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SECOND EDITION |

REVISED

A SHORT AND PLAIN EXPLANATION
FARMER MILES’ METHODS

PC CO) tae

ANIMAL GROTRATION. AD PAYING

AND AFTER TREATMENT

WHEN NECESSARY

WITH ILLUSTRATIONS

By FARMER MILES
CHARLESTON, ILL.

U.S. A.

[898

9843

COPYRIGHTED BY
SPFARMER” T. C. MILES
WASHINGTON, D.C.

1898

y"

PREFACE

In boyhood [ had a natural fondness for animal surgery.
My father being a physician, I naturally acquired, through
him, more or less knowiedge in that line. I moved from
Kentucky to Illinois in 1846, where I had a large farm and
was raising all kinds of stock. There being no veterinarys
near, I was compelled to frequently use the knife, first for
myself, then for my neighbors. In those early frontier days
here in Illinois neighbor helped neighbor, and I appeared
to be the one always called upon to do the surgery, until
so much practice gave mea reputation second to no one
living near. Then ridgling horses were almost worth-
less, and my neighbors would sometimes ask me to ‘‘cut or
kill them.’’ I always did one thing, and sometimes both,
but free of all charge. In thus experimenting, I obtained
a reputation thirty years ago, which caused me to stop
farming and travel most of the time, in answer to calls, over
this country, from Maine to California. I also spent one
year on the other side of the Atlantic, in England, Ireland
and Scotland, where I performed many operations in ani-
mal surgery in 1878.

This little book is intended as an expose of my favorite
methods, ropes, instruments, and after treatment. I have
tried to make it plain, and truthful, as well as helpful, to
all castraters and farmers. ‘Trusting it will be a benefit to
many thousands of owners, and a mercy to dll’ stock yet to
be castrated, I am Yours truly,

FARMER MILES.

EXPLANATION

About twenty-five years ago I wrote a pamphlet on Cas-
tration and Spaying stock, and soon sold out all I had
at $5 acopy. In 1877 I was invited to England by Geo.
Fleming, V. S. of the Queen’s Life Guard and a noted
V. S. writer. I went in 1878, to stay one month only,
but stayed one year, castrating in all portions of England.
Soon after my return, many students wanted to learn my
inethods, in my specialty. and followed me around, and
wanted me to go with them to different places, which did
not work well.

Several years later I prepared myself to teach my meth-
cds to classes, ten days in each April, here at my home, on
the royalty plan, every pupil giving mea bond, signed by
two responsible securities, that they would pay me my
small royalty (my only fee for instructions) monthly for ten’
years. For some time previous to the time for my annual
classes I advertised in six or eight counties adjoining my
home, for farmers, stockmen and friends to bring in their
stock, and I would do all their work free, in that ten days,
so I would have plenty of work during that time, to show
aud explain my methods fully to my pupils. In six years
I fully instructed 120 men, only twelve of whom have prov-
en honest regarding the payment of the royalty. I did not
like to induce men to lie, so discontinued that method. I
then thought best to print a complete expose of my methods,
ropes, and instruments, and take the book to England to

sell at $25 a copy, asthat was what they paid me for every

ridgling I cut over there, seventeen years before. I sold
some of the books at that price, but found the price too high,
and later sold them at Sro each.

Experience has taught me the necessity of many essen-
tial improvements, and I have consequently revised that
English edition, leaving out a little, and putting in more of
better and later methods, Jearned by actual experience since
the publication of the English edition, adding new illustra-
tions, so you will more fully know how I do, and fully under-
stand my remarksand adviceto you. ‘This revised book will
cost you only $2, and after you have read it through five or
six times and prove yourselt a competent workman, you can
sell the book for $2 to some friend in another county, and
help the country along, in a humane and much improved
method of castration, and spaying of all stock, and dogs and

introduce my string Ecraseur, that you can make and use.

CUT NO. 1

ANIMAL CASTRATION

I commenced the castration of stock in 1850, without
books, teacher or theory, not thinking then, or for years af-
ter, that I would ever leave my immediate neighborhood on
such business, but I now think I have traveled over more
territory in this business, than any ten castraters I ever
heard of, and I have tried all known methods worth consid-
ering. I have had the counsel and advice of some of the
best M. D’s at all times. I have liked the business more
and more, even so much as to neglect my farming entirely,
and have given all my time and attention toit. I got the prize
at our Centennial Exposition at Philadelphia, Sept. 14, 1876
as the best castrater of ridgling horses in the U.S. I do not
claim to know it all, but do claim to be in good practice, and
to do «ver, operation the best I can, which is usually satis-

factory to all parties concerned.

THE, NOSE TWITCH.

First, I like a nose-twitch in horse surgery better than
chloroform or ether. The best twitch I get is made of a
spoke out ot a buggy wheel, about sixteen inches long, and
flattened at the small end. The loop at the large end of the
twitch should be of one-half inch cotton, (or flax rope, flax

is best) spliced in thirteen inches long, and a large twine
string, three feet long, should be fastened in the middle to
the small end of twitch, like the cut of the twitch.

I have never seen but three or four horses that I could
not get the twitch on while standiag. ‘The twitch loop
should be over the left wrist; then gently grasp all of the
upper lip you can, with left hand and, with a slow move-
ment, twist the twitch until it binds the nose lightly; then,
with both hands on the twitch, turn slow/y, stiil tighter,
until the colt raises his head and winks his eye, then stop
and turn the small end of the twitch slowly up beside the
halter aad tie it there, with the long strings on the small
end of the twitch, in a bow-knot in No. 4. Now ask the
man that isto hold the colt’s head while casting him,
‘Please Sir, do not touch the twitch until we are through
operating on this horse, or colt.”’

In common castration of colts and stallions, I tried all
the different methods known I could think of. I have made
a choice of all methods for my own use, and this little book
is intended as a full expose and explanation of my present
methods and practice. To meet a demand for my printed
methods, my ropes and instruments are shown, so as to
more fully explain my use of them.

I wili now speak of colt or common castration in a gen-
eral way. First halter the colt with a leather head-halter,
and have a one-half inch rope twelve feet long, to tie in the
halter ring beside the other strap. I call it the chin rope,
on the halter; now take a half hitch on the under jaw withthe
rope, and push the lips in under the rope; next, put on the
nose-twitch, as above described and shown best in cut No.
4 and tied to the halter properly. Then nearly every colt

SELIG AN:

willstand still. Have twoknee ropes % inch seven feet long.
Have one 7% inch surcingle rope seven feet long, tie a three
inch iron ring in one end of surcingle, and gently slip it
over his back, and tie it good. ‘Take one knee rope seven
feet long, tie the ends together and loop it in the middle un-
der the belly, on this surcingle, it belongs there all the time,
for several reasons I will give you later on. Cut 1 shows a
grown horse, with his right foot looped up, by that knee rope,
being wrapped around his right ankle two or three times,
sulking, because the twitch is on just right, and he don’t
seem to care whether he is up or down, now if all three men
pull firmly and slow, I think he will lie down himself. I
know he will, if the castrator will turn his nose around to
the left side and say pull. I like to let him put his knee
down first and turn over as in cut 5, without a struggle.
Now having first looped one knee rope seven feet long, in
the middle, loop it, about twenty inches from the three inch
ring on the circingle, so as to hang down loose under
the belly, for after service, now put on the circingle, as
cut 1 shows and tie it good, then put the chin rope
through the ring on his side over the back; now
one man should hold that rope loosely, ready to pull,
when told to pull; and hold his nose back on his side
when down, as shown in cut 3, put a short hobble on each
hind ankle, and two on right fore ankle; one above and one
below the joint as cut 1 shows; then the back rope around
the left fore leg above the pastern, running it through the
rings as described in the cut 1, like a thread through four
needle-, first the lower ring on the right front ankle, then
through ring on right hind ankle, then through the ring
on the left hind ankle, then through ring at right front

mes ake

ankle above the pastern, and draw all up snug on the left
side, lastly, before casting, have the man holding the hal-
ter rope from the half hitch, inthe mouth, through the ring
and over the back, lift the right fore foot, and wrap the
knee rope around it several times, (as cut 1 shows him on

three legs only). The castrater should gently turn his

FOUR HOBBLES

THIRTEEN INCHES LONG INSIDE.

BACK ROPE SIXTEEN FEET LONG,
hors2’s nose around to his left side, and say, ‘‘pull gently
and hold tight,’’ and down he must go easily asin cut 5,
and should le there quietly. Then I take the chin
rope and run it through the lower part of the halter and
back through ring on circingle and ask some man to lift
his head back on his side and I pull my halter rope tight;
confining his head as in cut 3 but want a man to hold
that rope. Now I take the back rope as we call it, that
the two meu now hold, in cut 5, and step forward,
and put the back rope under and around the lower hind
ankle snugly without jerking, then walk behind to the
horse’s rump or loin holding 10 pounds pressure all

the time, and ask some one to lift 50 pounds up by the tail,

—— 1) ==

while I try to draw that rope underthe hip, and also draw
the under hind foot near his bally and hold it there, and

‘

ask some one ‘‘won’t you please put this long end over his
upper hind foot and give me back the end.?’’ I then draw
it tight as I can conveniently, and say ‘“‘men let’s turn him
upon his back’’ (as in cut 6,) except the head should be tied
tight to his left side, as cut 3 shows it now, by chin rope
and halter; now this man at the head in cut 6 does no
good, tie that nose around tight to his leit side and he
will lie still, comparatively; now the four men chock
the horse on his back with their feet under him, toes
they must not push . against each other, but hold
his knees, and hocks and pull the horse tight on their own
feet, as chocks, ‘hat ts right, so far, now let’s tie him so
that he cannot hurt himself or anybody else. I don’t like
to bind a horse very tight, when we first turned him up on
his back, his rght hind foot may have been too leose; if
so bear that foot down gently, and draw the back rope
tighter slowly under him; don’t jerk or he will struggle;
that is horse nature; take up your slack on his left hind foot
to match it, and wrap your rope around twice, and take one
half hitch and ask a helper to hold it. so it wont slip; now
unwrap the knee rope from the right fore foot, and loop it
over both hind feet, that ties his hind feet to his belly cir-
cingle forward, and the back rope ties them to his hips, and
leaves his back out of all danger of hurt or strain.

My advice to all new beginners is to get a colt out ona
good place, cast and tie him several times. Learn the A, B,
C of castration before you attempt any surgery. Almost
every man that attempts colt castration soon gets conceited

and thinks himself an expert, when in fact he is liable to do

2 ieee

foo

c*ON LNO.

wrong. Butlet ussuppose our colt is now cast skillfully and
tied slowly and safely, ana held firmly on his back by our
assistants. Ifthe bag, or scrotum, testicles and all are down
well, then with the elbow forward between the hind feet
grasp one Seed at a time in the left hand, and with a knife,
or hook, which is my preference,
split the bag over the extreme
hind part of the seed one inch
long intothe water, then intro-
duce the hook No. 1 here de-
scribed—ali other blades shut—
and push forward to the point
you wish to split to; or repeat,
to cut enough forward; then turn
the point of hook upward, and
with one gentle pull split the
skin and tunic, and that will ex-
pose the testicle. Then dothe
other the same way, about one
inch on each side of the septum
or raphe three inches long well
forward. But if the seeds are
small and are not well down, and
are hard to grasp with the left
hand, grasp the sheath two inches
behind the front end and push it

forward tightly. Then place your
hook where you want the front end of the gash, and slowly
pull back, with your hand raised a little after the hook enters
the skin, and the front end will slide along just under the
skin and you will not cut deeper than the skin, nor cut into

large veins just below, and repeat on the other side. Each
incision three inches long. Now both testicles are exposed
with (tunic) or striffin on. Split the tunic and lift the seeds
up well. I pull up about two pounds on the average year-
ling and three or four pounds on the average stallion on
each seed, so as to get well up on the cords. The best way
I think, is to use a good ecrasure and the hook knife to get
the testicles exposed, then grasp them both in the left hand
at the same time, through the chain of your ecrasure and
lift up about three pounds on a large yearling or six pounds
on a large stallion. Then with the right hand adjust your
chain several inches up on the bloody cord (spermatic cord )
and attachments but always square across, and sometimes
over the exposed ends of the tunic, which is not wrong, if
you like, but always, after closing the chain, you can cut two
inches of the tunic off, it has no blood in it, over one or
both testicles, and around both cords at once, hold now with
the ecraseur in the right hand. Now, take the two large
cords, one at a time, in your left hand, and draw them one
inch or more through the chain, so.as to shorten them still
more. Now see that no skin or extra tissue is caught un-
der the chain; then change hands by graspiug the ecraseur
near the front end with the left hand, with the thumb rest-
ing firmly upon the chain and loop, in the ecraseur, then
with the right hand quickly take up all slack in the chain
and tighten it some, enough to bite it halfoff, then loosen your
chain and drop towards the seed one-half inch, and put on
your chain tight. now, then with the left hard grasp the
middle of the ecraseur over the handie to better hold it, as
you should; then grasp the gimlet handle in the right
hand, and turn until one or both cords are severed, which

a pas

one or both cords are liable to do. But. in case they do
not,only press your left forefinger on the cords
in front of the ecraseur, then turn handle
back a few turns to loosen chain, then
grasp with right hand one chain and jerk
iton through the cords and tissue, which
will saw it off like a mash off, which pull
through the loop, and all will be well. I
expect to be criticised by thousands of cas-
traters as a crank, but nevertheless I pro-
pose to tell the truth plainly as I can, and
candidly express my preferences, obtained
by thirty years of practice. In speaking of
the ecraseur I prefer a loose one, liable to
pull part of both cords through the loop of
the ecraseur, or, at least, some of the tissue,
because when the chain fits closely it is
harder to cut off with, and will bleed more

than an old, loose, half worn out ecraseur

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5
m

does. Later I will describe my string ecra-

seur.

