TRUBNER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS

THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE

W.R.MORFIL1X

TRUBNER'S COLLECTION

OK

SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS

OF THE PRINCIPAL

ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES.

EDITED BY

REINHOLD EOST, LL.D., PH.D.

XVI. SERBIAN.

BY W. R. MORFILL, M.A.

TRUBHER'S COLLECTION OF SIMPLIFIED GRAMMARS OF THE PRINCIPAL ASIATIC AND EUROPEAN LANGUAGES,

KDITEl) BY RE1NHOLD HOST, LL.D., PH.D.

I.

HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN AND ARABIC. BY THE LATE E. H. PALMER. M.A. Second Edition. Price 5*.

II. HUNGARIAN. BY I. SINGKK. Price 4v. 6<7.

III. BASQUE. BY W. VAN EYS. Price 3.v. G<t.

IV. MALAGASY. BY G. W. PABKEB. Price os.

V.

MODERN GREEK. BY E. M. GELDART, M.A. Price 2*. (5/7.

VI.

ROUMANIAN. BY K. TOKCKANU. !>,>;<•< r,.v.

Vil. TIBETAN. BY H. A. JASCHKE. Price 5s.

VIII. DANISH. BY K. C. Orris. I 'rice ±v. 6d.

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X. SWEDISH. lh ]•:. ('. OTTE. Price 2*. (W.

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XII. PALI. BY KDWABD HOLLER, LL.D. Price 7s. Qd.

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Grammars qf tk« following «r<> in j>rrj>aration: — Anglo-Saxon, As^ I; .li.-mian, Bulirarian, Burmese, Chinese,

Cymric and Gaelic, Dutch, K-\ j.tian. Finnish, Hebrew, Khassi,

Kurdish, M;ilay, Russian, Siamese, Singhalese, &c. &c.

LOKI N Ti;i;r.\i-:i: A en. Lvpein HILL.

SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR

OF THE

SERBIAN LANGUAGE

BY

: R: MORFILL, M. A.

LONDON:

TEUBNEE&Co., LUDGATE HILL 1887.

PREFACE.

The object of the Serbian grammar now laid be- fore the public is to give a short account of the chief characteristics of the language. It is believed that these will be found adequately stated, although with great brevity. I have derived some assistance from the grammar of A. PARCIC, of which a French translation has appeared (*) but in the classification of the nouns and verbs have followed MIKLOSICH (Vergleichende Gram- matik) and DANICIC (06jim\n CpncKora JeaHKa, 3rd edition, Belgrade 1863). The grammatical forms in this little work are treated throughout in such a way as to bring the language in harmony with those of the Old Slavonic, its eldest surviving sister. It is only upon such principles that they can be properly explained.

In treating a language where so many dialects struggle for supremacy, it has been impossible to avoid a certain amount of inconsistency in orthography and grammatical forms, but I have taken pains that all the most prominent variations should be noted. Although the basis of the

0) Grammaire de la langue Serbo-Croate par A. PARCIC. Paris 1877. The translation is by M. J. B. FEUVRIER who dates his preface from Cetinje, the capital of Tsrnagora (Montenegro). For proper names I use the Croatian orthography but retain the more familiar form of that of MIKLOSICH.

IV PREFACE.

little work has been the Serbian language in the stricter sense of the term, it has not been found practicable to exclude Croatisms, considering the great importance of A gram as a literary centre and the merit of the authors who have used that dialect. Owing to the Old Slavonic as modified by Serbisms, having been the book-language till nearly the close of the first thirty years of this century the sermo vulgaris has hardly had time to fully develop itself. The orthography has fluctuated greatly and the modifications of the Cyrillic alphabet intro- duced by VUK only came into general use in Serbia in 1868.

I have treated the accents but briefly. My own experience, corroborated by the opinion of Serbs them- selves has told me that it is impossible to represent by any words these striking combinations of stress and tone. They can only be acquired orally. (!) The Serbs employ them but little either in writing or printing.

The following details of the area over which the Serbo-Croatian language is spoken will be found useful.

According to the latest statistics it is the vern- acular of about seven millions, who are distributed over the following territories:

1) The kingdom of Serbia,

2) The part of Old Serbia still under Turkish rule,

3) Bosnia and Herzegovina,

4) Istria, the Dalmatian littoral and the islands,

5) The Principality of Montenegro,

(») BOSKOVIC in his grammar (Theoretisch-Praktisches Lehr- tmch zur Erlernung der serbischen Sprache. Pest, 1864), has given R musical notation to help th-

PREFACE. V

6) The Austrian Provinces : Croatia, Slavonia, Syrmia and the southern part of Carniola,

7) The Serbs in the Banat and South-Hungary,

8) A few who are settled in the South of Russia. Those of this people who adhere to the Greek

church use the Cyrillic alphabet; those who follow the Roman catholic rite the Latin. In some parts of Dalmatia there is used in the Church-books the strange alphabet called Glagolitic, about the origin and age of which so much has been written, but up to the present time with little result. One point only seems to have been proved, namely that it is older than Cyrillic. Closely connected with, the Serbian language is the Slovenish spoken by about a million and a half of people, in Carinthia and parts of Styria and Carniola. About forty years ago an attempt was made by Dr. LJUDEVIT GAJ of Agram to form a literary language by fusing Slovenish and Serbo-Croatian, but his effects were not successful. The jus et norma loquendi do not depend upon scholars or journalists and the artificial tongue which he essayed to create would have been unintelligible to the humbler classes. Nay, the establish- ment of such a language would only have defeated the main object of this warm-hearted and patriotic enthusiast. It would have paved the way for the complete Germa- nisation of the country.' Slovenish, a most interesting language, has accordingly gone on its own path. An excellent grammar by SUMAN, a pupil of MIKLOSICH has recently been published at the expense of the Matica Slovenska of Laibach.( J) Although Serbo-Croatian literat-

(*) Slovenska Slovnica po Miklosicevi primerjalni. V Ljubljani 1832.

VI PREFACE.

ure (as opposed to old Slavonic texts in Serbian recen- sions) is of comparatively modern origin, yet the reader will find much to reward him in the writings of STANKO VRAZ, RADICEVIC, PRERADOVIC and BAN, to say nothing of the fine collections of popular ballads many of which are probably of great antiquity. The Serbian Review FJIACIIHK (Messenger), published periodically at Belgrade contains a large number of articles on the literature and history of the country, by such men as GJURO DANICIC, STOJAN NOVAKOVIC, CEDOMIL MIJATOVICO) and others. At the time of his premature death DANICIC was engaged in the preparation of a large Serbo-Croatian dictionary which is now being continued by his pupils. It will probably take rank with the Polish work of LINDE and the Chekh of JUNGMANN. — In conclusion I may add that the present grammar is the first attempt to familiarise Englishmen with the principles of the Serbian language, and I must return my hearty thanks to Mr. ALEXANDER Z. Jovicic (Secretary of the Serbian legation in London), for the kindness and care with which he has looked over the proofs and the interest he has taken in the work throughout.

OXFORD

1887.

W. R. MORFILL.

(') To his Excellency CEDOMIL MUATOVIC formerly Serbian Minister to the court of St. James and now Serbian Minister of Finance I am under great obligations for allowing me to .submit to his criticism the sheets of this work while passing through the press, amidst his many avocations. He must not however be held responsible for their contents.

CONTENTS

PART I:— PHONOLOGY.

pag«

The alphabet 1

The accents 4

Characteristics of the dialects 8

PART II: — DOCTRINE OF FORMS.

The gender of substantives 11

Declension: T> (a)-stems 12

o-stems and a-stems 14

T> (u) stems and t-stems 15

Consonantal stems: B, H, C . . 16

T, p 17

Adjectives 19

Degrees of comparison ..." 22

The numerals 23

Pronouns 24

The reflexive pronoun . 25

Demonstrative pronouns 27

The Verb 30

Prefixes .... 33

Steins without suffixes ... 35

Westerns 41

e-stems 42

i-stems 44

VIII CONTENTS.

page

a-steins 45

ova (wa)-stems 48

Compound tenses 50

The verb 6imi 51

Paradigm of a complete verb 54

The passive voice 58

Irregular verbs 59

Ad\ eibs .'.... 60

Prepositions 62

Conjunctions 63

Interjections 63

PART III:— SYNTAX.

The noun 64

The verb 67

Serbian reading lesson 68

PART I: -PHONOLOGY. ,

The Serbian language will be treated in this Grammar as more or less identical with the Croatian. According as this language is spoken by Serbs or Croats it em- ploys the Cyrillic or Latin Alphabet. — For the former the system adopted by VUK STEPHANOVICH KAEAJICH is now generally used, and for the latter the modified forms introduced by LJUDEVIT GAJ.

CYRILLIAN PRINTED AND CURSIVE

LATIN

PRONUNCIATION

A a

tj/si/i^T&^e/

A a A a

a Italian

B 6

& <LS& (/ (/ B b

J5 6

b

B B

^'ttZ&f

V v

F v

v

r r

<$>rX'v

G g

^ ^

g always hard

A A 5 *

E e

Hv JK

^) f^y <?&

<?(?^

&)//^

cj7&3/e ye-

D d

D d

d

ay

e Italian j French jour

Dj, Gj, dj, gj E e Z z

E e

f£j Z

3 3

/ / 3 z z

Z z

z

; ii H

• =

1 2^ ^ I i

I i

i

SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

CYRILLIAN PRINTED AND CURSIVE

PRONUNCIATION

-M ' ^> ' J

J J y

K K

<l/l< ^^ K k

K k

k

A .1

t^/&/ cx^cx cx^- L 1

L I

1

. 1) .ij

^i ^i LJ y

Lj lj

lj Italian gl

M M

^€ ^ M m

M m

m

H H

<^/C- cx^x/^- N n

N n

n

H, H>

<~/O J% ^Tj »j

*J "J

gn French

0 o

/J^/77

c/ cy^ o o

0 o

o

n n

&772717? P P

P p

P

P p

/2^ •#&*, -o

C^X CS *Y •" ^*

R r

r

C c &^ 0 S s

S s

s

T x \*//C' //£' 772 ?72 T t

T t

t

fi i c^€~ ^ 0 6

C 6

between cli and ts

y y

W&p U u

U u

ou French

4> *

0 6&fl^> F f

F f

f

X x

/C t&tc AS H h

H h

Gei-man ch as machen

U u

^t£y\* «

C c

ts

q q

/X^X

^X L^ x?x -^ 0 C

C c

cli as in cfinrr/i

q u & V DZ .i/

Dz dz

ilxh = Engl. j

m.jSOS.,'6 ,

S s

sh

PHONOLOGY. 3

These are the alphabets now in ordinary use as previously stated. I have not thought it necessary to give any others, which would probably only bewilder the reader. It is to be regretted that religious reasons still cause a separation in the alphabets employed by the Serbs and Croats ; the former belonging to the Greek church use the Cyrillic, the latter as Roman Catholics the Latin. It is almost ludicrous to see works partly printed in one alphabet and partly in the other. Thus in the Magazine 'Slovinac' which appeared at Ragusa in 1878 and subsequent years we have frequently one column in Cyrillic and one in Latin letters. The letter jj is considered 'by MIKLOSICH as superfluous (Comp. Gram. I. 412). It is however of use in words derived from Turkish, many of which are still to be found in the Serbian language. He speaks of it as derived from the Roumanian, but according to SHAFARIK (Serbische Lesekorner p. 63), it had previously been used in Serbian in the seventeenth century.

The VOWELS must be pronounced as in Italian. Of the consonants r is always hard, f) is like the sound dy in the colloquial hoiv d'ye do, or the French di in dieu\ JK is the French j in jour, Jb is like the Italian gl in figlio; H> is like gn in magnifique (French); h is a very difficult sound and can only be learnt from a native. It is something between the sound of ch in church and ts. Y is the French ou or English 00; x is the German guttural as in acht, machen; i is ch as in church; ij corresponds to the English j and only oc- curs in foreign words, especially those which Serbian has borrowed from Turkish; the letter p is frequently used as a vowel, as npcx, a finger, pronounced purst;

4 SERBIAN GEAMMAR.

this is written in Croatian perst. — The sound is ad- mirably described by WHITNEY, as quoted in MIKLOSICH, Vergleichende Orammatik. Vol. II p. XIV: clf I may judge from experiments made in my own mouth, the bringing of the r Sanskrit far enough forward in the mouth to be trilled would render very natural, and almost unavoidable the slipping in before and after it, of a fragment of the neutral vowel, our u in but .... Of this character it can hardly be doubted, would be what elements the sound contained which were not r.'

THE ACCENT. This can in reality only be learnt from a native and all that can be done here is to give a few general rules. The accents are five in number; some however omit the fifth.

The first mark (") expresses a short sharp accent, as KO^O, a dance. — The second mark O stands on a short accented syllable; — e.g. BOAR, the water \ Bpana, tlie cow; Byna, the wool ; 36MJ>a, the earth. — The third mark (') stands on syllables where the accent is prolonged; — e.g. rpana, the bough; ofina, the sheep; ceica, the sister. — The fourth mark (") is placed over syllables, where they are to be pronounced at length, and very full; — e. g. rjiaA, hunger; Tejio, the body; cynue, the sun. — The fifth mark (A) stands upon syllables, where the accent is much more protracted than in the two preceding instances, as CBiijy napOAa, of all peoples.^) The short C) and long (') accents never come on the last syllable of a word nor

(') The Serbian accent changes from one syllable to another in the same word like the Kussian and is illustrated by the work on the latter by Prof. JAMES GROTE; the subject has also been specially treated by LESKIEN and NEMANIC.

PHONOLOGY. 5

on any monosyllable. Monosyllables only take the following accents: (") or Q as pa4, work] CB6T, the ivorld.

The CONSONANTS may be divided as follow: Labials: 6, B, M, n, *; Dentals: 4, T; Liquids: A, H, p; Gutturals: r, K, x; Sibilants: 3, u, c. Palatals h, JK, M, in; semivowel j.

M may also be considered as a labial nasal and H

as a dental nasal. This must be borne in mind, if

we wish to understand some of the phonetic changes.

The following are the chief modifications which sounds

undergo C1):

1. Vowels which contract in the middle of a word

n- n into n : npn-H^CM = npH4CM, I come]

o-o into o: rpo-OTOM = rpoxoM, with a hirst of laughter.

When for the sake of greater clearness the syllables

ought to be kept distinct a disjunctive consonant is added

either j, B, 4 or H, as ny-eM becomes nyjeM, I hear] HH-GM,

IIHJCM, Ydn'wA;; aa-ani, AaBaxii, to give; o6y-en, o6yBen, with

shoes on; snaeM, ana^eM, / knoiv, y-imn, ymihn, to enter.

Words that are compounded however do not undergo

any contraction, as HeyK, ignorant] upHOOK, black-eyed.

The double vowel je, in old times written fc(2), in

contact with another vowel or with j is sometimes

changed into H in the middle and at the end of a word,

(J) For some of these remarks I am indebted to Parcic (p. 8).

(2) By those now very few, who do not employ the orthography of VUK. Thus it is found in the IJei>THHKi> Cpdcne CioeecHOCTH of SUBBOTIC (Vienna 1853).

0 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

thus: cjeo, CHO, seated; AJCO, /JHO, placed', see remarks on dialects, page 8.

The law of assimilation causes certain vowels to accompany certain consonants; thus o after jb becomes e, as Kpajbe.M.

2. The conjunction of vowels at the end of a word is avoided a) by means of a contraction;— e. g. rocna for rocnoja, mistress; — I) by the insertion of the consonant j, as £ajy, tlieij give; niijy, tliey drink.

In the ending of nouns, adjectives and participles in a-o, e-o, H-O, y-o, the hiatus is preserved, as it really represents a suppressed .1, as Hiiiao, he went; neneo, ashes; HIIHIIO, lie did; Tpyo, corrupted; — to which may also be added opao, eagle.

3. Juxtaposition of consonants in the middle of a word. —

a) c, 3 before soft consonants become soft or palatal: e. g. nacne, nainne, dog; xy-c-TJn, TYIUTJII, fatter; rp03#je, rpo>K^e, grapes; na3H>a, najKH>a, attention.

b) H before T and c becomes in; — e.g. MTO, IIITO. wind; MTOBRTH, iiiTOBaTii, to venerate; cynanne, rviianiue, the sun.

c) The consonants 4, T, 3 before T, Ji are changed into c; — e. g. KJia-/j-Tii, K.WCTH, to place; n^e-T-TH, iuecTH, to knit; ry4.ie, ryc^e, a musical instniw<-nt; Ma-3-Jio,

d) If a guttural precedes TH, the termination of the infinitive, it becomes h;— peKTH, peftH, to speak; rrpiimi. cxpHhH, to shear.

Certain consonants are omitted.

a) The dentals 4, T and the labials u. n. « before Ji. H ; — e.//. K;IIIII\TII. KMIIVTII. /" Irirklr; IIIOIIN in. niu\ m. to perisli.

PHONOLOGY. 7

&) The consonant c in the suffixes CK, CTB after the palatals; — e.g. jyHRH-c-KH, jynaMKH, heroic] cnpOMaiii-c-CTBO, ciipOMauiTBO, poverty.

c) The consonant B in words compounded with 06; e. g. ofi-B.iaK = o6.iaK, cloud] o6-B^acT = o6jacx, poiver.

d) The consonant j after the palatals and p ; — e. g. /jyjK-j-H, AY>KH, longer.

