a ee nee Sie he i lrg ON De se he 2 EW Lae oe Dt EA I i a te he So eng a Se get ne Me ee yal ae eBay n esr fe yay od ——— a *eprursy ‘OLIv}UO ‘UOCUAIA “IA ‘SUOG 77 JaWIULY “OD “Aq PIuUdo puLv pag “Youve spunod 61 ‘Fert ‘gZt Surghr20 “pjo syzuout U2A2}2 ‘squivyy uivy auysdouys =. =a aot Seer BY DR. WILLIAM A. RUSHWORTH, LATE SHEEP INSPECTOR, LARIMER CO., COLORADO, INSPECTOR BUREAU OF ANIMAL INDUSTRY, DEPARTMENT OF AGRICLUTURE, ETc., Etc. A historic and statistical description of Sheep and their pro- ducts. The fattening of Sheep. Their diseases, with brescriptions for scientific treatment. The respective breeds of Sheep and their fine points. Govern- nent inspection, etc., with other valuable enformation. INCLUDING NUMEROUS ILLUSTRATIONS; ALSO AN APPENDIX CONTAINING SHEEP BREEDERS’ .DIRECTORY. THE BUFFALO REVIEW CO., PUBLISHERS, 1899. 7 EVVYVYUOPIEBS NECEIV ED), is « $96 51097 Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1899, by WM. A. RUSHWORTH, In the office of the Librarian of Congress, at Washington. Preface. The present work was undertaken by the author from the belief that at this time a short and concise treatise on the sheep in general, and more particularly the diseases of the sheep, would prove acceptable to the veterinary student, and perhaps assist the sheep-owner in combatting some of the conditions affecting his stock, especially if the same was written in plain language with the least possible use of technical terms. In the parts of the work dealing with the anatomical structure and digestive arrange- ment endeavor has been made to merely make mention of and explain those parts, and their uses, which are most often involved in the diseases of the system. The author desires to express his sincere thanks to many of the secretaries of the different sheep societies of America, who furnished him data concerning their respective breeds, and to whom he is indebted for many valuable electrotypes of prize- winning animals. Tn the part of the work relating to disease, the classification follows the parts involved. All specific diseases have been rele- gated to one chapter, and those due to parasitic invasion are also treated separately. The ‘laws and regulations governing the importation, ex- portation and inter-state shipments of live stock, sheep more especially, are given in full in a chapter devoted to that purpose; as with the exception of the Inspectors of the Department of Agriculture and those specially engaged in enforcing the laws, a) an INV PREFACE. few persons are familiar with the process, or really appreciate the use and benefits which they derive from such legislation. The author, in compiling this short treatise, has obtained much information from many noted authorities, credit to whom is given in the pages of this work; especially is he under great obligations to Dr. A. S. Alexander, Professor of Hygiene and Breeding at the Chicago Veterinary College, for much valuable information, and whose able assistance and ability used in editing this work has made it possible for it now to be presented to the general reader. THE AUTHOR. i Chapters. CHAPTER I—Sheep. Their Origin and Early History. CHAPTER I]—The Prominent Breeds of Sheep. A- ~Long-@looled Breeds. 1. The Leicester and Border Leicester. 2. The Cotswold. 3. The Lincoln. i 4. The Rommey Marsh, or Kentish Long-wooled. B—The Middle-looled Breeds. . The Southdown. 2. The Shropshires. ti 3. The Hampshire Down. 4. The Oxfordshire Down. 5. The Dorset Horned. 6. The Suffolk Down. C—Short-Mlooled Breeds. 1. The Spanish Merino, 2. Rambouillet. 3. Delaine Merino. D—Mountain Breeds. 1. The Cheviot. 2. The Herdwick. CHAPTER IJI—The Wool Industry. CHAPTER IV—Feeding and Fattening. CHAPTER V—tThe Anatomical Structure. VI. CHAPTERS. CHAPTER VI—tThe Digestive System. CHAPTER VII—(a) Rumination, how performed. (b) The Intestinal Organs. (c) The Genito-Urinary System. CHAPTER VIII—Mating and Selection. CHAPTER IX—A Study of Disease in general. CHAPTER X—Diseases of the Brain and Nervous System. CHAPTER XI—Diseases of the Respiratory Organs. CHAPTER X]I]—Diseases of the Digestive Organs. CHAPTER XI1I—Diseases of the Urinary System. CHAPTER XTV—Parasitic Diseases; due to Internal Parasites. CHAPTER XV—Parasitie Diseases of the Skin. CHAPTER XVI—Specifie Diseases. CHAPTER XVTI—Operative Surgery and Diseases of the Eve. CHAPTER XVIIT—Loeal Non-Contagious Diseases. CHAPTER XIX—Parturition and Diseases incidental thereto. CHAPTER XX—Medical Treatment in General, agents used, their therapeutic actions and doses. CHAPTER XXI—Inspection of Sheep—Federal and State. Synopsis of Chapters. CHAPTER J—SHEEP. Their origin and early history. The White Sheep of Asia. Rocky Mountain Sheep. The Mus- mon of Africa. First domestication very remote and uncertain. Sheep of the Bible. Sheep the forerunners of and aid to the civilization of man. Adaption to climatic conditions. Sheep husbandry a most honorable calling among the ancients. The Sheep of Greece, Italy and Spain. Spanish Wool. First weay- ers of wool. Origin of English breeds of Sheep, very early. Their advent in America. The Llama. Importations to United States. Growing demand. Now is the time to embark in Sheep raising. CHAPTER -II—THE PROMINENT BREEDS OF SHEEP. Long-wooled breeds. The Leicester and Border Lei- cester. The Cotswold. The Lincoln. The Rommey Marsh, or Kentish Long-wooled. The middle-wooled breeds. The South- down. The Shropshires. The Hampshire Down. The Oxford- shire Down. The Dorset Horned. The Suffolk Down. Shert- wooled breeds. The Spanish Merino. Rambouillet. Delaine Merino. Mountain breeds. The Cheviot. The Herdwick. CHAPTER TI—THE WOOL INDUSTRY. Cloth manufacture dates back to earliest Bible history. Romans first established factories in England. pinning universal under the Saxon Monarchy. History of ancient woolen factories. The Spinster. Wars of the Crusades. Wool and national wealth takes the place of money. The fine goods of Holland. Spain NM WIit. YNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. taxes the woolen industry out of the country, and it goes to Eng- land, and among her greatest industries. Nature of wool fila- ments. Seereting glands, the yolk, felting of wool. Discovery of the character of wool filaments. Processes of manufacture. Cloth. Worsteds. Carpet wools. Points to consider in selee- tion of wool. Strength, fineness, curl, thickness, closure, bad qualities of. Constitutional and hereditary defects in sheep. Stripy wool, toppiness, felty wool, cloudy wool, broad-topped, break in wool. Exportation statistics and tables. CHAPTER IVY—FOOD. OF THE SHEEP. Weeding large proportions of the business. Export trade. Crossing of mutton breeds. Methods of feeding. Desirability of large and small sheep for mutton. Western customs. Colorado and New Mexico. Alfalfa. Corn. - Oats. Changing feed. Rock salt. Hot and cold weather. Regularity in feeding. Cost of. Ship- ments east. Feeding in general—amount. How to keep sheep healthy. How to produce fat. Waste of tissues. Other ani- mals. Canivora versus herbivora, carbon, ete. Proportions of flesh and blood. Analysis of mutton fat. Failure of some foods in producing. Importance of protein, casein, albumen. Tables. showing quantities for proper feeding. The Wolff standard. Correct rations. Clean troughs. Proportions of food to fat pro- duced. Oil meal, corn, turnips, ete. Oxen and sheep as sheep mature. Offal diminished. Intestines of sheep. Feeding for home and foreign markets. ‘The best feeders to buy. CHAPTER V—ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE. © Tech- nical terms and their avoidance. NResemblance between the sheep and ox. Cells. Tissues. Solids. Fluids. Epithelial cells. Muscular tissue. Nerve tissue. Bone tissues. Bones, how jointed. Tendons. The brain and spinal cord. Glandular structure. Stomach. Heart. Veins. Circulation of the blood. Lacteals. Chyle. Intestines. Description of the bony structure. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. IX. Physiological conditions. Inorganic salts. Long, hollow and flat bones. Spine. Ossification. The skull. The cranial cavity. Ilorned sheep. The parietal bones. Frontal, cerebrum, occipital and temporal bones. CHAPTER VI—THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. How sheep feed. Conformation of the mouth, lips, teeth, jaws, fibrous pad, tooth growth and development, incisors, molar teeth, gums, cheeks, salivary glands and ducts. Great quantity of saliva produced. Swallowing food. Rumination. Complica- tion of the digestive organs. Their nervous energy. The eoso- phagus. Procession of the food. The first, second, third and fourth stomachs. How the weight of food is supported in the abdominal cavity. Compartments. Honeycomb formation. Mueus secretion and liquids of the stomach. The object of papillae, in third stomach. Why some sheep scour habitually. Only one opening to the omasum. The true stomach, where the gastric juice is secreted. Nature of gastric juice; its specific gravity. Shape of the fourth stomach; the difference between the mucous lining of it and other stomachs. The pylorus, how constructed. CHAPTER VII—(a) RUMINATION, how performed. Food deposited in rumen. When rumination commences, sheep generally lies down. Change of position of food in rumen. Liquid portion of food passes to reticulum. How food is returned from the stomach to the mouth. The oesophagus has a double duty to perform. Dry condition of third stomach. The stomach proper. Stom- ach employed by lambs when existing solely off the ewe’s milk. Development of first, second and third stomachs. Food con- verted into chyme. (b) THE INTESTINAL ORGANS. The pyloric open- ing permits passage of chyme from abomasum to intestines. AG SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. How return of chyme from intestines to abomasum is prevented. Classification of intestines, the large and small; difference in ap- pearance. Small intestines arbitrarily divided into three sub- divisions. Glands in the duodenum. Entry of ducts from pancreas and liver. Formation of small intestines. Divisions of large intestines. Shape of caecum, valve at juncture of ileum and caecum. Use of caecum; how important. Various dimen- sions of the colon. The faeces changed into pellets. Manifold functions of the liver; importance of bile secretion. Sugar manufactured in liver gains access to the circulation. External appearance of the liver; its intimate structure. Examination of alobule. The blood from which the bile is elaborated. Rumin- ants have a reservoir for the reception of the bile; anatomical difference as compared with the horse. Functions of the bile. Definition of secretion and excretion. Pancreatic juice; its ac- tivity. Specific action of pancreatic juice on fatty matter. (ec) THE GENITO-URINARY SYSTEM. - Urine sep- arated from blood. Appearance of kidney. Direction of ureter; mode of effecting entrance to bladder. Important part in the animal economy played by the kidneys. Extent of mreous membrane lining renal basin. Minute tubes in structure of kid- neys; their uses. Properties of the urine. Separation of urea. What produces uraemic poisoning. Extent of urethra in the ram. THE GENERATIVE ORGANS. Those of the male. The semen, its uses, and where elaborated. Disposition of peri- toneum in scrotal sac. What constitutes congenital hernia. How the semen is expelled from the vesiculae seminales; where deposited. Wonderful procreative power of rams. How vermi- form appendage is frequently injured. THE GENERATIVE ORGANS OF THE FEMALE; where situated. Their uses. Where the germ ovum is located. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XI. Situation of womb. Termination of uterus; its projection into vaginal cavity. Vaginal cavity lined with mucous membrane. The ovum is vivified. Period of time required before birth of lamb takes place. CHAPTER. VIII—MATING AND - SELECTION. Qualities to be considered. The influence of the male. Na- ture’s laws tend to fix external conformation by the sire. Points sought for by breeders. Signs of good qualities. What consti- tutes a good quality. Points sought after in breeding. Distri- bution of flesh. Judicious cross-breeding. Long-wooled breeds improved by Leicester cross. Cross-breeding experimental. In- and-in breeding. Objectionable in application to the human family. Advantages of in-breeding as applied to animals. Breeding with a view to improvement. Best qualities become concentrated in one family. Inheritance of the good qualities of in-bred ancestors. Stock to be preserved pure. Selection. Weeding undesirable ewes from the flock. Drafted ewes unfit to perpetuate their kind. Selection of rams. Breeding for wool. Breeding for mutton. Breeding for both wool and mut- ton. Faulty conformation of ram, evidence of weakness in chain of ancestry. Particular class desired by the breeder. Making drafts from the flock. Drafts tend to strengthen ap- pearance and value of flock. Undesirable ewes. How bad points may be overcome in breeding. Condition of ewes before being served by the ram. The best shape to conceive. Lamb- ing season materially shortened. CHAPTER IX—A STUDY OF DISEASE IN GEN- ERAL. Definition of health. What is disease? Symptoms of disease. Dry condition of the fleece. Unnatural posi- tions. Diseases of sheep numerous and frequently fatal. Excessive development of digestive organs of the sheep. Sheep unfitted for laborious exercise. Its energy and _ vital- XG ME SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. ity tend to weaken as sheep become better bred. Small proportion of blood in the sheep as compared to other ani- mals. Combustion depends on exertion. Tissue waste. Large amount of vascularity unneeded in the sheep. Specific diseases few as compared to some other classes of animals. Sheep slaughtered before reaching maturity. Examination of sheep. Proper methods of control. Not to be held by the wool. How to catch ewes. Use of the crook. How to lift the sheep. Vari- ous operations. ‘rifling derangements liable to become serious. Diseases affecting digestive organs more numerous than any others. Herding in flocks facilitates spread of infectious diseases. Enzootie diseases. Bleeding; how performed. Effects of purga- tive drenches; how assisted. Bleeding from the jugular vein. Amount of blood to be drawn. How to bleed from the cheek vein. The saphena vein, its location and how operated on. Ligature. Difficulty in bleeding fat sheep. Definition of the pulse. Number of pulse beats per minute. Where to take the pulse in the sheep. Temperature not a reliable sign to go by in the sheep. Effects of shearing on the temperature. The gait of the animal to be taken into consideration in diagnosing diseases. Other signs. Incorrect diet and lack of hygienic surroundings fertile causes of disease. Prevention of disease more profitable than medication. CHAPTER X—DISEASES OF THE BRAIN AND NERVOUS SYSTEM. Nervous system of lower animals not so sensitive as that of the human. Divisions of the nervous sys- tem, phenomena peculiar to themselves. When the brain is in- volved in the disease. In cases of transverse paralysis. Dis ease of the spinal cord. Localized parts only paralized. Injury to corticle portion of the brain. Injuries to deeper portions; what they effect. May be great derangement of function with- out perceptible alteration of structure. Frenzy, encephalitis, or SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XIII, cerebritis its causes. Predisposing influences. Affects lanibs more frequently than grown sheep. The symptoms of cerebritis, violent actions on part of affected subjects. More marked in lambs than old sheep. Treatment for Cerebritis. The post- mortem appearances. Apoplexy, frequently caused from ple- thora; more cases among sheep than cattle; why? Symp- toms. Affected animals generally die before aid can be ex- tended them. This condition is easier to prevent than to treat. Epilepsy, its causes, reflex irritation due to parasites; its symptoms and treatment. Hydrocephalus, the nature of. Rare disease among adult sheep. Treatment always unsatisfactory. Louping-ill, Tremblings, Mad-siaggers, ete. A remarkable dis- ease, its pathology and supposed causes. Great loss caused from louping-ill. Symptoms and treatment. Simple Paralysis, Palsy, occurs in ewes after difficult parturition. Occurs in other sheep also. Its causes. Symptoms and treatment. Paralysis in newly- born lambs. Simple treatment therefor. GHAPTER XI-—DISEASES OF THE RESPIRA- TORY ORGANS. Less frequent and numerous than those of digestive system. Pleurisy a common affection of sheep. Sheep early shorn liable to pleurisy. Nasal catarrh frequently affects sheep. Exists in three forms. Symptoms of nasal eatarrh. Its treatment. Weakness subsequent to attacks of eatarrh hard to overcome. Its prevention. Sore-throat, also ealled laryngitis. Symptom3. Treatment. Operation of tracheotomy. Bronchitis; adult sheep suffer severely from this affection. The atmosphere as a cause of bronchitis. Symptoms of bronchitis. Methods of detection. Treatment, hygienic surroundings a necessity. Inflammation of the lungs; of com- mon occurrence. Symptoms and treatment. Pleurisy due often to sudden changes in temperature. It frequently follows dipping. Symptoms and treatment of pleurisy. XIV. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. CHAPTER>Xl—DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIV= SYSTEM. Generally arise from errors of diet. Concentrated foods dangerous. Diseases of the digestive system of sheep very numerous. Aphtha, sore-mouth, frequently fatal. Affeets suck- ing lambs. Ewes become inoculated from their young. Cause of disease unknown. Symptoms and treatment. Obstruction of the gullet may occur in the pharynx. Symptoms dependant also on derangement of pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves. Treat- ment, entirely operative. Methods. The trocar, and its uses. Bloat, also called Hoven or Blasting, not a disease; due to fer- mentation of contents of ramen. Symptoms and treatment. Loss of Cud, not a disease, but a condition. Jinpaction of the Om- asum, often due to pasture containing astringent herbs. Impae- tion of the Rumen, a mechanical distention of the organ. Wheat produces this condition. Fatal terminations frequent. Symp- toms, dintingulshed from bloat by examining left flank. Treat- ment, both medicinal and operative. Intestinal obstructions, Wool-balls, Stony Concretions, Caleuli, Rupture, Hernia, Strangulation, Stricture, Volvulus, Intus-suseception. Impaction of the fourth stomach of lambs, due to milk curdling. Colic, a rare affection among sheep. Inflammation of the Bowels. Not common in sheep. Diarrhoea results usually from mismanage- ment. May be asymptom of some other condition. May be due to any of many different causes. Diarrhoea of Lambs, White Skit, virtually due to constipation. The Green Skit, due to ex- posure and dietetic errors. Treatment for diarrhoea in adult sheep, also for white and green skit. Dysentery, frequently fatal; of a typhoid character. Pinding. Flies and maggots at- tack the hind quarters. Remove wool and keep parts clean. Make affected animals comfortable, give good hygienie surround- ings. Constipation, rectal injections beneficial. Imperforate Anus, a surgical operation necessary. Hemorrhoids, Piles, pile ointments. Peritonitis, a rare disease in sheep, may result in old SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. XV. sheep from debility. Diseases of the Liver, size of liver as com- pared with that of other animals. Only two, non-parasitic in origin, considered in this chapter. Hepatitis, Jaundice Icterus. CHAPTER -XUI—DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. Surplus of nitrogen in the system. Urea. Kidneys. Ureters. Bladder. Urethra. Acid urine. Alkaline urine. Litmus paper. Urine tests. Sabulous deposits. Nephritis, never reported as an original lesion. Renal Calcul, generally the causes of urinary diseases in sheep. Urethral Calculus, liable to eause rupture of the bladder. Treatment operative; liable in eases of rams to injure their procreative qualities. CHAPTER XIV—PARASITIC DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. Parasites, living animal organ- isms.. Entozoa. Ectozoa. Parasitic disease of the brain. Sturdy. Gid. Coenurus cerebralis. Hydatid cysts. Disease resembling gid. Operation for gid not always successful. Dogs and their relation to gid. [Parasitic diarrhoea, a serious com- plaint. Taenia expansa. Observers quoted. Description of parasite causing the disease. Parasitic gastric catarrh. Occurs as an epizootic. Nodular disease; first recognized in Washing- ton, D. C., by Dr. D. E. Salmon. Parasitic nasal catarrh, due to oestrus ovis. Surgical treatment for removal of larvae. Parasitic bronchitis. Hoose. Husk. Snots. A _ destructive affection. Strongylus filaria, strongylus refescens. Nature of the disease. Methods of introduction. How they arrive in the bronchial tubes. Treatment, both preventive and curative. The Rot has caused more loss to flock-owners than all other dis- eases. Virulent in Egypt. Distoma hepaticum. Wonderful life cycle of parasite. Duration of the disease. Post-mortem appearances. Description of fluke. Preventive treatment. CHAPTER XV—PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. Scabies causes great losses to the wool-growers. Life xXVae SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. history of scab parasites. Gerlach’s table of scab mite multi- plication. The Common Scab. The Head Scab. Examina- tion of sheep for scab. Methods of infection. New Mexican lambs, their ability to scabies. Dipping. and-dressing for seab. Dipping plant. Lime and sulphur dip. Sheep Tick. Melophagus Ovinus. Lice. Peculiar appearance of the weol of sheep affected with lice. The Fly. Lucellia Marcellaria. Cause of maggot. CHAPTER XVI—SPECIFIC DISEASES. . Germs. Classification of germs. Methods of introduction into animal economy. Germs the cause of all specific diseases. Period of incubation. Braxy. Anthrax Fever. Treatment preventive. Wool-sorters’ disease. Black-leg. Quarter-ill. Quarantine of infected pastures. Foot-and-Mouth Disease. Infectious Aphtha. Eezema Epizootica. Tetanus—lock-jaw. As seen fol- lowing parturition. Use of tetanus anti-toxin. Erysipelas. Actinomycosis—due to a fungus—occurs in the human, cattle, swine, and rarely in the dog. Sheep Pox. Variola.Ovina. Tuberculosis very rare in sheep. Rabies. Hydrophobia. Post- mortem appearances. Symptoms of rabies in the dog. Blood Diseases. Red Water. Sanguineous Ascites. Anaemia. Rheumatism. Pining. Vinquish. CHAPTER XVII—OPERATIVE SURGERY AND DISEASES OF THE EYE. Castration. Methods of operation. Covered operation for scrotal hernia. Trapping. Tying or lashing. Bistournage. Docking. Spaying. Frac- tures. Simple. Compound. Comminuted. Wounds, incised, punctured, lacerated, or torn, contused or bruised. Bruises. Strains. Sprains. Abscess. What constitutes a tumor. Over- growths of tissue. Homologous and heterologous tumors. Meth- ods of growth. Vascularity. Malignant and benign tumors. Causes of tumor formation. Cohnheim’s theory. Parasitic SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. NET origin. Cystic tumors. Treatment of tumors. Goitre. Struma. Real, fibrous, varicose, cystic bronchocele. Treatment of goitre. Diseases of the Eye. Simple Ophthalmia. Simple. Specific Amaurosis. Gutta-serena. Glass-Eye. Fungus hematodes. Opacity of the Cornea. Wounds of the Eye. CHAPTER XVIII—LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. Eczema, different forms of. Erythema. Cellu- litis Prurigo. Impetigo larvalis. Foot-Rot. Paronychia In- terdigitalis. Wet pastures conducive to this condition. Differ- ences between foot-rot and foot-and-mouth disease. Foot baths. Fungoid growths. Inflammation of Inter-Digital Canal. CHAPTER XIX—PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL THERETO. Normal Parturition. Period of Gestation. Womb contractions. Prolonged parturition, causes. Rigidity of os uteri. Obliteration of the os. Torsion of the uterus. Mal-presentations. Monstrosities. Conditions liable to occur incidental to Parturition. Retention of Foetal Mem- branes. Inversion of the Womb. Prolapsus Uteri. Inversion of the Vagina. Inflammation of the Vagina. Vaginitis In- flammation of the Womb. Metritis. Malignant Parturient Fever. Garget. Mammitis or Mastitis. Cracked Teats. Founder. Parturient Laminitis. Asphixia. Bleeding from the Umbilicus. Umbilical Hemorrhage. Inflammation of the Um- bilical Cord. Navel-I]l. Retention of the Meconium. Imper- forate Anus. Cyanosis. Abortion. CHAPTER XX—MEDICAL TREATMENT IN GEN- ERAL, AGENTS USED, THEIR THERAPEUTIC AC- TIONS AND DOSES. Medicinal treatment of sheep. Singly and in flocks. Drugs having a nauseous taste. Violent poisons. Vis medicatrix naturae. Medicinal agents. Definition. Thera- peutic action. Astringents. Alteratives. Anti-spasmodics. XVIII. SYNOPSIS OF CHAPTERS. Anaesthetics. Anthelminties. Ant-Acids. Anodynes. Anti- septies. Cathartics. Carminatives. Cholagogues Diuretics. Diaphoretics. Hypnotics. Vermifuges. Vermicides. Tonics. Doses for sheep and lamb. Fluid measure. Weight measure. Symbols. Drug tables. CHAPTER XXI—INSPECTION OF SHEEP, FED- ERAL AND STATE. Commencement of live-stock inspection in the United States dates back about twenty years. Method of inspection. Condemnation of carcasses unfit for human con- sumption. Sheep imported from other countries. Canada and South American republics excepted. Quarantine regulations. Special regulations concerning Canadian imports of live stock. Official Canadian veterinarian’s certificate required. Sheep for immediate slaughter do not require certificate. Duration of quarantine exacted on importations of live-stoeck from Europe. Sheep scab guarded against. Regulations concerning the ex- portation of sheep abroad, notably to England. Inter-state shipments; regulations concerning the same. Movement of Western range sheep to Eastern feeding grounds; their liability to carry the infection of scab. State Inspection. Western and Middle West States adopt legislation for their own _ protec- tion. Chas. Gresswell, M. R. C. V. 8., opinions on inspection of live-stock in general. Regulations of the State of Colorado concerning the transportation of sheep into or across that State. Other States adopting similar legislation. CHAPTER f. Sheep. Their Origin and History. It is beyond question impossi- ble to know, or even surmise, the actual origin of the domestic sheep. It appears very doubtful whether there exists any con- nection between them and the Argali, or white sheep of Asia, and the Musmon of South Europe and Africa or the Rocky Mountain sheep of North America; even should this connection be believed in, they must have been domesticated in the very remote past, their habits materially changing before any records appear in the most ancient histories we can command. We find on consulting the Bible that sheep are spoken of in its earlier passages, and that Abel chose sheep-herding as his vocation, while Cain tilled the soil, and that the jealousy resulting from Abel’s offering of a firstling of his flock for sacrifice, resulted in the first murder of which there is any record. Before agriculture was practiced to any great extent, when the population of the earth was comparatively small, sheep husbandry was universally followed, their natural disposition and constitution rendering them capable of adaptation to differ- ent climates and conditions, furnishing food and clothing to their possessors, affording a profitable investment to the shep- herd, the most ancient and honorable calling of man. We find sheep preceeding civilization of the different parts of the world. Ancient Greece for many years was the sole possessor of this valuable animal in Europe; its introduction to Italy following the foundation of the Roman Empire; the Roman Conquests extended their use to the conquered territories, Spain especially affording them an abundance of pasture, and to Spain the honor 20 SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY. belongs of developing and improving their condition, so that even in the time of the Romans, Spanish wool was celebrated for its quality, which pre-eminence it retained up to the commence- ment of the present century. In ancient times sheep skins were used for clothing, but as civilization progressed, we find manufactured cloths taking the place of skins. This necessitated the improvement of the fleece by careful breeding and selection. In Ancient Rome fine wools were made a study, the fineness of the fleece was cultivated to an extraordinary extent; the sheep were clothed to insure a delicacy of the wool filaments; the fleece being combed to prevent matting of the wool, the skin being oiled and moistened with wine. Pliny, a Roman writer, states that the best wool was that of Apulia on the Adriatic Sea; the excessive care bestowed on these sheep predisposed to constitutionally weaken them, rendering them liable to disease; and with the fall of the Roman Empire these choice breeds were broken up and lost, and while a few fine-wooled sheep can still be found in Italy, they are badly formed and very inferior to their ancient progenitors. The history of the sheep in England dates back to the ear- liest records. We find that the Romans considered the British wool as an object of luxury in the Capitol of the Empire. Dur- ing the Roman occupation of Britain, a wool factory was estab- lished at Winchester, the fabrics of which became a subject of favorable comment to the historians of Rome, and while the origin of the different English breeds of sheep is altogether shrouded in mystery, we know that certain breeds have occu- pied stated localities as far back as the earliest records, and from these localities we are enabled to trace the different classes of English sheep, aseertaining their sources of improvement, and the evolution of the recognized mutton breeds of the present day. The origin of sheep in North America dates back to the SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY. 2r conquest of Mexico by the Spaniards in the fourteenth century. Previous to their advent in the New World, the nearest ap- proach to the species was the Hama, found in South America, when Pizarro conquered Peru, and so far as is known even this animal was not found north of Central America. After Mexico was parcelled out among the conquerors and colonization was started, the necessity of stocking the grants caused the exporta- tion of large numbers of live stock from Spain to North America, and as the western broncho ean be traced as a lineal descendant of the fiery barb, ridden by the Spanish eavaliers, so can the Mexican sheep be traced back to the silky-fleeeed Merino of Castille. The care of the converts under the supervision of the priests, and the pastoral duties of the different missions which included raising of live stock and agricultural pursuits in general, as much as the welfare of the souls of the converted Indians, was responsible for the rapid increase of the flocks and herds and their extension to other parts of the continent, notably New Mexico and California. While Spain is to be credited with being the source from which the Southern and Western sheep in this country originated, we find also that in the year 1600 sheep were imported by the early settlers of the New England States from England and Holland, and that prior to the War of Independence many importations were made, the housewives in those days being expert with the spinning wheel. Imported cloth fetching a high price, sheep were bred for the wool they produced, the clip being spun and converted into cloth at home for the use of the members of the family. From the commencement of this century up to the present time the im- portations have been many and good, the best breeds of all foreign countries having been freely drawn from, the imports embracing all the recognized breeds from the Spanish Merino even to the Persian sheep, and increasing in number until at the present time the annual importations amount to many thou- Re SHEEP, ORIGIN AND HISTORY. sands for breeding purposes alone. While the importations for breeding purposes have been large, the number of sheep in the United States has decreased rather than increased in the last twenty years, which at first glance appears remarkable when the increasing consumption of mutton as a food is taken into consideration, and it ean only be accounted for by the decrease in the price of wool, which made the handling of large herds of wool sheep unprofitable to the flock owner. We find that in 1879 there were all told in the United States 38,125,000 sheep, and that in 1884 the top of the ladder was reached, there being at that time 50,626,626 in the country. From then the decline in numbers gradually progressed till in 1895 there were all told only 42,294,064 head, and at the present time, 1899, the estimates only call for 39,114,453, a most remarkable decrease since 1884; and when the increase in’ population and increasing popularity of mutton as an article of diet for the home market, as well as the growing demand from abroad is taken into account, that there should be a decrease in numbers since 1879 of nearly half a million head, and from 1884 to 1898 of a decrease of 11,512,173 head, makes the fact become all the more surprising. It would certainly appear reasonable that now is the time to embark in sheep husbandry, the demand for feeders increasing every year. Every year new feeding grounds are springing up in the West till at the present time the breeding and feeding of sheep has risen to be the most profitable branch of stoek-raising in which the farmer can engage. CHAPTER II. Che Prominent Breeds of Sheep. In describing the different breeds of sheep we shall classify them according to their fleece, as long, middle or short-wooled. The long-wooled breeds are white-faced, somewhat coarse in flesh and not so active as the shorter-wooled species. The long- wooled breeds of sheep are English by origin. We find belong- ing to this class the Lincoln, Kent, Cotswold, Leicester; also the Devon long-wooled breeds. The first place on the list undoubt- edly belongs to the Leicester, it being the first breed improved by skilful selection and crossing. Leicesters and Border Leicesters. THE LEICESTER SHEEP appears to have been a native of Leicestershire and adjoining counties. For a considerable period before it came under the genius of Bakewell, to whom be- longs the honor of being the pioneer in the field of improvemeut of all kinds of live stock. This man, who was an English farmer living at Dishley, Loughborough, Leicestershire. He recognized the fact that the properties of parents may be transmitted to their offspring until the type will finally become fixed. He was also endowed with the gift of discernment, in being able to tell by an animal’s exterior and quality whether or not it possessed the properties he desired to perpetuate. About 1755 Bakewell com- menced on the improvement of the Leicester sheep, the result being the for ation o7 an animal somewhat smaller than the original type, ‘fieser and deeper, more symetrical and better adapted for fxitening, combined with an earlier maturity. The old Leicester breed was a coarse, large sheep, with an abundant Leicester Ewe. LEICESTERS AND BORDER LEICESTERS. rw) or fleece, but in the selection of smaller and more compact animals, necessary for the improvement in carcass, unfortunately the fleece diminished in weight proportionately to the decrease in size of carcass. The Leicester sheep as improved by Bakewell may be deseribed as a white-faced, hornless sheep, covered with a fleece about seven inches in length, having a lashy wool, ter- minated with a short twisted curl. The points of the Leicester are: Head, hornless, long, small, tapering towards the muzzle; lips and nostrils black; nose slightly narrow and Roman, giving the face a wedge-shaped appearance; face is covered with thin, white hairs; forehead covered with wool; ears thin, rather long and mobile and directed backward; a black speck on face, and ears not being uncommon; eye large and prominent; neck short, level with the back and broad at its base where it leaves the chest, gradually tapering towards the head, being particularly fine at the articulation of the head and neck, the neck appearing to pro- ject straight from the chest, so that there is almost one continued horizontal line from the rump to the poll. The breast is deep, broad and full; shoulders upright and wide across the tops, giv- ing a great thickness through the heart; well filled up behind the shoulders, making the girth large; ribs are well sprung; loins wide; hips level; quarters long and straight; barrel round; ribbed well home; no irregularity on the line of the back or the belly. The bone is fine, the legs being small, standing wide apart; no looseness of the skin about them, and are comparatively free of wool; the fleece is fine and curly and free from black hairs; firm flesh; springy pelt and pink skin. In general form, the careass is rectangular, with legs set well on, hocks straight, pasterns good and neat feet. All.these various points were only obtained by paying long, continued attention to the individual pecularities, selecting the best to breed from, always bearing in mind that it is far easier to perpetuate a defect than to fix an improvement. The LEICESTER fattens best when about a year or a year 26 LEICESTERS AND BORDER LEICESTERS. and a half old, the carcass then weighing about 80 to 85 pounds. They are an excellent sheep for crossing purposes, reproducing their wonderful careasses even when crossed on very inferior stock. The pure-bred Leicester is liable to lay on fat very thickly, which is to their disadvantage, the demand for fat mutton hay- ing ceased. There are few breeds, however, which have not been improved bv an admixture of the Leicester blood. Notably have the Southdowns, Cotswolds, Lincolns and Hampshire Downs. It may be as well to mention here the breed known as Border Leicester. This is now recognized as an independent breed, rivalling in its value and distribution the original Bake- well Leicester, from which it is descended. The breed originated about 1863, when a Mr. George Cully visited Dishley, forming an intimate friendship with Mr. Bakewell, he obtained Leicester rams, and by crossing them on a long-wooled breed, called the Teeswaters, in time established a flock of Leicesters. The Cully stock is looked upon as the origin of the Border Leicester. Rams from their flock were hired by breeders both English and Seoteh, who often paid as high as $500 for the use of a ram for one season. The difference between the Leicester and Border Leicester is chiefly observed in the head, that of the Border Leicester being white, nose shghtly Roman, full muzzle, wide nostrils, and erect ears. The head is clean and free from wool, while the English Leicester has a tuft of wool on its head, also having wool in the shanks. The head of the English Leicester instead of being clear white, has a bluish white tinge; the careass also is not so long or large as the Border Leicester. Fault has been found with the Leicester ewe on account of its predisposition to get too fat, especially when on good soil. This has been partially overcome by crossing with the Cheviot, which produces a hardier sheep, and not so liable to over-fatten. THE COTSWOLD. vo ~ Che Cotswold Breed. This is a very ancient breed. We find favorable mention is made of the Cotswolds by the very early writers. Speed, writ- ing nearly 250 years ago, says that the wool from this breed rivalled that of Spain. It has been claimed that they even were the origin of the Spanish Merino, it being a historical fact that Edward IV. permitted the exportation of a number of this breed to Spain, where they increased and spread rapidly, but, as before stated in the chapter on the “origin of sheep,” Spanish wool was noted long before this for its fineness of fibre. We also find writ- ers in the time of Queen Elizabeth.speaking about the leng- wooled Cotswold, which would go far to prove that the breed has always been so, and that they were never originally short-wooled. The COTSWOLD is a large, hornless sheep, with a long and abundant fleece. The ewes are good nurses and very prolific. The Cotswold of to-day contains a considerable strain of the Leicester, which has tended to rather diminish the size and shorten the fleece, but they have retained the hardihood of the Cotswold, and are good rustlers and should cross well on the native stock of this country. Description of the Cotswold. Legs and face white, with occasional dashes of brown or gray, showing traces of the original stock. The head is strong and massive, without horns, and having a heavy forelock of wool; the neck and fore-quarters are strong and square; the brisket fairly prominent; the hind quarters are square, full and broad; the ribs well sprung, making a round barrel; the flanks are deep; the legs close but not long; the bone fairly heavy. Their general appearance is attractive, indicating a hardy, vigor- ous animal. They are shaped to fatten easily, making them a prime mutton breed. The fleece is close upon the back, and Cotswold Ram. ri) iJ) THE LINCOLN. long, sometimes being nine inches in length; is well waved and soft. The Cotswold has assisted materially in establishing sey- eral of the present crossbreeds, notably the Oxtord Downs and Shropshires in England, and the Cotswold Merino in Germany. Its availability of adaptation to various climates and conditions and the general useful character of its fleece in woolen manu- facture makes it one of the most valuable breeds we possess at the present time. Che Lincoln Sheep. This is another famous breed of English sheep, and may almost be said to be a manufactured breed, owing as it does its present perfection and size to systematic and judicious crossing of the old Lincoln sheep with other breeds, notably the improved Leicester. THE OLD LINCOLN was a large coarse sheep, with flat sides and hollow flanks, large legs and feet. Their fleece averaged between ten and twelve pounds, almost touching the ground, and was very oily. They fattened slowly, and made much fat internally. THE NEW LINCOLN is, as before stated, the product of Leicester crosses upon the original breed, the result being a large sheep; in fact, the largest of any in the British Isles. The flesh is firm; wool extraordinarily long; fleece very heavy, a ram’s clip often weighing between twenty-five and thirty pounds; the wool is bright, and lustrous when shorn. While some breeders con- sider that the Lincolns as a mutton breed are inferior to the Downs, every one admits that for crossing on the common or native stock of the American Continent they are “second to none.” H. A. Danniels, Secretary of the National Lincoln Sheep Breeders’ Association, writes concerning their early importations to this country as follows: “Among the first importers of this breed to Canada were John Geary of London, WilliamWalker of \S ASS \ Was \N \\ SSS"! No SSS == AQ C SS MSR WAN = —S=S —<“T5 ~ SIH BREA SES The Prize-Winning Lincoln Ram, Lord Stanley 565. Imported and owned by Bb, A, Daniells, Elva, Mich., Secretary National Lincoln Sheep Breeders’ Association, Group of Prize-@linning Lincolns from the Noted flock of Mr. WW. Bb, Scorer, Louth. Lincetnshire, England. Lmported and owned by Robert S, West, of Cleveland, Obio, 32 THE LINCOLN. i Ilderton, and J. T. Gibson of Denfield, also last, but not least, William Oliver of Avonbank. The first Lincolns brought to the United States were from the above importations, and the first — breeders were G. S. Allen of Portland, Mich., and Robert Knight of Marlette, Mich. J. J. England of Cairo was one of the early breeders, buying largely in Canada, and in ’94 made a Champion, Lincolnshire Ewe, shown at New South Wales, Hustralia, 1898. direct importation from England. The writer started a flock about this time, viz., 1880, buying the first lot of Robert Knight, later making purchases in Canada, having brought over of Cana- dian and English bred five bunches. “The National Association was organized in 1891 with nine members, and now is composed of 112 of the best Lincoln breeders in North America. We have 5,000 Lincolns regis- THE LINCOLN, 33 tered, the association having now attained its ninth year, and is still growing.” Standard and Scale of Points of Lincoln Sheep. Constitution—Body deep, back wide and _ straight; wide and full in the thigh; bright, large eyes; skin Soiipandeok, anplmnk: COLT: 4 2,2), \siatelehis s - si. oe 0 - 25 points Size—Matured rams not less than 250 pounds, when in good condition. Matured ewes not less than PAU WOMEN Soy Seema ey Melon cls cystari) ase, 8) 4) o #4) 3,43 10 points Appearance—Good carriage and symmetry of form. .10 points Body—Well proportioned, good bone and length; broad hind quarters; legs standing well apart; |CHATeR STE Miva oLeWCcha aa (2(c) 0) mua eee a rea 15 points Head—Should be covered with wool to the ears; tuft on forehead; eyes expressive; ears fair length; MGinede Ors MGkEede Im GOlOt ye clos beh s cele Sh ee 10 points Neck—Medium length; good muscle; well set on body 5 points Legs—Broad and set well apart; good shape; color white, but some black spots do not dis- qualify; wooled to the knees................. 10 points Fleece—Of even length and quality over body; not less than eight inches long for one year’s growth. .10 points Quality of Wool—Rather fine, long wool; strong, ~ Inetroustibens mo, tendeney to ¢ot.. 2.0.6... 5 points Alert leweceeee siete cals wie) areca: bet es) 100 points Che Romney Marsh, or Kentish Long-Mooled. This sheep belongs to one of the old breeds which grazed on the marsh lands of the coast of Kent, England, taking their name from the locality called Romney Marsh, a low-lying strip of land Romney Marsh, or Kentish Long-Qooled Sheep. THE ROMNEY MARSH. 35- not exceeding fourteen miles in length by ten miles in breadth. The soil being a heavy rich clay, was adapted to the growth of a large breed of sheep, and we find the Romney Marsh compet- ing with the Lincoln for weight of carcass. The unimproved breed is described as having had flat sides, big bellies, narrow chests and large heads, and were evidently more useful than good-looking; but by the judicious infusion of improved Leicester blood, and years of careful selection, they have attained a place of favor in the estimation of sheep breeders which they certainly merit. They are especially adapted to low- lving soils. In general appearance they resemble the Lincoln, being white-faced, hornless; the wool is of long staple and heavy. The first importations of the breed to America are supposed to have been in the early settlement of Massachusetts, evidently being the unimproved breed. Latterly the Romney Marsh are spring- ing into favor, and doubtless in a short time an association will be formed in the United States to record correct pedigrees, etc., and establish the breed in its proper place among the others of this country. Middle-looled Breeds, Che Southdown. Also called the Sussex. This breed of sheep trace back with a long line of pure descent to a period prior to the reign of William the Conqueror. It is beyond a doubt one of the purest and most unmixed breeds in England, holding a position in the esteem of breeders second to none. This noted breed has reached its present state of perfection by unceasing attention on the part of breeders, perpetuating the purity and perfection of Southdown Ram. THE SOUTHDOWN. 37 the original ancestors. As far back as 1776, a Mr. Alford Young comments on their fine coat, but criticizes the thin chine, low fore-end and rising back bones. The aim in improving this breed has been to amend these defects, and in accomplishing this the improvement has produced a readier disposition to fatten, with a heavier careass, while they still retain their character for hardiness and good rustling qualities. One of the great points of excellence in these sheep, as compared with many others, is that they can stand bad weather, with a correspondingly less loss of flesh, and being good travelers, are adapted for use on the Western plains. There is no reliable data concerning the first importations of this breed to America. We have, however, every reason to believe that some were brought here by the first settlers in the New England States, and as early as 1648 some ewes were bought by Gov. Winthrop; also that they were known in Virginia as remote as 1688 there is no doubt, as we find Mr. John Clayton of that period mentioning them, and praising their mutton qualities. These of course were from the old and unimproved breed, which have from time im- mermorial been renowned for their mutton qualities, the present improvement being due to the efforts of such men as Ellman, Drake, and Jonas Webb of England, who, like Bakewell, in breeding Leicesters, made certain points of excellence their aim in breeding. We find that in 1803 A. D. Rose imported a small flock of Southdowns to his estate at Fayette, N. Y. Later, in 1824-1828, John H. Powell of Philadelphia, Pa., and Francis Roteh of New York made importations, supposed to have been obtained from the Ellman flock of England. Still later we find Samuel Thorne and L. G. Morris, both of New York, made importations from the best flocks of England, and by 1863 Mr. Thorne’s flock counted descendants from fourteen different importations, principally from the flock of Mr. Jonas Webb of Babraham, Cambridgeshire, Eng. In 1844 Mr. Jesse "AN ‘SUVS YrISCOY ‘UdduEM) JALGoY UYOL Kq Paudio pul PIU “PIO SyiUCf[ IajIMD ‘sUILY UMoOpPYyINES THE SOUTHDOWN. 39 A. Pickrell of Sangamon Co., Illinois, imported a ram and two ewes; and in the same year Mr. J. T. King of Warren, Ohio, began to breed Southdowns with stock imported by Mr. J. M. Hesless of Trumbull Co., Ohio. In the year 1848 Mr. J. C. Taylor of New Jersey commenced breeding Southdowns, and established a flock which was entirely descended from the cele- brated Webb stock. Mr: R. Scott of Kentucky was also noted for his efforts in forwarding the claims of the Southdowns. Gen. C. M. Clay, White Hall, Ky., commenced breeding South- downs in 1855, and by constantly introducing blood by the best rams obtainable, and only breeding to his own ewes, he obtained sheep of great excellence, increasing the amount of wool, and almost doubling the size of the carcass. In 1857 the Illinois Im- porting Co. made an importation of thirteen head from the flock of Jonas Webb. Again in 1861 Hon. John Wentworth of Chi- cago, Ill., made importations of Southdowns, and by intelligent selection and a long term of years so successfully improved his flock that it is hard to obtain a better foundation for a flock to- day than from those descended from the Summits farm. In 1875 the North Elkhorn Importing Co. of Kentucky made im- portations, and in 1876 sixteen rams and twenty-three ewes were imported from the Walsingham flocks of England. On May Ist, 1882, at Springfield, Il., the American South- down Breeders’ Association sprung into being, its aim being the collection, revision, preservation and publication of the history and pedigrees of pure-bred Southdown sheep. The aim of the Association has been to encourage and aid breeders of South- down sheep, taking care that none but worthy claims should be advanced to their credit, and also that none but worthy sheep should be recorded. The following is the standard of excellence adopted by the American Southdown Breeders’ Association, and which is accepted both in this country and in England as a cor- rect guidance for determining the true type of the Southdown: 40 THE SOUTHDOWN. Standard of Excellence for Southdown Sheep, Hdopted by the Hmerican Southdown Hssoctation. Head medium in size and hornless, fine, carried well up, the forehead or face well covered with wool, especially be- tween the ears and on the cheeks, and in the ewe slightly ; dished). .(.:<..% 2 = re teste one calle’ eyes eteeareecenewe te Lips and under jaw fine and thin..... oa Oak ero ers ee are Fars rather small, tolerably wide apart, covered with fine hair, and carried with a lively back and forth move- THUG |e ic chs cite: weltehes i elelelisite: o's) o see) elcleetels|le a 0)¢, sie el etatele Eyes full and bright.............. Me Soa SoboIo 66 Face a uniform tint of brown, or gray, or mouse color...... Neck short, fine at the head, but nicely tapering, and broad and -straizht.on top at the shoulders sc 12) ett eiserde Shoulders broad and full, smoothly joining the neck with the [oy 0) amen eeen me en cy ORE ect Ss SLSro Jong o/3,0° Hom 1:8 SS" Breast wide, deep, and projecting well forward, the forelegs standing wide: apact 5/2)... .%~. upiawhite. .... 