If you wish a bloodless operation, pinch
one, or both cords at once, with your ecras-
eur chain one inch above where you intend
to crush them off at. Pinch half hard

slip the chain one inch nearer to the seeds,
and crush off square across the cords. As to turning the
ecraseur slowly* I never do. J cannot see any benefit by do-
ing so longer than five seconds on the first pinch; that stops

the circulation in the blood-vessels inclosed in the chain.

BOA ee

ay

rupture or scrotal hernia should always be castrated by the
covered operation, two inches higher than commonly done,

with large clamps, put on tightly, and left on to fall off
within from five to seven days; therefore medicine on the

clamps is unnecessary. Most all colts that show a rupture,
while suckling, will be all right when one year old. Umbil-
ical hernia is easily cured by a strong wooden clamp, put
on tightly while the colt is held on his back; no cutting is
necessary, only clamp all of the loose skin you can, and the
end of the umbilical cord inside tightly, and let up; all will
drop off in from five to seven days, and will be all right.

Ridgling or Crypiorchid Castration.—When talking to
my pupils I class as five different kinds. Number 1 is in
the tunic and half way down from the inguinal ring to the
scrotum, and is easily felt by an expert castrater while
standing. Number 2, also, is in the tunic, but is so small,
or so high up, or both, that they cannot be felt, asa rule.
Number 3 is above the inguinal ring in the abdoman.
Number 4, the testicle is in the abdomen, yet the courage
ball (Globus Minor), and some water is down in the tunic,
as a number one ridgling seed, but seeins small. Number
5 was once a plain No. 3, but is now diseased, and en-
larged to ten or twenty times its natural size in the abdo-
men, with serum, pus, or both.

To castrate ridglings I think it very important to tie
them in such away that the operator will have every advan-
tage. Iwill here try toexplain my favorite method: As I
go through and over ten or twelve States each year in answer
to calls to castrate, | first meet the owners of the stock, and
next ask to see the stock. I first put my hand under and
feel the scrotum, so as to decide for myself, or diagnose each

We L282

case regardless of what I am told, for owners are so often

liable to forget how it is, and make mistakes. I then ask
‘‘Where do you wish the work performed?’ IfI think the

Ridgling flax
rope 66 feet
long % size.

place suitable, I take my ropes there and
get ready; otherwise I select a place, and ask
that we may use it. Any dry place, twelve
by sixteen feet, is suitable, and five men as
assistants are enough—a crowd is not desir-
able, neither is it best to have assistants
change places as holders, asa rule. On fresh
plowed ground is a good place when dry, but
in wet weather a barn floor is the general
place. Then a bed of straw or hay is used,
seven by ten feet, twenty inches deep, on which
spread several old blankets to complete the
bed and hold the straw in place, close to
which lead the ridgling, and half hitch the
halter strap or chin rope in his mouth; then put
on your nose twitch tightly, and now place him
just at the edge of the bed, and he will stand
there until you cast him. Now put on the
ridgling ropes, 5% inch size, and sixty-six
feet long, looped in the center for a collar
to fit the horse, and put over his head the old-
fashioned way, then pass both ends between
his legs and outward, cross the same ropes un-
der the first as they go back to the collar, on
each side, as percut No. 7. Explained only
3, 4 and

x

in my English or second Edition No.

5, ridgling methods which I sell at $ro each, and do not

expect to put in this $2 book; and hope before I get through,

me | ere

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ee oo é

*

£

+
oS
¢

Hi

to fully satisfy all but rigdling castraters. I sell the second
Edition at $S1o to all that wantit at that price. But no or-
dinary castrator should try to alter No. 3, 4, or 5 ridglings,
for he will kill half of them. Experts should make ita
specialty, but. be willing to insure them and pay for the
dead ones.

Next put on your hopples as in cut No. 7, to cast him
with. The ridgling ropes are only to re-tie with after cast-
ing, yet can be used some by one man drawing on the right
hand ridgling rope, at the word ‘‘pull.’’ The operator
should hold the left ridgling rope in his left hand, and when
all is ready, as per cut No 7, should say ‘“‘pull;’’ he and
the head-holder, at that time, should push the horse over
on the bed. Next the operator should draw on the rope in
his left hand, hard, then put it where it comes around the
hind leg, down tothe ankle, and hold his left hand rope all
the time; now withdraw the back rope out of the two first
rings on the back rope and fiee the left hind foot {rom the
hopple. The two men pullers again take that rope, still
holding tightly on the back rope which is still on all the
other feet, while you adjust your big rope so as to let the left
hind foot back near the stifle. The head-holder should now
have the chin up and back, near puint of the horse’s should-
er; one man should be holding ten pounds on the big rope
on the under side of the collar, out forward. Now put your
left knee under the leit hind leg half way from foot to hock,
and bear it in to the horse, as in cut 8, about even with the
stifle; then put your long rope down on it at the ankle, and
once around; then draw tightly to fit the rope to the ankle
close; then take one-half hitch. Now put your rope over

the rump or loin, and under the thigh. Ask some man to

ee | eee

draw twenty-five pounds on that rope. While he draws,
you lift the left hind foot with your hand enough to tighten,
like cut 8, up and between the hocks and wrap around ankle,
and then take two half-hitches and ask some one to hold
five pounds on that rope, which will keep it from slipping
and getting too long. Now goto the horse’s lower feet and
remove the back rope from the left fore foot by slacking the
pull of the two first pullers on the left fore foot. Now re-
tie that foot up tightly by looping a knee rope in the mid-
dle over that ankle, and one end under the leg and one over
the arm; tie tightly in a bow knot near the collar in No. 8.
Now have the two first pullers who still hold the end of the
back rope walk around behind the horse to his back, and
pull hard. One man should now lift on the under fore leg,
and, the operator assisting, all should turn the horse over
slowly, then tie the right legs just as you did the left legs;
then turn him up on his back again, place the spreaders in

2 rrr =

SPREADERS 20 INCHES INSIDE.

between the ankles as in cut 9, and tie them by putting the
spreader loops over each hind foot, then tie around each leg
with strings in the spreaders. Please cast and tie other
horses repeatedly this way before you tackle a ridgiing for
castration—practice the A, B, C of ridgling work.

Your easiest ridgling to castrate will be the one you tie
best and hold properly. To get a good tie you must first

practice to get them in proper position; also learn to have
them held properly afterthey are tied. The operator should
keep cool and go slow, use no bad words, and show no cru-
elty to the poor horse that has not consented to such treat-
ment, which he will prove by struggling, unless your nose
twitch and half-hitch on his jaw constrains him to lie still,
and thereby help you to do your work quicker. We will now
suppose your ridgling is properly tied and held in position
by three or more assistants, as in cut 9, on his right side,
with chin up and back, and the top ridgling rope over your
shoulder as you sit down flat on the ground, facing the horse
with your legs over his tail; now grasp the sheath in your
left hand, well forward, and make your incision through
the skin four inches long, about one inch above the septum,
or raphe, just where the seed should be, if down properly.
Now with the two front fingers like glove stretchers, sepa-
rate the tissues up the inguinal canal, but do not gouge into
the body of the sheath; go up near the skin. When your
hand is in the inguinal ring, six or seven inches up, according
to the size of the horse, your fingers should be only one-half
inch below the black skin; now oil your hand well with a
tablespoonful of the best carbolized olive oil, and insert your
hand, with the fingers pointed together cone-shaped, and
rotate your left hand while you push upward, about five
pounds weight, and slowly open the inguinal canal. The
rotation of your hand will cause the tissues to give way in
the proper place, until you reach the inguinal ring, which is
up about eight inches in an eight-hundred- pound horse, and
nine inches in a thousand-pound horse, and ten inches in a
twelve-hundred-pound horse, and about twelve inches up in
a fifteen-hundred pound horse, varying only a little from this,

ese) Nem

CUT NO. 4

according to the fatness of the horse. A number one ridg-
ling’s seed will be found in the tunic, five to six inches up
the canal. A number two ridgling’s seed is eight or ten
inches up, yet inthe tunic. In each case work your finger
around the seed, tunic and all, and break the adhesion, and
gently draw it down some, then split the tunic with your
hook or knife one inch. and with your two fingers tear the
tunic open until the seed slips out, then put on your ecra-
seur and crush off one inch above the seed and Globus mi-
nor. Numbers 3. 4 and 5 not explained in this revision,
are above the inguinal ring, floating in the abdomen,

A few times I have been called on to altar a horse with one
large seed, after two had been removed, and found it a scir-
rhus cord as large as a seed. If it had been cut off three
inches higher it would have been all right then, and no
scirrhus cords would have appeared afterward. I think all
cases of hydrocele (water seeds) may be avoided by cutting
high, say three or four inches above the testicles. I think
all tetanus may be avoided in castration by using no clamps
or ligatures to be left on over oneday. I think nearly every
death may be prevented by proper exercise and medicine af-
ter castration. JI never saw a horse I was afraid to castrate
at a reasonable price, and insure him to live for ten per cent
on that amount beside my regular fee for that class in that
locality. Of course my fees are much lower at home than
a thousand miles away from home.

The best treatment I know of is to drench the horse
twenty-four hours previous to the castration with one and
one-half pints of raw linseed oil, and soon as castrated give
him drachm doses of my castrating tincture every three

hours apart:

Tincture of anconite root, one ounce.

Fluid extract belladona, one ounce.

Quinine, one-half ounce, rubbed down in one-half
ounce of sulphuric acid.

Put this all in a pint of water and give twelve doses, 1
drachm, or teaspoonful back on his tongue, not remaining
up at night. The horse should be walked at least two
hours daily. Moderate plowing all day is the best exer-
cise to prevent stiffness. The oil you use when castrating
ridglings should be pure olive oil, and to one pint add one
ounce of carbolic acid. Your hands should be well washed,
first with anticeptic solution, one to two-thousandth parts,
thea well oiled with this only; then insert your hand and do
your operation.

