other cases of dieback, some of the material coming from Pershore and some from Long Ashton. The diseased branches, from which the portions for in- oculation were taken, were placed in moist chambers, and from the exposed surfaces, a sterile white, aeral mycelium grew out in great luxuriance, and hung down the sides of the stems. Numerous other plates of malt extract agar were inoculated in the same way from the material obtained from Wisbech, and also from Long Ashton, and from three lots of material, a characteristic pinkish fungus (type B) was obtained, once in conjunction with type A. Four other types of fungi-were also isolated, but they never occurred with sufficient frequency to indicate that they were the causal agents of the disease. In some cases they were associated with Type A, or Type B, and in others were obviously of a saprophytic nature. The result of the somewhat extensive series of plate cultures was therefore the isolation of two types of fungi as the most probable agents of the disease. Cultural experiments were then made to induce the fungi to produce fructifications which would enable them to be identified. For this purpose cultures of the type A were made on malt extract gelatine, malt extract agar, corn flour agar and potato glycerine agar. The fungus grew slowly on the latter, forming a much less dense growth than on the malt extract agar, but it finally produced little black pycnidia containing innumerable long, narrow curved pycnospores, identical with those of Cytos- porina Ribis. The process took some time, the inoculations being made on June 26th, 1919, whilst the pycnidia could not be re- cognised until the October 2nd, 1919. The cultures were kept at room temperature throughout. It is reasonable to regard the cul- ture of Type A as being a pure culture of Cytosporina Ribis, although the development of mycelium from the pycnospores, which is really necessary in order to exclude the possibility of the presence of another sterile mycelium, has not been observed. The mycelial transfer, however, was made from the edge of a colony, and the _ culture did not appear to be contaminated with any other organism. The production of pycnidia is interesting, since no inoculation experiments have been reported with this fungus in pure culture. Brooks and Bartlett obtained a sterile mycelium from diseased wood of the gooseberry, which was presumably Cytosporina Ribis, but they were not successful in obtaining any fructifications in their cultures of it. They were thus unable to identify the sterile my- celium which they isolated. The medium on which the fungus produced pycnidia was made up as follows :— 122 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. To 1000 ¢.c. of distilled water, 20—30 grms. of pulped potate were added. The whole was then thoroughly shaken and allowed to stand three or four hours, after which it was heated to boiling for five minutes and filtered. Forty grms. of glycerine were added and the liquid so obtained used for making up 1-5% agar. Cultures of a similar type of fungus on malt extract gelatine grew very well for a time, but very quickly died off. For instance, cultures moculated on 25th June, 11th July, 30th July, 11th August, and 13th August, were all found to be quite dead on 24th September, 1919, whilst cultures inoculated on agar on 25th June, still remained alive on 2nd October, 1919. Consequently the use of gelatine media for the culture of Cytosporina Ribis was discarded in favour of agar. The second type of fungus isolated, viz., type B, grew most vigorously on malt extract gelatine, and produced quantities of conidia of the Fusarium type. The fungus Nectria cinnabarina has been associated with dieback disease of species of Ribes since the work of Mayer, although it is still regarded by some authors in America as being parasitic on the red currant in that country In December last, some of the dead branches of the red currant bushes at Long Ashton showed extensive development of the coral red pustules of N. cinnabarina. It appears probable that the type B fungus, which was isolated from the base of the diseased portion of freshly wilted branches, is none other than N. cinnabarina, although further work will be necessary to confirm this point. Some preliminary experiments have been made with the object of testing the pathogenicity of both the fungi isolated. In the case of Cytosporina Ribis, the first experiment consisted of five inoculations made on 30th June, 1919, on the variety Raby Castle in the planta- tion. The method of inoculating was to insert small portions of the sterile mycelium into incisions made in the stem by means of a flamed scalpel. On 6th August, 1919, one inoculation was examined by sectioning, and the fungus had then definitely infected the wood with the plentiful formation of wound gum. The cortex, however, appeared to be healing over to some extent. A second inoculation was cut on 9th January, 1920, and showed the cortex and wood round the wound to be heavily infested with fungal hyphae, and the attack seemed to be progressing successfully. The outward appearance of the stem gave no indication of infection. The other inoculations have been left to develop further. At the same time that the field inoculations were made, four similer inoculations were made on shoots of red currants, which were placed under a bell jar in the laboratory. After four days, the first inoculation was examined, and the fungus was found growing in the wood, — The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 123 although the infection was very small. The second inoculation which was examined after six days, showed a similar result, and the third and fourth inoculations after fourteen days also showed only a slight infection. These experiments are only in the nature of preliminary trials, and it is intended to make further experiments during the coming year, with the object of establishing the parasitic nature of Cytosporina Ribis. With regard to Nectria cinnabarina also, some experiments have been made. Shoots of the Raby Castle variety were inoculated at four places over wounds, and then placed in a bell jar. After six days, the first moculation was examined, and many hyphae were observed in the wood. The second and third inoculations examined after ten days, gave a similar result, and the fourth inoculation, which was left till fifteen days, showed that considerable browning of the wood had taken place, and hyphae could be recognised for a distance of 5 mm. above the edge of the wound. In view of the success of this experiment, a further fifteen inoculations were made on July 2nd, 1919, on bushes in the plantation, with a corresponding number of non-inoculated wounds as controls. The first of these inoculations was examined on September 12th, 1919, and showed hyphae in the dead wood surrounding the edge of the wound. The second ex- amined on 9th January, 1920, also showed the wood to be heavily infected by fungal hyphae. It is proposed to continue this work as opportunity offers, for notwithstanding the difficulties of controlling diseases of this nature, greater acquaintance with their life history may possibly aid in devising means to counteract these costly parasities. THE PRODUCTION OF CONIDIA IN PURE CULTURES BY THE BROWN ROT FUNGUS OF THE APPLE. (S. P. Wiltshire.) In the investigation of the fungicidal action of sulphur compounds, dealt with in another section of this Report, the spores of the brown rot fungus, Sclerotinia fructigena, were used extensively for ger- Mination tests on account of their sensitiveness to sulphur, their large size, their ready germination in water, and the plentiful supply of material available throughout the summer. The method of _ obtaining suitable spores for experimental purposes was to inoculate apples, chiefly of the Royal Jubilee variety, from a stock pure cul- ture of the fungus, pustules bearing conidia being formed in three or four days. Inoculations made on 25th October, 29th, 31st, and November Ist, and on Royal Jubilee on November 2nd, however, 124 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. completely failed to produce any conidia whatever, and merely resulted in the typical black rot form of the disease. In order to continue the original investigation a method of obtaining a satis- factory supply of spores had to be found and the results of the work undertaken for this purpose are thought to be of sufficient interest to be recorded here. The ordinary stock cultures of S. fructigena on sterilised potato chunks and malt extract agar gave a huge development of my- celium with the final formation of dark sclerotia, but only a few spores in quite inadequate numbers. In view of the work of Mr. Spinks on this fungus, described in the Annual Reports for 1915 and 1916, in which he found that the type of rot produced was cor- related with the variety of apple, the following varieties (found by him to give typical brown rot, which is accompanied by conidial formation), were inoculated early in November, viz., Reinette Obry, Cremiére, Court Pendu Plat, Allington Pippin, King’s Acre Pippin and American Mother. Inoculations were made from the same strain of fungus which had produced abundant conidia earlier in the year. Some of the imoculated apples were placed in moist chambers in the incubator at 25°C. and some were kept at room temperature. The result was extremely disappointing. The variety Reinette Obry was the most successful. In its case by in- cubating at 25°C, first with a saturated and then with an incompletely saturated atmosphere, a certain quantity of spore pustules were produced. There was, however, a great tendency for bunches of sterile hyphae to replace the conidiophores. Of the other varieties, American Mother, King’s Acre Pippin, and Court Pendu Plat after three or four weeks, produced many pustules, a number of which were fertile, and there was also a slight blackening of the skin of the apple. Cremiére did not give quite the typical black rot, but in most cases produced no pustules at all, although in a few instances a certain number developed, some of which were fertile. In all cases, however, the few conidia which were produced were quite insufficient for experimental purposes, and the time of their develop- ment was abnormally long. These inoculations were carried out rather later in the season than those reported in 1915 and 1916, and the fruit used had been gathered in some time previously. It seems quite probable therefore, that the tendency of S. fructigena to form black rot rather than brown rot as the season advances, continues to be intensified much later than the end of October, when Mr. Spinks made his experiments. From the fact that the factor which causes black rot is only de- veloped when the apple approaches maturity, it was evident that The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 125 the factor might be one of those compounds which disappear as the fruit ripens. As regards the changes which take place in this com- plicated process, our knowledge is very inadequate, but it is well established that the malic acid content cf the apple is greatest in the unripe fruit. The influence of malic acid on the fungus was therefore investigated. A 25% extract of apple was used for making up a 1.5% agar, and various quantities of malic acid were added. It was found that the addition of 1% malic acid prevented the agar from sloidifying. The quantity of agar was increased to 10% without any success. Notwithstanding this, the laboratory assistant who made up the media inoculated one tube on November 14th, and after fourteen days the colony had grown to a diameter of one inch, and had pro- duced an excellent crop-of typical conidia. On December 2nd, however, the edge of the colony began to produce sterile mycelium, and never again reverted to the production of spores. This success was very promising, however, and further experiments were made along the same lines. First, a 1% solution of malic acid was in- jected in a number of apples of the Cremiére and Reinette Obry varieties, by means of a hypodermic syringe, one half of each fruit being left untreated. Inoculations were made in some cases at the junction of the treated and untreated portions, but the growth in every instance was the same. In no case did the addition of 1% malic acid result in the production of conidia. It is therefore pro- bable that malic acid is only one factor in the formation of spores, and that another exists in the production of a substance very anta- gonistic to the brown rot form of development. The transforma- tion of the malic acid alone is not sufficient to account for the de- terioration in the stimulus to form conidia. A liquid medium for the culture of fungi is, however, not very convenient and a number of trials were made of soaking potato chunks in malic acid solutions of various strengths. The first trial batch was soaked in 1°% solution for 96 hours. One tube incubated at room temperature gave an extremely healthy development of conidia in six to eight days, and five other tubes incubated at 25°C. gave much smaller numbers. Increased strengths of malic acid were then tried, viz., 5%, 7:5% and 10%; the varieties used being Scottish Farmer, and Sharpe’s Express. The 10% malic acid appeared to inhibit the growth of the fungus slightly although plenti- ful spores were obtained. Soakifig in 5% malic acid did not reduce the growth of the fungus, but although many conidia were produced, the cultures were not so good as on potato soaked in 7-5% malic acid. 126 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. Various cultures have also been made on each of the following media, with the addition of an equal volume of 2% malic acid. Of these the plum wood extract plus the 1% malic acid produced an extremely good development of conidia in three or four days over the whole colony. Cultures were then made on pith soaked in a solution of this medium, as much air as possible being withdrawn from the pith by exhaustion under an air pump. The use of such a medium eliminated the action of the excessive starch content of the potato, and it was hoped that the effect of the malic acid might be intensified. The growth was very poor indeed, however, and any further attempts to improve on the potato soaked in 7-5% malic acid were therefore discontinued. SOIL STERILIZATION. (C. T. Gimingham and G. T. Spinks.) In the case of a number of fungous diseases of plants the plants are attacked through being grown in infected soil, which contains spores or mycelium of the fungus. In this way the disease will appear year after year on an infected piece of ground, and clean land may also be infected by the transference of soil from an infected area. It is clearly very desirable that some means of killing the fungus in infected soil should be found, but up to the present no method effective on a large scale has been found. During the last year therefore trials have been made of various means of sterilizing soil infected by two particular fungi, one of which, the cause of Wart Disease of Potatoes, at all events, is of very great importance. Wart Disease or Porators.—These trials were carried out in 6-inch pots filled with a mixture of equal parts of local clean soil and of soil from a field which was badly infected with Wart Disease. This dilution of the infected soil was made owing to the quantity available being too small to carry out all the desired trials in undi- luted soil. The whole mass of the soil was thoroughly mixed first and then the pots were filled, so that the mixture in all the pots was identical. A pot was found to contain 3-3 lbs. of soil, or 2-8 lbs. of air-dry soil, as the soil when the pots were weighed contained 15% moisture. In calculating the amount of sterilizing substance to be used it was assumed that in the field the substance would affect the top 44 inches of soil, and also that a layer of soil 44 inches deep and an acre in extent would weigh, approximately, 1,350,000 Ibs. (air- dry). A square yard of soil 44 inches deep would weigh 280lbs. An application of 1 gm. of a sterilizing substance to a pot of soil was, therefore, equivalent to an application of 100 gm. or 3-6 oz, to a square yard in the field. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 127 The pots of soil were subjected to various treatments on May 2st, usually four pots being used for each trial. The following treat- ments were given :— Control - + .. No treatment. Bleaching Powder .. .. 1 gm. per pot. Creosote se Sts - 5 gm. ¥ Chloro-picrin -3 gm. 56 Formalin... 1 c.c. = Powdered Chalk 15 gm. a Powdered Chalk .. 7:5 gm. re = éne ”’ 2p OTL es. Soil steamed 14 hours in autoclave at 100° C. Soil spread on tray in open and exposed to air and hot sun for two days. The bleaching powder, chalk, and “‘Cyméne” were applied by turning the soil out of the pots, thoroughly mixing the powder with the soil with the fingers, and then replacing the soil in the pots. The soil was found to be acid in reaction and the smaller dose of chalk was calculated to be the amount required for neutralisation, the actual “lime requirement ” of the soil having been estimated. The larger dose of chalk was intended to make the soil distinctly alkaline. “ Cyméne ” is a proprietary substance recommended by the makers. as a soil sterilizer. The creosote and chloro-picrin were applied in a similar manner, the creosote having first been mixed with about 10 c.c of water to facilitate even distribution. The formalin was diluted with 100 c.c. of water, haif the soil was removed from the pot and half the dilute formalin applied to the soil remaining : the top half of the soil was then replaced and the remainder of the formalin added. These methods of applying the various substances probably ensured that all parts of the soil were reached by the sterilizing substances, and at all events the mixture would be much more thorough than would be obtained by ordinary methods in the field. The steam sterili- zation was done by placing the pots filled with soil in an autoclave, bringing the temperature up to 100° ©. and keeping it there for 14 hours. The pots were placed outside in a shady situation and the soil was kept moist by watering when necessary. On May 28th one slightly sprouted tuber of “ Sharpe’s Express ” was planted in each pot. The control pots and those treated with bleaching powder, creosote, chloro-picrin and formalin were duplicated. This second series of pots was kept moist and in a warm greenhouse for a week in order, if possible, to encourage resting spores of the fungus to germinate before any treatment was applied. The treatment was given and the tubers planted one week later than the corresponding dates for the first series of trials. ? 128 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. A further series of pots received the following treatment after the tubers were planted on May 28th, two or three pots being used in each trial :— Copper sulphate .. 100 cc. -2% solution .. .. applied twice weekly. Sulphur dioxide .. 100cc. 4; saturated solution - Pe os Formalin cot as . and “ nicking” in buds of last years shoots on planted trees. For the full results the reader is referred to the article on this subject which follows below. The main result bearing on the question under discussion was. that, whenever a bud was completely cut off from any descending inhibitory substance it made growth in proportion to its orginal strength, and not in accordance with its position on the stem. In this way fairly strong wood growth could be obtained from basal buds though weaker of course than shoots obtained from higher buds. (d) From the behaviour of shoots kept in water in a warm place. When apple and pear twigs were kept in water in a greenhouse in early spring for experimental purposes, it was noticed that the apical two or three buds grew out first. Below these a large number of buds remained dormant until nearly the water level, where frequently one or two basal buds made an appreciable growth. The Loeb effect would explain why most of the buds. failed to grow but not why the basal buds grew. It would appear that in this case the close proximity to water and the consequent better supply may have had the effect of causing growth despite any Loeb effect that would presumably be acting. The evidence therefore, from (a), (6), (¢) and (d) goes to show that there is a bud factor operating in addition to the Loeb effect, and that it explains to a large extent the future behaviour of these buds.. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 179 The foregoing facts now make it possible to attempt an explana- tion of the various stages of growth actually observed. In the first stage the buds are stimulated to activity by a rise of temperature and the amount of growth is largely a question of their inherent strength, which may possibly be governed by their vascular supply. As the second stage approaches and conditions of growth are more favourable the Loeb effect begins to tell and the hinder laterals begin to be checked in growth. Gradually they are pulled up unless for some reason the bud is particularly strong. The end of the second stage, marked by stoppage of lateral growth, occurs about the end of April for pears, and about May 20th, three weeks later, for apples. During the third and last stage in a normal season growth occurs only from a few apical buds. This continues for many weeks and only ceases in a dry summer owing to the lack of water at the roots. The usual dates for pears and apples for stoppage of apical growth is about July 25th and August 15th respectively, and in a wet season such as frequently occurs at Long Ashton, about August 14th and September 30th respectively. Growth in the chird stage is, however, subject to some variation in the more abnormal seasons. Thus if the early summer is dry and the late summer wet, pears often cease terminal growth about the middle of July, but begin again after heavy rain and continue growing until compara- tively late. Apples, unless freshly planted, grow continuously without check. Such an alternating season frequently has an effect on laterals that have already been pulled up. Some will grow out under these conditions, making incidentally a very bad type of growth for futuge flower formation. This growing out may be accounted for by the lessening of the Loeb effect, due to stoppage of terminal growth, and the increase of bud factor by increase of crude sap. It would be expected, therefore, that the most growth would be made by the strongest-buds : and this is actually the case. The above remarks apply very largely to what may be called the average case. For the sake of simplicity the pear, Vicar of Wink- field, has been chosen to illustrate many of the points, as in many respects its growth is of a simple character. Behaviour of buds, however, differs in different varieties, and though the general prin- ciples already set out seem to apply to all, details may vary con- siderably. Apples as a class for instance nearly always form more bare wood at the base than do pears.- The Loeb effect seems stronger and consequently it is much less easy to divide the twig into well marked sections at the end of the growing season. The region of 180 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. apical growth graduates more into the region of pulled up laterals, and these too show considerably greater strength toward the apex, as compared with the pear in which they are nearly all equal. Thirdly, as already noted the basal buds in the apple are exceptionally weak. The same kind of variation, though to a less extent, can be found in pears as a class and apples as a class. There are pears that break well like Vicar of Winkfield and Bellisimes d’Hiver, or badly hke Durondeau. Similarly, there are apples that break well like Lane’s Prince Albert, moderately like Cox, and badly like Lord Hindlip or Worcester Pearmain. It is not possible yet to put varieties definitely into classes and it must be remembered that there are other factors at work besides variety factors. It has been frequently noticed for instance that varieties which break badly in the wet climate of Long Ashton break well in the drier climate of Hereford. Nevertheless above all external conditions there is a variety factor at work, and this factor may be observed clearly when different varieties under the same conditions are compared. Summing up therefore one may say that the growth of buds from a last year’s shoot are influenced by the following factors :-— (a) Temperature. (6) Inhibition effect of Loeb. (c) Bud strength. (d) Root action. (e) Variety influence. THE EFFECT OF NOTCHING AND RINGING ON APPLE TREES. (B. T. P. Barker and A. H. Lees.) The practice of ringing is an old one and has been applied by many experimenters, especially to the vine. It dates back to the time when commercial fruit growing was practically unknown, and it is not surprising, therefore, that it is looked askance at by present- day commercial growers. Its main endeavour was to obtain in- creased fruitfulness and not to obtain scientific mformation. To many growers who pride themselves on their practical bent this would appear a strong recommendation, but in this, as so frequently elsewhere, the short cut is likely to prove the longest way round. Neither the acceptance of the results of a narrow line of experimenta- tion, nor the obscurantist attitude of the big grower who regards such practices as amateur dabbling, is likely to elicit the underlying The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 181 principles without which a particular adaptation for use on the large scale may easily be missed. It was with the idea of en- deavouring to find these underlying principles that a series of ex- periments on notching and ringing has been started at Long Ashton. The series is not yet complete, but the results to hand are sufficiently interesting and suggestive to merit publication. Before setting forth the experiments and results obtained it is worth while to consider the previous work and conclusions of workers in this and other countries. The practice of notching does not seem to be mentioned often, but Passy describes the process of notching above and below, and adds that the process above a bud encourages its growth into a wood shoot and above a wood shoot encourages strength. A notch below a branch is said to weaken growth, though not to the same extent that one above strengthens it. No mention is made of notching below a bud. Vercier figures the notch above and below branches giving the same effect as Passy notes, but no mention is made of the effect of notching above and below buds. Both explain results by the supposition that the sap is stopped by the barrier thus interposed and either forced into or away from the branch concerned. As regards ringing, both authors claim that it increases fruitfulness and both that it is dangerous, Vercier adding, as an explanation of increased fruitfulness, that the operation causes a piling up of elaborated products in the part above the ring. Of the American workers on the subject Bailey says that ringing is useful in two ways. Firstly, the operation may cause unproductive trees to bear, and secondly, it may modify the fruit above the ring in the direction of increased size and acceleration of maturity. He explains these two results by the assertion that the obstruction below the bud tends to cut off the supply of sap upon which rapid growth largely depends, but the deposition of elaborated material from the leaves builds up tissue. The parts above according to his explanation thus tend to thicken rather thanelongate. Kains gives the results of several American workers. Thus Drinkard found that after a spring pruning ringing did not affect essentially the amount of fruit set or harvested, and concluded that any effects of ringing were more than overcome by the effect of spring pruning. Maryland, however, found that increased fruitfulness followed ringing, but considered the operation as one to be applied under special conditions only. Many American experiments ‘on ringing grape vines show that the operation hastens maturity and size, but often injures the quality, making the grapes comparatively insipid and too soft for market. These effects, however, vary with the season. Kains gives the re- 182 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. sults of some ringing experiments of Howe done on standard apples, the ring bemg made low down on the trunk in midsummer. In some cases he obtained increased fruitfulness ; in other cases no result. As a rule the very vigorous trees reacted better than moderate or weak trees. Kains mentions the fact that in one experiment shoots to the number of two to six appeared below the ring. He states that the theory of the operation is :-— ‘ That the removal of a band of bark through the cortex and phloem of a plant, at the period of most vigorous growth, does not hinder the upward passage from the roots to the leaves of unassimilated sap through the outer layers of woody cells, but does prevent the dis- tribution, through the vessels in the cortex and imner bark below the wound, of assimilated food. The effect of this action is to cause an extra amount of reserve material to be stored mm the upper parts of the plant for the production of fruit buds.” The fact that sprouts appear below the wound—and he is the only worker to note these— is explained as the endeavour of nature to provide assimilated food for the roots, owing to the passage of such food for the roots from the upper portion of the tree being cut off. From these excerpts, which do not claim completeness, it will be seen that many workers have tried the effect and noted the results of ringing, and that notching has been long an established practice with the French. The explanations given are not always the same, and, as will be shown later, are not entirely satisfactory to the botanist. |The width of the rings were always over an inch and often measured many inches. No attempt has been made as far as the authors are aware to make a complete experiment which should show the effect of rings (a) Of various widths. (b) In various positions—trunk, main and subsidiary branches, euc,, (c) At various times of year. In order to obtain information on these points the following scheme of experiments was arranged at Long Ashton, beginning in 1919. (1) Rings were to be made of the following widths, }, $, 1/16 inches, and knife edge width. (2) On main stem, main branches, subsidiary branches and last year’s twigs. (3) In Spring (May 5), Summer (July 22), Autumn and Winter. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 183 The effect both below and above the ring were to be noted. So far the actual experiment has consisted of the following operations. Ringing. (1) On main trunks of Bramley Seedling bushes of about eight years of age, rings made of }”, 2”, knive edge and in- terdigitating knive edge cuts. With the first two ring- ing was done in duplicate, one tree having wax applied to the wound and one tree being left without. In the case of the knive edge ring no bark was actually removed and in the case of interdigitating knive edge cuts, the cuts did not go completely round the trunk but only extended about one third the distance. There were, however. several such cuts on one trunk overlapping each other, though separated vertically by about one inch. The object was not to make a complete barrier, but to put a series of obstructions in the way of material passing through the phloem and cortex. In every case the ring only passed as far as the cambium. No wood was re- moved or cut into. These rings were made on May 6th and repeated on July 22nd. (2) On branches of Bramley Seedling & Newton Wonder, bushes of about 18 years of age, rings were made of 4”, }”, 1/16” knife edge interdigitating knife edge. These were done on May 6th and July 22nd. (5) On last year’s shoots of bushes of King Edward VII and King’s Acre Bountiful, of about five years of age, knife edge rings only were made on May 6th and July 22nd. In some a ring was made in every internode on the por- * tion of the twig experimented on, on others in every second internode, and in others on every third internode. So far rings have been only made in late spring and midsummer, the September. operations being purposely left out for reasons explained below. There has thus been no time to ascertain the re- sults, if any, of the operation on the portion of the tree above the ring. The description and discussion therefore will be limited to the results of the operation at and below the ring. Curiously enough only one case has been found amongst the description of other workers’ experiments of any reaction occurring below the rmg. The results from the May ringingsmay be summarised as follows. (1) In nearly every case where a portion of the bark (cortex and phloem) was removed, one or more shoots appeared be- low the ring from dormant buds on bare wood. 184 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. (2) The greater the width of the ring the larger the number of shoots appeared from below. (3) In every case callus soon started forming over the wound from the cut edges. Nearly all this callus grew down- wards from the lower edge of the upper side of the ring. (4) For the same width of ring callus grew much quicker when protected by wax. (5) For the same width of ring more shoots appeared below the cut when no wax was applied. (6) When callus had completely united across the ring further growth in length of the new shoots ceased. (7) These new shoots had long internodes, were of small dia- meter, and often contracted mildew, especially if in the middle of the tree. (8) Knife edge or interdigitating knife-edge rings on main trunks and branches, with one exception, failed to cause the growth of shoots from dormant buds on bare wood below. From these results one may draw the conclusion that ringing in May causes stimulation of dormant buds on bare wood below, and that the stimulation acts as long as callus has failed to bridge the wound. Knife edge rings on trunks and main branches were filled up by callus before sufficient time had elapsed for dormant buds below to start. The results from similar treatment in July showed that (1) The results were of the same order as the May treatment, but very much less marked. (2) The wounds often became infected with Canker. For this reason no rings were made in September as in original scheme. From these results one may conclude that (1) The later the rings are made the less will dormant buds below be stimulated. This conclusion is strengthened by some rings made elsewhere in June, when an inter- mediate result was obtained. (2) The operation in July is dangerous owing to the risk of canker. - The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 185 The knife edge trials made on last year’s shoots were done not with the idea of stimulating completely dormant buds on bare wood, but of finding the effect of the operation on the “ breaking ” of the twig. The rings were made well towards the base of the shoot amongst buds which there was every reason to think would not break naturally. The results from the May treatment may be summarised as follows :— (1) Rings in every internode in the portion treated caused out- growth of buds into wood spurs or shoots, the strongest coming on the whole from the most basal, but other- wise the strength appearing to depend on the original strength of the bud. Corresponding buds on untreated twigs of the same tree remained dormant. (2) A pruned shoot under the above conditions usually showed stronger outgrowth than an unpruned. (3) Rings in alternate internodes over the area treated also caused a good break, but in most cases the shoot im- mediately below the ring was the strongest of the two. Exception appeared to be due to differences in original strengths of the buds. On the whole the spurs formed by alternate ringing were not so strong as those formed by rings in each internode. (4) Rings made in every third internode also caused a good break, but the third bud below the ring was usually weak. From the results one may draw the conclusion that ringing in May causes growth in buds that would otherwise remain quiescent, that the effect is most marked immediately below the ring, but that at the same time there is a tendency for the stimulus to be accentua- ted at the base of the twig. Also the growth made by a bud is partly dependent on its original strength. The effect of a knife edge ring on one year old wood is thus to cause one or more buds situated immediately below to start into more active growth than they would if no ring had been made. The ring in every third internode showed that there was a considerable weakening of the effect in the bud situated three below a ring. The question therefore, arises as to how far the influence of a ring extends. As already noted one factor influencing this question is the length of time the ring (even though only a knife edge one), remains unbridged by callus. This is, of course, not only a question of width of ring but also one of activity of growth. These experiments indicated that callus grew more slowly 186 The National Frwt and Cider Institute. in July than in May, but no exact measurements were taken. Despite this, however, less effect was produced on bare wood below in July than in May after ringing. There is, however, another factor which greatly influences the result and that is variety. Varieties that usually break badly like Lord Hindlip show but little effect after ringing. A kniie edge ring on one year old wood produces practically no effect whatsoever, and even a series of such rings fails to cause much breaking unless the terminal bud has been removed by pruning. The variety factor is certainly a real one, but at present sufficient information is not to hand on which to base any generalisations. Notching. This operation has long been known amongst French growers and is employed by them usually to strengthen or weaken any particular shoot. In these experiments the aim has been to find out the effect on buds rather than shoots. The process consists of removing a crescentic slip of bark and phloem immediately above or below a bud. The operation is best performed with a small sharp knife, only two cuts being necessary, after which the small crescent of tissue can easily be caused to leave the twig. The operation is therefore practically a local ringing. The followmg experiments were done on one year old twigs of King’s Acre Bountiful and King Edward VII, bushes of about five years of age. (1) Notches were made above buds situated towards the basal end. These were in a situation where in untreated twigs but little growth would be made. (2) Notches were made below buds on the same bushes on one year old twigs, the buds selected being those which normally would make growth. (3) Notches were made alternately above and below from base to apex on one year old twigs. The result of notching above a bud was in nearly every case that the bud affected made more growth than similar buds situated on untreated twigs. Notching below a bud in every case prevented growth and kept the bud dormant. The two effects were shown very strikingly where both operations were done on the same twig, asin 3. In this case, with the exception of the terminal three buds, The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 187 which grew into wood shoots, every bud with a notch underneath remained dormant, and every bud with a notch above grew into a very short wood spur. The conclusion may therefore be drawn that notching under- neath weakens, and notching above strengthens and that the effect of the notching only extends to the bud adjacent to it. TRIAL CIDER ORCHARDS. (C. 7. Gimingham and. O. Grove). During the autumn of 1919 visits were paid to all the experi- mental cider-fruit orchards in the counties of Devon, Gloucester, Monmouth and Somerset, which were planted between 1908 and 1910 with trees supplied by the Station, and a detailed inspection was carried out. These older orchards only were visited, as it was desired where possible to see something of trees actually beginning to bear fruit in appreciable quantities. It is intended to continue these visits to the orchards in Worcester and Hereford next autumn. In addition to an examination of the trees, samples of soil and subsoil were taken in each orchard and detailed analyses of these samples are in progress. Full data will thus be obtained for pur- poses of comparison of the general condition, habit of growth, cropping, etc., of trees of certain varieties of cider-fruit of the same age when grown under very varying conditions as regards aspect. climate, soil, etc. The possible effect of the soil type on the composition of the cider made from any given variety can also be investigated later when larger crops are available. It is unfortunate, from ‘the point of view of obtaining information on subjects of this kind, that no general policy as regards the manuring of the orchards and the treatment of the grass has been followed. As the figures for the analyses of the soils are not yet complete. the following notes are confined to brief comparisons of the condition of the trees of the more generally grown varieties. No attempt has been made to give a detailed history of each orchard as this would have taken up a great deal of space and the details can be found, if required, by reference to previous reports.. By way of general criticism, it may be said that in Gloucester and Monmouth the orchards are almost without exception in admirable condition, the trees obviously well cared for. The Somerset orchards come next, taken as a whole; whilst those in Devon, with one exception, are not in the condition which might be expected in a county where cider fruit is of so much importance. 188 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. It must be borne in mind that these remarks and all the following notes refer only to orchards which have been planted not less than nine years. The younger orchards, as already stated, were not visited. (GLOUCESTERSHIRE. May's Hill, Frampton Cotterell, near Bristol—Orchard planted 1909 with the following varieties: Cherry Pearmain, Kingston Black, Sweet Alford, Knotted Kernel, Strawberry Norman, Red Foxwhelp, Eggleton Styre, Stubbard, Cherry Norman, and Medaille d’Or. For the first seven years after planting a circle of ground with a 6ft. radius round each tree was kept cultivated. A general feature of the orchard, which slopes towards the N.E., and is rather wet at the lower end, is the better growth of the trees on the higher lying ground, although the lower end is drained. Eggleton Styre, Strawberry Norman, Stubbard, Sweet Alford and Cherry Norman have all formed good trees, which are growing satisfactorily. King- ston Black, Red Foxwhelp and Knotted Kernel have not done quite so well, although fair sized heads have been developed. Cherry Pearmain has done badly, especially in the lower parts of the orchard, most of the trees being small and undeveloped. The Medaille d’Or had been badly damaged by wind and were in 1917 shifted out of the orchard and replanted in an old, better-protected orchard. They had not yet quite recovered from the move. Three varieties of pears, Taynton Squash, Oldfield and Barland have developed very satisfactorily, Oldfield being the best of the three. Only very few of the varieties had started bearing and nothing can be said with regard to the yield of apples. Basic slag has been used in this orchard with very good effect on the grass and probably on the trees also. Road Farm, Hardwicke Court—Of the nine varieties in this orchard, planted in 1908, Royal Wilding and Strawberry Norman have done best. The Royal Wilding have made fine trees, but they have not yet started bearing. The Strawberry Normans. had a fair crop. KEcarlative, Eggleton Styre, Sweet Alford and Cummy Norman have done very well, and, with the exception of Eggleton Styre, are bearing well this season. Kingston Black and Skyrme’s Kernel had not developed such good trees as the other varieties. The Medaille d’Or’s had been re-grafted last year with White Close Pippin, as the trees had been breaking down badly. This difficulty occurs in nearly every orchard in which Medaille d’Or has been planted : the long thin spreading branches The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 189 laden with fruit breaking and splitting very easily. It is evidently only possible to grow this variety in very sheltered orchards. Two perry pears, Barland and Oldfield, had formed very good trees; the Oldfield especially had made strong growth, but none had come into proper bearing yet. Experiments in this orchard proved the advantage of culti-, vating a 6-feet area round the stem for the first six years. At one end of the orchard a group of large elm trees has had a bad effect on the development of the apples nearest to them. The orchard received a dressing of farmyard manure in 1917. Holms Farm, Lydney Park.—This orchard slopes towards the N.W., and the trees on the higher ground are, upon the whole, better than those near the bottom of the slope. Cremiére, Doux Amer and Sweet Coppin have formed very good trees which were bearing a fine crop; they also had a good crop in 1918. Dymock Red had also made very good growth, but the cropping was poor so far. In the second category come Cowarne Red, Chisel Jersey, Knotted Kernel and Yarlington Mil!. Fox- whelp has done badly in this orchard; the trees were small and poorly developed. A 4-feet area round each tree had been cultivated for the first three years. The orchard has not been manured. Floodgate Farm, Berkeley Castle—The orchard is situated on a low lying piece of ground, surrounded on all sides by trees, and with a stream along one side. The trees were in excellent condition. ‘The following varieties were planted: Cap of Liberty, Kingston Black, Improved Pound, Eggleton Styre, Killerton Sweet, Sweet Alford, Cherry Norman, Rouge Bruyere, Royal Jersey and Barland and Moorcroft Pear. All these varieties have done remarkably well, the special feature of the orchard being Kingston Black, which have grown into fine trees, and were bearing a splendid crop. Cap of Liberty and Royal Jersey were also exceptionally good. On the whole this is the best of the orchards visited. A 6-feet area had been cultivated round the ‘stems up till last year. This orchard has been manured on various occasions with dung and with liquid manure, and this has undoubtedly had an important effect on the growth of the trees. The area immediately around each tree has also been fairly heavily dressed with road sweepings. It is somewhat remarkable to find such fine trees on such low- lying and apparently wet land. No drainage has been carried out 190 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. at all events for a great number of years. There is a vigorous growth of grass. Trbberton.—Ten varieties were planted in 1909. Of these the Sweet Alford’s have done best, forming very good trees and bearing a fair crop. Next in merit come Eggleton Styre, Cap of Liberty and Strawberry Norman, which have all grown well. Cowarne Red has done fairly well, but some of the trees were cankered. Knotted Kernel and Kingston Black had not done very well, espe- cially the latter, which were behind most of the other varieties in development. Dabinett and Medaille d’Or have done so poorly that, with the exception of one Dabinett tree, all have been re- grafted. A 6-feet space has been cultivated round the stems for the first six years. The soil is heavy and the orchard lies rather wet at one side. It has not been manured. SOMERSETSHIRE. Barton St. David.—This orchard was planted in 1908 and is one of the best of the 1908 orchards in Somerset. Of the varieties planted, Broadleaf Norman, Cummy Norman, Sweet Coppin and Strawberry Norman have all formed fine trees, which are already cropping well.. Sweet Coppin had a very fine crop. Hereford Redstreak has not done very well and the two remaining varieties, Cowarne Red and Skyrme’s Kernel are suffering from canker to a certain extent. Four varieties of pears, Barland, Moorcroft, Oldfield and Tayn- ton Squash had all formed good trees, but had not yet carried any crops. The orchard has received dressings of dung and liquid manure on various occasions. Clutton, near Bristol—Kight varieties were planted in 1908. Three of them, Cremiére, Neverblight and Sweet Alford, have made very satisfactory growth, especially the two first ; Cremiére carrying a heavy crop. Eggleton Styres were only fair ; Foxwhelps were not very good, with the exception of a few trees ; Knotted Kernel had formed quite good trees, but Kingston Blacks had done poorly and were badly cankered. Medaille d’Or’s were breaking down badly as usual with this variety. Of the three pears, Barland was the best. Moorcroft and Oldfield had not done quite so well. No manure has been used. a == The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 191 East Compton, Shepton Mallet.—The soil in this orchard, planted 1908, is very thin and the trees, although doing well at the first, have since started to canker seriously. The trees are upon the whole of a fairly good size. Sweet Alford and Cherry Norman are the two varieties that have done best in this orchard. Strawberry Norman had formed good size trees, but they are badly cankered. Eggleton Styre has done fairly well. The trees of Foxwhelp, Hereford Redstreak and Skyrme’s Kernel are fairly well developed, but again canker is very prevalent. Of the four pears planted, Barland, Moorcroft and Taynton Squash have formed good trees ; Oldfield not nearly so good. The pears are cankered to some extent, but not nearly so badly as the apples. The ground immediately round the trees was cultivated until 1917. No manure has been used. Woolston, North Cadbury.—The trees in this orchard were mostly planted (1908) amongst older trees and suffered from the growth of lichens on the stems and branches. Yarlington Mill, Tardive Forestier and Eggleton Styre have all made good growth, especially Tardive Forestier, which was bearing a good crop. Foxwhelp and Skyrme’s Kernel had not done nearly so well as the first three varieties. Christon Court, Axbridge.—This orchard was planted in 1909 and the trees have upon the whole done well, making good growth during the last three years. This year for the first time good crops have been the rule with most of the varieties. Here, as in most of the other trial orchards placed upon a sloping piece of ground, the trees in the higher lying parts have done best. With the excep- tion of Cherry Norman, which was badly cankered, and Cummy Norman, which had formed rather poor trees, all the varieties had made fairly good growth. Broadleaf Norman, Dymock Red, Harry Masters and Major were the best. Of the pears, Blakeney Red, Oldfield and Taynton Squash had made good trees. Barland and Butt were not quite so good. DEVONSHIRE. Killerton Home Farm, near Exeter.—This orchard is by far the best of the 1908 trial orchards in Devon, but is not quite com- parable with the others, as the land has been kept cultivated. The following varieties have been planted: Cap of Liberty, Black, Foxwhelp, Doux Amer, Improved: Pound, Medaille d’Or and Yar- lington Mill. All have done very well and had good crops, as was the case two'years ago. The trees in this orchard have upon the 192 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. whole started bearmg earlier than in other orchards of the same age. The two best are Yarlmgton Mill and Improved Pound, both having made very good trees. Medaille d’Or is doing better in this case than in any of the other orchards visited; although the branches are spreading too much, they have not broken down nearly so badly as in other places. This is probably mostly due to the fact that the orchard is well protected from winds. No manure has been applied. Lenton Farm, King’s Nympton.—The orchard was planted in 1908 with the following varieties: Cherry Pearmain, Skyrme’s Kernel, Broadleaf Norman, Sweet Coppin, Chisel Jersey and Knotted Kernel. The trees are, upon the whole, not very well developed and to a certain extent covered with moss. The situa- tion of the orchard is probably the cause of this trouble, as it lies rather low, surrounded by fairly steep slopmg ground. Sweet Coppin, Chisel Jersey and Knotted Kernel were the best, the two first having formed fairly good trees. Next in merit comes Skyrme’s Kernel, which had a good crop. The Cherry Pearmain had done badly ; the trees were small and nearly ruined by canker. Broadleaf Norman were also affected by this disease, some of the trees being badly attacked. No manure has been used. Okehampton.