PROPERTY OF MAIN LIBRARY, DEPARTMENT
OF AGRICULTURE, OTTAWA

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lL32 6467 I'M 143

PLEASE RETURN

A SHORT GUIDE

TO

CANADIAN GENERA

OF

SEED PLANTS

By

JOHN ADAMS, M.A.

DIVISION OF BOTANY
DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS

DOMINION OF CANADA

DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

BULLETIN No. 78 — NEW SERIES

by direction of the Hon. W. R. Mothkrwbll, Mlniater of Agriculture
Ottawa, 1927

f-

DOMINION EXPERIMENTAL FARMS
E. S. ARCHIBALD, Director

DIVISION OF BOTANY

H. T. GUSSOW, Dominion Botanist

ECONOMIC BOTANY

Botanists J. Adams

H. Groh
Junior Botanist and Librarian R. A. Inglis

PLANT PATHOLOGY

Central Laboratory, Ottawa.

Plant Pathologists F. L. Drayton

J. B. MacCurry

Forest Pathologist A. W. McCallum

Assistant Plant Pathologist Irene M ounce

Charlottetown, P.E.I.

Assistant Plant Pathologist in Charge R. R. Hurst

Kentville, NJ3.

Plant Pathologist in Charge. J. F. Hockey

Fredericton, N.B.

Plant Pathologist in Charge D. J. MacLeod

Assistant Plant Pathologist J. K. Richardson

Ste. Anne de la Pocatiere, Que.

Plant Pathologist in Charge H. N. Racicot

St. Catharines, Ont.

Plant Pathologist in Charge G. H. Berkeley

Assistant Plant Pathologist A. B. Jackson

Winnipeg, Man.

Senior Plant Pathologist D. L. Bailey

Plant Pathologists I. L. Conners

J. H. Craigie
Margaret Newton

Assistant Plant Pathologists F. J. Greaney

W. L. Gordon
T. Johnson
Saskatoon, Sask.

Senior Plant Pathologist in Charge Vacant

Plant Pathologist G. B. Sanford

Assistant Plant Pathologists G. A. Scott

R. C. Russell
Indian Head, Sask.

Plant Pathologist in Charge P. M. Simmonds

Summerland, B.C.

Plant Pathologist in Charge H. R. McLarty

CONTENTS

Chapter Page

1 Introduction 3

II Principal Subdivisions of Seed-Plants 6

III Gymnosperms — Families and Genera 8

IV Monocotyledons — Families and Genera 9

V Monocotyledons — Araceae and Cyperaceae 12

VI Monocotyledons — Gramineae 14

VII Monocotyledons — Liliaceae, Amaryllidaceae, Iridaceae, Orchidaceae. 20

VIII Apetalous Dicotyledons — Families and Genera 24

IX Apetalous, Dicotyledons — Urticaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Polygonaceae,

Amarantaceae, Chenopodiaceae 27

X Apetalous Dicotyledons — Salicaceae, Fagaceae, Betulaceae, Cory-

laceae 29

XI Choripetalous Dicotyledons — Families and Genera 30

XII Choripetalous Dicotyledons — Ranunculaceae, Nymphaeaceae, Mag-

noliaceae, Lauraceae, Berberidaceae J 36

XIII Choripetalous Dicotyledons — Portulacaceae, Caryophyllaceae,

Papaveraceae, Fumariaceae, Cruciferae 39

XIV Choripetalous Dicotyledons — Cistaceae, Malvaceae, Rosaceae 43

XV Choripetalous Dicotyledons — Fabaceae, Rutaceae, Violaceae, Saxi-

fragaceae 46

XVI Choripetalous Dicotyledons — Cactaceae, Oenotheraceae, Araliaceae,

Umbelliferae 50

XVII Sympetalous Dicotyledons — Families and Genera 54

XVIII Sympetalous Dicotyledons — Pyrolaceae, Monotropaceae, Ericaceae,

Vacciniaceae, Primulaceae 57

XIX Sympetalous Dicotyledons — Gentianaceae, Convolvulaceae,
Asclepiadaceae, Hydrophyllaceae, Boraginaceae, Polemoni-

aceae, solanaceae 61

XX Sympetalous Dicotyledons — Labiatae, Verbenaceae, Orobanchaceae,

Lentibulariaceae, Scrophulariaceae 65

XXI Sympetalous Dicotyledons — Caprifoliaceae, Rubiaceae, Cucurb-

itaceae, Campanulaceae, Lobeliaceae, Valerianaceae 70

XXII Sympetalous Dicotyledons — Compositae 73

XXIII Special Groups 80

XXIV Useful Plants 83

Index to Latin Names — Families, Genera and Species 88

Index to English Names 93

33532-

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A SHORT GUIDE TO CANADIAN GENERA
OF SEED PLANTS

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

The present work includes all the genera of seed-plants that are indigenous
in the Dominion of Canada. The Latin or scientific name of the genus is given
in every case followed by the English name or names in brackets. In standard
works the name, in abbreviated form, of the author who established or defined the
genus is usually given in connection, with the generic name but this practice is
not usually followed in the more elementary treatises on botany such as the
present. There is considerable difference of opinion among botanists as to the
exact limits of a genus. Some authors regard Persicaria, Bistorta, Polygonella,
etc., as distinct genera while others lump them together under the single genus
Polygonum. Such synonyms, as they are called, will be found in the index of
Latin names of genera and are indicated thus: "Persicaria=Polygonum" , the
symbol of equality in, this case implying that the former genus is included under
the latter.

In some cases the English and the Latin name of the species also are given
when the species is easily recognizable either from its distribution in Canada or
from some other character. Where only one species of a genus occurs in Canada
the full double Latin name is given.

The more important families are also indicated with the genera included in
each, except in those cases where the family includes a single genus, or a number
of genera which have comparatively little in common, or whose classification still
leaves room for doubt.

In order to determine the group or genus to which a particular plant belongs
not only the leaves and flowers but also the ripe fruits are necessary and in some
cases also the underground parts of the plant. As a general rule no difficulty
need be experienced in ascertaining the main group to which a "lant belongs.
The two principal (groups of seed-plants are GYMNOSPERMS and ANGIO-
SPERMS which are easily distinguished. The ANGIOSPERMS are further
divided into Monocotyledons and Dicotyledons, but in this case while the main
features of each group are sufficiently distinct, exceptional forms occur. These
are indicated in connection with the definitions of the two main groups. In the
present work the Dicotyledons are further subdivided into three ground namely
Apetalotjs, Choripetalous, and Sympetalous Dicotyledons, according as
petals are absent, or free, or united. Here also exceptional forms occur and are
separately indicated.

In order to find the name of the genus to which some plant, such as a species
of Violet, belongs it will be necessary first of all to determine the main group in
which it comes. As it has a closed ovary and five free petals it is obviously
a Choripetalous Dicotyledon. Hence to determine it we begin with Choripeta-
lotts Dicotyledons on page 30. Starting with group 1, as the Violet is a leafy
plant it must be included under group 2. From group 2 we find that as the leaves
are of the normal type we must refer it to group 4 which again leads on to group

33532-1* 3

5 as the Violet is neither a shrub nor a tree. As the leaves are neither opposite
nor whorled we pass on from group 5 to group 12. The stipulate leaves of the
Violet indicate that it belongs to group 13 and as the stamens are not united into
a column we pass on to group 14 where the zygomorphic nature of the flower
leads on to group 15. The spurred petal shows finally that the plant belongs to
the family VIOLACEAE (page 48). As there are only two Canadian genera in
this family the definitions show that the plant in question belongs to the genus
Viola. In using the key as indicated above great care must be taken at each
step to determine the characters concerned with strict accuracy otherwise the
result will be disappointing. The characters given as distinguishing the various
families and genera are applicable to Canadian plants only and do not necessarily
hold good for rilants in other parts of the world.

In this connection it may be advisable to refer to some plants whose classi-
fication is not easily determined, partly owing to the nature of the leaves or
flowers. In some plants the venation of the leaves cannot be readily dis-
tinguished; in others the flowers are not typical for that group, or are rarely found.

In the family Lemnaceae which includes the two genera of aquatic plants
known as Lemna and Wolffla there is no distinction between stem and 'leaf while
in Wolffla roots also are absent. In the family Cactaceae the leaves are gen-
erally absent or rudimentary, their position being indicated by groups of spines.
The genus Arceuthobium has very small leaves but can be readily recognized from
its habit of growing as a parasite on coniferous trees.

There are a number of water plants in which the venation is obscure and the
flowers very variable in type or rarely found. Of these the genera Elodea, Najas,
Phyllospadix, some species of Potamogeton, Ruppia, and Zannichellia, agree with
Monocotyledons in having simple leaves, while Ceratophyllum, Myriophyllum,,
and Podostemon have divided leaves and are Dicotyledons.

The carnivorous plants can be recognized by their peculiar leaves; they all
belong to the group of Dicotyledons. Likewise the parasitic and saprophytic
plants, which are devoid of green colouring matter are nearly all Dicotyledons.

Further reference to the identification of these and other groups will be found
in Chapter XXIII.

At the en,d of each section dealing with a particular family or a group of
miscellaneous genera, the distribution in Canada together with the number of
species in each genus will be found. These genera are arranged in alphabetical
order for convenience of reference. As opinions differ so greatly on the definition
and limits of a species, the number of Canadian species occurring in each genus
must be taken as an approximation only.

As regards the distribution in Canada of the various genera, the same
arrangement of climatic areas has been adopted as in Department of Agriculture.
Bulletin 58 entitled " A Survey of Canadian Plants in Relation to their Environ-
ment", Ottawa, 1926, where a definition of the boundaries of each area with
accompanying map will be found. These six floral areas are Arctic, Northern,
Eastern, Southern, Prairie and Western and are indicated for the sake of brevity
by the first letter of each, namely, A.N.E.S.P.W. The boundaries of these six
divisions are briefly as follows; the Arctic region lies beyond the northern limit
of trees; the Northern or Transcontinental region is bounded on the north by the
Arctic region and on the south by a line drawn from the western end of Anticosti
island through the southern point of James bay, the northern end of lake Winni-
peg, Lesser Slave lake, and the southern boundary of Yukon Territory; the
Eastern region includes the rest of Canada east of lake Winnipeg and Lake of
the Woods except the region south of a line drawn from Kingston to Collingwood
which constitutes the Southern region; the Prairie region extends from lake
Winnipeg to the Rocky mountains while the Western region includes the Rockv
mountains and the territory west of them and south of the Yukon boundary.

It is perhaps needless to add that some knowledge of botany is necessary
before attempting to find out the mime of a plant but technical terms have been
sparingly used in the descriptions.

When the name of the genus has been determined a local " flora " must in
most cases be consulted to determine the name of the species. The principal
trees of the Dominion will be found in Morton and Lewis's Bulletin entitled
11 Native Trees of Canada," published by the Department of the Interior, Ottawa,
1917. Plants of the eastern and southern floral regions are described in Britton
and Brown's " Illustrated Flora of the Northern United States and Canada,"
3 vols., New York, 1913, and in " Gray's New Manual of Botany " 7th edition,
by Robinson and Fernald, New York, 1908. " The Forest Trees of Ontario "
by J. H. White, Toronto, 1925 is well illustrated.

Prairie species are dealt with to some extent in Britton and Brown's work
mentioned above, also in B. J. Hales' " Selected Western Flora," Toronto, 1915,
P. A. Rydberg's " Flora of the Rocky Mountains and Adjacent Plains, New
York, 1922, and W. C. McCalla's " Wild Flowers of Western Canada ", Toronto,
1920.

The western region is covered by Brown, and Schaeffer's " Alpine Flora of
the Canadian Rocky Mountains" New York, 1907, J. K Henry's "Flora of
Southern British Columbia and Vancouver Island ", Toronto, 1915, Piper and
Beattie's " Flora of the Northwest Coast ", Pullman, 1915, and Frye and Rigg's
" Elementary Flora of the Northwest," New York, 1914. A useful work is also
J. R. Anderson's " Trees and Shrubs, Food, Medicinal, and Poisonous Plants of
British Columbia," Victoria, 1925, which contains a map and numerous illus-
trations.

CHAPTER II

PRINCIPAL SUBDIVISIONS OF SEED-PLANTS

Woody plants with simple leaves; flowers unisexual; there is no ovary or
stigma; seed naked or enclosed partially by scales =GYMNOSPERMS
(Gymnospermae) .

Herbaceous or woody plants with simple or divided leaves; flowers gen-
erally bisexual, though sometimes unisexual; an ovary and stigma are always
present; seeds contained in a closed receptacle known as the fruit=ANGIO-
SPERMS (Angiospermae).

Exceptional Form: In Blue Cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) , which
is an ANGIOSPERM, the developing seed bursts the ovary at an early stage
so that the ripe seed appears to be naked.

ANGIOSPERMS

Mostly herbs, with the fibrovascular bundles of the stem scattered so that
there is no distinct pith; leaves usually alternate, without stipules, simple, much
longer than broad, with parallel veins; the parts of the flower are typically in
threes; the seed has but one seed-leaf or cotyledon.^MoNOCOTYLEDONs (Monoco-
tyledones).

Herbs, shrubs or trees; fibrovascular bundles of the young stem typically
arranged in a circle with the pith in the centre; the leaves are net- veined; the
parts of the flower are typically in fours or fives; the seed has two cotyledons. =
Dicotyledons (Dicotyledones).

Exceptional Forms: Among Monocotyledons some species of Smilax
have a woody stem; there is no distinction into stem and leaf in Lemna and
Wolffia; opposite or whorled leaves occur in Elodea, Lilium, Medeola, Najas,
Trillium, and Zannichellia; scales which somewhat resemble stipules occur within
the leaf-sheath of Potamogeton and other aquatic plants while the base of the
leaf of Smilax bears a pair of tendrils; divided leaves occur in Ariswma; net-
veined leaves are found in the family Araceae, Dioscorea, Medeola, Trillium,,
and Smilax; the parts of the flower are very variable in the family Araceae,
Potamogeton, and allied genera.

Among Dicotyledons the arrangement of the fibrovascular bundles in the
family Nymphaeaceae, some members of the family Ranunculaceae, Podophyl-
lum, and some others resembles that of Monocotyledons; in the families
Magnoliaceae, Berberidaceae, Lauraceae, Corema, Empetrum,, and Floerkea,
some of the floral whorls frequently consist of three members only.

Dicotyledons

Leaves usually simple; flowers naked or with a single perianth which is
green or inconspicuous in colour, pollinated by wind.=ApETAL0us Dicotyledons
(Apetalae).

The perianth consists of two or more whorls, the petals being free and
usually brightly coloured. =Polypetalous Dicotyledons (Chonpetalae).

The perianth consists of two whorls, the petals being united and usually
brightly coloured; stamens in two, or more commonly in one whorl, epipetalous;

6

ovary syncarpous, composed usually of two, rarely of 3-5 carpels =Sympetalous
Dicotyledons (Sympetalae).

Exceptional Forms: In the group of Apetalous Dictyledons compound
leaves occur in Carya and Juglans and divided leaves in Ceratophyllum, Myrio-
phyllum, Podostemon and Proserpinaca; the perianth is double in the pistillate
flowers of Juglans, Myriophyllum, and some members of the family Polygow-
aceae; a coloured perianth is found in Abronia, Allionia, Asarum, Direct,
Phytolacca, and Polygonum; insect-pollinated flowers are found in Salix and
water-pollinated flowers in Ceratophyllum.

Among the Polypetalous Dicotyledons the perianth is absent in Achlys
triphylla, while it is single in Chrysosplenium, Corema, Penthorum, Rhamnus
alnifolia, Sanguisorba, and some members of the family Ranunculaceae ; the
perianth is green or inconspicuous in Ceanothus, Corema, Elatine, Empetrum,
Parthenocissus, Rhamnus, and Vitis; the petals are united at the base in the
family Malvaceae and at the top in Vitis.

In the group of Sympetalous Dicotyledons the perianth is frequently
single or absent in Fraxinus; petals are absent in Glaux and Synthyris; the
petals are free in the family Pyrolaceae, Limonium, and Statice; the petals are
not brightly coloured in Plantago and Littorella, while in Glaux the calyx is
coloured; in the families Ericaceae f Pyrolaceae, and their allies, and also in those
genera with free petals the stamens are scarcely epipetalous; the carpels are
separate or nearly so in Apocynum and the family Asclepiadaceae.

CHAPTER III
GYMNOSPERMS— FAMILIES AND GENERA

1. The stamens and ovules occur on separate plants, the stamens being in groups while

the ovules occur singly; the ripe seed has a scarlet, fleshy, cup-shaped aril at its
base — Taxus.
The seeds are enclosed between the scales of the cone which becomes woody when ripe ;
the seed-coat is hard or leathery .=PINACEAE 2

2. Leaves scale-like, opposite or whorled; scales of the cone opposite 3

Leaves linear, alternate or on dwarf shoots; scales of the cone imbricated 4

3. Cone and scales oblong=77m;a.

Cone globose; scales< peltate — Chamaecyparis.

Cone globose, berry-like, with concrescent scales=«/wraperws.

4. Leaves borne in tufts at the summit of dwarf shoots 5

Leaves attached singly on long shoots 6

5. Leaves numerous on each dwarf shoot, deciduous; cones maturing the first year=Larix.
Leaves 2-5 on each dwarf shoot, persistent for several years; cones maturing the second

ye&v—Pinus.

6. Branches rough, owing to persistent leaf-bases (sterigmata) ; cones pendulous.. .. 7
Branches smooth, without persistent leaf-bases 8

7. Leaves 4-sided, sessile on the persistent base— Picea.

Leaves flat, in 2 rows through twisting of the short petiole — Tsuga.

8. Leaves sessile with circular scars; cones erect, the scales falling away from the persistent

axis= Abies.
Leaves petiolate, with oval scars; cones pendulous, with persistent scales; outer of each
pair of scales 3-toothed —Pseudotsuga.

Distribution of Cenera

Abies (Fir) NESPW. 4 sp. namely, Balsam Fir (A. balsamea) in East and North and
3 western species.

Chamaecyparis nootkatensis (Yellow Cypress) in the coast region of B.C.

Juniperus (Juniper) NESPW. 5 sp.

Larix (Larch) NESPW. 3 sp. of which the Tamarack (L. laricina) occurs in East and
North while the other 2 are western.

Picea (Spruce) ANESPW. 5 sp.

Pinus (Pine) NESPW. 9 sp. Of the 5-leaved species the White Pine (P. Strobus) is
the only one in the East; of the 3-leaved species the Pitch Pine (P. rigida) is eastern while
Western Yellow Pine (P. ponderosa) occurs in B.C.

" Pseudotsuga taxijolia (Douglas Fir) ranges from the Rocky mountains to the Pacific
ocean. With the Western Cedar it shares the distinction of being one of the two largest trees
in Canada.

Taxus (Yew) ESW. 2 sp. The Ground Hemlock (T. canadensis) is eastern while the
Western Yew (T. bremjolia) is confined to the western region.

Thuja (Cedar) NESW. 2 sp. The White Cedar (T. occidentalis) occurs in the Easfc
and North, while the Western Cedar (T. plicata) is confined to B.C. and is one of the
largest trees in Canada.

Tsuga (Hemlock) ESW. 3 sp. The Eastern Hemlock (T. canadensis) occurs east of
the Great Lakes, while the other two species are western.

CHAPTER IV
MONOCOTYLEDONS— FAMILIES AND GENERA

1. Free-floating water-plants without any evident distinction into stem and leaf.. .. 2

Plants with proper leaves 3

2. Plants provided with roots = Lem?ia.
Plants very minute, without roots— Wolfia.

3. Perianth single and then inconspicuous, or else absent 4

Perianth in two whorls, mostly inconspicuous 12

Perianth in two whorls of 3 segments each, the inner being brightly coloured.. .. 18

Perianth in two whorls of 3 segments each, both whorls being brightly coloured. .. 24

4. Leaves mostly net-veined; flowers in a spadix, without bracts, but with a large spathe

at the base which is often brightly coloured; fruit berry-like = ARAiCEAE (p. 12).

Marsh or land plants with grass-like leaves and usually bisexual flowers grouped in
spikes or spikelets; the flower arises in the axil of one or more bracts, has 3 stamens
and 2 or 3 stigmas 5

Water or marsh plants with long leaves, dense inflorescences and unisexual flowefls;
the staminate flowers are borne uppermost on the axis; stigma usually single and
fruit nutlike .. 6

Water plants, generally entirely submerged or with floating leaves; flowers in a spike
or spadix, or solitary, frequently developing under the water 7

5. Stem mostly solid and angular; leaves in 3 rows on the stem; leaf-sheath not split

down one side; flowers borne in the axil of a single bract; the seed is free from the
wall of the fruit = CYPERACEAE (p. 12).
Stem hollow and cylindrical ; leaves in 2 rows on the stem ; leaf-sheath usually split
down one side; flowers in spikelets with usually two bracts (glumes) at the base
of the spikelet and 2 others enclosing the flower; seed-coat united with the wall of
the fruit, which is often enclosed between the 2 glumes=GRAMINEAE (p. 14).

6. Flowers borne in a cylindrical unbranched inflorescence; fruit with long downy hairs

attached — Typh a.
Inflorescence branched or unbranched, the flowers being borne in heads; fruit a fleshy
nut = Sparganium .

7. Flowers bisexual, appearing above the surface of the water 8

Flowers, unisexual, developed below water 9

8. Freshwater plants with flowers in a spike; stamens 4, each with an outgrowth resembling

a perianth-segment; carpels 4; drupes sessi\e=Potamogeton.
Plants occurring in brackish water with flowers in a spadix; stamens 2; carpels 4;
drupes stalked — Ruppia.

9. Leaves opposite or whorled 10

Marine plants with alternate, ribbon-shaped leaves and flowers in a flat spadix.. 11
Leaves terete, fleshy, forming a rosette; flowers in a spike —Lilaea.

10. Leaves spiny-toothed; pistillate flowers solitary=iVa;«s.

Leaves capillary, smooth; pistillate flowers in groups of 2-5 in a cup-shaped involucre =
Zannichellia.

11. Plants monoecious, with two longitudinal rows of alternating stamens and carpels;

fruit rounded at the base— Zostera.
Plants dioecious, the staminate flowers occuring in two longitudinal rows on the
spadix, the pistillate being similarly grouped; fruit cordate at the base= Phyl-
losjmdix.

12. Some or all of the flowers unisexual 13

Flowers bisexual 15

13. Land-plants with twining stems, cordate, net-veined leaves, and inferior ovary=Dioscorea.
Submerged water-plants 14

9

10

14. Leaves awl-shaped, forming a rosette; flowers in heads at the top of the scape=

Eriocaulon.
Stems branched ; leaves opposite or whorled, l-nerved:=/i7oc?ea.
Plants stoloniferous, with ribbon-shaped, 5-nerved leaves; pistillate flower on a long

sta.\k=Vallisneria.

15. Flowers grouped in a raceme 16

Flowers in a much-branched inflorescence 17

16. Leaves all basal with the flowers on a bractless scape= Triglochin.
Stem leafy, with bracts beneath the QoweYS=Scheuchzeria.

17. Mostly marsh plants with narrow leaves and open leaf-sheath; capsule many-seeded=

Juncus.
Leaves usually flat and hairy, with closed leaf-sheath; capsule 1-celled, S-seeded=Luzula.

18. Aquatic plants 19

Land plants with 3 broad, whorled, net-veined leaves; fruit a herry=Trillium.
Land plants with narrow, basal or alternate leaves; fruit a capsule^C alochortus.

19. Ovary syncarpous 20

Ovary apocarpous 21

20. Plants floating, stoloniferous, with cordate leaves, and many-celled ov&ry=Limnobium.
Plants with basal, narrow leaves and flowers in a head at the top of the scapee; ovary

l-celled=Z^m.

21. Flowers bisexual 22

Some or all of the flowers unisexual 23

22. Carpels in a single whorl z= Alisma.

Carpels in several series forming a he&d=Echinodorus.

23. Lower flowers bisexual, the upper staminate; stamens 9-15=Lophotocarpus.
Lower flowers pistillate, the upper staminate; stamens numerous=>Sagf^iana.

24. Ovary superior 25

Ovary inferior or half inferior 27

25. Aquatic plants with 6 stamens or 3 26

Mostly land-plants with actinomorphic flowers and 6 stamens=LILIACEAE (p. 20).

26. One-leaved plants, with 2-lipped blue perianth and 6 stamens; fruit 1-seeded, indehis-

cent=Pontederia.
Perianth pale-yellow; stamens 3; fruit a many-seeded capsule— Heter anther a.

27. Stamens 6=AMARYLLIDACEAE (p. 22).

Leaves in 2 rows; stamens 3=IRIDACEAE (p. 22).

Corolla zygomorphic, one of the petals (labellum) being different from the others;

stamens sometimes 2, usually 1 ; fruit a 1-celled capsule with very minute seeds=

ORCHIDACEAE (p. 22).

Distribution op Genera

Alisma Plantago-aquatica (Water-plantain) N'ESW.
C 'alochortus (See page 21).
Dioscorea villosa (Wild Yam-root) S.
Echinodorus parvulus (Dwarf Water-plantain) S.
Elodea (Water-weed) ESP. 2 sp.
Eriocaulon septangulare (Pipewort) ES.
Heter anther a dubia (Water-stargrass) ES.
Juncus (Rush) ANESPW. 46 sp.

Lemna (Duckweed) NESPW. 3 sp. Greater Duckweed (L. polyrrhiza) has several roots
on each frond.

Lilaea subulata (Flowering Quillwort) W.

Limnobium Spongia (Frog's Bit) S. It has white flowers.

Lophotocarpus spongiosus (Sea Arrow-head) E. It occurs in brackish marshes along

Luzula (Wood-rush) ANESPW. 10 sp.

Najas flexilis (Water-nymph) NESW.

Phyllospadix (Surf-grass) W. 2 sp. It grows on rocks in the sea.

Pontederia cordata (Pickerel-weed) ES.

11

Potamogeion (Pondweed) NESPW. 27 sp. Borne species have broad floating leaves,
while in others the leaves are submersed and linear or threadlike.

Ruppia (Ditch-grass; Tassel-pondweed) EPW. 2 sp. Both species occur in brackish

Sagittaria (Arrow-head) NESPW. 4 sp.

Sckeuchzeria palustris (Creeping Arrow-grass) NESW.

Sparaanium (Bur-reed) ANESPW. 10 sp.

Tngtochin (Arrow-grass) ANESPW. 2 sp. Marsh Arrow-grass (T. palustris) has 3 car-
pels, whereas Sea Arrow-grass (T. marilima) has 6 carpels.

Trillium (See page 22).

Typha (Cat-tail; Reed-mace) NESPW. 2 sp.

VaUisneria spiralis (Eel-grass; Wild Celery) ES.

Wolffia (Rootless Duckweed) S. 2 sp.

Xyris (Yellow-eyed grass) ES. 2 sp. The flowers are yellow.

Zannichellin palustris (Homed Pondweed) ESPW.

Zostera marina (Sea Eel-grass, Grass-wrack) ANEW. It occurs chiefly in muddy
estuaries.

CHAPTER V
MONOCOTYLEDONS— ARACEAE AND CYPERACEAE

ARACEAE

1. Flowers without a perianth; some or all of the flowers unisexual 2

Perianth present ; flowers bisexual 4

2. Leaves divided; flowers present at the base of the spadix only =zArisaema.

Leaves simple; flowers covering the whole spadix 3

3. Leaves sagittate; spathe narrow, convolute, green; all the flowers unisexual =Peltandra.
Leaves broadly cordate; spathe broad, white; uppermost flowers sometimes staminate =

Calla.

4. Leaves linear, aromatic; spathe leaflike, appearing as a prolongation of the scape with

the spadix laterally attached=^corws.
Leaves broad, fetid; spadix borne at the top of the scape 5

5. Leaves cordate at the base; scape scarcely rising above ground-level; berries sunk in

the fleshy axis of the spadix, becoming united with the fleshy perianth —Symplo-
carpus.
Leaves narrowed at the base into the petiole; scape elongated, with the stalk of the
spadix exserted beyond the yellow spathe =Lysichiton.

Distribution of Genera

Acorus Calamus (Sweet Flag) ES. It grows in swampy situations.

Arisaema (Indian Turnip) ES. 2 sp. Jack-in-the-pulpit (A. triphyllum) with 3 leaflets
occurs in the eastern and southern regions, while Dragon-root (A. Dracontium) with 7 or
more leaflets is confined to southern Ontario. Both occur in moist soil.

Calla palustris (Water Arum) NESPW. It occurs in boggy situations.

Lysichiton camtschatcensis (Western Skunk Cabbage) W. It occurs in swampy
situations.

Peltandra virginica (Arrow-arum) S. It occurs in shallow water.

Symplocarpus foetidus (Eastern Skunk Cabbage) ES. It occurs in swamps.

CYPERACEAE

1. Flowers all unisexual, without a perianth 2

Some or all of the flowers bisexual 4

2. Stamens 3 ; achene enclosed or partially enclosed by a bract 3

Pistillate spikelet 1-flowered; stamens 1-3; achene bony in texture, without a bract
surrounding it= Scleria.

3. Spikelet 1-flowered, or 2-flowered, one being staminate and the other pistillate; stigmas

3; achene partly enclosed by a bract — Kobresia.
Spikelet several-flowered; stigmas 2-3; achene completely enclosed by a flask-like bract
(perigynium) =Carex.

4. No perianth present 5

Perianth present, composed of bristles 8

5. There is an involucre of several leaves at the base of the inflorescence; flowers in

2 rows in each spikelet =Cyperus.
Spikelets terete, with the flowers spirally arranged 6

6. Lower scales of the spikelet empty; stamens 2; styles 3—Cladium.

Inflorescence subtended by an involucre of one or more leaves; all the scales of the
spikelets have flowers in their axils 7

7. Annual tufted plants with filiform leaves; spikelets solitary or in heads; there is a

single hyaline inner scale between the flower and the axis of the spikelet; stamen
single; styles 2—Hemicarpha.
Spikelets umbellately arranged; stamens 1-3; styles 2-3; achene striate or reticulate =
Fimbristylis.

12

13

8. Stem terete and hollow, leafy to the top, the lower leaves being reduced to sheaths.

Flowers in 2 rows in long narrow spikelets which break up into 1-seeded joints
when ripe; bristles of the perianth barbed; styles 2 = Dulichium.
Flowers spirally arranged in the spikelet 9

9. Perianth bristles much exserted from the scales as the fruit ripens; styles ^—Eriophorum.
Perianth bristles not becoming elongated, barbed; styles 2-3 10

10. Leaves mostly reduced to sheaths; spikelets solitary and terminal; bristles 1-12;

stamens 2-3; the base of the style forms a persistent tubercle on the tip of the

fruit —Heleochoris.
Stem leafy; spikelets clustered, few-flowered, the lower scales empty and the upper

flowers sometimes staminate; scales of the spikelet often mucronate; stamens 3;

styles 2; achene lenticular, capped by the persistent base of the style as a small

t ubercle = Rhynchospora.
Leaves well developed or reduced to sheaths; spikelets clustered or solitary; involucre

of one to several leaves, or absent; perianth bristles usually 1-6; stamens 2-3;

style usually deciduous but sometimes forming a subulate tip to the lenticular or

triangular achene =Scirpus.

Distribution of Genera

Carex (Bottle-sedge) ANESPW. 277 sp. In some species the inflorescence consists of
a single spikelet while in others it is branched and composed of several spikeldts; both
staminate and pistillate flowers may occur in the same spikelet or they may be confined
to separate spikelets, in which case the staminate spikelets occur nearest the top.

Cladium mariscoides (Twig-rush) ES.

Cyperus (Cypress-sedge; Nut-grass) NESPW. 12 sp.

Dulichium arundinaceum (Bamboo-sedge) E'SW.

Eriophorum (Cotton-grass) ANESPW. 10 sp.

Fimbristylis (Rib-sedge) S. 4 sp.

Heleocharis (Spike-rush) NESPW. 13 sp.

Hemicarpha (Scale-sedge) SW. 2 sp.

Kobresia (Wrapper-sedge) ANW. 2 sp.

Rhynchospora (Beak-rush) NESW. 4 sp.

Scirpus (Club-rush; Bulrush) ANESPW. 24 sp.

Scleria (Nut-rush) S. 2 sp.

CHAPTER VI
MONOCOTYLEDONS— GRAMINEAE

The general characters of this large family are as follows: Mostly perennial herbs with
cylindrical stems; nodes well marked, internodes hollow. Leaves in 2 rows on the stem,
consisting of a sheath and 'blade; the edges of the sheath overlap and there is a small
hyaline membrane or tuft of hairs at the junction of the sheath and blade known as the
ligule. The inflorescence may have one of three forms, namely, a compound spike, an open
or contracted panicle, or a more or less cylindrical inflorescence in which the spikelets are
crowded together on short stalks. The unit of the inflorescence in each case is the spikelet.
It consists typically of an axis known as the "rachilla" bearing a series of flowers in 2 rows
along it with a pair of bracts at the base of the spikelet known as the "empty glumes. "
Each flower is likewise enclosed between two bracts of which the lower is known as the
"flowering glume"; it frequently bears a bristle-like outgrowth or prolongation of the midrib
known as the "awn." The upper bract at the base of the flower is 2-nerved and is known
as the "pale." Inside these two bracts are 2 small hyaline, succulent scales known as the
"lodicules" which appear to represent a perianth. The grass flower is usually bisexual with
3 stamens and a single carpel. The stamens have long filaments, versatile anthers and
powdery pollen, while the ovary bears 2 feathery stigmas. In some grasses the flowers in
each spikelet may be reduced to 2 in number while in others there is only 1. The fruit is
a caryopsis which is usually enclosed when ripe by the flowering glume and pale becoming
more or less adherent to it.

The habitat of grasses varies greatly some being found in woods while others prefer the
open country. Among the aquatic or marsh species are Beckmannia, Catabrosa, Panicularia,
Phalaris, Phragmites, Spartina sp. and Zizania. Characteristic of sandy habitats are Ammo-
phila, Calamovilja, Cenchrus, Elymus sp., and Triplasis, while Distichlis, Puccinellia and
Spartina sp. show a partiality to saline soil.

There are some exceptions to the general characters of grasses as given above. Among
Canadian species annuals occur in Aristida dichotoma, Beckmannia erucaeformis, Cenchrus,
Deschampsia danthonioides, Eragrostis, Festuca sp., Munroa squarrosa, Panicum sp., Poa
sp., Sporobolus vaginaeflorus and Zizania aquatica.

The stem is solid in Andropogon and Sorghastrum. A closed leaf-sheath occurs in
species of Bromus, Danthonia, Festuca, Malicai, Panicularia and Poa. The inflorescence is
reduced to a single spikelet in Danthonia unispicata. Empty glumes are absent in Leersia
and in the pistillate flowers of Zizania, while the staminate flowers of Zizania have only 1,
In Eragrostis the pale is persistent on the rachilla while in Alopecurus, some species of
Agrostis, and the staminate flowers of Zizania the pale is absent.

Unisexual flowers on the same plant occur in Andropogon, Buchloe, Hierochloe, Pani-
cum, Phragmites, Sorghastrum and Zizania, while the unisexual flowers are on separate
plants in Distichlis, Eragrostis hypnoides and Poa jendleriana.

A single stamen occurs in the flowers of Cinna; in Brachyelytrum and the terminal
flower of the spikelet of Hierochloe there are 2 stamens, while in Zizania the flower has 6
stamens.

In Sporobolus the seed is free from the pericarp.

1. Inflorescence branched, the spikelets occurring on the branches 2

Inflorescence unbranched, that is, the sessile spikelets occur in groups of 1-3 along

opposite sides of a central axis or rachis which terminates the leafy stem.. 57

2. Annual plants with spikelets grouped in racemes, each spikelet being enclosed in

a spiny involucre of sterile branchlets which fails off with it— Cenchrus.
Spikelets without a spiny involucre 3

3. Stem solid; spikelets grouped in pairs on the hairy rachis, one spikelet being sessile

and the other stalked; the spikelets are jointed below the glumes; the sessile
spikelet bears a single bisexual flower with 4 glumes and a pale while the stalked
spikelet contains a single staminate or rudimentary flower; flowering glume

awned 4

Stem usually hollow and spikelets not grouped in pairs 5

4. Spikelets in compound spikes or racemes which are attached to the main axis=

Andropogon.
Spikelets in short racemes which are grouped together in the form of a panicle =
Sorghastrum.

14

15

5. The ultimate branches of the inflorescene are spikes or racemes on which the spike-

lets occur singly 6

Inflorescence branching irregularly, a single spikelet occurring at the ends of the
ultimate branches; the inflorescence may take the form of an open or contracted
panicle, an apparent spike, or a cylindrical mass of closely arranged spikelets. 12

6. Perennial stoloniferous plants with unisexual flowers; staminate spikelets 2-flowered.

sessile in 2 rows on one side of the rachis; pistillate spikelets 1-flowered, in groups
of 3-5 in a short spike, the common peduncle included in the sheath of the upper
leaves = Buchloe.
Flowers bisexual 7

7. Marsh grasses with rough leaf-blades; spikelets flattened, 1-flowered, nearly sessile on

one side of the rachis, grouped in panicles; empty glumes absent; flowering glume
boat-shaped, hairy; stamens l-Q=Leersia.
Empty glumes present 8

S. Spikelets grouped along one side of the rachis, 1-flowered or with only 1 perfect
flower 9

Spikelets grouped all round the rachis, with 2 or more perfect flowers 11

9. One or more rudimentary flowers occur in each spikelet besides the perfect one;
empty glumes unequal; flowering glume with 3 swns—Bouteloua.
Spikelets 1-flowered 10

10. Plants tufted, perennial; spikelets appressed and distant on the rachis which is tri-

angular and becomes spiral in fruit; empty glumes acuminate —Schedonnardus.
Annual plants; spikelets subcircular, compressed, articulated below the glumes; empty

glumes boat-shaped, eqxm\=Beckmannia.
Perennial plants with rhizomes; spikelets flattened, imbricated on one side of the

rachis, articulated below the glumes; empty glumes unequal, acuminate or awned

=Spartina.

11. Low annual plants branching extensively, with fascicled flat leaves ending in subulate

points; spikelets in clusters of 2-3, nearly sessile in the axils of the leaves, 2-4-
flowered = Munroa.
Spikelets in a loose raceme, 5-14-flowered; empty glumes unequal, with lacerate tips=
Pleuropogon.

12. Spikelets on very short stalks, densely crowded together in a cylindrical or spike-like

inflorescence 13

Inflorescence an open or contracted panicle 20

13. Spikelets 1-flowered 14

Inflorescence spike-like, with 2 or more flowers, of which some may be rudimentary 17

14. Inflorescence cylindrical; spikelets compressed 15

Inflorescence spike-like 16

15. Spikelets jointed below the glumes; empty glumes ciliate on the keel; flowering glume

awned; pale absent= Alopecurus.
Spikelets jointed above the glumes; empty glumes with short awns; flowering glume
truncate=P/iZewm.

16. Dwarf tufted perennials; empty glumes unequal; rachilla not prolonged; usually only

1 stamen yresent=Phippsia.
Perennial plants with tough scaly rhizomes and involute leaves; spikelets compressed;
empty glumes equal; rachilla prolonged beyond the palea and hairy =Ammophila.

17. Perennial plants with rhizomes; some of the flowers rudimentary or unisexual.. 18
Tufted perennials with narrow leaves and 2 or more perfect flowers in the spikelet;

empty glumes unequal 19

Tufted perennials with 3 or more perfect flowers in the spikelet; empty glumes broad,
papery, equal, longer than the rest of the spikelet; flowering glume deciduous,
bifid, with a twisted awn arising at the tip=Danthonia intermedia.

18. Plants with broad leaves and compressed spikelets with 1 perfect and 2 rudimentary

flowers, the flowering glume in the latter being subulate and hairy; empty glumes
equal, boat-shaped, longer than the flowering glume of the perfect flower which
becomes shining in (nut=Phalaris.
Dioecious plants with scaly rhizomes occurring on saline soil; spikelets 6-many-flowered;
empty glumes unequal, shorter than the flowering ones— Distichlis.

16

19. Spikelet compressed; flowering glume not &wned=Kocleria.
Flowering glume acute, with the awn about the middle^^ena Hookeri.

Flowering glume awned, and with a tuft of hairs at the base, the awn arising below the
bifid apex= Trisetum spicatum.

20. Spikelets 1-flowered 21

Spikelets 2- or more-flowered 34

21. Awns absent 22

Awns present 26

22. Plants with rhizomes and leaves involute at the tip; there is a tuft of hairs at the base

of the flowering g\ume=C alamovilfa.
Flowering glume without a tuft of hairs 23

23. Empty glumes equal or nearly so, as long as or longer than the obtuse flowering

glume 24

Empty glumes unequal, shorter than the flowering glume 25

24. Empty glumes acute, keeled; pale small or obsolete— Agrostis sp.

Empty glumes obtuse; flowering glume becoming at maturity hardened, smooth, and
sh'm'mg=: Milium.

25. Panicle contracted; flowering glume obtuse; fruit enclosed by flowering glume and

p&le=Arctagrostis.
Panicle contracted or open; flowering glume 1-nerved; fruit at an early stage becoming
free from the flowering glume and pale; seed free from the pericarp=/Sporobo?ws.

