SITES OF THE RESERVE PHASE Pine Lawn Valley Western New Mexico PAUL S. MARTIN JOHN B. RINALDO FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 38, NUMBER .'1 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OCTOBER 18, 1950 SITES OF THE RESERVE PHASE Pine Lawn Valley Western New Mexico PAUL S. MARTIN Chief Curator, Department of Anthropology JOHN B. RINALDO Assistant in Archaeology, Department of Anthropology FIELDIANA: ANTHROPOLOGY VOLUME 38, NUMBER 3 Published by CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM OCTOBER 18, 1950 PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA BY CHICAGO NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM PRESS PREFACE During the summer of 1949, we excavated three sites in Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico, as part of a long term archaeo- logical program (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950). The scene of our work is located between the San Francisco Mountains to the west and the Saliz Mountains, to the east, in the Apache National Forest, Catron County, New Mexico. The nearest town is Reserve, New Mexico, which lies about seven miles east of our camp. The archaeological excavations were conducted under a permit issued to Chicago Natural History Museum by the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture. We wish to take this occasion to thank Mr. R. B. Ewing, Forest Supervisor of the Apache National Forest; Mr. Ray Swapp, Ranger of the Hood Ranger Station; Mr. Lyle F. Watts, Chief of the Forest Service, United States Department of Agriculture; Dr. Alexander Wetmore, Secre- tary of the Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.; and Mr. P. V. Woodhead, Regional Forester, Albuquerque, New Mexico, for their co-operation and assistance. The 1949 season was devoted to the excavation of three sites that we have assigned to the Reserve Phase. This was in accordance with our plan to investigate all major phases of Indian occupation of the Pine Lawn Valley — an occupation that we estimate covered a time span of about 2,800 years (from about 1500 B.C. to a.d. 1300). The Reserve Phase has been roughly dated at about a.d. 1000 ±100. The results of our excavations, covering our knowledge of man's occupation of the valley from 1500 B.C. to about a.d. 1000, have been published (see Martin, 1940, 1943; Martin and Rinaldo, 1947, 1950; Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949). Mr. Stanley Field and Colonel Clifford C. Gregg, respectively President and Director of Chicago Natural History Museum, have backed our efforts unstintingly and have encouraged us to do a superlative job. Without their aid and encouragement we should not have been able to undertake and to finish such detailed and valuable researches. We are happy to acknowledge publicly our great thanks to them and to our Board of Trustees for such support. 403 404 PREFACE We also owe thanks to the members of our camp staff for their willingness to do not only their special work but also to help at any time with any job that arose: James Barter, in charge of cataloguing specimens and washing and tabulating potsherds; W. T. Egan, photographer and surveyor; and Mrs. Martha Perry, cook. Dr. Ernst Antevs, Research Associate, Department of Geology, spent three weeks in camp, during which time he continued his climatological studies of the Pine Lawn Valley. While working in Wet Leggett Canyon, he discovered several more Cochise artifacts. Every season, Mrs. Mary Crackel, proprietress of the Pine Lawn Tourist Camp, and her assistant, Mr. George Spore, have assisted us in innumerable ways. We are also grateful to them for guarding our camp property. The men who dug for us deserve great praise for their careful work and for the constant interest they maintained in our projects: Pablo and Willy Serna, E. P. Martinez, Jake Snyder, and Gregorio Jiron. Some fifty-two specimens of charcoal were recovered from the three sites and were shipped in the autumn of 1949 to Dr. A. E. Douglass, Director of the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research, Tucson, Arizona. It is hoped that some dates will soon be released. Chapters III and IV were written by my colleague, Dr. Rinaldo, and chapters I, II, and V by me. Chapter VI, entitled Conjectures Concerning the Social Organiza- tion of the Mogollon Indians, was written jointly by Dr. Rinaldo and me; but it has a very much longer history. Several years ago, Professor Fred Eggan of the University of Chicago gave at the Museum a seminar on "Problems in Southwestern Archaeology and Ethnology." During the seminar, he made some suggestions con- cerning methods of reconstructing the social organization of proto- and pre-historic cultures. That inspiration gave us food for thought and has been mulled over in our minds for some time. In 1949, Dr. Murdock published his Social Structure, which gave impetus to our thoughts and without which we could not have made progress. We decided, then, to attempt a reconstruction of the social organization of the Mogollon Indians. Several drafts were made and submitted to our colleagues, Mr. Donald Collier and Mr. George I. Quimby, who patiently criticized the trial reconstructions in detail and with great comprehension. The whole matter was rewritten several times in order to embody the results of the criticisms stem- ming from our conferences. PREFACE 405 The final result as embodied in the last portion of this report is, in consequence, not just the work of Dr. Rinaldo and me, but is a composite affair — the work of many. Paul S. Martin CONTENTS PAGE List of Illustrations 409 I. Introduction 413 Location of Sites 413 Physiographic and Biotic Conditions 413 Problems 413 II. Description of Architectural Details 416 Wet Leggett Pueblo 416 Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo 426 Cochise Dwelling Area 430 Three Pines Pueblo 432 Masonry Rooms 432 Jacal Room 432 Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo 438 South Leggett Pueblo 440 Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo 446 III. Artifacts 449 List of Artifacts 449 Discussion 450 The Shaping of Tools 450 Comparison with Artifacts of Other Horizons 451 Relation of Artifacts to Food Gathering 453 Manos 455 Rubbing Stones 460 Pestles 462 Metates 464 Small, Metate-like Grinding Stones 468 Pitted Pebble 470 Stone Dish 470 Mortar 470 Worked Slabs 472 Polishing Stones 474 Abrading Stone 476 Hammerstones 478 Axes 480 407 408 CONTENTS PAGE Maul 480 Projectile Points 482 Saws 484 Drills 484 Knives 486 Scrapers 488 Hoe 490 Ax 490 Choppers 490 Bone Awls 492 Bracelets 492 Data on Identifiable Unworked Bone Fragments 492 Worked Sherds 494 Animal Effigy (?) 494 IV. Pottery 499 Pottery Types Found at the Three Pueblos 500 Native Wares of the Reserve Phase 500 Native Wares of Earlier Phases 501 Trade Wares 501 Painted Pottery 502 Reserve Black-on-White 502 Painted Wares 503 Textured Wares 526 Trends in Pottery Popularity 530 Summary 532 V. Summary 549 VI. Conjectures Concerning the Social Organization of the Mogollon Indians 556 Archaeological Sequence in Pine Lawn Valley 557 Trends in Pine Lawn Valley 558 The Chiricahua Stage of the Cochise Culture 564 Pine Lawn Phase 565 Georgetown to Three Circle Phases 566 Reserve Phase 568 Bibliography 570 Index 574 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS TEXT FIGURES PAGE 144. Map showing location of Pine Lawn Valley 412 145. Sketch of Pine Lawn region showing location of three pueblos excavated . 414 146. Plan and sections of Wet Leggett Pueblo . . . . 417 147. Wet Leggett Pueblo 419 148. Firepits, Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo 420 149. Worked slabs set in floor, southeast corner of Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo 421 150. Detail of masonry, east wall of Room B, Wet Leggett Pueblo .... 422 151. Detail of masonry, south wall of Room D, Wet Leggett Pueblo . . . 423 152. Detail of masonry, east wall of Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo .... 424 153. Detail of doorway between Rooms B and E, Wet Leggett Pueblo . . 425 154. Plan and section of Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo 427 155. Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo 428 156. Pit "Room" with roof framework restored, Wet Leggett Pueblo . . 429 157. Cochise dwelling area near Wet Leggett Pueblo 431 158. Plan and sections of Three Pines Pueblo and of pit-house 433 159. Three Pines Pueblo, showing remains of jacal room (rows of postholes) and later stone walls 435 160. Masonry detail, Room A, Three Pines Pueblo 436 161. Masonry detail, Room B, Three Pines Pueblo 437 162. Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo 439 163. Plan and sections of South Leggett Pueblo 441 164. South Leggett Pueblo 443 165. Firepit, Room D, South Leggett Pueblo 444 166. Masonry, Room C (east wall), South Leggett Pueblo 445 167. Plan and sections, Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo 447 168. Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo 448 169. Rectangular, rocker-bottom manos 457 170. Manos 458 171. Manos 459 172. Rubbing stones 461 173. Pestles: a-c, multifaced type; d, cylindrical type 463 174. Trough type metate, trough open at both ends 465 175. Trough type metate 466 409 410 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS PAGE 176. Trough type metate 467 177. Small, metate-like grinding stones 469 178. a, pitted pebble; b, stone dish; c, pebble mortar 471 179. Worked slab 473 180. Polishing stones 475 181. a, b, abrading stones; c, ceremonial stone 477 182. Hammerstones 479 183. Axes and maul: a-e, axes; /, maul 481 184. Projectile points 483 185. Saws and drills: a-c, saws; d-i, drills 485 186. Knives (miscellaneous types) 487 187. Scrapers: a, b, end scrapers; c, hollow-edged scraper; d-i, random flake scrapers 489 188. a, hoe; e, chipped ax; b-d, f, choppers 491 189. Bone awls (top row) ; shell bracelets (bottom row) 493 190. Worked sherds (miscellaneous types) 495 191. Reserve Black-on-White pottery bowl, South Leggett Pueblo .... 504 192. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing dot and circle 505 193. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing con- trasted solid and hatched scroll 506 194. Reserve Black-on-White jar, Wet Leggett Pueblo (neck and bottom restored) 507 195. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing con- trasted solid and hatched triangles 508 196. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing con- trasted solid and hatched elements 509 197. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing con- trasted solid and hatched broad lines 510 198. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing half terraces and diagonal hatch 511 199. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing con- trasted solid and hatched oblique sawteeth 512 200. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing vertical hatch 513 201. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing checkerboard 514 202. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing solid oblique sawteeth 515 203. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing nega- tive zigzag 516 204. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing solid triangles 517 205. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing solid broad lines 518 206. Reserve Black-on-White pitcher and potsherds. Designs showing narrow lines 519 LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS 411 PAGE 207. Pottery sherds. Column a, early Mimbres Classic Black-on-White; column b, Wingate Black-on-Red; column c, Smudged Decorated . 520 208. Incised Corrugated pottery jar, Wet Leggett Pueblo 521 209. Pottery sherds: a-h, j, k, m, n, Incised Corrugated, showing variations in design; i, I, Knobby Corrugated 522 210. Pottery sherds: a, b, d, e, g, h, j, k, m, n, Punched Corrugated; c, f, Alma Scored; i, I, o, Alma Punched 523 211. Plain and Indented Corrugated pottery jar, Wet Leggett Pueblo . . 524 212. Plain and Indented Corrugated pottery jar, Wet Leggett Pueblo . . 525 213. Plain Corrugated pottery jar, Three Pines Pueblo 527 214. Pottery sherds, textured wares: a, Plain Corrugated; b, d, f, j, Indented Corrugated; e, g, i, Plain and Indented Corrugated; c, Tularosa Fillet Rim; h, k, Reserve Fillet Rim 528 215. Reserve Smudged bowls from Wet Leggett Pueblo 529 216. Chart showing relationships of principal pottery types in sites of Re- serve and Three Circle Phases in western New Mexico 531 217. Graph representing distribution (in percentages) of design elements ac- cording to sites 533 218. Miniature pottery vessels: a, b, Alma Plain jars; c, Reserve Smudged bowl; d, Alma Rough bowl 534 219. Size frequency of houses from Pine Lawn Phase to Reserve Phase . . 559 220. Median frequency of metates per house unit 561 221. Relative frequency of metate types by phases 562 222. Comparison of number of artifacts per phase with total number of arti- facts found in 69 house units 563 LIST OF TABLES 13. Occurrence of artifacts by location, Reserve Phase, Pine Lawn Valley 496-498 14. Sherd analysis, Reserve Phase 536-548 15. Frequency of sites and houses by phases 567 MONTICELLO O BLANOING O 926-29 EXCAVATIONS 1937 EXCAVATIONS LOWRY RUIN 1930-34 1938 EXCAVATIONS COLORADO MEXICO Fig. 144. Map showing location of Pine Lawn Valley. 412 I. INTRODUCTION LOCATION OF SITES Three sites were excavated (Fig. 145) in the 1949 season. All have been assigned by us to the Reserve Phase (circa a.d. 1000 ±100), and all are located in Catron County, near Reserve, New Mexico, Apache National Forest. The altitude of all three sites is approxi- mately 6,200 feet above sea level. (1) Wet Leggett site is located in deep forest on a sloping peninsula bordered by Wet Leggett Canyon on the south and a small unnamed arroyo to the north (sec. 14, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., N.M.P.M.). (2) South Leggett Pueblo lies just east of U. S. Highway 260, close to Leggett Canyon and just south of two concrete bridges (sec. 26, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., N.M.P.M.). (3) Three Pines Pueblo is located just east of U. S. Highway 260 and close to Expedition Headquarters (sec. 35, T. 7 S., R. 20 W., N.M.P.M.). PHYSIOGRAPHIC AND BIOTIC CONDITIONS Physiographic and biotic conditions in the area have been given in detail in a previous number of this volume (see pp. 34-43, Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949). PROBLEMS The chief object of our summer's work was to dig as many sites of the Reserve Phase as possible. Up to the beginning of the 1949 season only two sites of that phase had been excavated: Stark- weather Ruin (Nesbitt, 1938) and Oak Springs Pueblo (Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949). We found and excavated three more, which brings to five the total number of excavated villages of the Reserve Phase (a total of about thirty rooms) ! On the basis of Nesbitt's excavations (Nesbitt, 1938) and our survey and excavation (Martin, Rinaldo, and Antevs, 1949) we felt reasonably certain that the Reserve Phase followed in time directly 413 Fig. 145. Sketch of Pine Lawn region showing location of three pueblos excavated. 414 INTRODUCTION 415 upon the heels of the Three Circle Phase. It also seemed fairly certain that the Three Circle Phase was still largely composed of Mogollon traits and that many of these were displaced by Anasazi traits in the Reserve Phase. While this latter phase was made up of several important Anasazi traits, yet it was not "pure" Anasazi, for it retained a southern or Mogollon flavor. Therefore, in tackling sites assigned to the Reserve Phase, we hoped to find out (1) where the Anasazi influences came from; (2) whether there was an actual migration of Anasazi peoples into the area; or (3) whether Anasazi traits alone were borrowed; (4) at what date this mixing occurred; (5) whether kivas were associated with Reserve Phase pueblos and if pit-houses evolved into kivas; (6) what social and political changes accompanied the Anasazi innovations (for example, the switch from scattered and /or uncon- nected pit-houses to contiguous surface room hamlets); (7) which Mogollon traits persisted (especially in tools of stone and bone and in pottery types) and which were displaced; and (8) if the advent of contiguous surface rooms of masonry (which supplanted pit-houses) and black-on-white pottery (which superseded red-on-brown and red-on-white wares) was abrupt or progressive. We recognized that we needed supplementary data concerning the Reserve Phase to add to that which Nesbitt had presented (Nesbitt, 1938). With this additional information, plus our knowl- edge concerning the earlier history of the Pine Lawn Valley (a Cochise stage, and Pine Lawn, Georgetown, San Francisco, and Three Circle Phases) we would be in a better position to make valid generalizations and reasonable inferences concerning the changes in culture in our valley after a.d. 1000. We also still had on our list of unanswered questions the query concerning the fate of the Cochise (Chiricahua) people. Did they linger on in the Pine Lawn Valley, borrowing pottery from southern neighbors? Were they responsible for the creation of the assemblage which we call Pine Lawn Phase and which we guess came into being circa a.d. 500 ±200 years? Did they construct houses or shelters of any kind? It was hoped that we might secure some information that would help to answer these questions. II. DESCRIPTION OF ARCHITECTURAL DETAILS WET LEGGETT PUEBLO (Figs. 146-153) Shape. — Compact, without special form. Number of Rooms. — Six; all contiguous. Number of Stories. — One (fallen wall-debris sufficient for one story). Walls of crude masonry made up of unshaped boulders of assorted sizes. Foundations on old ground surface, 10 to 20 cm. above the floor. Dimensions: 35 to 50 cm. thick. Kind of stones: polygonal, unworked; surfaces unworked. Spalls: some sherds, some flat thin stones 1 to 3 cm. thick, and some round pebbles. No plaster. Types: (1) very large boulders with flat sides out, alternating with courses of thin slabs; some courses fairly even; (2) smaller boulders set at random, producing a rougher surface; large amount of mud mortar; a few manos used as wall stones. Floors of hard-packed red clay and gravel; fairly even; floor in Room A covered with gray plaster 5 to 15 mm. thick; three slabs found on floor in south- west corner of Room A. Firepits. — Four; two in Room A, one 55 cm. wide by 15 cm. deep, clay-, gravel- and sand-lined, containing a thick layer of ash, and the second, 30 by 35 cm. by 18 cm. deep; one in Room B, 50 cm. in diameter, 15 cm. deep, clay-lined, containing ash; one in Room C, 65 cm. in diameter, 13 cm. deep. Entrances. — No exterior doorways; three interior doorways, one between rooms A and B, one between rooms B and E, one between rooms C and D. Pits. — Eight found, ranging in diameter from 28 cm. to 1 meter; depths, from 12 to 45 cm. Burials. — One skull found in Room A on floor in southwest quadrant; Incised Corrugated pot found with skull. Postholes. — Nineteen in number, diameters ranging from 15 to 50 cm.; depths, from 5 to 70 cm. Roof. — Exact character unknown. Beams probably supported by walls and by occasional upright wooden posts. Height of roof unknown, probably about 6 feet. Phase. — Reserve. General Comments. — Room A burned; its size and shape plus its floor features suggest that it was set apart for some special purpose. The wall between rooms A and E was built over a pit that contained ashy fill and sherds. Room E con- tained two floors about 30 cm. apart; upper floor built on top of ashes. Under east wall of Room E were found two Reserve Smudged bowls, one Alma Plain jar, fragments of turquoise, and a shell bracelet. Room E may have been built before the others. This pueblo represents earliest stage in development of surface houses with stone walls in Pine Lawn Valley. No kiva found, although extensive trenching was done. However, in trench on east side of pueblo a large deep pit was found (see p. 426). Population probably from 18 to 30 people (based on Steward, 1937, p. 95). 