Have the incisions oa ridglings opened well up, four or
five inches high, just before they are walked morning and
evening, so as to let all serum drop out, and thereby pre-
vent all swelling, as it is called, when in fact it should be
called neglect to open up the cuts five inches high for five
days. Stallions and plain colts would do better in retain-
ing flesh, and make a better recovery if they were opened
twice daily for five days three inches high. My forte, if I
have any, is with a set of old ropes, casting and tying stock,
and trying to cut or spay them, of which I am now trying to
tell you my favorite methods. I castrate mules the same
as I do horses, but I never saw a mule with a testicie in the
belly, except one hermaphrodite that I altered. I have
successfully castrated nine or ten hermaphrodite mares,
finding several just like number two ridglings; others were
as double number three ridglings, except the mammary
glands were of the usual size for mares; I never knew one
to die. I have cnt them from four months old up to four

years old.
ey ee

To castrate a plain bull seems too common to speak of.
But I prefer to cut off the lower end of the sack or bag, as
little as will do, and squeeze the testicle down and out,
tunic and all. Then grasp all of one seed with one hand
and push up with the other, and break the cord off six,
eight or ten inches above the seed. I dothe other likewise.
This is the most common method known. Yet some prefer
to leave the bag on, and split into the seed through the
tunic on each side. This leaves the tunic in the bag to in-
flame, which I think is bad. I have known a few bulls to
bleed to death from castration. In such cases I think a large
rubber ring, or even two, high on the bag would soon stop
the blood, but should be removed in four hours, or sooner.
I will tell you better later on. I have castrated quite a
number of ridgling bulls, the most of which were double
number threes; all were barren. ‘The seeds are not attached
in a ridgling bull as in the ridgling horse, but are fast to
the loin. To get them out, I have always had to cast the
bull and cut in the side and spay them the same as a heifer,

a iS
ae <=.
— "=
ae

SSS Bee

CUT NO. 10
(as per cut of cow, standing,) a little forward of the hip
bone, and half way down from the back to the belly, in the
left side. I hold the flank from me with the left hand, and

ey, oe

place the hook, No. 2, in knife, where I wish the lower end
of the cut. Bear the hook in, and pull up slowly about five
inches, cutting only through the skin and tissue to the red
slick beef. Now draw the hinder flap of this cut back one
inch and then puncture the flesh and peritoneum with blade
4 0n knife. Then insert my first fingers of both hands and
tear the flesh enough to admit my left hand. Then oil it
with carbolized oil and insert it, and feel just behind the
kidney, and I find the seed easily, unless I have overlooked
a No. 2 seed high in the groin outside, and very small To
remove it, or any ridgling bull’s seed, pull and twist. It
should break off where the cord is small, five or six inches
long. ‘The lip covers the rupture you make, and the air is
excluded by three or four stitches, only skin deep.

You can alter ridgling hogs the same way, nicely and
safely, if they weigh over two hundred pounds, but shoats
of fifty pounds can be cut by using only two fingers in the
side like spaying shoats; but decide before you cut in on
which the side the seed is, by the testicle or scar on the side
opposite. On the large hog there is no difference about
sides, as the whole hand is inserted, and either is within
easy reach just behind the kidneys.

To spay sows, I cut in the same piace. On a sow of one
hundred pounds I cut on the left side, one inch forward of
and three inches below the hip bone. Just shave the hair
off clean, then split through the skin and fat, up and down,
to the lean flesh, and pull the hind lip back, and puncture
to the bowels, but not into them, back of the cut, one inch.
Then introduce just two fingers on the left hand, and bear
down in the hog's side, ard wipe back on the loin with the
fiugers to catch the ovary. Then remove it, and follow the

ce On

uterus down one horn to the junction, bearing down all the
time, then up the other horn to the other ovary, and remove
it, and sew up with two stitches skin deep only.

The way to make hog spaying easy is to get in practice,
and never forget to bear down constantly on the cut with the
back of your other fingers, which sinks your left front fin-
gers nearer to the ovaries, and keeps the bowels in at the
same time. The hog should lie flat on the ground on its
right side, with two men holding each foot in a hand, and
stretching lengthwise, with mouth open. ‘This is the pre-
ferred position by experts, who spay thirty hogs per hour
all day. My dislike for hog music, which is so abundant in
spaying, has prevented my doing it for pay, at the usual
price of ten cents each, but I would use a bench if I spayed
hogs.

I do like, however, the work of spaying cattle. VYear-
lings arethe most common ages; but all ages are spayed.
A spaying chute is the best way, for then they are held still
while standing; but for general practice the ropes are the
most available and convenient. Let us suppose we have a
lot of fifty cattle to spay today, mostly yearlings, and have
five men as helpers, and have choice ofa large lot of one
acre, or a small lot fifteen feet by thirty feet, or abarn floor.
If the weather is fair, the small lot will be the best; if rainy,
the barn is preferable—the acre lot is too large for conven-
ience in catching. Now, all ready in the small lot, first run
a wagon near one corner to crowd them behind; the catcher
should be a plucky fellow, and catch the first yearling near
him with his left hand under the chin, and his fingers in the
right side of the mouth, his right hand on the left horn;
then turn the calf’s nose up and back on the left side tightly,

ee Kons

and hold it so one minute, when the calf will fall over on its
right side. Rather than have its neck broken in this twist,
when the calf falls the holder also should go down on its
shoulder and still hold the nose up and around on its side.
Now put the back rope, looped, around the right fore-foot,
and a short hopple around the right hind-foot and left fore-
foot; then thread the back rope through these three hopple-
rings as above named, and have one man to hold them
tightly. First put a knee rope upon the left hind foot, and
have one man to hold it down and back tightly. She is
now in position. Now clip the hair off where you wish the
cut, and brush off cleanly all particles of dirt and hair, with
a brush, or little broom, and use carbolized oil on your
hand. Then make your incision about four inches long,
through the skin and tissue, down to the red beef, one inch
forward of the hip-bone, and about the middle of the heifer
from the back to the belly. I like the hook No. 2 best in
this operation, and use it entirely in all my spaying; but if
you have something better to make the incision with, use
it; then draw the hinder lip of the incision back one inch
and a-half, then puncture through the flesh to the hollow but
not into a bowel; then insert your two front fingers surely
through the peritoneum; then tear the beef by pulling up-
wards with left forefinger and pushing down with the thumb
until your left hand will slip in easily when oiled, and feel
on each side of the back-bone just behind the kidneys for
the ovaries—in yearlings, lumps about the size of sparrow

eggs, in cows, four times larger—hanging from two to four
inches below the loins if standing, but when cast, may rest
against the loins. If you do not understand the anatomy of
the parts, go to a slaughter-house and examine them well
first.

OSSIAN ea

To remove the ovaries, I first find them with my left
hand and shut my hand on the ovary while standing at
their backs. I then put my long curved spaying scissors,

SPAYING SCISSORS

16 inches long, points wide, and smooth and round, and
push the points downward, on my arm, tothe ovary, for
perfect safety. Tie your scissors handles so you cannot
open the points over half an inch back; then no bowel can
slip in and get cut. as we work in the dark, inside, while
I hold the ovary in my left hand. ‘Then in my hand I open
points ofthe scissors, and clip the ovary off while under my
flexed fingers, with no danger of nipping a bowel. I like
dull flesh scissors; next to the ecrasure, to crush off with,

and much more convenient internally. When both ovaries

NEEDLE—SIX INCHES LONG

are removed, with half-inch of the attachments and filopean
tubes, I sew upthe skin only with this long needle, after
bathing the parts internally and externally with the anti-
sceptic solution, one part to two thousands, two tablets to
one pint of water.

Vaginal spaying ot cows is the preferable way, but it is
seldom that our cattle is large enough, andit is rarely done.

What little spaying I have done on cows and mares per va-
gina has been done with rude instruments of my own—
a spear eighteen inches long, with a hook half an inch be-
hind the point to cut back with, and surgeons’ curved scis-
sors twenty-two inches long.

SPEAR—EIGHTEEN INCHES LONG.

I first insert my left hand in the vagina, then the front
finger into the os uteri, and bear down and forward, and
puncture the vagina two inches behind the os uteri, above;
then draw on the hook upon the end of the spear to split the
vagina about two inches. I then remove the spear, and
with my left hand enlarge the opening, and pass my hand
onin the abdomen and grasp the ovaries, one at a time,
and nip them off with the dull points of the long curved
scissors, cows and mares both alike. No after treatment is
used but my castrating tincture to mares as per ridglings
later on.

To spay a bitch of any size or age, 1 want a rope snug
around the neck, held straight out in front of them, but al-
ways under the chin, now tie a strong string three feet long
over the nose and rope, one knot under the chin, then up
behind the ears, and tie tightly on the top of the neck, near
the head, in a bow-knot; then with a string or rope, accord-
ing to the size of the dog, loop one end above each hook.
Now hang the pup or bitch up so that the two hind teats,
when hung up, would be nearly as high as your shoulders
—about three of four inches below. Next loop the ends of
another string three feet long around each frout leg. These
you can slip up or down on the frout legs to suit you after-

CUT NO. 6

ward. Now have the collar rope fastened below on the
wall, on a nail or ring, to hold the head down not tight,
and one man to attend the head and keep the collar from
choking the dog, and one man near to hold the tail from
switching around. Now put your left leg over the string,
as in cut of dog, holding the front legs, and adjust it to suit
you, as per large or small bitch. With your left leg back
a little, you hold the dog’s back away from the wall and its
belly facing you properly. Allis now ready, with scissors
cut all long hair and brush itaway. Now make your in-
cision on the median line from between the two hind teats
down to or a little below the next two teats, to the red
flesh. Now puncture near the middle of cut, to the bowels
only, then stick in the forefinger, then the right forefinger
and tear the red flesh up and down; a tear heals better than
a cut, look for either horn of the uterus. Ina six weeks’
old pup it is not larger than a large sewing thread ; ina six
months’ old pup it is about one-sixteenth of an inch, and
in an aged dog one-quarter of an inch, if she is not in pup.
Now, with both forefingers pointed together asa pair of
foreceps, and all other fingers shut, insert the two forefing-
ers, and with the back of the closed fingers push. And
hold the bowels inside, while you are looking for the uterus,
which is always near the loin behind the bladder, as the
dog hangs up, and will soon turn red, if not found at once
in pups, which makes it easy to distinguish as a little red
cord. Then with your forecep fingers secure and hold it.
Then hold it in left hand, and never pull up more than one
pound on a pup six weeks old, or you are liable to break
the uterus off at the ovary, but hold just so you can slip the
right fore-finger down the uterus to find the ovary, which

22

is as small as a grain of coffee, or even smaller, and fast to
the kidney, and in a sack, at the lowest forward end of the
uterus. ‘Tearthe ovary sack and all loose and up with the
right finger nail. Then the uterus is strong enough to lift
the ovary up tothe opening. Now put your artery fore-
ceps on, and pinch all attachments half an inch from the
ovary, and cut the ovary off with small scissors, and
leave foreceps on, holding ali hemorrhage shut off, until
you need them on the other ovary, and pinch it the same
way until you clip the other ovary off with your scissors.
Be sure to get it all, and one-half inch of the uterus be-
sides. If you do not have clasping foreceps wax a small
strong string, and tie it for two minutes, tight, but remove
the waxed string and then sew up.

I like to sew up with the uninterrupted suture, with that
six inch crooked needle, you can hold it so well, anda
good string in it; commence at the lower end and secure
the peritoneum as well as the skin, and adjust the stitches
before you fasten the top stitches. If the bitch is pregnant,
I think she can be spayed safely and with less trouble,
Instead of the trouble as in finding uterus and pup’s, you
find, with no delay, uterus, pups, and all, and draw them
all out and detach the ovary sacks with your finger nail
from below, and atwo pound pull up on the other hand,
until all are outside, and loose on both sides; then ligate
all fatty attachments with the vagina, one inch above the
mouth of the uturus, tightly, and cut off and take out the
whole uterus, pups, ovaries, and attachments. I find they
do well in recovering. I have lost two bitches by my neg-
lect to sew up tightly enough, and the bowels came out
the next day. I think it much better to have them empty

BEY Gee

of food. Two days at first, until you get started.

I secure and spay cats the same as pups, only they are
much easier to spay; but it is well to keep one eye on their
claws while so doing.

I think the antiseptic solution is beneficial on all sur-
gery at the strength of one to two-thousandth part, mostly
used upon your hands, but some in and on the wounds.

I think the stitches should be removed the third day on
cats and dogs, if the dogs have not already licked them out;
a pair of small scissors is best to cut stitches with.