—Planted in 1908 with Cowarne Red, Redstreak, Broadleaf Norman, Cummy Norman, Cherry Norman and Knotted Kernel. The only variety that seems to have done well in this orchard is Knotted Kernel. Of the Norman varieties, the Cherry Norman trees were so badly cankered that they were replaced with other varieties several years ago, and the two others are also suffering badly from the same disease. No manure has been used. The other orchards planted during 1908-10 have apparently ‘totally disappeared. MONMOUTHSHIRE. Llansaintfraed.—The orchard was planted in 1908 and is in a very -satisfactory condition, the trees being very well looked after. The following varieties were planted: Kingston Black, Redstreak, Eggleton Styre, Medaille d’Or and Knotted Kernel (planted 1909). Kingston Black is the most successful variety in this orchard. Redstreak and Eggleton Styre have formed very good trees, especi- ally the first-named. Medaille d’?Or was rather small and lable to break down. Knotted Kernel was doing well, but had not -carried any crop yet. All the other varieties had good crops. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 193 The cultivation of an open area round the stems for some years, which has been the practice in most cases in the other counties, has not been carried out here, nor in most of the other Monmouth- shire orchards. At time of planting some farmyard manure is applied. Tre Owen, Dingestow.—Four varieties were planted in 1908: Foxwhelp, Kingston Black, Cherry Norman and Knotted Kernel. Kingston Black and Cherry Norman were the best, both having formed very good trees, which were cropping well. Foxwhelp was somewhat behind in growth. Knotted Kernel has not done well in this orchard. This is exceptional, since otherwise this variety has been very successful in Monmouth. Itton Court.—Cap of Liberty, Eggleton Styre, Knotted Kernel and Strawberry Norman were planted in 1908, and Kingston Black and Eggleton Styre in 1909. The special feature in this orchard is Cap of Liberty, which has done remarkably well. The Kingston Black is planted in a part of the orchard where the soil is very rocky and with a depth of only 6—8 inches; with exception of a few trees, the variety has not done very well, canker being prevalent. The same is the case with some of the Strawberry Norman trees, though otherwise the variety is doing very well. Eggleton Styre has formed good trees. Knotted Kernel was not quite so good. There have not been any crops in this orchard. A pear orchard, planted in 1908, with Moorcroft, Barland, Tayn- ton Squash and Oldfield, has not been a success. The Moorcroft and Barland were small trees suffering badly from canker. Taynton Squash and Oldfield were better, but not satisfactory. The orchard has a thin layer of soil over gravel, and is full of moles. It is sur- rounded by woods. Probably when the examination of the soil is finished an explanation will be found for the failure of this perry orchard. Tyllwydd, Llangwn, Usk. ~The following varieties were planted in 1908: Cap of Liberty, Kingston Black, Royal Jersey and White Jersey. The orchard is on fairly steep ground, sloping towards the 8.W., and the trees on the higher ground have upon the whole done best. Kingston Black has formed very good trees, and the same is the case with Cap of Liberty and White Jersey. Royal Jersey is also very satisfactory, but not quite so good as the other three. There was no crop this year, but the trees have been in bearing. Some basic slag and superphosphate has been used with effect. M 194 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. Sunny Bank, Rhiwderin.—A very fine orchard, planted in 1908, 9. All the varieties are French. Rouge de Treves, Cremiére, Doux Amer and Ecarlatine have all formed splendid trees, which are cropping well. The last named variety is suffering a little from canker. Bramtot, Tardive Forestier and Frequin Rouge are very good ; they are one year younger than the above. Frequin Rouge had a good crop, but the two other varieties had not started bearing yet. The Rouge Bruyere trees had too much bare wood, and were not quite so good as the others. Medaille d’Or is breaking down. The orchard slopes towards the 8.E. It has had some dressings of farmyard manure. Croesheolydd, Bassaleg.—Four varieties were planted in 1908 and they have all developed very well and carried fine crops when visited. Fair Maid of Devon, Sweet Alford and Dabinett had formed fine trees. The Chisel Jerseys were rather small in the stem. No manure has been used except at the start. Two of the trees had been completely barked by moles before planting, but the stems were covered with grafting wax, and this treatment saved them completely. Llanddewi Court—This pear orchard was planted in 1908 and has been very successful indeed. Moorcroft has done remarkably well. Barland, Hellen’s Green, Oldfield, Pine and Taynton Squash were very good trees, and Butt, Claret, Dandoc and Holmer had developed satisfactorilv. A SURVEY OF WEST OF ENGLAND FARM ORCHARDS. (LB. 7. P. Barker.) The formation of an Advisory Committee on Farm Orchards has been referred to in the introductory section of the present Report. As at present constituted it is composed of representatives of the Horticultural Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, three repre- sentatives from each of the counties of Devon, Gloucester, Hereford, Monmouth and Worcester, two of whom in each case were appointed by the County Council and one by the Farmers’ Union, and several members nominated by the National Fruit and Cider Institute to complete the representation of the various interests concerned. The object of the Committee is the improvement of orcharding in the farms of the West of England. The deplorable condition of the average farm orchard has now so frequently been drawn attention to that it is needless here to labour that point. It was, however, evident to the Committee at the outset of its deliberations that, while there was no question The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 195 of the general state of neglect and decay which obtained, it would be difficult to grapple effectively with the task confronting it unless information much more precise and detailed than any available could be secured. A general survey of the 100,0C0 odd acres of farm orchards in the western counties, obviously could not be completed in a reasonable time: and it was therefore decided that a limited survey of all the orchards in small selected typical districts should be made, which would serve to furnish a sufficient volume of fact upon which the Committee could proceed to base its further action. The general scheme of the survey was as follows. In each county three localities were selected as centres, within a radius of two or three miles around which all farm orchards above about an acre in size were inspected in detail. The choice of locality was left to the discretion of the County Agricultural Education Authority concerned, subject to the stipulation that each district was a fair and representative one for the county as a whole. Schedules of particulars to be noted in each orchard were drawn up. These were exhaustive in character and referred to such points as the character of the soil, the situation, age and condition of trees, varieties, state as regards disease and prevalence of individual pests, and so on. The survey was made by the Horticultural - Instructor for the county in conjunction with two of the inspectors of the Horticultural Division of the Ministry of Agriculture, Messrs. Turner and Whiting, whose services were placed for this purpose at the disposal of the Committee by the Ministry. Where possible, members of the staff of the Institute co-operated also. In order to gain as much information as possible about varieties the orchard oh were made during the months of September and October. Owing to various causes the survey was not quite so complete as had been hoped. In the end neither the Hereford nor Mon- mouth authorities found themselves able to participate, but on the other hand Wiltshire ultimately was included in addition to the’ remainder of the counties named above. The following table gives particulars of the area actually surveyed : County Acreage No. of Orchards No. of Occupiers Devon .. re .. 103-746 45 31 Gloucester ai are ee 87 32 Somerset . . ‘ . 838 -. 43 17 Wiltshire od -. 105-500 39 43 Worcester - .- 1,136-850 317 32 vt 70res: .. .. 2880-449 531 15: 196 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. To attempt to give anything more than a bare outline of the results of the survey here is out of the question on account of con- siderations of space. The completed schedules for each individual orchard were carefully examined in detail previous to the drafting of a general report, and have now been filed for reference when required. Reports for each county and for the area as a whole have been prepared by Messrs. Turner and Whiting and are about to be considered by the Committee, which will then decide as to the next step to be taken. From these reports the following particu- lars of the survey have been taken, and thanks are due to the gentlemen named for their use for the present purpose. Broadly speaking, the survey has fully confirmed the pessimistic views current as to the thoroughly unsatisfactory condition of orcharding in the district. Apart from a few outstanding excep- tions it furnishes a most depressing story of indifference and neglect, combined in some cases with complete ignorance not only of cul- tural practice but also of the market value of the fruit already being produced. | Mr. Gaut, the Agricultural Organiser for Worcestershire, has analysed the results for that county and they serve to give a very fair idea of the situation as it stands at present. He has grouped the orchards of the greater part of the area which he surveyed per- sonally, into four classes, according to their condition, and a rather lenient standard has been adopted. Grove A includes first-class and good orchards. These have been and are being looked after, though in many cases improvements could be effected. Group B consists of second-class orchards, which are in fair condition and require chiefly cleaning up, pruning, thinning, and some planting up of gaps. Group C is comprised of third-class orchards, in which most of the trees have got distinctly past their prime. They are gappy and full of dead wood. Grour D embraces the remainder, which show at least 60 per cent. of gaps. They are fast disappearing and many might almost be described as non-existent. The actual acreages were as follows. Group A, 176% acres ; Group B, 319} acres; Group C, 230} acres; and Group D, 2443 acres. Expressed in percentages, Group A, 18 per cent. ; Group B, 33 per cent. ; Group C, 24 per cent. ; and Group D, 25 per cent. In other words 25 per cent of the orchards are negligible, and another The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 197 24 per cent. fast becoming so. Of the remaining half only about one-third can be considered satisfactory, ¢.e., one-sixth of the whole. But bad as the general state of affairs is, it is evident that the degree of badness differs considerably in different districts, irres- pective altogether of the effect of local conditions. Some of the counties are distinctly below others in standard, and in each county there is usually an appreciable difference as between one district and another. This goes to show that the state of the orchards reflects in a general way the degree of interest, or, rather, the lack of it, which has been taken in them up to the present; and the few good examples which have been encountered certainly serve to encourage any movement for betterment in that they demonstrate that it is possible to grow good fruit on the farm under average con- ditions in the West of England, and, what is of more importance, to grow it profitably, given a reasonable amount of interest and atten- tion on the part of those directly concerned. It is not proposed here to deal further with the reports on individual districts, since the main purpose of this article is to consider the lessons of the survey in their bearing on the future of farm orcharding, more particularly in relation to the supply of apples and to the cider industry ; but it is due to the county of Gloucester that mention should be made that it stands distinctly in advance of the other counties as regards the general state of the orchards surveyed. Before proceeding further, the chief defects which have been noted in the orchards may be indicated. They may be summarised as follows :— (1) In some orchards the situation and aspect is unfavourable to the successful growing of fruit on grass orchard lines. A few are on poor soils, which have run out and become sour. (2) The trees originally planted were s@t out too close and at irregular distances. Replacements have been made with. similar irregularity. (3) Many trees are badly shaped through neglect in pruning, and in forming a well-balanced head when young. (4) A superabundance of dead and diseased wood exists, caused by crowdedyplanting and neglect of thinning at proper intervals. When thinning has been attempted, it has often been too severe in one season and badly done. 198 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. (5) Trees are frequently covered with moss and lichen, which probably form harbouring places for pests and may render the orchards liable to severe and constant attacks in some seasons. The trees themselves are stunted and lowered in vitality. (6) The pastures are usually very badly neglected and need to be better grazed and manured. (7) High hedges and hedgerow timber, frequently shade, over- hang and close in the orchards, excluding air and light essential to the healthy development of the trees and pasture. (8) Bad systems of both bottom and surface drainage have been frequently noted and lack of attention to existing drains and water courses is common. (9) A large proportion of trees have been badly damaged by avoidable causes, such as rough and careless gathering of fruit, animals of an unsuitable character, e.g., colts, turned in to graze, cattle rubbing, rabbits and hares, defective staking, and a variety of insects and fungoid pests, especially woolly aphis and canker. (10) The varieties of apples grown are far too numerous and have been indiscriminately selected at planting time. Many are utterly worthless, possessing neither market nor vintage value ; others are bad growers and croppers ; and a large proportion are far too susceptible to attacks of the common pests. A variety of causes have contributed towards this deplorable result. The most direct and immediate, perhaps, is that the attention needed to dispose profitably of the fruit, and the secondary consider- ation to the care of the orchards which at the best of times is the most that can be given by the general farmer, have in course of time lowered the personal estimation of the value set upon an orchard. Instead of it being, as it well might be or have been, the most profitable part of the farm, it is too often in the eyes of the farmer unremunerative and something which he would be glad to be rid of. The system of tenure under which the orchards are held by the farmer is probably more than any other single cause at the root of the trouble. While the exact terms of the agreement as to the tenure of a holding vary somewhat in different districts, the general practice is in the direction of an annual or short term tenancy. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 199 The orcharding is let as a part of the farm without separate treat- ment. In most cases the tenant is expected to replace trees at his own expense, or if the landlord, as in some instances, provides them, the responsibility for their care devolves on the tenant. When vacating a farm the latter receives no consideration for the condition of the orcharding and no allowance for improvements effected by him. Under such circumstances there is little induce- ment for him to do more than fulfil his nominal obligations. Standard trees take too long a period to come into profitable bearing for him to take much interest in newly planted trees, with the result that by the time they are old enough to bear crops of account their value has been seriously depreciated by neglect. Another contributory cause of the first order is the kind of tacit understanding between landlord and tenant which appears to exist more or less generally and according te which, provided that the number of trees in the orchard is maintained, it does not matter what they are, what their condition is, or how they are treated. Lack of interest on the part of the landlord and lack of attention on the part of the tenant have together had the effect of a sustained effort to depreciate the value of the property. A strong reason for the tenant’s neglect has been indicated in the previous paragraph. It is more difficult to understand the owner’s indifference towards the upkeep of his property in good condition, unless it is that he does not realise the potential value of a well-ordered orchard. Many have evidently been discouraged after spending considerable sums on trees and fencing by the culpable negligence of tenants. Unwilling to exact any penalty, they appear to have allowed the orchards to take care of themselves subsequently. Agaim, many farmers of to-day have not the interest and know- ledge of orchard work possessed by those of the previous generation. They have inherited a legacy of orchards past their prime and are content to see them decay. The local labour skilled in orchard work has to a great extent passed away and its place has not been adequately filled by the present generation. Of late farmers have found it difficult to get pruners and grafters whom they could trust to do the work. | Still one further factor of importance tending towards orchard neglect remains to be mentioned, viz., the inadequacy of facilities to enable the farmer to turn the produce of his orchards to most profitable account. “he orchards at present consist mainly of trees in overwhelming preponderaiice of varieties fit only for cider. The consumption of cider on the farms has decreased greatly, and is still doing so rapidly. The average farmer, however, is neither 200 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. in a position to make cider for sale capable of commanding a good price, nor has he the time to devote to it. If he has made his fruit into cider in the past, he has had to be content with unremunerative prices. If he has sold it to a cider manufacturer, his returns have often been very disappointing. As for any frait fit for table pur- poses, most of it is sold as pot fruit, at relatively low rates, and the farmer frequently has no idea of its actual market value. As an illustration a case met with in the Worcester survey may be recorded, where Blenheim Orange and King of the Pippins apples were being sold at £5 per ton, when if they had been sorted, graded and packed moderately well they could have realised £25 to £30 per ton. Such, then, are the general conditions which the survey has revealed. They need to be considered in conjunction with the facts (a) that the official returns of the Ministry of Agriculture show that the scheduled area of grass orchards in the West of England is diminishing at an alarming rate, the decrease amounting to 27,500 acres in the last ten years, 7.e., about one-fifth of the total area : and () that during the course of the survey very few orchards less than 25 years old were met with, or, in other words, that the planting of new orchards has practically ceased. The seriousness of the position from the point of view of the cider industry can hardly be exaggerated. If the present course of events continues unchecked, a shortage in supplies of cider fruit will begin to be felt before many years have elapsed, and the industry will be practically extinguished within 50 years for lack of raw material. A truly alarming prospect for an industry which during the last few years has shown signs of rapid development ! The position is in reality worse than appears on the surface. While the majority of farmers are indifferent to their orchards and are doing nothing to maintain them, the minority who are more interested are making a definite move towards the replacement of cider varieties by table sorts in their orchards, both by planting the latter instead of the former when new trees are required and also by re-grafting some of the existing cider trees with those kinds. The survey thus brings up for urgent consideration two main questions. Firstly, in view of the state of affairs revealed by it, is it a sound policy to encourage apple growing in this country under the farm orchard system ? Secondly, if the answer to the preceding is in the affirmative, is it preferable to grow vintage or table varieties ? Dealing with the former first, the results of the survey surely supply the answer that it must be contrary to the national interest that a large area of valuable land should be permanently rendered The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 201 relatively unproductive by its use for orcharding on the lines hitherto prevailing. The old system must be regarded as a failure under present-day conditions. At the same time the fact that a well-managed orchard can be made the most profitable part of the farm must not be overlooked: and it would be wrong to condemn the farm orchard solely because under a system of tenure and management which is obviously radically bad, the existing orchards have drifted into the present state of decay. The question, there- fore, resolves itself into one of a different character and becomes as follows. Can the prevailing conditions of tenure and management be modified in a way which will enable the farm orchard to be a source of real profit and a sound investment for owner and tenant ? To judge from instances met with during the course of the survey it is beyond doubt that they can. The steps necessary to ensure this desirable result can be but briefly indicated here. In the first place, it is evident that until the farmer is assured that he will reap some benefit from the care he may bestow on the orchard and the improvements he may be able to effect, his attitude must inevitably tend to be one of indifference. An arrangement ensuring him a return for his interest and effort must be arrived at between the landlord and himself. The Evesham custom in this re- spect seems a sound one ; and there are other alternatives which have been adopted in isolated cases which are also worth consideration. A more direct interest on the part of the landowner is also needed. Few appear to appreciate the capital value of a good orchard. If due care of this part of a property were insisted on and the tenant held liable—actually as well as nominally—for depreciation due to neglect, a good standard should be maintained throughout the life of an ®rchard. In the average case, since orcharding under these conditions is merely an adjunct to general farming. neither the owner nor tenant can be expected to have the knowledge of fruit culture possessed by the more specialised professional fruit growers; and many defects in the orchards in the past have been due primarily to lack of know- ledge of the subject. Provision ought, therefore, to be made for skilled advice and supervision in some form. In this direction the County Council authorities through their horticultural instructors ought to be able to render good service. With the responsibilities which are being placed upon County Agricultural Committees in connection with badly farmed land it would seem that in any case the questions of derelict orchards ‘will sooner or later receive their attention and that an effort will be made to renovate or else to _ utilise the land to better purpose. 202 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. The first step towards improvement, therefore, is to secure, if possible, united action by owner, tenant, and local authority in a systematic attempt to bring the farm orchard into a better state of cultivation. By what means can the orchards be converted into a more profit- able condition ? In some cases, where soil or situation is obviously bad or where the trees have gone too far to respond to treatment the sooner the land is put to some other use the better. A large proportion, however, should repay attention. As regards treatment, in most cases the number of trees should be reduced. Although the orchard probably more often than not will not lend itself to systematic reduction, if all worn out trees and some of those of the more worthless varieties are removed, the remainder will have a better chance of producing good fruit and should eventually give a higher return per acre. The minimum distance apart to be aimed at should be from 28 to 30 feet. From the trees allowed to remain all dead wood and damaged lower branches should be taken off. If the tree is then still too densely crowded with branches, judicious thinning should be practised ; but care must be taken not to make this too severe in the one season. It is better to spread this operation over a series of years. Some effort should also be made to clean the trees by means of a Winter cavstic wash or a lime wash in the spring. In the case of trees of varieties of inferior quality re-grafting with a superior kind may be advocated where the tree itself is suitable for head-working. Where re-planting is necessary, the young trees should not occupy the same stations as those whose places they are to fill, if this can be avoided. Care in the selection of varieties for planting should be exercised. A recommendation as to sorts for planting or top- grafting is made below. Newly planted trees should, of course, be properly staked and cared for until thoroughly established, and for the first few years the ground around the base of the tree should be kept clear of grass and weeds. It may not be practicable to devote the same amount of attention to spraying and other measures of pest control in a farm orchard as in a commercial fruit plantation, but it is important to maintain the general health of the trees at as high a standard as possible. For that reason overcrowding must be avoided as well as a stagnant atmosphere resulting from over- developed hedges and hedgerow timber; proper drainage should be secured, and the condition of the grass improved by close feeding, harrowing and dressings of manure. By following along these lines a marked improvement in many exisiting orchards could be effected within a few years. Time must The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 203 be allowed, however, for bad condition to be remedied if of long- ‘standing, and immediate response may not be very marked. But if it be granted that the farm orchard under improved con- ditions, such as those just indicated, can become a source of profit to owner and tenant, the soundness of the policy of encouraging the ‘development of apple culture on a farm where general farming is the main concern of the occupier still remains to be established. In this connection there are wider interests to consider. So far as the cider industry is concerned, the production of cider fruit on the farm is perhaps the only way of ensuring a supply of ‘the raw material of the industry. A few well-established firms might possibly to a greater cr less degree be prepared to grow for themselves the fruit required for their business; but the needs of the trade in general are not going to be met in this way, since it is inconceivable that the smaller makers would purchase land for orchard planting, farm it themselves, and wait years for the trees ‘to come into profitable bearing. The farm orchard, therefore. is necessary for the cider industry. lts place in relation to the culture of market fruit is more debate- able. There is an important and rapidly growing industry of com- mercial fruit culture in this country and its interests must be taken into account. Were the markets to be flcoded with low-grade, inferior apples of the better varieties from farm orchards, as occurs to-day to a limited degree, the commercial grower would have reasonable ground for complaint. It is true that graded fruit of -better quality would hold its own, but prices would certainly be affected. The cost of fruit production in a farm orchard being small as compared with that grown on a fruit farm, the latter could not ‘compete on equal terms. So long as the market is not spoilt by infer tbr fruit dumped from farm orchards, competition is legitimate and in that case the commercial grower would have to bow to the inevitable if his rival on account of cheaper production could afiord to sell fruit of good quality at a lower rate. It is indisputable that fruit of the highest quality can be grown in the farm orchard, since during the course of the survey instances occurred where fruit was found which surpassed in quality anything of the same varieties -exhibited at the commercial fruit shows held last autumn. Where the farm orchard falls behind the commercial plantation is in the lower proportion of first-grade fruit to that of the lower grades. To sum up, it would appear that, given favourable conditions, both cider and market fruit should be grown in farm orchards. As to what constitutes favourable conditions, it is perfectly clear ‘that the matter centres round the farmer himself. If he is prepared 204 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. to devote reasonable attention to his orchards and to grade his fruit, sending the better quality to the markets and the inferior material to the jam and cider trades, he will not be an unfair competitor in the markets and will stand to gain a handsome return. If, on the. other hand, he is not prepared to do more than give the orchard the minimum amount of attention necessary to maintain it in a healthy condition and will not grade his fruit, he should be urged to confine himself to the production of fruit for jam and cider-making. If he will not take even that limited amount of care, it is better in every way that he should be without an orchard. The point has been raised as to the wisdom of advocating the culture: of cider fruit when market fruit can be grown so successfully in farm orchards and can command a much higher price. Leaving out of account the needs of the cider industry, the question is purely a financial one. There is, unfortunately, little direct information on the subject available, and the case. can thus only be con- sidered in a general way. Admitting that the gross returns in a particular season may be much higher from an orchard of market fruit than from one of vintage fruit, it is at least doubtful if over a series of years the net profit shows any wide difference in the two cases. Vintage varieties generally are very hardy and _ prolific. They bear very regularly and withstand unfavourable conditions. better than market kinds. No questions of grading and quality are involved. The cost of gathering is relatively very low and much less labour is required. The expenses in connection with distri- bution and marketing are small. The tendency as regards market value is certain to be in an upward direction with the commercial cider industry increasing rapidly and the supplies of fruit diminishing. A wholesale change from the cultivation of cider fruit to that of market fruit in farm orchards would soon result in a very greatly increased supply of the latter in the markets and prices would tend to fall, especially for low-grade and ungraded fruit. In addi- tion, if the grower of cider fruit will in future grow only a limited number of vintage varieties of the best quality, and those in bulk, he will command for it a much higher price relatively than he has. been able to do in the past with his’ miscellaneous collection of sorts. The sound policy to recommend is probably a judicious combina- tion of market and vintage varieties, where the grower is prepared to devote a fair amount of attention to his orchards and to grade the market fruit ; in other cases, to concentrate on vintage fruit. As regards varieties, it is obvious that only sorts which make good strong, healthy and erect standard trees when grown in grass are- The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 205 worth consideration. Pendulous varieties are debarred because ‘of their unsuitable habit in an orchard which is to be grazed. The survey has shown that for market varieties Bramley’s Seedling, Blenheim Orange, Annie Elizabeth and Newton Wonder can be recommended with confidence for the whole Western district. A few other varieties, ¢.g., King of the Pippins and Warner's King in some localities north of Gloucester, occasionally are very successful, but are not generally so reliable as the preceding. It is net so easy to make recommendations for vintage varieties. Few kinds are grown widely enough to enable any satisfactory estimate of their general suitability to be formed. So far as they yo, the trial orchards established by the Institute in many local'ties have provided useful information, but they have only affortled a limited test of a relatively small number of kinds. However, the sorts enumerated in the accompanying list promise well for general culture. A somewhat large number must be put forward, because the sharp, sweet and bittersweet classes must be represented and the season for the fruit must be of long ert in order that there shall not be an impossible rush of work in the cider factories caused | by the fruit all coming in at once. For those reasons nine class.s ‘of varieties must be provided, viz., early, mid-season, and late kinds of each of the three sections, “ sharps,” “ sweets,” and “ bitter- sweets.” The varieties, moreover, must obviously possess vintage value as well as adequate orchard characters. In making a selection regard has also been paid to another character, viz., value for general market purposes or for jam-making. It is clear that, other characters being more or less equal, it is preferable to grow sorts for cider-making which can, if needed, command a market for eating or jam purposes. Such sorts may be termed “ dual nah ” varieties. The accompanying list consists mainly of such kinds, and they are indicated by their names being printed in italics. The remaining point considered in making the selection has been that of size of fruit. The advantages of a good-sized apple are its greater value for market and its greater convenience and lower cost for gathering. Regarded exclusively from a cider point of view, the list of selec- tions is not the strongest possible, and a few varieties of low vintage value, e.g., Morgan Sweet, are included because they make most profitable orchard trees. Their vintage deficiencies, however, may be counteracted by judicious blending with the other selected vintage sorts of their me The aim has been to make a selection which will render the farm orchard as profitable as possible con- sistent with the production of cider of good quality. It is useless 206 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. reconimending varieties of high vintage quality but inferior orchard character. When planting new trees growers are advised to concentrate on the varieties named, since it is all-important to restrict the number of kinds grown. The nurserymen of the West of England have intimated that they are prepared to propagate those kinds exten- sively if there is likely to be an assured demand. List OF VINTAGE VARIETIES FOR FARM ORCHARDS. | CIDER APPLES. | SHARP. SweEer. | BrrrErsweEeEr. EARLY .. | Backwell Red | Court Royal | Knotted Kernel (to end of Oct.) | Tom Putt | Morgan Sweet _ Major Sweet Coppin White Jersey Mip-SEAsoN | Cap of Liberty | Eggleton Styre White Close Pippin (November) (syn. Red Soldier) Improved Pound Crimson King | (syn. Sweet Blen- Yarlington Mill Dymock Red heim) | Jersey Foxwhelp | Sweet Alford | Kingston Black | LATE .. | Greasy Pippin | Slack-ma-Girdle | Chisel Jersey (December | Ponsford | Thomas Hunt | Royal Wilding and Reinette Obry January ) | — eee Butt PERRY PEARS - Oldfield en Sn eee In conclusion the hope may be expressed that the survey will not be permitted to be barren of result. It has revealed a deplorable state of affairs, relieved only by occasional glimpses of the possi- bilities of farm orchards. At a time when, more than ever, it is necessary that the resources of the country should be developed to their utmost, it is against the national interest that so large an area of valuable land should fail to produce its fair share. While the Institute has done its part in exposing the situation and in endeavouring to indicate a constructive policy of improvement, it can do relatively little further except in co-operation with all the other interests concerned. The task of removing the stigma now attaching to the West of England farm orchards and of reinstating them in the position of centres for the production of fruit of the highest quality, for which they are well fitted by reason of the favourable natural conditions, is one which can only be accomplished by united effort on the part of all concerned. . The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 207 Apvisory Work. The number of enquiries received during the year was 202 as compared with 173 the previous year, and with 133 for the year ended September 30th, 1917. As in the previous year the enquiries have been mostly concerned with Horticulture rather than Agri- culture. The following table shows the source of the enquiries :— Gloucester (including Bristol... Bates Hereford ... ao ye ae tis Ee Somerset ... ae oe ai i Wiltshire ... oy eal pen inact Worcester ... oe wai ohé ocd Counties outside the Bristol Province ... 75 202. The latter figure includes enquiries from Devon and Monmouth, which counties contribute an annual grant to the Institute. Nature of Enquiries—The majority of the enquiries have beer concerned with various aspects of fruit culture, including plant diseases and their treatment, and of cider making. There has been very little of special interest in the enquiries which have been sent in. Generally they have been of the same character and are con- cerned with the same problems as those received in previous years, which have been already mentioned specifically in the Reports for those years. The following are among the more interesting ques- tions Phich have been brought to notice :— Narcissus bulbs attacked by Rhizoctonia sp. Scots Pine seedlings attacked by Pythiwm de Baryanum and Fusarium pint. A form of dry rot of timber. Potatoes attacked by Verticillium albo-atrum. Red Currant bushes attacked by Cystosporina sp. Malformation of tomato fruits and stems due to physiological causes. Bud rot of apples, caused by a Fusarium sp. Malformation of pears, probably analogous to bitter pit in apples. A form of Potato Scab, probably.caused by Actinomyces. Bud rot of pears, caused by Fusarium sp., the same form res- ponsible for apple bud rot. (First case observed.) 208 The National Fruit and Cider Institute. Peach mildew, caused by Sphaerotheca pannosa. This fungus does not commonly infect the peach in this country, but is pre- valent on this host in the United States. Currants attacked by Cronartium ribicola. Tomatoes attacked by Phytophthora cryptogea. D-sease of plum trees due apparently to bacterial attack of the bark of the main stem. Many cases have been observed and large numbers of trees are being killed off by this disease, which has only recently come under serious notice. An unusual type ef chlorosis, the cause of which has not yet been ascertained. A severe case of splitting of fruits of Cox’s Orange Pippin apple, during ripening, due probably to check of growth during early development brought about by drought. Defective pollination of walnuts. The use of yeast for cattle food. Stimulants for yeast growth in slow-fermenting apple juices. SPECIAL INVESTIGATIONS UNDERTAKEN AS THE REsuttT oF ENQUIRIES. (1) The treatment of Rhizoctonia disease of Asparagus.—The field trials which have been conducted at Badsey, near Evesham, for a number of years past, have been continued during the year with some modifications. The action of bleaching powder and creosote has been more particularly tested in view of the promising results obtained earlier. The results for the season were unfortunately negative, since while the disease did not appear on the treated plots, it also failed to show itself on the control untreated plots. It would seem that the exceptionally dry weather in the early part of summer was unfavorable to the appearance of the disease. (2) Apple Leaf Scorch.—Investigations on this subject are being continued. Further results of interest have been obtained, but definite conclusions cannot be drawn at present. (3) The Manurial Value of Horsehair Refuse.—The field trials of this material have been continued during the year, and show that it is of appreciable value as a source of nitrogen. Further trials are desirable. The following sections dealing with the Advisory work in Agri- cultural Chemistry and Economic Entomology have been cos- tributed respectively by Mr. C. T. Gimingham and Mr. A. H. Lees, the advisers in those subjects. The National Fruit and Cider Institute. 209 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Ten requests for advice as to the manuring or other treatment of grass, arable or fruit land have been dealt with (seven from Somerset, and one each from Devon, Worcestershire, and Wiltshire). In most cases these have involved a visit to the farm concerned, and the collection of samples of soil. In all the analyses of thirteen samples of soil have been carried out in connection with these problems. Among miscellaneous enquiries replied to, the following may be mentioned :— (1) Advice as to the suitability of arsenate of lead powder for insecticide purposes. 2) Advice as to the use of low grade shoddy. 3) Advice as to the value of “ native guano.” 4) Advice as to the use of Potash manures. (5) Advice as to the value of spent hops as manure. (6) Determination of potash in haystack ash. (7) Analysis of a low grade organic manure. (8) Joint investigation of a case of apparent chlorosis. (9) Advice as to the use of cider apples for feeding purposes. (10) Joimt experiments on the treatment of grass land infested with the larvae of Phyllopertha horticola. ( ( ( Economic ENTOMOLOGY. The subjects dealt with were as follows :— Insects... iid ... 18 enquiries. Fruit questions ... Bio 42 3 Sprays... és new 9 _ Diseases ... on eek ‘5 » Miscellaneous ... ae tat i FS Under the heading of “ Insects ” all other economic groups such as Myreapoda, Arachnida and Mollusca are included. The “ fruit question ” dealt with such subjects as pruning, training varieties, suitable conditions, manuring, and literature. “ Diseases ” indicates maladies other than those caused by fungi or insect pests. In addition, eleven visits were made by requests of growers in reference to the above enquiries. The year thus shows a decided increase in the number of enquiries sent through the post, and a very decided tendency for growers to make more use of this advisory department. As might be expected, it is the growers who have recently taken up fruit growing who make the most applications, but there has N 210 Report of the Society’s Consulting Chemist. been also a marked tendency this year for old established growers to request advisory visits. In this connection the practice of paying visits to such growers has been continued, a fortnight being thus spent in May and another fortnight in September. The advice given has by no means been confined to msect pest questions ; the recent results of research in fruit bud formation with the allied subject of pruning have been largely dealt with. On the whole it may be said that there is a well marked and increasing inclination on the part of growers to make use of the facilities afforded them. X.—ANNUAL REPORT OF THE CONSULTING CHEMIST. (Dri gee: Voelcker, M.A., F.I.C.) During the year, four samples only, as against the 14 of 1918, were sent me for analysis. Three of these samples were of chalk or of earth believed to: contain lime in sufficient quantity to make it worth using as a dressing of lime to land in need of that constituent. This proved to be the case, the earth containing quite a material amount of lime, and there is no doubt that where such a source is near at hand it would pay much better to use it for liming purposes, as a top-dressing, than to purchase and pay carriage on lime itself at its present high price. The sample of chalk was of good quality but extremely hard. The fourth sample sent was one of a Feeding cake sold as being a substitute for Linseed cake. The analysis was :— Moisture “A A ie it 9.54 Oil bs 38 by. 2h oe 7.99 Albuminoids .. re An Ae 23.44 Carbohydrates, &e. .. ay a 34.26 Woody fibre .. aE - ~ ode eee *Mineral matter Se ae a 6 5,05 100.00 Nitrogen vhs Ags B. i 3.19 *including sand z af 1.16 The analysis did not differ w ide ‘fot that of Linseed cake, but. the cake had a bitter taste, due to the presence of hop refuse, which probably accounted for the purchaser saying that his stock did not seem to care for it. It also contained malt culms, barley, locust bean, earth-nut and palm-nut meal. ? £ ee (211) The Note- Book. Agricultural Costs Accounts.—A farmer’s bank book will tell him what his Income and Expenditure have been during the year, and whether he has made a reasonable profit or not, provided his capital, both on the farm and elsewhere, remains intact. If he wishes to go further and has kept some record of what each sum paid into or drawn from the bank represents, it is possible for him to classify these under definite headings and so find out how much came in from cattle, crops, sheep, milk, etc., and how much was paid out for labour, manures, feeding stuffs, household maintenance and family or personal expenses, etc. Should, however, he wish to go still further and determine whether his cattle, sheep, or milk had shown equal profits, or some branch less than another, or even whether any branch of his farming had been unprofitable he could not do this unless he had kept special accounts during the year of the cost of each of these branches separately. It is this keeping of accounts of the separate branches of his farming, more especially of the cost of each branch, which is now being impressed upon the farmers under the new-fangled term of costings. The word cannot be found im any dictionary we are acquainted with; it is not needed ; it does not express its meaning; and hence the sooner it is serapped, like many other products of the war need to be, the better. § Agricultural costs accounts are what is intended. The subject of keeping them has been much talked and written about lately, and we reproduce some articles or extracts therefrom :— Farm Costings.—This is a subject that should be studied at once by every farmer, especially by those who in increasing numbers are becoming owner-occupiers of farms by recent purchases. The business of farming, which, after all, is a gamble with the weather, really needs more attention to costings than any other business; for whereas the manufacturer of bicycles, motor-cars, etc., can allow a margin of safety in price against possible strikes, increase of cost of material, etc., and also allow a margin of profit, before putting his manufactured atficle before his customers at a certain price, the farmer has none of these advantages; a rise in wages is thrust on him, hours are shortened, income-tax is raised, local 212 The Note Book. rates increased, and possibly, on top of all, a hailstorm or bad harvest weather. All and any of these drawbacks to cheap pro- duction may take place before he can arrive at what has been the cost of production of his finished article or what is going to be its market price when produced. If it is necessary for the bicycle manufacturer, with a secure market in front of him, and a secured profit for all his output, to know the cost of production, it is far more necessary for the business farmer, with uncertainty facing him from the germination of the seed to the time of harvest as well as the conditions of the market at the time of selling, to keep accurate costings. On a cycle of seven or ten years, the average of the costings on particular crops or stock is convincing proof of which is paying; this steck has shown an average profit of, say 10 per cent., whereas that stock has shown 18 per cent., and therefore the farmer should eliminate as much as is possible of the former and increase his holding of the latter. These facts can only be arrived at by actual and accurate costings. These few points alone make it imperative that farm costings should be kept, and the very unstable future outlook of the agri- cultural industry is an extra mcentive, if one is needed. We must look to accurate costings to bring the industry to the sound financial footing that will be necessary to combat the ever-rising trend of the articles and labour necessary to the full production of the land. Agriculture, if supported in the future as the largest industry in these isles should be supported by the State, will be required in return to supply the State with accurate costs of production. Farmers have raved at the Government of the day, both in print and in private. Farmers’ meetings have poured in resolutions to the various departments of the State. Real and imaginary evils are contained in these resolutions, and I fear that nearly all find their way to one place—the waste paper basket ; because facts and figures that can be relied on from accurate costings are not available and a policy cannot be founded on supposition. I have found costings intensely interesting, and do not know of a farmer who has once started costings failing to keep on with them. The results of farm costings are invaluable, and well repay the time and labour spent, and the benefit from a productive and economic point of view is incalculable. . Costings to my mind have come to stay. They deserve the most careful consideration from the farming conimunity, who should combine to produce cost of production figures, that will by their Agricultural Costs Accounts. 213 reliability and accuracy force the Government of the day to give them attention and consideration, and also ensure the sympathy and co-operation of the working classes and of urban consumers.— “CasTELL Wrey in Farmer and Stockbreeder Year Book. Agricultural Costings.