26. Rachilla prolonged beyond the pale 27

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the pale 29

27. Rachilla hairy and flowering glume hairy at the base; empty glumes equal, longer

than the flowering g\ume=Calamagrostis.
Rachilla and flowering glume not hairy 28

28. Rhizomes short and knotty; empty glumes unequal, shorter than the flowering glume

which has a long awn; stamens 2=Brachyelytrum.
Spikelet articulated below the empty glumes; awn of the flowering glume minute;
stamen l=Cinna.

29. Aquatic plants with unisexual flowers, the pistillate flowers being situated above the

staminate; stamens 6; the staminate flower has only 1 empty glume and no pale;
the pistillate flower has no empty glumes, but has a flowering glume with long
awn and a pale =Zizania.
Land plants with bisexual flowers .' 30

30. Plants with narrow, often convolute leaves; empty glumes narrow and pointed; flower-

ing glumes narrow, convolute, indurated, with minute hairs at the base, and a trifid
&wnz=Aristida.
Flowering glume with single awn 31

31. Leaves convolute; empty glumes long, narrow, and pointed; flowering glume with a

tuft of hairs at the base, convolute, indurated, enclosing the pale and terminating
in a long, bent and twisted &wn=Stipa.
Awn not twisted 32

32. Tufted perennials; spikelets broad; empty glumes about equal, as long as the flower-

ing glume which is convolute and indurated; awn short and deciduous=On/zo?>sis.
Awn persistent 33

33. Scaly rhizomes generally present; empty glumes sometimes unequal, shorter than the

flowering glume which is pointed and minutely hairy at the base. =Muhlenbergia.
Empty glumes equal or nearly so, equalling or longer than the flowering glume which
is obtuse; pale usually small or obsolete. = Agrostis sp.

34. Awns absent 35

Awns present, dorsal in most, and flowering glume usually 2-toothed 49

35. There is a tutft of hairs at the base of the flowering glume or the rachilla is hairy. . 36
No obvious tuft of hairs present on flowering glume or rachilla 40

36. Rachilla hairy 37

Base of flowering glume hairy and rachilla glabrous 38

17

37. Tall water or marsh plants with broad leaf-blades; fust flower of the spikelet sterile
or Btaminate .=P&roflroit< t.

All the flowers of the spikelet are biscxual=7Tmvf?/?ra melicoides.

3S. Empty glumes rounded at the base 39

Leaves boat-shaped at the tip; spikelets 2- or more-flowered; empty glumes keeled,
shorter than the flowering glumes.=Poa.

39. Low grasses with empty glumes enclosing the rest of the spikelet. the lower one being
one-nerved, the upper 3-nerved. =Dupontia.
Tall aquatic or marsh grasses with the empty glumes shorter than the rest of the
spikelet ; lower empty glume 3-nerved, the upper 5-nerved. =Fluminia.

10. Some of the flowers are unisexual or sterile 41

Flowers all bisexual; empty glumes unequal, shorter than the rest of the spikelet.. 44

41. Plants dioecious=2£ra0ros£is hypnoides.

Some of the flowers are bisexual 42

42. Plants with closed leaf-sheaths; spikelets 2-several-flowered, the lower flowers bisexual,

the upper sterile and with the glumes convolute round each other; empty glumes
unequal, with scarious margins, 3-5-nerved.=Mefo'ca sp.
Lower flowers staminate or sterile, upper bisexual 43

43. Spikelet 2-flowered, the lower flower being sterile or staminate, the upper bisexua.l,

empty glumes very unequal, the first often minute; fertile flowering glume shining,
with inrolled edges, enclosing the pale —Pamcum.
Aromatic plants with 3-flowered spikelets; empty glumes sub-equal, longer than the
flowering glumes; the two lower flowers are staminate and have 3 stamens, while
the terminal flower is bisexual and has 2 st&mens.=Hierochloe sp.

44. Aquatic creeping plants, with the branches of the panicle in regular whorls; spikelets

2-flowered; flowering glume erose-truncate .=Catabrosa.
Branches of the panicle irregular; spikelets with 2 or more flowers 45

45. Tufted plants with somewhat contracted panicle; spikelets jointed below the empty

glumes, 2-3-flowered, the rachilla extending beyond the upper floret; upper empty
glume broadly obov&te. —Sphenopholis.
Spikelets not jointed below the empty glumes, usually several-flowered 46

46. Empty glumes and flowering glumes keeled 47

Flowering glumes rounded, 5-9-nerved 48

47. Flowrering glume 3-nerved, deciduous; pale persistent on the rachilla; stamens 2-3=

Eragrostis.
Flowering glume 5-nerved, persistent; stamens 3.=Poa sp.

48. Usually tall plants of woods or freshwater marshes; nerves of the flowering glume

pr ominent=Pamcz/Zana .
Low plants growing in saline soil; nerves of the flowering glume 6bscuYe=Puccinellia.

49. Rachilla prolonged beyond the last flower and usually hairy 50

Rachilla not prolonged beyond the last flower 52

50. Tufted plants with 3-many-flowered spikelets; empty glumes, broad and papery, longer

than the rest of the spikelet; flowering glume deciduous, bifid, with a twisted)
awn arising at the tip^=Danthonia.
Spikelets 2-5-flowered ; awn of flowering glume dorsal, inserted below the tip.. .. 51

51. Spikelet 2-flowered; empty glumes about equal; flowering glume convex, truncate and

toothed at the tip, with 'the awn arising at or below the m'idd\e=Deschampsia.
Spikelet 2-5-flowered; empty glumes somewhat unequal; flowering glume deciduous,
keeled, bifid, with the awn arising above the middle= Trisetum.

52. There are cleistogamous narrow panicles in the axils of the leaves, those in the lower

sheaths consisting of a single flower; the stem breaks at the internodes, the ripe
seed remaining attached to the internode; other spikelets 2-6-flowered ; empty
glumes keeled, nearly equal; internodes of rachilla very long; flowering glume
rounded at at the base, 3-nerved, bilobed; pale 2-keeled, the keels ciliate on the
upper hal i=Triplasis.
Spikelets all freely exposed; flowering glumes with 5 or more nerves 53

33532—2

18

53. Some of the flowers are unisexual or sterile 54

Flowers all bisexual 55

54. Lower flowers bisexual, the upper sterile and with the glumes convolute round each

othev=Melica sp. (See no. 42).
The two lower flowers are staminate, while the upper flower is bisexual=i/zeroc/iZoe sp.
(See no. 43).

55. Flowering glume bifid at the tip 56

Empty glumes keeled; flowering glume not bifid at the tip, with terminal awn=

Festuca.

56. Empty glumes about equal; rachilla bearded; flowering glume indurated; awn dorsal,

bent and twisted— Avena.
Plants with closed leaf-sheaths; empty glumes unequal; awn springing between the
teeth of the flowering glume=jBro?7iW6\

57. There is a single spikelet at each notch of the rachis; each spikelet is several-flowered=

Agropyron.
There are 2 or more spikelets at each notch of rachis 58

58. Three spikelets occur at each notch; each spikelet contains a single flower but those

in the lateral stalked spikelets are usually rudimentary=f/orc?ewm.
There are 2-3 spikelets at each notch; each spikelet contains 2 or more flowers.. .. 59

59. Spikelets loosely arranged on the spike and spreading horizontally; empty glumes want-

ing or reduced to short bristles; flowering glume tapering into a long a,wn=Asperella.
Spikelets usually crowded and not spreading, empty glumes nearly as long as the
flowering glumes and often placed in front of the spikelet; flowering glume usually
2Lwned=Elymus.

Distribution of Genera

Agropyron (Wheat-grass) ANESPW. 16 sp.

Agrostis (Bent-grass) NESPW. 21 sp.

Alopecurus (Foxtail) ANESPW. 6 sp.

Ammophila arenaria (Marram-grass) ES.

Andropogon (Beard-grass) ESP. 2 sp.

Arctagrostis latifolia (Arctic Bent-grass) ANW.

Aristida (Needle-grass) SPW. 3 sp.

Asperella Jlystrix (Bottle^brush grass) ESP.

Avena (Oat) ESPW. 2 sp.

Beckmannia erucaeformis (Slough-grass) NEPW.

Bouteloua (Grama-grass) EPW. 3 sp.

Br achy ely tram erectum (Bearded Short-husk) ES.

Bromus (Brome-grass) ANESPW. 16 sp.

Buchloe dactyloides (Buffalo-grass) P.

Calamagrostis (Reed-grass) ANESPW. 24 sp.

Calamovilja longifolia (Awnless Sand-grass) NESPW.

Catabrosa aquatica (Water whorl-grass) NEW.

Cenchrus pauciflorus (Sand-bur) S.

Cinna (Wood reed-grass; Indian reed) ESW. 2 sp.

Danthonia (Oat-grass) ESPW. 7 sp.

Deschampsia (Hair-grass) ANESPW. 7 sp.

Distichlis (Salt-grass; Alkali-grass) EPW. 2 sp.

Dupontia Fischeri (Arctic pappus-grass) A.

Elymus (Lyme-grass) ANESPW. 21 sp.

Eragrostis (Love-grass) SPW. 2 sp.

Festuca (Fescue-grass) ANESPW'. 20 sp.

Fluminia festucacea (Prickle-fescue) PW.

Hierochloe (Holy Grass) ANESPW. 3 sp.

Hordeum (Barley) ANESPW. 4 sp.

Koeleria cristata (Crested hair-grass) ESPW.

Leersia (Cut-grass; White grass) ESP. 2 sp.

Melica (Melic-grass) W. 7 sp.

Milium effusum (Millet-grass) ES.

Muhlenbergia (Satin-grass) NESPW. 10 sp.

Munroa squarrosa (False buffalo-grass) P.

Oryzopsis (Mountain-rice; Indian millet) NESPW. 6 sp.

Panicularia (Manna-grass) ANESPW. 19 sp.

19

Panicum (Panic-grass; Witch-grass) ESPW. 34 sp.

Phalaris arundinacca (Reed Canary-grass) ESW.

Phippsia algida (Dwarf grass) AW.

Phlcum (Timothy) NESPW. 2 sp.

Phragmites communis (Reed) ESPW.

Pleuropogon (Whisker-grass) AW. 2 sp.

Poa (Meadow-grass; Spear-grass) ANESPW. 51 sp.

Puccinellia (Salt-meadow grass) ANESPW. 6 sp.

Schedonnardus paniculatus (Prairie tumble-grass) P.

Sorghastrum nutans (Indian grass) ESP.

Spartina (Marsh-grass; Cord-grass) ESPW. 5 sp.

Sphenopholis (Wedge-grass) ESPW. 3 sp.

Sporobolus (Dropseed) NESPW. 8 sp.

Stipa (Feather-grass; Porcupine-grass) NEPW. 8 sp.

Triplasis purpurea (Awned Sand- grass) S.

Trisctum (False oat) ANESW. 7 sp.

Zizania aquatica (Wild rice) ES.

33532- 2 J

CHAPTER VII

MONOCOTYLEDONS— LILIACEAE, AMARYLLIDACEAE,
IRIDACEAE, ORCHIDACEAE

LILIACEAE

The general characters of this family are as follows: Perennial herbs with bulbs, corms,
or rhizomes. The flowers are grouped in racemes or umbellate cymes or may be solitary.
They are generally bisexual. The perianth consists of two whorls of 3 segments each,
brightly coloured. Stamens 6, in two whorls. Ovary superior, consisting of 3 united carpels,
trilocular, with axile placentation and numerous ovules. Fruit a capsule or berry.

Several exceptional forms occur. Some species of Smilax are woody. Net-veined leaves
are found in Medeola, Smilax, and Trillium. Unisexual flowers occur in Chamaelirium,
Smilax, and Zygadenus sp. The outer perianth-whorl is sepaloid in Calochortus and Trillium.
The ovary is half-inferior in Zygadenus elegans. The parts of the flower in Maianthemum
are in twos, namely 4 perianth segments, 4 stamens, and 2 carpels.

1. Dioecious plants, climbing by means of tendrils; leaves net-veined; flowers in umbels;

fruit a berry =Smilax.
Plants not climbing 2

2. Plants with bulbs ; the fruit is a capsule 3

Plants with corms or tubers 8

Plants with rootstocks or rhizomes 13

3. Leaves linear; flowers in terminal racemes or panicles with small bracts; perianth

persistent 4

Plants with strong odour when bruised; flowers in umbels, with spathe-like bracts =

Allium.
Flowers usually solitary or few in number with leafy bracts; perianth-segments with a

gland at the base 6

4. Leaves basal; flowers blue or white; anthers versatile —Camassia.

Stem leafy 5

5. Flowers nodding, greenish- or brownish-purple; perianth-segments without glands=

Slenanthium.
Flowers erect, greenish- or yellowish-white, sometimes unisexual; perianth-segments with
glands at the base = Zygadenus.

6. Bulb arising at the end of a short rhizome; bulb-scales overlapping; leaves narrow,

grass-like =Lloydia.
Scales of the bulb narrow and not overlapping; perianth-segments deciduous.. .. 7

7. Flowers nodding; perianth campanulate; the nectary is a pit at the base of each

perianth segment; capsule angular —Fritillaria.
Leaves mostly in whorls; flowers erect or drooping; perianth-segments spreading or
recurved, with a nectariferous groove at the base ; anthers versatile =Lilium.

8. Leaves all basal; fruit a capsule 9

Stem leafy n

9. Outer whorl of the perianth composed of narrow sepal-like segments; capsule septicidal

=Calochortus.
Both whorls of perianth alike ; capsule loculicidal 10

10. Plants with several linear leaves; flowers in an umbel, with bracts; cuter whorl of

stamens sometimes steril e—Brodiaea.
The corms arise on short rhizomes; there are two broad leaves; flowers 1-6 on each stem,
bractless, nodding =Erythronium.

11. Leaves alternate; flowers in a raceme, white, dioecious; fruit a capsule — Chamaelirium
Leaves in one or more whorls; flowers bisexual; fruit a berry 1*

20

21

12. Flower solitary, with a whorl of 3 loaves beneath it; berry rod Trillium.

There are 2 whorls of leaves and a sessile umbel of recurved flowers; berry purple =
Medeola.

13. Flowers solitar}r or umbellately arranged 14

Flowers in a raceme or panicle 18

14. Leaves basal, petioled; fruit a blue berry =Clintonia.

Leaves cauline, sessile 15

15. Flowers terminal 16

Flowers axillary 17

16. Downy plants with flowers in groups of one or more; fruit a berry —Disporum.
Smooth plants with solitary flowers; fruit an angled or winged capsule =Uvularia.

17. Rhizome with circular scars; perianth-segments united; fruit a blue berry = Poly gonatum.
Perianth segments separate; fruit a red berry .-=Streptopus.

18. Leaves linear; fruit a capsule 19

Leaves ovate, lanceolate or elliptical 20

19. Leaves mostly basal, 2-ranked, and equitant; flowers green or white, in a raceme or

panicle; capsule septicidal =Tofieldia.
Stem leafy; flowers in a dense raceme, white; capsule loculicidal =Xerophyllum.

20. Fruit a capsule 21

Fruit a berry 22

21. Leaves basal; flowers in a raceme; perianth-segments united =A le tris.

Downy plants with leafy stems; leaves broad, strongly veined, clasping; flowers some-
times unisexual, grouped in a panicle —V eratrum.

22. Leaves petiolate, cordate at the base; perianth-segments and stamens 4 in number;

ovary bilo-cular= Maianthemum.
Leaves sessile or nearly so; perianth-segments and stamens 6 in number -^Smilacina.

DlSTRIUTJTION OF GENERA

Aletris farinosa (Star-grass; Colic-root) E S. It grows in dry or sand}' soil.

Allium (Onion; Garlic) ESPW. 15 sp.

Brodiaea (Wild Hyacinth) W. 3 sp.

Calochortus (Mariposa Lily; Star-tulip) W. 3 sp.

Camassia (Camas) S W. 4 sp. Eastern Camas (C. esculenta) with blue flowers is con-
fined to Southern Ontario.

Chamaclirium luteum (Blazing Star) S.

Clintonia (Queen-cup) NESW 2 sp. Yellow Clintonia (C. borealis) occurs in eastern
woods.

Disponim (Fairy-bells) SPW. 5 sp. Downy Fairy-bells (D. lanuginosum) is confined
to woods in the southern region.

Erythronium (Adder's Tongue; Dog's Tooth Violet) ESW. 9 sp. Yellow Adder's Tongue
(E. americanum) with yellow flowers is the only eastern species. .

Fritillaria (Rice-root) W. 3 sp.

Lilium (Lily) ESPW. 6 sp.

Lloydia serotina (Alpine Lily) AW. It occurs in alpine situations.

Maianthemum (Wild Lily of the Valley) NESPW. 2 sp. Eastern Mayflower (M. carta-
dense) extends from the eastern to the prairie region and occurs in moist woods.

Medeola virginiana (Indian Cucumber-root) ES. It occurs in moist woods.

Polygonatum (Solomon's Seal) ESP. 2 sp.

Smilacina (False Solomon's Seal) NESPW. 7 sp.

Smilax (Greenbrier) ESP. 4 sp Carrion-flower (S. hcrbacca) is a herbaceous species with
smooth stem occurring in the east fin and prairie regions, in woods.

Stenanthium occidentale (Bronze-bells) W. It grows in wet places in the mountains.

Slreptopus (Twisted-stalk) ANESPW. 1 sp.

Tofieldia (False Asphodel) ANESPW. 5 sp. The species occur mostly in alpine or
northern localities.

22

Trillium (Wake-robin) NESPW. 5 sp. Western Wake-robin (T. ovatum) is the only-
species in B.C.

Uvularia (Bellwort) ES. 2 sp.

Veratrum (False Hellebore) ESW. 2 sp. American White Hellebore (V. viride) occurs
in wet places and is the only species found in the east.

Xerophyllum tenax (Bear grass) W. It has whitish flowers and occurs in dry situations.

Zygadenus (Death-camas) ESPW. 5 sp.

AMARYLLIDACEAE

Plants with corms; leaves basal; ovary inferior .=Hypoxis.

Plants with rhizomes; stem 'leafy; perianth-segments woolly; ovary half-inferior=
Lophiola.

Distribution of Genera

Hypoxis hirsuta (Star-grass) S P. It has yellow flowers and occurs on dry soil.
Lophiola americana (Woolly Star-grass) E.

IRIDACEAE

The two whorls of the perianth are unlike in shape; styles petaloid =Iris.
Stem compressed; perianth-segments all alike in shape; branches of the style filiform
=Sisyrinchium.

Distribution of Genera

Iris (Flag; Iris) NESPW. 5 sp.

Sisyrinchium (Blue-eyed grass; Golden-eyed grass) NESPW. 17 sp. Purple Star-grass
(S. grandiflorum) , a western species, has reddish-purple flowers.

ORCHIDACEAE

Perennial herbs, mostly with tuberous underground stems or fleshy roots. Leaves entire,
sheathing. Flowers usually in bracted spikes or racemes, sometimes solitary, bisexual,
zygomorphic. The 3 outer segments of the perianth are alike but one of the inner three,
known as the lip (labellum) is markedly different in shape from the other two. There is a
single stamen which is united with the style to form the column. The pollen grains are
united in masses known as "pollinia" which vary from 2 to 8 in number. Ovary inferior,
twisted, one-celled, with 3 parietal placentae. Fruit a capsule with numerous very minute
seeds.

As exceptions to the above characters the leaves are petiolate in Aplectrum and whorled
in Isotria.

In Cypripedium two of the sepals are frequently united and there are two stamens
present.

1. Saprophytic plants, devoid of green colouring matter, with scaly leaves and flowers in

racemes 2

Green plants 3

2. Plants yellowish or purplish with coralloid rhizomes; two of the sepals are frequently

united to form a short spur at the top of the ovary; lip ridged; polilinia waxy =
Corallorhiza.
Plants white with creeping rhizome; lip saccate at the base; pollinia granuloses
Cephalanthera.

3. There is 1 green leaf present on the stem 4

Two green leaves present on the stem; flowers in racemes or spikes 10

Several green leaves present on the stem 14

4. Flowers solitary; lip bearded 5

Flowers in racemes or spikes (5

5. Stem a corm; leaf linear, protruding after flowering; lip with 3 white hairy ridges;

pollinia 4, zra.n.u\a,r =Arethusa.
Roots fibrous; leaf lanceolate; there is a foliaceous bract beneath the flower; lip
spatulate with yellow or white crest; pollinia 2, granular=.Po£0raa.

23

Stem B corm and roots ooralloid; teaf nearly as broad as long; lip divided into an upper
and a lower lobe with a patch of yellow woolly hairs; pollinia 2, each 2-parted, waxy
=Cy(hcrea.

6. Lip spurred 7

Lip not spurred ; stem a corm 8

7. Leaf obovate; perianth greenish -yellow; lip entire.-— Habenaria obtusata.
Leaf oval or orbicular; perianth rose-colored; lip 3-\ohed.= Orchis.

8. Leaf linear; lip bearded; pollinia 2.— Calopogon.

Leaf elliptical ; pollinia 4 9

9. Corm produced on an offset; leaf petiolate; flowers one inch in length. = Aplectrum.
Leaf sheathing at the base; flowers white or green, less than one-tenth of an inch

long; lateral petals linear, much narrower than the sepals. = Micros tylis.

10. Lip spurred 11

Lip not spurred 12

11. Leaves orbicular; flowers in a raceme; spur longer than the ovary .= Habenaria sp.
Leaves obovate, clammy; flowers in a spike; sepals united to form a hood; lip

undivided ; spur shorter than the ovary .= Galeorchis.

12. Lip an inflated sac; anthers 2.= Cypripedium acaule.

Lip not saccate ; anther single 13

13. Plants with corms; leaves basal; lateral petals linear; pollinia i—Liparis.

Plants with fibrous roots; leaves nearly opposite, about half way up the stem;
pollinia 2, powdery.= Listera.

14. Flowers solitary 15

Flowers in spikes or racemes 16

15. Leaves alternate; lip saccate with inrolled edge; anthers 2.= Cypripedium sp.
Leaves 5 in a whorl; sepals linear; lip 3-lobed.= Isotria.

16. Lip spurred.= Habenaria sp.

Lip without a spur 17

17. Plants with rhizomes; leaves broad; lip saccate at the base, constricted in the middle,

dilated at the top; pollinia granular.= Epipactis.
Roots thick and clustered; leaves mostly narrow; flowers in 1-3 rows on the spike,
mostly white; upper sepal and lateral petals united; lip concave, with callosities at
the base, embracing the column. =Spiranthes.

Leaves in a basal tuft, ovate; upper sepal and lateral petals united to form a hood;
flowers white or greenish = Peramium.

Distribution of Genera

Aplectrum spicatum (Putty-root: Adam and Eve) ESP. It occurs in woods.

Arethusa bulbosa (Dragon's Mouth) E.S. It occurs in bogs.

Calopogon tuberosus (Grass-pink) ES. It occurs in bogs, and meadows.

C ephalanthera Austinae (Phantom-orchid) W. It occurs in woods.

Corallorhiza (Coral-root) NESW. 5 sp.

Cypripedium (Lady's Slipper) ESPW. 6 sp.

Cytherea bulbosa (Cleft-lip) NESW. It is found in mossy woods.

Epipactis (Helleborine) EW. 2 sp.

Galeorchis spectabilis (Hooded Orchid) ES. It occurs in woods.

Habenaria (Spur-orchid) ANESPW. 26 sp.

Isotria verticillata (Whorled Orchid) S. It occurs in woods.

Liparis Loeselii (False Twayblade) ESP. It occurs in wet places.

Listeria (Twayblade) NESW. 6 sp.

Microstylis (Adder's Mouth) ESP. 2 sp.

Orchis rotundijolia (Round-leaved Orchid) ANEPW. It is found in damp woods.

Peramium (Rattlesnake-plantain) ESW. 4 sp.

Pogonia ophioglossoides (Snake-mouth) ES. It occurs in swamps.

Spiranthes (Ladies' Tresses) ANESW. .5 sp.

CHAPTER VIII
APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— FAMILIES AND GENERA

1. Green plants, parasitic on coniferous trees; leaves opposite, reduced to scales=

Arceuthobium.
Plants rooted in the soil or living in water 2

2. Herbs 3

Shrubs or trees 22

3. Water plants 4

Land plants 11

4. Leaves all simple 5

Some or all of the leaves divided into filiform segments 8

5. Leaves alternate 6

Leaves opposite or whorled 7

6. Leaves broad, cordate at the base =Saururus.
Leaves filiform — Myriophyllum tenellum.

7. Leaves opposite — Callitriche.
Leaves whorled =Hippuris.

8. Leaves alternate 9

Leaves whorled 10

9. Plants rooted in mud; leaves pinnately lobed — Proserpinaca.
Plants attached to stones; leaves irregularly divided^Podo^cmrm.

10. Free-floating plants without roots- Ceratophyllum.
Plants rooted at the bottoms Myriophyllum.

11. Flowers unisexual 12

Flowers bisexual 13

12. Stigmas 2; fruit 1-seeded, indehiscent, enclosed between 2 bracts —Atriplex.
Filaments of the stamens bent inwards in the bud; stigma single; fruit 1-seeded,

indehiscent, enclosed by 2-4 perianth segments=URTICACEAE (p. 27).
Fruit three-seeded, dehiscent = EUPHORBI ACE AE (p. 27).

13. Leaves stipulate, the stipules free or forming a sheath around the stem 14

Leaves exstipulate ' 16

14. Leaves opposite and stipules scarious.. 15

Leaves alternate and stipules forming a sheath above the node^POLYGONACEAE
(p. 2.7).

15. Perianth-segments awned; style well developed — Paronychia.
Perianth-segments not awned; stigmas sessile = Any chia.

16. Leaves opposite ; perianth coloured \7

Stem fleshy; leaves reduced to opposite scales; flowers sunk in the tissue of the stem =

Salicornia.
Leaves alternate 18

17. Bracts of the involucre united; pairs of leaves equal; fruit ribbed =Allionia.
Bracts of the involucre separate; pairs of leaves unequal; fruit winged =Abronia.

18. Fruit fleshy when ripe 19

Fruit dry when ripe 20

19. Flowers in cymes; fruit 1-seeded, crowned by the perianth-segments = Comandra.
Flowers in racemes; fruit 10-seeded— Phytolacca.

20. Rhizome aromatic; flowers large and solitary; perianth-segments 3 in number; fruit a

6-celled capsule —Asarum.

24

25

Flowers small and numerous; perianth-segments 2-5 in number; fruit 1-seeded and
indehi^eent . 21

Flowers in groups with an involucre; perianth segments 6, in two series; stamens 9;
fruit indehi scent, angled or \\ingc&= Eriogonum.

21. Bracts and perianth segments scarious = AMARANTACEAE (p. 28).

No ^carious bracts present; perianth segments greenish = CHENOPODIACEAE (p. 28).

22. Leaves pinnately compound 23

Leaves simple 24

23. Outer part of fruit splitting when ripe into 4 segments; endocarp smooth or angled=

Carya.
Outer part of fruit not splitting when ripe; woody part of fruit (endocarp) rugose =
Juglans.

24. Fruit or adjacent parts fleshy when ripe 25

Fruit a capsule; seeds with a tuft of hairs=SALICAiCEAE (p. 29).

Fruit dry when ripe, 1-seeded, indehiscent 29

25. Leaves covered with small scale-like hairs; the perianth-segments become fleshy and

enclose the true fruit when ripe 26

The leaves are not scaly 27

26. Leaves alternate; stamens 4 — Elaeagnus.
Leaves opposite; stamens 8 = Shepherdia.

27. Plants with milky juice; perianth-segments becoming fleshy and enclosing the true

fruit when n\)e — Morus.
Xo milky juice present; perianth not becoming fleshy; fruit a drupe 28

2S. Bark fibrous and very tough; flowers bisexual, opening before the leaves; perianth
yellowish = Dirca.
Flowers unisexual; fruits stalked, solitary in the axils of ovate leaves = Celtis.
Leaves aromatic; flowers in short catkins, unisexual; fruits covered with wax or resin =
Myrica.

29. Shrubs with pinnatifid, sweet-scented leaves; perianth absents Comptonia.

Trees with palmately lobed stipulate leaves; flowers in dense globular heads; perianth

absent — Platanus.
Leaves neither pinnatifid nor palmately lobed 30

30. Shrubs with exstipulate leaves; flowers unisexual; stamens 2-5 = CHENOPODIACEAE

(p. 29).
Trees with asymmetrical leaves and deciduous stipules; flowers clustered in small

umbels or racemes, appearing before the leaves; fruit with a broad wing= Ulmus.
Leaves with deciduous stipules; flowers unisexual, the staminate in catkins 31

31. Styles 2; fruit with or without an involucre of bracts 32

Styles 3 or more; fruit with an involucre of bracts forming a cupule = FAG ACE AE

(p. 29).

32. There are three flowers in the axil of each bract of the staminate catkin, each with a

perianth; there are 2-3 flowers in the axil of each bract of the pistillate catkin,
which are without a perianth; fruit compressed, without a cupule — BETULACEAE
(p. 29).
There is a single flower in the axil of each bract of the staminate catkin which is with-
out a perianth; there are 2 flowers in the axil of each bract of the short pistillate
inflorescence, which are provided with a perianth; the fruit has a cupule composed
of bracts = CORYLACEAE (p. 29).

Distribution of Genera

Abronia (Umbrella-wort) PW. 3 sp.

Alliouia (Sand-puffs) ESP. 4 sp.

Anychia canadensis (Forked Chickweed) ES.

Arceuthobium (Dwarf Mistletoe) EPW. 4 sp. Eastern Dwarf Mistletoe (A. pusillum)
occurs on Spruce and Tamarack in the eastern region only.

Asarum (Wild Ginger) ESW. 2 sp. Eastern Wild Ginger (A. canadense) occurs in
eastern woods, while Western Wild Ginger (A. caudatum) is confined to woods in the west.

A triplex (See page 28).

Callitriche (Water Starwort) XESPW. 4 sp.

26

Carya (Hickory) ES. 6 sp.

Celiis (Hackberry) ESW. 2 sp. Eastern Hackberry (C. occidentalis) and Western
Hackberry (C. Douglasii) are confined to the east and west respectively.

Ceraiophyllum demersum (Hornwort) ESP.

Comandra (Bastard Toadflax) NESPW. 4 sp.

Comptonia peregrina (Sweet Fern) ESP. It occurs in dry soil.

Dirca palustris (Leatherwood; Wicopy) ES.

Elaeagnus commutata (Silver-berry) NEPW.

Eriogonum (See page 28).

Hippuris (Mare's Tail) ANEW. 3 sp.

Juglans (Walnut; Butternut) ES. 2 sp. The Black Walnut (J. nigra) is confined to
southern Ontario.

Morus rubra (Mulberry) S.

Myrica (Bog Myrtle; Bayberry) NE'SPW. 2 sp. Bog Myrtle (M. Gale) has brownish
resinous fruits, while Ba}rberry (M. carolinensis) has bluish waxy fruits and is confined to
the eastern region.

Myriophyllum (Water-milfoil) ANESPW. 7 sp.

Paronychia (Whitlow-wort) P. 2 sp.

Phytolacca decandra (Pokeweed) S.

Platanus occidentalis (Sycamore) S.

Podostemon ceratophyllus (River-weed) ES.

Proserpinaca palustris (Mermaid-weed) ES.

Salicornia (See page 28).

Saururus cernuus (Lizard's Tail) S.

Shepherdia (Buffalo-berry) NESPW. 2 sp. Thorny Buffalo-berry (S. argentea) is con-
fined to the prairie, while Smooth Buffalo-berry (S. canadensis) is widely distributed.

Ulmus (Elm) ESP. 3 sp.

CHAPTER IX

APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— URTICACEAE,
EUPHORBIACEAE, POLYGONACEAE, AMARANTACEAE,

CHENOPODIACEAE,

URTICACEAE

1. Plants with stinging: hairs 2

Plants without stinging hairs 3

2. Leaves opposite; perianth segments in both kinds of flowers 4 in number = Urtica.
Leaves alternate; perianth segments 5 in the staminate flowers, 4 in the pistillate

flowers = Laportea.

3. Leaves alternate, exstipulate; flowers in axillary, cymose clusters with an involucre of

bracts; some of the flowers are b i sexualrr Parie taria.
Leaves opposite, stipulate; flowers without an involucre 4

4. Plants annual, glabrous; perianth of the pistillate flower composed of 3 segments

= Pilea.
Plants perennial; perianth of the pistillate flower enclosing the huit=Boehmeria.

Distribution of Genera

Boehmeria cylindrica (False Nettle) BS. It occurs in moist ground.

Laportea divaricata (Wood-nettle) ES. It occurs in woods.

Parietaria pennsylvanica (Pellitory) ESPW. It occurs on dry rocks and banks.

Pilea pumila (Clearweed) ES. It occurs in wet shaded situations.

Urtica (Nettle) ESPW. 5 sp.

EUPHORBIACEAE

Plants with milky juice; flowers enclosed in a ©up-shaped involucre composed of bracts
with glands between them; there is a single-stalked pistillate flower in the centre sur-
rounded by a number of staminate flowers each of which consists of a single stamen =
EupJwrbia.

Plants without milky juice; perianth of the staminate flowers 4-parted, of the pistil-
late 3-5 parted; the pistillate flower is subtended by a foliaceous br ■a,tft=Acalypha.

Distribution of Genera.

Acalypha virginica (Three-seeded Mercury) ES.
Euphorbia (Spurge) ESPW. 10 sp.

POLYGONACEAE

1. Plants without stipules— Eriogonum.

Stipules present 2

2. Annual plants with an involucre of bracts under the group of flowers; perianth-segments

3 in number =Koenigia.
Flowers without an involucre 3

3. Perianth-segments 4; styles 2 4

Perianth-segments 5, often petaloid. stamens 3-8; styles 2-3= Polygonum.
Perianth-segments 6, the 3 inner ones becoming winged in fruit; stamens 6; styles 3 =
Rumex.

4. Leaves reniform; stamens 6; fruit winged = Oa;j/na.

Leaves ovate-lanceolate; stamens 4; fruit biconvex, sh in ing = To vara.

27

28

Distribution of Genera

Eriogonum (Umbrella-plant) PW. 12 sp.

Koenigia islandica (Arctic Knotweed) AW.

Oxyria digyna (Mountain-sorrel) ANEW.

Polygonum (Knotweed; Tear-thumb; Smartweed) NESPW. 51 sp.

Rumex (Dock; Sorrel) ANESPW. 14 sp.

Tovara virginiana (Virginian Knotweed) E'S.

AMARANTACEAE

There is a perianth of 3-5 segments which is persi&tent=Amarantus.
The staminate flowers have a perianth of 5 segments while the pistillate flowrs have
no perianth — Acnida.

Distribution of Genera

Acnida altissima (Water hemp) ES. It is an annual, occurring in wet places.
Amarantus (Pigweed) ESPW. 3 sp.

CHENOPODIACEAE

1. Fleshy-stemmed plants with opposite branches and opposite leaves which are reduced

to scales; flowers sunk in the tissue of the stem = Salicomia.

Leaves alternate 2

2. Plants with spiny branches or spine-tipped leaves; perianth-segments forming a wing-

like expansion surrounding the mature fruit 3

Plants not spiny 4

3. Shrubby plants with spiny branches, fleshy leaves and unisexual flowers = Sarcobatus.

Annual herbs with fleshy spine-tipped leaves and bisexual flowers = Salsola.

4. Flowers unisexual ; pistillate flowers without a perianth but enclosed between 2 bracts. 5

Flowers bisexual 6

5. Shrubby plants with stellate hairs; the staminate flower has 4 perianth-segments; bracts

of the pistillate flower covered with silky hairs = Eurolia.
Mostly herbs with scurfy scales; the staminate flower has 4 or 5 perianth-segments;
bracts of the pistillate flower not hairy = Atriplex.

6. Flowers in globose, axillary sessile heads; perianth becoming fleshy and bright red in

fruit = Blitum.

Perianth not fleshy when mature 7

7. There is a single perianth-segment; stamens 1-3 8

Perianth-segments 3-5 in number with the same number of stamens 9

8. Leaves 3-lobed ; flowers in axillary clusters = Monolepis.

Leaves linear; flowers solitary in the axils of leaf-like bracts = Corispermum.

9. Leaves linear, fleshy, sessile, entire = Suaeda.

Leaves not fleshy, usually broad and petiolate 10

10. Perianth when mature with a broad wing surrounding the fruit = Cycloloma.
Perianth not winged when mature — Chenopodium.

Distribution of Genera

Atriplex (Orache) ESPW. 8 sp.

Blitum capitatum (Strawberry Blite) ESPW. It is an annual species in which the
cluster of fruits resembles a strawberry.

Chenopodium (Goosefoot) ESPW. 10 sp.

Corispermum (Bug-seed) ANESPW. 3 sp.

Cycloloma atriplici folium (Winged Pigweed) ESP. It is an annual plant.

Eurolia lanata. (Winter-fat) P.

Monolepis nuttalliana (Wild Spinach) PW. It is an annual plant.

Salicomia (Glasswort) EPW. 6 sp.

Salsola Kali (Prickly Saltwort) E. It is an annual, occurring on the sea-shore.

Sarcobatus vermiculatus (Greasewood) PW.

Suaeda (Seablite) EPW. 8 sp.

CHAPTER X

APETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— SALICACEAE, FAGACEAE,
BETULACEAE, CORYLACEAE.

SALICACEAE

Buds covered by a single scale; bracts beneath the flowers entire; there is a nectari-
ferious gland at the base of the flower; stamens 2-10 in number = Salix.

Buds covered by several scales; bracts beneath the flowers fimbriate; stamens variable,
or more than 10 = Popuhis.

Distribution of Genera

Populus (Poplar; Aspen; Cottonwood). ANESPW. 8 sp.
Salix (Willow) ANESPW. 96 sp.

FAGACEAE

1. Staminate flowers in heads; cupule composed of 4 valves and containing two triangular

nuts = Fagus.

Staminate flowers in elongated catkins; nut more or less rounded 2

2. Cupule globose, prickly, opening by 2 or 4 valves and containing 2 or more nuts =

Castanea.
Cupule composed of numerous scales which form a cup enclosing a single nut =
Quercus.

Distribution of Genera

Castanea dentata (Chestnut) S.

Fagus grandijolia (Beech) ES.

Quercus (Oak) ESPW. 14 sp. Garry Oak (Q. Garryana) is the only species in the WTest.

BETULACEAE

The staminate flower has 2 bifid stamens; bracts of the pistillate catkins 3-lobed when
mature and deciduous; fruit winged = Betula.

Staminate flower with 4 stamens; bracts of the pistillate catkins becoming woody and
persistent; fruit rarely winged = Alnus.

Distribution of Genera

Alnus (Alder) ESPW. 6 sp.
Betula (Birch) ANESPW. 12 sp.

CORYLACEAE

1. The bract of the staminate flower has 2 subsidiary bracts within it; pistillate flowers

in groups of 2-4; involucre large, leafy incised on the margin, enclosing a large
nut — Corylus.
Bract of staminate flower without subsidiary bracts; pistillate flowers in a short catkin;
nut small 2

2. Involucre when mature 3-lobed; leafy., open on one side; nut ribbed = Carpinus.
Involucre when mature a bladder-like sac completely enclosing the smooth nut =x Ostrya.

Distribution of Genera

Carpinus caroliniana (Blue Beech; Hornbeam) ES.

Corylus (Hazelnut) ESPW. 2 sp. Beaked Hazelnut (C. roslrata) has the involucre
prolonged into a long, tubular, bristly beak.
Ostrya virginiana (Ironwood) ES.

29

CHAPTER XI

CHORIPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— FAMILIES AND

GENERA

1. Spiny plants without proper leaves, or with minute leaves which fall -off quite early
= CACTACEAE (p. 50).
Leafy plants ,,. . . , 2

2. Leaves all radical, either tubular or covered with tentacles, adapted for the capture

of insects 3

Plants with normal leaves 4

8. Leaves tubular, with a winged expansion on one side and a lid-like lobe at the top.
Flowers solitary, with an umbrella-shaped stigma —Sarracenia.
Leaves flat, with glandular tentacles; flowers in a raceme — Drosera.

4. Herbs 5

Shrubs or trees 35

5. Plants with opposite or whorled leaves 6

Some or all of /the leaves are alternate 12

6. Perennial plants with an involucre of 4 white bracts beneath the head of flowers;

ovary inferior; fruit a drupe = Comus sp.
There is no involucre of bracts beneath the inflorescence ; carpels separate .... 7
There is no involucre of bracts beneath the inflorescence ; carpels united 8

7. Annual plants with simple leaves and axillary flowers; parts of the flower in fours

= Tillaea
Perennial plants with compound leaves; sepals 4, petaloid; petals absent; stamens
numerous; achenes with persistent plumose sty\es=z Clematis hirsutissima.

8. Ovary unilocular with free central placentation; sepals 2=PORTULACACEAE (p. 39).
Ovary unilocular with free central placentation; sepals 4-5=CARYOPHYLLACEAE

(p. 39).
Ovary unilocular, with paietal placentation or several-celled with axile placentation. 9

9. Sepals united 10

Sepals free; ovary superior 11

Sepals free; ovary inferior =OENOTHER ACE AE (p. 50).

10. Flowers in axillary clusters; there is an epicalyx of as many segments as the teeth of

the calyx; petals 5, purple; there are 5 long and 5 short stamens— Nesaea.
Leaves with 3 or more principal veins; there is no epicalyx; stamens 8, opening by
pores =Rhexia.

11. Aquatic plants with stipulate leaves and small axillary flowers; sepals 2-4 = Elatine.
Annual plants with exstipulate leaves; sepals 2-3; petals white; stamens 4-Q—Platy-

stiama,
Leaves with translucent glands or black dots, exstipulate; sepals 5.= Hypericum.