In many instances the letter a is inserted, as cxaK-jiue, becomes ciaKa^ne, little glass, a diminutive of CTaiuo; sometimes it is y, as npe^ycpecTH, to meet.

Between the labials and the dental T the letter c is added to the infinitive of verbs, as #y6-c-TH, to dig, Hpn-c-TH, to take] }KHB-C-TH, to live.

4. Consonants in juxta-position with vowels:

a) Gutturals and sibilants, when the suffix is added, are changed into the corresponding palatals before the suffixes aj, an, ap, 6nna, emima, es, Hh, mja, H>H, CKH, CTBO, ypuna; — e. g. nyn, people, nymoi, popular] K^io6yK, hat, iuo6yHap, hatter] KOpaK, step, Kopanaj; student, ^aMHii; jynaK, hero, jyHantma, great hero;

book KftHwypHHa, great hook] .OT&u,,J either, oneB, paternal ; Aanac, to-day, AanamibH, belonging to to-day.

b) The gutturals and sibilants before e in the in- flexions of verbs and masculine nouns become palatals; e. g. #nxaTH, to breathe, AHUICM, I breathe] #H3aTH, to raise, AH3K6M, I raise\ Kise3,prince, voc. KHe^e; Eor,god, VOC.BOJKC.

c) Gutturals in the inflexions of nouns and verbs become sibilants before n; — e.g. nyK, people, nyun (plural); pyna, hand, pyun (dativ); #yx, breath, ^ycn (plural);

(TyK-TH), to beat] xyun (imp.).

8 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

The same law holds good in the change of verbs from one aspect to another; — e. g. Hiibii (HHK-TH), HHHRTH, to bud-, aunty™, ,ui3aTH, to rise.

5. SOFTENING OF CONSONANTS. Dentals become soft by taking a j, thus 4] becomes ^ and TJ fa. So also cj becomes in, 3J, 5K and uj M, and HJ and Jij become H> and jb. The importance of these rules must be borne in mind when we are forming the irregular comparatives mentioned on page 22.

The Serbian is a much softer language than any of its Slavonic sisters. It has a tendency to elide harsh consonants, sometimes for example at the be- ginning, as THfa, bird, which compare with Russian Jied with xjistii, bread, so also pamiTH with and PT with xpT. The liquid ji is vocalised, as nyn, full, Russian mMHifi; nyK, regiment, Russian IKMKI ; yKVT, yellow, Russian jKe.ixhifi. The tendency to avoid two consonants together has already been noticed, thus Jieonapa^, leopard, and others.

It would be impossible in a little work like the present to give anything like an adequate account of the dialects of the Serbian language. As its literature has been so little developed, the student must not be surprised at finding different systems of ortho- graphy in vogue. Besides the difference in the use of the interrogative pronoun, which will be mentioned in a subsequent page, the various equivalents used of the Old Slavonic s (je) have formed a principle of division into the three following dialects. We will take as tests the words \UUKO, milk, and Bupa, faith, and for greater clearness will make use of the Latin alphabet:

PHONOLOGY. 9

a) Among the Slavonians (in the restricted sense of the inhabitants of that Austrian province), the Dal- matians and the inhabitants of the Adriatic sea-board, mliko, vira; this is the Western dialect.

&) In Syrmia, the Banat, the Batchka and Serbia about the Save and Drave, mleko, vera\ — this is the dialect in which the popular poet RADICEVIC wrote; the Eastern dialect

c) In Bosnia, Herzegovina, Montenegro (Tsrnagora) and in the Southern parts of the kingdom of Serbia in long syllables it is ije and in short je\ — e.g. mlijeko, vjera; the Southern dialect.

The Croatian dialect has in many points especially bearing upon phonology become differentiated from the Serb and MIKLOSICH has even gone so far, but it seems to us erroneously, as to consider them different lan- guages !(i)

The question formed the subject of a valuable article by DANICIC: — Paa.wiKe H3>ie^y jeaHKa cp6cKora H xpBRTCKora, in the ninth volume of the F^acHHK, Belgrade, 1857. On the whole, it may be said with truth that these differences between the Serbian and Croatian dialects lie more in the phonetics than in grammatical forms. One of the most noteworthy points of variation in the latter respect is that the Serbs and Dalmatians of the coast use the dual for the plural in the dative, instrumental and locative plural. It will be observed

(!) Vergleicheiide Grammatik, 1st Vol. p. 392.— But in the first edition of this work he said: — 'Die geringen Verschiedenheiten des chorvatischen und serbischen haben mich bestimmt, sie unter einem zu behandeln'. — But we have no space to discuss the question further.

10 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

that Serbian and Croatian are treated as the same languages in the two important works of DANICIC:— 06.IHUH cpncKora H.III xpeaxcKora jeaiiKa, Agram 1874, and HcTOpuja oti.iiiKa cpncKora IUH xpnaxcKora jeaiiKa AO CBpmcTKa xvn Biijena, Belgrade 1870. More Turkish words appear to have crept into Serbian as would natur- ally result from the geographical position of the country, but these will probably, as the Serbs advance in civil- ization, be ejected. Before leaving this subject I may add that an excellent treatise on the Ragusan dialect has been published by P. BUDMANI, author of a good Serbo-Croatian Grammar.

PART II:— THE DOCTRINE OF FORMS.

The parts of speech are the same in Serbian as in other languages, with the exception of the article^1)

The noun has three numbers : the singular, the dual (preserved in a few forms) and the plural, and three genders: masculine, feminine and neuter. There are seven cases: the nominative, genitive, dative, accusa- tive, vocative, locative and instrumental. The only one of these which seems to demand any explanation is the locative, which in some Slavonic languages is called the prepositional because it must always be accom- panied by a preposition. I have placed the instrumental before the locative in this grammar, for the reasons given at the beginning of my preface.

(') It is included in the definite form of the adjective. See page 19.

THE DOCTRINE OF FORMS. 11

THE GENDER OF SUBSTANTIVES.

The gender of substantives is partly ascertained by their signification and partly by their termination. —

a. The signification.

The names of persons and animals and generally all living beings, whatever be the termination of the substantive are:

1. Masculine, if they denote beings of the male sex, as BpaHKO, a proper name ; 6pax, brother; BOJHO, husband.

Some contemptuous appellations, however, even when applied to men are of the feminine gender^1) as nnjaHHua, a great drunkard, cKUTa^Hua, a vagabond. Per- haps similarity of termination may have something to do with this, the feminine ending, as we shall see directly, being frequently in a.

2. Feminine; a) all substantives relating to beings of the female sex, as Main, mother; cecxpa, sister. — b) Collective names of human beings and animals, as 6paha, the brothers; Mejba#, the family.

b. The termination.

Here we can only lay down a few general rules for more minute details the, reader must be referred to the dictionaries.

1. Most of the nouns which end in a consonant, or the euphonic o (put for ji), are' masculine, as po6, slave.

(0 This is a characteristic of the Slavonic languages gener- ally, as MIKLOSICH has shewn.

12 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

some however which end in CT are feminine, as well as those in -an and -oh, as KOCT, a bone, cxpacT, passion-, Jby6ae, love-, HOh, night, &c. — Corresponding nouns in Russian end in b.

2. Most of the nouns which end in a are feminine. 4o6a, period, is neuter, and some nouns are both mas- culine and feminine, as pai, war-, Benep, evening, &c.

3. The names of all inanimate things ending in e or o are neuter, provided the o be not put euphon- ically for ji as previously explained, as mie, name, ball-, nojbe, field; BHHO, wine.

DECLENSION.

I shall divide the Serbian nouns into six declensions according to the plan laid down by MIKLOSICH in his Comparative Grammar, following the analogy of the other Slavonic languages^1)

I. 'b (a)-STEMS.

The termination is rb in the Old Slavonic and Russian. This letter however is no longer used according to the modern Serbian spelling.

(') A sonifwliat different arrangement is adopted by DANICIG in liis Oo.imui CpncKOra Joanna (Forms of the Serbian Language). Belgrade 1883; but I do not see any reason for altering the system of MIKLOSICH.

DECLENSION. 1 3

po6, a slave.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom. po6

po6n

Voc. po6e

po6n

Ace. po6a

po6e

Gen. po6a

poda, po6

Dat. po6y

pofiiiMaC1), po6oM

Instr. po6oM

podnivia, podn

Loc. po6y

podnMa, podux

In all monosyllabic words and in many two syl- labled the syllable OB in the case of stems ending in a hard consonant, and ee in the case of those ending in a soft is added between the stem and the suffix in all cases of the plural. Thus, po6oBH, po6oBa, po6oBHMa, &c. In many nouns where a occurs before the final consonant, it is omitted in all cases except the gen. plural as oxau, OTija, and substantives, which end in c, r, x and 3 change these consonants in the vocative into the corresponding palatals, as Bor, God, Bonce.

KOH>, a horse.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom. KOH>

KOB>B

Voc. KOity

ROU

Ace. KOH,a

KOHbe

Gen. KOH>a

KOH>a, KOH>

Dat. KOity

KOIfcHMa, KOH>6M

Instr. KOH.CM"

KOHbHMa, KOHJH

Loc. KOH>y

KOlLHMa. KOHJHX

In this declension if the noun implies an animate thing the genitive and accusative singular will be identical ; if inanimate the noun and accusative singular.

C1) Those in HMa and ana were originally dual forms.

14 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

II. 0-STEMS.

ce.io, a village.

Singular. Plural

Nom. ce.io ceja

Ace. ce.io ce.ia

Gen. ce.ia ceja, ce.i

Dat, ce.iy ce.iHMa,

Instr. ce.ioM ce.iHMa, ce.in

Loc. ce.iy ce.iHMa, CC.IHX

no-be, a field. (')

Singular. Plural.

Nom. noAe no-ba

Ace. no-be no-ba

Gen. noAa no-ba, no.b Dat. • no^y Instr. no.bCM Loc. noj.y

IIO.bHMa, IIO.L1I

III. a-STEMS.

puda, a fish.

Singular.

Plural

Nom.

pn6a

pn(5e

Voc.

pn6o

pn6e

Ace.

pH6y

pu6e

Gen.

pn6e

pn6a, pn6

Dat.

piinii

prttaifi,

pn6aM

Instr.

pn6oM

pn6aMa.

1'iiCia.Mii

Loc.

plli'ill

padaHa,

pn6ax

(*) The insertion of no.be among tlie o-stems is explained "by the stem being no.bo. The final-o preceded by a consonant, which has been modified by j, becomes e.

DECLENSION. 15

will.

Plural.

, BOA

BO.taMa,

Singular.

Nom. eo.ta

Voc. BOAO

Ace. BO^by

Gen. BOJbe

Dat. EOJbii

Instr. BOAOM

Loc. BO.LH

IV. T> (w)-STEMS.

The old i> (u}> stems follow the declension of the t (a)-stems. The Croatian still employs the sing. voc. sinu, Old Slav. ctmy. We have traces of the declension of the T> (w)-stems in the dat. and voc. sing, and in the syllable OB of the T> (a) -stems.

V. B-STEMS. 1. masculine.

Of the Old Slavonic masculine declension in t (T) there are but scanty remains.

2.

feminine.

KOCT, a bone.

Singular.

Plural

Nom. KOCT

KOCTH

Voc. KOCTH

KOCTH

ACC. KOCT

KOCTII

Gen. KOCTII

KOCTH, jy(l)

Dat. KOCTH

KOCTIIMa, KOCTHM

Instr. KOinfey

KOCTHMa, KOCTMH

Loc. KOCTH

KOCTHMa, KOCTHX

The dual form KOCTHJy is occasionally found.

16

SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

VI. CONSONANTAL STEMS.

a) B-stems.

Of these there are a few traces.

6) H-stems. l. masculim.

Among these #aH, day, may be mentioned, which very irregular. The chief forms are as follow: Singular. Plural.

AHH

Nom.

Voc.

Ace.

Gen.

Dat.

Instr.

LOG.

A3Ha, AH6, AHH

AaH>y

AHII

Aamiivia

2. neuter. HMC, a name. Singular. Nom. HMC Ace. HM6 Gen. HMena Dat. HMeny

Instr. HM6HOM

Loc. iiMeuy

Plural.

iiMena

iiMena, HMCH HMeuHMa, HMOH

HM6HHMa, HMl'HII

HMCHiiMa, HMCHUX

c) osteras. the body.

Singular. Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat. Instr. Loc. uije^y

Plural.

ije^eca

ije^eca

ije^eca, nuec

Tje^eciiwa,

xje^ecHMa,

xje^ecHMa, Tii.iecuz

DECLENSION. 1 7

In this way are also declined nefio, heaven, and ny#o, a wonder; OKO, an eye, and yxo, an ear, use as plural the old dual: — OHH, yum, onajy, yinnjy, o^HMa, yiiiHMa.

d] T-stems. xane, a ball (of a musket).

Singular. Plural.

Nom.

xane laneia

Ace.

xane

TaHexa

Gen.

TaHeia xaHeia, lanex

Dat.

xaneiy TaHeniMa, laneTOM

Instr.

TaHexoM TaneTHMa, Tanera

Loc.

Taneiy

TaneTiiMa, Tanernx

Irregular nouns belonging to this declension are nceTO, dog, gen. ncexa and nceTexa and #pBO a tree which makes plur. /jpBeia, diibs, and Apsa, logs of wood.

e) p-stems.

Main, a mother.

Singular. Plural.

Nom. Mara Maiepe

Ace. Maiep Maiepe

Gen. Maiepe , I naiepa, iviaxep

Dat. Maiepn MaiepaMa, MaiepaM

Instr. MaiepoM MaiepaMa, MaiepaMH

Loc. Maiepn Maxepaivia, Maiepax

Kan, a daughter, has in the singular accusative Knep, hut in other respects follows the paradigm KOCT. As this noun is in such common use it is added.

18 SEEBIAN GRAMMAR.

Singular. Plural

Nom. Kfcll (sometimes KkeplI

but incorrectly Ktep)

Acc. Kiep Ktepn

Gen. Kfcepn Kiepa

Dat. Ktepu KtepiiMa

Instr. Ktepu KtepiiMa

Loc. Ktepii Ktepiix

As previously observed, according to the rule of Slavonic languages in the case of animate things the genitive and accusative are the same, in the singular number and masculine gender; in the case of inanimate things the nominative and accusative.

It would occupy too much space in this grammar to give a list of nouns defective in number which can easily be learned from the dictionary ; thus e. g. HOJKHUG, scissors, and TOiMime, hot baths, are only used in the plural. rlo6a, a period, is of the neuter gender and indeclinable.

A few more irregular nouns may be specified, thusdpaT pi. 6paha, which becomes a collective feminine noun and is declined like pn6a ; iiOBJ6K, man, has for pi. AYAH (cf. Russian). Many names of inanimate things become collective neuters in the plural, thus UBHCT, a flower \ uBnehe, alunchoffloivers-, ^HCT, a leaf; jiiiiime, a bunch of leaves. This is a striking peculiarity of the language and should be noted. TpyAH and npcw, breast, have a dual form, one of the remains of the old language and the same applies to luefcii, shoulders-, thus gen. rpy^njy, npcujy, luehiijy, dat. rpy/uma, npcima,

Of the various terminations of nouns the following are worthy of specification:

a) The male agent is expressed by the termination -au, as .lOBan, hunter] micau, writer-, sometimes -an, as

ADJECTIVES. 19

KOBa% blacksmith] feminine -nua, as KOBa^nma; -ap, as KH,iraap, bookseller, and -HK, as MIUOCHHK, a lover.

b) -amra to express the place or country from which one comes, as Be^anim, a native of Vienna. This is sometimes expressed by the termination -./raja, as IJapn- rpa^inja, a native of Constantinople.

c) -CTBO the function, as y^HTejbCTBO, the function of being teacher.

d) -CKa, denoting country, as MmviecKa, England.

e) -aH>e and eae to express an action or its effects, as HHTaite, the act of reading, or -6a, as 6ep6a, the gathering- of grapes.

/) -niiiTe, place, as nosopnuiTe, theatre.

g} Diminutives, -im, as nomm, a little knife ; -ua, as H0hu,a, little night] -Ka, as cena, little sister. (*)

h) -a/j, denotes collectives, as npaca^, a herd of swine] iirreHa/j, a litter of puppies.

ADJECTIVES.

In Serb the adjective has two forms, the indefinite and the definite ; — e. g. indef. M./ia# HOBJCK, a young man ; MJia^n HOBJeK, the young man. In reality as has been shewn by MIKLOSICH and other scholars the -H of the termination is the definite article, and this is why (in appearance) an article is wanting in the Slavonic languages.

But all adjectives do not possess both indefinite and definite forms: — 1) possessive adjectives in OB, CB and HH can only have the indefinite form. 2) All the other possessive adjectives, the ordinal numbers as well as

(!) Also ce.ia, ce.ie, thus a 4a joiirre TH MH Biuem, ce,ie, and that thou mayst still see me, sister — M. Ban.