CALF SPAYING

To spay calves two to ten weeks old, I like to swing
them up like the bitches are; and cut in as high as the ud-
der, without cutting into it, then three inches down; and
look behind the bladder, this is much easier than spaying
bitches; you have only to try a few times to make it easy to
do. Remember their teats not quite so high as your shoul-
der will be best, but some calvesare large and their heads
and shoulders will rest on the ground. Sew up skin and
flesh, over and over, then tighten up evenly, your thread
from bottom to top. I use flax thread six strands, but put
no wax on it. Spay thousands of scrub calves and do your
country good. Ask your butcher when he kills a calf to
let you split your cut, and feel in while he skins, one or
more; take one inch ofthe uterus off with the ovary.

CAPONIZING CHICKENS

The most perplexing castration I find is the. caponizing
of chickens. I have removed, as I supposed, two testicles
each from young chickens, and foundt hem when grown and
fat, each one to have from one to three testicles remaining
in him, These we call slips, and they will crow and have

on

,
—— 2

red combs, but will never sell as first-class.

They chase the hens, but do not fertilize the eggs. In
caponizing, to avoid making some slips, it requires great
care, and a fair chance, small birds of one or two pounds
weight, well emptied, a clear day, the sun up high, and the
work well done with convenient instruments through a large
incision between the two last ribs on the right side. First,
if the chicken has had no food for thirty hours, you will
have him in condition; next, haveasmall table two by three
feet, and two large strings each three feet long. Fasten a
half brick to one end of each string. Now tie one string
around his legs and drop the brick over the right end of the
table; then the other string tie around the wings, close to
the back, and drop the other brick over the left end of the
table. He is now tied, and on his left side. Next pick the
feathers off over the last rib to the hip bone. Now wet the
feathers all around this naked place with very cold water,
which numbs the feeling; the wet feathers will push back
and stay out of the way better. Now put your fore finger
on the hip bone and across the flank to the first rib. Then
stick your knife in a half-inch deep there, between the first
two ribs, and cut down and forward to the lower end of the
ribs, then turn your knife and cut up between these first
two ribs to near the backbone. For small chickens use one
rubber, and large chickens use two rubbers. The rubbers
pull the handles together.

Now put in the spreaders and open the ribs. Next split
the diaphragm which hides the bowels from you, now turn
your table so the sunlight will shine inside on the testicles,
and all will be seen plainly. Now take the grippers, and
with the open ring up, slip under the lower testicle, and

eis gig es

gently wipe up from under the lower seed first, which will
draw it toward you somewhat. Now stop and open the
gripper’s mouth by spreading your fingers while you hold
still as you possibly can, under the seed; when the grippers

GRIPPERS SPREADERS
open, the seed will drop below the ring on the lower jaw;
then shut them, and now turn the gripper over several
times to twist the tunic, then draw out and try to get all the
seed and the tunic (covering). The top seed is much easier
to get, but it is better to leave it until the last; use it as a
guide to get the lower seed first. Now replace the wet
feathers properly and let him go without sewing up, as the
ribs close the opening. If you have no caponizing instru-
ments, split between the ribs with any knife, and take two
wires a foot long, bend a hook on one end each and have a
boy hold the ribs apart as wide as you like them, while you
work. Next have a small ecraseur of your own make out
of a goose quill. Cut off the lower point and cut a hole in

ke

the side, get out the pith and insert both ends of a long

QUILL AND HORSE-HAIR

coarse horse-hair from below, and leave a loop at the lower
end like the cut. Through the hole in the side put this loop
of hair over the seed, then tighten it by lifting on both ends
the hair, and pull all out while you push down to keep it
tight, and pull seed, tunic, and all out clean, and you will

have but few slips. This will work on small chickens, one
and a half pounds fellows, but cannot be used on two or three
pounds young cockerels. A wire six inches long, crooked
at the end to raise testicles up will be handy. Try a dead
one first.

MY MISTAKES THROUGH IGNORANCE

I was called to spay twenty cattle, and alter one colt at
a certain town. I did the work nicely, as I thought. The
seventeenth subject, a two year old heifer, was so hot that
I then remarked, ‘‘She was boiling hot inside;’’ but I pro-
ceeded with my work without washing my hands or instru-
merts, or using any antiseptics, and spayed three more and
altered the colt. Within a week the heifer I mentioned,
the three operated upon after, also the colt, all died. I now
think ignorance on my part cost the lives of these three
well cattle and the colt.

Again, I was called to altar five ridglings and one stal-
lion at Dr. Wm. Sheppard’s, M. R. C. V.S., of Ottawa,
lll. I was, while there, presented with a fine gold-headed
cane by twenty veterinarians. The work was nicely done,
as all pronounced it, and soI thought. However, all died
but one horse, and he had a bad time of it because the first
one was a double number three ridgling, and was sick. I
noticed it, and said he was very hot inside, but did not think
to wash my hands, or know how to use antiseptics, which I
shall never fail todo hereafter. Still, I have done hundreds
not so smoothly, that seemed to do extra well. My advice
to all surgeons is to use your thermometer per rectum, and
if the temperature is above one hundred and one degrees,
defer your operation and give some sort of physic and come
again. When you do operate, have clean hands and instru-

ments, for your own credit and your patron’s good.

But I now remember a different result on sick horses.
At Hartford, Ky., I altered three ridglings in an old shed
in a heavy and protracted rain, five miles from the railroad.
When done, one owner said, ‘‘My colt has the distemper,
and wasa double number three ridgling, and this weather
is so bad, I think I will have him insured at one hundred
dollars.’? His brother said, ‘‘My colt has the same disease,
and I believe it will be best to be on the safe side, if it does

”)

cost ten dollars more,’’ and both took my insurance policy
for one hundred dollarseach, and paid me the extra money.
If the other owner had been present instead of the groom,
I think I should have had to make out, unwillingly, another
policy. My circulars for the past eighteen years have said:
“IT will insure all ridglings that I get the first cut on, for
ten per cent extra, upon the value of the horse, the owners to
decide which they prefer after they see the work done.’’
At this particular time, in the mud, rain, etc., I sort of had
the blues, something I am not subject to, and I would have
preferred paying the ten per cent, not to take the risk, as
these horses had the distemper, and were obliged to go sev-
eral miles in a hard rain and deep mud; and, from general
appearances, I feared would have poor stables and attention
at home. But my circulars in our correspondence made
the offer, and I felt honor bound to make my word good
without complaint. Luckily for me, however, all three did
well, and I received a very complimentary letter in two
weeks saying, ‘‘Our horses are all well, and did not appear
to mind the operation at all.’’
ANOTHER MISTAKE
I would like to tell you how I lost my handkerchief. I

eye

was called to Terre Haute, Ind., to altara number three
ridgling. I got him down and tied. I then made an in-
cision through the peritoneum, Just then he struggled,
and I made the rupture much too large, and the bowels came
down. I put them back again and again, and finally got
the seed out and the bowels in. But they would not stay,
so I asked a boy to give me my handkerchief from my over-
coat on the fence. I took it and crammed it high up in the
inguinal canal and let the horse up, and down came the
bowels again. I caught them, and with little difficulty re-
placed them once more while standing, but forgot the hand-
kerchief. I soon missed it, however, and supposed I now
had a new and desperate case on hand, but I had no trouble
while standing to lift his hind foot and set it on my knee,
and then gently insert my hand to the rupture and my fin-
gers inside, and there found and got the handkerchief. That
colt worked every day and did well, but I did not tell any
one for several years of my loss. I now tell you, so that
you may be more careful; for should such an accident hap-
pen you, it may be of service to you to know how others
have done when cornered.

I have now about one hundred and twenty pupils upon
the royalty plan, for ten years’ time, and I tell them all
never to be afraid of blood or bowels, for there is a way to
manage them with safety. You can take up and tie almost
any blood-vessel, or open a horse and take out and look at
his bowels and safely put them in, and have him live and
do well.

There are a number of bitches in this town that I have
spayed, removing ovaries, womb, pups and all, that lived

and did well. ‘There is a dog here now that never was born:

ae Aes

and his mother is here and well, also, The pelvis bones
would not open, and, after one day in labor, I opened the
belly and the womb and took him out, and in four months
after spayed the mother, at the same opening, and found
the womb grown in the cicatrix.

I never found the mare or cow I could not deliver suc-
cessfully,

I was called by Jack Pierce, my friend, at Ridge Farm,
Ill., to altar three ridglings, about forty miles from here.
The first one had been cut into, without success, twice be-
fore, and was healed up tightly, and was hard calloused in
the groin. This horse was badly stringhalted at that time
on that side. By chance that horse was cast first, and with
much trouble castrated.

The second was cast and partly tied, when upon looking
around I saw the bowels of the first one hanging out. I
asked some man to hold them up until the second horse was
castrated, so we could have the ropes to use, but the horse
was restless and the man timid, and he would let go. So
the bowels came on down nearly to his hocks, and we let
the halftied horse up, and cast number one with the four
hobbles and back rope, and soon replaced the bowels, I
then castrated the second and third ridgling. I then saw
the bowels hanging out again. We cast number one the
third time, and I took a stitch, as I supposed, around the
inguinal passage and left for thetrain. When I had gotten
a quarter of a mileaway I heard a call, and looking back,
knew by their gestures that something was wrong. I re-
turned at once and found a bucket full of bowels out and the
horse down in the dogfennel and weeds and quite sick. We
put the ropes on this one the fourth time; next picked the

De apes

dogfennel off, oiled the bowels. I then slipped my hand
into the inguinal passage up to the ring; then grasped the
bowels and put them back through the rupture by lifting
one inch at a time, when the horse was on his side and the
rupture up. I then split into the inguinal channel as high
as I could conveniently, about half way up to the ring, up
and down, three inches long, so I could then see where to
put my needle, still above my last cut, so as to close the su-
ture around the channel above. hat horse made a good
recovery, but strange to say, he was never seen to show
stringhalt afterward and soon sold for a good price.

I forgot tospeak of one ridgling I castrated in Kentucky.
He had been unsuccessfully operated upon repeatedly on
both sides, and was hard and calloused in the groin. I
spayed hitn (the only one I ever did that way) in the right
side, as we do cows in the left side. He got his pint anda
half of linseed oil twenty-four hours previously, and twelve
of my one-drachm doses of castrating tincture promptly af-
terward, and th __ntiseptics were used freely. He did well
in recovering.

SOME OF MY MISTAKES ON DOGS

I spayed an eight-month-old pup, and by mistake got one
ureta, instead of one horn of the uterus, and broke it off
near the kidney. Then, for experimeat, I cut it offnear the
bladder, and then spayed her. She was helpless for several
days after, and filled up, seemingly with water. She broke
at the incision several times, and the water ran out, but she
finally got wellin two months.

I spayed:a four-weeks-old pup, and made the same mis-
take, and it lived. But the nicest job I ever did in spaying

was on three-month-old pups. The second one was spayed

se APP, es

in five minutes, without one drop of blood. I was proud, if
I must admit it, of my .skill. The owner was pleased that
the pup took it so kindly; it made no move while I was
spaying it, or ever afterward, but it was not choked to death,
which there is some danger of doing. ‘The same man want-
ed some pups’ tails cut off, near Boston, Mass. I put the tails
in the ecraseur, and pinched them off. That works like a
ebarim..| lay it vite Vo:
HORSES TAILS

I am often called to straighten horses’ tails. My prefer-
ence is to cast the horse with my four hobbles and back-rope,
and use my castrating knife with No. 4 blade, the small
blade on my castrating and spaying knife, as shown on
page 13.

To cut the upper cord or muscles in two, in one, two or
three places, according to how much it crooks, avoiding the
joints. I aim to cut so the tail will go straight and a little
over to the other side, for in healing it will settle back a lit-
tle. I put my blade in half an inch below the hair, side-
ways, and bury all the cutting edge beyond the skin well;
then turn the edge up and cut all the top muscle in two up
tothe skin. Then turn the knife over and cut down to the
tail bone to make sure of all the cord while the muscle is
tight. By bending the tail from you, no after treatment is
necessary. I like this better than only to make one cut, and
tie the tail around to the opposite side for one week or
longer.