12. Leaves stipulate 13

Leaves exstipulate 17

13. Leaves palmately veined; stamens numerous, united into a central column; carpels

united=MALVACEAE (p. 43).
Stamens usually separate 14

14. Flower zygomorphic; stamens 5 or 10; ovary composed of a single carpel or of 3

united carpels 15

Flower actinomorphic; stamens 5 or 10; ovary composed of 5 united carpels.. .. 16
Flower actinomorphic; stamens usually numerous; ovary composed of one or more

carpels which are either separate or enclosed by the fleshy receptacle=ROSACEAE

(p. 43).

30

31

15 Corolla composed of a standard, wings, and keel; stamens mostly 10, more or less united
by their filaments; fruit a legume = FAB ACE AE (p. 46).
One of the petals is saccate or spurred; stamens 5, with the anthers more or Less united;
fruit a 3-valved capsule=VIOLACEAE (p. 48).

16. Leaves more or less divided palmately; fruit with a long beak, splitting into 5 segments

from below upwards =Geranium.
Leaf composed of 3 leaflets: fruit not beaked = Oxalis.

17. Stamens more than 10 usually 18

Stamens 10 or less 22

18. Aquatic plants with simple floating leaves; petals mostly numerous=NYMPHAEACEAE

(p. 37).
Land-plants mostly , 19

19. Carpels separate =RANUNCUL ACE AE (p. 36).

Carpels united 20

20. Sepals 5, all alike; ovary inferior, unilocular =Mentzelia.

Sepals 5, two being smaller than the other three; ovary superior; capsule 1-6-seeded

=CISTACEAE (p. 43).
Sepals 2(-8 all alike ; ovary superior 21

21. Annual plants; sepals 4, deciduous; ovary bilocular=PoZarasm.

Perennial plants with fleshy roots and leaves all radical; sepals 2-8; ovary unilocular;

capsule circumscissile at the ba.se =Lewisia.
Plants with coloured juice- sepals 2, deciduous; ovary unilocular; capsule dehiscent

by pores or valves- PAP AVERACEAE (p. 40).

22. Ovary inferior 23

Ovary superior 25

23. Parts of the flower arranged in fours=OENOTHERACEAE (p. 50).

Flowers mostly in umbels; parts of the flower arranged mostly in fives 24

24. Styles 2-5; fruit fleshy =ARALI ACE AE (p. 51).

Stems usually hollow; styles 2, fruit a schizocarp=UMBELLIFERAE (p. 51).

25. Carpels 3-5 26

Carpels 1-2 31

26. One of the 3 sepals is petaloid and spurred; fruit an explosive c&psu\e=Impatiens.
None of the sepals spurred; fruit not exploding 27

27. Sepals 2; ovary unilocular=PORTULACACEAE (p. 39).

Sepals 3-5 28

28. Stamens 5, united at the base, with small staminodes between them; carpels fully united;

fruit a capsule=Lmwra.
Stamens 6-10; capels free or only partially united 29

29. Annual plants with axillary flowers; sepals, petals, and carpels 3 in number; fruit a

schizocarp^PZoer/cea.
Annual plants with axillary flowers; sepals 4-5; fruit a schizocarp=Ltmnani/ies.
Perennial plants mostly, with flowers in terminal cymes 30

30. Petals absent; fruit a capsule=Pen^orwm.

Leaves fleshy; petals present; fruit composed of follicles=/Sefi?uw.

31. Corolla zygomorphic or isobilateral 32

Epicalyx present, corolla actinomorphic; petals 6; stamens 6=Lythrum.

There is no epicalyx; corolla actinomorphic 33

32. Sepals 2, the 2 lateral ones large and coloured; petals 3, united into a tube which is

split on the h&ck=:Polygala.
Leaves divided; sepals 2; petals 4, the inner pair somewhat united at the tip; stamens
6, in two sets of 3 each=FUMARIACEAE (p. 40).

33. Petals 4; carpels 2 34

Receptacle more or less cup-shaped; petals usually 5; stamens 5-10; carpels 2=
SAXIFRAGACEAE (p. 48).

32

There are several whorls in the perianth; petals 6 or more; anthers opening by valves;
single carpel = BERBERIDACEAE p. 38).

34. Annual plants with trifoliolate leaves; stamens 6, all of the same length; ovary

unilocular=C7eome.
Stamens usually 6, four long and 2 short; ovary bilocular — CRUCIFERAE (p. 40).

35. Leaves opposite 36

Leaves alternate 40

36. Petals 4; ovary inferior; fruit fl eshy =Corrazs sp.

Climbing plants with 4-5 coloured sepals and no petals; fruit consists of achenes with

persistent feathery sty\e=Clematis.
Fruit a winged schizocarp or a capsule 37

37. Leaves palmately lobed or compound; fruit splitting when ripe into two one-seeded

segments=ylcer.
Fruit a capsule 38

38. Leaves trifoliolate; sepals 5; capsule inflated, 3-cel\ed=Staphylea.

Leaves simple; sepals 4 r 39

39. Leaves evergreen; capsule 2-celled; seeds with a white &Y\\=Pachystima.
Leaves deciduous; capsule 3-5-celled; seeds with a red aril =Euonymus.
Leaves deciduous; petals large, white; capsule 4-celled= Philadelphia.

40. Leaves compound 41

Leaves simple 47

41. Stamens numerous= ROSACE AE (p. 43).

Stamens 10 or less 42

42. Plants with digitately compound leaves, climbing by means of tendrils=Pari/ienoc{ss^.s.
Plants with trifoliate or pinnately compound leaves, without tendrils 43

43. Fruit a legume 44

Fruit not a legume 46

44. Shrubs with leaves once pinnate; the corolla consists of a single petsd= Amorpha.
Trees with leaves once or twice pinnate; petals 3-5 45

45. Thorny plants; receptacle short, with 3-5 sepals; legume thin = Gleditschia.

No thorns present; receptacle tubular, with 5 sepals; stamens 10; legume i thick,
cori&ceous=Gymnocladus.

46. Leaves evergreen, spinose-toothed; anthers opening by valves; fruit a several-seeded

berry=Mahonia.
Leaves deciduous; fruit a one-seeded drupe=Rhus.
Leaves with translucent oil-glands, aromatic; fruit dehiscent or 1-seeded and winged=

RUTACEAE (p. 48).

47. Fruit dry when ripe, dehiscent or indehiscent 48

Fruit fleshy when ripe . . 54

48. Stamens numerous 49

Stamens 10 or less 52

49. Leaves small, subulate or scale-like, imbricated; petals 3rellow= Hudsonia.

Leaves broad, not imbricated 50

50. Pistil apocarpous 51

Trees with the peduncle partly adnate to a broad bract; pistil syncarpous; fruit

indehiscent= Tilia .

51. Trees with aromatic bark and large solitary flowers; sepals 3, petaloid; carpels many,

on a conical receptacle ^MAGNOLI ACE AE (p. 38).
Sepals generally 5 on a cup-like receptacle = ROS ACE AE (p. 43).

52. Leaves cordate-orbicular with deciduous stipules; corolla zygomorphic; stamens 10;

fruit a legume=Cems.
Leaves oval or ovate; corolla actinomorphic ; stamens 4^5; fruit a capsule or schizo-
carp • 53

53. Flowers appearing late in the season when the leaves are falling; petals 4, linear, yellow;

stamens 4; capsule 2-celled, woody =Hamamelis.

33

Plants twining; petals 5; stamens 5 alternating with the petals; capsule 3-celled; seed

with a red aril =zCelastrus.
Flowers in umbeMike clusters; stamens 5, in front of the petals; fruit a schizocarp,

splitting into 3 nutlets when ripe = Ceanot]ius.

54. Stamens more than 10; carpede usually separate 55

Anther-bearing stamens lees than 10 56

55. Twining plants with exstipulate, broad, palmately veined leaves; petals 6-8; fruit com-

posed of drupes = Menisperrnum.
Aromatic plants with pinnately veined, exstipulate leaves; flowers solitary; petals 6,

in 2 series; seed flat, enclosed in a fleshy n,vi\ = Asimina.
Leaves stipulate; petals 5; fruit composed of one or more drupes, or else pseudbcar-

pous=ROSACEAE (p. 43).

56. Plants with palmately veined leaves climbing by means of tendrils; petals cohering in

a cap and falling off without expanding=y^zs
Plants without tendrils 57

57. Ovary superior; some of the flowers unisexual 58

Ovary inferior 62

58. Leaves broad; fertile stamens 4-9. . 59

Dwarf shrubs with numerous small linear leaves which are channelled on the under

side ; stamens 3 60

59. Receptacle cup-shaped; sepals 5; stamens alternating with the sepals; fruit several-

seeded = Rhamnus.

Sepals 4-6; stamens alternating with the petals; fruit several-seeded 61

Aromatic plants with translucent oil-glands; perianth in 2 whorls of 3 each; stamens in

the staminate flowers in 3 whorls of 3 each; anthers opening by valves; fruit 1-

seeded=LAURACEAE (p. 38).

60. Flowers solitary, axillary; style with 6-9 segments =Empetrum.
Flowers in terminal heads; style usually with 3 segments =Corema.

61. Flowers mostly in groups in the axi'ls of the leaves; petals oval or obovate, slightly

umted=Ilex.
Flowers solitary in the axils of the leaves; petals linear, not united; drupe red— Nemo-
panthus.

62. Flowers mostly unisexual, small, greenish, borne on axillary peduncles; sepals 5;

stamens variable, mostly 10; ovary l^celled; fruit 1 -seeded =Nyssa.
Flowers bisexual; stamens 4-5; fruit mostly with 2 or more seeds 63

63. Leaves pinnately veined; petals 4, stamens l—Cornus alternifolia.

Plants often prickly; leaves palmately veined; petals 5, stamens 5 61

64. Stem and leaves prickly; flowers in paniculate umbels; ovary 2-celled; fruit scarlet with

1 or 2 seeds = Echinopanax.
Stem frequently prickly; flowers mostly in racemes; ovary 1-celled; fruit several-seeded
=Ribes.

Distribution of Genera

Acer (Maple) NESPW. 10 sp. Five species of Maple attain the rank of trees one foot
or more in diameter. Of these the Broad-leaved Maple (A. macrophyllum) is confined to
the coast region of B.C. The fruits have sharp bristle-like hairs on the seed-bearing part.
The Manitoba Maple (A. Negundo) has compound leaves and is the only one growing
naturally on the prairie. Of the three eastern tree-species the flowers in two open before
the leaves unfold, namely, in the Silver Maple (A. saccharinum) and Red Maple (A. rubrum).
The former has no petals and the wings of the fruit diverge widely, while the latter has red
petals and the wings of the fruit are slightly incurved. In the Sugar Maple (A. Saccharum)
the flowers develop at the same time as the leaves and the fruits consequently are much
later in ripening. It is the principal species which is tapped for its sweet juice which is
boiled down to make maple sugar and maple syrup.

Of the smaller species the Vine Maple (A. circinatum) is confined to the coast region
of B.C. The branches frequently take root at the tip while the leaves are more or less
circular in shape with 7 to 9 sharp-pointed lobes.

Amorpha (see page 47).

Asimina triloba (North American Papaw) S.

33532—3

34

Ceanothus (Redroot; New Jersey Tea) EISPW. 4 sp. Two species are eastern and 2
western. Of the 'latter the Sticky Laurel (C. vekitinus) has gummy twigs and evergreen
leaves while Buckbrush (C. sanguineus) has smooth twigs and deciduous 'leaves.

Celastrus scandens (Staff-tree; Climbing Bittersweet) ES.

Cercis canadensis (Redbud) S.

Clematis (see page 37).

Cleome serrulata (Pink Spider-flower) PW.

Corema Conradii (Broomncrowberry) E. In rocky or sandy soil.

Cornus (Dogwood; Cornel) ANESPW. 13 sp.

The species with an involucre of bracts have the flowers in heads and bright red fruits.
To this group belong the Bunchberry (C. canadensis) which is a small herb and two species
which may attain the dimensions of trees, namely, Flowering Dogwood (C. florida) in
southern Ontario and Western Dogwood (C. Nuttallii) in the western part of B.C. Of the
other species of Dogwood which have no involucre the Alternate-leaved Dogwood (C.
alternijolia) is an eastern species readily distinguished by its leaf arrangement.

Drosera (Sundew) ANESPW. 4 sp. Of the Sundews, which are bog plants, the Round-
leaved Sundew (D. rotundifolia) can be readily recognized by the orbicular leaf-blade.

Echinopanax horridum (Devil's Club) W. In Woods.

Elatine (Water-wort) ESPW. 2 sp. On margins of ponds.

Empetrum nigrum (Northern Crowberry) ANEW. On mountains.

Euonymus (Burning Bush; Strawberry-bush) 2 -sp. S. The Strawberry-busih (E.
obovatus) has prostrate rooting twigs.

Floerkea proserpinacoides (False Mermaid) ES. In marshes.

Geranium (Cranesbill) ESPW. 10 sp.

Gleditschia triacanthos (Honey-locust) S.

Gymnocladus dioica (Kentucky Coffee Tree) S.

Hamamelis virginiana (Witch-hazel) ES.

Hudsonia (see page 43).

Hypericum (St. John's Wort) ESW. 15 sp. Orange Grass (H. gentianoides) is an annual
with the leaves reduced to subulate scales and 5-10 stamens, occuring on sandy soil. Marsh
St. John's Wort (H. virginicum) has a purplish corolla and usually 9 stamens in sets of 3
each; it is found in marshes.

Ilex (Holly) ES. 2 sp. The Inkberry (I. glabra) with evergreen leaves and black fruit
grows in sandy soil while the Winterberry (I. verticillata) has deciduous leaves, bright-red
fruits and grows in marshes.

Impatiens (Jewel-weed) NESPW. 5 sp. In wet places. Spurless Jewel-weed (I. ecal-
carata) a western species, has no spur.

Lewisia (see page 39).

Limnanthes (Lake-flower) W. 2 sp.

Linum (Flax) ESPW. 7 sp. Yellow Flax (L. rigidum) is a perennial species with yellow
flowers found on the prairie.

Lythrum alatum (Winged Loosestrife) ESW. Perennial, with purple petals, occurring
on marshy ground.

Mahonia (Oregon-grape) W. 2 sp.

Mcnispermum canadense (Moonseed) ES. In woods.

Mentzelia (Stick-leaf; Sand Lily) PW. 8 sp. The only species found on the prairie is
the Sand Lily (M. decapetala). Of the 10 yellowish apparent petals 5 are really staminodes.

Nemopanthus mucronata (Mountain-holly) ES. In marshes.

Nesaea verticillata (Water-willow) S. Perennial, occurring in swamps.

Nyssa sylvatica (Black Gum). In marshes.

Oxalis (Wood-sorrel) ESPW. 4 sp. White Wood-sorrel (0. Acetosella) has a creeping
stem, solitary white flowers with purple veins, and grows in woods.

Pachystima (Mountain-lover) W. 3 sp.

Parthenocissus quinquejolia (Virginian Creeper) ESP. In woods.

Penthorum sedoides (Ditch-stonecrop) ES. In wet places.

Philadelphus (see page 49).

Platystigma (see page 40).

Polanisia (Clammy Weed) ESPW. 2 sp.

35

Polygala (Milkwort) NESP. 6 sp. Whorled Milkwort (P. vcrticillata) has whorled
leaves; Seneca Snakeroot (P. Senega) has white flowers in a loose spike; Fringed Milkwort
i P. paueifolia) has few large ro<?e-purple flowers in the axils of the upper lea

Rhamnus (Buckthorn) NESW. 2 sp. Alder-leaved Buckthorn (Rhamnus alnifolia) has
no petals, mostly unisexual flowers, and occurs in swamps; Sacred Bark (R. Purshiana)
occurs only in woods m B.C

Rhexia virginiea (Meadow-beauty) S. It occurs in swamps.

Rhus (Sumac) ESPW. 6 sp. Throe species have pinnately compound leaves, flowers in
dense terminal panicles, and occur on dry soil. Of these Dwarf Sumac (U. cojmltina) has
the axis of the leaf winged, Staghorn Sumac (R. hirta) is covered with velvet v hairs, while
Smooth Sumac (R. glabra) is glabrous. Poison Elder (R. Vernix) has pinnately com-
pound leaves, flowers in loose axillary panicles, and! ocours in swamps. Two species have
trifoliolate leaves, namely, Scented Surmac (R. crenata) with flowers which unfold before
the fragrant leaves and with red fruits, and Poison Ivy (R. Toxicodendron) with greenish-
white furrowed fruits.

Ribes (see page 49).

Sairaccnia purpurea (Pitcher-plant; Indian Cup) NESW. It occurs in bogs.

Sedum (Stonecrop) ANESPW. 8 sp.

Staphylea trijolia (Bladder-nut) ES.

rOid (Basswood) ES. 2 sp.

Tillaea (Pigmy-weed) ESW. 2 sp. In muddy situations.

Vitis (Grape) ES. 3 sp.

33532— 3*

CHAPTER XII

CHORIPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS — RANUNCULA-
CEAE, NYMPHAEACEAE, MAGNOLIACEAE,
LAURACEAE, BERBERIDACEAE

RANUNCULACEAE

The general characters of this family are as follows: They are mostly perennial herbs
with alternate, divided, exstipulate leaves with sheathing bases. The inflorescence is typically
cymose in development although in some cases it resembles a raceme. The parts of the flower
usually have a spiral arrangement on an elongated receptacle. The actinomorphic flower
is the common type. The sepals vary in number and are usually brightly coloured and
deciduous. Petals may be absent, or, if present, are more or less tubular and secrete honey.
The stamens are numerous. The pistil is superior and is composed of a variable number of
separate carpels. The ovary may contain a single ovule in which case the fruit is an achene,
or several ovules in which case the fruit is usually a follicle. In a few cases the fruit is a
berry.

1. Mostly woody plants with opposite leaves, generally climbing by means of their

petioles; petals absent; styles persistent, feathery =Clematis.
Herbaceous plants with alternate or radical leaves 2

2. Flowers zygomorphic 3

Flowers actinomorphic 4

3. Sepals 5, the posterior one spurred; petals small, 2-4 in number; the posterior 2 are

spurred; fruit composed of 1-5 io\lic\es=Delphinium.
Sepals 5, the posterior one shaped like a hood or helmet; petals small, 2-5 in number;
the posterior two are hooded, stalked, concealed in the hood-like sepal; fruit com-
posed of 3-5 ioW'wles—Aconitum.

4. Each carpel has usually 2 or more ovules and when ripe becomes a follicle or berry. 5
Each carpel contains a single ovule and1 becomes an acheme when ripe 11

5. Sepals 5; petals 5, tubular, prolonged at the base into &^ur&—Aquilegia.

Petals, if present, not spurred 6

6. Flowers grouped in apparent racemes; both sepals and petals present 7

Flowers solitary or in few-flowered inflorescences which are not of the racemose type. 8

7. Pistil composed of a single carpel; fruit a berry =Actaea.
Fruit composed of 1-3 follicles — Cimicifuga.

8. Leaves reniform or palmately lobed 8

Leaves ternately or pinnately compound 10

9. Leaves palmately lobed; flowers solitary; sepals 3; petals none; carpels many, each

giving rise to a crimson berry— Hydrastis.
Leaves reniform; flowers few; sepals 5 or more; petals none; carpels 5 or more, each

giving rise to a follicle — Caltha.
Leaves palmately parted; flowers usually solitary; sepals 5 or more; petals 5 or more,

secreting honey in a pit at the base; carpels 5 or more, each giving rise to a

f ollicle = Trollius.

10. Plants with yellow, slender, rhizomes and radical evergreen leaves consisting of 3 or 5

leaflets; sepals_ 5 or more; petals 5 or more, hooded; fruit consisting of stalked
follicles = Coptis.
Plants with fibrous or tuberous roots and leaves twice or thrice ternately divided;
sepals 5, petaloid; petals none; fruit consisting of few io\\icles= I sopyrum.

11. Annual plants with basal linear leaves and solitary flowers; sepals 5, spurred at the

base; petals 5 or more, sometimes none, with a honey-gland at the top; iruit com-
posed of numerous achenes on a long spike-like receptacle = Myosurus.
Mostly perennial plants; leaves rarely linear; sepals not spurred 12

36

37

12. Sepals 5, petals 5, with a nectariferous pocket at the base= Ranunculus.

Petals absent 13

13. Plants with an involucre of leaves or bracts beneath the flowers 14

There is no involucre present 15

14. Leaves radical, evergreen, 3-lobed; flowers solitary; involucre of 3 undivided bracts

placed just beneath the csi\yx=Hepatica.
Leaves radical, digitately divided; flowers solitary; involucre of 3 deeply lobed bracts

which are at a distance from the flower; styles persistent, plumose = Pulsatilla.
Plants with tuberous roots; involucre of several stalked leaves below the group of

flowers; achenes ribbed, glabrous= Syndesmon.
Mostly plants with rhizomes and palmately divided leaves; involucre of 3 leaf-like

bracts distant from the flower; achenes compressed, often with woolly hairs; style

not plumose — Anemone.

15. Leaves palmately lobed; flowers bisexual; sepails 3-5 = Trautvetteria.

Leaves ternately compound; flowers frequently unisexual; sepals 4-5; achenes usually
ribbed = Thalictrum.

Distribution of Genera

Aconitum (Monkshood) AW. 3 sp.

Actaea (Baneberry) ESPW. 3 sp. White Baneberry (A. alba) has white berries. All
the species occur in woods.

Anemone (Wind-flower; Anemone) ANESPW. 19 sp.

Aquilegia (Columbine) ESPW. 5 sp. Wild Columbine (A. canadensis) with scarlet
flowers is the only eastern species.

Caltha (Marsh Marigold) ANESPW. 6 sp. The only species in the east is the Eastern
Marsh Marigold (C. palustris) which has yellow flowers. The only western species with
flowers of this colour is the Yellow Marsh Marigold (C. asarifolia). AH the species occur
in wet ground or in water.

Cimicifuga (Bugbane; Snakeroot) SW. 2 sp. Black Snakeroot (C. racemosa) is found
in Ontario while Bugbane (C. elata) is western.

Clematis (Virgin's Bower) NESW. 5 sp. Two species are eastern and three western.
Of the 'latter group Woolly Clematis (C. hirsutissima) is a herb, White Virgin's Bower
(C. ligusticijolia) has white flowers, while Blue Virgin's Bower (C. columbiana) has blue or
purple flowers.

Coptis (Gold-thread) ANESW. 2 sp. Western Gold-thread (C. asplenifolia) has 5
leaflets and occurs in the west only. Common Gold Thread (C. trijolia) is of wide distri-
bution and has 3 leaflets only. Both species occur in woods.

Delphinium (Larkspur) APW. 13 sp.

Hepatica (Liver-leaf) ES. 2 sp.

Hydrastis canadensis (Golden Seal) S. Occurs in woods.

Isopyrum biternatum (False Rue) S. Occurs in moist woods.

Myosurus (Mousetail) ESPW. 4 sp. Found growing on mud.

Pulsatilla (Pasque Flower) PWT. 2 sp.

Ranunculus (Crowfoot; Buttercup) ANESPW. 54 sp.

Syndesmon thalictroides (Rue-anemone) S. Occurs in woods.

Thalictrum (Meadow-rue) ANESPW. 9 sp.

Trautvetteria grandis (False Bugbane) W. Occurs in woods.

Trollius (Globe-flower) W. 2 sp. Both species occur on wet ground.

NYMPHAEACEAE

1. Leaves peltate; carpels separate 2

Leaves cordate at the base, not peltate; carpels united 3

2. Submerged parts covered with a gelatinous secretion; leaves elliptical; flowers purple;

sepals 3; petals Z—Brasenia.
Leaves orbicular; flowers pale-yellow; sepals 4-5; petals numerous; carpels sunk in
pits in the obconical receptacle —Nelumbo.

3. Flowers yellow; sepals 5-12; petals small, numerous, stamen-like, attached, like the

numerous stamens,, under the ovary =Nymphozanthvs (Nuphar).
Flowers white; sepals 4; petals large, numerous, attached to the ovary; stamens numer-
ous, also attached to the ovary; fruit ripening under the water— Nym]>hae a.

38

Distribution of Genera

Brasenia Schreberi (Water-shield) ESW.

Nelumbo lutea (American Lotus) S.

Nymphaea (White Waterlily) NESP. 3 sp. Tuberous White Waterlily (N. tuberosa)
has lateral tubers on the rhizome, leaves green on both sides and almost scentless flowers.
It occurs oniy in southern Ontario.

Nymphozanthus (Yellow Waterlily) NESPW. 3 sp. Western Yellow Waterlily (N.
polysepalus) has 8-12 sepals and is confined to the western region.

MAGNOLIACEAE

Leaves broadly oval; anthers opening inwards; fruits dehiscent when ripe = Magnolia.
Leaves with 4-6 lobes, truncate; anthers opening outwards; fruits samaroid, indehiscent =
Liriodendron.

Distribution of Genera

Liriodendron Tulipijera (Tulip-tree) S.
Magnolia acuminata (Cucumber-tree) S.

LAURACEAE

Trees with entire ovate or 3-lobed leaves; anthers 4-celled, 4-valved; fertile flowers
with 6 rudimentary stamens; drupe b\ue= Sassafras.

Shrubs with entire mostly obovate leaves; anthers 2-celled, 2-valved; fertile flowers
with 12 or more staminodes; drupe red=Benzoin.

Distribution of Genera

Benzoin aestivale (Spice-bush; Benjamin Bush) S.
Sassafras variifolium (Ague-tree) S.

BERBERIDACEAE

1. Shrubs with pinnately compound leaves =Mahonia.

Herbs; leaves not pinnately compound 2

2. Leaves compound 3

Leaves palmately lobed 4

3. Leaves basal, composed of 3 leaflets; flowers in a spike; perianth absent =Achlys.
Leaves triternately compound; sepals 6; petals 6, hooded; the ovary bursts and dis-
appears at an early stage and the 2 large blue seeds are supported on stout stalks =
Caulophyllum.

4. Leaves basal, bilobate; sepals 4; petals 8; stamens 8; fruit a capsule, opening half-way

round by a lid= J effersonia.
Lower leaves 5-9-1 obed and peltate; flower large, white, solitary, terminal between
2 leaves; sepals 6; petals 6-9; stamens twice as many as the petals; fruit a berry =
Podophyllum.

Distribution of Genera

Achlys triphylla (Vanilla-leaf) W.

Caulophyllum thalictroides (Blue Cohosh) ES.

Jefferstnia diphylla (Twin-leaf) S.

Mahonia (Oregon-grape) W. 2 sp.

Podophyllum peltatum (May-apple, Wild Mandrake) ES. i

CHAPTER XIII

CHORIPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS — PORTULAC-
ACEAE, CARYOPHYLLACEAE, PAPAVERACEAE,
FUMARIACEAE, CRUCIFERAE

PORTULACACEAE

1. Leaves all radical 2

Some of the leaves are cauline and opposite or alternate 3

2. Sepals 2 scarious and deciduous; stamens numerous; capsule 3-valved, with numerous

seeds=Talin urn .
Sepals 2-8, persistent; capsule circumscissile, many-seeded=Lewma.

3. Annual plants with opposite leaves; petals 3; stamens 3; seeds Z — Montia.

Annual plants with alternate leaves and flowers in bracteate racemes; petals 3-5;

stamens 3-15; seeds m&r\y=zCalandrinia.
Annual or perennial plants with corms or stolons; some of the leaves are usually opposite;

flowers in racemes; petals 5; stamens generally 5; seeds 3-6=Claytonia.

Distribution of Genera

Calandrinia (Red Maids) W. 2 sp.

Claytonia (Spring Beauty; Miner's Lettuce) ESPW. 18 sp.

Lewisia (Bitter Root; Bread-root) W. 3 sp. Bitter-root (L. rediviva) has solitary flowers
with 6-8 sepals and 12-16 rose-coloured petals. It occurs on the dry belt of B.C.
Montia jontana (Water-blinks) ANEW;. In wet places.
Talinum spinescens (Rock-pink) W\ Occurs in rocky places.

CARYOPHYLLACEAE

The members of this family are mostly herbs with opposite simple leaves which are
usually exstipulate. The inflorescence is typically a dichasial cyme. The flowers are
bisexual. Sepals 5 in number, free or united. Petals 5, free. Stamens mostly 10. Carpels
united, 2-5 in number. Ovary superior, unilocular, with free-central placentation and
numerous ovules. Fruit a, capsule opening at the top iby teeth which are equal in number
to the carpels or twice as many. Embryo curved.

1. Sepals free 2

Sepals united 6

2. Stipules present, scaTious=Spergularia.

Stipules absent 3

3. Petals deeply 2-cleft; capsule opening by twice as many equal teeth as there are

styles 4

Petals entire or only emarginate ; valves of the capsule equal at first to the number of the
styles, sometimes becoming cleft afterwards 5

4 Styles 3, rarely 5; capsule short, ovoid=Stellaria.

Styles 5; capsule cylindrical, often curved=Ceras^Km.

5. Tufted plants with subulate leaves; flowers mostly axillary on elongated pedicels; sepals
4-5; stamens as many or twice as many; styles as many as the sepa,k=Sagina.
Plants often tufted, with broad or filiform leaves; flowers in terminal cymes or solitary
in the axils; sepals usually 5 and stamens 10; styles usually Z=Minuartia.

6 Styles 3; capsule usually septate at the ba.se=Silene.
Styles 5; capsule 1-celled to the bsise=Lychnis.

39

40

Distribution of Genera

Cerastium (Mouse-ear Chickweed) ANESPW. 17 sp.

Lychnis (Campion) ANESPW. 9 sp.

Minuartia (Sandwort) ANESPW. 32 sp. Sea purslane (M. peploides) has long rhizomes,
broad fleshy leaves, and axillary white flowers with a glandular disc below the ovary. It
occurs on sand on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

Sagina (Pearlwort) ANEW. 7 sp.

Silene (Catchfly; Campion) ANESPW. 10 sp.

Spergularia (Sand-spurry) NEPW. 6 sp.

Stellaria (Chickweed; Stitchwont ANESPW. 19 sp.

PAPAVERACEAE

Annual plants without coloured juice; leaves opposite, entire; stamens 4-6; carpels 3=
Platy stigma,.

Plants with milky juice; leaves alternate, lobed; stamens numerous; carpels 4 or more;
capsule opening by poTes=Papaver.

Plants with rhizomes and basal palmately lobed leaves; juice red; flowers solitary, white;
petals 8-16; stamens numerous; carpels 2=Sanguinaria.

Distribution of Genera

Papaver (Poppy) AW. 2 sp.

Platystigma oreganum (Cream-cups) W. On sandy soil.

Sanguinaria canadensis (Bloodroot) ES. It is found in woods.

FUMARIACEAE

1. Flowers isobilateral, the 2 outer petals being spurred at the base 2

Biennial leafy plants with only 1 petal spurred at the base = Corydalis.

2. Perennial plants with small tubers and basal leaves=Dzcerjira.
Biennial leafy plants, climbing by twisting of the \esi(-stai\ks=Adlumia.

Distribution of Genera

Adlumia jungosa (Climbing Fumitory) ES.

Corydalis (Corydalis) ESPW. 3 sp. Pink Corydalis (C. semper vir ens) has pink flowers
with a yellow tip; it occurs in rocky places.

Dicentra (Dutchman's Breeches; Bleeding Heart) ESW. 4 sp. One-flowered Bleeding
Heart (D. uniflora) with solitary flowers, is confined to B.C.

CRUCIFERAE

Herbs with alternate, exstipulate leaves. Inflorescence a raceme without bracts. Sepals
in 2 whorls of 2 each, deciduous. Petals 4, separate. There are 4 long and 2 short stamens.
Carpels 2, united. Ovary superior, 2r-celled, with the ovules attached at each edge of the
partition. Fruit a siliqua or silicula, sometimes indehiscent, or breaking into 1-seeded joints.
Embryo curved, the radicle sometimes lying along the edge of the cotyledons (pleurorrhizal
form) or lying along the middle of the back of one of the cotyledons (notorrhizal form).
Sometimes the cotyledons are folded, with the radicle between the folds.

1. Annual plants; fruits indehiscent and 1-seeded or breaking across into 1-seeded seg-

ments 2

Fruit longitudinally dehiscent 3

2. Plants with branched hairs; petals white or none; fruit orbicular, 1-celled, 1-seeded,

covered with hooked h&ivs= Athysanus.
Plants with simple hairs or none ; petals white or rose-coloured ; fruit orbicular, winged,

1-celled, l-seeded=:Thysano carpus.
Glabrous fleshy plants; petals white or purple; fruit elongated, 2-jointed, each joint

1-celled and 1-seeded, or the lower joint empty =Ca/a7e.

3. Fruit oblong to linear (two to many times as long as broad) 4

Fruit short, the length being less than twice the breadth 10

41

4. Corolla white or purple; fruit linear; embryo pleurorrhizal 5

Perennial plants; corolla white, pink, or purple; fruit elliptical or oblong 6

Corolla yellow; fruit mostly linear 9

Plants with simple leaves and stellate hairs; corolla white or yellow; fruit elliptical,

with 2 rows of seeds; embryo pleurorrhizal=Draba.

5. Perennial plants with scaly rhizomes; leaves palmately divided; seeds in a single row

=Dentaria.
Plants with branched hairs; leaves usually simple, often auricled at the base; seeds in

1 or 2 rows, often winged= Arabis.
Leaves simple to pinnatifid; seeds in a single row=Cardamine.

6. Aquatic plants with dissected submerged leaves and simple serial leaves; fruit elliptical,

1-celled; seeds in 2 rows=Neobeckia.
Arctic or alpine land plants 7

7 Tufted plants with pinnatifid leaves and stellate hairs; fruit ovate-lanceolate=/Sraefo wsftuz.
Leaves simple 8

S Leaves mostly basal, fleshy, and spatulate, with branched hairs; fruit oblong; embryo

notorrhiza'lirrfiraT/a.
Leaves basal; corolla pink or purple; fruit oblong; seeds in 2 rows^Parrya.
Hairs simple or none; fruit oblong-lanceolate, with the septum often perforated; embryo

notorrhizal==E'u£rema.

9. Leaves mostly pinnatifid; hairs, when present, simple; fruit oblong to linear; seeds

mostly in 2 rows; embryo pleurorrhizal=iVras£'ur£mm.
Glabrous plants with angular stems and pinnatifid leaves; fruit 4-sided; seeds in 1 row=

Campe.
Plants with forked hairs and simple or pinnatifid leaves; hairs on the stem vertical,

attached by the middle, appressed; seeds in 1 row ^Erysimum.
Hairs on the stem simple or stellate; leaves simple or multifid; seeds in 1 or 2 rows;

embryo notoTrhiza,\=Sisymbrium.

10. The septum or partition is narrower than the breadth of the fruit 11

The septum is as broad as the fruit 13

11. Corolla white or purplish 12

Perennial plants with stellate hairs and spatulate leaves; corolla yellow; valves of the
fruit inflated, covered with stellate h&irs=Physaria.

12. Hairs, when present, simple; petals sometimes absent; fruit mostly orbicular, each cell

containing a single seed=Lepidium.
Hairs stellate; fruit elliptical, msmy-seeded^=Hut chinsia.
Glabrous plants with simple leaves, the cauline clasping; fruit orbicular, with two or

more seeds in each ce\l=Thlaspi.

13. Corolla white to purple 14

Plants with stellate hairs and simple leaves; corolla yellow; fruit globose to ellipsoid;

style elongated, persistent —Lesqucrella.

14. Aquatic submerged plants with linear leaves in a rosette; fruit elliptical; seeds in 2

rows=Subularia.
Land plants 15

15. Plants glabrous^ succulent; fruit gl ob ose= Cochlearia.. .

Annual plants with basal lyrately pinnatifid leaves; fruit suborbicular; seeds in 2 rows,
winged=Pfo tyspermum.

Distribution of Genera

Arabis (Rock-cress) ANESPW. 30 sp.

Athysanus pusillus (Round-pod) W. It is an annual plant.

Braya (Arctic Rock-cress) ANW. 3 sp. They are arctic and alpine plants.

Cakile edentula (Sea Rocket) ESW. Annual plants growing on sand on the shores
of the Atlantic, Pacific, and Great Lakes.

Campe americana (Winter-cress) W. It is a biennial, found on wet ground.

Cardamine (Bitter Cress) ANESPW. 17 sp. They occur mostly on wet ground.

Cochlearia (Scurvy-grass) ANEW. 4 sp. They are found on northern sea-coasts.

Dentaria (Toothwort) ESW. 4 sp. Two of the species are western and two eastern. In
the latter group two leaves occur on the stem of Two-leaved Toothwort (D. diphylla) while

42

Cut-leaved Toothwort (D. laciniata) has three leaves on the stem. All the species occur in
woods.

Draba (Whitlow-grass) ANESPW. 30 sp.

Erysimum (Wall-flower) ANEPW. 3 sp.

Eutrema (Hole-pod) A. 2 sp.

Hutchinsia proeumbens (Spreading Hutchinsia). NW. It is an annual occurring on moist
ground.

Lepidium (Pepper-grass) NBSPW. 10 sp.

Lesquerella (Bladder-pod) APW. 4 sp.

Nasturtium (Water-cress) NESPW. 11 sp.

Neobeckia aquatica (River-cress) ES.

Parry a (Naked Cress) A. 3 sp.

Physaria didymocarpa (Double Bladder-pod) PW. A perennial plant occurring in dry
situations.

Platyspermum scapigerum (Flat-pod) W. It is an annual species occurring on Van-
couver island.

Sisymbrium (Mustard) ANESPW. 16 sp.

Smelowskia (Alpine Cress) W. 5 sp. They are perennials occurring on high mountains.

Subularia aquatica (Water Awlwort) EW.

Thlaspi alpestre (Fan- weed) W. It is a perennial, occurring on high mountains.

Thysanocarpus curvipes (Lace-pod) W. An annual, occurring on dry ground.

CHAPTER XIV

CHORIPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— CISTACEAE,
MALVACEAE, ROSACEAE

CISTACEAE

1. Shrubby plants with subulate or scale-like imbricated leaves; petals 5, yellow— Hud-

sonia.
Herbaceous plants; leaves not imbricated 2

2. Petals 5, yellow, deciduous; style short — Helianthemum.

Freely branching plants with 3 greenish or purplish persistent petals; style absent =
Lechea.

Distribution of Genera

H eli-ant hemum (Frost-weed) ES. 2 sp.

Hudsonia (False Heather) EP. 2 sp. In dry or sandy soil.

Lechea (Pin-weed) ES. 4 sp. ■

MALVACEAE

1. There is mostly an involucel of bracts below the calyx; stamens monadelphous. . 2
Flowers without involucels; stamens in a double series=Sidalcea.

2. Bracts of the involucel numerous; antherJbearing region of the staminal column below

the summit; ovary 5-celled; fruit a loculicidal c&\)8u\e=zHibiscus.
Braots of the involucel 1-3; the column of stamens is anther-bearing at the summit;

ovary 5-or more-celled; carpels separating from the central axis when ripe.. .. 3

3. Each flower has 2-3 bracts or sometimes none; each carpel bears a single ovule — Mal-

vastrum.
Each flower has 3 bracts; each carpel bears 2-3 ovules =Sphaeralcea.

Distribution of Genera

Hibiscus Moscheutos (Rose-mallow) S. It has large rose-coloured flowers and occurs
in swamps.

Malvastrum (False Mallow) PW. 2 sp. False Red Mallow (M. coccineum) has steHate
hairs, no bracts under the flowers, and is confined to the Prairie.

Sidalcea (Wild Hollyhock) W. 3 sp.

Sphaeralcea rivularis (Globe-mallow) W. It occurs a'long streams.

ROSACEAE

This is a somewhat variable family but the general characters are as follows: They
are mostly herbs or shrubs but trees may also occur. The leaves are alternate, stipulate,
and either simple or compound. The inflorescence may be racemose or cymose and the
floral receptacle is usually hollowed so that the flower is more or less perigynous. Flowers
actinomorphic and generally bisexual. There is frequently an epicalyx. Sepals 5, free.
Petals 5, free, imbricated in the bud. Stamens bent inwards in the bud, usually numerous,
but sometimes equal in number to the petals. The carpels vary in number from 1 to
many, are free and usually superior. The fruit may be either dry, when it is generally an
achene, or fleshy when it is a drupe, but in many cases the floral receptacle also becomes
fleshy and may surround the carpels giving rise to a false fruit or pseudocarp. The seed
is without endosperm.

1. Herbs 2

Shrubs or trees 15

2. Sepals 4; petals absent; stamens 1-4; carpel solitary 3

Petals 5; stamens 5; carpels 5 or more 4

Petals usually 5; stamens numerous 5

43

44

3. Leaves palmately lobed or palmately compound; there is an epicalyx of 4 segments^

Alchemilla.
Leaves unequally pinnate; flowers in a dense spike; there is no epicalyx; sepals with
petaloid tips = Sanguisorba.

4. Leaf composed of 3-5 leaflets; petals yellow =zPotentilla sp.

Leaf 2 or more times ternately divided1; petals white; stamens opposite the petals =
Chamacrrhodos.

5. Leaves simple 6

Leaves divided 8

6. Sepals 8-9, petals 8-9; fruit composed of achenes with persistent plumose style = Dryas.
Sepals and petals five; fruit composed of drupelets 7

7. Leaves orbicular, cordate at the base, with crenate margin; the scape-like peduncle

bears 1 or 2 white flowers; drupelets nearly dry, enclosed by the calyx = Dalibarda.
Leaves palmately lobed; flowers solitary, white; drupelets fleshy —Rubus sp.