416 METERS < \ \ \ \ I I COCH ISE DWELUNG AREA C PIT D FIREPIT E FUX)R • POSTHOLE © DOUBTFUL POSTHOLE ^ UNDISTURBED CLAY LIMITS OF EXCAVATIONS POSSIBLE FORM OF HOUSE G BURIAL S SLAB I . SECTION BB' Fig. 146. Plan and sections of Wet Leggett Pueblo. 417 c o «-, bo o ^2 419 420 Fig. 149. Worked slabs set in floor, southeast corner of Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo. Arrow (30 cm. long) points north. 421 ffl 422 £ a p 423 J 0 424 r c (3 a d CD •# Fig. 159. Three Pines Pueblo, showing remains of jacal room (rows of post- holes) and later stone walls. Arrow (50 cm. long) points north; meter stick in background. 435 s T3 436 CO ■ . ±* tamamm .HBOI pq 437 PIT-HOUSE: THREE PINES PUEBLO (Not associated in time with pueblo) (Figs. 158, 162) Shape. — Roughly circular; greatest diameter, 6 meters. Walls of unplastered, red-yellow clay. Floor. — Gravelly, red clay; fairly even; depth below present ground level, 40 to 50 cm. Lateral Entrance. — None found. Pits. — Three in number; least diameter, 60 cm.; greatest diameter, 1.7 meters; least depth, 30 cm.; greatest depth, 95 cm. Pit near west wall sealed over by floor; contained sherds of Pine Lawn Phase. Postholes. — Eight in number; least diameter, 12 cm.; greatest diameter, 60 cm.; least depth, 8 cm.; greatest depth, 35 cm. Roof. — Exact character unknown. Phase. — Pine Lawn (based on sherds found on floor of sealed pit near west wall). General Comments. — Before excavations started at Three Pines Pueblo, this depression, so close to the house, made us think that we might here have a kiva associated with the Reserve Phase pueblo. Complete excavations of the depression showed that our guess was incorrect. The depression turned out to be a Pine Lawn Phase pit-house that had been abandoned long before the builders of the Reserve Phase pueblo occupied the site, and used by the occupants of that pueblo as a refuse dump. 438 T5 C o E be ea Eh j C XI 0 £ 439 SOUTH LEGGETT PUEBLO (Figs. 163-166) Shape. — Square, with supplementary room near by. Number of Rooms. — Five, four of which are contiguous; Room D may also have been connected to the other rooms. This area of the site had been badly pitted and trenched by vandals. Number of Stories. — One. Walls of crude masonry made of unshaped boulders of assorted sizes. Founda- tions on old ground surface 5 to 10 cm. above floor. Dimensions: 25 to 50 cm. thick. Surfaces unworked. Spalls: pebbles and some flat, thin slabs 1 to 3 cm. thick. Types: (1) very large boulders with flat sides out, alternating with courses of thin slabs; some courses fairly even (best example of this wall-type is found between rooms B and C, in which there are some through stones; (2) small boulders set at random, producing a rougher surface; large amounts of mud mortar. No plaster. Floors of hard-packed clay and gravel with occasional patches of plaster. Firepits. — Three in number. In Room C, a rectangular pit, with rounded corners, thick adobe coping around rim, vertical walls; dimensions 44 by 43 cm. by 20 cm. deep. In Room D, one pit is rectangular with rounded corners, thick adobe and stone rim, vertical walls, ash-fill; dimensions 42 by 51 cm. by 21 cm. deep. Adjoining this to the south is a rectangular slab-lined pit; not a firepit. Other pit in Room D is round, ash-filled; 70 cm. in diameter, 15 cm. in depth. Ventilator. — Gap in south wall of Room D directly south of firepit; 16 cm. wide. Entrances. — No exterior doorway; one interior doorway between rooms C and E. Postholes. — Two in number. One in Room B, diameter 40 cm., depth 45 cm.; one in Room D, diameter 26 cm. Grinding Bin{1). — In Room A, flat slabs in upright position near north wall may have formed part of grinding bin, as metate fragments were found within the bin. Roof. — Exact character unknown; beams may have rested on tops of walls. Burned adobe impressions showed that there were split poles on top of beams, and pine boughs on top of poles. Phase. — Reserve. General Comments. — All rooms burned. Room D, because of its firepits and ventilator gap, might have had ceremonial significance. No kiva was found, although extensive trenching was done. In trench west of pueblo a pit-house was found (see p. 446). This pueblo represents earliest stage in development of sur- face houses with stone walls in Pine Lawn Valley. Population probably numbered from 15 to 25 people. 440 — I .' -J 1 // 1 / ROOM A i / // ) L 0 E RREPIT FLOOR % feh. A. •'' • POSTHOLE ^^ E_i UNDISTURBED CLAY - POSSIBLE FORM OF HOUSE 1mm&-^. , SECTION BB' __ j) L Fig. 163. Plan and sections of South Leggett Pueblo. 441 443 Fig. 165. Firepit, Room D, South Leggett Pueblo. Arrow (30 cm. long) points north. 444 Oh £ c o 445 PIT-HOUSE: SOUTH LEGGETT PUEBLO (Figs. 167, 168) Shape. — Rectangular, with rounded corners; greatest dimension, 6.6 meters. Walls of unplastered clay and sandy gravel. Floor of gravelly clay; uneven; depth below present ground level, 1.7 to 2.1 meters. Firepit. — None found. Lateral Entrance. — In south wall; length, 90 cm.; width at inner end, 1.45 meters; width at outer end, 70 cm. Pits. — None found. Posthole. — Diameter 30 cm.; depth 30 cm. Roof. — Exact character unknown. Phase. — Three Circle. General Comments. — This pit-house may not have been finished or occupied. About half way up from floor, wall slopes out from room to form ledges or benches 1 to 1.5 meters wide. Upper half of fill contained much charcoal, many stones and broken slabs, and many Reserve Phase black-on-white sherds. A burial was also found in flexed position in this fill about half way down. Below this level, fill was light brown sandy clay containing few sherds; layers of fill appear to have been deposited by water. Obviously, this pit was not a kiva, was not associated in time with the near-by pueblo, and after abandonment had lain open to the elements for many years. It was manifestly used as a refuse dump during the Reserve Phase occupation of the site. 446 E FLOOR • POSTHOLE □ UNDISTURBED CLAY G BURIAL 10 12 SECTION A A" SECTION BB" Fig. 167. Plan and sections, Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo. 447 T3 § i 1 O = 448 III. ARTIFACTS For convenience in comparison, the descriptions of the artifacts have been organized as follows: LIST OF ARTIFACTS Object Ground and Pecked Stone Number Handstones excavated Manos 94 Rubbing stones 23 Pestles 4 Milling stones Metates 15 Small, metate-like grinding stones 6 Mortar 1 Pitted pebble 1 Stone dish 1 Worked slabs 54 Polishing stones 9 Hammerstones 7 Maul 1 Axes 5 Abrading stones 2 Chipped Stone Projectile points 17 Saws 3 Drills 6 Knives 38 Scrapers 15 Choppers 7 Hoe 1 Ax 1 Shell Bracelets 4 Bone Awls 6 Clay Worked sherds 26 Animal effigy 1 Total number 348 Unworked Stone Azurite, ceremonial stone, hematite, turquoise, ochre, limestone. On pages 455-498 the details of the artifacts are given in outline form. They have been classified into a large number of categories and the range of features for each has been given, so that a reasonably 449 450 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO accurate conception of the variation in individual artifacts may be obtained without resorting to an extensive detailed tabulation, or an examination of the actual specimens and catalogue cards. DISCUSSION The types and varieties of artifacts from the four Reserve sites excavated are approximately the same. Certain types of artifacts were recovered from Wet Leggett and Three Pines Pueblos that were not found at South Leggett and Oak Springs Pueblos (small, metate-like grinding stones and mortars, for example). However, the similarity in the artifacts of the four sites is close enough so that on the basis of the artifacts alone one would classify these sites together. Characteristic artifacts of the Reserve Phase are rectangular "rocker-bottom" manos, metates with grinding troughs open at both ends, and large worked slabs. Other types of artifacts such as beveled manos, flint saws and full-grooved axes appear sporadically at sites of this phase and are believed to be innovations, in as much as they have been recovered rarely, if at all, from sites of earlier phases. Despite these few differences, the artifacts on the whole represent a direct outgrowth from those of the Three Circle Phase, which im- mediately preceded the Reserve Phase. For example, the rubbing