DEHORNING

I never met a farmer who knew nothing about dehorn-

ing but objected to such cruelty. I also never knew one

who had had twenty cattle dehorned but was in favor of it

sey VEE

always afterward. I am most decidedly. Ithink it a great
prevention of cruelty to animals. The best way is to blister
the horns off of the little calves with the strongest blister
you have. JI think any strong blister will kill the horns,
especially one drop of the oil of mustard on each horn; but
after the horn is one inch long, here horn forceps are used
to take them out with. Yearlings and all older cattle are
best dehorned with a small bone saw, such as butchers use.
Specialists, as dehorners here, make a frame to load ina
wagon and haul around the country and will stop at the
barn door or gate and dehorn all your cattle for ten cents
each, and they saw down into the head so as to have a ring
(a quarter of an inch) of skin left on each horn, which is
the best way and the right place. I think in a few years
more, in this country, horns on cattle will not be seen at all
for none die from dehorning and the cost is so slight. They
feed, handle and ship better, as well as sell better, without
horns. ‘Try it and be convinced.
PRICES

In the Western and Middle States the common price for
ordinary castration is generally one dollar per head, in
small lots, but for yearling mules in large droves, twenty-
five cents each is a common price—that is for seventy-five
or one hundred in a place. Inthe Eastern States the price
is generally double what it is in the Western, that is, where
there are not so many ina place to alter. Where there is
but one or two in a place, the price is five dollars each,
East, if well-bred stock. Three-fourths of them are now
cast and clamped; many years ago standing was as common
as casting. I think casting the best way, and do that en-
tirely of late years, but have altered nearly one thousand

as

standing. I never did but one ridgling standing, and will
never try another that way. I suppose I get better prices
than any castrater ever did or ever will again, as my trips
are so lengthy, but my pupils will soon divide that practice
up, and none have such long trips or heavy expenses to
reach their patrons. I castrate in the East a few yearlings
in bunches at five dollars each; where there are but two or
three at a place, ten dollars each; ridglings, four or more in
a place, twenty dollars each; for one only, more is charged,
according to time taken and railroad expenses.

Two years ago, W. L. Scott, of Erie, Pa., wanted me to
alter five yearling colts—all plain work. I did them nicely
as I could, when he asked me what my charges were. I
told him ten dollars each—he objected to the price and paid
me fifteen dollars each. Last year I altered eleven
plain colts for him, and charged one hundred and ten dol-
lars. He objected again, and paid me one hundred and
twenty-five dollars. Let me further say, one of his first five
colts (‘‘Chaos’’) wen for Mr. Scott, as a two-year old,
seventy-five thousand dollars as a race horse—in five races.

White in Tennessee, Nov. 1887, I received a letter say-
ing, ‘‘Farmer Miles, when can you come to Saratoga and
alter four plain colts? J. B. Dyer.’’ I answered, “I can
go to Saratoga, N. Y., and alter four plain colts nicely,
Dee. 10, for seventy-five dollars, if arswered soon, saying
come.’’ In three days I received a telegram saying,
‘“‘Parmer Miles, your seventy five dollar rates are satisfac-
tory. Come Dec. 1o.’’ I went and got his seventy-five
dollars, and his thanks, also.

Dec. 20, 1888, I was again called to castrate seven plain

colts for J. B. yer, and did so, charging him one hundred

ee Cae

and fifty dollars. This you may think a big price, but Mr.
Dyer seemed satisfied.

In June, 1888, I was paid sixty-five dollars to alter one
ridgling colt for Mr. E. Thorn, of Henderson, N. C.

In August, 1888, I was paid seventy-five dollars to alter
one double number three ridgling horse for T. Dudley,
Topeka. Kan.

. The best I ever did was to alter six ridglings and two
plain yearlings at Bangor, Me., for one hundred and sixty
dollars, one afternoon, all easy work, and a pleasant crowd,
and plenty of sweet cider to drink. The most I was ever
paid for one operation, was eighty-five dollars, on a rup-
tured, heavy stallion, near Pittsburg, Pa.

The most difficult operation I ever did on a fine bull,
was for rupture of the scrotum on one side, in Chicago.
One State Veterinary had tried to return the bowels with
his hand in the rectum and the bull on his back one hour,
and failed to return them, two weeks before I was called.
I split the bag, tunic, and all, and found adhesion of the
bowels all around in the tunic, which was very large and
hard. I broke down the adhesion and then replaced them.
Also put the testicle on that side in, rather than remove it,
and sewed all up, with anticeptic, in which Dr. Withers,
V.S., of the Veterinary College of Chicago, kindly assisted
me.

The most surgery I ever did in one day with five helpers
and only one set of ropes, was to spay two hundred and five
large wild cows for J. W. Iliff, of Denver, Col., and I
climbed a small pole about twenty-five times, besides, when
I was tired. I presume you would like to know what pole
climbing had to do with spaying cattle? It saved my life

ice ca

many times. It is very easy to do when a fellow knows the
cow is very mad, and comes at him double quick, with such
long horns, out on the plains, thirty miles from any tree or
house. I sometimes feel I could climb two at a time, or
any other way to get out of their reach. Each helper also
had a pole planted near him, toclimb when necessary. Mr.
Iliff had fifty-five thousand head, and all as wild as Buffa-
loes.

The most large horses I ever altered in one day was
sixty-six head for Lux & Miller, of San Francisco, Cal., on
a farm tourteen miles wide on an average, and over fifty
miles long. I also spayed a few cattle for them, out of their
eighty thousand head, and other stock in proportion. From
there I went to Pettaloma, Col., and offered to castrate the
‘‘man eater’’ free of charge (it was an imported Norman
stallion seventeen hands high, that had killed several men)
but he was kept as a show then, and I failed to get the job;
but a month later he was shot seven times and killed, while
he had his keeper, Prof. Tapp, down trying to kill him.

I felt proud as an American to cast a very vicious ridg-
ling horse for Mr. Case, in the Veterinary College, London,
Eng., and castrated him in good order, before a large crowd
of veterinarians there, who always treated me as kindly as
if I was a veterinary myself, with a large diploma.

I have castrated in the veterinary colleges of Paris,
France; London, Eng.; Glasgow, Scotland; Montreal, Can-
ada; Boston, Mass.; Chicago, Ill.; and other cities too
numerous to mention. I have spayed cows for the State of
Pennsylvania, and have castrated colts for the Baltimore &
Ohio Railroad Company, two of the richest firms any cas-
trater ever worked for.

Bry (eet

CUT NO. 8

I felt pleased to be permitted by George Fleming, F. M.
R.C. V.S., to alter one of Queen Victoria’s Life Guard
horses, free of charge, after I said I did not charge poor
widows anything. I now have Mr. Geo, Flemings testi-
monial of it and that the horse was sound and well the
twelfth day, at St. John’s Wood Barracks, London, before
several of England’s best veterinarians. He was a black, bob-
tailed number three ridgling. I did him in good time and
order, and did not draw ten drops of blood. ‘The horse was
sound and well twelve days after, which proved that the
work was well and properly done.

I went to England in September of 1878, to spend three
or four weeks only, and found it so pleasant that I remained
there one year. I have most kind remembrances of the
treatment I received while in England and Ireland by
the veterinary surgeons there, and of their universal kind
treatment and hospitality. Where I expected rivalry and
competition, I found all helps and kind treatment. I now
wear a gold watch—a /¢zmer—presented to me at Drawhada,
Ireland, and inscribed thereon as follows: ‘‘Presented to
Father Miles by Messrs. Drummond and Jones, Veterinary
Surgeons, in testimony of his ability as an operator upon
horses when in Ireland in May, A. D. 1879.”’

I was also presented with the following upon parchment,
which I call my English diploma:

“‘We, the undersigned veterinary surgeons, practicing in
the county of Lincoln, having witnessed Mr. T. C. Miles’
operations upon ridgling horses, desire to bear witness to the
humane, scientific and perfectly satisfactory manner in
which he attains his object. We also wish to express our ap-

proval of his method of. casting and securing the animal, and

eae i

of the instruments he uses in the performance of the oper-
ation,”’

This was signed by fifteen of the best veterinarians in
Central England, and sent to me most unexpectedly as a
present from rivals in castration after my return home to
Illinois, and for which, both watch and diploma, I have
often felt that it would be a great pleasure to me if I could
again meet those gentlemen and say, ‘‘Thank you, thank
you,’’ several times to each one for the gratification and
pleasure you gave me.

, Some of the pictures in this book are of a ball face horse
bought for $100.00 for the purpose of operating upon, and
for giving some final instructions to a class of pupils. He
was a double No. 3 ridgling. He was first cast and tied as
herein represented, and held upon the ground, while twenty-
four hands were inserted in my cuts up to the bowels, for
three minutes to each pupil, while examining the parts, as
I progressed in his castration. Of course he was as merci-
fully treated as possible, and with clean hands, well oiled.
Still he was kept tied down more than an hour. However,
he did well, and I considered him sound and well the
twelfth day after, with no swelling of the sheath, as is com-
mon in castration, and was used daily while recovering. He
was not given the pint and a half of linseed oil previously,
as recommeaded, but was given the regular drachm doses
of the castrating tincture promptly, and was well opened
twice a day for five days five inches up in the groin on each
side, and was trotted around in our operating house twenty
minutes after each opening of the cuts, and I now think all
operators on ridglings can safely and well perform all such
castrations, if they will strictly follow the contents of this

UTE) aA

little book. Ido not think any man will fully understand
these instructions by once reading them, but it will be best
to read them, short as they are, until all are familiar; then
put in practice all tying and rope work, until all is easy to
do, before the commencement of surgery. I feel sure you
will never regret the time lost in so doing. There is money
in it, and more sport and pleasure in it than gunning where
the game is plenty. My pupils all declare there is nothing
called business so pleasant as to meet a crowd of gentlemen
with four or five ridglings to alter, and be able to nicely
cast, and tie, and castrate them in one hour, to the satisfac-
tion of all present, and then be paid one hundred dollars
cash in hand, and complimented fer their success. I have
experienced this sensation many times in life, and I also
testify that itis pleasant. Try ita few times. I think you
would like it more and more.

Believing I have given all the necessary information
upon this subject, I wish, before closing, to say to all read-
ers of this little book, as I generally say to the crowds of
spectators that collect at the various places where I am
called to operate, and to those who help me in my work,
that surgery, whether upon man or beast, should always
be humane. We should always remember that a horse is
one of man’s nearest and best friends and helpmates below
his own race; that God has given him to serve and obey; to
be patient and kindto man. In return we should remember
that in sickness and health we should care for this animal
with a kindly heart and the greatest sympathy. While he
trusts man we hope that man will not betray the confidence
the noble brute places in him, and in all kinds of surgical

operations it has been one of my highest aims and ambitions

9

CUT NO.

to do the work skillfully, and to cause as little pain as is
possible with success. We must remember that the poor
creature is bound and held at our mercy; that he too, has
nerves, suffers pain and is entitled to all human kindness;
and I believe there is no greater crime in the annals of in-
humanity than the torture or recklessness which may pro-
duce pain and suffering in this noble animal. And I do
hope and trust that all who may try to follow my footsteps
in the surgical part of this work will also keep ever in mind
that pain is severe; that animals suffer but can not speak or
even cry to tell us of their pain and sorrow. Never keep an
animal fettered or bound a moment longer than is necessary.
Never produce pain that can be avoided. In other words,
always follow the golden rule in your dealings with your
best friend in the animal kingdom.

Finally, good-bye. God bless you all. Live right and
easy, and let us all try to meet in heaven. I believe in God
the Father, God the Son and God the Spirit, three in one.
I believe as old Paul said to the Athenians, the time of this
ignorance God winked at, but now commands all men every-
where to repent. I think good works are good fruits for
believers to bear; but that Jesus Christ is the only Savior
of sinners, and that on the conditions that we trust Him and
try to obey Him.

Yours truly,
FARMER T. C. MILES.
CHARLESTON, ILLINOIS, U. S. A.