—Extracts from “The Scottish Farmer,” being a report of what the Editor describes as “a remarkably sound lecture,” by Mr. Joseph Allison, jun., C.A., of Glasgow :— During the past months a Royal Commission has been sitting in London, taking evidence on the condition of agriculture in this country. The Commissioners have examined many witnesses and asked hundreds of questions. To many of these questions thay have received clear answers, to those which relate to the financial results of farming the witnesses have proved shy, while to those which relate to costs of production the answers have been suggestive and varied, but hopelessly unreliable. The shyness, suggested in pro- ducing accounts, was not assumed for the benefit of the Surveyor of Taxes, nor were the varied costs submitted intended to illustrate a diversity of farming methods and results. These were the out- come of the curious state in which the industry finds itself to-day, namely, that reliable farm accounts in sufficient number from which to draw conclusions do not exist, while proved costs of production are unknown. Contrast this state of affairs with the evidence submitted to the Royal Commission on the Coal Industry. In that case accounts and figures were available from which could be deduced the cost of production of each ton of coal, and, further, the division of the selling price among the landlord, workmen, and owner was worked out accurately to four figures of decimals. Increases in costs could therefore be ascertained and given due consideration in fixing selling prices. The figures of cost of production submitted to the Royal Com- mission on Agriculture were on'y arrived at by obtaining from representative farmers estimates of the ost of the operations necessary to produce the various crops. The variation in these estimates was not accounted for entirely by different methods of farming, but in most cases by the many different opinions as to the necessary time or material required to do a certain amount of work. Frequently the estimates were totally unreliable, and had to be discarded. This condition of affairs is surely a reflection on a section of the community which is generally credited with shrewdness and fore- sight, and which has not been conservative in adopting modern methods of machinery. It is agreed that the conditions in which farming has been con- 214 The Note Book. ducted in the past have led to this state of affairs. Unlike other manufacturing concerns, the farmer has not found it necessary to keep books. Owi ing to the antiquity of his calling and the fact that once he produced all that he required without the need to parchase, and seldom had the opportunity to sell, he carried on his work without cash records. When modern industry developed with its accompanying growth of large labour-employing factories, accounting had to develop with it. Joint stock enter- prise, partnership and joint adventure, all alien to farming, required elaborate systems of accounting. It was therefore necessary to develop a system of account keeping. To-day, the farmer finds himself in a different position. His business is not far removed from that of the manufacturer, and he buys and sells on credit, and has to watch his markets as carefully as he cultivates his land. Therefore it is necessary for him to keep accounts if he is to advance with the times. Just as the engineer found it necessary to depart from the primitive systems of accounting which existed prior to the organisation of manual labour and the introduction of labour-saving machinery, so will the farmer who desires to keep abreast of the times require to bring his methods in line with up-to-date ideas. One cannot fail to be impressed by the growth of industrial concerns. This growth would have been impossible without the assistance given by the accounting branches of their business, notwithstanding that these branches are non-productive and have been developed at great expense. In a large engineering firm in Glasgow the recording employees are very numerous, and of as much importance as the producers ; the tremendous saving in manufacturing costs justifies the expense. In all countries where the factory or industrial system has developed, it has been the experience that it is economical to introduce methods which in themselves appear to increase the cost of production, but which in the end result in a reduction of this cost. In all industries the need of accurate accounts is appre- ciated, for it is only by this means that the manufacturer can obtain a clear analysis of the result of his year’s work. His profit and loss account tells him whether he has made a profit or a loss, but it tells him no more than this. He requires to go a step further to ascertain the relative gains or losses of each department of his busmess. He may find that one department has made a considerable profit which has been eaten into by the losses in another department. He knows exactly how far his cost was made up of labour and material, and he can make valuable comparisons of one year with another. So with the farmer; he can alter his cropping, within the limits of ee Agricultural Costs Accounts. 215 his rotation, to allow of the production of the best paying crops. He is able to manage his farm with knowledge based on proved facts in place of dealing with vague surmises. It is agreed by leading agriculturists that if the farmer is to hold his own in this country he must waken up and advance. He must be ready to adopt a method of financial organisation which has proved of incalculable benefit to the other employers of labour. The farmer, by studying in a scientific manner the problems of production costs, as in the past he has studied the problems and overcome the difficulties of his practical work, may hope to take a step which will bring his industry into line with modern thought, and do much to raise it to the high level which its importance to this country justifies. Such is an appreciation of the great importance of agricultural costs, and the part these have to play in the future development of the industry. No one may expect to introduce a costing system into his farm without being prepared to change certain methods of conducting the business. It is an important step he is taking, and its very importance justifies him in going to considerable trouble at the beginning to get the system started. Haphazard methods ot purchasing, paying wages, handling stores of machinery, feeding stuffs, manures, harness, etc., must be discarded. No farmer can expect to carry on a costing system and at the same time run his farm im a careless, untidy fashion. Costing means method, method means neatness and accuracy, and the total of these results is efficiency. The farmer, therefore, must be prepared to set his house in order. Anything described is apparently much more difficult to do than it is. Therefore I would preface my description of the steps which requiré to be taken to arrive at costs of production by saying that no one here to-night need be discouraged by feeling that the matter is too difficult for him to attempt. If a farmer sat down to write out details of the work required to grow one acre of potatoes, with its necessary twenty operations on the land, I might conclude that the work was too arduous, and resolve to grow gooseberries instead. Yet no farmer thinks the growing of potatoes is beyond him. So it is with descriptions of accounting methods. The first three months over, the farmer will never turn back. The system naturally falls into two distinct sections :—(a) Finan- cial system; (b) Costing system. In favour of the methodglaid down of dividing the system into * Financial’ and “ Costing” sections, it may be said that it per- mits of easy introduction into a farm where there is at least the groundwork of a book-keeping system. Once the financial side 216 The Note Book. is thoroughly established, it is an easy step to develop the costing side. The latter is dependent on the financial books in that the information it gives is collateral to and amplifies the information to- be obtained from a profit and loss account made up from the financial returns. Further, the method is analogous to that of the ordinary manufacturing concern in which the financial system takes prece- dence, and the costing system is an outgrowth of and subsidiary to it, though none the less important. The first step to be taken is to make a complete inventory of all articles in the farm, so that an analysis may be made of the value of the capital invested in each department. The preparation of this inventory is not so difficult as it at first appears, although in the first year the question of values requires careful consideration. The date when the inventory should be prepared is largely one of opinion, and may differ in farms of different classes. It is recom- mended, however, that 31st May is a suitable period, and in an arable farm should be followed. The form of inventory should enable the stock values to be shown for several years at one opening. The residual value should be taken into consideration in fixing the amount of depreciation to be allowed each year. When the difference between the residual value and the cost equals the aggregate charges for depreciation, no further amounts need be written off. The assets should be grouped under the headings in conformity with the farm departments, and space left under each heading to allow of addi- tions. In separating into departments, care should be taken to keep in view the actual departmental costs which the farmer desires to obtain. It follows that certain assets will be common to all departments of the farm, and these will be grouped under the item “General Purpose,” the upkeep and depreciation of which will fall into general cost. Live Stock Accounts.—-Varying principles of depreciation are involved here, and the following may be suggestive but are not intended to be conclusive :— (a) Cattle, sheep, pigs, etc., to be valued year by year at constant price, viz., cost. In the first year, however, all cattle should be valued at a price somewhat less than market price, and this should be retained throughout, the actual profit or loss being ascertained at the date of sale. Purchases and sales will be debited and credited through the various live stock accounts in the usual way. (b) Horses. Working animals should be dealt with in the fol- lowing way. Horses, broken to farm work, which are pur- Agricultural Costs Accounts. 217 chased will be valued at cost, and depreciation written off each year by such sums as will leave them in the books at £2 each, by the time they reach the age of eighteen years. Horses bred on the farm or bought as yearlings, may safely be valued at £7 for each year’s growth up to seven years, after which depreciation should be written off as above described. These remarks apply to stock on the farm at the date of the first valuation. At each following valuation the price should be cost price, and this should be constant throughout, and only affected by the annual allowances for depreciation which are down in the inventory books. The question of whether valuations should be based on cost price or market price is a much debated one. If the latter is adopted, then the farmer is basing his inventory on what is often a fictitious price, and he is taking credit, when the price is higher, for profits which may never be realised, while on the other hand he may be depressed by paper losses which are purely the result of market fluctuations. When one is dealing with stocks of feeding stuffs, one has to bear in mind that while there is a market price it is impossible to sell all the produce at that price, If all turnips and hay produced were placed on the market, if such a thing were possible, they could not be disposed of. Frequently the market price only exists for a few transactions which take place to satisfy a limited demand. Again, the terms of the lease occasionally pre- vent a farmer selling all his produce, so that there is really no market price for the bulk of the home-grown foods. The only safe rule to follow, and one which will cause the least fluctuation, is to value all assets at cost of production, less, in the case of fixed assets and live stock, the agreed amounts of depreciation. aa Ledger.—The accounts to be kept in this ledger will be divided into four sections :— I.—Capital Accounts. I1.—Live Stock Accounts. I11.—Adjustment and Control Accounts. IV.—Revenue Account. . Purchase Ledger.—The purchase ledger will be kept on the usual lines, with a control account in the nominal ledger. In some cases it may be found that the accounts due are paid by the farmer regu- larly each month, and in these cases a combined purchase book and ledger may be used. ; Sales Ledger.—The sales ledger will only be kept if there are a large number of credit accounts. If these are few in number, they 218 The Note Book. may be kept in the purchase ledger, which will then be called the “ Personal” ledger. Purchase Book.—The purchase book should contain a complete . record of all credit purchases. Before entry, each invoice should be passed by the farmer as to prices and quantities. Invoices should be numbered, entered in book in numerical order, and so filed. If the combined purchase book and ledger is used, the invoices for each month should be collected, arranged in order of the supplier, and each suppher’s invoiees arranged in date order. They should then be entered in the purchase book in alphabetical order. The amount, therefore, extended to the total column will represent the total of the monthly statements entered by the supplier. The headings of the analysis columns depend on the nature of the farm, and generally the following, which are illustrative, will be included :— Suppliers.—Trade creditors, with folio column for posting. Chargeable Accounts.—Stocks of foodstuffs; stocks of seeds ; sundry stores; carriage and packing; maintenance and repairs of implements; upkeep of carts, waggons and harness; miscellaneous farm expenses; management expenses; sundry revenue account, with folio for posting; sundry capital account, with folio for posting. It is recommended that all items for capital expenditure be separ- ately posted to the capital account in the ledger, with full details of the nature of the outlay, as this will greatly facilitate the making up of the annual inventory. Items for which columns have not been provided will appear under revenue accounts, and be separately posted to their respective accounts. Sales Book.—The sales book is analysed by means of suitable columns, and to enable an analysis to be shown of cash sales a column has been provided for this. The monthly total of this column will agree with that in the cash book. Orders Received Book.—The farmer should keep an “ Orders Received Book” (no special ruling), in which to record at once details of all orders received, date and quantities of delivery. The pages should be perforated. After the goods have been despatched the page should be detached, and from the details the invoice should be prepared in duplicate and numbered—one copy sent to customer and one retained. The invoice number should be recorded on the order book before the same is filed. These pages should be Agricultural Costs Accounts. 219 signed by the farmer or his representative, and dated with the date of despatch. Where weights are not known the invoice should be made out and laid aside, to be completed when these are ascer- “tained. All invoices should be entered in the sales book in numerical order. Wages.—There is great difficulty in farm work in arranging a ‘wazes system on lines which will permit of easy calculation, with the necessary data to enable a proper analysis ‘of the same for cost purposes. The necessary records cannot be. obtained without a certain amount of clerical work. In most farms, however, except during harvesting, the actual numbers of workers will be such that the detail work required to obtain the necessary records will not be great. It is strongly recommended that wages be made up to Friday night and paid on Saturday. Men paid monthly should be treated similarly. This allows the farmer sufficient time to calculate the records and balance his figures before making payment to his men. It is recommended that each worker be given a number and pro- vided with a time card on which the farmer should record the nature of the work to be done and the starting time. On the completion of the work the card should be handed to the foreman, certified by him, and returned to the office. The foreman should see that the proper job appears on the card. Should the job last several days, the same card will be used each day. In other words a new card will only be issued on starting a new job. The time going to and coming from a job will be included in the time work, and, further, the finishing time of one job will be the starting time of the next. If there is not work for the man to do a card should nevertheless be made out and marked “idle time,” so that the value of it may be charged to general oneost. If a group of workers at the same rate of pay is engaged on one job, say lifting potatoes, one card only need be prepared, but it should have the names of each worker entered on the back of it. As horses are never working without the men, a space should be provided on the time card, and the number of horses engaged should also appear, so that the cost may be charged against the crop. There should be prepared a rate book showing the rate of wages of each worker, also the Walue of allowances, house, ete., the total being worked out at the wages per day. On the receipt of the time card, the same should be priced at the gross rate shown in the rate book and filed in numerical order. At 220 The Note Book. the end of the week the total of the cards for each worker will represent the gross amount payable to him, and this should be entered in the wages book. After deducting the value of the allow- ances, as per the rate book, the remainder is the actual cash wages. payable to the worker. It will be seen from the wages book that the same allows for broad analysis under :— I.—Productive labour—that is labour which is elsewhere charged against departmental costs. II.—Non-productive labour. Superintendence—that is labour which was expended on general work, such‘as domestic work or supervision, and which is charged to general oncost. ) Il.—Capital expenditure account—if any labour chargeable thereto. The total time cards are carefully retained until the end of each four weeks or five weeks, as the case may be, and those which fall under I. and III. of above are arranged in numerical order of jobs, so that the labour spent on each job during the month is brought. together. The cards for each job are then totalled, and the result entered in the labour costs book. The total of these allocations should agree with the total shown in the wages book. If preferred, the allocation of wages and horse labour may be arrived at weekly. The entries in the cash book for the amount of wages paid is shown on the credit side gross, and a cross entry is made on the debit side for the detailed value of the deductions. For example :— CREDIT SIDE. DEBIT SIDE. By Productive Wages Account. To Rent of Cottages Account. . Non-productive Wages Account. .. Potatoes Account. ,, Superintendence Account. ,, Coal Account (being the amounts , Capital Wages Account. shown as per the wages book National Health Insurance Ac- and equal to the total deductions count (for gross amount of for the week). insurance). ,, National Health Insurance Account (being the amount deducted from the employees). Alternative Method of Dealing with Wages.—As an alternative to the wages method already described, the farmer may use a weekly time card. This card will when completed show at the end of the week the total wages calculated as already described. The analysis of wages paid will be shown in the labour costs book. Stores.—It will be necessary to keep nominal ledger accounts for each classification of stores under departmental headings. Agricultural Costs Accounts. 221 One of the difficulties which arise in the handling of stocks and stores is the question of charging out these to the various depart- ments of the farm. The exact mode of arriving at these figures is dealt with under costs. Meantime the value of these are arrived at, stocks and stores consumed debited at cost, for each amount directly charged to productive costs, capital account debited for any material applied thereto, and the remainder charged to sundry stores, which is treated as oncost. The accounts to be credited are the stock and store accounts. Stocks of these items should be taken at the end of each year, and any difference between the actual stock and the book stock written off. For costing of this difference see section on “ Costs ” (horse labour). Costs.—To enable the farmer to make up cost accounts it is necessary to write up a departmental cost ledger, for which certain other forms require to be kept at the farm. Farming operations on a mixed farm have been taken as falling into these departments, each having its proper sub-divisions :— I.—Agriculture. II.—Cattle. TysShecn. - Productive Departments. V.—Pigs. | VI.—Poultry. Horses and grazing are not treated as departments, but as material or services rendered to the main productive departments of the farm. These departments must be agreed upon first as the arrangements of all accounts, and preparation of costs rests on this division. It the only agriculture put in hand is to provide soiling crops or food- Stufisy no separate profit and loss accounts need be prepared, the cost being aggregated and charged to the various live stock accounts. Sources of Cost.—Direct—Manual labour, horse labour, con- sumption of stores and material, services, Indirect—Depreciation of assets employed, overhead expenses (or oncost). Labour.—The method of arriving at this has been explained, and weekly the labour cost sheet should be prepared. Horse Labour.—The analysis of horse labour is arrived at from the labour cost sheet. Consumption of Stores, ete.—Each workman whose duty it is to attend to cattle, sheep, etc., should keep a record of corn, roots, ake, hay, and so on, which he serves out, and for this purpose a per- forated memo. book should be used. The pages should be detached 222 The Note Book. weekly on pay day by the farmer after signature by man. The farmer should then price all articles at the last price paid for these, except in the case of home produce consumed, which will not be priced, but only the details shown. From these sheets the feeding stuffs analysis will be prepared. Grass Keep.—-A record should be kept im the farm daily in a memorandum book, from which may be prepared weekly the details of the amount to be charged against departmental accounts for grazing as well as arriving at the manurial values of feeding stuffs fed on the land. Seeds and Fertilisers.—The distribution of these will require to be kept on a form specially designed for this purpose, and from which a distribution book will be written up. Services.—These are already dealt with m the above headings. Horse labour will be difficult to charge out owing to the lack of ioformation as to the previous year’s cost on the same farm. Until information of the actual cost is ascertained, an estimate of 7s. 6d. per day might be suggested. At the end of the year the ascer- tained cost of horse labour may show a debit, and the difference between this amount and that charged out at arbitrary rate will be written back pro rata to the sums already charged. Grass Lands.—A distinction should be made between meadow land and grass land, and separate accounts should be kept for each, so that the cost of the grazing and the cost of the hay crop may each be ascertained. The cost of the grazing has to be shared amongst the various classes of live stock supported on it. Orwin recommends that stock should be reduced to a common denominator thus :— 1 cow or fattening beast equals 6 sheep. | store beast equals 4 sheep. | horse equals 8 sheep. and the suggestion might be followed. Manures.—These need not be valued until applied to the land. If considerable quantities of cake are fed in yard or byre, a dung account should be raised, and charged with one-third of the cost of cake fed. When cake is fed to stock direct on the field, one- third should be charged against the field account. Dung spread on the field may be charged by the farmer keeping a record of loads spread on farm. Costs of purchased manures and fertilisers may be written off as to two-thirds against the first crop and the balance against the next, the cost of carting and putting down to go against the first. oe ? es Milk Production: A Dairy Farmers Balance Sheet. 223, Cattle —The dairy department should be charged with the total cost of maintaining the herd, including the cost of rearing calves. As the latter are part of the produce of the herd, any sales should be credited to the dairy department in the departmental profit and loss account. In some cases a calf may be reared and eventually become a store. In this case it should be transferred from the dairy department to the appropriate live stock account at the cost. up to the date of the transfer. This cost must necessarily be partly estimated, but it is suggested that experience will rapidly enable the value to be closely approximated. Crops.—As all crops are charged to field account, the total of the debit of these accounts will show, at the date of valuation, the total value of the cultivations in hand. This figure will therefore be accurate in place of being, as at present, an estimate. When the crop is removed from the field, field account will be credited and crop account debited, with the cost to date, the subsequent operations of threshing, etc., being charged to the latter account. An endeavour should be made to arrive at the yield of each crop in quantity at the time of this transfer, so that costs per acre or per unit may be ascertained. Root crops fed to sheep should be considered as. harvested from the first day that sheep are folded on. Conclusion.—I_ have endeavoured to outline in this lecture the manner in which agricultural costings may be ascertained. The sub- ject is a very wide one, and cannot possibly be completely covered in the course of a short lecture. I trust, however, that I have said sufficient to indicate to you the steps which require to be taken by the farmer who desires to modernise his farm records by intro- ducing modern book-keeping, supported by a complete system of cost a€counts. The importance of these records has been brought forcibly before the industry during the last few years, while the present controversy between the milk producers and the dealers has turned the fierce light of publicity on the dairy farmer. The industry could settle the controversy and enlighten public opinion in an hour by the furnishing of reliable costs of production. In this way the knowledge of the real cause of the rise in milk prices would remove an unjustifiable stigma from an industry which has done much to feed the country during a time of great trial. Milk Production: A Dairy Farmer’s Balance Sheet.—I have read with much interest the various comments in The Times on the vexed subject of milk pric@és and the cost of production. I quite agree that the position is such that positive costs of production and not merely estimates must be forthcoming. The difficulties of the 234 The Note Book. Milk Commission were very great, aS in many cases it was practi- cally impossible for them to obtain exact figures. Farmers in the past have not kept accurate accounts, and the majority of them have not the time to do so. People talk of producing figures giving the actual cost of pro- duction of home grown crops, but they have no idea of the amount of work required to do so correctly. The Agricultural Costings Committee is doing extremely useful work, and is working out costs of home-grown crops with great accuracy where they can obtain complete returns of cultivations on crops and accurate details with regard to the feeding of horses, which last is essential in arriving at the cost of a horse per hour. To arrive at this correctly, the costs of harness repairs, shoeing, feeding, and veteriary expenses are also necessary. The Press generally seems to imagine that the farmer does not wish these facts to become known. I am sure that is not the case. It is simply that he has not the time to analyse the whole costs. With the help of the Costings Officer for this district, with whom I have spent hours tabulating and analysing these details I have arrived at a very accurate statement of facts. I enclose the following information :—(1) Cost per week of milk from September 28 to November 22 ; (2) cost per week of milk from November 23 to April 30; (3) ration per cow per day and per week, including dry cows; (4) statement showing how I arrive at the depreciation on cows. I must ask you to accept these statements with regard to home- grown crops, as they are arrived at from the costs of cultivations accepted by the Costings Committee officer and allow no profit whatsoever. The one exception to this is hay, which I have put at £7 per ton, and I have not yet had time to work out the actual cost, but I do not think it will work out at much under £7 for this year, as of 55 acres cut for the cows I have just half the amount of hay that I had on 50 acres in 1918. In the estimate of cost given by Mr. Buckley a few days ago, he stated that he put cost of rent, rates, repairs, depreciation on cows, and delivery of milk as ofiset by the value of calves born, Frankly I consider this a very loose way of dealing with these costs. No industrial business would accept these figures for a moment— why should farmers do so? It is just as easy to arrive at the actual costs of rent of buildings, ete., as at the other costs—in fact, it does not entail nearly so much work. With regard to the sale of calves, that is a varying asset each year, as in the event of having a large proportion of bull calves in any one year, the amount would be less, and it would be more if the propor- Mitk Production: A Dairy Farmer’s Balance Sheet. 225 tion of heifer calves were greater. Another factor to be considered is the increased value of calves sold on the records of their dams. This must be taken into consideration in my own case, as I sell my calves very well, in consequence of keeping records ; also I sell cows at a very high rate for the same reason. In spite of the high price at which I sold the sound good cows with high records, you will note that there is a heavy loss. In the year ended September 30, 1919, I had four cows sold for the carcase price of ICs. each, one at £3, one at £5, and one at £6. That represents quite an average amount of complete failures in one year in a herd of from 70 to 80 cows. The serious loss in cows is one not appreciated either by the Press or the public, but it has a very real effect on the cost of milk production. There are many other cows in a herd that have to be sold at prices varying from £25 to £40 each, when they cannot be got in calf. There seems great doubt on the part of the Press as to the average amount of milk given per cow per day. In my own herd for 12 months shall have nine cows with records of over 10,000lb., seven over 9,000lb., 21 over 8,C00lb., and 10 over 7,000lb., and in spite of | my average for the seven winter months will not be more than + gallons and about 2 pints, or 1? gallons per day. That I think, shoold clear up that difficulty. Some people do not consider the cost of dry cows as coming into the cost of milk production, and, again, very loosely, assume that the price of calves will pay for their feeding. It surely is much more accurate to charge milk with the entire cost of the herd, and credit it with all sales, both of cows and calves, than to assume anything whatever. In the past it has been all the assumptions that have been made that have caused the difficulty in arriving at actual costs. My soa price for calves last year was £4 2s. l14}d. Out of 63 calves sold 19 were sold at £2 and under, which shows how high was the price of the others. One calf from a cow whose record was 13,860lb. was sold for £15 15s., and three were sold at over £9, and 10 at over £7. Why I give you these figures is to show that my annua] depreciation on cows is much lower “than the av erage farmer shows, and | think 15 per cent. is a very fair average for the country. I always sell my calves at a week old, so that they consume very little milk. With regard to the question of farmers’ profits on milk for the seven months ending April 30 next, the only people to be dissatisfied are the farmers. I enclose # sheet in. addition to those referred to above which shows my exact position, supposing that my average production of milk remains at 812 gallons per week. I very much oO st 226 The Note Book. hope to increase this amount, but am doubtful if I can do so as an average over the whole period. If I do not do so you will see that my profit for the seven months only amounts to the ridiculous total of £47 15s. 11?d. This, you will agree, is a result which puts milk production completely out of court as a profitable form of farming. I daresay my feeding may be criticized as being too heavy, but my own experience is that in feeding less the results are unsatis- factory in every way: more capital has to be expended on cows, and the amount of milk per cow is materially reduced. You will note that the amount of capital invested in cows for the year ending September 30, 1919, is £3,512 10s. In my returns there is no interest on capital allowed. Were my money safely in- vested in War Loan I should be drawing an income of over £175 per annum, with no risk attached to it and with no anxiety or work ! The result of the Agricultural Costings Committee’s investigations will show a great increase in the cost of milk I am sure, as, in the past, no farmer has really charged milk with the full cost of produc- tion of crops. It seems to me that the only thing to be done now is for the Government to allow a subsidy on milk, pernicious though the system is, as the price to the consumer is of necessity far too high and will tend to produce a rise in infant mortality. ; Another solution would be for the Government, if it can do so, to purchase the raw material for cakes, ete., without the intervention of the middlemen. It appears to me that the price of bran, malt culms, middlings, etc., are exceedingly high, takmg mto considera- tion the price of wheat. These are questions for the Government to consider.—E. D. Coats, (Miss) in The Times. Cost of milk in Oct. and | Takings for Milk in Oct. Nov., 31 days at and Noy. £87 14s. 83d... = £388 10 11 758 gallons per week for Less takings .. .. 363 13 44 31 days at 2s. 2d. = £363 13 44 Loss in Oct. .. y 24.17 63.) 758 gallons per week for ister i 30 days at 2s. 8d. =£433 2 6 30 days at £87 14s. 83d. =£376 0 3 | Less cost 5 =£376 0 3 Profit for Noy. Jey BRLIZ: / 3 | Less loss in Oct. wlan et ll, 64 Profit for Oct. and Nov. 32 4 8} Milk Production: A Dairy Farmer’s Balance Sheet. Cost of milk in Dec., 31 days at £118 4s. 04d. per week =—fo20 9 Cost of Milk in Jan. and Feb., 31 days in Jan. at £17 6s. 6d. per day, or £121 5s. 63d. per week = £537 1 9 29 days in Feb. =£502 8 9 Total Note.—Owing to green turnips being finished. swedes have to be substituted for them at an extra cost of £3 Is. 64d. | per week. Cost of Milk in March and April. 31 days in March at £119 19s. 0} per week =535 9 103 30 days in April at £119 19s. Od. per week =£516 18 7} Total cost, March and April .. os 1,052 8 64 61 Less takings .. Le mie 3 O Loss in March and April 135 5 6} No Owing to swedes being nearly finished 34 tons extra of mangolds are used, making an extra cost over Oct. and Nov. of £1 15s. Od. per week. Total Costs for Milk. bo co £1.039 10 6 October . £388 10 11 November fee SIG. 0 3 December PY set eed.9. 24 January te. waeueee 1 9 February y ' eon 8 9 March .. - «. 635 9 10} in ches 5s 516 18 74 — Total £3,379 19 4} - 227 Takings for Milk in Dec. 812 gallons per week for 3l days at 3s. 3d. =£584 Less cost ae .. 523 e-l bo LO al Profit in Dec... .. 6017 9} | Takings for Milk in Jan. and Feb. 812 gallons per week for 31 days at 3s. 3d. =£584 7 0 812 gallons per week for 29 days at 3s.3d. =£545 2 6 Total for Jan. and Feb. 1,129 9 6 Less cost . 1,039 10 6 Profit on Jan. and Feb. 8919 O Takings for Milk in March and April. 812 gallons per week for 31 days at 3s. =£540 4 0 812 gallons per week for 39 days at 2s. 2d. =£376 19 0 Total takings £917 3 0 * Total takings for Milk. October .. £363 13 4! November = c. 45a =@ 6 December ss abe 27" 0 January ks .. 084 7 0 February Sra -. 5456 2 6 March .. 4 ne? oau” 4 © April. :’ «i. “3 od (7a 19: 0 ~ Total £3,427 15 43 Less . .. 3,379 19 4} Total profits on 7 months £47 15 11} ‘ 228 The Note Book. Cost per Week from September 28 to November 22. - eae 3 ton 17 ewt. marrow kale. at £1 7s. 3d. a rs 5 4 10? 7 ton green turnips at £1 9s. £ Si eros [AOR Baw 14 ewt. ground nut cake at £23... ar os wee eee 1 ton l ewt. bran at £15 11s. 4d... ic 23 DG ee 14 ewt. malt culms at £16 10s, 3d. .. = o3* @ Rie? 8 ewt. straw at £2 per ton a or = 016 0 7ewt. hay at £7 perton .. eis Ss Ai: ae oO Cost of food per week “ A 35 of 655 2) TE Wages De 54 a 2. TRS IB: 43 Cost of milk delivery . bc < . tie hie 7. Depreciation based on last year’s actual cash loss after allowing for all sales of cows and calves = 6} per cent. on valuation and purchase of cows,£3,512 10s., being £219 Os. 5d. for the year = per week 4 4 23 Rent of dairy buildings .. Lp. 7 Rates on dairy pees for year = = £22 lls. 4d. 08 8 Veterinary bills . 0 8 6} £87 14 10 Cost per Week from November 23 to December 30. £ 6. d. Malt culms, 174 ewt at £16 10s. = Ax Pp T4895 Bran, 1 ton 43 ewt. at £16 23 2" ceuue PELE Ground nut cake, 14 cwt. at £23... at sc) elope Hay, 2 tons at £7 ‘s Se ve «dag ee OO Straw, 8cwt. at£25s. .. 4 be ee 018 0 Mangolds. 7 tons at £1 19s. wie . $. theta 0 Swedes, 34 tons at £2 6s. 7d. 8 3 08 Green turnips, 34 tons at £1 9s. 5 1 6 Swede tops, 7 loads at 3s. per load .. YAO Total cost of food * oe oF <2) = ORE 1G. Wk Wages, per week Ap ar NM oy Oe tee Cost of milk delivery a rir 7 Depreciation based on last year’s actual cash loss after allowing for all sales of cows and calves = 6} per cent on "valuation and purchase of cows, £3,512 10s., being £219 Os. 5d. for the year = per week 4 4-23 Veterinary expenses as ie 0 8 63 Rent of dairy buildings per ‘week .. 114 7 Rates on dairy buildings per year = £22 lls. 4d. 9 8 8 Total for December a -. £118 4,03 £ a. d. £ 8. d. ‘Total for Jan. and Feb. . 3 117 16 0} Add extra for swedes.. 3— 1 = 64 Total per week for Jan. and Feb. 121 5.6% ‘Total for March and April 1 117.16 OF Add extra for mangolds 1. 15° 0 ‘Total per week for March and A pril 119 19 O} Sheep Brecding. 229 Rations Per Cow. Per Day. Per Week. 32lbs. mangolds 224 Jb. mangolds 16lbs. swedes 112 Ib. swedes 16lb. green turnips 112 lb. green turnips 5 3-5th lb. bran 39 1-5th lb. bran 4lb. malt culms | 28 Ib. malt culms 3 7-10ths ground nut cake 25 9-10th lb. round nut cake 9 3-5th lb. hay 67 1-5th lb. hay 1 4-5th lb. straw 12 3-5th |b. straw Swede tops, $d. worth. 34d. worth swede tops £ Be ee Valuation of 67 cows, Sept. 30, 1918 2.642 0 0 Cost of 16 cows bought between Oct. 1, 1918, and Sept. 30,1919... , . 87010 0 Total cost for year ending Sept. 30, 1919 203512: 100 24 cows sold between Oct. 1, 1918, and gph 30, 1919 709 9 10 63 calves sold during same period .. , 20a 10 2 Valuation of 59 cows, Sept. 30, 1919 a o: 2ye20 10° "0 3,293 10 0 Total cost of cows, 1918-1919 _.... ot a s,01e 10° OC Sales and valuations, Sept., 1919 ne ee B93 10" 0 Loss in 12 months ag ae ss - th 24907 Oe 0 Loss on £3.512 10s. =£219 0 0 So that loss per week .. — Be ay Sheep Breeding.— It is very unfortunate that, in the reconstruc- tion of our system of farming as a result of the many changes which necessarily followed five years of the most terrible war in history, sheep-breeding should have suffered a somewhat severe check. Whereas breeders of other classes of stock have participated in the poe. prices which have ruled both for pedigree and com- mercial animals, the same cannot be said to apply to sheep-breeding, inasmuch as the prices both of wool and mutton have been restricted to such an extent as to render the flock the most unprofitable branch of the livestock industry. Labour difficulties have also rendered the task of the flockmaster an unenviable one, many skilled shep- herds having been called to the colours, and, in addition, the plough- ing-up policy of the Government gave sheep-breeding a heavy blow on holdings of a mixed character. Those who occupy mixed holdings are necessarily dependent on their pastures for the maintenance of their flock, at any rate through a considerable portion of the year. . Although there are clovers and mixed seeds, with perhaps occasional catch crops, available at cer- tan seasons, yet the pastures must of necessity maintain the ewe 230 The Note Book. flock during the autumn and winter months, and the breaking up of a considerable acreage of pasture, coupled with other circumstances, has had the effect of causing a reduction in the numbers of many flocks and the absolute disposal of others, and this just at a time when, in the interests of both producer and consumer, it is essential rather to expand than to restrict the resources of sheep-breeding. However, with an open market for wool and better prices for mutton in view, and with fewer difficulties as regards labour, the sheep trade during the autumn has been much more spirited. The demand for all classes of pure-bred sheep has been very keen, which gives reason to think that many depleted flocks are bemg brought up to their former level and that several new flocks are bemg founded. It may also be hoped that, where possible, the number of breed- ing ewes has been increased. It must always be borne in mind that sheep-farming is a most important factor in the successful cultiva- tion of arable land and the natural sequence to a considerable in- crease in the area of land under the plough should be a considerable addition to the flocks maintained on those farms which now have an increased acreage under cultivation. The reduction of pasturage temporarily caused a reduction in the size of the flock. Yet, with more favourable conditions, it will be possible to make up that deficiency by adapting the cropping of the arable land to meet the demands of the flock. It is quite certain that without sheep-farming on an extensive scale it will be impossible to maintain the fertility of the soil to the extent necessary for the production of profitable crops, and crops which are not big enough to secure a high yield cannot be called profitable in these days of expensive labour. It is impossible to estimate the value of the flock on any arable farm by actual cash returns. At the present day the flock is by far the cheapest and most efficient means of fertilisation which can be brought on to the land, so that it does much more towards the pro- fitable working of the farm than can be shown by results in actual cash from the sale of wool and mutton. . The folding and fattening of sheep on roots or green crops gives a far greater profit than is actually seen in cash by their sale, inasmuch as they will have thoroughly manured the soil. The proper cultiva- tion of light land cannot be carried on without a flock of sheep. Light soils need consolidation and heavy manuring, and the flock does both. The benefits derived from the system of close-folding on sandy and gravelly soils cannot be over-estimated. The growth of roots and other forage crops for consumption on the land by the sheep is the very essence of good farming, expensive though it may be in these days. But let any light-land farmer get rid of or reduce Sheep Breeding. 231 his flock for a time and give up root-farming, and he will soon see poverty-stricken crops. Even on the heavy soils the flock can be made to play an important and profitable part with judicious management. If much of the heavy land which has been freshly brought under the plough is to be kept in anything like a proper state of fertility, the increased use of the sheep flock will have to be brought into play. Roots cannot, of course, be successfully grown on heavy clay soils, neither can sheep be folded on soils of a heavy sticky nature in winter with any benefit to themselves or the land, but they can be successfully folded im summer with great advantage to the soil and to themselves. Vetches, seeds, cabbage, kale, mustard and rape and such-like crops can be successfully grown on heavy soils for summer folding, also white turnips to be eaten off in early autumn before the soil becomes rain-sodden. The old-fashioned custom of folding the flock on the fallows at night can be profitably revived, and, in cases where a flock is only kept solely for the purpose of breeding store lambs, its maintenance can be made a great asset in the fertilisation of cold heavy land by the adoption of a systematic method of summer folding. In estimating the importance of the flock as a fertilising instru- ment, it is necessary first of all to look at the creased yields in corn which come invariably as the result of a skilful system of sheep- farming on those soils to which it is adaptable. It is quite safe to assert that the yield of corn can be doubled, to say nothing of the increased bulk of straw grown. The flock likewise acts as a port- able manure cart, and is often the means of manuring tracts of land which otherwise would not get any manure at all. On hilly farms, wheretthe expense of carting dung is great and roads difficult, the flock can do all that is necessary without any extra expense. On all farms where sheep are not kept or only in small numbers, roots must be carted to the farmstead and dung carted back again. All this is saved by the consumption of the root crop on the land by sheep. They also consolidate light land and render it more con- servative of moisture. They can be made to act as roll and harrow on the wheat in the spring, and many a thin plant has been brought round to produce a profitable yield by the aid of the flock. Even, therefore, if the flock cannot be made to show any actual cash return at all, there is still a great deal of indirect profit which it must be given credit for. In thesewdays, however, a good flock, skilfully managed, should show a handsome profit in actual cash, in addition to indirect profits gained through increased fertility of the soil and in other ways. 232 si Hie Note Book. In order to get the best and most tangible returns from sheep, it is advisable to maintain a breeding flock in preference to a “ dry ” flock. In the case of a breeding flock, a tangible profit is assured from the annual production in lambs, wool, and the annual draft, in addition to the work performed by the ewe flock in clearing up stubbles and pastures and other odds and ends that would otherwise be wasted. Without a breeding flock there is always a certain quantity of keep of which nothing can be made, and the flock does immense good by converting all spare keep which might otherwise be wasted into manure, such as small bits of turnip or remnants of other catch crops and such-like. A dry flock performs no rough work. It needs the best of food all the time, to get it off quickly at a profit, and it leaves behind the value of the manure, the margin between cost and sale price, together with the wool if purchased before shearing-time, but nothing further. There is scarcely any profitable use to which the flock cannot be put on arable or mixed farms, and just as it was the sheet-anchor of the arable farmer in the most acute days of agricultural depression, so in the future it will continue to be the most important stock which can be maintained on arable farms. The old saying, that the sheep has a golden hoof, is as true to-day as ever it was, and anything which tends to the curtailment of our flocks, whether pure bred or otherwise, will act detrimentally to successful corn production. Our arable soils must be manured if we are to grow good crops, while the demand for wool and mutton is likely to be keen for some time to come, so the outlook for sheep-farming is good, and it is greatly to be hoped that sheep-breeding will"be revived to the fullest extent. For many years prior to the war such financial success as the mixed or arable land farmer attaimed was entirely due to his flock, and its work as an instrument of good cultivation and as a rent-paying asset cannot be over-estimated.—T. B. G. in Farmer and Stockbreeder Year Book. Tne Distribution of Vigour.—lIt is possible by means of selective breeding to divert a large proportion of an animal’s vigour from one channel into another. In the case of the bag-of-bones cow with an abnormal milk yield, an undue proportion of her vigour is absorbed by her milk-producing organs, whilst the flesh-forming function only receives a scanty supply, with the result that she will give a large quantity of milk, but her frame will only have a thin covering of flesh. On the other hand, if we divert an undue proportion of her vigour into her flesh-producing organs she will grow an excellent carcase of beef, but she will be unable adequately to nourish her The Distribution of Vigour. 233 calf. There are also many other examples of vigour being diverted into some particular channel in order to intensify some special func- tion which it is not necessary to particularize. Now, however much we may try to do so, we can never succeed in securing the utilization of vigour which has been diverted into some particular channel for other functions. It is true that a thick-fleshed cow will milk off a certain amount of her condition, and a heavy-milking cow will make some pretence at putting on flesh when she is dried oft; but we can never succeed in turning a bag-of-bones cow into a first-class butcher’s animal, nor in obtaining a satisfactory leg of mutton from a merino sheep. The consideration of these data leads us to assume that vigour, as it is produced, is temporarily stored up for subsequent use by the functions in a manner much resembling the storage of water in a series of watertight compartments or tanks. Since there is little intercommunication between the various tanks, vigour cannot at all readily be diverted from one tank to another. We must also assume that every organ and function is connected with its own special tank, from which it receives a supply of vigour which may be copious or may be scanty. It will also be evident that the sum total of the contents of all the tanks will be exactly equal to the total vigour of the individual. Retaining the idea of the tank to illustrate our argument, we can see that in the case of the cow, one tank will supply vigour to the milk-producing organs, a second will supply vigour for the production of flesh, and a third vigour for the colouration of the hair and skin. In the case of the general-purpose cow, her vigour is fairly evenly distributed amongst the various functions : but when we breed for big records we divert an undue proportion of he® vigour into the tank which supplies the milk-producing organs, and since her total vigour is not increased, it follows that it can only be done at the expense of cutting off, or of partly cutting off, the supplies of vigour to the other tanks. Hence we get the thin-fleshed cow, which is often of a light colour, but with a big milk yield. Subject to the element of variability, which is alw ays presetit in heredity, and which results from the diversity of the chromosomes, the vigour of the offspring will be distributed amongst its various organs and functions in the same manner as the vigour of its parents is distributed. In other words, the mode of distribution is inherited. A Hackney foal a few days old picks up its feet like its dam. A heifer calf will turn to milk or to, beef according to the type of its parents. The unequal distribution of colour-vigour which results in white spotting in most species is strictly inherited. But we anuust emphasize no less strongly the fact that the inherited distribu- 234 The Note Book. tion of vigour is always subject to variation. As every breeder of dual-purpose cattle knows, the type is constantly fluctuating be- tween milk and flesh. One individual will tend towards one direc- tion, whilst her full sister will tend towards the other, and at intervals the offspring of pure beef parents will develop into a good dairy cow. Needless to state, the idea of the tank is entirely metaphorical. Vigour results in supplies of nutrition which are unevenly absorbed by the various organs and functions of the body, some of which will have a prior right of absorption before their fellows ; but the idea of the tank affords a very good illustration of the phenomenon. What we have said in regard to the unequal distribution of vigour amongst the functions for the production of flesh, milk, and colour, applies with equal force to the distribution of vigour to the germ cells, and there may be a very considerable divergence between the vigour in the germ cells and the vigour in the other organs. The germ cells are contained in the organs of reproduction. The union of a male germ cell with a female germ cell gives rise to a zygote, which is an embryo in its earliest stage. Genetic vigour is the vigour supplied to the germ cells. Somatic vigour is vigour supplied to the somatic functions, which include growth, production of milk, flesh, wool ; activity and speed in horses, ete. Professor Castle’s experiment with guinea-pigs (“‘ Genetics and Eugenics’) has demonstrated that the zygote derives its origin from the germ cells, and the germ cells alone, and that neither the germ cells nor the zygote are mfluenced in the slightest degree by association with the other portions of the parent's body. We go further, and contend that the initial vigour which the zygote inherits from its parents corresponds to the measure of vigour in the germ cells of the parents at the moment, and that its measure is un- affected by the somatic vigour which is distributed to the other functions. In other words, we say that somatic vigour is not trans- mitted to the offspring. This may appear to be a bold statement to make, but there is a mass of evidence at our disposal which shows that our suggestion is correct. Let us take a simple case. A bull with a 600-gallon ancestry is mated with a 600-gallon cow, and a heifer is produced. As is often the case, the vigour of the offspring is greater than the vigour of the parents, and the whole of the increase is diverted into the milk-producing organs. As a result the heifer gives 800 gallons of milk instead of the 600 gallons given by her ancestors. But since her germ cells have not participated in the increase in vigour, the vigour in these is only at the 600-gallon level. Her offspring inherit the measure of vigour in her germ cells (600 gallons), and not the The Distribution of Vigour. 