stones, mortars and pestles, knives, scrapers, and choppers of the Reserve Phase have their counterparts in artifacts of the Three Cir- cle Phase, whereas other artifacts such as metates and manos have their prototypes in this Three Circle Phase. THE SHAPING OF TOOLS On the whole, the artifacts from the sites of the Reserve Phase consistently show more shaping than artifacts from the earlier phases. Most of the handstones and many of the milling stones have been altered on other surfaces besides their working surfaces; for ex- ample, their shape in outline has been changed. Their characteristic pits, striations and smooth surfaces show that they have been shaped by pecking and grinding. There is also a larger proportion of the manos and rubbing stones that have grooved edges, or large pits in their upper surfaces, presumably for gripping these objects. A few artifacts such as the axes and the maul were altered on all surfaces. These latter artifacts are the only polished stone implements re- covered from sites of the Reserve Phase. ARTIFACTS 451 On the other hand many of the artifacts are still relatively crude and could be distinguished from stones shaped by nature only by their faceted, polished, or striated working surfaces and other marks of use. All of the polishing stones, many of the rubbing stones, and a few of the manos fall into this category. The chipped stone implements exhibit a similar variation in manufacture. Those with pressure chipping on all their surfaces are in a minority. Such artifacts are projectile points and occasional saws, drills, and knives. On the other hand most of the chipped implements such as random flake scrapers and knives have only a little secondary chipping along one edge; many of these are simply utilized flakes. Percussion flaking is the most common technique of flaking. The shell and bone artifacts are practically identical with those of the earlier phases. The shell bracelets are thin sections of a bivalve shell (Glycymeris gigantea) and have been either cut or sawed out, leaving a smooth straight surface. The bone awls are made of long bones split in half. Their pointed lower ends exhibit scratches and smooth polished surfaces that indicate that they have been ground and polished to shape. COMPARISON WITH ARTIFACTS OF OTHER HORIZONS The artifacts of pueblos of the Reserve Phase give one the im- pression of both cultural continuity and cultural change. The continuity of the stone tool industry is evident from the fact that some types of tools that were popular in the earlier phases, such as plano-convex choppers and pebble manos, continued to be made and used, while other types such as through trough metates represent developments from slightly different prototypes common in earlier periods. To a lesser extent cultural change is also evident in the artifacts. Certain types of artifacts such as beveled manos, flint saws and full- grooved axes, which appear sporadically during this phase, are believed to be trait innovations. The mano of beveled (or triangular) type was probably formed by a different manipulation in grinding than the ordinary mano (Kidder, 1932, p. 71). Although it does not appear as the pre- dominant type until Pueblo IV, there are scattered examples of this type from earlier sites in different areas of the Southwest. Sayles (1945, PI. 31) reports a handstone of the beveled (or tri- angular) form from the Cerros Phase of the San Simon Branch; 452 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO Kidder and Cosgrove (1949, p. 140), one from the Pendleton Ruin; and Bartlett (1934, pp. 27-28), a small percentage of such manos from Pueblo II sites in the San Francisco Mountains of western Arizona. The troughed metate, with both ends of the trough open, has a somewhat different history. This type had already appeared in the Three Circle Phase (Martin and Rinaldo, 1947, p. 328), and it be- came more numerous in each succeeding period. It is found in the late phases of the San Simon Branch (Sayles, 1945, p. 50) and in late horizons at the Swarts Ruin (Cosgrove, 1932, p. 36). It is characteristic of the Wingate Phase (Gladwin, 1945, p. 73). Oc- casionally these metates were placed in grinding bins. Stone slabs set on edge around a metate in the corner of Room A, South Leggett Pueblo, were thought to be the remains of a grinding bin for one of these metates similar to the grinding bins of the Flagstaff area during Pueblo II (see Bartlett, 1933, Fig. 3). Many stone slabs were found in the rooms of ruins of the Reserve Phase. These were nicely shaped, but none was sculptured in relief like that recovered from the Starkweather Ruin (see Nesbitt, 1938, pp. 104-105) . Most of these were rectangular in outline, with smooth surfaces and chipped edges. Similar slabs are described by Cosgrove (1932, p. 48) for the Swarts Ruin. Fragments of such slabs are ubiquitous during this period and they must have had several uses. It has been suggested that they were baking slabs (for piki) or slabs for doors (Judd, 1916, PI. 2; Cosgrove, 1932, p. 49 and PI. 12), or paving slabs. Two such slabs were set in the floor in the corner of Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo. Grooved axes are believed to be innovations introduced from two directions — the three-quarters grooved type from the south (possibly from the Hohokam), and the full-grooved type from the north (possibly from the Anasazi). The three-quarters grooved form is the predominant form from Snaketown (Gladwin et al., 1937, p. 115, Pis. 77 and 78). Three-quarters grooved axes are reported from the Pinaleno and Encinas Phases of the San Simon Branch (Sayles, 1945, p. 54), the Forestdale Phase of the Forestdale Branch (Haury, 1940, p. 104) and the Three Circle Phase of the Mimbres Branch (Martin and Rinaldo, 1950, p. 334). They have been re- ported also from Kiatuthlanna (Roberts, 1931, p. 156) and Pueblo II sites in Colorado (Martin et al., 1938, p. 257), but for the most part they do not occur in sites of the earlier periods in the northern part of the Southwest. ARTIFACTS 453 Full-grooved axes, on the other hand, are more numerous on northern sites both early and late (Brew, 1946, p. 239). They have been reported from only one Mogollon site — Starkweather (Nesbitt, 1938, p. 103). Although they occur in the Mimbres Phase (Brad- field, 1931, p. 126; Cosgrove, 1932, p. 41) they are not as numerous as the three-quarters grooved type. A possibly significant feature of two axes of the Reserve Phase is that their cutting edges are crudely chipped and battered. Be- cause some of the flaking extends more than half way up the face of the ax, and especially in view of the fact that the hand ax was the earlier dominant type, it seems possible that the flaking repre- sents a poorly directed attempt to sharpen these axes, as a chopper would be sharpened when it became dull. It is also possible that they became battered in this way by being used as mauls. RELATION OF ARTIFACTS TO FOOD GATHERING In general, the metates and manos are of the developed types associated with an agricultural economy among the historic primi- tive groups. The small number of metates recovered from sites of the Reserve Phase in contrast with the number recovered from the SU site may be correlated with a decrease in site populations from early to late rather than with a major shift in the type of economy practiced. Contrary to indications from the Starkweather excavations and from the archaeological survey, the excavations of the Reserve Phase failed to provide evidence of a stylized form of projectile point for this phase. Although the number of projectile point types is not so great as in earlier phases of this branch, there is nothing like the uniformity of types reported from contemporary sites farther north. On the other hand, whereas the ratio of projectile points to metates is approximately two to three for the Pine Lawn Phase, it is almost one to one for the Reserve Phase. Also, the quantity of unworked bone and the number of species of animals represented therein is greater in the Reserve Phase. This is probably indicative of a shift in economy away from seed gathering towards hunting, but it would be impossible to estimate the extent of the shift. Al- though some burned rooms were excavated, only one charred corn- cob was found, and no charred beans, squash, or other vegetables. On the basis of such meager evidence, one can only conjecture that the economy of the Reserve Phase was predominantly agricul- 454 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO tural, with some small dependence on hunting and possibly less dependence on gathering wild vegetable foods such as nuts, roots, seeds and berries. In general, the stone and bone industry of the Reserve Phase appears as a direct development out of a Three Circle Phase base. A number of innovations occur, however, which seem to have their source in contacts both with the north and with the south. The materials of the stone artifacts were identified by Dr. Sharat Roy, Chief Curator, Department of Geology, Chicago Natural History Museum. The identification of the unworked bone was made by Mrs. Dorothy Foss, Osteologist, Chicago Natural History Museum. MANOS (Figs. 169-171) Manos with single grinding surfaces: (a) Oblong in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex 2 From Rooms B and C, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 20.1, 11.5 cm.; widths, 11.8, 8.4 cm.; thicknesses, 5.2, 6.2 cm. (b) Pebble type, oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface con- vex 5 From Room A and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house and Room C, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 17.0 cm.; minimum, 10.5 cm.; average, 13.8 cm. Width: maximum, 12.8 cm.; minimum, 9.2 cm.; average, 10.5 cm. Thickness: maximum, 9.0 cm.; minimum, 5.7 cm.; average, 7.3 cm. (c) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slightly convex . . 