8. Leaves 2-3- times pinnately divided1; inflorescence a large panicle; all the flowers on

the same plant unisexual; fruit composed of 3 follieles=.4nmcus.
Leaves palmately or pinnately divided; flowers mostly bisexual 9

9. Leaves trifoliolate ; fruit fleshy when ripe 10

Fruit dry when ripe 11

10. Plants with runners; leaves basal; fruit composed of achenes attached' to a fleshy

receptacle = Fragaria.
There are no runners; cauline leaves present; fruit composed of drupelets^ Rubus sp.

11. Leaves trifoliolate; petals long and narrow; fruit composed of five follicles each of

which contains 2-4 seeds = Gillenia.
Fruit composed of achenes 12

12. Leaves unequally pinnate, some of the segments being smaller than the others; flowers

in a long raceme; petals yellow; floral receptacle obconic, covered with hooks when
ripe and enclosing 1-2 achenes ■= A grimonia.
Flowers not in a raceme; achenes not enclosed in the floral receptacle 13

13. Part or the whole of the style is persistent on the fruit; style often jointed or plumose=

Geum.
Style deciduous 14

14. Leaves mostly basal with 3 leaflets: petals yellow; carpels 2-6= Waldsteinia.

Leaves pinnately or palmately divided; petals yellow, white, or purple; carpels numer-
ous=Potentilla.

15. Fruit dry when ripe 16

Fruit or receptacle fleshy when ripe 20

16. Fruit composed of achenes 17

Fruit dehiscent 18

17. Leaves simple, ovate; petals white—Holodiscus.

Leaves simple, cuneate, 3-cleft at the apex; flowers solitary; petals ye\low=Purshia.
Leaves compound; petals white or yel\ow=Po tent-ilia.

18. Leaves simple 19

Leaves twice or thrice ternately divided; flowers in a raceme; fruit dehiscent along both
sutures=Z/we£/cea.

19. Bark in layers; leaves palmately lobed; fruits inflated, dehiscing along both sutures

=Physocarpus.
Leaves not palmately lobed; fruits not inflated, dehiscing along one suture only=
Spiraea.

20. Stem usually prickly; leaves unequally pinnately compound; receptacle urn-shaped,

fleshy, enclosing the achenes=7i!osa.

Receptacle fleshy, adherent to the carpels 21

Receptacle not fleshy; the fruit consists of 1 or several drupes 24

21. Leaves simple 22

Leaves unequally pinnately compound=*Sorfrws.

45

22. The cavities of the fruit are twice as many as the Bty\ee=Amelanchier.

The cavities of the fruit are equal in number to the styles 23

23. Carpels leathery or papery when ripe=Pyrus.

Stem usually armed with thorns; carpels bony when ripe=Crataegus.

24. Leaves simple; each flower has a single oarpel=Pnmus.

Leaves simple, without stipules; flowers in a loose raceme, unisexual; carpels 5=

Osmaronia.
Stem usually prickly; leaves palmately lobed, or compound, with the stipules adhering

to the petiole; carpels numerous=i?ubus.

Distribution of Genera

At/rimonia (Agrimony) ESPW. 4 sp.

Alchemilla (Lady's Mantle) ANEW. 5 sp.

Amelanchier (June-berry; Service-berry) NESPW. 8 sp.

Aruncus acuminatus (Goat's Beard) W. It is perennial, occurring in moist woods.

Cliamaerhodos Nuttallii (Five-stamened Cinquefoil) P.W.

Crataegus (Hawthorn) ESPW. 26 sp. They are mostly eastern but the Black Haw
(C. Douglasii) occurs in the western region.

Dalibarda repens (Dewdrop) E.S. A perennial, occurring in woods.

Dryas (Mountain Avens) ANEW. 4 sp. Chiefly in alpine and arctic situations.

Fragaria (Strawberry) NESPW. 13 sp.

Geum (Avens) ANESPW. 14 sp. Prairie-smoke (G. ciliatum) has purple petals and
iong feathery style and occurs on dry soil.

Gillenia trifoliata (Indian Physic; Bowman's Root) S. It has white or pinkish petals
and occurs in woods.

Holodiscus discolor (Ocean Spray) W.

Luetkea pectinata (Partridge-foot) W. It is a low tufted shrub occurring in alpine
meadows.

Osmaronia cerasiformis (Indian Plum) W. It has white petals, purplish-black fruits,
and occurs in wet soil.

Physocarpus (Ninebark) ESW. 3 sp.

Potentilla (Cinquefoil) ANESPW. 79 sp.

Prunus (Cherry; Plum) NESPW. lOsp. The Western Sand-Cherry (P. Besseyi) is a
shrub with black fruit. It occurs in Manitoba and is the only species occurring on the
prairie.

Purshia tridentata (Antelope-brush) W.

Pyrus (Crab-apple; Chokeberry) ESW. 6 sp. The Black Chokeberry (P. melanocarpa)
has a black fruit about one-fourth of an inch in diameter and occurs in wet ground.

Rosa (Rose) ANESPW. 35 sp.

Rubus (Bramble) ANESPW. 49 sp. The Cloudberry (R. Chamaemorus) is a herb-
aceous species with palmately lobed leaves and solitary, white, unisexual flowers. It occurs
in arctic and alpine situations.

Sanguisorba (Burnet) NEW. 6 sp. The only eastern species is Great Burnet (S. cana-
densis ). It grows in wet situations.

SorbiLs (Mountain-ash) NEW. 2 sp. The Sharp-leaved Mountain Ash (S. americana)
is confined to the eastern region. It occupies damp situations.

Spiraea (Meadow-sweet; Steeple-bush) ESPW. 9 sp. Of the eastern species the
Steeple-bush (S. tomentosa) has the leaves whitish on the under surface, a pyramidal
inflorescence and pink flowers. It occurs on wet ground.

Waldsteinia fragarioides (Barren Strawberry) ES. It is a perennial, occurring in woods.

CHAPTER XV

CHORIPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— FABACEAE,
RUTACEAE, VIOLACEAE, SAXIFRAGACEAE

FABACEAE

The general characters of this family are as follows. The Canadian species are nearly
all herbs with alternate, compound, stipulate leaves. The inflorescence is usually a raceme.
The flower is bisexual and zygomorphic. Sepals 5, more or less united. Petals 5, of which
the posterior one is the largest and is known as the "standard"; the 2 petals adjacent to the
"standard" are known as the "wings", while the other 2 petals are united to form the keel.
The stamens are usually 10 in number of which 0 are usually united together while 1 is free.
There is a single carpel which is superior in position and gives rise to a legume when ripe.
The seed is without endosperm.

There are some exceptional forms. In the genus Amorpha there is only 1 petal, the
standard; there are only 5 stamens in Petalostemon; Baptisia and Thermopsis have 10 free
stamens; the fruit is an achene in Psoralea, while it is a lomentum in Desmodium and
Hedysarum.

1. Shrubs with unequally pinnate leaves and flowers in dense terminal racemes. There is

only 1 petal, the standard. All the stamens are united below. Legume short, 1-2-
seeded= Amorpha.
Herbs 2

2. Climbing plants 3

Erect plants, not climbing S

3. Plants climbing by twining spirally 4

Plants climbing by means of tendrils 7

4. Plants with underground tubers and pinnately compound leaves; stipules deciduous;

flowers brownish-purple=Gfo/cme.
Leaves ternately compound . . 5

5. Plants with a moniliform row of underground tubers and brownish hairs on the stem;

flowers of two kinds, the upper petaliferous and the lower without petals; upper pods
long and several-seeded, lower short and mostly l-seeded=^imp/ucarpa.
Leaves with stipels and only one kind of flowers and fruits 6

6. Flowers in racemes. Keel spirally coi\ed=P haseolus.
Flowers in heads. Keel mcurv ed=Strophostyles.

7. Style with a tuft of hairs at the top=Vicia.
Style bearded along the inner side=Lathyrus.

8. Leaves palmately compound 9

Some or all of the leaves ternately compound 10

Leaves pinnately compound 16

9 Flowers in racemes; stamens all united; fruit a legume with several seeds=Lupinus.
Root tuberous; leaves gland-dotted; flowers in a dense spike; fruit l-seeded=PsoraZea
esculenta.

10. Stamens free 11

Stamens more or less united 12

11. Stipules leafy; fruit elongated, curved=T hermopsis.

Stipules small, deciduous; fruit short, stalked, inft&ted=Baptisia.

12. Fruit ovoid or ellipsoid, often included in the calyx, few-seeded 13

Fruit more or less elongated 15

13. Leaves gland-dotted; fruit an achene=PsoraZea.

Leaves not gland-dotted 14

46

47

14. Low tufted plants, densely covered with hairs; stipules scarious; flowers yellowish, sessile

in the axils of the leaves J fruit dvhiscvni Astragalus triphyllus.
Stipules subulate; flowers frequently of two kinds, some being petaliferous and others

apetaloua; fruit l-eeeded, indehiscent, reticulated=Lespetfeza.
Flowers in dense heads or spikes; stipules adnate to the petiole, petals generally per-

sistent; fruits in some species dehiscent=Trijolium.

15. Annual plants with axillary flowers; fruit linear^ /fosac/cia americana.
Perennial plants; leaves provided with stipels; fruit a lomcntum=Z)esmodmm.

16. Leaves gland-dotted; flowers in a dense spike; stamens 5, united into one bundle; fruit

enclosed in the calyx, l-2-seeded=JPc£a/os£emo?i.
Stamens 10 17

17. Flowers in axillary racemes; fruit a lomentum=//ecfo/sarwm.

Fruit not transversely jointed 18

IS. Roots thick, sweet; leaves gland-dotted; flowers in axillary spikes; fruit indehiscent,
covered with hooked prickles=G/2/c?/rr/uza.
Leaves not gland-dotted; fruit not prickly 19

19. Stems tufted, very short; keel of the corolla prolonged into a point; fruit short=

Oxytropis.
Stems usually elongated ; keel not prolonged into a point 20

20. Flowers solitary or in umbels; fruit linear^i/osac/cia.

Flowers in spikes or racemes 21

21. Hairy plants with a broad standard; fruit linear, covered with hairs= Tephrosia.
Standard longer than broad; fruit mostly short and inflated, sometimes 2-celled and

mdehiscent=:Astragalus

Distribution of Genera

Amorpha (Lead-plant; False Indigo) P. 3 sp.

Amphicarpa (Hog-peanut) BS. 2 sp.

Astragalus (Milk-vetch) ANESPW. 49 sp.

Baptism (Wild Indigo) S. 2 sp. In Yellow Indigo (B. tinctoria) the flowers are yellow
while in White Indigo (B. leucantha) they are white.

Desmodium (Tick-trefoil) ESP. 15 sp. Only one species, Showy Tick-trefoil (D.
canadense) extends as far west as Manitoba.

Glycine Apios (Groundnut) ES. It occurs in moist ground.

Glycyrrhiza lepidota (Wild Licorice) NEPW.

Hedysarum (Sweet Broom) ANEPW. 5 sp. The Northern Sweet Broom (H. boreale)
is the only eastern species. It occurs in rocky places.

Hosackia (Birdfs Foot Trefoil) W. 8 sp.

Lathyrus (Vetchling) ANESPW. 7 sp. The only species found on the prairie is the
Veined Pea (L. venosus). It has purple flowers and occurs in wet places.

Lespedeza (Bush-clover) S. 5 sp

Lupinus (Lupin) ANSPW. 28 sp. The majority of the species are western but Wild
Lupin (L. perennis) with blue flowers occurs in southern Ontario on sandy soil.

Oxytropis (Loco-weed) ANEPW. 24 sp. The only eastern species is Yellow Loco-weed
(0. campestris) with flowers of various colours. It occurs in rocky places.

Petalostemon (Prairie^clover) P. 4 sp.

Phaseolus polystachyus (Wild Bean) S. It occurs among bushes.

Psoralen (Bread-root) SPW. 5 sp. The only species east of the prairie is Sainfoin Bread-
root (P. Onobrychis) which occurs on river-banks in southern Ontario.

Strophostylcs helvola (Trailing Wild Bean) ES. It has a greenish-purple corolla and
occurs on sandy soil.

Tephrosia virginiana (Goat's Rue) ES. It has yellowish-purple flowers and occurs on
dry sandy soil.

Thermopsis (Prairie-bean) P. 2 sp.

Trifolium (Clover) SW. 14 sp. All of the species are western except Buffalo-clover
(T. reflexum). It has a red standard, white wings and keel, and occurs in meadows in
southern Ontario.

Vicia (Vetch) ESPW. 8 sp. The Pale Vetch (V. caroliniana) with nearly white flowers
is confined to southern Ontario and occurs on river-banks.

48

RUTACEAE

Stem prickly, leaves pinnately compound; carpels separate; fruit dehiscent = Xantho-
xylum.

Stem not prickly; leaves ternately compound; carpels united; fruit winged and inde-
hiscent= Ptelea.

Distribution of Genera
Ptelea trifoliata (Hop-tree) S. Both leaves and flowers have a disagreeable odour.
Xanthoxylum americanum (Prickly Ash) ES. The yellowish-green flowers appear before
the leaves.

VIOLACEAE

Flowers usually of two kinds, petaliferous and apetalous; sepals prolonged at the base;
1 of the petals is prolonged into a spur; 2 of the stamens are provided with appendages and
the anthers are conni vent = Viola.

Sepals not prolonged at the base; one of the petals is broader than the others and is
saccate; stamens united into a sheath with a bilobed gland at the bsise=Hybanthus.

Distribution of Genera
Hybanthus concolor (Green Violet) S. It occurs in moist woods.
Viola (Violet) ANESPW. 46 sp.

SAXIFRAGACEAE

The Canadian members of this family are mostly herbs with alternate, simple, exstipu-
late leaves. The commonest type of inflorescence is the cyme, but the raceme is also found.
The flower is usually perigynous and bisexual. The sepals and petals are usually 5 in
number and actinomorphic. Stamens generally 5 or 10 in number. Carpels usually fewer
than the petals and united below, often 2 in number. The fruit is usually a capsule. Excep-
tions to the above general characters will be found in connection with the various genera.

1. Shrubs 2

Herbs 3

2. Leaves opposite; sepals and petals 4; stamens numerous; fruit a capsule = Philadelphia.
Leaves alternate, palmately veined; stamens 5; ovary inferior, 1 celled; fruit a berry =

Ribes.

3. Perennial herbs with solitary flowers on a long scapoid peduncle which frequently bears

a single leaf; corolla white or pale-yellow; stamens 5, with 5 alternating bundles of
. gland^tipped staminodes; carpels 3-4; fruit a 1-celled capsule =Parnassia.
Stamens 4-10; staminodes absent 4

4. Sepals 4-5. petals absent; stamens 4 or 8; fruit a 1-celled capsule = Chry so splenium.
Petals present; stamens 3, 5, or 10 5

5. Petals 4, persistent; stamens 3; ovary one-eel led = Tolmiea.

Petals 5; stamens 5 or 10 6

6. Stamens 5 7

Stamens 10 10

7. Ovary 1-celled 8

Leaves stipulate ; ovary 2-celled 9

8. Flowers in a simple raceme; petals deeply lobed=M^eZfa sp.

Leaves with dilated bases resembling stipules; flowers in small cymose clusters which
are grouped in a panicle— Heuchera.

9. Rhizome short, bearing bulblets; basal leaves ternately divided; flowers in a compact

cyme; ovary almost mierior—Suksdorfia.
Rhizome not bearing bulblets; basal leaves reniform in outline, mostly cleft into 5-7
lobes; flowers in panicles on leafy lateral shoots; ovary half-inferior = Therophon.

10. Ovary 1-dellect 11

Ovary 2-celled 14

11. Petals lobed; carpels equal .. .. 12

Petals undivided; carpels unequal in size — Tiarella.

12. Rhizome bearing bulblets; carpels 3 = Lithop)iragma.

Rhizome scah'; carpels 2 13

13. Receptacle more or less urn-shaped; capsule beaked=Tellima.
Receptacle saucer-shaped; capsule not beaked — Mitella sp.

14. Leaves basal or alternate; flowers usually in a cyme and white or yellow in colour^

Saxifraga.
Leaves mostly opposite; flowers solitary, purple in co\out= Antiphylla.

Distribution of Genera

Antiphylla (Purple Saxifrage) ANEW. 2 sp.

Chrysosplenium (Golden Saxifrage) ANESPW. 3 sp. The only species in Eastern Canada
is Eastern Golden Saxifrage (C. americanum) which grows in wet, shaded places. The
lower leaves are opposite.

Heuchera (Alum-root) ESPW. 13 sp.

Lithophragma (Prairie-star) W. 3 sp.

Mitella (Mitrewort) NESW. 7 sp. There are two eastern species both of which occur in
woods, namely, Two-leaved Mitrewort (M. diphylla) with basal ovate leaves and only 2
leaves on the stem and Naked Mitrewort (M. nuda) with reniform basal leaves and only 1
leaf on the stem or none.

Parnassia (Grass of Parnassus) ANESPW. 6 sp. They occur in wet places.

Philadelphia (Mock-orange) W. 2 sp. Flowers white and showy.

Ribes (Currant; Gooseberry) NESPW. 20 sp. Golden Currant (R. aureum) with smooth
branches and bright-yellow flowers is confined to the prairie.

Saxifraga (Saxifrage) ANESPW. 55 sp. Many are alpine plants.

Suksdorfia ranunculi jolia (Bulbous Saxifrage) W. It occurs on wet rocks in the moun-
tains.

Tellima (Fringe-cup) W. 3 sp.

Therophon (Kidney-saxifrage) AW. 5 sp.

Tiarella (Coolwort) ESW. 4 sp. The only eastern species is Foamflower (T. cordijolia)
which occurs in woods.

Tolmiea Menziesii (Youth-on-age) W. It occurs in woods. It reproduces vegetatively
by the formation of a bud at the top of the petiole.

33532- 4

CHAPTER XVI

CHORIPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— CACTACEAE,
OENOTHERACEAE, ARALIACEAE, UMBELLIFERAE

CACTACEAE

1. Stem globose; leaves absent; flowers purple or yellow= Mammillaria.

Stem composed of more or less flattened joints; leaves awl-shaped, falling off at an
early period; flowers ye\\o\v=Opuntia.

Distribution of Genera

Mammillaria (Ball-cactus) P. 2 sp. Yellow Ball-cactus (M. missouriensis) has yellow
flowers and scarlet berries, while Purple Cactus (M . vivipara) has purple flowers and green
berries.

Opuntia (Prickly Pear) SPW. 3 sp. One species, namely, Devil's Tongue (0. humifusa)
with smooth, edible fruit is confined to southern Ontario.

OENOTHERACEAE

The plants of this family are herbs, with simple, mostly alternate, exstipulate leaves.
Flowers commonly in racemes, or axillary, actinomorphic, and bisexual. The flower is
typically arranged on the plan of four, with two whorls of stamens. The petals are con-
volute in the bud. The ovary is inferior and 4-celled; the fruit is usually a capsule but is
sometimes indehiscent. Exceptional forms are mentioned below.

1. Plants with rhizomes and opposite leaves; there are 2 sepals, 2 petals, 2 stamens, and 2

carpeLs; the fruit is indehiscent and is covered with hooked bristles=Circaea.
Sepals 4; stamens 4 or 8; fruit not covered with hooks 2

2. Flowers axillary; stamens 4 3

Stamens 8, all perfect, or 4 perfect stamens and 4 staminodes 4

3. Leaves opposite; petals usually absent=Isnardia.
Leaves alternate; petals present— Ludwigia.

4. Annuals with 4 fertile and 4 sterile stamens .. .. 5

All the stamens fertile 6

5. Flowers axillary, minute; petals entire; ovary 2-ce\\ed=Gayophytum.

Flowers showy ^ in a terminal raceme; petals 3-lobed; ovary 4-celled=C7ar/cm pulchella.

6. Fruit short, ribbed, indehiscent, l-4-seeded=Gawra.

Fruit dehiscent 7

7. Leaves alternate or opposite; seeds provided with a tuft of hairs =Epilobium.
Leaves alternate; seeds without hairs 8

8. Annual plants with the flowers in a terminal raceme; petals purple; anthers attached

near the base and erect=Clarkia rhomboidea.
Flowers usually in spikes or axillary; anthers attached near the middle and versatile
^Oenothera.

Distribution of Genera

Circaea (Enchanter's Nightshade) NESW. 4 sp. They have white flowers and occur in
woods.

Clarkia (Pink Fairies) W. 2 sp.

Epilobium (Willow-herb) ANEISPW. 36 sp. Yellow Willow-herb (E. luteum) is a
western species occurring along mountain streams, easily distinguished by the yellow
colour of the flowers.

Gaura (Butterfly-weed) ESP. 2 sp. The Scarlet Butterfly-weed (G. coccinea) is con-
fined to the prairie while the Pink Butterfly-weed (G. biennis) is eastern and occurs on dry
soil.

50

Gayophytum ramosissimum (Baby's Breath) W. It is extensively branched, has flowers
about i of an inch in diameter and occurs on dry soil.

Isnardia palustris (Marsh Purslane) ESPW. It occurs in swamps.

Ludwigia (Seed-box) S. 2 sp. The Many-fruited Seed-box (L. polycarpa) has sessile
greenish flowers about i of an inch broad while Yellow Seed-box (L. alt arm folia) has stalked
yellow flowers about -£ inch broad. Both species occur in swamps.

Oenothera (Evening Primrose) NESPW. 26 sp. Some of the species have very short
stems, pink flowers and angular fruits.

ARALIACEAE

1. Shrubs with prickly stems and palmately lobed leaves; styles 2; fruit scarlet =
Eehinopanax.

Herbs, with compound leaves 2

2. Leaves alternate; styles 5; fruit black = Aralia.

Leaves in whorls of 3, palmately compound; styles 2-3; fruit yellow or red = Panax.

Distribution of Genera

Aralia (Sarsaparilla) NESW. 3 sp. American Spikenard (A. racemosa) has an erect
profusely branched stem with numerous umbels; in Wild Sarsaparilla (A. nudicaulis)
the stem is prostrate and the scape bears usually three umbels; Bristly Sarsaparilla
(.4. hispida) has an erect stem covered with bristles near the base and with several terminal
umbels. All the three species occur in woods.

Eehinopanax horridum (Devil's Club) W. It occurs in wet woods.

Panax (Ginseng) ES. 2 sp. American Ginseng (P. quinque folium) has fleshy spindle-
shaped aromatic roots, 5 leaflets and bright-red fruit; considerable quantities of the roots
are exported to China. Dwarf Giseng (P. trifolium) has a globular tuber, 3-5 leaflets, and
yellowish fruit. Both the above species occur in woods.

UMBELLIFERAE

The Canadian species of this family are all herbs, with hollow internodes in the stem,
and alternate, exstipulate, divided leaves with sheathing leaf-bases. The inflorescence is
commonly a compound umbel and both the compound and the simple umbels composing
it may have an involucre of bracts at the base. The flower is usually actinomorphic and
bisexual with 5 sepals. 5 petals, 5 stamens and 2 carpels. The sepals are usually united
with the ovary and are visible only as small pointed projections. The petals are mostly
white or yellow in colour, with an inflexed tip and those on the outer side of the umbel
are frequently of larger size than the others in the same flower. The ovary is inferior
and two-celled, with a single pendulous ovule in each cell; the base of each of the two
styles is expanded to form a honey-secreting disk known as the stylopodium. The fruit is a
schizocarp which splits when ripe into two mericarps loosely attached to the summit of a
prolongation of the axis known as the carpophore; the inner surface of each mericarp is
known as the commissural surface while the outer or dorsal surface usually bears 5 ribs
or ridges known as the primary ribs with sometimes the addition of 4 secondary ribs between
them. Running beneath the furrows and on the commissural surface the canals called
vittae. containing an aromatic oil, are frequently found. The seed is usually firmly attached
to the pericarp; the embryo is small and the endosperm is cartilaginous in texture.

A few exceptions to the above characters may be noted. The leaves are simple in
Bupleurum, Hydrocotyle and Lilaeopsis; the flowers are grouped in heads in Eryngium;
in Hydrocotyle and Lilaeopsis simple umbels are found; in Sanicula the arrangement of
the umbels is more or less irregular; some of the flowers in Sanicula contain stamens only.
Other peculiarities will be mentioned under the genera. As a rule ripe fruits are necessary
for the identification of members of this family.

1. Perennial plants, with simple leaves 2

Leaves more or less divided 4

2. Lower leaves linear-lanceolate, with parallel veins; stem leaves clasping; flowers yellow =

Bupleurum.
Creeping plants with white flowers in simple umbels 3

3. Leaves reduced to linear, hollow, transversely jointed petioles = Lilaeopsis.
Leaves orbicular or reniform, sometimes peltate, with long petioles = Hydrocotyle.

4. Upper leaves opposite; flowers in dense heads with spiny-toothed bracts; sepals well-

developed; fruit covered with scales or tubercles — Eryngium.
Flowers in umbels, with or without bracts o

33532-4*

52

5. Fruit covered with hooks or bristles 6

Fruit smooth or ribbed, not bristly „ 9

6. Annual plants with pinnately divided leaves; flowers white 7

Perennial plants with palmately compound or ternately divided leaves; umbels with

few rays or irregularly grouped 8

7. Calyx-teeth and stylopodium obsolete ; prickles with several barbs at the tip r= Daucus.
Calyx-teeth prominent; stylopodium conical; prickles with a single hook = Caucalis.

8. Plants with aromatic roots; flowers white or purplish; flowers on elongated pedicels;

fruit linear-clavate with stout appressed bristles on the ribs = Osmorrhiza.
Umbels irregularly compound; flowers greenish-yellow or purplish, on short pedicels;
fruit globular, without ribs, covered with hooked bristles = Sanicula.

9. Fruit more than twice as long as wide 10

Length of fruit less than twice the width 11

10. Annual plants, somewhat hairy with an involucel of numerous bracts = Chaerophyllurn.

Perennial glabrous plants with aromatic roots, ternately compound leaves and an

involucel of bracts— Liguslicum scolicum.
Perennial glabrous plants with ternately compound leaves, irregular umbels and no

involucel = Cryptotaenia.

11. Mericarps flattened, with winged margins or winged ribs 12

Mericarps not flattened 18

12. Plants with thick roots and very short stems; bracts of the involucel foliaceous; dorsal

ribs of the fruit winged = Cymopterus.
Dorsal ribs of the fruit not winged 13

13. Plants with fusiform or tuberous roots; leaf-bearing stem short, not rising much above

the ground level ; flowers yellow, white, or purple 14

Leafy stem usually tall and stout; flowers usually white 15

14. Involucral bracts sometimes present; flowers yellow or purple; marginal wings of the

mericarps thick and corky —Leptotaenia.
Involucral bracts absent; flowers yellow, white or purple; marginal wings of the meri-
carps thin, not corky —Lomatium.

15. Plants with clustered tuberous roots; leaves once pinnate; leaflets linear-lanceolate=

Oxypolis.
Leaves ternately or pinnately compound 16

16. Stout woolly perennials, with broad leaf-segments; dorsal ribs of the fruit scarcely

evident; oil-canals extending only half way down the iruit=H eracleum.
Stem mostly glabrous; dorsal ribs of fruit prominent; oil-canals extending almost to the
base of the fruit 17

17. Ultimate segments of the leaves small and narrow=ComoseZmwm.
Ultimate segments of the leaves broa,d=Angelica.

18. Flowers yellow 19

Flowers white 22

19. Resiniferous plants with thick roots and short dichotomously branched stems; leaves

pinnately divided, with narrow segments; bracts of the involucel few and narrow
—Musineon.
Leaves ternately compound, with broad segments 20

20. Stem hairy at the nodes; bracts of the involucel small; ribs of the fruit winged=

Thaspium.
Stem glabrous; ribs of the fruit not winged 21

21. Leaf-segments entire; there is no involucel; ribs of the fruit feebly developed—

Tcenidia.
Leaf-segments serrate or crenate ; there is an involucel of small bracts ; the central flower
of each simple umbel is sessile; ribs of the fruit prominent =Zizia.

22. All or most of the leaves once pinnate; there is an involucre of several bracts usually

present 23

Leaves ternately or pinnately divided 24

23. Leaflets mostly ovate; fruit globose with indistinct Tibs=Berula.

Leaflets linear, 7-17 in number; fruit somewhat flattened, with prominent ribs=Sium.

53

Roots clustered, fusiform; leaflets linear, 3-11 in number; fruit somewhat flattened
=Carum.

24. Short-stemmed glabrous plants with an underground tuber and leaves ternately divided;

a similar leaf forms the involucre below the umbel which consists of 1-4 rays; fruit
broader than long=Erigenia.
Involucre, if present, composed of simple bracts; fruit as long as broad, or longer than
broad 25

25. Short-stemmed villous plants with rather fleshy leaflets; fruit globose, with winged ribs

—Glehnia.
Stem and leaves glabrous; fruit somewhat flattened; ribs not winged 26

26. Leaves twice to thrice ternate with large inflated petioles; inflorescence puberulent;

flowers greenish-white; calyx teeth obsolete; stylopodium flat; ribs prominent,
hollow; oil-tubes solitary in the intervals — Coelopleurum.
Ribs of the fruit not hollow 27

27. Plants with aromatic roots and leaves ternately compound or ternate-pinnately com-

pound; calyx teeth small or obsolete; stylopodium conical; fruit nearly round in
transverse section; there are 3-5 oil-tubes in the interv &\s=Ligusticum.
Leaves mostly pinnately divided; calyx-teeth distinct; oil-tubes solitary in the inter-
vals 28

28. Roots or underground stems often thick and fleshy; leaves pinnately compound;

stylopodium conical; fruit flat in transverse section=Cicu£a.
Leaves ternate, then bipinnate; stylopodium flat or wanting; fruit round in transverse
section=Oenan£/ie.

Distribution of Genera

Angelica (Angelica) NESW. 6 sp. The only eastern species is Purple-stemmed Angelica
(A. atropurpurea) . It has glabrous umbels and grows on wet ground.

Berula erecta (Water-parsnip) EW. It occurs in swamps and streams.

Bupleurum americanum (Thorough-wax) AW. It occurs only on mountains.

Carum (Caraway) PW. 3 sp. Yamp (C. Gairdneri) has edible roots.

Caucalis microcarpa (Hedge-parsley) W.

C haerophyllum procumbens (Chervil) S. It occurs in moist ground.

Cicuta (Water-hemlock) NESPW. 6 sp. In Bulb-bearing water-hemlock (C. bulbifera)
the upper leaves have small bulblets in their axils. All the species occur in swamps.

Coelopleurum (Sea-angelica) ANEW. 2 sp. Both species are confined to the sea-coast,
the Eastern Sea-angelica (C. actceifolium) occurring on the Atlantic side and Western Sea-
angelica (C. longipes) being found on the Pacific side of the continent.

Conioselinum (Hemlock-parsley) ANESW. 5 sp.

Cryptotaenia canadensis (Honewort) ES. It occurs in woods.

Cymopterus (Dwarf-parsley) PW. 2 sp.

Daucus pusillus (Western Wild Carrot) W. It occurs in dry soil.

Erigenia bulbosa (Harbinger of Spring) S. It occurs in deciduous woods.

Eryngium ariiculatum (Eryngo) W. It occurs in wet places.

Glehnia littoralis (Shore-glehnia) W. It is found on drifting sand on the Pacific coast.

Heracleum lanatum (Cow-parsnip) NESW. It occurs in wet ground.

Hydrocotyle (Marsh-pennywort) EW. 4 sp. Of the two eastern species the Round-
leaved Marsh-pennywort (H. umbellata) has peltate leaves. All the species grow in wet
places.

Leptotaenia (Wild Parsnip) W. 3 sp. Mountain Wild Parsnip (L. multifida) has yellow
flowers. The other two species have purple flowers.

Ligusticum (Lovage) ANEW. 4 sp. Scottish Lovage (L. scoticum) occurs on both
the Atlantic and Pacific coasts and is the only species found in the East.

Lilaeopsis (Lilaeopsis) EW. 2 sp. Eastern Lilaeopsis (L. linata) occurs in salt marshes
and is confined to the East while Western Lilaeopsis (L. occidentalis) occurs only in the
West.

Lomatium (Prairie-parsley; Biscuit-root) PW. 15 sp.

Musineon (Forked-parsley) PW. 3 sp.

Oenanthe sarmentosa (Water-celery) W. It occurs in wet ground.

Osmorrhiza (Sweet Cicely) NESPW. 9 sp.

Oxypolis rigidior (Cowbane) S. It occurs in swamps.

Sanicula (Snake-root; Sanicle) ESPW. 10 sp.

Sium cicutaefolium (WTater-parsnip) NESW. It occurs in swamps.

Taenidia integerrima (Yellow Pimpernel) ES. It occurs in dry gravelly woods.

Thaspium barbinode (Meadow-parsnip) SPW. It ocurs on the banks of streams.

Zizia (Alexanders) ESP. 2 sp. In Heart-leaved Alexanders (Z. cordata) the basal
leaves are simple and cordate, while in Early Meadow-parsnip (Z. aurea) the basal leaves
are ternately compound.

CHAPTER XVII

SYMPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS— FAMILIES AND

GENERA

1. Shrubs or trees 2

Herbs 9

2. Leaves opposite or whorled 3

Leaves alternate 6

3. Shrubs with flowers in dense heads; stamens l=Cephalanthus.

Shrubs climbing by means of rootlets on the stem; corolla scarlet; stamens 4; seeds

winged=Tecoma.
Flowers not in heads ; stamens 2 or more than 4 4

4. Trees with pinnately compound leaves; stamens 2; fruit dry, winged, indehiscent=

Fraxinus.
Shrubs with 5-10 stamens; fruit fleshy or a capsule 5

5. Stamens 5; ovary inferior; fruit fleshy =CAPRIFOLIACEAE (p. 70).
Stamens 5-10; ovary superior; fruit a capsule— ERICACEAE (p. 57).

6. Flowers in heads; anthers united; fruit l-seeded=COMPOSITAE (p. 73).

Flowers not in heads ; anthers free ; fruit several-seeded 7

7. Ovary superior ; fruit fleshy, or a capsule 8

Ovary inferior; fruit fleshy =VAOCINI AC EAE (p. 59).

8. Flowers solitary; stamens 5; ovary 3-celled=: Diapensia.

Flowers clustered; rarely solitary; stamens 8 to 10; ovary 4-5-celled = ERICACEAE
(p. 57).

9 Parasitic or saprophytic plants without chlorophyll 10

Plants green, or with some chlorophyll 12

10. Twining plants, attached to the stems of other plants ; flowers in cymose clusters ; capsule

l-4-seeded=Cwscu£a.
Plants growing out of the soil or attached to the roots of other plants; flowers mostly
in spikes or racemes; capsule many-seeded 11

11. Corolla actinomorphic, with petals free or united; stamens 6-10; ovary 4-5-celled=

MONOTROPACEAE (p. 57).
Flowers all alike, grouped all round the axis of the raceme, actinomorphic, with free

pink petals; stamens 10; ovary 4r-5-ce\\ed=Pyrola aphylla.
Corolla bilabiate; stamens 4; ovary one-celled=OROBANCHACEAE (p. 66).

12. Flowers in heads or r parent heads 13

Flowers in long or a .ort spikes 17

Flowers not in heads or spikes 20

13. Flowers in true heads with an involucre of bracts; stamens 5 with anthers generally

united; styles 2; ovary inf<rior; fruit 1-seeded and indehiscent=COMPOSITAE

(p. 73).
Flowers opening in irregular order, in apparent heads; anthers free; styles 2-5; ovary
usually superior 14

14. Leaves ternately compound, mostly basal, with a single pair of opposite leaves on the

flowering stem; flowers small and greenish; fruit fleshy, with several seeds=Adoxa.
Leaves simple or pinnately divided; flowers brightly coloured; fruit not fleshy.. 15

15. Leaves opposite; corolla bilabiate; stamens 2 or 4; fruit a schizocarp=LABIATAE

(p. 65).
Leaves basal or alternate; corolla actinomorphic; stamens 5; fruit indehiscent or a
capsule 16

16. Petals almost separate; stigmas 5; fruit 1-seeded and indehiscent=>Stfata"ce.

Petals united into a long tube; stigmas 3; fruit a capsule=POLEMONIACEAE (p. 64).

54

55

17. Leaves all basal; flowers wind-pollinated, actinomorphic; stamens 4; fruit a lid-capsule

=Plantago.
Leaves alternate, flowers bluish, zygomorphic; stamens 2; fruit separating into 2

nutlet s= La (jot is.
Leaves usually opposite; flowers brightly coloured, zygomorphic 18

IS. Stamens 2; ovary 2rcelled; fruit a loculicidal capsule with 4 secds=DiantJiera.

Stamens 4 19

19. Ovary 1-celled. containing a single ovule; fruit an achene, enclosed by the calyx which

has 3 of the teeth hooked=P/iryma.
Ovary 2-4-celled with an ovule in each cell; fruit separating into 2-4 segments=

VERRENACEAE (p. 66).
Ovary 2-celled; fruit a loculicidal capsule with many seeds=SCROPHULARIACEAE

(p. 67).

20. Ovary inferior 21

Ovary superior 26

21. Plants climbing by means of tendrils; leaves palmately veined; flowers unisexual=

CtTCURBITACEAE (p. 71).
Plants not climbing 22

22. Plants frequently with milky juice; leaves basal or alternate 23

Milky juice absent; leaves opposite 24

23. Corolla actinomorphic; anthers free=CAMPANULACEAE (p. 71).

Corolla zygomorphic, frequently split down one side; anthers united into a tube=
LOBELIACEAE (p. 71).

24. Stamens 3; fruit 1-seeded and indehiscent—VALERIANACEAE (p. 72).

Stamens 4-5 25

25. Leaves stipulate or in apparent whorls=RUBIACEAE (p. 70).
Leaves not stipulated APRIFOLIACEAE (p. 70).

26. Corolla zj'gomorphic 27

Corolla actinomorphic 29

27. Leaves basal or alternate; flowers solitary or in a raceme; corolla spurred; stamens 2;

fruit a capsule=LENTIBULARIACEAE (p. 67).
Corolla very rarely spurred, stamens 2-4 28

28. Stems mostly 4-sided; leaves opposite and usually scented; flowers usually in clustered

cymes in the axils of the leaves; corolla bilabiate; stamens 2 or 4; fruit splitting into
4 one-seeded segments— LABIATAE (p. 65).
Leaves opposite or alternate; flowers solitary or in racemes, or branched cymes; fruit a
capsule=SCROPHULARIACEAE (p. 67).

29. Plants with milky juice 30

Plants without milky juice « 32

30. Leaves mostly opposite; carpels separate; fruit composed of follicles; seed with a

tuft of hairs 31

Plants frequentlv twining; leaves alternate; carpels united; fruit a capsule^CONVOL-
VULACEAE (p. 61).

31. Anthers with appendages; pollen-grains united into masses (pollinia)=:ASCLEPIADACAE

(p. 62).
Anthers without appendages; pollen-grains separate =Apocynum.

32. Leaves basal, linear; flowers mostly solitary, unisexual, inconspicuous; stamens 4;

fruit 1-seeded and mdehiscent=Littorella.
Flowers very seldom solitary, bisexual; stamens nearly always 5-10; fruit usually con-
taining 4 or more seeds 33

33. Stamens directly in front of the lobes of the corolla; ovary 1-celled, with basal or

free-central placentation 34

Stamens alternating with the lobes of the corolla or twice their number; ovary 1-3-
celled 35

34. Style single; fruit a capsule, with several seeds=PRIMULACEAE (p. 59).

Petals separate almost to the base; styles 5; fruit 1-seeded and indehiscent=Zimoni'ura.

56

35. Stamens 8 or 10; carpels 4 or 5=PYROLACEAE (p. 57).

Stamens 4 or 5; carpels 2 or 3 36

36. Inflorescence usually coiled like a watch-spring; ovary 4-lobed, with the style springing

from the centre of the lobes; fruit splitting into 4 one-seeded segments=BORAGI-
NACEAE (p. 62).
Style terminal; fruit a capsule or a berry 37

37. Ovary 1-celled, with parietal placentation 38

Ovary 2-3-celled with axile placentation 39

38. Bitter, glabrous plants with the leaves generally simple and opposite; inflorescence

typically a dichasial cyme; stamens usually 4-5=GENTIANACEAE (p. 61).
Mostly hairy plants with usually lobed and alternate leaves; inflorescence often coiled;
stamens 5, usually with appendages at the base— HYDROPHYLLACEAE (p. 62).

39. Leaves alternate or opposite; ovary 3-celled; fruit a loculicidal capsule=POLE-

MONIACEAE (p. 64).
Leaves alternate; ovaiy 2-celled; fruit a capsule or a berry=SOLANACEAE (p. 64).

Distribution of Genera

Adoxa Moschatellina (Musk-root) ANW. It occurs in rocky woods.

Apocynum (Dogbane; Indian Hemp) NBSW. 6 sp.

CephalanthiLs (See page 71).

Cuscuta (Dodder) ESPW. 5 sp.

Dianthera americana (Water-willow) ES. It has narrow leaves, flower-spike on a long
peduncle, and grows in water.

Diapensia lapponica (Diapensia) ANE. It occurs only in arctic and alpine situations.