235 measure of her somatic vigour (800 gallons), and unless they have inherited increased vigour from their sire will only give the 600 gallons which were given by the grandam, instead of the 800 gallons which their dam gave. In other cases the total vigour has been reduced, but the reduction has affected the somatic functions only, and the supply of vigour to the germ cells has been maintained. A pair of dwarfs exhibited a few years back at St. Giles Fair in Ox- ford had a child a few months old which was of a normal size. We sometimes find small and stunted cows produce offspring of normal size. In all of these cases the reduction in the total vigour has not resulted in a reduction in the supply to the germ cells. An abnormal development of one special function will frequently divert vigour from the germ cells, thus reducing the vigour of the offspring. Dr. Arabella Keneally tells me that the finest women frequently have small, puny children. In Shorthorns, the Booths preferred animals of moderate size, and we are inclined to believe that most breeders share the same view. In the case of non-pedigree dairy cows, whose vigour is generally lower than that of pedigree stocks, we often find that the calves of very heavy milkers are bad doers. Again, the vigour in the germ cells may be increased at the ex- pense of the supplies of vigour to the somatic functions. The space at our disposal does not allow us to prove that the type which is associated with good breeding and resulting good looks is one of the results of high vigour, but we will assume it to be the case. In these cases the individual is often plain in type and deficient in show points. On the other hand, since the vigour in his germ cells is exceptionally high, he will transmit abnormally high vigour to his offspring, a due proportion of which finds expression in type and looks. Hence a large proportion of the offspring of such a sire will _ win prizes in the shows, and he is said to be a great sire. In ex- ceptional cases the genetic vigour will be so abnormally high that his descendants will be great show animals as well as great breeders for several generations. On the other hand. the somatic vigour may be high, whilst the genetic vigour is low. The high somatic vigour may find expression in type and looks, and, consequently, the in- dividual will sweep the decks in the show yard ; but since his genetic vigour is low, his offspring will only inherit low vigour, and he will prove a failure at the stud in spite of his show-yard career. Lin- colnshire Lad 2nd has been described as a plain-looking horse, deficient in his middle, The somatic vigour which should __lhave assured his normal physical-development was diverted into his germ cells, consequently his genetic vigour was abnormally high, > aw a result, he was the starting point of several lines of blood 236 The Note Book. which have béen eminently prolific in the production of great prize- winning animals which were also great breeders. Another great Shire stallion, William the Conqueror, is described by an old breeder as having been “rather shelly.” In the Agnes family of race- horses, Polly Agnes was so deficient in somatic vigour that she was a “small and delicate” filly, so much so that Sir Tatton Sykes wished to part with her; but she produced three daughters, from whom are descended some of the finest horses the world has ever seen. In Shorthorns Mr. Ralph Alcock’s bull is described as “* small and mean-looking,”’ yet his genetic vigour must have been abnormal-. ly high, since he was the sire of the celebrated Lady Maynard. Horace, the great Hereford sire, was not a show animal. On the: other hand, all breeders are acquainted with instances in which. great-prize- winning animals have been miserable failures as breeders. It is, however, extremely probable that all celebrated families of prize-winning and breeding animals have their origin in the ab- normal diversion of the somatic vigour of some individual ancestor into his or her germ cells. But whether such an individual is merely a low-vigoured weed, or one whose genetic vigour is abnormally high. can only be determined by the practical test of breeding. The distribution of vigour between the somatic cells and the germ. cells is Nature’s very simple and automatic machinery for preserving the stability of the type of the species. If a variation in vigour afiects the development of one particular function only, and does not result in a corresponding variation in the vigour of the germ cells, the abnormal development of the function in question will not be inherited. In exceptional cases an abnormal development of one- function will encroach upon the supplies of vigour to the germ cells, and as a result the vigour of the latter will be reduced. Con-- sequently, the vigour of the offspring will be lower than the vigour of the grandparents, and the development of the function in their case will be subnormal. The action of this machinery, therefore, militates against the inheritance of any sudden development of any” function, but it is not inimical to gradual evolution. In order that: the development of any particular function may be inherited by the: offspring, it must be accompanied by a corresponding increase in the vigour of the germ cells. Now, the extent to which vigour can: vary, owing to the environment, bears a fixed relation to the initial vigour ; in other words, the increase or decrease in any one genera-- tion will be limited. If this limited increase be evenly distributed. amongst the whole of the functions—including the germ cells—it follows that the increase in vigour available for any one particular function will be small. Therefore the increased development in any- The Distribution of Vigour. 237 one generation will be small, and the individual will not differ widely from his nearer ancestors. In other words, the individual will not differ widely from the mean of his ancestry in any particular, and ‘the offspring of the abnormal parent will regress towards the same mean, which is the Law of Filial Regression. The breeding of racehorses furnishes a very interesting example of the unequal distribution of vigour. Mr. Bruce Lowe, as the result of a careful and systematic investigation of pedigrees, found that the various families of racehorses were ranged into two distinct groups. In the first group of families, known as the “ running families,” racing powers (the somatic function) are strongly de- veloped, and the vast majority of the winners of the great classic races belong to one or other of the families comprised in this group. The other group comprises the families which have been the most prolific in the production of horses possessing exceptional breeding powers. Practically all the horses which have established a reputa- tion as great breeders and as the parents of famous ofispring, belong to one or other of the families in this second group, which are, con- sequently, known as the sire families. To give a few examples: No. 1 family has produced more winners than any other family, but remarkably few sires of note, the best being Partisan, Melbourne, Bay Middleton, Glencoe, Whalebone, and Whisker. This family is also remarkable for good looks. No. 2 family has also been highly prolific in winners, and, whilst by no means good as a sire line, is better than No. 1. No. 10 family is the most valuable sire family. It has produced such sires as Markse, Orville, Sultan, New- minster, Cain, Humphrey Clinker, and Chester: and in many cases the son has possessed greater breeding powers than his sire. Markse begot the more famous Eclipse, and Emilius was a greater breeder than his sire Orville. No. 14 family again has been a failure in the production of winners, but is famous as a sire family, as Touch- stone, The Libel, Macaroni, Touchet, Buccaneer, Saraband, Carnival, Saccharometer, Leamington, and Iroquois testify. On the other hand, if we wish to breed winners, it is essential to mate the running families and the sire families together, as even the greatest sire families fail to breed winners unless mated with the blood of some of the running families. In the case of the racehorse, the divergence between somatic vigour and genetic vigour has reached more extreme limits than in any other species of domestic animal, and its distribution is very “strongly inherited. In ae running families the larger portion of the vigour is diverted into the somatic function which produces peed and’endurance. In the sire families the vigour is diverted 238 The Note Book. principally into the germ cells. In No. 1 family a certain propor- tion of vigour is expended in type and good looks, and, as a result, No. | family is inferior to No. 2 family as a producer of great sires. As the result of heredity the bulk of the vigour in the case of the running families is diverted into the somatic function, and in conse- quence its members are frequently exceptional performers on the turf ; but since the germ cells do not receive an adequate share, the abnormally high vigour which produces the exceptional performer is not inherited. In other breeds the vigour which the ofispring derives from the germ cells of its parents is distributed more or less. evenly amongst the various functions, but in racehorses the inheri- tance is so unilateral that the greater part of it is diverted into the germ cells of the offspring, and his somatic functions receive but a. scanty proportion. As a result, although the sire families by them- selves can produce offspring with high genetic vigour, they are unable to produce winners. Hence we have two types: in the one the vigour is mainly somatic, and in the other it is mainly genetic. The breeder’s aim is to produce a horse that will win a race. The ob- vious thing to do is to unite the two types by cross-breeding. The offspring receives the genetic vigour from both parents, of which the parent belonging to the sire family naturally contributes the largest. share, but the running blood of the other parent will contribute the determinant for diverting vigour to the somatic function. Hence the offspring will possess running powers. The fact that cross- breeding has to be within the three top crosses points to segregation, which is an indication that the inheritance of the distribution of vigour is mendelian, which is borne out by the mendelian inheritance of white spotting and of other instances. The diversion of vigour into one particular channel has been carried to greater lengths in the racehorse than in the case of any other breed. Its frame is not of any great size compared with its. strength, and therefore no great amount of vigour is required for its upkeep, consequently it is possible to put the last ounce of vigour into speed and endurance. The standard of racing has been raised to such a pitch that, except in the case of the abnormally high- vigoured individual, no animal has sufficient vigour to enable him to: come up to the required standard on the race course, and at the same time retain sufficient vigour in his germ cells to enable him to be a satisfactory breeder; and if he has great genetic vigour, he has not sufficient vigour to enable him to reach the required standard on the turf. We must not, however, overlook the possibility of a unilateral inheritance being common to all breeds. It may be masked in other breeds by the fact that the total vigour is in excess: Plant Breeding. 239 of what is required by the function to which the more intense in- heritance applies. There are many families of dual-purpose Short- horns in which the tendency to milk is strongly inherited, but which yet carry a quantity of flesh, because there is a surplus of vigour over and above what is required by the milk-producing function ; but if the vigour were greatly reduced, the tendency to milk would still be maintained, whilst the flesh would disappear. Hence some cows are lighter-fleshed than others, whilst the milk yield is the same. If the abnormal milk yield of the American dairy cattle is. still further increased, it is quite within the bounds of possibility that there may emerge one set of families which would be milking families, and another set which would be sire families with lesser yields, and that it would be necessary to cross the milking families. with the sire families to produce abnormal milkers, as is the case in breeding racehorses.—H. G. Reenart in Live Stock Journal Annual. Plant Breeding.—Of recent years science has been called to the aid of agriculture with beneficial and, m some cases, astonishing results. In Britain, by proper selection,.the improvement in the quality of horses, cattle, and sheep has been so great that a large business is now done in breeding stud animals which fetch high prices and are eagerly bought for the purpose of improving the quality of stock at home and in other countries. But while Britain is recognised as perhaps the premier source of highly-bred animals, the same cannot be said of her in regard to the selection and breeding of the various cereals and roots on her farms. It is meet, therefore, that a scheme for research in plant breeding should be inaugurated, and there can be no doubt that if the same amount of zeal and skill is applied to this branch of agricul- ture as has been applied to the breeding of stock, a very material addition to the cereal and other crops grown on our present arable areas will be the result. The object of this paper is to show the»wonderful results of proper breeding of cinchona in Java, as compared with in Ceylon, which is an object lesson. But first I would like to diverge for a little and refer to the present position of the tea industry in the East, partic- ularly in Ceylon, which has been brought about largely by the scientific skill and energy of one planter, the late Mr. Joseph Fraser of Aberdeen. As a young man, Mr. Fraser attended chemistry and other classes at Aberdeen University, nd when the coffee enterprise in Ceylon failed through the insidious attacks of a fungoid disease, he was one of the earliest planters to grow tea, to take the place of coffee. . DAO The Note Book. As much of the tea was grown on old land where the coffee had died out, the soil was impoverished through exhaustion and wash, and the estates were often wind swept; indeed, the proprietors of the estate he was manager of decided to abandon it as useless and unprofitable. Mr. Fraser came home to Scotland, approached the proprietors offering to buy a share of the estate, to remain on as manager and to bring the property back to fertility as a tea estate. Such were his enthusiasm and confidence that they agreed to his proposals, and he went back to Ceylon armed with instructions to carry out his programme. He started and—(1) thoroughly drained the land to prevent wash; (2) planted nitrogen-producing trees throughout the tea area, which also protected the tea from wind, while the branches of these trees were periodically lopped and buried with the tea prunings, thereby producing humus in the soil ; (3) Analysed the soil and applied to it artificial manure containing the constituents it was deficient in. The result was that in a few years, from a derelict estate he made a splendid tea property, free from wash and wind, and rich in humus and plant food, which to this day yields heavy crops. Naturally, other estate proprietors called him in to consult him, and in his later years he had an enormous practice in advising others. When on his periodic visits to this country he was the honoured guest more than once of Messrs. Gilbert & Lawes at Rothamsted, who recognised in him a great and scientific agri- culturist. He was always a keen advocate of planting the best class of seed, and not only brought more prosperity to the tea growers in the Kast, but was the means of largely increasing the crops grown, with the result that to-day tea is much more plentiful, and therefore cheaper than it would have been but for his scientific work. His friends and admirers have lately handed over to the College of Agriculture in Aberdeen the sum of £8000 in his memory, and the interest of this capital will be used in Joseph Fraser bursaries, to help the agricultural students. An appropriate memorial to an Aber- donian who did so much for the Empire. One thing that Mr. Fraser amply proved in his operations was that if the crop grown can be doubled (as was often the case under his supervision), the profits are at least trebled, for standing charges and rents, etc., remain the same. Now to return to cinchona. This is the tree from whose bark the medicine quinine, so valuable in the treatment of fevers and other diseases, is extracted. The bark is lightly shaved, and if the cambium or inner bark is not injured, it readily renews, and so several crops of bark are obtained. The healing properties of cin- Plant Breeding. 241 chona bark in fevers had become known through the missionary Roman Catholic priests in Bolivia. In 1859 the British Government sent an expedition to South America to try and secure seeds. These were brought home to Kew Gardens, from whence they were distributed, as plants in Wardian cases and as seeds, to India, Ceylon, and Java. There are a number of varieties of cinchona, from the Succirubra, which is a large robust tree, but whose bark contains a small per- centage of quinine, to the Ledgeriana variety, which in some cases yields as much as 8 to 10 per cent. of quinine. About the time cinchona plants and seed became available to the planters of Ceylon from the Botanical Gardens there, coffee was dying out from disease, and the planter was thankful to get any- thing which seemed likely to help the revenue of the estate, that could be planted among the declining coffee. But, alas! the mdus- try was shortlived, and of it Mr. Ferguson writes in 1905 :— “ Of cinchona, beginning with trifling packages of bark exported in 1869-1871, we ran up to over 1,000,000 lb. in 1880, when quinine was 12s. an ounce, and on to 14,675,000 Ib. in 1886 (maximum), and the price of quinine 2s. 8d. an ounce, with a gradual descent to 2,497,616 lb. in 1894 (price of quinine Is. 3d. an ounce), and now the export is only 147,291 lb., while the area planted has dwindled from 64,000 acres in 1883 to the equivalent of 386 acres at the present time.” And so an industry of great promise, through over produc- tion and the planting of inferior varieties, was entirely lost to the country. The British planter had consistently and almost entirely gone in for planting robust trees, which yielded a large quantity of bark containing a small percentage of quinine. oo in Java adopted quite a different method. In the early stages of the industry he began to investigate by examina- tion of the foliage, and by analysis of the bark, the best varieties of cinchona ; he covered his best trees with mosquito netting to prevent hybridisation, and seeds were sold with a Government guarantee at enormous prices (up to several hundred pounds per ounce). He went in for plant breeding, in short, on the most scientific lines. Let us see the result :— In 1890 Ceylon exported 8,700,000 lb. of bark ; Java, 7,200,000 Ib. In 1895 Ceylon exported 1,000,000 lb. of bark ; Java, 9,000,000 Ib. In 1900 Ceylon exported 500,000 lb. of bark; Java, 12,000,000 lb. There is this footnote to the tables that tell the tale of what had oceurred. “ For comparison, as Java bark is twice as rich in quinine, the Java export should be doubled.” Here was an industry which in Ceylon languished and died through 7, Ry 242 The Note Book. becoming unprofitable, while by proper plant breeding Java was able to export bark giving double the amount of quinine per |b., and so weathered the storm of low prices. She has reaped a rich reward for her scientific efforts, for there has been a great demand for quinine of recent years, and the price during the last four years has been three times what it was in 1912. Meantime the industry has been entirely lost to Ceylon. When the writer was last in Java there was a staff of something like twenty-seven Government scientists connected with agriculture ; we had about three in Ceylon. Fortunately this is not the case to-day. Science is called in to the aid of the planter to an ever increasing degree. We know what we lost in the past by want of science to aid us, and by want of correct accounting, and the best brains connected with our Eastern agriculture are now agitating in the direction of better manures, better selection of seed, better accounting, better cultivation, and the finding of new markets and new uses for our produce. The fairest way that the expenses of a plant breeding station could be raised in this country would be by the imposition of a small rate per acre on arable land. A leading Scottish agriculturist told me quite lately that by careful selection of seed and improved agricultural methods he had increased the crop of cereals from his farms by an average of three quarters per acre. This may not be possible everywhere, but if by an ex- penditure of 3d. or even 6d. per acre a permanent increase of half a quarter per acre were secured, it would add enormously to the food of the nation and to the wealth of the agriculturist. Scientific aid is necessary to every business now-a-days, and particularly to agriculture.—* L. D.” in The Scottish Farmer. Village Workshops.—There seems to be no question as to not only the advantage, but the necessity, of altering the present condition of overcrowding in towns. Statistics show that an immense number of dwellings are required to be built to make the conditions of town life even tolerable. But suppose it is agreed to provide such dwellings in large towns, is this a movement in the right direction ? Is town life even under improved conditions likely to promote the creation of a healthy and vigorous future generation ? Is not the ideal condition a large village with ample garden space to the cottages—not isolated farm cottages far from all amenities of civilized life, companionship, doctors, etc.? Is there not a need for a large agricultural population ? Scientific opinion is strongly in favour of the large village life, and Village Workshops. 245 the problem, therefore, is how the growth of such villages can be encouraged. Freedom of movement is one of the first principles of the English. The people cannot be herded like sheep, and the ‘attractions of the village life must rival those of town life. Many schemes have been put forward for the reconstruction of country life, such as small holdings, ownership of land, &c., but when these are examined they appear likely to appeal only to a limited population of purely agricultural tastes, and they offer prospects of providing only a bare existence in bad times. Compare this with semi-skilled men earning £7 to £8 or more a week. Past experience shows that the town life does attract the people, and this is probably due to three causes—companionship, better pay, and better openings for children in a variety of occupations. If the village is to be made attractive, some consideration must be given to procuring the above advantages or attractions of town life. It is therefore suggested that the workshop for the employ- ment of men, women, and young people should be brought into village life, not as whole-time work, but as a supplement to the agricultural life, as a change of occupation and relaxation after the hours spent, in many cases, in solitude in the fields. The allotment is appreciated by the factory worker as a relaxation in his spare time, and there seems no reason why the cheerful, warm, well-lit workshop, with its companionship, should not be equally appre- ciated by agricultural labourers, not only as a means of earning additional pay, but also as a pleasant relaxation. If, as is thought, these conditions not only kept, but attracted, the workers from the town to the village, the hours worked on the land might be reduced, and the time in the workshop increased until a reagonable balance in occupation was reached. In times of the year when special conditions on the land required more labour, the workshop hours would be reduced and vice versa. In the event of depression in the demand for the production of the workshop, there would still be the work on the land. Such a scheme would evidently be of a far more elastic nature than the present organization. Without doubt, in the future, engineering will enter more largely into the scope of agriculture in the form of labour-saving appliances. The repair and upkeep of these mechanical instruments will require a number of mechanics, and these mechanics might be trained in the village workshops, selection being made fromethose who showed a strong tendency to develop in the direction of engineering ability. In the experience of the writer, the best foremen with respect to the command of men, resource and engineering intelligence have been country-bred boys, 244 The Note Book. and the best and steadiest workmen also come from the country. There need be no fear that plenty of ability will be found among the country people, once an opportunity is given for an outlet to such ability. Much has been written lately on workshop fatigue, the need for shorter hours, and better conditions. But is it not rather a change of occupation that is required ? The educated man is not, as a rule, idle for any appreciable time during his waking hours, but changes his occupation to give his mind rest. If this reasoning is accepted as correct, the question resolves itself into the problem, “ Can such workshops be established to compete with the large workshops in the towns?” The writer believes this is possible under certain conditions. A fairly steady flow of work must be assured of a repetition character. The price paid to the workers must be the same as that fixed in the large workshops and allowance must be made for charges on the same scale. If the actual cost of charges is less than this amount (charges would be cost of supervision, setting up machines, repairs, consumable stocks, interest, railway carriage, &c.), the difference would be divided among the workers, so that the little workshop would be a co-operative establishment, and it would be to the interest of all to minimize charges as far as possible. Large workshops have some econmical advantages, but they have disadvantages as well. The loss of individuality, the loss of the personal interest, are not small matters. Then the small short- hour workshop would have other advantages besides the gain in individuality. With the short working time there would be far less inertia from the boredom of repetition. If it is decided to begin an experimental workshop, the article chosen for manufacture should be as simple as possible and one for which the Government have a steady demand.—H. I. BrackrenBury in The Times Engineering Supplement. Maintenance of the Tractor.—A farmer who has recently acquired his first tractor, which is possibly also his first adventure into the realms of heavy-propelled machinery for his farm work, will be well advised to remember that though the tractor will endure a large amount of neglect, it has its limits. The safest way to ensure regular and satisfactory service from any machine is to devote a regular period, say an hour a week, to going over it thoroughly. An hour a week is not a very long time, and if work be knocked off an hour earlier than usual on Saturday afternoon, and the driver devotes it to examining his tractor carefully in its shed, the apparently wasted time will more than repay for itself in the course of a year’s work. Maintenance of the Tractor. 245 One of the most vital mistakes that can be made is to wait for troubles to develop before any attempt is made to put them right. Preven- tion is always better than cure, and the good engine driver should ‘foresee troubles before they develop seriously. In his weekly overhaul the driver should see that all parts re- quiring lubricant are adequately supplied ; the gear box lid when one is fitted should be removed and, if necessary, more grease added to the pinions. It is surprising how quickly grease will disappear if it is entirely neglected. The engine lubrication will, of course, have to be looked after every day, but during the weekly inspection, it is certainly a good plan to empty off from the crank case the whole of the lubricating oil, and, after washing the engine out thoroughly with paraffin, to put in a fresh supply of oil. On tractors where the wheel rims are bolted to the spokes, or when strakes are in regular use, it is wise to go over the wheels periodically to make sure that none of the attachment bolts have worked loose. A loose strake will, it is true, do no harm, but a loose wheel bolt is an entirely different matter, and if it be allowed to continue in a state of looseness it will probably sheer, and if it be still neglected others will soon follow suit, so that what could have been put right in a quarter of an hour, had it been taken in time, develops into a disaster that may well mean the laying up of the tractor for a week, or even more. Difficult starting will occasionally happen with even the best of tractors and poor condition is nowhere reflected sooner than in difficult starting. If, as far as one is aware, all the essential working parts of the tractor are in good order, the first step to be taken to facilitate starting is to pour boiling water over the induction pipe whem this is exposed. If the induction pipe is jacketed this pro- cedure is of little value, as the heat cannot penetrate through the casing and so reach the pipe itself ; but closing up the air inlet with a piece of rag will do much to help an obstinate engine to get going, and after it has been run for a few seconds the rag may be removed and the ordinary procedure of switching over from petrol: to paraffin may be followed. A partially choked carburettor jet will, of course, affect starting, and the remedy in this case is the obvious one of taking the carburettor to pieces and removing the obstruction. It may happen that some of the heavy fuel (e.g., paraffin) used for normal running may have been left in the carburettor when the engine was stopped at theend of the previous day’s work, and so, when a first attempt is made the next morning, although petrol is turned on, it is, as a matter of fact, paraffin that is filling the jet. For this reason it is always advisable to stop the engine when the ‘ 246 The Note Book. tractor has finished its day’s work by turning off the paraffin tay and then running the carburettor dry. After this has been done the petrol may well be turned on and the engine run again for two or three seconds on pure petrol ; this will ensure that the pipe leading to the carburettor is filled with petrol instead of paraffin. Although it is not common, a cause for difficult starting may sometimes be found in the ignition system. Setting the plug points very close together will often make starting quite easy, whereas previously it had been impossible. If setting the plug points does not have the desired effect, take the same steps with the platinum points of the magneto contact breaker, although this is a step which should only be taken under extreme pressure. A simple and easy starting tip that will often work wonders where an engine appears to have quite definitely given up any intention of starting is to switch off the ignition and swing the handle over for a dozen turns or so. If the ignition be then switched on again the ordinary pull up will generally serve to do the trick. Tractors are known to suffer at times from a mysterious loss of power in the field, even if they have been behaving quite satis- factorily just previously. Nine times out of ten the cause ultimately lies with the poor quality fuel that is fed into the ordinary tractor engine. Paraffin has a habit of causmg gumming up of the valves, and once a valve becomes thoroughly sticky there is no remedy but removing it from the engine and cleaning the stems vigorously with emery cloth. The likelihood of gummy valves may, however, be very much reduced by a few simple precautions after the tractor has finished its daily task. Although paraffin is the cause of the trouble, it may also be used as the cure. An ordinary squirt should be used to force paraffin through the valve springs on to the valve stems when the valves are in the closed position. Liquid paraffin appears to have the effect of absorbing or dissolving the semi-solid deposit that forms on the stems. Loss of power may be due to other causes, some of which are not so easily remedied. If it is a gradual development it is generally a sign that the valves need grinding in, and this is an operation which takes time and needs to be performed carefully with fine emery cloth used with thin oil. When grinding in the valves they should be turned with an oscillating movement, that is to say, back- wards and forwards on their seating. If they are turned con- tinually in the same direction, grooves may be cut that are as bad as the pitting due to the heat of the explosion. Loss of compression is caused by valves in poor condition, and is a sign that they need Maintenance of the Tractor. 247 grinding in, but it may also be due to the faulty condition of the piston rings, which is a trouble that can only be remedied by the removal of the cylinders entirely. Although removing and cleaning and replacing a piston ring is a perfectly simple job for the com- petent mechanic, it is one of those things that may not wisely be entrusted to the average farm hand: and as the necessity for it occurs only about twice in a fair season’s work, it is advisable to lay up the tractor for a day so that an expert may be given the job. An often unsuspected cause of loss of power can be traced to the silencer when one is fitted, which is certainly not too common with the ordinary tractor. A silencer is an excellent thing, but when fitted to an engine using paraffin it should be taken down and cleaned at least once every two months. The small holes in it are apt to become choked, and the obvious result is that they cavse back pressure in the exhaust pipe, which means loss of power. When a tractor is fitted with road brakes loss of power may be due to binding in these components, and though it is not a highly pro- bable occurrence it is well to be on the look out for it if examination has failed to reveal any other cause. Inadequacy of the cooling system is a common fault among modern tractors, but if an engine suddenly begins to require far more water in the radiator than it has done previously it is a sign that there is something wrong, and the cause should be investigated. Loss of power in the engine will often have the effect of forcing up the water consumption unduly, and so the foregoing hints for discovering the cause of loss of power apply also when boiling water is the im- mediate symptom. Generally, however, the boiling of the water will be caused by an over-rich or over-weak mixture, the former de- veloping through choking of the air gauzes in the carburettor air intake, and the latter through partial choking of the jet—not bad enough to prevent the engine from running—or, more probably, air leaks in the induction system. It is most important that the in- duction manifold should be kept tightly bolted against the cylinder block, and tight joints between carburettor and inlet pipe are ahso- lutely vital to good running. If any doubt is entertained as to the existence of air leaks it may be removed by trying the slow running of the engine. An engine that has been in the habit of ticking over quite well at slow speeds and suddenly refuses to run at anything much less than its normal working speed is certainly suffering from air leaks. Sparking plugsgand compression taps that are not tight on their seatings will cause air leaks as well as compression leaks, both of which may make themselves evident in an increased water consumption before a considerable loss of power is noticed. 248 The Note Book. When it is remembered that the tractor is often working on the dustiest of ground, and that it may probably be stored in a shed or barn not so clean as might be desired, it can readily be understood that foreign matter may find its way into the fuel tank. Once grit has got into the tank it is extremely difficult to remove, except by completely detaching the tank from the frame and thoroughly cleaning it out by hand. If the filler cap is too small to allow of the admission of the hand, the cleaning out is a none too easy matter. Under these circumstances perhaps the best method to adopt is to put about 4 gallon of petrol into the tank and, after shaking this violently, suddenly empty the petrol out through the filler cap. The presence of foreign matter in the feed pipe will, of course, lead to choking of the supply to the carburettor, and even to the forming of obstructions in the carburettor jet itself. As perhaps is only natural, some tractor drivers have a very poor conception of the limitations of the machine. A tractor is not human, but it has its limitations the same as everything else, and farmers who grumble that they have not obtained satisfactory service from a tractor have very often only themselves to blame. A good driver is an invaluable asset, for abuse of the machine by a poor driver is bound to lead to disaster sooner or later. As an in- stance may be mentioned the ambitions inexperienced drivers appear to have for hearing their engine “ rey.”” Nothing is more injurious to the life of any piece of machinery than allowing it to run at high speed without any load. As soon as the tractor comes to the end of a furrow the engine should be slowed down and allowed to run as slowly as it will so long as it is not required to give any power. In the same way when an engine is new attempts to obtain from it a working speed higher than that for which it is designed are bound to be injurious. Every tractor is intended to work at a definite plough- ing speed according to the gear on which it is travelling. Attempts to increase this speed may save five minutes in ploughing a couple of acres, but the gain will be more than counterbalanced by the strain- ing and injury to which the tractor is subjected. The whole secret of success with tractors is to handle them carefully and inspect them frequently. If these two simple precepts be followed, any first-class tractor will, bar accidents, give a year’s service without requiring anything in the nature of a serious repair—W. Howarp JOHNSON, in ‘ The Farmers’ Agricultural Annual.” Agricultural Education.—Agriculture is the foundation stone of our national life and progress. Therefore, a sound and a widespread knowledge of it should be our primary objective. i ee Agricultural Education. 249 Though particular phases of the rural industries are being success- fully treated in a number of our secondary schools, yet in few, if any, are efforts being expended to the best advantage. . For example, botany is often taken as a section of the rural course, and rightly so, for a correct knowledge of plant life is a funda- mental necessity to those whose livelihood in the future will depend on being able to successfully grow plants. But too often, unfort- unately, the teacher of botany cannot get away from his college training. He draws his examples from, and connects his practical work with, plants of little or no economic importance; he often emphasises aspects which have little direct practical bearing. He draws attention to the nature and behaviour of rare hothouse or garden or exotic plants which he finds it difficult and expensive to procure. And all the while a whole host of suitable plants are easily available and just as appropriate for the purpose in view. What a wide field for study the pastures offer! What an array of lessons in the life and struggles of plants they provide! What a fine field for training in close observation and reasoning they open up! Conjoin with the study of pastures the intimately connected one of the study of weeds, and assuredly the teacher would have no grounds of com- plaint in respect to lack of teaching material. And, again the in- terest and attention of the pupils themselves would be more readily aroused and maintained, for they would recognise the practical value of their studies, and they would glory in being able to discourse, to the willing listeners they would find, about the common plants which many of us know superficially and but few intimately. Let it be clear at this point that it is not held that any or every course in botany be restricted to weeds and grasses, but it is held that they do notgreceive the amount of attention that their economic impor- tance for. Dairying subjects should have a direct bearing. The study of dairy science undoubtedly deserves a place, but not certain aspects of it that instructors are expected to treat# We have in view such topics and exercises as the preparation of starters in cheesemaking, the testing of butter for salt and for borax, etc., which usually find a place in school courses. These cannot have been included on account of their practical bearing, unless the aim is to produce a generation of factory managers. Again, it cannot be urged that they offer scientific training, for the essence of science is that the students understand fully the reasons underlying their work, and to under- stand topics such as the above the knowledge of chemistry required is such that the school child neither has nor can reasonably be ex- pected to have, It forcibly appeals to us that time devoted to such 250 The Note Book. topics would be more profitably spent at such questions as the nature,. care, and utilisation of dairy by-products, the relative values of the different dairy side-lines, etc. We know that such topics do receive mention, but we also know that generally they are but superficially treated, chiefly because of the way in which the time is limited, in order to allow space for unpractical topics such as we have typified above. A knowledge of mechanics is also desirable, yet in how many agricultural courses in the Dominion do subjects such as mechanics and machinery find a place? General agreement is accorded the statement that machinery is going to play a big part in rural in- dustries in the near future. The urban industries owe much of their advancement to mechanical developments. We are repeatedly told that a similar experience awaits the country. Yet our directors of secondary schools and of our education system generally bestir themselves little to fit the rural community for the expected change. One of the most serious omissions in our system of rural training is that live stock are neglected. Everyone recognises that stock problems constitute at least one-half of the farmer’s problems. To skilfully breed and manage stock it is almost universally necessary that the man must begin the work early in life, to lay the foundation of the long traiming in hand and eye that is required. There is little need to expound on the need for improved stock management in New Zealand. The low average yields of the dairy animals of the Dominion speak eloquently on this point. Particu- larly when we contrast the average yield with that of a well-managed herd, do we realise what might be done with improved practices. And what is true of dairy animals is equally, and probably to a greater extent, true of other classes of stock. The point that appeals to us is that the subject of stock management is almost wholly over- looked in our secondary school rural courses. We would suggest, as an initial step, a first-year course in animal physiology to lay the foundation for later work in the care, feeding, selection and breeding of animals. There certainly is possibility of efficient results from. work on the lines of the calf clubs and other animal clubs that hold such a prominent place in the system of rural imstruction in America. One or two breeders in the past have proved not only willing but. enthusiastic in assisting endeavours to increase the knowledge and improve the management of stock. Visits to leading studs, and judg- ing competitions at agricultural shows will be of use, but the primary requirement is that the subject of stock should be taken up in earnest in the schools that lay claim to agricultural courses in their curri- culum. Contact with stock during school age would have an in- — Sheep Diseases. 251 direct value of great importance in that it offers a ready means of awakening in the young minds a love of rural occupations. Lessons on manures, soils and crops may, and probably will, have no attrac- tion for the normal town lads—indeed, such study is likely to prove a drudgery, and have the tendency to kill any smouldering desire towards the rural life if not presented carefully. On the other hand, it is obvious to all who stop to watch what an appeal the handling of stock makes to a normal lad, whether he hail from the city or the country. One can easily conceive how the handling of good animals. wakens in a boy a pride in the work, and wakes a desire to be given an opportunity to follow it up in his manhood. It is highly pro- bable that, if in the past some of the attention given to Latin and allied subjects in the secondary schools in country districts had been given to animal husbandry, the regrettable trend townwards. of the population would be less marked than it is at present—From “The New Zealand Farmer.” Sheep Diseases.—Principal Gaiger, F.R.C.V.S., of the Glasgow Veterinary College, speaking on the subject of “ Research into Diseases of Sheep in Scotland,” first dealt with braxy. He said that during the season 1918-1919 braxy material had been secured from four typical cases in sheep found alive by their owners. In each case the owner destroyed the sick sheep when it was almost on the point of death, and collected certain parts of the internal organs, placing them in tubes of a solution supplied by the laboratory. There is great difficulty in investigating a disease such as braxy otherwise than on the spot where the digease occurs, because death takes p lace so rapidly that the sheep 1s very seldom seen alive. The most that could be done up to the present has been to collect material for pathological examination in the way above indicated. Up to the present during this 1919-1920 braxy season four more suitable cases have been found alive, and the material has been received at the laboratory. Two cases came from Scotland, one from Ireland and one from the North of England. There has not yet been time for a detailed examination of the material received this year, but reports indicate that losses from braxy have been heavy this year. The fact that material from only four has been received shows the rarity with which braxy sheep are seen alive. Material from braxy sheep “ found dead” is worse than useless for pathological and bacterio- logical examination. The reason is that putrefaction sets in so quickly that all the indications of the actual cause of the disease which has been operating during life are obscured by the extensive putrefaction changes. In a disease of the nature of braxy, these 4 252 The Note Book. putretaction changes are well in evidence the moment death occurs, and do in fact begin to occur shortly before death. The problem, then, is to find sheep suffering from undoubted braxy while alive, and use them for the purposes required while they are suffering from well-pronounced symptoms and are yet not so far gone as to be in extremis. The object of this is to find the actual bacterial cause, uncomplicated by bacteria which are mere secondary invaders after the braxy bacterium has begun or finished its fatal work. Examination of the material received at the laboratory up to the present time indicates that the cause of the disease is a bacterium picked up from the soil, which, under certain conditions, unfavour- able to sheep, has the power of invading the wall of the bowel and setting up a rapid and fatal toxemia. At the present time this is largely assumption, and it must be submitted to scientific proof. To do this will mean that investigators must go and live in the worst braxy area throughout the braxy season with a full equipment for their work. It is only by being actually on the spot so as to get cases alive, and by watching them hourly till the suitable moment for destroying them, that one is likely to get the necessary material for bacteriological work. Material for pathological work can be collected more or less accurately and satisfactorily by the farmers themselves, as has been done these last two braxy seasons, but bacteriological work can only be done at the disease centres. Unfortunately for this work, ideal conditions do not at present exist. Government has made a small beginning by appointing one man—himself—to be a Professor in the Glasgow Veterinary College, and have provided there a small though complete laboratory for him to work in. But to be a Professor in a College in Glasgow does not mean that one can also have unlimited time for work on the spot where braxy occurs, and with a full and suitable field equipment. The time has now come for a further step forward. If progress is to be made with braxy and all the other diseases demanding atten- tion, they must have funds and men for the work. It will be useless unless the matter is placed upon the soundest foundations and funds provided to attract one or two good men—men with wide and varied laboratory experience—and one or two good laboratory assistants. Up till now the matter has been left to the Glasgow Veterinary College to make a beginning by squeezing what it could out of the Board of Agriculture for Scotland. The latter had dealt with the matter in an inadequate and niggardly fashion—almost unbelievably so. He had fairly definite views of the lies on which such work on animal diseases should be run, but real progress cannot be expected Sheep Diseases. 253 without more expert assistance and accommodation for experimental animals. All the facts in connection with trembling or louping-ill pointed unmistakably to the tick as the intermediary host of this infection in sheep. There has never yet been shown a case of “ trembling ” on land which does not harbour the tick. It by no means tollows that every farm which has the tick has also trembling. There are infected ticks and non-infected ticks, just as there are infected sheep and non-infected sheep. Where there are plenty of ticks and yet no trembling sheep, that merely means that the ticks are not in- fected ticks. The trembling season corresponds with the time of the year—namely, spring—when ticks are hatching out of the eggs laid by female ticks which have hibernated all winter. A second crop of young ticks may hatch out in the autumn if the season is a good one for ticks, and so a second batch—generally a smaller batch —of cases of trembling may occur in the autumn. The sooner farmers realise the above fact, and use every means in their power to get rid of the tick, the less trembling will there be in the country. Dip thoroughly and as frequently as possible during the tick season. The more dipping the fewer ticks. Dipping twice a year against ticks will hardly affect their numbers. It will get mid _ of keds, but then the ked has a different life history. and lives all his life upon the sheep. This, however, is not the case with the tick.