20 SERBIAN GEAMMAE.

the following, ^ecHii, on the right hand; jmeBii, on the lefthand; uiir.ur, unique; o6hii, general; ocTa^in, remaining; Ma.flH, little\ BejbH, great; AiiBJbH, savage, and some others have only the definite form.

INDEFINITE ADJECTIVE.

Mja4, young.

Singular.

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.

Nom. M.ja4 M^a4a Mja40

Acc. < «™ (""if**) mMY L M^a4 (inanimate)

Gen. M.ia4a Dat. Instr. Loc.

Plural.

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.

Nom. MJ34H MJ346 M.134a

Gen. Mjia4HX

Instr. Mjia4HMa M.W4IIMH > for all genders Loc.

DEFINITE ADJECTIVE. Singular.

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.

Nom. M-I34H M^a4a »U340

/ M.ia40ra (animate)

Acc. \ /• . . \ MJ34) IU&AO

^ MJ34H (inanimate)

Gen. M.ia4ora

Dat. Mjia40My M^a4oj MJ340My

Instr. M.I. I. HIM M.ld40M MJa4IIM

LOC. MJI340M M^a40j Mj!340M

ADJECTIVES.

21

Masculine.

Nom. M.134H

Acc. M.I346

Gen.

Dat. sua4iiMa

Instr. Loc.

Plural.

Feminine. M.I346

Neuter.

MJ84UM

for all genders

MJ34HX

It will be observed that the accusative masculine, as in substantives, has two forms one for animate, the other for inanimate things.

In the genitive and dative singulars of the masculine and neuter the final vowel is sometimes suppressed, thus or, OM, eM.

The example M./ia/j illustrates the declension of an adjective, which terminates in a hard consonant ; in the case of one ending in a soft consonant; — e. g. spyh, ivarm, the only differences in the indefinite form are that the neuter nom. and ace. ends in e, as Bpyhe, and in the definite the gen. masc. is Bpyfeera and the dative the locative Bpy&ent ; the neuter nom. and ace. are gen. and dat. same as the masc. The plural of the adjective in the definite form is the same whether with a hard or soft termination.

The irregular adjective sac or caB is here added on account of its frequent use.

Singular.

Masculine. Feminine. Neuter.

Nom. sac, cae cea cee

Acc. Bac, cas, ceera (animate) csy cee

Gen. csera cse csera

Dat. cBCMy CBOJ cseiviy

Instr. CBHM CBOM CBHM

Loc. CB6M CBOJ CB6M

22 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

Plural

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Norn.

run

CB6

CBa

Ace.

CB6

CB6

csa

Gen.

CBHX

Dat.

CBHftia

CBHM '

1

Instr.

CBHMa

CBHMII

} for all

genders

Loc.

CBIlMd

CHHX

I

DEGREES OF COMPARISON.

The comparative degree is ordinarily expressed by adding to the stems the terminations iijii for the masculine, nja for the feminine and nje for the neuter, thus 6oraT, rich, comp. 6oraTHJH, -nja, -nje. Many adjectives, however, of two syllables which end in an, en and OK reject thus final syllable and add JH, ja, je to the stem;— e. g. HH3aK, low, comp. HIIHCII; #a./ieK, afar off, comparative 4a AH ; BHCOK, high, comp. BIIIUH; iiinpOK, broad, comp. uiiipH.(1)

The following four comparatives which are in frequent use are altogether irregular.

Ao6ap, good ; comp. aao, lad; comp. ropn little; comp. MaiLii , great; comp. eetn

The superlative is expressed by the addition of the syllable naj- to the comparative; — e.g. HajsebH, tlie greatest; naj6ojbn, the best.

0) This may no doubt be explained by the fact that K and its accompanying vowels are suffixes. Cf. Old Slavonic Be.iin, Russ. Be^HKiii, great; AHBO Russ. and Chekh divoky. The final consonant of the stem is modified by the phonetic laws previously stated.

THE NUMEEALS.

23

4na, -4110

4B3, 4BH6, 4Ba

ipn

nei uiecr

C643M

ocan

46B6T 46C6T

4BanaecT TpunaecT qeipnaecT

THE NUMERALS. 1. Cardinal.

1

2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9

10 11 12 13 14 20

me34eceT or uiecex

OCaM46C6T 468646061 CTO

CTO II J64aH CTO II 4Ba46C6T 4BHCCTa, 4BII6 CTOTUH6 TpHCTa, Tpll CTOTIIH6 CTOTHH6

21

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

101

120

200

300

400

1000

2. Ordinals.

npeii first

4pyrn second

Tpetn (ipera) third

^eiBpiH fourth

nem fifth

And so on, each being declined as a definite ad- jective, but as these numerals may easily be found in a dictionary, I have not thought it necessary to lose space by recapitulating them here.

The first cardinal number je^an is declined like are indefinite adjective the three next are declined with feminine substantives, and agree with the noun, with masculine and neuter nouns they are treated as indeclin- able and the noun to which they refer is in the genitive singular, but after nei, five, all the nouns are in the

24 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

genitive plural. This (apparent) genitive singular used only in the case of masculine and neuter nouns is con- sidered by MIKLOSICH to be in reality a corrupt form of the dual, as we find in Russian.

The declension of 4Ba, xpn and Mexupii is as follows:

N. A. 481160)

ipn

ieTiipn

G. L. ABiijy

xpnjy

qeinpujy

D. 4BJ6Ma

ipiiMa

qeinpiiMa

I. 4BJCMa

TpIIMlI

qeTIIpILMH

Dates are indicated in Serb in the following way. For the days of the month we use ordinals;— e. g. open, Apym, Tpehii (flan being understood) MJeceua, the first, second, third of the month; for the manner of expressing the year see page 64. When there are several numerals together, the last of them governs the noun, as ^Ba^eceT H Asa HOBJena, twenty-two men. 06a and o6a#Ba, both, are declined like #Ba only in the feminine. Collective numerals in Serbian end in -iiua, as nexepnua, a parti/ of five.

Serbian has an interesting parallel to the expression familiar to classical scholars Teiapio; auxo? i. e. with three others, the idea is exactly expressed

PRONOUNS.

The pronouns are divided into personal, demonstrative, interrogative, relative and indefinite. Under the personal are also included possessive pronouns.

(> ) The masculine and neuter forms of 4Ba are no longer declined.

PRONOUNS.

25

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

First person.

Second person.

Singular.

Plural.

Singular.

Plural.

Nom. ja

Mil

Nom. TH

BH

J\C*C MPHP MP

nac

Ace. Te6e, TC

eac

Gen. Mene, Me

Hac Gen. Tede, TC

Bac

Dat. M6HII, Mil

HaMa H3M

Dat. Tedn, TH

eaMa HUM

Voc. TH

BH

Instr. MHOM (MCHOM) naMa naMii Loc. MCHII naMa nac

Instr. To6oM Loc. Tedn

sac

Third person.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Nom.

OH

ona

OHO

Ace.

H>era, ra

w, jy

itera, ra

Gen.

H>era, ra

ae, je

itera, ra

Dat.

iteMy, My

H>OJ, joj

H>cMyj My

Instr.

H>HM

H.OM

ftHM

Loc.

IfcCM

HoOJ

ftCM

Plural

Masculine.

Feminine. Neuter.

Nom.

OHH

one oua

Ace.

H,e, je, H.HX

Gen.

H>HX, JHX, HX

Dat.

ILIIMU

H.HM, JHM

for all genders

Instr.

H.lIMil

H>HMH

Loc.

H>HMa

H.HX

THE EEFLEXIVE PRONOUN.

This pronoun may be employed with all persons and both numbers.

26

SERBIAN GRAMMAK.

Acc. ce(5e, ce

Gen. cede, ce

Dat. ce6n, en

Instr. ce6n

Loc. co6oM

The shorter forms are more often employed, and are like enclitics. In common with the other Slavonic languages the longer forms of the prepositions are used, when emphasis is required. After prepositions the accu- sative of the pronoun OH is shortened into H>. Thus H y je^an nyx Hana^e Haa MpaK H TaMa — and im- mediately there fell upon Mm mist and darkness. Acts XIII, 11.

The possessive pronouns are inflected as follows: MOJ, mine. Singular.

Masculine. Feminioe. Neuter.

Norn. MOJ Moja MOje

Acc. Mojera, Mora Mojy MOje

Gen. Mojera, Mora MOje Mojera, Mora

Dat. MOjeMy, MOMy MOJOJ MOjeMy, MOMy

Voc. MOJ Moja MOje

Instr. MOJHM MOJOM MOJHM

LOG. MOJCM, MOM MOJOJ MOJCM, MOM

Masculine.

Nom. MOJH

Acc. Moje

Gen.

Dat. MOjiiMa

Voc. Moje

Instr. MOjiiMa

Loc.

Plural

Feminine. MOje MOje MOJI1X MOJHM

MOje

MojllMIl

MOJIIX (-iiex)

Neuter. MOJ 3 MOJa

for all genders Moja for all genders

PRONOUNS.

27

Ham, our.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Nom. Haui

naiua

nauie

Ace. nauiera

naiuy

nauie

Gen. nauiera

name

uauiera

Dat. Haine&iy

uauioj

nauieMy

Voc. Hani

nauia

name

Instr. HauiiiM

HaiUOM

1IH1I11IM

Loc. nauieM

uauioj

nauieM

Plural

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Nom. nainn

nauie

nauia

Ace. name

name

nauia

Gen. Dat. HauiHMa

nauitix ) . } for nauiuM J

all genders

Voc. Hauie

name

nauia

Instr. HauiHMa

uauiBMii ) ,

>foi

• all gender;

Loc. nauiiiMa

namiix

TBOJ, tliy, and CBOJ, the reflexive, are declined like MOJ. Bam, your, is declined like Ham.

The other possessive pronouns follow the inflexions of the adjectives of the indefinite form, such are H>eroB, belonging to him or it, H>e3HH, belonging to her, H>HXOB belonging to them; noja, TBOja and Moje, TBOje are some- times, especially in poetry, contracted into Ma, TBR, Me,TBe; CBOft is used indiscriminately for all persons and numbers, as Ja jbyGnivi CBOJV AOMOBHHV, / love my country.

DEMONSTRATIVE PRONOUNS.

These are five in number:

1) OBaj, osa, OBO, this.

2) Taj, Ta, TO, this or that.

28

SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

3) onaj, ona, OHO, that.

4) HCTH, iiCTa, HCTO, the same.

5) caM, ca>ia, caMO, alone, only one.

These pronouns are declined in the following manner:

Neuter. OBO

Masculine. Feminine.

Nom. oeaj oea

Ace. oeaj, OBOra (animate) osy OBO

Gen. OBora oee oeora

OBOJ OBOMy

OBOM OBHM OBOM

Dat. OBOMy Instr. OBHM

LOC. OBOM

OBOJ

Plural

Masculine. Femioine.

Nom. OBH OB6

Acc. OB6 OB6

Gen. OBHX

Dat. OBHM

Instr. OBHMH

LOC. OBHX

Neuter.

osa oea

Taj, this or that, has something of the sense of the Latin ille and is not very easily translated in our language.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Nom.

T3j

Ta

Acc.

iaj, Tor

Ty

Gen.

Tora

TC

Dat.

TOMy

TOJ

Instr.

THJ6M, THM

TOM

Loc.

TOM

TOJ

Neuter.

TO TO

Tora

TOMy

TIIJ6M, THM TOM

PBONOUNS.

29

Plural

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Nom.

Til

ie

ia

Acc.

ie

ie

xa

Gen.

THjex, THX 1

I

Dat.

THjeaia

THM

\ for all

Jnstr.

THjeMa

TIIMII

1

LOG.

Tiijena

THX J

I have added the duals throughout the pronouns as they are used by the Serbs in contradistinction to the Croats.

INTERROGATIVE AND RELATIVE PRONOUNS.

TKO, who.

Nom. TKO, KO

Acc. Kora

Gen. Kora

Dat. KOMy

Instr. KHM, KIICM

LOC. ROM

IIITO, what. lino, niTa IUTO (mia) leca, iera (inia)

They have no plural.

We now have the interrogative and relative pronoun KOJH, which is declined like an adjective.

Singular.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Nom.

KOJH (KH)0)

Koja (Ka)

Koje (KO)

Acc.

Kojera (nora)

• Koje (KB)

Kojera (nora)

Gen.

KojeMy (KOMy)

KOJOJ (KOJ)

KojeMy (KOMy)

Dat.

Koje, Kojera (Kora)

Rojy (KY)

Koje (KO)

Instr.

KOJHM (KHM)

KOJOM (KOM)

KOJHM (KHM)

Loc.

KOjeM (KOM)

KOJOJ (KOJ)

KOjeM (KOM)

Also sometimes written KOJ.

30 SEEBIAN GRAMMAR.

Plural.

Masculine.

Feminine.

Neuter.

Nom. Ace. Gen. Dat.

KOJH (KH) KOje (ue)

KOJHMa

KOje (ne) Koje (KC) KOJHX (KIIX) KOJIIM (KHM)

Koja (na) Koja (na)

1

Loc.

KOJHM3 KOJHMa

KOJHX (KHX)

I;

In the same way is declined MHJ, belonging to whom. Converted with these pronouns are the adjectival forms MHrOB, belonging to ivhom; KO^IHK, how great; KaKOB and KanaB, of ivhat sort.

iirra is often used for LUTO in the colloquial language, and is indeed several times introduced by VUK in his translation of the New Testament. Instead of this the Dalmatians use Ma (ca) and the Slovenes kaj ; hence the distinction between the stokavci, the cakavci and the kajkavci, with which FEUVRIER well compares the difference between the langue d'oil and the langue d'oc.

INDEFINITE PRONOUNS.

Such are iteTKO, a certain person, H»eiiiTO a certain thing, CBaxKO, each, and others declined like TKO, and their corresponding adjectives, jteKOJn, UITOKOJH, CBRKH &c. which can easily be learned from the dictionaries, and must be omitted here for want of space.

THE VEEB.

The Serbian verbs may be divided as follow:

1) Active and passive, transitive, neuter and re- flexive, considered with regard to their signification.

2) Simple and compound, primitive and derived with regard to their form.

THE VEKB. 31

3) Perfective and imperfective from the point of view of the duration of the action. It is with the last of these three divisions which we have more particularly to do, verbs of this class are said to be arranged ac- cording to their aspects, a feature peculiar to the Slavonic languages. In a short grammar like the pre- sent it will only be possible to give the leading principles of this classification. For more minute details the reader must use a good Serbian dictionary, and above all, must make himself familiar with the great comparative Grammar of MIKLOSICH.^)

The perfective aspect denotes either that the action has been quite completed, or that it will definitely cease. This aspect has no present tense, but a present form with a future signification, just as we say in English: CI go to-morrow morning' . Many of the verbs belonging to this aspect are compounded with prepositions, as naniiTH, to drink up.

The perfective verbs are again subdivided either: a) as they denote completion without regard to the duration of the action; — e. g. jcyniiTH, to ~buy, in one or more acts (unconditional perfective verbs) or 6) with reference to the duration of the action (conditional per- fective verbs). In the last circumstance the action may be either a) one the beginning and end of which are simultaneous, as CTpujejbaTH, to shoot, the action being done rapidly, once for all as it were : these verbs are called by MIKLOSICH momentaneous, and correspond to the perfect aspect of unity of the Russian grammarians or

(!) Vergleichende Graminatik der Slavischen Sprachen. Vienna 1883. 4th Vol., p. 274.

32 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

p) the action may not have a simultaneous beginning and end and this class is further subdivided into 1) where the action the completion of which is predicated, is a continuous one or 2) repeated at various times. The first of these MIKLOSICH calls durative perfective, the second iterative perfective.

The imperfective verbs express an action that is not completed but this may be conceived either a) as merely continuing or &) repeated at various times. The verbs of the first class are called durative, the verbs of the second class, iterative, and of these last there are two forms, but into further minutiae it is impossible to enter here. .Enough has been given to shew the riches of the Slavonic verbal system.

Each aspect is regularly conjugated according to its own moods and tenses.

a) The imperfective aspect has all the moods and tenses.

fr) The perfective wants the present and imperfect tenses.

c) The iterative has no present tense, and is also deficient in the imperative mood.

The various aspects are arranged under the six conjugations, according to the system, which follows im- mediately in the grammar^1) Thus one aspect of a verb will belong to one conjugation and another aspect to another. The knowledge of these aspects can only be gained by the use of a good dictionary, as they vary greatly both in termination and prefix, and it is the

(') For remarks on these involving much minute detail the student must consult MIKLOSICH.

THE VEEB. 33

large employment of the prepositions for this latter purpose which makes the study of them so important in the Slavonic languages. A list of the most common of them with their various uses is therefore added.

Besides the aspects of verbs already noticed there are also diminutive verbs, as roBOpKara, to speak a little, CKaKyTam, to hop about a little. Similar forms are also to be found in the Upper-Sorbish and Malo-Russian languages. Verbs which have every aspect are rarely found.

The iterative aspect may often be known by the term- ination -axn or -aBaxn, thus #aTH, to give, /jaBaTH, to give often-, cnaTH, to sleep, cnaBa-rH, to sleep often. Sometimes the aspect is determined by the accent of which examples can be seen in MIKLOSICH, Vergleichende Grammatik IV, 282.