Fraxinus (Ash) ESP. 5 sp. The White Ash (F. americana) has stalked leaflets and
* glabrous twigs and occurs in rich woods. The Red Ash (F . pennsylvanica) has stalked leaflets
and hairy twigs and occurs mostly in moist soil. The Black Ash (F. nigra) has sessile leaf-
lets and naked flowers and is found in swamps. The Blue Ash (F. quadrangulata) has
4-sided twigs and is confined to southern Ontario.

Lagotis (See p. 69).

Limonium carolinianum (Sea-lavender) NE. The flowers are in one-sided groups and
are pale-purple in colour. It occurs in salt marshes.

Littorella uniflora (Shore-weed) E. It occurs in shallow water at the margins of lakes.

Phryma Leptostachya (Lopseed) ES. It occurs in woods.

Plantago (Plantain) ANESPW. 16 sp. Sea-plantain (P. maritima) has linear leaves
and occurs in salt marshes on both Atlantic and Pacific coasts.

Statice Armeria (Sea-pink) ANEW. It occurs on rocky sea-coasts.

Tecoma radicans (Trumpet-creeper) S. It occurs only on Pelee island in lake Erie.

CHAPTER XVIII

SYMPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS- -PYROL ACE AE, MONO
TROPACEAE, ERICACEAE, VACCINIACEAE,
PRIMULACE

PYROLACEAE

1. Leaves alternate, basal; flowers in a raceme — Pyrola.

Leaves opposite or whorled i

2. Leaves mostly basal; flower solitary — Moneses.

Stem leafy; flowers in an umbel-like group = Chimaphila.

Distribution op Genera

Chimaphila (Prince's Pine; Pipsisseiwa) NESW. 3 sp. They occur in dry coniferous
woods.

Moneses uniflora (Single Beauty) ANEW. It occurs in cold coniferous woods.

Pyrola (Wintergreen) ANESPW. 12 sp. The species occur in coniferous woods. There
are usually no green leaves in Leafless Wintergreen (P. aphylla) a species confined to the
western region.

MONOTROPACEAE

1. Plants with white stems and white, solitary nodding flowers which turn black on drying;

petals free = Monotropa.

Flowers' in dense spikes 2

Flowers in racemes 3

2. White plants with 2-4 sepals, 4-5 petals, and 1-celled ovary with parietal placentation =

Hemitomes.
Reddish plants with 5 sepals, no corolla and 5-celled ovary with axile placentation =
Allotropa.

3. Base of stem enlarged and bulb-like; flowers drooping, all alike; petals united, per-

sistent; seeds winged =:.P£erospora.
Raceme one-sided; terminal flower different from the lateral ones; petals separate,
decld,uo\is= Hypopitys.

Distribution of Genera
Allotropa virgata (Crownless Pinesap) W. It occurs in dry coniferous woods.
Hemitomes congestum (Cone-plant) W. It occurs in woods.
Hypopitys (Pine-sap) ESW. 4 sp. The species occur in coniferous woods.
Monotropa uniflora (Indian Pipe) ESW. It occurs in woods.
Pterospora andromedea (Pine-drops) ESW. It occurs in coniferous woods.

ERICACEAE

The members of this family are mostly shrubs with simple, alternate, exstipulate, more
or less leathery leaves. The inflorescence is usually of the racemose type. The flowers are
bisexual and actinomcrphic. Sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, united; stamens usually 8-10, opening
mostly by pores. Pollen-grains united in groups of 4. Ovary superior, composed of 4-5
united carpels, with axile placentation. There is one style with a capitate stigma. The
fruit is usually a capsule although sometimes fleshy and the seeds are generally numerous.

As exceptions to the above definitions the leaves are sometimes opposite, the petals
may be free, and the stamens 5 in number.

1. Some or all of the leaves opposite or whorled; fruit a capsule 2

Leaves alternate 4

57

58

2. Leaves linear-oblong with revolute margins; flowers solitary, or few in number at the

ends of the branches; stamens 5; ovary 2-3-cel led =Loiseleuria.
Stamens 8-10 ; ovary 4-5-celled 3

3. Leaves large, mostly over an inch long, often in whorls of 3; flowers grouped in an

umbellate manner; corolla saucer-shaped, with 10 pouches into which the anthers

are at first inserted = Kalmia.

Low tufted shrubs with small sessile, opposite, appressed leaves less than \ of an inch
long, flowers solitary; corolla campanulate; anthers with homs=C assiove.

4. Fruit a capsule 5

Fruit fleshy or apparently so 13

5. Tufted shrubs with sessile, crowded, appressed leaves less than i-inch long; flowers

solitary and terminal, white; anthers horned = Cassiope.
Flowers mostly in umbellate groups; anthers rarely horned 6

6. Petals free 7

Petals united » 8

7. Resinous shrubs with fragrant, evergreen leaves which have revolute margins; flowers in

umbellate groups, white in eolouv^Ledum.
Leaves flat, deciduous; flowers solitary, coppery-red in colours Cladothamnus.

8. Plants trailing, almiost herbaceous, with rusty hairs on the stem and evergreen oval

leaves which are cordate at the base; flowers dimorphous; corolla salver-shaped,
rose-icoloured; anthers opening longitudinally =zEpigaea.
Erect shrubs; leaves not cordate at the base; anthers opening by pores 9

9. Leaves leathery, evergreen, with scurfy scales; flowers white, in a one-sided raceme with

leafy braets=C hamaedaphne.
Flowers not in a one-sided, leafy raceme 10

10. The parts of the flower are in fives 11

Parts of the flower in fours; corolla urn-shaped, reddish-yellow; seeds pointed at each

end = Menziesia.

11. Leaves linear, whitish on the lower side, with revolute margins; flowers drooping;

corolla urn-shaped; anthers horned; fruit a loculicidal capsule —Andromeda.
Anthers not horned; fruit a septicidal capsule 12

12. Flower buds scaly; leaves exceeding \ inch in length; corolla 2-lipped or campanulate.

seeds flattened^: Rhododendron.
Leaves less than \ inch long, crowded, linear, with serrulate margins; corolla urn-
shaped or campanulate; seeds angular or rounded =^Phyllodoce.

13. Anthers awned; the calyx becomes fleshy and encloses the capsule, resembling a

berry =•: Gaultheria.
The calyx does not become fleshy, the fruit being a true berry or drupe 14

14. Trailing shrubs; anthers horned; fruit a red or black drupe with 5-10 stones=

Arctostaphylos.
Trees with red flaky bark and shining, evergreen leaves 2^-5 inches long; anthers not
horned; fruit an orange-red berry with many seeds= Arbutus.

Distribution of Genera

Andromeda Polijolia (Wild Rosemary) ANESW. It occurs in peat bogs.

Arbutus Menziesii (Madrona) W.

Arctostaphylos (Bearberry) ANESW. 5 sp. Alpine Bearberry (A. alpina) occurs on
mountains only.

Cassiope (Moss-heather) ANEW. 4 sp. The species all occur in alpine or arctic
situations.

Chamaedaphne calyculata (Leather-leaf). NEW. It occurs in swampy situations.

Cladothamnus pyrolaeflorus (Copper-bush). W.

Epigaea repens (Trailing Arbutus) ESP.

Gaultheria (Wintergreen) ESW. 4 sp. The onty eastern species is the Checkerberry
(G. procumbcns) with aromatic, leathery evergreen leaves and red fruit. Of the western
species the Salal (G. shallon) has an urn-shaped corolla and black edible fruit. All the
species occur in forests.

Kalmia (Laurel) ANESW. 3 sp. The anthers when touched by an insect spring out
of the pouches with a sudden jerk. In the Mountain Laurel (K. latijolia) the leaves are

59

generally alternate, the flowers are terminal and are i inch in diameter. It occurs chiefly
in rocky woods. In the Sheep Laurel (K. angusUfoUa) the flowers are m lateral groups and
are about i inch in diameter. It occurs in moist soil. In the Pale Laurel (K. polifolia)
the leaf-margins are revolute, the flowers are in terminal groups and are \ inch in diameter.
It occurs in swampy ground. All the above species are poisonous.

Ledum (Labrador-tea) ANEW. 3 sp. In Broad-leaved Labrador-tea (L. groenlandi-
cum) the leaves have rusty hairs underneath and are about £ inch wide with revolute
margins, while the stamens are 5-7 in number. All the species occur in swamps.

Loiaeleuria procumbent (Trailing Loiseleuria) ANEW. It occurs chiefly in alpine and
arctic situations.

Menziesia jerruginea (Fool's Huckleberry) W. It occurs in woods.

Phyllodoce (American Heather) ANEW. 3 sp. Only one species is found in the east,
namely, Mountain Heath (P. coendea) which occurs in alpine and arctic situations. Of
the two western species Red Heather (P. empetrijormis) has pink flowers while Yellow
Heather (P. glanduliflora) has yellow flowers.

Rhododendron (Rhododendron) ANESW 5 sp. One species, the Dwarf Rhododendron,
(R. lapponicum) has brown scales on the leaves and occurs in alpine and arctic situations.
Of the two eastern species the Early-flowering Rhododendron (R. canadense) has a 2-lipped
corolla and the flowers appear before the leaves; the Tall Rhododendron (R. maximum)
has leaves over 4 inches long and a campanulate corolla. Of the two western species the
Western Rhododendron (R. calif ornicum) has a terminal inflorescence and pink flowers,
while the White-flowered Rhododendron (R. albiflorum) has a lateral inflorescence and white
flowers.

VACCINIACEAE

1. Dwarf plants with creeping or trailing stems; corolla deeply cleft into 4 reflexed lobes;

fruit a red berry =Oxy coccus.
Corolla urn-shaped or campanulate, composed of 4 or 5 petals 2

2. Plants prostrate, with the leaves in 2 rows; flowers solitary, axillary, white in colour;

sepals 4; fruit a snow-white berry =Chiogenes.
Plants usually erect, with the flowers grouped racemosely; berry black or red.. .. 3

3. Stem creeping but with erect, leafy, branches; leaves with black dots on the lower side;

flowers in one-sided drooping racemes, 4-merous; fruit a red berry = Vaccinium Vitis-
idaea.
Plants erect; flowers mostly 5jmerous; berry mostly black or red 4

4. Ovary 10-celled; fruit a berry-like drupe with 10 one-seeded nut\ets= Gaylussacia.
Ovary 4-5-celled or incompletely 10-celled; fruit a many-seeded berry — Vaccinium.

Distribution of Genera

Chiogenes hispidula (Creeping Snowberry) NEW. It has a hispid stem and occurs in wet
woods.

Gaylussacia (Huckleberry) ES. 2 sp. They occur mostly in wet sandy soil.

Oxy coccus (Cranberry) ANESPW. 2 sp They occur in peat bogs.

Vaccinium (Blueberry; Bilberry) ANESPW. 15 sp. All the eastern species have blue
or black fruits with the exception of the Cowberry (V. Vitis-Idaea) which has a „red fruit
and Deerberry (V. stamineum) which has the flowers in leafy-bracted racemes and a green
or vellow fruit. The former occurs on the higher mountains and in northern latitudes while
the latter is confined to woods in southern Ontario. Of the exclusively western species two
have red fruits, namely. Grouse-berry (V. scoparium.) and Red Bilberry (V. parvifolium).
The former is about a foot hicrh, has serrate leaves and occurs on mountains, while the
latter is 4 feet or more in height, has entire leaves, and occurs in woods.

PRIMULACEAE

1. Stem leafv 2

Leaves in a rosette at the base of the stem or an apparent whorl under the inflor-
escence 5

2. Leave? mo>tlv alternate 3

Leaves opposite or whorled 4

3. Annual plants with solitary axillary flowers; corolla shorter than the calyx; capsule

circ\}mzri$?:\]e=Cpntuncidus.
Perennial plants with flowers in racemes; in addition to the five stamens there are 5
staminodes; ovary partly inferior; capsule opening by valves=Samo/ws.

60

4. Leaves opposite; flowers solitar}', axillary; sepals 5, pink in colour; petals absent^

Glaux.
Leaves opposite or whorled; flowers axillary or in terminal groups; petals present,
yellow in colour=Ly simachia.

5. Stem-leaves of two kinds, the lower small and scale-like, the upper broad and in an

apparent whorl under the flowers; sepals, petals, and stamens usually 7 in number
=Trientalis.
Sepals, petals, and stamens 5 in number 6

6. Leaves basal; flowers in umbels; sepals and petals reflexed; filaments united and

anthers \me&r=Dodecatheon.
Sepals and petals not reflexed 7

7. Perennial plants; corolla-tube equalling or exceeding the calyx; style filiform.. .. 8
Annual or perennial plants; corolla-tube shorter than the calyx and constricted at the

throat; style very short=^4nc?rosace.

8. Leaves all basal; flowers in umbels; capsule many-seeded=Pnrau£a.

Leaves crowded at the ends of the branches; flowers in umbels or solitary; capsule with
1-2 seeds=Douglasia.

Distribution of Genera

Androsace (Ray-pimpernel) ANPW. 9 sp.

Centunculus minimus (Chaffweed) W. It occurs in moist ground.

Dodecatheon (Shooting Star) ANEPW. 13 sp. The only species found in the east is
American Cowslip (D. Meadia) with rose-coloured flowers.

Douglasia (Mountain-pink) AW. 2 sp.

Glaux maritima (Sea-milkwort) EPW. It occurs on the seacoast and in saline soil in
the interior.

Lysimachia (Yellow Loosestrife) BSPW. 6 sp. Crosswort (L. quadrijolia) is confined
to the east, has the leaves usually in whorls of 4 and axillary flowers; Swamp-candles (L.
terrestris) produces long bulblets in the axils of the leaves; Fringed Loosestrife (L. ciliata)
has ciliate petioles and axillary flowers; Tufted Loosestrife (L. thyrsiflora) has the flowers in
dense racemes in the axils of the leaves. All these species occur in swamps or wet places.

Primula (Primrose) ANEPW. 9 sp. The species are mostly found in arctic or northern
districts.

Samolus floribundus (Brookweed) ESW. It occurs in wet places.

Trientalis (Star-flower) NESPW. 4 sp. Chickweed Wintergreen (T. americana) a
smooth perennial with white flowers, is the only eastern species and occurs in woods.

CHAPTER XIX

SYMPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS — GENTIANACEAE,

CONVOLVULACEAE, ASCLEPIADACEAE, HYDRO-

PHYLLACEAE, BORAGINACEAE, POLE-

MONIACEAE, SOLANACEAE

GENTIANACEAE

1. Annual or biennial plants with the leaves reduced to awl-shaped scales; petals 4,

imbricated in the bud=Bartonia.
Leaves normal; petals not imbricated in the bud 2

2. Aquatic perennials with alternate leaves; petals 5, induplicate-valvate in the bud.. 3
Leaves opposite ; petals 4-5, convolute in the bud 4

3. Leaves simple, cordate at the base, floating, with an umbel of flowers and a cluster of

tubers arising from the same node =Nymphoides.
Leaves trifoliolate, not floating; flowers grouped racemosely; corolla bearded on the

inside with white hairs= Menyanthes trijoliata.
Leaves reniform, crenate; flowers on scapes, in a short cyme; corolla white, the lobes

not bearded, but with a median crest=M enyanthes Crista-galli.

4. Corolla campanulate, 4-lobed, usually with 4 hollow spurs which are glandular at the

b&se=Halenia.
Corolla not spurred 5

5. Corolla cylindrical or campanulate, 4.-5-\obed=Gentiana.

Corolla rotate 6

6. Leaves in whorls of 4; petals 4, yellowish, with brown-purple dots; each petal bears a

fringed gland about the middle— Frasera.
Leaves generally opposite; petals 4-5, without glands . . . . 7

7. Corolla blue or white; petals with a pair of scale-like appendages at the base; anthers

straight; style absent =Pleurogyne.
Corolla rose-pink with a greenish eye; petals without scale-like appendages; anthers
recurved; style filiform =Sabbalia.

Distribution of Genera

Bartonia (Bartonia) ES. 2 sp. Yellow Bartonia (B. virginica) has 3rellow flowers and
occurs in moist soil, while Purple Bartonia (B. iodandra) with leaves usually alternate and
purplish flowers is found in bogs.

Frasera carolinensis (American Columbo) S. It occurs in dry soil.

Gentiana (Gentian) ANESPW. 35 sp.

Halenia deflexa (Spurred Gentian) NESPW. It has purplish or white flowers and
occurs in damp woods.

Menyanthes (Bog-bean) ANEW. 2 sp. Deer-cabbage (M. Crista-galli) is confined to
the West.

Nymphoides lacunosum (Floating Heart) ES. It has white flowers.

Pleurogyna rotata (Marsh Felwort) ANEW. It occurs in marshy ground.

Sabbatia (Rose-pink) ES. 2 sp. Square-stemmed Rose-pink (S. angularis) has a four-
sided stem and leaves clasping at the base.

CONVOLVULACEAE

Plants . with a very large root ; there are no bracts under the calyx ; seed hairy=
Ipomoea.

There are 2 leafy bracts under the calyx; seeds glabrous=Ca^s£e<7wz.

61

62

Distribution of Genera

Calystegia (Bindweed) ESPW. 4 sp. Great Bindweed (C. sepium) has a twining stem
and triangular leaves; Dwarf Bindweed (C. spithamcea) has oval leaves with a blunt tip,
white flowers, and occurs in dry soil; Sea Bindweed (C. soldanella) has a trailing stem,
kidney-shaped leaves, purplish flowers, and occurs only on sandy shores on the Pacific coast.

Ipomoea pandurata (Wild Potato-vine) S. It occurs in dry ground.

ASCLEPIADACEAE

Leaves mostly opposite ; hoods of the corona each provided with a horn-like process =
Asclepias.

Leaves opposite or alternate ; hoods of the corona without horns = Gomphocarpus.

Distribution of Genera

Asclepias (Milkweed) ESPW. 11 sp. Only one species, Showy Milkweed (A. speciosa)
with broad leaves and purplish flowers, extends into the western region. The Orange
Butterfly Weed (A. tuber osa) with leaves mostly alternate and orange flowers occurs only
in southern Ontario. In Four-leaved Milkweed (A. quadrijolia) some of the leaves are
in whorls of four; it occurs in woods in southern Ontario. Whorled Milkweed (A. verti-
cillata) has sessile linear leaves in whorls of 3-7, greenish-white flowers and extends from
the southern to the prairie region.

Gomphocarpus (Green Milkweed) SP. 2 sp. Green-flowered Milkweed (G. viridiflorus )
has the umbels almost sessile. It occurs in dry soil and ranges from southern Ontario
to the prairie.

HYDROPHYLLACEAE

1. Leaves mostly basal, reniform, and crenately lobed; style filiform, not divided at the

tip; capsule nearly 2-celled owing to the intrusion of the placentas = Romanzoffia.
Leaves mostly cauline ; style bifid at the tip 2

2. Leaves simple or pinnately divided; flowers in terminal coiled cymes; corolla-lobes

imbricated in the bud ; stamens usually longer than the corolla = Phacelia.
Corolla-lobes convolute in the bud 3

3. Mostly perennial, with palmately lobed or pinnately divided leaves; flowers in coiled

cymes; stamens longer than the corolla = Hydrophyllum.
Annuals with alternate or opposite leaves; flowers solitary, oppos'te to the leaves;
stamens shorter than the corolla 4

4. Calyx with an appendage in each sinus between the lobes; corolla with 10 appendages

within = Nemophila.
Calyx without appendages; corolla with 5 appendages within = Ellisia.

Distribution of Genera

Ellisia Nyctelea (Broad Cup) PW. It grows in moist shady places.

Hydrophyllum (Water-leaf) ESW. 7 sp. The only eastern species is Virginian Water-
leaf (H. virginianum). It has pinnately divided leaves. Of the two southern species the
Appendaged Water-leaf (H. appendiculatum.) is biennial, has the lower leaves pinnately
divided, and has an appendage in each notch of the calyx; while the Broad-leaved Water-
leaf (H. canadense) usually has all the leaves palmately lobed. The above three species
occur in woods.

Nemophila (Grove-lover) W. 6 sp.

Phacelia (Scorpion-weed) NW. 9 sp.

Romanzoffia (Kidney-leaf) W. 3 sp.

BORAGINACEAE

The Canadian members of this family are all herbs, usually covered with bristly hairs.
Leaves alternate, exstipulate, simple, and entire. The inflorescence is usually a one-sided
cyme, coiled up like a watch-spring when young. The flowers are actinomorphic and
bisexual with the parts in fives, except the carpels which are 2 in number. The corolla is
sympetalous, has a short tube, and frequently has appendages at the throat. The stamens
are epipetalous. Ovary superior, 4-celled and 4-lobed, with the style springing from the
centre of the lobes. Stigmas simple or bifid. Fruit a schizocarp, separating into 4 one-
seeded nutlets.

63

There are few exceptions to the above general characters. Hcliotropkim and several
species of Mertensia are glabrous while the lower leaves in Allucarya are opposite. The
style in Heliotropium is terminal.

1. Glabrous plants with undivided ovary and terminal style = Heliotr opium.

Ovary 4-lobed and style proceeding from the centre of the lobes 2

2. Fruit provided with barbed or hooked prickles 3

Fruit not prickly 5

3. Annuals, dichotomously branched, with linear leaves and very small white flowers;

nutlets diverging in pairs, winged, with hooked prickles = Ctenospermum.
Annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, not branching dichotomously; prickles provided
with barbs 4

4. Nutlets spreading, flat, covered all over with prickles = Cynoglossum.
Nutlets erect, with the prickles chiefly on the margin = Lappula.

5. Annual plants with the lower leaves opposite and the upper alternate; corolla white;

nutlets attached obliquely to the recept3ic\e=:Allocarya.
All the leaves are alternate .. 6

6. Annual plants with very small white flowers; calyx deciduous with the fruit; nutlets

attached laterally by their lower half to the pyramidal receptacle = Cryptantha.
Part or all of the calyx persistent 7

7. Annual, dichotomously branched plants with linear leaves; flowers leafy-bracted,

sessile, white, very small; upper part of calyx deciduous; nutlets attached by
nearly their whole length to a narrow elongated receptacle = Piptocalyx.
The entire calyx is persistent 8

8. Nutlets attached more or less laterally to the receptacle which is generally conical

or convex 9

Nutlets attached by the very base to the flat receptacle 11

9. Perennial plants with leafy stems; corolla tubular-funnelform, blue or purple; nutlets

generally wrinkled = Mertensia.
Mostly annual or biennial plants with white or yellow flowers 10

10. Annuals with the leaves mostly basal; corolla white; nutlets rough, oblique or incurved,

attached about the middle by a caruncle-like process to the globular receptacle =

Plagiobothrys.
Annuals with leafy-bracted cymes; corolla yellow; nutlets bony, more or less triangular,

attached below the middle to the elongated receptacle = Amsinckia.
Biennials or perennials with leafy-bracted cymes; calyx-lobes spreading; corolla white

or cream-coloured, crested in the throat; nutlets triangular, attached almost

throughout their length to a columnar receptacle=Oreocarya.

11. Perennial plants with leafy-bracted cymes; corolla tubular, with acute lobes, yellow,

white or green in colour; nutlets white and shining = Onosmodium.

Perennial plants with leafy-bracted cymes; corolla funnelform, with rounded lobes,

white or yellow in colour; nutlets white, smooth and shining, or brown and

wrinkled =zLithospermum.

Annual, biennial, or perennial plants; cymes without bracts; corolla funnelform, with

rounded lobes, crested in the throat, blue or white in colour; nutlets ovoid, smooth

and shmmg= Myosotis.

Distribution of Genera

Allocarya (Opposite-leaved Scorpion-grass) PW. 6 sp.

Amsinckia (Fiddle-neck) W. 4 sp.

Cryptantha (Nievitas) PW. 9 sp.

Ctenospermum penicillatum (Forked Stickseed) W. It occurs in sandy soil.

Cynoglossum (Hound's Tongue) EWS. 4 sp. Northern Hound's Tongue (C. boreale)
is the only indigenous species in the East and is found in woods; the upper part of the stem
is leafless and the corolla is pale-blue in colour.

Heliotropium spathulatum (Heliotrope) P. It is a glaucous, fleshy, perennial.

Lappula (Stickseed) ESPW. 14 sp.

Lithospermum (Gromwell; Puccoon) ESPW. 6 sp. The Hoary Puccoon (L. canescens)
has an orange-yellow corolla with entire lobes and occurs in dry soil.

Mertensia (Lungwort) ANESPW. 12 sp. Sea Lungwort (M. maritima) is a glaucous
fleshy plant found only on the sea-coast on both Atlantic and Pacific shores. Lance-leaved

64

Lungwort (M. lanceolata) is nearly glabrous, has blue flowers, and occurs on the Prairie.
The only southern species is Virginian Cowslip (M. virginica) ; it is glabrous, has a trumpet-
ihaped, scarcely lobed, bluish-purple corolla and occurs along streams.

Myosotis (Scorpion-grass; Forget-me-not). ANESW. 6 sp. The smaller Forget-me-not
(M. laxa) is a perennial, has a blue corolla with yellow eye, and occurs in wet places.

Onosmodium (False Gromwell) SP. 2 sp. Western False Cromwell (0. occidentale ) is
confined to the prairie while Shaggy False Gromwell (0. hispidissimum) occurs only in the
southern region. Both species are found in dry soil.

Oreocarya (White Forget-me-not) PW. 4 sp.

Piptocalyx circumscissa (Drop-cup) W. It occurs in dry soil.

Plagiobothrys (Popcorn-flower) W. 3 sp.

POLEMONIACEAE

1. Mostly perennials with alternate, compound, unequally pinnate leaves; corolla cam-

panulate to funnelform=PoZeraonm?n.
Leaves alternate or opposite, simple or divided into narrow segments 2

2. Annual plants with alternate, mostly simple leaves and flowers in head-like clusters;

calyx enlarging in fruit but not ruptured by the capsule=Co/Zo?m'a.
Leaves alternate or opposite ; calyx mostly ruptured by the capsule 3

3. Some or all of the leaves opposite and simple 4

Leaves mostly alternate and divided=GiKa.

4. Mostly perennial plants with all the leaves opposite=PMo:r.

Annual plants with the lower leaves opposite and the upper alternate ; seeds mucilaginous
when v/etted=Microsteris.

Distribution of Genera

Collomia (Collomia) W. 5 sp.

Gilia (Gilia) PW. 11 sp. Only 2 species occur on the prairie, namely Dwarf Gilia
(G. minima) which is annual and almost glabrous and Dense-flowered Gilia (G. congesta)
which is perennial and hairy. Both the above species have white flowers.

Microsteris (Annual Phlox) W. 2 sp.

Phlox (Phlox) ANESPW. 14 sp. Of the eastern species Blue Phlox (P. divaricata) has
some of the shoots prostrate and has bluish flowers; it occurs in woods. Moss Pink (P.
subulata) has tufted stems, tufted subulate leaves and rose-coloured flowers; it occurs in dry
soil and is confined to the southern region. White Prairie Phlox (P. Hoodii) is a dwarf tufted
species with subulate leaves and white flowers occurring on the prairie.

Polemonium (Jacob's Ladder; Skunk-weed) ANPW. 8 sp. Small flowered Skunk-
weed (P. micranthum) is an annual species with white, nearly rotate corolla occurring on dry
ground in the West. Prairie Skunk-weed (P. occidentale) has an underground stem and blue
or violet flowers, and is the only species occurring on the prairie.

SOLANACEAE

1. Annual plants with viscid hairs; corolla with a long tube; fruit a ca,psule=Nicotiana.
Annual or perennial plants ; corolla plicate in the bud ; fruit a berry 2

2. Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves; calyx generally becoming enlarged

and enclosing the ripe fruit; corolla mostly campanulate, rarely rotate; anthers
opening by s\its=P hysalis.
Calyx not enlarging; corolla rotate; anthers opening by ipOTes=Solanum.

Distribution of Genera

Nicoliana attenuata (Wild Tobacco) W. It has white or greenish flowers and occurs
on dry ground.

Physalis (Ground-cherry) ESPW. 7 sp. Clammy Ground-cherry (P. grandiflora) is a
viscid annual species with rotate corolla, white in colour with yellow centre, and calyx not
much enlarged in fruit. It occurs in sandy soil both in the east and on the prairie. Straw-
berry Tomato (P. pruinosa) is a hairy annual with cordate, toothed leaves and is confined to
the southern region.

Solanum triflorum (Cut-leaved Nightshade) EPW. It is an annual with pinnatifid
leaves and greenish fruit.

CHAPTER XX

SYMPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS — LABIATAE, VER-

BENACEAE, OROBANCHACEAE, LENTIBULARIACEAE,

SCROPHULARIACEAE

LABIATAE

The members of this family are mostly strong-scented herbs with four-sided stems and
decussate, simple, exstipulate leaves. The inflorescence has an apparently whorled arrange-
ment at the nodes but is really a short dichasial cyme in the axil of each leaf, with one-
sided development in the later stages. The flower is usually bisexual and zygomorphic.
Calyx tubular, sometimes 2-lipped. Corolla markedly bilabiate. Stamens opipotalous,
typically 4 in number with one pair longer than the other, but sometimes only two stamens
are present. Ovary superior, syncarpous, becoming 4-celled with a single ovule in each cell.
Style mostly gynobasic. springing from the centre of the 4-lobed ovary. Stigma bifid.
Fruit a schizrearp. consisting of four nutlets.

1. Anther-bearing stamens 2 2

Anther-bearing stamens 4 5

2. Perennial plants with flowers in a terminal, loosely branched, paniculate inflorescence;

calyx 2-lipped; corolla yellow — Collin^onia.
Perennial plants with the flowers in a terminal head-like cluster; calyx equally 5-toothed,

hairy in the throat =Monarda.
Flowers in axillary, or axillary and terminal clusters 3

3. Mostly stoloniferous plants without any marked odour; flowers in dense clusters at the

nodes, mostly white; calyx scarcely 2-lipped; corolla 4-lobed, the lobes being nearly
equal, or one of them slightly broader and notched— Lycopus.
Calyx markedly 2-lipped; corolla bilabiate, purple or bluish-purple 4

4 Annual plants with the flowers in axillary clusters =i/edeoma.

Perennial plants with the flowrers in both axillary and terminal elusters=: Blephilia.

5. The nutlets are attached lateral!}' and the style is not basal 6

Both nutlets and style attached basally .. 7

6. Perennial plants; calyx 2-lipped, with unequal teeth; corolla almost Mipped, with very

unequal lobes=: Teucrium.
Annual plants; calyx teeth almost equal; coroMa lobes almost equals 1 santhus.

7. Flowers mostly solitary in the axils of the leaves or bracts in raoeme-like groups; calyx

2-lipped, with entire margins and a helmet-shaped protuberance on the upper lip =
Scutellaria.
Calyx 5-toothed, without a protuberance on the upper lip 8

8 Flowers in terminal head-like groups, white or purple-spotted; calyx-teeth equal or
slightly unequal z^Pycnanthemum.
Flowers in axillary or terminal mostly spike-like groups 9

9. Odoriferous perennials with trailing stem and solitary axillary flowers; calyx teeth
about equal; corolla whiter Micromeria.
Stems erect, with usually several flowers clustered in the axils 10

10. Calyx 2-lipped, with some of the teeth distinctly larger than the others 11

Calyx-teeth equal or nearly so 12

11. Annual or biennial plants with the flowers in a dense terminal spike-like group; bracts

pectinate; one of the calyx-teeth ii much larger than the others =Moldavica.
Stoloniferous perennials with both axillary and terminal flowers; bracts not pectinate;
two of the calyx-teeth are larger than the other three = Clinopodium.

33532-5 65

66

12. Plants very aromatic, with rhizomes; corolla scarcely bi'labiate, 4-lobed, with one of the

lobes broader than the others and frequently notched, stamens equal in lengths
Mentha.
Corolla strongly bilabiate, the upper lip being concave; stamens unequal in length. 13

13. Plants with broadly ovate 'leaves and flowers in a dense or interrupted, terminal spike-

like group; upper pair of stamens longer than the lower pair— Agastache.
Upper pair of stamens shorter than the lower pair 14

14. Flowers occurring singly in the axils of bracts forming a terminal raceme; calyx faintly

nerved, somewhat inflated in fruit; stamens with hairy filament = Dracocephalum.
Flowers mostly in axillary clusters at the nodes; calyx 5-10-nerved=/Siac/iys.

Distribution of Genera

Agastache (Giant-hyssop) NESPW. 4 sp. Fragrant Giant-hyssop (A. anethiodora) has
blue flowers and is the only species found in the prairie region. The other species occur in
woods.

Blephilia (Wood-mint) ES. 2 sp. They have purple flowers and occur in woods.

Clinopodium (Basil) ESPW. 2 sp. Wild Basil (C. vulgare) has ovate hairy leaves and
clustered flowers and occurs in woods. Smooth Calamint (C. glabrum) has glabrous linear
leaves and sparsely grouped flowers. It occurs on rocky banks in the southern region only.

Collinsonia canadensis (Horse-balm) ES. It has a large woody root, leaves 6 inches or
more in length and occurs in moist woods.

Dracocephalum (False Dragon-head) ElSPW. 2 sp. Eastern Lion's Heart (D. virg-lnm-
num) has flowers | inch long and is eastern, while Western Lion's Heart (D. Nuttallii) has
flowers i inch long and is found from the prairie westwards. Both species occur in moist soil.

Hedeoma (Mock Pennyroyal) ESP. 2 sp. Eastern Pennyroyal (H. pulegioides) has
serrate leaves and is eastern while Narrow-leaved Pennyroyal (H. hispida) has linear, entire
leaves and extends to the prairie. Both species occur on dry soil.

Isanthus brachiatus (False Pennyroyal) ES. It is an extensively branched plant with
blue flowers and occurs on sandy soil.

Lycopus (Water-horehound; Bugle-weed) NESPW. 6 sp. They occur in wet soil.

Mentha (Mint) NESPW. 5 sp. They occur mainly in wet places.

Micromeria Chamissonis (Yerba Buena) W. It occurs in woods.

Moldavica parvijlora (Dragon-head) NEW. It has light-blue flowers and occurs in dry
soil.

Monarda (Balm; Bergamot) ESPW. 6 sp. Bee-balm (M. didyma) has scarlet flowers
and occurs on moist soil. The only species found on the prairie is Prairie Horses-mint
(M. menthaejolia) with rose-coloured flowers.

Pycnanthemum (Mountain-mint) ES. 3 sp.

Scutellaria (Skullcap) NESPW. 7 sp.

Stachys (Hedge-nettle; Woundwort) NESPW. 5 isp. The commonest species is
Marsh Woundwort (S. palustris) with short, thick rhizomes and purplish spotted corolla.
It is found in moist soil.

Teucrium (Germander; V^ood-sage) ESW. 2 sp. They occur in moist soil.

VERBENACEAE

Spikes elongated; corolla with 5 nearly equal lobes; fruit separating into 4 nutlets^
Verbena.

Spikes not much longer than broad; corolla two-lipped, with 4-lobes; fruit separating
into 2 nutlets— Lippia.

Distribution of Genera

Lijjvia lanceolata (Fog-fruit) S. It has pale-blue flowers and occurs in moist soil.

Verbena (Vervain) ESPW. 5 sp. Of the eastern species Nettle-leaved Vervain (V.
urticijolia) has white flowers, while Blue Vervain (V. hastata) has blue flowers and occurs
on damp ground. The only species found on the prairie is Large-bracted Vervain (V.
bracteosa) in which the bracts are longer than the purplish-blue flowers.

OROBANCHACEAE

1. Inflorescence branched; the lower flowers do not open but set seeds while the upper
flowers open but set no seeds=Epii)hegus.
Inflorescence not branched 2

67

2. There are two bracteolcs under the calyx which is slit down one side; stamens exserted,

with bristly anthers; capsule 2-valved — Conopholis.
Calyx not slit down one side 3

3. There is a globose, tuberous, underground stem with densely imbricated, scaly leaves;

bracteoles usually absent; capsule 4-valved = Z?osc/mza/aa.
Capsule 2-valvcd 4

4. Flowers sessile, or nearly so, with one to two bracteoles under each ^Orobanche.
Flowers on long stalks, without bracteoles= Thalesia.

Distribution op Genera

Boschniakia (Poque) W. 2 sp. It is parasitic on ericaceous plants.

Conopholis americana (Squaw-root) ES. It occurs mostly under oak trees.

Epiphegus virginiana (Beech-drops) ES. It is parasitic on the roots of beech trees.

Orobanche (Broomrape) PW. 4 sp. Woolly-stamened Broomrape (0. grayana) has
purple flowers and occurs on roots of Grindelia in B.C.

Thalesia (Ghost-pipes; Cancernroot) ESPW. 2 sp. One-flowered Cancer-root (T.
uniflora) has a very short stem, so that the flowers, which are white or violet, spring almost
from the ground level.

LENTIBULARIACEAE

Leaves all basal, with inrolled edges, glandular on the upper surface; flowers solitary,
violet to purple in col our =Pinguicula.

Rootless plants with divided leaves which bear small bladders for capturing minute
animals; flowers mostly in a raceme, and yellow in colour— Utricularia.

Distribution op Genera
Pinguicula (Butterwort) ANEW. 3 sp. They occur mostly in northern bogs.
Utricularia (Bladderwort) ANESPW. 10 sp. One-flowered Bladderwort (U. resupinata)

has solitary purple flowers with a bract at the junction of the flower-stalk and peduncle;

it is an eastern species.

SCROPHULARIACEAE

All the Canadian species of this family are herbs with alternate or opposite, exstipu-
late and generally simple leaves. The inflorescence is generally a raceme, spike, or cyme.
The flowers are usually zygomorphic and bisexual. Sepals 5 in number. Corolla sym-
petalous, mostly 5-lobed and 2-lipped. Fertile stamens 4, in pairs of unequal length, or 2
only, epipetalous. Ovary superior, syncarpous, 2-celled, with axile placentation and num-
erous ovules. There is a single terminal style. The fruit is a capsule.

A number of genera belonging to this family, such as Euphrasia, are parasitic on the
roots of other plants.

1. Lower or all the leaves opposite or whorled 2

Leaves alternate 16

2. There are 4 fertile stamens and 1 staminode 3

There are 4 fertile stamens in pairs of unequal length 6

There are 2 fertile stamens and 2 staminodes, or 2 fertile stamens only 14

3. Annual plants with the upper leaves frequently whorled; flowers blue or violet; cor-

olla deeply cleft on each side into 2 lips, the upper of which is 2-lobed, the lower
3-lobed; the middle lobe of the lower lip is keeled and contains the stamens and
style; the sterile stamen is a gland-like structure= Co llinsia.
Perennial plants; stamens not inclosed by the lower lip 4

4. Corolla mostly funnelform; sterile stamen about as long as the others and usually

bearded ~ Pentastemon.
Corolla bilabiate; sterile stamen shorter than the others 5

5. Corolla white or purple; anthers woolly; sterile stamen filamentous; seeds winged =

Chelone.
Plants with unpleasant odour; corolla dull-purple, yellowish, or green, its tube mostly
globular in form, the 4 upper lobes erect, and the lower spreading or reflexed;
the sterile stamen is a flat sca,\e=Scrophularia.
33532— 5J

68

6. Corolla salverform or funnclform, scarcely bilabiate 7

Corolla distinctly bilabiate .. 8

7. Perennial plants with flowers in a long spike; corolla salverform, purple z= Buchnera.
Annual or perennial plants with linear or pinnately lobed leaves; flowers in a raceme,

or axillary; corolla funnelform, purple or yellow = Gcrardia.

8. Leaves pinnately lobed 9

Leaves not pinnately lobed 10

9. Annual plants with flowers mostly solitary and axillary; corolla greenish-white; the

stamens are not enclosed by the upper Up of the corolla = Conobra.
Mostly perennial plants with flowers in spikes or racemes; stamens ascending under
the upper lip of the corolla = Pedicularis.

10. Flowers, mostly solitary and axillary; calyx prismatic, 5-angled, with one of tb*» calyx-

teeth usually larger than the others; stigma with 4 wo flat lobes = Mimulus.
Flowers in leafy spikes; calyx usually 4-toothed, not prismatic 11

11. Annual plants; bracts usually toothed at the base; capsule oblique, 1-4 seeded; seed-

with an aril at one end = Melampyrum.
Capsule isobilateral, several-seeded; seeds without an aril 12

12. Annual plants with calyx much inflated in fruit; seeds winged = Rhinanthus.

Calyx not inflated and seeds not winged 13

13. Annual plants; upper lip of corolla 2-lobed with recurved margins = Euphrasia.
Perennial plants; corolla purple, the margins of the upper lip not recurved; anthers hairy

= Bartsia.

14. Sepals 4; corolla mostly rotate with 4 lobes; there are no sterile stamens = Veronica.
Sepals 5; corolla tubular, with 5 lobes; there are usually 2 sterile stamens 15

15. Sterile stamens long, 2-lobed, one of the lobes capitate and glandular, the other shorter;

seeds wrinkled = Ilysanthes.
Sterile stamens short or absent; seeds both longitudinally and transversely striate =
Gratiola.

16. Stamens 2 17

Stamens 4 18

17. Corolla absent = Synthyris.

Corolla bilabiate; fruit separating into 2 nutlets = Lagotis.

18. Corolla bilabiate 19

Plants with stolons, basal leaves and 1-flowered scapes; corolla with 5 subequal lobes;
capsule 2-celled at the base, 1-celled above = Limosella.