- We are fortunate in the British Isles in having only one species of tick that counts (there is also another in Kent, but it is confined to that county). This one species is the Ixodis ricinus, and there is hardly anything of its life history that is not thoroughly well known. This tick is one of the “ dropping-off ticks,” which means that, at each stage of its life history, it only remains on its host for four or five days, and then goes to the ground to moult into the next stage before it bites again. Of course, a succession of ticks are always getting on to all sheep at the stages in their life history known as larvae, nymphs and adults, and in tick districts the sheep is never left without any, leading to the idea that ticks all remain a long time on their host. The dropping-off habit means that the more fre- quently dipping is carried out the greater numbers of different ticks will be caught upon the animals and destroyed. Dipping as a means of getting rid of the tick cannot be done too often. In practice, how- ever, it cannot be done often enough to get rid of all ticks, because, as can be deduced from the abgye fact, in the life history it would be necessary to dip every four or five days during the tick season to catch them all on the sheep! So dipping must be taken in conjune- tion with other tick-destroying measures. *.. ri 254 The Note Book. The burning of heather and long grass is very important as a measure against ticks. The most important time to burn is after the first period in spring when fine warm weather has been ex- perienced. This is the time when the delicate larvae of the ticks are up the blades and on the topmost heather shoots in countless millions. The eggs are laid in bunches by each female tick to the number of 3,000 to 5,000 each. These all hatch during the first warm days of spring, and they go up the grass and heather in count- less numbers to await a passing animal. They are not in a great hurry, because they can live there waiting without a bite of any- thing for at least seven or eight months. The chances are that many of them do get on to an animal for a bite, for blood, and if they happen to be larvae from a female tick which the previous season had fed on a trembling sheep, they may convey the disease to their new host. Remember then to burn grass and heather, but remember to burn also just at the night time. It is easy enough to see the newly hatched larval ticks on grass and heather. They are about the size of little red spiders. Salt applied to the land is an excellent measure against ticks when used along with other measures. Apply it at the rate of half-a-ton per acre, and apply before the winter is over and when all ticks are in the ground. Farmers who suffer from redwater in cattle will also have the satisfaction when carrying out these measures for ticks on their sheep of knowing that they are getting rid of the very same tick which spreads redwater amongst their cattle. Every sheep farmer ought to know all that is to be known about ticks, just as he knows all about his sheep. If he does not he will be more successful at breeding ticks than sheep. It is only ignorance of the tick which is required to breed them successfully. Some correspondence had recently taken place in the agricultural newspapers on braxy and trembling, and some confusion appeared to exist in regard to sheep dead of these two diseases. The term braxy should be reserved for sheep which die suddenly and then quickly get the abdomen distended with gases, and which when opened have blood-stained fluid in the abdominal cavity. Braxy sheep seen alive show symptoms of abdominal trouble rapidly leading to a fatal termination. Sheep if found dead of trembling rarely have the abdomen distended with gases, because the trouble is not an abdominal one. Trembling is essentially a disease accompanied by nervous symptoms during life, and the condition is not necessarily fatal, and need not be fatal at all. Cases of mild trembling do un- doubtedly occur in which the experienced shepherd can say that he thought such and such a sheep was in for trembling, but it got better Sheep Diseases. 255 and nothing further happened. There is no evidence that such mild cases occur in braxy, though it may be so. Sheep which show any real symptoms of braxy seem all to die, and most braxy cases are so rapidly fatal as never to be seen alive. When a farmer gets a case of undoubted trembling, with well-marked symptoms, it would seem to be inadvisable to keep that sheep alive as long as possible, as so many farmers try to do. By keeping the affected sheep alive it only forms a source for infection of many ticks. If he kills the sheep he should skin it at once, and at once place the skin in a dip solution strong enough to kill the ticks, and prevent them getting on to his land. Scour in lambs. Very serious outbreaks of this disease occur annually in the South of Scotland and the North of England. The losses were appalling on some farms, as many as one in every three lambs died. The disease began when the lambs were about a week old, and the condition was always fatal in two or three days. The outbreaks do not last more than three weeks or a month, because as the lambs get beyond ten days old they are less susceptible to the disease. The shepherds call it white scour or yellow scour or red scour. The disease is a dysentry, the diarrhoeic faeces being gener- ally passed mixed with blood. An opportunity occurred last lamb- ing season of spending some days at one of the affected farms, and as much experimental work was done as could be done in the limited time available. Post-mortem examinations were made of lambs killed while suffering from the disease, and the pathology of the condition was studied in the material collected. From all cases a bacterium was isolated which is probably the cause of the trouble. It is possible that certain sheep act as “ carriers ” of this bacterium and so ¢arry it over from one lambing season to another. In the affectedMdistricts it is said that no lamb ever recovers from this form of scour, but it seems probable that a few do recover from a mild attack, and perhaps these act as carriers for the remainder of their lives, or it may be quite likely that the bacterium can live in the soil in infected areas, and that scour in lambs is one of the “ soil-infeetion”’ diseases. The disease gets worse every year, and a study of its history shows it to be spreading each year over a wider area. Its rate of spread makes one incline to the soil-infection idea. There is no indication that any immunity becomes established in flocks where the disease has been longest in existence. A continuance of this disease unchecked will most probably mean that a number of farms will have to give up Sheep rearing. He had particulars of over 1,000 deaths on only a few farms. One farm alone lost 300 lambs. 256 The Note Book. To allow such losses to go on unchecked would be lament- able. With time to carry on research work throughout the disease season next spring at the affected centres one could most probably settle many outstanding problems in connection with this infection, and obtain sufficient knowledge to prepare a serum to prevent the disease, or at least reduce the losses to an almost negligible quantity. This disease is essentially one which would yield to energetic pre- ventive measures. A small beginning has been made, and it is possible a small quantity of serum may be ready to try experiment- ally next spring, but this beginning has been made on quite a mini- mum of research work as compared with what ought to be done before embarking on serum preparation. How many more lambing seasons would go by before adequate assistance and a faultless field equipment are provided for work at the actual place where the disease occurs. Time would not permit of a review of all the problems awaiting solution in connection with i nscheduled animal diseases. New questions are continually arising to swell the number of those still undealt with. The losses in certain parts of the country from abortion in ewes is enormous, yet beyond knowing the organism which causes this contagious affection nothing really is understood sufficiently to save the farmer his annual losses. The losses from parasitic diseases in sheep, such as stomach worm, liver fluke and lung worm, are probably as great as amongst the so- called contagious diseases, for parasitic diseases are just as contagious in their own way. Farmers frequently suffer heavy losses by deaths from parasitic diseases or by having unthrifty animals, without even knowing what their losses are due to, yet with proper organisa- tion many of these losses would be preventable. Some of the par- asitic diseases are particularly amenable to treatment and preven- tion. These and many other problems await Research into Animal Diseases. The work to be done is enormous. What had been touched upon that afternoon only applied to sheep. There are still the diseases of other animals. With sound organisation nothing but good can result to the farming community from such investiga- tions. The need is urgent, and one can only hope that the move- ment now begun will be a success.—From The Scottish Farmer. Competition as a Factor in Agricultural Development.—biitish. farmers throughout the ages have been the pioneers in producing the finest breeds of horses, cattle, and sheep. They have made Britain the nursery to which breeders from other nations, that have a desire to improve their respective breeds of animals, come to pay tribute. : —— Competition as a Factor in Agricultural Development. 257 Some people attribute the excellence of the British farm animals to the variability of our climate, others assert that the rich pasture lands naturally lead to the development of the finer types, but those who have been and are wholly engaged in the development of pure types of animals, know that their development into standard types requires the most careful use of scientific methods, and that when these are neglected, and carelessness is allowed to creep into the selection for mating, there is at once a weakening in the chain of the stability of the type, which takes generations to set right. I do not think it will be gainsaid, that much of this fine work on the part of British breeders has been greatly fostered by the rivalry and ambition created through breeders bringing their animals into competition one against the other at agricultural shows. The ambition of the owner of a winner to maintain the premier position for all future time, leavens all his latent energy to improve still further the standard of his animals. The exhibitors, on the other hand, less fortunate in the competition, probably thinking that they had been hardly dealt with, are stung in their pride, that their fine animals—perfect in the eyes of the owners—should have been beaten, more especially by “ so and so’s,” and they go home resolved to spare no effort or expense in the future development of their hobby, till they come out at the top. Only those people who are, year in and year out, following out the development of a particular hobby, know the pleasure it brings into the every day work of an otherwise humdrum life, especially if that work is meeting with success. All the same, I do not think it will be denied that the spirit of combativeness and rivalry has been a strong lever in bringing British live stock to the front rank. With- out such a stimulus, I fear that those noble steeds full of majesty and vigour, those finely developed herds of cattle, and flocks of sheep, all in their respective spheres, bred with an eye to utility, and which daily fill our eyes as the symbol of perfect form and beauty, would to-day either be non-existent, or at least remain in a rather medieval stage. We might write similarly of the development of our semebiihle and flowers. Take our allotment holders! We all know what rivalry there is to have the best potato patch, or bed of onions. This rivalry is not satisfied without a test at a vegetable show. And so it is with our flowers. Some people say, and I do not deny the ¢ruth of it, that the production of those beautifully blended tints, and the luxuriance of the chrysanthemums, and our own rose are sprung from the natural working of a cultured mind, a deep seated craving for symbols of beauty. While admitting this, I wonder how much Q 258 The Note Book. such a spirit is fostered and spurred on by our seeing beautiful flowers tastefully arranged in our neighbour’s garden, and desiring that people shall see more beautiful flowers, more tastefully arranged in our own ? The competitions about which I have been writing, have generally been brought about by enthusiasts anxious to test and develop their respective hobbies. Such competitions, while doing much good, from their singleness of purpose, are apt to restrict the outlook, and cramp the all-round usefulness of the individual. The whole effort in thought, in speech, and in action is concentrated on the perfecting of our object. It has been left to the foresight of the Essex Agricultural Society to try to remedy this restricted system of competitions, by maugura- ting a series of farming competitions with the object of encouraging farmers to take all the foodstuffs out of the land it is capble of giving. The Council of the Essex Agricultural Society launched their farm test scheme in a most thorough and comprehensive manner. Com- petitons were held in each of the fifteen Union areas of the county. Those competitions were divided into three classes, namely :— (1) For the best cultivated small holding up to fifty acres. (2) Best cultivated farm with an area over 50 acres, and under 200. (3) Best cultivated farm over 200 acres. Prizes or diplomas were given in each class. Special prizes were given for the best crop of wheat on any one farm. For the best crop of barley, and also for the best crop of oats ; and a Champion Prize for the best small holding or farm in the county. Prizes were also given for market garden farms, there being two classes, one with an area under 50 acres, the other over 50 acres. Judges were selected from all over the county, but one of the conditions was that no judge was to adjudicate within his own Union area. Special judges were selected for the special prizes, and for championship competitors. Judges were given the following instructions :— The definition of “ Best Cultivated Farm” shall be the farm which is producing the largest quantity of food, and the judges are to take into consideration the following points :— (1) The inherent capability of the soil of the farm. (2) Cleanliness of the land. (3) Management of the pastures. bo or N=) Should Potatoes be Sprayed ? (4) Condition of hedges and ditches. (5) Condition of buildings so far as tenant is liable. (6) General neatness of holding, due attention being given to economy in labour. (7) The suitability and quality of the stock. The Special Prizes were given for the whole crop of the cereal grown on the farm, not for the merit of any particular field. The definition of a market garden farm for the competition was that not less than two thirds of the arable area was to be under market garden produce. The competitions have been held during two years. In 1918 there were 113 entries, and last year, 78. It fell to my lot to adjudicate in the market garden classes. It would have been an invaluable service to agriculture in Essex if all the judges and all the competitors could have gone over those farms. There are so many wrinkles to be picked up that might be applied with advantage on any arable farm. The intensive and continuous cropping, the lavish use of the dung cart, the freedom from weeds of all the crops, the heavy plodding work that has to be gone through day by day, and the earnestness and push of all the workers from the master to the smallest girl gathering chit potatoes, was quite an impressive sight. The output of food products, and the returns in money value per acre per year, would, I am certain, foster in many farmers a determination to make much better use of their land and opportunities than is being done at present. The Council of the Essex Agricultural Society, in bringing about those f competitions within the county, have done much more than encourage food production. They have encouraged better farming, a higher output of food, and greater merit amongst all classes of stock. Such competitions may not speed up special merit in individual animals or farm products, as do the competitions at shows, but it is the general excellence of our work as a whole that counts most for the welfare of ourselves, and the community.—ALEC STEEL in Farmer and Stockbreeder Year Book. Should Potatoes be Sprayed?--There are many commercial growers of potatoes who are prepared to accept the risk of the crop being attacked by disease, asypraying adds considerably to the cost of cultivation. It is useless to spray once, and two or even three applications are necessary throughout the growing season. There are seasons, we know, when all goes well and the crop is not attacked Q * 260 The Note Book. by any form of disease, but it is better to be on the safe side and to spray the crop if time can possibly be spared. It may just happen that the season favours disease, and then those who have sprayed can usually rely upon having some sound tubers for winter keep. Even when sprayed some of the tubers may be attacked by disease, but it has been proved over and over again that the grower who sprays his potatoes year in and year out is richer by so doing. There are many different kinds of sprayers now on the market. Small plots can be quite successfully sprayed with a knapsack sprayer ; however, where several acres are to be treated it takes a long time and it is best to invest in the handy form of sprayer which can be fitted to a farm cart. The first spraying should be given towards the end of June, follow- ed by another and even a third at intervals of ten days, as at this season of the year growth is very rapid. It must always be re- membered that it is not the early potatoes which require spraying but the main crop. Thoroughness must be the sprayer’s maxim or disappointment will result. With the cart apparatus the man pumping must put his heart into his work and keep up a good pressure, so that a fine spray may be produced, and the horse must be made to walk very slowly in order to allow the spray to reach every leaf possible. About 100 gallons per acre will be used by a cart sprayer doing five rows at a time, if applied well, but a steady horse and strong pumper must be employed. The nozzles travelling between the rows must not discharge on to the soil of the ridges, but on to the stems and leaves of the plants as much as possible. If the water has to be fetched from a pond in another field it is best to carry the packet of powder in the cart, and not mix it with the water until the sprayer is to be used. The jarring of the cart tends to settle the powder if it is put into the water too soon, and the agitator fixed to the machine has some difficulty in raising it from the bottom again. Freshly-made Bordeaux does not settle so quickly. There are several ready- made Bordeaux mixtures sold for spraying potatoes, and these are convenient and easy to store and use. If these ready-prepared powders are used, packets of the correct weight for charging the barrel should be made up beforehand so that they can be mixed in with the water as required, and all chance of mistake is thus avoided. ° The formula for Bordeaux mixture is as follows :-— 2 lbs. copper sulphate. 14-2 Ibs. lime. 10 gallons of water. Should Potatoes be Sprayed ? 261 Two or three large barrels are provided for the stock solutions of copper and lime. The copper sulphate should be guaranteed free from iron sulphate, which is injurious, and for convenience of solu- -tion may be obtained ground up. Fill one barrel with water, and hang in it an open-work bag containing more copper sulphate than the water will dissolve. About 3 lbs. to the gallon is the most cold water will dissolve, and this is so accurate that the solution may be used as containing this quantity without the trouble of weighing out exact quantities. Assuming 20 gallons of water are put in the barrel; then put about 70 lbs. of sulphate in the bag and hang it just in the water. Solution will then go on until the point of satura- tion is reached, when no more is dissolved; and if any water should evaporate, some of the dissolved copper sulphate will crystallise out, and so bring the solution to its correct strength of 3lbs. to the gallon. Now, as every gallon of this stock solution contains 3lbs. of copper sulphate, and it requires 2 lbs. of copper sulphate to make 10 gallons of Bordeaux mixture, it follows that for every 15 gallons of water required to fill the sprayer 3lbs. of copper sulphate must be added. Therefore, supposing the sprayer will hold 30 gallons, fill half full with water, then add 2 gallons of the stock solution, then the re- quired quantity of the lime to react with the copper sulphate, and then make up to the 30-gallon mark with more water. The lime should be put into a separate vessel, and have water added, and when slaked be well stirred and allowed to settle a little. The re- sulting milky liquid is poured into the sprayer after the copper sulphate solution is in. The following tests will show when sufficient lime has been added :— (1) A piece of red litmus paper dipped in the mixture should turn blue. — (2) A few drops of a 10 per cent. solution of ferro-cyanide o! potassium should produce no change of colour when added to a little of the clear liquid left when the Bord- eaux mixture is allowed to settle. If copper sulphate is present a brown discolouration will appear, and more lime-water must be added. When the tests show that enough lime has been added put just a little more to make quite certain. All liquids which are put into the sprayer must be passed through a fine wire gauze sieve, or the nozzles of the machine will get blocked and delay operations At _ the end of the day’s spraying the machine should be well washed 262 The Note Book. out and all the nozzles unscrewed, taken to pieces, and cleaned. Little attentions such as these will well repay the trouble taken and avoid delay whilst working. The machine as sold is supplied with a piece of suction hose, and is ready for fixing to a paraffin barrel mounted in a farm cart. The barrel must be well cleaned from all paraffin first. To ensure the nozzles remaining unblocked during work it is well to fix a small box to the end of the suction hose, about 4 in. square and 2 in. deep. The suction hose is fitted on to a brass boiler screw, which is passed through a hole in the middle ef the bottom of the box, and is held tightly in position by a back-nut screwed up from the inside. The lid of the box is replaced by some fine brass-wire gauze tacked down all round. Two narrow strips of wood are nailed along two of the edges of the box in order to keep the gauze about ? in. off the bottom of the barrel when the suction tube is in place. The box must be firmly jambed against the bottom by means of a piece of wood placed between it and the lid of the barrel. This not only prevents the box floating up and sucking air before the barrel is nearly empty, but also serves to keep it out of the way of the agitator—J. C. NewsHam, in ‘The Farmers’ Agricultural Annual.” The Farmer's Library. NOTES AND REVIEWS OF NEW BOOKS. 1.—The Farmer and the New Day. By Kenyon L. BUTTERFIELD. London: Macmillan & Co. 8s. 6d. The very title annoys one. Why everything new? What is the meaning of this spirit of discontent which seems to have taken such hold on the world? Nature is the same to-day as it was in the past, the war has not changed by one jot or tittle her laws, her ways, her results. What then needs to be new? Men themselves? If so there is no sign of it at present. Ideals? Yes, these may be new, but are they sound. History tells us that ideals may be as erroneous as any other thoughts and acts of men. Right ideals are only proved to have been right after years of experience, hence every new ideal must be submitted to careful consideration and even, if necessary, to severe criticism. The great weakness of all ideals of improvement is that as a rule they are too selfish. They are prompted by a desire for personal benefit, or it may be the benefit of a particular class, and not for the community as a whole. Those who put them forth do so in good faith, but have not always that wide knowledge and experience of the world which alone enables them to realise that every group of workers, every industry, and every branch of industry, is inti- mately linked up with others, and finally with the prosperity of the whole country. This is especially true of Agriculture. As Roosevelt said, more than ten years ago: “* Our civ ilisation rests,at bottom on the whole- someness, the attractiveness, and the completeness, as well as Me prosperity of life in the country.’ The author has come to the conclusions set forth in this ba, after many years meditating upon the matters written about. He starts with the assumption that things rural are not as they should be and attributes this largely to the fact that rarely has the farmer “even had a voice in the policies that governed his own work and life’ ; and further on he says®— “ The farmer has never been taken into Council about the big affairs of the nation in political business or welfare enterprises. 264 The Farmer's Library. ‘How will it affect the farmer?’ is a question seldom asked. We have no ‘national agricultural policy, clear, definite, accepted by the farmers.’ There is no national figure to voice authoritatively any message to or from the farmers. In the current discussions about the problem of reconstruction, slight attention is being given to agriculture. An examination of many recent books about democracy, the new social order, the new epoch, etc., reveals an almost utter failure to sense the significance of the farmer’s place in democracy, in social and industrial re-formation.” Such is our author’s indictment of the past. He, hike the Hebrews of Isaiah’s time, looks forward to a golden age. As he interprets history, the human mind has ever held to the ideal of a better day for mankind. And he tries to work out how that may be attained for the farmer. The great charm of his writing, like that of his very celebrated countryman, Emerson, is its inspiring character. He can find fault, as we have seen, but that is not his aim; to build up not to pull down is his desire and ideal. We cannot help admiring the plan and appearance of the new state he aims at, but every reader will probably find many details with which he does not agree, others with which he most cordially will agree. The farmer has his duty, “a solemn, unescapable obligation to his fellow men—to use every acre under his control to its fullest safe capacity for producing food for those who cannot produce it for themselves.” The author sums up “ the challenge to the farmer ” as :— *«(1) That his task is to feed the world ; (2) That in doing it he must have a fair profit ; (3) That he must organize his forces both for his own interest and for society’s interest ; and (4) That he must have his due place in the new democracy.” In working out his views on these points the author confines him- self to “ large principles that need to be applied in a statesmanhke fashion.”” For these we must refer readers to the book itself, though we may quote a few of the many pithy sentences and original suggestions which we noticed when reading the book. The subject matter is divided into three parts, the first of which entitled “the Rural problem” states the author's views on things as they are and as they should be. Here he touches on ‘Notes and Reviews. 265 many problems which have long been vexed questions of debate. Take for example the following on the middleman :— “ For most crops the middleman is indispensable. He should not be abolished but re-directed. We shall never have satisfactory methods of marketing farm products until we have a thoroughly organized group of producers, each group with its special product, dealing directly with well organized groups of consumers, or with well-organized groups of middlemen, whose activities are regulated by the government in the interest of both producers and consumers.” Summed up in a few words the author’s views on the rural problem are well expressed in the following :— ‘A man’s work, yes, even profit, is only a means to an end, and the end is—life. So with farming. Shall the farmer plough, and sow, and reap, and gather into barns; toil early and toil late, sweat and strain, and go with gnarled fingers and bent shoulders, merely that he may wring a few more dollars out of it all? No; the end and purpose of ‘better farm practice ’ and of ‘ better farm business’ is a * better farm life.’ If we don’t get that we fail!” The second section of the book deals with rural organization. Not in that narrow sense in which most people look upon the subject as if it were merely a matter of co-operation among farmers for their own benefit. The author’s broad views must already have impressed themselves upon the readers of his book, hence it is not a surprise to find him under this term organization dealing with the education of the rural people, the making of rural communities, and the states- manship of rural affairs. What would our Government say to the the following :— “There is every argument for maintaiing a group of qualified representatives of the Department of Agriculture constantly in service in foreign lands, studying all phases of the rural problem and bringing back to us such lessons as are applicable here.” What an excellent suggestion. But what chance of our Govern- ment adopting such wise measures. Fear prompts them to spend large sums on military attachés, etc., but knowledge or science to benefit the people may beg in yain for recognition. This book is written by an American for Americans. That we Englishmen may learn much from it, and that it will give us much food for thought is evident The author belongs to a demo- 266 The Farmer's Library. cratic country and is imbued with democratic views and ideals which may not appeal to many of his English readers. But he is no bigot, he sees clearly the true state of affairs and fearlessly expresses his views :— “The great war is over. The European world, torn and bleeding, wearily faces the task of rebuilding herself into health and strength. The world has been made safe for demo- cracy. But democracy is yet an infant to be nursed into a virile maturity through years and decades of experiment, failure, self education, disappointment, enlargement, re- shaping, final triumph.” This is certainly a remarkable book. It gives rise in the mind of the reader to more thought than any book relating to Agriculture that we have read for a long time past. It will interest not merely the farmer, but the landowner, the labourer, and even those who are indirectly, or even remotely interested in the agricultural industry : but above all it should appeal to those interested in agricultural politics who believe with the author that a rural policy is not only needed but imperative to ensure “ greater opportunity and greater prosperity.” 2.—Agriculture and the Farming Business. By O. H. Benson and G. H. Berrs. London: Kegan, Paul & Co. 10s. 6d. There have been many books published on Agriculture, some good, some indifferent, and, as a rule, each treating the subject in a rather special aspect. Most of these books are merely text books for use in colleges of agriculture, some few are more general and appeal to the practical farmer who knows his business from years of experience, but also knows that he may obtain from others new ideas or useful suggestions. Among these books, so far as we know them, there is not one which sets out with the idea of looking at farming as a business, and recognising that the economics of that business are the all important consideration to the farmer. Will it pay? That is the question which must always take the first place in his mind. The scientific man may point out the value of certain constituents in the soil and how they may be augmented, the value Notes and Reviews. 267 of certain manures for certain crops, the value of particular foods in feeding, and may enlighten the farmer in many other directions. But he, before he can utilise any of these valuable facts, must consider how it can be done and will it pay ? The business aspect of farming has certainly not been prominent in many publications, but in this book the authors make it their chief aim. They say: “It attcmpts what has not been accom- plished for the farmer—the bringing together in one simple non- technical volume of a wide range of practical scientific information directly related to the everyday problems of the farm and home.” Such is the object. It is carried out in a volume of nearly 800 pages, well illustrated with 244 figures, mostly from photographs, which help to visualise the text descriptions. The reader soon discovers how the authors avoid their book being taken as a manual by those who want to learn the details of agricul- tural practice. They assume that their readers have this know- ledge. Thus, if one reads through the chapters on wheat, oats or potatoes, one finds no instruction as to how much seed to employ, or What manures to use, or other details which are evidently assumed to be known. Broad general principles are dealt with. One of the most remarkable features of this book is the wide g:ound which it covers. Crops and live stock are by no means the only subjects treated. There are chapters on the vegetable garden ; the canning of fruits etc.—a farm industry far more widely utilised in the U.S.A. than in this country, and the prominent notice given to it is due to the authors being Americans; poultry; implements ; road-making, etc., are dealt with, while automobiles, education, health, and efficiency, and other subjects not generally considered as part of farming business, but which a moment’s consideration will tell us are really important factors in the life of the farmer's family, are touched upon. There is one chapter in the early portion of the book on Farm Records and Accounts which is very relevent at the present day. It gives a better idea, well illustrated, of how these records and accounts might be kept than we have seen elsewhere. We have noticed one curious printer's error where the phosphatic mineral apatite is printed “ opatile.” How have the authors managed to cover so wide an area In so limited a space? That question arose in one’s mind when reading this book. A little study revealed the reason. There is no “padding.” The sentences” are short and to the point, leaving much to the good sense, experience, and imagination of the reader. It isa book in. reading which one must exercise one’s reason. We will 268 The Farmer's Library. take a few illustrations. Treating of “ Phosphorus in Soils” the authors say :— “Under ordinary farming conditions, phosphorus is con- stantly being lost from the soil. When the grain produced is sold, three-fourths of the phosphates taken from the soil are removed from the farm. Milk and cheese sold off the farm also carry away a considerable amount of phosphorus. Phos- phoric acid up to some 15 per cent. of the whole amount is lost from farm manures under prevailing methods of handling them. From these facts it is plainly evident that phosphorus must be returned to the soil in some form if its productivity is to continue.” Such is a very brief illustration of the style in which this book is written. Hence the ability of the authors to cover so wide a field. They take a high standard of education as an essential in the farmer of the future, and have a distinct ideal to which he should attain. Is it worth it? Certainly ! if we accept their estimate of ““ Farming as a Career.” “The business of farming to-day offers a career second to none to be found among the industrial or business vocations. It has opportunities for the man of intelligence and ambition. It requires and rewards initiative and enterprise. It demands and is willing to pay for the best intellect and industry that our country affords.” And what is it that the successful farmer needs to know :— “To succeed in farming one must understand the care of the soil and how. to conserve it; he must be thoroughly in- formed in matters of fertilismg: systems of rotating crops and the tillage of various soils. Every farmer must be a business manager, salesman, book-keeper and an all-round man of ability and skill.” “Scientific breeding of stock, and the fitting of every farm enterprise into the farming business as a whole, are of utmost unportance. A man must understand markets and methods of marketing. The adjustment of time in the use of labour, machinery, animals and acres, so as to secure a maximum return from a minimum investment, this is most imperative in these days of business competition and ever increasing land and food values.” It is not anyone or everyone who can hope to attain to this ideal. In fact, those who would take up farming and hope to sueceed cannot Notes and Reviews. 269 learn it from books. “ They must be trained to the business of farm- ing,” and this book gives a remarkable description of what that business includes. . Written by Americans, it appeals and applies especially to those in the United States, but, there being so much in commom to all agricultural practice, English readers will find therein many ‘acts and suggestions to think of and to utilise. 3.—Insect Pests and Plant Diseases. By F. Martirxy Duncan. London : Constable & Co. 5s. 6d. This small book is written to give in as brief and concise a form as possible a simple account of those Insect Pests and Plant Diseases with which the allotment holder and gardener will be most likely to meet in the course of their labours. It is illustrated with numer- ous reproductions of photographs and drawings made by the author. Readers of the Journal have, in the papers contributed by the Bastins, been well informed about many of these pests and diseases, but may still find this small book, which will easily go into the pocket and can be taken to the plot for consultation, of great use, while they can subsequently consult their “* Journals ” for fuller information on whatever they have discovered. The descriptions are free from technical terms and wonderfully clear, as one would anticipate from the author of Cassell’s ** Natural History,” In the portion of the book dealing with Plant-diseases the author impresses upon his readers the old adage—*‘ prevention is better than 2° cure,” ‘‘for though the latter may more or lesss check the spread of g : I the disease, those plants which are actuall¥ affected by it generally Succumb, or are practically worthless.” In fact, as the author points out when treating of fungi, ‘‘ What the gardener or allotment ho!der generally considers to be the first sign of the disease, because it is the first stage visible on the surface of his plants, is, in a large proportion of cases, actually the last stage of the disease. The fungus has been living for days, weeks, perhaps months, safely hidden within the tissues of the host plant, and has only burst through to, and become visible on the surface, in the course of the final and most important act of its life, namely the production of its fruit or spores.” 270 The Farmer s Library. “ What is a fungus?’ We must refer readers to the book itself for the lucid explanation given by the author. As we read it we could not help thmking why cannot such subjects as this be described and well illustrated by lantern or even in some cases, cinematograph representations during the winter months. One hears of the dullness of country life, the absence of amusement, 7.e., excitement. What is more exciting than the acquirement of new knowledge, an insight into the hidden treasures of nature which the ordinary dwellers in the country have not the Sesame to open up. Lanterns are now made to throw microscopic objects on the screen so that many may see them simultaneously without each having to look through the microscope. Such subjects as are treated in this book would prove of great interest and benefit if widely popularised in this way. Meantime we recommend gardeners and allotment holders to procure the book, read it, use it in the open, and educate authorities or combine themselves so as to get the means of seeing these minute fungi, which, though here so well described, cannot be properly seen, studied, or understood merely from books. Seeing is believing and our actions depend more on our beliefs than we at first realise. 4.—Elementary Chemistry of Agriculture. By S. ALitnson WoopxHeEAb. London: Macmillan & Co. 3s. 6d. The title of this book is good, as is the method adopted by its. author to put the subject in a clear and simple way before students. Chemistry as applied to agriculture is really an extremely technical development of the science of chemistry. As the author says :— “Given an acquaintance with the elements of physics, chemistry, and botany,—it is relatively easy to construct a profitable course illustrating their applications in the farm and field. Unfortunately this knowledge is often not possessed by pupils who wish to study agricultural chemistry.” He here puts his finger upon a weak spot in clementary education. We do not train in the elements of those sciences upon which all our industries are built up, yet think it possible to acquire later on knowledge of the technical and advanced aspects of these subjects. It is not possible any more than it would be possible to learn to play a sonata on the piano with- out having studied and practised the elements of piano playing- _ Notes and Reviews. 271 It is this absence of a proper foundation in science, and the attempt to make good the deficiency by a subsequent smattering of facts never really understood, which has caused the backward state of many of our industries, as compared with the same industries in other countries where men are better educated. The author realises this difficulty of having to write for lads not properly prepared, and so devotes the first chapter to a brief but clear statement of the elementary principles of chemistry and of analysis. The latter, of course. are of no use without practical experience in a laboratory, and throughout the book it is evident that this practical work is considered essential. Each chapter. in fact, starts with Practical work. The text sabsequently explains what has been already done or seen, and some questions follow. The System is admirable. It illustrates the motto of the Bath and West Society—* Work and Learn.” But we cannot help thinking that. in spite of the many very good illustrations, the practical work could not be carried out nor the observations understood from the book alone without the aid of a teacher. Good illustrations are often _ very disheartening to young workers; they find it impossible (for example) to cut sections which can in any way compare with the illustrations placed before them. For all practical and educa- tional work far less beautiful sections suffice. In many cases if a substance can be ground up in a coffee mill, its structure can be easily made out from the fine particles of the material thus obtained. There are one or two points to which we would draw attention somewhat critically. A book on the elementary chemistry of agri- culture is intended for students of agriculture and not for analysts. Why then load it up with information regarding the adulteration of milk, uch sentences as “ The unscrupulous producer or vendor may therefore tone down rich milk to the standard” is almost inviting adulteration. It may at least put the idea into minds _ which would never have thought about it. The same may be said of the practical work and treatment of Preservatives. This is knowledge needed by the analyst, but not by the agricultural student. No preservative is allowed in milk. With cream it is different, and here the book is not quite up-to-date. The chapter dealing with milk does not come up to the standard of those which precede it. The explanation of the phenomenon of milk production is certainly difficult, but it is not helped by a diagrammatic section of thegow’s udder which is far from accurate. A student would obtain from this diagram an entirely false notion of the structure of the udder, and consequently of its function. The udder is best likened to a sponge which when dry is small, but when 272 The Farmer's Library. filled with liquid expands. Pressure on the sponge or on the udder causes it to give up the liquid it contains. How the liquid milk is produced so as to fill the sponge could then be described. The description of the constituents of milk is wanting in thor- oughness, yet these constituents need to be clearly understood by all engaged im the dairy industry. They are not dealt with in the practical work and yet could have been made the-subject of most interesting and instructive experiments. Thus the only difference between albumin and casem mentioned is that the former contains no phosphorus. The facts that it is in solution, while the casein is not, that it is not precipitated by rennet as casein is, and that it is curdled by heating the liquid containing it, are all omitted. In spite of these few criticisms the book is certainly a good ele- mentary guide and fills a gap which has long been vacant in our educational literature. 5.—Catile and the Future of Beef Production in England. By K. J.J. Mackenzik. Cambridge University Press. 7s. 6d. The writer of this book was for some time editor of the Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society, and subsequently became reader in Agriculture in the University of Cambridge. In his preface he says: ‘‘ It is over thirty-six years since I had my first lesson in the selection of stock.” ‘ During the past twenty years it has been my duty as well as my pleasure to pick the brains of all the fraternity from the drover to the pedigree expert.” The result is that he has had to banish prejudices from his mind, ‘‘ which was once as full of them as any British husbandman could wish it to be.” He, there- fore, anticipates “ that parts of the work will cause consternation to many personal friends and acquaintances,” and “ that much of my text will strike a blow at these practical men” in their prejudice. When an author starts to put forth new views, and especially when the new views are opposed to those generally accepted, one anticipates first a clear statement of the past, then evidence which tends to disprove it, and, finally, a state- ment of the new views which appear to more justly fit in with known facts. That method may or may not lead to con- viction. But when we meet a statement like the followmg :—“ That the store-cattle industry, as generally carried on, was robbery from Notes and Remews. 273 the land, a study of the life-history of one or more animals of any class will show, and examples will now be given,” one feels more inclined to deride the author than to follow his argument without prejudice. This sentence appears in the chapter on the first subject treated, viz., Store Stock. We shall leave readers to judge for themselves whether the author can make good his position. One point which struck us was that in this chapter on Store Stock the author seems to entirely ignore the benefit accruing to the land from the continuous cropping by Stock, who return to the soil the main portion of the food after it has undergone chemical changes which render it a valuable manure, thus improving the subsequent herbage. Had that land not been so used it would deteriorate, as all under-fed land is liable to. To prevent this it would have to be converted into arable, so that beef production would inevitable diminish. Is not the real cause of the small return shown in his examples due to the inferiority of the stock for fattening purposes? Does it not lend additional weight to the arguments of Dr. Marshall, in a short preface which he has contributed, that more knowledge of animals is required by stock buyers and breeders ? It is well to see things from different standpoints and to consider views which do not always coincide with our own. They at least make us clearly define in our own minds those arguments we possess in support of our views, they teach us to critically consider, and, if possible, find the fallacy in other people’s arguments. This book will afford scope for those who are attracted by such study. They will find ample scope for it in the author’s treatment of grass beef, winter beef, dual purpose cattle, possibilities of the future, ete. In i’ book, as in so many others which have appeared recently, there 1s an underlying current of discontent and a demand for reform. Unfortunately, as in so many other cases, this reform seems impossible without State-aid. Have Englishmen lost all self-reliance—all sense of self-help, or is this demand from all quarters for money from State funds another method of asking for soft jobs. Did the Bates or the Crookshanks, or the pioneers of any of our celebrated breeds look to Government for help, or to themselves ? Let us beware of this new spirit, and endeavour to retain the manly self-dependence of the men who improved the cattle of the past. 274 : The Farmer's Library. 6§.—Science and Fruit Growing. By Tae Duke or Beprorp and S. Pickerinc. London: Macmillan & Co. 12s. 6d. In 1894 the authors of this book started an experiment station where all matters connected with horticulture, and especially with the culture of hardy fruits, might be investigated both from the scientific and practical point of view. It was on land almost adjoin- ing that which the Duke had given to the Royal Agricultural Society for their agricultural experiments. From time to time reports were issued of the results obtained on this Woburn Fruit Farm, and most of these reports have been noticed in past volumes of this Journal. The authors have now in this volume summarised the results of these past years of investigation. In looking back upon the past they say: “ Wolsey-like reflections must arise, as to how much more might have been done had circumstances been otherwise than they were, and how much more ought to have been done under the exist- ing circumstances.” We cannot agree with them. They did ex- cellent pioneer work, it was done at a time when very few people even knew the word “ research,” and fewer still understood what exceptional faculties it required. Hence, as they say, “ our critics have been severe enough at times in former years.” It is easy to criticise, that often means merely quill-driving; it is far more difficult to do semething, and nothing is more difficult than to wring from Nature any of her secrets. To-day every one talks of research ; one would think it is merely a question of money and that new knowledge can be bought. Time will expose the fallacy. Genius, and only genius, be that what it may, will alone avail, and, as in the past, will probably arise when and where least expected. The chief contents of this work bring together the results obtained from the investigations upon trenching, planting and pruning ; the influence of manures and of seasonal variations, especially of Spring frosts. The insects and fungi which attack fruit trees, and the various insecticides and fungicides employed to combat. them, are very fully treated. Next come the problems of how and to what extent plants are affected by other plants, such as grass or crops growing between orchard trees. These are the main subjects. In addition there are namerous “odds and ends” such as invariably arise out of all thorough in- vestigation. Many of the subjects have a considerable scientific interest, but the main object of the book is to indicate the practical value of the investigations for those engaged in fruit culture. It is well illustrated, has a good index, and will be a lasting record of valuable experimental work well done. < Notes and Reviews. 275 7.—A Course of Practical Chemistry for Agricultural Students. Vol. II., Part I. By H. A. D. Neviize and L. F. Newman. Cam- bridge: The University Press. 5s. We draw attention to this book in spite of the fact that it is quite unsuitable for the general reader. It is intended as a guide to the agricultural student working in the chemical laboratory with a desire to really understand and to obtain practical demonstration of what agricultural chemistry is; with what substances the agri- cultural chemist has to deal, and to know them—not with that verbal and book acquaintance only which passes for but is not knowledge. Unfortunately much of the so-called agricultural chemistry now taught is not chemistry and many students exist who merely know the names of substances, but have never seen them, never handled them, never found out any of their properties. Let such students obtain this book ; they will then begin to realise what agricultural chemistry really is, and will, it is to be hoped, insist upon being properly taught in the future. One thing will soon be impressed upon them, that you cannot study agricultural chemistry, which is a special branch of chemistry, without having first studied the general principles of chemistry. This is true of any branch of applied chemistry, hence the necessity for making the elements of chemistry an essential subject of education in our secondary schools. Chemistry is the science of matter, the science which teaches us the composition and properties of materials, and as all of us depend upon materials of one kind or another for our existence and for earning the means to ensure that existence, it is surely the science above all others which we should study. It is of as much value to girls as to boys. Every woman will be a cook, or at least desires to be one to some extent, and the woman who knows a little chem- istry will make a better cook than she would make without that knowledge. But there is no industry which so greatly depends upon chemistry as that of agriculture. Hence we welcome teaching on the lines set forth in this admirable course. 