Compound verbs are those which take a preposition before them. The prefixes which must be learned by consulting a dictionary have no influence upon the con- jugation of a verb, for it is a rule that compound verbs follow the conjugation of the simple verb from which they are derived.

A few of the prefixes, however, are here introduced to guide the reader in the changes of the various aspects.

AO, which implies carrying the action to the ex- tremity, as /joxpaHHTH, to guard to the end.

na, has somewhat of the same signification, as Ha- nrpaTH ce, to play till one is tired out.

o, 06, sometimes signifies around, as OKpecaiH, to cut tlie edges round, and sometimes intensifies the signi- fication. It also helps to form the perfect aspect, as OIIHTH, to get drunk. Of. the uses of njesao and onjesao in the extract at the end of the Grammar.

34 SEBBIAN GKAMMAR.

04, 0£a, gives the idea of separation, as to drive away.

no sometimes gives to imperfect verbs the signi- fication of perfect, as nonHTH, to drink to the dregs.

nOA expresses underneath, like the Latin sub, as noAJapMHTH, to put under the yoke, to subjugate.

npe implie change, going from one place to another, as npedpojiiTH, to cross a river.

npe A, before, as npe^pOHTii, to pay beforehand, to subscribe.

paa expresses the idea of destruction or diffusion, as paarpaAHTii, to demolish.

c, ca, denotes either a) union, as cacTaBHTH, to join, or fr) descent, as c-^ia3HTH, to descend from.

y, in, either a) implies entrance, as yjiaaiiTH, to enter, or I) gives the tense of completed action, as ynajumi, to set on fire.

ya, up either a) has this sense simply, as ysimn, to mount', &) or gives to imperfect verse the sense of perfect, as yan^ojHTH, to fructify] c) it is used to make the future simple conditional of an ordinary verb, as is afterwards shewn on page 56, as ano yaxTHJCM, if 1 should wish. (i)

3a is sometimes used in the sense of beginning, as aanOMeiH, to begin.

The following are the original personal suffixes, which are either present or have disappeared through phonetic decay in the tenses.

(i) Those who spell phonetically write this 3 in many cases c, thus ycn.!04HTH is more usual than y3n.i04Hin.

THE VERB. 35

Singular.

Plural.

1. 31 MO

2. en ie

. 3. T HT

The T of the 3d pers. singular and plural is lost. The connecting vowel is e or o, as may be seen in the forms of the tenses.

The verbs of the class marked B, where there is no present suffix, such as ja/j, fla/j, B§A and jec are con- sidered by MIKLOSICH to be remains of an older stage of the language, when the present was formed without e.

The conjugations of the Serbian verb will be here arranged, according to the system of MIKLOSICH. Before, however, giving the several classes of verbs, it will be as well to give his analysis of the Slavonic verb generally. Each verb has two stems, firstly the infinitive stem and secondly the present stem.

1) THE INFINITIVE STEM.— In this the verbs are divided into two classes, according as they add the verbal suffixes immediately to the root, or add them to the root or a noun or verbal-stem by means of one of the following suffixes: w^O), e, i, a, ua (ova). Putting these two together we may say that verbal stems are divided into six classes:

a) Stems without suffixes;

6) westerns;

c) e-stems ;

(!) By q, is expressed the nasal, which existed in Old-Slavonic, and although now lost, influences the verb and explains the prin- ciples of its conjugation.

c*

36 SERBIAN GBAMMAB.

d) i-stems;

e) a- steins; /) cwa-stems.

The special infinitive stems are: — 1) the infinitive, 2) the supine, 3) 1st past participle active, 4) 2nd past participle active, 5) past participle passive, 6) aorist.

2) THE PRESENT STEMS are:— 1) the present, 2) im- perative, 3) imperfect, 4) present participle active, 5) present participle passive.

According to the present stems the verbs fall into two classes, as the forms of the present are made with the help of the present suffix-e or without it.

A.— CONJUGATION WITH THE PRESENT SUFFIX.

First class. STEMS WITHOUT SUFFIXES.

I. njei, to braid.

a) inf. stem II-ICT; inf. IMCC-TH; past part, active I )) lueTaBiiin; II rueo; past part, passive AORIST.

Sg. 1 IM6T-0-X PI. D.ieT-0-C-MO

2 iLiei-e iueT-0-c-Te

3 ruei-e n.iei-o-ui-e

p) present stem iLieT-e.

PRESENT. Sg. 1 n^ex-e-M PI. luei-e-MO

2 n.aeT-e-iii n^ei-e-ie

3 iueT-e n.ieiy

(') The indeclinable forms of the participles are sometimes called gerunds.

CONJUGATION WITH THE PBESENT STJEFIX. 37

IMPERATIVE. Sg. 1 PI. IMCX-H-MO

2 uiei-H

IMPERFECT

Sg. l njiei-nja-x PI. njei-nja-c-MO

2 iLieT-nja-iii-e njei-nja-c-ie

3 njei-Hja-ui-e iLieT-iija-x-y

PART. PRES. ACT.

II. nac, to pasture.

a) inf. stem nac; inf. nac-TH; past part. act. I nacas, nacaBinn; II nacao; past part, passive nacen.

AORIST.

Sg. 1 nac-o-x PI. nac-o-c-MO

2 nac-e nac-o-c-ie

3 nac-e nac-o-ni-e

P) present stem nace.

PRESENT.

Sg. l nac-e-M PI. nac-e-MO

2 nac-e-ui nac-e-ie

3 nac-e nac-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. nac-n-MO

2 nac-n nac-H-ie

IMPERFECT. Sg. l nac-Hja-x PI. nac-nja-c-MO

2 nac-Hja-in-e nac-aja-c-ie

3 nac-nja-ni-e nac-nja-x-y

PART. PRES. ACT. nac-yfen

38 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

III. rpe6, to scratch.

a) inf. stem rpe6; inf. rpe6-c-m; past part. act. I rpe6aB,vrpe6aBinn; II rpe6ao; past part, passive rpefien.

AORIST.

Sg. l rpe6-o-x Pi. rpe6-o-c-MO

2 rpe(5-e rpe6-o-c-ie

3 rpe6-e rpe6-o-m-e

P) present stem rpe6-e.

PRESENT.

Sg. 1 rpe6-e-M PI. rpeti-e-MO

2 rpe6-e-iij rped-e-ie

3 rpe6-e rpe6-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. l PI. rpe6-n-Mo

2 rpe6-H rpe6-H-ie

IMPERFECT.

Sg. l rpe6-nja-x PI. rpe6-nja-c-Mo

2 rpe6-Hja-iii-e rped-iija-c-xe

3 rpe6-Hja-m-e rpe6-nja-x-y PART. PRES. ACT. rpe6-ytn.

IV. neK, to bake.

a) inf. stem TICK; inf. iiehii; past part. act. I ; II nenao; past. part, passive nenen.

AORIST.

Sg. l neK-o-x PI. neK-o-c-MO

2 nei-e neK-o-c-xe

3 neq-e neK-o-m-e

CONJUGATION WITH THE TRESENT SUFFIX. 39

p) present stem nen-e.

PRESENT. Sg. l nei-e-M PL ne^-e-Mo

2 nei-e-ui nei-e-xe

3 nen-e neK-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PL neu-ii-MO

2 neuu neu-n-xe

IMPERFECT. Sg. l neu-Hja-x PL neq-iija-c-MO

2 neij-Hja-iii-e neu-Hja-c-ie

3 neu-Hja-iu-e neq-nja-x-y

PART. PRES. ACT. nen-yin

V. OLH(I), to curse.

a) inf. stem iue; inf. KJG-TH; past part. act. I IUCB, ; II K^ie-o; past part, passive

AORIST.

Sg. l iuex PL K^e-c-MO

2 iue Kje-c-ie

3 K^e oe-ui-e

present stem

PRESENT.

Sg. l Kyu-e-M PL KyH-e-MO

2 KyH-e-iu KyH-e-ie

3 nyH-e KyH-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PL KyH-H-MO

2 KyHH K)rH-H-Te

(') The b is used by MIKLOSICH to express the short i (?; between A and H.

40 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

IMPERFECT. Sg. l Kyn-iija-x PI. Kyn-nja-c-MO

2 KyH-Hjam-e KyH-nja-c-ie

3 KyH-iija-in-e Kyn-iija-x-y

PRES. PART. ACT. Kyn-ytn.

VI. Mp, to die.

a) inf. stem Mp; inf. Mp-nje-Tii; past part. act. I Mp-B, Mp-Bfflu; II Mpo; past part, passive Tpen^1)

AORIST.

Sg. i Mp-nje-x PI. Mp-nje-c-Mo

2 Mp-iije Mp-nje-c-ie

3 Mp-nje Mp-Hje-m-e

P) present stem Mpe.

PRESENT. Sg. 1 Mp-e-M PI. Mp-e-MO

2 Mp-e-m Mp-e-ie

3 Mpe Mp-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. Mp-ii-Mu

2 Mpn Mp-n-ie

IMPERFECT.

Sg. l (npax) Mpax PI. (np-a-c-Mo) Mp-a-c-MO

2 (np-a-ui-e) >ip-a-ui-e (np-a-c-ie) Mp-a-c-ie

3 (np-a-iu-e) Mp-a-iii-e (np-a-x-y)(2) Mp-a-x-y

PART. ACT.

(•) The past participle passive of the verb Mp is wanting and to complete the paradigm in its place is put that of the verb ipm. Of. DANICIC, Ofl.inmi Cpnc. JeaiiKa 91.

(2) MIKLOSICH gives this as supplied from the verb npam, to trash, a regular form however is given in Mp-a-x by DANICIC, 06. C. J. 90.

CONJUGATION WITH THE PKESENT SUFFIX. 41

VII. 6n, to beat.

a) inf. stem 6n; inf. 6n-TH; past part. act. I 6nB, fin-Bum; II6n-o; past part, passive 6HT.

AORIST.

Sg. 1 6n-x PI. CH-C-MO

2 6H 6H-C-T6

3 6n dn-iu-e

P) present stem 6n-j-e.

PRESENT. Sg. 1 6ii-j-e-M PI. 6H-j-e-MO

2 6n-j-e-iii 6n-j-e-Te

3 6n-j-e 6n-j-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. (Jn-j-MO

2 6nj 6n-j-Te

IMPERFECT. Sg. i fa-j-a-x PI. 6a-j-a-c-MO

2 6n-j-a-in-e 6n-j-a-c-Te

3 6n-j-a-in-e 6n-j-a-xy PRES. PART. ACT. 6n-j-ytn.

Second class.

n^-STEMS (in the Old-Slavonic with a nasalized a). Tony, to sink.

a) inf. stem TOHV; inf. TOHV-TH; past part. act. I TOHVB, TOHyBiuii; II TOHV-o ; past part, passive

(') There is no past participle passive to this verb, and to complete the form it is supplied from verbs like saiernyTH. See DANICIC, p. 93. The root is ion, compare noion, a food; the n has dropped out.

42 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

AORIST. Sg. 1 TOHy-X PI. TOHy-C-MO

2 TOIiy TOHV-C-TO

3 Tony Tony-iii-e

p) present stem TOH-e.

PRESENT.

Sg. 1 TOH-6-M PI. TOH-e-MO

2 TOH-e-m TOH-e-ie

3 TOH-6 TOH-y

IMPERATIVE. Sg. 1 PL TOH-H-MO

2 TOH-H TOH-H-TC

IMPERFECT.

Sg. 1 TOH-ja-X PI. TOH-ja-C-MO

2 TOH-ja-ui-e TOH-ja-c-ie

3 TOH-ja-in-e TOH-ja-x-y

PRES. PART. ACT. xoH-ytu.

Third class.

C-STEMS.

First group.

YMe, to understand, to know.

a) inf. stem yivije ; inf. yMJe-TH ; past part act, I YMJC-B, iH; II yM-H-o; past part, passive UITH-B-C-H. (»).

AORIST.

Sg. 1 yMje-x PI. yMje-c-MO

2 yMje yMje-c-Te

3 yMje yMje-ui-e

t1) iiiTHBeH is borrowed from the verb IIITIITH, to read, to com- plete the paradigm.

CONJUGATION WITH THE PRESENT SUFFIX. 43

P) present stem yMHJ-e.

PRESENT. Sg. i yiMH-j-e-M PL yMH-j-e-MO

2 yMH-j-e-in yMii-j-e-ie

3 yMH-j-e yMii-j-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PL yMii-j-MO

2 yMii-j yMH-j-ie

IMPERFECT. Sg. l YMii-ja-x PL yMH-ja-c-MO

2 yMH-ja-m-e yMii-ja-c-ie

3 yMH-ja-iu-e VMii-ja-x-y PRES. PART. ACT. yivm-j-yin.

Second group, rope, to burn.

a) inf. stem ropje; inf. ropje-TH; past part. act. I ropjee, ropjeBiun; II ropno; past part, passive

AORIST.

Sg. l ropje-x PL ropje-c-MO

2 ropje ropje-o-ie

3 ropje ropje-m-e

P) present stem ropn-e.

PRESENT.

Sg. 1 ropii-M PL ropn-MO

2 ropii-m ropn-xe

3 ropn rope

(i) This has been taken by MIKLOSICH from a corresponding form Bii4jern, to see, which is the specimen given by DANICIC, 06. Cp. Jea. 98.

44 SEEBIAN GBAMMAE.

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. ropn-MO

2 ropn ropa-ie

IMPERFECT. Sg. 1 ropn-ja-x PI. ropn-ja-c-Mo

2 ropn-ja-m-e ropn-ja-c-ie

3 ropii-ja-m-e ropn-ja-x-y

PRES. PART. ACT. ropetn.

Fourth class.

i, to praise.

a) inf. stem xea^n; inf. xsajiH-Tn; past part. act. I XBa./iHB, XBajin-BiuH;IIxBa^n-6; past part, passive

AORIST. Sg. 1 XB8.1HX PL XB3JH-C-MO

2 XBajii xea^H-c-ie

3 xsa.in XBa.in-iii-e

present stem

PRESENT.

Sg. 1 XBa.IIIM PI. XBaJH-MO

2

3 xsajn xsaje

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI.

2 xsajH

IMPERFECT.

8g. I xsa^a-x PI.

2 xsajb-a-in-e

3 XBa.fr-a-iii-e xsaA-a-x-y

PRES. PART. ACT.

CONJUGATION WITH THE PRESENT SUFFIX.

Fifth class.

45

First group. iyea, to guard.

a) inf. stem' qysa; inf. Hysa-TH; past part act.1 I -B, iyBa-B-imi; II nyBa-o; past part, passive

AORIST.

Sg. l lyea-x PI. qyua-c-MO

2 qysa

3 qyea

present stem

Sg. 1

2 qyea-ui 3

^yea-m-e

PRESENT. PI.

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PL lyea-j-MO

2 lyea-j

IMPERFECT. Sg. l ^yea-x PI.

2 qyea-in-e lyBa-c-xe

3 qyea-in-e ^yea-x-y PRES. PART. ACT. lyea-j-ykn.

Second group. mica, to write.

a) inf. stem nnca; inf. iraca-Tii; past part. act. I nnca-B, nyca-B-uin; II nnca-o; past part, passive iracaH.

AORIST. Sg. l mica-x PI. nuca-c-MO

2 naca

3 mica

nuca-c-ie mica-iii-e

46 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

p) present stem niicn-e.

PRESENT. Sg. l nniii-e-M PI. miiii-e-MO

2 nuiii-e-ui nuin-e-ie

3 nnui-e nnui-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. imiii-ii-MO

2 nniu-n nniu-ii-Te

IMPERFECT. Sg. l mica-x PI. nuca-c-MO

2 nnca-ui-e nnca-c-ie

3 nnca-in-e nnca-x-y

PRES. PART. ACT. niiin-yiii.

Third group. 6pa, to collect.

a) inf. stem 6pa; inf. 6pa-TH; past part. act. I 6paB, 6paBiiiH; II 6pao; past part, passive 6pa-H.

AORIST.

Sg. l 6pa-x PI. 6pa-c->io

2 6pa 6pa-c-ie

3 6pa 6pa-ui-e

|3) present stem 6ep-e.

PRESENT. Sg. l 6ep-e-M PI. 6ep-e-Mo

2 6ep-e-m 6ep-e-ie

3 6ep-e 6ep-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. 6ep-ii-M«>

2 6ep-n 6ep-H-ie

CONJUGATION WITH THE PRESENT SUFFIX. 47

IMPERFECT.

Sg. 1 6pax PI. 6pa-c-Mo

2 6pa-in-e 6pa-<xre

3 6pa-ui-e 6pa-x-y

PBES. PART. ACT. 6ep-ytn.

Fourth group, ceja, to sow.(i)

a) inf. stem cnj'a; inf. cnja-Tn; past part. act. I cnja-B, ciija-B-nra; II cnjao; past part, passive caja-H.

AORIST.

Sg. i cnja-x PI. ciija-c-Mo

2 CHja ciija-c-ie

3 cnja cnja-in-e

[3) present stem cw-j-e.

PRESENT.