19. Corolla spurred r= Linaria.

Corolla not spurred 20

20. Mostly perennial plants; calyx split; anther-sacs alike, parallel; capsule obliques

Pedicularis.
Anther-sacs unlike, the inner one pendulous by its apex 21

21. Mostly perennial plants; bracts generally brightly coloured; calyx cleft above and

below more deeply than on the sides; upper lip of the corolla much longer than
the lower = Caslilleja.
Annual plants; calyx cleft into 4 almost equal lobes; upper lip of the corolla scarceljr
longer than the lo\veY=Orthocarpus.

Distribution of Genera

Bartsia alpina (Alpine Bartsia) A.

Buchnera americana (Blue hearts) S. It occurs in sandy soil.

Castilleja (Painted Cup; Indian Paintbrush) ANESPW. 28 sp. Of the two eastern
species the Scarlet Painted-cup (C. coccinea) is a hairy biennial or annual species with the
upper leaves cleft irregularly into narrow segments.

Chelone (Turtle-head) ESW. 2 sp. Eastern Turtle-head (C. glabra) has white flowers
and occurs in wet ground while Western Turtle-head (C. nemorosa) has purple flowers and
is confined to the western region.

Collinsia (Blue Lips) ESPW. 3 sp.

Conobea multifida (Cut-leaved Monkey-flower) S. It is found along streams.

60

Euphrasia (Eyebright) ANEW, fi sp.

Gerardia (Gerardia) ESP. 10 sp.

Oratiola (Hedge-hyssop) ESPW. J sp. Golden Hedge-hyssop (G. aurea) is a perennial

species confined to the Mast; it has the 2 sterile filaments capitate at the summit. Clammy
Hedge-hyssop (G. vtrginiana) is an annual with glandular stem and two bracts under the
calyx. All the species occur in wet places.

Hysanthes (Falsi- Pimpernel) ESW. 2 sp. Both species occur in wet places.

hogotit (jlauca (Arctic Hare's Ear) A.

lAmoseUa aquatica (Mudwort) NEPW. It occurs on muddy shores.

Linaria canadensis (Toadflax) EW. It is an annual or biennial with blue flowers
occurring in sandy soil.

Milatnpyrum line arc (Cow-wheat) NEW. It has a greenish-yellow or purplish corolla
and occurs in woods.

Mini id us (Monkey-flower) ESPW. 16 sp. Of the eastern species Square-stemmed
Monkey-flower (M. ring ens) has sessile leaves and violet flowers; another species found
in the East is Musk-plant (M. moschatus) with viscid hairy stem, ovate leaves, yellow
flowers and frequently a musky odour.

Orthocarpus (Owl's Clover) PW. 8 sp. Prairie Owl's Clover (0. luteus) has narrow
leaves and yellow flowers; it is the only species found on the prairie.

Pcdicularis (Lousewort) ANESPW. 23 sp. Of the eastern species the Purple Louse-
wort (P. palustris) is a glabrous annual or biennial with purple flowers and occurs in
marshy ground; Swamp Lousewort (P. lanceolate) is a glabrous perennial with yellow
flowers and short capsule not much longer than the calyx; while Wood Betony (P. canadensis)
is a hairy perennial with yellow or reddish flowers and a capsule about thrice the length
of the calyx and is found in dry woods. Of the Arctic species, Elephant-flower (P. groen-
landica) has the upper lip prolonged into a beak resembling the snout of an elephant.

Pentastemon (Beard-tongue) ESPW. 24 sp. The only eastern species is Hairy Beard-
tongue (P. hirsutus) with violet or purplish corolla, found in dry woods.

Rhinanthus (Yellow Rattle) NEPW. 2 sp. Northern Yellow Rattle (R. Crista-galli)
with yellow or purple-spotted corolla and flattened capsule is the only eastern species.

Scrophularia (Figwort) ESW. 5 sp.

Synthyris (Kitten-tails) PW. 2 sp.

Ynonica (Speedwell) ANESPW. 10 sp. Culver's Root (V. virginica) has whorled
leaves, flowers in a terminal raceme and tubular, white or bluish corolla. Marsh Speedwell
(V . scutcllata) has sessile, linear leaves, axillary racemes with blue flowers and a very
flat capsule; it occurs in swamps.

CHAPTER XXI

SYMPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS — CAPRIFOLIACEAE,

RUBIACEAE, CUCURBITACEAE, CAMPANULACEAE,

LOBELIACEAE, VALERIANACEAE

CAPRIFOLIACEAE

1. Herbs 2

Shrubs 3

2. Erect plants, with sessile leaves; flowers sessile in the axils of the leaves; fruit an

orange drupe with 3 nut\eis=Tnoateum.
Trailing plants with stalked leaves; flowers in pairs on a long terminal peduncle;
stamen"? 4, in pairs of unequal length; fruit 1-seeded and indehiscent =Linnaea.

3. Plants with unpleasant odour and pinnately compound leaves; corolla rotate; fruit

a berry-like drupe with 3 nutlets^/Sarabwc-ws.
Leaves simple 4

4. Inflorescence terminal; corolla rotate; fruit a 1-seeded drupe with flattened stone

= Viburnum.
Corolla tubular ; fruit a berry with several seeds, or a capsule 5

5. Calyx with a narrow tube and 5 linear lobes; corolla yellow; fruit a 2-celled capsule

■=-Diervilla.
Calyx with short lobes; fruit a berry 6

6. Erect or twining shrubs^ corolla tubular, often bilabiate; berry 2-3-celled=:Lom*cera.
Erect shrubs; corolla bell-shaped, with equal lobes; berry 4-celled but 2-seeded =

SympJioricarpos.

Distribution of Genera

Diervilla trifida (Bush-honeysuckle) ESP. It occurs in dry or rocky woods.

Linnaea borealis (Twin-flower) ANESPW. It has rounded, obscurely crenate leaves,
purplish, fragrant flowers and occurs in cold woods.

Lonicera (Honeysuckle) NESPW. 11 sp. Of the erect species the Blue Fly-honey-
suckle (L. coerulea) has the two bluish-black fruits united to the top; Black Twinberry
(L. involucrata) has leafy bracts under the two separate black berries. Both the above
species are widely distributed.

Sambucus (Elder) ESPW. 4 sp. Of the two eastern species the Red-berried Elder (S.
racemosa) has a pyramidal inflorescence and red berries, while the Purple-berried Elder (S.
canadensis) has a flat-topped inflorescence and purple or black berries. Of the two
western species the Black-berried Elder (S. melanocarpa) has a pyramidal inflorescence and
black berries, while the Wax-berried Elder (S. glauca) has a flat-topped inflorescence and
glaucous fruit.

SympJioricarpos (Snowberry; Wolfberry) ESPW. 4 sp.

Triosteum (Horse-gentian) ES. 2 sp. Tinker's Weed (T. perfoliatum) has the lower
leaves united at the base and clasping the stem. It occurs only in southern Ontario; both
species are found in woods.

Viburnum (Arrow-wood) NESPW. 8 sp. In the Hobble Bush (V. alnifolium) the
branches root at the tip, the leaves are orbicular, the outer flowers are large and neuter
and the fruit when ripe is black. It is an eastern species. The High-bush Cranberry
(V. Opuhis) has palmately lobed leaves, large neuter outer flowers, and bright-red fruit.
It is widely distributed.

RUBIACEAE

1. Shrubs with the flowers in dense globular heads= Cephalanthus.
Herbs with the flowers not in heads 2

2. Creeping plants with evergreen leaves and flowers in pairs; ovary 4-celled; fruit red,

fleshy, consisting of the 2 united ov&ries—Mitchella.
Ovary 2-celled; fruit not fleshy 3

70

71

3. Tufted plants with opposite leaves; fruit a capsule with several 8ccds = Houstonia.
Plants with leaves in apparent whorls; fruit a schizocarp, separating into two seg-
ments = Ga liu m .

Distribution of Genera

Cephalanthus occidentals (Button-bush) ES. It grows in wet ground and has white
flowers.

Galium (Bedstraw) ANESPW. 16 sp. Sweet-scented Bedstraw (G. triflorum) is a
perennial species with leaves in sixes, flowers mostly in groups of three, and hooked fruits.
It occurs in woods across Canada and becomes fragrant on drying. Northern Bedstraw
(G. borcalc) with leaves in fours and white, flowers is the only species found on the prairie.

Houstonia (Bluets) ESP. 4 sp. One-flowered Bluets (H. coerulea) has a single flower
with salverform corolla on the peduncle; Fringed Bluets (H. ciliolata) has a fringe of hairs
on the edge of the leaf and a funnelform corolla. Both are eastern species.

Mitchella repens (Partridge-berry) ES. The inner side of the white corolla-lobes ia
bearded; it occurs in woods and has an edible fruit.

CUCURBIT ACE AE

Corolla of the staminate flowers 6-lobed; fruit bursting irregularly at the top, 4-
seeded = Echinocystis.

Corolla of the staminate flowers 5-lobed; fruit indehiscent, 1 -seeded =/Szc2/os.

Distribution of Genera

Echinocystis (Balsam-apple) ESPW. 2 sp. Wild Balsam-apple (E. lobata) is an annual,
found in the eastern and prairie regions, while Old Man Root (E. oregana) is a perennial
with a thick fleshy root and is confined to the West.

Sicyos angulatus (One-seeded Bur-cucumber) ES. It is an annual.

CAMPANULACEAE

Flowers all alike; corolla mostly bell-shaped; capsule usually top-shaped = Campanula.
Annual plants with flowers of two kinds; corolla in the earlier eleistogamous flowers
undeveloped, in the later flowers rotate; capsule prismatic or cylindrical —Specularia.

Distribution of Genera

Campanula (Bellflower) ANESPW. 9 sp. Tall Bellflower (C. americana) is an annual
species with the flowers in a spike and rotate corolla and occurs only in the east. White
Bellflower (C. aparinoides) is perennial, with a rough straggling stem, narrow leaves and
nearly white corolla; it occurs in wet ground in the east. The Harebell (C. rotundifolia)
is a perennial with broadly cordate or ovate leaves, linear stem-leaves, and blue corolla.
It occurs in rocky places or dry ground and is widely distributed.

Specularia perfoliata (Venus's Looking-glass) ESW. The leaves have a clasping base
and the flowers are blue or violet. It occurs in dry open ground.

LOBELIACEAE

Annual plants with axillary, sessile flowers; corolla bilabiate, but with entire tube;
capsule 1-celled when mature, with parietal placentation=J5oZeZm.

Mostly perennial plants; corolla bilabiate, its tube split down one side; capsule 2-
cel!ed = /yobeZ?a.

Distribution of Genera

Bolelia eleqans (Bolelia) W. It occurs in water and has a blue corolla with white and
3'ellow centre.

Lobelia (Lobelia) NESPW. 6 sp. Water Lobelia (L. Dortmanna) has radical, terete,
hollow leaves and a raceme of blue flowers It occurs in water. Cardinal-flower (L. card-
inalis) is perennial, with short offsets and a bright red corolla; it occurs in moist soil.
Indian Tobacco (L. inflata) is an annual species with pale-blue flowers in which the capsule
becomes inflated at maturity. It occurs in dry soil and is widely distributed.

72

VALERIANACEAE

Annual, dichotomously branched plants with simple leaves; calyx-teeth small or incon-
spicuous; corolla usually spurred; fruit 3-celled but only one develops a seed — Valerianella.

Perennial plants with strongnsmelling roots; upper leaves mostly pinnately lobed;
calyx-lobes at first inrolled but expanding and plumose in fruit; the fruit is l-celled =
Valeriana.

Distribution of Genera

Valeriana (Valerian) ANBSW. 8 sp. Edible Valerian (V. edulis) has a fleshy carrot-
like root, leaves with parallel veins and yellowish corolla; it occurs in wet open ground in
southern Ontario.

Valerianella (Corn-salad) W. 4 sp. Spurless Corn-salad (V. anomala) has a white corolla
devoid of a spur, and a winged fruit. It occurs in moist open places.

CHAPTER XXII
SYMPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONS

COMPOSITAE

1. Flowers inconspicuous, unisexual, both kinds occurring in the same head, or the head

composed of one kind of flowers only in which case the pistillate head is bur-like;
receptacle chaffy; the corolla of the pistillate flower is usually rudimentary or
absent; stamens 5, separate; there is no pappus=AMBROSIACEAE (p. 73).
Anthers united to foim a tube 2

2. Plants with milky juice; all the flowers in the head are zygomorphic and bisexual;

corolla strap-shaped, with 5 teeth^CIOHORIACEAE (p. 73).
Heads eiiher discoid with all the flowers actinomorphic, or radiate with the central
flowers actinomorphic and the ray flowers zygomorphic and pistillate or neuters
CARDUACEAE (p. 74).

AMBROSIACEAE

1. Staminate and pistillate flowers in the same head 2

Staminate and pistillate flowers in different heads, the pistillate flowers being enclosed

in a bur-like involucre 3

2. Annual plants with naked inflorescence; corolla of the pistillate flowers rudimentary or

none — Cyclachacna.
Perennial plants with leafy bracts among the heads; the pistillate flowers have a
corolla =Iva.

3. Bracts of the staminate head separate, and in 1-3 series; pistillate heads containing 2

flowers; involucre covered with hooked sp'mes=Xanthium.
Bracts of the staminate head united; prickles on the involucre not hooked 4

4. Pistillate heads 1-flowered with a single series of tubercles or prickles on the involucre

= Ambrosia.
Pistillate heads 1-4-flowered, with several rows of spines on the involucre = Franseria,

Distribution of Genera

Ambrosia (Ragweed) ESPW. 3 sp. Great Ragweed (A. trifida) is an annual with
opposite, mostly 3-lobed leaves; Tansy-leaved Ragweed (A. artemisiae folia) is an annual
with leaves twice pinnately lobed; Prairie Ragweed (A. psilostachya) is a perennial species
with pinnately lobed leaves occurring on the prairie.

Cyclachaena xanthiifolia (Burweed Marsh-elder) EP. It occurs in moist soil.

Franseria (Bur-ragweed) PW. 4 sp. Annual Bur-ragweed (F. acanthicarpa) is the
only species found on the prairie. The other species, known as Sand-bur, are perennial
and occur on the sea coast.

Iva axillaris (Poverty- weed) PW. It has simple leaves, opposite below but alternate
above, and heads mostly solitary in their axils; it occurs in saline soil.

Xanthium (Clotbur: Cocklebur) ESPW. 6 sp. They are all annual species.

CICHORIACEAE

1. Plants with the leaves all basal or with a single leaf on the upper part of the stem;

flowers yellow or orange 2

Plants with leafy stems 6

2. Annual plants with solitary heads 3

Perennial plants 4

3. Bracts of the involucre in two series, reflexed in fruit; the pappus consists of an outer

series of 5 scales and an inner series of 10 or more bristles = Krigia.
Outer bracts of the involucre very short; the pappus consists of 5 awn-tipped scales =
Microseris.

73

74

4. Stem branched above, bearing 1-2 clasping leaves; bracts reflexed in fruit; flowers orange;

the pappus consists of both scales and bristles = Adopogon.
Leaves all basal; heads solitary on the scape; flowers yellow or purple 5

5. Leaves narrow; bracts imbricated; flowers yellow, generally turning purple; pappus-

hairs simple, white = Agoseris.
Root spindle-shaped; bracts in 2 or 3 series; flowers yellow; pappus tawny, consisting

of barbellate bristles = Apargidium.
Plants with a taproot and hollow scape; principal bracts equal with a series of shorter

ones at the base; flowers yellow; achene with a slender beak; pappus white,

consisting of simple bristles = Taraxacum.

6. Upper leaves linear or scale-like; flowers pink 7

Upper leaves broad; flowers yellow, white, purple, etc 8

7. Bracts equal with a few small ones at the base; pappus composed of simple bristles,

sometimes brown in colour = Lygodesmia.
Principal bracts in one series, 5 in number, with a few small ones at the base; flowers
in the head 5 in number; pappus-bristles plumose = Stephanomeria.

8. Perennial herbs with spindle-shaped roots; flowers yellow; pappus-hairs white, plumose.

with broader bases =: Ptilophora.
Pappus-hairs white or brown, simple 9

9. Mostly biennial plants with imbricated bracts; flowers yellow or bluish; achene3

flattened, narrowed at the top or prolonged into a beak = Lactuca.
Perennial plants; achenes cylindrical, not beaked 10

10. Bracts in one series, equal, with a few smaller ones at the base; flowers yellow;

pappus-hairs white = Crepis.
Bracts in 1-3 series; flowers mostly yellow; achenes truncate at the top; pappus-hairs

brownish = Hieracium.
Flower-heads drooping, with the principal bracts in 1 or 2 series and subequal; flowers

white to purple; pappus-hairs brownish = Prenanthes.

Distribution of Genera

Adopogon virginicus (Virginian Goat's-beard) ES. It occurs in woods.

Agoseris (Goat's Chicory) PW. 18 sp.

Apargidium boreale (Tawny Dandelion) W. It occurs in wet situations.

Crepis (Hawksbeard) ANPW. 10 sp.

Hieracium (Hawkweed) ESPW. 16 sp.

Krigia virginica (Dwarf Dandelion) ES. It occurs in dry soil.

Lactuca (Lettuce) ESPW. 7 sp. Large-flowered Blue Lettuce (L. pulchella) is a peren-
nial with heads half an inch or more in diameter, blue flowers and white pappus. Tall Blue
Lettuce (L. spicata) is annual or biennial with heads less than i inch in diameter, blue or
white flowers and brown pappus. Both species occur in moist soil.

Lygodesmia (Skeleton-weed) PW. 3 sp. Purple Skeleton-weed (L. juncea) is a
perennial with greatly reduced subulate leaves found on the prairie.

Microseris Bigelovii (Annual Hawkbit) W.

Prenanthes (Rattlesnake-root) NESPW. 8 sp. Glaucous Rattlesnake-root (P. race-
mosa) has the heads nearly erect, hairy bracts, and purplish flowers. It occurs in moist
open places.

Ptilophora (Hill-lettuce) W. 3 sp.

Stephanomeria tenuifolia (Desert Pink) W. It is a perennial.

Taraxacum (Dandelion) APW. 3 sp.

CARDUACEAE

1. Flower-heads mostly inconspicuous, or with scarious coloured bracts; marginal flowers

usually pistillate; corolla tubular or filiform 2

Flower-heads brightly coloured; all the flowers are usually bisexual with tubular
corolla 5

Flower-heads brightly coloured, consisting of a central series of disk flowers and a
marginal series of ray flowers; the disk flowers are bisexual and the ray flowers
pistillate or neuter; (sometimes the ray flowers are short or absent altogether)., 16

2. Leaves entire; bracts generally scarious or coloured; receptacle naked; pappus composed

of hairs 3

There is no pappus present 4

75

3. Perennial woolly plants with leafy steins; bracts pearly white; some of the heads are

composed entirely of apparently bisexual but functionally Btaminate flowers, while

other heads have those apparently bisexual but really Btaminate flowers in the centre

only, with the marginal flowers pistillate = Anaphalis.
Perennial woolly plants, stoloniferous, usually with heads in clusters; all the heads on

the same plant are either apparently bisexual but functionally staminate, or are

pistillate; corolla of the pistillate flowers filiform; pappus-hairs in the sterile

flowers usually club-shaped = Antennaria.
Annual, biennial or perennial woolly plants; central flowers bisexual with tubular corolla,

marginal flowers pistillate with filiform corolla; the corolla is whitish or yellowish

in colour = Gnaphalium.

4. Perennial plants, with broad basal leaves which are woolly below; heads grouped in a

panicle; bracts of the involucre green; flowers white, the central ones apparently
bisexual but functionally staminate, the marginal ones pistillate; fruits clavate,
glandular = Adcnocaulon.

Strongly scented plants with narrow or divided alternate leaves; heads small and
numerous; the flowers in the same head may be apparently bisexual but really
staminate at the centre and pistillate at the margin, or truly bisexual at the
centre and pistillate at the margin, or all the flowers may be truly bisexual; fruit
ellipsoidal = Artemisia.

Annual woolly plants with the leaves mostly opposite; outer flowers in the head
pistillate, each with a chaffy bract enclosing the fruit=Psi7ocarp/ms.

5. Leaves pinnately divided; pappus absent or composed of scales 6

Pappus composed of simple hairs 7

Corolla mostly purple; pappus-hairs plumose or feathery 15

6 Biennial plants with white or pink corolla; pappus composed of 4-14 hyaline scales=

Chaenactis.
Perennial plants; bracts subequal, coloured, with scarious margins; corolla yellow;

pappus-scales 10-20, scarcely visih\e=Hymenopappus.
Perennial plants with opposite leaves; inner bracts of the involucre united into a cup;

corolla yellow; receptacle with chaffy scales; pappus composed of two small teeth

=Thelesperma.

7. Shrubs or undershrubs with narrow leaves, mostly covered with white hairs; corolla

yellow 8

Corolla white, purple, etc., not yellow 9

8. Bracts numerous; there are 5 or more flowers in each h.e&d=Chrysothamnus.
There are 4 bracts and 4 flowers in each head — Tetradymia.

9. Lower leaves opposite or whorled; fruit with 5 angles 10

Leaves mostly alternate; receptacle naked 11

10. Bracts numerous; there are usually 5 or more flowers in each hefid=Eupalorium.
Stem twining; each head consists of 4 bracts and 4 whitish Qowers=Mikcmia.

11. Annual plants with the principal bracts in one series; corolla whitish; marginal flowers

pistil\a,te=Er exhtites.
Perennial plants with all the flowers bisexual 12

12. Principal bracts in one series; heads with 5-10 white or cream-coloured flowers.. .. 13
Bracts in several series ; heads with numerous white or pinkish flowers 14

13. Bracts 8-10 in number; heads with about 10 flowers; corolla cream-coloured=Luina.
Principal bracts 5, equal; heads with 5 flowers; corolla white; the receptacle has a

fleshy projection in the centre=Mesa<iema.

14. Pappus-hairs white, in a single series=Brickellia.

Corolla usually purple; pappus-hairs purple, in two scries, the outer series being much
shorter than the inner= Fernoma.

15. Leaves and bracts usually spiny; receptacle bristly=Ctrsmm.

Perennial plants with tubers and narrow entire leaves; heads grouped in a raceme or

spike; receptacle naked=Lta£m.
Perennial plants with bristly receptacle; pappus double, the outer series composed of

short rigid bristles and the inner of plumose bristles united at the bs,se=Saussurea.

16. Ray flowers yellow 17

Ray flowers white, purple, etc 40

70

17. Pappus none, or a short crown 18

Pappus composed of scales, bristles, barbs, etc 27

Pappus composed of simple hairs 36

18. Receptaele naked 19

Receptacle with chaffy scales 20

19. Leaves opposite; heads solitary =«/a2<raea.

Strongly scented plants with alternate, pinnately divided leaves and numerous heads;
central flowers bisexual, marginal p\sti\\'dte=Tanacctu7n.

20. Ray flowers neuter 21

Ray flowers pistillate 22

21. Lower or all the leaves opposite; bracts in two series, united at the base; fruit flat=

Coreopsis.
Rough or hispid perennial plants with alternate leaves; disk-flowers mostly purple;
receptacle convex to cylindrical; fruit 4-angled=#wdbecfcia.

22. Glandular annuals; disk-flowers bisexual; bracts enclosing the outer fruits 23

Perennial plants; the bracts do not enclose the outer fruits 24

23. Leaves opposite, linear; bracts 4-5; scales of receptacle united to form a cup=

Hemizonella.
Viscid plants with alternate leaves; bracts in a single series= Madia.

24. Disk-flowers apparently bisexual but functionally staminate only 25

Disk-flowers truly bisexual 26

25. Viscid plants with opposite leaves; outer bracts large, 5 in number, inner bracts smaller;

rays small or sometimes absent=Polymnia.
Plants with resinous juice and opposite, whorled, or basal leaves; heads on long
peduncles; fruit winged, notched— Silphinm.

26. The roots contain a balsamic resin; leaves basal; bracts in several series=Z?a?sa-

morrhiza.
Leaves opposite, 3-ribbed; heads on long peduncles; corolla of the ray-flowers persistent
on the fruit=H eliopsis.

27. Receptacle naked or rarely covered with bristles 28

Receptacle covered with chaffy scales 32

28. Annual plants with opposite leaves; receptacle subulate to conical; pappus a crown of

scales=Z?aena.

Perennial plants with alternate leaves; heads solitary on long peduncles; disk-flowers
purple, ray-flowers purple at the base and neuter; receptacle bristly; pappus com-
posed of hyaline chaffy sc&\es=Gaillardia.

Leaves alternate ; ray-flowers pistillate 29

29. Perennial plants with punctate leaves; fruit hairy 30

Leaves not punctate; fruit glabrous 31

30. Leaves entire or pinnatifid with narrow lobes; heads on long peduncles; bracts in 2 or

more series; receptacle conical to convex; pappus composed of about 5 hyaline scales

=Actinea.
Leaves linear and entire; flower-heads small and numerous, with few flowers in each

head; fruit crowned with sc&\es=Gutierrezia.
Leaves lanceolate, usually decurrent; heads on long peduncles; bracts few, reflexed;

pappus composed of 4-8 scarious scaAes=H elenium.

31. Perennial, tufted, woolly plants; heads on long peduncles; bracts in one series or in two

equal series; pappus composed of 4-12 hyaline sc&\es=Eriophyllum.
Biennial or perennial plants with spinulose-toothed leaves; heads solitary on leafy
branches; bracts imbricated and mostly gummy; pappus composed of a few
deciduous brist\es=Grindelia.

32. Perennial plants with taproot and resinous juice; leaves alternate, simple, and pinnately

veined; ray-flowers pistillate; fruit with 3-4 angles; pappus composed of scales=
Wyethia.
Ray-flowers neuter 33

33. The pappus consists of 2-6 barbed awns 34

Pappus-scales, etc., not barbed 35

77

34. Mostly annual plants with the lower or all the leaves opposite; bracts in two scries,

the outer foliaceous=£ufens.
Perennial aquatic plants with finely divided submerged leaves and simple aerial Leaves;
flowers solitary=Af egatodonta.

3.5. Mostly perennial, sometimes annual plants with opposite or alternate, simple leaves;
heads large, on long peduncles; receptacle flat; fruit more or less Wangled and com-
pressed; the pappus consists of two deciduous sc'd\es=H('Hanthns.

Perennial plants with taproot; leaves usually opposite and 3-ril)hed; the pappus is
composed of scales between the 2 a.wnaz=Helianthella.

Perennial plants with alternate pinnately divided leaves; heads on long peduncles;
receptacle convex or cylindrical; corolla of ray-flower? spreading or drooping;
fruit flattened; pappus composed of 1-2 tee\\\=I\atibi(Ia.

36. Lower or all the leaves opposite; bracts equal, in one or two series; pappus mostly a

single series of capillary bristles=yl mica.
Leaves alternate or basal ; disk-flowers }rellow; receptacle mostly naked 37

37. Bracts equal in length, or the principal bracts in one series with a few outer ones.. 38
Perennial plants with the bracts in several series 39

35. Annual plants with simple leaves; heads solitary, terminal; pappus composed of one row

of deciduous barbed bristles, none on the ray-flowers^CVoc/dmra.
Mostly perennial plants; heads rarely solitary; principal bracts in one series with a few
outer ones=£e?? ecio.

39. Tufted plants with sessile, hairy, mostly entire leaves; pappus double, the outer series

composed of small scales or bristles, the inner of scabrous bristles; fruit flattened,
ha.iry =Chrysopsis.

Plants frequently dwarf; ray-flowers sometimes short and sterile, or absent; pappus-
bristles sometimes unequal, white, yellow, or reddish brown in coYouv—Haplopappus.

Leaves simple; heads small and numerous; pappus-hairs in one or two series=Solidago .

40. Bracts imbricated; pappus absent or in the form of a crown of short teeth, etc.. .. 41

Leaves alternate or basal ; pappus composed of simple hairs 44

Annual plants with chaffy receptacle and a pappus of plumose hairs 51

41. Perennial plants; receptacle with chaffy scales 42

Annual or perennial plants; receptacle naked 43

42. Roots thick and black with pungent taste; leaves simple; heads on long peduncles;

both disk- and ray-flowers are purple, the latter being neuter; receptacle conical;
fruit 4-sided=£rawneria.
Leaves usually divided; heads grouped in a corymb; disk-flowers yellowish; ray-flowers
pistillate=^4c/u7fea.

43. Strong-scented annual plants with divided leaves and heads on long peduncles; ray-

flowers white; receptacle conical to ovoid; fruit 3-5 ribbed =z Matricaria.
Perennial plants with solitary heads; receptacle flat to hemispherical; fruit 5-10-ribbed
^^Chrysanthemum.

44. Perennial plants with leafy stems; leaves entire; corolla white or violet; pappus double,

tawny in co\our=Diplopappus.
Pappus single 45

45. Annual plants with narrow leaves; heads small and numerous; ray-flowers short, incon-

spicuous 46

Ray-flowers conspicuous 47

46. Bracts nearly equal; flowers purplish in colour; fruit narr ow=Brachyactis.

Bracts unequal; flowers white; corolla of the disk-flowers 4-lobed; fruit flattened=:
Lcptilon.

47. Plants with rhizomes, scaly peduncles and basal, arrow-shaped to reniform leaves which

appear after the flowers and are woolly beneath; heads grouped on the scape in a
racemose manner; bracts in one series, equal; some of the flowers are apparently
bisexual but are functionally staminate on\y=Petasitcs.
Stems mostly leafy, with the flower-heads appearing after the leaves; bracts generally
unequal 48

78

48. Perennial plants with sessile,, entire leaves; bracts imbricated; ray-flowers 4-5; all the

flowers are whitish.=Sericocarpus.
Ray flowers more than 5 in number 49

49. Bracts in 1 or 2 series, subcqual; ray-flowers generally numerous, often in more than

one row, with narrow corolla; disk-flowers yellow; fruit flat, 2-nerved=£,ngreron.
Bracts imbricated; corolla of ray-flowers ligulate 50

50. Mostly perennial plants with numerous ray-flowers; disk-flowers yellow but changing to

red, brown, or purple=^4sier.

Annual or biennial plants with tap roots; leaves simple or pinnately divided; disk-
flowers yellow, changing to red or brown; ray-flowers violet to purple^
Machaer anther a.

Tufted biennial or perennial plants; leaves mostly basal, linear or spatulate, and entire
—Townsendia.

51. Leaves entire; heads with 3-6 fertile ray-flowers and 7-12 disk-flowers some of which are

sterile; both kinds of flowers are white=Blepharipappus.
Lower leaves lobed, upper entire; ray-flowers white, disk-flowers yellow; the achenes of
the ray-flowers are enclosed by the bracts and have no pappus— Layia.

Distribution of Genera

Achillea (Yarrow) ANEPW. 8 sp.

Actinea (Dotted Rayweed) SP. 5 sp. Eastern Dotted Rayweed (A. herbacea) is a
tufted perennial with basal leaves and single heads of yellow flowers; it occurs only in
southern Ontario.

Adenocaulon bicolor (Club-fruit; Silver-green) W. It occurs in damp woods.

Anaphalis (Everlasting) NEW. 3 sp.

Antennaria (Cat's Foot: Everlasting) ANEPW. 36 p.

Arnica (Leopard's Bane; Arnica) ANEPW. 33 sp. Ray-flowers are absent in Rayless
Arnica (A. Parryi).

Artemisia (Wormwood; Mugwort; Sage-brush) ANESPW. 44 sp. Common Sage-brush
(A. tridentata) is a shrub several feet high, covered with silvery hairs, with 3 teeth at the end
of the wedge-shaped leaves. It is confined to the dry belt of British Columbia.

Aster (Aster) ANESPW. 84 sp.

Baeria maritima (Gold-fields; Sea Baeria) W. It is confined to the sea-coast.

Balsamorrhiza (Balsam-root) PW. 3 sp. Arrow-leaved Balsam-root (B. sagittata) has
woolly leaves and is the only species found on the prairie.

Bidens (Beggar-ticks; Bur-marigold) NESPW. 14 sp. One of the most widely dis-
tributed species is Nodding Bur-marigold (B. cernua) with simple leaves and drooping heads.
The species all occur in wet ground.

Blepharipappus scaber (Fringe-cup) W. It is confined to the dry belt of British
Columbia.

Brachyactis angusta (Rayless Aster) NEP. It occurs on saline soil.

Brauneria angustifolia (Purple Cone-flower) P. It occurs on dry soil.

Brickellia (Thoroughwort) W. 2 sp.

Chaenactis Douglasii (Moftiing Brides) W. It occurs in dry situations.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum) A. 3 sp.

Chrysopsis (Golden Aster) PW. 5 sp.

Chrysothamnus (Rabbit-brush) PW. 3 sp. Prairie Rabbit-brush (C. jrigidus) is the
only species found on the prairie.

Cirsium (Thistle) NESPW. 15 sp. Many of the species are biennial.

Coreopsis (Tickseed) ESPW. 6 sp. Two species occur in southern Ontario, namely,
Lance-leaved Tickseed (C. lanceolata) with simple leaves and Tall Tickseed (C. tripteris) with
the lower leaves divided. Of the prairie species Garden Tickseed (C. tinctoria) is annual and
has brown or partly brown ray-flowers while Stiff Tickseed (C. palmata) is perennial and
has bright-yellow ray-flowers.

Crocidium multicaule (Single-headed Groundsel) W.

Diplopappus (Double-crowned Aster) EPW. 2 sp.

Erechtites hieracijolia (White Fireweed) ESP. It is one of the first species to occupy
burnt ground.

Erigeron (Fleabane) ANESPW. 47 sp.

Eriophyllum (Woolly Sunflower) W. 2 sp.

Eupatorium (Thoroughwort) ESPW. 6 sp. Of the eastern species with opposite leaves
and white flowers Boneset (E. perjoliatum) occurs in marshes and has long pointed leaves
connate at the base, while White Snakeroot (E. urticaejolium) occurs in woods and has
stalked ovate leaves.

Gaillardia aristata (Blanket-flower) PW. It has punctate leaves.

79

Gnaphalium (Cudweed; Everlasting) ANESPW. 13 sp. Clammy Everlasting (G. dc-
currens) is an annual or biennial species with a fragrant odour, glands and decurrent

Grindelin (Gum-weed) PW. S sp.

Outierretia (Broom-weed) P. 2 sp.

Haplopappus (Iron-plant) PW. 12 sp. In some species the ray-flowers are very short
or absent.

Hclcniinn (Sneezeweed) ESPW. 3 sp. Eastern Sneezeweed (H. autumnalc) is the only
species found in the cast; it occurs in wet ground and is considered poisonous.

Helianthella Douglasii (Flat-seeded Sunflower) W.

Helianthus (Sunflower) ESPW. 19 sp.

//« liopsia (Ox-eye) ESPW. 2 sp.

Hcni'zonclla (Opposite-leaved Tarweed) W. 2 sp.

Hymenopappus filifolius (Prairie-everlasting) P.

Jaumca carnosa (Bald Sunflower) W. It occurs in salt marshes on the coast.

Layia glandulosa (White-rayed Tarweed) W. It occurs in sandy places.

Lcptilon canadense (Horseweed) NESW. It occurs mostly as a weed in fields and
waste ground.

Liatris (Blazing Star; Button-snakeroot) ESP. 6 sp.

Luina hypoleuca (Creamy Ragwort) W. It occurs on mountain cliffs.

Machaeranthera (Aster) PW. 2 sp. Tansy-leaved Aster (M. tanacetifolia) is an annual
with pinnately lobed or divided leaves and is confined to the prairie. Biennial Aster (M.
is a biennial with simple leaves.

Madia (Tarweed) PW. 6 sp. Clustered Tarweed (M. glomerata) has linear leaves
and flower-heads in a compact cluster with ray-flowers sometimes absent; it is the only
species found on the prairie.

Matricaria (Chamomile) ANEW. 2 sp. Pineapple-weed (M. suaveolens) is a sweet-
scented plant devoid of ray-flowers and with a four-lobed corolla on the disk-flowers. It
occurs in the western region but is also found elsewhere as an introduced weed.

Mcgalodonta Beckii (Water Marigold) ES.

Mesadcnia (Indian Plantain) S. 2 sp. Pale Indian Plantain (M. atriplicijolia) has
palmately lobed leaves and occurs in woods while Tuberous Indian Plantain (M. tuberosa)
has ovate usually entire leaves and occurs in wet places.

Mikania scandens (Climbing Hempweed) S. It occurs in swampy ground.

Petasites (Sweet Coltsfoot) NEPW. 7 sp. Of the three eastern species Arrow-leaved
Sweet Coltsfoot (P. sagiltata) has arrow-shaped leaves which are slightly toothed or wavy on
the margin. All the species occur on wet ground.

Polymnia canadensis (Leafcup) S. It occurs in damp shaded places.

Psilocarphus (Woolly Bladder-fruit) W. 2 sp.

Ratibida (Cone-flower) SPW. 2 sp. Gray-headed Cone-flower (R. pinnata) has a
short fruiting head and is confined to southern Ontario, while Prairie Cone-flower (R.
columnaris) has brownish-yellow ray-flowers and a long fruiting head; it occurs on the
prairie and B.C.

Rudbeckia (Cone-flower) ESPW. 3 sp. Of the two eastern species Black-eyed Susan
(R. hirta) is a hispid biennial with simple leaves and purple disk-flowers; while Tall Cone-
flower (R. laciniata) is a glabrous perennial with divided leaves and a conical fruit-head.

Saussurea (Saw-wort) APW. 2 sp.

Senecio (Ragwort; Groundsel; Squaw-weed) ANESPW. 42 sp. Marsh Groundsel (S.
palustris) is an annual with hollow stem and the upper leaves somewhat clasping; its
distribution is mainly in northern swampy places.

Sericocarpus rigidus (White-topped Aster) W. It occurs in dry ground.

Silphium (Rosin-weed; Compass-plant) S. 3 sp. Cup-plant (S. perjoliatum) has the
upper leaves connate-perfoliate and occurs in moist soil; Whorled Rosin-weed (S. trifolia-
tum) has the middle leaves in whorls of 3 or 4 and occurs in woods; Dock-leaved Rosin-
weed (S. terebinthinaceum) has alternate, mostly basal leaves which are cordate at the base.

Solidago (Golden Rod) NESPW. 51 sp. White Golden-Rod (S. bicolor) has white
ray-flowers; it occurs in dry soil in the East.

Tanacetum (Tansy) NEW. 2 sp.

Telradymia canescens (Four-flowered Rabbit-brush) W. It occurs in dry soil.

Thelesperma marginatum (Narrow-leaved Bur-marigold) P. It occurs on dry soil.

Townsendia (Townsendia) PW. 2 sp. Dwarf Townsendia (T. exscapa) is a short-
stemmed perennial confined to dry soil on the prairie; Biennial Townsendia (T, Parryi) is a
biennial species found on the western mountains.

Vernonia (Iron-weed) SP. 4 sp. Prairie Iron-weed (V. corymbosa) is the only species
found on the prairie.

Wyethia amplexicaulis (Mule-ears) W. It occurs in moist ground.

CHAPTER XXIII

SPECIAL GROUPS

Sometimes the name of a plant can be more readily determined from a con-
sideration of its manner of growth. The number of Canadian genera belonging
to some particular group is obviously much smaller than the total number of
genera in the country ; consequently the genus to which the plant belongs must
be one of a comparatively small number. By excluding those already known to
belong to a different genus the choice is still further restricted. The more
important of these special groups are outlined below.

I. CLIMBING PLANTS

A. Root-climbers are exemplified by a species of Rhus and by Tecoma.

B. Twiners are exemplified by Celastrus, species of Lonicera, and Menisper-
mum, all of which are shrubs. Among herbaceous twining species are Amphi-
carpa, Calystegia, Cuscuta, Dioscorea, Glycine, Ipomoea, Mikania, species of
Polygonum, and Strophostyles.

C. Leaf-climbers are found in Adlumia and species of Clematis.

D. Tendril-climbers are. found in Echinocystis, Lathyrus, Parthenocissus,
Sicyos, species of Smilax, Vicia, and species of Vitis.

E. Hook-climbers are exemplified by species of Galium, species of Poly-
gonum, and species of Rubus.

II. CARNIVOROUS PLANTS

This group can usually be recognized by the peculiarities of the leaves. It
comprises four genera, namely, Drosera, Pinguicula, Sarracenia, and Utricularia.
The first three occur in swampy ground and the last usually in water.

III. PARASITIC AND SAPROPHYTIC PLANTS

A. Semi-parasites are green but derive part of their nourishment from other
plants. This group is exemplified by Arceuthobium which grows on the branches
of coniferous trees. Others, such as Castilleja, Euphrasia, Pedicularis, etc.,
are attached to the roots of the other plants but the semi-parasitic habit in this
case is not so obvious.

B. Total parasites are devoid of green colouring matter. They are exempli-
fied by the genus Cuscuta, which twines round the stems of other plants, and by
the members of the family Orobanchaceae, which are root-parasites.

C. Saprophytes contain little or no green colouring matter and are found
chiefly among decaying vegetation. They are exemplified by Bartonia which
has some green colouring matter, Cephalanthera, C orallorrhiza , and by the
family Monotropaceae, and one species of Pyrola.

IV. AQUATIC PLANTS

There is no very hard and fast distinction between water-plants and plants
growing in swamps. Various intermediate stages can be found between those
which are entirely submerged and those in which the roots only are immersed.

80

81

While the vast majority of plants belonging to this group occur in fresh water a
few genera are found in the sea.