APPENDIX

Petal eeae

ANIMAL CASTRATION AND SPAYING
AS PRACTICED BY FARMER MILES

FARMER MILES’ THEORY ON CATTLE SPAYING

That scrub cattle are more costly per pound for either
milk or beef to farmers than well bred cattle. And that
twelve years of annual castration of all males not needed,
as best for bulls, and twelve years of annual spaying of
cows, calves and heifers of ten per cent of all female cattle,
selecting each year to spay only the most inferior of their
classes; Jersey’s, Guernsey’s, Holstein’s (for milk); Short-
horn’s, Poled Angus and Hereford’s (for beef) would soon
work wonders in improvement and pay well from start to
finish. Any man, country or state can do it safely and
profitably, if they try. ‘‘Then’’ why has it mot been done
before? I think I can tell the whole story from personal
observation in twenty to thirty years ago. I spayed cattle
in different countries, in several states, and spayed cattle
became very much sought after, and I was kept busy as I
was in good practice, and did good work, for several years

in connection with my specialty on ridgling horse castration,

Bas): Wee

but in later years when called to the same places to alter
ridglings I was asked repeatedly, ‘‘Why spayed heifers
bulled badly now a days?’’ I answered, ‘‘Spayed heifers
never bull.’’

These stock men claimed that so many heifers bulled
and kept the herds excited that they would rot dare to
handle them any more as stockers or feeders.

I had charged fifty cents each to spay, and could spay
ten or twelve an hour. Men and boys helping me to cast
and hold them saw all outside work and took up the trade
at twenty-five cents each, and spoiled it by only half spay-
ing some and getting out a lump that is not an ovary by
mistake. I offer to pay the worth of any cow or calf I spay
that bulls afterward, and can teach my methods plainly to
others now 1n this book to safely spay cattle. Calves and
yearlings are the best age, but old cows also are safely
spayed. I have spayed many cows forward in calf, which
is not advised, it is not so safely done then. I have spayed
hundreds of milch cows. The rule is, they give much more
milk and in three or four years, gradually get very fat,
while milking well. If I was a dairyman I would spay all
my dairy cows. Asarule, spayed dairy cows milk well,
for three or four years, and if well fed, can be kept up toa
full flow in winter, when milk is scarce. But the point in
a spayed dairy cow is that her stomach is like the hopper
of a good mill grinding; it must make good goods of all
that goes through it, either milk or high-priced beef, or
both, while the open cow wastes part of her time and feed
wanting a bull every twenty-one days; and, after that time,
much of her feed goes to build up a worthless calf, which
lowers her amount of milk, and if sold for beef, lowers

her quality and price for beef. Generally; two fat spayed
milch cows, in the Spring, will sell for more than three
fresh cows cost.

In prices of beef, per pound, old bulls are the lowest,
old cows the next; good fat steers better, but nice, fat
spayed heifers, of same age of steers, are the best. But
young spayed cows, milked three or four years, and fed
well all the time, pay well all the time and get very fat,
and when dried up and stuffed two months sell on a spring
market up with large fat steers at any time. I was paid
$40.00 by a committee of Veterinary Surgeons, for the state
of Pennsylvania, to spay eight nice milch cows at Steelton,
Pa., in full flow of milk, to test its effects on the cows and
on the quality of the milk. I met one of the gentlemen a
year later and asked him what they thought of it now, he
said they were much pleased and would want more spayed.

I know abortions of dairy cows, so much dreaded by.
large dairymen, can be prevented entirely by spaying and
not lose more, or so many, as in giving birth.

I see three kinds of factories to make our beef of, grass;
and three kinds of mills to make our flour of, our wheat;
the bulls and breeding cows’ stomachs are like our old mills
were fifty years ago, a poor article at best, the castrated
steer well fed makes much better beef; the heifer, spayed
when young, and well fatted, the best of all. The bull
frets and slobbers over his feed and wastes some feed; the
breeding cow takes much of her feed to make a calf; the
steer is more quite and makes a better article; the spayed
heifer is still more quiet and feeds better yet, and makes the
most and best beef out of a bushel of feed, and if at the

same age, will sell in market quicker than the steer, for as

eel gee

much, or more per pound, she may not grow quite so large
as the steer, but she will gain more and net better on a
given amount of good food and pay a better per cent on
what she consumes.

I have driven fat cattle, when a boy, from Lexington,
Ky., to New York City. I have driven fat cows and bar-
ren heifers, all short horns, to Cincinnati for Christmas
beef that netted 1,112 pounds, after being killed forty-eight
hours.

I suppose you know that heifers twins with a bull calf
are always barren, as though spayed.

The shrewdest cattle man I ever knew, I think, was J.
W. Iliff, of Denver, Col., for whom I spayed 1,407 cows,
calves and heifers, every old cow, every very ill shaped cow
and all black ones. I think I spayed more than 100 cows
for him over fifteen years old, and pulled out all front teeth,
if there was any teeth, he said they could eat better with
their gums alone than with two or three old snags. His
idea was to stop their breeding long enough to get fat and
sell them, and buy two two-year-olds with the money they
brought him, on each old cow. Spayed cows milk continu-
ously for several years, and in winter as well as summer,
and pay better than to let the cow bull or fret for a bull
every twenty-one days, and when bred, to stop that loss by
fretting, then the expense of building up a worthless calf
commences. No dairyman wants a calf, but milk. No
feeder wants a calf, but beef. A fat spayed heifer’s beef
sells highest per pound, a fat breeding cow much lower per
pound.

Or in other words $20 worth of good feed fed the spayed

heifer, or spayed cow, will pay the owner a much better

esas 4 (anes

profit than the pregnant cow or the bulling cow can pay,
and spaying the inferior cows the crop of calves will be
better each year, we all know.

You may say Farmer Miles is a crank on spaying, but
that does not disprove his theory. He has spayed from
Bangor, Maine, east, to Southern California, and all through
the states, and as high as 1,407 at one place, has spayed for
men and firms worth millions, has spayed in England, Ire-
land and Scotland, of all ages and kinds. J. D. Gillett, of
Elkhart, Ills., had me spay 300 thoroughbred short-horn
-yearlings one year, and the next year 500 of the same kind.
I thought that a great pity, but he said spay, and I try to
do as requested. ;

I feel certain that no man ever saw 800 finer beeves
than they made, bred, raised and fed by one man, on one
farm of 18,000 acres, in Central Illinois. Why cannot such
stock be raised, just as well as scrubs, by spaying up to it
in a few years time, and live on the fat scrubs for beef, un-
til the scrubs are all consumed, and this land as cattle
breeders be known as the wonder of the world. All make
both more milk and more money by judicious spaying,

MISCELLANEOUS TALK TO STALLION OWNERS

I was passing near Waterville, Maine, in a buggy
several years ago, with Dr. Wm. Fairbanks, V. S., of
Augusta, Me., when a voice was heard, ‘‘f/ello there?” I
looked out and a man asked ‘‘is Farmer Miles there?’ I
said yes sir. He replied, ‘“‘drive in, I want to see you.”’
We were now at C. H. Nelson’s Steed Farm. Mr. Nelson
said to four men ‘‘Boys, hook up Nelson, I want the great-
est castrater in the world to drive the greatest trotting stal-

lion in the world.’’ Saying to me ‘‘Farmer Miles, Nelson’s

— 61 —

record as a stallion is 2:0934, and I was offered $100,000.00
for him lately, but won’t sell him. You get in that buggy
and go where you please, but don’t you let any one pass
you.”’

I drove Nelson about two miles and returned, feeling
I had lots in my care just then.

I was also told that Nelson was booked to be bred to
thirty mares that season, at $750.00 per mare. In my ab-
sence the twenty-second mare arrived at the stud to be bred.
The four grooms soon had the harness off, Nelson rubbed
dry and slicked up in good order. In that time the mare
was tried by another of Mr. Nelson’s four or five stallions,
and found to be ready to be bred. She was then tied firmly
by the halter in a triangular stall that was well padded
on three sides, then, after a good set of hobbles was placed
on her, to prevent kicking, Mr. Nelson ordered the groom
to bring Nelson to the breeding room. I stood by with Dr.
Fairbanks and saw the performance, after which Mr. Nel-
son said to me ‘‘Farmer Miles did you see what I did?’ I
answered, yes sir, I did. He asked me what I thought of
it. I said I never saw any thing like that before, I would
thank you for a reason for all your trouble.

THE MODUS OPERANDI

When the Stallion leaped on the mare’s hips a groom on
the off side caught her tail and pulled it out of the way, to
the right side, while the first groom held the mare by the
bridle, forward. Mr. Nelson grasped the penis from above
with his right hand, about seven or eight inches from the
end, not closing his fingers all around or under the penis,
but let the horse use about one-third of his penis only.

Mr. Nelson then said, ‘‘Farmer, you see that Nelson has

— 62 —

a long rod, and for years was not a sure foal getter, but
since I have adopted this rule eighty-five per cent of all the
mares he serves, have colts.”’

I believe Mr. Nelson’s theory is correct. I have re-
peated this (Nelson) practice to several large breeders since,
that told me. ‘‘I now know why one of my best horses was
a failure as a breeder, he was almost barren, also saying he
had the longest rod on him you ever saw.’’ Again I person-
ally knew of several mares, bred year after year called bar-
ren, but, when let run with a young stallion colt out in the
pasture, that bred without trouble. That I believe would
always have remained barren if hampered and hobbled and
helping the horse to pass beyond the proper limit. That, a
mare can prevent when loose in the pasture, by stepping
forward.

I have owned ten or twelve stallions and seven or eight
jacks and several times, just as the stallion was getting off,
it looked as though all of the semen was spilt on the
ground. I said to the groom, write on the stud book for
that mare, that all spilt out, and let us see the results.
Each mare stood from the spilt covers, to my surprise.

I now remember that the jacks had all advantage of the
mare in the stocks, and universally a long root, and went
too far and did not prove sure as stallions do. I think that
was the cause of failure. I feel certain that mares will all
step forward, when loose in the lot, when the horse or jack
on them hurts them by going in too far; a violation of ani-
mal nature and costly to the owners.

Western and Texas Cavelry yard studs are good herders,
they keep their bands together on their own range near
water; owners know where to find them, but he may be the

worst scrub in the lot. The owner wishing to breed toa
better and larger horse sometimes lassoes that little scrub
stud and split his sheath, three or four inches long, back
between his testicles and push his penis back, and put the
end through this cut, downwards, so he cannot draw the
end back into the sheath proper.

Then when a mare comes in season he will mount her
frequently, but his penis points downward and he cannot
serve her. While so doing the owner or herdsman out on
the ranch can see what is needed; will drive the whole
band of horses into a yard and separate that mare in a pound
to herself and then turn his better stallion in with her, and
after service let her go, &c, &c, &c, until the good stallion
has served them all; in the breeding season, then lasso the
scrub and replace his penis until spring again.

I am told one of the little scrubs will whip and drive
clear away any large well bred stallion. I was also told
that strange mares, lotted one night with the little scrub
are so subjugated and instructed in the law of wild horses
that she dare not desert his band, under penalty of being
severely whipped by him, as the king. In this way cheap
horses are raised on the range, south and west, at almost no
expense, but are also almost worthless, except as herding
ponies; are born wild, live wild, die wild and are danger-
ous to handle: are not worth the cheap grass they eat. If
Congress did not have its hands full now, I think war
should be declared against all such scrub ranch ponies and
the wolves and coyotes, of our western grazing lands, by
killing the meanest ponies first, and sprinkle strychnine
on the flesh and call the wolves all up to dine and die, and

so on, until such destruction would stop for want of ma-

— 64 —

terial to destroy, and let lambs and wool.grow on the grass
now wasted to feed worthless scrub ponies,
DOGS

Why castrate and spay dogs, as a rule, and breed the
best; but cut and spay the scrubs?

Ist. Because they kill sheep and chickens, and some-
times people.

2d. Because they are frequently a nasty, noisy, nuis-
ance.

3d. Because that would improve the breeds greatly;
rid the country of scrubs and cur dogs and diminish hydro-
phobia.

4th. Because it would diminish the dog tax greatly.

Then how would we get dogs after the old cnt ones die?

As water seeks its level so would demand be supplied,
and that of pure breeds in due time, and profitably. If dogs
became scarce, dog farms, as now exist in Maine, would
start up, with such breeds as demands called for, on/y.

I don’t know, but the state legislatures would know how
to charge a large license oa breeders; nothing on cut and
spayed ones, or pups under three months old. The breed-
ers would all spay or castrate pups then, before sale, with
but little trouble. Like farmers formerly did cut and spay
all pigs for pork fifty years ago, and just as easy, when they
know how to do it.