Sg. 1 cn-j-e-M Pi. cn-j-e-Mo

2 cH-j-e-ra CH-j-e-ie

3 cii-j-e CH-j-y

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. CH-J-MO

2 CHJ CH-j-ie

IMPERFECT. Sg. l CH-j-a-x PI. cn-j-a-c-Mo

2 cH-j-a-m-e CH-j-a-c-ie

3 CH-j-a-m-e CH-j-a-x-y

PRES. PABT. ACT. cn-j-yfcu. (i) The e correspond to the old Slavonic B.

48 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

Sixth class, ova (wa)-SxEMS.

a) inf. stem Kynoea; inf. Kynona-Tii; past part, act, I KynoBaB, KyiiOBa-B-iiiH; II KynoBa-o ; past part. pass. KynoBan.

AOEIST.

Sg. 1 Kynoea-x PL Kynoea-c-MO

2 Kynoea KynoBa-c-ie

3 Kynoea Kynoea-m-e p) present stem Kyny-j-e.

PRESENT. Sg. l Kyny-j-e-M PL nyny-j-e-MO

2 Kynii-j-e-ui Kyny-j-e-ie

3 Kyny-j-e Kyny-j-y

IMPERATIF.

Sg. l PL Kyny-j-MO

2 Kyny-j-e nyny-j-ie

IMPERFECT. Sg. l Kynoea-x PL KynoBa-c-Rio

2 Kynoea-ui-e Kynosa-OTe

3 KynoBa-m-e Kynosa-x-y PRES. PART. ACT. Kyny-j-ytn.

B.— CONJUGATION WITHOUT THE PEESENT SUFFIX.

1. B64, to knoiv.(}) PRESENT.

Sg. 1 BH-M PL BII-MO

2 BH-UI BII-TG

3 BII Bii-jy

( ' ) By the addition of these forms the Serbian verb is brought into harmony with the old Slavonic system; e corresponds to the old Slavonic *. The forms of the root Be4 are only found in Serbian with prefixes; e. g. noiuij. The infinitive is wanting and is supplied by 3Ham and yMjeiH, but Slovenish helps us to fill of the gap and gives both vediti and v§d§ti (Suman, Slovenska Slovnica, p. 161).

CONJUGATION WITHOUT THE PRESENT SUFFIX. 49

IMPERATIVE. Sg. 1 PI. BHJMO

2 BHJ BHJT6

2. 434 (4ain), to give.

PRESENT. Sg. 1 4a-M PI. 4a-MO

2 4a-ui 4a-ie

3 4a

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. 43J-MO

2 4aj 4aj-ie

3. je4 (jeciH), to eat.(i)

PRESENT. Sg. l nje-M PI. iije-MO

2 Hje-m iije-ie

3 Hje Hjy

IMPERATIVE.

Sg. 1 PI. J64H-MO

2 J64H J64H-Te

4. jec, to fce.(2)

PRESENT. Sg. i jec-a-M PI. jec-Mo

2 je-cn jec-ie

3 jec-T jec-y

The present tense is shortened into CRM, CH, je, CMO, CTe, cy and with the negation HHCRM, HHCH, &c.

(!) In the Serbian dialect strictly so called the initial H of this tense is omitted.

(2) For practical purposes this tense is given over again on page 51 in the full paradigm of the verb 6iiTn, to be.

D

50 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

The Serbian verb has the following moods: — Indi- cative, imperative, conditional and infinitive. It has also the following tenses: the present, the imperfect (not much used in ordinary conversation), the aorist, the perfect, the pluperfect, the past anterior, the simple future, the future anterior.

It will thus be seen that there are many compound tenses, and the mode of forming these will be given, before we proceed to the paradigms of the complete verb.

The auxiliaries are XOTJCTH or XTCTH, xcmy, will, and 6nTH, to be.

A. — With the auxiliary xoTJexn is formed the simp^ future by abridging the present of that verb, and adding it to the infinitive of the verb, the sense of which it is to modify, thus we get fay, hem &c. fl fay MIIHHTH, or more frequently in the contracted form MHHIITH fay. Also 6n hem, tkou wilt ~be, for (5iiTH faem; cf. also XBBJIH faem, iiJieiii faem which are generally written as one word. The full form is used in interrogative propositions and the corresponding answers, e. g. xohem JIH AOfaH ca MHOM, will you come with me\ xoby, / will come.

JB. — The use of 6nTH is far more elaborate and the following tenses are formed from it.

1) The perfect, which is formed by the present of the verb 611111, and the second past participle active, which is inflected -ao, -ja, -Jio for the singular and -.HI for plural, as ja ca>i nao or nao caM, / have fallen ; F. PHCTHII je noxnyno ycmio, M. Eisticli has completely succeeded.

2) The pluperfect, which is formed by the imperfect of the auxiliary verb and the second past participle ; as 6njax or 6jex HHHHO, I had done.

THE VERB. 51

3) The past anterior, which is formed by the per- fect of the auxiliary and the second past participle of the verb, as ja CRM 6110 HHHHO, I had done.

4) The future anterior formed by the simple future and the second past participle of the verb, as ja hy GHT yiHHiio, / shall have done.

5) The present conditional is formed by adding the aorist 6nx of the auxiliary to the second past participle, as ja 6nx HHHHO, I should do. Cf. English 'If I were to do'.

6) The past conditional is formed by adding the past participle of the auxiliary, 6no, with the aorist 6nx to the second past participle, as 6no 6nx nao, / should have fallen.

7) The compound future of the conditional which is formed by the simple future of the auxiliary added to the second past participle of the verb, as RKO 67401 nao, in case I shall have fallen. The infinitive may also be equally used, as RKO 6yACM nacxn.

8) The past infinitive is expressed by the aid of the present infinitive of the auxiliary and the second past participle of the verb; — e. g. 6HTH MHHHO, tc have done.

9) The third persons singular and plural of the imperative are the same as the third persons singular and plural of the present indicative with the prefix of

The full conjugation of the verb 6HTH, to be, is here given on account of its importance as an auxiliary.

(i) Its formation by the help of the infinitive seems to be more in use among the Croats than the Serbs.

D*

52

SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

PRESENT TENSE.

Singular.

jecaM or caM, I am jecu or CH, thou art jeci or je, he is

Plural.

jecivio or CMO, we are jecie or cie, you are jecy or cy, the?/ are '

IMPERFECT.

Singular.

0HJax (or 6jex), I was, or 6nx (5njaine, djeme, thou wast, or 611 tinjaiiip, Ojeiiie, he icas, or 6H

Plural.

GujacMO, ojecMO, we were, or GHCMO 6njacTe, djecie, you were, or 6ncie dnjaxy, fijexy, they were, or 6nuie

AORIST.

Singular. 6nx 611

Plural,

6HCMO

ducie 6uuie

PERFECT. Singular.

ja COM, J

TU en, thou hast

on, ona, OHO je, he has

6no, 6iua, diuo,

MH CMO, ice hare BH cie, yoit Aat-e OHH, one, ona cy, they have

> Ciijii, -e, -a,

been

FUTURE.

Singular. 6y46M, 1 shalt be 6y46iiJ, thou shall be 6y'A6, he shall be

Plur<,/.

6y46Mo, we shall be 6y4eie, you shall be 6y4y, they shall be

THE VERB. . 53

IMPERATIVE. Singular. Plural.

6y40MO, let us be

(5y4H, be thou (5y4tiTe, be ye,

nena 6yae, let him be neKa 6y4y, let them be.

INFINITIVE: SHTH, to be. PARTICIPLES: 6nBum, having been. PAST: 6no, ja, AO, been. FUTURE: 6y4yin, being.

The past participle is used in composition to express a condition, cf. our were I that, I should go, &c.

NOTE. — The prefix lie which is often joined to Serbian verbs and gives a negative sense, becomes HH in the present tense of the verb (Jura, as mi-jecaM, contracted, HiicaM, &c.

Besides the forms already given in the fully con- jugated verb, some grammarians have assign e a supine to the Serbian verb ; this however is declared byMiKLOSicn (Vergl. Gramm. 111,225) to have been long out of use.

The present tense of the verb XOTJCTH is here added as it is used as an auxiliary to express the future.

Singular. I. xoty or iy

Plural. xoteivio or teaio

2. xoteui or tem xoteie or teie

3. xote or te xote or te

NEGATIVE FORM.

Singular. \ Plural.

nety neteMO

Hetein netexe nete

54 SEBBIAN GBAMMAR.

PARADIGM OF A COMPLETE VERB.(i)

A.— ACTIVE VOICE.

PRESENT.

Singular. Plural.

xsa.JUM, I praise xea.iiiMO, we praise

, thou praisest xeajiiie, you praise

a, he praises \ XBa^e, they praise

IMPERFECT.

Singular. Plural.

XBa.bax, I was praising xBa.*acMO, we were praising

XBa-tame, thou wast praising xBa^acie, you were praising

XBaAaiiie, he was praising xBa^baxy, they were praising

AORIST.

Singular. Plural.

, I praised xna^HCMO, we praised

, thou didst praise XBa^ncie, ye praised

, he praised XBa.iHiue, they praised

PERFECT.

Singular.

jecaM, caM XBa^no, I have praised jecH, en xea^iio, thou hast praised jeci, je XRa.iiio, he has praised

Plural.

jecMO, CMO xea^iMH, we have praised jecie, cie xsa^iMH, ye have praised jecy, cy XBajiiiJiii, they have praised

0) As the verbal suffixes have already been marked they are not specified on this occasion.

THE VERB. 55

PLUPERFECT.

Singular.

6njax (6jex) XBa.mo, I had praised diijame (Ojeiiie) xeajuo, tliou hadst praised dnjaiue (ojeiiie) xeajno, he had praised

Plural.

CnjacMO (6jecMO) XBa.in.in, we had praised 6iijacie (djecie) XBSLHULI, you had praised 6njaxy (6jexy) XBa.iiuii, they had praised

PAST ANTERIOR.

Singular.

CHO caM xea^HO, I had praised 6no CH xeajuo, thou hadst praised 6no je XBa.mo, he had praised

Plural

fouii CMO xBajiuii, we had praised 6n.ui cie xeajiUH, ye had praised 6tun cy XBa^iun, they had praised (\)

FUTURE SIMPLE.

Singular. ty, I shall praise teui, thou slialt praise te, he shall praise

Plural

teMO, tve shall praise teie, ye shall praise te, they shall praise

(!) The arrangement is altered, if the personal pronoun is introduced: — thus the order would be ja caM 6no xea.mo, &c. So also in the future simple it would be j a ty XBajiiTH, &c., and the present conditional without the personal pronouns would be XBa.ino 6ax.

56 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

FUTURE ANTERIOR.

Singular.

6HT fey XBajtio, I shall have praised 6iii feeui XBa.ino, thou shalt have 6m fee XBa.ino, he shall have praised

Plural.

6m fee>io xBajiLiii, ice shall have praised 6irr teie XBa.«un, ye shall have praised GUT fee XBa.iii.iii, they shall have praised

Conditional- Mood.

PRESENT.

Singular.

ja 6nx XBajno, I should praise (') TH 6n xeajno, thou shouldst praise OH 611 XBa.ino. he should praise

Plural.

Mil diiCMO XB£LIII.]II, we should praise BII 6»CTe XBa.nuii, 'you should praise OHH 611 XBa.ui.iii, they should praise

PAST.

Singular.

6110 6nx XBajno, I should have praised 6no 611 XBa^no, thou shouldst have praised 6110 dii XBa.mo, he should have praised

Plural.

6iMii 6ncMO XBa.iiun, we shnii/tl have praised 6n.iH 6iicTe XBa.iii.in, you should have praised 611.111 611 XBa.iii.in, they should have praised

(') The personal pronouns are sometimes omitted in the case of verbs, when they are not wanted for clearness or emphasis. They have, therefore, not been u-ivpn with all the tenses.

THE VERB. 57

FUTURE SIMPLE.

Singular, if I shall praise y3-XBa.niui, if thou shalt praite y3-XBa.ni, if he shall praise

Plural.

y3-XBa.iuMO, if ice shall praise ya-XBajme, if ye shall praise ys-xsaje, if they shall praise

The prefix here gives a future meaning to an im- perfect verb and the practice of the Slavonic languages of introducing compound forms into, simple verbs, where some tenses in simple verbs are deficient has been pre- viously explained on page 34. By this prefix an imper- fective verb is made perfective. The prefix, the use of which MIKLOSICH compares with the Greek dva is em- ployed to make an imperfective verb perfective. It is only employed in dependent sentences and only with this tense. Thus cf. Matthew 5, 11. B^iaro BaMa ano Bac ysacpaMOie 11 ycnporone H peKy na Bac CBaKOJane p^ase pujenii, blessed are ye when men shall revile you and persecute you and shall say all manner of evil against you.

This tense is always used with a conjunction, as #a,

RKO, KH4, H6Ka

COMPOUND FUTURE.

Singular.

dyaeM XBa.mo, \if) I shall have praised 6y46in XBa.ino, (if) thou shalt have praised 6yA6 XBa.ino, (if) he shall have praised

Plural.

6yA6MO xBa.ni.iii, (if) we shall have praised 6y4eie xBaju.ui, (if) you shall have praised 6yay XRa.ni.in, (if) they shall have praised

58 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

IMPERATIVE. Singular. Plural.

XBajiiMO, let us praise

XBa.iH, praise thou XBajuie, praise ye

nena xea.ni, let him praise rena XBaje,7ef them praise

INF. PEES. : xsajiiTH, to praise.

INF. PAST: 6imi XBa^iio, to have praised.

PART. PEES.: XHa.iciiii, -a, -e, praising.

I. PART. PAST: xim-iuBiini, -a, -e, having praised.

II. PART. PAST: xeajno, -.ia, -AO, premised. PASS. PART. PAST: XBa^en, -a, -o, praised. (>) GERUND PEES.: XBa.iet(n), praising. GERUND PAST: XBa.njB(tiiH), having praised.

Each verb has its verbal noun, as Hyeaibe, the act of watching-, njeoaibe, the singing.

B.-THE PASSIVE VOICE.

This may be expressed by the past participle passive of the verb with the auxiliary GHTH, but this form is very rarely used by the Serbs. It is generally expressed by the active with the relative ce, as He cy^HTe ^a saai ce ne cy/qi, judge not that ye be not judged.

It may be said of the Slavonic languages generally that they abhor passive forms.

IMPERSONAL VERBS.

Such are

4a«AH, it rains, rpMii, it thunders, it snotvs.

(') Serbian, like Malo-Russian and Polish has no present par- ticiple passive.

THE VERB. 59

Some are reflexive, as

ce, it begins to dawn, CMpKaea ce, it grows dark.

Sometimes personal verbs are used impersonally by an idiom in which all the Slavonic languages share, as

cnn MH ce, I sleep,

xpe(5a MH ce, 1 have need,

xoie, Hete MH ce, I wish, I do not wish.

There are certain other idiomatic uses of impersonal verbs, the knowledge of which must be acquired by practice; — e. g. cp#H Me, it makes me feel angry, JKHO MH je, / am sorry \ MOJKG, as MOSKG ce AO^HTH y KH>HJKapn, it may be procured from the booksellers. Very frequent is the impersonal use of HCHMR or HHJC, as in other Slavonic languages, as HCMMR cpehe KO# Kyhe, there is no prosperity at home.

IRREGULAR VERBS.

A few remarks on some irregular verbs in constant use are here added for the benefit of the student.

to weave, makes in the present tense TKRM, TK6M and H6M.

CnaTH, to sleep, makes in the present CIIHM.

To the second class of stems without suffixes belongs the irregular verb HGCTH, for the aorist the forms necox, mijex occur. The past participle active II is HHO, H>e./ia, but sometimes necao, HeMa, Jio; HTH (H^H); to go, has the following forms:

60 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

PRESENT. or mem &c. (nfteM, eui &c.).

IMPERFECT. H4ax or mnjax, mauie or w^njauie (nijax,

AORIST. mox or 1146 (nljox or

IMPERATIVE.

H4H, H4HT6 (n$H, HijHie).

PRES. PARTICIPLE: iiAytii.

PAST PART. ACTIVE!: imiaBiiiii

PAST PART. ACTIVE II: iimao, HiiLia, HIILIO. 0)

PASSIVE PARTICIPLE: n^en, a, o (muacT, a, o).

, to hunt, a-stems, No. 3, makes in present JKCH6M, also peneM and sometimes

ADVERBS.

The Serbian language in this respect does not ex- hibit any peculiarities. The ordinary termination of the adverb when derived from the adjective is -o, as /joopo, ivell. A few specimens of each kind of adverb are given here, but the learner will easily get them from the dictionary.

Those adverbs which are derived from adjectives have a comparative and superlative; — the comparative ending in -nje and the superlative being formed by the addition of Haj or npe, as nece./io, merrily, Bece^iije, more merrily, naJBecejiiije or npeBece^o, most merrily.

(') Russian uie.n>, iiua, iiuo, the initial vowel being lost.

ADVERBS. 61

ADVERBS OF MANNER.

KUKO, as, T3KO, SO,

njeimce, on foot, ep^o, very.

Among these adverbs besides those formed from adjectives, certain adverbial expressions formed by a preposition and a noun must be included, as H3 Hena/ia, unexpectedly; H3 raxa, slowly, c Mjecxa, straight aivay and others. Many end in -CKH derived from adjectives, as <i>paHuyCKH, in the French way, rocnoACKH, as a master.