0... eae, ee 5 points Goodutiowmotavhite: oil... <.scfeekes einen ck eee eee 5 points Goodzcrmp=unrstaple,..2.2 222s ine a ee eee 5 points Pertecttione tcc dees Eh aS 100 points Mountain Breeds. Of these breeds we shall only take special notice of two, viz., the Cheviot and the Herdwick,—the first named breed claiming more particular notice, importations of them having been freely made to the United States. The Herdwick ean be taken as a type of other mountain breeds, of which there are quite a number, differing only one from the other in name, possessing, all more or less, the same general characteristics. Che Cheviot. Takes its name from the hills which it has grazed over for a period of centuries. They are a hardy sheep, fitted to thrive on scanty pastures, and contend with the climatic changes so prevalent in their native hills. Beyond a doubt their present existence has largely been due to the law of “survival of the fittest,” they being the one breed out of many others which fre- quented the same district which withstood the test of time, not only having held their own, but spreading out, obtaining foot- hold in many localities other than their native hills. Ni ta Bred and owned by Howard BH, Keim, Ladoga, —— === | Champion Cheviot Ram, “Wild Rose Prince.” first prize winner at Worid’s Columbian Exposition 1893, | H Indiana, 2 mw THE HHRDWICK. They are a white-faced, hornless sheep, carrying a fine, short fleece. Like the majority of mountain sheep, they are liable to be light in the fore-quarter. Their designation as Cheviots appears to have been given them in 1792 by Sir John Sinclair. They were termed long sheep (meaning length of body) in contradistinction to the black- faced or short sheep—a breed more especially to be met with in the North of Scotland, the stronghold of the Cheviot being in the South. The first improvement of the original stock appears to have been about 1755 or 1756, by the judicious admixture of Lincoln blood; they have also been greatly benefited, as have many other of the prominent breeds of to-day, by crossing with the improved Leicester However, experience has proven that to maintain the characteristic hardiness of the race, it is necessary to breed them pure. As a mountain sheep they are unexcelled, and should prove valuable to withstand the hard- ships of the Western mountain ranges. Che Derdwick. Ts a native of the North of England Lake Region, grazing over the beautiful mountain districts of Westmoreland and Cumber- land. It has become famous throughout the North of England more on account of the delicate flavor of its mutton than for its wool-growing qualities. Tradition places the origin of this breed at the time of the defeat of the Spanish Armada in 1588, stating that a Spanish vessel, in trying to escape, ran aground on the coast of Cumber- land, and that “forty small sheep managed to save themselves from the wreck, swimming ashore at Drigg, and were claimed as jetsam and flotsam by the lord of the manor.” For the last 300 years they have held their own in the district, being peculiarly adapted to their mountain ranges. THE HERDWICK. =I ee) In general appearance the Herdwick is a small sheep, carry- ing a heavy fleece, which is disposed to be heavy on the top of the shoulder; the wool grows well down to the knees and hocks, the poll and belly being well covered. The head is broad, nose Roman, the nostrils are wide, jaws deep; the eyes are prominent and lively; the ears are fine and white. The faces and legs of lambs when first dropped are black, a few white hairs, however, being visible at the tips of the ears, and also in some cases round the feet. The white hairs gradually increase till at three vears of age the white predominate, some being perfectly white, others a steelish grey. The rams generally are horned, the horns starting weil at the back of the head, and curled. The hoofs should be white. There are no records to show that any of this breed have been imported to America, and it is doubtful whether they would prove a useful addition to the stock of the country, being small in size, and carrying a poor quality of wool. Their only recommendation is their inherent hardy constitution to overcome the above mentioned disadvantages. famous Lmported Collie, Cleveland Perfection, sired by South- port Perfection. Imported and owned by Robert S. West, Cleveland, Obto. CHAPTER III. The Hoot Industry, The manufacture of woolen goods dates back to Bible his- tory. As stated in the introductory chapter of this work, the Romans introduced the arts of weaving and spinning wool and established a factory for the same at Winchester, England, soon after their conquest of that country. Under the Saxon mon- archy following the Roman exodus from Britain, we find that wool spinning became universally followed in all households, and so high was the art esteemed that princesses and noble ladies ‘learned to spin, and from the habit being universally followed by the female members of the families the word spinster for un- married ladies has been handed down to the present time. In the time of the Wars of the Crusades, and even later, we find that wool reprsented the national wealth, frequently being used to supplement the limited coinage of those times. It was ae- cepted in payment of ransoms and as collateral security for the sinews of war. Later Holland excelled all other countries in the manufacture of woolen goods up to the time of its conquest by Spain. Then the industry suffered from the tyrannical imposts of the governing power, which finally drove the artizans to seek other lands. England afforded many of these exiles protection, and to this source is directly traceable her superiority in the art of woolen manufactures, which to a certain extent she retains up to the present day. _ Wool, unlike hair, grows in a spiral form, is softer and more pliable, due to a fatty secretion issuing from the glands situated in the cutis vera or true skin, which supplies the yolk of the 76 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. fleece, preventing injury to the wool fibres from cotting or felt- ing from the constant friction while upon the sheep’s back. Wool resembles hair, in that each filament is a minute tube filled with pulp, covered externally by a scaly covering formed by flat cells, the edges of which over-lapping each other, give the filament a serrated appearance when examined under a high magnifying power, to which also the wool owes its felting properties and its adaptation tor clothing purposes. The felting property and other qualities of different wools have long been known by practical experience, but that felting was due to the serrated edges of the individual wool filaments is a comparatively recent discovery which was made in 1795 by a Mr. Monge in France, and later, but independently, by a Mr. Youatt in Eng- land. Different wools were found to possess a greater or a less number of serrations to the inch in length, the felting property depending on the increase or decrease of the serrations. It was found that in Merino wool (Saxony) the serrations ran as high as 2,700 to the inch, in the English Southdown 2,050, and in the Leicester 1,850. Fine wool, possessing a greater number of serrations and growing in a spiral form, being superior in its felting properties to the coarser goods. Wool when it is to be manufactured first undergoes the pro- cess termed carding. The card is an instrument which breaks the wool, dividing it into a multitude of fragments, which from its spiral form are left in a curved state. When pressure and moisture are applied the serrated and curved filaments intertwine and lock together. This is termed felting. After wool is carded it is spun and woven into cloth, being oiled during this process. Following this it is treated with Fuller’s earth to ex- tract the oil, the moisture and pressure which are now applied calling out its felting properties and giving the cloth a close and dense appearance. THE WOOL INDUSTRY. ae Wool for worsteds is treated very differently. Instead of being carded, it is combed. This consists in combing it out smooth and then spinning it, giving it a looser appearance, thus accounting for the more open texture which carpets possess as compared to cloth or carded goods. Raw wool passes through eleven different stages before the manufacture is completed, viz: Sorting, washing, drying, plucking, combing, breaking, drawing, roving, spinning, reeling and weaving. Wool is generally classed as long or short, being graded as superfine, fine, medium and coarse. The same fleece will be made up of wool of the various degrees of fineness, it being the business of the wool stapler or sorter to separate these various qualities and prepare them for manufacture. The fleece is un- rolled; the wool sorter then selects the fine locks from the coarse; the finest wool is selected from the neck, shoulders and sides; the next best from the upper part of the legs and thighs, extend- ing to the haunch and tail; the inferior wool being distributed on the upper part of the neck, throat, belly, breast and part of the legs. The stapler then divides the finest wool into ten lots,. classed according to the degree of fineness, commencing with the pick lock, then the prime, the choice, the super, the head, the downrights, the seconds, the abb, the liver, and lastly the breech wool. These are the divisions which are found to exist in a single fleece. On the sheep’s back the following points are taken into consideration: 1. Strength of fibre. 2. Fineness. ao Carle 4. Thickness. 5. Closure of the fleece. 78 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 1. THE STRENGTH OF FIBRE. This is indicated by the amount of yolk in the fleece. When this is small in quan- tity the fibre becomes dry and brittle in character. 2. FINENESS. The wool should be fine in quality all over the carcass, the diameter of the filaments ,ob5 tO i245 Of an inch in thickness. 3. CURL. This is the waved appearance of the wool fibres. These waves should be uniform and numerous through- out the length of the fibre. 4. THICKNESS. This means the closeness of the fibres upon the skin, which varies according to the breed, those of the pure-bred Merino being as many as 48,000 to the square inch of skin surface. 5./ CLOSURE OF FLEECE. This) is, importanieamee well-elosed fleece renders the wool impervious to dust and dirt, which would be injurious to the quality of the staple. The clos- ure is formed by the matting together of the free ends of the wool fibres through the viscid properties of the yolk. This eummy substance gathers the dust, which forms a black coating to the fleece, making a crusty covering, which when lightly pressed upon feels elastic to the touch. The bad qualities of a fleece may be enumerated as follows: 1. Stripy or watery wool. bo Toppiness. 3. Felty wool. 4.. Hemp. 5. Cloudy wool. 6. Broad-topped wool. Break. “I 1. STRIPY OR WATERY WOOL is generally fuund in or near the shoulder, where the best wool should be. This wool THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 79 is called stripy on account of the straightness of the fibres, the natural waves or curves being absent, when pressed between the fingers it appears lifeless; devoid of elasticity; more like cotton than wool. This staple is only fit for very inferior goods, and sheep with this defect should not be bred from. 2. TOPPINESS. This is where the tops of the woc! fibres do not join together evenly to effect a perfect closure of the fleece. This defect frequently causes a matting together of the ends of the points of the wool, making when the wool is worked, a quantity of noils, causing waste. This may be due to uneven growth in the early life of the lamb, in which case, after the first shearing, it will not be lable to recur. When present in old sheep it indicates a defect in the animal’s breeding. 3. FELTY WOOL. This is caused by an absence of yolk in the wool, which allows the wool fibres to felt on the sheep’s back. It may be due to exposure to wet weather long continued or more frequently to a low condition from poor feed, or chronic ill health. Sheep possessing felty wool as a constitu- tional defect should not be bred from. 4. HEMP consists of hairs interspersed among the wool fibres. It may be detected on the face and forearm, and in rams on the scrotum. Whenever it is found in these localities it will be present throughout the whole fleece. These hairs being white and not taking the dye, injure the fleece for the manu- Tacture of dress goods and fine cloth to such an extent that a fleece so affected is reduced by value one-half. Sheep with this defect should be sold to the butcher, as they are worthless for breeding for wool, the defect being hereditary. 5. CLOUDY WOOL is a condition where the fibres ad- here together from the skin to the points of the wool, but not to such an extent as to be termed felty. A flossiness is apparent at the bottom of the staple which, in combing, is removed, while in “30 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. earding wools this is not so objectionable; in combing wools the floss is thrown out, and becomes waste. This defect is also hereditary. Sheep so affected should not be bred from. 6. BROAD-TOPPED WOOL is a very serious defect. It consists of an interlacing of the fibres, which are split, the top appearing even; but the surface is divided into broad masses, -or, as they are commonly termed, “tops,” and on endeavoring to part the wool, it will be found felted together, tearing apart with difficulty. Broad-topped wool is dead, deficient in yolk, brea‘- ing off in the process of manufacture, causing a very great loss of material. This affection is also hereditary, and should preclude the animal from breeding. 7. BREAK IN WOOL renders the fleece worthless as far as combing is concerned, and no matter how fine the staple may be as regards quality it can only be used to manufacture the class of goods which are made from inferior wool. A breachy staple when stretched out for examination will be found to part with great ease down the middle or in some other part, showing a weak place in the wool. On examining the fibres microscopically at this spot they will be found of a dead, stripy appearance. This defect being present in the staple, makes it impossible to sort, and causes the entire fleece to be classed as in- ferior in quality. This is a common defect, and is generally due to mismanagement in feeding or exposure or any other cause affecting the condition or health of the sheep. The weak spot in the fibre is carried forward as the wool grows. If the cause is removed, however, the wool may regain its normal condition. To avoid this trouble the flock should be fed and watered regu- larly, and shielded from undue exposure, as a check for a short time is a frequent cause of this serious trouble. Another cause, and the most general one for break in the wool, is the use of caustic solutions in sheep dips, especially the THE WOOL INDUSTRY. 81 lime and sulphur preparation. It is a fact that the majority of the wool clip from the Western States, namely, Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, Wyoming and Utah, is seriously depreciated in value from the fleece containing this defect, and it has been argued more particularly at Farmers’ Society meetings in the Fast by certain local authorities that it was due to the alkali dust robbing the fleece of its natural yolk. This idea is erroneous, however, a properly topped fleece containing the normal amount of yolk will not permit the entry of foreign substances, whether it be dirt, sand or alkali dust; but the mere fact of dipping sheep in the solution above mentioned, which robs it of its power of self-protection, is almost wholly responsible for this defect in Western fleeces. This is easily shown. Sheepmen who use standard preparations which contain mineral or vegetable oils and which do not exert caustic properties on the wool fibres, do not experience this difficulty in the fleece. Mr. H. W. Smart of Ogden, Utah, who runs between 50,000 and 55,000 sheep on the range annually, in talking to the writer on the subject of dips made this statement: “We have had to fight the scab year after year, and have used lime and sul- phur because it was cheap. There is no doubt that it is in- Jurious to the sheep, causing break in the wool, besides exerting a cauterising effect of the skin, and we are continually experi- menting with and are on the lookout for something to take its place which will not be too expensive.” If Mr. Smart was to take into consideration the amount of money which he loses an- nually from this defect in his wool clip from the use of the above named solution, he could well afford to use some preparations which are known to be effective, and which do not cause this de- fect in the fleece, even though it cost him five cents per head to dip his sheep. While the production of wool in the United States has stead- ily increased from year to year, the supply has never been suffi- 82 THE WOOL INDUSTRY. cient for the home demand. We find in 1850 there were, all told, 21,728,220 head of sheep in the United States, according to statistics of the Agricultural Department. In January, 1897, the total number amounted to 36,818,643—an increase since 1850 of 15,095,423. But when the corresponding increase in the population of the country is taken into account, we find that the sheep supply falls far short of keeping pace with the growth of the population. On next page we print a table showing the amount of wool imports into the United States from 1898 to 1898, inclusive, as compared with 1838. The exportation of wool from this country being of such small amount it is only necessary to state that the total exporta- tion for the year ending June 30, 1896, amounts to only 855,950 pounds. The above figures being correct, it becomes apparent that so far as wool is concerned, there is no probability for some years to come to fear an over-production. The sheep industry is steadily on the rise, with prospects of higher prices for wool, and an increasing vearly demand for feeders. TABLE SHOWING WOOL IMPORTS INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM 1893 TO 1898, INCLUSIVE. 1897. 1898. Jalue. | Quantity. 1893. || 1894. | Quantity.| Value. 1895. 1896. | Quantity.| Value. Ouantity. Value. | Quantity. | Value. | Quantity.| Value. 172,448.838) $21.064,180'| _55,152.585, $6,107,438 | 206,033,906 $25.55C,4211| 230,911,473) $32,451,242! 350,852.026 $53,243,191 | 132,795,202] $16,788 692 | TABLE SHOWING QUANTITIES OF MANUFACTURED WOOL IMPORTED INTO THE UNITED STATES FROM DIF- FERENT COUNTRIES DURING FIVE YEARS PRIOR TO JUNE 30, 1896. Pe | Pounps, 1892. Pounps, 1893. Pounps, 1894. Pounps, 1895. Pounps, 1896. BEV UM ceercores cts ators see} 130,238 23,869 48 3,463,983 9,210,716 ORE Se eee ee ae ae | 4,882,555 8,128,213 962,734 10,245,426 133,279,720 Guiiilaniy Mie tonc ocak | 415,815 1,481,560 246,389 1,235,315 2,021,443 FRULSS Uaercetetete © care rencucasestsavars 32,460,709 30,835,233 9,055,307 12 388,082 9.945, 248 Turkey in Europe......... 2458, 942 3,238,602 1,158,128 2,819,710 5,808,833 United Kingdom....... shail 43,473,171 61,107,704 11,546,827 78,391,661 90,907,989 Oanadaeseesea.a ee 1,137,216 1,402,858 602,628 7,031,178 4,964,753 Nr pentineete yee ce ee | 14,127,791 13,842,868 8,983,667 25,745,854 29,736,851 eiiiieaee Ses ta ae) he, | ° 374,910 1,644,889 1,418,229 2,149,749 3,438,140 OY AC ealy? srmierere scour stare se teers: | 4,832,565 652,03) 247,797 10,847,873 8,114,961 Sa Caan Gee ane eel 13,889,957 20,753,893 10,186,264 | 26,089,418 24,547,088 British, East Indies....... | 568,605 403,937 267,047 884,272 123,237 Turkey in Asia........ 9,194,835 13,316,552 3,904,201 7,329,877 5,458,664 British Australasia ....... 15,359,722 9,176,282 4,917,396 12,383,814 20,386,269 SnitishPAtrical ces cece sere = © 1,143,112 2,134,255 1,221,742 3,871,253 8,252,441 Other Countries. ..s-.-=.. 2,220,511 4,191,093 439 961 1,656,441 1,725,120 Pia che ee ee 148,670,652 172,493,888 | 55,152,585 | 206,033,916 230,911,473 ——_—$S——$—$—$$$— $$ CHAPTER IV. feeding and fattening. It is only of recent years that the industry of feeding sheep in this country for the home and export trade has assumed large proportions. Formerly the sheep were valued more for the wool they produced than their mutton qualities, but as wool depreci- ated in value and the people at large became educated to the value of mutton as an article of diet, chiefly through the crossing of valuable foreign mutton breeds on the native stock, the matter of feeding sheep to meet the demand claimed the attention of the flock-owners, until at the present time sheep feeding has be- come of almost as much importance as wool growing. It is our aim here to show the various methods in feeding adopted in different parts of the country, which, necessarily, have to vary to suit different localities and conditions. Naturally the atten- tion of feeders is called to consider what particular breed has the most aptitude to make flesh and fat, also what particular class will fetch the highest price on the market he is feeding for. For instance, a feeder expecting to supply the export trade will feed only such animals that have a large careass, the demand abroad being for large mutton, while that which brings the top price at home is the medium size to small of frame when prime. Again the majority of feeders in this country are not breed- ers, but rely chiefly on the supply from the Western States and territories for their stock to feed. That being the case, it re- mains to be seen what is considered the best class of sheep to feed. Of late years the common lambs from New Mexico and Southern Colorado have sprung much into favor, their points of FEEDING AND FATTENING. 85: advantage being their ability to fatten quickly, adapt themselves to different climates, and being small in carcass, rarely weighing over ninety-five pounds when prime, they fetch the top market price, being eagerly bought by the butcher on account of the small amount of waste in killing, white fat and finely flavored mutton. These sheep are generally bought by a commission buyer, who distributes them around to his customers. As soon as they arrive at the feeding pens they are given all the hay (alfalfa if obtainable) they will eat. Then after the first week they are put on ration of oats, commencing with a small quantity, which is gradually increased until at the end of the fourth week they are eating about a pound per day to the head. Corn then is gradually introduced with the oats, the feed of oats being cut down as the corn is substituted until the sheep are on corn only, eating about one-half pound a head per day at the end of the sixth week. [rom now on the corn is slowly increased till full teed is reached, which means just what they will clean up with- out leaving any in the feeding troughs. It is a good plan once a week, every Saturday for instance, to substitute oats for the corn. The sheep will be found to relish the change and come back to their corn next day with a renewed desire for it. Rock salt should be kept in the pens at all times. They should be watered twice a day, excepting in very cold weather, when once will be sufficient. This should always be prior to feeding. The feeding should be done at regular hours. For instance, if a pen is fed at 4 o’clock P. M. one day, it should be fed at the same time or as near that time as possible every day. Regularity in feeding will be found very essential to success. This is the general method of feeding Mexican lambs in the Western States, where no sheds are required, where the air is dry and climate uniform. During the last year a number of Mexican lambs have been imported into the Eastern States to. 86 FEEDING AND FATTENING. feed, especially in Ohio and Michigan and even as far East as New York, and it is a question whether the same success will crown the efforts of the Eastern feeders, the climate being diametrically opposite to that of the Western States, sheds being a necessity and higher priced feed having to be taken into con- sideration. On the feeding of Sheep in General. A certain amount of food is required to enable an animal to live and remain in health. This is termed the necessary ration of food. Should this be diminished the animal will fail in flesh, and in time die; vice versa, if more than the necessary ration be fed than is requisite to repair the natural waste of the animal body it will gain flesh, or give an increase, if a female, in the milk supply or wool. A full-grown sheep takes 2 1-3 per cent. of its weight in hay per day to keep in ordinary condition. Growing animals should be given all they will eat readily. Quietude and warmth greatly facilitate the process of fattening; that this is a. fact is easily shown. Motion increases waste of tissue, causing an in- creased respiration to supply the extra amount of oxygen needed; the excess of oxygen requires an increased amount of carbon, which is virtually wasted, whereas it should be expended in pro- ducing fat. Cold operates in a like manner, an extra supply of oxygen and carbon being required to produce extra combustion to restore the loss in temperature. Among herbivorous animals, to which class of course the sheep belong, the carbon required for the warmth of the system and respiratory process is in greater part supplied by the food the animal consumes, while in carnivorous or meat-eating animals it is chiefly supplied from the waste of the-tissues of the animal economy. With carniy- ora, the whole of the food consumed ean be converted into flesh, while with herbivora, only a portion is capable of being assim- FEEDING AND FATTENING. 87 ilated. A simple analysis of the blood and flesh can be esti- mated as follows: For simplicity, we will take 10,000 parts instead of 100, which will avoid the use of decimals, making it more intelligible to the general reader. Tn 10.000 parts of flesh and blood we find: Carhoihag sects eee kt: 5.182 elie biydira@ent 2's 5 cas, ssr-s os (aay T1T Nitrogen! S809. 3 Fos. 1.501 1.507 Osyrent.f0e57 Bis soa re Pelle 2.139 PNG Hesse clothe. 423 442 10.000 10.000 It will be apparent by comparing these figures that but a slight difference between the two exists, and that the proportion of carbon and nitrogen in both is practically the same. These are the proportions in which these two elements unite in the tissues of the body. Nitrogen always will be found in the elements composing muscle structure, commonly ealled flesh. Any food devoid of nitrogen being valuless in nutritious properties. The difference between flesh and fat can be said to consist in the absence of nitrogen in the latter. An analysis of mutton fat, taking 10.000 parts again, can be estimated as follows: Ect ings RG ey RIS ira. s- 6 la one 7.900 EMO Mem tear ete ete. 2 pe ere se slag br) (0 s5\404 250 ee gc eRe SRD Pee 930 10.000 So it will be apparent that articles of food, such as oil, but- ter, starch, sugar, ete., which are devoid of nitrogen, while they increase the development of fat, fail entirely to nourish the tissues, and so would in time fail to support life. 88 FEEDING AND FATTENING. Before giving a table of feeding stuffs, it will be as well to briefly explain the terms used. for instance, our analysis of the blood and tissues was found to contain carbon, hydrogen, nitro- gen, oxygen and ash, and the value of a foodstuff will depend on the proportion of the above elements which it may contain. The oxygen and hydrogen will be taken into the animal body in the form of water. Water (all feeding-stuffs contain water), the amount varying from eight to fifteen pounds per 100 pounds of dry materials such as hay, straw, or grain to sixty to eighty pounds in ensilage, and ninety pounds in such roots as turnips, etc. Materials containing nitrogen are classed as Protein. These furnish materials for the creation of muscle-fibre, blood, skin, tendons, nerves, hair, horn, wool and the constituents of milk, known as casein and albumen, thus conclusively showing that protein is one of the most important constituents of feeding-stuffs. Ash is the residue from the combustible part of any feed- ing-stuff, and is found chiefly to consist of potash, soda,. iron, lime, magnesia, chlorine and earboniec, sulphuric and phosphorie acids. It is largely responsible for the formation and building up of the bones of the body, the excess of ash being voided in the manure. Carbo-hydrates are free from nitrogen and are classed un- der the head of nitrogen-free, extract. They include fat pro- ducers, such as starch, sugar, gums, oils, ete., and form an im- portant part of all feeding stuffs. Carbo-hydrates form the larger part of all vegetable foods. They are either stored up as fat or consumed in the body to produce heat and energy. A certain quantity of food being required to repair the waste of the animal economy, as has been stated heretofore, is termed the necessary ration. An excess of this ration means a FEEDING AND FATTENING. 89 corresponding gain in flesh, or fat, milk or wool, ete., while a diminution would mean a wasting or starving of the constituent parts of the body and finally death. In trying to ascertain the food-requirements of the sheep we cannot do better than print Wolff's tables for the same: Per Day and per Dead. Average! Digestible Food Materials. ae | Growin Live ; otal Or- |p r ehesns Weight b | Carbo- | Fat, ganic Matter Peete, Age. _|per Head, Protein. Hydrates Pounds,| Pounds. ; A Pounds. Pounds. | 5to6mo.| 56 18 ‘Oion|ee O45 1.6 2143 Re 3 i 67 ay, 0, - | -.040 iby 2066 olfoc ae! ia 15 16 85 .037 a | 2035 a Shean Hat 82 14 89 .032 1.8 | 2067 15°20" 85 12 88 025 | ies | 1966 By calculating the daily ration of the sheep, assuming that the food consists of clover, hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn, barley or oats. We find that the Wolff standard for growing sheep between the ages of six to eight months ealls for protein .17, carbo- hydrates .85 of Ib. and .040 of a pound or 40-1000 of a pound of fat, which would produce 2,066 calories of heat. In 100 lbs. of clover hay, corn-silage, wheat bran, whole corn, barley and oats, ete., the following proportion of dry mat- ter and digestible food ingredients will be found: | Dry - | Carbo | Fuel Food Stuff | Matter Protein Hydrates aon | Value. led CLOVER =. .0.c3-c5-n0c+:ser00-2 84.7 | 6.58 | 35.35 1.66 | 84,995 3:0 Cg 2 1: = i BZ0:9 0.56 A792) 065 25,714 PAESUIEEN c2 525s -sgesecissesseseiss+s- \ ORG 10.58 37.33 1.38 94,936 WOM STAUMIS:............s200005.-| 89.1 7.92 66.69 4.28 | 156,836 AIO Nites pes esdes sore zee Mock veces) he Orn 8.69 64.83 | 1.60 | 143,490 MERI rece eat ct ove dance ve exeeke dove. 80.0. | O25 48.384 | 4.18 | 124,757 Neat) TAN. .02505.220cseeessss. |e oteteulss 12.01 41.23 2780 | aS SRITAIPIN .d6ut vcecsca se een d ssdevaces 3) 81 6.46 sual 13,986 UtA-DAGAB's......52050..vere0es ro, 21.4 .88 7.74 Ll 16,497 Mhinpeed sy mie allie. ...-c.25.-5-0%00 90.8 28.76 32.81 7.08 | 144,313 90 FEEDING AND FATTENING. The foregoing table gives an analysis of the food values per 100 Ibs. of the common stuffs used for fattening sheep in this country. The method to obtain the necessary ration of corn and hay or alfalfa, oats, corn and linseed meal or any other mixture to compare with Wolff's table is as follows: : . ; P | Digestible P ; Ration. | “Dry Digestible | (Carbon- | Digestible| Fuel | Matter. | Portei n. | Hydrates. Fat. Value. 3 Ibs. alfalfa hay... 2.7480| 317 | 1.110 | .041 | 2848.08 UEP? MI OKO teappaees nce 44.05 | .089 0008 O21 784.18 1-4 Ib. oats ......:0:-. .2295| .020 120 0104 | Silieia 1-4 lb. linseed meal. 2270" sO;ral: 1032)" || LON, 360.77 Mobtalics sce [Seo ahaa 1.595 0894 4304.14 | | Wolff tantiatd| Ibs C | 16 .85 0387 2035. The above ration is not given as a correct ration, but as a comparison in food values, as taken with Wolff’s feeding stand- ard. It will be readily seen that there is an excess in total of dry matter of almost two-thirds, an excess of proteids of nearly the same amount, an excess of carbo-hydrates by one-half, a~ practical similarity in digestible fats, and twice the amount of fuel value. Taking Wolff’s standard as correct, the ration should be changed by reducing the amount of alfalfa hay, and corn till the amount of digestible proteids and carbo-hydrates compare as near as possible with the standard. It is, however, impossible to give any exact ration which would be suitable to any and all feeding sheep or lambs. The amount consumed is governed by the individual idiosynerasy of the animal, the main point in feeding all animals being regularity as regards time for feeding grain, giving just what the sheep can clean up readily, dry quarters, and quietude. The value of a feeding table is that it shows intelligent feeders the relative difference between certain foodstuffs as fat FEEDING AND FATTENING. OF and flesh producers, enabling them to intelligently increase the feed as needed, so as to ensure desired results. food and Increase. Sheep fattening on corn with good hay, or alfalfa, com- bined with some roots or other succulent food, will consume on an average of fifteen pounds of the dry substance of the mixed food per 100 pounds of the live weight per week, and should yield over a considerable period of time one part of increase in live weight for about nine parts of the dry substance of their food. The food being of extra good quality, sheep may give a maximum amount of increase for a given amount of total dry substance of food, provided the latter contain as much as five parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of the nitrogenous com- pounds. Cereals contain on an average rather more than six parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds —the leguminous seeds, such as peas and beans, often not more than two parts to one. Oil meal and corn contain rather more than six-sevenths of their weight of dry substance. Turnips and ruta-bagas contain from one-twelfth to one-ninth, and potatoes about one-fourth of their weight of dry substance. With as much as five or six parts of total non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds in the dry substance of the fattening food for sheep the increase will probably be very fat. In the earlier stages of feeding it is de- sirable to have a lower proportion of total non-nitrogenous to nitrogenous compounds. The Proportion of Parts. In proportion to their weight, sheep yield rather more in- ternal loose fat than oxen. In relation to their weight oxen contain considerably more of stomachs and contents than sheep. Oxen and sheep are proportionately equal in the other internal 92 FEEDING AND FATTENING. organs, such as the heart, aorta, lungs, windpipe, liver, gall- bladder and contents; they also are proportionately equal so far as blood is concerned. As sheep mature and fatten, the internal offal parts increase in actual weight, but decrease in proportion to the weight of the animal. The loose fat alone of the internal offal parts in- creases in actual weight in proportion to the weight of the body. As sheep mature and fatten the total “offal” increases in actual weight but diminishes in proportion to the weight of the body. Fattened sheep (shorn) should yield about 58 per cent. earcass in fatted live weight; excessively fat sheep may yield 64 per cent. or more. When the fattening food of sheep contains less than about five parts of non-nitrogenous to one of nitrogenous compounds, the proportion of gross increase for a given amount of dry substance of the food, will not increase with the increased proportion of nitrogenous compounds, whilst the proportion of the carcass to the live weight will be somewhat less, the carcass being more fleshy and containing less fat. Sheep should «tore up about ten parts of fat for every 100 parts of non-nitrogenous substance consrmed. Sheep on a mixed fattening diet should give about nine parts dry increase, made up of about eight parts fat, eight-tenths to nine-tenths of a part nitrogenous substance, and about one-fifth of a part mineral matter for 100 parts dry substance consumed, demonstrating that nearly ninety parts of the consumed dry substance are ex- pired, perspired, or voided from the system. The stomachs and their contents constitute about seven and one-half per cent. of the entire weight of the body; the intestines and other contents amounting to about three and one-half per cent. Taking collectively the stomachs, small and large intestines and their respective contents, we find that the entire bodies of sheep yield an average of rather more than eleven per cent. FEEDING AND FATTENING. 93 The rate of increase in actual weight as the sheep fattens is rather greater for the heart, aorta, lungs and widpipe, liver and gall-bladder, pancreas, spleen and blood than it is for the ecol- lective stomachs, intestines and their contents. A fat sheep or lamb fit to kill should contain about thirty per cent. of fat——a very fat sheep might contain considerably more. It must be thoroughly understood that in fattening sheep, the same as in fattening other animals, that heat is a food saver. Little exer- cise and warm quarters will effect a saving of a third in the cost of feeding. CHAPTER V. Anatomical Structure of the Sheep. We shall not enter deeply into a consideration of the anatomy of the sheep, believing that the technical terms, while very necessary for the use of scientific men, would only tend to confuse the, general reader. We wili endeavor to simply ex- plain the general structure and internal organs and their uses, so that when describing symptoms of diseases, and after-death appearences, the parts mentioned can be readily understood. We find that the sheep, so far as its general make-up is concerned, resembles the ox very closely. The animal body is an aggregation of separate cells, each endowed with life and having a certain function to perform. The general make up of an animal is called tissue. Tissue of an animal body is a collec- tion of cells, together with their formed material, which is char- acterized by a special function. The formed material is that which surrounds the cells and is not vital in its properties. The animal body is composed of solids and fluids. The solids are the muscular, nervous, epithelial and connective tissues. They may be said to enter into the conformation of the solids. There are, however, a few special tissues which it will not be worth our while to consider in this work. Epithelial cells are those having the special function of protecting the organs underlving them, they also have the func- tion of secretion and enter into nerve constructioa. They are always found covering the surface of the body, and the interior of all cavities having communication with the exterior of the svstem. Connective tissue is a collection of cells with their ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 95 formed material controlling the shape and framework of the body. Connective tissue is divided into three classes, 1 fibrous, 2 cartilaginous, 3 bone. : Muscular tissue is composed of a collection of cells with their formed material, having the function of contraction. . Of muscular tissue we have two varieties, namely, the voluntary and the involuntary. The voluntary muscular tissue is that which is under the control of the will, such as the muscle tissue of the legs, neck, tail, ete. Involuntary muscle tissue is that which is not under the control of the will of the animal, for instance, the muscle structure of the heart, stomach, ete. Fat is formed in the animal body by the degeneration of the cells themselves. Adipose, or fatty tissue, is formed by the aggrega- tion of masses of degenerated cells held together by the formed material of those cells. Nervous tissue is composed of a collection of cells, endowed with the function of irritability. To support the various tissues and afford shape and support for them, we find the class of con- nective tissue called bone, being arranged to form a framework, or skeleton, to whieh all the various tissues are attached. In the sheep we find that the skeleton is composed of nearly two hundred separate bones of various sizes and shapes. The bones in order to permit movement, one over the other, are joined together by strong bands called ligaments, the motion of the limbs, head, and neck and other parts of the body being effected by the contraction of the various muscle structures, which are connected to the bones. The insertion of the muscle to the bone being by means of a tough fibrous structure, intimately con- nected with the muscle substance, and called the tendon. Museles as a rule have two separate points of attachment, which are generally bones, the contraction of the muscles brings these points nearer together, so effecting motion. 96 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. Muscles are supplied with vessels of various kinds, such as arteries, to bring them blood for their nourishment; veins to carry away the worn out material, nerves to furnish sensation to the parts and communicate the mandates of the will. The nerves pass from the brain or spinal cord, and resem- ble a system of telegraph wires; one set of which receives sensa- tion and transmits it to the brain, the other which transmits the will from the brain to the muscles. The brain is a whitish, pulpy substance situated in a large cavity in the skeleton of the head, which extends from the forehead, above the eyes, to the base and back of the skull. The spinal cord is situated in the hollow found in the center of the bones of the back, generally called the vertebrae, and extends from the base of the skull, where it connects with the brain, to the center of the first bone of the tail. The body, viewed as a whole, can be divided into two cavities, that of the chest, in which the heart and lungs and various gland structures are situated, and that of the abdomen, where the .tomachs, intestines and other organs neecssary for the digestion of foods are located. The heart is the pump of the system, the lungs may be said to be the filter and sterilizer. The blood as it leaves the heart is forced by the heart’s contraction to all the various parts of the body, carrying to those parts nourishment and material to repair their continual waste. Having performed these funetions it passes into minute vessels called capillaries, from thence into large ones called veins, and from there it is returned to the heart, only entering into a different cavity in that organ than that from which it started. From this cavity the blood is again expelled by the heart’s contraction, passing to the lungs, there it is exposed to the air and takes up oxygen, throwing off the carbonic acid gas and effete matter which it had collected in its journey through the animal body; from the lungs it passes back to the heart, finally entering into the same cavity from ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 97 which it was first expelled, only to be again pumped out and sent on its mission through the system. The abdomen contains, as has been mentioned, the stomachs, liver, intestines, kidneys, bladder, and other organs, where the functions of digestion are earried on, and where various fluids are manufactured for or excreted from the system. We find that the internal organs are not firmly fixed in the different cavities, but are suspended as it were from the roof of these chambers by a membrane, en- dowed with nerves and blood vessels, called respectively: the pericardium, as it envelopes the heart; the pleura, as it invests the lungs, and the peritoneum as it suspends and covers the stom- achs, liver, intestines, and other parts in the abdomen. The part of the peritoneum suspending the large and small intestines is called the mesentery, and contains within its folds nerves, blood vessels, and glands, connecting with the circulation of the blood supply of the absorbent glands of the bowels, called villi. These glands in the mesentery are called lacteals, they absorb the produets of digestion, called the chyle, and convey it away to a duet or canal ealled the thoracic duct, which enters the eir- culation near the point of entrance of the venous blood to the heart. It is the chyle in the blood which furnishes nutriment to the various tissues, and is of vital importance in repairing the incessant waste of the tissues. We shall consider the functions of the liver and other organs of the body when describing the respiratory and digestive organs of the body. The Skeleton of the Sheep is an aggregation of bones possess- ing stability and firmness for the attachment of muscles, and the protection of the vital organs situated in the chest and ab- dominal cavities. Bones are composed of inorganic salts deposited in a basis of animal matter; to the former it owes its hardness and density, to the latter its elasticity and tenacity, the combination of the two rendering the tissue solid and elastie enough to prevent 98 7 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. breaking from any ordinary cause. The external surface of every bone is covered by a dense, tough, inelastic membrane called the periosteum, except where a tendon plays over the bone, or where one bone articulates with another, in which places will be found a laver of cartilage. The periosteum is firmly adherent to the bone, and is the bed in which the blood vessels and nerves supplying the bone Skeleton of the Sheep. are distributed. It becomes very painful when inflamed, on account of the pressure on the nerves, due to its inelasticity. It is the protecting life membrane of the bone it covers; any bone denuded of this covering will in all probability die, ex- foliate and decay. The long bones of the limbs contain a hollow eavity extending from one end of the bone to the other. This cavity contains a substance called the marrow, which is a soft a ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 99 yellow fat, deposited in fibres of connective tissue. It nourishes the bone, preventing brittleness and dryness. Bones are classed as long, flat or irregular. Under the head of long bones are classed the bones of the limbs, which support and act as levers for the bony framewerk. Flat bones are found where the least possible motion is desired. They help to enclose cavities containing important organs, such as the brain; or the bones en- closing the cavity of the chest, where the heart and lungs are situated. Irregular bones inelude all not classed with the long and flat varieties. They are found in the spinal column, skull, and also in the limbs. They possess as a rule many angles, with surfaces for attachment of tendons and articulating surface. In proportion to their size they present a much greater mechanical strength than those of the other classes. The Bones of the Bead. The skull of the sheep articulates with the first cervical verte- brae from which it is suspended by its base. It is composed of a number of distinct and separate bones, which, as the animal be- comes advanced in age, ossify into one solid mass. The first ob- ject of the bones of the skull is to protect the brain from injury. For this purpose the skull surrounding the brain consists of two plates or tables, the outer tough and thick, the inner hard and brittle. The outer, being tough, yields slightly to resistance, diminishing concussion, while the latter, by its hardness, prevents the entrance of sharp bodies into the brain. The cranial cavity containing the brain is about one-third the size of the other parts of the skull, the other cavities being the mouth, for the entrance and mastication of food, and the nasal, for breathing and smell- ing purposes. The cranial cavity is formed by the union of nine distinct ones, called respectively 2 frontal, 2 parietal, 2 temporal, 100 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. sphenoid, ethmoid, occipital. The frontal bones form the an- terior part between the eyes, called the forehead. The inner plate of these bones is separated from the outer, forming a cavity between them called the frontal sinus, which sinus is divided by a septum or ridge to afford support and strength to the part. The internal plate covers the anterior portion of the part of the brain called the cerebrum. In horned sheep this frontal sinus or cavity is considerably deeper than in others, affording ereater protection for the brain, the horned sheep being naturally more pugnacious than its hornless brother, and with greater ad- vantages to do harm. In horned sheep the horns proceed on each side from the frontal bone, appearing to be prolongations of that bone. The two parietal bones are placed at the upper and middle part of the cranium, covering the middle parts, or lobes of the cerebellum, their internal surfaces closely corres- ponding to the external conformation of the cerebellum. The occipital bone is situated at the back or base of the skull. It is a single bone possessed of great strength.