Who would go to all that trouble?

I think plenty of men would make a business of it. As
soon as the law said: Cut and spay, or kill all dogs, or pay
a breeder’s license, men, I think, wanting work, would cut
dogs for twenty-five cents or spay bitches for fifty cents,
and would be glad to look after all such jobs and would

ey ee

report delinquents. liable for breeder’s fees, until not one
was left but breeding dogs and bitches, and cut ones. The
breeders to be kept in at home as stock are.

Who would this benefit? I think, any town, county or
state. ‘‘How?’’ Like anything first-class is better than
second-class.

Shepherd dogs in Scotland are first-class and instinc-
tively take to helping with stock. A well-bred rat terrier
will work at his calling when other dogs sleep, and so on.
All kinds are needed, but demand for cut or spayed pups
of the various breeds will regulate itself; fox hounds will
be bought for their work as pointers for birds, but all well-
bred and naturally true to their trades.

What are the dogs you speak of worth?

I have heard of sales from $10.00 up to $500.00, but
have seen many that $50.00 would not buy; should sell as
high as cattle do, if bred to perfection in their breed.

What would a man take for a spayed bitch that his
children loved, that would plainly tell him of a thief in his
house at night, and that you could depend on to bark if the
house was on fire, or would swim in tbe water and save
your child? Many well-bred dogs do such things, but if
not castrated or spayed they are naturally too nasty.

‘‘How’’ does castration change their nature? If done
when young it stops the growth of sexual organs, and of
their licking them to keep clean. It stops the male dog
also from sprinkling articles of food and clothing when he
smells that some other dog has sprinkled there before him.

Wm. Whitely, of London, said to have the largest store
in the world, had hitch racks for dogs near each door, with
plain posters saying: ‘‘Dogs not admitted.’’ For he knew

— 66 —

these nasty sprinklers would damage much goods by stains
in his store. But worse still: A gentleman in London told
me he saw a nice looking lady leading a pet poodle on a
main street, five or six squares from her home; she stopped
a moment to look in a show window; when she started to
walk on, her little Dolly could not lead—a larger dog was’
trying to pull the other way, and you can imagine her mor-
tification in a crowded street. Probably $100.00 would not
have been thought of as the worth of Dolly. To let go
was to loose Dolly and a $20.00 chain and collar, besides,
when fifty cents spaying would have saved all this shame
and made Dolly a canine lady pet, for ladies and little child-
ren to play with on all occasions.

I practice what I preach. My dogs for the past twenty
years have been spayed bitches, are clean and nice, never
go off, don’t smell doggy, don’t want to play with common
dogs, would prefer children’s company. ‘There are more
spayed bitches in this county than in any five counties in
the state. ‘Try it and you will keep no others hereafter,
unless you should get part of your farm fenced with high
woven wire, and try to raise about five hundred pups a year
of the royal stock with long pedigress. I have heard that
a box of monkeys was a funny lot, but I think fifty two-
months-old pups, in a pound, would be more interesting to
me, especially if some gifted trainer had them broke to
work in their line, as trainers break colts to do, or go in
their line of pacing, racing or to light harness. I mean the
best, first, last and all the time. The world buys our horses
and cattle why not induce them to buy our dogs. All

Englishmen like dogs, even Queen Victoria raises dogs and

feeds them well; as regularly as we feed horses. The

baer tes

Queen’s kennel is noted abroad for fine dogs.

Again, dogs and bitches, castrated, do not have an appe-
tite for sexuality, therefore do not complain for dog com-
pany and howl and bark as those with the old nature, and
get in some kind of mischief in the night when people want
to sleep. Again, worthless dogs are worthless, why allow
them to accumulate? They are like weeds in the garden;
consumers of what vegetables need and not liked or used by
anybody, but liable to spread hydrophia and kill you or
your stock.

Lastly. I have seen blood hounds used to track up
thieves, and believe that each county sheriff should keep
two or three well-bred blood hounds that would follow up
any robber or thief from your house, and land him where
his steps stop, and there find both goods and robber and
stop much out-lawry, in fear of the sheriff’s dogs.

FOR PASTIME

If you do not object to reading of some of my travels
and trials. I will try to tell you a true account of my first
trip to England as a farmer and citizen of Illinois:

I got an invitation from a noted Veterinary Surgeon, of
London, to visit him in 1877. I felt somewhat flattered to
go so far as a castrator and said yes. The Russian and
Turkish war prevented me from meeting the gentleman,
Geo. Fleming, for he was needed in that war with the
Queen’s life guard horses. But, one year later, October
1878, friends in New York City urged meto go. I boarded
a steamer with my board paid across, but instead of getting
fat I lost all of my fullness, and for nine days a sicker child
you never saw, but landed at Liverpool alive and thanked
the Lord that it was no worse than it was. I soon got the

— 68 —

cars and in ten hours reached the Langham Hotel, London.
I took a good room, and took a bath, and in that bath I
took a chill. I rang the bell, the waiter came, my jaws
seemed locked but I said, ‘‘A glass of Bourbon.’’ Some-
thing was brought and swallowed; in time the fire burned
in my room, and the spirits got in its work going through
my empty stomache clear down to my toes. I next called
for the dining room; between table d’hote and table feed, I
got my fill and the next day called and paid my bill and
found it took just $6.00 to eat one day when hungry. I
had a letter of introduction to my man and took a nice cab
and spent the day looking over London for him. I had the
wrong numbers by ten too much on the right street. I at
last found his office and heard that he had been married two
days and was in Scotland, to be home in a month. I soon
found a hotel near his office. Among strangers. Was I
lonesome? I should say so. What todo I did not know.
What would you have done? I did nothing for a week.
Why? Because I could get nothing to try to do, and I al-
ways since that pity a foreigner.

Hurriedly, as I left New York City, the editor of Wilks
Spirit of the Times handed me a letter of introduction to
Mr. Geo. Fleming, also a V. S. editor. In Mr. Fleming’s
absence in Scotland I sent this introduction to him in my
letter.

Friend, I want to ask you a question right now, just for
pastime: What would you think the editor of the largest
horse paper in New York City would say to the editor of
the largest Veterinary Journal in London, Eng., as an intro-
duction for a free-born American, as a specialist? ‘The let-

ter was not sealed and I read it and came very near tossing

eee {) em

it in the ocean. Guess again. No, he did not say that.
Guess again.

Mr. Gro. FLEMING, Eso.—Let me introduce to you
Mr. Farmer Miles, an honest man. Any favor you may
show him will be appreciated by me.

Most respectfully, Gro. E. Buck.

I mailed that, the only written introduction I ever had
except one no better in London, in my letter to Scotland,
and soon found he received it by a reply.

All Londoners seemed strangers to me, and as I thought,
wished me to be a stranger to them or leave there.

I felt lonesome of course in not meeting Mr. Fleming,
and getting him to say in his Veterinary Journal that I was
visiting him, and friends wishing my services would please
call on him at once. Soto pass my lonesome hours away
I wrote six pages of foolscap, took it to a printer and had
2500 printed and mailed to the Veterinarians of England,
Ireland and Scotland and some in France. The next morn-
ing my landlord said to me, ‘‘A gentleman in a cab, at the
door, asks for you.’’ I walked out to him. He said, ‘‘My
name is Pritchard, I stop at the Veterinary College,’’ and
further said: ‘‘I got a card from you last evening; no I
mean a circular, with your address. I am anxious to make
your acquaintance and have come by to see if you wont eat
dinner with me some day. Will you, please.’’ I answered
promptly, yes sir, if you have more to eat than you can eat
and want help I will help you. He next asked what day I
could come. I said any time. ‘‘Could you come to day?’
I said yes sir and asked the hour he dined, he replied ‘‘From
half-past six to seven.’’ I said Oh! Oh! I don’t know

that I can wait that long for dinner. His horse was restless

— 70 —

and fretting to go and we parted. At 6:30 p..m., I stood at
his front gate. His house was a large brick on a hill; his
yard fence was a heavy brick wall about sixteen feet high,
in that wall was a heavy door or gate, by which, on a plate

{ VISITORS t

of brass was written plainly | Qvevanrs {

a bell knob opposite
each. I pulled the knob for visitors; the door opened and
a servant faced me. I asked, is this where Mr. Pritchard
lives? With an emphasis he replied, ‘‘This is where Prof.
Pritchard lives.’’ I told the servant I did not know about
the ‘Prof.’ but was invited to dine with him. I was shown
into the library to await Mr. Pritchard’s arrival. Fifteen
minutes later when the door opened in walked the gentle-
man and took me by the right hand cordially, and with his
left hand grasped my wrist and said, ‘‘Farmer Miles, I am
glad to make your acquaintance indeed, take a seat.’’ I
did so, and looking around his large library said, Mr. Pritch-
ard this is a large house you have; how much of a family
have you? ‘‘I will show you”’ he said, and stepped out and
soon returned with his pretty lovely wife, saying, ‘‘Mr.
Miles, Mrs. Pritchard’’ and I took her by the right hand
and caught her wrist and said, I was so very glad to shake
hands with a lady once more, saying I had left home and
family two months ago and had been with strangers ever
since. ‘Then Tony a little skye terrier was presented and

)

the Professor said ‘‘They are all of my family. I replied,
not numerous Professor, but lovely as far as they go.
Dinner was waiting and I was invited to the dining room
and seated to a large table full of meats, vegetables and
other good things, lacking cake and pies only. While the
Professor carved the roast pheasant and a quarter of lamb
and put on my large plate more than I ever ate in one

Rees fs reed

day, two nice looking white men as waiters, with white
aprons and white caps on, attended us, the first placing my
bountiful plate before me The second waiter placed three
wine glasses and a goblet before me, and filled my goblet
out of a bottle; it looked like water. He then did Mr. and
Mrs. Pritchard’s likewise. In that time I had tasted from my
goblet and found it sweet and delightful and drank half of
it, the waiter at once returned and filled it again. I was
so delighted with the company of Mrs. Pritchard and not
thinking nearly emptied my goblet the second time. When
the waiter returned to refill it I put my hand on his arm and
said, hold on Mister, I don’t know what this is; perhaps I
have enough. I held him away but he stood there until I
took my hand from his arm, then refilled it, full. After as
pleasant a dinner as I ever had, we retired to the sitting or
family room and their questions kept me talking all the
time. I looked at my watch and was so surprised that I
asked Professor Pritchard, what time is it please? ‘Oh it
is early yet.’’ I said I did not ask you that, what time is
it please? ‘‘Eleven, only,’’ he said Will you please give
me my hat and cane? ‘‘Oh it is early yet’’ said he. Yes
sir, but I make it a rule not to talk people to death the first
visit, and would not sit down. I got my hat and cane and
bid them good night, and started to walk about a mile, I
now think I was entirely sober, but if some of those lamp
posts I passed could have spoken, that we would have had
an argument right there.

I got to my hotel nicely; slept well and felt happy that
I had found such nice friends; my lonesome blues had taken
wings and gone. At breakfast my landlord handed mea
letter; I opened it and read: ‘‘Farmer Miles, dear friend—

ea ae

I have just met my most intimate friend; he is very anxious
to meet you. Won’t you please dine with me today and
meet him? I took that letter to my room and in answer
said: Prof. Pritchard, yours of this a.m. athand. As long
as the grub is as good as it was last night you can depend
on my company at any time.

I rang the same bell at 6:30 and was taken to the family
room and enjoyed Mrs. Pritchard’s company for half an
hour, when I was introduced to Dr. T. W. Talbott, one of
London's best veterinarys.

These two gentlemen were to me as brothers from then
’till now. Friends in need are friends in deed; I then
understood.