6 From Rooms A and E, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Pit No. 1, and Room C, Three Pines Pueblo Length: maximum, 13.2 cm.; minimum, 10.2 cm.; average, 12.1 cm. Width: maximum, 11.2 cm.; minimum, 6.5 cm.; average, 8.8 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.1 cm.; minimum, 3.5 cm.; average, 5.0 cm. (d) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat 10 From Rooms A and B, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house and Room B, Three Pines Pueblo; Room C, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 16.3 cm.; minimum, 10.7 cm.; average, 13.1 cm. Width: maximum, 13.0 cm.; minimum, 6.8 cm.; average, 10.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.2 cm.; minimum, 3.1 cm.; average, 3.9 cm. (e) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex length- wise, slightly convex crosswise (Fig. 170, d) 3 From Rooms A and B, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 24.8, 20.5, 19.6 cm.; widths, 10.5, 9.5, 9.3 cm.; thicknesses, 7.1, 6.6, 4.1 cm. (f ) Round in outline, wedge-shaped in cross section, grinding surface flat . 3 From Jacal Room and Room C, Three Pines Pueblo Diameters, 10.0, 10.4, 13.0 cm.; thicknesses, 3.1, 3.9, 5.2 cm. (g) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface slightly convex 8 From Rooms A and E, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house and Rooms C and D, Three Pines Pueblo; Refuse Pit No. 1, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 19.0 cm.; minimum, 13.4 cm.; average, 16.8 cm. Width: maximum, 11.8 cm.; minimum, 9.7 cm.; average, 10.4 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.1 cm.; minimum, 2.8 cm.; average, 5.6 cm. (h) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface flat 17 From Pit-house, Rooms B, C, and D, and Jacal, Three Pines Pueblo; Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo; Rooms A, C, and E, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 24.3 cm.; minimum, 10.7 cm.; average, 12.9 cm. Width: maximum, 12.5 cm.; minimum, 7.0 cm.; average, 9.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 6.9 cm.; minimum, 2.5 cm.; average, 4.1 cm. 455 MANOS — continued (i) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, grinding surface convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise (Figs. 169, 170, a-c, 171, a, b) . . 20 From Rooms A, B, C, and D, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Rooms B and D, and Jacal, Three Pines Pueblo; Room C, South Leggett Pueblo; refuse on slope, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 28.4 cm.; minimum, 14.2 cm.; average, 18.8 cm. Width: maximum, 11.7 cm.; minimum, 8.5 cm.; average, 10.4 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.3 cm.; minimum, 2.7 cm.; average, 4.5 cm. (j) Rectangular in outline, wedge-shaped in cross section, grinding sur- face convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise 5 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Rooms C and D and Jacal, Three Pines Pueblo Length: maximum, 25.1 cm.; minimum, 17.8 cm.; average, 21.4 cm. Width: maximum, 12.1 cm.; minimum, 9.4 cm.; average, 10.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 4.8 cm.; minimum, 4.1 cm.; average, 4.3 cm. Seven manos with edges grooved for grip. Manos with two grinding surfaces: (a) Rectangular with rounded ends in outline, surfaces parallel, slightly convex 3 From Pit-house and Room C, Three Pines Pueblo; refuse on slope, South Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 14.3, 10.7, 10.4 cm.; widths, 11.0, 8.9, 8.4 cm.; thicknesses, 4.3, 3.5, 3.4 cm. (b) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, flat 3 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Room C, South Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 17.9 cm. (two fragments); widths, 11.6, 9.1, 12.4 cm.; thick- nesses, 3.6, 2.3, 4.4 cm. (c) Rectangular in outline, surfaces parallel, one slightly convex, the other convex lengthwise, slightly convex crosswise 2 From Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Jacal Room, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 20.3 cm. (one fragment); widths, 9.6, 8.1 cm.; thicknesses, 2.6, 2.5 cm. (d) Oval in outline with one beveled grinding surface in a double plane with a longitudinal ridge between, and one slightly convex grinding surface (Fig. 171, c, d) 7 From Rooms A and B, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room D and Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 18.9 cm.; minimum, 17.8 cm.; average, 18.3 cm. Width: maximum, 10.2 cm.; minimum, 6.6 cm.; average, 8.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 3.2 cm.; minimum, 2.1 cm.; average, 2.5 cm. Materials: Weathered diorite, rhyolite 456 Fig. 169. Rectangular, rocker-bottom manos. Length of left specimen (bottom row), 17.8 cm. 457 Fig. 170. Manos. Length of d, 24.8 cm. 458 Fig. 171. Manos. Length of d, 17.8 cm. 459 RUBBING STONES (Fig. 172) Rubbing stones with single rubbing surfaces: (a) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface slightly convex (Fig. 172, b) 3 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 8.3, 9.6, 7.8 cm.; widths, 6.7, 5.8, 6.5 cm.; thicknesses, 5.2, 4.1, 4.1 cm. (b) Oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface flat (Fig. 172, c, d) . 5 From Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Rooms C and D, Three Pines Pueblo; Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 8.8 cm.; minimum, 7.4 cm.; average, 8.0 cm. Width: maximum, 8.1 cm.; minimum, 4.8 cm.; average, 6.0 cm. Thickness: maximum, 3.1 cm.; minimum, 1.8 cm.; average, 2.6 cm. (c) Roughly round in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface flat (Fig. 172, e,/) 3 From Room E, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room C and Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Diameters, 8.6, 9.0, 7.7 cm.; thicknesses, 4.6, 4.1, 2.6 cm. (d) Oblong in outline, wedge-shaped in cross section, rubbing surface flat 3 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 6.5, 10.0, 8.2 cm.; widths, 6.6, 7.4, 5.0 cm.; thicknesses, 2.5, 1.9, 3.4 cm. (e) Oblong in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface slightly convex . . 2 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 9.8, 9.5 cm.; widths, 8.2, 7.1 cm.; thicknesses, 3.2, 5.9 cm. (f) Triangular in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface flat (Fig. 172, a) 2 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 9.3, 8.7 cm.; widths, 5.4, 6.5 cm.; thicknesses, 2.8, 2.5 cm. Rubbing stones with two rubbing surfaces: (a) Roughly oval in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surface convex. . . 4 From Room B, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 10.4 cm.; minimum, 7.5 cm.; average, 8.7 cm. Width: maximum, 9.1 cm.; minimum, 5.1 cm.; average, 6.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 3.9 cm.; minimum, 2.8 cm.; average, 3.4 cm. (b) Roughly triangular in outline, surfaces parallel, rubbing surfaces flat . 1 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 10.4 cm.; width, 7.8 cm.; thickness, 2.0 cm. Materials: Diorite, rhyolite, basalt, sandstone 460 Fig. 172. Rubbing stones. Diameter of /, 8.6 cm. 461 PESTLES (Fig. 173) (a) Cylindrical type, oblong in outline, oval in cross section (Fig. 173, d) 1 From Room D, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length (fragment); width, 6.2 cm.; thickness, 4.4 cm. Material: Mica schist (b) Multifaced type, roughly round pebbles with some pecked flat surfaces and battered ends (Fig. 173, a-c) 3 From Room C, Jacal, and Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 11.9, 10.4, 11.3 cm.; widths, 5.9, 8.6, 11.2 cm.; thicknesses, 4.7, 8.5, 9.6 cm. Materials: Rhyolite, diorite 462 Fig. 173. Pestles: a-c, multifaced type; d, cylindrical type. Length of a, 11.3 cm. 463 METATES (Figs. 174-176) (a) Slab type (all fragmentary) ; generally oblong in outline with one smooth grinding surface; bottom and sides of slabs un worked, grinding surface pecked 5 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room C and Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length and width fragmentary Thickness: maximum, 10.0 cm.; minimum, 7.0 cm.; average, 8.0 cm. (b) Trough type, trough open at one end only; made from unshaped, roughly oblong block of stone; grinding surface trough-shaped, sides of trough curved slightly; bottom of trough slopes up steeply at closed end; grinding surface pecked (Fig. 175) 6 From Room A, Jacal, and Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Rooms A and F, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room A, South Leggett Pueblo Length: 46.8 cm. (remainder fragmentary) Widths: 37.1, 40.0 cm. (remainder fragmentary) Thickness: maximum, 21.0 cm.; minimum, 3.7 cm.; average, 12.0 cm. Length of trough: 30.0 cm., 27.0 cm. (remainder fragmentary) Width of trough: 22.0 cm. (remainder fragmentary) Depth of trough: maximum, 13.0 cm.; minimum, 4.0 cm.; average, 6.0 cm. (c) Trough type, trough open at both ends; made of rough-hewn oblong block of stone, grinding surface pecked (Figs. 174, 176) 4 From Rooms A, B, and C, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room A, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 47.1 cm.; minimum, 46.0 cm.; average, 46.5 cm. Width: maximum, 35.0 cm.; minimum, 30.2 cm.; average, 33.