~ Its in- ternal surface covers the base of the brain called the cerebrum, the medulla oblongata, which may be classed as the connection between the brain and spinal cord, resting on its floor; the pos- terior part of the bone is smooth and round, to articulate with the first bone of the cervical vertebrae or neck, called the atlas. It has many external projections for the attachment of muscle tendons, giving motion of the head on the neck. The temporal bones forming the sides of the cranium are composed of two parts, one the squamous temporal and the other the petrous temporal, which in the sheep are distinet and separate from each other. The squamous temporal is externally a convex plate, with a hooked projection arising from it. This projection assists in forming what is called the zygomatic arch. "he squamous ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 101 portion in its posterior part has a shallow cavity for the articula- tion of the lower jaw-bone. This cavity is shallow in herbivorous animals, such as sheep, when compared with that in meat eating, or carnivorous animals. This is due to the different modes of mastication of the two classes, that of herbivora being a erinding lateral motion, only a shallow articulation is required, while in earnivora, which require to tear and rend their food necessitating opening the jaws very wide, the articulation is necessarily deep. ; The petrous portion of the bone is hard, flinty, apparently a solid convex figure. It is the receptacle, however, for the organ of hearing, and contains on its internal face orifices for the passage of the auditory nerve, with a corresponding larger one on its external face for the passage of sound. The inferior and middle parts of the cranium are formed principally by the sphenoid bone. This supports the middle lobes of the cerebrum, and has many holes in it for the passage of nerves and blood vessels. Anterior to and inferior to the cranial cavity we find an- other called the nasal, which is separated from the cranial by a bone called the ethmoid. This bone supports the anterior lobes of the cerebrum, and has passages through it for the exit of the olfactory nerves, which are those conveying the sense of smell to the brain. This is the bone which is punctured when oper- ating on “sturdy” or “giddy sheep,” by passing a wire up the nasal eavity through the ethmoid and puncturing the sack con- taining the parasite in the cerebral part of the brain substance. . The other bones of the head are those composing the part called the face, viz., the frontal, nasal, superior maxillary, lachrymal, anterior maxillary, palate bones, malar, and inferior maxillary, These bones are of various sizes and shapes, in- timately joined together, becoming blended almost into one solid mass as the animal progresses in age. 102 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. The Bones of the Body. The backbone, or vertebrae, extends from the articulation of the first bone of the neck, called the atlas, to the last bone of the tail, termed the coccyx. The bones of the neck, or cervical vertebrae as they are termed, are very irregular in shape, with a large channel in the center passing through all of them, and protected on all sides by the bodies of the separate vertebrae. It is in this channel that the spinal cord is situated, and through holes in the bodies of the vertebrae, called foramen, the spinal nerves pass to the different parts of the body. These bones all have large projec- tions from their superior surfaces and sides, which are respec- tively termed the superior and transverse processes. The super- ior increase in size become very large in the region of the shoulder, and then decrease as they approach the tail, while the transverse processes are small in the region of the neck and shoulder, increasing in length as they approach the loin, finally disappearing at the coccyx. These processes or spines are for the attachment of the various muscles, and from those of the neck we also find a yellow elastic ligament passing forward from the withers to the poll, which is mainly instrumental in supporting the head and neck. Attached to the side of the bodies of the vertebrae of the shoulders and loin are long, flat bones, termed the ribs, 13 on each side, eight of which being attached directly to the chest- bone, called the sternum, are termed the true ribs, the other five are attached by a cartilage to the former, and are termed the false. The ribs should spring horizontally from the backbone describing an arch as they descend downward and slightly for- ward, increasing the rotundity of the frame, which gives the animal a greater surface for the deposition of flesh. The loins are formed by the strongest of the vertebrae, the transverse pro- ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 103 cesses at this point being long and broad, they afford protection to the roof of the abdominal cavity. On their length depends the breadth of loin and ability for the animal to put on flesh at that part. Behind the loin we find that five of the vertebrae become ossified into one single bone of great strength, and perforated by numerous holes for the passage of spinal nerves. The spinal cord diminishes in size on entering this bone, terminating at its hind extremity in several nerves, which pass to the muscles of the tail. The bones of the tail, called the coceyx, are not per- forated in their middle, are irregular in shape, and numerous. They simply give attachment to the tail muscles. The Bones of the fore Extremitics. The shoulder-blade, called the scapula, is a triangular- shaped bone, the base being situated uppermost. It has a spine or ridge running down its middle for muscle attachment. It is not very long in proportion to its width, being flat and slightly hollowed out on its inner face, where it is attached to the ribs by means of muscles. The forepart of the body being slung, as it were, between the fore extremities, concussion and injury is materially diminished and an additional flexibility is given to the body, wheh could not be obtained by a bony articulation. Articulating with the lower end of the shoulder blade we find a thick, irregularly-shaped long bone, termed the humerus, or upper arm bone. It projects downward and backwards, and articulates with the lower arm bone or radius. This bone in the sheep is short and strong. Back of the radius and running par- allel to it .and articulating with the knee-joint below and humerus above is situated the elbow-bone or ulna; below these the bones of the knee-joint are situated, and below these again is the shank or metacarpus, composed of two bones, one of which 104 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. is rudimentary. ‘The principal metacarpal bone is furrowed throughout its entire length by a deep fissure, a trace of primi- tive separation of the bone in two pieces, the posterior face being also similarly marked. Below the metacarpus we find four bones or digits, two of which are perfect. Behind the articulation of the metacarpus and digits are two small bones called sesamoids, which serve as levers, over which tendons pass. The bone of the foot or os pedis is also double, and articulating, superiorly with pasterns, gives the conformity of cloven foot. The foot is formed by the coffin bones and nayicular, two of each, surrounded by a horny box, as an outside protection to the sensitive parts overlying these bones. The lower and back part of the coffin bone is attached to an elastic pad of a fibrous nature, which by its elasticity minimizes the concussion consequent to the weight of the animal being suddenly thrown on the foot. This pad, resting on the horny heels, supports the principal part of the animal’s weight, very little being communicated to the toe of the foot. In sheep the erust of the foot is secreted by a vascular structure, the coronary substance which. in the horse secretes the greater part of the erust, being absent in the sheep. The sole of the foot is secreted from the vascular membrane situated immediately above it, called the sensitive sole, there being a considerable thickness of this dense substance between the coffin bone and horny sole. This explains why, in sheep with foot rot, the foot ean be so quickly restored, as when the horn is lost it is imme- diately replaced from the structure under it, and there is not the delay as in the horse, where the secretion is mainly formed from the coronary substance. The inside of the crust, between the toes or cleft of the foot, is much thinner than that portion on the outer side, and it is here that foot rot most frequently commences. The horny part of the foot consists of the crust, or outer shell, and sole. The crust ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP, 105 surrounds the sides and front of the foot, turning inwards at the toe, passing straight back to the heels. It is thin on its inner sides, getting thick at toe and outside of foot. The sole covers the bottom of the foot, the heels being jointly formed by the erust and sole. The heels are springy and soft. They support the principal part of the animal’s weight, and are the part which suffer most when the sheep are compelled to travel far over hard ground. At the pastern joint where the foot becomes cleft a small open- ing can be detected, which is the entrance to what is termed the Interungulate Sinus of Sheep. a—Inner aspect of first phalanx. $—Hooforclaw. c—Interungulate gland. a—Orifice of its duct. interdigital canal. This enlarges, passing downwards and wind- ing around in a circular direction, terminating in a closed pouch, called a cul-de-sac. The internal surface of this canal is lined with hair covered with a sebaceous secretion from glands open- ing into the canal. The use of this hair-lined canal is to pre- vent friction in the movements of the pastern joint, which is so great in sheep’ that without some such provision of nature the skin would be continually chafed, and it happens that when this part becomes dry from a lessening of normal secretion, or 106 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. through accumulations of dry sand, that an ulceration is set up, which often proves very difficult to cure. The Hind Sxtremetics. The pelvis is composed of six separate bones in the young animal, which become ossified into a single one as the sheep ad- vanees in age. The pelvis has two sides and a floor, and affords protection to the bladder and organs of generation; it les in an inclined plane, projecting downwards and backwards, the inner surface of its superior projections articulating with the first transverse processes of the sacrum, passing backwards and downwards they converge inwards, forming an imperfect circle, their union forming a flat surface, called the floor of the pelvis. The posterior projections of the bones are called the ischiatic spines; the superior and interior projections forming the hips of the animal, these in well formed sheep being short and covered with flesh and fat. Just anterior to the ischatic spines will be noticed a deep cavity in which the head of the thigh bone, or femur, articulates. This bone has a round head, the form of articulation and depth of cavity in which its rests permitting a backward and forward motion, and to a certain extent rotary. We find that the femur extends downwards and forwards, that it is proportionately heavier in the sheep than in the horse, and it is thickly surrounded with flesh, which, when cut off the car- eass for sale, is termed the leg of mutton. Its lower end forms with the bone below and one placed in front of their union, the stifle joint, the bone in front of the joint being called the patella, so situated as to act as a lever for the muscles of the anterior part of the hind limb. The bone below the femur is termed the lower thigh bone, or tibia, extending downwards and backwards from its articulation with the patella and femur. We find that in proportion to the horse it is not ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 107 so long; it corresponds to the lower arm bone or radius of the fore extremities, and its inferior part forms with the bones im- mediately underneath the hock joint. The hock joint is composed of six bones arranged in layers, forming three distinct joints, the motion being confined to the upper layer the bones below, serving as buffers to minimize con- cussion, with the exception of the bone projecting upwards from the back of the joint, which is called the calcis, and acts as a lever for the powerful extensor muscles of the hind leg. The bones below the hock correspond with those below the knee joint in the fore extremity, and the description of them also applies to these. The Nervous and Muscular System. The brain is a softish grey body, situated in the cranial cavity. Itis the seat of the mind and sensation. Its size in the sheep as compared with man is small. The outer surface is covered with ridges, called convolutions, with a dividing furrow from before backwards, separating it into two halves called the right and left hemispheres. The anterior larger part of the brain is called the cerebrum, the middle and small part the cere- bellum, while the underlying posterior portion is called the medulla oblongata. Between the brain substance proper and the bones forming the cranial cavity we find a strong dense membrane closely attached to the bony structure, called the dura mater, immediately underlying which and attached to the brain substance, is another called the pia-mater, the space be- tween these two membranes being called the arachnoid space. The spinal cord is virtually a continuation of the brain extend- ing from the medulla oblongata through the vertebrae and terminating in the sacrum at the root of the tail. It is envel- oped by the same membranes disposed in the same manner as 108 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. those of the brain. In form the spinal cord is cylindrical, com- posed of bundles of nerve fibres, with a fissure or canal passing through its center. We find that in sheep forty pair of nerves originate from the brain and spinal cord, ten arising from the brain, the balance being from the cord, are hence called spinal nerves. Nerves are an aggregation of nerve tubes, the tubes being composed of sections of nerve cells enveloped by a membrane called the sheath of Schwann. Of the cranial nerves the first pair are the olfactory, which conduct the sense of smell to the cerebrum, arising in the cere- brum they pass out of the cranial eavity through the ethmoid bone, to be distributed throughout the mucous membrane lining the nostrils. . The second pair are termed the optic. They also originate in the cerebrum from opposite hemispheres, joining before leav- ing the skull, when the right nerve passes to the left eye, and the left to the right eye by a process termed decussation, taking an oblique course, they pierce the outer coats of the-eye and spread out over the retina, from whence impressions of objects are conveyed to the brain. The sense of taste is supplied by the fifth pair of nerves, that of hearing by the auditory, a portion of the seventh pair; the other cranial nerves conveying motion and sensation to the various parts of the head. Another nerve of the cranium which deserves special men- tion, being the most important of them all, is the tenth pair, or pneumogastric, remarkable for its extent and for the multiplicity of the physiological uses ascribed to it, being distributed to the gullet, throat, lungs, bronchial tubes, windpipe, and stomach. It controls the motions and secretions of the organs to which it is distributed, having special power over the heart’s action. Special nerves are termed compound nerves with a double fune- tion and twofold origin, conveying both sensation and motion. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. 109 They arise by numerous filaments from both the superior and inferior surfaces of the spinal cord, the filaments intertwine, and before they emerge through the dura mater, they join to- gether just anterior to their union, a sort of knot being formed on the upper nerve, which is termed a ganglion. This upper nerve is the one conveying sensation, while the lower is the nerve of motion, so these nerves, originating as they do, form different portions of the spinal cord, even after they join together. The intimate fibres convey, or rather own, different attributes, al- though all are bound together in one sheath. Lastly we shall mention the sympathetic nerve, it rivalling in importance the pneumogastric, which has already been described. The great sympathetic nerve is the nervous apparatus of the organs of vegetative life. It extends in the form of two long cords from the head to the tail, the two cords being situated immediately under the vertebral column to the tail, appearing to arise from a ganglion at the base of the brain, anterior to the commencement of the spinal cord. By its numerous branclies it is connected with all the other nerves, and distributes branches to all the glands, blood vessels and lymphatics of the system, also the heart, lungs and digestive organs. It is the virtual life of the organic system, influencing all functions of nutrition and secretion. The brain of the sheep is small when compared with that of other animals, the whole make-up of its nervous system being comparatively feebly developed. This fact has a considerable influence over the diseases which affect the animal, accounting for the fact that in so many debility quickly follows sickness; the sheep speedily succumbing to what at first appear to be slight ailments. 110 ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. The Muscular System. Muscles are fibrous organs, possessing the property of con- traction under the influence of a stimulus. While the shape of the body depends to a great extent on the bony framework, there is a vast difference between the appearance of the skeleton and the body itself. | The muscles are the flesh of the animal, attached to and covering every part of the skeleton. The motion of any and all parts of the body is dependant on the contraction of the muscles attached to those parts. Muscles are attached to different bones. Their contraction drawing the parts together causes motion, thus limbs are bent, the head raised and lowered, and the slightest movement even of an eyelash controlled. Those which bend or flex the limbs are called flexor muscles, those extending the same being called extensor muscles Muscles vary in size from the large muscles of the loin and shoulder to those almost microscopical in size of the internal ear. Some are thick and bulky, others extremely short, others cylin- drical and of great length. Muscles are supplied with nerves, blood vessels and absorbents. The nerves in muscle tissue are those of motion and sensation; those of motion convey the man- dates of the will, thus causing motion; those of sensation com- municate the sense of feeling, being the medium both of pain and pleasure. Muscles are composed of bundles of muscle fibres, bound together by a cellular membrane. In sheep we find they are for the most part clothed in fat, and also that fat is deposited among the fibres. It is the ability of the animal to contain this fat and the abundancy of the adipose membrane surrounding it, which distinguishes a good sheep from one of an inferior breed, giving to the former the soft and elastic feel to the hand, even when the animal is in poor flesh. ANATOMICAL STRUCTURE OF THE SHEEP. "eked A sheep of good breeding has large muscles, especially in the region of the loins, buttock and shoulders, while the head should be lean and small. The flexor and extensor muscles are interlaced with tendonous fibres, and are not so palatable as those from the loins and buttocks. It will be unnecessary to make in- dividual mention of any particular muscle or group of muscles, the subject would be too vast for a work of this kind, and unin- telligible to the general reader. CHAPTER VI. Che Digestive System. We find that the sheep can, owing to the conformation of its mouth and appendages, the lips, thrive on scanty pasture, where an ox or other animal would have to struggle for exist- ence. The lips being covered by hair, are protected from in- jury against the ground, in which they come in close contact when the animal is feeding. We find on examination that the upper lip is cleft, and that the two when together tend to form a point, enabling the animal to virtually crop the grass on a level with the surface of the ground. The Teeth. These are the agents by which mastication of the food is carried on. They are hard organs, bony in appearance, firmly implanted in the jaws, and projecting into the interior of the | mouth. The incisor teeth, or nippers, are in the sheep as well as in other ruminating animals situated upon the lower jaw, the upper jaw with which they come in contact during mastica- tion being covered by a dense fibrous pad. We find that the in- cisors, unlike the back or molar teeth, are not firmly embedded in the lower jaw, but possess a certain degree of mobility (some- times being mistaken for a diseased condition); this, however, is necessary in order to prevent their injuring the fibrous pad of the upper jaw, against which they press. The Incisor Teeth are eight in number when the mouth is perfect, or full, as it is termed. We find that the lamb when THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. 113 first dropped has two incisor teeth, and that two more are shortly in evidence. In fourteen days time after birth two more are erupted, making six then in all, and by three weeks after birth two more become visible, giving the lamb eight incisor teeth. This is not by any means without exception, as frequently lambs are dropped with all eight incisors in evidence. These are the temporary or milk teeth, and as the animal progresses in age they drop out, and are replaced by the permanent teeth. For instance, when the lamb gets to be between one year and one year and a half old the two central incisors are replaced by two larger and stronger teeth, the lamb then being called a yearling. By two years the tooth on either side of the centrals under- goes the same transformation, and are succeeded the following year or year and a half by those adjoining, so that in three and a half years the sheep has six permanent teeth, and between four and four and one-half years the last two temporary incisors disappear to be replaced by permanent ones, the sheep then being said to be full mouthed. While the above is substantially correct and can be counted on as a general rule, yet sometimes permanent teeth appear much earlier, and at others their appear- ance may be protracted to a later period. After the sheep possesses a full mouth the teeth rarely remain perfect for any length of time, some of them becoming broken or lost. They are then said to be broken mouthed. In appearance the incisor teeth are chisel shaped, rather resembling the human incisors, they are curved, being convex in front and concave behind, the whole of the crown being covered with enamel. The Molar Teeth are twenty-four in number, twelve on each jaw. They are firmly implanted in the jaw bones, being also covered with enamel on their face. These faces are very irregular, to enable them to grind tough and unyielding substances, such as corn and dry grass. On the sides of the base of the visible 114 THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. portion of the molars the gums are situated, which, in common with the other parts of the mouth, are covered by mucous mem- brane, in some parts a firm dense material being interposed between this membrane and the bone. The sides of the mouth cavity are formed by the cheeks, made up of powerful muscles, covered internally by mucous meinbrane and externally by the skin, they form the greater part of the bulk of the face and are the agents which control the erinding motion of the lower jaw. The lips serve for the pre- hension or gathering of both the solid and liquid food, retaining it in the mouth after its introduction therein, and preventing the escape of the saliva; they are furnished with nerves of feeling, and are composed of muscles externally covered by the skin, the inside surface being covered by mucous membrane, they possess the powers of motion and sensation to a considerable degree. The mouth is plentifully supplied with a watery, slightly alkaline fluid termed the saliva. This is seereted by three pairs of glands, collectively termed the salivary glands. There is a slight flow of saliva from these glands into the mouth at all times, which is considerably increased during mastication. The largest pair of these glands is known as the parotid, situated at the base of each ear, extending downward in a line with the jugular vein, they connect with the mouth cavity by means of a duct, which opens into the mouth about the level of the fourth molar. This is known as Steno’s duct, and some- times becomes enlarged, forming a fluctuating tumor at the side of the face, due to obstruction from inflammation and obliter- ation of it, from injury, where it lies close to the surface in the meshes of the masseter muscle, passing upwards over the lower jaw. The next largest pair is known as the submaxillary. They are situated under the jaws, their ducts opening into the mouth by projecting elevated points or barbs placed near the fraenum THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM. alalh5 of the tongue. The other pair of glands is called the sub- lingual, placed under the tongue, they communicate with thie mouth close to the opening duct from the submaxillary. In addi- tion to these we find other small glands connected with the cheek and floor of the mouth, all of which assist in secreting fluid to lubricate the bolus of food and perform the first stage of digestion. Herbivorous animals secrete considerably more saliva than the earnivora, which is rendered necessary by the hard and woody nature of the food the animal is called upon to consume. Situated on the floor of the mouth, and principally filling that cavity, a pointed, rough, elongated body is found, termed the tongue. This is principally muscular in structure and very flexible. It is the special organ of taste, and also materially assists in mastication and swallowing. In the sheep it is a prehensile organ, assisting the lips in gathering the food into the mouth. ake lata ats deetigs 1 pint 176 DISEASES OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM, Mix. Give as one dose. Should this not prove effective, and the owner wishing to save the sheep for breeding purposes, clip the fleece off the region of the flank, then take a clean sharp knife, make an incision downwards and inwards through the skin from a point about two inches from the protuberance of the hip bone, making it about three inches in length to permit entrance of the hand of the operator; break through the tissues underlying the skin with the fingers, exposing the external coats of the first stomach, make a bold incision through this, insert the hand (first taking a napkin or clean cloth and placing it so that it covers the dependent part of the wound in the skin and also stomach—this to prevent the contents from falling down be- tween the walls of the stomach and abdominal cavity, in which case peritonitis would most likely result), remove at least one- third of its contents, and then pour into the stomach a purgative such as: Takes Gomumonealt. «(2 noletekve te Oe ots: 1 ounce Dissolve in a sufficiency of warm gruel and give as a drench, administering it slowly. After the purgative has oper- ated, the following prescription will be found useful. : ake Minidvextiact/centian). -3).,.).\. 6. discos 4 ounce Alcohol ..3.:-;. ie ae arene SR 2 ounces og lola AIC cs a4 00's ta megs ae < 4 drachm DYMO TS cer taste atone Gos oad ae sn ee 8 ounces Mix. Give one tablespoonful twice daily half an hour be- fore feeding grain. Sheep suffering from hepatitis should be fed grain spar- ingly, the best ration being a small feed twice daily of bran and oats mixed, half Ib. of each. Jaundice, Icterus. Is a yellow condition of the system, and may be due to either a non-secretion of the bile from the blood, or a re-absorp- tion of the bile into the blood, through some obstruction in the bile ducts of the liver. Prof. Dick claimed that jaundice was 194 DISEASES OF THE LIVER. more frequently observed in the sheep and dog than in the other domesticated animals, but this assertion no doubt included eases of liver-fluke, of which we shall treat separately. Where sheep are highly bred, and especially where they are pampered for ex- hibition purposes, the liver is very lable to acute or chronic de- generation of a fatty character, and according to Steele, “this seems to be the nature of the fatality which often occurs among highly-bred sheep, more especially ewes in lamb.” Sheep, how- ever, die in great numbers from liver diseases about the period of parturition; sometimes without presenting any symptoms of disease of that particular organ, or of any disease whatever; sometimes anaemic, and oceasionally with well marked symptoms of jaundice.”—Williams, Vet. Med. Symptoms. Will be recognized by a general yellowish appearance of the eyes and mucous membranes, the faeces are offensive, the mouth has a sour smell, the skin is itehy, dry and yellow in color instead of normal pink. In acute attacks the condition may re- semble anthrax, death occurring in from sixteen to twenty-four hours. Should the trouble persist, blood-poisoning is likely to set in, in which case the evacuations become black, then green, and finally bloody in character, the temperature being elevated and the respirations hurried. Treatment. This is in the main preventative; the disease being caused by errors in diet, the first procedure is to correct the same, cer- tainly so far as the balance of the flock not yet diseased are con- cerned. In the sheep this affection arises from feeding mater- ials rich in saccharine products and lacking in nitrogenous ele- ments, and is frequently seen arising where turnips have been fed in large quantities to the exclusion of other foodstuffs. So in DISEASES OF THE LIVER. 195 order to change the diet to rectify this error, nitrogenous foods should be supplied mixed with the roots, such as hay, or straw, bran, oats, ete. - The affected sheep should be given a liver stimulant, es- pecially if the disease is due to non-secretion of the liver. Biivos Alpectin. 6, enh Oyo ee ee 2 drachms Fluid extract of rhubarb root..... 1 drachm Wear AeIes 52 hort BOL aos $ pint Give as one dose. Follow this daily with one ounce of Glauber salts. Dissolve one ounce of cooking soda in one gallon of water for the animal to drink. All medicinal treatment in this trouble, however, is very liable to be unsatisfactory when applied to sheep. CHAPTER XIII. Diseases of the Urinary System. The surplus of nitrogen in the system is formed into urea and voided through the organs composing the urinary system, viz., the kidneys, ureters, bladder and urethra. Should, however, this through some cause be retained, its effects would produce blood-poisoning from the altered condition of the blood supply, being evidenced by delirium, terminating in coma and death. In herbivorous animals the urine has what is termed an alkaline reaction and is tested by dipping in it a piece of red litmus paper; this (when the fluid is normal in character) will im- mediately turn blue in color and vice versa; should the urine be acid, blue litmus paper will be turned red. It is not necessary in this work to enter into any extended description of urine tests to diagnose the diseases which affect the urinary system of the sheep, as these animals rarely suffer from such complaints, those occurring generally being due to sabulous deposits in the bladder, or calculi in the kidneys and ureters, due to an excess of phos- phates, caused by high-feeding, unnatural conditions, ete. Nepbritis, Inflammation of the Kidneys. This disease has never been reported as an original lesion in adult sheep. Steele gives an account of it occurring in lambs newly born, recapitulating an address delivered on the subject by Mr. Roger Williams at a meeting of the Pathological Society of London, April 6th, 1886, who states as follows: “The dis- ease began soon after being ‘wet born,’ with difficulty in walking, the new-born falling down and lying down on one side, some- DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 197 times with choreoid movements, without loss of consciousness, without difficulty in breathing or cough. They may linger on for two or three weeks, but in the end always die. Sucking was not impaired nor the appetite. The disease may terminate in joint evil, with pus in the joints and all along the spine. The disease occurred on heavy clay soil, and in the lambing season the east wind was cold and nipping. At all events, it was found that if a ram served only ten ewes, the progeny was vigorous and did not become affected with the disease. “The urine was albuminous and acid; there were no renal casts, crystals, pus or blood. The capsules of the kidneys stripped off easily, exposing a surface studded with congested stellate veins. The cortex was swollen and soft, pale and yellowish in color, whilst the pyramids were firm and deep red in color. The disease was acute tubal nephritis. The interstitial tissue was normal—nothing abnormal was detected in any of the organs, and the spinal cord was healthy. Some of the lambs were born with the disease and soon succumbed.” Renal Calcult. Stony deposits in the pelvis of the kidneys and in the ureters. These deposits are generally the cause of urinary dis- eases in sheep. They are mostly composed of phosphate of lime, and seem to be due to an excess of dry food, as sheep at pasture are seldom affected with this complaint. When these ealeuli occur in the kidneys they seldom cause any appreciable disturbance, but their lodgment in the ureters, which would tend to cause a retention of urine, would be followed by grave results. These cases are very rare, however. As seen in the bladder, they appear harmless, their effects being marked when they cause a stoppage of the urethra, in which case an excessive inflamma- tion of tissue and extravasation of urine results, which speedily proves fatal. 198 DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. Urethral Calculi. Are deposits of stony materials which by their presence ob- struct the passage of the urine through the urethra, causing its accumulation in the bladder, with distension and perhaps rup- ture of that organ or a filtering through its walls into the adjoin- ing tissues, causing pyaemia, eventually septicaemia and death. Symptoms. The sheep is unable to void its urine, prefers the recumbent position, on being forced to rise the back is suddenly curved, after which a few drops of urine are passed. The respirations are hurried, the sheep grunts frequently, is restless and uneasy, refuses to feed. As the urine accumulates the animal becomes stupid, symptoms of abdominal pain are evidenced, the temper- ature is elevated, the mucous membranes becoming red and con- gested, uraemic poisoning results, quickly followed by death un- less previous to the uraemia the calculus is forced through the penis above the vermiform appendage, leaving a free passage for the accumulated urine. Treatment. This is necessarily operative. If the sheep is turned up on its rump and an examination made of the skin covering the end of the penis, called the prepuce, it will be found enlarged and in- flamed; adropsical condition of the tissues of the belly will also be frequently noticed, especially in cases where the trouble has existed for some time. Push back the prepuce and draw out the penis; an examination of the worm-like extremity will generally reveal the presence of sediment, obstructing the end of the urethra. This deposit may be in the form of gravel or fine sand, and un- less it is removed little can be done to afford relief. Where the deposit is of a gravelly nature, the best method is to remove the appendix entirely. When the deposit is very fine in character DISEASES OF THE URINARY SYSTEM. 199 a careful manipulation of the part will almost always effect its removal. This should always be preceded by the application of warm water to relax the tissues, so facilitating the removal of the deposit and reducing the liability of lacerating or bruising the sensitive vermiform appendage. If the obstruction is caused by sabulous material deposited on the lining membrane of the urethra, extending some distance from the appendage, it may be necessary to cut down and remove the deposit, making a longi- tudinal incision in the penis, through the urethra, laying it open from above downwards to the vermiform process. This oper- ation on wethers is simple and efficacious, but when performed on rams is liable to seriously impair their breeding qualities, although there is considerable difference of opinion on this point, many breeders claiming to have lambs got by rams which have been so mutilated as to have lost the vermiform process entirely. Should the operation on the penis prove of little benefit it must be taken as evidence that the accumulations are so abundant that they occupy not only the urethra but the bladder, ureters and kidneys, in which event no treatment could prove of any service and the animal should be destroyed. In these cases the meat is unfit for human consumption, the tissues of the belly being im- pregnated with urine, the presence of which taints the whole system. Where several animals in a flock show symptoms of strang- ury, it is well to inspect their diet, which should be changed and carbonate of potash administered. A frequent cause for urethral calculi in sheep is feeding excessive quantities of mangolds or beets. Where this is the case, change to other rations. The following will be found useful in these conditions. Take Fluid extract of belladonna....... 1 ounce Potassium earbonate............3 ounces MEME de a a soe wwe fe ohacece « 1 pint 200 DISEASES OF THE-.URINARY SYSTEM. Mix. Give one tablespoonful three times daily—dose for adult sheep. Sanmetto in teaspoonful doses three times daily is also a most effective remedy in all diseases of the urinary organs of sheep. As a dressing to the penis, where gravel has been re- moved by operation, the following will be found useful: Fluid hydrastis (Merrill’s)...... 2 drachms Distilled extract witch hazel....... 1 ounce INE We) cum RCE be SE RID ei Ble ho aE 3 ounces This can also be injected into the urethra, and will prove beneficial. CHAPTER XIV. Parasitic Diseases, Due to Internal Parasites, Parasites are living animal-organisms, which extract nour- ishment for their existence from the tissues of their host. Of these we shall recognize two general classes. Entozoa, those which live on the natural cavities or solid tissues of the animal. And Ectozoa, those infesting the outer surface, or skin, existing on the effusion created by the irritation caused by their presence. . In this chapter we shall consider only the diseases due to the presence of the entozoa, or internal parasites. In sheep we find that parasites are the cause of many of the most serious diseases —they invade all the organs of the body, from the brain to the rectum, their multiplication and resultant damage being in direct proportion to the neglect and bad management on the part of the flock owner. Parasitic Disease of the Brain. Sturdy, Gid, Curnsick. This is a condition due to the presence of a larval tapeworm or hydatid in the brain substance, the parasite as seen in its cystic state imbedded in the brain being termed the coenurus cerebralis. It is eaused from the ingestion by the sheep of the eggs of the taenia coenurus—a species of tapeworm, which have been dis- 202 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. tributed on the ground or in the drinking water by other animals, such as wolves, foxes, coyotes, etc., but more especially is the dog responsible for sowing the germs of this disease. The prevalence of this disorder depends to a great extent on the use of sheep dogs, it being noticeable that where the sheep run in enclosed pastures where dogs are not required to assist the herders, the lability to infection is reduced to a minimum. The eggs of the tapeworm on being swallowed by the sheep hatch within its stomach, immediately pierce the walls of that organ and gain entrance to the circulation. They are then car- A (ati i. Gee z G ? ory ee Taenia Coenurus. Adult, Natural Size. (RAILLET.) ried to the different parts of the body, those which reach the brain and spinal cord remaining in those organs, developing into cystic bodies, which continue to thrive and grow at the expense of the tissues. The others which fail to reach the brain and spinal cord may locate temporarily in the heart, lungs, diaphragm, etc., where they seem to grow for a time and then disappear. On reaching the brain substance the young para- sites pierce the tissue, lodging in it and commence to develop. DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 203 In the course of two or three months time they may have at- tained the size of a hazel nut, their presence at that stage seri- ously interferring with the general health of the sheep. Should the head of a sheep infested with these hydatids be fed to dogs these organisms in the brain tissue develop into adult tapeworms, the eggs of which being passed by the dogs on the grasses, ete., and being eaten by the sheep, develop again into hydatids, so completing the life cycle. Brain of Sheep with Coenurus tn poste- Brain of Sheep with four Coenuri rior part of Right Hemisphere. simultaneously. (COBBOLD.) Symptoms. The sheep appears dull, out of sorts, grazes in a listless manner, rumination is imperfectly performed, the animal seeks seclusion, its movements are erratic, staggers as it walks, becomes giddy and falls down frequently. Again it may be grazing quietly, suddenly jumps as if frightened, and runs away at full speed. The primary symptoms of dullness and stupor seemingly are due to congestion and inflammation of the brain caused by the invasion of the young parasites, and should the sheep re- 204 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. cover from this stage there will be an apparent improvement in its health for a few weeks time, till the gradual enlargement of the cyst or cysts so press upon the brain substance as to interfere with its blood supply, causing absorption of brain tissue, at the same time numerous heads are protruded from the cyst, which also tend to produce irritation of the brain. At the commence- ment of the second stage the animal is weak and fallen away in flesh, due to the first attack. This condition speedily becomes aggravated, the sheep stops feeding, the appetite is lost and rumination suspended. The animal has a haggard appearance, due to blindness, which may affect one or both eyes, caused from pressure on the optic nerve. The sheep continually moves in a circle, assuming peculiar gaits and positions, depending on the part of brain in which the hydatid is located. Spooner states that if the head is held constantly on one side, and the animal always moves in a circle, corresponding to the way the head is held, that the coenurus is located in the depressed side, probably in the lateral ventricle of the brain. Should the sheep move in a circle sometimes in one direction, and again in another, it may be con- cluded that a parasite is present in both hemispheres, and if the animal depresses its head, moving forward in a straight line, stumbling over and running into everything in its path, the hydatid is probably located in the division of the brain between the hemispheres. Again should the sheep throw up its head, moving forward with-a reeling motion, the conclusion is drawn that the cyst is in the cerebellum or fourth ventricle of the brain. When more than one cyst is present, the symptoms are a com- bination of the above, and cannot be relied on as a guide for operation, of which we shall treat later. When the coenurus in- vades the spinal cord or medulla oblongata it causes paralysis, and should this symptom be combined with blindness, the prob- ability is that the cyst is located at the base of the brain. When the spinal cord is invaded the sheep stagger and walk without DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 205 control of the posterior limbs, or an intense itchiness may be present along the backbone, and complete paralysis of the pos- terior portion of the body involving the bladder and rectum fre- quently takes place. A disease which resembles gid to a certain extent is caused by grubs in the nasal and frontal cavities, produced from the larvae of the gad-fly. It will be recognized, however, by the symptoms of catarrh and sneezing, and lack of the violent move- ments seen in gid. Creatment. This is preventive to a great extent and consists in adminis- tering vermicides to the dogs which inhabit the farm where the sheep are kept, especially the sheep-dogs, and keeping the sheep where they are not so liable to pick up the eggs voided by dogs belonging to other parties. The heads of affected sheep should on no account be fed to dogs, but should be burnt or otherwise effectually destroyed. These precautions, while they would not entirely stamp out the gid on account of other ani- mals, such as foxes, wolves and coyotes being bearers, they will lessen the trouble to a great extent. Experience shows that with a better general care of sheep, gid is less frequently observed at- ” tacking them. Gid attacks appear to be more frequent in ani- mals which have been exposed to inclement weather, which has a tendency to weaken the nervous system, the resulting debility making them more prone to attack. When one or more cases occur in a flock, it is permissible to suppose that a number have been invaded at the same time, in which event any animal which is fat, and shows the slightest indication of gid, should be sold to the butcher. Where treatment is to be tried, the oper- ation of trephining the skull and puncturing the sack is per- formed. This allows the escape of the contents of the cyst, and in some cases where only one cyst is present it has been known to be successful. 206 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. To Operate. It is necessary to make a careful examination of the skull, and where the cyst is located close to the surface a softening of the bone will be noticeable. By trephining the skull at this point the parasite can be discovered and removed, also an oper- ation termed wiring has been performed. This was the method first employed by a Scottish shepherd by the name of Hoge, and in his hands was oftentimes successful. It consists in feeling for the soft spot in the skull and placing the thumb of one hand firmly on it, while with the other hand a thin wire or knitting needle is pushed up the nostril nearest the affected part till the point of the wire is felt under the thumb, so perforating the cyst and permitting the escape of its contents. Should this not cause inflammation of the brain, and no more cysts be present, the sheep will have a good chance to entirely recover. To treat the sheep-dogs and to ensure their freedom from the cause of all this trouble it is necessary to administer vermi- cides to them about every four months. The dog to be treated should not be fed for at least twelve hours before receiving the medicine, but it can be allowed all the water it desires. The evening before administering the worm medicine a dose of castor oil is advisable—for large dogs the dose is three tablespoonfuls. Medium sizes one to two tablespoon- fuls. Then in the morning Pallkee: siicarimailame ts Secceue x scr Ciera 3 drachms (Ese el ln Sie ss 2s Oe Pe ee ies cha Tah dey 1 ounce Mix. Give as one dose. Where the dog is medium sized, ‘two drachms of kamala will be sufficient. This is a very effectual taeniacide. It is not necessary to follow up its administration with a cathartic on account of its laxative properties. DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 207 Finlay Dun prescribes for tapeworm as follows. Take. Oil of male shield fern........... 20 drops Oiler turpentime \epsr sane. Cle fs. 30 drops rouble Meter ise ciarendiovehs «le \ 60 drops Beat all together with one egg and administer to the dog in a small quantity of soup. This should be followed in twelve hours’ time by a dose of castor oil. This disease occurs more frequently in lambs than in old sheep, presumably due to the tissues of the young animal being softer and more easily pene- trated by the parasites. As dogs are the most fruitful source of distribution of this pest, and the sheep being the source from which they obtain the same, it is advisable that all viscera and heads from slaughtered sheep should be withheld from them, unless thoroughly cooked. If this was universally carried out the losses from gid would materially decrease. Parasitic Nasal Catarrh. This disease is directly attributable to the invasion of the nasal cavities by a fly called the gad-fly (oestrus ovis), which de- posits its larvae on the inside of the nostrils. The embryos proceed to crawl up the nostrils, producing intense irritation of the mucous membranes, investing the frontal and maxillary sinuses. In appearance the gad-fly resembles an overgrown house fly. When flying it is so quick as to be almost invisible. It is a dull-colored insect, the head and thorax being about as long ‘as its abdomen, the back is brown, with small points and patches of darker color, its under surface is dark brown, with yellow spots at the center of each abdominal segment. The Wings are transparent, mottled with spots and stripes, they are almost as long as the body, which they completely envelop. The head is large, containing two large greenish eyes, the under sur- face of the head has white markings. The antennae are short 208 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. and bulbous at their bases. There are a few hairs on the head and quite a number on the body, sides and limbs. It has no mouth, or appreciable proboscis, its object in life seeming to be the propagation of its species, which when the male has im- pregnated two or three females, marks the end of his existence. The male gad-fly in size is as large as the female, but its head is narrow. They do not attack the sheep, and, as above stated, only exist to impregnate the female. The female gad-fly is sup- posed to deposit not the eggs, but live larvae within the nostrils of the sheep, few only being placed on any one animal owing to the agitation and violent movements exhibited by the sheep on the approach of the fly. These larvae are exceedingly smal] in size when first deposited. Their bodies are elongated and white. On examination with a lens they show that the body consists of eleven segments, with two hooks at its anterior end to be used to attach itself to the tissues and also to draw its body upwards and forwards; the posterior end is furnished with two stigmata, or breathing pores. The under surface is covered with minute spines. The bodies are transparent, close examination revealing the respiratory and digestive apparatus. The larvae as it ma- tures changes in appearance, attaining a considerable size (about three-quarters of an inch), the body becomes dark and striped with black bands, the spines also turn black. When this condi- tion is reached the grub escapes from the nostrils of the sheep, and falling on the ground immediately bores into it. It remains in the ground for a period of from one to two months (the length of time depending on the weather conditions). When the fly is matured within the chrysalis, it pushes up the upper end of the case and reaches the surface of the ground by the same hole the larvae made in the first instance. On arriving at the surface the fly appears at first sluggish and dull, the body and wings needing exposure to the air to cause them to harden. When this has taken place and the right time ecomes—that is when the DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 209 fly is fully matured—it darts off with remarkable swiftness to find a flock of sheep and single out its victim. Symptoms. On the fly touching the nostrils of the sheep the latter im- mediately shakes its head, at the same time striking the ground with its fore-feet. The sheep commences to run, holding its nose close to the ground, endeavoring to escape its pursuer. ‘The ani- mal runs into the middle of the flock. The whole flock becomes alarmed even if only one fly is in evidence. They place their noses close to the ground and huddle together as closely as possi- ble to make it difficult for the fly to attain its object. The young larvae deposited on the mucous membranes create an in- tense irritation from the insertion of their hooks and spines, drawing themselves up the nasal chamber by means of these pro- jections, leaving dark points of hemorrhage on the mucous sur- face wherever the points have been inserted. On proceeding up- ward they reach the turbinated bones, entering the frontal and even superior maxillary sinuses. Those that reach the superior maxillary sinuses grow in size, but never escape from their loeation, finally dying and undergoing degeneration. Those which reach the frontal sinuses, however, on reaching ma- turity find their way backward to the nasal chambers, and are voided to the ground. As the larvae grow in size in the sheep’s head the animal becomes affected with a ecatarrhal discharge. This is at first clear, but later becomes thick with mucus. The sheep frequently sneezes, these efforts resulting in the expulsion of mucus and oftentimes matured larvae. The animal will lie down and hold the nose pointed in the air, gradually turning its head round and backwards. The eyes become red and watery, the sheep moves with the nose close to the ground, stepping high with the hind legs, frequently raising the head to the wind and bending it sharply backwards. They may be seized with giddi- 210 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. ness, and stagger, but they do not turn in a circle or show evi- dences of any acute brain disturbance, all signs tending to show an obstruction and irritation of the nasal chambers. The duration of the attack may be from sixty days to ten months, all depending on the time the larvae remain in the nasal chambers. A sheep may be re-infected at different times, and so contain larvae of different sizes and various stages of develop- ment. The fly is liable to attack the sheep whenever the teim- perature is not too low for its existence, the months of June and July being those in which its depredations are most to be feared. Treatment. This is of two kinds, preventive and surgical. A practical method of prevention consists in smearing the noses with a mix- ture composed of tar and grease in equal parts, rubbing it on with a brush. Where the owner has only a few sheep to take care of this individual dressing of the animals may be feasible, and to be effective should be applied at least once a week throughout the fly season. Where large flocks are kept it becomes an ex- ceedingly difficult matter to secure them from the attacks of this pest. It is a good plan to herd them during the hot part of the day (when the fly is most active) on dusty ground, the dust raised by the sheep tending to prevent the onslaught of the flies. Surgical Treatment. This is only resorted to where the removal of the larvae is absolutely necessary, the owner desiring to keep the animal for breeding purposes, and its life being threatened by the attack. It consists in trephining the skull at the frontal sinus, the open- ing being made, according to Turn, as follows: “Cut off the wool which covers the forehead. Trace with colored chalk a transverse line uniting the middle of the two eyebrows and divide it by another line passing at the middle of the forehead. DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 211 The point of choice for trephining will be in each of the two upper angles thus obtained, without engaging the lines which limit them. The operation is performed according to the ordin- ary rules of surgery. From the opening made one often sees the larvae, which are extracted by forceps. To kill others, benzine moderately diluted with water is injected. The flap of skin is then cleaned, applied to the opening and sewed to the adjoin- ing skin. The whole is then covered with a turpentine-coated leather plaster. The patient is separated for a few days from other sheep. Sheep bear the operation with the same impunity as they do marking the ears or other minor operations.” This operation would not be advisable in the hands of every flock owner, and when all is said and done, it only relieves the trouble for the time being, as the next fly which comes along and de- posits its larvae will create the same trouble. Perhaps the ad- vice given by Neumann, in his work on parasites, is the best and easiest carried out (except where the sheep are valuable and de- sired for breeding purposes). Tle says: “At all times, if the number of animals affected is considerable, the malady should be left to follow its course, and those which present the gravest symptoms should be sent to the shambles.” Asa preventive in large herds the following might be tried: Take a squared log and bore holes in it with a large augur; in these place salt, and dress the edges of the holes with tar. Sheep then will apply tar to their noses every time they eat the salt. Parasitic Bronchitis; Boose, Husk. Also vulgarly called “Snots.” This destructive affection is due to the invasion of the bronchial tubes and lung tissue by worms scientifically called the strongylus filaria and strongylus rufescens, the former, however, is the one most frequently pres- ent, and is found attacking other ruminants, notably the camel and goat. 212 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. The strongylus filaria in length is from one to two and a half inches long, in color the male is a brownish yellow, and the female white, their bodies are uniform throughout their entire length, except at the ends, which are tapering. “The head is short, stumpy, rather angular, but not tubereulated as in other strongyles. Extending from the mouth is a short oesophagus, entering the stomach, from which a straight intestine is con- tinued nearly to the extreme end of the tail. The tail of the female is pointed; the oviducts filled with eggs and live young extend into the vulva, which is situated close to the anus.’”