A. Plants without any differentiation into stem and leaf. This condition
occurs in the two genera Lcmna and Wolffia.

B. Plants found in the sea. This group includes Phyllospadix and Zostera.

C. Plants with all the leaves submerged. Examples of this group are Calli-
triche autumnalis, Ceratophyllum, Elodea, Eriocaulon, Littorella, Lobelia Dort-
manna, Najas, Podostemon, species of Potamogeton, species of Ranunculus,
Subularia, Utricularia, Vallisneria, and Zannichellia.

D. Plants with floating leaves occur in Brasenia, Caltha natans, Heter-
anthera, Limnobium, Nymphaea, Nymphoides, Nymphozanthus, Polygonum
amphibium, species of Potamogeton, species of Sparganium.

E. Plants with some of the leaves submerged and some exposed to the air.
This type occurs in species of Callitriche, Hippuris, Juncus militaris, Megalo-
donta, Myriophyllum, Nasturtium aquaticum, Proserpinaca, and Ranunculus
delphinifolius.

F. Plants with the roots and lower part of the stem only immersed in
water or mud. This group includes Acorus,. Alisma, Asclepias incarnata, Calla,
species of Caltha, species of Carex, Cicuta, Dianthera, Echinodorus, Elatine,
Heleocharis, Eriophorum, Juncus efjusus, Lilaea, Limosella, Lopho to carpus, Lud-
xvigia, Lysimachia thyrsiflora, Menyanthes trifoliata, Nelumbo, Peltandra, Ponte-
deria, Potentilla palustns, Rhynchospora, species of Rumex, species of Sagittaria,
Saururus, species of Scirpus, Sium, species of Sparganium, Symplocarpus, Typha,
species of Veronica, Xyris montana, and Zizania.

V. TREES

A. Cone-bearing trees. With the exception of Larix these are all evergreen
and are dealt with in Chapter III.

B. Evergreen trees with broad leaves and fleshy fruits. Arbutus is the
only example of this group.

C. Deciduous trees with opposite leaves. Included in this group are Acer,
Fraxinus, and Gymnocladus.

D. Deciduous trees with alternate pinnately compound leaves. Examples
are Carya and Juglans.

E. Deciduous trees with inconspicuous flowers, which are often unisexual
and in catkins or dense clusters. In this group are included species of Alnus,
species of Betula, Castanea, Fagus, Ostrya, Platanus, Populus, Quercus, species
of Salix, and Ulmus.

F. Deciduous trees with showy flowers include Liriodendron, Nyssa, Prunus,
and Tilia.

VI. SPINY PLANTS

A. Plants with spiny leaves include Astragalus montanus, Cirsium, Juni-
perus communis, Mahonia, and Salsola Kali.

B. Plants with bristles or prickles on the stem are included in the genera
Echinopanax, Mammillaria, Opuntia, species of Ribes, Rosa, species of Rubus,
species of Smilax and Xanthoxylum.

C. Plants with long thorns which are usually modified branches. Examples
are Crataegus, Gleditschia, Prunus nigra, Sarcobatus, and Shepherdia argentea.

VII. PLANTS WITH STINGING HAIRS
Only two genera are included in this group, namely Laportea and Urtica.

33532—6

82

VIII. AROMATIC PLANTS

In this section are included plants that secrete resin or volatile oil in their
tissues, but plants with sweet-scented flowers or fleshy fruits are not taken into
consideration.

A. Resinferous plants are exemplified by most Canadian members of the
group of Gymnosperms and by the fruiting catkins of Myrica Gale.

Gummy secretions are found in connection with the bracts of Grindelia
and the bud-scales of Populus balsamifera.

B. Plants with aromatic roots and rhizomes are exemplified by Achlys,
Aralia, Asarum canadense, Balsamorrhiza, Ligusticum scoticum, Panax and
Osmorrhiza.

C. Plants with aromatic bark. Included here are Betula lutea, Liriodendron,
Magnolia, and Ulmus fulva.

D. Aromatic leaves are found in Achlys, Acorus, Artemisia, Benzoin, Cory a,
Comptonia, Gaultheria procumbens, Hierochloe odorata, Hypericum, Juglans,
many genera of the family Labiatae, Liriodendron, Magnolia, Mimulus ,mosc/i-
atus, Myrica, Ptelea, Rhus crenata, Sassafras, Tanacetum, and Xanthoxylum.

E. Aromatic fruits occur in many genera of Umbellijerac.

IX. PLANTS WITH MILKY JUICE

Milky juice can be most readily detected in the younger parts of the plant
where it flows out if the stem or leaf is broken. It is usually white in colour
but is orange-red in Sanguinaria. It occurs also in Apocynum> Asclepias, Caly-
stegia, Campanula, the family Cichoriaceae, Euphorbia, Lobelia, Morus, Papaver,
and Rhus. I

X. PLANTS WITH WINGED FRUITS

The wing on the fruit is provided for the purpose of dispersal by wind.
Sometimes the wing is derived .from a bract or other structure.

A. Herbaceous plants with winged fruits are exemplified by Angelica, Hera-
cleum, Lomatium, Oxyria, Rumex and Statice.

B. Woody plants in this group include Acer, Alnus, Betula, Carpinus, Frax-
inus, Liriodendron, Ostrya, Ptelea, Tilia, and Ulmus.

XI. PLANTS WITH HAIRY FRUITS

In this case also the hairs serve for the dispersal of the fruits. Sometimes
they are attached, not to the fruit but to some subsidiary structure. Examples
are found in species of Anemone, Calamagrostis, various members of the families
Carduaceae and Cichoriaceae, Clematis, Dryas, Eriophorum, Geum ciliatum,
Phragmites, Typha, and Valeriana.

XII. PLANTS WITH HOOKED FRUITS

Fruits of this type are adapted for distribution by animal agency. In this
case also the hooks are of various types and may occur on the fruit or be derived
from bracts or other structures.

A. The hooks or bristles occur on the fruit in Bidens, Caucalis microcarpa,
Circaea, Ctenospermum, Cynoglossum, Daucus pusillus, Desmodium, species of
Galium, species of Geum, Glycyrrhiza, Lappula, Qsmorrhiza, Ranunculus recur-
vatus, and Sanicula.

B. The hooks are on subsidiary structures in Agrimonia, Phryma, and
Xanthium.

Note. — A more detailed account of these special groups will be found in Bulletin No. 5S
New Series, "A Survey of Canadian Plants in Relation to their Environment", Ottawa, 1926,
by the same author.

CHAPTER XXIV

USEFUL PLANTS

Only the more important of the wild plants of Canada which are of service
directly or indirectly to mankind are mentioned in this chapter. There are
probably very few wild plants which do not fill some niche in the economy of
nature either as food for wild animals or as food for insects which in turn may
be eaten by birds or fishes. Further, a large number of wild plants were form-
erly, and are still to some extent, used by various Indian tribes for food, medi-
cinal purposes, fishing nets, and domestic utensils.

I. EDIBLE PLANTS

The flowering shoot of the parasitic plant known as Poque (Boschniakia
strobilacea) is edible but in the more important plants belonging to this group
the edible part is either the underground organs or else the fruit; in the nut-
bearing species the edible part is the seed.

A. Edible R,oots, Tubers, or Bulbs

Blue Camas (Camassia). One species occurs in southern Ontario and
three in British Columbia.

Bitter Root (Lewisia rediviva). Occurs in the dry interior of British
Columbia.

Ground-nut (Glycine Apios). An eastern species.

Chinook-licorice (Lupinus littoralis). Occurs on the sands of the Western
coast.

Indian Bread-root (Psoralea esculenta). On the prairie.

Wild Carawray (Carum Gairdncn) . Occurs in British Columbia.

Tobacco-root (Valeriana edulis). It occurs from Ontario to British
Columbia.

Edible thistle (Cirsium, edule). Occurs in British Columbia.

B. Edible Frlits (Fleshy).

Of the plants which bear fleshy, edible fruite the great majority are shrubs or
small trees. Very few herbaceous plants have edible fruits.

(a) Herbs.

Northern Comandra (Comandra livida). Occurs across Canada.

May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum) Eastern.

Strawberry (FragaHa sp.) Widely distributed.

Smooth-fruited Prickly Pear (Opuntia humifusa). In southern Ontario.

Bramble (Rubus sp.). There are several herbaceous species with red fruits
of which the Cloudberry (R. Chamaemorus) and Arctic Bramble (R. arcticus)
extend across the northern parts of the continent.

(b) Dwarf Shrubs.

Crowberry {Empetrum nigrum). Occurs across Canada.
Creeping Snowberry (Chiogenes hispidula). Distributed across Canada.
Cranberry (Oxycoccus). Widely distributed.

Blackberries and Raspberries (Rubus sp.) may be grouped here. Most of
the species occupy a sort of intermediate position between herbs and shrubs.

33532—7 £3

84

They occur in both the East and West but are found principally in the more
southern parts of the Dominion.

(c) Shrubs or Trees.

Hackberry (Celtis sp.). Occurs both in east and west.

Red Mulberry (Morns rubra). Occurs in Ontario.

North American Papaw {Asimina triloba). In southern Ontario.

Silver-berry (Elaeagnus commutata) . Occurs across Canada.

Buffalo-berry (Shepherdia sp,). Widely distributed.

Gooseberry and Currant (Ribes sp.). Widely distributed.

Plum and Cherry {Prunus sp.). Widely distributed.

Juneberry (Amelanchier sp.). Widely distributed.

Hawthorn (Crataegus sp.). Mostly Eastern.

Chokeberry (Pyrus sp.). Eastern.

Grape (Vitis sp.). Eastern.

Blueberry (Vaccinium sp.) Widely distributed. Some species have red
fruits.

Huckleberry (Gaylussacia sp.). Eastern.

Blue Fly-honeysuckle {Lonicera coerulea). Occurs across Canada.

Elder (Sambucus sp.). Widely distributed.

High-bush Cranberry, Nanny berry, etc., {Viburnum sp.). Widely dis-
tributed.

C. Nuts v/ith Edible Seeds

Butternut and Walnut (Juglans sp,). Eastern.

Hickory (Carya sp.). Eastern.

Hazelnut (Corylus sp.) Widely distributed.

American Chestnut (Castanea dentata). Occurs in southern Ontario.

II. FORAGE PLANTS

Only the more important pasture plants are mentioned here. There is still
much room for investigation on the feeding value and relative abundance of
many species of wild plants.

( 1 ) Monocotyledons
(a) Grass Family (Gramineae).

Colorado Blucstem (Agropyron Smithii). Prairie and western.

Big Bunch-grass (Agropyron splcatum). Western.

Slender Wheat-grass (Agropyron tenerum). Widely distributed.

Big Bluestem (Andropogon furcatus). Eastern and prairie.

Blue Grama-grass (Bouteloua gracilis). Prairie.

Short-awned Brome-grass (Bronius marginatum). Western.

Buffalo-grass (Buchloe dactyloides). Prairie.

Big Sand-grass (Calamovilfa longifolia). Widely distributed.

Tussock-grass' (Deschampsia caespitosa). Widely distributed.

Spike-grass (Distichlis spicata). Widely distributed.

Wheat Lime-grass (Elymus triticoides). Prairie.

Sheep's Fescue (Festuca ovina). Western.

June-grass (Koeleria cristata). Widely distributed.

Smooth Spear- grass (Poa laevigata). Widely distributed.

Tall Meadow-grass (Panicularla nervata). Widely distributed.

Small Cord-grass (Spartina gracilis). Prairie and western.

Rough-leaved Dropseed (Sporobolus asperifolius). Prairie and western.

Feather Bunch-grass (Stipa viridula). Prairie and western.

85

(b) Sedge Family (Cyperaceae).

Tall Swamp-sedge (Carcx exsiccata). Western.
Elk-grass (Car ex Geyeri). Western.
Sheep Sedge (Carex illota). Western.

(c) Rush Family (Juncaccae).
Rush (J uncus Parryi). Western.

Wood-rush (Luzula parviflora) .. Widely distributed.

(2) Dicotyledons

Fire-willow (Salix scouleriana). Prairie and western.
Fireweed (Epilobium angustifolium). Widely distributed.
Tall Mountain-bilberry (V actinium membranceum). Western.
Blue Beardtongue (Pentastemon procerus). Western.
Black-berried Elder (Sambucus melanocarpa) . Western.
Western Valerian (Valeriana sitchensis). Western.
Mountain-dandelion (Agoseris glauca). Prairie and western.
Woolly Weed (Hicracium cynogiossoides). Western.
Woolly Yarrow (Achillea lanulosa). Widely distributed.
Butterweed (Senecio triangularis). Prairie and western.

III. FOODS OF WILD DUCKS AND OTHER GAME

A very large number of plants furnish food for birds and mammals. Bears
are very fond of sweet juicy fruits such as the various species of Blackberry
(Rubus). The fleshy roots of the Western Yellow Waterlily (Nymphozanthus
polysepalus) are a favourite food of deer. The berries of Crowberry (Empetrum
nignim) are eaten by wild geese. Numerous species of plants — especially those
with underground tubers — furnish food for wild ducks. Some of the most
important of these are as follows:

Wild Rice (Zizania aquatica). Eastern. The seeds are eaten.

Eel Grass or Wild Celery (Vallisneria spiralis). Eastern. Both the leaves
and buds are eaten.

Fennel-leaved Pondweed (Potamogeton pectinatus). Widely distributed.
The tubers are eaten.

Wapato or Muskrat Potato (Sagittaria latifolia). Widely distributed. The
tubers are eaten.

Chufa (Cyperus esculentus) . Eastern. Tubers edible.

Water-shield (Brasenia Schreberi). Widely distributed. The seeds are
eaten.

Eastern Yellow Waterlily (Nymphozanthus advena). Eastern. The seeds
are eaten.

IV. MEDICINAL PLANTS

The number of wild Canadian seed-bearing plants mentioned as official in
the British Pharmacopoeia and the United States Pharmacopoeia is compara-
tively small and comprises the species listed below.

(1) Herbs

American White Hellebore (Veratrum viride). Occurs across Canada.
Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis). Eastern.
May-apple (Podophyllum peltatum). Eastern.
Seneca-snakeroot (Poly gala Senega). Eastern and prairie.

33552— 7i

86

Black Snakeroot (Cimicifuga m.emosa). Occurs in Ontario.
Golden Seal (Hydrastis canadensis). Occurs in Ontario.
Indian Tobacco (Lobelia irifiata). Eastern and prairie.
Tar-weed (Grindelia squarrosa) . Prairie.

(2) Shrubs

Juniper (Juniperus communis). Occurs across Canada.
Sassafras (Sassafras officinale). Occurs in southern Ontario.
Prickly Ash ( Xanthoxylum americanum) . Eastern.
Witch-hazel {Hamamelis virginiana). Eastern.
Burning-Bush (Euonymus atropurpureus). Occurs in Ontario.
Sacred Bark (Rhamnus purshiana). Western.
Checkerberry (Gaultheria procumbens). Eastern.
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi). Occurs across Canada.
Nannyberry (Viburnum Lentago). Eastern.

(3) Trees

Balsam-fir (Abies balsamea). Eastern and northern.

Sweet Birch (Betula lenta). Eastern.

Red Elm (Ulmus fulva). Eastern

Black Cherry (Prunus serotina). Eastern.

V. PLANTS THAT FURNISH TIMBER

The timbers of commerce serve a great variety of purposes, being used: for
building construction, furniture, vehicles, boats and shipbuilding, boxes and
crates, tools and implements, paper-pulp, railway-ties and telegraph-poles, as
well as being a most important fuel.

Timbers may be classified in various ways according to their properties.
A few brief notes on these qualities may be of interest.

(1) Hardness

The hardest Canadian species of wood are Hickory, Dogwood, Sugar Maple,
Sycamore, and Hornbeam.

Next in order of hardness are Ash, Oak, Elm, Beech, Cherry, Birch and
Black Gum.

Among the soft woods are Chestnut, Tulip, Poplar, Douglas Fir, Fir, Yellow
Pine, Larch, Basswood, Hemlock, Cottonwood, Spruce.

The softest woods are White Pine and Willow.

(2) CLEAV ABILITY

The woods that are hardest to split comprise Black Gum, Elm, Sycamore,
Dogwood, Beech, Maple, Birch, Hornbeam.

In a medium class come Oak, Ash, Larch, Cottonwood, Basswood, Tulip,
Poplar, Hickory.

The woods most easily split are Chestnut, Pine, Spruce, Fir, Cedar.

(3) Heating Power per Cord

The woods possessing greatest heating power are Hickory, Beech, Horn-
beam, and heartwood of Pine.

Next to these are Oak, Ash, Birch, and Maple.

S7

Inferior in heating power are Spruce, Fir, Chestnut, Hemlock, and sapwood
of Pine.

The timbers with lowest heating- power are White Pine, Alder, Basswood,
and Cottonwood.

VI. SAND-BINDING PLANTS

Iii certain localities shifting sands are liable to cause trouble and the only
permanent remedy is to induce the growth of certain species of plants, the
rhizomes and roots of which bind the sand together. Only a comparatively few
species of plants will grow in such a dry medium, the most important of these
being the Marram-grass (Ammophila arenaria). Next in order may be men-
tioned Sea Lyme-grass (Elymus arenwius) Sea Lungwort (Mertensia maritima),
Sea Purslane (Minuartia peploides) Sea Bindw-eed {Calystegia Soldanella) , and
Beach Pea (Lathyrvs maritimus).

Other plants have been found acting as sand-binders at Point Pelee in Lake
Erie. These are the trailing variety of Common Juniper (Juniperas communis),
Big Sand-grass (Calamovilfa longifolia), Fragrant Sumac (Rhus crenata) and
Bearberry (Arctostaphylos Uva-Ursi).

VII. PLANTS USED FOR TANNING

A large number of plants contain tannin in their tissues but it is only certain
species which contain it in sufficient quantity to be of commercial importance.
It is most abundant, as a rule, in the bark of trees but may also occur in the wood
or in the leaves.

1. Tannin is found in considerable quantities in the bark of the following
species.

Hemlock (Tsuga canadensis). Eastern.

White Spruce (Picea canadensis). Eastern and Northern mainly.

Tamarack (Larix Laricina). Eastern and northern.

Balsam Fir (Abies balsamea) . Eastern and northern.

White Oak (Quercus alba). Eastern.

Chestnut Oak (Quercus Prinus). Southern Ontario.

Red Oak (Quercus rubra). Eastern.

2. The wood of the Chestnut (Castanea dentata) furnishes tannin. This
species occurs only in southern Ontario.

3. Among the various species of plants used for tanning purposes the Sumacs
occupy an important position. The leaves and young stems of the following
species are collected.

Dwarf Sumac (Rhus copallina). Occurs in southern Ontario.
White or Smooth Sumac (Rhus glabra). Extends across Canada.
Staghorn Sumac (Rhus hirta). Eastern.

INDEX TO LATIN NAMES— FAMILIES, GENERA, AND SYNONYMS

A.

Page.

Abies 8, 86, 87

Abronia 7, 24, 25

Acalypha 27

Acer 32, 33, 81, 82

Acerates = Gomphocarpus.

Achillea 77, 78, 85

Achlys 7, 38, 82

Acnida 28

Acomastylis=Geum.

Aconitum 36, 37

Aconogonum=Polygonum .

Acorus 12, 81, 82

Acrolasia=Mentzelia.

Actaea 36, 37

Actinea 76, 78

Actinella = Actinea.

Adenocaulon 75, 78

Adlumia 40, 80

Adopogon 74

Adoxa 54, 56

Agalinis = Gerardia.

Agastache 66

Agoseris 74, 85

Agrimonia 44, 45, 82

Agropyron 18, 84

Agrostis 14, 16, 18

Alchemilla 44, 45

Aletris 21

Aiisma 10, 81

Adionia 7, 24, 25

Allium 20. 21

Allocarya 63

Allotropa 57

Alnus 29, 81, 82

Alopecurus 14, 15, 18

Alsine = Stellaria, Spergularia,

and Minuartia.
Alsinopsis = M inuart ia .

AMARANTACEAE 25, 28

Amarantus 28

Amarella = Gentiana.
AMARYLLIDACEAE. . . 10, 22

Ambrosia 73

AMBROSIACEAE 73

Amelanehier 45, 84

Ammodenia= Minuartia.

Ammophila 14, 15, 18, 87

Amorpha 32, 46, 47

Amphiearpa 46, 47, 80

Amsinekia 63

Anaphalis 75, 78

Andromeda 7 58

Andropogon 14, 18, 84

Androsace 60

Anemone 37, 82

Anemonella = Syndesmon.

Angelica 52, 53, 82

Anogra = Oenothera .

Antennaria 75, 78

Anthopogon = Gentiana.
Anticlea = Zygadenus.

Antiphylla 49

Anychia 24, 25

Apargidium 74

Aphancs = A lchemilla .
Aphyllon=Thalesia.
Apinus = Pinus.
Apios = Glycine.

Aplectrum 22, 23

Aplopappus = Haplopappus.

Apocynum 7, 55, 56, 82

Aquilegia 36, 37

A

Page.
Arabidopsis = Arabis.

Arabis 41

ARACEAE 6, 9, 12

Aragallus = Oxvtropis.

Aralia 51, 82

ARALIACEAE 31, 51

Arbutus 58, 81

Arceuthobium 4, 24, 25, 80

Archangelica= Angelica, and

Coeloplcurum.
Archemora = Oxypolis.

Arctagrostis 16, 18

Arctophila = Poa.

Arctostaphylos 58, 86, 87

Arctous = Arctostaphylos.
Arenaria = Minuartia.

Arethusa 22, 23

Argentina = Potentilla.

Arisaema 6, 12

Aristida 14, 16, 18

Armeria = Stat ice.

Arnica 77, 78

Aronia = Pyrus.

Artemisia.' 75, 78, 82

Aruncus 44, 45

Asarum 7, 24, 25, 82

ASCLEPIADACEAE.7, 55, 02

Asclepias 62, 81, 82

Asimma 33 , 84

Asperella 18

Aster 78

Astragalus 47, 81

Atelophragma = Astragalus.
Atenia = Carum .

Athysanus 40, 41

Atragene = Clematis.

Atriplex 24, 28

Avena 16, 18

Azaleastrum = Rhododendron.

B

Baeria 76, 78

Balsamorrhiza 76, 78, 82

Baptisia 46, 47

Barbarea = Campe.

Bartonia 61, 80

Bartsia 46, 68

Batidaea = Rubus.
Batrachium = Ranunculus.

Beckmannia 14, 15, 18

Benzoin 38, 82

BERBERIDACEAE..6, 32, 38

Berula 52, 53

Besseya = Sy nthyris .

Betula 29, 81, 82, 86

BETULACEAE 25, 29

Bicuculla = Dicentra.

Bidens 77, 78, 82

Bilderdykia = Polygonum .
Bistor ta = Polygonum .
Blephariglottis = Habenaria.

Blepharipappus 78

Blephilia 65, 66

Blitum... 28

Boehmeria 27

Boisduvalia = Oenothera.

Bolelia 71

BORAGINACEAE 56, 62

Boschniakia 67, 83

Bouteloua 15, 18, 84

Boykinia=Therophon.

8S

B

Page.

Brachyactis 77, 78

Brachvelytrum 14, 16, 18

Brasenia 37, 38, 81, 85

Brauneria 77, 78

Braya 41

Bnckellia 75, 78

Brodiaea 20, 21

Bromus 14, 18, 84

Buchloe 14, 15, 18, 84

Buchnera 68

Bulbilis=Buchloe.

Bupleurum 51, 53

C

Cacalia = Mesadenia.

CACTACEAE 4, 30, 50

Cakde 40, 41

Calamagrostis 16, 18, 82

Calamintha = Clinopodium.
Calamovilfa...l4, 16, 18, 84, 87

Calandrinia 39

Calceolaria = Hybanthus.

Calla 12, 81

Callitriche 24, 25, 81

Calochortus 10. 20, 21

Calopogon 23

Caltha 36, 37, 81

Calvpso = Cytberea.

Calystegia 61, 62, 80, 82, 87

Camassia 20, 21, 83

Campanula 71, 82

CAMPANULACEAE 55, 71

Campe 41

Capnoides = Corydalis.
CAPRIFOLIACEAE 54, 55, 70

Cardamine 41

CARDUACEAE 73, 74, 82

Carex 12, 13, 81, 85

Carpinus *9, 82

Carum 53, 83

Carya 7, 25, 26, 81, 82, 84

CARYOPHYLLACEAE.30, 39
Cassandra = Chamaedaphne.

Cassiope 58

Castalia = Nymphaea.

Castanea 29, 81, 84, 87

Castilleja 68, 80

Catabrosa 14, 17, 18

Cathartolinum = Linum .

Caucalis 52, 53, 82

Caulophyllum 6, 38

Ceanothus 7, 33, 34

Celastrus 33, 34, 80

Celtis 25, 26, 84

Cenchrus 14. 18

Centunculus 59, 60

Cephalanthera 22, 23, 80

Cephalanthus 54, 70, 71

Cerastium 39, 40

Ceratophyllum..4, 7, 24, 26, 81

Cercis 32, 34

Chaenactis 75, 78

Chaerophyllum 52, 53

Chamaecistus = Loiseleuria.

Chamaecyparis 8

Chamaedaphne 58

Chamaelirium ....20, 21

Chamaenerion = Epdobium .
Chamaepericlymenum = Cornus.

Chamaerrhodos 44, 45

Chamaesyce = Euphorbia.

89

Page.
Chamomilla = Mat rica ria .
Cheirant bus = Erysimum .

( 'hririnia = Erysimum.

Chrlone 67, 78

CHENOPODIACEAE 25

Chenopodium 28

Chimaphila 57

Chiogenes 59, S3

( ihondrophylla = ( rentianr .
( Ihondrosea ■ Saxifraga.

( !hrysanthemum 77, 78

Chryaopsia 77, 78

Chrysospeemum 7, 48, 49

Chryaotnamnus 75, 78

OICHORIACEAE 73, 82

Cicuta 56, 81

Gimicifuga 3G, 37, 86

Cinna J4, 16, 18

Circaea 50, 82

Cirsium 75, 78, 81, 83

CISTACEAE 31, 43

Cladium 12, 13

Cladothamnus 58

Clarkia 50

Claytonia 39

Clematis.. 30, 32. 36, 37, 80, 82

Cleome 32, 34

Clinopodium 65, 66

Clintonia 21

Cochlearia 41

Coeloglossum = Habenaria.

Coelopleurum 53

Cogs we 1 lia = Lomat ium .
Coleosanthus=Brickcllia.

Collinsia 67, 68

Coliinsonia 65, 66

Codomia 64

Comandra 24, 26, 83

Comarum = Potentilla.

COMPOSITAE 54, 73

Comptoma 25, 26, 82

Conioselinum 52, 53

Conobea 68

Conopholis 67

CONVOLVULACEAE...55, 61
Coptidium = Ranunculus.

Coptis 36, 37

Corallorrhiza 22, 23, 80

Corema 6, 7, 33, 34

Coreopsis 76, 78

Corispermum 28

Cornus 30, 32, 33, 34

Corydalis 40

CORYLACEAE 25, 29

Corylus 29, 84

Coryphantha= Mammillaria.
Cosm ia = Calandrin ia.
Cracca=Tephrosia.
Crantzia = Lilaeopsis.

Crataegus 45, 81 , 84

Crepis 74

Criosanthes = Cypr medium.
Crocanthemum = Hehanthemum.

Crocidium 77, 78

CRUCIFERAE 32, 40

Crunocallis = Claytonia.

Cryptantha 63

Cryptotaenia 52, 53

Ctenophyllum = Astragalus.

Ctenospermum 63, 82

Cubelium = Hybanthus.

CUCURBITACEAE 55, 71

Cuscuta 54, 56, 80

Cyanococcus = Vaccinium.

Cyclachaena 73

Cycloloma 28

Cymopterus 52, 53

Cynoglossum 63, 82

C

Page.

Cynoxylon ■ ( 'ornus.
Cynthia = Adopoe;on.

CYPEIIACEAE 9, 85

Cyperoa 12, 13, 85

Cypripedium 22, 23

Cytherea 23

D

I taiibaxda 44, 45

Danthonia 14, 15, 17, 18

Dasiphora = Potentilla.
Dasystephana = Gentiana.
Dasvstoma = Gerardia.

Daucus 52, 53, 82

Decodon = Nesaea.

Delphinium 36, 37

Dentaria 41

Deringa = Cryptotaenia.

Descrampsia 14, 17, 18, 84

Desmodium 46, 47, 82

Deyeuxia = Calamagrostis.

Dianthera 55, 56, 81

Diapensia 54, 56

Dicentra 40

Diervilla 70

Digitaria = Panicum.
Diholcos = Astragalus.

Dioscorea 6, 9, 10, 80

Diplopappus 77, 78

Diplogon = Chrysopsis.

Dirca 7, 25, 26

Disporum 21

Distegia = Lonicera.

Distiohhs 14, 15, 18, 84

Dodecatheon 60

Doellingeria = Diplopappus.
Dondia = Suaeda.

Douglasia 60

Draba 41, 42

Dracocephalum 66

Drosace = Androsace.

Drosera 30, 34, 80

Dryas 44, 45, 82

Drymocalhs = Potentilla.

Dulichium 13

Dupontia 17, 18

E

Eatonia = Sphenophohs.
Echinacea = Brauneria.
Echinochloa = Panicum .

Echinocystis 71, 80

Echinodorus 10, 81

Echinopanax 33, 34, 51, 81

Echinospermum = Lappula.

Elaeagnus 25, 26, 84

Elatine 7, 30, 34, 81

Eleochans = Heleocharis.
Elephantella = Pediculavis.

Ellisia 62

Elodca 4, 6, 10, 8_

Elymus 14, 18, 84, 87

Elyna = Kobresia.
Empetrum..6, 7, 33, 34. 83, 85
Endolepis = Atriplex.

Epigaea 58

Epilobium 50, 85

Epipaotis 23

Epiphegus 66, 67

Eragrostis 14, 17, 18

Ererhtites 75, 78

ERICACEAE 7, 54, 57

Erigenia 53

Erigeron 78

Eriocaulon 10, 81

Eriocoma = Oryzopsis.

Eriogonum 25, 27, 28

Eriophorum 13, 81, 82

Pack.

Eriophyllum 76, 78

ErxIebenia=Pyrola.

Eryngium 51, 53

Erysimum 41 , 12

Erythronium 20, 21

Eucephalus = Aster .

Euonymus 32, 34, 86

Eupatorium 75, 78

Euphorbia 27, 82

EUPHORBIACEAE 24, 27

Euphrasia 67, 68, 69, 80

Eurotia 28

Euthamia = Solidago.

Eutrema 41, 42

FABACEAE 31, 46

FAGACEAE ....25, 29

Fagua 29, 81

FaIcata=Amphicarpa,
Fatsia = Echinopanax.
Ferula = Leptotaenia (partly)

Festuca 14, 18, 84

Fimbristylis 12, 13

Fissipes = Cypripedium.

Floerkea 6, 31, 34

Fluminia 17, 18

Fragaria 44, 45, 83

Franseria 73

Frasera 61

Fraxinus 7, 54, 56, 81, 82

Fritillaria 20, 21

FUMARIACEAE 31, 40

G

Gaertneria = Franseria.

Gaidardia 76, 78

Galeorchis 23

Galium 71, 80, 82

Gaulthena 58, 82, 86

Gaura 50

Gaylussacia 59, 84

Gayophytum 50, 51

Gentiana 61

GENTIANACEAE 56, 61

Geoprumnon = Astragalus.

Geranium 31 , 34

Gerardia 68, 69

Geum 44, 45, 82

Gilia 64

Gillenia 44, 45

Glaux 7, 60

Gleditschia 32, 34, 81

Glchnia 53

Glyceria = Panicularia.

Glycine 46, 47, 80, 83

Glycosma = Washingtonia.

Glycyrrhiza 47, 82

Gnaphalium 75, 79

Godetia = Oenothera.

Gompbocarpus 62

Goodyers = Paremium.
Gormania = Scdum.

GRAMINEAE 9, 14, 84

Graphcphorum = Fluminia and
Trisetum.

Gratiola 68, 69

Greeneocharis=Piptocalyx.

Grindelia 76, 79, 82, 86

Grossularia = Ribes.

Gu.ierrezia 76, 79

Gymnocladus 32, 34, 81

H

Habenaria 23

Halenia 61

Halerpestes = Ranunculus.

90

H

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Hamamelis 32, 34, 86

Haplopappus 77, 79

Harpaecarpus= Madia.
Harrimanella = Cassiope.

Hedeoma 65, 66

Hedysarum 46, 47

Helcnium 76, 79

Heleocharis 13, 81

Helianthella 77, 79

Helianthemum 43

Helianthium = Echinodorus.

Helianthus 77, 79

Heliopsis 76, 79

Hehotropium 63

Hemicarpha 12, 13

Hemieva = Suksdorfia

Hemitomes 57

Hemizonella 76, 79

Hepatica 37

Heracleum 52, 53, 82

Hesperopeuce=Tsuga.
Hesperoscordum =Brodiaea.

Heteranthera 10, 81

Heterisia = Saxifraga.
Heterocodon = Campanula.

Heuchera 48, 49

Hibiscus 43

Hicoria = Carya.

Hieracium 74, 85

Hierochloe 14, 17, 18, 82

Hippuris 24, 26, 81

Hoita = Psoralea.

Holodiscus 44, 45

Homalobus = Astragalus.
Homalocenchrus = Leersia.
Honkenya = Minuartia.
Hookera =Brodiaea.

Hordeum 18

Hosackia 47

Houstonia 71

Hudsonia 32, 43

Hutchinsia 41 , 42

Hybanthus 48

Hydastylus = Sisyrinchium.
Hydatica = Saxifraga.

Hydrastis 36, 37, 86

Hydrocotyle 51 , 53

HYDROPHYLLACEAE56, 62

Hydrophvllum 62

Hymenopappus. . .^ 75, 79

Hymenoxys = Actinea.

Hypericum 30, 34, 82

Hypopitys 57

Hypoxis 22

Hystrix = Asperella.

I

Ibidium = Spiranthes.

Ilex 33, 34

Iiicioides = Nemopanthus.

Ilysanthes 68, 69

Impatiens 31 , 34

Ionactis = Diplopappus.

Ipomoea 61, 62, 80

IRIDACEAE 10, 22

Iris 22

Isanthus 65, 66

Isnardia 50, 51

Isopyrum 36, 37

Isotria 22, 23

Iva 73

J

Jacksonia = Cleome.

Jaumea 76, 79

Jeffersonia 38

Juglans 7, 25, 26, 81, 82, 84

J

JUNCACEAE 85

Juncoides = Luzula.

Juncus 10, 81, 85

Juniperus 8, 81, 86, 87

K

Kalmia 58

Ken trophy ta = Astragalus.
Kneiffia = Oenothera.

Kobresia 12, 13

Koeleria 16, 18, 84

Koellia = Py cnanthemum .

Koenigia 27, 28

Krigia 73, 74

Kruhsea = Strep topus.
Krynitzkia = Cryptantha .
Kuhnistera=Petalostemon.

L

LABIATAE 54, 55, 65, 82

Laciniaria = Liatris.

Lactuca 74

Lagotis 55, 68, 69

Laportea 27, 81

Lappula 63, 82

Larix 8, 81, 87

Lathyrus 46, 47, 80, 87

LAURACEAE 6, 33, 38

La vauxia = Oenothera .

Layia 78, 79

Lechea 43

Lecticula = Utricular ia.

Ledum 58, 59

Leersia 14, 15, 18

Lemna 4, 6, 9, 10, 81

LEMNACEAE 4

LENTIBULARIACEAE.55, 67
Lepachys = Ratibida.
Lepargyraea = Shepherdia.

Lepidium 41 , 42

Lepigonum = Spergularia.
Leptamnium = Epiphegus.
Leptandra = Veronica.
Leptarrhena = Saxifraga.
Leptasea = Saxifraga.
Leptaxis = Tolmiea.

Leptilon 77, 79

Leptodactylon = Gilia.

Leptotaenia 52, 53

Lespedeza 47

Lesequerella 41 , 42

Leucanthemum =

Chrysanthemum .
Leucocoma = Eriophorum .
Leucophysalis = Physalis.

Lewisia 31, 39, 83

Liatris .75, 79

Liguscicum 52, 53, 82

Lilaea 9, 10, 81

Lilaeopsis 51 , 53

LILIACEAE 10, 20

Lilium 6, 20, 21

Limnanthemum = Nymphoides.

Limnanthes 31,^34

Limnia = Claytonia.

Limnobium 10, 81

Limnobotrya = Ribes. _
Limnorchis = Habenaria.

Limonium 7, 55, 56

Limosella. 68, 69, 81

Linanthus = Giha.

Linaria 68, 69

Lindera=Benzoin.

Linnaea 70

Lmoides = M illegrana .

Linum 31, 34

Liparis 23

Lippia 66

Liriodendron 38, 81, 82

L

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Listera 23

Lithophragma 49

Lithospermum 63

Littorella 7, 55, 56, 81

Lloydia 20, 21

Lobelia 71, 81, 82, 86

LOBELIACEAE 55, 71

Loiseleuria 58, 59

Lomatium 52, 53, 82

Lomatogonium = Pleurogyna.

Lonicera 70, 80, 84

Lophanthu s = Agastache.

Lophiola 22

Lophotocarpus 10, 81

Ludwigia 50, 51, 81

Luetkea 44, 45

Luina 75, 79

Lupinus 46, 47, 83

Luzula 10, 85

Lychnis 39, 40

Lycopus 65, 66

Lygodesmia 74

Lysias = Habenaria.

Lysichiton 12

Lysiella = Habenaria.

Lysimachia 60, 81

Lythrum 31, 34

M

Machaeranthera 78, 79

Macounastrum = Koenigia.
Macrocalyx = Ellisia.

Madia 76, 79

Magnolia 38, 82

MAGNOLIACEAE... 6, 32, 38

Mahonia 32, 34, 38, 81

Maianthemum 20, 21

Mairania = Arctostaphylos.
Malus=Pyrus.

MALVACEAE 7, 30, 43

Malvastrum 43

Mammillaria 50, 81

Mariscus = Cladium .

Matricaria 77, 79

Medeola 6, 20, 21

Megalodonta 77, 79, 81

Megarrhiza = Echinocy stis.
Meibomia = Desmodium .

Melampyrum 68, 69

Melica 14, 17, 18

Menispermum 33, 34, 80

Mentha 66

Mentzelia 31, 34

Menyanthes 61, 81

Menziesia 58, 59

Merathrepta = Danthonia.
Meriolix = Oenothera.

Mertensia 63, 87

Mesadenia 75, 79

Micrampelis = Echinocy stis.
Micranthes = Saxifraga.

Micromeria 65, 66

Microseris 73, 74

Microsteris 64

Microstylis 23

Mikania 75, 79, 80

Milium 16, 18

Mimulus 68, 69, 82

Minuartia 39, 40, 87

Mitchella 70, 71

Mitella 48, 49

Mitellastra = Mitella.
Moehringia = Minuartia.

Moldavica 65, 66

Monarda 65, 66

Moneses 57

Monolepis 28

Monotropa 57

91

M

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MOXOTROPACEAE54, 57, 80

Montia 39

Montiastrum = Cl:ivtonia.

Moms 25, 20, 82, 84

Muhlenbergia 10, 18

Mulgediuni = Lactuca. .

Munroa 14, 15, 18

Musi-aria = Saxifraga.
Musenium = Musineon.

Mumneon 52, 53

Myosotia 03, 04

Myosonia 30, 37

Myrica 25, 20, 82

Myri()phyHum...4. 7, 24, 20, 81
Myzorrhiza = Orobanche.

N
Nabalus = Prenanthes.
Xaiocrene = Clay ton ia.

Najas 4, 0, 9, 10,81

Nardosmia = Petasites.

Nasturtium 41, 42, 81

Naumburgia = Lysimachia.
Navarretia = Gilia.
Xegundo = Acer.
Neillia = Phy socarpus.
Nelumbium = Nelumbo.

Nelumbo 37, 38, 81

Nemesia = Smilax.

Nemopanthus 33, 34

Nemophila 02

Neobeckia 41, 42

Xephrophyllidium = Menyanthes

Xesaea 30, 34

Nesodraba = Draba.
Xewberya = Hemitomes.

Xicotiana 04

Xuphar = Xymphozanthus.
Xu t tallia = Mentzelia

and Osmaronia.
Nyctelea = Ellisia.

Xymphaea 37, 38, 81

XYMPHAEACEAE...0, 31, 37

Xymphoides 01, 81

Xymphozanthus...37, 38, 81, 85
Xyssa 33, 34, 81

O
Oakesia = Uvularia .
Ochrocodon = Fritillaria.
Ocrearia = Saxifraga.
Odostemon = Mahonia.

Oenanthe 53

Oenothera 50, 51

OEXOTHERACEAE 30, 31, 50
Oligoneuron = Solidago.
Olsynium = Sisyrinchium.

Onosmodium 03, 04

Opulaster=Physocarpus.

Opuntia 50, 81, 83

ORCHIDACEAE 10, 22

Orchis 23

Oreocarya 03, 04

Orobanche 07

OROBAXCHACEAE 54, 00, 80
Orophaca = Astragalus.

Orthocarpus 08, 09

Oryzopsis 10, 18

Osmaronia 45

Osmorrhiza 52, 53, 82

Ostrya 29, 81, 82

Oxalis 31, 34

Oxybaphus = Allionia.

Oxycoccus 59, 83

Oxygraphis= Ranunculus.

Oxypolis 52, 53

Oxyria 27, 28, 82

Oxytropis 47

Ozomelis=Mitella.