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 21.5 cm.; minimum, 13.1 cm.; average, 17.7 cm. Width of trough: maximum, 24.1 cm.; minimum, 23.0 cm.; average, 23.5 cm. Depth of trough: maximum, 11.0 cm.; minimum, 2.0 cm.; average, 7.2 cm. 464 Fig. 174. Trough type metate, trough open at both ends. Length, 46.0 cm. 465 Fig. 175. Trough type metate, trough open at one end. Length, 46.8 cm. 466 Fig. 176. Trough type metate, trough open at both ends. Length, 47.1 cm. 467 SMALL, METATE-LIKE GRINDING STONES (Fig. 177) With single grinding surface: (a) Thick slabs of stone, roughly rectangular or oval in outline with smooth grinding surface, occasionally slightly concave, sides and bottom of slab usually unworked 4 From Rooms B, C, and D, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length: maximum, 31.0 cm.; minimum, 21.5 cm.; average, 26.5 cm. Width: maximum, 21.0 cm.; minimum, 17.1 cm.; average, 18.5 cm. Thickness: maximum, 14.0 cm.; minimum, 4.2 cm.; average, 7.6 cm. With two grinding surfaces: (a) Roughly oval to boat-shaped in outline; worked by pecking, smoothed by grinding; grinding surfaces flat 2 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room C, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 26.5, 23.4 cm.; widths, 15.0, 14.6 cm.; thicknesses, 4.9, 4.9 cm. 468 Fig. 177. Small, metate-like grinding stones. Length of bottom specimen, 25.0 cm. 469 PITTED PEBBLE (Fig. 178, a) Roughly round pebble with small cup-like depression 4.0 cm. in diameter, 1.0 cm. deep; pecked in one face 1 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 10.7 cm.; width, 11.4 cm.; thickness, 10.1 cm. Material: Rhyolite STONE DISH (Fig. 178, b) Roughly round pebble with smooth cup-like depression worked in one face. From Pit-house (with burial), South Leggett Pueblo Diameter, 6.8 cm.; thickness, 4.0 cm. Diameter of depression, 5.4 cm.; depth, 2.6 cm. Material: Tuff MORTAR (Fig. 178, c) Large, roughly oblong pebble with deep oblong depression in upper surface . From Room A (Surface), Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 43.0 cm.; width, 23.0 cm.; thickness, 25.0 cm. Trough: length, 25.0 cm.; width, 11.0 cm.; depth, 10.0 cm. Material: Tuff 470 Fig. 178. a, pitted pebble; b, stone dish; c, pebble mortar. Diameter of b, 6.8 cm.; length of c, 43.0 cm.; a, same scale. 471 WORKED SLABS (Fig. 179) ( a) Thin stone slab, rectangular in outline, surfaces smooth, flat, edges worked (Fig. 179) 9 From Room C, Three Pines Pueblo; Room C, South Leggett Pueblo; Room A and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 60.1 cm.; minimum, 12.7 cm.; average, 38.3 cm. Width: maximum, 42.1 cm.; minimum, 16.1 cm.; average, 27.7 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.6 cm.; minimum, 1.9 cm.; average, 3.7 cm. (b) Thin stone slabs, roughly square in outline, surfaces smooth, edges chipped . 3 From Room C, Three Pines Pueblo; Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 42.0, 42.0, 30.0 cm.; widths, 42.0, 42.0, 28.0 cm.; thicknesses, 2.7, 3.5, 3.0 cm. (c) Thin stone slabs, irregular in outline; surfaces smooth, edges worked. ... 4 From Rooms C and D, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 70.0 cm.; minimum, 33.0 cm.; average, 51.7 cm. Width: maximum, 43.5 cm.; minimum, 24.0 cm.; average, 35.3 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.5 cm.; minimum, 4.0 cm.; average, 4.4 cm. (d) Fragments; surfaces smooth, edges worked 38 From Rooms A and C, Three Pines Pueblo; Rooms A and C, and Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 48.0 cm.; minimum, 15.0 cm.; average, 29.0 cm. Width: maximum, 30.0 cm.; minimum, 10.0 cm.; average, 20.9 cm. Thickness: maximum, 6.6 cm.; minimum, 1.5 cm.; average, 3.3 cm. 472 Fig. 179. Worked slab. Length, 60.1 cm. 473 POLISHING STONES (Fig. 180) Small pebbles, oval or circular in outline, with one or more flat, smooth polish- ing surfaces 9 From Rooms C and D, and Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Room A and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 6.9 cm.; minimum, 2.7 cm.; average, 5.3 cm. Width: maximum, 5.6 cm.; minimum, 2.4 cm.; average, 4.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 5.3 cm.; minimum, 1.5 cm.; average, 2.6 cm. Materials: Limestone, basalt 474 Fig. 180. Polishing stones. Length of left specimen (bottom row), 4.9 cm. 475 ABRADING STONE (Fig. 181, a, b) Roughly oval, coarse-grained stones with one or more grooves across one sur- face; possibly arrowshaft tools 2 From Room D, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 8.5, 9.5 cm.; widths, 6.6, 7.7 cm.; thicknesses, 3.4, 3.4 cm. Material: Limestone 476 0 477 HAMMERSTONES (Fig. 182) Battered and pitted angular pebbles, some round 7 From Room A and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length: maximum, 11.5 cm.; minimum, 6.3 cm.; average, 8.0 cm. Width: maximum, 9.7 cm.; minimum, 6.0 cm.; average, 7.0 cm. Thickness: maximum, 8.1 cm.; minimum, 3.8 cm.; average, 5.7 cm. 478 Fig. 182. Hammerstones. Length of left specimen (bottom row), 8.8 cm. 479 AXES (Fig. 183, a-e) (a) Three-quarters grooved type, bit crudely flaked and battered (Fig. 183, a, b) 2 From Rooms B and D, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 13.2, 17.4 cm.; widths, 8.6, 9.6 cm.; thicknesses, 6.4, 6.1 cm. (b) Full-grooved type, with short poll; one with short bit, another with long bit, both ground and polished to sharp cutting edge (Fig. 183, c-e) 3 From Rooms A and D, and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 7.7, 15.1 cm. (one fragment); widths, 5.6, 7.9, 8.2 cm.; thicknesses, 3.4, 4.5, 5.1 cm. Material: Dolerite MAUL (Fig. 183,/) Roughly oval stone with a wide groove around the middle . From Room C, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 13.1 cm.; width, 6.6 cm.; thickness, 3.6 cm. Material: Limestone 480 "5 -4 Fig. 183. Axes and maul: a-e, axes;/, maul. Length of/, 13.1 cm. 481 PROJECTILE POINTS (Fig. 184) (a) Lateral-notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder, straight base, convex or slightly convex edges, relatively large size (Fig. 184, a, b) . . . 2 From Room A, Southeast Trench, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 3.3 cm. (one fragment); widths, 1.9, 2.5 cm.; thicknesses, 0.4, 0.6 cm. (b) Lateral -notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder, straight base, slightly convex edges, relatively small size (Fig. 184, e-g) 3 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 2.7, 3.0 cm. (one fragment); widths, 1.6, 1.8, 1.8 cm.; thicknesses, 0.4, 0.6, 0.5 cm. (c) Corner-notched, expanding stem narrower than shoulder, base slightly convex, edges convex with down-raking barbs; one with serrate edges (Fig. 184, i-k) 3 From Room A, West Trench, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Room D, South Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 2.8, 2.8, 2.7 cm.; widths, 2.1, 2.2, 2.1 cm.; thicknesses, 0.3, 0.5, 0.2 cm. (d) Leaf-shaped or triangular with slightly convex edges, base straight (Fig. 184, d,h,l) 3 From Rooms A and E, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 2.5, 2.8, 5.1 cm.; widths, 1.8, 1.8, 2.5 cm.; thicknesses, 0.3, 0.5, 0.7 cm. (e) Small, triangular, side-notched, edges and base straight (Fig. 184, c) 1 From Room C, South Leggett Pueblo Length, 1.9 cm.; width, 0.8 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm. (f) Triangular in outline, side-notched above a concave base, edges straight (Fig. 184, n) 1 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 2.4 cm.; width, 1.7 cm.; thickness, 0.3 cm. (g) Roughly leaf-shaped in outline, base concave, stem broad, squarish (Fig. 184, m, o) 2 From Room A and Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 4.1, 2.6 cm.; widths, 1.8, 1.6 cm.; thicknesses, 0.4, 0.5 cm. (h) Fragments of tips 2 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo Materials: Chert, flint, obsidian, basalt 482 Fig. 184. Projectile points. Length of o, 4.1 cm. 483 SAWS (Fig. 185, a-c) Thin flakes, plano-convex in cross section, with secondary chipping on convex surface and edges; edges deeply indented, serrate 3 From Room D, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Rooms A and D, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 3.8, 3.3, 3.0 cm.; widths, 2.1, 2.1, 2.9 cm.; thicknesses, 0.6, 0.4, 0.7 cm. Materials: Chert, jasper DRILLS (Fig. 185, d-i) (a) Long, slender point with thick, wide base, secondary chipping on all major surfaces (Fig. 185, e) 1 From Refuse Pit No. 1, South Leggett Pueblo Length, 7.2 cm.; width, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 1.0 cm. (b) Long, slender flake gradually tapering from base to pointed tip (Fig. 185, d) . 1 From Room B, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 2.8 cm.; width, 0.6 cm.; thickness, 0.2 cm. (c) Pointed quartz crystals; points crudely chipped (Fig. 185, f-i) 4 From Pit "Room," Trench, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 4.4, 3.3, 2.8, 2.5 cm.; widths, 1.9, 1.2, 1.8, 1.2 cm.; thicknesses, 1.6, 0.8, 1.2, 1.2 cm. Materials: Quartz, rhyolite, chert 484 Fig. 185. Saws and drills: a-c, saws; d-i, drills. Length of i, 2.5 cm. 485 KNIVES (Fig. 186) (a) Random flake, any suitable thin flake; slightly chipped along one or more edges, generally through use, no regularity of outline 37 From Rooms A, B, C, and E, and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit- house, Three Pines Pueblo Length: maximum, 6.0 cm.; minimum, 2.0 cm.; average, 3.8 cm. Width: maximum, 4.0 cm.; minimum, 1.2 cm.; average, 2.4 cm. Thickness: maximum, 1.4 cm.; minimum, 0.2 cm.; average, 0.6 cm. (b) Blade with curved edges and secondary chipping on all major surfaces ... 