— Williams. In aged sheep these parasites do not always cause incon- venience, as an examination of the lungs of fat sheep has shown them to be loaded with these worms; but in lambs the parasites pierce the softer lung-tissue, gaining entrance to the bronchial tubes, where they set up an intense irritation, frequently caus- ing death. While aged sheep are not so liable to show the effects of attacks from these parasites, sometimes they become anaemic and debilitated, especially is this noticeable in lambing ewes, many of which succumb to the trouble. These parasites in sheep are the cause of bronchitis and sometimes pneumonia, and very often a combination of the two called broncho-pneumonia. The method of their introduction appears to be through the medium of the water supply, or from grasses, especially those of low-lying lands having an insufficient drainage. On gaining aecess to the alimentary canal (stomachs and intestines) they pierce the walls of these viscera and obtain entrance to the cireu- lation, by which they are carried to the lung tissue, where they remain till mature, when they pierce the tissues and pass into the bronchial tubes. Their presence then sets up the irritation characteristic of the disease, the parasites remaining in the lung tissue outside of the tubes, appearing to cause little if any incon- venience. Williams states that he has observed these parasites en ell DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 213 in the cavities of the heart and in the blood-vessels, and this goes to prove the correctness of the above theory of migration. A very large number of worms may be present in the lungs of a single sheep and are also found infesting the intestines. This would account for the amount of infection and source of danger a single diseased sheep may be to a pasture. Symptoms. These depend to a great extent as to whether the lungs only are attacked, or whether the parasites are also present in the intestinal canal. In the majority of cases the parasites are present only in the lungs; in some eases both the lungs and alimentary canal contain the worms, and in a few exceptional cases they are only present in the stomachs and intestinal canal. As seen attacking the lung-tissue of lambs, they cause distressing fits of coughing, difficulty in breathing, the affected animal fre- quently rubbing its head against the ground. Symptoms of anaemia (bloodlessness) soon become apparent. This is evi- denced by a paleness of the mucous linings of the eye-lids, the skin becomes dry and papery, the wool has a tendency to fall out, the breathing becomes hurried, the animal loses strength and sinks rapidly. When the parasites are present in the intestinal canal as well as the lungs, purging is associated with the other symptoms above mentioned. The animal has colicky pains, in- tense thirst, and a tendency to dropsy. An examination of the mucus discharges of the nose and of the faecal matter will frequently reveal the live parasites. The disease runs a course extending all the way from one to four months, depending on the strength of the sheep and the number of parasites gaining access tofthe system. If the symp- toms are well marked at the outset, the disease is almost sure to prove fatal unless the worms are few in number and the animal 214 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. has sufficient strength to cough them up. his disease appears to be more prevalent some seasons than others, its ravages being more serious after prolonged damp spells, when it is liable to be epizootic, and cause very large losses to the flock-owner. Treatment. This must be both preventive and curative. As a preventive the’ sheep, lambs especially, should be moved to fresh pastures. If the season is wet they should be herded on the hill sides, avoiding all low-lying lands as much as possible. Salt seems to exert destructive influence on the parasite; rock salt should be plentifully supplied for the sheep to lick, and dry fodder should be fed if obtainable in which salt has been plentifully sprinkled. The curative treatment, which will be found most practicable, is to confine the sheep in sheds, which are as air-tight as possible, then by burning sulphur in an iron kettle suspended from the roof of the shed just above the heads of the sheep sulphurous acid gas is formed. The inhalation of the fumes will cause violent expectoration on the part of the sheep, the parasites being expelled in the mucus discharges. These fumigations should be repeated three or four times. The safest plan is for an attendant to stand in the shed, and when he finds that the fumes are as strong as he can possibly bear them, to come outside, bringing out the burning sulphur with him. The sheep should then remain in the shed for a period of ten minutes. This pro- cedure should be repeated the next day, the sheep being com- pelled to inhale the fumes for a longer period, say twenty min- utes. On the third day the fumigations should again be earried out, which should prove sufficient to greatly relieve if not en- tirely cure the sheep. When the flock is few in number, so that individual treatment can be instituted, injections of medicinal DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 215: agents into the trachea (windpipe) will often prove of great benefit. Mace adine Spee cs see NS + drachm Todide of potassium..........24 drachms Wistilled Swaber 4 se aed og. OUNCES This solution is mixed with two ounces of oil of turpentine to which must be added six ounces of olive oil. Of this mixture. after it has been thoroughly shaken, one to two drachms should be injected into the trachea by means of a_ hypodermic syringe. The injection may be repeated in two or three days time, the number of injections depending on the seriousness of the attack. Where the parasites are suspected in the aliment- ary canal, it becomes necessary to administer such agents as have a tendency to destroy the pests. Bbacesn Oil Gi, claves. ci sera less fe os 6 50%: 5 drops Pmicture of einer. its. .52 2 + «+ $ drachm Oiler turpentimes ras. ss eat"... 2 drachms rnc cedh Olly ere ee ee, Or: 1 ounce Mix. Give as one dose in oatmeal or linseed gruel, which may be repeated after an interval of two to four days. The viscera, lungs, ete., of sheep and lambs which have been destroyed by this disease should be burnt or otherwise disposed of so as not to spread the infection. Pastures which have become infected should receive a thorough dressing of salt. Care should be taken in introducing strange sheep into the flock to provide against their carrying the contagium of the disease. Parasitic Diarrhoea. This disease is now recognized as one of the serious com- plaints affecting sheep. It is extensively distributed, occurring wherever sheep are to be found, and is the source of great con- cern to the sheep owner on account of its frequent fatalities. It 216, DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. is caused by irritation of the mucous membranes of the aliment- ary canal, owing to the presence of the tapeworm, scientifically termed the taenia expansa. Many writers report having ob- served cases of diarrhoea in sheep and lambs where segments of tapeworm were found in the faecal discharges. In 1877 an out- break occurred in Central Park, New York, in which the in- testines of lambs were filled with taeniae ranging from one to fifteen feet in length. The animals were unwell for two or three days, then, becoming affected with convulsions, would turn round in a circle and drop dead. Cross of Shrewsbury, Eng., the same year reports a case of scouring in lambs, in which innumerable segments, with double sexual organs and unarmed heads, were found in the alvine discharges. Cobbold also re- ports large losses in Australia, due to the same pests, and Gamgee also states that in Australia an enzooty, due to taeniae in lambs, is of frequent occurrence, especially on land which is over- stocked. Where tapeworm is suspected in a flock of sheep, an examination of the soil (after a heavy rain) on which they have been folded will often. reveal the segments, washed free from the faecal matter. Cooper Curtice in the Government report of 1890 states that “no section of the United States seems to be entirely free from it,” and further says: “It was introduced into this country from Europe along with the imported flocks, which harbored it.” Description of the Parasite. Length variable, the largest measure from five to six yards in length and from one-twenty-fifth of an inch in breadth at the head to one-half an inch at the tail. . The head is generally small and pointed, the neck very short, if discernible at all, the first segments are very short, the others as they proceed backwards to the tail becoming longer and broader. The head is small at the end, and is furnished with four suckers. The body of the DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 217 worm is made up of segments, very wide and flat, which vary in length in the different portions of its extent. In appearance the worm is a dull white, but becomes transparent on being sub- merged for a few hours in water. Each segment is endowed with an independent set of genital organs, and contains eggs or young embryos, so it will be observed that each segment is cap- able of reproducing its kind without the assistance of outside agencies. The segments become mature as the embryos develop within them, and are separated from the others to be ejected with the excreta on the ground, there to fulfill their life cycle. The segments nearest the tail maturing first, are the first to be shed, the remainder following in their turn till the head only remains. It is owing to this process that lambs are able to recover after being attacked by this species of taenia. Symptoms. A paleness of the skin will be noticeable, the visible mucous membranes, such as the lining of the eyelids, will also have a bloodless appearance, the fleece is dry and brittle, the animal be- comes poor in flesh, and, should it be a lamb, it ceases to develop. The appetite will still remain good, being increased if anything, the desire for liquids is also increased, the animal at times drink- ing greedily. The digestive functions soon become deranged, rumination is imperfectly performed, the breath becomes foetid, signs of colic will be observed at irregular intervals, the: evacu- ations are varied in character, at times the animal is constipated. again it suffers from exhaustive diarrhoea, the belly becomes distended owing to accumulations of faecal matter or gas. The evacuations have a mucus character and are yellowish in color, an examination frequently revealing segments of the taenia ex- pansa. In severe cases the sheep becomes so weak that it with difficulty keeps with the flock when grazing. They are attacked with convulsions, finally a malignant diarrhoea which refuses to 218 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. yield to treatment sets in, the effect of which is to su increase the debility and wasting that the animal falls down unable to rise, quickly suecumbing from exhaustion. Treatment. This is also both curative and preventive. Where taenia expansa is suspected in a flock all the animals should be dosed, as the well ones if allowed to graze in the same pasture as those already affected are sure to pick up the eggs of the parasite, and in turn become mediums for its distribution. Before adminis- tering vermifuges to the sheep they should be prepared for the same by being kept without food and water for at least twelve hours. They should be all dosed at one time and kept confined for at least twenty-four hours after receiving the medicine, so that the segments and eggs, which will be voided, are not dis- tributed over the pastures. When the owner or foreman is satis- fied that the medicine has had the desired result, the sheep should be allowed access to the pasture, and the yard in which they were confined should be thoroughly covered with quick lime to de- stroy all evidences of the disease. One of the best and simplest taeniacides to use is kamala. This is obtained in the form of a coarse red powder, its effects on the sheep for the expulsion of tapeworm being very satisfactory. Take NGareniailaa tee iels cor seiees eaees ,....0 Grachms Mix thoroughly in three ounces of linseed gruel; this is the dose for adult sheep, lambs take from one to two drachms, ac- cording to their age. This should be administered very slowly to the animal to insure its passing into the fourth stomach and so on into the intestines, as, if it should be hastily given, it is liable to enter the rumen, where its effects would in all probabil- ity be nil. Should the kamala not prove efficacious the follow- ing can be tried. Take. Ethereal extract, male shield fern.1 drachm Oastor-oilkwo ue ee eee eee oli. 4 ounces DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES, 219 Mix and give as one dose to adult sheep; lambs can be given from one to three-fourths of the above with safety. Following this treatment a tonic should be used to stimulate the appetite and assist nature in restoring health. ALES TS Gaye... le al pea ne one ie Ment Cr eae AP 2 lbs. BOS OMAN SANS er eva Seay ado estes Sip 9 Step ae idle Up ahe: Ol MOM orci ets sie spay. ss ane eases 4 lb. owideredh en tiety 265 foros) on pater a 4 |b. INitratelot potash. Wi. ol Sone 4 ounces Mix thoroughly. This can be given by mixing it in the feed, and will make a sufficient quantity for 100 sheep. It should be repeated two or three times a week till the animals show signs of marked improvement. Preventive Treatment. Consists in not over-stocking the pastures. The lambs should be kept in fields which have not been used for some months previously. Attention must be paid to the water supply, as this appears frequently to be a source of infection. It must be borne in mind that this disease is more prevalent during the summer months and that the majority of fatalities take place in lambs under six months of age. Lambs recovering from the attacks of taeniae or those which have been treated and rid of the same, should receive the best of care and attention, as the system is run down, the animals are weakened and emaciated, making them more liable to attacks from other ailments. Parasitic Gastric Catarrb. This disease is generally found occurring as an epizootic. It is due to the presence of round worms, scientifically termed twisted strongyles (strongylus contortus) in the abomasum: (fourth stomach). As seen attacking lambs it is particularly fatal. It is found occurring in all countries where sheep are Strongylus Contortus, Rud. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Fig. 3 Fig. 4 mio. 5 Fig. 6 His. 7 Big. 8 Bic: 9 Fig. 10 Fig. 11 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 221 Description of Illustrations on Opposite Page. . Adult female, X 6, a, head; 6, ovaries wound around the intes- tines; c, c, uteri; d,a large papille, just in front of and cover- ing the vulva; e, anus. . Adult male, X 6. 3. Head—a, two barb-like papille; 6, mouth; c, esophagus; 4, in- testine. . Eggs, highly magnified—a, eggs before they have left the ovaries ; 6, eggs showing nuclei; c, eggs after they have passed through the oviduct; d, egg with one cell; ¢, with two; /, with four; g, with eight; 2, with many; 7, egg as it is laid. . Skin, showing nine of the eighteen longitudinal lines. . Portion of female—a, the intestine; 5, 6, the ends of the ovaries. . Caudal end of female—a, the anus; 4, the vulva; c, vagina; d, d, uteri filled with eggs; e, oviduct; 4, 7%, ovary; g, intestine. . Spicula, enlarged. . Bursa, expanded to show cost: a, ventral; 4, ventro-lateral ; ¢, lateral; d, dorso-lateral; ¢, dorsal; /, spicula. . Group of adult males and females, natural size. . Caudal end of male—a, bursa; 4, spicula; c, seminal reservoir; d, intestine. 222 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. kept. It is frequently complicated with verminous bronchitis, and is generally prevalent during. the spring and summer months.. No portions of the United States appear to be free from its ravages. Throughout Arizona, New Mexico and Mexico proper, it is known under the name of lombriz, a deriva- ) tion from the Spanish “lombrici,” meaning worms; its attacks being of frequent occurrence in those districts. Appearance of Worms. Body red or white according as its intestine is full of blood sucked from the mucous membrane of the stomach, the extremi- ties are pointed, just behind its anterior extremity two small lateral projections (papillae) are noticeable. These are shaped in the form of teeth, projecting backward. Fine lines or striae mark its integument (skin) transversely, in addition to which are longitudinal ridges forty or fifty in number. The male worm is from one-half to one inch in length, the female from one to one and one-half inches, its body terminating in a pointed tail. Its vulva is situated a short distance from the tail in a de- pression covered by a powerful tongue-like appendage, which points backward; its eggs are ovoid and infinitesimally small in s1Ze. The probable source of infection of sheep by these pests is through the medium of the water supply. Leukart reports that he has seen them grow rapidly in muddy water, reaching such a state of growth as to be able to mature after gaining access to ruminants. Such being the case, it is necessary to guard against the water supply being contaminated with the excrements of animals which are themselves suffering from these worms. Symptoms. These so far as being characteristic of this particular order of worms are not well marked. The affected animal is dull, DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 223 suffers from a depraved appetite, intense thirst, becomes poor in flesh and dropsical, the belly becoming enlarged and tense. It will suffer.frequently from attacks of colic, and is affected with a black diarrhoea, which generally terminates in death. Post-Mortem. Examination of the fourth stomach of sheep which have been attacked by these worms will find it containing hundreds and perhaps thousands of twisted round worms closely packed to- gether, their heads buried in the mucous membrane, which is thickened and has a blocdless or pale appearance. Treatment. Where the sheep are suspected to be suffering from worms they should be dosed individually, unless the flock is so large as to make it impracticable. pales Mammals Sie fe iat aes 3 drachms Minseedomuel ssi. slseiebee sie. 6 ounces Mix this is a sufficient dose for one large sheep. Lambs can be given from one-half to two drachms of kamala according to their age and size. Finlay Dunn in his work on veterinary medicine, prescribes as follows. Sinise; Commons salts ..60.0 ele 2 ale o's eid ws 3 Ibs. Powdereds cimeen..s. Bian wale eesiet cm 9 «2 4 Ib. Powdered vsalt petrer...2 2/008 3.5.9 2: 4 Ib. Dissolve in three gallons of warm water, to which when nearly cold add twenty-four ounces of turpentine. The dose for lambs of from four to six months old is two ounces, the full prescription being a sufficient quantity for 160 head of lambs. Zurn recommends picrate of potash, claiming that it will be found less irritating, and at the same time as efficient a vermicide as kamala. The dose for a lamb is from three to five grains, and for grown sheep twenty grains. It should be administered dis- 224 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. solved in water. Where large numbers of sheep have to be treated pumpkin seeds have been used, and in many cases with satisfactory results. These can be given in unlimited quantities, mixed with dry feed, such as shorts, the great drawback in using this simple remedy being the difficulty to get the sheep to eat a sufficient quantity. After treatment the flock should be moved to fresh and uninfected pastures. The ground from which they have been moved should not be used to graze sheep on for at least two seasons, and where practicable the pasture should be given a dressing of lime or salt. A new method, and apparently, from all data which can be gathered on the subject a most successful one, is the use of benzine, or to make it more plain to the reader, gasoline, in a treatment of this affection. This is used as follows: For lambs weighing about 75 pounds administer one tablespoonful of gaso- line in half a pint of linseed tea or oat-meal gruel; repeat daily for three or four days. Adult sheep take from two to three tablespoonfuls. This treatment is simple, and from all accounts would certainly warrant atrial. It was first used in France, and the reports from that country were most gratifying, leading to the adoption of this agent by many prominent sheep men in this country, notably Jos. E. Wing of Mechanicsburg, Ohio, who re- ports favorably. Nodular Disease of the Intestines. This is a diseased condition of the intestines, due to a para- site called the oesophagostoma columbianum, the last word signifying that it was first found in the District of Columbia. The investigations leading to and determining this particular species of worm were successfully carried out by Dr. D. E. Salmon, Chief-of the Bureau of Animal Industry, assisted by Dr. Cooper Curtice, also a member of the Department of Agri- culture. Its presence can only be detected by post mortem ex- DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 225 amination, when it will be found that the intestines of the sheep, more particularly the large guts (colon and caecum), are studded with whitish tumors, ranging in size from that of a millet seed to as large as a hickory nut, giving the external coat of the bow- els a knotty appearance, so injuring the gut as to make it worth- less for sausage casings, inflicting serious monetary loss to the buteher. “The adult worm is found in the large intestines of sheep in considerable numbers, and in the same animal may also be found the tumors. The parasite is usually found below the narrowing of the large intestines, where the latter changes from a sac-like receptacle to a large tube, and below the mass of tuim- ors. The tumors may, however, extend the entire length of the intestines. It is evident that the distribution of the eggs of this adult would be favorable for sheep becoming again infected by them.”—Department of Agriculture Report 1890, Cooper Cur- tice. ; There are no special symptoms characteristic of this par- ticular species of worm. The writer has seen hundreds of sheep killed at the abattoirs, the intestines of which were studded with tumors, the animals in life showing no particular signs of verm- inous trouble. In fact, it was frequently noticeable affecting the intestines in fat, prime sheep, but there is no doubt that serious trouble results to sheep harboring this parasite for any extended length of time, its effects appearing to be more disas- trous in the Southern and South Eastern States of America than in the more northern latitudes. The white tumors or cysts being situated under the peri toneal covering and external to the mucous lining of the intes- tine, are not susceptible to the action of medicinal agents. The mature worms which are found in the intestines will yield to the same treatment as that prescribed for tapeworms causing para- sitic diarrhoea. 226 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. The fact of this particular oesophagostome being so universally distributed over large portions of the United States renders the problem of possible infection a hard one to solve. As a matter of economics this disease is worthy of grave consid- eration; large importations of sausage casings being necessary to supply the home demand. The Rot. This disease has been the cause of greater loss to the flock owners than almost all the others combined, with the exception, perhaps, of sheep scab. Records dating back hundreds of years show that in Egypt the disease was most virulent, appearing there annually following the inundation of the banks of the Nile. Beyond a doubt, all cases of rot have arisen from keeping sheep on a wet, swampy soil, they being naturally an inhabitant of dry and lofty situations, and while they have been made to thrive on unsuitable grounds, the perversion of their natural habits ex- poses them to attacks by this most disastrous disease. The parasite causing this disease is known as the distoma hepaticum or liver-fluke; and while it is very common and has caused immense losses on the European continent and Great Britain, it has rarely been found affecting American sheep, al- though a few cases have been recorded in the East, on Long Island, also in Louisiana, Texas and California. As a matter of history, it may be stated here that the liver-fluke in Great Britain alone was, until recently, responsible for the loss of 1,000,000 sheep and lambs annually, and that in 1830 to 1831 this number was more than doubled, many farmers losing all their flocks, one farmer in the County of Kent losing $15,000 worth of sheep in the eourse of three months. | On the continent of Europe its ravages have been fully as great. Its presence has also been felt in Australia, and to a DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 227 certain extent throughout the different parts of the world where the land is swampy and subject to floods. M. M. Hamont, in an essay on this subject, states that “it assumes its most serious character after heavy rains and extensive floods, and in wet countries covered with aquatic plants. It affects animals of different ages and in all seasons. It appears every year in Egypt after the fall of the Nile, and it follows and keeps pace with the subsidence of the waters. In the superior parts of Upper Egypt it commences about the end of July, near Cairo in August, in the environs of the capital in October and November, and during the months of December, January and February in the Delta. It is most obstinate and continues long- est in the neighborhood of the confluence of the waters. In Lower Egypt it lasts about 120 to 130 days, and it disappears soonest and is least fatal when the rise of the Nile has not been considerable. Desolation and death accompany it wherever it passes. The Arabs say that this pest annually destroys 16,000 sheep in Egypt. Its victims usually perish on the twenty-fifth, thirtieth, thirty-fifth or fortieth day after the apparent attack.” From this extract we can readily understand that it is a particu- larly fatal disease, and that it being of so rare an occurrence in the United States of America is a cause for self-congratulation among the flock owners of this country. Symptoms. The primary symptoms are slight. Instead of the animal losing flesh it appears to increase in weight, the appetite remains good, the tendency to fatten being due to the better assimilation of the food products, owing to the increased secretion of bile eaused from the irritation due to the young liver-flukes in the bile-duets and liver, and this very tendency to fatten in the first stages of the disease has led feeders, notably the celebrated Bakewell, to purposely expose the sheep intended for early ~ 228 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. market to the infection, so that the period of feeding would be shortened, and the profits correspondingly increased. Among the first noticeable symptoms will be a dullness and a pale ap- pearance of the mucous membranes of the eyelids, nasal cavity and mouth; the membrana nictitans, or winking eyelid, situated at the corner of the eyes nearest the nose, becomes yellow. As the disease progresses the affected sheep become flaccid about the loins, and commence to shrink; by passing the hand over the hips a crackling sound is produced, caused by the pres- ence of gases in the sub-cutaneous connective tissue; the counten- ance becomes pale, the skin changes color from the normal healthy pink hue to a pale red, the wool parts easily from the skin, which as the disease progresses becomes covered with yellow and black spots; in a short time the dullness increases, the animal continues to lose flesh, the paleness of the mucous mem- branes increases until they become almost white, at which stage they commence to become yellow, showing the presence of bile in the blood; the yellow appearance extends to the skin, which now becomes loose and flabby, a watery fluid collecting under it, dropsical swellings being noticeable under the belly between the fore-legs and under the jaw. This last appears in the form of a large watery swelling, giving the sheep the appearance termed “chockered.” When this stage is reached the sheep quickly succumbs, Duration of the Disease. Some authorities state that the flukes remain nine months, others claim fifteen months in the affected sheep, and that after this time they gain access to the intestinal canal and are voided with the droppings. Thomas says he has seen the sickness last six years, Neu- mann claiming, as does Perroncito, that the flukes rarely quit their hosts, and the question of re-infection of the same animal DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 229 creates a doubt whether such a long period of infection was all due to the same parasites or to renewed generations of them. The disease ordinarily lasts from three to six months, but this is very uncertain, affected animals having been known to succumb in a few days after infection, the death in such cases being caused by acute inflammation of the liver, due to the irri- tation caused by the presence of the parasites. Sheep suffering from the rot, owing to their weakened condition, become suscept- ible to other maladies which are liable to cause death, even before the liver disease has had time to run its course. Post-Mortem. Post mortem appearances depend entirely on the stage in which the sheep is destroyed. Shortly after infection the thin edge of the small lobe of the liver, termed the quadrate lobe, be- comes a whitish-blue color, which spreads along the upper and lower sides. When the disease has run a more protracted course, the flesh is found pale, and in the dependant parts of the body in- filtrated with a yellowish serous fluid. In far advanced cases few parts of the body are found which do not present evidences of disease, the heart is soft and pale, the lungs often being studded with tubercles; in all cases the liver is found extensively affected, generally pale in color and friable or mottled, with hard scirrhous spots with a fluid jelly-like deposit on different parts of its sur- face, particularly so around the bile-ducts. It will also appear puckered in places with cicatricial markings, caused by the re- parative process and contraction of the newly formed tissue. Channels are formed in the substance of the organ under the serous membranes covering it. These are visible to the naked eye. The biliary ducts are irregularly enlarged and thickened, the saceulations frequently being as large as a hickory nut, and on making a transverse section of these they will be found to 230 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. contain flukes of various sizes in a greenish black, sticky mass, the inside surfaces of pouches being lined. with a gritty caleare- ous deposit. When the flukes leave the liver for the intestinal canal the structure of the organ will partially heal, but the liver never returns to the normal healthy condition. Neumann describes the appearance of the liver-fluke as follows: “Description.—Body flattened, leaf-like, pale brown, irregular, the adult from eighteen to thirty-one mm. long and Distoma Depaticum, Linn, Fig. 1. Adult fluke, natural size—la, young fluke, natural size. (Raillet). Fig. 2. Eggs—a,egg with developing embryo; 4,egg with embryo; c, egg-shell. (Raillet.) Fig. 3. Ciliated and free embryo—a, perforating apparatus; 4, ocular spot. (Leuckart), Fig. 4. Encysted embryo found in snails. (A. P. Thomas). from four to thirteen mm. wide, oblong, oval or lanceolate, larger and rounder in front, where it is abruptly contracted in such a way as to present a conical neck, attenuate and obtuse be- hind, skin bristling with numerous little points directed back- ward. Oval sucker terminal, rounded. Ventral sucker, large, projecting with a triangular opening, situated about three mm. behind the first. Intestine with two ramified branches visible through the skin, and of a deep shade. Penis projecting in front DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 231 of the abdominal sucker, always recurved. Vulva small, situ- ated at the-side of the male orifice or a little behind. Eggs brown or greenish, ovoid, length from 0.130 to 0.145 mm., width 0.070 to 0.090 mm.” The parasite has been found in the livers of the sheep, goats, cattle, camels, and a number of wild ruminants, also in the horse, ass, pig, elephant, rabbit, and man. Its habitat is in the biliary ducts of the liver where, according to Kuchenmeister, it feeds on the blood from the mucous membranes of those vass- ages. Its life history was first determined by Leuckart, and later, but independently, by Thomas, an English scientist. It was called the fasciola hepaticum by Linnaeus, the naturalist, the name of distoma hepaticum being bestowed on it by Retzius, the word hepaticum being used in conjunction with either of the others to designate that the fluke is found in the liver. The flukes deposit their eggs in the biliary ducts, from which they pass into the intestines, and are voided from the sys- tem, dropping on the ground, where those falling in suitable places, under favorable conditions, hatch and escape by the rais- ing of a lid-like contrivance on the small end of the egg. These newly-hatched parasites are not young flukes; on the contrary, they are small ciliated embryos, which are enabled by the fine cilia (hair) covering them to swim about in water. These em- bryos immediately seek out the small water snail, it being neces- sary for the completion of the life cycle of this remarkable para- site that this snail act as an intermediary host for it during the completion of this stage. Should the embryo fail to become attached to the water snail in two days time it will die without completing its life eyele. On the other hand, should it become attached to the snail, it immediately bores through the shell. 232 DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. lodging in the respiratory cavity of that mollusk. Here it be- comes encysted, contracting into an oval mass, which grows rapidly. At this stage it is called a sporocyst. This sporocyst splits up into from five to eight bodies, called rediae, which are about 2 mm. in length, these leaving the cyst one by one. These rediae each one of them develop within themselves fifteen to twenty cercariae, which are thrust out in turn through an orifice under the neck of the rediae. These cercariae are what escape from the snail, being scat- tered broadeast in its wanderings. After a short time they lose their tails, and again become encysted, the contents of these cysts being attached to blades of grass, ete., are swallowed by the sheep or other animal, the gastric juices acting on it break the covering, setting free the young flukes in the stomach and duodeneum, from which they gain the biliary ducts, and pass up them to the liver, where they grow into adult hermaphroditie parasites able to give origin to other generations of young. The life cycle of this parasite is as wonderful as any oecur- ring in nature, at least seventy-five young flukes under suitable circumstances being able to develop from a single egg. Preventive Treatment. We cannot do better than print verbatim Thomas’ formu- lated rules of prevention against this parasite, founded on its life- history, as follows: “1. All eggs of the liver-fluke must be vigorously de- stroyed. Manure from rotten sheep or other infected animals must not be put on wet ground. As the liver and intestines con- tain the eggs, those too must be destroyed or put in the compost heap. The manure of affected animals should not be stored where there is a drainage from it to the neighboring grass. It should be mixed with lime and salt before being spread on meadows or cultivated fields. “2. If sheep are infected, let them be sent to the butcher DISEASES DUE TO INTERNAL PARASITES. 233 at once, unless they are specially valuable and are not badly affected. If kept they must not be put on wet ground. “3. Care must be taken to avoid introducing eges of the fluke, either with manure or fluked sheep or in any other way. Rabbits and hares must not be allowed to introduce the egos, “4. All heavy and wet ground must be thoroughly drained. “5. Dressing of lime and salt (or both) should be spread over the ground at the proper season to destroy the embryos, the eysts of the fluke and also the snail, which acts as host. “6. Sheep must not be allowed to graze closely, for the more closely they graze the more fluke germs they will pick up. (th (7. When sheep are allowed to graze on dangerous ground they should have a daily allowance of salt and a little dry food.” Medicinal Treatment. A perfect cure is almost hopeless. After the period of migration of the flukes to the intestines, a spontaneous cure sometimes results, which, however, is very rare. So far as me- dicinal treatment is concerned, Mojkowski reports, according to Neumann, satisfactory results by giving the sheep napthol twice daily for a week, in ten to fifteen grain doses, alone or mixed with gentian. Another old English recipe calls for Sulphate Of iron). . 3.222%. 2... 2. drachm alba yoa en ahs ae eee ye ire ee 4 drachm INAIISER SCCM htt ee eee: + drachm Mixed with half a pound each of linseed meal, peas and locust beans, and given daily to each sheep. The fact that salt is fatal to the fluke and that sheep may be grazed with impunity on salt marshes, is evidence that salt should be freely offered to sheep. This is best accomplished by keeping quantities of rock salt within easy access. Combined with medicinal treatment a proper stimulating and nourishing diet is of great importance. Corn, barley, peas, oats, oil-meal, cake, any dry grains, should be fed in judicious proportions. Watery foods such as turnips, Swedes, ete., are to be avoided. CHAPTER XV. Parasitic Diseases of the Skin. While the diseases of this particular class are not so dangerous to the animal’s existence as those occurring from in- ternal parasites, yet we must place great importance on diseases of this nature, as to one of them at least, viz., scabies, the greatest loss of the wool-grower is directly attributable. The yearly shrinkage of the wool crop due to its attacks amounting through- out the world to millions of dollars. All diseases of the skin tend to produce bodily discomfort, the sheep after feeding in- stead of being able to rest quietly, is called upon to resist the at- tacks of pests, the excessive itching always present in these eom- plaints causing the animal to rub itself violently and pull the fleece from the diseased surfaces with its mouth. Animals suffer- ing from these attacks do not fatten readily. Should they be neglected, no treatment being used, the diseases become virulent, the animal perceptibly loses flesh, and is virtually eaten alive by ever-increasing multitudes of parasites. Scabies, Scab. Is a disease due to the presence of an animal parasite, which exists on the effusion arising from the irritation to the tissues caused by its presence. Of the scab insect infesting sheep we find three kinds, namely, the sarecoptes ovis, which burrow in the skin; the dermatodectes, also called the psoroptes communis, the cause of common scab, which simply bite and hold on to the skin, and which is the parasite we shall mostly have to deal with in this chapter, and thirdly the symbiotes, or chorioptes ovis, the PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 235 cause of foot scab. In studying the life-history of these para- sites we find they are virtually alike, in that they attack the skin of the sheep, and live on the fluid arising from the irritation from their bites. The scabs form over the irritated surfaces; and beneath these crusts the insects deposit their eggs. In the course of from two to three days the eggs hatch, the newly born parasite becoming adult in fifteen days. Each female parasite, Greup of Emaciated and Scabby Sheep. according to Gerlach, will lay fifteen eggs, ten of which will bring forth females, the balance males. The young parasites as soon as they hatch spread and invade new territory, which gives the affected part the appearance of spreading by a constant advance of its circumference. The eggs being embedded in these crusts or scabs, are deposited on posts, feeding troughs, or bedding, ete., and become fresh centers of infection, it only 236 ‘PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. being necessary that they become deposited on the skin of the sheep for them to develop into live and aggressive parasites. Gerlach, the German authority mentioned previously, ecom- puted that in three months time a single female would be re- sponsible for the existence of 1,500,000 progeny, as is shown in the following table: Females. Males. First generation after 15 days produces... 10 5 Second generation after 30 days produces. 100 50 Third generation after 45 days produces. . 1,000 500 Fourth generation after 60 days produces. 10,000 5,000 Fifth generation after 75 days produces... 100,000 50,000 Sixth generation after 90 days produces... 1,000,000 500,000 Unless the affected sheep is submitted to proper treatment to destroy these pests they will increase indefinitely in numbers until death to the patient ensues. The form of scabies com- monly affecting the sheep in the United States from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacifie Ocean is that caused by the psoroptes communis, which attacks the parts of the sheep covered by the heavy fleece, causing the animal to rub and pull the fleece, so effecting a shrinkage in the wool clip, which, when the large num- ber of affected animals are taken into account, will be found to annually mount up to millions of dollars, all of which could be prevented by intelligently carrying out the Federal and State _ regulations governing the same, subjecting all affected animals to a rigid quarantine and effective treatment, and heavily punish- ing the owner of a lot of infected sheep if he should wittingly allow them to run at large. 7 The common seab attacks the backs, flanks, sides, shoulders, necks, bellies, and rumps of the sheep, the spot infected appear- ing ragged, the sheep frequently biting the part as if it was try- ing to tear the wool, or striking the spot with a hind foot; in Showing Scabies in its first Stages. 238 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. ageravated cases tearing the skin with the hoof, causing ulcer- ation and thickening of the cuticle. The Head Seab. This disease, as has already been stated, is caused by para- sites called the sarcoptes seabiei. Theyare the smallest of the seab- forming parasites, being almost invisible to the naked eye. In appearance they are rounded, ovoid bodies, with small pointed proboscis, the full grown parasite having eight legs, four to a side, supped with suckers or feelers, while the newly-hatched insect possesses only three pair of legs, the other pair appearing about thirty-six hours after birth. Location and Symptoms. This disease first makes its appearance around the nostrils, rarely on the eyelids, and around the ears. From these locations the scab extends over the whole face, cheeks and eyelids, even to the lower portion of the limbs, under the belly, and especially in the flexures of the knee, hock and pastern joints, wherever the wool is scarce, as this species does not attack the parts covered by the heavy fleece. The first symptom noticeable will be that the sheep rubs and scratches its head violently. On examination at this period, a very small whitish yellow pimple will be found, which, on being rubbed, ruptures, allowing the escape of a yel- lowish serosity. This in drying forms minute crusts, the agere- gation of which tend to form a thick and hard seab. The vesicles themselves are formed by the parasites burrowing into the skin, where they find the necessary nourishment for their growth and the propagation of the species. The young as soon as they hatch out migrate to a fresh location, where they imme- diately bury themselves in the skin in the same manner as their progenitors. In this manner the disease spreads, slowly at first, but after the first thirty days by leaps and bounds. As the dis- PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 239 ease progresses the seabby patches become confluent, thicker and harder and white in appearance, extending over the lips, cheeks, nostrils, face, forehead, eyes and ears in one hard, thick scabby mass, causing an incessant, unbearable itching, in trying to allay which, by rubbing and striking the part with its feet, the animal tears through seab and skin, causing bleeding, soreness and ulcer- ation of the part. As these patches increase round the edges, the centers tend to heal, leaving scars and cicatrices to show the ravages of the disease. When the scabs cover the eyelids, the animal is in danger of starving to death, being unable to see where or how to obtain food. To find this insect it is necessary to raise the seab and examine the moist underlying exudate by the aid of a microscope. They are not to be found on the hard and dry portions of the seab. Head scab is not a common form of the disease in North America, although eases of it are occasionally found. It is the most susceptible to treatment of the three kinds of scab, and while, unlike the common scab, it does not work direct injury to the fleece If neglected, the patient becomes poor in flesh, and indirectly by its effect on the general health, the normal growth of the fleece is prevented,.so curtailing the clip. Treatment. The application of a good sheep dip or wash will effectually cure this trouble. Common Scab, Psoroptes Communis. The parasite causing this disease is much larger than the sarcoptes, being easily discernible with the naked eye, especially if placed on a black surface. It has caused more monetary loss to sheep breeders of all countries than any other condition or disease, not excepting the ravages caused by the liver-fluke; so rapidly does it run through a flock, and so destructive are its 240 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. effects on the wool industry, that nearly all governments have enacted legislation aiming to control and eradicate the disease. Symptoms. When seab first breaks out in a flock of sheep the affected ones will be noticed scratching, biting, rubbing themselves, tak- ing hold of the wool and pulling it from the skin, causing the fleece to have a rough uneven look, the wool fibres being stuck together and wet where the animal has been biting the part. A Young six-legged Hcarus x 100. (Brown.) Sheep badly affected will be uneasy at all times, constantly pulling and seratching, especially is this the case if they are driven around and over-heated, the itching then becoming very severe. : To Examine a Sheep for Scab. Part the wool over the spot where the animal has been bit- ing, and by closely examining the skin small whitish-yellow elevations will be observed which present a marked contrast to the normal pink skin. These elevations are caused from the bites of the seab mites, which will be found on the wool fibres in close proximity. As the mites increase in numbers, PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. { | ae ~S Psoroptes Communts Vel Dermatodectes Ovis. (Gerlach. ) 242 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. the elevations do likewise, becoming closer together, finally uniting. The vesicles, on being rubbed, exude a watery seros- ity, which accumulates and in drying forms a thin crust, called a Group of Scab Parasites x 40. (Brown.) a, mature female acarus in a mass of scab. c, cast-off skin of an acarus, @,drum with yolk contracted. young acarus, /, orum with young acarus iu interior about to be hatched. 6, young acarus after change of skin. eé,drum containing a scab. The scab appears as a yellowish, thin, greasy layer. This as the disease progresses becomes thick and hard, spreading wider as the parasites invade fresh tissue around the edges of the scabs. These crusts in being rubbed off or torn out by the PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. 243 frenzied motions of the sheep carry with them tags of wool, leaving the affected surfaces denuded and sore. These become ; again covered by scabs, which are thicker than the former, these being still further increased in circumference by the outward migration of the parasites. As the affected surfaces enlarge their centers tend to heal, but the skin remains thick and wrinkled for a long time, the growth of the fleece being re- tarded and sometimes destroyed from the injury to the hair follicles. Modes of Infection. Since scab is caused by insects which are being continually distributed by the sheep rubbing on posts or dropping tags of wool containing pieces of scab, which on coming in contact with other sheep soon cause an outbreak on them also, it can read- ily be seen that the sources of infection are many, among which can be enumerated the shipping of infected sheep in railroad ears as one of the commonest methods of distribution, or per- mitting healthy sheep to graze on a range on which scabby sheep have been kept, or the exposure in any way of healthy sheep to the eggs of the parasite, which are more to be dreaded than the mite itself. The parasite itself cannot live for any length of time away from the body of its host, and experiments have shown that it will succumb after a period of from ten to fifteen days, but its eggs, being almost indestructible owing to their - dense fibrous covering, will last indefinitely, and should the sheep pick up any particle of wool or pieces of scab containing these eggs it is only necessary for them to remain in contact with the skin for a short period for them to hatch and become the foci for new and disastrous outbreaks. Ranges when once infected are not considered safe grazing grounds for the space of one year. Pens when infected need to be thoroughly gone over with slaked lime wash, with some parasiticide added to it, before they are 244 PARASITIC DISEASES OF THE SKIN. safe to hold sheep again. «las sans Coeaine hydrochlorate sol. 4 per COM iserccotncelah ee Riemer eetie te cee .1 drachm Distilled swater..< 405 3% teleiea'e-shee al OUnEE Use for two or three days, applying afew drops to the eye several times a day. And then Mae: ai fae SeuINe sn tis cornices eieieisteny a oe anOe 2 grains Distilled water: }.42.%. is ee aoeafeter 1 ounce and use this for two or three days. The atropia solution dilates the pupil while the eserine solu- tion has the opposite effect. In this manner the pupil is kept moving, lessening the possibility of organization of the products of inflammation. An opaque cornea, when of recent occurrence, can often be corrected by stimulation. To effect this apply with a feather or camel’s hair brush a solution of the nitrate of silver, such as Nitrate otsilverus n.d once seine Manalnles Distilled waters waco os mle es baer Once Apply this directly to the opacity once or twice a day. It isa good plan to administer internally saline diuretics, such as nitrate of potash in drachm doses, and a full dose of Epsom salts. CHAPTER XVIII. Local Non-Contagious Diseases. In the arrangement of this work a few diseases which did not especially belong with those already classified have been in- serted under the above heading. Among such are several of those affecting the integument and glands of the skin and also certain conditions affecting the feet. We shall now consider such diseases of the skin as are dependent on constitutional derangement either from errors in diet or from faulty excretion of effete materials, due to an abnormal condition of the glands. Gezema. This is a common affection among sheep, especially with young immature animals which are highly fed to prepare them for exhibition purposes. While eczema is recognized in several different forms, we find that the vesicular is that to which sheep are more generally liable. The attack comes on suddenly, the parts attacked generaily being the face and lips, but it also may attack any of the parts of the skin, especially those where the fleece is lightest, such as the belly, inside of thighs and armpits. The visible symptoms are intense itching, the animal rubs itself violently, small vesicles appear on the affected parts. These rupture, discharge a watery fluid, and, on drying up,a small nodule remains in the place of each vesicle, which might be mis- taken for seab, from which, however, it is easily differentiated, as an examination of the parts will reveal the absence of para- sites. 308 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. Treatment. This condition is invariably due to dietetic errors, from over-feeding, or feeding certain grains and grasses in excess, such as clover or buckwheat. An entire change of diet will as a rule effect a speedy cure, especially if it is possible to put the sheep on fresh grass. When show sheep are attacked with this condition it is well to decrease their rations and give a saline eathartie such as Epsom salts. Combined with the food such medicines also may be given as exert a special action on the skin, as Fowler’s solution of arsenic, which can be administered in from one-half to one drachm doses twice daily. As a local ap- plication to relieve the itching and prevent the animal tearing its fleece and thereby becoming ragged, a cooling lotion will be found beneficial. @ake, soAeetate cot dead.