ADVERBS OF QUANTITY. AOBO.*,HO, enough, o(w.mo, abundantly, MCLIO, a little, HHiuia, nothing,

Biiuie, more, TCK, a little.

ADVERBS OF PLACE.

near, OKO.IO, around,

, below, cnpos, through,

aMO, here and there, npeKO, across.

ADVERBS OF TIME.

6p3o, quickly, AaBHO, long ago,

pano, early, Bet, already,

CKOpo, quickly, ca^a, now,

KaiiiTO, sometimes, noty, during the night.

INTERROGATIVE ADVERBS. TAG, ivhere\ jep, aamio, why.

AFFIRMATIVE. Aa, yes; aaHCia, surely.

NEGAI ION. ne, not; HHKaKO, in no way.

DOUBT. ano, Aa, if; jeAa, perhaps; jeABa, hardly.

62 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

PREPOSITIONS.

A few of the leading prepositions will be given here with the cases which they govern.

The following take the genitive:

6es, ivithout, 40, up to.

nyi, toivards, Mjecio, in place of,

pa4H, for the sake of, ycpeA, in the midst.

The following take the dative: K, TO, npoiiij against.

The following take the accusative: Kpo3, through; ya, up.

The following takes the locative alone: npn, by the side of.

The following take the genitive and_ instrumental: c, ca, cy, with.

The following take the genitive and dative: nponiB, cynpoi, against.

The following take the accusative and instrumental in so far as they indicate movement or repose:

M64, Me$y, among; H34, on; 1104, under; npe4, before.

The following take the accusative and locative:

na, on; o, concerning; no, after.

The following takes the genitive, accusative and locative :

y, in or at.

The following takes the genitive, accusative and instrumental:

3a, behind or /or, as cjyffiii 3a npe46poj(5y: /'/ in as good as a subscription.

CONJUNCTIONS, INTEBJECTIONS. 63

CONJUNCTIONS. Copulative :

ii, and; TaKOijep, in the same manner; ne caMO — nero 11, not only — but.

Disjunctive:

ajni, HJH or 6y4 — 674, whether — or. Adversative:

ajH, HO, but; ca CBIIM TIIM, for all that; Hero, than, as 6o^>e je 3HaiH, nero niviaTH, it is better to know than to possess.

Causative:

jep, jepo, because that; Aa, in order that; na, and then, as ByK04.iaK, iioBjeK, KOJ noc^nje CMpm yciane n X04a y cno4o6n BVKa na cnca Jby4e\i KpB, vampire, a man who rises after death and goes in the likeness of a wolf and then sucks men's blood.

Interrogative: MI, 48JH, jajH, or is it?

INTERJECTIONS.

It will suffice here to give a few which are especially note-worthy, such as jaox, alas\ xona uyna, used to mark the step in the KOJIO or national dance of Serbia, pyTHne H nyxirae, nonsense-, c nyTa, get out of the way. The Serbian language is very rich in onomatopoaia, and has a series of verbs formed from interjections, and natural cries, as in English, many of which are very expressive, thus nBpKyTRTH, to tvarUe (as birds), XPJKHTH, to neigh, &c.

64 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

PART III:— SYNTAX.

THE No ox.

The genitive case is used after:

a) the verb when it has a partitive sense, as /jajxe MII Kpyxa, give me some bread.

1}} the verb when there is a negative in the sentence, as cpefipa H a^axa neMa y Mene (Acts III, 6), silver and gold I have none.

c) to express point of time, but the instrumental is more often used; thus y OKC4>opAy AeceTora cTy/jHa THcyny ocaM CTO ocaMAecex H nei, Oxford the tenth of November (lit. cold month) 1885.

d) when the numerals #Ba, Tpn, MCTiipii and o6a are undeclined, the noun after them is put in the genitive singular ('), but from nex onwards it is in the genitive plural.

e) after some adjectives, especially denoting im- munity from, the preposition OA being also employed, as MHCT OA Jbare, exempt from fault ; npocT rpnexa and OA rpHexa, exempt from sin.

/) with OA the genitive is used after the comparative and superlative of adjectives, as je m IIITO miipe OA Mopa, je m IIITO c^a^e OA M6Aa, is there any thing broader

(i) The rule is the same in Eussian. MIKLOSICH thinks that it is the remains of an old dual form, and a genitive singular only in appearance. This seems to be proved by the fact that if an ad- jective accompanies the noun it is put hi what has been called the neuter plural, but in reality is a dual 4B3 ee.niKa xpacra. //>•<> great oaks.

SYNTAX. 65

than the sea, is there any thing sweeter than honey. — Superlative: najciwHHJH 04 CBHX B^a^apa, the most powerful of all monarchs. sometimes nero is used, as Moja je 6ainTa jrenma(1) nero TBOJa, my garden is prettier than thine.

g) verbs implying to deliver, or separate from, fre- quently with the preposition OA, as HyBaiH KOra neca or o# Meca, to guard any one from anything; oc^o6o^HTn Kora icca, to deliver, &c.

Ji) implying memory, as cnOMenyTH Kora neca, to remind any one of a tiling.

i) implying request or acquirement which take the genitive with y, as nHTaTH IIITO y Kora, to ask anything of a person; /jo6nTH IIITO y Kora, to gain anything, &c.

The Dative case is used after:

a) adjectives implying advantage, or experience and the contrary, as 6^iar KOMy, agreeable to any one; neyK H6My, ignorant of anything ; a^oqecT KOMy, mischievous to any one.

b) after verbs implying to give or to do anything profitable to a person, as /jaTH KOMy IIITO, to give any- thing to a person; 6paHHTH KOMy IIITO, to defend a person against anything; yqnTH Kora neMy, to teach a person anything. As in Latin we get #apOBaTH Kora HUM and

KOMy IIITO.

c) to tell to any one, to rule, to threaten, to thank &c., as KaaaTH KOMy, to narrate to any one; rocno/jOBaTH KOMy, to rule any one; npneTHTH KOMy, to threaten &c.; aaxsa-

(') Irregular comparative of jjen or j[en, beautiful.

E

66 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

jiHTH KOAiy, to thank] o6HKHyTH xieMy, to accustom oneself to anything.

d) many impersonals and reflexives; — e. g. M(MHTH ce. KOMy, to pray to any one.(l)

The accusative is used after:

a) verbs, as the common case of expressing the object.

?>) The accusative is used to mark extent or dimension, both of time and place and is sometimes used for point of time with the preposition y, as y nerraK, on Friday.

The instrumental case is used: a) as the regular case to express the agent or instrument^ as

OHH te MH 04Ma34HTH MOJOM r^aeoM Bjauine rjaee They will make me atone By means of my head for the heads of the Wallachs.

IVAN MAZURANIC. Smrt Cengic-age, line 12.

6) it is used after certain adjectives implying riches, content &c.; — e. g. 6oraT MUM, rich in something •; ^oeo^aH MHM, content with something. So also ruo/jan, fertile, , celebrated] se^HK, great, &c.

(>) For many other peculiar constructions of the verbs the reader must be recommended to use a good dictionary: the know- ledge of them can only be acquired by practice. Unfortunately a Serbo-English dictionary is si ill a desideratum, and the student must betake himself to German aids.

SYNTAX. 6 7

c) There is also what has been appropriately called the predicative use of this case when it is employed after verbs of appointing, nominating &cv as Gxe^aH nocTane 36TOM cy.iTana, Stephen becomes the sultan's son-in-law, H3a6paxH Kora Kpajbeivi, to elect any one kiny, HMenoBaTH TaJHHKOM, to name any one private secretary.

d) It is also sometimes used to express point of time, as GpHJe^OM H Gy6oTOM AOJiaan noiirra, the Post arrives Wednesday and Saturday.

THE VERB.

The syntax of the verb has already been partly explained. It only remains to add a few peculiarities.

In the imperative instead of the third person singular, the second is often used, as ne/jaj Bor, may God forbid.

Instead of the infinitive after a verb we frequently find the indicative used with the conjunction #a ; — e. y. KO HMR yiiiH #a nyje, nena nyje, he who has ears to hear let him hear. So also Acts I, 25 H3 Kora HcnaAe Jy#a #a H^e na MJecTO csoje, from which Judas tell that he might go into his own place. We may compare with this tendency the condition of the Bulgarian and Modern Greek languages in which the infinitive has entirely disappeared.

As in other Slavonic languages, we have the neuter past participle passive used with a case, the accusative of the object, with which MIKLOSICH (IY, 365) very rightly compares such expressions as the Greek daxrjisov £aii TYJV apsiTjv.

According to PARCIC and other writers of Serbian Grammar there is a supine in Serbian: this however is

68 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

denied by MIKLOSICH (see Vol. Ill, p. 225) who appears to regard it as identical with the infinitive^1)

The difference between the gerunds and the parti- ciples, is that the former are indeclinable, but the latter are declined throughout like adjectives.

SEEBIAN BEADING LESSON.

An extract is here given from the writings of J. SuBBOTic(2), with an interlinear translation which it is hoped may convey to the reader some idea of the Serb syntax.

impose njecaie n H>HXOB yiMHB y

The Serbian national songs and their influence on written J63HK cp6a.&ax. language of the Serbians.

H34aeHa JOIIIT TKiiBiua cy jyHa^Ka /ije^a oiaijax For a long time still have lived the heroic deeds of (their) fathers n npaoiauax y njecMana, noje y CBOM po^y napa ce6a

and grandfathers in songs which in their kind an equal to themselve

Tpaace. JynauH KOcoBcne 6niKe JKIIBH.JH

demand (in vain). The heroes of the Kosovo battle have lived cy Kpos ie njecMe y cnoMeny napOAa xaKO

through these songs in (the) memory of the people as

(!) BERLIC says that in Serbian it is constantly confused with the infinitive, and is practically unrecognised (Grammatik der illirischen Sprache p. 179).

(2) I have thought it better to let this extract ivm;i in with its '•various dialectical peculiarities both in orthography and grammar. The student must be familiarised with all forms of the Serbo- Croatian language. The addition of -X to the genitive plural must be noticed, as CpCa^>ax, oxauax. It is now generally rejected and has therefore not been inserted among the forms of the substantives.

SEEBIAN READING LESSON. 69

nao Aa cy CBHMa JIIIVHO nosHaiii H Aa cy npuje

freshly as if, they were to all personally known and before H6KO.JHKO roAHHax noyMHpa^H. some years (they) had died.

Ha OHaj HCTH KOJ je njeoie o ciapHMa

For this very (reason) he who (the) songs concerning the old ones Haj6oAe njenao, onjesao je H jynaTOa yye^a cyepjeMenaKax hest sang, sang also the heroic deeds of contemporaries

CBOJHX, KOJH Cy 33 KpCT laCTHH II 3a AOMOBHHy KpB

his, who for the cross noble and for (their) country blood

npojHBajH, HUIBOT H3ry6iuH. OBC njecme npe^asiue cy OA oianax na

shed life lost. These songs came from fathers to

CHHOBe H npHMa^e cy cBarAa onaj odpas jesuna, KOJ je KOA

sons and took always that form of language, which among

/KHBeter pOAa y o6nqajy 6no; u lano cy one njecMe, noje

living people in custom was; and so are those songs which

o HajyAa^LeHHjeM BpjeMeny rjace, no jesmcy cacBHM concerning most remote time speak in language altogether

pasne ca OHHMa, noje AoraJ^aj Hauier BpjeMeua onjesajy. resembh'ng those which an occurrence of our time ' sing.

Ho sna^ajy cpficnor napOAa curypno ce

Concerning the nature of the Serbian people clearly itself to

yaeiH Aaje H no CBjeAOqfiaMa rpiKHX

apprehend (it) gives and according to the testimonies of the Greek xncTOpHKax 3H3MO, Aa je y BpjeMe Kpa^esax u D,apeBax historians we know, that in the time of the Kings and Emperors cp6cKnx Aocia njecaiwax 6uAO, y KOJHBW je napoA CBOje jyimne

Serb many of songs there was, in which the people its heroes onjesao. OA OHHX je njecaMax H3y3HMajytH jlasapes Kpyr, wa^o-

sang. From these songs, excepting the Lazarus-cycle, little

itHX AO nac OApJKano. BHAH ce, Aa je Kaiaciposa KOCOBO of them to us is preserved. It is clear that the catastrophe of the no^CKa na napOA cpdcKH cxpauiHO yiunaibe HMa.aa. ^HHH field of Kosovo on the people Serb terrible influence had. It

ce, Kao AH cy ciapun H ciape dane OBHM yAapoM noxpe- seems that the old men and old women by that blow fright-

meHH Ha CBC Apyro 3a6opaBfun, u AJeuH H ynymiMa ened everything else forgot and to children and grandchildren

CBOJHMa C3MO 0 KOCOBOM HO^y T6 0 KOCOBOM UOJbJ H ftCrOBHM

their only of Kosovo field and of Kosovo field and its jynainiMa roBopa^H, H ^iac 6o^y H necpjety, ^ac heroes . spoke and at times- the hurt and misfortune, at times

70 SERBIAN GRAMMAR.

c.iaBy n BejFnuny Tora 4ana K33HBa.jii. CH.IOM, tlie glory and grandeur of that day told. By force, grandeur, eajKHOcfey necpjefcoM 11 noc.teAHUOM npeeasiLiasn KOCOBCKS importance unhappiness and its consequences exceeds the Kosovo 6iiTKa cse 4orar>aje, KOJH cy npuje n,e na nap04 4je.«OBa.«i. battle all events, which before this on the people had acted. Flocjje yjKacne CMpxn HajMiuocTHBiijer 04 CBHVX Cp6cKiix B.ia4aTe^ax After (the) terrible death of the dearest of all Serbian rulers nantie Ha cp6cK i uapOA rpoaua 6je4a H Heeo-ta, 0^104

came on (the) Serbian people horrible poverty and slavery the fruit yHyxpaiufter pa340pa H Typcnor rocno4CTBa. Ejecmi OCBOJH- of interior disturbance and Turkish rule. The devilish con-

pa3Tjepajy npnje csera B.iaciejCTBO, HJII ra cBanor npasa quevors destroyed before all the nobility, or their every right

.mine, 4a xaico KOCTH H3 ijeja nap04a took away, just as if bones from the body of (the) people they took, 4a ce na H>HMa 4p5KaTii HCMoace: 6e34yuiiiHM r^o6AeibCM so that on them support itself it could not. By heartless plundering

.mine Hap04 HMan,a, 4a ra THM

it deprives "the people of (their) property, so that them thereby MHpnnjnM H no4awHjnM yqune; aayany My

humble and subject it should make; they took away from them rpa4ose H seta Mjecia, 43 ra 6o^be 004

(their) towns and greater cities, so that them (the people) better under y340M 4p*aTn roory, H H»era 04Tjepajy y rope H 40^Hne. the bridle keep thej7 might and them di%ove to the mountain and valley. Ho THM My yume OHO, IIITO cy HajMaibe XTJC.IH,

But by this to them they did that, which least of all they wished, H mTO My ce caMo Haj6o.te ywimrni MOF^IO; THM cy ra and which to them only best to do was possible, by this them

HarjepajiH, 43 necMjeuiaH or/rane. 43 ce H.HMS H3nporn they compelled unmixed to remain, to make them ag dust (them) CT3BH H 43 C06CTBCHO TJOjlO HUHH, D3K 43 CC n03H3 C3 stand and a peculiar body to form, so that they made them

TOpOM H rpMOM, KOJH te M\

acquainted with the mountain and the oak which could to them

nocAe Henpe4o6HTim 6e4CMH 611111. afte -wards insuperable barriers be.

From this extract a fair idea may be formed of the construction of a sentence in the Serbian language. As it is in a highly synthetic state great variety is

SERBIAN BEADING LESSON. 71

allowed ; the order on the whole is the natural one, and the Slavonic languages are free from the cumbrous and pedantic sentences of the German and other tongues. The verb is frequently, but not necessarily, put at the end of a period. The adjective and participle can be separated by many words from the substantives with which they agree, as may be seen in the passages taken from SUBBOTIC.

, „„»-

A CATALOGUE

OF

EDUCATIONAL WORKS

PUBLISHED BY

KEGAN PAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & CO. L1

PATERNOSTERIHOUSE, CHARINGICROSS ROAD.

CONTENTS.

PAGE I

•*• GREEK!

PAGE

PORTUGUESE

PAGE 2O

HUNGARIAN!

14

ROUMANIAN

. 21

INTERNATIONAL

LAN

RUSSIAN .

21

GUAGES .

T4

SERBIAN .

. 22

• ITALIAN .

T4

SPANISH '.

22

LATIN

15

SWEDISH .

. 23

NORWEGIAN— see

TECHNOLOGICAL DIC-

DANO- NORWEGIAN

TIONARIES] . . 23

ORIENTAL^ .

IS

TURKISH; . • . 24

POLISH . .

19

ALBANIAN . ANGLO-SAXON . BASQUE

DANO-NORWEGIAN DUTCH ENGLISH AND

GENERAL FRENCH . FRISIAN GERMAN .

ALBANIAN.