Prof. Wm. Pritchard, head of the great Veterinary Col-
lege in London, took me four different days out in the
country; one time about eighty miles and introduced me and
saw me operate. He had over two hundred students in the
college. Prof. Pritchard always paid the bills at all times
and exacted the strangest favor of me you could think of.
If you are not tired I will tell all about it: These 2500 cir-
culars I sent to all Veterinarys and some Lords were offen-
sive there; many said, ‘‘lhe worst Yankee, the biggest fool
and the
to cut ridgling horses; it never was done and how can he,

liar of them all is in London now, pretending

a farmer, be so smart?’’ I think it was our third day out
and eighty miles away; Prof. Pritchard introduced me to
ten rich veterinary gentlemen. Quite a lot of others col-
lected to see this American Farmer handle five large ridg-
ling horses; one seed only could be seen or felt. I soon got
to work and did two nicely at $25.00 each. I then said,
come gentlemen this is not fair, Iam a cripple and this is

hy ry

hard work; I will give either one of you $25.00 to do the
third one while I rest; take my rope and knife and go
ahead. Prof. Pritchard saw the point, turned his back on
me and ha hawed out loud. He then said to Mr. Brown,
V.S., one of the ten invited friends of his: ‘‘Brown, you
never made five pounds in five minutes in your life; do one
and rest the gentleman.’’ Mr. Brown replied, ‘‘I believe
not now Professor,’’ and they all ha hawed. I acted aston-
ished and said, this is the strangest crowd I ever saw; that
none of you want any money. If you will go to America
and offer any Yankee $25.00 for a nut out of a horse like
one of these, I think in ten minutes he would show you the
seed or paw a bushel of guts out of the horse. But instead
of hearty ha ha’s the music now was screams and howls and
sitting down on the dirty ground in mirth.

I called the groom with the the third horse, saying, come
on, they won’t help us, lets go on and get done. And I did
the third, fourth and fifth ridgling. These doctors had the
time and egreed on one hour and six minutes. While col-
lecting my ropes and instruments Prof. Pritchard was col-
lecting my pay and handed me $125 00, which he called
twenty-five pounds. We washed some at the barn and
went to the house and re-washed and took some wine. I
talked much more than my share to answer questions.
After a splendid dinner and drinks of more kinds than I had
ever seen on a table, with two hours more talk and our train
coming, these ten veterinary’s thanked me for the most
pleasant day they had spent in a year, and all said, ‘‘I will
collect business at my place for you, and want you to come
the day before and spend the night with me.’’ I said to all

I will be much pleased to visit you at any time, when $100

Aref se

follows it.

When on the cars tor London that day’ Prof. Pritchard
asked that strange favor of me; he said, ‘‘I want to ask a
favor of you.’’ I said, anything in my power Professor is
granted, what is it? He said, ‘‘Promise me when you are
surrounded by Veterinary’s in England like you were today
and have ridgling horses to cut, that you will not get done
before you stop, and offer any of them £5 to do one.’’ And
because of that promise I made the offer all over England,
Ireland and Scotland, but never found a man that wanted
any money on such terms. But I heard much laughing
over it, &c, &c, &c.

QUESTIONS, ANSWERS AND EXPLANATIONS

QO. Why do some colts swell more than others, all cut
at the same time and way?

A. (The serum) or drip cannot get out and the parts
fill up with bloody water, for some men cut a four-inch
gash well forward on one side and only a two-inch gash
well back on the other side; the two-inch cut, far back, will
shut first and swell most every time.

For example, two plain cases: I cut a nice two-year-old
colt for Capt. A. Hulse, East Nantucket, N. Y. I made
both cuts alike four inches long, well forward; put my
chain over both seeds at once; lifted both seeds side by side
three inches up with colt on his back. I had plenty of time
and good help. I took both seeds off at once, side by side.
Five days later I happened to pass there and saw that colt
he was swelled badly on one side and not any at all on the
other side. Because the Captain thought as I took both off
at once, I took both out of one gash. He was instructed to

open that colt twice a day three inches up for five days. He

ue ae

did one side that way but the other side was not opened at
all, but was grown up tight and swelled badly. The other
side had no swelling at all. Remember this was five days’
neglect on one side.

Now let me tell you of a one day’s error: I was called
by both letter and telegram, from New York, to come to
Babylon, L. I., to alter a colt that Dr. Clock, V.S., tried to
alter and found two cords in the groin, but no seed. A
fine colt in a bad fix.

That was the worst swelled yearling in one day’s time
I ever saw. Please notice particularly; Dr. Clock is a good
veterinary and a nice gentleman, but was not in practice
castrating, and cut five inches further back than I would;
then he failed to recognize the testicles that he held in his
hand all the time in the cords, as he called them, and felt
and gouged around in the colt’s groin one hour and ten min-
utes, so good witnesses told me when I cut the same colt
twenty-four hours later. Swelled as large as a gallon jug;
stiff and sore. Dr. Clock soon found the tunics, but failed
to recognize the undeveloped testicles from his cuts, so far
back. He held the testicles, tunic and all in his hand,
pulling and squeezing them and the colt struggling one
hour and ten minutes and gave it up.

I tied that stiff colt; pushed him over gently; turned
him on his back, saw the seeds, and tunic not split, all red
and inflamed, and two pockets of serum near the end of the
sheath. I first split his gashes, from the front end on for-
ward about five inches, put my ecraseur on both testicles,
strifin (tunic) and all, and gently lifted up three or four
inches, and bit both off. If Dr. Clock had have cut as

much in front of the testicles on the sheath, as he did be-

aly ea en

hind the testicles there would have been no swelling, for
the drip would have dropped out, but he had two deep pock-
ets in the sheath and felt all up and in the groin, and all
lacerated parts shed blood or serum or both, to be caught
in the sheath pockets and soak through the tissues as water
soaks in a sponge.

Q. Does everybody open colts?

A. No; but that is best for both colt and owner.

QO. Why open cut colts or stallions twice a day for five
days when you see they do drip right along?

A. To commence the first two or three hours after and
slip two fingers up full length and open them well does not
hurt the colt then, and lets out all accumulation of serum;
to repeat that twice a day hurts but little and you are sure
to have no swelling. But let it alone while the drip comes
for four or five days, then try, and you hurt the colt in
tearing open the adhesions; you are too late to stop swell-
ing, for the serum has lost its outlet and has spread out in
the sheath. It is too late to get the swelling to drip out
after it gets hard and hot, and feverish. Nature’s way is to
make the parts hot and cook this serum down to pus (as we
boil maple sap down to syrup); it comes toa head like a
boil and breaks and runs out as pus. We want to avoid all
that pain and fever to the horse; it is easy to do and more
than pays for all trouble. Anticeptics are good in opera-
tions but I think to keep wounds open until the drip stops
is the the best way—tor about five days.

Q. How long does it take for colts to get sound and
well after castration.

A. Auzy and all colts and stallions, opened properly,
should be entirely well in ten days.

Lakers

— {i —

MILES’ STRING ECRASEUR FOR CASTRATING (DIFFERENT SIZES)

fi Q. Do you like the ecraseur
f
Ay fh best?

ey Nyi
A\ cif fi A. I like that principle the
Oe N best—a crush off. But I make
\
\

and sell for fifty cents each, a

string and ring ecraseur that

works like a charm. Farmers

FT AT OT Ta ET a a

need no other ecraseur to cas-

trate colts, stallions, rams, old
bulls, or to crush any artery with
once or twice one-half inch apart,
then cut off with knife or scis-

sors still nearer the seed.

PE LEE AOE EAE EAE EEG I TT AE ATT FLEE A

SOG SA

Nothing else does better work
and costs so little as this string
ecraseur, but Veterinarys like
more show of costly instruments.

Q. What else does a man
need to cut his own colts with,
your way?

A. I think two or three or

more neighbors, between them,

should have a good set of my

ae.

Ropes and Hobbles.......$5 00

One String Ecraseur...,... 50
One long Spaying Needle. 1 oo
One Hook Knife (at least) 1 50
My book to tell howtowork 2 00
$10 oo

And have the ropes conven-

ient in case you want to cast a

SPAYING ECRASEUR

ae |: ee

horse or cow with a nail or snag to take out, or to cast and
gentle any wild colt with and break it without getting hurt,
and make that wild colt safer all its life. To be cast easily,
tied properly, rolled over and over and perfectly conquered
at first is the best.

I handle all wild horses best by casting them and re:
casting and sitting cn them with robes or blankets and get
the fear all out of them.

My ropes are the thing to cast a cow or mare with in dif-
ficult labor; turn them on their backs well tied and push
the calf or colt forward to get room; to get the head or legs
in position and no one get hurt. Many times such ropes
are badly needed if bowels are snagged and out; to cast a
large bull, or spay cows and heifers; to cut a wart off of a
kicking horse or cow. Casting them is the best way, when
it can be done so easily and safely, as this book plainly tells
you how to do it.

$10.00 is very little money for what may save you $100
a year, and still be worth ten times their cost annually.
Five men can pay $2.00 each and save all costs the first
vear and'do safer and better work than you can hire it done.
Do it yourselves.

Q. If aman wants to see this fellow that does all this
talking do the work, how can we see him?

A. Only get him five or six bad ridglings to cut, near
you, and write him.

Statistics of Agriculture for 1892 tell us that the United
States had >

15,498,140 Horses, at $65.01 each.......... $10,075,936. 36
2am G09, Mulessat $7575 5 eae « 20. khs sc ce ERAS; 620670
16,416,351 Milch Cows, at $21.40 each..... Beals, 761.32

gE epee

37,651,239 Oxen and other Cattle, at $15.15. 5,707,491.55
AaiG59)365 Sheepat/$e.58 each. ......cc55. “1,161,213.90

Let us figure a little on our horses and losses,

I am confident one in every twenty head has to be cas-
trated annually or 774,907 in number, and that six per
cent (by the old) methods die, entailing an annual loss of
over three million dollars, taking the value at $65.00 each,
as estimated in government statistics. I am sure by my
improved methods that one half of that loss can or would
be avoided annually and better methods adopted allover the
country, for all time to come.

Q. Suppose I buy your book and ropes and cannot do
good work.

A. Anybody, anywhere, can get a visit from me, or
ene of my pupils, at his home by talking up a lot of such
work as he thinks he cannot do himself. When we do it he
will see it, and talk it, and help to work; then, if he cannot
he had better sell the book at cost and quit trying.

Q. What do you sell besides the book?

A. Everything required and shown in this book such
as I use and my pupils ask for.

I have castrated and spayed stock almost all over this
country and know that most of the work is done poorly, by
men who never did know how to do good work.

I know many men like Dr. Clock that don’t know how,
and should not try, until they do know more inthis line. I
know their work for I have to cut what they fail on; that

tells me what they don’t know.

ae aye

TO THE PURCHASER

DEAR S1R—Your book will show, and tell you plainly,
the ropes and instruments I use and like best. But it may
not be convenient for you to buy such things at your home.
Or you may not have leisure time to put your ropes to-
gether as well as we do it; for we make them here to sell to
our pupils, at the following prices:

1 set Farmer Miles’ Castrating Ropes, con-
sisting of
1 Back Rope 16 ft. long 5%
1 (Circingie:: 785 = 58

6 ae

in. best cotton

1.Chin Rope io =; % pa

2 Knee Ropes 7 ‘‘ % er slog

1 Nose ‘anil. wood, flax thread filling

4 Hobbles of Flax Thread. : Se spar5, OO
Farmer Miles’ Ecraseur, metal : vag: OO
Farmer Miles’ Best String Ecraseur, for all

Farmers Castration \. : S 50
Farmer Miles’ Four-Bladed eee and

Spaying Knife, two Hooks . : : 5 00
Farmer Miles’ One-Bladed Hook Castrating

and Spaying Knife : ; : I 50

Farmer Miles’ Long Curved aoainee Scissors 6 oo

Farmer Miles’ Spaying Needle (curved) six
inches long, this is the best Needle known 1 oo

Farmer Miles’ Spreaders for Ridgling’s Legs 5 oo

Sixty-five feet five-eights inch Best Cotton
Rope, with Double Snaps and Links, for
Ridglings work only, . : : 4 00

ee:

I send you this list, not that Iam a merchaat, and want
your trade, but just to help you along right, if you should
need my help.’

Again, I say, if you would rather buy than make your
own outfit, or part of it, look over these articles and select
what you need, and name them separately, and the prices
to each, and then all, and send me pay for them in P. O.
order or registered letter, and be plain in your name, town
and county, and you will get the goods promptly, unless we
are out and have to wait a few days to have them made; but
I will try to keep a supply on hand all the time.

Yours truly,
FARMER MILES.
Charleston, Coles County, Ills.

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