<.c teenie coe 4 drachms Wraiter ouch tee ais guns kaart s Oey. 1 pint Apply to affected parts once or twice daily, or, if preferred, finely powdered boracie acid may be dusted over the parts. Erythema. This is simply inflammation of the skin and may arise from one of several causes, such as stings of insects, frost bites, ete.; chapped teats in ewes, due to lying on wet ground, is also erythematous in character. It is characterized by a redness of the affected portion. Ac- companying the abnormal redness, the parts feel hot to the touch; appear swelled and are sore Anything interfering with the normal functions of the skin is liable to produce erythema, cold and wet being very common causes. It is also seen following debilitating diseases, where the system is weakened and the functions of the skin interfered with. The udder of the ewe just previous to or following par- LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 309 turition is very liable to this condition. Sore teats in ewes when not due to infection of aphtha maligna-must be classed as erythema. Treatment. It is always good practice to administer a saline cathartic in these cases. The parts can be dressed with a cooling dressing, -such as the White lotion, the prescription for which is to be found in the last chapter but one of this work. Nitrate of pot- ash in one-half drachm doses can be given with advantage twice daily in the feed. For chapped teats in ewes dressing with some astringent mixture, such as Ui anamaN Gre ACTOS) Lot Bt a isrstatts Ia apiepateeermee 40 grains Gilcernmes eis0 a, sys, «oy 5, ce =. si eberer eh ene 2 ounces will quickly effect a cure. Cellulitis. This is inflammation of the cellular tissue underlying the skin, which it also involves. It appears to be due to a derange- ment of the circulation or may occur from blood-poisoning; it also occurs as an extension of erysipelas; in which case, however, its origin would be specific. Abscesses form in the cellular tissue, producing mortification and gangrene of the skin above them, which sloughs off. This condition is very rare in sheep. Creatment. Consists in administering tonics, such as iron and arsenic, or vegetable tonics, such as gentian and quinine, feeding stimulat- ing, easily digestible food, and adopting good hygienic measures generally. PDrurigo. This is a condition of the skin characterized by intense itching, but not accompanied by any eruption. It appears to be due to an altered sensory condition of the periphery of the 310° LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. ~ nerves and seems to arise as a sequela to indigestion, probably from some peculiar effect which indigestion produces on the sys- tem generally. Overfeeding is also liable to produce this condi- tion, especially where the diet has lacked a change. Associated with prurigo is generally a plethoric condition. Treatment, When due to indigestion, such agents must be administered as will tend to correct that condition, as charcoal and vegetable and mineral tonics. Take; ‘Sulphate of irom: ..0...0.).-3% Sete 1 ounce GEntians Gini ocpos eter we eee 4 Ounces Powdered willow charcoal.......4 ounces Penuereek: were nee e re nee snufe eheel MOUEGE Nitrate of potash powdered....... 4 ounce Limseed meal eres stata tuc aber 4 ounces Mix. Give one tablespoonful in feed once or twice daily. When accompanied by a plethoric condition, commence treatment with saline catharties, Glauber or Epsom salts, and feed green food, such as fresh grass, ete., when possible. When sheep on high feed are attacked with this condition it becomes necessary to reduce the ration if a cure is to be expected. Impetigo Labialis. Is a pustular condition found affecting the faces and lips of lambs. Some fever and other constitutional symptoms accom- pany the breaking out of the eruptions, but these, however, soon disappear, a change of diet being as a rule all that will be neces- sary to effect a cure. foot-rot, Paronychia Interdigitalis. We shall consider this disease under the head of non- contagious affections because its contagious character has not, up to the present time, been properly established. Not that it is de- sired to take issue with any of the noted authorities, who have LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 311 expressed themselves as satisfied with its contagiousness, but that it is necessary when claiming a specific character for a disease to be able to show incontrovertible proof that such is the ease, and Fig.1.—1. Shrivelled or decayed horn. 2. Dark spot indicating a cavity, 3. Minute fissure. Fig. 2.—Early stage of foot-rot induced by rubbing matter on interdigital cuticle ata, Fig. 3.—Advanced foot-rot. Hoof-horn overgrown toa degree highly abnormal; und2--surface broken and rotten at 6. From one digit the hoof-horn is nearly detached, exposing inflamed foot at 2. covered with fibres of soft horn, (These three illustrations are from originals of Prof. Brown.) Fig. 4.—Section of foot through horn-fissure (a), showing extension of the crack to the interior; (4) edge of hoof bent under, permitting collection of dirt. (Brown.) 312 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. while certain experiments have been carried out by different noted veterinarians to that end, they have only been attended with success in very few instances, and then under such cireum- stances that it is reasonable to believe that the methods employed would have caused the condition without the introduction of the discnarge from affected feet. Foot-rot is the cause of very severe monetary losses to flock-owners, not that it is liable to terminate fatally, but that the irritation and fever it produces so interfere with the animal’s well-being as to make it unthrifty, causing it to lose flesh, and thereby inflicting serious injury on its owner. The fact that a large number of animals in a flock often become affected simultaneously, has led many sheep-owners and also veterinarians to believe it to be a contagious affection. The question of its contagiousness has been affirmatively answered by many noted European authorities, among whom may be mentioned Gohier, Gasparin, Girard, Reynal, Mr. George Fleming and many others, and as directly denied by such eminent authorities as the late Prof. Dick of Edinburgh, and Profs. Brown and Williams. The late Mr. Read of- Crediton, Eng., after making exhaustive in- vestigations on the subject, concluded against its contagious char- acter, and stated that it was caused from the soil not being adapted to graze sheep over, and that the mere moving of infected sheep to healthy land was sufficient in itself to perfect a cure. Before considering the causes of this disease it may be as well to consider briefly the anatomy of the foot, a knowledge of which will materially assist in determining the cause of the trouble. The hoof of the sheep is composed of two separate digits, each enclosed in a horny box or framework, the passage between the digits being termed the cleft. We find under the horn or wall of the foot a membrane termed the subeorneus membrane, which is composed of a number of leaf-like bands LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 313 running parallel one with the other. This laminal tissue covers the digits in the same fashion as a sock does the foot, the horny covering outside of everything being similar to the boot. The outer surfaces of the claws are convex, while the inner surfaces are slightly concave, which permits them to come in contact one with the other only at their extremities. Situated between the pasterns we find a gland known as the interungulate gland, its opening being protected by a few long projecting hairs. This gland secretes a yellow viscid fluid, intended to lubricate and pre- vent friction in.the cleft of the foot, and were it not present the continual movements of the claws and their constant contact with erit and other foreign matter, would set up a chronie state of in- Interungulate Sinus of Sheep. a—Inner aspect of first phalanx. ¢—Hooforclaw. c—Interungulate gland. d—Orifice of its duct, flammation. This canal at times becomes diseased. Inflamma- tion and disorganization of the structures of the hoof then de- velops, which if permitted to exist will eventually terminate in a condition simulating foot-rot. The hoof-horn is secreted from the coronary band, situated at the juncture of the skin and hoof. This structure is very. vascular, and anything which would inter- fere with its normal functions would necessarily affect the secre- tion of the hoof-horn, either to decrease such secretion or through 314 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. some false stimulation abnormally increase its formation, al- though its character would be changed and degenerated. Now it would appear plausible that if sheep are grazed on wet pastures, the continual maceration the horny covering re- ceives would eventually affect its structure, and that the coronary cushion would also from the same cause secrete a softened ab- normal horn, the oily covering of which being washed off, es- pecially in the cleft, would render the parts liable to not only soreness and inflammation from friction and contact with dirt and foreign matter, but would render them liable to absorb ma- terial, the presence of which would tend to set up inflammation and disintegration of the horn substance, and if that state is per- mitted to endure for any length of time the bones or soft strue- tures of the foot would perforce of cireumstances also become in- volved in the process of degeneration. In considering the causes liable to induce foot-rot we must then lay great stress on the grazing of sheep in wet, low-lying pastures, and every authority, even those who advocate the theory of its contagiousness, admit that for the disease to exist it is necessary that the sheep should have been grazed on wet land. Mr. Read in an essay upon the subject, which has been frequently mentioned by different authorities, says: “Low situations conjoined with moisture are the fruitful and primary causes of foot-rot. Sheep in these situations have their hoofs and the integument above, to which they are united, and the highly elastic tissue situated between the claws constantly in a wet and humid state. Go into any of these pastures after the sheep have been placed there for only a short period and look at their feet. Will there not be an increased growth of the hoof? Will not the skin around the coronet and highly sensi- tive membrane be blanched? Will not the vascularity of the parts be weakened from its circulation being enfeebled? Now LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 315 this is all produced by wet. In a few days, perhaps, we have a change of temperature; evaporation is produced from the surface of the land and from animal bodies as well, and the ground be- comes drier. A reaction takes place; the circulation is quick- ened; the hoof swells or rather is pushed from the parts beneath; the skin between the claws inflames; the heels bulge; the coronet enlarges; abscesses form; matter penetrates between the horn and the substance beneath, and disunites the sensitive from the horny laminae, and, in the worst forms of the disease, the hoof falls oft. 2? This deseription by Mr. Read very properly and accurately covers the subject, given the cause, namely, prolonged unnatural surroundings, and it is not necessary to have any specific germ to assist in producing the changes in the hoof-horn. The fact that so many members of a flock appear to become affected simulta- neously, is easily explained, they all having been subjected to the same cause. The hoof to maintain its normal healthy condition must be submitted to a certain amount of wear and tear, other- wise the horn being continually under the process of formation, unless worn off and kept to its proper proportions, would grow abnormally long and favor changes in the horn substance. For this reason foot-rot is at times met with on dry, sandy soils, the softness of the soil not furnishing sufficient wearing properties to the feet. The mere fact of healthy sheep contracting foot-rot from being placed with those already diseased, in no manner proves that the disease is contagious, as the sheep are submitted to the same causes which produced the condition in the former. The form of the disease met with on high, gravelly soil is pro- duced from an excessive wearing away of the claws from contact with sharp, gritty particles, and while they go lame and at times abscesses form with fungoid growths of horn, it cannot be said to be malignant foot-rot, meaning the kind which arises from moist- 316 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. ure, as by moving the sheep to less gravelly surroundings and employing simple treatment, such as an application of pine tar, a cure is speedily effected, the horny secretion in this instance not being perverted and changed, as is the case where the parts have been kept in a super-moist condition. Symptoms. The sheep is noticed to walk with difficulty, appearing to rest frequently after progressing for a short distance. Distinct lameness will be observed in a day or two, the animal then lags behind the flock and soon assumes a lank appearance. On examination a moist foetid discharge will be noticeable between the claws of the affected feet. The feet are hot, the animal exhibiting signs of pain when they are pressed, and the coronet is swollen. In the commencement of the attack only one foot may be affected, or both fore-feet, or both hind, rarely all four feet are affected. At first the disease appears located in the foot, but it is liable to extend, involving the soft tissues of the coronet, forming abscesses above the hoof, and at times invading the bones and tendons of the knee. This, however, is very rare. The hoof-horn, as the disease progresses, takes on a species of dry-rot; falls away piece by piece, exposing the delicate sensitive laminae situated underneath. These sprout outwards, forming fungous growths resembling excessive granulating tissue, in that they bleed easily when touched. The discharge from the affected surface is extremely offensive, and so strong in character that if only a few sheep in a flock are affected the disease can be recog- nized at some little distance from where the diseased flock is erazing. The horny sole becomes attacked and peels off, exposing the sensitive parts covering the pedal bone. The subject is then quite lame and should the fore-legs be the ones affected, it will move around on its knees, crawling on its belly if its hind feet LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. Sir are diseased. The affected sheep lie down frequently; fall away in flesh, becoming eyesores to their owners. In extreme cases the claws are shed and the animal is liable to succumb to the dis- ease from the pain and inability to procure food. In the summer season the odor from the affected feet appears to act as an attrac- tion to the fly; the sores become infected with maggots, produc- ing a most deplorable condition. In a prize essay by Hogg, the Ettrick shepherd, we find the following: “On examining the foot in the first stage of the disease, the coronary edge, while no external injury can be traced, is some- times found a little swollen and inflamed; at other times the hoof is eroded, but whether it be shattered or entire, an intense heat is always perceptible in the feet, with a strong pulsation in the arteries where they are inserted in the coronary edges of the hoof, and, however sound the hoof may appear externally, the connection between it and the interior of the foot is always dis- solved, though the separation is not evident until the hoof is pared away. A peculiar smell is perceptible, especially in the advanced stages or when the ulcerous part is newly opened, yet even in the worst cases a large quantity of ichor is never dis- charged, there being little more than will wet the finger and that only when pressed out.” This extract from Mr. Hoge’s essay places the first symp- toms of this disease very plainly before the reader, and it only remains to describe the differences between foot-rot and a disease which it, to a certain extent, simulates and for which it has been mistaken namely, aphthous fever. (Foot and mouth disease.) foot-rot in its Primary Stages. Is not associated with constitutional fever. The appetite remains good and the milk-supply of ewes suckling lambs is not materially diminished, hardly at all in the first stage of the disease. 318 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. In foot-rot, as a general rule, one or two feet only are attacked at first, generally the two fore-feet. In foot and mouth disease all four feet generally are affected, vesicles extending over the front of the digits, and almost always around the heels. In foot-rot vesicles do not appear in other parts of the body, as on the udder, skin, or in the mouth, which is the ease in foot and mouth disease. In foot-rot the separation of the wall of the hoof from the digit proceeds from below upwards, the reverse being the case in foot and mouth disease. Lastly, foot and mouth disease is highly contagious. By an- nointing a wisp of hay with the discharge and drawing it through the mouth of a healthy sheep, a definite diagnosis can be arrived at, as this is always in ease of foot and mouth disease sufficient to inoculate and produce the condition in the healthy subject; whereas in foot-rot the effeets would be nil, it being impossible to ° propagate it in such a manner. Treatment. This must be prompt and in many eases heroic if a speedy cure is to be expected. When a large number of a flock become affected, the daily turning of each diseased sheep would be a mattter requiring a large expenditure of time and trouble. To overcome this, various foot baths have been adopted through which the flock is driven once a week or oftener, if desired, and it is highly proper here to describe this method before taking up the individual treatment of the members of the flock. A shallow trough about two feet in width and eighteen inches deep, the length being a matter of convenience, depending upon the number of sheep to be treated, is set in the ground. A low fence is made to run the entire length and on each side of the vat, so that the sheep will be compelled to stand in it. A solution of arsenic made as follows: LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 319 Makes ~ATsenious Acide so. osc. oe oe es 3 Ibs. Carbonate-of potash... 3.3.5 ...: 2 Ibs. "RETTIG ee Gl te 14 gals. The arsenic and potash must be boiled for at least half an hour in the fourteen gallons of water in order that the arsenic may be well dissolved. A sufficient quantity of this solution is then poured into the trough so that the liquid will be about three inches deep, to permit it to thoroughly cover the feet and pas- terns of the sheep. Affected sheep before being stood in the bath, should have their feet pared; all fungoid growths should be removed. It is not necessary to stand the sheep in the bath for any length of time if the trough is over ten feet in length, the mere passing of the sheep through it will be sufficient. After leaving the bath care must be taken that the sheep are not allowed to graze until the liquid has drained from their feet, otherwise the drippings on the grass being eaten by themselves or other animals would cause arsenical poisoning. It is a good plan to place the trough on some bare place as far away from the farm buildings as possible, having a pen at each extremity of the trough, so that the sheep can be driven through without difficulty. The pen at the outlet to be used as a draining pen, the sheep to be held there until the feet have drained dry. The trough also should be provided with a water tight lid and kept locked, otherwise it would be dangerous to the live-stock of the farm. In mild cases of foot-rot, sulphate of copper (blue stone) may be used in the place of the arsenic, this should be used in the strength of one pound to the gallon of water. After the sheep have passed through the bath, it is found very beneficial to apply quick lime to their feet. The easiest method being to sprinkle the floor of a barn with the quicklime and compel the sheep to walk on it. It must be borne in mind, 220 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. however, that treating the disease without bettering the sur- roundings which led to, and are responsible for the condition, will be a very unsatisfactory undertaking. If the disease has arisen from the excessive moisture, this must be changed before a cure can be expected; the same holds good when the soil is gravelly and liable to make the animals foot-sore. If possible run the sheep on ground which is suitable and accords with their habits. Where it is impossible to do so, it becomes necessary to- house the sheep at night on dry ground or in sawdust-floored pens, and to adopt all such measures as will tend to counteract the drawbacks of the locality. Where a few sheep only in a ilock are affected, those which show signs of lameness should be caught and turned. The affect- ed feet should be pared down, all shreds of horn or fungus being removed. The ulcerated surfaces should be cauterized to stimu- late the secretion of healthy horn. Many different agents have been used for this purpose with more or less success, such as butyr of antimony, nitric acid, sulphuric acid, creosote, chromic acid, terebene, and many others. Perhaps that which gives as good if not better results without danger of excessive cauteriza- tion is butyr of antimony. After applying this or any of the other agents to the sore surfaces, the parts should be dressed with Stockholm tar or carbolized tar, which makes an antiseptic and healing dressing having the tendency to stimulate the growth of healthy horn. When the granulations are very profuse, it will be found good practice to apply the actual cautery, the red-hot iron in these cases appearing to exert a special action not to be obtained by the use of any chemical astringent and caustic agents. Ewes in lamb require careful handling, and unless the disease is far advanced they should not be turned for dressing; it will be found safer to stand them in the arsenical or copper solution. Quick- ~~ ee | LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. 321 lime is highly recommended by many experienced flock-owners for this condition. It can be applied as already stated, and, as its cost is comparatively small, it certainly justifies a trial. Bear in mind that foot-rot generally prevails on moist land in wet weather, and on dry land in very dry weather (the ground then being hard on the feet). During such seasons special vigil- ance must be used by the flock-owner and measures adopted to pre- vent the occurrence of this troublesome affection. Inflammation of the Interdigital Canal. On the anterior of the pasterns superior to the claws, mid- way between the coronet and the upper pastern joint, is situated a small aperture from which project three or four hairs about one fourth of an inch in length. This aperture is the opening of the canal leading to the gland known as the interungulate gland, the uses of which have already been described. At times this canal becomes inflamed from irritation caused by the entrance into it of foreign bodies, such as pieces of grit or dirt, ete. Should these not be removed ulceration of the parts is liable to occur and abscesses form. The pus burrows through the walls of the canal between the digits, setting up intense in- flammation of the foot, which may, if not speedily relieved, prove fatal. This condition is readily separated from foot-rot in that. the disease only attacks one foot and commences at the inter- digital canal, the orifice of which is swollen; in the same manner it will not be mistaken for foot-and-mouth disease, as only one member is affected, whereas in that complaint the likelihood would be that all four feet would be involved in the inflamma- tory process. Symptoms. Great lameness, an examination reveals the orifice of the interdigital canal swollen, the surrounding parts being swollen 322 LOCAL NON-CONTAGIOUS DISEASES. and the skin very red. The sheep is feverish wud vit its feed; ex- hibits symptoms of intense pain. It carries the, affected leg off the ground, limping around on three legs while grazing. Treatment. Consists in removing whatever may have entered into or blocked the outlet of the gland. The foot should be washed in warm water, the canal syringed out with a carbolized solution and the foot then placed in a poultice. After-treatment consists in applying some astringent application, such as a tincture of myrrh. Where the inflammation has been excessive, sinuses and ab- scesses already having formed, the canal must be laid open and the parts dressed with a strong antiseptic solution. When it is necessary to operate in this manner the applica- tion of a four per cent. solution of cocaine hydrochlorate will make the operation painless to the subject. CHAPTER XIX. Parturition and the Diseases Incidental Chereto. Normal parturition is the act of expulsion of the foetus from the womb of its mother after the completion of its full period of development within that organ. The period elapsing from the time of its first conception and its final expulsion from the uterus is called the term or period of gestation. This, as it occurs in sheep, extends over a period of nearly five months, or, to be more exact, from 142 to 150 days. The act of parturition, while a natural physiological process, is attended in all mammalia with more or less pain and risk to the existence of the subject. The foetus, being fully developed, acts as an irritant to the organ in which it has been elaborated, inducing a marked disturbance of the nervous system, accom- panied with violent contractions of the womb, aiming to expel that which has now become a foreign body. Expulsion is not effected by one effort, but by successive, slow and progressive contractions, becoming more severe and ex- hausting as the labor becomes prolonged. At first the pains are of short duration, increasing gradually in force. Normal con- tractions take place at the fundus, (center of the body of the womb); the cornua (horns) shorten towards the fundus; the womb towards the neck, and the neck towards the opening into the vaginal cavity called the os. The water-bag enveloping the foetus acts as a mechanical dilator to the neck of the womb, which, as the pressure increases, becomes thinner and shorter, permitting the water-bag to dilate its opening or os. The limbs and head of the foetus acting as a wedge maintain the dilatation of the parts, which, as the pains increase in severity, finally ¢1- 324 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. large, obliterating the os entirely, making the vagina and uterus one large distended cavity. When this stage is reached delivery takes place very rapidly. Sheep frequently bring forth twins, and these may be born one directly after the other, or, after the birth of one lamb, a period sometimes of two or three days may elapse before the de- livery of the other takes place. Ewes, during the period of gestation, should be kept quiet and free from such disturbances as would be lable to result in premature delivery. Chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs, sudden changes in diet, improper hygienic surroundings, are all liable to result in abortion, and endanger the lives of the ewes themselves. The act of parturition is liable to be prolonged, owing to a number of causes which may arise, many of which are of such a serious nature as to result in the death of the ewe. As causes re- sulting in protracted labor we find: (1) Exhaustion from gen- eral debility. (2) Cold weather at time delivery is due. (3) Premature rupture of the envelopes (water-bag), permitting the escape of the liquor amnii (water); the uterus then becomes ex- hausted from contracting on the foetus, the neck of the womb not being dilated. (4) Obstructions in the genital passages, such as tumors in the neck of the womb or vagina. (4) Rigidity of the neck of the womb, frequently due to some injury inflicted in a previous delivery. (6) A complete obliteration of the os, which condition, however, is rare. (7) Torsion of the uterus, in which event the womb has become twisted on its neek—a con- dition caused by violent motions on the part of a pregnant sub- ject, and which has to be rectified before delivery can take place. The first set of causes, such as exhaustion from general debility, exposure, etc., are due wholly to mismanagement on the part of the flock-owner, and are not to be overcome at the last moment, but should be guarded against and prevented by proper PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 325 eare of the ewes from the time of intercourse with the ram till delivery is due to take place. Where labor is prolonged from premature rupture of the water-bag, injections of warm water, or warm infusions of slippery-elm bark will facilitate the de- livery. Where obstructions, such as tumors in the genital organs, exist, their removal must take place before parturition can pro- ceed. In eases of rigidity of the os, whether due to previous injury or perverted nervous function, applications of warm water douches, or smearing the os with the extract of belladonna will often overcome the difficulty; should this not prove successful, however, it becomes necessary to operate, the proper procedure being as follows: Pass the hand in the vagina. ‘This is a matter of some diffi- culty, as the passage is very small as compared with that of the cow or mare, but by diligent manipulation, using vaseline to pro- tect the mucous membranes, it can be accomplished; pass a probe- pointed bistoury into the os, and make three slight incisions, as icy Theoretical Drawing, showing Method of Incision of Os Utert. A—Outer circumference of os uteri. B—Supposed centre of same. C C C—Incisions starting from 4 to circumference a, shown in illustration. This will permit the os to dilate and de- livery to take place. Where ewes have been delivered in this manner they should not be bred from again on account of cica- tricial tissue forming in the os. After the lamb is weaned, the ewe should be fattened for the butcher. Where obliteration of the os uteri exists, the above operation 326 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. ean be performed, but it is then a matter of great difficulty to lo- cate the proper point for making the incision. A great deal will depend on the experience and skill of the operator. Torsion of the uterus is a very difficult matter to overcome, especially in the ewe, where the passage is of such limited size. The proper method is to introduce the hand into the vagina and up into the uterus, where the spiral turn can be felt. After deciding as to whether the twist is to the right or left side, have an assistant turn the body of the ewe in the opposite direction, the operator leaving his hand in the cavity, endeavoring to exert his foree in the direction opposite to that in which the assistant is tusning. When the womb regains its natural position, deliv- ery will be able to take place in its normal manner. Parturition is frequently interfered with by malposition on the part of the foetus, its presentation not being suitable for its expulsion through the genital passages, or deformities of the foetus, termed monstrosities, may interfere with its delivery. These are to a certain extent common in sheep, and when present the skill of the operator will be required if the life of the ewe is to be saved. The various mal-presentations may be summed up as fol- lows: (1) Where head and one fore-leg is presented, the other being retained. To overcome this condition, gently repel the foetus back into the womb, and endeavor to obtain possession of the retained leg; bring it up into position, and allow parturition to proceed naturally. (2) Where the head alone is presented—both fore-legs being retained—push the head back, bring up the fore-legs, so permitting delivery to take place. (3) Where the two fore-legs are presenting, but the head is turned back—in this instance the head may be directly turned backwards, or may be dropped either between the legs or to one PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. pew side of them. It will be necessary here to obtain possession of the head. Introduce a finger into the mouth of the foetus, or get the hand round the mouth, using force sufficient to bring the head up into the passage, and deliver the lamb. (4) Where the side of the foetus only can be felt, it must be turned to its natural position. This requires judgment, patience, and skill on the part of the operator. No iron-clad rule of procedure can be laid down. The operator must manipu- late the parts until he can obtain possession of a limb, which should be brought up into position and another one sought for, which, when obtained, the foetus can be extracted. Either hind- legs or fore-legs are sufficient,—of course, if the fore-legs are brought into position the head must present properly, as in paragraph three. (5) Where the back of the foetus presents itself the same procedure recommended in paragraph four must be employed. (6) Where the breech presents, the hind-legs being re- tained, repel the foetus, standing it on its head in the uterus; reach for a hind-leg, bring it up into the canal, then bring up the other, and extract the lamb by pulling it out backwards. (7) Where the foetus is too large for delivery. These cases call for embryotomy, the foetus having to be extracted piece at atime. Frequently, in these cases, if the operator can disembowel the foetus the eareass will collapse sufficiently to per- mit its being extracted. Where the head is enlarged (hydro- cephalic), it must be punctured to allow the fluid to escape; the head can then be crushed and delivery take place. Monstrosities also come under this class. They frequently necessitate the use of the knife on the foetus if the ewe is to be saved. In all cases where it is necessary to offer assistance to the ewe in lambing, care must be exercised to see that no dirt or foreign substances are introduced into the womb, which would be liable to result later in septic poisoning and death to the subject. 328 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTALE.. Force, when used, should be exerted gradually, in order that the soft parts are not injured or torn. It is always proper to thoroughly wash the hand and arm before inserting it in the vagina, also using vaseline or earbolized sweet oil to lubricate the passage and prevent abrasion of its mucous lining. Assistance should only be offered when it be- comes apparent that the ewe is unable to lamb without it; even where labor has been protracted, if the presentation is right, and the ewe still possesses good strength, it is better to let nature take its course than to try to hurry matters along. Conditions lable to occur incidental to parturition are as follows: Retention of the foetal membrai::*s. These should be expelled from the uterus shortly after the lam. %2s been born. Where they are retained for over twenty-four hours ‘their ~pres- ence is very liable to cause septic poisoning. Take the , -ojeét- ing portions, twist them round a stick, and pull gently and stead- ily. This is generally all that will be required. After removal, give the ewe four ounces of Epsom salts, or better still, RhakemApsoumlsalisn-rc wei s Sete sutren 2 ounces Carbonate of ammonia........ °° grains Nitrate ortpotashisi tee 1 drachm Ginger powdereds). 342 Yuen 1 drachm Dissolve in eight cunces of water, and give as a drench. ro) b) This is a very useful prescription to give ewes a week before lambing is due. J+ 4s:ists i pieparing the subject for the su- preme act in nature and prevents, to a great extent, such condi- tions az av: apt to follow parturition in well-bred pampered ani- mals. Bleeding, Ficcding, Dost-partem Remorrhage. May occur as a result of the retention of the foetal membranes, or from their being too suddenly severed from their attachments, or from exhaustion following protracted labor, which interferes with the natural contractions of the womb. PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 329 Treatment. Administer a quick stimulant, such as the following: Makes soulphurie-ether 260 5.0.0 065 ...2 drachms Aromatic spirits of ammonia....2 drachuis SEMIN NWR SEN AOR ae eer ne a 2 drachms Add one half pint of water and give as a drench. Then make an examination, and if the womb is distended, filled with clots of blood, syringe it out with warm water. When cleaned out, inject a solution of iron: Palen i Tineture of irons!) os. . Jeo). 4 drachms Manna Waheriiie sit cases SSo ee Lite 1 pint Inject it into the uterus, apply cold water to the vulva, and internally administer the following: inidrextract ergot... 0. es au. « 2 drachms Inversion of the Hlomb.—DProlapsus Ateri. This may be partial or complete. In partial inversion the fundus of the womb only is inverted into the vagina, or the whole may be inverted, projecting outside of the vaginal cavity, resembling a glove turned inside out. Where the condition has not existed for any length of time, it can readily be remedied. Wash the inverted portion with carbolized warm water, and be- ginning at the most dependent part, commence to turn it in by pressing the part forward and inward, turning it back into itself, as it were. Where the condition has existed for some time, the parts may need scarification—this is done by lightly criss-crossing the organ with a knife, not cutting deeply, then apply common salt or a mixture of equal parts of powdered allspice, salt, and ginger; then turn the part back as before. Where gangrene has set in, amputation of the uterus will be necessary if the life of the ewe is to be saved. This can be done by taking a needle with a double thread and passing it directly 330 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. through the neck of the organ as far up as possible. Cut the ends of thread next the needle, leaving four separate ends; then take the ends of one thread and tie a simple knot, bringing it tight. This will enclose and effectually stop the circulation of half the stem. Do the same with the other thread, and then sever the parts outside of the suture with a sharp knife. After the uterus has been amputated, place the ewe in such a position as to caise the hind parts. Administer also an opiate, such as four drachms of laudanum or one grain of sulphate of morphia. In cases of inversion of the uterus, if the womb tends to pro- lapse after it has been returned to position, it may be necessary to take a deep suture with sterilized silk through the lips of the vagina, or a pessary can be inserted in the vagina, a simple and efficient method being the introduction of a pig’s bladder, pre- viously softened by soaking in warm water; its external surface is well oiled, and after it has been placed in position, is blown up through a tube inserted in the neck; the neck of the bladder is then secured to prevent the escape of the air and is left inside till all danger of prolapse is over. ‘Inversion of the Vagina. This is a condition very similar to prolapse of the uterus, and may be accompanied by that condition. When occurring, it is generally as a sequela to premature rupture of the foetal mem- branes and escape of the “waters.” The young animal, on being extracted in a rough manner, so lacerating and bruising the delicate mucous lining of the vagi- na, and also the underlying connective tissues, causes a flaccidity or lack of firmness in the tissues, leading to inversion, which may take place immediately following the delivery, or at a later period, caused by straining due to after-pains, or it may take place any time during several days subsequent to parturition. It is also met with following abortion or retention of the foetal PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL, 331 membranes. It is an accident which may occur in other than pregnant females, due then to lack of tone in the parts, or some injury, and also can occur during pregnancy in the latter period of gestation, caused then by pressure from the gravid uterus. Symptoms. Notice a circular reddish mass projecting from and between the lips of the vulva. Its surface is smooth unless lacerated and covered with particles of foreign matter from contact with the soil. The tumor appears larger when the ewe is lying down. An examination of the mass will be necessary to differentiate between this condition and inversion of the uterus. In that con- dition the cotyledons or placental papillae are easily discernible. In inversion of the vagina, the mass is perfectly smooth and marked on its under surface with a furrow, leading to the ure- thra, and in some cases the cervix uteri can be seen situated in the middle of the mass. Creatment. Wash off with a warm antiseptic solution, and commencing from each side, at the lips of the vulva, turn the edges inwards. gradually manipulating the mass till it has regained its normal position. Where the parts have become lacerated it is necessary to apply topically some astringent anodyne agent. Wakes | Readttacetdte iiss. Pas sn Hot tem 1 ounce Dissolve in one pint of water, to which may be added two ounces of laudanum. This can be injected into the vagina, and if necessary a deep suture can be taken through the vulva, the same as advised in inversion of the womb. Inflammation of the Vagina.—Vaginitis. This follows generally as the result of injury inflicted to the vagina during parturition. It is as a rule accompanied with in- flammation of the womb (metritis), in which case it is a very grave affection. 332 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. Symptoms. In appearance the lips of the vagina are very much swollen, the mucous lining of the cavity being of a deep red or livid color, frequently covered with patches of congestion; the parts feel hot and dry; the natural secretion having ceased. Pain is evidenced by the ewe when urinating; the vulva itches intensely; the ewe will rub against posts, ete., and in so doing is liable to lacerate the parts. As the inflammation progresses, the mucus secretion which was at first suppressed becomes abnormally increased, flow- ing as a serous liquid, streaked with blood, changing into a puru- lent discharge, which in passing over the thighs exerts a caustic and excoriating effect on the skin. Where the inflammation is excessive it has a tendency to terminate in gangrene, in which event the ewe is lable to succumb from septic poisoning; this termination, however, is rare. Treatment. Wash the parts in warm water, and use astringent injec- tions; that suggested in “Inversion of the Vagina” can also be used in these cases with good effect. Should there be danger of gangrene, iron and quinine can be administered internally and the parts dressed with carbolized oil. Inflammation of the lomb—Metritis. Parturient fever is a serious condition, due to one of several causes, such as injuries to the genital canal during parturition, retention of the foetal membranes (after birth), or the introduction of septic material, and exposure to cold during lambing has also been claimed as a cause of this condition. Symptoms. The ewe evidences symptoms of distress; the pulse is full and bounding: the respirations are hurried; the visible mucous membranes are congested; the lining of the vagina is inflamed, PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. 333 and the vulva swollen; the bowels are constipated, and the natur- al secretion of milk is suppressed. The ewe les down, and if forced to rise does so reluctantly. A discharge from the vagina is noticeable—at first transparent, soon becoming reddish in color and thick. The rumen is liable to become distended with gas, and in cases which terminate fatally the temperature will remain persistently high. Where the inflammation extends to the peri- toneum dropsy of the abdomen frequently follows as a sequela— in these cases the abdomen becomes enlarged, giving the subject a full appearance. Treatment. In these cases it is always advisable to commence treatment with a full dose of Epsom salts. The following is a useful pre scription: ilalem se psomaisallts cts, Saitek Pn ieee et. 2 ounces © Orin npesalii ences Aes 456) Wt)... 1 drachm Tineture chloride of iron....... 4 ounce Watton tir gach.gi os Maisie spoke bt 12 ounces Mix and give one ounce as a dose, repeating every two hours. As a stimulant, the following is useful: Makes Sulpmuriesethers: esis Ps oa es 3 CZ. Aromatic spirits of ammonia........ oh Oe PCO jespatuwras slescat ne oss efhieeyite 3 3 OZ. Dose one ounce in four ounces of water, repeated every three - hours. To the inflamed udder apply warm fomentations fre- quently. Between these the gland should be dressed with the ointment of poke-root and lard previously mentioned, or covered all over with a thick coating of vaseline. In all these cases the lamb should be taken away at the commencement of the attack. This disease is very liable to terminate fatally, to prevent which careful nursing is very necessary. Garget—Mammitis, or Mastitis. Is a congested condition of the udder, which may be due to several causes, among which may be mentioned exposure to col’! or wet, or the udder becoming bruised from contact with bid 336 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL. ground when the ewe lies down, or when the ewe has only one lamb to suckle, which is unable to take the full supply of milk; or it may arise as a sequela to diseases of parturition, such as par- turient fever, or puerperal septicaemia. This is a very frequent condition with ewes, attacking them more often than it does other species of mammalia. It is a troublesome and dangerous affection, sometimes proving fatal from mortification of the parts taking place, and very often leaving the udder in an enlarged, indur- ated condition, ruining the ewe for breeding purposes, necessi- tating her being fattened and sold for slaughter. Symptoms. As seen occurring following injuries or exposure, swelling of the gland or part of it, appears suddenly. This swelling is hard and tense; the secretion of milk is impaired, that which is secreted being frequently streaked with blood; in mild cases, the ewe suffers very little pain, and there is no perceptible fever. These conditions tend to make a favorable recovery, but in cases of septic infection, the symptoms are aggravated, the disease being prone to run a malignant course. The swelling generally eommences at one of the teats, rapidly spreading to other portions of the gland. The swelled portion pits on pressure, having a doughy feeling; symptoms of fever are well marked; the ewe appears dull and off its feed; rumination is suspended; the pulse is quick and hard, all signs of systemic derangement being pres- ent. The skin of the udder is very red and, in severe cases, turns black, mortification setting in. The gangrenous portion of the gland commences to slough; the disease has a tendency to extend to the skin of the abdomen, simulating erysipelas; the affected ewe loses flesh rapidly; death may ensue from blood-poisoning. This malignant form of inflammation of the udder is generally considered to be contagious. Severe cases run a very rapid course, sometimes fatal terminations taking place in twenty-four hours after manifestation of the first signs of the trouble. PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL 337 Where recovery takes place, the part of the udder which was affected is lable to remain in an indurated, scirrhus condi- tion, and even should this not be the case, the condition is lable to recur, making the ewe of little value to breed from. Creatment. In all cases of garget, the lamb must be taken away and put to another ewe or raised on the bottle. The udder must be fre- quently bathed in warm water, using about two ounces of cook- ing soda in every quart of water. Between the fomentations dress the part with camphorated oil. Internally, in all cases ac- companied with high fever, aconite can be given with good re- sults. A full dose of Epsom salts should be given at commence- ment of treatment. i Where blood-poisoning is to be anticipated, quinine and iron will be found useful, and also fluid extract of poke-root, internally, given in halt-teaspoonful doses every three hours, which often contributes materially in controlling the inflammation of tne gland. If abscesses form, they must be opened and the contents evacuated, the after-treatment consisting in washing out the pockets with some antiseptic fluid and seeing that the parts are kept clean. Where gangrene sets in, the affected portion must be amputated. This can be done without danger of excessive hem- orrhage if the parts are incised inside of the line of demarkation. The edges of the wound should be dressed daily with oil of tur- pentine. Recovery from malignant attacks is a slow process. The ewe will generally “slip its fleece.” This is of frequent occur- rence, however, following febrile conditions in sheep. Cracked Teats. This is quite a common condition, which may be caused by the lamb pulling on an empty teat, or may be the result of infec- 338 PARTURITION AND DISEASES INCIDENTAL, tion, as in aphtha, where the disease is transmitted from the mouth of the lamb to the ewe’s udder, or may arise from a number of simple causes which it is unnecessary to enumerate here. Cracked teats, when not due to contagious affections and where the fissures are superficial, will, as a rule, readily yield to treatment. But where the fissures are deep and bleed readily they are extremely sensitive, and the ewe will not permit the lamb to suckle. This condition then is liable to result in oblitera- tion of the duct, and may finally terminate in inflammation of the udder from the retention of its contents. Treatment. Consists in drawing off the milk with milk tubes, and dress- ing the fissures with flexible collodion or glycerine and tannic acid. faked sRannictacid sce ae aie eee ee gers, XX Gilby cemiiesd? jot dwelt ude neers sven he Zis Mix ard apply to sores with a brush or feather. founder, following Lambing—DParturient Laminitis. The causes leading up to this condition are not very well un- derstood. The symptoms are lameness due to inflammation be- tween the claws, extending up to the coronets and heels. Cold applications appear te give more satisfactory results than hot. Internally aconite in small frequent doses combined with quin- ine, to which, if the pain seems excessive, opium may be added. A moderate dose of Epsom salts should be administered; the ewe should be kept in comfortable quarters, and given light, laxative food. The secretion of milk is suppressed from the commence- ment of the attack, and the return of milk can be regarded as a sign for quick recovery. DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 339 Diseases of the Newly-Born, Asphixia. This is generally due to interrupted circulation in the um- bilical cord, from pressure on it in the passing of the foetus through the pelvis. Clean any secretion from round the nostrils; close the mouth and blow into the nostrils; should respiration be established, give a stimulant, or pour a few drops of brandy into the nostrils, place the lamb where it will be kept warm. Bleeding from the Umbilicus—Ambilical Daemorrhage. This comes, as a rule, from the cord being severed too close to the body. The application of styptics or astringents, such as nitrate of silver, or tannic acid; will as a rule, correct this condi- tion. Inflammation of the Umbilical Cord—Navel Ill. This is a very serious and fatal affection, appearing to be of specific origin. It first appears as inflammation of the umbilical vein, but rapidly spreads to the adjoining tissues, terminating in systemic blood-poisoning. This disease generally runs a malignant course, the inflam- mation rarely being confined to the umbilical vein. A clot forms at the umbilicus, which causes suppuration and the forming of a pervious opening or fistula. The inflammation ascends the uin- bilical vein, as the clot enlarges and ascends, until the whole course of the vein as high up as the liver becomes affected, the trouble extending frequently to the portal and hepatic veins. Symptoms. The umbilical cord, instead of drying and withering up after birth of the lamb, remains moist and commences to swell, projecting from the navel slightly. feeling hard and unyielding, 340 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. and in size about the thickness of a common lead pencil. From the center of the projection flows a thin, viscid fluid, which does not possess any particular odor. The mere fact of the umbilicus presenting this appearance is evidence of the disease. The general symptoms are as follows: First notice the lamb to appear dull, assuming a recumbent position, rising with relue- tance, and when made to rise, stands with the back arched, all four feet drawn together. The lamb will not care for the teat; appears to be suffering from a dull pain; the respirations are hur- ried, particularly so when septicaemia ensues. As the trouble progresses all the symptoms become aggravat- ed; the region around the navel commences to swell, and is pain- ful to the touch; the bowels which at first may have been consti- pated, become very loose, the discharges being offensive, which is nearly always the case in systemic blood-poisoning; the urine is scanty and at times verv red in color; the visible mucous mem- branes become yellowish—an evidence of liver complication; swellings take place in various portions of the body, particularly around the hock joints. When these appear the subject’ shortly succumbs. Creatment. This is mainly preventive, and as the cause is fairly well de- termined, and the preventive treatment being simple to use as well as effective, there is hardly any excuse for the occurrence of this fatal complaint. Cleanliness is the main preventive agent, adopting measures to prevent the freshly-severed umbilical cord of the newly-born lamb from coming in contact with filth or other material liable to harbor the germs of this disease. Directly, or as soon as possible after birth, anoint the fresh- ly-severed cord with a solution of carbolic acid, or some other powerful antiseptic agent. If this is carefully followed out dur- ing the lambing season, there will be very few deaths from “navel-ill.” DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 341 But when the disease has once obtained a foothold, its treatment will be found very difficult and unsatisfactory. Even when successful, recovery is tardy, the lamb taking a long time to mature and proving an unprofitable feeder. Syringe out the opening of the umbilical vein with an anti- septic solution: eer PA CIOUSAIC VIG. vena eos ts, 2 cea 20 grains Acid carbolic 90 per cent. (sol.)