GRAMMAIRE ALBANAISE a 1'Usage de ceux qui desirent apprendre cette Langue sans 1'Aide djun Maitre Par ^P. W. Crown 8vo. 73. 6d.

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A

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ROCHE. FRENCH GRAMMAR for the Use of English Students, adopted for the Public Schools by the Imperial Council of Public Instruction. By A. ROCHE. Crown 8vo. 33.

ROCHE. PROSE AND POETRY. Select Pieces from the Best English Authors, for Reading, Composition, and Translation. By A. ROCHE. Second Edition. Fcap. 8vo. 2s. 6d.

French and Frisian. 1 1

SIMONNE. METODO PARA APRENDER A LEER, Escribir y hablir el Frances, segun el verdadero sistema de Ollendorf ; ordenado en lecciones progresivas, consistiendo de ejercicios orales y escritos ; enriquecido de le pronunciacion figurada como se estila en la conversacion ; y de un Apendice abrazando las reglas de la sintdxis la formacion de los verbos regulares, y la conjugation de los irregulares. For TEODORO SIMONNE, Professor de Lenguas. Crown 8vo. 6s. Key, 33. 6d.

THEATRE 'FRANQAIS MODERNE. A Selection of Modern French Plays. Edited by the Rev. P. H. E. BRETTE, B.D. ; C. CASSAL, LL.D. ; and TH. KAECHER, LL.B. First Series, in i vol. crown 8vo. 6s. Containing —

CHARLOTTE CORDAY. A Tragedy. By F. PONSARD.

DIANE. A Drama in Verse. By EMILE AUGIER.

LE VOYAGE 1 DIEPPE. A Comedy in Prose. By WAPFLARD

and FULGENCE. Second Series, crown 8vo. 6s. Containing —

MOLIERE. A Drama in Prose. By GEORGE SAND.

LES ARISTOCRATIES. A Comedy in Verse. By ETIENNE

ARAGO. Third Series, crown 8vo. 6s. Containing —

LES FAUX BONSHOMMES. A Comedy. By THEODORE BAR-

RIERE and ERNEST CAPENDU. L'HONNEUR ET L' ARGENT. A Comedy. By F. PoNSARD.

VAN LAUN. GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE. In Three Parts. Parts I. and II. — Accidence and Syntax. By H. VAN LAUN. Nineteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. 43. Part III. —Exercises. Eighteenth Edition. Crown 8vo. 33. 6d.

WELLER. AN IMPROVED DICTIONARY. English and French, and French and English, including Technical, Scientific, Legal, Commercial, Naval, and Military Terms, Vocabularies of Engineering, &c., Railway Terms, Steam Navigation, Geographical Names, Ancient Mythology, Classical Antiquity, and Christian Names in present use. By E. WELLER. Third Edition. Royal 8vo. 73. 6d.

FRISIAN.

CUMMINS. GRAMMAR OF THE OLD FRIESIC LAN- GUAGE. By A. H. CUMMINS, AM. Crown 8vo. 1887. 6s.

GERMAN.

AHN. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF THE GERMAN LAN- GUAGE, with a Grammatical Index and Glossary of all the German Words. By Dr. F. AHN. A New Edition, containing numerous Additions, Alterations, and Improvements. By DAWSON W. TURNER, D.C.L., and Prof. F. L. WEINMANN. Crown 8vo. 3s. 6d.

12 A Catalogue of Educational Works.

AHN. NEW, PRACTICAL, AND EASY METHOD OF LEARNING THE GERMAN LANGUAGE. By Dr. F. AHN. First and Second Course. In I volume. 12010. 33. Key, 8d.

AHN. MANUAL OF GERMAN CONVERSATION ; or, Vade

Mecum for English Travellers. By Dr. F. AHN. Second Edition.

I2mo. is. 6d. APEL. PROSE SPECIMENS FOR TRANSLATION INTO

GERMAN, with Copious Vocabularies. By H. APEL. I2mo. 45. 6d. BENEDIX. DER VETTER. Comedy in Three Acts. By

RODERICH BENEDIX. With Grammatical and Explanatory Notes

by F. WEINMANN, German Master at the Royal Institution School,

Liverpool, and G. ZIMMERMANN, Teacher of Modern Languages.

i2mo. 2s. 6d. DUSAR. GRAMMAR OF THE GERMAN LANGUAGE;

with Exercises. By P. FRIEDRICH DUSAR, First German Master

in the Military Department of Cheltenham College. Second

Edition. Crown 8vo. 43. 6d. DUSAR. GRAMMATICAL COURSE OF THE GERMAN

LANGUAGE. By P. FRIEDRICH DUSAR. Second Edition.

Crown 8vo. 33. 6d. FRIEDRICH. PROGRESSIVE GERMAN READER. With

Copious Notes to the First Part. By P. FRIEDRICH. Second

Edition. Crown 8vo. 43. 6d.

FROEMBLING. GRADUATED GERMAN READER. Con- sisting of a Selection from the most Popular Writers, arranged progressively ; with a complete Vocabulary for the First Part. By FRIEDRICH OTTO FROEMBLING, Ph.D. Eighth Edition. i2mo. 33. 6d.

FRCEMBLING. GRADUATED EXERCISES FOR TRANS- LATION INTO GERMAN. Consisting of Extracts from the best English Authors, arranged progressively ; with an Appendix, con- taining Idiomatic Notes. By FRIEDKICH OTTO FROSMBLING, Ph.D., Principal German Master at the City of London School. Crown 8vo. With Notes, 43. 6d. Without Notes, 43.

LANGE. GERMAN PROSE WRITING. Comprising English Passages for Translation into German. Selected from Examina- tion Papers of the University of London, the College of Preceptors, London, and the Royal Military Academy, Woolwich, arranged pro- gressively, with Notes and Theoretical as well as Practical Treatises on Themes for the Writing of Essays. By F. K. W. LANGK, Ph.D., Assistant German Master, Royal Academy, Woolwich ; Examiner, Royal College of Preceptors, London. Crown 8vo. 43.

LA^GE. GERMANIA. A German Reading-Book, arranged Pro- gressively. By FRANZ K. W. LANGE, Ph.D. Part I. — Anthology of German Prose and Poetry, with Vocabulary and Biographical Notes. 8vo. 35. 6d. Part II. — Essays on German History and Institutions. With Notes. 8vo. 3s. 6d. Parts I. and II. together, 58. 6d.

German and Greek. 1 3

LANGE. GERMAN GRAMMAR PRACTICE. By F. K. W. LANGE, Ph.D., &c. Crown 8vo. is. 6d.

LANGE. COLLOQUIAL GERMAN GRAMMAR. With Special Eeference to the Anglo-Saxon Element in the English Language. By F. K. W. LANGE, Ph.D., &c. Crown 8vo. 43. 6d.

POCKET-DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES. Two Parts bound in i vol. i8mo. 43.

SINCLAIR. GERMAN VOCABULARY OF SOME OF THE MINOR DIFFICULTIES IN THE GERMAN LANGUAGE, and Easy Conversations. By F. SINCLAIR. Crown 8vo. 2s.

WOLFRAM. DEUTSCHES ECHO. The German Echo. A Faithful Mirror of German Conversation. By LUDWIG WOLFEAM. With a Vocabulary by HENRY P. SKELTON. Sixth Revised Edi- tion. Crown 8vo. 33. j

GREEK.

^SCHYLUS. SEVEN PLAYS. Translated into English Verse by LEWIS CAMPBELL. Crown 8vo. ;s. 6d.

ARISTOTLE. THE NICOMACHEAN ETHICS OF ARIS- TOTLE. Translated by F. H. PETERS. Third Edition. Crown 8vo. 6s.

CONTOPOULOS. LEXICON OF MODERN GREEK-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH-MODERN GREEK. By N. CONTOPOULOS. 2 vols. 8vo. 273.

CONTOPOULOS. HANDBOOK OF ENGLISH AND GREEK DIALOGUES AND CORRESPONDENCE, with a Short Guide to the Antiquities of Athens. By N. CONTOPOULOS. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.

GELDART. GUIDE TO MODERN GREEK. By E. M. GEL- DART, M.A. Post 8vo. 73. 6d. Key, 2s. 6d.

GELDART. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF MODERN GREEK. By E. M. GELDART, M.A. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.

HOMER'S ILIAD. Greek Text, with Translation by J. G. COR- DERY. 2 vols. 8vo. 143. Cheap Edition (translation only). Crown 8vo. 53.

LASCARIDES. COMPREHENSIVE PHRASEOLOGICAL ENGLISH - ANCIENT AND MODERN GREEK LEXICON. Founded upon a Manuscript of G. P. LASCARIDES, Esq., and com- piled by L. MYRIANTHEUS, Ph.D. 2 vols. Fcap. 8vo. £1, IDS.

14 A Catalogue of Educational Work*.

SOPHOCLES. THE SEVEN PLAYS. Translated into English verse by LEWIS CAMPBELL. Crown 8vo. 75. 6d.

HUNGARIAN.

SINGER. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE HUNGARIAN LANGUAGE. By IGNATIUS SINGER, of Buda-Pesth. Crown 8vo. 43. 6d.

INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGES.

SPRAGUE. THE INTERNATIONAL LANGUAGE HAND- BOOK OF VOLAPUK. By CHARLES E. SPRAGUE, Member of the Academy of Volapuk, President of the Institute of Accounts, U.S. Crown 8vo. 53.

WOOD. DICTIONARY OF VOLAPUK. Volapuk-English and English-Volapiik. By M. M. WOOD, M.D., Captain and Assistant- Surgeon, United States Army, Volapiikatidel e cif. Crown 8vo. i os. 6d.

Volaptik has obtained a footing of its own among the speakers of twenty-one dif- ferent tongues, and ita adherents are numbered by hundreds of thousands.

ITALIAN.

AHN. NEW, PRACTICAL, AND EASY METHOD OF LEARN- ING THE ITALIAN LANGUAGE. By Dr. F. AHN. First and Second Course. Thirteenth Issue. I2mo. 33. 6d.

CAMERINI. L'ECO ITALIANO. A Practical Guide to Italian Conversation. By EUGENE CAMERINI. With a Complete Voca- bulary. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 45. 6d.

LANARI COLLECTION OF ITALIAN AND ENGLISH DIALOGUES ON GENERAL SUBJECTS. For the Use of those Desirous of Speaking the Italian Language Correctly. Preceded by a Brief Treatise on the Pronunciation of the same. By A. LANARI. i2mo. 33. 6d.

MILLHOUSE. MANUAL OF ITALIAN CONVERSATION, for the Use of Schools and Travellers. By JOHN MILLHOUSE. New Edition. i8mo. 2s.

MILLHOUSE. NEW ENGLISH AND ITALIAN PRONOUN- CING AND EXPLANATORY DICTIONARY. By JOHN MILL- HOUSE. Vol. I. English-Italian. Vol. II. Italian- English. Sixth Edition. 2 vols. Square 8vo. 123.

Italian and Latin. 15

NOTLEY. COMPAKATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH, ITALIAN, SPANISH, AND POKTUGUESE LANGUAGES. With a Copious Vocabulary. By EDWIN A. NOTLEY. Oblong i2mo. 73. 6d.

POCKET-DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH AND ITALIAN LANGUAGES. Two Parts bound in I vol. i8mo. 5?.

TOSCANI. ITALIAN CONVERSATIONAL COURSE. A New

Method of Teaching the Italian Language, both Theoretirnlly and Practically. By GIOVANNI TOSCANI, late Professor of the Italian Language and Literature in Queen's College, London, &c. Fifth Edition. i2mo. 53.

TOSCANI. ITALIAN READING COURSE. Comprehending Specimens in Prose and Poetry of the most distinguished Italian Writers, with Biographical Notices, Explanatory Notes, and Rules on Prosody. By G. TOSCANI. I2mo. With Table of Verbs. 43. 6d.

LATIN.

HORATIUS FLACCUS (Q.) OPERA. Edited by F. A. CORNISH, with Frontispiece. Elzevir 8vo. (Parchment Library.) Vellum, 73. 6d. Parchment or cloth, 6s.

IHNE. LATIN GRAMMAR FOR BEGINNERS, on Aim's System. By W. H. IHNE, late Principal of Carlton Terrace School, Liverpool. Crown 8vo. 33.

LEWIS. THE LETTERS OF PLINY THE YOUNGER. Trans- lated by J. D. LEWIS, M.A., Trinity College, Cambridge. Post 8vo. 58.

OEIENTAL.

ASTON. GRAMMAR OF THE JAPANESE WRITTEN LAN- GUAGE. By W. G. ASTON. Second Edition. 8vo. 28s.

ASTON. GRAMMAR OF THE JAPANESE SPOKEN LAN- GUAGE. ByW. G. ASTON. Fourth Edition. Crown 8vo. 128.

BALLANTYNE. FIRST LESSONS IN SANSKRIT GRAMMAR. By J. R. BALLANTYNE. Fourth Edition. 8vo. 35. 6d.

16 A Catalogue of Educational Works.

BALLANTYNE. ELEMENTS OF HINDI AND BRAJ BHAKHA GRAMMAR, compiled for the East India College at Haileybury. By J. K. BALLANTYNE. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 53.

BEAMES. OUTLINES OF INDIAN PHILOLOGY. With a Map showing the Distribution of Indian Languages. By JOHN BEAMES. Enlarged Edition. Crown 8vo. 53. |

BEAMES. COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE MODERN ARYAN LANGUAGES OF INDIA (Hindi, Panjabi, Sindhi, Girja- rati, Marathi, Oriya, and Bengali). By JOHN BEAMES. 3 vols. 8vo. 1 6s. each.

BELLOWS. ENGLISH OUTLINE VOCABULARY for the Use of Students of the Chinese, Japanese, and other Languages. By JOHN BELLOWS. Second Edition. Royal 8vo. IDS. 6d.

BENFEY. GRAMMAR OF THE SANSKRIT LANGUAGE, for the Use of Early Students. By THEODOR BENFEY. Second Edition. Royal 8vo. IDS. 6d.

BENTLEY. DICTIONARY AND GRAMMAR OF THE KONGO LANGUAGE as spoken at San Salvador, West Africa. By W. H. BENTLEY. 8vo. 2 is.

BERTIN. ABRIDGED GRAMMARS OF THE LANGUAGE OF THE CUNEIFORM INSCRIPTIONS. By GEORGE BERTIN. Crown 8vo. 53.

CALDWELL. COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE DRA- VIDIAN OR SOUTH INDIAN FAMILY OF LANGUAGES. By BISHOP R. CALDWELL. Enlarged Edition. 8vo. 28s.

CHAMBERLAIN. ROMANISED JAPANESE READER, con- sisting of Japanese Anecdotes and Maxims, with English Trans- lations and Notes. By BASIL CHAMBERLAIN. i2mo. 6s.

CHAMBERLAIN. HANDBOOK OF COLLOQUIAL JAPAN- ESE. By BASIL CHAMBERLAIN. 8vo. i2s. 6d. *

CHAMBERLAIN. SIMPLIFIED JAPANESE GRAMMAR. By BASIL CHAMBERLAIN. Crown 8vo. 53.

CHILDERS. PALI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. With Sanskrit Equivalents. By R. C. CHILDERS. Imperial 8vo. £3, 3s.

COWELL. SHORT INTRODUCTION TO THE ORDINARY PRAKRIT OF THE SANSKRIT DRAMAS. By E. B. COWELL. Crown 8vo. 39. 6d.

Oriental. 17

COWELL. PRAKRITA-PRAKASA : or, The Prakrit Grammar of Vararuchi, with the Commentary (Manorama) of Bhamaha. By E. B. COWELL. Svo. 143.

CRAVEN. POPULAR ENGLISH-HINDUSTANI AND HIN- DUSTANI-ENGLISH DICTIONARY IN ROMAN CHARACTERS. By T. CRAVEN. Second Edition. i2mo. 33. 6d.*

GUST. MODERN LANGUAGES OF THE EAST? INDIES. By R. CUST. With Two Language Maps. Post Svo. (Triibner's Oriental Series.) 73. 6d.

OUST. SKETCH OF THE MODERN LANGUAGES pF AFRICA. By R. CuST. With Language Map and 31 Portraits. 2 vols. Post 8vo. (Triibner's Oriental Series.) i8s.

DOUGLAS. CHINESE LANGUAGE^ AND LITERATURE. By Prof. R. K. DOUGLAS. Crown Svo 5s.

DOWSON. GRAMMAR OF THE URDU OR HINDUSTANI LANGUAGE. By JOHN DOWSON. Second Edition Crown Svo. jos. 6d.

DOWSON. HINDUSTANI EXERCISE BOOK. Passages and Extracts for Translation into Hindustani. By JJoHN DOWSON. Crown Svo. 2s. 6d.

DOWSON. CLASSICAL DICTIONARY OF HINDU MYTHO- LOGY and HISTORY, GEOGRAPHY and LITERATURE. By JOHN DOWSON. Post Svo. (Trubner's Oriental Series.) i6s.

DUKA. ESSAY ON THE BRAHUI GRAMMAR. By THEO- DORE ^DUKA. Svo. 33. 6d.t

EDGREN. COMPENDIOUS SANSKRIT ^GRAMMAR. With

a Brief Sketch of Scenic Prakrit. "By H.; EDGREN. Crown 8v • i os. 6d.