276 The Farmer's Library. 8.—The Book of Cheese. By C. THom and W. W. Fisk. London : Macmillan & Co. No book ever written can teach one to make a cheese. This is an art which can only be acquired by practice, and should be first learnt under the guidance and supervision of an expert maker. Otherwise bad habits are likely to be acquired which will take ten times as long to unlearn as they did to acquire. Given, however, the correct initial experience in the actual manipulation of cheese- making, and there will soon arise in the mind of the maker a number of questions as to why and how certain things are done which often can only be answered from a standard work. Moreover, any intelli- gent person who has once learnt to make a fairly good cheese will aim at making a better, and then find that difficulties arise which were not dreamt of before. Many of these difficulties are due to causes outside the influence of mere manipulation ; the nature of the materials with which the cheese is made, the milk, the rennet, the salt, etc.; the conditions under which the cheese is kept or ripened ; and others which only long experience could make known to any cheese-maker. It is here that a good book becomes of value. It embodies the experience of many expert cheese-makers, it makes use of all the light which scientific work may have been able to throw on the problems met with in cheese-making, and though it can never teach anyone to make a cheese it may enable a maker to improve immensely on the results obtained by skill alone. This book, which was written in America, and treats of the many varieties of cheese made there, contains and gives a fair account of the method of making these cheeses and of the scientific knowledge we possess regarding each variety. All the materials employed by the cheese-maker are studied, and special attention is given to the simpler methods of testing milk both for its components, properties, and extraneous impurities, all of which very materially affect both the cheese-making and the resulting product. Unfortunately several of the varieties of cheese made in England are not described, and we hope that some day a book may appear dealing with British cheese as thoroughly as this book does with the many varieties of which it treats. It contains many illustrations which help materially to elucidate the text. Bath and CHest and Southern Counties Society. OBJECTS OF THE SOCIETY AND PRIVILEGES OF MEMBERSHIP. ANNUAL EXHIBITIONS. Tue Society annually holds an Exhibition in some city or town in England or Wales. Each section of the Society’s district is visited at intervals, so that most Members have an opportunity of seeing the Show in their own neighbourhood every few years. Prizes to a large amount are given for Horses, Cattle, Sheep, Pigs, Farm Produce, &c. Provision is also made for the exhibition of Agricultural Implements and Machinery, Seeds, Cattle Foods, Artificial Manures, and articles of general utility. A substantially built and completely equipped Working Dairy on a large scale is a special feature of these Exhibitions. Here explanatory demon- strations and comparative tests of implements and processes are carried on, with the assistance of well-known practical and scientific experts, and Butter-making Competitions are held. Among the features of the Annual Meeting are Shoeing, Milking and other Competitions, Poultry and Horticultural Shows, and Exhibitions illustrative of Bee-keeping, Home Industries, Art-Manufactures, Nature Study and Forestry. Membership entitles to free admission to the Annual Exhibition, and also to the Grand Stand overlooking the Horse and Cattle Ring, to the Reserved Seats in the Working Dairy, and to the use of the Members’ Special Pavilion for Luncheons, Reading, Writing, &c. Entries can be made by Members (elected on or before the last Tuesday in January preceding the Show) at about half the Fees payable by Non-Members. . THE JOURNAL. All Members receive free of charge the Society's Journal, which is published annually bound in cloth. It has for its aim the dissemination of agricultural knowledge in a popular form, and, in addition to original articles by well-known agricultural authorities, it contains particulars of the Society’s general operations, full reports of its experimental and research work, prize awards, financial statements, lists of Members, reviews of new books on agriculture, &c. (The price of the Journal to non-Members is 6s. 6d. post free.) CHEMICAL AND OTHER FACILITIES. The Society has a Consulting Chemist from whom Members can obtain analyses and reports at reduced rates of charge. An arrangement has also been made under which Members of the Society can obtain, free of charge, from the National Fruit and Cider Instituteyat Long Ashton, analyses of cider-apples and perry-pears, and, with a view to aSsisting farmers and others in dealing with insect and other pests which affect agriculture, horticulture, &c., the Council have availed themselves of an offer from the Board of Economic Biology of the University of Bristol to investigate the nature of any insect or other pest and report upon it free of charge. f a ‘ il The Society’s Objects and Operations. EXPERIMENTS. Experiments on crops are conducted at experimental stations in various parts of the Kingdom, and Members are enabled to take part in these and to receive reports thereon. ART-MANUFACTURES, NATURE STUDY, FORESTRY, &c. One of the objects for which the Society was founded was the encouragement of Arts as well as Agriculture, and, to this end, exhibitions are held of Art-Manu- factures and of work representative of Arts and Handicrafts. Exhibitions are also held illustrating Nature Study, as a branch of Education; the Science of Forestry, &c. TERMS OF MEMBERSHIP. ANNUAL SUBSCRIPTIONS. Governors, not less than ott of? of wey £2 Ordinary Members, notlessthan .. ni on awe Sh Tenant Farmers, the rateable value of whose holdings does 10 not exceed £200 a-year, not less than Be Governors, who are eligible for election as President or Vice-President, are entitled, in addition to the privileges already mentioned, to an extra Season Ticket for the Annual Exhibition and for the Grand Stand, &e. Governors subscribing more than £2 are entitled to a further Ticket for every additional £1 subscribed. Members subscribing less than £1 are entitled to all the privileges of Membership except that of entering Stock at reduced fees, and their admission Ticket for the Annual Show is available for one day only instead of for the whole time of the Exhibition. LIFE COMPOSITIONS. Governors may compound for their Subscription for future years by payment, in advance, of £20: and Members by payment, in advance, of £10. Governors and Members who have subscribed for twenty years may become Life Members on payment of half these amounts. Any person desirous of joining the Society can be proposed by a Member, or by F. H. Storr, O.B.E., Secretary and Editor. 3, Pierrepont Street, Bath. Telegraphic Address —‘* \GricuL TURE, BATH.” Telephone No. 610. (11) Bath and Cest and Southern Counties Society. GENERAL LAWS. As revised in accordance with the Report of a Special Committee; which Report was received and adopted by the Annual General Meeting of Members, held on May 30, 1895. COMPOSITION OF THE SOCIETY. I. The Society shall consist of a President, Vice-Presidents, Trustees, Council, Treasurer, Secretary, and Members. OBJECTS. Il. The Society shall have the following objects :— (a) To hold Exhibitions of breeding stock, agricultural implements, and such other articles connected with agriculture, arts, manufactures or com- merce, as may be determined upon by the Council. (6) To conduet practical and scientific investigations in azriculture. (c) To promote technical education in agriculture by providing means of sys- tematic instruction. (2) To publish a Journal for circulation. SUBSCRIPTIONS. It. The Annual Subscription for Members shall be as follows :— Governors (who are eligible for election as President or Vice-Presi- | £2 dent), not less than .... as — = Ba 7 Ordinary Members, not lessthan .. - ~ =~ £1 Tenant Farmers (the rateable value of whose holdings does not \ 10s exceed £200 a-year), not less than < 2. jeg " IV. The payment of £20 in one sum shall constitute a Governor for life, and of £10 in sum an Ordinary Member for life ; but any Governor who has subscribed not less than £2 annually for a period of twenty years may become a Life Governor on the further payment of £10 in one sum; and any Ordinary Member, who has subscribed not less than £1 annually for the same period may become a Life- Member on the further payment of £5 in one sum. Y. Subscriptions shall become due and be payable in advance on the Ist of January in each year or as soon as the Subscriber has been elected a Member. When the election takes place during the last quarter of the year the subscription payable on election will be considered as applying to the ensuing year. VI. A Member shall be liable to pay his subscription for the current year unless he shall have given notice, in writing, to the Secretary before January Ist of his intention to withdraw. GOVERNING BODY. VII. The entire management ofthe Society—including the making of Bye-laws, election of Members, determining the Prizes to be awarded, appointing Committees, fixing the Places of Meetings and Exhibitions, appointing or removing the Treasurer, Secretary, and such other officers as may be required to carry on the business of the Society—shall be vested in the Council who shall report its proceedings at the Annual Meetings of the Society. iv General Laws. VIII. The Council shall consist of the Patron (if any), President, Vice-Presidents, Trustees, and Treasurer (who shall be ex-officio Members), and of sixty-six elected Members. ELECTION OF PRESIDENT, VICE-PRESIDENTS. TRUSTEES AND COUNCIL. TX. The election of a President for the year, of any additional Vice-Presidents or Trustees, and of the Members of Council representing the Divisions named in Law X., shall take place at the Annual Meeting of the Society, and they shall enter into office at the conclusion of the Exhibition during which such Annual Meeting has been held. X. The sixty-six Members of the Council referred to in Laws VIII. and IX. shall consist of fifty-eight persons residing or representing property in the following Divisions, viz. :— Twelve from the Counties of Devon and Cornwall, which shall be called the Western Division ; Twenty-four from the Counties of Somerset, Dorset, and Wilts, which shall be called the Central Division ; Twelve from the Counties of Hants, Berks, Oxon, Bucks, Middlesex, Surrey, Sussex, and Kent, which shall be called the Southern Division; and Ten from the Counties of Worcester, Gloucester, Hereford and Monmouth, and the Principality of Wales, which shall be called the North-Western Division. The remaining eight shall be elected (irrespective of locality) from the general body of members, and shall form a Division which shall be called the ** Without Reference to District ” Division. XI. One-half of the elected Members in each of the five Divisions named in Law X. shall retire annually by rotation, but shall be eligible for re-election. XII. The Council shall have power to nominate a President, Vice-Presidents, Trustees, and Members of Council for the approval of the Annual Meeting, and to fill up such vacancies in their own body as are left after the Annual Meeting, or as may from time to time occur during the interval between the Annual Meetings. XIII. Nominations to offices, election to which is vested in the whole body of Members, must reach the Secretary ten days before the meeting at which such vacancies are to be filled up. MEETINGS. XIV. The Annual Meeting of the Society shall take place during the holding of the annual Exhibition. XV. Special General Meetings of the Society may be convened by the President on the written requisition of not less than three Members of Council; and all Members shall have ten days’ notice of the object for which they are called together, XVI. No Member of less than three months’ standing, or whose subscription is in arrear, shall be entitled to vote at a Meeting. EXHIBITIONS. XVII. The Annual Exhibitions of the Society shall be held in different Cities or Towns in successive years. XVIII. All Exhibitors shall pay such fees as may be fixed by the Council. Mem- bers subscribing not less than £1 per annum, who have been elected previous to February Ist, and have paid the subscription for the current year, shall be en- titled to exhibit at such reduction in these fees as the Council shall determine. . General Laws. Vv PRIZES. XIX. All prizes offered at the cost of the Society shall be open for competition to the United Kingdom. XX. No person intending to compete for any prize offered at the annual Exhi- bition shall be eligible to act as a judge or to have any voice in the selection of judges to award the premiums in the department in which he exhibits. XXI. If it be proved to the satisfaction of the Council that any person has attempted to gain a prize in this, or in any other society, by a false certificate or by a misrepresentation of any kind, such person shall thereupon be, for the future excluded from exhibiting in this Society. JOURNAL. XXII. The Proceedings of the Society, Awards of Prizes, Financial Statements and Lists of Officers, Governors, and Members, shall be printed annually in the Society’s Journal, and every Governor and Member, not in arrear with his sub- scription, shall be entitled to receive one copy, free of expense, and there shall be an additional number printed for sale. POLITICS. XXII. No subject or question of a political tendency shall be introduced at any Meeting of this Society. ALTERATIONS IN LAWS. XXIV. No new General Law shall be made or existing one altered, added to or rescinded, except at an Annual or Special General Meeting, and then only pro- vided that a statement of particulars, in writing, shall have been sent to the Secretary at least twenty-one days previous to the Meeting at which the question is to be considered. (vi) List of Mfficers, 1919-20. PATRON. HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING. PRESIDENT. THE RIGHT HON. THE EARL OF RADNOR. TRUSTEES. *Batu, THe Marquis or, K.G., Longleat, Warminster. Epwarps, C. L. F., The Court, Axbridge, Somerset. SHELLEY, Sire. J., Bart., Shobrooke Park, Crediton. VICE-PRESIDENTS. Auten, J.D. . ° ° ° . Springfield House, Shepton Mallet. Bavcock, H. J. . - : ‘ . Broadlands, Taunton Baker, G. E. Lioyp . . Hardwicke Court, Gloucester *Batu, Marquis or, K.G. Longleat, Warminster *BEAUFORT, DUKE OF . : . Badminton, Chippenham Brnyon, J. HERBERT 2 : . Englefield House, Reading *BurE, MARQUIS OF ‘ ‘ 3 . The Castle, Cardiff *CLINTON, LORD 3 ; & . Heanton Satchville, Dolton, N. Devon *CoVENTRY, THE EARL OF . F . Croome Court, Worcester DEVONSHIRE, DUKE OF : . . Chatsworth, Derbyshire *Diapy, Lorp s . f r . Minterne, Cerne Abbas *DucitE, EARL OF . A 5 : . Tortworth, Falfield, R.S.O. ‘pwakps, C.L. F. . ‘ A . The Court, Axbridge, Somerset FaLMovutTH, VISCOUNT . 5 . . Tregothnan, Truro HAMBLEDEN, VISCOUNT 5 P . Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames Hosnovuse, Ricut Hon. H. - . Hadspen House, Castle Cary JERSEY, EARL oF > ‘ . Middleton Park, Bicester, Oxon. *LANSDOWNE, MARQUIS OF, K. Sr Fe - Bowood, Calne *LLEWELYN, Simm J. T. D., Bart. . - Penllergaer, Swansea *,* Those to whose names an asterisk (*) is prfixed have filled the office of President- List of Officers, 1919-20. vil VicE-PRESIBENTS—continucd. Moreton, Lorp , Mount Epacumse, THE Earp oF ~ NEVILLE GRENVILLE, R. NORTHUMBERLAND, DUKE OF *PLYMOUTH, EARL OF . - : PottTmore, Lorp’ 3 ‘ SHELLEY, Sm J., Bart. ‘ p Smurant, A. O. b E : SomERSET, DUKE OF . . ‘ Srracure, Lorp . - ; J TremPLE, EARL 5 . Sarsden House, Chipping Norton Mount Edgecumbe, Devonport Butleigh Court, Glastonbury ' Albury Park, Guildford Hewell Grange, Bromsgrove Court Hall, North Molton, Devon . Shobrooke Park, Crediton - Culmleigh, Stoke Canon, Exeter Maiden Bradley, Bath Sutton Court, Pensford, Newton St. Loe, Bristol Somerset THE Lorp WARDEN OF THE STANWARIES. THe SECRETARY AND KEEPER OF THE RECORDS OF THE DUCHY OF CoRNWALL. THE RECEIVER-GENERAL OF THE Ducuy or CORNWALL. *,* Those to whose names an asterisk (*) is prefixed have filled the office of President- MEMBERS OF COUNCIL. EX-OFFICIO MEMBERS. THE VICE-PRESIDENTS. THE TRUSTEE THE TREASUR MEMBERS. WESTERN DIVISION (Devon anp CoRNWALL). (12 Representatives.) Vill THE PATRON. THE PRESIDENT. ELECTED Elected in 1918. Name. Address. BUCKINGHAM, REV. The Rectory, Doddis- PREB. combsleigh, Exeter GIBBS, MAJOR ee 8 Pytte, Clyst St. George, Topsham, Devon MOORE- sites Con. Winscott, Torrington, Devon SHELLEY, Ke 5 . Posbury House, Crediton Stuppy, T. E. . Mazonet, Stoke Gabriel, Totnes WILLIAMS, JOHN . Scorrier House, Scorrier, Cornwall Elected in 1919. Name. CHICHESTER, MAJOR OLE I Daw, J. E. ° LoPEs, SIR HENRY Y. B., Bart. a MARTYN, Ca . MORLEY, EARL OF BoscawEN, REY. A. T. Address. Ludgvan Rectory, Long Rock, R.S.O., Cornwall Hall, Bishop’s Tawton, Barnstaple Exeter Maristow, Roborough, South Devon_ Liskeard, Cornwall . Saltram, Plympton, Devon CENTRAL DIVISION (Somersger, Dorset, AND WILTS). (24 Representatives.) BRIDGMAN, H. . . Downend, Bristol BRUFORD, R. . Nerrols, Taunton Fox, R. A. 4 . Yate House, Yate, Glos. GIBSON, J. T. . . Warren House, Wrington NAPIER, H. B. . Long Ashton, Clifton, Bristol NICHOLS, G. 5 . 49, Broad St., Bristol -PARRY-OKEDEN, Lt.- Turnworth, Blandford, Oi... week. Dorset ‘SANDERS, LIEUT.-COL. Sir R.A., Bart.,M.P. TUDWAY, ro C. The Cedars, Wells, Somt. Wrxrorb, LiEvt.-CoL. Wynford House, Maiden | Lorn, D. 8.0. Newton, Dorset SOUTHERN DIVISION (H Barwick House, Yeovil ) CLARK, W. H. < FARWELL, Major E. W. GoRDON, G. H. x HILL, MAJoR V.T. . Hoare, Sir H. H. A., KNIGHT, 8. J. : : RAWLENCE, E. A. . RAWLENCE, G. N. . SOMERVILLE, A. F. WATSON, CAPT. THE Hon. 7. H. WHITE, A R., O.B.E. SussEX AND KENT). (12 Representatives ACLAND, Rt. Hon. F. 93, Bedford Gardens, DYKE Jampden Hill, Lon- don, W. BrstT, Mason T.G. . East Carleton Manor, Norwich JERVOISE, F. H. T. . Herriard Park, Basing- stoke . Dorchester, Oxon . Sidmouth Grange, near Reading LATHAM, T. 5 Surron, E. P. F. ASHCROFT, W. . . Cops, H. M. . CUNDALL,H.M.,LS.0., | SR SUAG DRUMMOND, H. W. | ISMAY, J. Elem | LLEWELLYN, CAPTAIN L. T. BE. Rutland Cottage, Combe Down, Bath Queen’s Parade, Bath The Barn House, Sher- borne, Dorset Woodspring Priory, near Weston-super-Mare Stourhead, Zeals, 8.0., Wilts : Brislington Hill, Bristol Walnut Farm, East Dun- dry, Bristol Newlands, Salisbury Salisbury . Dinder House, Wells Cormiston, Milverton, Somerset Charnage, Mere, Wilts ANTS, Berks, Oxon, Bucks, MIDDLESEX, SURREY, 13, The Waldrons, Croy- don . Higham, Kent 4, Marchmont Gardens, Richmond Hill, Surrey ; . Board Room, L.&S.W.R., Waterloo Stn., London . Iwerne Minster, Bland- ford - Hackwood, Basingstoke NORTH-WESTERN DIVISION (Woxcasrmeeumemy GLOUCESTERSHIRE, HERE- FORDSHIRE, MONMOUTHSHIRE AND WALES). (10 Representatives.) . Link Elm, Malvern Link . Vivod, Llangollen Garnons, Hereford ALLSEBROOK, A. BEsT, Cart. W. CCOTTERELL, SIR J., Bart. Livscoms, G. . . Margam Park Estate Office, Port Talbot MASON, UR. is . Swansea | AKERS, MAgor C. P. | ALEXANDER, D. | ALEXANDER, H. G. | BuLEpIsLon, Lord DRUMMOND, COL. | F. D. W., C.B.E. . Huntley Manor, Glou- cester Cardiff . 5, High Street, Cardiff : Lydney Park, Gloucester Cawdor Estate Office, Carmarthen WITHOUT REFERENCE TO DISTRICT DIVISION. (8 Representatives.) KNOLLYS, C. R. . Weekley, Kettering PorrMan, Hon. C. B. Goldicote,; Stratford-on- | Avon . Tredegar Estate Office, Newport, Mon. STorRar, J. I. WILLIAMS, MAJOR JESTYN . Miskin Manor, Pontyelun Evans, H. M. G. . Plasissa, Llangennecha | Carmarthen . Lewis, Cou. H. . Green Meadow, near | Cardift MAsTERS, A. .. . Kyneton, Thornbury, | Glos. (x) STANDING COMMITTEES, 1919-1920. {The PresmpEnT is an ex-officio Member of all Committees. } ALLOTMENT, Epwargps, C, L. F., Chairman. Batu, Marquis or, K.G.| Mason, F. F. Stuppy, T. E. Best, Carr. W. Napier, H. B. Wyyrorp, Lte&vr.-Co.r. Lorp, D.S.O. CONTRACTS. Napier, H. B., Chairman. ALLSEBROOK, A. Daw, J. E. NEVILLE GRENVILLE, KR. Batu, Marquis or, K.G. Epwarps, C. L. F. RAw.LeEnce, G. N. Best, Capt. W. Mason, F. F. Stuppy, T. E. DAIRY. Chairman. SomeErvitte, A. F., Vice-Chairman. ALLEN, J. D. Gregson, J. T. | Naprer, H. B. Asucrort, W. | Houruz, J. CooKE | NEVILLE GRENVILLE, R. Boscawen, Rey. A.T. , Kniaur 8. J. STRACHIE, LorD CiaRK, W. H. | LarHam, T. Tupway, C. C. Gizss, Magor A. H. | LLEWELLYN, Capt. L.T E. | DISQUALIFYING. Tue STEWARDS OF LIVE STOCK AND PRODUCE. EXPERIMENTS AND EDUCATION. Chairman. ALLEN, J. D. | Greson, J. T. | NEVILLE GRENVILLE, R. ASHCROFT, W. | Hosuovuseg, Rr. Hon. H. RAWLENCE, E. A. Baker, G. E. Lioyp Hurt, J. Cooks SoMERVILLE, A. F, Benyon, J. H. | Ismay, J. H. BLEpIsLoE, Lorp | LarHam, T. 2 (With power to add to their number.) FINANCE, Napier, H. B., Chairman. Daw, J. E. | Gipss, Masor A. H. FORESTRY. Tirscomes, G, Chairman. AAckERS, Masor C. P. |} DucuEsnge, M. C. Hoare, Sre H. H. A. Cirnton, Lorp Evans, H. M. G. Bart. DrumMMonDd, Cou. F. D.W., Napier, H. B, C.B.E. x List of Officers, 1919-1920. IMPLEMENT REGULATIONS. SHELLEY, Sir J., Bart., Chairman. Batu, Marquis or, K.G, Bsst, Carr. W. Epwarps, C. L. F. Martyn, G. Mason, F. F. Mooreg-STEVENS, R. A. JOURNAL. Cou. | Napier, H. B. NEVILLE GRENVILLE, RB. Stuppy, T. E. Epwarps, C. L. F., Chairman. Hoxsuovuse, Riaut Hon. H. Baker, G. E. Lioyp BLEDISLOE, LoRD JUDGES’ SELECTION. Wynrorp, Litvut.-Cont. Lorp, D.S8.0., Chairman. ALEXANDER, D. ALEXANDER, H. G. AILEN, J. D. AsHcroFT, W. | Gorpon, G. | Hoare Sir H. H.A.,Bart. | Latuam, T. Moorek-STEvENS, Cou. (Pele lvarA | Parry-OKkEDEN, LiIEUT.- Con. US Be-B: | SHEtuey, Sir J., Bart. RAILWAY ARRANGEMENTS AND ADVERTISEMENTS. ALEXANDER, D. CovENTBY, EARL oF Drummonp, H. W. Mason, F. F. | SHELLEY Sim J., Bart. (With power to add to their numker.) SCIENCE AND ART. Batu, Marquis or, K.G., Chairman. CunpatL, H. M. (I.8.0., F.S, A.) Daw, J. E. Evans, H. M. G. FARWELL, Masor E. W. Hosnovusg, Rt. Hon. Lipscome, G. | Luzwetyy, Sir J. T. D);, ish | Bart. N APIER, H. B. (With power to add to their number.) SELECTION. THE CHAIRMEN OF ALL OTHER COMMITTEES. SHOW PLACE AND DATE. CHAIRMEN OF THE ALLOTMENT, CoNTRACTS, Dairy, Fivanck, Forestry, IMPLEMENT REGULATIONS, RAILWAY ARRANGEMENTS, SCIENCE AND ART, AND Stock Prizz SHEET COMMITTEES. (With power to add two Local Members to their number. ) STOCK PRIZE SHEET. Wynrorp, Lrrut.-Con. Lorp, D.8.0., Chairman. ALEXANDER, D. ALEXANDER, H. G. ALLEN, J. D. ALLSEBROOK, A. Asxcrort, W. BuogINGHAM, Rey. PREB. CuarE, W. H. CoTTERELL, Sir J., Bart. | Evans, H. M. G. Gisps, Magor A. H. Hoare, Sim H. H. A., Bart. LatrHam, T. Lewis, Cou. H. Moore-Stevens, Cot. R. A Portman, Hon. C. B. SHELLEY, Sir J., Bart. SHELLEY, J. F. Surron, E. P. F. Waits, A. R., O.B.E. Wii.iaMs, Major J Esty List of Officers, 1919-1920. xi WORKS. Epwarps, C. L. F., Chairman. . Batu, Marquis or, K.G. Best, Carr. W. Mason, F. F. Napier, H. B. Sruppy, T. E. Stewards. Cattle, Sheep and Pigs. | Asucrort, W. Moore-SteEvens, Con. R. A. SHELLEY, J. F. Cider. FarweEti, Masor E. W. _ Dairy. SoMERVILLE, A. F. CuarK, W. H. Experiments. ASHCROFT, W. | Finance. Napier, H. B. Daw, J. E. Gipgs, Masor A. H. Forestry. Lrescomps, G. Horses. ALEXANDER, D. WyYnrorp, LiEvt.-Cou. Lorp., D.8.0. Horticulture. BoscawEN, Rey. A. T. Poultry. Stuppy, T. E. Science and Art and Music. CunpatL, H. M. (I.8.0., F.S.A.)}: Shoeing. Latuam, T. Yard. Epwarps, C. L. F. Best, Carr. W. Batu, Marquis or, K.G- Struppy, T. FE. Other Honorary Officials. - Treasurer—LuUTTRELL, C. M. F. Chaplain. BoscawEN, Rey. A. T. Permanent Officials. Secretary and Editor—Srorr, F. H., O0.B.E. Assistant Secretary—Smairn, W. A. Auditor. Goopman, F. C. (Chartered Accountant) Consulting , Chemist. | Vortcxer, Dr. J. A. (M.A, F.C.) | Veterinary PENBERTHY, Prof. J. (F.R.C.V.S.} Inspector. Superintendent of Works. Ayre, H. C. 60F'6E | S66'°9Z | FIF‘SI | LLP‘9L.| SS8‘8h | SZ9'LS | IF0'6F | CFOZE | 96E‘9T 9FS‘OF | 8Z0°9S | SIE“FI OSI‘OLT| T6L°SL | 63E‘LE | 6OFZ9 | FFL‘SF | S99‘OT | SOE FE | LISS | I6L‘°ST Z90'FE | VOF‘ES | 9G9‘OI cog‘le | S¢9°ss | ZS6°LT O89'VE | O6S‘IF | OFE*ST 8880S | C6F'6I | C6EIT FOG‘FS | ZOL‘OT | ZOGL | £Z0'9G | LEL‘SL | 88a°L | 9ES'IS | 19Z‘ES | SLS‘OT | GG0*88 | SLO°C9 | LLESS GI6‘FE | F8Z‘GI | SE9‘ET | = €S6EI | CLL'b | SLS‘OT = 1Gh 6% | OZS'FL | 10Z°Si *% —-g69°S | GFG‘IT | 6OL‘OT | 13707, | ‘sheq *sAuq | -/T 90 | 9/240 | “*suOIssIUIpY . ° Aasioe jo vy 9L6 | 9 OLt vi * guMopsuey jo stubaeyy | GIOL | °° Pa S1z : . * giong jo jeg | [SII rE xe, I8€ . . ‘dW ‘uofuogy ay CFOL } oe “. Cts ‘AW “weg ‘sodoy Aossvey ig | G03 ** ng €0P ‘equimospy-junoyy JO ey OSI | ** OOF a ‘D" ‘I “q8nosoq [18] jo oyngy «(O18 Ol i ba * yop jo ey | OlOl | °° a OI ‘av “d 74) “peg ‘9J00N}ION “H “Sag | 006 x Sa fi * woAlvuiey) jo [ivy | OSOT SI zi oél ‘seg “GyOMyoNC “AL “CL US| 006 | °° A P * gudewoery, “¢) woe | ee e . Nousyog JO [1G] J an : uojuney, paoy | SoZ a B" 8S : , onosa}10,g rep | 9SIL =e : 90T : ywyegq jo stnbary_ 006 | . ag ‘ gqieg ‘purpy ‘dq iE ay , 006 a : ae : “AN “TING “AA “f | 006 a0 : : . * s9AlT paoT 006 <)> a . : * quuyypig uyor 996 18 i G8 . : Avueyno0y paoy | OOS | °° oy a : . Avusznoy psoy | OOL = j : * py ‘Apooy -y -O | OSPF ° =i ‘ . - enose}10Og [eq | OF a az ae e ‘I'W ‘SOIT wey OSF | oe oe oe : “‘qeg ‘purpy ‘A ‘Lag O¢t idl calc *¢ : uvlwjyiog poy OIG aie lake es 4) 5 4) 33 *syuap | | *99991UL “WOTIN | -1gay | serjetoog) -u0D -quapleold “woo | [B00'T | [vI0T [¥00T 18}0E, 7 “soz -dyzosqng, “u01} [v00T pl0jxQ 478g = piojaioy] : * uopfoiy s * joystig 5 yynow Ag * —- Jaysayouog ; PaCiE ay : uo0zUNe YT, * uojdweyinog : qynowyey : Aanqsyeg ; Aanqsipeg : p10jo10 7 : * josug J9JOX - Pa . * oangy, * ~—- Faysatposo(y . ajdeqsuieg ; * yrpreg s0qqy wO}MeN * [1A0a : * MOJIOATT, : .. ae : ygnowA;g ; * uoJUNeT, “POHSTA 9981 q "SUOIIgIQID jenuup nee (xi ) LZ8'SL | 9S"0S OSS‘8O1| S&S" FL 9£0'FE | SOS‘OF 1a‘ TF | €69‘0E 69E'6F | PISO €26'SS | GES'6E Z09'SS | 109°SF FE0'CF | OGLE OEF'FE | OSE'SS G6 SF | TILOE FSF'SE | ETS'6Z OFO'FE | 8OS‘OF EL6‘ZL | 609'FE C69‘EL | S8L‘Se FOL‘IS | FIE‘SF 009‘'SE | S61°9E CHEESE | LOG‘SE 9OL‘'8E | 9F8‘6Z GLE OOL, 666°0L Sst 6F | [Gee FSS'FF | SSOTE GIP‘SF | LFS TE 12929 | 089°8E F09‘OF | 9ES'EE 060‘9F | SLOTLE LOT‘ee | S8S°Or *\wj0q, {| “sheq \ -/T uo SS ——$_$_—$_—- C93'83. 8o'FE 629'SI Z98'6 109 TT 160°9T 10T€1 F83'8 90'S ISlSI IL9‘8 GLO F9E'ST OS'S OSt‘S COF‘OT SL8‘FI 098'8 O8S'63 LEo'6 10¢‘é1 TLU‘LI 1F6'&3 goe'et clF's FEOF “sAuq 9/Z uO *suOTssIUIpV “Aeqd -/¢ 10 f : JOSpUuLM PJO'T * qaojnveg jo ond : Aasoy JO [AVL “OM OX pur | Uireaiazep jo oyng eUL “HUH! * -yyeg jo sinbavyy : * UOJUIQ psory : JOSpUIA, PLOT hernveg jo noeyuoyy ploy + uopuelrtyy jo [Ae * uvUlyIog JUNOOSI A + — MO[SUG JO [ALOT * adurpavyzyiy ploy ‘avg GaP ae, ‘L'a ‘fas * gidway, [egy + Kapusegy Jo [egy : * uOJUI[O plory : IvSopely, ploy * — Jaysoyoyy JO [ey + paopsurpieg ploy uopdurey gunoosi A e[epsowjoyx] JUNOOSTA * “‘d'W ‘e7{001g, p10T : IeSapeiy, ploy -fuuaavsieqy jo smnbavyy + aqueaogy jo [egy = Agpoy JO [Aegy *‘quapiseld Ostt CrEl 1POL S16 O90T o€ot OO0T 0g8 6°6 ccor $86 00zI OIL ECOL O3IT O18 006 G16 CCEL GFT SIéI 8L8 SIZI 6LOT FSOL Os s “uoyyng “13009 1800T 1890. Or Bi *s}uop -Isoy = (seljoro0g [8007 1v007 “‘panu1juoo—SNOrmLigIhx TIVONNY OG rep col cil “9999101 -0g ]v00T = ) ‘a0 -djzosqng [207 SM ospuquny, * BOSUEMG * 1048iIg] yynowAslg * uopfosy : (ea * Jayexoy * -Htpsvy uoqd weqqynog suvq|Y * uojuney, psojpyiny Joysoonopy) * VasuBMG : ye 194soo0y - Joqyaxgy * "uo]{) quod MaNy Joysoyo10c] * joysug uozYysd sucshiie JoyeMS pug * yrpavp 10489010 \4 * 1949X4 “PeHSIA OBIT PO6L £061 6061 1061 O06L 6681 8681 L681 9681 C68I t68I £681 G68 1681 O68T 6881 888I L881 98sI cssl F881 | £881 G88I 1881 | O88L | 6L8I “180K ( xiv) | | | | ° * coupey jo [avg oy, | O9OL | Tél | SOL FG 008 | | Aimgsyeg O61 616T * * AIVUOAOY JO [AVA ony, | | SMOYS ON } 03 | 916T SLL‘e | S10'8s | 094 | *" | ° * £ayueaon jo peg oyy, | L¢9 = L&Z “| OOP = * = 4098907044 | STEEL G9L‘SS8 | SOS‘LO | LE6‘LI oe ° fee ‘uA]OMOL'T “CL “IL, ‘pag | TOIT sa ve 10g | 008 , vasuemyg | FIGL SI9°L9 | OOL*FF | 816'ST |} °° |: yynouryey yunoosi, | 816 BE CII | gg 00s ° * ommiy, | $161 S8L‘FS | SE6‘OF | SFS‘ST i . 3 * yyeg jo sinbavyy | OOOT << | Opn | OOT | 008 ; “ - WF | SIT 108‘99 | 8sc‘OF | eIZ‘9T| °° | ° f * eyng jo stubavyy | STILT | OT OTL | 6T 00s =| * " yrpqep | TI6T L66°SZ | COL‘OS | Z68°E io Wes ‘ * Agpureq jo pave | LIG | °° * LIL 008 * weyzeyD | | | | ~pue Joyseyooy | OI6I 68L‘99 | 168'IF | 868'FT| *° | - : : * uojuTT) prot | 006 i OOL = 008 : * J9}9Xq | 6061 LLG‘ZE | oge‘0s Los'sI es ; y 7 Aqsiq prot | S36" {6 O0T 008 zy Jeysoyolod | g0é6I Co0‘FS | GIS‘LE 98S‘9I ios Py Ds I ‘Sa[8 MA joooullg eu ‘HUH | T80l | 63 ig. | 106 008 ( uof{) WodMaN — LO6T IG8'6F | €10°SF | 8E8°L a pet OBE ee A ea CA0T:) Og COZ “A _ 008 copulAs: | 9061 LLS'F9 | #96'SF | C168 | “° | * * “OM ‘puepirog jooyng | 8IOT | °° aie | “* | 008 | * weysuinoN | SO6I | | g ae eee | | | -squep | 9099 TUI | | | "[vjo7, | ‘sk{ruq ‘sfucy ‘AUT ‘uolynd §-Isey |'SatjoI0g) = -mI0g ‘won | -/LuQ | 9/¢uUoO | -/¢ U0 “quapisorg “MOY | YBOOT | [VOT | [VIOT |-djzosqng *POzISTA BOLL “Mak \ 3, ] | 1205 Fr IS _ ye | =e 0%8 1PjOL, - *SUOISSIUIpy | ‘ope | | “panutfuoo—SNOTLIATHX WY IVON NY (xv) Members’ JOrivileges. ANALYSES OF FERTILISERS, FEEDING STUFFS, WATERS, SOILS, &c. Applicable only to the case of Persons who are not commercially engaged in the manufacture or sale of any substance sent for Analysis). Members of the Bath and West and Southern Counties Society, who may also be Members of other Agricultural Societies, are particularly reauested in pont for Analyses, to state that they do so as Members of the first-named ety. THE following are the rates of Charge; for Chemical Analyses to Members of the Society. These ee are applicable only when the analyses are for bona-fide agricultural purposes, and are required by Members of the Society for their own use and guidance in respect of farms or land in their own occupation and within the United Kingdom. The analyses are given on the understanding that they are required for the individual and sole benefit of the Member applying for them, and must not be used for other persons, or for com- mercial purposes. Land or estate agents, bailiffs, and others, when forwarding samples are required to state the names of those Members on whose behalf they apply. Members are also allowed to send for analysis under these privileges any manures or feeding- stuffs to be used by their outgoing tenants, or which are to be given free of cost to their occupying tenants. The analyses and reports may not be communicated to either vendor or manufacturer, except in cases of dispute. Members are requested, when applying for an analysis, to quote the number in the subjoined -schedule under which they wish it to be made. No. 1.—An opinion of the purity of bone-dust or oil-cake(each sample) . 2s. 6d. 2.—An analysis of sulphate or muriate of ammonia, or of nitrate of soda, together with an opinion as to whether it beworth the price charged 5s. 5s 3.—An analysis of guano, showing the proportion of moisture, organic matter, sand, phosphate of e, alkaline salts and ammonia, together. with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged 10s. 4.—An analysis of mineral superphosphate of lime for soluble phosphates. only, to- gether with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged eC 5s 5.—An analysis of superphosphate of lime, dissolved bones, etc.. showing the propro- tions of moisture, organic matter, sand, soluble and insoluble phosphates, sul- phate of lime and ammonia, together with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged 10s. $.—An analysis of bone-dust, ‘basic slaz, or any ‘other ordinary artificial manure to- gether with an opinion as to whether it be worth the price charged Se 10s. 7.—An analysis of compound artificial manures, animal ae reer refuse substances used for manure, etc. d from 10s. to £1 8. analysis of limestone, showing the proportion of lime : 7s. 6d. 9. analysis of limestone, showing the proportion of lime and magnesia = 10s. 10,—An analysis of limestone or marls, showing the proportion of carbonate, phosphate, and sulphate of lime and magnesia, with sand and clay 10s. 11.—Partial analysis of a soil, including bearer ame of clay, sand, organic matter, and carbonate of lime 4 : £ 12.—Complete analysis of a soil £3 423.—An analysis of oil-cake or other substance used foF feeding purposes, showing the proportion of moisture, oil, mineral matter, albuminous matter, and woody fibre as well as of starch, , and Sugar in the aggregate ; and an me of its feeding and fattening or mil -producing properties .. : . . 10s. 14.—Analysis of any vegetable product 10s. 15.—Determination of the ‘* hardness ” of a sample ‘of water before and after boiling 5s. 16.—Analysis of water of land-drainage, and of water used for irrigation £1 17.—Analysis of water used for domestic purposes... £1 10s. 18.—An analysis of milk (to assist Members in the management of their Dairies and Herds, bona-fide for their own information and not for trade purposes, nor for use in connection with the Sale of Food and Drugs Acts) Ses. i19.—Personal consultation with the Consulting Chemist. (To pre vent disappointment it is suggested that Members desiring to hold a consultation with the ( Ng Chemist should write to ae 3 appointment) fa “J ; 5s. 20.—Consultation by letter a an i Ss. 21.—Consultation necessitating the w riting of three or more letters || 10s. Members — to exercise their privileges on the above-named terms, should ere their samples for examination by post or parcel prepaid, to the Consulting Chemist, Dr. JOHN AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., F.I.C., Stuart House, 1, Tudor Street, London, E.C. The fees for analysis must be sent to the Consulting Chemist at the time of application. ‘ (xvi) GUIDE TO PURCHASERS OF FERTILISERS AND FEEDING STUFFS. Purchasers are recommended in every case to insist upon having an Invoice given to them. This invoice should set out clearly :— In the case of Fertilisers— (1) The name of the fertiliser ; (2) Whether the fertiliser be artificially compounded or not ; (3) The analysis guaranteed in respect of the principal fertilising ingredients. In the case of Feeding-Stuffs— (1) The name of the article ; (2) The description of the article: whether it has been made from one substance or seed only, or from more than one ; 4 (3) The analysis guaranteed in respect of Oil and Albuminoids. (Nort.—The use of terms “ Linseed-cake,” “ Cotton-cake,” ete., implies that these cakes shall be “‘ pure ’’ and purchasers are recommended to insist: upon these terms being used without any qualification such as ‘95 per cent.,’” ““ as imported,” ‘ete. Oil-cake ” should be avoided, Members of the Society should see that the Invoices agree accurately with the orders given by them, and, in giving these orders, they should stipulate that the goods come up to the guarantees set out in the following list, and that they be sold subject to the analysis and report of the Consulting Chemist of the Bath and West and Southern Counties Society. ‘ FERTILISERS. Raw Bones, Bone-meal, or Bone-dust to be guaranteed “ purn,” and to contain not less than 45 per cent. of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than 4 per cent. of Ammonia. Steamed or ‘‘ Degelatinised ’’ Bones to be guaranteed “‘ puRE,”’ and to contain not less than 55 per cent. of Phosphate of Lime, and not less than i per cent. of Ammonia. Mineral Superphosphate of Lime to be guaranteed to contain a certain per- centage of ** Soluble Phosphate.” [From 25 to 28 per cent. of Soluble Phosphate is an ordinarily good quality. ] Dissolved Bones to be guaranteed to be ‘‘ made from raw bone and acid only.’ and to be sold as containing stated percentages of Soluble Phosphate, taagtots Phosphates, and Ammonia. Compound Artificial Manures, Bone Manures, Bone Compounds, etc., to be sold by analysis stating the percentages of Soluble Phosphate, Insoluble Phos- phates, and Ammonia contained. Basic Slag to be guaranteed to contain a certain percentage of Phosphoric Acid, and to be sufficiently finely ground that 80 to 90 per cent. passes through a sieve having 10,000 meshes to the square inch. Peruvian Guano to be described by that name, and to be sold by analysis stating the percentages of Phosphates and Ammonia. Sulphate of Ammonia to be guaranteed to be *‘ puRE,”’ and to contain not less than 24 per cent. of Ammonia. Nitrate of Soda to be guaranteed to be “ puRE,” and to contain 95 per cent- of Nitrate of Soda. Kainit to be guaranteed to contain 23 per cent. of Sulphate of Potash. All fertilisers to be delivered in good and suitable condition for sowing.. *; ( xvil ) FEEDING-STUFFS. Linseed Cake, Cotton Cake (Decorticated and Undecorticated), and Rape Cake (for feeding purposes) to be pure, i.e., prepared only from one kind of seed from which their name is derived, and to be in sound condition. The report of the ‘Consulting Chemist of the Bath and West and Southern Counties Society to be conclusive as to the “ purity ”’ or otherwise of any feeding-stuffs. The percent ages of Oil and Albuminoids must also be guaranteed. Mixed Feeding Cakes, Meals, etc., to be sold on a guaranteed analysis. All Feeding-Stuffs to be sold in sound condition, and to contain nothing of a injurious nature or worthless for feeding purposes. INSTRUCTIONS FOR SELECTING AND SENDIN:= SAMPLES FOR ANALYSIS. GENERAL RULES. 1.—A sample taken for analysis should be fairly representative of the bulk from which it has been drawn. 2.—The sample should reach the Analyst in the same condition as it was at the time when drawn. FERTILISERS. When Fertilisers are delivered in bags, select four or five of these from the bulk, and either turn them out on a floor and rapidly mix their contents, or else drive a shovel into each bag and draw out from as near the centre as possible a couple of shovelfuls of the manure, and mix these quickly on a floor. Halve the heap obtained in either of these ways, take one-half (rejecting the other) and mix again rapidly. flattening down with the shovel any lumps that appear. Repeat this operation until at last only some three or four pounds are left. From this fill three tins, holding from }b. to lb. each, mark, fasten up and seal each of these. Send one for analysis, and retain the others for reference. Or#the manure may be put into glass bottles provided with well-fitting corks ; the bottles should be labelled and the corks sealed down. The sample sent for analysis can be packed in a wooden box and sent by post or rail. When manures are delivered in bulk, portions should be successively drawn from different parts of the bulk, the heap being turned over now and again. The portions drawn should be thoroughly mixed, stb-divided, and, finally, samples should be taken as before, except that when the manure is coarse and bulky it is advisable to send larger samples than when it is in a finely-divided condition. * FEEDING-STUFFS. tton, and other Feeding Cakes.—If a single cake be taken three strips should be broken off right across the cake and from the middle portion of it, one piece to be sent for analysis, and the other two retained for reference. Each of the three pieces should be marked, wrapped in paper, fastened up and sealed. The piece forwarded for analysis can be sent by post or rail. A more satisfactory plan is ®6 select four to six cakes from different parts of the delivery, then break off a piece about four inches wide from the middle of each cake, and pass these pieces through a cake-breaker. The broken cake should then be well mixed, and three samples of about llb. each should be taken and put in tins or bags duly marked, fastened, and sealed as before. One of b ‘ ( xvii ) these lots should be sent for analysis, the remaining two being kept for reference. It is advisable also, with the broken pieces, to send a small strip from an unbroken cake. Feeding Meals, Grain, ete.—Handfuls should be drawn from the centre of half- a-dozen different bags of the delivery ; these lots should then be well mixed, and three 4b. tins or bags filled from the heap, each being marked, fastened up, and sealed. One sample is to be forwarded for analysis and the others retained for reference. SOILS, WATERS, &c, Soils.—Have a wooden box made, 6 inches in length and width, and from 9 to 12 inches deep, according to the depth of soil and subsoil of the field. Mark out in the field a space of about 12 inches square; dig round in a slanting direction a trench, so as to leave undisturbed a block of soil and its subsoil 9 to 12 inches deep; trim this block to make it fit into the wooden box, invert the open box over it, press down firmly, then pass a spade under the box and lift it up gently, turn over the box, nail on the lid, and send by rail. The soil will then be received in the position in which it is found in the field. In the case of very light, sandy, and porous soils, the wooden box may be at once inverted over the soil and forced down by pressure, and then dug out. Waters.—Samples of water are best sent in glass-stoppered Winchester bottles holding half a gallon. One such bottle is sufficient for a single sample. Care should be taken to have these scrupulously clean. In taking a sample of water for analysis it is advisable to reject the first portion drawn or pumped, so as to obtain a sample of the water when in ordinary flow. The bottle should be rinsed out with the water that is to be analysed, and it should be filled nearly to the top. The stopper should be secured with string, or be tied over with linen or soft leather. The sample can then be sent carefully packed either in a wooden box with sawdust, etc., or in a hamper with straw. Milk.—A pint bottle should be sent in a wooden box. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS. Time for Taking Samples.—All samples, both of fertilisers and feeding-stuffs, should be taken as soon after their delivery as possible, and should reach the Analyst within ten days after delivery of the article. In every case it is advisable that the Analyst’s certificate be received before a fertiliser is sown or a feeding- stuff is given to stock. Procedure in the event of the Vendor wishing Fresh Samples to be Drawn.— Should a purchaser find that the Analyst’s certificate shows a fertiliser or feeding- stuff not to come up to the guarantee given him, he may inform the vendor of the result and complain accordingly. He should then send to the vendor one of the two samples which he has kept for reference. If, however, the vendor should demand that a fresh sample be drawn, the purchaser must allow this, and also give the vendor an opportunity of being present, either in person or through a representative whom he may appoint. In that case, three samples should be taken in the presence of both parties with the same precautions as before des- cribed, each of which should be duly packed up, labelled and sealed by both parties. One of these is to be given to the vendor, one is to be sent to the Analyst, and the third is to be kept by the purchaser for reference or future analysis if necessary. All samples intended for the Consulting Chemist of the Society should be addressed (postage or carriage prepaid) to Dr. J. AUGUSTUS VOELCKER, M.A., F.I.C., Stuart Youse, 1, Tudor Street, New Bridge Street, London, E.C. Separate letters of instruction should be sent at the same time. SALISBURY MEETING, MAY —20; —21,—22,-24...& 25, 1920. MONEY PRIZES. PAGE HORSES «. £072), 0, 0 5— 9 CATTLE 1,274 0 0 9—13 Datry Herbs 57 15 0 13 SHEEP .. ‘ 642 0 0 13—15 glee - J 262 5 0 15—16 CIDER . me st 30 0 0 16 Borrtep Frurr. £ a 7.0.0 16 CHEESE 75 10 O 17 CREAM CHEESE, BUTTER ANDJ REAM 54 0 0 17 BurrEer-MaktnG or ae 46 10 0 17—18 MILKING sia as ae 11 5 O 18 SHOEING is = P 5610 0 18 PovULTRY ae os - 167 10 0 19—20 £3.656 5 0O DONORS OF MONEY PRIZES. Bath and West and Southern Counties Society .. £2,739 5 0 Salisbury Local Committee Bi 24 0 O Wiltshire Agricultural Association 100 0 0 Wiltshire County Council : 60 0 0 Hon. Lady Hulse 5 Py met a © Major J. A. Morrison, D.S.O. iz, 00 Shire Horse Society (or Medal) Lx. 0.0 Suffolk Horse Society 36 0 O British Percheron ame Society . i. 0 0 New Forest Pony Society 30 0 0 Devon Cattle Breeder’s Society 37 0 0 South Devon Herd Book Reger 17 0 0 Shorthorn Society is : 30 0 0 Dairy Shorthorn Association 10° -O°"0 Hereford Herd Book Society 37 0 O Gloucestershire Cattle Society 15 0 0 Red Poll Cattle Society 34 0 0 English Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Association 10 0 0 British Friesian Cattle Society %- 0 0 - English Jersey Cattle Society 20 0 0 English Guernsey Cattle Society “yt 20 0 0 English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society .. 15.0 0 Hugh Morrison, Esq., M.P. , 52 10 O Lord Bledisloe 20 0 0 Mrs. Jervoise . 1 0 0 Salisbury and District Milk Recording Society 5 5 0 Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Association : 10 0 0 Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Associ ation 17 0 0 Southdown Sheep Society ‘ epee Me, Hampshire Down Sheep ‘Breeders’ Association 588 0 0 ‘Oxford Down Sheep Breeders’ Association 10 0 0 Dorset Horn Sheep Breeders’ Association .. va Dorset Down Sheep Breeders’ Association 20 0 0 Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders’ Society 17 0 0 British Berkshire Society 9 0 0 Large Black Pig Society 17_ 5 0 Gloucestershire Old Spots Pig Society 1 0 0 20 0 0 ‘Wessex Saddleback Pig Society. £3.656 5 0 eee —_- <= Donors of Medals, etc., and List of Judges. DONORS OF MEDALS, PLATE, &c. Shire Horse Society. English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Hunters’ Improvement and National Society. Light Horse Breeding Society. English Jersey Cattle Society. National Pony Society. Southdown Sheep Society. Hackney Horse Society. | Gloucestershire Old Spots Pig Chas. A. Hanson, Esq. Society. Sussex Herd Book Society. Wessex Saddleback Pig Society. Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Society. Major Vere Ker Seymer Bath and West Society. Mrs. Jervoise. English Aberdeen-Angus Cattle | Miss F. Donisthorpe. Association. | Poultry Club. Buff Orpington Club. LIST OF JUDGES. HORSES. Shire.—J. T. C. Eaprte, Aldershawe, Lichfield, Staffordshire. Suffolk.—tJ. M. Lonas, St. Wilfrid’s, Northwood, Middlesex. Percheron.—T. Coox, Hobland House, Bradwell, Great Yarmouth. Hunters and Jumping.—W. G. LamparpDE, Bradbourne Hall, Sevenoaks. Ponies.—Rev. E. A. Miunr, Chilfrome, Dorchester. New Forest Ponies.—E. P. Nortney, Higher Bowden, Okehampton, Devon. Harness and Sadlle.—C. E. E. Cooxn, Bygrave, near Baldock, Herts. CATTLE: Devon.—W. Tuckert, Snake Ash, Newton St. Cyres, near Exeter, South Devon.—T. Wit11na, Foredown Lodge, Kingskersweli, Devon. Shorthorn and Dairy.—W. CRosLanD, Estate Office, Buscot Park, Faringdon, Berks. Hereford.—H. W. Taytor, Showle Court, Ledbury, Herefordshire. Gloucestershire.—J. PETER, The Old Rectory, Berkeley, Glos. Sussex.—H. C. Ler Steere, Jayes Park, Ockley, Surrey. Red Poll.—R. B. Asttny, Compton Beauchamp, Shrivenham, Berks. British Friesian.—S. WALLACE, Grove House, Hitchin, Herts. Aberdeen-Angus.—J. Morr, Goodwood, Chichester. Jersey Bulls.—J. H. SHort, Whatley Combe, near Frome. Jersey Cows and Heifers—H. West H1i1, 3, Cursitor Street, London, E.C.4. Guernsey.—D. Micutz, Tichborne Estate Office, Alresford, Hants. Dexter—G. Hazcoop, Somerleigh, Wimborne. Butter Test.— Dairy Herds.—J. Crompier, Longlands, North Coker, Yeovil, SHEEP. Shropshire.—A. MANSELL, College Hill, Shrewsbury. Devon Longwoolled.—J. H. Grsprxes, Week Barton, North Tawton, Devon. South Devon.—J. Hoare, Mount Barton, Staverton, Totnes. Kent or Romney Marsh.—W. W. Cuarman, 4, Mowbray House, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.2. Southdown.—H. Srentor, Heatherland, Colehill, Wimborne. Hampshire Down.—E. J. Bennett, Killarney, Carlton Road, South, Weymouth. Oxford Down.—H. W. Sr1rcox, The Grounds, Adderbury, near Banbury, Oxon, Dorset Horn.—J. H. Cutcx, Wynford Eagle, Dorchester, Dorset. Dorset Down.—W. C. BarrLerr, Durweston, Blandford, Dorset. Exmoor Horn.—D. J. Tarr, Highercombe, Dulverton, Somerset. List of Judges xxl PIGS. Berkshire.—R. B. Vincent, Waterston Manor Farm, Dorchester. Large Black.—W. Wits, Marlwood, Thornbury, Glos. Large and Middle White, and Wessex Saddleback.—A. Hiscock, Manor France Farm, Blandford, Dorset. : Gloucestershire Old Spots.—E. G. F. WALKER, The Hollies, Chew Stoke, Bristol. | PRODUCE. Bottled Fruit.— Cider.—J. H. Wootton, Byford, Hereford. Cheese.—W. Cary, Shepton Mallet, Somerset. Cream Cheese, Butter and Cream.—Mrs. A. M. Luxe, 9, St. James’ Place, The Hoe, Plymouth, COMPETITIONS. Butter-Making.—T. Latuam, Bishop’s Court, Dorchester, Oxon, and Mrs. A. M. : LuKgE, 9, St. James’ Place, The Hoe. Plymouth. Milking.—S. Hoppryorr, Woodford, Wells, Somerset. Shoeing.—F. BaziEy, M.R.C.V.S., 5, Estcourt Street, Devizes, Wilts. POULTRY. Citem. Watson, Oxhey, Watford, Classes 1 to 22, 50 to 53, and 58 to 72, and T. C. Hearn, Keele, Newcastle, Staffs, Classes 1, 23 to 49, and 54 to 72. FORESTRY. PRITCHARD, Prof. H. A., 76, Castle Street, Cirencester. — PRIZES. £100 towards the prizes in the Horse, Cattle, Sheep and Pig Classes ar contributed by the Wilts Agricultural Association and have been allocated to Classes 1, 15, '74, 122 and 173. _ ._ | First | Second |Third An Animal can be entered in as many Classes as it is eligible | Prize. | Prize. |Prize for on payment of an additional fee in each Class. No =. additional fee is, however, payable in the case of those | £ £ YL Prizes headed as Champion or Special Prizes. | a ee Exhibitors are requested to note that Animals entered in Classes 1 to 14 must be in the Yard before 8 a.m., on Thursday, May 20th, and (except the Stallions in Classes 5, 6, 11, 12 and 14, which can be removed after , the Parade of Horses on the third day of the Show) must remain in the Yard till 6 o’clock on Tuesday, May 25th. SHIRE. (Registered or eligible for registration in the Shire Horse Society’s Stud Book). CLAss. 1,—Manrg, in-Foal, or with Foal at foot a oe eee ts 10 3 2.—Finty or Grexpine, foaled in 1919 10 5 3 3.—FILLY or GELDING, foaled in 1918 - is oa | ae 5 | 3 4,—Finty or Getpina, foaled in 1917 i a «| 40 5 | 3 Spent foaled before 1918 2A 15 10 3 6.—SrTaLuion, foaled in 1918 .. x As Bi Ht bed 10 3 7.—Cour, foaled in 1919 é a - Pail. ae 10 | 3 8.—Foat, produce of Mare in Class i. . ee an 3 De easy MEDAL. Offered by the Shire Horse Society. } A Gold Medal. or the sum of £10, for the best Mare or Filly in the Shire 10 Horse Classes, under Condition 47, and to is 3) of bo winner under the Condition stated, a prize of . 1. SUFFOLK. £36 towards the Prizes in Classes 9 to 12 are™contributed by the serial Horse Society. CLASS. 9.—Filly, foaled in 1918. . os ie a ag ois | 5 3 10—Filly, fonled-in 1917.. .. a ee 11.—Sratuton, foaled in 1917 .. is “ ih weil) ae 5 3 12.—Sratuion, foaled in 1918 .. be 3P wa Pye ime 5 3 PERCHERONS. £18 towards the Prizes in Classes 13 and 14 are contributed by the British Percheron Horse Society. Cass. 13 —Mare, any age, with foal or barren ve a coh A 5 3 14,—STALLION, any age .. ei va mY? pie Ba RR 5 3 Prizes for Horses for 1920. HUNTERS. Animals entered in Classes 15 to 23 must be in the Yard before 8 a.m. on Thursday, May 20th, and must remain there till 4 p.m. on Saturday, ; May 22nd, when they must be removed from the Yard. 4 CLASS. 15.—Marp, in-Foal, or with Foal at foot 16.—Finty, Cour or GELDING, foaled in 1919 17.—Fituy, Cott or Geipinc, foaled in 1918 18.—Finity or GeLprnc, foaled in 1917 19.—MareE or GELDING, foaled in 1916 20.—Mare or GELDING, foaled before 1917, to carry under 14 stone .. 21.—MareE or GELDING, foaled before 1917, to carry 14 stone or over. 22.—Marbz or GELDING, foaled before 1917, that has ‘not won a Prize of £10 or over under Saddle at any Show held previous to April 2, 1920 .. a re 23.—Foat, produce of Mare in Class 15 .. he “4 MEDALS. Offered by the Hunters’? Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding Society, under Conditions 48 and 49. A Gold Medal, or £5 and a Bronze Medal, for the Best Hunter Brood Mare in Class 15, registered with a number in the Hunter Stud Book, at the time of entry or within a month of the award, not having previously won the above-named Society’s Gold Medal as a Brood Mare in 1920, and which must have her foal at foot, or produce a living foal in 1920 to a thoroughbred horse or Registered Hunter sire. In the second instance a certificate to that effect must be forwarded before the Medal is sent. A Silver Medal or £1 (at the option of the winner), for the Best Hunter Mare or Gelding of any age, exhibited by a member of the Hunters’ Improve- ment and National Light Horse Breeding Society, whose subscription to that Society must be paid within a month of the award, Only Prize-winners in the Classes will be eligible for these Medals. PONIES. Animals entered in Classes 24 to 29 must be brought into the yard after 6 p.m. on Saturday, May 22nd, and before 8 a.m. on Monday, May 24th, | and must remain in the Yard until 6 p.m. on Tuesday, May 25th. Cass. 24.—Marg, not exceeding 14.2 hands, suitable to breed Polo or Riding Ponies, in-Foal, or with Foal at foot. . 25.—Finiy, Cott or GELDING, foaled in 1919 . 26. —Fity, Cott or GELprne, foaled in 1918, not ‘exceed: ing 14.2 hands .. 27.—Fitiy, Cott or GELDING, foaled in 1917, mot exceeding 14.2 hands : 28.—STALLION, not exceeding 15 hands, " suitable to wet Polo or Riding Ponies a ‘ sla 29.—Foat, the produce of Mare i in Class 24 MEDALS. ' Offered by the National Pony Society. A Silver Medal for the best Polo Pony Brood Mare in the Brood Mare Class, registered or eligible for registration in the Stud Book. A Silver Medal for the best Polo Pony Stallion, registered or eligible for registration in the Stud Book; or best Polo Pony Entire Colt, one, two or three years old, entered or eligible for the Supplement, viz., by a Regis or Entered Sire, or out of a Registered or Entered Dam. - These Medals are offered subject to Condition No. 51. ‘ XxXill First | Second Third Prize. Prize. Prize. £ £ 15 10 3 10 5) 3 10 5 5 1V 5 3 10 5) 3 20 10 3 20 10 3 10 5 3 a) 3 8 4 2 8 4 2 8 4 2 8 4 2 8 2 4 > XXxiv Prizes for Horses for 1920. NEW FOREST PONIES. : = aa ay { With Boxes, March 26, or at double fees April 2. ENTRIES CLOSE ( Without Boxes, May 1 Animals entered in Classes 30 to 32, and not having a box in the yard, | must be brought into the Yard before 8 a.m. on Monday, May 24h, | and with the onsent of the Stewards may leave the Yard at the con clusion of the Judging. The Prizes in Classes 30 to 32 are offered by or through the New Forest Pony Society. Cy.A8s. 30.—Mare or Gelding under 4 years old 31.—One Mare and three Colts or Fillies under 5 years ol, the produce of the Mare . 32.—Stallion, foaled before 1919 HARNESS AND SADDLE. ENTRIES CLOSE { With Boxes—March 26, or at double fees April 2 | Without Boxes—May 1. Horses entered in other Classes can, if eligible, be also entered on payment of an additional fee, in the Harness and Saddle Classes. Horses entered in the Harness and Saddie Classes only and not having a box in the Yard, must be in the Show Yard by 1 p.m. on the day on which they compete, and, with the consent of the Stewards, may jeave the Yard as soon as the class has been judged. CLAss. 33.—Mare or GELDING, not over 14.2 hands, to be driven in harness on the Ist day of the Show .. , 34.—MareE or GELDING, any height, for riding pur poses, to be shown in saddle on the Ist day of ‘the Show... 35.—MareE or GELprna, 15 hands or over, to be driven in harness on the 2nd day of the Show até 36.—Pony, not exceeding 13.2 hands. suitable for, ‘and to'| be ridden by, a ‘child not over 14 years of age, on the second day of the Show 37.—MarRE or GELDING, over 14.2 and under 15 hands, to| be driven in harness on the 3rd day of the Show.. 38.—Trortine. Best Mark, STALLION or GELDING, not exceeding 14.3 hands, for speed, to be driven in harness on the 3rd day of the Show = if 39.—TANDEMS, Marzs or GELDINGS, to be shown in Harness on the 4th day of the Show 40,—Patrs of Mares or GELDINGS. to be shown i in "Harness on the 4th day of the Show The Prizes in Classes 226, 227 and 228 are offered re the salisbury Local Committee. 226.—Cart Mare or Gelding, the property of a Trades- man carrying on business within a radius of 6 miles of Salisbury Post Office, used solely by him and driven | regularly by himself or his servants for the delivery of goods sold by him, or for the purpose of carrying | on his business, for a period of not less than three months prior to May 28th, 1920, to be shown in a> wagon, trolley or cart on the 4th day of the Show. (Any Company: or Public Body, subject to the above | qualifications, are eligible for this class), First | Second |Third Prize. | Prize. ‘Prize Sr LaheladT of 5 3 2 pie] oO a 5 3 2 | 10... | 5 2 LOM 5 2 10 5 2 5 3 1 Mom 6 | 2 OL yot.5 2 leet 1 3 1 hb \3 o |f 5 fe Mala 6 113 e C 5 Bre 1 Prizes for Horses for 1920. XxXV ee ____________—________ e Second Third HARNESS AND SADDLE—continued. CLAss. et; —Light Mare or Gelding, the property of a Trades- man carrying on business within a radius of six miles from ‘Salisbury Post Office, used solely by him and driven regularly by himself or his servants for the delivery of goods sold by him, or for the purpose of carrying on his business, for a period of not less than three months prior to May 28th, 1920, to be shown in a Se trolley or cart on the 4th day of the Show (Any Company or Public Body, subject to the ats qualifications are eligible for this class). 228.—Pair of Cart Mares or Geldings, or Mare and Geld- ing, the property of any Farmer residing within a radius of 20 miles of Salisbury Post Office, used solely by him and driven regularly by himself or his servants, for the purpose of farming, for a period of not less than three months prior to May 28th, 1920, to be shown ina Wiltshire boat wagon on the 4th day of the Show .. 41.—MareE or GELDING, not over 13.2 hands. to be driven in harness on the 5th day of the Show ; ae 42.—Trortina. Best Marr, STALLION or GELDING, ex- ceeding 14.3 hands, for speed, to be driven in harness on the 5th day of the Show... * a ae MEDAL. Offered by the Hackney Horse Society. A Silver Medal for the best Mare or Gelding exhibited in Single Harness in Classes 23 to 42, subject to Conditions 50. JUMPING. The Society reserves the right to cancel the Classes for Jumping in the event of sufficient entries not being forthcoming. In such case notice will be given to Exhibitors, and any Entry Fee paid wil! be returned. (For Regulations as to Jumping Classes see Conditions 52). With Boxes—March 26. or at double fees April 2. ENTRIES CLOSE { Without Boxes—May 1. Horse@s can be entered in as many Jumping Classes as they are eligible for on payment of the entry fee for each Class, and can take Second or Third Prize in each Class, but only one First Prize in Classes 43 to 48 and 50, or in Classes 49 and 51. In the event of an animal which has already wona First Prize in the aforesaid Classes being again placed first, the Animal next in point of merit will, it eligible, succeed to the First Prize, and the Stewards reserve the right to amend the Awards correspond- ingly, and, if necessary, to proportionately reduce thé amounts paid to the other Prize Winners in the Class. The award to two or more ex- hibits of an equal First will not debar such Animals from taking a First Prize in a later class. Horses entered in the Jumping Classes only, and not having a box in the Yard, must be in the Show Yard by 1 p.m. on the day on which they compete and, with the consent of the Stewards, may leave the Yard as soon as the Class has been judged. CLASS. 43.—Mare or Getprna, 15 hands and over, that shall jump over the course in the best form on the Ist day of the Show e » 44,—MAarp or GELDING, under 15 hands, ditto, ditto * ae 45.—MarE or GELDING, 15.3 hands and over, that shall jump over the course in the best form on the 2nd day of the Show is - ote aia 46.—Mare or GELDING, under 15.3 hands, ditto, ditto ‘ First Prize. £ 10 10 10 10 10 Prize. £ Prize. £ to to bo XXV1 Prizes for Horses and Cattle for 1920. LL, | First | Second Third JUMPING— continued. | Prize. | Prize. Prize. PT. yg wt CLASS. 47.—Mare or Getprne, 15 hands and over, that shall jump over the course in the best form on the 3rd day of | the Show x >» Jao 5 2: 48.—MareE or GELDING, under 15 ‘hands, ‘ditto, ‘ditto .. : 10 5 2 49,—Mare or GELDING, that shall jump highest on the 4th day of the Show 10 2honis > 50.—MareE or Gelding, any height, that shall jump + over the | course in the best form on the 4th day of the Show.. 19 5 2 51.—MareE or Getpine, that shall jump highest on the 3th | day of the Show ee ve rn ig o- | dO nad z CHAMPION CLASS. 52.—-MaRE or GELPING, any height, having won a Prize in Classes 43 to 51 that shall jump over the course in the best form on the 5th day of the Show .. xa 1 Evy he og (In this Class the whole of the Jumps will be raised at the discretion | of the Stewards). The Entry Fee will be returned in the case of Horses entered in Class 52, but afterwards found to be ineligible. DEVON. The First Prize in Class 53 and the Prizes in Class 54 are contributed by | | the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society. } / CLASS. 53.—Cow, in-Milk, calved before 1917 . 10 5 4 54.—Cow or Heifer, in-Milk, to be "milked in the Ring hefore judging, under Conditions No. 61 ad 20 ol ect ee ie 55.—HEIFER, in Milk, calved in 1917 a i oh LO as WO 2 56.—HEIFER, calved in 1918 .. a ae ete ae 10 5 2 57.—HeE rer, calved in 1919 .. at Ne ae Pe 10 5 2 58.—Butt, calved in 1916 or 1917 .. 36 ae a 10 5 4 59.—Butu, calved in 1918 i ws ie als sein LO 5 2 60.—Butt, calved in 1919 a 5% fs 6 ae 10 5 2 CHAMPION PRIZE. Offered by the Devon Cattle Breeders’ Society. Best Animal exhibited in Classes 53 to 60.. bye ee | SOUTH DEVON. The Prizes in Class 61 are offered by the South Devon Herd Book Society. — 61.—Cow, in-Milk, calved before 1917 .. ve Ke Se. 2 62.—Cow or HeErrer, in-Milk, calved in 1917 .. ‘fe 7 10 5 2 63.—Herrer, calved in 1918 .. he Pr J wiht) ey | 5 2 64.—Herrer, calved in 1919 .. ho ce a re a ie 2 65.— Buti. calved in 1916 or 1917... on ae sel) ee > 66.—But1, calved in 1918 - ni By hi EEN Ra Ct id eal: sc Milt 4 67.—ButL1, calved in 1919 “f me +2 ps Hi 10 5 > SPECIAL PRIZE. Offered by Charles A. Hanson, Esq., Fowey Hall, Cornwall, Alderman of the City of London. | A Challenge Cup for the Best Cow in-Milk, in the South Devon Classes, | to be won three times in succession or four times altogether, before t becoming the property of the winner. | Prizes for Cattle for 1220. xxvii . First Second Third CATTLE— continued. Prize. Prize. Prize. SHORTHORN. £ £ £ The First Prizes in Classes 68 and 69 (and a Silver Medal to the Breeder of = the winners) are offered by the Shorthorn Society, and the First Prize in Class 77 by the Dairy Shorthorn Association. Cass. 68.—Pedigree Dairy Cow, in-Milk, calved in or before 1916, eligible for, and entered in Coates’s Herd Book, or pedigree sent for such entry previous to the Show, and not having previously won a similar prize offered by the above-named Society or Association in 1920, to be milked in the Ring before judging, er Con- ditions 61 He 10 5 69.—Ditto, calved in or alter 1917, ‘ditto, ‘ditto oe as eh es 5 70.—Cow, in-Milk, calved before 1917 ds ve 53 10 5 2 71.—HEIrer, in-Milk, calved in 1917 ne a 5 10 5 ) rs 89.—HEIFreEr, calved in 1918 or 1919 : . 44 “ih 10 a) 2 90.—Butt1, calved in 1917, 1918, or 1919 - .. ae a 10 5 2 CHAMPION PRIZES. ered by the Sussex Herd Book Societ A Silver al for the best Cow or Heifer in Clase. 88 or 89. A Silver Medal for the best Bull in Class 90. ‘ XXVill Prizes for Cattle for 1920. First | Second |Third CATTLE— continued. Prize. | Prize. Prize. RED POLL. eae, s £17 towards the Prizes in Classes 91 to 93 are contributed by the Red Poll Cattle Society. . ‘CLASS. 91.—Cow or Herren, in-Milk, calved before 1918 .. .., 10 5 | 2 92.—Hetrer, calved in 1918 Re : ie 5 hina 5 2 93.—Butt, calved in 1919 LH 2: aS ; ube | Se ABERDEEN-ANGUS. The First Prize in Class 94 is offered by the English Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Association. . 4 . abe, 94.—Cow or Herrer, in-Milk, calved before lst December, 1917 * * ot hO 5 2 95.—HEIFER, calved on or - after ist December, 1917 «> \2120 5 2 96.—HEIFER, calved on or after Ist December, 1918 .. sid 10 5 2 97.—BuLu, calved before December Ist, 1918 ar of 10 5 2 98.—BuL1, calved on or after December Ist, 1918 .. -kealviad 5 2 CHAMPION PRIZES. Offered by the Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Society. A Silver Medal for the Best Animal in Classes 94 to 98. Offered by the English Aberdeen-Angus Cattle Association. A Silver Medal for the Best Animal of opposite sex to that awarded the Aberdeen-Angus Society’s Medal in Classes 94 to 98. BRITISH FRIESIAN. £25 towards the Prizes in Classes 99 to 102 are contributed by the British Friesian Cattle Society. 99.—Cow or HEIFER, any age, in-Milk .. “e e 100.—Hetrrer, not in-Milk, calved in 1918 or 1919 3 Be 101.—BuLL, calved in or before 1918 54 ee ds 102.— Bui, calved in 1919 Sus SPECIAL PRIZE. Offered by Major Vere Ker Seymer. A Cup, value £10 10s., for the Best Milking Cow or Heifer in Class 99.7 JERSEY. The Prizes in Class 108 are offered by the English Jersey Cattle Society 103.—Cow or Heifer, in-Milk, entered in or eligible for entry in the English Jersey Herd Book. bred by forme shor kes) ee PP me DO DO Exhibitor, and sired in Great Britain or Ireland... 5 3 2 104.—Cow, in-Milk, calved before 1917 s Pe 10 5 2 105.—Cow or Herrer, in- Milk, calved in 1917 .. = ae eee 5 2 106.—HEIFER, in- Milk, calved in or since 1918 .. oe oe Op 5 2 107.—HEIFER, calved in 1919 .. ius aie ae Ae 10 “5 2 108.—Bvuu1, calved in 1916 or 1917 .. 5 = | 10 5 2 109.—BuLt, calved in 1918 im fi S 53 34 odd 5 2 110.—Butt, calved in 1919 a 4 5. Ae uf 10 5 2 GUERNSEY. | £20 towards the Prizes in the Guernsey Classes are contributed by the English Guernsey Cattle Society. 111.—Cow, in-Milk, calved before 1917 .. a Fs cin auth ali ee 2 112.—Heirer, in-Milk, calved in 1917 * as aot bale 2 113.—Herrer, calved in 1918 .. of ‘i “ «ail Be) oe 114.—Hetrer, calved in 1919 .. “e ie me 3 10 m TZ 115.—BuL1, calved in 1916 or 1917 .. nie om ae 10 5 : 2 116.—Buzt, calved in, 1918... 02 +.) az-staline Saree alae ade 117.— But, calved in 1919 ie oth 7” a3 cwiialo |. 2 Prizes for Cattle for 1920. xxix Eis First | Second Third. CATTLE— continued. Prize. | Prize. ‘Prize. DEXTER. Lael’ £ £ Crass. 118.—Cow or Herrer, in-Milk, calved in or before 1917... 10 5 2 119.—HEIFER, calved in 1918 or 1919 ae xe ee 10 5 2 120.—Butt, calved in 1917, 1918. or 1919 ee aa — 19 5 2- The Prizes in Class 121 are offered by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society. 121.—Bull, calved in 1919, whose sire and dam are entered in the English Kerry and ued or sani HabRy Society’s Herd Book .. me 2° SPECIAL PRIZE. Offered by the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society. The Devonshire Challenge Cup, for the Best Animal] in Classes 118 to 121, bred by Exhibitor, and entered in or eligible for the English Kerry and Dexter Herd Book. The Cup to be won by the same Ex- | hibitor with different animals three years in succession before be- | coming his absolute property. The Certificate of Award of the English Kerry and Dexter Cattle Society will be given to the owner of the winning animal on each occasion the Cup is competed for. ANY BREED. 122.—Datry Cow, of any Breed, in-Milk or in-Calf .. se ti 15. 5 2: The Prizes in Class 229 are offered by Lord Bledisloe. 229.—Dairy Bull of any age or Breed, (entered or eligible for | entry in the Herd Book of its breed), the property of a member of a recognised Milk Recording Society in the County of Wilts, to be judged on the following scale of points :—Appearance, 60, Milking Strain of Pedigree or authentic milk records of parents,40. (The pedigrees or milk . records must accompany the entry). .. Sopl-1g 6 4 MILK TEST. (See Regulation 64.) | Animals entered in the Breed Classes can, if eligible, be entered | also, on payment of an additional fee of 10/- for Members | and 20/- jor Non-Members, in Classes 123 to 126 and 230. | 123.—Cow, in-Milk, of any breed or cross, under 950lbs. | live weight, yielding the largest quantity of milk. of normal character, containing at each time of milking, 12 per cent. of total solids, of which not | less than 3 per cent. shall be fat, the period of lactation being taken into consideration .. 10 5 2- 124.—Cow, in Milk, of any breed or cross, 950lbs, live w eight | or over, ditto, ditto ¢s * wT ne 5 2- The Prizes in Class 125 are offered by the Red Poll Cattle Society. 125.—Red Poll Cow or Heifer, entered in Class 91 ° ditto, ditto .. 2g ing] wa. go maBR teed au eae 5 | & XXX Prizes for Butter and Sheep for 1920. BUTTER TEST. ban (See Regulation 64). : ‘The Prizes in Class 126 are offered by the English Jersey Cattle Society, q and entries in them are subject to any conditions issued by that Society | £ C previous to the tests. “LASS. 126.—Cow, eligible for or entered in the English Jersey Herd Book, obtaining the greatest number of points by the practical test of the separator and churn. indged by the scale of points adopted by the English «), | Jersey Cattle Society .. Medal ‘Certificates of Merit will also be awarded to Cows under 5 or years old obtaining 30 points, and to Cows 5 years old or 10 over obtaining 35 points. “The Prizes in Class 280 are offered by Mrs. Jervoise, of Herriard Park, | Basingstoke. 280.—Cow., eligible for or entered in the English Guernsey erd Book, obtaining the greatest number of ppinks by the practical test of the separator and churn, judged by the scale of points adopted by the English Guernsey Cattle Society .. - 10 DAIRY HERDS. The Ist, 2nd and 3rd Prizes in Class 231 are offered by Hugh Morrison, Esq.,M.P., and the 4th Prize by the Salisbury and District Milk Recording Society. 231.—Best managed Dairy Herd, owned by a Member of the Salisbury and District Milk Recording Society Second |Third Prize. |Prize. £ £ Silver |Br’nz Medal. |Med’l (including Cow-sheds and Dairies). 1st Prize 2nd Prize 3rd Prize £26 10s. £15 15s. £10 10s. SHEEP. | SHROPSHIRE. The First Prize in Class 127 is contributed by the Shropshire Sheep Breeders’ Association. | «CLASS. 127.—Shearling Ram Ars ot ‘iv » oily AD 128.—Pair of Ram Lames, dropped i in 1920 a xs a's | Sead 129.—Pen of 3 Shearling Ewes = a as ited DEVON LONGWOOLLED. 130.—Shearling Ram ae : xe sal TG 131.—Pen of three Shearling Ew: RS bee ve a cal MD SOUTH eave 132.—Shearling Ram “ie “ts ots ree! || 133.—Pen of three Shearling Ewes te eis Searle KENT OR ROMNEY MARSH. The Prizes in Class 184 are offered by the Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep Breeders’ Association. 134.—Two Shear Ram .. "2 + sia ste --| 10 135.—Shearling Ram : a; _ bhai 136.—Pair of Ram Lamps, dropped i in 1920 ie a Ba ere! i re 137.—Pen of three Shearling Ewrs af Ne 2% sof coal SOUTHDOWN. The Prizes in Class 188 are offered nd the Southdown | AR iad 138.—Two Shear Ram ... A Phat 139.—Shearling Ram 43 si Re eof LO 140.—Pair of Ram Lamps, dropped i in1920.. Qe vai) 141.—Pen of three Shearling Ewxs on et >. is ot hi) SPECIAL PRIZES. Offered by the Southdown Sheep Society, under Condition 67. ‘Silver Medal or £1 for the Best Ram or Ram Lamb in Classes 188, 139, and 140. 5 4th prize £5 5s. Se ae 4 a ae 5 2 By 2 me | 2 5 5 / ae 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 5 2 Prizes for Sheep for 1920. XXX1 SHEEP—continued. et HAMPSHIRE DOWN. £ .The Prizes in Class 148 are offered by the Hon. Lady Hulse, of Breamore House; in Class 147 by Maior J. A. Morrison, D.S.0O., of Basildon House, and in Classes 145, 148 and 149 and the Champion Prize by the Hampshire Down Sheep Breeders’ Association. CLAss. | 142.—Shearling Ram ae sie ax ee | 10 143.—Ram Lamb, dropped in 1920 rao t~12 And to the Shepherd of the Winner . ne 9g 144.—Pair of Ram Lamps, dropped in 1920 .. 10 145.—*Novice Class—Pen of three gs Lambs, dropped in 1920 se , 8 146.—Pen of three Shearling Ewes... SHAAO 147.—Pen of three Ewe Lambs, dropped in 1920 wh. 16 148.—*Novice Class—Pen of three Ewe Lambs, ped in 1920 8 drop 149.—*Novice Class—Pen of three Ewe Tegs which have been in the possession of the Ex- hibitor for three months previous to the Show, to be shown in their wool—not housed—untrimmed with the SRO of their heads and tails . 8 Classes 145, 148 and 149 are aiinnd to Breeders who have not previously exhibited at the Royal, Bath and West or Royal Counties Shows. CHAMPION PRIZE. Best Pen of Lambs in Classes 148, 144, 145, 147 or 148 10 OXFORD DOWN. 150.—Shearling Ram - 151.—Pair of Ram Lamps, dropped in 1920 152.—Pen of three Shearling Ewrs The Prizes in Class 153 are offered by the Oxford ae a —a ciation, and will be withheld until the Animals awarded the Prizes are registered in the Flock Book. 158.—Pair of Ewe Lambs, dropped in 1920 DORSET HORN. 154.—Shearling Ram a of ne si = 155.—Pair of Ram Lamps, dropped after November Ist, 1919 156.—Pen of three Shearling Ewrs The Prizes in Class 157 are offered by the Dorset — Shan ene ay Association. 157.—Pen of three Ewe Lambs, dropped after Nov. 1st, 1919 DORSET DOWN. The Prizes in Class 158 are offered by the Dorset Down Sheep Breeders’ Association. 158.—Shearling Ram 159.—Pair of Ram Lawns, droped in 1920 160.—Pen of three Shearling Ewrs CHAMPION PRIZE. Offered through the Dorset Down Sheep Breeders’ Association. Best exhibit in Classes 158 to 160 .. Second Third Fourth Prize. £ v wo or 2 > First Prize 10 10 10 Prize. £ wh bo bo wm WNwD Prize. £ Second Third Prize. Or or Ot uc ew Prize. th to bo bo wo bo bone to tot XXXil Prizes for Sheep and Pigs for 1920. First | Second |Third SHEEP—continued. Prize. | Prize. |Prize. EXMOOR HORN. 2.) We) Eg The Prizes ir Class 161 are offered by the Exmoor Horn Sheep Breeders’ Society. CLASS. 161.—Ram, 2 shear and upwards .4 Pe * % |omgucl lf hs 162.—Shearling Ram aE if Ae a: OTE 5 2 163.—Pen of three Shearling Ewes ote ne ae ay 10 Baie it Ae PIGS. Ripe BERKSHIRE. £4 towards the Prizes in Classes 164 to 167 are contributed by the British Berkshire Society. 164.—Boar, farrowed in 1917, 1918 or 1919 .. aga “bern 165.—Pair of Boars. farrowed in 1920 . , 166.—- Breeding Sow, farrowed before 1920 a 167.—Pair of ‘Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1920 SPECIAL PRIZE. | Offered by the British Berkshire Society. | | | Best Boar or Sow in the Berkshire Classes entered in, or eligible for, the Herd Book, whose Sire and Dam, together | | with the name of its Breeder. areenteredintheCatalopue 5 | | CHAMPION PRIZE. Se moes | bo to bo roe w Offered by Mrs. Jervoise, Herriard Park, Basingstoke. A CUP, value £5 5s. Os. for the Winner of the British Berkshire | Society’s Special Prize. | LARGE BLACK. 168.—Boar, farrowed in 1917, 1918, or 1919 7 3 Ya 1¢69.—Pair of Boars, farrowed in 1920 .. a 5A AE 5 “pate a 170.—Breeding Sow, farrowed before 1920... nf Be ee 74 3 be The Prizes in Class 171 and the Champion Prize are offered by the Large Black Pig Society. ; 171.—Breeding Sow, not oxenims 12 mona of on| 7 3] 2 May ist, 1920 : : 5 2a a 172.—Pair of Breeding Sows, farrow ed ii in . 1920 CHAMPION PRIZE. | Best Animal inClasses168to172 .. .. .. ../5 5) LARGE WHITE. | 173.—Boak, farrowed in 1917, 1918, or 1919... .. ..| 9 s |‘? 174.—Pair of Boars, farrowed in 1920°.. - 5 ee | 175.—Breeding Sow. farrowed before 1920 7 Sly F 176.—Pair of Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1920 5 ae | MIDDLE WHITE. | 177.—Boar, farrowed in 1917, 1918, or 1919 .. Ee ; ‘if 3 2 178.—Pair of Boars, farrowed in 1920 .. , 5 2 | 1 179.—Breeding Sow, farrowed before 1920 : : ? 3 | 2 180.—Pair of Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1920 = 5 2 y Prizes for Pigs, Produce and Bottled Fruits. XXXiil : First | Second |Third PIGS—continued. Prize. | Prize. |Prize. Crass. ¢ ¢ é GLOUCESTERSHIRE OLD SPOTS. - £15 towards the Prizes in Classes 181 to 184 and the Champion Prizes are offered by the Gloucestershire Old Spots Pig Society. 181.—Boar, farrowed in 1917, 1918 or 1919 182.—Pair of Boars, farrowed in 1920 .. 183.—Breeding Sow, farrowed before 1920 184.— Pair of Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1920 CHAMPION PRIZES. The Sir George Watson Challenge Cup, value £21, for the best Animal in | Classes 181 to 184. (The Cup to be won three times by the same } Exhibitor with different animals before becoming his own property). The Deane-Drummond Cup, value £14 14s., for the best Boar in Class | 181 or 182. (The Cup to be won twice by the same Exhibitor with | different animals before becoming his own property. The Hiatt Baker Champion Cup for the best Sowin Class 183 or 184. WESSEX SADDLEBACK. £20 towards the Prizes in Classes 185 to 188 are offered by the Wessex Saddleback Pig Society. 185.—Boar, farrowed before 1920 186.—Boar, farrowed in 1920 187.—Breeding Sow, farrowed before 1920 ‘ 188.—Pair of Breeding Sows, farrowed in 1920 GOLD MEDALS. Best Exhibit in Class 185 or 187. Offered by Miss F. Donisthorpe, Eastington Hall, Upton-on-Severn. Offered by the Wessex Saddleback Pig Society. Best Pig exhibited in Class 186 or 188, the exhibitor to select the anata in Class 188 to compete. PRODUCE. Cr 1 O1sg bo to Ww & bore bo rm be bo bo C8 te Co Cisd org CIDER. (Open to Growers or Makers). CLAss. 189.—Cask of not less than 18 and not more than 30 gallons | of CripER, made in 1919, of a specific oravity not exceeding 1.015 at 60° Fahr. “ So “a Gao 2 190.—12 Bottles of Crnmr, made in 1919, ditto Pia! 3 2 I 191.—Cask of not less than 18 and not more than 30. gallons of CrprrR, made in 1919 “i “ - ie 27 1 192.—12 Bottles of CipmrR, made in 1919 = 3 2 1 193.—12 Bottles of CipeR, made in any year prev ious ‘to 1919 | ia 3°} 2 l * First | Second) Third |F*rth BOTTLED FRUIT. Prize. | Prize. Prize. | Prize The Prizes in Classes 194 and 195 are offered by the Wiltshire ¢ s. | ¢ s, Ss. County Council, and competition is confined to persons who j have attended the Wilts County Council Lectures or Classes. 194.—FRUITS in water only. Six bottles of any size cre Fm less than three varieties, — ing admi 195. ROTTS in water, in syrup, or pulped. ’ Hither or all three methods may be used. Six bottles of any size colliaining not less than three varieties, a ey and. Tomatoes being admitted : ne whl 6'LD 0/18 +10 c Ss. XXXIV Prizes for Cheese, Butter-Making, ete. First | Second | Third |F’rth PRODUCE—cont inued. | Prize. | Prize. | Prize. |Prize. . CHEESE. £ ei) feol£ «. (fs. CLASS. 196.—Three Cheddar CurEseEs (not less than 56lbs. | each) made in 1919 .. : .|t0 0} 7 O} 40 | 197.—Three Cheddar CHEESES (not over 56lbs. each) | | made in 1919.. : 8.0) 8.0 ae®| 198.—Three Single Gloucester or Wilts CHEESES, | | | made in 1919 ; 60/4 0/2 0 199.—Eight Loaf or other Tr uckle CHEESES, “jande.i in 1919 Sic Cr or Oo s : o bo °o 200.—Three Caer philly CHEESES, ‘made in 1920 The Prizes in Class 201 are offered by the Wiltshire CoUty Council. 201.—Three Small Cheese, made by a student of ss ! Wilts County Cheese Classes es 3.07 CREAM CHEESE, BUTTER AND CREAM. | (These Classes are not open to Professional 2 011 0 0 10 Teachers.) 202.—Three Crear or other Soft CHEESES 2 3.20 22 Onlibe ft (0 20 203.—3lbs. of Fresh (or very slightly salted) Burra . ad A Oil Sasi Wo 2h O10 230 The Prizes in Class 204 are offered by the Wiltshire County Council 204.—3lbs. of Fresh (or very slightly salted) Butter, | / made by a Student of the Wilts as | Butter School or Classes .. 13 0/2 0/100 10 205.—8lbs. of BurrEr, in the making of which no | salt has been used, to be judged on the last | | day of the Show | dy | 3 Coe Bil oO 206.—Not less than 6lbs. of Fresh Burren, "packed for Transit .. Z eS Oe SOOT 207.—12lbs. of Keeping Burrer, in a jar or crock, | to be delivered to the melee 4 weeks | ) before the Show : a2 -- | 4 0 1 3S) 2 Ota 208.—4 half-pounds of Sealded CREAM.. Ea -. 19gh? ORL-FetOT Tea COMPETITIONS. ———so | } BUTTER-MAKING. (No Winner of a first prize given by this Society for Butter-making during the last 3 years is eligible i to compete in Class 209 or 211. (For Conditions and Regulations see Entry Form.) | | The Prizes in Classes 210, 212 and 214 are offered by the Wilt- | | shire County Council, and competition in them is confined | to students who have received instructioa in the Wilts County | } Butter School or Classes. | 209, —For first year Students who have been through | a course of instruction in Butter-making | | at any County Council School since the Society’s last Show. On the 2nd day of the Show ‘ .| SOsyS Delt 10 |1 0 210.—For Wilts County Council Students, on the 2nd day of the Show me (8 O/T Rie Pim Prizes for Butter-Making, Milking and Shoeing. XXXV BUTTER-MAKING—coniinued. CLASS. | First | Prize. - 211.—For Men and Women, on the 3rd day of the | Show .. 212.—For Wilts County Council Students, on the 3rd day of the Show... 213. -—For Men and Women, on the 4th day of the Show .. 214.—For Wilts County Council ‘Students, on ‘the 4th day of the Show aie 215.—For Winners of First and Second Prizes in the Butter-making Classes 209 to 214, or at any previous ‘meeting of the Society. On the 5th day of the Show. Ist Prize, Gold Medal. 2nd_=sSs«y,g_~Ss Silver Medal. 3rd ;. Bronze Medal. MILKING. 216.—For Men, 17 years of age and over 217.—For Women, 17 years of age and over 218.—For Boys and Girls under 17 years of age SHOEING. The Prizes in Classes 220, 222 and 225 are offered by the Wiltshire County Council, and competition is confined to persons who have attended the .Wilts County Farriery Classes. 219.—For Cart Horse SHOEING, by Smiths 18 years of age and over on the day of competition, who have not previously won the First Prize in a corresponding Class at one of the Society’s Meetings, or a Championship Prize at any National or C ounty Agricul- tural Society’s Show, at 10 a.m. on the 2nd day of the Show ; 220.— (Students’ Class), at 2 p.m. on the Qnd day of the Show .. ‘221.—For Nac Horse SHOEING, “by Smiths under is years of age on the day of competition, ditto, ditto, at 10 a.m. on the third day of the Show 222.—Ditto (Students’ Class), at Site ‘mn. on the Std. day of the Show 223.—For SHor Maxie or Turyrnc, by ‘Smiths under 20 years of age on the day of the competition, the patterns and descriptions of the Shoes to be supplied by the Judge, at 10 a.m. on the 4th day of the Show 1 I 224.—For SHor Maxine or TurNING, by Smiths 20 | years of age and over on the day of the com. petition, the patterns and descriptions of the Shoes to be supplié@ by the Judge, at | 12 noon on the 4th day of the Show 225.—Ditto (Students’ Class), at 3 Pa m. on ne ath day of the Show .. “13 0.110 0 0 | Second | Third |F’rth | Prize. £ 1 ooo _ 8. — Or Or Or 0 0 | Prize. (Prize. £ a 0 10 010 010 XXXvl Conditions and Regulations. CONDITIONS AND REGULATIONS FOR LIVE STOCK. GENERAL, ENTRIES. 1. The following are the Fees payable for Stock entries made on or before March 26. After that date and up toApril 2, entries (except in the New Forest Pony, Harness, Saddle and Jumping Classes) will only be received on payment, in each case, of double the fee named below. Exhibitors are requested to note that no exception can be made to this. The entry fee is not returnable to an Exhibitor who enters an Animal in a Class for which it is ineligible, or for entries that are withdrawn after the date of entry has expired. MEMBERS. NON-MEMBERS. (see Reg. 5 below) Horses (see also Reg. 2 embed for each Entry, including Hovse Box ae at Os. ote bus. Foals (Classes 8, 23 and 29)" for each Entry 5s. =f 10s. Cattle, Sheep and Pigs for each Entry 20s. ee 40s. For particulars as to fees in the Dairy Herd, Produce, Butter-Making, Milking, Shoeing and Poultry Classes, see Entry forms. 2. Animals entered in the New Forest Pony, Harness, Saddle and Jumping Classes, and not having a box in the Yard, must be in the Yard by the time stated on the day on which they compete, and, with the consent of the Stewards, may leave the Yard as soon as they have been judged. Entries in these Classes, if no Horse Box is required, must reach the Secretary not later than May 1. If a Box is required the entry must reach the Secretary on or before March 26, or, at double fees as stated above, by April2. The Entry Fees are:— MEMBERS. NON-MEMBERS. Classes 30, 31, 34, 36, 226, 227 and 228 for ane ani (without Box) 2 rr 2s. 6d. me 5s. Other Classes (without Box) .. sie re 7s. 6d. os 15s. 3. No Exhibitor can make more than three entries in any one Class of Horses, Cattle, Sheep or Pigs, except in the Harness, Saddle or Jumping Classes, 4. No Entry will be recervea unless the fee accompanies it, and (if the Exhibitor is a Member of the Society) the subscription for the year, unless previously paid, together with any arrears that may be due. 5. The privilege of entering at Members’ fees is strictly limited to members of the Society, or of the Wiltshire Agricultural Association, elected on or before January 27, 1920, and entitled to full Member’s privileges. 6. Where a Prize is offered for a pair or pen of Animals, single entry fees only are payable for each pair or pen, and only one entry form must be used. 7. All Entries must be made on the printed forms to be obtained af the Secre- tary (F Holland Storr, 3, Pierrepont Street, Bath), and, in applying for Forms, Exhibitors are requested to state how many entries they wish to make of either Horses, Cattle, Sheep or Pigs, as each Stock entry must be made on a separate form. 8. Every Exhibitor or Competitor is requested to carefully examine the List of Prizes and Conditions, as he will be held responsible for the correctness of his Certificate of Entry. An Exhibitor omitting to give information asked for on the Conditions and Regulations. XXxvli entry form, with regard to the age, breeder, name, colour, sire, dam, &c., of an animal will be liable to have his entry disqualified, and if an exhibitor desires that his animal shall compete for any special prize offered, he must noti'y this on the entry form where requested to do so. 9. If an Exhibitor or Competitor fails, when called upon by the Stewards or Council, to prove the correctness of his Certificate of Entry to their satisfaction, the Entry may be disqualified and any award made to it cancelled. 10. An Exhibitor who has madz, in due time, an entry of Horses, Cattle, Sheep or Pigs, in a particular class, will be permitted, up to Friday, April 16, to with- draw the entry of such animal, and to substitute for it the entry of another animal in the same class, on payment of the difference, if any, between the amount of the entry fee originally paid for the animal withdrawn, and the post entry fee. When, after entry, an animal dies, the exhibitor will be permitted to substitute another entry for it, in the same class, without payment of any further fee, upon affording evidence of death and furnishing particulars of the substituted entry in time for the alteration to be made in the published catalogue. 11. An animal can be entered in as many Classes as it is eligible for on payment of an additional fee in each Class. No additional fee is, however, payable in the ease of Special or Champion Prizes for exhibits already entered in any particular ‘Class, 12. Every exhibit must be the bona fide property of the Exhibitor both at the time of entry and on the first day of the Exhibition. Snow YARD. 13. The Yard will be open for the reception of Horses (see Regulation 2 for New Forest Ponies, Harness, Saddle and Jumping Horses), Cattle, Sheep and Pigs, on Tuesday and Wednesday, May 18 and 19, from 7 a.m. to6 p.m. Agricultural Horses and Hunters will also be received from 6 to 8 o’clock on the morning of the first day of Show, but all other Stock Entries (except Ponies, which must be in the Yard before 8 a.m. on Monday, May 24), must be in the Yard the previous day. A label denoting the number of each entry will be sent by the Secretary, and must be securely affixed to the head of the Animal. The carriage of exhibits must in all cases be paid by the Exhibitor. No exhibit subject to charges will be received by the Officers of the Society. 14 If an animal is brought into the Show Yard without having been entered or exhibition, the owner shall be liable to a fine of £2 and to the forfeiture of any prize awarded to him or her. 15. All Live Stock (see Conditions 2, 13 and 38 for exceptions with regard to Horses) must remain in their places in the Show*¥ard until after six o’clock in the of the last day of the Show, and shall under no circumstances be taken out of their places in the interval without the special permission of the Stewards. 16. During the time the Show is open to the public no rug or cloth shall be hung up so as to conceal any animal in a horse-box or stall, except with the special per- mission of the Steward of the department. All sheets used for the purpose must be removed before 9 o’clock on each day the exhibition is open to the public, and must not be replaced until after the closing hour of the Show each day. 17. All Exhibits and all persons in charge of the same, will be subject to the “Orders, Regulations, and Rulegof the Society, and the Stewards shall have the ) to remove from the Yard the Stock or property belonging to, and to cancel admission ticket of, any Exhibitor who shall infringe any of the Regula- tions or itions of the Meeting, or who shall refuse to comply with any instruc- ys given he Stewards, without any responsibility attaching to the Stewards e Society in consequence of such removal. . XXXVI Conditions and Regulations. 18. No animal shall be decorated with colours other than the Society’s Prize Rosettes. 19. No person shall be allowed to fix any placard, or to take down any official placard, in the Yard, without the written permission of the Stewards. 20. All persons in charge of Exhibits will be subject to the orders of the Stewards, and will be required to parade or exhibit the animals in their charge at such times as may be directed by the Stewards. Servants must be in attendance each day during theShow at least a quarter of an hour before the time appointed for exhibiting the animals under their charge in the Show rings. Servants in charge of animals must see that the animals’ boxes or stalls are kept clean. No oil or cooking stove of any description must be lighted in the Horse Boxes and any one found offending in this respect will be dealt with in accordance with Regulation 33. Owners of animals exhibited will be held responsible for the behaviour of their Servants, and for the consequences of any misconduct of such Servants. 21. Servants in charge of Stock at night must, if they leave the yard, return before 10 p.m., or they will not be admitted. 22. On the day previous to the opening and on each day of the Show hay or green food and straw will be supplied by the Society free of expense to exhibitors at the Forage Stores in the Show Yard. Servants must apply at the Forage Stores for their Forage Tickets after they have brought their animals into the Yard. Corn, meal, and cake can be obtained in the Show Yard at fixed prices. Norr.—For the convenience of Exhibitors wishing to sell their animals, a Register will be kept at the Secretary’s Office, in which they may enter the prices. TICKETS. 23. Each Exhibitor of Live Stock will have a Free Ticket of admission to the Show Yard sent to him, except in the case of a Member, who will receive his Member’s Badge in lieu of an Exhibitor’s Ticket. Tickets for the use of Servants in charge of Live Stock remaining in the Yard will also be sent, and the Exhibitor wil] he held responsible for the proper use of such Tickets. In the case of animals not having a box in the Yard, a Servant’s Ticket will not be required as the official label will admit the Driver or Rider, Horse and Vehicle into the Yard. In case of transfer or other improper use of a Ticket the Exhibitor will be required to pay a fine of £1 for each case. Exhibitors will be held respon- sible for the attendance at each Parade of as many Servants as Tickets haye been issued for. RESPONSIBILITY. 24. Neither the Society nor any of its Officers or Servants shall be in any way responsible or accountable for anything that may happen (from any cause or circumstance whatever) to Exhibitors or their Servants, or to any animal or article exhibited, or property brought into the Show Yard, or otherwise for any- thing else in connection with. or arising out of, or attributable to, the Society’s Show, or these or any other Conditions or Regulations prescribed by the Society in relation thereto, 25. Each Exhibitor shall be solely responsible for any consequential or other loss, injury, or damage done to, or occasioned by, or arising from, any animal or article exhibited by him, and shall indemnify the Society against all legal or other proceedings in regard thereto. 26. The Society, its Officers and Servants, will not be liable for any errors or mistakes that may happen in placing or penning the Stock or Articles to be exhibited, but the Servants in charge of the same must see that thev are placed cz penned according to their entries. Conditions and Regulations. XXxix DISQUALIFICATION. 27. The use of resin, soap, sawdust above the knee, or other substances designed to give an artificial appearance; cording; or any other improper means adopted in showing an animal in the Agricultural Horse Classes will be regarded as a disqualification. 28. No animal which has been exhibited as Fat Stock at any Show shall be eligible to compete for the Prizes offered in this Prize Sheet. 29. Ananimal having any unsoundness likely to be transmitted to its progeny shall be disqualified thereby from receiving any Prize offered by or through the Society. 30. If it shall be proved to the satisfaction of the Stewards or Council that an Exhibitor or Competitor has knowingly signed an incorrect Certificate, or know- ingly given an incorrect Pedigree of any animal, or has attempted to enter an animal or other exhibit or to obtain a Prize by any other unfair means at this or any other Agricultural Society’s Meetings, or is under exclusion from any Breed Society for fraudulent practices, the Council shall have the power to cancel all awards made to such Exhibitor or Competitor, to disqualify him or her from exhibiting or competing at future Meetings of the Society, and to inform other Agricultura] Associations of their action in this respect. PENALTIES. 31. As the non-exhibition of animals entered for the Show causes unnecessary preparations and expense, and disarranges the Show Yard, any person entering’ Stock, and failing to exhibit the same, shall pay a penalty of 10s. for each entry, unless a Certificate, under the hand of the Exhibitor or his authorised agent, be lodged with the Secretary of the Society, before thy day of exhibition, certifying that such non-exhibition is caused either by—(l) the death of the animal or animals ; or (2) contagious or infectious disease (confirmed by the explanatory certificate of a Veterinary Surgeon) ; or (3) by its becoming ineligible for the Class in which it has been entered. The fine is not remitted in the case of an exhibitor selling an animal between the time of entry and the date of the Show. 32. Every Exhibitor will be required to undertake to forfeit and pay to the ~ Society the sum of £20, as and for liquidated damages, if any animal which he _ exhibits be, to his knowledge, suffering from any contagious or infectious disease, the or to have it removed therefrom. 33. Any infringement of any of these or any other prescribed Regulations or Conditions will subject the Exhibitor to a fine of £1 by the Stewards, and to the forfeiture, by order of the Council, of any prize to which he may be entitled (in addition to all other consequences attaching tovsuch infringement). The Council reserves to itself the right to inform other Agricultural Associations of any decision it may come to with respect to an Exhibitor. : and 4 Stewards are empowered to prevent the entry of any diseased animal into > AWARDS. 34. The Society reserves to itself the right to withhold any prize, if, in the opinion of the Stewards, the conditions and regulations have not been properly complied with, or if, in the opinion of the Judge, there is insufficient merit. 35. Only the signed awards of the Judges are accepted by the Society as _ evidence that a prize has beenawarded, and the production of the prize card or _the rosette by an Exhibitor will not entitle him to the prize. 36. The certificate of the Veterinary Inspector, whether as to age or soundness, _ shall be re only in cases where the Judges are in doubt, or where the Stewards may consider it necessary. (See also Regulation 46 with reference to ‘ xl Conditions and Regulations. Stallions and Mares.) The decision of the Inspector in such cases shall be final and conclusive ; and in case it shall be against the animal to which a Prize has been awarded, such animal shall be disqualified from receiving such Prize. PROTESTS. 37. Any Exhibitor wishing to lodge a protest having reference to Live Stock exhibited at this meeting must make the same in writing on a form to be obtained from the Secretary, and deposit with him the sum of £3. If on investiga- tion the protest is not sustained to the satisfaction of the Stewards, the sum thus deposited shall, at the discretion of the Council, be forfeited to the funds of the Society. All protests (except in the Harness or Jumping Classes) must be delivered at the Secretary’s Office in the Show Yard, on the day on which the award is made, and no protest will be sUBSEQUENTLY received, unless a reason satisfactory to the Stewards be assigned for the delay. Any protest against an award in the Harness or Jumping Classes must be made to the Steward in the ring immedi- ately after the judging of the class to which it refers, and a deposit of £3 must, at the same time, be handed to the Steward. The Stewards will consider such protests at 11 o’clock on the following day at the Secretary’s Office, at which time and place any person makinga protest must attend or be represented by his authorised agent. The decision of the Stewards shall be final. — APPLYING TO CERTAIN CLASSES ONLY. HOoRSEs. 38. Horses can be removed from the Yard at night on deposit by the Exhibitor of £3 at the Finance Office, which sum will be forfeited if the Horse does not return at 8 a.M. each day during the Exhibition. This regulation does not apply to Animais not having a box in the Yard entered in the New Forest Pony, Harness, Saddle and Jumping Classes only. 39. Exhibitors must provide saddles for Horses in Classes 19, 20, 21, 22, 34, 36 and 43 to 52, as they are to be ridden ; and vehicles and harness for those in Classes 33, 35, 37 to 42, and 226 to 228, which are to be driven. 40. No Horse, unless a Foal, will be admitted into the ring without a proper bit. 41. The Prizes for Stallions foaled before 1918 will be withheld until a certificate from the owner is delivered to the Secretary that the Horse has served at least 10 Mares during the current season. 42 All Foals must be the offspring of the Mares with which they are exhibited, and the name of the Sire of the Foal must be stated on the certificate of entry. 43. Mares entered as in-Foal shall, except as otherwise stated, hereafter be certi- fied to have produced a living Foal before August Ist of the year of the Show. If the required certificate, which must be on a form obtainable from the Secretary, is not received by September 30, 1920, the prize awarded will be forfeited. 44. Horses may, at the discretion of the Stewards, be measured, and the measure- ment shall be taken in the shoes worn by the entry at the time of judging, and these shoes shall not be removed to allow of the entry being shown in another class. 45, In the Harness Classes for Hackneys exceeding 14 hands (except yearling colts and fillies) no shoe (nails included) may exceed 2 lbs, in weight, and for Ponies not exceeding 14 hands, yearling colts and yearling fillies, no shoe (nails included) may exceed 1} lbs, in weight. 46. All Stallions and Mares (yearlings and foals excepted) to which prizes have been awarded in the breeding classes shall be examined by the Society’s Veter- Conditions and Regulations. xli inary Inspector, and unless pronounced free from indications of hereditary disease shall be ineligible to receive the prize. The owner of an Animal rejected under this Regulation may, upon his application in writing to the Secretary, be furnished with a copy of the Veterinary Certificate. This Regulation shall not, “however, apply to animals holding a Board of Agriculture Certificate for the current year. 47. The following special conditions apply only to the Prizes offered by the Shire Horse Society, viz.: the owner of the animal entered to have been a Member of the Bath and West and Southern Counties Society, for not less than six months previous to April 3, 1920; a Mare five vears old, or upwards, must produce a living Foal in the current year, or have had a living Foal in the preceding year ; in the case of in-Foal Mares a certificate of foaling must be lodged with the Secretary of the Shire Horse Society before the medal will be despatched. No animal to compete which has won the Shire Horse Society’s Gold Medal during the current year; the Royal and London Shows being excepted ; the winning animal to be entered, or eligible for entry, in the Shire Horse Society’s Stud Book ; and a certificate that the winner is free from hereditary disease signed ‘by the Society’s Veterinary Inspector after his examination on the Show Ground, must be lodged with the Secretary of the Shire Horse Society, but Stallions licensed by the Board of Agriculture, and Stallions, Mares and Fillies passed at the London Show, shall be exempt from further examination when selected for Medals during the current year. A prize of £5 will also be awarded to the breeder of the animal winning the Medal, provided that he is a member of the Shire Horse Society, and that the Dam is a Mare registered in the Shire Horse Stud Book. All awards must be completed within six months of the date upon which the Medal was awarded, or they will be void. 48. The following special conditions apply only to the Prize offered by the Hunters’ Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding Society for Hunter Brood Mares, viz. :—The Mare awarded the Medal must possess a certificate of soundness from hereditary disease, signed by the Bath and West Society's appointed Veterinary Inspector, who must be a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, after his examination of the animal on the Show Ground. Any Hunter Brood Mare, 8 years old or over, having been either awarded one of the Society’s Gold Medals since 1910, or selected as Reserve for same, or having been passed sound after January 1, 1911, by a Veterinary Surgeon appointed by the Hunters’ Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding Society, shall be exempt from further examination upon the owner producing at the time of exhi- bition the official veterinary certificate issued by the Secretary of that Society. 49. The following special conditions apply only to the Prize offered by the Hunters’ Improvement and National Light Horse Breeding Society for best Mare or Gelding of any age. The Hunter awarded the medal must possess a certi- ficate of soundness from hereditary disease, signed by the Bath and West Society’s Veterinary Inspector, who must be a member of the Royal College of Veterinary Surgeons, after his examination of the animal on the Show Ground. The selected Mare, if unregistered, or the selected Gelding, if unentered, must be registered or entered within a month of the award in the Hunter Stud Book. No animal may take more than one of these medals in 1920. Norr.—No awards of the above-named Society’s Prizes or Medals to a Hunter mamed and registered in the Hunter Stud Book and subsequently entered by the owner under another name, will be recognised or confirmed unless a re-entry has been previously lodged by the owner for the Hunter Stud Book and the new name registered by the Society. _ 50. The following special conditions apply only to the Silver Medal offered by the Hackney Horse Society in the Single Harness Classes :—All horses com- peting for the Medal must be by a Registered Hackney Sire. A _ certificate signed by the Breeder of the animal must be forwarded to the Secretary of . xii Conditions and Regulations. the Hackney Horse Society before the Medal is despatched. Each animal must. be examined by a qualified veterinary surgeon on the Show Ground, and a certificate of soundness must be supplied. The Medal must be open to all Classes, and not confined to local competition, and the name and number of the sire, and the name and address of the breeder of each animal, should appear in the catalogue. No animal can take more than one Medal in any one year. 51. The following special conditions apply only to the Medals offered by the National Pony Society. Height of Stallions and Colts not to exceed 15 hands, and Mares and Fillies not to exceed 14.2, as confirmed by Hurlingham Certificate or that of a qualified Veterinary Surgeon. Ponies having previously won the National Pony Society’s Gold Medal during the current year not to be eligible to compete, and no Pony is qualified to take more than one Silver Medal under the same scheme during any one year. Theentry of the Winner must, if not already entered in the Supplement or Registered in the Stud Book, be duly lodged with the National Pony Society before the Medals will be despatched. All Brood Mares to have foal-at-foot or be due to foal in 1920. or if they have foaled in 1920 and the foal has died, a veterinary certificate to the effect that the foal was born alive to be provided. A medal will not be awarded unless there are at least 3 entries for it when drawn from more than one class, or in the case of a single class, unless there is a minimum of four entries in that class. 