... $ drachm RWidteD te GSO Saleh cre wie 2 ounces Mix. Use as an injection several times daily. Internally, those agents should be given which have a ten- dency to counteract blood-poisoning and support the system. Give the salicylate of soda in ten-grain doses every hour, alter- nated with fifteen minims of the tincture of iron (med). Feed skimmed milk warm, or fresh cow’s milk diluted one-third with warm water. If the lamb will suck, give the teat. See that the ewe gets plenty of nourishing diet to eat. Where navel-ill breaks out as an epidemic, the flock should be moved to fresh pastures or lots, and care taken to treat each lamb as fast as it is dropped. Retention of the Meconium. The contents of the intestines of the foetus are called the meconium. They are as a rule voided immediately after the lamb is born. Should this not take place, however, means must be taken to insure the removal before ill-results appear. This is effected by oiling the anus with sweet oil, injecting a small quan- tity, or inserting therein a small piece of soap. If removal does not take place the lamb will show signs of pain, refuse to suck, and after a few days of suffering will succumb from inflamima- tion of the bowels. Imperforate Anus. Is a malformation, the rectum not being communicable with the 342 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. outside of the bouy. Sometimes the termination of the gut can be felt under the skin where the anus should be. In these cases an incision can be made and the end of the gut fished up and sewed to the edges of the incision. Success is doubtful, however. The cheapest and best method is the destruction of the lamb, as it otherwise would nave to linger and suffer, only ulti- mately tosuccumb. The same condition may exist in connection with the vagina, or the prepuce of the male. They are simply mentioned here as ma]formations, and not to advise any special treatment. Cyanosis. Is also another mal-formation of young animals. It is caused by the non-closure of the foramen ovale at the time of birth, which produces a mixed venous and arterial circulation—hence the name of “Cyanosis”—(blue disease), from the blue color of the mucous membranes. No cure. Death usually takes place in a short while after birth. Skin Dryness. This is a condition when the lamb after being dropped, through neglect or inability of the ewe to reach it, becomes dry, the result being that the ewe does not recognize it as her off- spring, from its lacking some peculiarity which it seems to possess when wet with the amniotic fluid. This is frequently met with in young ewes with their first lambs, and it is a fact that smearing the lamb with the foetal membranes will cause the ewe to recognize and care for it. To make a ewe care for a strange lamb, something which is very frequently necessary in the lambing season, select a ewe which has just been delivered of a single lamb, rub the strange lamb against the fleece of the other while it is still wet and smear it freely with the amniotie fluid which flows from the uterus of DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 343 the ewe. Then present the lamb to the ewe, she will at once take care of it, bestowing the same amount of affection on the stranger as it accords to its own offspring. Abortion. Is the expulsion of the foetus before it is sufficiently devel- oped to exist external to its parent. Where the lamb is not carried the full term, but is suffi- ciently developed to exist for any length of time in the external world, it is said to be born prematurely. When the foetus is dropped twenty days previous to its proper time or anywhere between the period of its first concep- tion and that time, the ewe is said to have aborted. Abortion may occur from several causes, such as climatic influences, cold rains, sudden changes in temperature, or from injurious ingredients in the food-supply, over-feeding on stimu- lating and easily digestible food, excessive drinking of cold water, partaking of certain herbs or eating corn-fodder which is mouldy or covered with smut. Doses of purgative medicines often are responsible for abor- tion, as are injuries, sudden back slips, ete. Excitement or fear, such as the chasing of pregnant ewes by dogs; the forcible tup- ping of a pregnant ewe by a ram, neglect, starvation, and many similar causes, but last and the most serious of all, bacteria, which, on gaining access to the vagina of a pregnant animal, quickly cause this condition, and which we shall consider here under the head of Infectious Abortion. This is now recognized as a separate and distinct affection, being due to the introduction of certain germs into the genital passages of the pregnant female, and while experiments and in- vestigations have all been conducted with a view to fix the specificity of this disease as occurring in cattle, without a doubt 344 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. the causes producing the condition in dairy cows are identical with those inducing the same affection in sheep. It has been conclusively proven that the introduction of a cow to a herd will often be followed by abortion of a number of the members composing the herd, that is to say, if the new-comer is from a herd where abortion has frequently taken place. It was also found that a bull which served cows that had aborted was liable to carry the infection to other previously healthy cows, with the consequence that while they would con- ceive and carry the foetus for a certain length of time, the ma- jority would abort, or be prematurely delivered about the seventh month of gestation. A Seotch commission, selected to enquire into the causes and devise methods for the prevention of abortion among dairy cows in Seotland, made a voluminous report in which the con- clusion was drawn that it was virtually a contagious affection, al- though they were unable to isolate the particular germ respon- sible for the trouble, but it was shown that the introduction of small quantities of the vaginal discharge from an aborting sub- ject into the vagina of a healthy pregnant cow would be invari- ably followed by abortion on the part of that animal. In fact it was only necessary to soil the posterior parts and tail of a healthy pregnant subject with the foetal membranes from an affected animal to shortly produce the same condition in the former. It was also apparent that the cortagium was very active in the foetal membranes and tissues of the prematurely delivered calf, and that these being allowed to remain in the field or on compost heaps were a constant source of danger to pregnant animals. As has previously been stated, so far all experiments have been con- ducted to determine the nature of this affection among cattle— dairy cows in particular. Tke loss to the dairyman having as- sumed large proportions, the production of milk was seriously curtailed by its ravages. While this condition among ewes has \ DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 345 not called for or been made the subject of special investigation, it must not be construed that the trouble does not affect them, but rather that the damage to the ewe flock from this disease has not yet been properly recognized, or assumed such proportions as it has among dairy cows. Abortion resulting from whatever causes manifests certain premonitory symptoms which will at once be noticed by the careful shepherd and place him on his guard to prevent the trouble if possible. Symptoms. The first noticeable symptom will be dullness and refusal to feed; the ewe bleats frequently and appears very uneasy. Should these first premonitory symptoms pass unnoticed, no effort being made to alleviate them by proper treatment, all the signs become aggravated, labor pains set in, and in the course of from six to twelve hours abortion takes place. Cases of abortion arising from accident, fear or improper food, ete., are usually manifestid by the premonitory signs atveady described; while in eases due to infection there is apparently little if any warning. The ewe 's suddez. seized with labor pa‘ns, delivery shortly fol- lowing. Abortion in ewes is very liable to be followed by inversion of the uterus or vagina, or both. Where the foetus is dead be- fore delivery, the placenta is very liable to precede its expulsion, and in these cases inversion of the uterus is frequently met with. In cases of abortion due to infection from septic material, the foetus is generally born dead, the foetal sxembranes showing mirked evidence of being diseased. Creatment. This is both preventive and curative. When abortion oc- eurs in a flock of ewes and several are affected, it is always proper to move the flock to fresh pastures, being careful to separate the ewes which have already aborted from the balance of the flock, 346 DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. The cause must diligently be sought for and removed if possible. For instance, if the season has been wet and cold it is well to sub- stitute at once dry food and to move the flock to high ground where the herbage is shorter and less succulent. Ewes which have been subjected to excitement and fear, and show signs of abortion, should be placed in quiet quarters and given some nerve sedative, such as chloroform, opium, or viburnum prunifolium (the black cohosh which is given with very satisfactory results in these conditions), and can be given in teaspoonful doses in the form of the fluid extract, or an infusion of the erude drug ean be made and two ounces given to such of the ewes as mani- fest symptoms of abortion. In all eases of abortion, whether due to infection or other eauses, the dead foetus and its membranes should at once be de- stroved, and not left in the pasture where other pregnant females may come in contact with them. The flock-owner must exhibit ereat caution and should on no account handle any other healthy members of the flock after attending to an ewe during abortion, as he can readily carry the infection, which is liable to spread like wild-fire through the whole ewe flock. Following abortion in ewes where the foetal membranes are retained the following will, as a rule, cause their expulsion. Take. Laurel berries, powdered.........2 ounces Fennel, powdered...... cisiste tue sie LOUIE Bi-carbonate of soda............2 ounces Infuse in two quarts of water, giving eight ounces as one dose, repeating in six hours time if necessary. This mixture is highly recommended by Zundel, who claims that it proves efficacious in nearly every instance. In small flocks of ewes where infectious abortion is to be feared wash the vulva and base of the tail with an antiseptic solution such as a five per cent. watery solution of earbolic acid. This.is an effectual preventive. In these cases it is well to in- DISEASES OF THE NEWLY-BORN. 347 ject a small portion of the solution into the vagina. . This treat- ment, however, would only be practicable in small flocks, where the value of the animals would warrant individual treatment. In all cases of threatened abortion the ewe should at once be re- moved from the flock and should be isolated therefrom for a period of at least ten days. Abortion frequently takes place where the ram has been overworked, having too many ewes to serve, in which event there seems to be a disposition to weakness on the part of the foetus, which prohibits its being car- ried the full term. This can be rectified by limiting the number of ewes to the ram—a matter which every careful shepherd gives attention to. Ewes in lamb should not be fed on excessive quantities of watery foodstuffs Roots, such as turnips, especial- ly should be fed sparingly. The management of pregnant ewes calls for close attention and care on the part of the flock-owner, which will be more than compensated for in percentage of lambs, besides materially reducing the amount of losses to the ewes themselves during the lambing season. CHAPTER XX. Medicinal Creatment in General. Agents Used, Their Cherapeutic Actions and Doses. The medicinal treatment of sheep, when applied to a whole flock, differs to a certain extent from that used in the treatment of the individual members of a flock, in that when a disease breaks out in a herd, requiring that all the members or a large number of them be subjected to the actions of remedial agents, we find it impracticable to use drugs, which, however much they may be indicated, possess a nauseous taste, or properties prevent- ing them from being exhibited in the food. To overcome this difficulty the practitioner or flock-owner has to chiefly rely on hygiene, combined with the presence of simple tonic agents ad- ministered in the food or drinking water, several such prescrip- tions being inserted for their guidance in the part of this work describing disease. However, in the treatment of small num- bers, where each animal can be caught separately and the agents administered, by far the most satisfactory results will be obtain- ed, as the animal then will receive just the required amount of the drug or drugs to obtain the desired systemic effect. Medi- eines which when taken in quantity (as would have to be the case in wholesale prescribing) are violent poisons, become invaluable aids to restore normal healthy conditions when given in correct doses. So in prescribing for large numbers of animals, where we have to rely on what each individual member will con- sume along with its food and water, we are at once placed at a disadvantage, as the only medicines suitable for such prescrip- MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 349 tions are necessarily not of the kind suitable for grave systemic derangements. To combat this disadvantage, as above stated, hygiene must be relied on. This cannot be too strongly enforced on the minds of the flock-owner. For instance, in cases of foot- rot, remove the flock to high, well-drained ground, where the sur- roundings are dry. This, in connection with the treatment pre- scribed in this work, will effect a speedy cure, but to give foot- baths, ete., and leave the animals in the same locality will not be attended with the degree of success sought after. In medicinal treatment it is well to remember that in the animal economy there resides to a great extent what is termed “vis medicatrix naturae,’ (power of nature to cure itself), and that medicinal agents are only useful in so far as they assist that power, and that animals are frequently injured or recovery retarded or per- haps the sheep are killed outright by the promiscuous adminis- tration of drugs. No agent should be given without the party administering the same knowing just what he is giving, what re- sults he expects to obtain from the drug and in what manner it is supposed to act, and finally, the correct dose for the subject to which it is to be given. This is a fundamental rule in prescrib- ing medicine. If you would be successful in treating your flock in disease, study their wants and desires when in health. . Re- member for sick animals no dosing is far and away preferable to the ignorant use of powerful drugs or nauseous concoctions com- pounded by ignorant and bigoted quacks, who consider that the filthier the agent is which they prescribe the more salutary will be its effects. When in doubt what to use, call in someone who is qualified by his edueation and experience to prescribe. Use what he tells you, and don’t follow the advice of every loud- mouthed empiric, who is generally talking for effect, but when put to trial lacks knowledge of even the simple necessaries per- taining to the treatment of disease. 350 MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. Medicinal Hgents. Are substances liquid, solid or gaseous, which are adminis- tered with a view to their exerting some particular effect on the animal economy by which changes incidental to a perversion of normal conditions arising from any cause whatsoever may be overcome and the subject restored to health. By the therapeutic action of a medicine, we mean the result obtained on the system from the amount of a certain drug necessary to alleviate or cure disease. By the physiological action of a drug, we mean that action obtained on the system by a drug which is the same both in health and disease. The following columns describing the therapeutics of the common drugs used, doses and also a certain number of prescrip- tions, are not written so much for the use of the veterinarian, who by his education is specially fitted to know what agents are indicated and how to combine them te meet certain conditions but for the sheep-owner, who can refer to them for guidance, the matter being written in plain language without Latin terms, or abbreviations, so that it can readily be understood, a slight definition of certain terms describing the medicinal actions of the drugs being all that will be necessary. Astringents. Agents which cause a contraction of the tissues. Hiteratives. Drugs which by their modification of the nutrition over- come certain pathological conditions, permitting the parts to re- turn to a healthy condition. Anti-Spasmodics. Are feeble cerebral stimulants, which by their action on the nerve-centers increase their tone, thus overcoming minor spasms and nervous conditions. MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GBENERAL. 351 Anaesthetics. Agents which cause a temporary loss of sensation. There are two classes of anaesthetics: (1) Local; (2) General. (1) Local, where the agent being applied to the body pro- duces anaesthesia only at the seat of application. (2) General. These produce a general condition of anaesthesia to the whole system. They are administered by in- halation. Anthelmintics. Drugs which either destroy or expel intestinal worms. Ant-Heids. Alkalies which, by their chemical action in the system, counteract excessive gastro-intestinal acidity. Anodynes. Drugs which by their power to diminish excitability of nerves or nerve centers, overcome the sensation called pain. Antiseptics. Agents which prevent the develonment of bacilli or spores, causing a condition of septic decomposition. Catharties. Are agents which stimulate the action of the bowels, caus- ing an increased flow of fluids to the parts. Of these there are three classes. (1) Laxatives. (2) Purgatives. (3) Drasties. A laxative, causes a mild action. Purgative, a slightly stronger. While a drastic causes a severe purgation. (Sulphur. Raxatives...........(Epsom salts. (Cascara segrada. 352 MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. (Senna. (Castor oil. Pureativesa... - .....(Epsom salts. (Jalap. (Aloes. (Croton oil. Drasticgie mss oi. unt. (Gamboge: (Coloeyntk. Carminatives. Are agents which facilitate the expulsion of gases from the stomach or bowels. Cholagogues. Agents which cause a removal of bile from the intestinal canal, by exciting the bowel movements. Diuretics. Medicines which increase the secretion of urine, Diapboretics. Are drugs which by their action on the glands of the skin, increase its secretory functions, producing perspiration. Pypnotics. Agents which, by their action on the system, induce sleep Without causing »revious cerebral excitement. Vermifuges. Are agents which remove parasiies from the bowels by me- ehanical action, the narasites not necessarily being killed in the process of removal. Vermicides. Agents which destroy intestinal parasites. MEDICINAL TREATMENT IN GENERAL. 353 Tonics, Are medicines which produce a permanent though scarcely perceptible excitement of all the vital functions. Dose for the Sheep and Lamb. Has been arbitrarily set down in the following pages. That of the sheep being close to the maximum amount to be ad- ministered in any one dose. That for the lamb being the amount safe to administer to the young animal of three to four months of age. However the flock-owner must use judgment and grade his dose in accordance with the age and size of the individual animal to which the medi- cine is to be given, as no hard and fast rule can be laid down in this regard. All the doses given, except when otherwise stated, are for the amount called for of the crude drug. The more con- venient form in which to administer medicine is that of the fluid extract, the doses for which being exactly the same as those of the crude drug, prevents mistakes being made as regards the required amounts. Fluid measure: BOM MIMIERSS Fos Pars gees 6 ate! earackhm: Sincmaelhinis: - 4155's P22 ee eee 1 ounce. UGMOUMEES: .. ae < Sn cid lp cheater 1 pint. Peps avers wen Sata aie Seek quart. PICUPEE Gis evade ayeherersars & sy crane. 1 gallon. Weight measure: BU MOAN: so. Par eveghak is tra fast Safes, » 1 scruple. 2» seruples, 60 crains.. co... 0.’ 1 drachm. SRGOEAOMMIS Seto dies wide -< ats, Sec 1 ounce. JUL AS TAC ars Bearcat, oo Aare aaa 1 pound. Symbols: TG ar ial re ...stands for minim Gis. 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HSH er ea DH OMIDSOMe\tye sige sckan te oe otiae ee vos Newton Robinson, Ont. Teepe SNe eRe elite renee CU ee Em Oe ee I Painswick, Ont, IMigrsopieles, IDO NGS 5s 5 Gamer ee On BOO Rte EEC NG Sr EOE near Kilsyth, Ont. ROT HET Pa pee ASE tapeteye-toretaifey se 1s Sis waste siavsist os atelabaians\ove ate siabaysrs Appleby, Ont. AGENT tee By aR NMS COTA RIM ear ca Voahayct resi aacizr ws ole wis crac aolys wa ee Lucknow, Ont. Grape ee rie) MeO epee ett Zo) otros avetiaiesay oh ovrsussinnes «, Sf CNL gs wows Bova herbs weiere we Cameron, Ill. GOUGI SSH 1Eso Cob Sac e DODO CL i ET Sp STIG Fee einen Yarmouth, N. 8S, (OOM AIM ean PO Eccles sieved tie nis wlow ele ole ec oe whe sben Allans Corners, Que. Crh alii ESTOS Sareea ck ctoreye eicvous 2 bisvolcie eens ee es Semen Ailsa Craig, Ont. OMIM S yer IeD OS ets ret tet oh sar s5.cc=.czohercr pier iach Si as era blevesasel eileen Mitchell, Ont. COC wy irae ie eras Hoare ete ey ai swine 0. ca ue olor oisus (Ss eye rndeaeks cxepa ends wre sinaree¥er Munro, Ont. Geraint, Ile Glasshs 5 aoc Dee IAO Caen Ee oOo reese Belleville, Ont. Gr] TARVER a rete t anole obe areresua leiginis 6.808 nik wtocy shore hpqeapep eae Clinton, Ont. ACEI CS MOV VIM ope sanbesereie etnatekisters\clo clispake & coils we we eteral ocld een atte Speaker, Mich. a DENOME SC Meme Mime tre Mora, Oat aiaks es ce, le ties seclawaaeceyanns Higaofield, Ont. Gale yee) Ome Wert atemicta yo) sicia's Sela kvssye's oro bic ore Sie we Brandon, Manitoba. Gear by tai tro Crete Leese epee tere eros, cic cle, cshenoxsress'ois ie nteieuneuesciauerteeveas Claremont, Ont. CIS PemeMVNUUatelstetetetel rlaseisiorereinscisse)«) she a sisisrele, cece sicjescaule ance Menton, nSom- Dale CAN CHG CUE Tet aey eras 2) eras) csc sie's/e sus ¢, oeieie afere Reng Severe St. Modest, Quebec. MexstattH Sree M TATE RSE pe eatamar ar vetel cious: «ie; actio. ya ¢ (ooescous .we.atra ve jallavoye ev ouendlyerebayaaaeee Salem, Ont. GET RO WR CRE OM Neale teyatelcreleteraigisst cious as 6 os a aie a icles aisha larerciolenare Uxbridge, Ont. APA URN TRESS TCS PEMESTITOG: cai e ciate, © ciety c. g.dou o.s s v8 0!¢.0.0 vs elo oreje'waseo ad Cainesville, Ont. 428 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. Howards WB AG hs clsrte so dee aveterate Hacraee cel valerate aa sereree Apple Grove, P. Q Henry; Pranks tgia tess s oa tars sa oie aes zara ee Calderwood, Ont. Harrison oC MB oc siawseis oo Ses dled sie ene a euslosiejens-d hakee se Mangerville, N. B, BM nr Ye GE Weave orotic locoiaieneracetrcha te go etolotae layevetor bape le’ stots) oi shel etaneceats Halifax, N. S. 18 CEE wo bal Ug 9s hy SE ee PIECE CIRM Cl OO SERN ATS A oss Escalante, Cols TASES ODER Liars (ols tare telo ete teterefebateretatonets = futete fave ialensefetereemete Wingham, Ont. TAT ISONMeAE TE seers ois: siavset sev ersiatealaleteterstetalelsteteloectefehsledototetmlavoferctete Falkirk, Ont. Ra rt eA exci e cise tis cpciais oye tele cfolaleuote sla: olsyeta levaehelalenePolcrapers Hampstead,‘ Ont. Harriman siete. DU ritie (ercekcreistetstote cvnlereteleistohelsbelstetelocototsionees tote Saxonville, Mass. ELOING ya aU tate orste terete rotenone te less flehelonctetorareteeisteverersi ne istets Warkworth, Ont. AV es, GR stance) occtetener stot seretetoteverere fore el eteletsicre ic foleteusveolelerereie Prairieville, Mich. Ebaise'l far ef My eA ss be ropovseh tors te tarcratcnate lace er arame one eet te Sloot eRe eee Hornellsville, N. Y. ary ey MB COS i ivre cielsee ache sierereloneivel orstoloh tel sharel storie) erst cts Kincardine, Ont. ib Dalrd Se Ge bf, Fasers ccorate erste oss steve eowie tee Saari aleiehe austen Dundee, N. Y. LGD DE WW ete co tito aie ateretas owienerer he en's toe eee eee ose oreo Potsdam, N. Y. DEVS GIN SST OB eters voretayeie rie lets otek terete terete mete eles tole totereletovelolatetefotetots Crosshill, Ont. Hoods! Joh mid (SOm src. sien loieua ecatoraesoran crate choverstahoy ste) slinloverdeoncrate Park Hill, Ont. JeVogo) etal: amy: ta.) 0 i rinien Sonn sou wocoecey iraciniotosctced Morgantown, W. Va. Parry e rR eh ar Gene ah erore ve fete fe toler falloNele te fereye elute toPal ate ia eo eyeletats Coldsprings, Ont. Masties Ales Gs «6 dessiciscs. cre ren cesses eae ae i ore ecco er rea are Comber, Ont. Herwance GBs Wisc scales «a0 Rud oe el! eee nue aioe Sante Hoiton, Mich. Hartchin sont: Sohn cisvejcteresrelec sicnsyeleancuare) neler iveraoureie eee Millbrook, Mich. FUGuUSe; WOMME Gre ace feraretoroersyeusevedsuonsin the apetevetarstere me rene valet Calkinsville. Mich. Aare sith TD NGS Aah otid feos cai -avoaahatetotens: eceiepatereveheue creel seapar she sb lahs ron sveseneets Lisle, Ont. lelolbooIey ee Bi secaaepeperooGocndoolonpnnn DOO CoSnOC Tupperville, Ont. lakoroled ons 2 \Wicscomonocadhoononas ete! slots’ olela orelsuevenetetatebanensl sisters Tillburg, Ont. iam Ere Georg er cretere stele eel eiele ale) elec tek ete werent ete ers Reed City. Mich. ia de min io Wu © sevevers ats take eta ieseteyevohareleyatiete o. craton ognistodedoketenslcteletetetele tet Nelson, Ont. HDS aMSOI POWs Ws wioversie o's «(eae myaa lel 0,0 eine ata) et steals i ered Hawksbury, Ont. EVES TSR ates cust trere Sota ss Siseicys clevetayel one sxevovet shee Zanareyas bby daie teu Bailieboro, Ont. IngrahamyuAllberts ous... ss-cene soccer sree ieee sea ees Margaree, N. 6. TrOnSiMe ss? MEL AWiaciia cts er loraionsvetsyonenetoncionclolledavotetahoteketesuctorstonerecte ls Puslinch, Ont. Meal SET AWW S 215 Soe eos tes ote, ous aves s/atchetter cheval clot pescuerstowels tok tetohate Underwood, Ont. Mirevairn sea yal GIP ear says re vote la ore lauote ele relle ehenerslonatets cho onedetoretexs Nassagaweya, Ont. Me ary AT ONY isto vk: or cveicdealista aves orate: ot delish aroha a deoreeeyay eae Aciey ome Patote Nelson, Ont. ACIS OMe) OLA ye re ts tec is 0:r0rooe fein raverots lene fevehohstolels ole leteteystcleyer iets Abingdon, Ont. OHS OTE Ecce ts ores etary wrofars ane pie atectebeteteds topeelaiensntetor North Pelham, Ont. ATIVE SOT AMA IS Fe fore (ore telabota Vera. floras (orale elorsrels Olemavoretetebere te oteiie te Clapham, Quebec. Johnston yeh Boa etete ss. cl SSO eee cco Ob ouicloa ao ac Hillman, Mich. ETI EITUS HAL MS pertalectetateet oseiisvartt ote) phere otsten allay ote ace) WeteN cel att sVoratome Delaware, Ont. Sack Sore ee toses are wessiiede cass xe ehSrssosn 6: 5 oearstase epee tote cele rete deletes Winchester, Ky. Ol MS OMA ey Wile soreialsvete reel exe. Guavensve ooa.0 sts! orarateneapearstors: Sante Ne Underwood, Ont. TOM NS HO My SW eyesore ete sere ere ahabre eve eters ie overevaleretens tol ates Four ae teens Galt, Ont. Faleg Gar TUB eee wee aterewetsinte Ae) oi o's: \s.cte nua snoenaeenina taal Cornwallis, N. S. SAMMUESOMM VOLT Wesevere teres teh oieretevedeto eters tokedonetenotetepsienehe here Lake View, Mich. POMMSOME TA Be cereale tee vote tole eee to o0 lorolo de totave fate ie fore le teterore feos foie ioters Godfrey, Mich. Wie] ly aveS cota estates tetova tanta on che ote clone talavatetet eremtora me ith iolae Shakespeare, Ont. ‘Knickerbocker G. Gitta ocean © an sc eae ieee Pine Plains, N. Y. Bainsmane OSB ce eck hare trerersote bers tote teretlee hoists aisteteleeteier Moorefield, Ont. Re Ve ays) Meret ra eo) ogee) coset aotoholo ovorera|ctate forotelstalatatat=tatatayasarclotat felt Grovesend, Ont. NCP HiOMwls.5 oases moO OOo de doo CO bUUUN Oo DON OOdGU0e Clanbrassil, Ont. King, THOMAS, - oi... iets eevee 0ieie) 01 eels w wie oinie vieieie'e shuisteletviolals ofele Tyre, Mich. BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. 429 PPE TCR OS cts feh ysis mec acoi ve! (oa ais: caps n/Seisimis's 5 shee aw Si Collingwood, Ont. Geel Avo OMT sea tenetorsrsheveuene fovsxe ives once nystonaycic,cdscelemsnove.c ciel Wilton Grove, Ont. GE WAS Ae ab Miter orercre cisiei sisi css Fo FERC DIDI A Se EO Cairo, Mich. ILO E Markos pee bod GOO AO eRE ES UOCe SEP MCRn ecommerce Portland, Oregon. MSE eu eaten otal ohctore re ie1e cvs lols 2 oie) ore. eiousua layers ceiehoyece,cysheteusbusseieseyeiel 0% Highgate, Ont. pete EA NA eee reels e-em ona dake (24 7x) foes ese ekcr aro asainsolS¥e, eyerehace,}a/a,aala Picton, N. S. Ne net Peerrieteis cars islcncoicrersions cl nsis wie hermibtals aad wale eis heals Ironside, Oregon. MG DIVE PEN ETA TeV peevs fess anos: © ee jaisiews are lsinisumin a! akale nls’ sis eveserlacalene Mt. Mellick, P. E. I lees, “UOC ora a cakte o ceIRS aiueio MICE ern Sacinoln Cols GSE oe Watford, Ont. Ay COG Rpt RITGC Gl sien ole so avever covey scsi sdoyiot ice Suet ove Wousus) ove eveiie\ stars) sya: cern ioy ae Gladwin, Mich. NVALUE OP ATU Gey a ele ciercls cere ietslc@ wostellieie wiete corns Cie weve dee eee oseMilertons, Ont: PA eR er SUM ae CD che ask vo pal obs} seth cesots favs: Soy cnohine’efe wisveseneneactele eta Lion’s Head, Ont. WANN SOT GEOL OC ececcvaie ois oth storey cueied oe) Sale etianere siape's) a. cfd clerempyeees Laskay, Ont. BID y CHUA ASCE SS OO EN a Ces ELI, Mr opay cscs open nes Seal A Ousiclevetiocee Nala tr epeusreceveiel sche oh cia Gageville, Ohio. Wieiler, TE OUBRSG Can GHeOe cH ota ont son See nec Hes oes North Pelham, Ont. IMI Yea WV scveresors ies /sisucveinneies Susy aleve: sVeasyeyaicvsielorslire atete at oysters Cass City, Mich. Wirearret Linton Pega Gr tire taco ete tel orauewc teks otaiisic eich otic ce terete eeaue, oienoustsie eee Marysville, Ont. INSTT E RCO eIntarr cite orets tee torc eae toiete eh wien eae cane e een Brougham, Ont. VON VAAN WINE toratreanijon cvonoveielicl «| Disveibicas slepavenoie rea pra heletels tl eleteasiele Palmersion, Ont. IVI IEST Tae AS Setltads Masts) Stale eee eis lctetsisle siete css sais a sielarsevevsias& Glenmorris, Ont. IMG OMe PAM ONE W raya sacri te orice ai tier ese oars fe blannve ole} steiRLoietolerals Perth, Ont. Miarpetiven lem Salles sterateecaye se tiose eyes isvasare is. cient eveiaieileyere Joie stevexchats Cass City, Mich. Nilzisiora..” (Gps) tos RO ECE ens Oi eee ae Horneilsville, N. Y. VITES Tali LY AUC ENVIR e rere ve cy cies Siete rasa ies Sets sl ere oe iets ible Dore ete ele awe Volant, Penn. AVIUTU LTBI: Cchenayen eae telcae mac tcueie thal el oneaeiorecareveltoie Suave Coldbrock, St. Johns, N. B. AC LUMICGN lise WWM tore, © cl siotsiete Shercrcug onsets a os'a che cielcie Sicuusie.e © Burgoyne, Ont. ENIAC TURE US ae Fehovsbesstatoie,o] sve eicis orcteeisysinisiaieie, caatoieieve g vols is wes ciekeron Aberfoyle, Ont. NUS ORI Reet teh eratev av svh coe Coos vSreles evewesa cas ior sieyaree si ebibrerele Grovesend, Ont. IVAEau i cya Pu Ree Ede tae Merc rate cetera oye ua: esiays (eualte selene ce: aioyeue @hereieie oe East Oro, Ont. IMIGG OCS WW WY cn senters erate sials ‘sexs E acebeveroha aie iaier evateve ona © ouelahe, ee: suas Wyman, Mich. Medic airs teed pve AUT Cline ey spay foi-ohenaysveueickcascs-puvressioxeiess-2ye chs ousidicberel accueueyers Cianbrassil, Ont. Wier, Ts Val dee bc Brera Be i eine CSIRO EES DCI mere Re eS Canton, Ont. I Faieyetoale “Valles 18 Lap eS ven ener ts ey ie ee ee aon a oe oe ee Warden, Que. IMGTCAlTIBEGOS Ao OtOMEs slte aire civic a's ciercieiwlciie wo 6.5 0% elelers East Elma, N. Y- ikoveredll, Tei TBs Ses UlRBiso eye EEROICO IGE OI IEE eos See: Stanstead, P. Q. VU caren On cE Memeee ete eniaie acne seco devctnic tayelchevs 2iovcse sie eile ao wildle sieea aieue,tue ore wis Omah, Ont. ANAT aS Tp yaa beara ME ey cccyare sie\epaiercceielel Selo alarelsete: + - sOMaReSpedre, Ont. eo PMG ATE 2 .02)-slaae)s ss wien bs ds aoe ces cece cave ve Mit. BOpe, WAS. Mie Nerina wre ary tov elares) sv oies het ape) vei dics «clara a, s)areuele/eherereve ay Grovesend, Ont. WCNC, Tso calc o.ciple CORD ee DD eR eee Oe aaa ene Charlottetown, Ont. POMC Ta treed PRN oie dette coin ioc o's) n. vio. 2 shc,l's nw vinyac’e’ vie! ose sip, o NW COMMITEE TOMA OMNE, GUS TIT Cay eRe sacs ts ciaic chev: ove (sos wlevsid/eie/oeue/siaeit «wisleven Kingsmill, Ont. WOMANS Eats Egy PaMMGITRPGINY. OA cn 5 no g'o sk oe ole wu Sigs s 5 a0 U wuld We ete Ore Leaton, Mich. Re LE tetanic Se actainre sas Sc aie nisi na ease sve ae ea cain vinds uel Pome. Ont: 430 BREEDERS OF LEICESTER SHEEP. MeWarlanesyEemny.cac cies soe ac coe ne eee ee en eee Cayuga, Ont. Wc amir ye Aie MSS 6 aie Say 3)shske ole ais maclae sheen ic Ie wien ieee ik or SNTOLIeR Salem, Oregon. MiG Guill aly CW WAS cess crsoavates elatscetoncishe trees cetacean Amulree, Ont. Me Baim) Bb OS ter aesieric eas cceie Gis orseia ee eto Ceo ear eee Kirkwell, Ont. MicWea my, aerate Mic. Nis, fevers slns seeieuto cua rere ertcra crate aerate Napier, Ont. Micibarane ee) Olen oiter se oreo eee eee ee Mt. Salem, Mich, MeKenzie-s Duncan... c:.csestecce siosoyert lalehanedttaleueisisusielsus/euel ne bs goal eae re Ee ole hech a: dls Vaan RARER cic Oieerorsim bua o orcconolioemcoe c Dunlop, Ont. MreCallilimmmPemA ery. 2c uasce ache ey ioke ioe eae eee Danville, Quebec. MeConmellMubhos:: (Concce eee Gee ee eee eee nine Springbrook, Ont. INT CHO) BEB ROS Ec. thvcto ero ee aero ice EL One Plattsville, Ont. INSU MBS TaenKe 3 ee et arcs ara ela csie sees Ree eaote tae eae Nictaux, N. S. INGNOM Werle: &S OMS cee ters, vorevarsroteeiarsxeteiotersion efor erence ese Eae Pontiac, Mich. IN wants: (CaeSe Ge iW Neca chctoen terior Be looiee ne eerie een eee Chiles, Kansas. IN ete AMD CIs cc Shep cette, oray ated enentucns wares nscrcnels. ovr et haprceateneiee tenes Singhamton, Ont. INGE ys (Gs IME Ae Re cot. WENN a Shere tet Sere Ol are ndeye miciant store eee eI Selby, Ont. INiewalll @ aE Beye eeae 88, alls et) shat Ro w Rial Steer avalave- bie ete eee olevetegsi serene Vewburgh, Ont. INJeTS OMI Gass Fans son cere oa A Stoo eee Martin, Mich. INU Emit Wai Soe ios ese isle al es ores es Gaia TOR eye eee Newburgh, Ont. INoriSh: SJOWNRGIES jcicS hose » sens cece cee rats misierers Nassagewaya, Ont. Ont Aerie Colle oe steer o/cisve cies, sci sienerobets oyu! os casio toueverele ay egeysvetens Guelph, Ont. OTTO TT eae atahecacas ete 5 rererne forsee ouch e A OLS eyo ce a ee Galt, Ont. Qier Adame eect oecsste tts Ge kent te lars Rises DOr Branchton, Ont. OtEOLPBLOS A Saison ess eke) Se esis oh eave eUaiwin oy alist svete Ponoko crene NOTE Wartburg, Ont. QWatsEiGeoreesiccrs wraasertaccesain 5 o> aikertue esse bereits Sey al oy cieaaiia hey stebe es Collins, Ohio Pembhiale eG Or eis, ico 0s eyeyaley sever shel shal anayss cusdsiohsys.o1 icuslaar sper Exeter, Ont. BRarkinsons Gordie awncn oas.s cis cele die sie aisis eden ts Mee Eramosa, Ont. Pringle x Davi Qo. wists are «oso piaye yale toate obs Stove hyeueie rsa Huntingdon, P. Q. ETESTOME AD GOR Gi ak ciate Cree set ena ole La aust vaya en aiislar eater aie een as Leamington, Ont. Pe aisey pC Um Sires scarkcoaten se pethe pope vaeecdetore eter or he akc he oh ei Tee oe Westfield, Penn. Parle es) Mice apo eok, oceans esis sd Stones oy siede ee ia lee ON RICE Sussex, N. B. BA Bes AIM iecttos here clos ote fol sete constovehexetovere neeelehonskeree Chee Loe Repke Mystic, Iowa. Preston Pomme We. v's.5 oe eyele violets teenie ee eine Glennen, N. W. T. Peters Ti Oi rates ccsieie, 65, elope sialic, 21256 isieiousstoys (ovens tolalle oletohannereeene Ft. Wayne, Ind. Pattersons sR eter, Mrs .cioidtesnoanentet cctelee ee ernie eekiceiere Rockton, Ont. Matchernfonrds + VOM. cacac owe So kis eecolcieter aera ee eee Roseville, Ont. RiGhandsoms ear Leyak se. tepskayertichersecrevaislareucvsisy-teqenterscetsbactaWetereiee ene Thayer, Neb. TT 1 Say AAV chee eee SPiN ores ove il siciaeel arm el #7519153, 5) si aey Se etoree Oswego Falls, N. Y. Rutherford, Ebenezer....... [Spa dsvap oy sae ss MOM teaver OnE Onbs skiscoition tse risketon gh cmon ee sya oie TOMRUMaNC ie pe her eyet es oir veyetayavoe aren Preston, Minn. Batmibergenry, UR py. cresstelenis evelerstorvete Wateleiietor Wel niels"ooshelars ois a WO RUD DORtse Mens Bell: SG OB eevee ee eae eR ET tisuctints rae Recenter Neely, Kansas, Bechtold, “Re Be... vas. oor te AR a eA SA Bippus, Ind. Bennineto 9565s SONS A). sieiicrocieeteleerepen ance etsietel hareveoneetae Te Volga, Iowa. BVT Ae a Sessa ne sete eaves fein Soe oes yearend Ne ete eo eee Forest, Ont. BREEDERS OF AMERICAN COTSWOLD SHEEP. 433 BOM VCASH es eiren GcaS OME, ctareia/a\ Wisse revsiciecs a eis ss aeeiaye ole See oosceter ale oGrotoreo eer Me Uxbridge, Ont. THOMPSOM TOWN as scssts- soins 4a tacelavess whe versie oe wle/ovevel deveuelsays oye Uxhridge, Ont. PW EECA AW INES Siero s.o0s oe eR Ree ee ORES AO Ge ee ene East Brook. N. Y. Tweedy: VOSEP ss yas a ratw stadstorere siovotors shaveroveeranel obstelelcters Gallas Point, P. E. I. Van Dusen iW silanes scaler be cic orcas sia ciske ose Re eiaateiae Hillsdale, Mich. Vetterick, “Reimbaritrec.icc es ao erlels eisie e ocete laren sieteveretie arene oie ibear By lie ae OnE Wall as5) Wiranttertiactanretetste gin sisi sinreie ani avate: ptorsrebe oltetoneuescel cuoRatalls Uxbridge, Ont. Wir DOSS erie fe ele a SOE Saag eat ile Tao Pate Marsh Hill, Ont. a Yet ate La OG ki ie: W oto me nO Nee et ee esa BiCr Gro iG Greenbank, Ont. iWiaitsonk [Ache eas hes MAS) oN ara Sat oreh ta Aalst ateNoet ole Castlederg, Ont. Watt. Da Bec Sone iwachs tiesto us eis ctint ieee DeGeneres Xenia, Ohio. Watts Deeg Re © rises es wictesacsre chetonnin: 5 akanave ehconrerarnie erste Rios ehoes Xenia, Ohio. Waters: CIOs S Dae Retiree tote sitinvale eatoleve Ruse oe ao Roekwood, Ont. Weekes) George sircricc ctl ociarclere creteian» slate'/elstlot et ovoratololetoretoah as Glanworth, Ont. LAS Ce aS at eae Ra oe Peers eM ene ate Bn na cna cea 6 Calder, Ont. Wrest fallicnG s\Wites So cxs-aaes ieee letcle vend ate rar glm oie eee ccna tar oitake ene Hillsdale, Mich. Wihite, Oren Zo. tilda oo a oetahePoaee ere aia laichot ete eal totes Greenwood, Ont. VG amS! Walt SOM sic Sieve scat seanare a tetobe.nlovecetercroreiecstsuarerticio cleke New Corydon, Ind. Vitam SOM Waterss Siac sais caieraysetomeden eiaieret olenayavelions shel ous or onenedenenenoye Mt. Cory, O. Ta Ull bike oo Kp bl oVo}- tae reat hens Remy e Cnr ae in Hernia ren tah nnd cma o Dowagiac, Mich. WV GTM AW Vita iar aoe Sherctalaustel scatoten enone aheuee aoc tersuclced acacia saath auaee New Market, Ont. Wil SOMmB ROS ye Meats iere tare ate oscar eae tcl etetat ey ce apat ea toltan erat ciel orells Muncie, Ind, WAUGUDISTo pale iy Gitar bts oY Drees AoE ME ere Lay Ale ml Bue GC North Branch, Mich. WallsOms Sire Gaaires Sorte scam eeresctaeta osecaray auctor epee sna atoteve Conde, South Dakota. Wall Som OWWia seer ta tcvctene das atoe ecto ate ete totenoter < ote tetenetatel ohedavelctapetotates ool Brampton, Ont. Willson Gee Bro Se Wai etal etcc totale fafa laralotiels Nate tetatete te ovetencRete ts letetcuate Muncie, Ind. Wilson? Herman Aw eee oo is ve ogeaisra oie delete ar eiskere Downsville, N. Y. Walt y: COMM es tells sronsysncconsye ste anetereneusteCrefepelovelovorelerele kel acetate) arate bee Hillsboro, Ore. Wood tfor dir iies Haley p ce iarp rer erect warasretehonstetan steno) cle) 6c) or vwllote Shakespeare, Ky. Wood row. 2H Sore en ciate oiatens rie eee ahaa ta te ataselis Corot ove ie le tovle iovenewousbeyehete McLean, Ill. Wrist. Wioliat hp siee sicae is ope wom cb eRe ee enn e cieislmnemtee Glanworth, Ont. Breeders of Lincoln Sheep. Ey Ne Rayan onder cme tere erotics eeiaterciccreveiaye hate Lake Odessa, Mich. BW De Rey Ol GSiipetats or arees sess cverelevainievavoletenerereisiereleceielerele’s lehelote oteketan Cressy, Mich. JOHMSTOM. VO LM pcentike weer onset oceans tereleecelor cro serena Redman, Mich. Go B Bretitelllc cis cccarveistesvorsicine olete oterereaeichece aie ole etoleneieraiers Greystead, Ont. BREEDERS OF LINCOLN SHEEP. 437 Motor ea ey eevee Mane ararcintelaholorarsie scteteic ae siciolvicvel sta c's) cialele'd slvleiaie's\es ADVay | ONGn We oman cde aces Olle apsrsnaretsel cles sess ererotsicielohostercels aic/eiayere oiele Eramosa, Ont. DARE Cap WO Siler srerete rst aloneveicy stalevslarct svevalcvetapersta\slateis. wclist oil ieletel sr Mayfair, Ont. ID}, Jalan. cio do loop bob oo oe eer BOUL Olea UC OOD Ose AbOr Thamestord, Ont. TB 9 1B re] 89/0) OOO ROS tock TIO RO EIS CHT ROTO CIRO EE CIOL SOR tee eae Ilderton, Ont. ES EV OUDS Olererewater cre crave a alert orci nlerele sca an tea Bvoiclwis Yous"eite lersiatialece.¢ Iiderton, Ont. IEA JES* COEDS 6 o Ate cic ce pone bao DO OrC AbD oon Donn necro St. Johns, Mich. SEES ea Salar sree ret re pske raw tovarat teletecehnie oie chore eon Ho ee St. Louis, Mich. AV Vira ene Derren nv Ue rotors anei ove tare) ele tavrersyelecatera cleyete avaraiatee le ober steele Beaconsfield, Man. Gconmer Gould GeiSOMeyacreiacscin vaclessaias aejeiee cela ayetee tutherford, Ont. VERMIN EAVVicU Game Tas: erst cvaicie ieee everest rey coorereteieiocacalohevoiarele eeisinne ce tredatevend Dalton Ne Ye OCOD SOM cre ctctit, wiste ore meee hole eo tRae Ae shel eile oekalatoreei ae Ilderton, Ont. PUTING Ales GAIA SO Tiare tateleranctotavoretarcrotae shone ctercichaleral olatetel erste elancielerenslcvsrs Ivan, Ont. Geanres Cox GS OMe sk svete ctele otis srois ote iene ever ales evesene: sueisleisteievelersseie.< Michigan. JaAMeESMOTANSTON! sc ccc ss see ce Se ewle e merece oe cee cmecnes Denfield, Ont. PNM LY ORM iat er yay sa ayolion avs late ols'/o/ ots ketenes ievatio lars a'ste's) =, ous/ehersleichene a slete ye terenenen’ Ontario Ea GrseaVVOO GIG Wil tyake nye acs cele evere eae suevee eieke colsieoeresei ante a’e a ale at eceligts Athens, Mich. eee Hyeee NUL OTN et aicl saeatcicas nena wet cusenicl cho tale ovens chcicichossiontro dian Sens Maple Grove, Ont. MEG GL S CMM yee vepaveve ocetnie orci cueloie wis /oisllelers'evs seve atevaiaun eteteteus dreials Lowell, Wis. Wee Wied Catt hemGennes sete seberaioiersicleve se cists el etehs alatelolelalurchetehsl oleretouciaMe Howell, Mich. WWoodidceMiondlemiiit sf sccars.s0s aisinicieie av a,a'e) s)eielh euviare s eceiel ea)es Langsbank, Ont. LISENEIC. [ECTIOUS Ey GIGS orcid ciara 1G ORROIIOIAICI CTE Cl ICIS IC CIO DEUCE ROR CICERO Caledonia, Mich. \WViaal,., laleinglinnver. ho oaebiobhood cod sibic 6 DOOR GU dobcabOsUdC.JOUC La Grange, Ind. Sem ECC II Oo er Sattar ce tenct oi Sie? Ma cavein oro ccoieie ciapelle bitisheldie's Bennettsburg, N. Y. IRI Oe JBMIOWINES A Vhs og cn dob OOO dd OA OO Oo mooOeO GOUt Ballymote, Ont. COORES IERICOGhS > comgone0 duu COROOUCD GOCE DOR ORD OU GO U cone Leutz, Mich. Semele) aie Toes apeNetornene tere Loeelreen evel cyst ta tele eiiaie) oleyekole/ccieseitherelioyerey sla sehevehonsie Leutz, Mich. AV VIER hicear uit ciel ater tatalcratciarecretole aleve ia ic islet areisicvarele store cisleveie e/ere Ilderton, Ont. OO ep Oras Come RUG Geta ices i aerenrerersiouttelereiscereue ale istechotoreveisye ofotcla sieleversua Chicago, Ill. JSEPAV Vy EPCRA Zi Mey cere rey ase stantial aletavers: cnevcicie: sisva sveinte: sieh ciate oy stole.ois us Brooklyn, Ia. LOT ZNWISITING Sa aaa. con OnbUS dou Gb Ub OoSMODD OUOboGodoUde Norris City, Iil. CieOmRe ILE wiSoheouspcobooodaoceuoaUscbemod gooobOOUobOdO Ballymote, Ont. Menu Vitti Miers tayescie ol avatctoretacsra tare "es stoi cloves’ seis olereroiaioneis re ioxel sessire Glencoe, Ont. MD TUNIS Oza tel roy ey ieite cere oielertisye e.c excieteie accu, hc) eiedodenctehevele. « Bridgeport, Mich. ETON pe Ora aMiTeees cere aio lete tans! cle aPecl ccereievsdenevatel ere ais eueisiarcteve apeiate fe Ivan, Ont. Hirai 18) Sembee Ol Sildeahwvjeytyancicisiess foneteh ekevorerel cielo ols iallecolletete eevee cl'syo'e\elfslensiis:e7s\6 Ovid, Mich. IUGR IHS IBIEGSs ble och S ROGER COIs DS Re In Ee CGA oc cea oO Leb Hk Perrinton, Mich. INE Pe Sete end Gr Teetngee: ayes ito ovate assy vols obese cic shorts chs stelevelelsolene cioisvecwee Anson, Maine. Nico alna le cormayrai aia Seeretenapeue sicyenesaieyelcla) <) ohelie aseiletahione ereie,«. sie vajeierm ecco i= Fostoria, Mich. imezal (Co Aor Mdlinsceapoeoodes soo oblade poop eUoOboL ac ObODDOr Fostoria, Mich. WV SEVIS LC C Olnereuee resin ils yereiccicrsictsveis,o)s''/sizicietis's e eielere/e/sis Farmington, Utah. amenwelien Shahenstrrs se cei sacs classics sesie aarciece ys seiapene LaSOM, Wehr: Aes 1M AO Ke ol6| 65g, Enc OIC ACORN CoE URELIE TaN CeO OP Pa RTE Logan, Mich. IRL, dat. BUSING OS J jaca oeCeOee Oo RCEIEDODOU CoCo DDE On DOUOT Millington, Mich. ELTA ypu) cl Geren eee stapeycisieVeila eye crs/ci ele +e evel sie! scllecieléve s\sis's |srelslelevs Owosso, Mich. AW omeen GlvcuelithOul emer erete tae treks. cove, o.oo, 0). oie ayers ele drebelieviens sic meraieie lace’ Ilderton, Ont. ERTS Sie ATG Ce SColllcperctatekersene’ oct ciere ture a; charcte s: cycueraluekelaa (ola is,elenelaeds Derwent, Ont. SSE Nou DSO LEN RE Se SPeR eM ateyi irel elle) e) =) ches o'(o\ er e:la: syolle, elsile) oveie erehedeye oye Thamesford, Ont. AIMS Ge Sain ccs 6 ob SS B00 SOOO CMCOeD BOO D Oooo ra cau otricc Ilderton, Ont. Aioloisy , CGRIRENTs cc oo DASE OBO BCR AO bo UCDOD ODE HODO DOREHHeInG Or cc London, Ont. 40S (Ge TsoyetBtig 0.56 64 Bap OU CeO ROU COO On OO OSUOnUOOre North Ridge, Ont. IBIbl MElOGleninsio os ona GeO DU.oD dns COCO Re Cue gocUa OSCUndocabsoucae. Luean, Ont. Evermore OUNCE letoteteneseialesevereka\elelele! osi0ie) aie ejels/s vis) cles clavaleinisiels/aiale Rocooodsliey TO henrs 438 BREEDERS OF SOUTHDOWN SHEEP. JQici ad gael a liveledsjeero s on tao RACoS OOO. COOOG OOO maou cao Centralia, Ont. (Chia; Wienges eoseneconaenet adocagncoUdocbbdascodacd Vergennes, Vt. BE SOS POrTO UE rome arse aretos Seok. 6 aa alaie ove ehecenejalanel ett eraee yor si aliellel exshon atone Ovid, Mich. Ge Ore emma CaSleney re Nei -petayarsissscalicr sleet ever evsleray ole iekehekeneyorer sve el al oiceh ol oe Ovid, Mich. TERANGn Dundas Bes edeaseantonemanccadcnon secu quo OoEmrancdoods Ovid, Mich. Gave eDamilelllisge se aco s cisrsielersvevesetere ovekenetencrs ehenetopctoucien a stake nol otoretene Elva, Mich. Ahn” LAMM Sao comneseina ae soo CoGUE ooo bouDOONuCUoS Westphalia, Mich. Ape. lolenchlee Seo ab Goo sOooNdoUdoUddesmOM obo DULcauoN 406 Oakley, Mich. S) lle IGieimeAllle ss ose coanoccol ss oGucnsono odo coule ogo Fowlerville, Mich. GNA MPEN OCW a herons) ch evevepere/euersrers Cucke)si che sioie sieieiehel ton ehsiaestoheisk seeuchstereretens Rose Hill, Kan, HS OUCEL Bday ae veres shay anaveteVotelereuectu aren s lakers Gothen g crates, es neew eines eke Rushville, Il. BOL Ae MAINES cuss eerste cece oes [oie te eve tatousus ini oee serene isiele tore ezereine Woodville, Ont., Can. 1 YOY eXSPED NegeN hoy sea ety RI SRM oe nae NA RE SRD NaN eo PR Auxvasse, Mo. ISO PSS te Ce pA aioe choisteiteve wustalsy ayes so solteie) o.c, bie le.si els se,voe ale Vavohesoreueneielone Hamlet, Ill. TOWED ih GUE ini toca ovcvetavecles eters tageiarsiare ices cite s ee cohe oleate wolonete ake Clarendon, N. Y. Bowen-JONes\ Je (HO: eMieT) ecernistotrcmieieiols Mister rstecesciete Shropshire, Eng, Bower ti G@ Orvis isos: sate ister: s ten sye evel atayelcFeites e:ate, ores sierehorotevene Lansingville, N. Y. IBOWEE S56) Csatelc GC cds 1S sors paaoncroters lovers (5 ciel 6 lala bohehula: easier alors stoke Cranberry, O. IFS Oss AM VV chaps draieeel ey Sevareuahsuetete lene tare ve ereteters Mount Forest, Ontario,~Can. Bows hen Cows tee ©. tMisec ont ats wloveione wie wisleietnte we srecs eusuotors eS Buckland, O. IB OnyTIg Ome ep OCOD 5 his 800. jo eeatale die yoy yersisssyaiol dapat ache, Dell Rapids, S. D. Byonyinioiny Vie diieaseogasac Staite No bazote ve levasdye tole ieuatevouseSae ts lace pete ee Rochester, Minn, STA COS BE AMV, ciredaretrares cverabevor cbs cess ehel ose lave ley aievetereveroiebereaehoiere ceroreerehenehe Albion, N. Y. ES TaN GS) Wisp aD Pats epee aso 5, cs o's: ovals aus, ousvaa euetete eel oeeve oie esaieretoneve Silay Kirby, Mich. Breck, iGeophsrhStat evo. cceleveiscs'sie, ioe oveloue wieteustorperecetene eke Paw Paw, Mich. BRECK Ss Ae rcloyefe tens leyetors os elavelses eis re, ayepe erase fereverevedens West Claremont, N. H. ISTE CILOM AVM fe piedfoyarctofoeste keel sscieieis aleve solo /elens(a olerokerer etter snore Appleby, Ont., Can. IBRECG OD ny Me YS ee etarccney say a sayivar ale een ciotetote Rie Taree eEanenee Charleston, Ill. Brent oa Viti ears Sosa teiestet sim voretore io aie) os ar ole Son oueterelomeesiotone Tyrone, Ont., Can. Bresee, Albert & Son....... CSC ODD CAO OOr Hubbardton, Vt. Brewer chew vaccrceretepeleraveter rite te aie ele. 6 bye aire ae ns iere ahs torewobereronacole vets els Marion, O. Ne aril UA peel Jee BRN ctor aI ayy el aOR CTR ERROR ERR ROR OR ICICRE oxo ooo Pittsboro, Ind. IU ya) ATES eee nh rece cre ane re hee tate rad one ole valle , 018: oh Eaton Rapids, Mich. TGICE VRE S aeeAee Opiates) Narctow sievors. cia" syaie e's sles sw'sie ve wi eles Marshall, Mich. WD KCKAMAR IO Hin prea aec csc tek avcers oso elec elelnace aleve Milton West, Ont., Can. TORSO Tbe © LT ee rere aystehsjeioio aisle Gia sie = sieves anes ad os Corwhin, Ont., Can. DD VOUGS Opes) © LNT ime yond you rateVer ovatehevonciclocces\eUsisse.ciole ieceuave eveie ve Goderich, Ont., Can. HS) re Tail aah Mea Tan Vitae eee Fe (avs eke never evecsless lenekeuaielessueptueieieleimreie 06s Varna, Ont., Can. hile pine Cle SHeehl= nie apecysisteyorsiav'slaie siete sists iste siviee so a's oo MLL brook, IN. ¥- IDMiavalingiet, (Cs Is capes donee Coca! enor onOODURDOCDO IE Oba Gre Slayton, Minn. IDialering.» ID, TA oe esta tag SiG bee OS CRORE ee oan Jpava, Ill. ABE CRGU GTS Hare Maia Thane aisedoycvewce suet eis leuavsseuaterotarletelisnauene-ahshellellave. Bis (a! ef aye Lapeer, Mich. OTE PAIAVV ie MavenstateRotsis/olsictnls\slalelole| ois vias ate lave ole olale’s"s's' 014.0 o's Teegarden, Ind. D@malel, dni Sake oa oe obo ra are GO UGC CORDA Oi rane Canton, Minn. ACTA CPT EN ete eleva vevtssenesisisiovecenans ESPNS ausicitaite aneitel see ove! eiaual Redwood, N. Y. Demalslson, TCseOlowohooncuaccppdoopoodcnaocdear Pleasant Retreat, Mo. BY OTTAUG SOMME SAV. TI roy eyat ston =) cyeycre) sts\o)s) ies ovessveye}ehers: sj svecsve\'ehens South Zorra, Ont., Can. ID IRS. Viel OE Stes ORCOCR CRIS ICICICICR ROCCHI CeCe nen same Trout Creek, Ont., Can. IDOE, J Ch SOM be codu0 capo onol dl CU oy od SOO am On enn oor Rernya ule DPT NAS OMNINE TT yore) cre ickeishelencrsnclis evel leicensieysuelstevetwee Streetsville, Ontario, Can. UO VAS Seat Same tly peretaley ete elelencveroieiclefckei.s Sele lolayaieie Olavoue wie oles @ oie Pontiae, Mich. IDtenwimlinen sls “She sac ccbsa 6.6 denon poor OC Oe Cop OrenOOOnnGe Palmyra, N. Y. RY GLAS ae WHR SN poten aheueh eietelal ahar cs ct rev silst oh cvel eyes sacuel bya\dies elevoleidcauoue eevee. Chillicothe, O. ND Te ALMA NA Tr Lape ger sycheoy or wep ci-ot obisi 17a; sh 01"ey.2ia) ei/ey obs) av'eres ahs) elles, «os, 0\'s.0,0.% Madelia, Minn. ID chen, Isom. di@Iite ton occbon doce Ca Saud Ona cc OO HOrneIrIn ans Toronto, Can. MDD andy pap lteter Ares ene) wrote sees 0 Stoksl ays z'aie cevsiee s.e'sis aia ee. Binbrook, Ont., Can. AU TEIN eg Ge CIM Pee ac Verstorel ails feledeic rie (o iyele\ereters eileleie\s Giersiere « Highmore, 8S. D. LGD SAM It, sr were eve pclecave grovel eles oe-s s.evais!Sce ee eres Brantford, Ont., Can. IDMinlaginn, Ce" IBeclmio A Aes We mc.c ee Cie DIC EIOISIS DIS CIO TT Cee hanes Iberia, O. HD CIM AMINE revs Soler heey eta, sci) Uisrony a Tete ai ciel erahisiesaclaisla\cr 2) seh, @! c)asdeeleie Sea Coneord, Mich EDD) TAMA cigeT PATTY CLUE CSUs ty axctaney cise sVevssshorel os ates oke) ovevelaieyoje,eeievousvo.ensyeieve Varna, Ont., Can. [Dormia UO NM ses 5 OA Sob Abe 6 DOCOR GROOT aea Corer Bridgeport, W. Va. PUTIN HGRA Med OLLTare-epayeyslehevevs ar che a! sieve eile Tale-cilere St bras, arela Srefeiaars Thorndale, Ont., Can. MD) Tarai earpa Npekek we leo aya tey cust Novak ote vorsteKeteicvonskelclewsieueisiaiejolehosove\svejsissecetsis oia.iele.s Savoy, Ill. LO MEUTNTNEM Cremedsdeta pa By tec stapAt rey.) s 0: alstareleia'o ae: ci siellaresela wie s Gra Seveleinie-asiare Auburn, Ind. IDG ER, INCAS Ge oad 4 Ob. g BOOMS CDIAAIGH CO CIDOO me COInIC atria Rochester, Minn. DDE ipa teeo MDowd Crew OD coopers ret ciel aiotiot av ssiSshcs/syalcese, s\n si,cheisin etnselnieyele|ecpyeieis ers Plainfield, Mich. Del Some ree iN orate ae rcashat'et che s/evar acre @eslela soe ein deca’ oe Grass Lake, Mich. MDD re sabe LOD Se UOD Farepereiis ts Fo ete see char cats ta ysi051% onepsi'cs 2yc\s/ Sharon) 4 Sayers: sare Columbus, Ont., Can. IDWiStirie JSo UN. ogo denen Neb Sond US BRE OD CONDO Cou oppor Lancaster, Me. TENSE O MTs endl CU CVU MIMSIS Cece avoyers: cs ts\ei| afeils)s loveless e's ele’ bloc es Bright, Ont., Can. RSH SL RL GOMEV aL Net Perch etel dfarcvere. olsdovalaFsbereve\lavarcsevs\eneleieleieveler ates Paris; Ont Ganz EICILO Ta BAER O [a teat Neam SOM repaval sy cfove) si s1oh2) -/oroha¥eleyove\euer dievereve, eveids eke ol ANWEy oOMbs Gane ISGwiGiel, ESS os Sno PAO bon RAO OD DRAG CECE ncEe Rawhide Buttes, Wyo. DNR Ue i ed ate Leper ee Peek Ty ch ct eor es ci'sics ay svehoy'steFeneraycyalayefeierniereiiere lorie ,e (esesdu's Plainfield, Vt. BESTA tc Ul ea Vid eee RG RSIS ore a/c) or'e, co fal-cv'ov'edovore delle ive vevave.