P

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Pachylophus==Oenothera.

Pachystima 32, 34

Padus Pronns.

Panax 51, 82

Panicularia 14, 17, 18, 84

Panicum 14, 17, 19

Papaver 40, 82

PAPAVERACEAE 31 , 40

Parietaria 27

Parnassia 48, 49

Paronychia 24, 20

Parrya 41, 42

Parthenocissus 7, 32, 34, 80

Pectiantia=Mitolla.
Pectocarpus=Ctenospermum.

Pedicularis 08, 09, 80

Pediomelum=Psoralea.

Peltandra 12, 81

Pentastemon 07, 09, 85

Penthorum 7, 31, 34

Peramium 23

Peritoma=Cleome.
Persicaria= Polygonum.
Perularia=Habenaria.

Petalostemon 40, 47

Petasites 77, 79

Peucedanum=Lomatium (partly)
Phaca= Astragalus.

Phacelia 02

Phaeostoma=Clarkia.

Phalaris 14, 15, 19

Phaseolus 40, 47

Phellopterus=Glehnia (partly)

Phikylelphus 32, 48, 49

Ph ilotria=Elodea .

Phippsia 15, 19

Phleum 15, 19

Phlox 04

Phragmites 14, 17, 19, 82

Phryma 55, 50, 82

Phyla=Lippia.

Phyllodoce 58, 59

Phyllospadix 4, 9, 10, 81

Phymosia = Sphaeralcea.

Physalis 04

Physaria 41, 42

Physocarpus 44, 45

Physostegia = Dracocephalum.

Phytolacca 7, 24, 20

Picea : 8, 87

Pilea 27

PIXACEAE 8

Pinguicula 07, 80

Pinus 8

Piperia = Habenaria.

Piptocalyx 03, 04

Plagiobothrys 03, 04

Plantago 7, 55, 50

Platanus 25, 20, 81

Platyspermum 41 , 42

Plastystigma 30, 40

Plec tritis = Valerian ella .
Pleiacanthus=Lygodesmia.

Pleurogyna 01

Pleuropogon 15, 19

Pneumaria = Mertensia.

Poa 14, 17, 19, 84

Podophyllum 0, 38, 83, 85

Podostemon 4, 7, 24, 20, 81

Pogonia.. 22, 23

Polanisia 31, 34

POLEMOXIACEAE.54, 50, 04

Polemonium 04

Polycodium = Vaccinium.

Polygala 31, 35, 85

POLYGOXACEAE...7, 24, 27

Polygonatum 21

Page.
Polygonella «Pol yg< mum.

Polygonum 7, 27, 28, SO, 81

Polymnia 76, 7'.»

Pontederia lo, si

I'opulus 29, 81, 82

]>ortcranthus = Gillenia.

POKTULACACEAE.SO, 31, 39

Potamogeton.4, 0, 9, 11, 81, 85

Potentilla 44, 45, 81

Poteridium = Sanguisorba.

Prenanthes 74

Primula 00

PRIMULACEAE 55, 59

Prosartes = Disporum .

Proserpinaca 7, 24, 20, 81

Prunus 45, 81, 84, 80

Psedera = Parthenocissus.

Pseudotsuga 8

Psilocarphus 75, 79

Psoralea 40, 47, 83

Psoralidium =Psoralea.

Ptelea 48, 82

Pterospora 57

Ptilocalai s = Ptilophora .

Ptilophora 74

Ptiloria = Stephanomeria.

Puccinellia 14, 17, 19

Pulsatilla 37

Purshia 44, 45

Pycnanthemum 05, 00

Pyrola 54, 50, 57, 80

PYROLACEAE 7, 57

Pyrrocoma = Haplopappus.

Pyrus 45, 84

Quamasia = Camassia.

Quercus 29, 81, 87

R

Radicula = Xasturtium .
Radiola = Millegrana.
RANUXCULACEAE

0, 7, 31, 30

Ranunculus 37, 81, 82

Ratibida 77, 79

Razoumof skya = Arceuthobium .

Rhamnus 7, 33, 35, 80

Rhexia 30, 35

Rhinanthus 08, 09

Rhodiola = Sedum .

Rhododendron 58, 59

Rhodora = Rhododendron.

Rhus 32, 35, 80, 82, 87

Rhynchospora 13, 81

Ribes 33, 48, 49, 81, 84

Robertiella = Geranium .

Romanzoffia 02

Rorippa = Xasturtium .

Rosa 44, 45, 81

ROSACEAE 30, 32, 33, 43

Rubacer= Rubus.

RUBIACEAE 55, 70

Rubus 44, 45, 80, 81, 83, 85

Rudbeckia 70, 79

Rulac=Acer.

Rumex 27, 28, 81, 82

Ruppia 4, 9, 11

RUTACEAE 32, 48

Sabbatia 01

Sabina = Juniperus.

Sagina 39, 40

Sagittaria 10, 11, 81, 85

SALICACEAE 25, 29

Salicornia 24, 28

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Salix 7, 29, 81, 85

Salsola 28, 81

Sambucus 70, 84, 85

Samolus 59, 60

Sanguinaria 40, 82, 85

Sanguisorba 7, 44, 45

Sanicula 51, 52, 53, 82

Sarcobatus 28, 81

Sarothra = Hypericum .

Sarraeenia 30, 35, 80

Sassafras 38, 82, 86

Saururus 24, 26, 81

Saussurea 75, 79

Savastana = Hierochloe.

Saxif raga 49

SAXIFRAGACEAE 31, 48

Schedonnardus 15, 19

Scheuchzeria 10, 11

Schizachyrium = Andropogon.
Schoenocrambe = Sisymbrium .

Scirpus 13, 81

Scleria 12, 13

Scolochloa = Fluminia.
Scorzonella = Microseris
and Apargidium.

Scrophularia 67, 69

SCROPHULARIACEAE 55, 67

Scutellaria 65, 66

Sedum 31, 35

Selinum = Conioselinum (partly)

Senecio 77, 79, 85

Sericocarpus 78, 79

Sericotheca = Holodiscus.

Shepherdia 25, 26, 81, 84

Sibbaldia = Potentilla.
Sibbaldiopsis = Potentilla.

Sicyos 71, 80

Sidalcea 43

Sideranthus = Haplopappus.
Sieversia = Geum.

Silene 39, 40

Silphium 76, 79

Sisymbrium 41, 42

Sisjo-inchium 22

Sium 52, 53, 81

Smelowskia 41, 42

Smilacina 21

Smilax 6, 20, 21, 80, 81

SOLANACEAE 56, 64

Solanum 64

Solea = Hybanthus.

Solidago 77, 79

Sophia = Sisymbrium .

Sorbus 44, 45

Sorghastrum 14, 19

Sparganium 9, 11, 81

Spartina 14, 15, 19, 84

Spathyema = Symplocarpus.
Spatularia = Saxifraga.

Specularia 71

Spergularia 39, 40

Sphaeralcea 43

Sphaerostigma = Oenothera.

Sphenopholis 17, 19

Spiraea 44, 45

Spiranthes 23

Spirodela = Lemna.

Sporobolus 14, 16, 19, 84

Stachys 66

Staphylea 32, 35

Statice. 7, 54, 56, 82

Steironema = Lysimachia.
Stellaria 39, 40

S

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Stenan thella = Stenanthium .

Stenanthium 20, 21

Stenophyllus = Fimbristy lis.
Stenotus = Haplopappus.

Stephanomeria 74

Stipa 16, 19, 84

Stomoisia = Utricularia.

Streptopus 21

Strobus = Pinus.

Strophostyles 46, 47, 80

Suaeda 28

Subularia 41, 42, 81

Suksdorfia 48, 49

Svida = Cornus.

Symphoricarpos 70

Symplocarpus 12, 81

Syndesmon 37

Syntherisma =Panicum.
Synthyris 7, 68, 69

T

Taenidia 52, 53

Talinum 39

Tanacetum 76, 79, 82

Taraxacum 74

Taraxia = Oenothera.

Taxus 8

Tecoma 54, 56, 80

Telesonix = Saxifraga.

Tellima 49

Tephrosia 47

Tetradymia 75, 79

Tetragonanthus = Halenia. #
Tetraneuris = Actinea.

Teucrium 65 ,66

Thalesia 67

Thalictrum 37

Thaspium 52, 53

Thelesperma 75, 79

Thermopsis 46, 47

Therophon 48, 49

Therorhodion = Rhododendron.

Thlaspi 41, 42

Thuja 8

Thysanocarpus 40, 42

Tiarella 49

Tigridia = Sisyrinchium .

Tilia 32, 35, 81, 82

Tillaea 30, 35

Tillaeastrum = Tillaea.
Tin iaria = Polygonum .
Tissa = Spergularia .
Tithymalopsis = Euphorbia.
Tithymalus = Euphorbia.
Tium = Astragalus.

Tofieldia 21

Tolmiea 48, 49

Tonestus = Haplopappus.
Torresia = Hierochloe .

Tovara 27, 28

Townsendia 78, 79

Toxicoscordion = Zygadenus.
Tracaulon = Polygonum.

Trautvetteria 37

Triadenum = Hypericum .
Triantha = Tofieldia.
Tricratus=Abronia.

Trientalis 60

Trifolium 47

Triglochin 10, 11

Trillium 6, 10, 20, 21, 22

Triosteum 70

Page.

Triplasis 14, 17, 19

Tripterocalyx = Abronia.

Trisetum 16, 17, 19

Triteleia = Brodiaea.

TrolliuB 36, 37

Troximon = Agoseris.

Tsuga 8, 87

Turritis= Arabia.

Typha 9, 11, 81, 82

U

Ulmus 25, 26, 81, 82, 86

UMBELLIFERAE...31, 51, 82
Unamia = Aster..
Unifolium = Maianthemum .

Urtica 27, 81

URTICACEAE 24, 27

L rticastrum = Laportea.

Utricularia 67, 80, 81

Uva-ursi=Arctostaphylos.
Uvularia 21, 22

VACCINIACEAE 54, 59

Vaccinium 59, 84, 85

Vagnera = Smilacina.

Valeriana 72, 82, 83, 85

VALERIANACEAE 55, 72

Valerianella 72

Vallisneria 10, 11, 81, 85

Veratrum 21, 22, 85

Verbena 66

VERBENACEAE 55, 66

Vernonia 75, 79

Veronica 68, 69, 81

Viburnum 70, 84, 86

Vicia 46, 47, 80

Viola 48

VIOLACEAE 31, 48

Viscaria = Ly chn is.

Vitis 7, 33, 35, 80, 84

Vitis-Idaea = Vaccinium .

W

Wahlbergella = Lychnis.

Waldsteinia 44, 45

Washingtonia=Osmorrhiza.

Wolffia 4, 6, 9, 11, 81

Wyethia 76, 79

X

Xanthium 73, 82

Xanthoxalis = Oxalis.

Xanthoxylum 48, 81, 82, 86

Xerophyllum 21 , 22

Xylophacos= Astragalus.

Xylosteon = Lonicera.

Xyris 10, 11, 81

Y

Youngia = Crepis.

Z

Zannichellia 4, 6, 9, 11, 81

Zanthoxy lum = Xanthoxylum .

Zizania 14, 16, 19, 81, 85

Zizia 52, 53

Zostera 4, 9, 11, 81

Zosterella = Heteranthera.
Zygadenus 20, 22

INDEX TO ENGLISH NAMES

Page

A

Adam and l !ve 23

Adder's mouth 23

Adder's tongue 21

Adder's tongue, Yellow 21

Agrimony 45

Ague-tree 38

Alder 29, 87

Alexanders 53

Alexanders, Heart-leaved.. . . 53

Alkali-grass 18

Alum-root 49

Anemone 37

Angelica 53

Angelica, Purple-stemmed. . . 53

Antelope-brush 45

Arbutus, Trailing 58

Arnica 78

Arnica, Rayless 78

Arrow-arum 12

Arrow-grass 11

Arrow-grass, Creeping 11

Arrow-grass, Marsh 11

Arrow-grass, Sea 11

Arrow-head 11

Arrow-head, Sea 10

Arrow-wood 70

Arum, Water 12

Ash 56, 86

Ash, Black 56

Ash, Blue 56

Ash, Prickly 48, 86

Ash, Red 56

Ash, White 56

Aspen 29

Asphodel, False 21

Aster 78, 79

Aster, Biennial 79

Aster, Double-crowned 78

Aster, Golden 78

Aster, Rayless 78

Aster, Tansy-leaved 79

Aster, White-topped 79

Avens 45

Avens, Mountain 45

Awl wort, Water 42

B

Baby's Breath 51

Baeria, Sea 78

Ball-cactus 50

Ball-cactus, Yellow 50

Balm, 66

Balsam-apple 71

Balsam-apple, Wild 71

Balsam-fir 86

Balsam-root 78

Balsam-root, Arrow-leaved 78

Bamboo-sedge 13

Banebcrry 37

Baneberry, White 37

Bark, Sacred 35, 86

Barley 18

Bartonia 61

Bartonia, Purple 61

Bartonia, Yellow 61

Bartsia, Alpine 68

Basil 66

Basil, Wild 66

Basswood 35, 86, 87

Bay berry 26

Beak-rush 13

Bean, Trailing Wild 47

Bean, Wild 47

Bearberry 58, 86, 87

Page
B

Bearberry, Alpine 58

Bear-grass 22

Beard-grass 18

Beard-tongue 69

Beard-tongue, Blue 85

Beard-tongue, Hairy 69

Bedstraw 71

Bedstraw, Northern 71

Bedstraw, Sweet-scented 71

Bee-balm 66

Beech 29, 86

Beech, Blue 29

Beech-drops 67

Beggar-ticks 78

BeUflower 71

Bellflower, Tall 71

BeUflower, White 71

Bellwort 22

Bent-grass 18

Bent-grass, Arctic 18

Bergamot 66

Betony, Wood 69

Bilberry 59

Bilberry, Red 59

Bilberry, Tall Mountain 85

Bindweed 62

Bindweed, Dwarf 62

Bindweed, Great 62

Bindweed, Sea 62, 87

Birch 29, 86

Birch, Sweet 86

Biscuit-root 53

Bitter-root 39

Bittersweet, Climbing 34

Blackberry 83, 85

Black-eyed Susan 79

Bladder-fruit, Woolly 79

Bladder- nut 35

Bladder-pod 42

Bladder-pod, Double 42

Bladderwort 67

Bladderwort, One-flowered. . 67

Blanket-flower 78

Bleeding-heart 40

Bleeding-heart, One-flowered 40

Bloodroot 40, 85

Blueberry 59, 84

Blue-hearts 68

Bluestem, Big 84

Bluestem, Colorado 84

Bluets 71

Bluets, Fringed 71

Bluets, One- flowered 71

Bog-bean 61

Bolelia 71

Boneset 78

Bottle-sedge 13

Bowman's root 45

Bramble 45, 83

Bramble, Arctic 83

Bread-root 39, 47

Bread-root, Indian 83

Bread-root, Sainfoin 47

Brides, Morning 78

Brome-grass 18

Brome-grass, Short-awned.. . 84

Bronze-bells 21

Brookweed 60

Broom, Sweet 47

Broom, Northern Sweet 47

Broomrape 67

Broomrape, Woolly-stamened 67

Broom-weed 79

Buckbrush 34

93

Page
B

Buckthorn 35

Buckthorn, Alder-leaved :'..">

Buffalo-berry 26, M

Buffalo-berry, Smooth 26

Buffalo-berry, Thorny

Buffalo-grass 18, 84

Buffalo-grass, False 18

Bugbane 37

Bugbane, False 37

Bugle-weed 66

Bug-seed 28

Bulrush 13

Bunchberry 34

Bunch-grass, Big. 84

Bunch-grass, Feather 84

Bur-cucumber, One-seeded.. . 71

Bur-marigold 78

Bur-marigold, Narrow-leaved 79

Bur-marigold, Nodding 78

Burnet 45

Burnet, Great 4o

Bur-ragweed 73

Bur-ragweed, Annual 73

Bur-reed 11

Bush, Benjamin 38

Bush, Burning 34, 86

Bush-clover 47

Bush-cranberry, High 70, 84

Bush, Hobble 70

Bush-honeysuckle 70

Buttercup 37

Butterfly-weed 50

Butterfly-weed, Orange 62

Butterfly-weed , Pink 50

Butterfly-weed, Scarlet 50

Butternut 26, 84

Butterweed 85

Butterwort 67

Button-bush 71

Button-snakeroot 79

C

Cactus, Purple 50

Calamint, Smooth 66

Camas 21

Camas, Blue 83

Camas, Eastern 21

Campion 40

Canary-grass, Reed 19

Cancer-root 67

Cancer-root, One-flowered. . . 67

Caraway 53

Caraway, Wild 83

Cardinal-flower 71

Carrion-flower 21

Carrot, Western Wild 53

Catch fiy 40

Cat's Foot 78

Cat-tail 11

Cedar 8, 86

Cedar, Western 8

Cedar, White 8

Celery, Wild 11, 85

Chaffweed 60

Chamomile 79

Checkerberry 58, 86

Cherry 45, 84, 86

Cherry, Black 86

Chervil 53

Chestnut 29, 86, 87

Chestnut, American 84

Chickweed 40

Chickweed, Forked 25

Chickweed, Mouse-ear 40

94

Page
C

Chinook-licorice 83

Chokeberry 45, 84

Chokeberry , Black 45

Chrysanthemum 78

Chufa 85

Cicely, Sweet 53

Cinquefoil 45

Cinquefoil, Five- flowered.. . . 45

Clearweed 27

Cleft-lip 23

Clematis, Woolly 37

Clintonia, Yellow 21

Clotbur 73

Cloudberry 45, 83

Clover 47

Clover, Buffalo 47

Clover, Owl's 69

Clover, Prairie Owl's 69

Club-fruit 78

Club-rush 13

Cocklebur 73

Coffee-tree, Kentucky 34

Cohosh, Blue 6, 38

Colic-root 21

Collomia 64

Coltsfoot, Sweet 79

Coltsfoot, Arrow-leaved

Sweet. 79

Columbine 37

Columbine, Wild 37

Columbo, American 61

Comandra, Northern 83

Compass-plant 79

Cone-flower 79

Cone-flower, Gray-headed ... 79

Cone-flower, Prairie 79

Cone-flower, Purple 78

Cone-flower, Tall 79

Cone-plant 57

Coolwort 49

Copper-bush 58

Coral-root 23

Cord-grass 19

Cord-grass, Small 84

Cornel 34

Corn-salad 72

Corn-salad, Spurless 72

Corydalis 40

Corydalis, Pink 40

Cotton-grass 13

Cottonwood 29, 86, 87

Cowbane 53

Cowberry 59

Cow-parsnip 53

Cowslip, American 60

Cowslip, Virginian 64

Cow-wheat 69

Crab-apple 45

Cranberry 59, 83

Cranesbill 34

Cream-cups 40

Creeper, Virginian 34

Cress, Alpine 42

Cress, Bitter 41

Cress, Naked 42

Crosswort 60

Crowberry 83, 85

Crowberry , Broom 34

Crowberry, Northern 34

Crowfoot 37

Cucumber-root, Indian 21

Cucumber-tree 38

Cudweed 79

Culver's root 69

Cup, Broad 62

Cup, Indian 35

Cup-plant 79

Currant 49, 84

Currant, Golden 49

Page
C

Cut-grass 18

Cypress-sedge 13

Cypress, Yellow 8

D

Dandelion 74

Dandelion, Dwarf 74

Dandelion, Mountain 85

Dandelion, Tawny 74

Death-camas 22

Deerberry 59

Deer-cabbage 61

Desert-pink 74

Devil's Club 34, 51

Devil's Tongue 50

Dewdrop 45

Diapensia 56

Ditch-grass 11

Ditch-stonecrop 34

Dock 28

Dodder 56

Dogbane 56

Dogwood 34, 86

Dogwood , Alternate-leaved . . 34

Dogwood, Flowering 34

Dogwood, Western 34

Dragon-head 66

Dragon-head, False 66

Dragon-root 12

Dragon's mouth 23

Drop-cup 64

Dropseed 19

Dropseed, Rough-leaved 84

Duckweed 10

Duckweed, Greater 10

Duckweed, Rootless 11

Dutchman's Breeches 40

Dwarf-parsley 53

E

Eel-grass 11, 85

Eel-grass, Sea 11

Elder 70, 84

Elder, Black-berried 70, 85

Elder, Poison 35

Elder, Purple-berried 70

Elder, Red-berried 70

Elder, Wax-berried 70

Elephant-flower 69

Elk-grass 85

Elm 26, 86

Elm, Red 86

Eryngo 53

Everlasting 78, 79

Everlasting, Clammy 79

Eyebright 69

F

Fairies, Pink 50

Fairy-bells 21

Fairy-bells, Downy 21

Fan-weed 42

Feather-grass 19

Felwort, Marsh 61

Fern, Sweet 26

Fescue-grass 18

Fiddle-neck 63

Figwort 69

Fir 8, 86, 87

Fir, Balsam 8, 87

Fir, Douglas 8, 86

Fireweed 85

Fireweed, White 78

Fire-willow 85

Flag 22

Flag, Sweet 12

Flat-pod 42

Flax 34

Flax, Yellow 34

Page
F

Fleabane 78

Fly-honeysuckle, Blue 70, 84

Foamflower 49

Fog-fruit 66

Fool's Huckleberry 59

Forget-me-not 64

Forget-me-not, Smaller 64

Forget-me-not, White 64

Foxtail 18

Fringe-cup 49, 78

Frog's Bit 10

Frost- weed 43

Fumitory, Climbing 40

G

Garlic '. 21

Gentian 61

Gentian, Spurred 61

Gerardia 69

Germander 66

Ghost-pipes 67

Giant-hyssop 66

Giant-hyssop, Fragrant 66

Gilia 64

Gilia, Dense-flowered 64

Gilia, Dwarf 64

Ginger, Eastern Wild 25

Ginger, Western Wild 25

Ginger, Wild 25

Ginseng 51

Ginseng, American 51

Ginseng, Dwarf 51

Glasswort 28

Globe-flower 37

Globe-mallow 43

Goat's Beard 45

Goat's Beard, Virginian 74

Goat's Chicory 74

Goat's Rue 47

Golden-rod 79

Golden-rod , White 79

Gold-fields 78

Gold-thread 37

Gold-thread, Common 37

Gold-thread, Western 37

Gooseberry 49, 84

Goosefoot 28

Grama-grass 18

Grama-grass, Blue 84

Grape 35, 84

Grass, Blue-eyed 22

Grass, Bottle-brush 18

Grass, Dwarf 19

Grass, Golden-eyed 22

Grass, Holy 18

Grass, Indian 19

Grass of Parnassus 49

Grass, Orange 34

Grass, Salt-meadow 19

Grass, White 18

Grass, Yellow-eyed 11

Grass-pink 23

Grass-wrack 11

Greasewood 28

Greenbrier 21

Gromwell 63

Gromwell, False 64

Gromwell, Shaggy False. ... 64

Gromwell, Western False.. . . 64

Ground-cherry 64

Ground-cherry, Clammy 64

Groundnut 47, 83

Groundsel 79

Groundsel, Marsh 79

Groundsel, Single-headed 78

Grouse-berry 59

Grove-lover 62

Gum, Black 34, 86

Gum-weed 79

95

Pace
H

Hackberry 2«, 84

Hackberry , Eastern 26

Hackberry, Western 26

Hair-grass 18

Hair-grass, Crested 18

Harbinger of Spring 53

Harebell 71

Hare's Ear, Arctic 69

Haw. Black 45

Hawksbeard 74

Haw kbit, Annual 74

Hawkweed 74

Hawthorn 45, 84

Hazelnut 29, 84

Hazelnut, Beaked 29

Heart, Floating 61

Heath, Mountain 59

Heather, American 59

Heather, False 43

Heather, Fed 59

Heather, Yellow 59

Hedge-hyssop 69

Hedge-hyssop, Clammy 69

Hedge-hyssop, Golden 69

Hedge-nettle 66

Hedge-parsley 53

Heliotrope 63

Hellebore, American White 22, 85

Hellebore, False 22

Helleborine 23

Hemlock 8, 86, 87

Hemlock, Eastern 8

Hemlock, Ground 8

Hemlock-parsley 53

Hemp, Indian 56

Hemp, Water 28

Hem pweed, Climbing 79

Hickorv 26, 84, 86

Hill-lettuce 74

Hog-peanut 47

Hole-pod 42

Holly 34

Holly, Mountain 34

Hollyhock, Wild 43

Honewort 53

Honey-locust 34

Honeysuckle 70

Hop-tree 48

Horehound , Water 66

Hornbeam 29, 86

Hornwort 26

Horse-balm 66

Horse-gentian 70

Horse-mint, Prairie 66

Horseweed 79

Hound 's-tongue 63

Hound 's-tongue, Northern. . . 63

Huckleberry 59, 84

Hutchinsia, Spreading 42

Hyacinth, Wild 21

I

Indigo, False 47

Indigo, White 47

Indigo, Wild 47

Indigo, Yellow 47

Inkberry 34

Iris 22

Iron-plant 79

Iron-weed 79

Iron-weed, Prairie 79

Ironwood 29

Ivy, Poison 35

J

Jack-in-the-pulpit - 12

Jacob's Ladder 64

Jewel-weed 34

P.U.E

Jewel-weed, Spurless 34

Juneberry 45, 84

June-grass 84

Juniper 8, 86

Juniper, Common 87

K

Kidney-leaf 62

Kidney-saxifrage 49

Kitten-tails 69

Knotweed 28

Knot weed, Arctic 28

Knotweed , Virginian 28

L

Labrador-tea 59

Labrador-tea, Broad-leaved . 59

Lace-pod 42

Ladies' Tresses 23

Lady's Mantle 45

Lady's Slipper 23

Lake-flower 34

Larch 8, 86

Larkspur 37

Laurel 58

Laurel, Mountain 58

Laurel, Pale 59

Laurel, Sheep 59

Laurel, Sticky 34

Lead-plant 47

Leaf cup 79

Leather-leaf 58

Leatherwood 26

Leopard's Bane 78

Lettuce 74

Lettuce, Large-flowered Blue 74

Lettuce, Miner's 39

Lettuce, Tall Blue 74

Licorice, Wild 47

Lilaeopsis 53

Lilaeopsis, Eastern 53

Lilaeopsis, Western 53

Lily 21

Lily, Alpine 21

Lily, Mariposa 21

Lily, Sand 34

Lily-of-the-valley , Wild 21

Lion's-heart, Eastern 66

Lion's-heart, Western 66

Lips, Blue 68

Liver-leaf 37

Lizard's Tail 26

Lobelia 71

Lobelia, Water 71

Loco- weed 47

Loco-weed, Yellow 47

Loiseleuria, Trailing 59

Loosestrife, Fringed 60

Loosestrife, Tufted 60

Loosestrife, Winged 34

Loosestrife, Yellow 60

Lopseed 56

Lotus, American 38

Lousewort 69

Lousewort, Purple 69

Lousewort, Swamp 69

Lovage 53

Lovage, Scottish 53

Love-grass 18

Lungwort 63

Lungwort, Lance-leaved. . .". . 63

Lungwort, Sea 63, 87

Lupin 47

Lupin, Wild 47

Lyme-grass 18

Lyme-grass, Sea 87

Lyme-gTass, Wheat 84

Paob

M

Madrona 58

Maids, Red 39

Mallow, False 43

Mallow, False Rod 43

Mandrake, Wild 38

Manna-grass 18

Maple 33, 86

Maple, Broad -leaved 33

Maple, Manitoba 33

Maple, Red 33

Maple, Silver 33

Maple, Sugar 33, 86

Maple, Vine 33

Mare's Tail 26

Marigold , Eastern Marsh .... 37

Marigold , Marsh 37

Marigold, Yellow Marsh 37

Marigold, Water 79

Marram-grass 18, 87

Marsh-grass 19

Marsh-elder, Burweed 73

Marsh-pennywort 53

Marsh-pennywoit, Round-
leaved 53

May-apple 38, 83, 85

Mayflower, Eastern 21

Meadow-beauty 35

Meadow-grass 19

Meadow-grass, Tall 84

Meadow-parsnip 53

Meadow-parnsip, Early 53

Meadow-rue 37

Meadow-sweet 45

Melic-grass 18

Mercury, Three -seeded 27

Mermaid, False 34

Mermaid -weed 26

Milk-vetoh 47

Milkweed 62

Milkweed, Four-leaved 62

Milkweed, Green 62

Milkweed, Green-flowered. . . 62

Milkweed, Showy 62

Milkweed, Whorled 62

Milkwort 35

Milkwort, Fringed 35

Milkwort, Whorled 35

Millet-grass 18

Millet, Indian 18

Mint 66

Mistletoe, Dwarf 25

Mistletoe, Eastern Dwarf.. . . 25

Mitrewort 49

Mitrewort, Naked 49

Mitrewort, Two-leaved 49

Mcck-orange 49

Monkey-flower 69

Monkey-flower, Cut-leaved. . 68
Monkey-flower, Square-stem-
med 69

Monkshood 37

Moonseed 34

Moss-heather 58

Moss pink 64

Mountain-ash 45

Mountain-ash, Sharp-leaved.. 45

Mountain lover 34

Mountain-mint 66

Mountain-pink 60

Mountain-rice 18

Mountain-sorrel 28

Mousetail 37

Mudwort 69

Mugwort 78

Mulberrv 26

Mulberry, Red 84

Mule-ears 79

Musk-plant 69

96

Page
M

Muskrat Potato 85

Musk-root 56

Mustard 42

Myrtle, Bog 26

N

Nannyberry 84, 86

Needle-grass 18

Nettle 27

Nettle, False 27

Nievitas 63

Nightshade, Cut-leaved 64

Nightshade, Enchanter's. ... 50

Ninebark 45

Nut-grass 13

Nut-rush 13

O

Oak, 29, 86

Oak, Chestnut 87

Oak, Garry 29

Oak, Red 87

Oak, White 87

Oat 18

Oat, False 19

Oat-grass 18

Ocean Spray 45

Old Man Root 71

Onion 21

Orache 28

Orchid, Hooded 23

Orchid, Phantom 23

Orchid, Round-leaved 23

Orchid, Whorled 23

Oregon-grape 34, 38

Ox-eye 79

P

Paint-brush, Indian 68

Painted-cup 68

Painted-cup, Scarlet 68

Panic-grass 19

Papaw, North American... 33, 84

Pappus-grass, Arctic 18

Parsley, Forked 53

Parnsip, Wild 53

Parsnip, Mountain Wild 53

Partridge-berry 71

Partridge-foot 45

Pasque-flower 37

Pea, Beach 87

Pea, Veined 47

Pear, Prickly 50

Pear, Smooth-fruited Prickly 83

Pearlwort 40

Pellitory 27

Pennyroyal, Eastern 66

Pennyroyal, False 66

Pennyroyal, Mock 66

Pennyroyal, Narrow-leaved.. 66

Pepper-grass 42

Phlox 64

Phlox, Annual 64

Phlox, Blue 64

Phlox, White Prairie 64

Physic, Indian 45

Pickerel-weed 10

Pigmy-weed 35

Pigweed 28

Pigweed, Winged 28

Pimpernel, False 69

Pimpernel, Yellow 53

Pine 8, 86, 87

Pine, Pitch 8

Pine, Prince's 57

Pine, Western Yellow 8

Pine, White 8, 80, 87

Page
P

Pine, Yellow 86

Pineapple-weed 79

Pine-drops 57

Pine-sap 57

Pine-sap, Crownless 57

Pin-weed 43

Pipe, Indian 57

Pipewort 10

Pipsissewa 57

Pitcher-plant 35

Plantain - 56

Plantain , Indian 79

Plantain, Pale Indian 79

Plantain, Tuberous Indian. . . 79

Plum 45, 84

Plum, Indian 45

Pokeweed 26

Pondweed 11

Pond weed , Fennel-leaved 85

Pondweed, Horned 11

Popcorn-flower 64

Poplar 29, 86

Poppy 40

Poque. 67, 83

Porcupine-grass 19

Potato-vine , Wild 62

Poverty-weed 73

Prairie-bean 47

Prairie-clover 47

Prairie-everlasting 79

Frairie-parsley 53

Prairie-smoke 45

Prairie-star 49

Prickle-fescue 18

Primrose 60

Primrose, Evening 51

Puccoon 63

Puccoon, Hoary 63

Purslane, Marsh 51

Purslane, Sea 40, 87

Putty-root 23

Q

Queen-cup 21

Quillwort, Flowering 10

R

Rabbit-brush 78

Rabbit-brush, Four-flowered 79

Rabbit-brush, Prairie 78

Ragweed 73

Ragweed, Great 73

Ragweed, Prairie 73

Ragweed, Tansy-leaved 73

Pagwort 79

Ragwort, Creamy 79

Raspberry 83

Rattle, Northern Yellow 69

Rattle, Yellow. 69

Rattlesnake-plantain 23

Rattlesnake-root 74

Rattlesnake-root, Glaucous . 74

Ray-pimpernel 60

Ray weed, Dotted 78

Ravweed, Eastern Dotted... 78

Redbud. 34

Redroot 34

Reed 19

Reed , Indian 18

Reed-grass 18

Reed-grass, Wood 18

Reed-mace 11

Rhododendron 59

Rhododendron, Dwarf 59

Rhododendron, Early

Flowering 59

Rhododendron , Tall 59

Rhododendron, Western 59

Page
R
Rhododendron, White-
flowered 59

Rib-sedge 13

Rice, Wild 19, 85

Rice-root 21

River-cress 42

River-weed 26

Rock-cress 41

Rock-cress, Arctic 41

Rocket, Sea 41

Rock-pink 39

Rose 45

Rose-mallow 43

Rosemary, Wild 58

Rose-pink 61

Rose-pink, Square-stemmed. 61

Rosin-weed 79

Rosin-weed, Dock-leaved 79

Rosin-weed, Whorled 79

Round-pod 41

Rue, False 37

Rue-anemone 37

Rush 10, 85

S

Sage-brush 78

Sage-brush , Common 78

St. John's Wort 34

St. John's Wort, Marsh 34

Salal 58

Salt-grass 18

Saltwort, Prickly 28

Sand-bur 18, 73

Sand-cherry, Western 45

Sand-grass, Awned 19

Sand-grass, Awnless 18

Sand-grass, Big 84, 87

Sand-puffs 25

Sand-spurry 40

Sandwort 40

Sanicle 53

Sarsaparilla 51

Sarsaparilla, Bristly 51

Sarsaparilla, Wild 51

Sassafras 86

Satin-grass 18

Saw-wort 79

Saxifrage 49

Saxifrage, Bulbous 49

Saxifrage, Eastern Golden. . . 49

Saxifrage, Golden 49

Saxifrage, Purple 49

Scale-sedge 13

Scorpion-grass 64

Scorpion-grass, Opposite-
leaved 63

Scorpion-weed 62

Scurvy-grass 41

Sea-angelica 53

Sea-angelica, Eastern 53

Sea-angelica, Western 53

Seablite 28

Sea-lavender 56

Sea-milkwort 60

Sea-pink 56

Sea-plantain 56

Seal, Golden 37, 86

Seed-box 51

Seed-box, Many-fruited 51

Seed-box, Yellow 51

Service-berry 45

Sheep-seclge 85

Sheep's Fescue 84

Shore-glehnia 53

Shore-weed 56

Short-husk, Bearded 18

Silver-berry 20, 84

Silver-green 78

Single Beauty 57

97

Page
S

Skeleton-weed 74

Skeleton-weed, Purple 74

Skullcap 86

Skunk-cabbage, Eastern 12

Skunk-cabbage, Western 12

Skunk-weed 64

Skunk-weed, Prairie 64

Skunk-weed. Small-flowered, til

Slough-grass 18

Smartweed 28

Snake-mouth 23

Snake-root 37, 53

Snake-root, Black 37, 86

Snake-root , Seneca 35, 85

Snake-root . White 78

Sneeseweed 79

Sneezeweed, Eastern 79

Snowberry 70

Snowberry, Creeping 59, 83

Solomon's Seal 21

Solomon's Seal, False 21

Sorrel 28

Spear-grass 19

Spear-grass, Smooth 84

Speedwell 69

Speedwell, Marsh 69

Spice-bush 38

Spider-flower, Pink 34

Spike-grass 84

Spikenard, American 51

Spike-rush 13

Spinach, Wild 28

Spring Beauty 39

Spruce 8, 86, 87

Spruce, White 87

Spurge 27

Spur-orchid 23

Squaw-root 67

Squaw-weed 79

Staff-tree 34

Star, Blazing 21, 79

Star, Shooting 60

Star-flower 60

Star-grass 21, 22

Star-grass, Purnle 23

Star-grass, Woolly 22

Star-tulip 21

Starwort, Water 25

Steeple-bush 45

Stick-leaf 34

Stickseed 63

Stickseed , Forked 63

Stitchwort 40

Stonecrop 35

Strawberry 45, 83

Strawberry, Barren 45

Strawberry-blite 28

Strawberry-bush 34

Sumac 35

Sumac, Dwarf 35, 87

Sumac, Fragrant 87

Sumac, Scented 35

Sumac, Smooth 35, 87

Sumac, Staghorn 35, 87

Sumac, White 87

Sundew 34

Sundew, Round-leaved 34

Sunflower 79

Sunflower, Bald 79

Sunflower, Flat-seeded 79

Sunflower, Woolly 78

Surf-grass 10

Swamp-candles 60

Swamp-sedge, Tall 85

Sycamore 26, 86

Pag«

T

Tamarack 8, 87

Tansy 79

Tar-weed 79, 86

Tar- weed , Clustered 79

Tar-weed, Opposite-leaved... 79

Tar-weed, White-rayed 78

Tassel-pondweed 11

Tea, New Jersey 34

Tear-thumb 28

Thistle 78

Thistle, Edible 83

Thorough-wax 53

Thorough wort 78

Tickseed 78

Tickseed, Garden 78

Tickseed , Lance-leaved 78

Tickseed, Stiff 78

Tickseed, Tall 78

Tick-trefoil 47

Tick-trefoil , Showy 47

Timothy 19

Tinker's weed 70

Toadflax 69

Toadflax, Bastard 26

Tobacco, Indian 71, 86

Tobacco, Wild 64

Tobacco-root 83

Tomato, Strawberry 64

Toothwort 41

Tooth wort, Cut-leaved 42

Toothwort, Two-leaved 41

Townsendia 79

Townsendia, Biennial 79

Townsendia, Dwarf 79

Trefoil , Bird 's-foot 47

Trumpet-creeper 56

Tulip 86

Tulip-tree 38

Tumble-grass, Prairie 19

Turnip, Indian 12

Turtle-head 68

Turtle-head, Eastern 68

Turtle-head , Western 68

Tussock-grass 84

Twayblade 23

Tway blade, False 23

Twig-rush 13

Twinberry, Black 70

Twin-flowrer 70

Twin-leaf 38

Twisted-stalk 21

U

Umbrella-plant 28

Umbrella-wort 25

V

Valerian 72

Valerian, Edible 72

Valerian , Western 85

Vanilla-leaf 38

Venus's Looking-glass 71

Vervain 66

Vervain , Blue 66

Vervain, Large-bracted 66

Vervain, Nettle-leaved 66

Vetch 47

Vetch, Pale 47

Vetchling 47

Violet 48

Violet, Dog's Tooth 21

Violet, Green 48

Virgin's Bower 37

Virgin's Bower, Blue 37

Virgin's Bower, White 37

Page
W

Wake-robin 22

Wake-robin, Western 22

Wall-flower 42

Walnut 26, 84

Walnut, Black 26

Wapato 85

Water-blinks 39

Wal er-celery 53

Water-cress 42

Water-hemlock 53

Water hemlock, Bulb-
bearing 53

Water-leaf 62

Water-leaf, Appendaged 62

Water-leaf, Broad-leaved .... 62

Water-leaf, Virginian 62

Waterlily, Eastern Yellow. . . 85

Waterlily, Tuberous White... 38

Waterlily, Western Yellow.38, 85

Waterlily, White 38

Waterlily, Yellow 38

Water-milfoil 26

Water-nymph 10

Water-parsnip 53

Water-plantain 10

Water-plantain, Dwarf 10

Water-shield 38, 85

Water-stargrass 10

Water-weed 10

Water-willow 34, 56

Water-wort 34

Wedge-grass 19

Weed, Clammy 34

Wheat-grass 18

Wheat-grass, Slender 84

Whisker-grass 19

Whitlow-grass 42

Whitlow-wort 26

Whorl-grass, Water 18

Wicopy 26

Willow 29, 86

Willow-herb 50

Willow-herb , Yellow 50

Wind-flower 37

Winterberry 34

Winter-cress 41

Winter-fat 28

Wintergreen, 57, 58

Wintergreen, Chickweed 60

Wintergreen, Leafless 57

Witch-grass 19

Witch-hazel 34, 86

Wolfberry 70

Wood-mint 66

Wood-nettle 27

Wood-rush 10, 85

Wood-sage 66

Wood-sorrel 34

Wood-sorrel, White 34

Woolly-weed 85

Wormwood 78

Woundwort 66

Woundwort, Marsh 66

Wrapper-sedge 13

Y

Yamp 53

Yam-root, Wild 10

Yarrow 78

Yarrow, Woolly 85

YerbaBuena 66

Yew 8

Yew, Western 8

You th-on-age 49

CAL/BCA OTTAWA K1A 0C5

3 9073 00215786 7

J

OTTAWA

F. A. ACLAND

PRINTER TO THE KING'S MOST EXCELLENT MAJESTY

1927