EDKINS. CHINA'S PLACE IN PHILOLOGY. An Attempt to Show that the Languages of Europe and Asia have a Common Origin. By F. EDKINS,- D.D. Crown Svo. ios. 6d.

EDKINS. THE EVOLUTION OF,^ THE CHINESE LAN* GUAGE. By F. EDKINS, D.D. Svo. ' 45. 6d.;

EDKINS. INTRODUCTION TO THE STUDY OF THE CHINESE CHARACTERS. By F. EDKINS, D.D jRoyal Svo. 1 8s.

FINN. PERSIAN FOR TRAVELLERS. By ALEXANDER FINN. Oblong 32mo. 53. j

HEPBURN. JAPANESE AND ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By

J. C. HEPBURN. Second Edition. Imperial Svo. iSs.

18 A Catalogue of Educational Works.

HEPBURN. JAPANESE-ENGLISH AND ENGLISJH- JAPANESE DICTIONARY. By J. C. HEPBURN, Abridged* by the Author. Square I2mo. 143.

HEjPBUEN. JAPANESE-ENGLISH AND ENGLISH- JAPANESE DICTIONARY. By J. C. HEPBURN. Third Edition. 8vo. Half morocco. Cloth sides. £i, IDS.

J.ESCHKE. TIBETAN GRAMMAR By H. A. JJESCHKE. Pre pared by Dr. H. WENZEL. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 55.

J^ESCHKE. TIBETAN - ENGLISH DICTIONARY. With Special Reference to the Prevailing Dialects. To which [is added an English- Tibetan Vocabulary. By H. A. J^SCHKE. Imperial 8vo. j£i, IDS.

KOLBE. A LANGUAGE-STUDY BASED ON BANTU; or, An Inquiry into the Laws of Root-Formation. By F. W. KOLBE. 8vo. 6s.

KRAPF. DICTIONARY OF THE SUAHILI ^LANGUAGE. By L. KRAPF. 8vo. 303.

MAXWELL. MANUAL OF THE MALAY LANGUAGE. By W. E. MAXWELL. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 73. 6d.

MOCKLER. GRAMMAR OF THE BALOOCHEE LANGUAGE,

as it is Spoken in Makran (Ancient Gedrosia), in the Persia- Arabic and Roman Characters. By E. MOCKLER. Fcap. 8vo. 53.

MULLER. OUTLINE DICTIONARY {FOR THE USE OF MISSIONARIES, EXPLORERS, AND STUDENTS OF LAN- GUAGE. By F. MAX MULLER. i2mo. Morocco. 73. 6d.

MULLER. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE PALI LAN. GUAGE. By E. MULLER. Crown 8vo. 73. 6d.

NEWMAN. HANDBOOK OF MODERN ARABIC. By F. W. NEWMAN. Post 8vo. 6s.

NEWMAN. DICTIONARY OF MODERN ARABIC (ANGLO- ARABIC AND ARABO-ENGLISH). By F. W. NEWMAN. 2 vols. Crown 8vo. £it is.

PALMER. ENGLISH-PERSIAN DICTIONARY, with Simpli- fied Grammar of the Persian Language. By E. H. PALMER. Royal i6mo. los. 6d.

PALMER. PERSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By E. H, PALMER. Second Edition. Royal ifmo. los. 6d.

Oriental and Polish. 19

PALMER SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF HINDUSTANI, PERSIAN, AND ARABIC. By E. HVPALMER. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 53.

PARKER. CONCISE GRAMMAR OF THE MALAGASY LANGUAGE. By G. W. PARKER. Crown 8vo. 53.;

PENRICE. DICTIONARY AND GLOSSARY OF THE KOR-AN. With copious Grammatical References and Explanations of the Text.j By JOHN PENRICE. 4to. 2 is.

PRATT. GRAMMAR AND DICTIONARY OF THE SAMOAN LANGUAGE. By GEORGE PRATT. Second Edition. Crown 8vo. 1 8s.

ROBERTS. A GRAMMAR OF THE KHASSI LANGUAGE,

for the Use of Schools, Native Students, Officers, and English Residents. By H. ROBERTS. Crown 8vo. IDS. 6d.jj

SALMONS. ARABIC-ENGLISH DICTIONARY, comprising about 120,000 Arabic Words, with English Index of about 50,000 Words. By H. A SALMONE. 2 vols. Post 8vo. Half -bound. 363.

SAYCE. ASSYRIAN GRAMMAR, for Comparative Purposes. By A. H. SAYCE. Crown 8vo. 75. 6d.

TARRING. ELEMENTARY ;TURKISH GRAMMAR. By C. J. TARRING. Crown 8vo. 6s.

TISDALL. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR AND READING-BOOK OF THE PANJABl LANGUAGE. By W. ST. CLAIR TISDALL. Crown 8vo. 73. 6d.

TISDALL. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE GUJARATI LANGUAGE, together with a Short Reading-Book and Vocabulary. By W. ST. CLAIR TISDALL. Crown 8vo.

WHITNEY. SANSKRIT GRAMMAR, including both the Classi- cal Language and the Older Dialects of Veda and Brahmana. By Prof. W. L WHITNEY. Second Edition. 8vo. I2s.

WILLIAMS. SYLLABIC DICTIONARY OF THE CHINESE LANGUAGE : Arranged according to the Wu-Fang Yuen Yin, with the Pronunciation of the Characters as heard in Pekin, Canton, Amoy, and Shanghai. By S. WELLS WILLIAMS. New Edition, 4to.^ Half calf. £5, 53.;

POLISH.

BARANOWSKI. SLOWNIK POLSKO-ANGIELSKI OPRA- COWANY. Przez J. J. BARANOWSKIEGO, b. Podsekretarza Banku Polskiego. w Warszawie. (Polish-English Lexicon. With Gram- matical Rules in Polish. ) i6mo. I2s.

20 A Catalogue of Educational Works.

BARANOWSKI. ANGLO -POLISH LEXICON. By J. j. BARANOWSKI, formerly Under-Secretary to the Bank of Poland, in Warsaw. (With Grammatical Rules in English, and a Second Part, containing Dialogues, Bills of Exchange, Receipts, Letters, &c. ; English and Polish Proverbs, &c.) i6mo. 12s.

MORFILL. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE POLISH LANGUAGE. By W. R. MORFILL, M.A. Crown 8vo. 33. 6d.

PORTUGUESE.

ANDERSON AND TUGMAN. MERCANTILE CORRESPOND- ENCE. Containing a Collection of Commercial Letters in Por- tuguese and English, with their Translation on Opposite Pages, for the Use of Business Men and of Students in either of the Languages, treating in Modern Style of the System of Business in the principal Commercial Cities of the World. Accompanied by pro forma Accounts, Sales, Invoices, Bills of Lading, Drafts, &c With an Introduction and Copious Notes. By WILLIAM ANDER SON and JAMES E. TUGMAN. i2mo. 6s.

D'ORSEY. PRACTICAL GRAMMAR OF PORTUGUESE AND ENGLISH. Exhibiting in a Series of Exercises, in Double Translation, the Idiomatic Structure of both Languages, as now Written and Spoken. By the Rev. ALEXANDER J. D. D'ORSEY, B.D., of Corpus Christi College, Cambridge, and Lecturer on Public Reading and Speaking at King's College, London. Fourth*Edi- tion. Crown 8vo. ys.

D'ORSEY. COLLOQUIAL PORTUGUESE ; or,! Words and Phrases of Everyday Life. Compiled from Dictation and Con- versation. For the Use of English Tourists in Portugal, Brazil, Madeira, and the Azores. With a Brief Collection of Epistolary Phrases. By the Rev. A. J. D. D'ORSEY. Fourth Edition. En- larged crown 8vo. 33. 6d.

NOTLEY. COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH, ITALIAN, SPANISH, AND PORTUGUESE LANGUAGES. With a Copious Vocabulary. By EDWIN A. NOTLEY. Oblong 1 21110. 73. 6d,

VIEYRA. NEW POCKET -DICTIONARY OF THE POR- TUGUESE AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. In Two Parts: Portuguese - English and English - Portuguese. Abridged from "Vieyra's Dictionary." A New Edition, considerably enlarged and Corrected. 2 vols. Pott 8vo. Bound in leather. los.j

Roumanian and Russian. 21

ROUMANIAN.

*TORCEANU. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE ROU- MANIAN LANGUAGE. By R. TOECEANU. Crown 8vo. 53.

RUSSIAN.

ALEXANDROW. COMPLETE ENGLISH- RUSSIAN AND RUSSIAN-ENGLISH DICTIONARY. By A. ALEXANDROW. 2 vols. 8vo. 405.

FREETH. CONDENSED RUSSIAN GRAMMAR. For the Use of Staff-Officers and Others. By F. FREETH, B.A., late Classical Scholar of Emmanuel College, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 33. 6d.

IVANOFF'S RUSSIAN [GRAMMAR. Sixteenth Edition. Trans- lated, Enlarged, and Arranged for Use of Students. By Major W. E. GOWAN. 8vo. 6s.

MAKAROFF. DICTIONNAIRE FRANC AIS - RUSSE ET RUSSE-FRANCAIS. Complet. Compost par N. P. MAKAROFF, Honord par 1'Acade'mie des Sciences d'une Mention Honorable, approuv^ par les Comite's Scientifiques et adopts dans les Etablisse- ments d' Instruction. 2 vols. in 4 parts. Super-royal, 8vo. Half Bound. 403.

POCKET-DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES. Two Parts bound in I vol. i8mo. 53. 6d.

RIOLA. HOW TO LEARN RUSSIAN. A Manual for Students of Russian, based upon the Ollendorffian System of Teaching Languages, andj adapted for Self -Instruction. By HENRY KIOLA, Teacher of the Russian Language. With a Preface by W. R. S. RALSTON, M. A. Fourth Edition. ^Crown 8 vo. 123. Key to ditto. Crown 8vo. 53.

RIOLA. GRADUATED RUSSIAN READER. With a Vocabu- lary of all the Russian Words contained in it. By HENRY RIOLA. Crown 8vo. IDS. 6d.

THOMPSON. DIALOGUES, RUSSIAN AND ENGLISH. Compiled by A E. THOMPSON, some time Lecturer of the English Language in the University of St. Vladimir, Kieff. Crown 8vo. 53.

22 A Catalogue of Educational Works.

SERBIA*.

MORFILL. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR [OF THE SERBIAN LANGUAGE. By W. R. MORFILL, M.A. Crown Svo. 43. 6d.

SPANISH.

BUTLER. THE SPANISH TEACHER AND COLLOQUIAL PHRASE-BOOK. An Easy and Agreeable Method of Acquiring a Speaking 4 Knowledge of the Spanish Language. By FRANCIS BUTLER. \ |i8mo. Half -roan. 2s. 6d.

CARRENO. METODO PARA APRENDER A LEER, Escribir y hablar el Ingle's segun el sistema de Ollendorff, con un tratado de pronunciacion al principle y un Apendice importante al fin, que sirve de complemento a la obra. Por RAMON PALENZUELA y JUAN DE LA CARRENO. Nueva Edicion, con una Pronunciacion Figurada segun un Sistema Fonografico, por ROBERT^GOODACRE. Crown Svo. 43, 6d. Key, 35.

HARTZENBUSCH AND LEMMING. ECO DE MADRID. A Practical Guide to Spanish Conversation. By J. E. HARTZEN- BUSCH and H. LEMMING. Third Edition. Crown Svo. 55.

HABVEY. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH LANGUAGE. By W. F. HARVEY, M.A. Crown Svo. 33. 6d.

NOTLEY. COMPARATIVE GRAMMAR OF THE FRENCH, ITALIAN, SPANISH, AND PORTUGUESE LANGUAGES. With a Copious Vocabulary. By EDWIN A. NOTLEY. Oblong i2mo. 75. 6d.

SIMONNE. METODO PARA APRENDER A LEERE, scribir y hablar el Frances, segun el verdadero sistema de Ollendorff ; ordenado en lecciones progresivas, consistiendo de ejercicios orales y escritos ; enriquecido de la pronunciacion figurada como se estila en la conversacion ; y de un Apendice abrazando las reglas de la sint;ixis, la formacion de los verbos regulares, y la conjugacion de los irregulares. Por TEODORO .SlMONNri, Professor de Lenguas. Crown Svo. 6s. Key, 33. 6d.

VELASQUEZ and STMONN& NEW METHOD fOF LEARN- ING TO READ? WRITE, AND SPEAK THE SPANISH LAN- GUAGE. Adapted to Ollendorff s System. By^M.jjVELASQUEZ and J. SIMONNE. Crown Svo. 6s. Key, 43.

Spanish and Swedish. 23

VELASQUEZ. DICTIONARY OF THE SPANISH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. For the Use of Learners and Travellers. By M. VELASQUEZ DE LA CADENA. In Two Parts. I. Spanish- English ; II. English-Spanish. Crown 8vo. 6s.

VELASQUEZ. PRONOUNCING DICTIONARY OF THE SPANISH AND ENGLISH LANGUAGES. Composed from the Dictionaries of the Spanish Academy, Terreros, Salva, Webster, Worcester, and Walker. In Two Parts. I. Spanish-English ; II. English-Spanish. By M. VELASQUEZ "DE LA CADENA.^ Royal 8vo] £i> 4s.

VELASQUEZ. NEW SPANISH READER. Passages from the most approved Authors, in Prose and Verse. Arranged in Pro- gressive Order with Vocabulary By M.* VELASQUEZ DE^LA CADENA. Crown 8vo. 6s. \

VELASQUEZ. AN EASY INTRODUCTION TO SPANISH CONVERSATION, containing all that is necessary to make a Rapid Progress in it. Particularly designed for Persons who have little time to Study, or are their own Instructors. By M. VELASQUEZ DE LA CADENA. New Edition, Revised and Enlarged. I2mo. 2s. 6d.

SWEDISH.

NILSSON, W1DMARK, and COLLIN. ENGLISH-SWEDISH DICTIONARY. Compiled by L. G. NILSSON, P. F. WIDMARK, and A. Z. COLLIN. New Edition. 8vo. i6s.

OMAN. SVENSK-ENGELSK HAND-ORDBOK. (Swedish- English Dictionary.) By F. E. OMAN. Crown 8vo. 8s.

OTTE. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE SWEDISH LANGUAGE. By E. C. OTTE. Crown 8vo. 2s. 6d.

POCKET-DICTIONARY OF THE ENGLISH AND SWEDISH LANGUAGES. Two Parts bound in i vol. i8mo. ^s. 6d.

TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARIES.

EGER. TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARY UN THE ENG- LISH AND GERMAN LANGUAGES. Edited by GUSTAV EGER, Professor of the Polytechnic School of Darmstadt, and Sworn Translator of the Grand Ducal Ministerial Departments. Tech- nically Revised and Enlarged by OTTO BEANDES, Chemist. Two vols. Royal 8vo. £i, 7s.

24 A Catalogue of Educational Works.

KARMARSCH. TECHNOLOGICAL DICTIONARY OF THE TERMS EMPLOYED IN THE ARTS AND SCIENCES ; Archi- tecture, Civil, Military, and Naval ; Civil Engineering ; Mechanics ; Machine-Making ; Shipbuilding and Navigation ; Metallurgy ; Artillery ; Mathematics ; Physics ; Chemistry ; Mineralogy, &c. With a Preface by Dr. K. KARMARSCH. Third Edition. Three vols

Vol. I. German-English-French. 8vo. I2S.

Vol. II. English-German-French. 8vo. I2S."

Vol. III. French-German-English. 8vo. 153. .

TURKISH.

ARNOLD. A SIMPLE TRANSLITERAL GRAMMAR OF THE TURKISH LANGUAGE. Compiled from Various Sources. With Dialogues and Vocabulary. By Sir EDWIN ARNOLD. Pott 8vo. 28. 6d.

HOPKINS. ELEMENTARY GRAMMAR OF THE TURKISH LANGUAGE. With a Few Easy Exercises. By F. L. HOPKINS, M.A., Fellow and Tutor of Trinity Hall, Cambridge. Crown 8vo. 35. 6d.

REDHOUSE.'" THE TURKISH VADE-MECUM OF OTTO- MAN COLLOQUIAL LANGUAGE. Containing a Concise Otto- man Grammar ; a Carefully Selected Vocabulary, Alphabetically Arranged, in Two Parts, English-Turkish and Turkish-English*; also a Few Familiar Dialogues and Naval and Military Terms. The whole in English Characters, the Pronunciation being Fully Indicated. By J. W. REDHOUSE, M.R.A.S. Third Edition. Fourth Thousand. 321110. 6s.

REDHOUSE. SIMPLIFIED GRAMMAR OF THE OTTOMAN TURKISH LANGUAGE. By J. W. REDHOUSE, M.R.A.S. Crown 8vo. i os. 6d. jj

REDHOUSE. TURKISH AND ENGLISH LEXICON. Show- ing in English the Signification of the Turkish Terms. By J. W. REDHOUSE, M.R.A.S. Parts I. to VII. Imperial 8vo. Paper covers. £3, 33.

LONDON : KEGANJPAUL, TRENCH, TRUBNER, & CO. L™ PATERNOSTER HOUSE, CHARING CROSS ROAD.

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