(ens se:isye wists South Solon, Me. NGI Shel sir EIAs Says cto acekes.s odie elcjste sac eie'e es 0 aie Lewisburg, W. Va. PIT COI lay lee ae OM et eres wo oe clase ww aie dale: a ciel wire oes wieial elelstel eters Nassau, Ia. CSAP Re Berea Marans okie od he edo cea te Sw ee ce amo Pine? Gity.aNe es HASOMsp eC Eee icchc vie tee ess seo Peeve Ae ce eyelt ered Austin, Minn. SSTW Oe Cae Aan rotate oP SF ae ToS) choot oh 0 ond) oral eel sveraveb bse 'elela.e Caistorville, Ont., Can. FENG eal Sane Vom OrcPevtPedetete vee ie vette fore. 41 o5tvo%e ie (Geeelleve wimibye Mae Roekland, Ont., Can. IBYE| OOHRS I Rocusins can0,00 O00 Db 02 BO OO ERE OnO ODE OCU On tOcrtic Sandy Lake, Pa. Be perty iabistate Meats waver ess neddevevectaeesincnee Hammond, Wis. 450 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP Pildery Jas). 0.0. syeleyebetevatahersie a vevenaloteratoreterehetere terettereislerenstens Virden, Manitoba. EC Ter korn GAD etme cre rabesovecens << orexeke tens sevexeyareceetene twee terete re Eee Oak Park, Ill, Filed A MEM So eye stansrs a icteens aaa: iv «, dvora) ialel ale, 3s oaueletedaeiars tern tees one Albany, Wis. BMG tt eters tate chorea a ele ars ecco oe oienerctomt na Oreo REI TOTES Berlin Center, O. EEUTO UES CAM CSW tke «etic, oo cheyeuc.o One ese hotel eco mee eae ieee = ates Kelso, Ont., Can. NiO tts -AMa re wie nines 2 viscose os eel wie te eae eisiene eek ereyaiele miteke Galt, Ont., Can. Bltoct Chiasse:6. VSON~ 4 is soem raheive se oe be cere RII ee ese Bladensburg, O. ESTO tes eT CL WWI Sol. oso 0s ico! 8 Yeas rote) oped obey > neko ated on Natomas locos Morning Sun, O. WUTOttize Win 6o SOM: ccd cece eipice ciech beter eer Clarksville, Mo. ae PaR red hiya eihi: «atet', aeersecaehcosberaveironaveneyevenst ar sterateNerstevcieusteress Zumbrota, Minn. IB yale tes Sop SON 22.515 cies ereus vot oly exci) sucratoreacuoke sbereiets oy Woenerereiy tele Niles, Mich. SMTETSOM: CAWiaw cc. oxersvonsqeleusineioe er ese cele de cam or wie NOntIE@larenG Onemvat IdM Ionoosoo00 bos 5cbe5 ood GSU sob doo Cooo SoD Ublab oo NieyojaeiTee. lina! IBITTIOTO MIS Wo ho 6m0d Ubg00 obuUnD bb sup DoD soUaUOS GAC Dowagiac, Mich. BAM PES Ys MD se Des ase lekel el eteyolls ole (a, oye lore @ io loie @1a%s,.0 1s ole loiere ole ee Com Ey LOU a OMMesa Gale lsmaAKOlIs Wis IShoo 60 coo o000 sobOsodboGeoODdo Ode oonod aD ddoDOS Casey, Ill. (Bria: ary tO Oise sy peteet cok stoisite to love vane \etekenetols ro tatoncvoyctsscieheueuopelieas Templeton, S. D. DBS Tou seab lig UN ects, S store ss tei oietenats te srateroters hye rele ctote teuel tert creer Claridon, O. MITTS, PAS WA a5 ancyeiato rola fetacene nie aus vel s, web 4h ersy ow ty cee ere alenisherel sits Danielson, Conn. 1 Davie hayes onily, pho cies Cm Cla DRI UCO eh OORT OGGo.o Se oto Glanworth, Ont., Can. FEVERS! (GEOL OP!s, cc ceretenrersl onoteiane o¥ene foye, hereners Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Can. VATS SDE SW aod Lite wis, ela vers te toteuls Ie 6G tore fe fon fats foe fe uae Cede Venedocia, O. ESVaITS |, elie CET sitoies raneiorageae Gres saraifenoueye fo tc 10 (aushetsedenesoreenpele eke eae eer okereneone Ripley, O. VAIS Soo IN tb ail oteiee ic. 5) oi wcuar Oooe Ris) bi Sis ey eLO eve el eee euclale heeee ere Bolivar, O. FAV acts; OMA Hohe 6 6 lsc 3 eravors! oath io louserd ele eepreye) olfllantie aici Suey eves sev CLIO LOD Ore TES WV TS Varner eei ol sda axe whats sob siden atsnaas oliavastnat aiteneloe a ieenetereserocs Oils Paisley, Ont., Can. Balers TIS IB teh tac OAS Ghote ouerich avctoporeae rehome ehccentes ine teeeneiereiege isterere Carrothers, O. Mar geyg AP GLGT, 5 .yersterc olcestencvateveters eke vehebocersi-oneyelaiencusiisteieteiere LaRiviere, Manitoba. IVue (bln ke Sectors oe aco era occ oobtad Gea oo dome .c Winchester, Ind. Bap a WW a rh, cueiiete ince sone inte, te fe ore lea lee teuetote atieente Wits Ole aeve ee Trenton, Ind. AP TAM, Ws We WS OMS. syend ova sie lotere'aus Wain ieieiis Shale stnetere wo east Roretonetens Colon, Mich. WATT Sa WAC Van peitietaiele avokors Ned OMEN aiate OTey mee et Mechanies Falls, Me. anuillkemenr:, (lias... Wi.o sNASD Ville, Rennes IMUM Ves Seen oosas ade C Odo > OO Oe OOOO Oe ce DOOR reac Singer’s Glen, Va. FOUTETAViso kV VEIN (GG ISOM a oiae cress crcl sien wuaiels ¢ at's sacs ve ayers ee os New Palestine, Ind. (Galo Somaya tray cist yctaycterskerel or shelsusiove cnorebauar stale eyateus-aueiereiiaie New Hampton, la. Gage, tal, IDsooadooercddadcddd d JOC OUD COSMO ho aCe eine epee Flint, Mich. CUO Grea V bred emettbasrcttcnc roe cy cCoaestevenewartcltetal slih custolishelichayairerstereljeroelsnereie Sales Flint, Mich. CG TMM Teer eee es oy any. cy ch oT shavct at choy cuswonel oick ar shebatovcl lov eronorelend ous" 06 oie tevers Fayette, O- AG ATAATATO MAMAN Grete VV ease vexasv cl cveissia ales Woda als “etans ral Susiere xe folk hewn asera\renbyars Forest, Ont., Can. (Gamiorn ID Cao cocicrt te are Ae Enon Sonne Cree Saurin, Ontario, Can. A ceANE CHIN CTE AG mee ECA TTVTAN ETA OT of yon el a -otietoke) cle) eave alicyelieeueyeliew're1 \¢eieyrevs Broadhead, Wis. Gre UOC eemAVN ape od oie fen ne Hew shexeweirohavsvorMo( airs o-oo asroney of aler'elhesre Sia as aueheheraieel one crelevench ess crete Fenimore, Wis. Giralenmns Ws PAS sie, «5 © njenstmasiets eke leustotstagssegeus pe tosssetetaassedelohoeeteaere tenets Maumee, QO. GrahampcéawWilliamsonaeeccceet coke oer ie eee West Milgrove, O. Giant CAMB ARE, Gesieacies ioitsslsyonahetegeuets cops tersickouetetokenurtepelcde epoca een seerer Detroit, Mich. Giverny saps PRY rarer revere is oisieiateterrseielenelstelokelsn oveivetelspoteteratehelveverah tereteyone Republic, O. GRY GRAS teat SONS mreteyetel craven el) oueleyere cusisr ls iolsiarenne ee errr aCkt enn ee Albia, Ja. Ge ya WANN Sw roilecotevtedaheh tens feyeu bone) asl oietoneios ede) oe Iovee ghee neem ere Albia, Ta. Gree As He fin Se ies wonetee a oe oe © Aw SS Bre OuelenRereaeet ots Orchard Lake, «Mich. Gree MHOC Ts she she wre erate. ouscsnstouahenerousliofonspononsvoleneustiens seevareroteteltctoyetete Ashkum, Ill. Greens Witticse span aec el ecres POD SOR OO Doon me Orange C. H., Va. Greenshields Niece: cic en selec secenen brake okerer mene Montreal, Can. GES OMA AD NB) ee aya iis ies oie. a) ssece or eves arene avs aiekalcraremaine elie eebenete Dowagiae, Mich. Gridheys CPi seas wiciss oasis defense ols eee nee West Candor, N. Y. Gre TN AD A sai st seein o's scot are esos 610s ol oreteliole le iartlel otene neler tekede Ypsilanti, Mich. Cavborhns ith 1a a hie einen CeO mae Debio ommtor op cabo trod Oberlin, O. Gris COM BO PA eA, aks cer cverarerevehatererore chore euevensietorekera are Haverford College, Pa. Gir OSVien OTA IMS 5 «cdconsnetelacctoxeus Pr cherekonshei nieces sever sereuctorseees eee Sand Lake, Mich. Groves ws MAUS WwW Aiyi epoca sx ossusverePevclacclck wiel'evaveusvensy.oidusy sede. evensieh ae Concord, Mich. GOVE Wr Roc ctacs ata pacts uretonatrexescheie aun cnere oranere acco che CECE Bolivar, O. ATUL OH, CHEW, cis aoa) ve svaprtverere ore tencaeia sacar te leceterele Sie wicceietavorme Paris, sOnit..1Cane CG on el ob a see Dyn ll Derm asaeen ta eens wears Se tere eee acs cic RIE RN ES oC ch rod odo Parisi LAGE, AAW Sterst tciskats aio saliersiet sues alee eis auntneeile Plantagenet Mills, Ont. Can. dG Re ex en ied: tame) Ra ECR RAI Ltn ine 4c ere cree anne Vermontville, Mich. EPA hG (LB LOSE ee icfeis yee miestoleehele ins aoe etee els ereccic ccc oe OTT Addison, Mich. PLAINES 3 Jie NG, SOMSi rer cracevase che todo cust rete lane crore a ieee ee Avilla, Ind. Pale septa oo es sek aepere One ree Haverhill, Mass. Hale st eo Sep ae Rev cueysse oS a aaa ee Cr eee ee Mt. Sterling, Ia. EL ALY, Auth INI, Feces oe ated nee eae as sie alesse ee Tonia, Mich. ET ads (Ge Resa ts hel Soesey ope ttters dckey he gate bev yet h Reve ne oes eas iebo ete eee East Dixfield, Me. a [SD ean osnreyaet- eisai ist Gathesoitieer tetera mereaeet acre Kilwinning, Mo. Vall, PAS sco teed eoleiestcana tae evaleohane co vatadalesokataeterctareors sto ek teen nn Lewiston, N. Y. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 453 EVIE BEL ili re crateccreyotatete ss DiC.00 OOD COC OCINOD COLIG.D COGS EER Eo. Fredonia, N. Y. aE PG IN ASH betters ct tatattetctclatelal scr ictlsle stottetsialsNoelerciecve Sacremento, Cal. Jalen ayevel dD ed BLES A 6 dei oe OetiG DIC EEEEIOR EXCITE CCIE Saran Seward, N. Y. vlan, Claes 12. oo go aboucstuDL sec aupOncno COCURD ROOD OHOE Temple, Me. lnlenammltions, daly wesc! | Sloexte tin bastion cio Meiticns CRuic ORCIE cE ER RSI Reae Bese Staunton, Va. lnleyemmmaarnels, (Cy, dale dit boqogboLouOOD So Ud DOU oun ODO OoIODeOone Detroit, Mich. labswemienclit, Js) IRS aA WES oS cn ORGeo Ulnd GCC. dO ODIGOORIACIOEI Greencastle, Ind. THkiMlknim@gs, AMOS KG Keo on oS. 00.8 bine Comb bo ood Orin OOo GOOG Uns Hurlburt, Ind. Biamnlleys, die Gucogdoon dod vobdbviocodamodscdpohudcose suesk Read, Ont., Can, leeariinn rr) en Gra nse OAS| jet olerevee cleus. celelicloicio eisteleterere Mt. Vernon, Ont., Can. LEIGTITME) wis. 4 a Bis cio Ord BO IGOR Ee ion ioIcIne occ On ene rene Unionvale, O. lglaumsainl, «. NNT 0 len 5 Daaceaiaentocee nines tii CIICIG GORGE oni ipa eee Luana, Iowa. EM eare OITA MeS VV ere Aare afta svctscar os baer chort tebe the eteiotehclelecel eels tie) otierate Pleasantville, Ind. FALUN er ewes OOM. ctatertycis sie eiclsiere) elelel eerste leletel aera avert rele Buchanan, Mich, lslanncliingr, «lhe ANS Sardines tabblo o ponininnidicids Ob b.cida.0 ciotod Omiaebis Laporte, Ind. lalaiaolinis, Ole Cte bo tas cOcrad OC OOS OOMOOC ODO OEO on CUGOMOE Buchanan, Mich. MLC S Sere se Pager qh eeeeteyararotet oketcee be crsrete eo srtrctat restore sees ose Springfield, Pa. lEAMOm, Le JBocoodcdonadondonpcodoadGncssaGOdGbGOOee Brockport, N. Y. lsleuaanmeieime, (Clenel< Soacoocosmoudhoboodcocucoogt Willow Lakes, S. Dakota. MFM EO, Its Osaonenoc omddonogoondocdnnc vodsduuduar York Center, Ia. AA TeL See ven vere rst ctspatey eistereiesa chetevaieta eleveeel siete erate eticias «ule West Liberty, O. EMeiretot Semmel age Ua eeorepstencioweste ote overe eictevetarareneistereeverarereiel crete atele.o seciteis Eekford, Mich. IG TRLIS, The rlB\ for cneo mad pnOne.W6.0 ODOR COCOONS DOA ee nErae Lyndonville, Vt. HPA ANGI OMe) Olnt tape teveencrererenenes ote eaweres oe here ooh reiooisia ora ene Owen Sound, Ont., Can. leleancnStomrns: 1M lel 8 Legero tices ec ecto aioiio one eae Belgrave, Ont., Can. idigienoel,, “Pen lEls coo perder nmos tos Oc SOIR Gene eee Newton, Miss. Isles 1D). 1D) seater esa tee ieiet clain Gio DIORA SIRT e IEE Cine Minerva, O. HEMed aS Inrange Aer) cya cae even arene eratetorate s loierohele’agicvordrecdeie cee West Middlesex, Pa. BSE ES = Hs oe Sahel ci iO Sug OC OCC OR OOD ee BOC ICE ane Salem, Ia. IRIE RISING rans ASM Bias wei GEMS OO6 DOD OOS Ono ete ee a a ee Owosso, Mich. LelENPUSINOTEINS WEL Gl has Sito ine cic od CIS OTGUe Ce CROTIG OIC Brockport, N. Y. EAE MES Viorel oe ey CGS OLS. solaris cele, ereiis's,cieiers win sinpshslateele 4ieje os Kendallville, Ind. iWlaskins: (CsA. <<... Watell afar aketeist clay etstevcr stohale sieve tevaters) cievens Lansinegville, N. Y. ULV AE) Ae | UNI Sa A en Gn English Prairie, Ill. Poteau Rana Re CINCH Vor <) la's cw alesse, cisTelere oie twig eielalo ac wc oa giela.s Bloomfield, Ia. etieal Cx To bw emIENCL SUM coc cat's «foe. o's) ayo ayaseray aiciecel sya cie.cereveceiu sai eee 0.0.23 Lapeer, Mich. laenvensacle Se (Cees ee ba ceed ok One sce ee Ee eee Butler, Ind. Ped A gies EM egret etch ohcrace Shave: ucistetetas, che Cale © Wien a oieieon'6 ae cee « Glen Falls, N. Y. TRESS ds WW eidls dota ad Cd Ooh Ue ae ee Rollin, Mich. ELEY ECS LANE VRISIERR railcars) toleaie anew cocraiecsiace cahanen o'sya Glanworth, Ont., Can. Mee DauTa cs epee ea PU eat Marya ak Soc o/o: as: 045) lok o'aw 0's) Sn, 95010, el Pittstord, INse.. IEC ELE: OER Dat, BO iieic cee SOM CEE OETA o eas eer Vernon, Mich. RIB ALGA Zoe Ee SE 6 Se Oe eee Coldwater, Mich. LEP Non ilareraratess 0 2280 6S h/t ee ee er Maynard, Ohio. IRIE eed BLP om oo SoC DCO OU ORDO DICE amar New Lowell, Ont., Can. Le aPC TLC araar aM a igh ef cis 2)s, = sic'u lee ee 42.80 Oa e alee Wyoming, N. Y EURVCS aeRO Seger Pats yoy Tera cls) cvere cso! s grate: wie. ai ave sya leileteysvare o aheraleyate et apehe Cleves, .O: EL etiVsTAL cinta Cr MY NOMI SPARS ot osc ras avorsje\o/s) seis ohel sie ciel sie ei slsbelaraeie slate Trenton, Mo. Aer tll Mum GRO ME aca e c/eisieis'o oo + cies eos Stale sian cs mas Mannington, W. Va. EUG ALA VWietteretite aia trs «slate ob) oveels acess oe oc st DOULNE DaMVinLe., WIN gays. ELC AICO TIES Sectatorenenar te cretcih, tis siayarcre che,cce/s'epsis, aforel aie speye acetsi ey Fort Wayne, Ind. lal@iimoginein, (Ci. iY oni olo.olb Seis elo ain pine BC oconcon an car Three Rivers, Mich, TRIES TIN aS 6 Ane nlab G6 CREM OD OOD DOD MOIR OCOD Dot o Mc cian Warsaw, Ind, 454 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Hem philly IR Winwtan ists on tin sis eee sels eG te ebeeres oe ew ate Ypsilanti, Mich. Henders, Wesley & Bro....:... SOOO0.0 CGO dod doin J0016 6 Hamilton, Ont. Henderson, Chas. 2.2.5.5... ...054ese0s+.Marshville Ontario, Canadar FLOM Ger SO AIA Ble oly cere ove Staves caps tere eRe tae sero Noe Elder’s Ridge, Pa. Hen Gers omar dn v&s “SOW, tekche caso ee ak ae ee Waseca, Minn. do Wcraboy Ko) ob nih dale A eee ae Aire Seen in Misa ir Hi Cop eh lor pene Sn thats Redmon, Ill. EV Sane eNO Cs cieaterota ors cata telaecnos, chetonenatehoterc okeotanctel tetetebe aie estereee Geauga Lake, O. Eleni Ri chard soo. Some ccs cle eee eel ceietereieleie eciaiatels North Benton, O. LO Taam, LV VGND e525 saves ap Ratna tac cee te ert ae tie es Cleveland, N. Y. TET Waitt eA e240 2s ode a eR re IS eee re New Albany, Pa. Jehioll (op: sii ea Ceenmtan Ot 5 cone GtoG ee Ue Ram ocala so hi Wyoming, Wis. Ta bigel hlSteted (aa D DemereeeMaAct Es coc crs aa Rue RI RES Ooi Sea De. Altoona, Pa. Ve Stern; Tl emryyrsacokesersreisterecels ats vot cass sieve inl ener chai cae ance aeons Pennville, Ind. ELMO OTT, cel act esoralsherohebe tyietat casievey stone reteke rata evcletste tat onseansnste eters New Maysville, Ind. EL Fe bac ya renenevaxeyetonel romero le cveretoretsustelsieveke @raveoneteneraleen = orci Bloomingdale, Ind. SPATS RY Gh Sia coire rcisareter etic a teiatns ste we ate tere lee ocohunvo lee tere vece valeis tore toretone ners Peruville, Ind. EDU Saas VE SAG SONG. Setaeiee hiveneteiewes wrmeiel tac Sh ieate ts Ome ter ea ae Gregg, Texas. RATIO BB ar SG SoA rire tote ononedont te fee etic cote Ttoic ote etree erohe bosons Kalamazco, Mich. HEL TI Se IC Re wr Ode h tater ate ne setoue eve sete ie koit wos Bie eo aeee ete tags Cialete er seeaer anaes Delaware, O. ELUM OSS pep Bigs clans cusltite che yereco a msitelouee cnerevearele a orcle cheveremet netere Florida, Ind. ELT GO PS OTE mei, car ahorscocasie oes ete: eco alle taietaouisvol oc enal Ole erahe se sheer omet tvoneretene Anson, Me. Hilton, -Janlesi.2... 06.08 ss einciae els ole wislele cas a tloeiew oe ee NEW 1>COtlalG am Nem Ne Ei COmM IOS SPlcas pte jciterer-cieiloles ere siereeteheenedenevererer meet ere New Scotland, N. Y. J alibaay moye taed Db aa(ss Sener Re RSE ICEL Aira HIGIEES MII RAR CIAO igenaty Gig eS & Burdett, INSsyY. nica ny» Tia es ise. 2 5 Ailovevate cerelleeverolels elase verve esoteieete ce ei steve rovers Franklin, Pa. Hindmarsh AGe org ek sacs cer eiseieeriets cise eiare cielo Ailsa Craig, Ont., Can. Lo TGS or ED sla vases 5 nen ea Uae Rewer STORE eecrcre Rte terse Stanton, Mich. HamilclienyeC sme corr arevescnciersiionaieitopevelsious ersusis) o/etolerers (eietetoreite ocerers Alexandria, S. D. ENG CIN SEL, MGS sctorcrand stahsialabenotaleloversuatcre ers awielela ancien ses West Liberty, Ill. Mitch eock,. Moms Ker a oachcnetsse ei ueioens cre telene ionere ieee eleielevonane Brimfield, Ind. Hitchcock Johne.n tei erik eo een heen cone Pecatonica, Ill. Eodeenss) GDi sacrntine ce RT ait Se Acree RACES London, Ont., Can. EVO PUES KOM. Ae zi ciecslaye oiersteis, serntetolictas eteeiometan te oeeore tae meets Cadwallader, O. TOD ROOK AC, SEV ay 63s as oie sola rolets aqatalote ole olvcsnel setarersbatore tot erenet toate Portland, Me. PTO EOTMUD VAC VED ici tclee attains erelehevetotons toleecic Rael cine Charlotte, Mich. Tomales EM Ss PA ie. 575k vfeyeicevs fev levy Steel ous e/a teraueio sian nierere eis ouetee es Austin, Minn. HTOMMMVESS HIM EOWA 9 fe else store teloteletannin tats fagorta te tc lavotetetetecatecetateter ele ts Charleston, N. Y. HIOIMIVES RODE TS AO as tiaisrahe apevauen hierar ratenacahee-teacene) avavaveimie ara eae ceke Castilles Nie TOO GRICE A RIMES SS Haas Sark andes Sete Ski Soy bca a lauelsenar aie aaeels voter aeanaisie Gallatin, Mo. PT OPT By voistnintss fone totele te ie,to lore steteneters olotets,tetale ters "sete loterele ts irecstareteMene TithinesOs 13 We) gia © 0 8 Sct at-adisicictantc cichdiciow aictoloididinka oidinicls ccioiIcicrrstcriceicion Garland, Pa. TROSLOT GAGs BB arcs laters tates te tebe talotete hose pote tates Beicrote seis vase ToSere ne te taste foetal Mexico, N. Y. ELOY Das eT tate Lyte n rae akd fetch tote Ne tole lelevercl= later oNcl shat Clear Lake, S. D. Howard? Oly Niasansmivc rons etcnakstoeietete ptanatetcneet Melia: cieleccvelssccureretermeee Woodstock, O. MOwanTd Vis shee eae oats Hh St DD eR pert Milford Center, O. FLO WG CES TW idic, Soke iste folehate oceteloteteroboteretetetenebeR its tots tots te lic sek ees Howell, Mich. FLOW O]IS IAS Siovercte i cictelicrercterotetetele eter tetete cbt hale vis Thornyhurst, Ont., Can. Ho wtekks AIDE (Siaane cheat leudicndi 4 ctl Wok arene aisha ish are eee Celina, O. elton nial Cl Dera pnaist ote tiocnhb Ooi bitin >: bib bron one Heb oolu.c Lafayette, N. Y. Ef uib bar ds Ts 2Wisisle ste tam ae aie letekeretetatatetcheteloheloiels tsteiutecclte meters Corydon, Ia. 1s Eby bia O Mees Caine On ae eee ee aA tN a Atal ae actor A A cache Kent. Ne aye Fbathers *G iGo Seek eves rore c ckicre cea crop cnet e Meee HEARN SOND Broad Run, Md. EME T ne Nentsitteneletets Bee -o acerca an shalcletenetstorste lacs iafalete tenets Broad Run, Md. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 455 MMI e Step awed errata etcvterate tat stcratcha’cialsiers s'evele/ela's cree Acie root ce East Claridon, O. ATIVE S epic I teres eerchor le s-VevetsVaiicyc\ei cis cise eis e'esveteisicl ors #is'e es East Claridon, O. Tetum wa, IBIS Ss cig. a pom a SOU ROR DR COP ODOL RODD ODD OOo aS tr Hurons seb: lelwarmoMm, Uo Sod ot nao a hee caGoIdecin age OE Ae Gue Cae a mec Haysville, O. lnlinanolnireyy,, dis W/geniceanodadgucdsco0gu abs Ud GUUL UOGIbORU aOnE Mercer, Pa. HE itary xine eee bel eae need epee tae oe ns va vores oes dares ore oneuecen ous (ave Ridgeville Corners, O. lalwinieie., (G@oirayes ooo eb eee coed Capo Ula GC aUebo COUN UCD OUCUU OD ODOmE Elgin, Jl. HEARN reed INE Slepetige sic] Hiavsxsve foley aicy yer svi eleVe;'s. aheraed aay Feorerey rojo fos ot Alma, Ont., Can. lEhumiitimerom, Isis (Choate pen oop Ob pO ep DOD Eero YT OROpe Soon Oe Belvidere, Ill. Talbrmaleyy (Co Sy Geicie Cron ehele 6c NOI NaI RC OIRO OL Cid cc DIDI CICS TO IONS Elroy, Wis. HARTMAN ETE SN Pe tetelicr eh. exetoivayetels Vets oretelonctoleverste crate cetetole (9 oval oelie¥s Marlow, N. H. EANOH Ae Nea Taam) os USuren caetieyetarca er etaietenertce 'e eramate ae chanteve ah apetetehe avoigntie are e eiclemals Cairo, Mo. Inlmirsuy OREO. cage Oo ROCOPDO CODE Dp OOO 6 COOL ODOR OPO C Oot Libertyville, Ia. Hurst, dc. US6 So Pe PODOS ODIO Sor DOOD ROOD ODE DD DOT OrD Ie Wyandotte, Mich. AIS OMPE eB ee tarscte acres lec roratoce eitioneie Messier eisai ciee one eNe WwW) Lisbon,..O: Hutchins, IVWittT Eyes Fes a tas arse racic tenotsvercrarstevoktacehe neni omre lees ss Freemont, Ind. Pune GhiMS Ooms) Charlesit..1 soca oi ss/sye eels sare, © sarelerereret White Pigeon, Mich. SEUTES OM) OAC CLT CNUs ch ion rete oes a) ele ehos ale) alta an eck ora ota rc otonetels aes Sparta, Wis. ITTSASOMIL, UaNs Wao oon cep oop CDopD CODED OOD ODD MOOU abe DUCDS Lockport, Ill. MGSO, 185125 5 oo onadiviariod oO GO OOM DO DA Nud cw nich poo Lockport, Ill. TEES ONE Gre Ove eetereness ouciios she (okeValelone ions/otts,atstorel o/s fede louse geeielessi6j8. 508 soe Hondas Nem MIAN GS ee SAT GOT 2 siicz sya 0) cs suey aveh eyes sisios severe aoe) ot esep6ie- 0's, ereye Clinton, Ont., Can. MTEC OTS ie MaeL ice peter sy Suc asccb alse tarerey cue ierececo ans voneye ecto ieter sia ictst oy sm ace exe Crosstown, O. InAs? (CA EUS Go ninto cd St oroc nD oreo DeCre Iomn New Market, Ont., Can. a NAC SO Tap VV I oye usr Skat Slavs seogeds: sere) ous ayes a,c oie sie, .ayarsyatviece Hopkins Station, Mich. SACOM S el OMT pearclave reas chs, alelecetene hers ist ave oretelels icles @ opie cisveyer ei oiereicvets Leon, Wis. era TMA aS us Crete Etat rov oy cterai< (oie sokevelstersisi ey sieve eyeasicrere cisvers}eveseesel sve, viele Allegan, Mich. VEINS S PIV SOME rasteyeias «co lole eke ie elelere teyehederris ie ususe Brantford, Ontario, Can. SE NuLLCR UN Sota awstats are ois cream aeel oi shove alla oetek ctedei 0.3) oh tys. lege foes shicy ojo: Stel ocs se wvealene Sodus, Mich. J@innwons (O55 ease aoe sop pion ood CORD DOL OCL DOS eOr anes Bustin; Nays Ad MNSTINg 1d RIDE Ba Romerioce Spo DOr OUST SOOe Ose Ren Orme Compton, Ill. SO MUIS OMe Ele pi lest c! «te tae: cache ts eve oratove tele ete: wi enlereie jets is Reynoldsville, N. Y. SIEMENS OMe eeMElon races tei stiersterelotevohovols eine eroteva totter tears North Pelham, Ont., Can. PUGH INTIS CONC IMAN Vacteres steve olcvciescceeteder tio a ia etaPern ce teterere ace Groce Flowerfield, Mich. PGES OMe bia Crrtcyetayeyc tis cc sfsie wiersicrs aisicisincte cheers le cele sues Flowerfield, Mich. OHTES TOME PAV Vis, CBAVDTES fo torneo, ote othe ek cveuensxeve sista euarerefels.e Ravenna, Ont., Can, VOmag. Jefe, Cie eGo Sao e Geen eC e cetan eae ele eee South Bend, Ind. Jones IBSRORS Wa (Clad wo aw edo dao HoMcend Hone UC ane meiner eae tar Radnor, O. doings. (C5 be eo dob 6 Gon PERRO DOO CEE OO CRE Te Eee ence Carysbrook, Va. SOMES el) pel aetna eed varie Svat ohove io cia olclciace os clove cies lonsve sive bio God Alexandria, O. Vaiss 1357 Ositios Ladd u sso neue Cond a cee Ot See ae nee ioe Siar Radnor, O. SO TE Spe View beer tyes aan Waliveerera eevee doce ces ewes sees Dowagiac, Mich CGI S Mae Re eerennreye pe tener inal tray ces eof ccc vsiee le tevciel a bl weiela Goimmsntelele Leon, ae OME Seale aD) aetanenee Payer erer atta sisisue aia eac-s« we o gicve cc oe dec eeee Mt. Morris, N: Y. DINGS we ete ers eatd OTM eve paictelelasshaieleo\svere evans lolovetevere.e dieyonsvele West Salem, Wis. POMES Ay Sa Ur arene atele reid oiels aici cc «cae cok ale eiain sd 0je’ « whepe ere Flushing, Mich. OMG See AV cea is Me meM Tene clsha oils dst car's vevlades oie lotaloteveatenteketeressrareoiete Vandalia, Mich. OME Sissel ene eels, acs «fi cao sre. sels 0: 3d oxi wid ore os wlalaele Ghavetaiale Casey, Ill. VEDSOiewe Oli me ctr eMart oie ats aie cg ssi alser vse oare siere Granada, Minn. MOR CATIONS gevetete rate sisye' ss fe'cie = 5 /s/s.0)s lc a (5's) sis: o\s cise soieye ane'ose ee Plymouth, Ind. ROE CLAN Vom ELI ste nc S cs o,s0.d.c/o9 oc < anes cue elesisiee an Des Moines, Ia. AO AMINES ESI Cot een ot Che OCIA: RCRA TONS ESPTC ITEC CHE Iear ae Birmingham, Mich. Sey Cn cera Sarde Ob rey sted at shots oh a} Sat oj ob s),5) sha) st alist o) .0.9' oh ot ehdr eh os 8 oudiby 0 adc Ellsworth, Wis. 456 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. ame, CATE OG eer cvartale isverc sotesreliatodatel sl ofatebetebetekenetetetols) sveveroheBencNagene Goshen, Ind- Hamre pS emir acid cle ol ove aici cie lell-lalctcye Morel foneti-Yatcbltenet len Wapakoneta, O. NAGE Ss MMMM Teethers foto rs Sols (o tovroks vs fats ts lalea le tedeheratomote tobe tel eel statefekete Goblesville, Ind. INEST, dbo coohebuOUbOOON DOO ObObon b0500 HOD Os OGbonbeD ood. Le Roy, Ill. Gena a4 ISIN Vo oun cmondanugopoadnvosubonovopeduodobd Millington, Mich. i@ligies 12 kn Gers eeiaaioddl toa cian cconoviabioulosiooudida cc Seymour, lowa. IRIE 75, ID Sieceroldido dod dos Gorocdcdadondo sooulcuoljauddouks Berlin, W. Va. ellen, [Bo Mio coqdbeadocodnddonoasanocddoomodgadasdadsas ase Manning, la. Keetleyey Merchant. ereyleeteteloleteteterstelotelel-t-elolelcleiei-(eteketetota tet Woodstock, Mich. IMGT, lis DEBS pao bene ncb60.560.700 ROO USROO.CD00G.005 005000. Ypsilanti, Mich. Ie, Abe a SONG op DO Oo AOb Oooh oDoNoODeDObOUBGoGboDobOseoScC Fairfield, La. Gil; SoBe meron en boo Sab D DODO ObDDLOOOROS SOURED uaa One amo ode Loda, Ill. Maly, Sleieimmbinogooododndoeadccsododg00p0oa dango DOG Reynoldsville, N. Y. Iseillkoyafers IMA Dig sco adob odo DoodooodoodGabduGododGGecduasDeS Rich Hill, Mo. IKeSO} (Wiel Gitano etiaveci nes © Sd weeds aie eislea) 6) Sioral Ggey eee cota meiner Hallock, Minn. IZ) IBIHO So Sbounocoon noo ob oooMEDeaUOUSUNDOObOoDD EDO Greenville, Mich. Kempe) Ji) EW. carp COME 120-5, fore )ote AH da Ca fol Palle Lee sote ote lotere ee seh ay one Packwaukee, Wis. Ee ra 11 CLI KG totay ch. h as ocho elicit attonante Vane tote foladohe tatoo ve retohe eke edoretetevererster™ Denver, Col. Keene cliyAimed nits t.norstotetetotoyotstolstote tote torailosaleneteteiyfeleletoiatatct-tehotevets Caledonia, Mich. INGimNeOhy, ISwHleSe o5ogconal coon DOD oOo dOODboSnUnDonoDOdS St. Louis, Mich. IKEMinetehya Wes NiVisoguioopucubold oboe opto moto DU ono Cou Martinsville, Ind. GOT AC IMIS Sc EN aveitete ves ste rele te faiteile 1s fo Gulerrteus,fo lover (6 torts 1a tere lotelert Jamestown, N. Y. TRS GE eetiecareie ve are corel ite ses tole aia seis bs ore ose wieiote elas Chagrin Falls, O. lcerergs \ivaonl, Islolhonee sos deancadooddn0boddobonanaoGde St. George, Ont.; Can. IGE Ts OM ts ecais sole os elbuk ers oie Wusieee Sie e eis eeheae cae aor Brantford, Ont., Can. IN@RIihe2, IEC AY congbuboooo0u0CDD ONO ID DOOD OOD OD DOnONC Pipe Creek, Ind. Ketehesome Ds tei iv ccies ce sie wie tivin elsvs.azeve ermal, oyslye, siayecciens Menie, Ont., Can. IMIS Ca IB. Sos noo ca0Sboc do0UdcDO UD DOOO DODD OOD Richland Centre, Wis. enya IB AWS Go.goadouedddosur oo spd dodU or ObUDU ONG North Haverhill, .N. H. ISON e Team O lo teseverettets sheholetototaleteletotetetols leletotaterete fe tetotefeleteratetorelsioteter: Rose Hill, U1. kGulanere ee IMIOWVEWSIS Go nado oon Uo aODoDdncUOdGdDODOdGdCSIIGC Waukarusa, Ind. IsGtanlorNly he Uh oamogooeo nope ooocboo eno Kooo oD ob oD oDood Philadelphia, Pa. Kimmel Orlando: ere .ctate evs cissssetajecic pal svaleilona-cvohietoictel Vere arene Kimmell, Ind. Tnneewiel, vt IDS GaaoonsnoobonsnoooHboonaHoooDSGObabOOnec Farmer City, Il. iiimeg(C. (Cn deaes opp dbeduodonuaDocHuooouoDoeRoGD Puckersbrush, Ind. IGT MCMV MLL Wie, aici wic.2 c aes s Ot WMe tee meee isis s Hee elec ae eterna ele ler Graft, Neb. iKaagnieng: CBee seas tie musts © Riera. 0 beac o.nte, sialh cue sels: core thes dict aus sc Burlington, Kan. Winey (GeO. Ba cack cewwr ce tm ccae © bei veces + me veel weet Parma, Mich. AKT ed pA PPEL, Ae tava eo eee wicls ies eyeterere Bei w'e o's 85, We ss ass Trumansburgh, N. Y. Kingsbury & Nelson........ ibs he ol ot oWokan fesse tetelol sv oNsvo wipes Cassopolis, Mich. Kamerrielme Eis eDiets awl ce etee a> @ aieieis'a\s olatelee/mle oie ate\ ole «os srelsia =\a Hillsboro, N, D. UGhiuncrey di, Wik souenausaaodoouddl pddGo 0D AD ooubOODOUD DO aD doe Elberon, Ia. Kany: (Go) Tis este crete apiatalre sic yoctlereler ciate vinieted 6c ce @ sossiale Leesburg, Ind. Gholi 45 Aoapnoocabendococondnedodd0b00 c0eusoDODOOOdTO OOK Mt. Ayr, Ia. Es BAS oie lc eicte stes ewes Win ate she stata foley evaiatat any s'a’ tc! Pala yete Chilliwack, B. C. Kirkpatrick, E. S. & Son....... cece eee e cece ee eee eee ee Wellsville, Kan. Kirkpatrick & Som.........cessecec cece reece reese ceceeeeees Hoge, Kan. UcGuilavernl. Akelanay We: (COs qn eopugsoadcogcugooooooauDp Delhi, Ontario, Canada. dleellaitand, 18lo- SeppcosemoocnnonnboUcc0 Dog caDeDDeOEOGOUNDAOS Tyrone, Wis. Klingler, Henry......-.e.-eeeee see e ee ee eee ees eee ceeeeeee Lebanon, Ind. Kile ime WAM e tia di. clare creas ln a afetiniei/njsini ake lelayialod soll al afew inintoletnte St. Killan, Wis. al toyc) ome DN Par rernomIo MN DUROODDOOn choo op OVO ROO aD East Hamlin, N. Y. Klose, George... ...ssesessccccessccrccecccseccssscevecs Colon, Micli. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 457 Moet Uy Tyan olay ote Votes ein n, sie) 2) PS) oss evos ace aishs io, a's Se St. Johns, Mich. EST OSU Men AGe cpa PSE RRC Ve Pay rede ties oo cr eichekere-el eve wrescl clave gun gal fevers Palmer, Mass. aes Ort pcre ret eel he ees ier elete ake sitio k ts trecarers ace a keene Ohio City, O. SOG WAS” dD iipbraed 20 DAN oe 6 ee rr Mechanicsburg, Pa. SSIES Scam eared agese mee onetetel sie Poeaic taver"oy eiavel'ovetel sieve avareccotehatondhe sn asec ecmais tah é Fremont, O. ARGH Ci SES TO Sregayemmeeteee eters ar catere: <\c/ chiara ots) ave avatars shayercl ovetsvah stencis S15) «.ecaye ¢ Monona, la. EST. SMUD CUI erereteetebeteter eva tcray-afelarels, <4 oie) o/otelereveyeveleie myeleraiane siete: «Sie. s; « Cardington, O. GUTGL Gree Come Cupernen ets orerarctaiet are stoves aves everets: acterel obs) spats lste iehelsca sie s.3%s Tontogany, O. STR S Gl Ward emp Eleeebeersy oro’, arc %atcecs ovat eco cheno satee eae © ares St. Ansgar, Iowa. MEDIO tied Oharcrsteveis, stejay So eicisa/a's a cia, have case atereiolees 2% veie's Mumford, N. Y. Tackawania Breeders: ASSOCIatiON.. 1... eases occlncce se Waverly, Pa. Per CL ated pe eer aeshenoe: oe, scar oi wi ev eter aver er aceuehese o laner a Gia ce eter ekbig © abe Victor, N. Y- ALAC OW 1g TBS Abo Reo BeOS CRETE OICEIO LS CIS CIRC crc APOC Glen Cove, L. I. McA ArT ATN OC aaa Crete arey or/auoi'esat oiaiereracciere sce-eloravcraveseorelelereneroie ons Slingerland, N. Y. Meera mee lee Each. = .teraxchn) ct ovarelevelct or etete eve sao wears ore no aera ai etorteselers Carlos City, Ind. IL@ran ol hating 4] lied Beets eal CRE Rr yh pre als as erm e Ma Sea Bianca ena Lowell, Mich. NPAVEMITN AI, Vice ORs. ccs; sare eb enc obetove « aiGressrocsvareata neva erat aeree Seeusj ers Hastings, Mich. ILemGiere- GiGiineoes caeaeeos eels. Sieisl sseielele sieve! sisi ee celgueters Taunton, Ont., Can. amc tA ae jsrborsterstrons oie cord oltre. cg shone verstlooietamnnoutes Seotland, S. D. IL AiG RS AMY Ser nae aA OAC Ob DCO OIE CCC aOIS Cac DIC OI GORenan Butler, O. IL AUTMHIZ AS A AUD A Ana ont hs Ae BN PIES att eh TRALEE Aa a ie ne Altoona, Pa. rete Ay Dean dled Goneveyecaronees syetoNevess olel ss ceafevelerolsierstovevie ole’ ev cievelspeiessdere) eter a: Emery, Mich. ILBveA oa (CIES sd ike co Me oA OS OOOO ORC D ODOC OC ERC Ooes Windham, Conn, aS TM Cre Gre Wie Qo SONS era: toral evel are. clei sferovele! dieters! Cloner) sissele Socie sie sue sie Rutland, O. iain ra lene srorneraaterorn(: ety cueron te da sthe mie sitereresvoe oes Bridgeport, W. Va. AA LT eaT MH awl ecusre ce Sraicieraye,s eye, cheyercseofeteiss ticiesh.ececece ere: sclaiaie ayes ed os Corwith, Ia. AGAIN Oe Orewa cralaye ehrese oc ae scofaierercieerele clot es, sratuel Sievers Oxford Junction, Ia. ILA USC, WE Dae pin Wott BIC OI OO DOIG OSCE CnC BIatiie b nen Howell, Mich. MUA EVOL OVVis Cortera ty saycuefers/eleiciou ciao cere ereie"e aieereiers West LaFayette, Ind. HE Avis ames eae cece terres UE Sn ares reye cathe fora eieh ote PONG Eee Aino ragotovetn’ ool Astor, W. Va. IDEN ESS ACINbISE clone Oy bintond co SOO Odo CoCoeee Collingwood, Ont., Can. (DRY OS MESS. (CEs asta aA ered Oe OIE IRI CIS DIAC ERCHE Re Sue Danville, Wis. Netevmenicermn lervtle arctan trcra aie at eteletelo) srevorevaertehercrelatcreraiarcicls Columbia City, Ind. MANNIE CC mre AS Eecicratereeye tia ievetey or ererere ana eeravaneiare av etnialc, arti alles sieiaisrs. cis Groton, Mass. ILE EINES, aie LCOS oy fo ono bococuooKodonccoooeormooasen Barrington, N. Y. Gaya COD ce sc si'<) + 01 LEbD did O66 00 OODOUDE DOS HE OCUnIECn Ce Oue Wayne, Wis. cTngalitiiaes ime Oy stsveretctots'ayeluters vista arses ietsterse sts OO OOMSIOO COC OOeeDaA Oe Norwalk, O. IAIN AOllinagroge oberoben Tenn PEAR CEA CRORCKCHCARIC cH CI CRORM a tains ae eta Burlington, Wis. Salem LO eee tt catctst cate ia orcieiclale ce ieise ree eaisietaeaeees Palmyra, Wis. IBGE RING» AIGITMESO cid adit cl cect cIat ora eaCe CERIO AEE Taunton, Ont., Can. Ledger, Alfred: ... ssocopoobcoonnsnooddonoodcaddade Burford, Ont., Can. HESS OA Waste te oa neste Bretetercusteter sever eieVereh etch aver seajsreiets a sie fae ote Painesville, O. Melandehy iis sete te PR TANG TT le cnctatainets Seti ae edie: srolayye Gilavers Emery, Mich. iemen® ‘Claresa3.).1.1. 25D o DORA SOD E ORC DUR GOR ODS HOBE meee Hamburg, Mich. eonands Hi we. ee 5 Cen Lvatefatctsierctotcier cic eceisriare atetaid aetetamrtes Beloit, Wis. meonard, MrshS2eAs seer sce SOGCOGOORC OCIA AAO ae Ce oc Roann, Ind. IL@GmeniGlh wish oop kbbopedabosoe LOGUDDODU COD DD ooeHOm ar Washington, Minn. ie Shee Wie tere aeare doidcicidebiaor diitidtioinddidtiivididilcuishasicotane Markle, Ind. MESSTIEGH pred lnaleterain sreitepete chelieleve! + citieieis ele tierce aaigihre seinste Coreen Cole, Mich. Levens, C. W..... niclo of oben IE nO Ig OrSon oie ra Albert Lea, Minn. SW U Ueere AC ERROR MMR Ata. '0%s"s "aid "e's v\elain'a se 'e's'e's's «(ave = ole LaFayette, Ind. Neeverimon MOriTMets scl cre ec« e ciecoeis slaleleletaroietetererevevcretsteratete LaFayette, Ind. lbw ye Bal 836 iy fotos SC DIDO COICO RRSOIAE ORC Oooo orode Salem Center, Ind, 458 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. WE WiS5 EW cot leer eecse apo cctte tock ak oi atorere ers Tne tee arauets eta Burford, Ont., Can. STNG) INVOUS Ace tars oyarctcre cts 5, sia coos 8 oreo or elses aNeTe aD TeRO rece 0 (Soe, thet cue Roe totes Rolfe, Ia. LTS CYA TOSSrtepitentsrerachsss ls os haherare Sastre RR RTE LL Toston eine Otsego, Mich. TATVGS ONES SN cui avedenatetel ovens s-070 oe is pete yotace edetterem eto isters She arn Farmer City, Ill. rte rte agian S Olle tts c crelejccs wfetaketoueinle te Weletketeietaiatete oso ietstons Allendale, Ind. GLOGS eS WW ule Ge IS OMe ceanece rae stare Nearer oteue eee eis heer oi enenete Corydon, Ind. MUTANS POMS ROS. (esis eeasenncters eraletere creer tera reitie eleteels Leonardsburg, O. HOW Cel S ME ML walvicie\ereleleusueteseaeegebonsw ie, chete niece oi exeioapisvs oivs ees sieve Mukwango, Wis. MOP CSM SUM iotetere. scope wiowoke ome rows eracheneton Meleralaeus eo teieas Schuyler Falls, N. Y. Mo ckahrarits; Wise disneeverscstteretoues Be syate TehiceneyeWaroichs 16 Sek toe Wats berskeGeets Belleville, O. Io ckaes€ Olan Veiieuoyunistrcistare sisters eke oie sole lenevorers oicasteuele role eesiersaete Elmdale, N. Y. IO CLSW.OOGE TASS ae ere eee eae ere eee a eee hea air SOE In een ane Marshall, Mich. lbyoyur hone DEWACl acc dad choad See soo ab CoD AB OOeoOO OO One Pictou, Novia Scotia. Mo wan, Wi Well ccvceetetene are a iave oo snssens te/euecorevelotele were celans seksi exeteorns Poets Mercer, Pa. TOMES Y + Ji WL ge eheustes tetera eewie ais io tovare cs hese ays ais ahsforeiensieecce MES seat Warsaw, Ind. ML COMA TUN UDA es GaN Nay cts ares coos evoke eros Gaeret a Kouate eeu corey ene elt reset cee Hele Pontiae, Mich. LOOMIS || GeO S.C MD aris is cevecarsce Sivvs aveepole'a lanedoieye we eveisvostrerefel nerstetuac eters Pitin Or TOU MINS Ta sel ey oye Gis oie ale lear ioliesorene rel atcioh ete toietole 's Pueweos Sinclairville, N. Y. Joon Ee ose boodopoouobeshocopdovopbooNObe GouboONS Stonington, Conn. MOG EVI Bey VM a oc sires etree sis ccnoiss Siopels crore ioites evese renee ye Hamilton, Ont., Can. iby ploutnael Mis Cots coadn sos mona oe po Ont ocoouSbaCeS Richland Center, Wis. DVO NAB) PBL 8S ceajteorsils sca yacstisvetcuereranaustave Pate eibye o eoaielerene eae Worthington, Minn. TOU AW isp eked es spore ce ano, chore ccaial lioxsterebeveieliekeleheyens/ ov Sielie tv anctc ete tearenats Davenport, N. Y. Tay omsers CPt os Se aS OMe yo Petsucheyere are oieaatei eucus le ohevelere stores sieved sieerekeleeotets Gageville, O. Teryt SING path Hy Qa Atsoiel areveitste ase ca hc for wtometeie ial eiaiions heeveteaelavacote Mirae ke Angelica, N. Y. Mae eramat de ceds Sete chegsctecel sla, sreletspaiesuc cuersce, ec5 Kansas City, Mo. (Hon. Mem.) MacdonaldiiSamiuels atric 2 aiccebionte ct cio cok merece en Port Hood, N. S Mackenzies Ji siiets teeinlnistotusehyseiocenescieine eh Tienes Pictou, Nova Scotia. Macrae Sin A ngs ickshescuan tein tove eustone Guelsueor sve teneeke RSET Brandon, Manitoba. Macomibers does allan direct istc ste loteicterels lacie eet oiensin teers Keeler’s Bay, Vt. IMA COMB Tine Wet aoe ay nun as wba cn de hercrtketet eyelets nectoreatte Janetville, Ont., Can. Matyi Cieeiotenets cierede lal oevehoah eet eciticio ae one eee Delaware, O. IMia3] O18 Wah SaaS ON sya sade ce ciecegoiene role Chole Oa ee aioe: Whitevale, Ont., Can. WIEN VOICI DS J De eee aerate nia Tne cig cae race bc watc Onondaga, N. Y. NMC ay aeml RSH iis (ot Gvetote tala ai inhie eats tasehs ene eaten Te IHC Ere IIe Brighton, Mich. INFeap Te yciablke AUTO. aveie is sisvonseeneys aiatoroveyohe a el veces SII ONS ere oe Youngstown, O. Ai aio Osea DS ASUS eG Cah Goat rch eos eg Bram SE eI Sy a RleriS a res an Coneord, Mich. IIE OW STARS) [ed ca'ai psK OP aus pee ty CARN: genie at ae Hie cis ey ea ACRE RE, Lindenville, O. Miami rifelra Ran Esc senenenvenetar orate rath ings casketstion gai oie coset eae ae cae ae Quincey, Ind. Mam sells RAs arucicmettcsiees:s PAHS do G-7 o Shrewsbury, Eng. (Hon. Mem.) Mar els ASais (aie isc fe tater pettlataeesbadelar niawers elevate (e's. iourucrciartiele LaFayette, Ind. ME UIESS "CES i UPovegeyeien vis ae tors eae RU eee Sole oT Ore he te ass Koreas ate a Gresham, Pa. IMjerresslia: cI, SA cecarecensstes ones eeweae uc oveseanleRoarretlele ietctelea owovcveee ac is ae Caywood, N. Y. Mansi Wissi@ as haarelsiteryers teeter hetero oicietseler b.0 oie wicaue ete Marmienr iN. Marshall Alex sania. ascii teat ech siceaieemttis fi aeaeioden Cass City, Mich. Marshalls sJiolaitaiz; eta isrees taicusicter tore nnete eeteecstoherehcters.o orotate Cass City, Mich. Marshall moa winees ts OS srciicersisieretavanarterereteiicleoeinecsere eit Zanesville, O. Marshall SRO iby tverisaae cuievcedeectein terre eteitions sincere Elora, Ont., Can. MMe esos IN Seip vst eset cirsnctsuc asec ocevaye cle ob heveepetevenenckeiatercistle ete ele roheietete Pores Chicago, Ill. Marr tian SVW irae ese cis lena toM= te ie yehol or ehon stalled ne perotlerxctoreas ferers Cretoree Caledonia, Mich. Mascheranlicah 2 ic eicek iirc eine SR Cone Peat Silverton, Ore. Mials omy il eAceisven tarsiexelsrsiene Sood ae wiles lslingovor okelioneveloieke levelesaueieietehonedeLoxe ices Joliet, Ill. BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. 459 nilagom, Wihds WY Te coopeopppouOObUbe OOOOUDOOD ONCDOOODDE Marshall, Mich. NEINGIASE Sis SOs sdoumoaGe oaGnodeGuguoono OOUunbuO ee 3elleville, N. Y. Mia WIE Wis o.5 shore aap prot OS ODOD DOO TODOC ODOC: 3ainbridge, Mich. MASON Bis coos op cooCoUpSGoUOOUDUDODOU UNDE Schodack Landing, N. Y. Mleaniesorns OC Rti6.0.0 CPIC SCID PIC ORCS ICICI? 0 OO HIDEO Cac Westport, S. D. wlan. Wy I> co socotegaqqcacudaodadoaqaas oconad Ridgetown, Ont., Can. Maw, Wm 0.d.6 Slots DOOD OR RIO RIOD ODE enone DDD Brooklin, Ont., Can. Nigel, “Ines; Cosehanposocmesecospocdon oo, oo CologmecEr Tecumseh, Mich. INP e oss VA ROOD DOOREOOOOROODrCeoe: |» Ocorte Port Hope, Ont., Can. WiGelixeye, INI. 1B) Gy OMe GagdbsoOODGOOdOONdCO, .jdogeeauoonoae Danby, N. Y. “Mie elereenetre, 0s 1 8 Eee eicno DICER ICICI ICICI CII ORICON icc i sone Ne Rear Sparta, Ont., Can. MGTKIine, Ibe IPoepeoonpoous COopCOODOdpOp doe PR orCee DE Kendallville, Ind. huleirrilll @z TUNING. 6 oomocoduon er mCOKOOUReOOLTD COOM EOC eOOE Bay City, Mich. MET UHV OID CLUS )-1 «cits ace islorersdeusyslelehsioxerelouceycoxorerexaucesvets South Charleston, O. Wiewere, | ds dal gholeobucodeoocnoosoonoonD daGrDeone cose see Somonauk, Ills. MichipaneAonicuilliiimals Colleges... suisse sais sae cls Lansing, Mich. IWATE) EER ZZ COPA STO IOC SOO RICCI CICA IRIC OIC E DIC OCOIOG DRICIIC EIOTIO DIE Garland, Pa. Wine loa clibee Elemmye cist. etectecciete s eieia creyavatcuevarcess e's ceversimichetcre tiene Powhattan, Kan. JM ATUD SiGe nrg BY OTST hg Accs eM ORD CCRC ROR RICE CCR RCAC IIHR TREE oa Kalamazoo, Mich, INTHE. OCIS a8 hay ar olen MisALG MOREA OO aS EA GRIM Sent ci ree Knoxville, Ia. NET ROAR Rear SOM cise. cpais, crore ets'ievessie releheteraleteliavel ate eevee Smithville Flats, N. Y. NIU RRE DR ys crs cts ce evclcnaiaiers. cus he Siete aos SL ROO ee ewes Bath, Ont., ee IMG ies Gre ON GINGatat ci sic, is, «1s cise aro atels ee0le vrais ee cates. ne. veces Rhinebeck, N. RUITIMGrE, Do 8 OA a re ORGICOIE BIO RICICTOACICNOIGICIC IOC ROC ICICIGICI: CCL ICR Re eee Huron, 8. x Miller, dit lind Boe ROD AE CEE nORCO ROR Ore bro be Chinn perce Caledonia, Mich. Miller, OM MYL SIG SOS iarct regstnclchapsheteyclel at el olclct st sera hele « Brougham, Ont., Can. INU ee mE iret ees ohet coal ora le teretor stoner cloeleiteteveheraxevoreloiatacetarls Wandeow Onis Cant Miller eVVillardivewonscosccroree nen salen Ad ores adds ccs ct eeaceeas Anita, Ia. millers. Vivo (Gi Cand teaodocodadooddodoud dated arma ase South English, Ia. VIN SPR Vis LEI 9-1 Nw cers otSie ecaymedrdve see Ale ods alae Berrien Springs, Mich. WINNIE Wice digaesn soe neenoobnb> LS bEn Ob OLU Doe Den OSe EES Keene, Ont., Can. Vn Ista tee exci GWAL CLS. caytcletopatabatovctes ovotetokcAatateed nl ncteh ovcsoteres abc¥onored ove Fowlerville, Mich. Wiens IDocoedcabcodbeoooosootbobas loSosnnooDOnsOaone Paris, Ont., Can. Min SA ee Ne Qa SOMA a othe re AANA Ae Ae ead oa dees Wadsworth, O. Wits, We So oas aoaidote Gera didida cancion a Ga are acca citi earn Creston, Ia. VECTORS Mare LAD pepe ketch sh evel cve¥ ob ckeP etek o} chal clutch ot atevel cfehofch stat ever aheleler abet ee Marshall, Mich. Vier e a rea Cres Wiens euet sch oct teh iy ahaha al ele) alasial ola oi WA siecle etonctrele Oshkosh, Wis. MTC HlPME youn Esrarctopeh bh ceatcyahaxct all Wevseereteletedah lereleta sJucueooOUOeS Bryan, Ohio. VESIRIE TZ ered MNT yy oes e. ay cos leelor autos oxo sahara layebeirey avaverekeltanl ofessvaue.tuaevele, excite Baxter, Ia. IMI RET OW Als Gre Os VM, 5255.0, sv eveielete o.¥ o/s: efslohetene: sVelayoseienene/ticiare ese lass Sussex, Wis. IMIGLETUNT OS 9 AAT oa SERS CO RERCONCOROTIG Ste cece eters Jeffersonville, O. NCHA McD anti aie fies saeiS 0 aerate ol'lle sy sile eis 4) @ e'eva) siailelerelehersie’s Cannonsburgh, Pa. NVR AG Hit carat AUTO ey cs ooh esa eee oousirors wlavartyere ebareverersieley ua tierevs Sioux Falls, S. D. Bile ear ere ME) ia G AINE a Pope crave, avover a syeye. sys 0f ecu #]sjone:ocor'eveieleteye: +, Dunmore, Ont., Can. Mier oak aay as) oC TMs oy ais eretocs Toke 'cteye| <)o10/eycue\ «(sich etele es Brussels, Ont., Can. MIclLenmcnlinn. \ivs dle @adls BhoordeeacopooooDuDCODeoud coun oUG Hornby, N. Y. AVA Te OUTies Hae VANDI S open cyeyen aotearoa: eto? ish ove cal at etalieiselelsbaue, Srevsilere gud ak DeWitt, Mich. VCH ari A yaa Perot tel hc viercdcis elereceicladelecerevereid ace svereceie Lorneville, Ont., Can. AVARV TET eta rsa Ane ota ok pet ebcc chet tsk enero, sac\esceyesaler sy sisyoifeyee.o\s i \aiavel'e 6 esis Canton, Ill. Virco Ines rams ES ae Bm Potente use xe eieyiol oho fore conavaveveieiovecietotare wlorersvave.ers walediee Newark, O. ANT earcae so dain ee cet sy acbay oh ay oy oye ehsycrac odes iey etal el olar (airssetieisy viene ahal evel ’.0) 01 6,48 Ashland, O. UCN (Gay leem bea sietetetspestya sie) stern caver otal caavehove) cyesavareTolarerc: si cvsyelec clergy 0 aleceoleceie Aleony, O. WCTPINGTESYO Was NS. igh hein comida nC tOn 6 COO OCOAE CGO U COC ee Forest, Ont., Can. ule Qhnmtttiaye IDS | MAVc o.ceecgeel Ot 810, ib 0 OO CL ARO In COICO IRS Hughesville, Mo. INNO OO CTS iced chaledicnes syecstonersucrarcusvavel ove, eeeusiicl slaves nvsfatellaherai's\ «evel sits Lucan, Ont., Can. AVIRA ee ACA oe rename a taterey ster crete aoteber cit alle orci bieteta sv alishd. s cubvahalelioccce ee Detroit, Mich. INANE Ce EM ATA poe t-t of = fahetetakocectoilstsiayeh = cayahersistolavclencisjlojeysxe sPeueus.ave-ate) ¢ Civil Bend, Mo. SNES DM MEN Gr: OM atachals «laid orate «i cicfo'a\e ale,el cial ni Male wlcreie vine Seales Mound, Ill. IN@El 5 do. Wily ee Mis Wieeaee bocce shonddcuusooomoURooGuoboRs Greenfield, Ia. Me seaiT Semele cmaka evel ay svayer el ay scl ailoustel cveroretele 8 «) «) slere\eicre siclelore o/sie:s/ei sree is ei she Perry, Nae INENBOTIAY., Wo dicopooaondecr ocpo0gd000G0 dos ceood as OnErpoe Oo Axtell, O. INGE Mere OMIM GS ONS)s tic efait'elci'sisps aisle suele:sis)eleimieverels elere sis esis West Liberty, O. BCA IM) eee ercutucrge rendre evan cher peretere nro iancpe tekelcvensie}sier fortes, cas,cnus @) anareinter aie Hudson, O. AN ie) me Ne eee Bet chat at Us oRanate oVelokcicreieus lel oz ojcveie's\ahels eis retevessre,0.8 Granville, O. MiKelVOls “Clo WW los obec oon COO GAG DOO OC OO COCO Dictate Williamson, N. Y. INT ETCH SOMA Fee Creer aamlig CO li ane tey aucuavel vet ei al sieve Sicvelevershele less love sisyeieie epeelace Cresco, Ia. Deh Ol SOI mete ereeitele rte cccioi aieievone he aus ietelsie!cterevsreie.« Bracebridge, Ont., Can. ENGELS Chace View QELS OLN eitaire ou ctcke aria) s: 60) ole e/ove elias (aa 0.0, anes invotie Hackleman, Ind. Nin@Srory NE B32 Gane Slooees ab BOO Oeomon Gone arn aeaEcn Sinking Creek, Va. Noting Wis IS cotic og Aden cd ec OUR BO OtE GOODU ITA aOOnTArOrrCer cs Milford, Ill. ING, “dle (OxG 3 ahve Ao ohne OR OO AO ORO ROCOr eC OCD Cn i ceert Prairie Home, IIl. Noni Dalxotanncmicaliumal College. i... cc... ssw cee ne Fargo, N. D. Picasa nan CMV Vi rae narNCMNTR cai sy clot slant 0) se, 0/0. craic valele oie es 2 oj elafasela, sake Wilton, Ia. NGM, JE Og os cok scab OO SRO CURD ROCOD DOR UCDMOSOOMOUUOn roe Byron, N. Y. Nagios UOwil,Wooc oon bot CC OOT UDO DO ROMA Cs OO Old aon Webster, S. Dak. Nigro, SL INE, 6s oop ou seman ODE DRODUGUOODOUOODOneCUnOT Friendship, N. Y. inion Nive Tale poroo co BOO Goo oO ODOOMOrT Do cero Springwater, N. Y. INGE COME Veg Ee aeteettila ct oltie che else ses elsieiteinieescie vee «4 ALLENTOWN aie, INGE pe Ee wlere io Nee ees ot nso ase Rewac sense venus Beaver Dam, Wis. 462 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Bs on sisal a O85 UR tease OREO ERICA OD CIO AOS OOOO COG Pleasantville, Pa. AACE SE Se Ural anccsstetehets tele slerais ia Sa "sSetofsts tals UotoNefsbobelahcdoNed etek erokel terete Greenville, Pa. Obrech tee Sola wB ey. kk re fats lavs tole tele dolete tone te label lode tatele titer ere touchatoleretore Mohican, O. OXCoiMinors, Sue ONsINg, bagebunshooohobbbebobobbovwunpovonuc Fayetteville, O. OUTS RE OE ata ccsye ale, a oseiies ts loxons lssotoususvormerey ayers pe vetoes covets fo ore fotete te Madison, Wis. Os etal onneed ourcqsloi anes co ceeds ko ddadaducencgndD Bankers, Mich. OPS VV ier -F slate setohehate hetaltotteotete Rete te lehete hehe Wehceetehate fay ote foley ever toteks Galloway, O. Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station...............s.0..- Wooster, O. O/C St Ml ec ae AERO icinitotohts oiiccttelrolauidicte innon onaad.36 York, Mich. Mets ao] 2 Li geno o ee eeiein ee io ooerdibinh ainsi biG bbinioish ttc acu Pleasantville, Pa. O)biyaies tl Deed aaa e tata is iGisolaiot iia trnictalcioiotncer iene Gin. cigi Qiao Flint, Mich. PIN SM SEV as sotelotece alee tetoe esavesoicey cer = 6 Diyos oe ouetniers Rave tetoteesle ds Hoytville, Mich. Ontario Aoriculitimaly Colle seer mr ete ee elec eleieii eters Guelph, Ont., Can. Ormniis tows, (GAs: sentra See oesusapas sande hele ee aisroens Enfield, Ont., Can. Oimensoy audio. Motos poh bags boob ao pbuh heb bboons bina oi Toronto, Ont., Can. CO cen aie BLA RAE et SAA eM OO BG Gaile OB cit hoe eG cc Puc Harrisville, Pa. Ol Joven (el Cs ae Racial eae Sato a ay ldidiaidtdcta tcloalco.S c Coneord, Mich. MSborns Wiebe cite cea tletksral totic tors terete totais (oe vere ete Canandaigua, N. Y. OUEOS MDG NP ed ah aleces, bays deo aS ice aay dad Sudeay Se uda ce encionaen ie ee serene Canton, Ill. One hiGome eI OMMP Le yoeterek ele ieteta tate le tite lstoetletoteotoletotetaletar = Crystal City, Manitoba. Overholtis MRO UB GA Ns o dicleids« se seietetshaetich o5 Pittsburg, Mich. JE TUTTE; » JHU ENR OAS Sanne ae Stee AA MIs ota eek ae a Hill Grove, Ind. leiinimerie, Jol (Ol tp aaid as ued acco age eG cratic eee eee Pavonia, O. HSU MRO ere gee Ncrcntee nee. hte t nck Sch wie eles ca Rie siete leieeie ci 8 oo x S Warsaw, Ind. Feats vem DCL VV AT Chip. tegeresee sree yale crelete ot cole, 2s oele arere isis wlarae © ws Royerton, Ind. JPIEATEITES, «1 Dios i ietonetc doo oA ORIOIOIDIS aac nro ICCC reine OOO Ce ionoe Millbank, S. D. PASSE LOS. 4 OF WWATVEl cc fai Jsratet nls eiote'ctahs shold sole eo 0. auc Beamsville, O. IVECO A IS LEO Ao Aa SCO CO. Oe oe Oo ea a Waubeek, Ia. Po laecereAtr tliat se yet -\ cues se tech Aaheieeclh oko Seal ccchatay eter chelaia cictns Burford, Ont., Can. PONNeE a do. Wits a0 GSA8 ba OOF LO06.0 5 DOSAAC SAA A AOE BAe oe ene Troy, Pa. Pom r Oa es cede etree os Giolla shah of ve chal hea cboter onal aad oho ciel oie North Clarendon, Vt. IPYO TES cl Bil Cpe i on} CoA MES APA, Ben CE AL as Pen Mt. Vernon, Ontario, Canada. Leiria dk «UO Selsinioinlomicaoriouiy cia cen c OIC IOS niOeIO rier Binghamton, N. Y. IPL. NG Lig erste Sit Cis DIOGO ISSO Ob DIC On Ris bninI SObion in Re eee Atwater, O. ISD OMGIO; do DD aren bObbL OGBD REED DERASALOEE oO CREE eee Philadelphia, Pa. TPO SK. TROD s eee te degre cea a ditic rag cic cs tei Ch tiene a Acree Camp Chase, O. ROUMNE Me ee emt yast ete auetotel al rote velar evothahotelstototareacistousharet shal sic’e: eiciele os 3ig Mound, Ia. eon TEL, 1G oioialo’ ces pach ONG IG or ORION ENE RO ECC RACER ea Ionia, Mich. ICKL, A OMits gna bGOSOMAOD OSD OG AOSD AOS Cae eee eee Wabash, O. loll! Ua, ies oh b.c.5 8 6dd 55 o:0-06 000 UOC MCA AA e ne Benton Ridge, O- IPPs LBL (Coomd dco-c1o. clo Ct OGolD CO OID OR DISIG lob DIG InEInene Canandaigua, N. Y. ere y wis IBSIG), IBINOSinisiderdue dca doe ddeuedits ido RMaDOes aod. White House, O. Tring, AWe deli. So cenigolo dati Cge IG UOC IEE IAI inate Alvinston, Ont., Can. ESE oame CLUMPS NRT eel of ct et ot sic lolsts. thet srchal act chal steveiat visiet she Sheridan, Mich. ier, APOE 6 dd ddd 6 tide SOG CaGIOid CERIO Ceca ad tice dice RAIA Caen ac Guthrie, Ky. ET EON renee MERI ig yo aie ooo) soaiel aia ec cdiaaittcvace: wale nye:epatienace e ialete Clay, Ia. aie pea een REEEE Bee are Mick ee Sisheiae slecevalciecolel sve ahelstcialaleute Greensburg, Ind. I2ibedn MM MOS eater: SOL a «Gags tc uO DIO ICIS CEC OOO Oc Whitevale, Ont., Can. Eur ouep Oimiversitsyertc tei viciejays <3.) <2 10/0 t/ernre scissors mss West Lafayette, Ind. Le uiehavertoaly WO), - 1854 65 oe ceo aS COU eepIO DICE Ro ISnES Sie car Mt. Sterling, Wis. IP AMTTOT, le 18). 