1 Length, 4.2 cm.; width, 2.5 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Materials: Chert, flint, rhyolite, diorite 486 ^4 jwfjM m Xb ^ '? Fig. 186. Knives (miscellaneous types). Length of left specimen (bottom row), 3.0 cm. 487 SCRAPERS (Fig. 187) (a) Side scrapers; random thick flakes with percussion chipping on one or more surfaces and poorly directed retouch (possibly from use) along one or more edges; generally elongated, but no regularity of outline (Fig. 187, d-i) 11 From Rooms A and B, Trenches, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 9.3 cm.; minimum, 4.1 cm.; average, 7.3 cm. Width: maximum, 6.3 cm.; minimum, 3.4 cm.; average, 4.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 3.0 cm.; minimum, 0.8 cm.; average, 1.5 cm. (b) Hollow-edged scraper; roughly square thick flake with one deeply indented edge (Fig. 187, c) 1 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 2.2 cm.; width, 2.0 cm.; thickness, 0.4 cm. (c) End scrapers; thick plano-convex flakes with retouch along one end (Fig. 187, a, b) 3 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Room A and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 9.8, 4.0, 3.8 cm.; widths, 4.8, 4.2, 3.1 cm.; thicknesses, 1.3, 1.0, 1.3 cm. Materials: Rhyolite, basalt 488 Fig. 187. Scrapers: a, b, end scrapers; c, hollow-edged scraper; d-i, random flake scrapers. Length of i, 7.1 cm. 489 CHIPPED HOE (Fig. 188, a) Flat stone slab, roughly oblong in outline with one end rounded, other end broken off; laterally opposed notches chipped in one end for attaching handle 1 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 19.3 cm.; width, 11.4 cm.; thickness, 1.4 cm. Material: Rhyolite CHIPPED AX (Fig. 188, e) Thick pebble, oval in outline; both surfaces and ends shaped by percussion chipping; sides notched by chipping 1 From South Trench, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 15.3 cm.; width, 10.8 cm.; thickness, 3.6 cm. Material: Rhyolite CHOPPERS (Fig. 188, b-d, f) Large angular core implements, plano-convex in cross section, occasionally part of the original crust left intact 7 From Room A and Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo; Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Pit-house, South Leggett Pueblo Length: maximum, 13.0 cm.; minimum, 6.9 cm.; average, 9.4 cm. Width: maximum, 9.0 cm.; minimum, 5.0 cm.; average, 7.6 cm. Thickness: maximum, 7.0 cm.; minimum, 3.3 cm.; average, 5.2 cm. Material: Rhyolite 490 Fig. 188. a, hoe; e, chipped ax; b-d, f, choppers. Length of /, 9.4 cm. 491 BONE AWLS (Fig. 189, top row) (a) Head of bone intact; shaft cut to a point 2 From Room A, Wet Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 13.7, 11.4 cm. (b) Head of bone un worked except by original splitting; other end ground and polished to a sharp point; made from longbone split in half 1 From Room B, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 17.1 cm. (c) Head of bone almost wholly removed, other end ground and polished to a sharp point 1 From wall between Rooms A and B, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 8.0 cm. (d) Head of bone removed (cut off square), other end ground and polished to a sharp point; made from split longbone 1 From wall between Rooms A and B, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 8.2 cm. (e) Splinter ground and polished to a sharp point 1 From Room E (pit), Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 3.7 cm. BRACELETS (Fig. 189, bottom row) Thin cut section of bivalve shell, including part of hinge (fragments) 4 From Room A, Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo Average diameter of ring, 5.8 cm.; width, 0.5 cm. Material: Glycymeris gigantea (identified by Dr. F. Haas, Curator of Lower Invertebrates, Chicago Natural History Museum) DATA ON IDENTIFIABLE UNWORKED BONE FRAGMENTS Number of fragments Homo sapiens 23 Lepus sp. (jack-rabbit) 36 Sylvilagus sp. (cottontail) 30 Thomomys sp. (pocket gopher) Geomys sp. (gopher) Ondatra sp. (muskrat) Odocoileus sp. (deer) 7ri Bison Sciurus sp. (squirrel) Canis familiaris (dog) Ursus sp. (bear) Mephitis sp. (skunk) Herodias treganzai (blue heron) 2 Meleagris gallopavo (turkey) 419 Centrocercus urophasianus (sage hen) 3 Colinus sp. (quail) 3 Cyanocitta sp. (jay) 1 Turtle 1 492 Fig. 189. Bone awls (top row); shell bracelets (bottom row). Length of left specimen (top row), 13.7 cm. 493 WORKED SHERDS (Fig. 190) (a) Pottery disks with edges ground smooth (Fig. 190, a-e) 18 From Rooms C and D, Wet Leggett Pueblo; Jacal Room and Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; Rooms A and C, Pit-house, refuse pit, South Leggett Pueblo Diameter: maximum, 8.2 cm.; minimum, 4.9 cm.; average, 6.1 cm. Thickness: maximum, 0.8 cm.; minimum, 0.4 cm.; average, 0.6 cm. Materials: Alma Plain, Forestdale Smudged, Reserve Smudged, Reserve Black-on-White, Lino Gray (b) Half of disk-shaped sherd; edges ground smooth; perforation through center drilled from both sides (Fig. 190, /) 1 From Pit "Room," Wet Leggett Pueblo Diameter, 5.3 cm.; thickness, 0.8 cm. Material: Reserve Smudged (c) Rectangular worked sherds with edges ground smooth and corners rounded off (Fig. 190, h,i) 3 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Lengths, 3.3, 3.6, 6.2 cm.; widths, 1.8, 3.4, 5.3 cm.; thicknesses, 0.6, 0.8, 0.6 cm. Materials: Alma Plain, Reserve Black-on-White (d) Keystone-shaped sherd with edges ground smooth (Fig. 190, g) 1 From Southeast Trench, Wet Leggett Pueblo Length, 4.3 cm.; width, 4.3 cm.; thickness, 0.5 cm. Material: San Francisco Red (e) Small pentagonal worked sherd with three worked edges 1 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 4.9 cm.; width, 4.8 cm.; thickness, 0.7 cm. Material: Alma Plain (f) Large, deeply concave sherds with edges ground smooth; possibly scoops (Fig. 190, j, k) 2 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo; refuse pit, South Leggett Pueblo Lengths, 9.5, 9.0 cm.; widths, 5.2, 7.7 cm.; thicknesses, 0.6, 0.6 cm. Materials: Alma Plain, Reserve Smudged ANIMAL EFFIGY(?) (Not illustrated) Body of quadruped, figure of heavily tempered clay; head and four legs missing . 1 From Pit-house, Three Pines Pueblo Length, 5.7 cm.; diameter, 2.2 cm. 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J? pq 3 S« » .2 mo 0) 3 2r a> cd 8 II cc Ph CO !> I— I t— I 547 J !OM(N(DlOOr-lt>^rtNH10«l00O>OHC0t-M .2 00 7 t-i-C^OOWCMCNKN CO i-H i CU « II 2t3 tJtrt c~ 95 a Mil "SiuidSG M a) rt Lt > < BO 1 r^- _J 00 k\\\V\\\\\mV^-km^^^^^^ kvmvvmvwi- Kmw\vvw ss^SS "i-; ,i 1^ i t Cj M Q o — q -C +9 ^ B o 0) c u t ft £ Bl B 3 o c/. S S -c Px 0) > 09 (-. B I c 0) <1> K 09 3 o O -t-> X o «J ■J. a S. Ja M Pm a a < TJ m s - a a) c C T3 ffi ■ £ o - o X! SI < 3 o -C >, o Eg >> o a 9 3 a ~ 0 0) q S 5 111 ■d -<-> c-. UJ CO < X Q_ UJ > cr UJ CO UJ 1 " ^ltuj Kiuj UJ a. " 05 3 O 559 560 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO A typical dwelling room (Watson, 1940, p. 82) at Cliff Palace, Mesa Verde, measures 1.8 by 2.5 meters. This is considerably smaller than the rooms of the Reserve Phase. We would assume then that only a nuclear family could be housed in the Cochise dwellings because they are small, that perhaps a larger household population — perhaps an extended family — could have been accommodated in houses of the Pine Lawn Phase (because they are much larger) and that in the later phases (Georgetown to Reserve) only one family could have lived in a room, because the rooms of these last-mentioned phases are small. Population Increase. — Linked with the trend in decrease in size of house from early to late is a related trend — namely, an increase in the number of houses per phase from early to late (Table 15, p. 567). Data from excavations and from our surveys show that there are more rooms and more clusters of rooms or villages in the Reserve Phase than there were in the Pine Lawn Phase. This trend may be correlated with an increase in population density from early to late, with a change from band to village organization and perhaps with the development of the clan. Correlated with increased density of population, in Reserve times as compared with Cochise times, may be a change in the sub- sistence pattern, and this change in the economic basis might have repercussions on the formation and/or dissolution of certain social units. If, for example, agriculture assumed an increasingly larger importance in the life of the later Mogollon people, one might find more emphasis on ownership of farm plots and the inheritance of them. Metates. — The downward trends in number of metates per house and the accompanying decrease in the remainder of the assemblage of artifacts through time (from early to late) might yield some clues that could be fitted in with inferences concerning social organization (Fig. 220). The number of metates per house decreased through time — that is, from early to late. We find that in modern pueblos three metates per room (that is, per family) is typical (Mindeleff, 1891, p. 211; Hough, 1915, p. 62; Owens, 