52. ‘ihe following special conditions apply to Horses entered in the Jumping Competitions :—The jumps may consist of single hurdle, gate, double hurdle, bank, wall and water jump, at the discretion of the Judge and Stewards. Each horse com- peting shall have its catalogue number affixed to its breast in such a way that it may be easily seen by the general public. Each horse competing shall be ridden at the fences in the order announced by the Stewards. In case of a horse _ refusing his fence it shall be allowed two further trials, and no more. No change of rider shall take place during the competition. The Judge may take into con- sideration the style in which the fences are jumped, as well as the height and breadth, and his decision shall be final. CATTLE, 53. All cattle must be properly secured to the satisfaction of the Officers of the Society on being brought to the gate of the Yard, or they will not be admitted. 54. All Bulls must have a ring or clamp attached to the nose, and, in the aged Classes, must be provided with a strong chain, and be led with a proper stick. 55. All cattle will be required to be paraded in the ring at least once a day at. the discretion of the Stewards. 56. No Bull calved before January Ist, 1918, or in the Aberdeen-Angus Classes before December Ist, 1917, will be eligible to receive a Prize until certified to have served not less than six different Cows (or Heifers) previous to June Ist, 1920, and to be the sire of live calves dropped in the year 1920, or in the Aberdeen-Angus Classes atter December Ist, 1919. 57. No Cow or Heifer, entered as in-milk, will be eligible to receive a Prize unless certified to have had a living Calf within the fifteen months preceding the date of the Show, or that the Calf, if dead, was born at the proper time. 58. Every Cow cr Heifer in-milk shall be milked dry in the Show Yard at 7.30 p-m. on the evening preceding the day of judging, in the presence of an officer of the Society appointed for the purpose. 59. Any animal in the Cattle Classes found to be artificially coloured will be disqualified. 60. The milk yielded by Cows in the Show Yard must not be sold at the stalls, but will be purchased by the Society for the purposes of the Dairy at a price to ee Conditions and Regulations. xiii be agreed upon, and will be paid for on delivery at the Milk Receiving Office in the Dairy. 61. The following conditions apply only to the prizes offered for Pedigree Shorthorn Dairy and Devon Milking Cows :—The Cows and Heifers entered will be clean milked out at 6 o’clock on the evening preceding the opening of the Show to the satisfaction of the Stewards, and will be again milked in the ring cn the first morning of the Show in the presence of the Judge, who shall see the Milk weighed, and any animal not yielding up to the following standard will not be awarded a prize :— Having Calved | Having calved | Having calved within 2 calen- | between2and3 | more than 3 dar months of | calendar months} calendar months the 1st day of | of the 1st day | of the 1st day the Show. of the Show. of the Show. Ibs. of milk. Ibs. of milk. Ibs. of milk. Shrthns. Dyns.|Shrthns. Dvns.|Shrthns. Dvyns. ! Cows, 5 years and upwards 30 26 27 23 24 20 Cows, 4 years and under 5 years..| 26 26 | 23 23 20 20 Cows or Heifers, 3 years and under 4 years ee 22 ae 19 | 16 16 | Heifers, under 3 years old .. 18 16 | 15 15 12 12 62, The following conditions shall apply only to the prizes offered for Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn Bulls :—The dam and sire’s dam of the Bulls entered to have received, in or before 1918, a Certificate of Merit in Milking trials or tests recog- nised by the Dairy Shorthorn Association, or in an inspection class confined to. Pedigree Dairy Shorthorns where the standard weight of milk has been a necessary qualification, or to hold a yearly record, published in the Association’s Year Book, up to mid-day, October Ist, 1919, or after that date a record for 315 days after calving (published or accepted as eligible for publication (as follows) :—(1) Cows, 4 years old and upwards at date of calving, 8,000lbs. ; (2) Cows, over 3 years old and under 4 years old at date of calving, 6,000lbs.; (3) Heifers, 3 years old and under at date of calving, 5,000lbs. In the case of yearly records ages of cows: to be calculated up to mid-day, October Ist, 1919. 63.—In the Dexter Classes clipping (except in the case of a few hairs on the top of the tail) will disqualify an animal. 64. following conditions apply to animals entered in the Milk and Butter Test Classes :—The date of last calving must be given on the entry form and, when an animal calves between the date of entry and that of the Show, notice of such calving must be sent to the Secretary or the animal may be disqualified. Points for Lactation will be allowed as follows :—One point for every completed 10 days since calving, calculated to the first day of the show, deducting the first 40 days. Maximum lactation points 12, but subject to the following conditions :— (a) Cows served within 90 days after calving, but not later, may obtain maximum points for lactation.(b) Cows which have calved 91 to 120 days and whose last service has been within that time, but not later, can only obtain a maximum of 8 points for lactation ; (c) Cows not served within 120 days after calving can only ontain a maximum of 5 points for lactation; (d) Cows which have calved 121 to 150 days and whose last service has been within that time, but not later can only obtain a maximum of 4 points for lactation ; (e) Cows not served within 150 after calving can only obtain a maximum of 2 points for lactation ; (/) Cows Ww ve calyed 151 days or more, whether served or not after that time, wil} not receive any points for lactation. A certificate sizing the last date of calving and the last date of service, and stating that the Cow has not broken her service since that date, signed by the ‘ xliv Conditions and Regulations. Owner of the Cow exhibited or his Agent, to be delivered by the Herdsman to the Steward or Judge of the Test on or before the first day of the Show. 65. Except in the Local and Dairy Classes, every animal entered for competition must be entered, or certified as eligible to be entered, in the Herd Book of its Breed, where such Herd Book exists and has been in existence for not less than seven years. Where an animal is entered by the Exhibitor as eligible for entry in the Herd Book of its breed, proof of such eligibility must be furnished to the Secretary at the time of making the entry. SHEEP. 66. Each pen of Ewes must be of the same Flock. 67. The following conditions apply to the special prize offered by the South- down Sheep Society :—The sheep competing must be entered or eligible for entry in the Flock Book. In the Class for pairs of ram lambs, exhibitors will have the privilege of competing for the medal with any one of their exhibits. 68. Except in the Local Classes, every animal entered for competition must be entered or certified as eligible to be entered, in the Flock Book of its Breed, where such Flock Book exists and has been in existence for not less than seven years. Where an animal is entered by the Exhibitor as eligible for entry in the Flock Book of its breed, proof of such eligibility must be furnished to the Secretary at the time of making the entry. Pias. 69. ‘The pair of Pigs in each pen must be of the same litter. 70. All Sows farrowed before 1920 shall be certified to have had a litter of live Pigs within six months preceding the first day of*exhibition, or to be in-Pig at the time of entering, so as to produce a litter of Pigs, farrowed at their proper time. before the Ist of September following. In the case of in-Pig Sows the Prize will be withheld until the Exhibitor shall have furnished the Secretary with a certificate of farrowing as above. If the required Certificate, which must be on a form ob- tainable from the Secretary, is not received on or before the 15th September follow- ing, the prize awarded will be forfeited. 71. All Pigs exhibited with a Sow shall be her own produce, of the same litter, and not exceeding two months old at the time of the Show. 72. No Sow above 18 months old that has not produced a litter of live Pigs shall be eligible to compete in any of the Classes, 73. Any animal in the Pig Classes found to be artificially coloured or oiled will be disqualified. 74. Should any question arise as to the age of any exhibit in the Pig Classes, the Stewards shall at the request of the Judge, have the state of their Dentition examined by a competent authority. If the state of the Dentition shall indicate that the age of any of the Pigs does not agree with the Dentition Test, the Stewards shall report the same to the Council, who shall have power to disqualify such Pig or Pigs. The following is the state of Dentition in Pigs which will be considered as indicating that they exceed the ages specified below :—Six Months: Pigs having their corner permanent incisors cut will be considered as exceeding this age. Nine Months: Pigs having their permanent tusks more than half up, will be considered as exceeding this age. Twelve Months: Pigs having their central permanent incisors up, and any of the three first permanent molars cut, will be considered as exceeding this age. Fifteen Months: Pigs having their lateral temporary incisors shed, and the permanents appearing, will be considered as exceeding this age. Eighteen Months: Pigs having their lateral permanent incisors fully up will be considered as exceeding this age. ; EE — nd Conditions and Regulations. xlv DAIRY HERDS, CIDER, BOTTLED FRUIT, POULTRY, DAIRY PRODUCE, BUTTER-MAKING, MILKING AND SHOEING COMPETITIONS. For Conditions, Regulations and Entry Fees see entry form. ADJUDICATION OF PRIZES. 75. The Judges are instructed as follows, and entries are received subject to. this :— ' a. Not to award any Prize or Commendation unless the entry possesses sufficient merit. b. Not to award a Prize to any Horse or Mare, unless it is free from unsound- ness likely to be transmitted to its progeny; or if a Gelding, unless free from un+ soundness; in either case, an accident having temporary consequences only ex- cepted, and in awarding the Hunters’ Improvement Society’s Medals to give pre- ference to animals showing weight-carrying properties. c. In awarding Prizes to Cattle, Sheep, and Pigs, to decide according to the relative merits of the animals for Breeding purposes, and not to take into con- sideration their present value to the butcher. d. To make the milking capacity and form of udder one of the chief points im awarding prizes to Cows and Heifers in milk. e. To draw the attention of the Stewards to any exhibit that has been im- properly prepared for exhibition or is wrongly entered. f. To give in a “Reserve NumsBer ” in each Class, indicating the animal or exhibit which in their opinion possesses sufficient merit. for the Prize, if the animal or exhibit to which the Prize is awarded should become disqualified. Should the ** Reserved Number ” succeed to a prize, and be itself disqualified, the prize will be forfeited. g. Immediately after the Judging to deliver to the Stewards their signed awards stating the numbers to which the Prizes are adjudged, and noting all ng, Sey 76. ould any question arise upon which the Judges may desire a further opinion, the Stewards shall provide them with a Referee. PAYMENT OF PRIZES. * 77. Cheques fer the Prizes awarded (except where further qualification of an animal is required) will be drawn at the meeting of the Finance Committee held in July, 1920, and will then be forwarded by post to the Exhibitors to whom they have been awarded. INTERPRETATION OF CONDITIONS. 78. The Society reserves to itself by its Council the sole and absolute right to interpret these or any other prescribed conditions and regulations, or Prize Sheets, and to arbitrarily settle and determine all matters, questions or differences in regard thereto, or otherwise arising out of or connected with or incident to the Show. Also to refuse and to cancel any entries, disqualify Exhibitors, prohibit exhibition of entries, vary or cancel awards of prizes or reserved numbers, and relax onditions, as the Society may deem expedient. xivi Prizes for Poultry for 1920. POULTRY. | (Under Poultry Club Rules.) ) ‘The Birds in Classes 1 to 49 must have been hatched previous to January 1st, 1920. CLASS. 1.—Any Distinct Breed, except Bantams.—Cock and 3. Hens, bred in 1918 or 1919, the property of one Exhibitor, mated for breeding : ° ‘2,—COCHIN or Brauma—Cock . aa bs “* 3 .—Ditto—Hen 4,—PLYMOUTH Rocx—Cock 15 010 5.—Ditto—Hen 15 | 10 1 010 - or eeoococeoooosoocoeocoeoossoosoooscoeoscososeoscsoseoooossosososcsocow os eceoeococoscecoeosoesosooooeossooooocoescsoooosooosocoeoscsosoosooScoor _ o 7.—Ditto—Hen .. ae 8.—ORPINGTON (Black)—Cock . 9.—Ditto—Hen . 2 10. —ORPINGTON (W hite)—Cock 11.—Ditto—Hen 3- ee | | . o* =. -. . ee | ‘6.—ORPINGTON (Buft)—Cock ae a Se + ciety 1 12.—Minorca—Cock ate “a wa “ abe 15 10 13.—Ditto—Hen .. Be Ps - “i 15 10 14.—RuopeE Istanp (Red)—Cock as ay = ve 15 010 15.—Ditto—Hen .. , 7” fe ig s~3] 15 010 16.—SussEx—Cock : ys ¥ 3 i 15 010 17.—Ditto—Hen fe As ae Mi Jd - 18.—Dorxina—Cock x. Ws ft “ of | 19.—Ditto—Hen .. J 20. —FAvEroLLEs—Cock 0 or - Hen 21.—LancsHan—Cock aie 22.—Ditto—Hen .. ; 23.—WYANDOTTE (Silver ¢ or Gold Laced) —Cock 24.—Ditto—Hen .. a : be 25.—Ditto (White) —Cock 26.—Ditto—Hen .. 27.—Ditto (Black)—Cock _ 28.—Ditto—Hen .. 29.—Ditto (Any other colour)—Cock 30.—Ditto—Hen .. it 31.—LEGHORN (W hite)—Cock 32. —Ditto—Hen .. 33.—Ditto (Any other colour)—Cock 34.—Ditto—Hen .. AG 35.—HAMBURG (Black) —Cock % 36.—Ditto—Hen .. 37.—Ditto (Any other colour)—Cock 38.—Ditto—Hen .. 39.—OLp EncLisH GAME (Black Reed) —Cock 40.—Ditto—Hen .. $3 41.—Ditto (Any other colour) —Coek 42.—Ditto—Hen 43.—INDIAN Game—Cock 44.—Ditto—Hen . 45.—FRENCH (excluding Faverolles)—Cock 46.—Ditto—Hen .. See Re ee ee ee ee ee eee ee ee ecoocooocece|cooosososeoocosooscoososcoocoscooocoocoesooscoocococso ee a Prizes for Poultry for 1920. xlvu Ee First | Second ; Third POULTRY—continued. Prize. | Prize. Prize. CLAss. eH 47._Any OrnEer Distinct BREED not previously men- £ 8s. £58. £ 5s. tioned—Cock .. ae 23 ie = ssp Ob O. 15: + & 10 48.—Ditto—Hen .. 1 0/;015/;010 49.—Cock and Hen, of any pure breed, best mated to pro- duce Table Poultry .. ae en a »-}1 0}015)|0 10 SELLING CLASSES. 50.—Any Distixcr BreEp—Cock or Cockerel ies not to exceed £1 ls.) s oO Gries LO, 10 51.—Any Distincr Brerp—Hen or Pullet "(Price “not to exceed £1 1s.) ae ae -- Sas sole Oye ied LO CHICKENS OF 1920. 52.—Cocuty, Brauma. PLtymovurH Rock, Orprxctoy, LaNGSsHAN, Sussex or Dorkrsc—Cockerel .. 5. | £ OF 1:0. 158) 0:10 53.—Ditto—-Pullet Se Ue -. eS hake 1 OMS: 1 OC 1O 54.—Mryorca, WYANDOTTE, LEGHory, " Hampure, FaAveER- OLLEs or Frencu—Cockerel .. i 3 i. pe @ iO 15.7 0.10 55.—Ditto—Pullet = 1 0,015 010 56.—GameE, Matay, or any other Distinct Breed not pre- viously mentioned—Cockerel . ate ae Pre L IN |fOr1b)'0 10 57.—Ditto—Pullet Se =z “ie is 3 ee PPO | Odd: )-0 10 LIVE TABLE POULTRY. 58.—Pair of CockEREts of any Pure Breed, hatched in 1920.. 1 0 015 010 59.—Pair of Putiets of any Pure Breed, hatched in 1920 1 G.1-0: 15-10. 30 60.—Pair of Cross-Bred CocKERELS, hatched in 1920 .. as Lome 1.0, tou 1:0 BO 61.—Pair of Cross-Bred Puttets, hatched in 1920... sa leied O11. 0 12. 1'0.10 SPECIAL PRIZES. Offered by the Poultry Club. A Silver Medal for best Cock in the Poultry Classes, the property of a Member of the Poultry Club ” ” » Hen, ditto, ditto ” ” ” arg! Baye ditto ”» ” ” Pullet, ditto. Offered by : ‘ . Pe SRO ies South Australian Stock . . | 29 0 4 New Zealand Stock . . . 38 8 4 India Stock : 5 | 158 6 4 Queensland Stock 4 46 3 8 New South Wales Stock 3 , 40 2 em Canadian Pacific Railway Stock . | 47 5 0 -——-— | | 57815 4 Income Taxreturned, . 15715 9 | ee | | | GENERAL RECEIPTS :— | Telephone Way Leave ‘ P ee ee Miscellaneous . ; e A 010 6 { } SUBSCRIPTIONS FROM MEMBERS :— Arrears - 2 . . “ : 25 $8 0 Governors : . F 5 . ‘ 120 12 0 Subscribers of £1 and upwards . : : 577 13 0 Ditto of 10s. 5 e e ? 3 : 7 00 | eeeente tS | 73013 0 | | LIFE COMPOSITIONS ,. . . , F | 40 0 0 | | JOURNAL :— | Sales ? . , > o . 014 O Advertisements . : - 5 © 48 810 Carried forward ce) 1,556.18 5 (litt ) Southern Counties Society. 1919, WITH COMPARATIVE STATEMENT FOR 1918. Cz. 1919. 1918. PAYMENTS. , a 20 £ gd s. 4. | SALARIES :— Secretary (the late) (including Clerks, &c.) . 78710 0 1,050 0 0 Secretary (3 months) - : = - 13710 0 Assistant Secretary (3 eres ; : 3 8710 0 Office Staff 3 = . : 7 31 9 5 Auditor . ; p - s “1 20 0 0 20 0 0 | Consulting Chemist . : , : | 30 0 0) 30 0 0 | ; 1,093 19 5] 1,100 0 O | | | } | MISCELLANEOUS :— | Printing . : - F | 34 611 1013 2 i Siitietcy and Finance Books is - | 2217 1) 918 9 Postages, Telegrams, Cheque and Restpt } Stamps . s 4 = a] 21 17 11) 18 19 10 : GuundEestandRats . |i 2 9 8) 22 8 10 | Property Tax . 3 - . >» 11 5 O| 97 6 Travelling Expenses . . . : 20 6 8| 1517 7 Carriage of Goods - - s 1e.s 2°98. 3 Diestinies aad Relerenes Books . P 2 4 0: 10 5 Subscriptions . ka a | 716 0 611 0 Repairs and Fittings . 2 . ‘ 714 2 25 7 | Fueland Light 8 19 10 119 4 Finance and other Committee's Expenses =~ 12 14 8| 311 3 Telephone . ; 716 4) 716 0 ts for Instruction in Milking ES aay ie ef 25 1 3 of Stock to new Trustees : 26 19 7| Wreaths and Carriages for late Secretary’ and Trustee’s Funerals . e s 13 16 11 ; — } | 239 16 4 136 10 7 | | i pag | | | JOURNAL :— ! | | Rditor a ee 100 0 0 Associate Editor. SU al in es Clase 100 0 0! 100 0 0 Printing and Binding . 5 2 |. Sep) 155 13 10 Plans and Blocks 4 ; : ‘ at 718 0 9 11 10 Journal Distribution . . - | 23 7 10 216 4 Postages, Stationery, Reference Bboks, eo, “a 4 0 3) 216 8 Payments to Authors ” < : 46 5 0} 33 14 0 495 3 10 423 2 8 z, Carried forward sa £ 1,893 19 7 (liv ) CASH ACCOUNT—continued RECEIPTS. Brought forward SHOW :— Salisbury for 1920 Show . . Sale of Queensland Stock “ r Balance due to Bank, Dec. 31st. 1,556.18 5 800 0 0 | | | | | bes. 2,356 18 5 t £ 2,856 18 5 1,534 12 0 1,000 0 0 30 8 2 (Iv) CASH ACCOUNT—continued.. Cr. j ic aa eo omnaitey — a Ty ae a, peg Peer ee a 2 a ee | Brought forward . 1,828 19 7 | | SHOW :— | STOOK MISCELLANEOUS Hay purchased for Salisbury Show. = 150 0 0 UNAPPORTIONABLE :— é 5 : Superintendent of Works . ‘ . 150 0 0 150 0 90 Insurance of Plant . : , ? 115 0 115 0 Rent of Stores . F : : 2 517 11 5 5 0 157 12 11 157 0 0 _ EXPERIMENTS :— TN etl ar ae 100 0 of 100 0 0 | ee _. 2,286 12 6] 1,916 13 8 _INVESTMENTS . : : ‘ ‘ : 33 0 0 30 0 0 \ Balance due to Bank, Jan. Ist . i 30 8 2 618 6 11 | . Balance in Bank, Dec. 31st : : 56 17 9 nt shies 5 SE ee / 2,565 @ 2 £ 2,35618 5 Jan. 14th, 1920. IT hereby certify that I have examined the foregoing accounts for the year ending December 81st, 1919, compared the payments entered with the vouchers, and found them all in order and correct. F. CLIFFORD GOODMAN, F.C.A., Auditor. Passed by Council, Jan. 27th, 1920, F. H. STORR, Secretary. ‘1091pPnVv “V'O'a ‘NVYAKGOOD q ‘sieyuvg 8,44 WHOAAIIO “A eJ90g OY} Aq Ponjva Ueaq GAvY SH00}g SNopeA oY, “1epio uy Wey} *£1¥19109§ “UUOLS “H “A punoy 9avy J pus ‘oul 0} peonpoid ueeq eAvy s}zUW4seAUT ,A}Z0]00g ey} JOJ SeNLMoes oYy, “O36 “42% Arvnuve ‘sqoog 97 03 3 ‘aoruido AU Ur UIpIONOw sIVEYe 8,A7e100g oy} JO uoW{sod ens} ey}, SAOYS PUe “400100 S| Ev ‘qvyy pue Yeeyg eouvjeg oAoqe ey} pojIpne eavy T yey} AyyI00 Aqozey TJ loanog Aq posseg OL FL Sc6'SI] S OT OS6'FT |g (lvi ) ‘OZ6I ‘UIFT Azvnues 0 9 68ST} 9 ST cto'st | * + goNVIVa OL 8 sto |8 $1 F8a‘T 8 $Lee |* * TWIIavO 40 INGW | -GOVTdTU AOA ANOA OL ANG : MNVE OL BAG | | | 0 0 Oct * 78 poywuntyse ‘Jo 4800 “TVNUAOL © 0 008 DNILAVAN AWAASITVS a le ‘SULLITIAVIT OT FL ZS6°SL] 3 OL O86'FT | 6.21 99 - P ° ° 481g “00q ‘HU ul eoURleg 0 OLZ > ° . 4 - ° ? SH1IVS IVNUOor | -o--@ ore: fo 2 ze a ‘ * * SuYaHaUV NOILaruosaas O IT 282 0 FL ese | ¢ 0 F951 /¢ © OCT ‘ * * §ONTLDIG GNV FUOLINUOS L OT £89 4 OL sso : : 4 . * XALUAdOUd ASAOH —_ —} 0 0 ost MOHS AUWOAASITVYS UWOA GASVHOUNd AVH t SUC Zor L 6 OFT 2: 2: SE OLZ It 3 . : =P ee * Aryeq 6 9 SEI 5 5 . ; 4 * SIO — INV1d | 6) BER ° : : “AIAVATAOOTU XVI ANOONI \ 8 TL FE la . ; “IVLIIdVO JO LNUNAOVIdAY WOA ANNA | | @ ST ozo'sl|F ST S9BIt F S Ces'er | |. 5 ———SE Is 3 242 |0 0 o00r|s & 960'T “ ueyeSsnY YNog 0" 0 Oco'T | 9 G 94ST 0 O OOS*E “ “A[Youoeauerpeuey 98 Fer |0 O 000° OL 8 BELT e POIBAA SON 9 ¢ BRET 0 0 000% IL & G6FOT puxjsusend 6 OT cee’s |T & Z22s'2| 1 St gests 4001g vIpuy 6 OF: 10 € 8 COL | 8 SL OIL * Uorsreauo0d Aq 480] | [vq1d¥o aouydor 0} 0791, OL T Te2*s |9 GT 6OR'S LT IT 660'F ° 40098 UBOT IBA, H € 61 180'T |0 O OOS'T 9 T S9StT ° 490} puvjvez Mon | Doe ee ES Re iae ae oS i] | “ts “deq uo | ONIVA JOYIVY JSON [BNW “aN|vA “Iv i} — } ; a sree ©* Pe og pe O'R SINUNISAANI | - pS | —-—--——— "SLUSSV “OI6L | 6T6T rH, OOEEOEOEOE———e ‘S161 HOd NOSIUVdWOO HLIM ‘6161 “Sig YAAWAOAA OL LNAOQOOV SAILITIIMAVIT AGNV SLaSSV ( lvii) Wath and Ciest and Southern Counties Society, FOR THE Encouragement of Agriculture, Arts, Manufactures and Commerce. List of Members, 1920. PATRON. HIS MOST GRACIOUS MAJESTY THE KING. PRESIDENT. Ture Ricut Hon. THE EARL OF RADNOR. TRUSTEES. THE Most Hon. THoE MARQUIS OF BATH, K.G. Cc. L. F. EDWARDS, Esq. Str. J. SHELLEY, Bart. x 4 Names thus (*) distinguished are Governors. Names thus (f) distinguished are Life Members. * .* Members are particularly requested to make the Secretary acquainted with any errors in the names of residences. | Name. Residence. b inal! we £ os. d. *+His Most Gracious Majesty the King ‘ Windsor Castle ‘ ‘ in Ackers, Major Chas. P. - Huntley Manor, Glousester Ail 1:0: 0 Ackland J. ; . , Cutton Farm, Poltimore, Exeter 1 0 0O Acland, Alfred Dyke ‘ , ‘ : P ‘ bite Byrn i28 tAcland, Right Hon. Sir 85, Onslow Square, London, Arthur H. Dyke . S.W.7 ‘ / ‘ Acland, sl Hon. F. nie ke, M.P. a 93, Bedford Gardens, eee | Hill, London, W. B.Oxn8 Adams, E. C. . / . | Brentwood, Combe Down, Bath LacOie9 Adeane, C. R. W.. “| Babraham, Cambridge , 100 tAitken, G. H. , - | Longleat Estate Office, W aiminator ie Akers, E. : ‘ | Fagans, Cardiff 100 Alexander, D. ; Cardiff ‘ ‘ : at Lisdii Alexander, H. G. | Dinas Powis, Cardiff ‘ Se phe Bon Allen A, Chesterblade, Shepton Mallet 1 1 0 (13) lv Subscriptions. Name. Residence. | Vee al / £s. d. Allen & Foster é . Corn and Seed Merchants, Shep- | ton Mallet . | Be Allen & Sons . : . | Cheese Merchants, Shepton Mallet 7s. 2 jAllen, James D. . . | Springfield House, Shepton Mallet | Allen, W. T. . s . Bradley House, West Pennard, — Bridgwater , 1 8 <0 Allsebrook, A. . . . Link Elm, Malvern Lihk ee a. OD Ames, F. : . Hawford Lodge, Worcester a 8 0 Andrews, S. Fox- : .| Union Street, Bath -s 8 O Anglo-Continental Guano Works . Dock House, Billiter Street, E.C.3. 1 0 0 Anglo-Swiss Condensed Milk ) | Company t | Chippenham é : 6 oiaere 0 Arnott, G. C. (Fertilisers Manufacturers Association) _ 69, Fenchurch Street, London, E.C.3 4 “ : sre. 0 0 yAshcomb, Lord . . | Denbies, Dorking : : tAshcroft, W. . | 13, The Waldrons, Croydon fx Ashford, E. C., M.D. . | The Moorlands, Bath : ee 6.50 * Astor, Hon. Waldorf . | Cliveden, Taplow, Bucks 12 0.0 Angerstein, J. R. ; . Holbrook House, Wincanton 11 0 0 Austin, E. A. . : . | Baltonsborough, Glastonbury 1] 10 ytAvebury, Lord : . | High Elms, Hayes, Kent . il i +Aveling, Thomas L. _ Rochester ‘ : ) bia Avon Manure Company (Ld. ) | St. Philip’s Marsh, Brotol. 1 @9O Badcock, H. Jefferies . | Broadlands, Taunton it 68 SO Bainbridge, Mrs. R. C. . | Elfordleigh,Plympton, South Devon : 6.0 Baker, G. E., J.P. : . The Old House, Freshford, Bath . 1 1 @ Baker, G. E. Lloyd . . Hardwicke Court, Gloucester ::0.0 *Baker, M. G. Lloyd . |The Cottage, Hardwicke, Glos. . Pe +Baker, L..J. . P . 10, Ennismore Gardens, London, S.W.7 J : if on Bamfords (Ltd.) t . | Uttoxeter : : : oy Berr@ Barford and Perkins i. +. Peterborough . 1 0 © Barham, G. T. . | Sudbury Park, Wembley, Middlesex 100 Baring, Hon. ie. ee . | The Grange, Alresford, Hants ./1 0 0 *Barker-Hahlo, H. . | Camerton Court, Bath .|2 00 Barrett, Col. W. P . Hill House, Minehead , ‘| 240 Barstow, J. J. J. ° . | The Lodge, Weston-super-Mare .- 1 1 0 Barton, D. J... é . Bodrean, Truro, Cornwall 010 0 Bassett, A. F. . F . | Tehidy, Camborne, Cornwall 1 0 0 Bates, W. J. & Co. . . | Victoria Iron Works, Denton, Man- | chester . é . 1 0 0 *+Bath, Marquis of, K.G. . Longleat, Wexmitatar: 4 tt Bath and Somersetshire | Dairy Co. (Ltd.) . . | Bath re 3 é ‘ _ rvs (37) Subscriptions. lix Name. Residence. se rintto i i &°d, Bath and Wells, The Bishop | of . | The Palace, Wells : : id) et alae WA Bath Brewery Co. (Ltd.) . | Argyle Street, Bath . , shidw OD Bath Gas Company . | Bath : -{/1 00 Bathurst Sir F. H., Bart., | Somborne Park, "Stockbridge, BAO: . Z g ~ V) Bennett, Brothers j Journal Office, Salisbury . wt oor oN Ke o Bennett, R. A. Thornbury, Glos. 0 Bentall, Edward H. & Co. Heybridge, Maldon, Essex . 0 Bentley, A. F. se Woodlands House, 7 / Southampton ‘ = fobtin®o® Benyon, H. A. Englefield House, Reading - 2 Beds @ *Benyon, J. Hachont.. Englefield House, Reading oh BO ID Berry, A. E. Rowgardens Wood, Charlwood, Surrey . ae Berryman, F. H. Field House, Shepton Mallet Has £ Bessant, W. P Skinners Farm, Woolland, Bland- | ford, Dorset , vue 4 ee Best, Major T. G. East Carleton Manor, Norwich ./1 0 © Best, Capt. W. ‘ Best, Hon. J. W. . Vivod, Llangollen, North Wales . | Charlton House, Ludwell, Salis- | bury | bi Beynon, J. W. . 16, Mount Stuart Square, Cardiff . ;}1 1 0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Biddle, W. F. . Parsonage Lane, Butleigh, Glas- tonbury - i dod Birmingham, C. . Nutscale, The Parks, Minchelld . '010 0 7Blackburn, H. Pp. . Donhead Hall, Salisbury < fBlackstone,G.M. . Blackstone & Co., Ld., Stamford . “7 Blake, Col. M. Lock Bridge, 8 . Petherton . ‘ -{1 @ 0 Blathwayt, Rev. W. E. Dyrham Rectory, Chippenham ./1 1 0 Blathwayt, R. W. Dyrham Park, Chippenham ie 2 Oo 7Bledisloe, Lord Lydney Park, Glos. Bolitho, R. F. . Ponsandane, Penzance : ial: a6 Bolitho, ee Trengwainton, Hea Moor, Cornwall MA shen@ Bond E. (W. Evans & Co. ). _ Hele, Cullompton ’ bi) On O Boscawen, Rev. A. T. ; van Rectory, Long Rock, | a 8.0,, Cornwall . LER «OO Boseawen, Townshend E. . | 2, Old Burlington St., London, W.1 }1 0 0 Bourne, W. W. ‘ . | Garston Manor, Watford, Herts. | 1 0 0 Bouverie, H. P. . . | Brymore, Bridgwater 441.00 (40) a ix Subscriptions. Name. Residence, ‘sdeiptions. £ s.d. +Bowen-Jones, Sir J., Bart. | The Woodlands, Bicton, near | Shrewsbury . . ° ° +Bowerman, Alfred pen" : 2 . : 3 Boyle, Major M. The Manor, Staple Fitzpaine, | Taunton : f 0 0 Braby, F. & Co., (Ltd.) _ Ashton Gate Works, Bristol O° 0 Bradford, Thomas & Co. . / Salford, Manchester > 64% *+Brassey, H. L. C. . . | Apethorpe Hall, Wansford, | Northants ‘ - : Se Bridges, J. H. . | Ewell Court, near Epsom f TORS) Bridgman, H. . . | Cleve Hill Farm, Downend, Bristol| 1 1 0 ¥Brinkley, Rev. W. F. B. . | The Mey Abbots — Bristol Bristol Times and Mirror, . Proprietors of | Bristol Sed ade | Britten, Forester . | Kenswick Manor, Worcestit LIGA sg +Brocklehurst, H. D. . Sudeley Castle, Winchcombe oats Brockman, F. D. las } ; : 3 : Plapiieg Brown, F. E. . . | 1,403, Neath Road, Swansea oh BEAGO5O Browning, Albert, M. A. . | The Homestead, Combe Park, Bath | 1 1 O Bruford R. : : Nerrols, Taunton : a ee +Buckingham, Rev. Preb, . | The Rectory, Doddiscombsleigh, | Exeter, Devon Buck, D. . | White House, Little Mill, Ponty- | pool : alle | date Budd, Felix 8. . Clarendon use, Stow Pata Wee | port, Mon. . 1 0 0 Budd, J. E. | Tidebrook Manor, Wadhurst, . | Sussex . eee oD Burghclere, Lord . | 48, Charles Street, London, Wiest Om Burnard, R. : é | Cattedown, Plymouth > & 0 Burrell, C. and Sons . St. Nicholas Works, Thetford 1 0 0 *Burrell, Sir M. R., Bart. . | Knepp Castle, Horsham, Sussex .|2 0 0 Bush, H.G. . | The Grove, Alveston, Glos. : 1 Bush, Mrs. L. E. | St. Mary’s, Atlantic Road South, Weston-s-Mare ; ea eeD Busk W. G. : Wraxall Manor, Cattistock, Dorbet Pe HHO *Bute, The Marquis of The Castle, Cardiff 20 0 Butland, B. ‘ . Leigham, Plympton . : Terry) ‘Cesar, H. and J. . | Knutsford, Cheshire . ‘ oy ea Campbell, J. é | 93, Mansel Street, Swansea oy Be Og Candy, T.C. . . | Woolcombe, Cattistock, Dorset . | 1 0 0 Carew, C., M.P.. Collipriest, Tiverton . i hE ae Carnarvon, Earl of . | Highclere Castle, Newbury bale ania *Carr, Jonathan Wood House, Twerton-on-Avon, Bath é c ; 3 FL oQe@ (35) b 1 Subscriptions. Ixi Name. | Residence. ‘seamen, | £ s. d. ¢Carruthers W., F.R.S. | 14, Vermont Road, Norwood, | | London, S8.E. at Carson, J. . . . | Crystalbrook, Theydon Bois, Essex | 1 | Oe 7Carter, E. P 4 ad East Upton, Ryde, Isle of Wight . | ths Carter, G. V. . Waterston Manor, Dorchester .{|1 1 0 Carter. Dunnett'& Beale, ie. Raynes Park, London, S.W. -}1 0 0 Cartwright, T.G. . . | 30, Beaufort Gardens, London, S.W.| 1 0 0 Carver, H. R: . . West House, Chilton eae i Bridgwater . [th @ Cary, Edmund . . | Pylle, Shepton Mallet ; -|010 0 q7Cary, John. ? | The Priory, Shepton Mallet i Cary, W. H. Mantua, Steeple anapiilee Trow- bridge . 3 Cattybrook Brick Co. (Ltd.) | Provident Buildings, 15, Clare | Street, Bristol Pa Oo Cave, Captain A. L. . Sherwood, Newton St. Cyres, gees t i26 Cave, Sir C., Bart. . | Lidbury Manor, Sidmouth . '1 0 0O Cave, C. H. 4 . Rodway Hill House, Mangotsfield, Bristol . - | 100 Cazalet, W. M. . t Fairlawne, Tonbridge. ) bo, O Chapman, W. W. J Mowbray House, Norfolk Street, Strand, London, W.C.2 ait L weBo Chichester, Major C. H. Hall, Bishops Tawton, Barnstaple _1 0 0 Chick, J. H. . . Wyniord Eagle, Maiden aes Dorset ‘ 7Chick, W. D. . Compton Walodse, Horchionter a4 he Christie, A. L. . . . | Tapeley Park, Instow, N. Devon .|1 1 0O Christie-Miller,S. R. . - | Clarendon Park, Salisbury | Bode: @ Churchill, The Viscount, G.C.V.O. 4 Carlton Club, Pall Mall, London, “4 _) ae J.111, Wy 0 a F. y Hill House, Stoke Gebvick near | Totnes . = *Clarendon, Earl of . | The Grove, Watford . ; - 12.2.0 fClark,C.S. . : . | Tracy Park, Near Bath 7 t they Clark, H. . Paws - | North Wootton, Shepton Mallet. 1 1 0 Clark, H. B. - | Butleigh, Glastonbury ‘ Bee Clark, H. A. Hinton Field, Hinton Charter- ; house, Bath . Lh OO TGlagk,, ds Bee 06+) 1 Goldstone Farm, Hove, Sansex (Hon. Local Sec., 1885) . i ie Clark, W. 8. Street, Glastonbury . il 0 0 Clark, W. H. RutlandCottage,Combe Down Bath | Lith. Clarke, J. B. Overleigh House, Street, Somerset | 1 0 0 Clerk, Lieut. Col. Re M. Charlton House, Shepton Mallet | 1 0 0 *Clifden, Viscount . Lanhydroe, Bodmin . Ps. ©..0 Clinton, Lord . ‘ Heanton Satchville, Dolton, N. | Devon . - > a teks 10. ,,O Clutton, R. W. Hartswood, Reigate - : gs (a — (36) c Ixii Subscriptions. Name. Coaker, J. Cobb, H. M. Cobb, R. . : ‘Coleridge, Hon. G. ‘Collet, Sir Mark, Bart. ‘Collins A. H. ‘Collins, J. J. S. ‘Colman, Sir J., Bart. Colmer, Jas. (Ltd.) ‘Colthurst, Symons & (Ttd,).} ‘Colville, H. K. ‘Connolly, Hon. J. D. ¥ - Wook, RK... . +Cookson, H. T. ‘ Cooling, G. and Sons ‘Cooper, Major R. W. ‘Cooper, Sir G., Bart. ope, W. : Corbet, E. Ww. Got iekts S. E. M. “TR 0 -+Cork and Orrery, The Earl of Corner, H. W. - -+Cornwallis, F. 8. Ww. ; Cory, Sir Clifford, J., Bart., WEP. Ds |. +Cotterell, Sir J. R. G., Bart. Cotton, R. W. . Coultas, J. R. Coultrip, A. W. Courage, Raymond . ; 7Coussmaker, Lt.-Col G. . *Coventry, ‘The Earl of Cox, Bb: ot: : ¥ . Cox & Sons Crewdson, J. D. ‘Crick, Thomas . ‘Cridlan, J. J. Croad and Brown ‘Crutchley, P. E. . Cuming, A.-P. .« ‘ . (39) Co. Residence. y | Blagdon Barton, Paignton, Devon Higham, Rochester é Larkin Hall, near Rochester Toddington, Winchcombe St. Clare, Kemsing, Sevenoaks Manor Farm, Codford St. Peter, Wilts. St. George’s Lodge, Oldfield Park, Bath . Gatton Park, Surrey . . Union Street, Bath . : Bridgwater . Hillmarton Lodge, Chine; Wilts Agent-GeneralforWesternAustralia, Savoy House, Strand, London, W.C.2 J - Widhayes, Tiverton ~ nies: Sturford Mead, Warminster Northgate Street, Bath Eling House, Hermitage, Berks Hursley Park, Winchester . . | Southerndown, Glam. Bute Estate Office, Cardiff Perseverance Iron Works, Shrews- bury ‘ . - Manor House, Inglescombe, Bath Linton Park, Maidstone : Llantarnam Abbey, Mon. . Garnons, Hereford . Baltonsborough, Glastonbury Allington, near Grantham . : Norwood Manor, East Church,Kent Shenfield Place, Brentwood, Essex Westwood, Normandy, Guildford, © Surrey . . . Croome Court, Worcester . Pwlpen Farm, Christchurch, New- port, Mon... 47, City Road, Cardiff Syde, near Cheltenham 5 Aleombe, Cross Road, Minehead Maisemore Park, Gloucester Branch of British Oil & Cake Mills, Bridgwater . ; Limminghill Lodge, Auuot Moreton Hampstead, Devon Sub- scriptions. E «. d. 010 O 0, O do.0*"0 Bi 0 i Pe) Bert ei" <0 a St) B @ 0 1.70 0 150" 0 Oe, ne mM dv a0 DP .Ora0 Pad Bike 9 20) 0 bab op Lida 9 Lr 9 Le? OO heave Ree 0 1.16: G 20 0 010 0 Y Od y 0 010 O 1 0 0 Le Dir a oO PLO.6 . 4, - : Subscriptions. xiii Name. Residenee. . seams £s. d. €undall, H. M.,1.8.0.,F.S.A. | 4 Marchmont Gardens, Richmond | | Hill, Surrey : ° 2: |B UQ +Curre, E. ° : . | Itton Court, Chepstow ; sf, Currie, L. - ; - | Minley Manor, Farnborough | Hants 4 Bi Gio@ } Dairy Supply Romney Museum St., Bloomsbury, London, | (Ltd. W.C.9 . 10 0 Dale, T. F : Brush End, Burley, Hants. wie 3 O Daniel, H. T. . The Red House, Cannington, Bridg- water. un Daniel, Thos. C. Stuckeridge, Bampton, NorthDevon ES 6 Darby, A. E. W. Little Ness, Shrewsbury |1 0 0 Darby, E. . i Liscombe, Dulverton 1k 0 +Darell, D. P : . | Hillfield House, Stoke Fleming | near Dartmouth +Davenport, Rev. Geo. H. Foxley, Hereford tDavey, J. Sydney (ee Cury-Cross- Lanes, Corn- wall Davey, Sleep & Co. (Ltd.) Excelsior Plough Works, Ply- mouth A) ee ee | Davey, T. KR. . Wraxall Court, Wear Bristal. David & David Old Bank Chambers, 27, High Street, Cardiff ; | abe) 0 Davies, D. R The Borough Stores, College Street, Swansea ‘ :’ ee Davis, F. L. 7, Bute Crescent, Cardiff. bo Bg +Davis, H. J. Sutton Montis, Sparkford, 8.O., . Somerset : f a Davis & Co. 75, George Street, Oxford 1 0 0 Daw, J. ¥: Exeter : oe ae Day & Sons (Ltd.) Crewe d 0 0 {Deacon, W. S. Poynters, Cobham, Surrey Debenham, H. . De Bertodano, B. De Blaquiere, Lord De Hamel, E. Demuth, R. H.. Dening, C. & Co. Dennis, S. Denny, G. A. . Devas, H. G. . Devenish, H. N. ‘ *Devon, The Earl of. *Devonshire, Duke of Dickinson, W. F. Dickson & Robinson . tDigby, Lord (37) Buckland House, Buckland St. Mary, | Taunton . Cowbridge House, Malmesbury 3, The Cireus, Bath . ; Middleton Hall, Tamworth. st Chard, Siemerdet d Latton, Cricklade, Wilts « Nizels , Hildenborough, Tonbridge Little Dunford, Salisbury Powderham Castle, Devon . Chatsworth, Derbyshire Kingweston, Somerton ° Cathedral Street, Manchester Minterne, Cerne Abbas SS ee ee ee ee ~ ~~ — eS Ole Ixiv Subscriptions. Name. | Residence. | : Sherborne Digby, F. J. B. Wingfield . i : Perridge House, Shepton Mallet +Dobson, H. V. Dodington, R. M. Horsington Park, Templecombe . Donati, A. W. . | Estate Office, Holnicote, Taunton Dormer, Capt. C. W. C. - | Rousham, Oxford ss "i Drummond, Col. F. D. W., | C:B-h.E- 4 . | Cawdor Estate Office, Carmarthen Drummond, H. W. F . | Board Room, L. & S.W.R., Water- loo Station, London Duchesne, M. C. ‘ . | Farnham Common, Slough, Bucks. *Ducie, Earl of. g . | Tortworth Court, Falfield, R.S.O., Glos. e Duncan, R. . ¢ . | Rhoose, near Barry . " Dunlop, I. M. . Avonhurst, Sneyd Park, Bristol . *Dyke, Rt. Hon. Sir Ww. Hart, Bart. . . Lullington Castle, Eynsford Eagle Range and Gas Stove Company (Ltd.) . . | Catherine St., Aston, Birmingham Eastwood, A. C. - . | Leigh Court, Taunton *+Eastwood, J. E. . . ) Gosden House, Bramley, Guildford Economic Fencing Company (Lid.) . ; : . | Billiter House, Billiter Street, London, E.C.3 pa Eden, R. H. H. 3 . | Sherborne, Dorset ftEdgeumbe, Sir Robert Pearce ‘. : soe, = 5 " ‘ 4 +Edmondson, A. ‘ . | Woodclose, Silverdale, Lancashire Edwards, A. P. y . | Gog’s House, Wedmore, Somerset Edwards, C. L. Fry . . | The Court, Axbridge, Somerset . Edwards, R. G. ‘ . | Burrington Vicarage, Bristol ° Edwards, W. H. G. . . | Butcombe Court, Wrington - Eldridge, Pope & Co. . | Dorchester . . Elliott, T. M. . ' . | Biddestone, Chippenham Elton, B. A. . : Clevedon Court, Somerset . *Elton, Sir E., Bart. Clevedon Court, Clevedon . Elwes, Col. Colesbourne, Cheltenham Churchmead, ae Fairford, Glos. . — t Beckington, Bath ° Auctioneers, Dorchester Victoria Mills, Sunderland Elwes, Major H. C. Enderby, Miss E. M. Ensor, T. & Sons Errington, R. Esdaile, C. E. T. é Cothelstone House, Taunton ‘ Evans, H. M. Glynn. Plasissa, Llangennech, Carmar- thenshire 3 ° Crickleaze dine, Chard : Berkeley Villa, St. James’s Gardéh, Swansea > Pe e . Evans, E. W. . . : Evans, Thomas , PY e . . . . . . . . . SS Se a (26) Sub- scriptions, iF a i: 1 0 0 Brey 190" "O 7. 0 : | a ia go Nad | i UJ 29D LZOreO 1 0 06 2 2. 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 110 1 0 0 LALO £9093\'0 100 =o 0 ee a a 202 > Reh. Oo 1 0 0 Lagi) 1.°0° © 164@°L) 1 0 © 100 eo. ae TEAS Subscriptions. Ixv : Name. | Residence. atetaoe : ii yee | / |£ 8. d. fEvan-Thomas, Commander | A. G : | Caerwnon, Builth Wells, R.S.O. tEve, Mr. Justice ' Royal Courts of Justice, London, [ Wass... é : 4 Evelyn, Mrs. . : . Wotton House, near Dorking te) On @ ae, 5. W. ‘ . | Ashley Wood, mgr eae Wilts. : - Dei-t'0 *+Falmouth, Viscount Tregothnan, Truro Fane, Captain H. N. . | Boyton Manor, Codford, Wilts tie © oO Faringdon, Lord _ Buscot Park, Faringdon . mpae og {Farmer, S. W. ; | Little Bedwyn, Wilts : “ Farwell, Major E. W. | Queen’s Parade, Bath . me Fastnut (Ltd.) . : . | 115,Newgate Street, London, E.C.1 1 1 9% Faudel-Phillips, H. : ) Mapleton Stud, Edenbridge, Kent | 1 0 0 Feaver, A. : | Coal, Cake and Corn Merchant, | ' Evercreech . on ks oe Fenton, A. D. . , . | Maristow, Roborough, S. Devon .|010 0 Ferrand, G. F.. . | Morland Hall, Alton, Hants hk Finlay, Col. Alexanier - | Little Brickhill, Bletchley, Bucks. 1 0 0 Finn, . & G. W... Westwood Court, Faversham, Kent 1 0 0 *Fitzgerald, Sir M., Bart., (Knight of Kerry) . . | Buckland, Faringdon, Berks ie Fleming, J. Willis. . | Stoneham Park, Eastleigh, Hants. 1 ‘oO tFletcher, Lionel J. W. . | West Farleigh, Maidstone . +. Tagg Flower, James . ‘ . | Chilmark, Salisbury . Pe e< *+Folkestone, Viscount . Longford Castle, Salisbury / *7Forester, Capt. F. W. . | Saxilbye Park, Melton Mowbray . i Forrest, Col. W. y . | St. Fagan’s, Cardiff : '1 0 0 Forster, J. C. . | Clatford Mills, Andover | Y 6 6 tFo caer ag 2 c . | Boconnoc, Lostwithiel, Cornwall . ' Foster-Harter, G. L. . Salperton Park, Compton Abdale, | RB.S.O., Glos. ey Four Oaks Spraying Machine Four Oaks Works, Sutton Cold- Co, (Ltd.) . | field , . hh. OO Meeie Ade Io Perrelin | Porter's Lane, Southampton 1 00 Fowler, J. & Co. (Ltd.) . Leeds : ‘ fn ee Fox, Brothers & Co. . | Wellington, Somerset. : aro SS po A ‘ . | Rumwell Hall, Taunton cia & 2 Fox, Mrs. A. . | Brislington House, near Bristol . 1 0 0 tFox, Robert - - | Grove Hill, Falmouth 3 Fox, R. A. - . | Yate House, Yate, Glos. . oe tpg Foxcroft, C. T., M.P. . Hinton Charterhouse, Bath 1. }. @ Freeman, T. & "Sons . Monkton Combe Mills, Bath ae Bh. *Fremlin, W. T . | Milgate Park, Maidstone }2 0 0 Fry, A. M. - . | 8, Zion Hill, Clifton, Bristol oe *Fry, J. é & Son (Ltd.) . _ Union Street, Bristol . > - | ?;2' © Neston Park, Corsham of ah . Pargiter . (4 e Ixvi Subscriptions, Name. *Fuller, Major R. F. . y Fuller, S. & A. : : Fursdon, E. §S. . Fyson, G. E. AYERS & Co. ( Ltd.) é Galloway, J. Gane, R. J. ; ° i“ Gardiner, Sons & Co. fF . Garne, W. : 2 a Garne, W. T. . tah *Garrett, Lt.-Col. T. A. T. . | Garrett, W. , ; oa Garton, Jas. Gazzard, M. ‘ *+George, William E., 7 rE; Gibbins, T. +Gibbons, H. . < Gibbons, P. F., J.P. Gibbs, Major A. H. . *+Gibbs, G. A., M.P. 7Gibbs, H. M. . Gibson, J. T. Gifford, G. Gillingham, J. & Son +Gladstone, J. Glanely, Lord Glover, J. . : : Glyn, Sir R. F., Bart. Godfrey, J.B. . +Godman, C. B. Godman, J. tGoldney, Sir Prior, Bart., C.B. : : Gomer, W. Goodden, J. R. RP. . Goodman, A. & Sons *Gordon, Major R.G.S., M.C. Gordon, G. H. ‘ Goring, C. (37) Residence, Sethe. 8. d, Great Chalfield, Melksham . i. oO Bath a 00 Hevers, Mont le Grand: Heavitiee: Exeter ‘ - i, 0 Bath < : ; ae a. oO Sharcombe Park, Dinder, Wells, | Somerset : eye. 2 0 Higher Rocke Farm, Butleigh, Glastonbury ra? o'0) Nelson Street, Bristol _ : Sh iy) hd See Aldsworth, Northleach 1. eee Aldsworth, Northleach ; ae a 8 Bishop’s Court, Exeter ‘ 2 2 0 Backwell Hill House, West ‘Town, R.8.0., Somerset 0 0 Clarendon Park, Salisbury . in 9.0 | Sanager Farm, Sharpness, Berkeley! 1 0 0 - Downside, Stoke Bishop, Bristol | fe Glynfelin, Neath : a ee A het Church Farm, Clutton, Bristol | ,u Keynsham ia ek @ Pytte, Clyst St. George, Exeter /1 0 0 Tyntesfield, Bristol / ve . | Barrow Court, Flax Bourton! Bristol . MY. aR Warren House, Wrington pray th Lyde Green, Pucklechurch, Bristol . | 1 1 0 Prospect House, Chard : | 17°90 Bowden Park, Chippenham > ae The Court, St. Fagan’s, Glam. BOO | Cornwood,8. Devon . 100 ' The Cross House, Fontnell Magna, | Shaftesbury. i. ie a . | Downside Farm, Shepton Mallet oe? 'O' +0 . | Woldrington, Horsham : | The Raswells, mamas God. | alming . or Derriads, Chippenham Killerton Estate Office, Broad: | clyst, Exeter ° i 0 0 Compton House, Sherborne | Ped Be ak SE 3, Hammett Street, Taunton, and Broad St. House, London, E.C. | 1 0 0 Langton House, Blandford . ore One The Barn House, Sherborne ot a OD Wiston Park, Steyning . oN ree (33) Subscriptions. Ixvil Name. Residence. ecireteaiad . ara race ; ge Hugh . | Kingston-by-Sea, Brighton . ° or Grace, A. .- «| 89, Welsh Back, Bristol ol +B Grant-Ives, C. E. . | Bradden House, Towcester, __ Northamptonshire ‘ os ae Grants Ws seer : - | Pentonville, Newport, Mon. Jt Lin ie Gray. R. . : . | The Estate Office, Sherborne 1 00 Greaves, R. M. . | Wern, Portmadoc, North Wales BG tGreenall, Mrs. C. E. - | The Manor, Carlton Seroop, Grantham . ss : ; +Greenall, Sir G., Bart. Walton Hall, Warrington - ‘ a Greenway, W. . | Halse, Taunton 1 0 0 Greenwell, Sir W., Bart. . | Marden Park, Woldingham, Surrey 100 Greenwood, J. C. - - | Claverton Down, Bath 10 0 Gregory, W. . : - | Wellington, Somerset i’ 0 0 +Guest, Miss. . | Inwood, Templecombe +Guest, Lady Theodora | Inwood, Templecombe : 4 ar Guille, H. C.: de Stevens St. George, Castel, Guernsey birO'8 Guise, Sir W. F., Bart. Elmore Court, Gloucester L011 Gunther, C. E. | Tongswood, Hawkhurst, Kent 100 Habgood, G: - | Harley Lodge, Wimborne . Sif dong lh Hall, A. C. The Manor, Great oar | Chipping Norton . 1 0 0 *Hambleden, Viscount Greenlands, Henley-on-Thames .|5 0 0 *Hambro, Sir E. A., K.C.V.O. | Hayes Place, Kent : 20 0 Hancock, Rev. Preb. F. The Priory, Dunster, Somerset 10 0 Hancock, H. C. . | The Court, Milverton, Taunton .|1 0 0 a: R. D. . | Halse, Taunton : I 0 0 “ . | Aston Magna, Moreton-in- Marsh . te co @ Harbottle, E. . |Topsham. 1 0 0 Harris, C. & T. & Co. (Led. ) | Bacon Curers, Calne, Wi Its 1 0 0 Harris, H - | Singleton Park Farm, Sketty, S. 0. < - | Glam. . Ee 6 Harris, J. M. . . | Chilvester Lodge, Callie, Wilts 100 Harrison, D. . . | The Grove, Tenby F .gusd Harrison, MoGregor & Co. . | Leigh, Lancashire. 100 Hart, we me. - |Home Farm, Biddestone, “Chip- | penham cpa & 8 Hartley, Major H. B. . | Tytherington, Heytesbury, Wilts. |1 0 0 Haward, T. W.. : _Margam, Port Talbot, South | Wales . wie a’ 2 Hawkins, A. W. Bailey | Stagenhoe Park, Welwyn, Herts .| 1 0 0 THaydon, Lt.-Col. W. H. | Maidford, Malmesbury, Wilts Pe: Hayes, F. J... West Pennard, Glastonbury 1 0 0 Heathcoat-Amory, Sir I. M. me] ‘Bart. . 3 ° . | Hensleigh. Tiverton, Devon il 0 0 Subscriptions. ae Name. Residence. Heneage, Capt. R.N. Henry, Lt.-Col. F. . Heppel, FE. M. . 2 Hesse, F. W. . tHewitt, G. Southby. Hicks-Beach, Lady Susan . Higgins, B. tH, B. Ho. Hill, H. Hill, Major V. T. fHinckes, Captain R. T. Hippisley & Sons Hippisley, R. J. B. Hiscock, Victor tHoare, Sir H. H. A., Bart. , *Hobhouse, Rt. Hon. H. +Hoddinott, S. Holford, Mrs. Gwynne Holt Needham, O. N. jHope, W. H. B. +Horner, Sir J. F. Tiomicdent Horton-Starkie, Rev. Preb. Le G. G. : Hosegood, A. W. Hosegood, Obed., jun. Hoskins, R. J. - Hoskyns, H. W. P. . Houldsworth, A. F. . +Hughes, A, E. Humphries, Sidney 7Hurle, J. C. Hurle, Major J. A. C hake 4 Hurst & Son yHylton, Lord . Ibbotson, R. *Iichester, Earl of Imperial Live Stock Insur- ance Co, (36) Pare le Breos, Penmaen, Glam. . Elmstree, Tetbury Camerton, near Bath . Weston Hill Weston Park, Bath Day, Son & Hewitt, 22, Dorset Street, London, W.1. - : Coln 8. Eldwyn, Fairford, Glos. . Millhouse Farm, Evercreech Uphill, Weston-super-Mare Paulton, near Bristol F Woodspring Priory, near Weston- super-Mare . , B ° Mansel Court, Mansel Lacey, Hereford 5 - : : Wells, Somerset F Ston Easton Park, Bath France Farm, Blandford Stourhead, Zeals, S.0., Wilts Hadspen House, Castle Cary Woodford, Wells, Somerset : Buckland, Bwlch, Breconshire Barton Court, Colwail, nr. Malvern Boode, Braunton, Barnstaple Mells Park, Frome Wellow Vicarage, Bath Williton, Taunton . . Dillington, Ilminster . Beaumont, Cannard Grove, Shep- ton Mallet “ North Perrott Manor, ’ Ceusslaprede Somerset Widcombe, Kingsbridge, Devon 5 The Laurels, Bargates, Leominster Eastfield Lodge, Westbury-on- Trym, Bristol : 5 ‘ Brislington Hill, Bristol Yarlington House, Wincanton 152, Houndsditch, London, E.l. - Charlton, near Radstock The Hawthorns, Knowle, rw shire > 7 Melbury, Dorchester : 17, Pall Mall, East, London, S.W.. onrr Sub- scriptions. S= sd: L-® © 3086 bf.d, Q 120. © Tee ar 010 @ 110 berks @ 1a @ 1a ¢ wy Bee 20 0 100 10 0 a 2 0 o 10 0 100 ko 1 Q 110 100 kb. O«@ I 0 0 2 O 1 QO Subscriptions. )xix | | e-reeie Name. Residence. | scriptions. 2, a7 £3. d International Harvester Co. | 80, oe Pavement, London, (Ltd.) pow: fatp.« Ee. Ireland, A. C. . F ‘ual ane Hill, near Bristol Ho BAO iin’: He. OF .. Ps a Southerndown, Bridgend, Glam. .|1 0 0 *Tslington, Lord 2.3.70 Iwerne Minster, Blandford, Dorset | 2 0 0 Hartham Park, Corsham . ! | *Ismay, J. H. . - | Jackman, Percy Pulteney Hotel, Bath. i aa ele = © Jackson, Sir ey ea Bart. . Llantillio Court, Abergavenny . | Ly Ore O James, Mark . Home Farm, Ston Easton, Bath. |i 0 0 Jardine, Sir E., Bart, The Park, Nottingham : 1 ta) O Jarmain, T. M. Haseley Iron Works, Tetsw orth . (A i Jenkins, D. Flemingstone Court, Cowbridge, Glam. . L070 Jenkins, E. - c/o F. Capern, Lewin’ s “Mead, Bristol . ty OO Jenkins, T. E. Kilvrough Héme Farm, Park Mill, S.0., Glamorgan . Ae a St. Winitneds, Combe Dowa, Bath iy (8.2 0 Middleton Park, Bicester, Oxon .|2 0 O Herriard Park, Basingstoke Jenkins, Captain Vaughan . *Jersey, Earl of ‘ : tJervoise, Mrs. B. A. L. — Feats o Jervoise, F. H. T. . | Herriard Park, Bsaingstoke ard Jeyes’ Sanitary Compounds a | Cannon Street, London, E.C.4. Li 70 John, E. . Cowbridge, Glamorgan 100 Johnstone, F. E. Burghclere, Newbury. ‘ Lj ie0 Jones, T. 8S. . a . | Frondez, Radyr, Cardiff lh. G&-0 Jones & Son . : . | Tolbury Mills, Bruton i ek | | Keeling, G. . | North Hill Farm, Dunkerton, | | Bath dhdnne 10 Kekewich, T. H., J.P. Peamore, Exeter hve 7:0 Kell & Go. - « ‘ Gloucester OF: Kelly, Col. A. L. Cadbury Hotse, Wirwanton; Somerset | 1 0 0 Kelway, W. Huish Episcopi, Langport . 1 0 Kemp, L. J. . : Maer, Exmouth , . | pi Kennaway, Sir J., Bart. Escot, Ottery St. Mary 10 0 *Keyser, C. E. Aldermaston Court, Reading 2 00 Kidston, G. . ‘ Hazlebury, Box, Wilts 1 0 0 Killen, J. J.m. 4 Rood Farm, Butleigh, Glastonbury 1 0 0 King & Sons, R. ‘ Milsom Street, Bath © 1 10 (33) Ixx Subscriptions. | Name. | Residence. etrcen. £8. d. Knight-Bruce, R. The Sanctuary, Biss Crediton 5 HO 0 Knight, 8. J. . E 7 Walnut Farm, East Dundty, near Bristol : ae Lae: tO Knollys, C. R. . | Weekley, Kettering .. ‘ ‘ bn Knox, E. F : . | Kilmersdon, Bath .. 3 lm’ oO Kruse, W. ‘ : Perran Bay House, Perrenporth, Cornwall E ; 5 mit | | tLake, C. . é . | Oakley, Higham, Kent é . a. *Lansdowne, Marquis of . | Bowood, Calne aes BreOt. 0 Larkworthy, E. W. . . | Messrs. J. L. Larkworthy & Cue es Worcester is : iragiod tLatham, T. . | Dorchester, Oxon : ir: Lawes, Algernon (Ltd.) . | 203, Hornsey Road, London, N. 7 it 0 Lear, H. H. . | Farms Office, Easten Park, Wickham Market, Suffolk L730. © Lee, Major-Gen. H. H. . | The Mount, Dinas Powis, Cardiff. | 1 0 0 Leeder, E. H. . J . | Mount Pleasant House, Swansea. | 1 O O Lethbridge, Charles . . | Carlton Club, London, 8.W. 2 hse®t. O Leverton, W. A. 5 . | Columb John Farm, Stoke Canon, Exeter . iret O Leverton, W. . } . | Woolleigh Barton, Boafoid, North Devon . pt OFTOL-.0 Lewis, Col. H. Green Meadow, near Cardiff, Pa 1O Lewis, Wm. & Son (Ltd.) Herald Office, Bath 100 Ley, John Henry . . | Trehill, Exeter de tLeyland, C. J. 3 . | Haggerston Castle, Beal, | North- umberland . Lickiss, A. L., Managing Director, . | Waterloo Mills Cake and Ware- housing Company, Hull. a Liddell, Capt. C. O. . . | Shire Newton Hall, Chepstow .j| 1 1 0 Liddon, E., M.D... . | Silver Street House, Taunton ./|1 0 O Lipscomb, Godfrey . . | Margam Park, Port Talbot . a1) ae oe: 0 Lister, R. A. & Co. tha . | Dursley, Glos. . : sah 0 fLister, J. J. . . | Warninglid Grange, Haywards Heath . Llewellyn, Lient.-Col. A. . | Writtenhall, Bewdley, Worcester- shire . . 4 lO! O Llewellyn, Capt. Llewellyn mt. 3 : \ . | Hackwood, Basingstoke . Pana O *Llewelyn, Sir J. T. D., Bart. | Penllergaer, Swansea . ; . ee" 0 Lloyd, J. GC. . Dinas, Brecon. +. °-. -;1 0 0 *+Long, Rt. Hon. Walter H., : 1 Sa ‘< f . | Rood Ashton, Trowbridge . ‘ es (81) =r Name. -Long, Col. William Long, W. F... " Longrigs, G. E. Lopes, Sir H. Y. Buller, Bart. | Maristow, Roborough, Devon . | Rosamondford, Aylesbeare, near Loram, A. T. Lubbock, Major G. *Luff, J. Purnell 4 tLutley, J. H. : Luttrell, Capt. A. F. Luttrell, Claude M. F. MacGregor, Brigadier-General Maadonald. H. i. Ss ; Major, H. J. and C. (Ltd.) +Mansell, A. E. e Marcus, M. ‘ Marfell, R. H. Marshall, H. C., C.C., Marshall, L. H. Marshall, Sons & Co. (Ltd.), Martin, E. G. ieee Martin, J. Martin, L. J. "(Absoniated Manufacturers’ Assn.) Martin and Carnes. Martin W. Martyn, G. Mason, F. F.. ; F Massey-Harris .Co, (Ltd.), (C. W. Dawkins, General Manager) é : Masters, A. x i ‘ Mathews, Ernest . é Matthews, H. . Maule, Major-Gen. H. B. (31) Subscryptions. | Residence. | Ixxt LT Woodlands, Congresbury, Somerset Broadway House, Chileompton, Near Bath . Z : ? Weston Lea, Bath Exeter Greenhill, Waraannten Wilts The Towers, Evercreech, Bath Brockhampton, Worcester . Court House, East Quantoxhead, Bridgwater : | Benmead, Box, Wilts Claverton Rectory, Bath . Avondale, Bathford, Bath . Bridgwater : Mount Vernon, Melton Mowbray, Tasmania High Trees, Redhill, Surrey Great House Farm, Llangeview, Usk Wrington, Somerset Chippenham. Britannia Iron W orks, borouch Ham Court, Upton-on- 1-Seve ern Thorverton, R.S.0., Devon Gains- 72-80, Mansell Street, London, E.1 . : Taunton . Colleton, near Chulmleigh . Tremeddan, Liskeard, Cotawall Swansea Aldg ite, 54 & 55, Bunhill Row, B.Ccktis, Kyneton, Thornbury, ‘Glos. Little Shardeloes, a Bucks : x interbourne, Bristol: 2, Penn Lea Road, Newbr idee Hill, Bath London, Sub- penne £ia-) Sh SRT ETc MEX MOTOR SPIRIT THE BRAND YOU NEED FOR MILES AND SPEED. EMPIRE VAPORISING OIL FOR TRACTORS Snowflake, Bearcreek and Empire, © finest LAMP OILs ANGLO-MEXICAN PETROLEUM Co., Ltd., l6.e@FINSBURY CIRCUS, LONDON, E.C.2 purus Pures REST HU ea ESTES SLU Tt Gr CFTC TCI TSR eT eA TeR Ter Te en ey Ter Es EATER TER et Ten MER eH en TEA Te et eA Tete A et Ten Tey Te (ue i ie bile chile ah a im ri Sana Sra Sr Sr Sa Sr SS Sha SS SS SS SSS Sh SS Se SSS SS SASASASAAS JOHN UNITE, Ld., 291-293, Edgware Road, LONDON, W.2. Factories—PADDINGTON GREEN. Telegrams: ‘‘UNITENT, EDGWARD, LONDON.” Telephone: PADDINGTON 5933 (2 Lines). Manufacturers of RICK CLOTHS, TARPAULINS, HORSE CLOTHING. FLAGS, TENTS, MARQUEES. OILSKIN CLOTHING and GARAGE ACCESSORIES. DING ECONOMY! S Bath and W est and So = Counties Society pas ae Journal I v.14 > a Biological sy eee & Medical ; } R Serials fr. y AEB 2 MAN( a 3 : PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE * ec CARDS OR SLIPS FROM THIS POCKET a J SWE] eee ss a UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO LIBRARY *~ es. q - ) eed