65 oe Soi oD eld RO IOID COG DODO Dna cic Middle Falls, N. Y- (Ayn. Skye te oa bdo OS Oe Noe DO RIORIC CROC TarD OD eerie Brooklyn, Ind. COMIC Las NYE 28 Fier cider nic. oc Cit CONG CRS RCH ORCICA CTO CC TCRTC ehaxeuenere sete Brooklyn, Ind. 464 BREEDERS OF SHROPSHIRE SHEEP. Raccoons LarmBASSociauione cece seine econ e Bellowsville, Pa. FRAG ET. a ACO ares c soyateleve sease cveleis sic Sele wrote toes ee ene Williams Center, O. Makes: |G COLO S vss alectys aye e sratele eps bapsces Ota Tease Barrie, Ont., Can. Rail Sbaelk. sy MM ey. on aeaie ated 6 shee sree een ae Hopedale, Ill. RAMSEY pe VM e 1O\ccretavchats storeisis aucie os alate etrets ele isiceatie oom coke ese oop mace] Mmm ALTE Fara Peas pa ars sc <0) oo) s lerciele: sletounl orckeletoletereteremietckersieve ae iekce Morton: Nae Ne Beeprn iia peri helbive cc's, a4. oe: siceisuctiasersvayeoenaceutiovohe i fare rapee seer este tia ese Cea are Athens, Ill. deena analy NEW hel Qeaerene eae Oe ace TEGre Oto Oita Gis IO IO ain SALE GS Musselshell, Mont. VATS Chis PELE TALY acne) sated ol ler touezetete) ereyerefaye @ielereiel = eiele sic etele, os)s aye Na GS Gn eam En Ralypplveiclvers/cysicis xe mietteneicile rele oes iene wectorets citeinocretc Springwater, N. Y. Ray GuUre sp Wiss “Sis, ssenctepeusbonotenclevorededosetessie, stetetss aceteye tayetc eh pemtenceer es Evansburgh, Pa. TREO GTA, | THe. areto iar chtiehalensehe ow eeiovelayely se iecsire toheionjaje are a cheto ep Sener s Howell, Mich. FREES OM WW GD buoce a teta A ciciorene are: ais ois oust lero tS revminye eesreneuerers Markham, Ont., Can. Reichenbach, (Coy Wried sie cies sere viele oe sue ose « ecient ote PLE mer ee mm Or Ren Mrsi Hien Sicccaras ects: « © 0.6 5 sis) ol areehe 3 Oo whe Bi euele crores eleie stave Souris, Manitoba. Meas UC CLO Ms thavc kris to sse io 3, 5.0 dep soneueeei a 8c sb sehen obey osee toutes Brucefield, Ont., Can. ROTA HS BITS ee oe ie Cistelsiacs, s cee a eterore ti spe lobe ere Gael eieie sense ayers Varna. | Ont Cane FREUD OLE} GAS ta aliars Zhe: arts core 0 s0.c0 a's oud o elfehetv 6, vite Telecare oi oke ere eeste ey weep seer Tiffin, O. Remiumatoms Wis GAG eR i sasetererslore, < > 00 d\ie\sholpvnje\ wie caja’ min! » nlnfcia\e v's oatmeal Neponsett, [1. SUS UNITE 1D Ge Iepey a Capa VEER Pe ehecarae cy oy 0h cy Siiok ok os ov Sra) ay oval 0) &e 9 av ax'op wf oe) ev'dhovas aq, charebeleh ares ae Yale, Ia. Sb Waemystes elo tS) 65 Oo octo AEE C BR Oe ee eerie cane ro Elsah, Ill. ALBIS oor eravessdne 4 lamieleieiciayoe Ge US anal S CO sah a AWWA ICSI a KORA Hn erent s aoe a RR a Econ mish Baa comme nqi oo ¢ Gaines, Mich. WiOOdwaT diye NAGUMESi terse, ccrslcieleneredee oir oiotoloknsmete Wright’s Corners, N. Y. Wai celts ay eae Art OTe: ar ibe iae kG Mee nr bere aenecy GIS a eeeorcrain Glciq aicsaa Oc. 0 ¢ Hamilton, Ill. William SOME FB TOS ss rere. 5 sieeve cote we saylor esp dcasie) sroliote felon enove Vouer eyeve Soe, eee oRerstle Balm siRar WVAS Ome ell aee eS BINS. «ar valet cic facensvanemeteue encetmsueas Temerehe te tate ken ens ae aus atone Creston, Iowa. NSIS sre A cM, 15 5s rs; arciantasp tohaiseelinyG lodal ana retin el evanialey ooveraseteNalsualape taxol Oval City, Ohio. INVAID WE EPID TE OS 5 aye cusiel cre oberenrerctoremere otoreeioletetere orate teieiotr cuerecewuc Hornellsville, N. Y. Wiailiter Stal G wards aie caompereen tee niet whether cin are tae te tees West Chester, Pa. VV eA lo Otis sos aA eee srter eemrone. ae aeieinte orate cack haus on RCE Hornellsville, N. Y. VV PINTS Ysera eiels craauarsterstere evsiei es csus)s. ateveheicie sie eye atenste iolevere Chesterfield, Mass. WEUSOMR AMAT CaSO. 7 ecdaopop eb nD bo aG moDD Ado ocd Youngstown, Ohio. \itoreianieti amis ioalc log ota an Goan diac Gcer On Een moma on mae nds Westport, N. Y. Witter (MES Divs apverectints. ox «. sishs: 0.5 0S scje-orove suatore/e iisvoxes sia eos Friendship, N. Y. WAS onas Meaty aeyceenetleyeseccicrs cerehencrcnoderstonerehehetolerctetenete eels «Saisie LAWN kama Breeders of Oxford Down Sheep. FEN ajay eh o eared D Ye Alo ieee Sh ere esa nee eae Oe PPE rE ae pmieE caer rrr Oky CHD orc Ligonier, Ind. NT ATTN OE 2 EI Nes sums oe caee s siio, be) este. o] see ehoucieiie ohne Ieicerele eueteteustoleserste Huntington, ind. Aver uiouil iui! (CoMllleaee son aboogodaqccodooooobudoDDGObadoUdddOs Ames, Iowa ANearnouilirninhienl! (Coker, 6 5405 cocababnGoououdOK bo bobo U Gob aDOU: Guelph, Ont. / Nearer milknon aul “(CoMllicrarian ntton po obloblo doUdoodspcupoposoobop Doo doUoeS Mich. ANici@inntanas OMENS 56 bod sq nocoone a bodoGdOno ds OSdd0NOSO0DOO Manning, N. Y. PATS Tae Ab COED: cp crenescnateteustoretexsie © evavouetetavssis Tore’o.c) eet evoletenere "aya veue esis Dushville, Mich. PANV ORGS Zien Or svacs.elevege aisiel wists Store ens at oostataNe a orehenoralecstelefevoeustole Menomonie, Wis. PAU S fis, plays ior areas tespe/ores alee lol Ovedsaenels Steieroe\ cio ors wistaiel ageless ouetstoegerens Hague, Va. VANITY CLETS Os ER srasevanave ural sens vetiers uate raul steneredele coh ereter suerte eboceleleteter shore Eden Mills, Ont. ANGETSOM sd ATIVES* Olis siaiieus a tieve shale sicioss iovoreier sister vieisteve se sie lokerees Decorra, III. FAULGIEES OMS 10s. EW oy casce cB laveies Ras oseve i ielaneMonerereaeione eecioteaete ee ero Eee Xenia, UUe WUPIRGINTS lala signin ROU SHIo Ged Hol Did CocHaE GAB DO. OIULS. COOG Us So! Arkell, Ont. Aer CMR EUS TIDY pone seca) anes cocrs aieus: ote! ose Cove rasonereeietedelet erste recelentcneenoaete Teeswater, Ont. BATONS MIEN Ee CO e sie ceatiis eae ah acess alee reiahae tobi ne de eee ae eit nei che eeee tele Teeswater, Ont. FACET) ONG me Aulilo Citi tiiyst ss oiecs lero eisis 1s orale tele lokers tote oeal cnotonteras escorts Watrousville, Mich. Archilemame@ BOs rvs); cievenecs = clay ciie tic eee! oiiehe perete lel elieushavevermusuePaceae ste Stryker, O. A Cher tome wlanwysaga cicero tacks teseie aa ssa euareele ie are wesc eiecuneeiee Hollowell, Me. AGWOOd,. VW UAtreagvarietercian etapa recast tae tate stertete lets conares) crete oeenonelts Flint, Mich. Avy lon Ohm! ey repaciterneciae coterie ators kere cicestevars sno elon Gunpowder, Ky. Baber, SBisgeteucts:anarts oe mecoeneiens aicherniseee tesoieveiane ois hav eione a ove terahenctons Blue Ridge, Mo. Basie. JAMES). os uk caer wesc eran Ree ee teceTe ieee eee tie aioe eheeele tne eneens Nile, Ont. D BEE TTI eG PRP) eae] RA rma a lc HR oa A A A Ud bh te i AS iC BICC Orehard, Kan. Baler MH ute ctststckorveteee eave tote nie cies nie ea niereic eae hore tens okekrert Flint, Mich. Bales indi sieveus casas arene aisuniccore ete aire ra tiestole eevee aro eee Center Square, Ind, Bal ess Oa ag cectenraetemerane ciate mes shone eretae eee ec Teere Knightstown, Ind Ballard! JOse pl annem soi tele econ loeictes eiieeiieio se ciehoierete Georgia, Vt. SAMUS? HUIS ees aie ate eottocotene ote sore loos olen eto oeotetemiene Oren inte tere Bourbon, Ind, IRI OUNSSS UOMEG oo Sec donaossbadocdyadouDoDOuO MOC Nassagaweya, Ont. Bamclaiyen Gis Nevcterc porte icMec Ricrraieiehe euetereeialn er ctereionrertoreicke ..,sebewa, Mich, BATES Lie Nisncvssc cise sieves a ieketese cree eterero enero aes) Eaateete rene eens Leavenworth, Kan. SAT IME Var ay O25, cous a croteuere ccs suenatens este, shave taueye felietelejiensue :eneiensvele’e) eetere Flint, Mich. War thelane Merde. Sat ses ee ee tote oni ener een St. Lueas, Ia. BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 477 SMES. Clana 6 ab CO DO ORO NOR OEE BEd Cb bikie DICD Cree trite cr cine Moltke, Ont. issih, VWVEIOS ool sadat nb gcnuoe bu eee bo Coop oD POCO USrOD Parsippany, N. 3. Beach, Haten....; 2 BOG DORE IOI E COO Ce RIS eco oie eerie Cleveland, N. Y. Bani, AloPAalnanns« ocog¢adauddesaonacboupdomoduelouUpuOrDED OC Bright, Ont. Banm@l, ih aindls cocotcoaeneonocdbecnudnun cc poemo DUOC mmo Mon oyelirena, U) [verisign MUNC 1B ES coh se eR Re Nene NSO ce EneREICRCAC NS CRC EIORCIONS 0 Cac CUOMO Wilton Grove, Ont. RAS, WANS E oP GB AME MOUOSNO HORE SDI GLO ROT occCliny Scarica ener Hewitt, Ont. Byael oe, I, IPs dis ociso aos oan oooh eon abe eDodce DupNOCOU OD oO oUOUT Tallies, Ne We yacler, (Cs Cl ee SOmsaoutonclanc Codd do docs 290000000 cog adn.c Liberty, Ind. Deere eNO TSI ote). Ys fips heeisgohatolom hace jujnieso fe ime Miaemaisinye si anecte S's Flint, Mich. Belden, dOSnc se cus eeiaoC eau c CU CIOICID OOO Crom OCI IARC iran reat Caro, Mich. iB, Wie dide Because aoe CeCe Ck G00 HOT Oon COORG dU COC OUI aC Angus, Ont. RES ay ec a eVensat MRM ESSER) SS) eo te shrine Cousote weve Tone tn ate ar ce Canailene Petane (ener Slewene tec Rile ie doves verse Kalida, Ohio Bewley, Clreisis nado oo dav nods sds 00c0 s0 oud Ouous ogo UGeDODOEtS Troy, O. SGIGIGN. aE (Gre 8 readin On cr ROO Gir CUE ERETE Dio bd DD ame Gat Loe eee Chadds Ford, Pa. PS UGU Le MID RV cay cscverons. Garis lets conn Uododo OOOO WIKGliyemian Ohmi IDI@LENSOMm, Wit opotcocnenbodoodcnmocsnosHodocooddsnoonooONeNGhieny, (Ome Diilsawer, Ce VWVoncodhg ucdsoin ootabonn Dobro UCDO SOOM DE DOT OOE Delphos, O. TOD Tee VIM a eee stione tay asiorce raya ot-aler etter eye ssuokenalese cous etsvavedel et ele terete 6 <5. 554.0-0 Brandon, Wis. DOTA SOM ered ANNE Siareuctorstetcevovevohers arekclol ceapicisrene evel etekens: os clave eve Teeswater, Ont. Damme Cig INocooabocsscosonps dando nDoeK sd anGnoNaoOuOde Edenburg, Ind. ID GARONA Ato licd a 6 CISPR Goes. cto Sitio GLO ERO GO COSE ISS GCC IEE EEE oe nena Celina, O. IDO, 184 1B cbr obeansonnoa7 000000 bono DDO ODA KO se DO Ud oor Mane Geneseo, N. Y. Dwinlaya, 1B. Socoosepenvvopaceodsouppoopousovubod Cease Truro, Novia Scotia IDNA MAIS 1k Ge AG 6 tr CRRORCIO ORO OIG GIEROICO DIGIC DIDO SOROS TERR TOSI RC REae Ne Walton, N. Y. IDOL da ANon Geog codes ooo come Ao Goci.tne co Hea Ore Shelbyville, Mich. OUD OMe VTS ey MERTON, yoceyetcraliecaiateletosherehelelsiclslelloisis(iols heise) « Wilmington, Del. Eccl le Scmele valOy al percncvetsvesafoysyeucinn sicy crereredsis cue eos is sine otis clas a tiece ea ciel Alliance, O. HOD uayvrealll Pak Sarme UN hiya OTe vaexokeleneysfetoneusion exe, once) slerei cis, aekstciewierecie wer, « ana.6, 6 Marlboro, O. Faas AGIITO S es cae petieve tel veers vanes eteye ouster sf a0k.a, av sraleh cetera) Gievsleteen se «ane Floradale, Ont. HD livia GSteebChyyiliterse. sro eree econ forare ehel ereeaue oer aie a0, North Wiltshire, P. E. I. igen ye., IINEO., shametoooose sod ode DOs Co or CO One eE Hingham, Wis. leioheasl,, “Neigsiow cane On aeclee.o Batibo aeob 6 SO ae cee ae Tekonsha, Mich. BM OrGT CH oe AMONG Sieve sre cleus sve asteyanetel eleicl sloieleisieiejelecs ears sisis seer Canadice, N. Y. ENO pe AMD i storalerteaioro im dels slamisre sien tesa ace cukidiare eves os Pond Mills, Ont. EMUTnio Teter NIA CU CW rerayree vegeta cicueiatctheretcleleral tel aielcre eFolcl ste nieveilsicyeas s20.eve Kelso, Ont. PEAT OLAV VERN Rate hy eraks ar cusiaicnaberctelevexeyclecreler cies withelel y 'are-a 4 paral ee Hespeler, Ont. JA TUDO AVITAL Sees oer career Okc OOS CRTC CLES Ciclo aeRe ne Minaville, N. Y. BAY ORO OLMIMMEV VEILS cpaters ao cieks ics oa ete or ela aie veie in se siete ne eis ela as Cass City, Mich. IOSD Male, ThOSiong dag Bile CRO GOOLE DISS ID CAG CaS CE ene net arose Warsaw, Ind. LBV@QINS IBIROS. cols coe nGO Ge ee LT OTe Ooo Seana aan Muskoda, Minn. lavas Nile, Is pa slat oG OBE Sra ieee eo eee ence South Butler, Mich. LONBUNS. Suits cos SRO OUD OS CORO OIE BOA Tae eas Gourock, Ont. IONS. Mio NAY cools od OOO HO eee eS Cte tn Gm ha HEALD © Tr aare | ey CAST Pe Cee tee Weekes oa aclfaiiesio Suc s\Gveleie a bie lel Lelie a Wevenel ane) cules Pulaki, O. EFAS INN 1D CNV pepe en rox eyes 2y crak ysis: én du sycx eres sco e.e oe wid de selon ons Franklin, Tenn. RENAME NGA, 1c sok bo5 FOO DODO Gr pE ao COCO neo ape Ernington, Ill. [RANT Ge item Gren VWVEreeneneR ME cher set oe icy ei) cos xt; : 2) sess o,'elay ss arash a'apo,'at'el est) a Iouekanelegane Palo, Mich. PLEO Wve Cos Neen ePneBME PN SMM Yacc 08 calles. cig draitowaus’ esis alueleneueronare Winnebago, Wis. ETERS OM ble Mena eet es fore viet at's) rd o: so) 6) 6 60,4 aye vies erp apaceliwlens Bloomfield, Iowa EERE, Wearere eettegeh ters etetsys lars lcs 4.6 ¥ «0 6 aglae sc o'a%e ete elaine Campbellton, Ont. HES ee OIA eM Ed ee meP ete Start ot cas cick: oars ob sr~'a nd, cisloustwrce.eiee ouseueeaeke events Minerva, O. EDU SMe ements Ail aay ne teae rete Ree PeI AD Tass wuss o's ie:'elje' as vo arco losanes.ovlelohesdceverwie averehekehe Orleans, Ind. EATS rene re Ste VaeNeee Ea eic tere ict a net sec cis «a's sions sasa aiel eile eeu eraciowree aoe Sidney, III. LEFT SEN CAPAV Pea Ui caee ot ctee deter she dies worresy su0l dycseh ov opsils vere ceipspcnsgtoerdsayacchcicte, at aneieke Medina, O. EINE TES cOUUINON Vater e sie Lateie re ete ey aha ier vexo nis soya evans ck scusela/ Gi austen eee Leisure, Ind. 480 BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. PMS Ce hers MD ar Cal Ma.) s= yoke Porat otste rokate ke ynenero ie retere kot ckeyer Ween pote Newbury, Ont. MletehersVJOSi ssa ac daar cveeit,< avelereve « aiaiereleremsie lore eel stelcios OnE Mendon, Ill. Poster Gee Gait Pi) c/a says cleo oof ove oret shel cvuenoneto) aiclole fo aire Eyehsvoneeaee Deputy, Ind. MOSK SOS No Ro ooo holo asemoeoocandboonhagceboonoduc Fair Grove, Mich. FOStCETA Mita tiats So iccetete teas ole Peeve oon alta tellalte rate Glare eR eitinevere tiers ye Walkerton, Ont. HO WIGS Sold UME Re Ne tnetereeqete reve © GcoPeteyevove (oleate reve love loyes ieretcis vena Hastings, Ont. ImimevAed, IDOE esos on6ogupoaonanoosgcuorouscUcdQosCC OS Glenfarrow, Ont. Biredien Che eatery Aa ters dete ac svel diceaahclicnc aio) el eu soresohe ane sai Meadowdale, N. Y. Brie a imes VWerellutyas Oo save o4-4,40 oie athe te eee aca ee ave ake) auctone 's: ata eee Knights, Pa. BREE Vi ee cee Me tadefens ees Gee wi olQtene © Fisrele ove! ecsie 8 ere ois) bieoe ere eteove Ginghamsburg, O. Ganyarth, Chi Foch Ica OCI COMIC OmBaneematiodacboon kon cc Granger, O. Gena Ie NAS te shee) RANE aT ans irae homers « Seles Wapmandee, Wis. Garwood Zekwell SJ. 35d sips ava wm ctove cites ers leicy exe clekarosrel oer uae Bend, Ind. Gasskath, WWaMid bx ceiee & ss.0 detsie histo eS Societe ah enh nig sue’ or de evtel/al e loitet RGEC RETA ae ite en Gearba ee Tc Ie reve te toe laretslis o rorte to lane Vo rads fe toretass obey aielerey ousys.ete}s) ant North Robinson, O. (Creer; olds alone cone ono oObCoUCbGDs coodcdduoocudocaddca: cone Cabery, Ill. Ger kins re i. 6 26:5: ea ois oo a ene) o sieves, overs; © ovs.o5s) a) cnoketsuerss hameaess Napoleon, O. Gillette Se OH eeacds bsuexe od, ee. eas ore evele alssnichakahocetave. ure wei’ene fete 11 cl cementeate Ravenna, O. Gibsonia vidi aes sirs sareiers oeerebne cre Tel teh ever eestor eter Bomanville, Ont. GTS S SATSANG. ve oe eo ete 1a bane 2e Fe ene Jeera 10h te rake Ootae te Yorene eae se SLES Moffatt, Ont. GaP Oa VV RS 0) hae ata cotei aire 0 ela a ettoyfe tai folds wane Tavelts wekete dae ORRIN ene his ils GlASS > TRAE SS OM peters cla ton atconstotote hereto eheloie) cuca beron ae arrok ieee Sharpsburg, Ill. Goddard iG Bess bared s ber ceo ini hileen & Ole iene 5 SIRO Ravenna, O. Goldsboroug hy sh @ 2 cj. sues selec sie\s eioiwters cite eyelet eee eae Easton, Md. Gordon; Jude Cyrus. F..6 2 d0o70 «ale ace versre.e cy evevencss ote ero mee Clearfield, Pa. GON Finis 612 Il aed Dene ee ne ar eS 2 er er Ot Sr cic bldoe Flint, Mich. GottshallsyI He fant shot tonstahbatertorerats ate aioe ote er eae eee tere Flint, Mich. GOUT yi Ts WP ste, siete a lorasabe ye Vous tere ye favaiens. ws ca ereusiaksfepolatet ear Cornell, I[ll. Graham ROBT. keeioe Choate tele tiene bis Ln date ic eee Brandon, Wis. Grralva aye OMT: te 5s ciao eta ohater tere late ccetorararer ove «msi eons ier Ieee Eldora; Ia. Green eeArtMUir sc. 22 s)sio, « ceiierse develorie cietery cee neler norton Caistorville, Ont. Greeny JOMMMAS. « «6 cr sFetcuclavtel onaxecavelvetebsheverehcnar ecehe re Roeiaeeners Caistorville, Ont. CG DRTT Ae CPO C25, 5-00in1 ar Nororbcesalencl stonatelstcieets Cape Rene rien Burgessville, Ont. CTA ES MPECTOINAUE G osascr eis ara: or octet ahvtatene cleeteneree & ee nae wine eee Orangeville, Ont. GrUIMES, | EP RUTM AM 5,-5.4 s.s. sia: 4's siaid score. ve Srae or ete Heated a aie ed hereon Denver, Ind. GroolbegMlOSeSeRAGNS, «cb ic Wells scwievonets Siac Sao aie oteToteheie? er cheneterle Beamsville, Ont. Gamin eB arelayitrs, sce wjce se 8 shah bie oe eele wero oatotelorak tere: Rosina, Mich. VUTTTs "eI ee entree sh tet Pate ocr ch ali cs Shao ona oron Pane aac rotoie one eote Rosina, Mich. Guthrie C aR Soe woe ee cis hs eatene ste Mie roetvene ene Prospect, Wis. Hlaige mie Winds tite,sia sant to ety ease Ay EERO de broker oa 6 Elba, Nee Hagerty, EE CRS kn me RRB MOG Ge wee scm os minis ia Sais pc Hagerty, Ia. Eaines,; (George. 2.x sine vases oti tee as 5 «520 eae Be yin: sivas + eee hoe eee Lo Es RS oa Oiog sy ae naar Re tara ce can A See a Center Square, Ind. arc ourity J Olas soc eevacnaler dione tereve eaieus clans ieee «custo eine ee os te, Animes Onite Hargraves (Wallces, “Whianteretercie rats te toters Whexetetolciers sec abe 0 sie epeetaaeiene Seney, Mich. Arr RS OME PAB ics arcs ao ces crore seen mere a sere a yee soe Bet siete Viola, Idaho Marshibar cer sg Obi. .teyarscctas-1 sncps oy opevets tee toeevekete taleye coke oil Mietoiscsus eee Atwood, Il. Parte reS SVR ee a, SPs a eee Ee hexcner ek cjc'as sttvanedeoeers Troy, O. Harter AWalle 3 << case Ss oo wsevers terete ions leteponciteskelerersi stows BIR (Gah, 3 ceuskntS Mexico, Ind. HAVE Vs BLOS sais scenic Qe weleiststoteis ciefolnenstarcNefeion erent j Kincardine, Ont. Har VC VASES SW saya) st velo oy ayer ord ret o.ct otetap tal holed opeRoreboval este Ri Bloomingdale, Ta. Haslett WB ross iiterc tiie tore rotetone Bile tetera ie reteteae eterslonsieeer Wien. ceinet Jarvis, Ont. Ra PHA WAY AT «B signs 4 oo w'eccustasonetohs oeloretolenetere eve ole ielateuers ibs... Mertensias, Nee BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 481 IRIE AIOIMUNNS- 6 lowlokbe GES oho Ate CAL O SOOO eaerC og ROperIC act Montpelier, O, ERG RTSO TIS Ve Tatts y peter aer rte wet heater wahae cha clovia cYouctiond Waste Bhavana loiess Huntington, Ind. HIESSIMGT lala ROS me pare crctercie aielecs caelereiaton cio wats «iciaisvalorelelsioa tue abeie aie Fulton, O. Elio Tei mere Stity Gra racrerelcresetauan| soho) cies cise oiajels occ) a sis Sieve sverar ave levaes subtler; Ind: SEU LAP eeasehe ae tego al aval oTavein(@e\ore-m\eia's © Fea. aieie aie [o'ei¥ 2s\ 0) « South Danby, N. Y. Te THUS ILE 16 coi Sal oi qacnqache teen Grcigye enon ice cle archer olka lene eaes Cr ate Hingham, Wis. TAG Oe OAV Veep aie = er cusici ol aus Sia ctetel ecens) © love Paia/ay syereisye,e(exeysne sors, esin NTIS ON? MCS Flgmaamry else mt yaatie cosas s+ lsireats ce coi sche sie toes! ae ste Ache Dein oars BIE Radcliffe, Ia. EL ureee Eira cin SOc ake 'aet oireu et isis ove tereahey'e Fair Grove, Mich. Kinkepatriclet Gis Wis ih safes. 5: ove rouchenes sieeve aisyees: sisi aisnajerstaye dierscarer ate Kirksville, Ia. SERA Nita et Ace aD nc ave coe ee cae ates te ee A Ta bat iaiat irailo, ee semenets Pomeroy, Ean. ERIN Aor agaist amosset ast eonctat Rots edad meMv eels dla as yr al Se Aye ea Oa Soro Pulaski, Pa. TOE, p AMC: aversrepevaconckaenon Soke ere aioe Sele ete enero arahaceels South Bend, Ind. Ker eidlier Sr Hear punins sarevers ope cvsterouste’ sie rasslceeieivs)/ovavare tetas roe roeneete Sterling, Il. Furl Gres Mis Seep ee avareven atone, cetist cos ors losehe. usicyehopatiovel oxstsycoeusval teceueyecsiore: 3 Greenville, Pa. IDevobeisleap LOUIS. anAotian aoobl ObcRUdoodUUba ton odcnsooa8er Linden, Mien. Wuaumies Ato eyes. ci echt icGomcre qTeasgudocsadovodotedoosG 6 Arkell, Ont. ASA Dy SPATE S HAUG Atl fe toons ce aire, ao Rovsiormicuel oteieicechoneteweeter an eter Walkerton, Ont. IbEnnyersonns Julia de seen Oo GonmoDUnObOUo Ode odaTcoodmoud ox Mesopotamia, O. LBRO Co sdesa nine Ge porne CUS OoT ood bboImEaC OBS ts bb oc Taylorville, Ill. IDLER Ni) 1D eee eae etn ee yore Ar uci) Ces ticlS mcs pclae neo clots Bolo +» Chilton Wass Ibe lllawirl Ogee ce oplaagobaGdo ddd Oud sono udadadndododd Fair Grove, Mich. We er GATHER jas.c cok shoo Siecove eyalsis terete eke js (ote lo eusta oltone tel te orsettiete ....F lint, Mich. WemonmMiltoms 26.63 vert cs co msisle cuacere, stetees toseetereusiate sie Crooked Creek, Ind. liSina (on SiiaNOVMNG Hao obs poo o GOR ObDoO COU Gp sooGDouM HOOF Kettleby, Ont. MGS OMA Mra) My cre tere sy sree cre eeetetlctousiivle cheers awe tuelaustelonate: ctoketetey crates Warren, Ind. ICibaboyer. CPs Boa naoer Heo meene OOO cool nap oocovopao Sao n0t Hamersville, O. TSC WAS SMB CHS OMe acacce oo shatd ocala enelel doers eicue 2 eho nucle RLackeye ys iste heroes Salem, Ind. ews CSAs. cee Saves, trates afin tered) oGNevere ara aiteveia oes csveheus Point Pleasant, W. Va. DFW SPE) so Gre eierstejatalein eee ncuetel Sree teatro kousteters is 10 es cabstohstoyeyele anor Rare Madelia, Minn. MrT SWViTUNNS | eye syror eects siete eve eueretekene Ba cadunpoty snc 6o0,joeoou: Arkwright, Ont. iMG Savy... Wa Vide, 22.6 -)iete ois ciecehart lols epetevs wise alate cya ssfepenetehcray Haggersville, Ont. AUST SS AL SS Se eee co sunyenenes ete, svouele gst otel theists lore eusre) tustonel mehene pete enon Treaty, Ind. OPTUS, UVTI = o's ca cp cxacn oka Swere tater. oho! auege latevone savers oseustehehetceMoreieh eke Walkerton, Ont. HE OI Oe LN SUAEY si 3 a1oh stekeneros faievelensieqorauel ovens oeote caste. ofoloie telat reneriere teeters Caseade, Wis. GOVE eleGeraetonczsiels sparsuucts os teliao fs) ereto td sy adeNeus yentsirer si enctomaasOarene Port Sandfield, Ont. MEOVE] OW Aton AG POON. ol aynisreks tals cilodelopene otek Bole: speleyalefere tem vateprdsas Roscoe, Ill. BOWEL VAM Nos erie oo lavicto ve uci sr onalbhs cio lin ete omibpeiet eit et ei reetetets Senecaville, O. Men ey ope See Uae sence sevola)ieycu= coke ote se lotenelcieajoven deuelersustekatenatetetee ete Sheridan, Pa. ADE Via es era ACaietecte sy scitexe cote eres siapoteicelotaseteletor steer ttekdetohetel =i telet tations Latimer, Ont. WEN Ko NYS aids SAB RAD OOM abe OOM C ao Uo oo CUOG cd Goo Ooo otaMDr op Yatton, Ont. Mam eval 3 AG IIIS tlanlatiasercretate «take toxo iets voyahoteretovetetntoucle/helehare ciara Plymouth, Ind. Mia Tr Tae VV anette i cto eaekoiay crstsesiots wo stebettns yas sishaverel cuenctateree Hicksville, O. Wlenaarnaves, Alone Seino cp oow soc SMITE a nines ialchosaie, 0 sad -sie arouse Se ePRORTS Adell, Wis. Mier rr ries VW aN soy as es a oeare ea line Sas sitaaworarcue a wlelre irae vais, w ateusvsbegeceiemens Meloin, Minn. WIENER -diOlMnican.oSbm adc 88 dn de con docug ua mmooado G.adc Lake City, Minn. Masons Om Wia.s ws die cece oeineene ie eachemere retenetele re saie vets ise a ihe ouamensetepomeye Mason, Ind, MiasSee shin (Secs cutetasie teicteeseentonete i tepeiemeckelskersic iors reiers reopens Menomonie, Wis. Matchett: (Mirsi UR vAi spec rctey cuer ska cron cectetekoeeteh ober st oteys) «veueuekedenstioys Poineceton, Ind. Maiti ews ois ae acest oral cee tereeetechetisis teeta: o.lsuahenswopacenate Blue Mounds, Ill. Miasxcwie lila i. Tutt ues ocpec rai fekerstione Cone teaehece arene Roneneisae! oWaliote tobe leiegNckonchs Columbia, Mo. WONG Wilkie, aemage ve oons acoroccoupU oboonenoleciec Rushlyvania, O. MG@Be tinalizn, MRA gt anoraceia ter cgere ce coseha nb sbehetauteneperatctela olevayenerets Geer coiecene Hamersville, O. MeCarthiys Jolin. 25 cere. selene stata eta keane h oe eae Madelia, Minn. MeGleltand:sbliramy: Sich comic te se Soe Cmreiaca eee Beachburg, Ont. Mie Clelland) (Pe mer vice se rere clei tome eveler es erelie eteker = cite telieler-tay- eo yeaetterey even Odin, Ill. MeGormick: FRY. Ce SOm'S. cesta ae Scions. of evhctee ate) sas aio tera etewes cae Mt. Hope, Wis. a BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 483 IMG @rackeniye Wats sects sor oie o celaree atelce tard Sie ais as oe ba on eee Kerrmoor, Pa. IMIGE@TraAGKenmt Wee Ess, raster srcvarciernlolele crene cielo als hs aycreyel evayelelsalece aS Muskegon, Mich. VSD TT ACPA VV cr evevesetarelatstevetsveietslershcvosevs-sasis Ste ave tread) avevaieeie% St. Mary’s, Ont, NID Onialde esol: mite iatrsisieic eke sis’ tisiacre toi stiaisis sic «ss Millbrook, Ne «S: IMIG EWEHy EEO Siete celeste alates Sreccvalonatove wile was lottheisraeete crete lecsya lee orate Bluevale, Ont. IMiciHalrlambene Ale sae srieve ts cucls tbe /ofete'e cuslese fave Gieleyal evs. oo. siaiel o's selec bes Flint, Mich. Vile GeUVV etp rettarate neta iecste ie oiGiscsce wiotee « avale es s8ejeie ais si lefeime @ ccglose aici Sussex, Wis, MCG arte yavan sare pee cateie a sactaralekevwiads ayereuclenaitetstose auctor one .0) staleirenovaveyane Gl Atlantic, Pa. AVE cH THONS namie ee PEs Setateae oy shay os syedaieveycrccete: shovel ote’ starevebs’ cisietele ave ene ee ites! i's Windsor, O. III WIE., IMIG Ke sic Gniek olen Uo caonpododoupodoobDDdOd De Wallacetown, Ont. IV ICING ume Goh ray chd Nog uc oa ctceek sielven Was svansvapcks fou ceneb stich arcvshevatieyonevorata‘aketei «|= Edina, Mo. ICM yge eel VUCING EID sap terc. Soioletomied cuelereteucvchsteryencvel karat ovelisraveV hey Gays River, N.S. Ieee Crm Os OSB tev sey evade: sects cis se arora oterehes sh ora ainy whehavel bl srenelats North Fairfield, Me. IMIG ISS Evey, VAISS Seen Peat akc conics Ch ieee oleae a RCAC Oa eck oy Pa Ti Eee a Teeswater, Ont. Viele ariel ALG Keo evar vererMon tenet cher cudbe dr syuavdlei chovale iickola ae Campbellville, Ont. NII GTZ EST Ateer SG. 1D) ieee cee Mien elas Ry ic PN Stra a cycle Corwhin, Ont. IMCIRRETTO Wis rG Olepe tate cictave etotene feel cree eleva vere areiole Gmreraisinete lve aieieae Sussex, Wis. Ty! BIDE eae Ed VB 8 Seti ce a DOCS ge AC Nieman i Clearwater, Man. Mice am ter AMAT G Wiaiaxcrters usiatayorareialel svete relaters! ore lerelenete eiereh ts stele Walkerton, Ont. WWI@IE CoOL VAISS Bs Gage aoe oOo OO DenIe STO cS Mec cIncC COO ae Tar Paisley, Ont. CEN Ag NG Oa ews GET epey. Jara, teretatanch-valatcrsutiel skatalstepeteneha ef cto ie a leie%s Gourock, Ont. AVE CINTA IN faa ies hevency ec tetoneiei on eileveratd evar cover wYsiohabe tusuciaieeoaranonevene Grand Blane, Mich. MGHIENG, ‘EIS CONSOliiC S 6 oly cIaGe Quin tinals DOMED GHC ClO nro BIC BIO I Terie Myron, Ia. NT nh CLL Geoaeen Cham Grrah cv eosch ance avers oni caw /hcake oionct oie Gin ote wie wad atans Clinton, Ont. BN ill Corenma CANA OMA rok ctor teers en che rey cshssonery Shcnehe ae oak viel Oy oh tenia ote oP eo Hillsboro, Ill. SCAT IMT, co De, 9] 3 es ors Re ee ey ey ee Flint, Mich. WMI ES (CEO a8 6 6 016 OAEOR DOO REOOE, 6 AERC OD ELC DELL HELD Pete Pee Elmira, Ont. MiilY Camieieam een seteeaa cus cvsvcye nistecn ia ayel aie ainecalaies eiktois aie aetenie ate 2 « Sunbury, O. AYEUINKEIO- “Tek” VA Beso ASoion Ss COO ODDO OC OOS OO CTE nite teen Palmer, Ill. ANU arama V Vitel css sbeverseeledeycteveleae ote shave eicke heinerere aisle ce elo ote ae wi dlrs’ s Mexico, Ind. WETMNE SO CamOMVENSiitiyis «ie ovis sree (eke teleye oie, sletelet=relnte'stsle\ ss Experiment Farm, TAUEOLISTEG » TD), * SAO rte ace a igi or kya oe nh aoa a a Caistorville, Ont. GRE INNO LET: biclt.ccselereyalavale ou fovsigien) slatolaleteiclchchaterelorctate-s Wie Caistorville, Ont. Acco tateaitpemered OMMINE vara aac cneveyain, ctsici evens wacker svcielsiainyeucfers eral aralecniole. e's eo, ae 0d Eden, Wis. URES INE UG PING cl oe ahn', je hea ciale-adle Tel oielahm oa ein dial devele se v's ees Tiverton, Ont. IMIG ote, Cia 1835.6 GCAO CCI Go cn aIG GIS OCIA DEI OL CIE eee ane Richmond, Me. IMO nce am anal Geers ty say tal fe) ole aiciaicrsce te ove Glee nM ale slices, sists Walkerton, Ont. Mion: Dr alriaapEs Eterteyet peteiey ciel oiers Gis isrciols seis sie laieie > clone c/t.s asia Ss: a0, sl60 0% Franklin, O. Mion o ants pied eee Ra acy c cysi colette. cides a cidihec.ere dics so ee svete Kipton, O. Momering Ib. Mood coins bp OOOO OOO OI IOS CB ODO nr Aerie: lo) Loy ch ma\ is SC IN Morea. PERE BS Cohn tis acco co OD DISC OIGE DD GE i i teen rr rre Marden, Ont. ilar hed B55 1835 ey Sag Sd. 6 AU Sichs too RRC RA Cees ee -Stantead, Que. Mom iss WHis Gusvetcarincistiae sl Acisreye eves cle sieia deeds eaeipis ont Mesopotamia, O. INGE TELS eel a cr A lepeteio ee een Ret eristel oe arcte’ olal ole chaidialaie's sie coe North Bloomfield, O. INIGIFHISINS SS Sho OOd65c.000 ay MOO BOOM TIO DD OHOD OOD OO ERO OG cen cane Flint, Mich. VO SS eres wey ci vet at kat nated seetister cticiist ois) sacred sere! aveleseie’ a) svete vale guaayats Billings, Mont. VEO UO OTIS wedi vell tes cp epep ncaa etever etsy eh ctar eters) e's clldls sale \siatchsselel st euere\axehetelerehe Rootstown, O. IMO UOT VV oy Avera elerereteeteiny st iciciersi ale, = 1ovs.s.s eco, & speys 22 wig acee elart.e Hee Cicero, N. Y. IMO ETy Uap BABS cunt. oc bo’ GOB CRORE EOE DOO rae o iat Briggsville, Wis. MOV ry LCDI Y.~ viciaietextetapaicisiaiteis's oe « isevahal abel dasa sh eoiet axhereke Owensville, Ind. IMA EN se WV aM ewar tee teh th scl avoiel, ae at ie ie ee Saiem Center, Ind Paitensomis: VV Accords eee cate eee te eee oe RCE eG EIS Flint, Mich Rattersonss* James. cvs « oa cir evercie as a1 og ree ea paced cee ete eee Almonie, Ont. Cera GAS 5 a. tee siegd oaks ie level oveysie lotro sie in ele De, oe A Ree Peru, Ind. Pelletrercgy dus} Comma. oes lors oop cl acess erettole ete aleetey che toneene bene Montreal, Que. ‘Pelton Geo, dis SOUS: +c ste cutccuetelsiele ehemniale siete Choe Reedsburg, Wis. IPemd SxS isn aisle leer ie osc areas ive epeweyn Sut audit roseveea ceewens Genre a sist Intervale, N. H. (Pen mime bom alDOZ,. .°. siciss aise sbeiess a Oe clas Caaenelararstalsy a leleslols Teeswater, Ont. iB @reTiys EL MEU Aue aS OI ol s.5 0 sye1s)s)oe) skerossior oper de setlists ie aloxssepate Ellington, Mich. EP GSH OTB sek Wie US eee Sienna sls rerevs eye vere loieloveys tie bere wie ets eles ene Flat Rock, Mich. iPthEI Ty son hg Milse ecoa sobu ome odecdoorm cos OOD Berkley Springs, W. Va. Gt try; MRE US: ey reretegey ss ete ees oasis spel sohiovskoneic seitac./oven tel ete settee ionelapstopetehots tenet eka aaa Pickering BAU e.c.c1es ai «eae Wer Read aetna telson dha, canara pene Middletown, Ind. Bakes PVVESIC inna crcie dete terewie icin tis) erelotone l= vous -1- so 60. vars ovetayeretoters Springlake, O. PTET COMES OS Ae ahe ok ci era ers Bia railoreRehrallel ole heut fave lsveue: shalecovexeutteleteneteraes Creston, Ill. Pte es Cota Ne esis, oo: cena e er cperep toueiche love levshevecch ot suede isuene North Pembroke, N. Y. (Poll oe kein Wieticvata eis ero e oce oheseieteneuer eee abcbo vedere wcueleemtete Atkinsons Mills, Pa. ietollivae ieee otigtis cabrio dom ectnad.o0 Joco soda ore co USD ar co! Alamo, Mich. IELo Net Hehe Eads ea CRG CERT HENCE na cuca Et cf eueie oS Giclee ehh Sega s Haynie, Wash. [zoho Nise eadagaodamnaaonod codoaccdoundoucndsouC cd toc Crete, Pa. (PO Wells ioe cls ae has alors ws SloselBasere, Saya ote eunic eitch odlionat oneagyenct meron Wabash, O. ratte be Mie SM Hie orsrasets j-fayene es fare fe iatcvetercoouey snstetonedote an ciate Weyetestoestey seen Ionia, Mich. IPPES TOT pC Waste eyeleuc fertvertte tes aroun occ leLetomoinnotstom ee Toner ikem reree Andover, N. Y. N Eeb gh (ea ot CA RISE RRR, eRe ne dente mys ey 4 cqymctatres Gti Mesos oy 5c Newark, N. Y. Ley alyelarcba(s bial diva Coe nAMIG Acta OO SUDO O Gao ao ry Ao ouc.aocbido.6 6 Belden, O. — a rid stiedtins 5-5 BREEDERs OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 485 EUVICTE bs Uae in Oe OO mrceauc ofelelels Ve) atareve etetaie'sltiere eilefe slave eleiss © Greensburg, Ind. ele WAC Gel ages Ure er rom cinerea telaveieletle. cise, oiras Rahn aleto laters Evart, Mich. Thompson, . JAMES). = 6 os ole eee selene segs ee ese visies sas Hartsville, Ind —E——E—eEO BREEDERS OF OXFORD DOWN SHEEP. 487 PUTO MA SOME pean Mcnctene ctsseocetesemlehsr set ajerelticlstaraycte cerele-e-gnekss} thems ayers lee Berlin, Ja. UCT LS LO Usa tissemsy Corea Ne take ean tat ey eae cover ebesare oiler Stet evtircee to ayicribiia lei'sioka.ctereiie Warsaw, Ind. PROC Meh eG Orectmedeer ae sie cine tats esse ecceict o's au ters ies ete fe sioere'd Warsaw, Ind. AROS hap oo aed ede DOB OT Gorse ORGS Dee OCS he are aaas Hillview, Man. PONG OTS seni ae; she lel etnies 00a) site Adamsville iO. VAVenIG ley (Ci@Od S GSS cect oth ict ct RR IG aE HCa RRR Gere ete RCee nee oe Sand Beach, Mich. eG OM PAU Gere ieternebaiele seielal s Aeloereaineld easier ec adisss ces ACtOny Ont Myalllcemsa Clas iyeryeasterissticvoleteteirtesdse chetaiovctey tiaras syerers cyeyersjore-s« Alderlys )Wiass \Welllitel es UCI 36 b aiuidinioig oOo Clo pT EISEI SG tio DEe nor icecream Knoxville, Tl. NAVceANUEL Seg MET ass oavceatereyerscchspesicelepelstovsic, seeusl ovaleyayersiesayerale onctae ses Stirling Falls, Ont. AWBHRG Ds IN as eG @eigtic o.c Bp igios GIS cas ABCIgOt O SCI ae ae eat a eee Delaware, O. Miciecleriem@ 4 SD) ranwate piece. crtersietele ot ce ovoverciaie acs avcicidhe als siac dials Leonidas, Mich. Wale yg. & ia ciave oho Pane cone aiee oie Pec ats ACHAT eUaMs vals eco os Goo stint abate Claypool, Ind. Wyner! WK a.c,e6 Pc eile te erence to ey kane Steamtyata eelcnasi sale ie oud oes Wellington, O. GigE Cl SMEAR EL MN astare crete louar soi Warn le ho ATTT OG yipesapss swetsne nueia ecateoueelone erehoretorene pens ie Springfield, Mass. BREEDERS OF DORSET SHEEP. 489 PSNI MOS STR IAG a oael Fa tere, ova sree eval sas, ete 80 Broadway, New York City. MESS Urn ere Os ld lemted exret seers cPervrete rere neyen ice ve cis valle tora a elavgnal breil sia"s Jeffersonville, O. SON CTINE ee pert Aa tye ora in chee Bekah ohooh oncrghaueletee caters 6 Barnesville, O. STELS DS me OMIA spar aeyevel state a ata avo): oiter~ Tetaiters (oiistene lererevovs: austen ores sts Madison, Ind. MoT OSes UTMUUL oe fen aeyeteleveb stat che) tere chciciesaie sun ovens 48 Cedar Ave., Cleveland, O. DOGUMMRE Ate eciete etsioisaeuclets © alsie, sie ieievaree es ATS. cle ates ORCC UC aoUd Serie IOS Ceara Avondale, Pa. leaner. JIVE BNO DS co olab CnC ne ante oar Orn ne Jewett City, Conn. Se Lemme ONIN TSiajessratsrass eleisis, avayo.arssersy shtets\e else sie adie 's wie ia ser @0 Bloomington, O. Rese TSeRB ID) VC UG este ceveve ve ear occ Vore ua ce wstreconeietexeuane ote ettteome itis! ste Maiden Creek, Pa. HEAeeintateapmee leak Grey Aes Sane orecadsrcyavake catch aiehbiaes «le ecetal soareteierey ata letn arms Canandaigua, N. Y. Fearne Ltr ony ER aeietey ore\zietetere ¢ Ais ie acate eteieie onthe ralete iets Black River Falls, Wis. 12 HIG MSR OC eign OOiotee ae Go aro tornados ction c cen btn CUecr Greersville, O. HETSGO yop EUR VA ol ape a oearedotelonceale eitetays eo ncuaaatneele ates ede ekcaats Biome evals mesg Castile, N. Y. PL OTIST, OV RAG sp es hota eeede evecare hacep cto is ceva sv cuchelsjs.aelevanerepareekortvens Willimantic, Conn. Or; t emia p JH rare aeetonet tele vale cts eters lene 3223 Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. QU aiyih PAR ay seipactatecs csters «ote: sso oysi6 Penn. Reform School, Morganza, Pa. SCOmiemEGie late fererays apts crs. ioveiovs che Grate. sia lc: le eer eVele ie, eereretels ‘ees Milwaukee, Ore. Sinsrnciuielic; dfs Lats aan Ge ORIG Aen a eee 26th and Parade Sts., Erie, Pa. SEU G Omleps Exepetelpeyfete rs leven syoisic sc laactel sia) s eaista’s) a. susie als aioe elise West Oeonta, N. Y. Sligyirorelic, WCW 1 OS ro eas 6.0 DOE SoS Sen Eo OL OIG Enea Zainesville, O. Shimgillil: INC ANG G8 Sidley AS eas ora cu te een eRe na CRC Don ee Cooperstown, Pa. STDIN Ve MD Seeentwel o. oe, cieuerleieicvesei's cle Sie.eie,e 197 and 199 Adams St., Chicago, Il. SIDES, JANES 5 0 CB COREE IOS NG CISTI ot a Cet Re RRR Oe Saree Cambridgeboro, Pa. SV Cl Seared GO loleeaiars cylareye tect, seis cic Ver aisje's) «1412 velo ieidiens. geste e s seats Sherwood, O. Weed venlmeH AMS nia tek ni sielelale er cle ci sicigeres eee selec s Lyndon Center, Vt. SOEMECIR, (Ca VINc.c Hi.c'o o oo GR ORS SOCEM OO CeCe. DERE e Ge reerEee Chardon, O. SVOCOMMEE, AWE Tinea cs mrceicln SeORIERn iC OEE Orta Milo Centre, N. Y. oA GMM Mic MEME Pre reh, chal ieee Non cactints yaletegets. Gian weve oe Chasm Falls, N. Y. Stiermiis di@lniat 18 le gals 8 6 Geereie adic nin roa oO bb ome Serer Fultonville, N. Y. SHIPICIEI@I, IDSA Atco oc CEE OOS Ee GPG CIO IOI. cic. Ieee Ere Work bap mera GE Re eo ei, oars «clint siaiersite’s Incas Oe Reise. dow aie 6 ss0\s-s Dirham Nee SimMpPSOm, Sheol lear Seeeen co cadiGe seo ScdoeC bu c T oa Ooee Saxonville, Mass. SUV SAM LR PeL eee tevei a staicls sats (e/cibyeinicllens wie ole Scisfomyesonm ose ALAmuchiys Nerds MIRE Teer imme ee ho A) ht cena cere Malis. ioleteditiiee 'eieleaeeis's a Morrison, Ill. AM aonanyorstonal., Ibe, 18). od 8 oe ae GEER COLA AICI Cr teria Las Animas, Col. AMonrelieesliGl, Wie Lila es) dig dan OOH COIS EIS Ren en RR ae See teneee nse Uniontown, Ky. destiny Liles od nei io) oan Oe ai ne Oe eee eee Lake George, N. Y. ANTE op OL, LEEWAY VAY 2.6 <5 co gia G10 Rd ORO Ce OC Re eee een Albion, N. Y. Alieeahave or APS 18 ls cc 4.6 Silo VOICI OOS ne ecm enn East Morris, Conn. eras» Vict Emr UE NEMPE NN ici oon vv ale 'eeie:s) ce oe wir-sieidie sie ole tia els Greene; Ne Y- WCET SY ey NUTT 2. 1 Pe Cazenovia, N. Y. Deel, VV aA ya crore cleo: sissies fein 0 = whole sisin asineavelbefents Elmira, N. Y. RESOTLS bolle tn) sore SiS, Sua. Sass Scio soles ie. onleiaraiele ete Kearney, Neb. Dee VU spe 2c! co 'cig nie’: s s.0'sie ci au o% os claiwteveb tials iets Salem, Va. Vicar gntetrt -. WV Gg Peete os 6 co atepn sie 3.0 wlaniee acts gees 018 Wheeling, W.-Va. Wi eimatectt VY SS Warton aes oe, on nso oialvie 0.6: 0108 wiene Box 11, Wheeling, W. Va. WG Gomome. CAI nim romaaretetersrete ais, 3.270% ess 0's (oye: aye stele cese nye eredeyatehe Litehfield, Conn. Wiesteott. kt. Mara sdeotaatctsickets < 19 Park Place, New York City, N. Y. SVVALTIESW Viste Crs pac ecle eRe tar ave oie cv oiace Wid erclea’d SlenGa ew mieacae Cross Creek, Pa. WWaliseraacary el Eis irplictiem bbrercre paves cVeie-oja)/s'e ssa sfeis eintsleye ale orn South Turner. Me. 492 BREEDERS OF BLACK TOP MERINO SHEEP. Mal kovayy dO a oii ciomeic aio sadn ciclo muon onda dato.” o Waterbury, Conn. Willingmyre & Jackson... 00. 2.000 00s s vemeercp soe - Middleporty imam Wyma SEL IETS Ct 0.0 fc acetouetelsie stehatetslasiel steliaherei Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y. \vaoaven SACs ly The skte agoedooscoondoseanamedDeD modo c Mechaniesburg, O. Woodman, Geogu Cicn . sescclics cle sie towel slelenieien Oaretee er Main Sle cumini Woodward) Gru diaqulesiyarereictetctsrsioistslehersy aarcvaielorsvoleteret Weight’s Corners, N. Y. Widies deMness 18\5 sodubooods rs sgudocsnouaddoddn Udy ocolNe Washington, Pa. NiOQuuEr dis WNieslacdddtagctntcédeggtoodosapueodsodcgds Oxfoid Depot, N. Y Breeders of Improved Black Cop Merino Sheep. see el Healre Sat Ne-ocevctfase oes oxecel o ay ore oneeaehs sees oneness es mle kenrayees Union City, Michigan. MISE oma VORTMAN Stee teks fe rotates ou ope cvabetetichererst ie torkete epsietenctoien as Union City, Michigan. GSA OFM OU OME es eee araie oie oad He eos oneolete averse lel's Cie rec tohctenepers Genesee, Michigan. PAN Via WM ONVINS CMU Eas. ke sre eoe, cis cue etahere a) orened oy enarevel svatene crepe Metamora, Michigan. SEE: GOA ONS ak leyere aay oss edetevaue eoieleyereievoee te levetereve eters Onondaga, Michigan. FAMVES MME Ks WS OM « 1s)s1 greioreiesieleretersatetsieieis sleleteleiorats Sturges, Michigan. ES ESSIOMS fais oir ere Roses lo eye eieanlever Nore teselteye are! suesohanetors Perrinton, Michigan. Charest Shiela ts, .-aictecsotenerste ie orotate east retour er suciereremers Sherwood, Michigan. Gel sQeS BWV CI Aa are iot clone ensioveve oieloseealarh ormlone oes oie) cya euetehet ahater Danville, Michigan. 135 VASA Yer ab clacoe odes Caioion Jodie dob odo og ot Danville, Michigan. ISLP SEW AVEIrs oe doen cdocnooodnOdodGddD Jodcadoandedocas< Danville, Michigan. 1D Oy ARMISSNE ES REAR e On aokoboonD ono noCobShd One oo boss Mason, Michigan. 1 Gd ea fl 0) I a Soo aes ccm cleticioaod Nis on alle cy in@lnenin. ee CHE O PO W.O OM aa cnesel ol efele elo lave) kale leet yataieteNelet cesta et Eaton Rapids, Michigan. 0}, MIRC USOIClS Coos cGuoomsodaoobookenoSooood Eaton Rapids, Michigan. IRs WOMnSols ae SiMe oo bnognodsoadusou cose Ropictotato ces Canonsburg, Pa. TE Oe rE ea Chey .4 aS oyale sicvevetcyshe: af yet lei ch aventel neha cenit tome metonan Washington, Pa. Minos eeICOLS O's japsie see Rete later clove toloteratetepote tone tekelsta ts onset ster ee ieee Canonsburg, Pa. Re Wee Crothers 5 SONS s 2c 2s sye.0 2 10 oy ste,crevensiererssi te aeveeres Taylorstown, Pa. Grotherss i Me... 34 Sata laridedwes faite -vepk ta te le, oinde alone tenet Seated ete: eno CrothersssPas Reeds Wolke ss ois ccs eters odie ahele,o 2 eieigote Swine ole eee hereon Rarnsville, O. Minka.) ds Wigs cousboonanh doeocdopMdncduoboKa ds sd5 abo ooK aS 3elleville, O. AYAViril A esl aa she ed Dk Cee eS ne re MRE AO ee AAS ao 5 Amo Salesville, O. Paula an erAue WD Soh ado ge le aviece |e Sicke ce cperena che atelier a een IER Union City, Mich. Gould BART Gita etoaioess 14 sor io Seuss Clee EI eetancre Union City, Mich. J 20) oe Lolsieph ced pint a Drie RMI oferta iices dota) East Springport, Mich. Wosdiele Meir vimes Gosia sists acsvaners osha eeoiciche aislomensus eae nee Sees Williams, Mich. 3 GIS View Avermerencratei crete cic serstcver ch yoneuslaraisvene: «| o)ceelctaet et elena Potterville, Mich. Oronyieniteeel (aa! Ouran as olsys S o.S GG ieee Gig b.o.5 Biniic Micro cscs o BiG t Grattan, Mich. ID aun Ne Der ooesadbonooddocuDdoUmEdeomD GUO boo adoc Olivet, Mich. (Sievdantey nae sl S170 ageig, enh Od > 50 «MOO IER Bia eee rnin dia Se oF Charlotte, Mich. DeUKelN IBiRGSAn digo cone noooOoovHo Ss GOnomeBbodDOGoUSdaD sd Burlington, Mich. INfvoGCeel Mie cuba conahools coc 6 566 pop BSeMoObALOoK ed 56.00 bic Quincey, Mich. laleveralstani, Nerd! ashame 56 agoue SobopemeobewocoS Goo oc Union City, Mich, IN one piso) KERR ees CGR roaictnearic ols Colgan ERIS Oiclord Higia oc aus Utica, Mich. iDobeatorne es MCoUigge stadbond cod doco hadooagpip Oooo edasc Highbank, Mich. Breeders of Bomiboutller Sheep. Bard iGo.sZP hex ee Wietsese eciavelaiacicctels store omchaho's «\7e) siotelonaaete Slippery Rock, Pa. | AST WRN. NL te ROH ERE Bere oo dion Mich a.od oto og uiictoamaia ero doo 0.9 < Trwin, O. Bingham, Chass il faeces cam at) = uel iegel oie pa se]e) ajay «= falel se sele Franklin, Mich. Bo th wells sbeebs sa ois este are ce cielo dele at rare eae eee Breckenridge, Mo. PUTO ATM WEGLO Seysie horace tale lelevcteiel oyevetoNoveletefe) efonetayaleletelevsuaenersteliets Woodstock, O. BREEDERS OF RAMBOUILLET SHEEP. 493 [SPAIN EN WS IP es Gon. oo co 6 EO ROO AE eae Woodstock, O. IEW, UO 18 o& o6 conden Cha oa SRR Bee rere er ne Eyota, Minn. Wiiapitan eee baw hese siege tse. scusds. sss ew California, @: OINUN DO} EIRTS 9) to oid cd oc 6 CUOR DOO Ue COOTER ean Sarr Howell, Mich. CGO ohle eeei ee eieler foceials otelclone c/s 's)s\visie)- re s'os NOTtD Lewisbungy Oe ColeCBrosimeen aise tee es gaide esis, a Wohstevetetethei ha shot says Spring Grove, Ii. Go OG Straws water auey ers cu cyes lesa vole stetions ve iotece! Wal eho. gl av ene! ste Pine Bluffs, Wyo. IDEWAIS) ISIC s500S8 COC COS COED G NEDO DOCG OS CIG DEBE eeerearss Davisburg, Mich. EE CNG AUS ES Ate et a ert ey c-Met sol Sha apelley at's inte assy e040 Ne, 8 dye «6 Howell, Mich. LVL Sem MUR LE) Ssemecwren regsie ae eyehevonrean vevey ova raverecaeiraters ictatemors totoits toilone) ee leiste'e torre Taylor, N. D. IOSUUETSS WG SoS g ore. bo vie wee PCI 06 ONO OO eo Or Ere ECC IeaIns Arlington. ©. RHE Ne eter Le Ip LT CUI emp sonexersVavahe east exaveneneloraria lore miele cio Giciove as Sieies Chelsea, Mich. IMIGIKC INET ey A EOF aawamotO) 156 be ipo COS Cbd Gc Ooo OneCare Chelsea, Mich. AGT ae VAN Ey eth heel tule oh uP aT ACES a gSTYA aceite ded MIRA et IEC aichisile leg Orchard Lake, Mich. MEEUIUT CHP EASS chs eri seatensycutieh ae sckercneucheyeuctoreisickeresenceneisiey aici ssl o: 3.c2die Franklin, Mich. lelanxoknates Jars e dip Gaui DaOeDUD UCL Oo bc.0 bso one merioae Waukesha, Wis. lelenersiobis Uae snes ne cic antic elec buleaa St Ot On OC ane West Liberty, O. JshiaAD 5A lAIMNAyo odo qvondenueo bnecdo oon do oC no Son ene dene Franklin, Mich. ISIE VUIEIGENYN Gs ic Jo np olan acl Ope DOC oO CU. Oomaoo Lio UC SO proce Sebewa, Mich. ISORUIS WWOSoo danodonooemon Doped OUND 0D Ob OCOD CUOMO e OR AOE Wilkesville, O. EVO aI ae Atom reeves Mites se. co)ici'ats ae loi oxsveveseusld © sie)mlen elelere ole we eteue se, Woodstock, O. lalG@ltit, LEME EUIRE a ocpp lle b abd oO TOO ODOC OtLan. cOle Oe Oran Burlington, N. C. lalimniein diy Gon oesobod Ope OomUeOeD Oa Odade Goll COTE aCCneE Grand Rapids, O. PElnnclissprmiean ues Greer thats rsveve acest a a sien cavatataiiclaleeterciorars wile od sca Fountain Park, O. eee OOO ka cc) sD) pe MOT TLC Ei eas cieisieie.c1clss.0s ators dala a7 0 Sce!e Morrice, Mich. Team oN Ol, TR Rts Sin! a Gans oc cao eens OPO NEC OCR Ee ae Woodstock, O. RCE MINE Cum VAP Rogol cs oi.diesshstelie ayers taste) dyer sislopess ssicveys soialsvs se e/alv eva siere wwe = Horrs, O. eC CE TNy Gui MMO Of Neer te ticdeieicrotels! Chute ceicisrecdiee decedeeeee s Woodstock, O. TMG SIE,. ILEISo pe 40 Sopen od Cob OOo Dce aca Selo inte Mechanicsburg, QO. * aginerm, (Gy Were Soils 5 JeeedS ae ae Roe GOG0 Ce aera Rutland, O. ILinneroliay’ Os 1B eso SON aSE o Ecce Neon enc DDE eae ae nee Milford Center, O. Winirikinawin Gg IRENY os coGlage doo 1 6b o.com G00 OOOO ORO EGE BOC eOOe Avon, N. Y. IW TT Sle BIN (OvRIRNSRs gk ones Oreiete OLCIO IG FRG CG SONG een aoa Bennington, Mich. MOM DIMEN, UISMEl Goh? Gobo coe BOO Ob AUG DOM OL Te Cane ae ear Woodstoek, O. Myles crtl emma a eee erates. & aires oi wis alec dete techs etna i ensys le cle caudvesvarets Ionia, Mich. IMO ORCS Wists) io icfeyateretele «165i Mo proniece Ue nero, Aloe AON OIE Otc Ionia, Mich. Rul@ieain'. IBHORSS 5 ks Bio Heecie on Een OL. iG. OG Glo Din eee Woodstock, O. Wiis; (CINBIS, TE. op es olblo GIGNIO A bo Boon onolo US OOO nerananiEd Breckenridge, Mo. Wiel, 15 Wows (CogegenpenocoodDds PAT er asa oe ciahivelers sis ate ete Woodstock, O. ignageim,. Viv Ssot onc foc SSB OC Gab COD CEI Oe na eras Collinston, Utah. INES Ue! N56 oe GOL et. 6,08 Ge Oe DCO CL IIIT CEE ae ane Ce Marengo, O. TeaWlrVENe TEORS 5 cA Oo'o ceo. Ca DOO OO SO OI eI te RCRIore Columbus Grove, O. Removes, On Bbocoot oot 696000 GRO DR OSUODODRR Oe OOMOOOD OOOO ato - Shiloh, Mich. eT CG ne eeINCS im Caer Reet er ayes sosiclarcie cicievs's le v0 wieicie o's ofeieie ole Norvell, Mich. Howell sine Od On Crrameriaeye tre ><. -.s. ever o\are oeisielaneiera © ioe lsiclare sod Arlington, 0. eceitit, MOSSes Veil lncatmeranateiatc cic « aN SiSists acCANE, Slates wusvoatteholey ar eeevatyenape ates Tonia, Mich, MVOVUMUSETUCLs Wei Grcenarteratente tees faiele cs ‘dah % cust Sule iaueue otstesavaiere eiesone rays latsose Tonia, Mich. 494 BREEDERS OF DELAINE MERINO SHEEP. The NationaljSheep:@ Mand (Co... 2 sk issccmw emcee a. mia Lusk, Wyo. Maint Met err de ies ieee te cis eke cee ree chee Re Horrs, 0: Wialitrousy sols HE art retolor tee crate < ave. n schicliel oat amen ane ee oe Chelsea, Mich. WeatsomtaBira mikes rc soefionc o.0.cc5-eccot tara ot ee Bronson, Mich, Wie Dye FE IAG GD oiotar ds cto ¥.5 0 ess «0a wie emhetae eee te nee Southport, Ind. NAMIC CCIE Fl fal Dyyereta Oller eng eae eaeEPMEESINIEIS 6 oH cmbGchaetus couwe a. Colby, Mich. Willman eB GOS Mpt. rele eis t a lots dae eantie Se eee iets wine bas ee ee Newman, Cal. Wilsons Cole dco Rikerds.. oo s.ssrevecsicueter Noreen ies earenen Williamston, Mich. Niall el ian Oe a ba a RMERRERS Ter ous OLGi.b Oc cl ROR ORT Ione Glen Ullin, N. D. Wi Gia 5 fevcie & clles o/s ovtionedsiaue metroneter steiatans clea teaewam inne ex eerie Hepburn, O, WY GORE, FEHOS «... 50, <:20s:0rs-stopevatareierane e526. arelere wisie lores Orchard Lake, Mich. Breeders of Delaine Merino Sheep Beall ames srOnes escort Independence, Washington County, Pa. BOVE) GEOL LE caia'e shslars clolone a atshelotne to ee cae eI eres care Poughkeepsie, N. Y. JeVereW aie rgd bel CoM awre a mae Sau a ae RN a Kilgore, Carroll County, O. Carpenters Joliiay Wien sccreise eis ete tress ie ievee tele Batesville, Noble County, O. Cars omy JamS ic ane «foes star oti eoae cts e ietanele Smithfield, Jefferson County, O. CrOtWeTS HiRes Wicks yore ore gate wie ereiere Taylorstown, Washington County, Pa. Pralk.e MELG mr yi: i ieceutiarctate vane rays vive eh esses cela ievoreione erabeome tetas Dowagiac, Mich. laClereefoin, DOSS Sa ago ons.os oo 0g oo boa dodods Nassau, Keokuk County, Ia. Guitiaas AIMEE NIN 2 Seco ceahcta, ch okebe erg cette pctecciera nue one stows Cadiz, Harrison County, O. Grattan WV Gee ceeev sahara ees porotstereter aici « wer eee oes Cadiz, Harrison County, O. lnlevaaitorms olin AISA BS Anh os ccm cs Houstonville, Washington County, Pa. lekuerhrormp lis IDs ag 5 coma oo os bo Houstonville, Washington County, Pa, Vo war thy, JE Hy s.2,5 Sars hoe me enoteel ote BS o eraretere ater Palo, Ionia County, Mich. JtSlcyol| eS he! Gone See Seen inc accra noe Tae aoe ctn.o. ac Jackson, Mich. VohmsSon, Jassie SONS t syor eyelets Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa, Rai LG PP vs te hepa ots oes opctstofensie’ efonsueestaivete Raymilton, Venango County, Pa. OMNI RAV Vien Cieore cthio chete, ekeeteyetarestuot stots vanoneerenerede Urbana, Champaign County, O. Mie Clelland ps. 2B foe. sys evens telotefevspetsy us Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. WICIDON NG, HOlwtesasonasamhooosss Washington, Washington County, Pa. MeNanye James 'S.... 4.272 slsereriss< Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. McGletiand | dames’... asses Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. Mig Maddern t BEN Ziv 7.0506) fe, obai sec evan ere eisgaraiehe reine Cadiz, Harrison County, O. INeMiais term lies Sarctc s:occie te cisiaic excel teem eer Dowagiac, Cass County, Mich. MeNamy-ylolame Girery.crietcictsiccrel= sere Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. VEU suns IS Ce ah eeoude PeeToieis ho. 8(ecs ee Friendship, Allegany County, N. Y. POMOCKMBUOSH rycen terri cta« Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. IVeeSek (Ge aHies placer tare torecaroerescreie cle Bucyrus, Crawford County, O. RUSSEL eS wAG i acre e eee McConnells Mills, Washington County, Pa. Shepherd@Brostn recite New Concord, Muskingum County, O. Shaw) VTC hmm sl aeyeveranre re eeaekonersees. <:0"'si lene srererels Novi, Oak County, Mich. OUMCtOM STs Visaeie vic cle ehapeeereteter ine wiere sisiee ee Glencoe, Belmont County, O. SECO RE TD ates eect ans aches teaenspoleisnete, Saye sia Glencoe, Belmont County, O. Stewarte Jiolley.,./.ter- sve ate cve teresieteneiete Stewartsville, Belmont County, O. Mammehilile Ne Rees ese cseraerneite Canonsburg, Washington County, Pa. Trimble Samirel cee eee eeto erste oe Vallonia, Belmont County, O. Waddell: George ™. ./0.i.% 55s roetien sive Rix Mills, Muskingum County, O. WelchiGe S.cS& Brod on oe sels cic nag ones cle So erepanne a eleraenne Tekonsha, Mich. Williams Orlane te eter ehe ere Church Corners, Hillsdale County, Mich. Wylie, Robert & Son............. Washington, Washington County, Pa. BREEDERS OF MERINO SHEEP. 495 Breeders of Merino Sheep. PELE, Gre Cave laalnihtettettefeltiets (oFa(s scl % aie) sicfolala es cic c's\e vs + o/s'e'e Belding, Mich. IATGCET SONS LD) Meer pepe cies tee te oiete siete wore, occa alo lelejeiere sae, 00\ wie Romeo, Mich. /Nreran Sea Ds ha sooc0.d05 0800 60 DECOCOUDUI GOK CUO OrOUT TEE South Lyon, Mich, /NIMIGH ORS AAO) ke: AN. 5 Ces OO ClO 6 COONS CODD. OOOO OC DOI Iter ier Almont, Mich. Barnes iments occ cdcs ods Scots cace eles sicahdscages Byron, Mich, pe calves @ beter wert er chelctaicl cc clereleus)e| ci cicvareteleleleiteters oucyereicis's isin ers s 6 Palo, Mich. Bowalein, WW. lBicodoclaaoconsodusooueneddsodsododsuuuds Delhi Mills, Mich, IES ai AVN SME ERIN sc ty cre acct ayareilayale et a,'isiele\s orsteyeiwestae «aise dere Hamburg, Mich. ESTO USE MMM OUD ote =) 5 cbc |e 55) si ebaps sas tye cvatesanevays diols cle apa cietale aie. Kendallville, Ind. (Che. laa, acl awadig Goldisgts didielgoe tania enaiiee Odense apes Chandler, Mich, ues elle Bul oel es Bae c Gicla cud Gans bre Ho BiGe CHORD Coco BCU OC ube Moline, Mich. Crarm ote abt WL 205s. aoi's Nepewetas areola) aletecslaterarecatersiatsy ele slefsicus ¢lstnre) sere Lansing, Mich. CET NIA SS ME settee (hanes ebslocatel eth eiclecelskarevarstolel osteo vs eiaversvensne ve Washington, Mich, ROPING USS ss ER sei ES aveie ct olerarevobesceereictotane oral steiekelaterelars ekolofeusVeiaresckegexeley sis St. Johns, Mich, CONG QS WARE one odddoed Saou obo Gp ne Duo ooUdUSdbOHNdOD Bad Axe, Mich. Ne TT Avelenanas, < oo ore Sls Lia le wid pine wee a 5 ahaa Fitchburg, Mich. TP Eee Sy ani oS 66.0:0.5 6 URE ee Cee en IS OSo Ico Dexter, Mich. Qiretelce nD irsiaselis Venere cscs 5. ove « civ ceive eco eteearere ste Plymouth, Mich. TREO, DMB A eto tcc) «20/0 tc eee eR ota RCE Ie eone Men ae tee (oF Elba, Mich. IsONGe,, WRASGR Aap eae.c 6 64 on ORR OO een ErLAcraHn ce Camden, Mich. ea eee Evga ore i Balers evs ovo 6.0.0 « uiviseiene Saag alarsigie ciate Flint, Mich. SOME Wee: CFS). aebepetetacie so c.2.2 s.s/4\s 01) eas see wise e eit ee Marshall, Mich. TUL IVENV An VV im SV Vie) SUIS COUR Siete’ oy of =e) '.0'6's n\a) 4) obra, slavevevetelersieieieras caste Lapeer, Mich. RE IRE PAS NG a fon tein ETRE cc adatay aia, Sisley wa minyain'e @ wiacaiytisialoe Pinckney, Mich. DOUUGEG VOM ae Moral Vbtecctet srceenetaeteifeserc: o\m eralsielafeicle © ouplatn sreke’etaic ite crehatere Allen, Mich. ! i 5 a ‘ $f ee }: 496 BREEDERS OF CHEVIOT SHEEP. 42 60° 5°" i Pal Gamo; TA eels cee torent shea telaee Foo). ade Men aa isdateuie ain atetee Clinton, Mich. SHOT C5 AO HAT or. chat ovate cepetenattemiaye, che is “essiiouties set ere alee Bite este onckon ston Hillsdale, Mich. ORV He Es fences a rete eeeeedtemene chara: one megane eis cat cots Neevoncbe wel tre Grand Blane, Mich. Shamita! Beal Ope ETE to, cil ae DORE O mC Somme. 6 COMmmaa UDC Ypsilante, Mich. SuaoW te ms a Au Die aps iehs a Wes CR mere SigiclOw co) mip ciblieic oimiatanosis € Ypsilanti, Mich. Worhees: Pio. ..mssctelecwme ake leisls occ auebenercead teiueks teheyete oS terecene ayes Pontiac, Mich. P Viernes Gieson Bross acne Sesrciueness. deseo ciole see ieee eo. o is ers whe cuss ye Clinton, Mich. ; Manis Gieson=sUnOss cus Ol ae tv.ternr state aeteictiielarsiere cretechlcleierste «6 Clinton, Mich. \aulicibied te Os en's Seg Nh bammic are tiaerat ot a moiad cgrig oc aie Adrian, Mich. Wishislboy INS 325 Sadmespa coven oma Ooo opp OOOO Adonues daoauote Elba, Mich. NAV VANE Ney Gicig ded mabe ond Gene Oop ou Rons doce goon oT Sood Saline, Mich. WVGLGII MI HE ee Ase: (ace, cans etetteats er tits Gilet tete\.or sale, obeiteereRoks pal eyeians Paw Paw, Mich. MiyelcinGy rave linea aewawa aban ber ban booosodouncnocbd Tekonsha, Mich. NVI RV eS1 Re Rn One Gemab oc Che aah coon ode. qoeaous..5 QD Tecumseh, Mich, Breeders of Cheviot Sheep. . INDIAN WW Shear GTi Rite Sees sree Stree, 1s iG en's Sears Whats yer MMe gees, skepore on alelie Fincastle. JW. Brothersobstate s-aetwoee a oho otdehs oot age ome ns dee «iene eV Ona Onnie AWW raa's Saletan elias Gy > ce, vatatap tod ttavote le els srelsvate mbahdlic’ sce lava eveNe nots, sReranonsh scone eens Fineastle. als Ae GrimdlaTt S's ¢ uatevcedteeacra teats ote! Metres orate ialat en clay eves elstistaionere ataenens Fineastle. PETE ae MINTO Bees rt is este, ours teeta rg Pa faiteu's ytoyte outst ne etlena) ge sans ecole wielenerciaesuenoie stevens Rockville. lishiaver ION WaVISoilsd Se cosocdeos occ o an Come doo due UeeHonde Russellville. UGSS-EM De Roall Gh Bere ciao e.co\comiom OOO Nia sttetayey ov Shewaveute ciel hs eat apa teaaue Ladoga. lsleiaaimck flaky DISET e Res Ae OHA Ron S OonononGnabgtven noaud Gubenoscade Ladoga. Bes Ge) 2A Gove cane ter erin ine ne od Seo eID in a.) auld cio Gaman ero rio. 7 Mace. IEXG@hignCe Ish Jehihiilegenaee oe po ocinDoohouO obo UGcure Go koupomDoaL c LaFayette. tories say Wid ERGO: sole aie min/s, cere sels Weal aye) ete tensie: o aeie eens) aie tetas, Columbus. J. Clayton Mahoney «...... theses oo ve ons lee ae deleels Meta etn 2 =e , Ladoga. ; SPM ieea Dyvbal och gee eee ak ee knonn Hartwick. 1S] esis Gat Sa GOS Bec. AEE OCOD DD Oo CoccOCmo CBE mosh aor Hartwick. NOW BOW IM OINET ara tokens co