1892, p. 163; Winship, 1896, p. 522). In many houses of the Pine Lawn Phase we found three or more metates; in pueblos of the Reserve Phase we often found only three metates for the whole pueblo! If, as in modern pueblos, three metates per room and per family is typical, might we not have an indication in the Mogollon culture that more than one family lived in some of SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOGOLLON INDIANS 561 the houses of the Pine Lawn Phase (because there are three or more metates in several houses and because Pine Lawn houses are on the average bigger than houses of later times)? And, since only three PHASE MEDIAN FREQUENCY OF METATES PER HOUSE UNIT RESERVE GEORGETOWN THROUGH THREE CIRCLE PINE LAWN Fig. 220. Median frequency of metates per house unit. metates are found in an entire pueblo of the Reserve Phase, might we not have inferential evidence for assuming that one, and only one, extended family occupied the entire village? We should like to correlate basin metates with a seed-gathering economy and trough metates with agriculture. We have an intuitive feeling that these assumptions have merit, but proof for this correla- tion is lacking. True, in the Sulphur Springs stage of the Cochise culture trough metates are absent and, by inference, agriculture is absent, also. In the Chiricahua stage, as exhibited in the Pine Lawn Valley, an oval-basin metate with one end slightly open appears in association with basin and slab types. If the Pine Lawn Valley branch of the Chiricahua stage may be correlated with the lower levels of Bat Cave (excavated by J. Herbert Dick, but not yet described) — and we feel that this correlation is permissible and sound — one would expect the Cochise people in the Pine Lawn Valley 5g Is CQ < to X o Z) o cr D en a: cr o en < CO < X Q. CO > cr Ld CO Ld cr o cr o u Ld cr to CO o o CO o z: < cr < CO o cr o UJ ro co < _j Ld Dl 562 SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOGOLLON INDIANS 563 to have had some maize agriculture (Mangelsdorf and Smith, 1949). Furthermore, an analysis of the trends in metate types (Fig. 221) from say 1500 B.C. to A.D. 1000 shows unmistakably that basin and PHASE Percent 50 40 30 20 10 0 10 20 30 40 50 RESERVE (23 units) GEORGETOWN 1 7-x SAN FRANCISCO Lnits THREE CIRCLE PINE LAWN (23 units) Fig. 222. Comparison of number of artifacts per phase with total number of artifacts found in sixty-nine house units. A house unit is denned as a pit-house or a single surface room. slab metates decline in frequency during these two thousand years and that trough metates increase in frequency during the same span. On the whole, then, what we are trying to show but cannot prove is that beginning at about 1000 B.C. agriculture was introduced into the Pine Lawn Valley and adjacent areas, but that food gathering was still the main basis for subsistence; but as we come upward in time, we find that seed gathering dwindles in importance and that agriculture becomes the dominant form of food economy. In other words, trends in number and kinds of metates per house may indicate a decline in household population from the Pine Lawn to the Reserve Phases and also a change in the economy. Other Artifacts. — Accompanying this downward trend in numbers of metates per room, we have also noted a similar decrease in the number of other artifacts (Fig. 222). To put the matter in another 564 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO way, fewer tools occur per room in the Reserve Phase than occur per room in the Pine Lawn Phase. This trend suggests that fewer tools were used per room and that there were fewer people per room in the Reserve Phase than in the Pine Lawn Phase. To sum up the trends and a few of the inferences resulting therefrom: we note a decrease from early to late times in actual house size and in the number of metates and other tools per room, and an increase in number of villages or houses per phase. These trends suggest that in the Pine Lawn Phase the number of persons per house was larger (perhaps from 5 to 10) and that the number of villages, that is, the population density, was restricted; but that in later times — in the Reserve Phase — the number of persons per house was small (perhaps from 3 to 5) and the number of villages — i.e., population density — was greatly expanded. Now, with these trends and assumptions in mind, what historical reconstruction can be made concerning the social organization of the Mogollon culture of Pine Lawn Valley from the Chiricahua mani- festations of the Cochise culture (roughly 1500 B.C.) to the Reserve Phase (about A.D. 1000)? We have several suggestions to offer and these are based on our trends and inferences plus data based on the 250 societies studied by Murdock (1949). Without this brilliant synthesis and suggestive study our reconstructions would have been impossible. We are much indebted to Dr. Murdock and wish to acknowledge our obligation. The inferences presented below seem highly probable to us, but of course cannot be proven. THE CHIRICAHUA STAGE OF THE COCHISE CULTURE (about 1500 B.C.) During this stage, it seems probable that food gathering was the principal source of food and that agriculture was in an incipient stage (slab and basin metates plus an oval basin-metate with one end slightly open). Some agriculture is inferred, as stated above, because of the presence of corn in the lowest layer of Bat Cave, New Mexico (Mangelsdorf and Smith, 1949). The task of gathering food and tending the corn was probably assigned to the women (Murdock, 1949, pp. 205, 213). In the Southwest and adjacent areas, bilateral descent is charac- teristic of societies with a food-gathering economy, even after they take up agriculture. Hence the Indians of the Chiricahua stage may have been or- ganized as follows: a nuclear family (i.e. a married man and woman and their offspring) living in a house (because the house is physically SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOGOLLON INDIANS 565 small); politically independent endogamous bands (op. cit., pp. 19, 85, 214) ; bilateral descent (op. cit., p. 212) ; matrilocal residence (op. cit., pp. 204, 205, 213); no slavery and no social classes (op. cit., p. 88) ; monogamy, if both sexes contributed equally to support of household, or polygyny, if the women's contribution was the larger (op. cit., p. 36). PINE LAWN PHASE (about A.D. 500) In this period, houses were larger than in any other time-period under consideration. Under the conditions existing in a primitive society, more people could have occupied some of these large houses, many of which yielded three or more metates per house (Fig. 220). More than three metates may indicate more than one family (on the basis of a study of conditions in modern pueblos) . More trough metates and fewer basin milling stones occur, which may be inter- preted to mean more agriculture and less food gathering. Many stone tools per house may also indicate a population larger than a nuclear family per house. Since social organization has "drift" similar to that phenomenon in linguistics, we assume that, once started on a certain path, social organization will tend to follow along in the same general direction (Murdock, op. cit., pp. 198-201). A fairly stable equilibrium would have been set up, within which certain changes might take place if they conformed to the general pattern already established, and a balance that would have been relatively immune to external forces, unless changes were in accord with the prevailing rule of residence. With the increase in importance of agriculture in this phase, matrilocal residence would have been intensified, giving rise to matrilocal extended families. In consequence of matrilocal residence, definite matrilineal descent and matrilineal inheritance would prob- ably have developed by this time. Inheritance of corn plots (a major form of wealth) would have strengthened the economic position of women, and would have helped to bind nuclear families into extended families and would have favored matrilineal descent. Since we have no evidence of a change in residence rules, we assume that the set-up for the Pine Lawn Phase was similar to that of the Cochise stage: extended families living in the larger houses (7-10 people; Murdock, op. cit., p. 18); matrilocal residence (op. cit., pp. 204, 205, 213); matrilineal descent (op. cit., pp. 59, 205); matrilineal inheritance because of increasing importance of corn plots (op. cit., p. 38) ; politically independent villages (op. cit., pp. 566 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO 85, 214) ; probably monogamy, because both sexes contribute equally towards subsistence. The normal formation of extended families might have been hastened by another factor — that is, one of defense against enemies. Since many villages of the Pine Lawn Phase are located on high and easily defended ridges, and since living space was limited there, it may have been necessary for several families to share one house. GEORGETOWN THROUGH THREE CIRCLE PHASES (about A.D. 500-900) Unfriendly groups had apparently been conquered or dispersed during these periods, for we find houses built in any choice spot, without an eye to defense, and fewer of them bunched together. Furthermore, the size of the houses tended to decrease during these centuries (Fig. 219). Along with this shrinkage in size of houses, we find that the number of metates and other artifacts tended to decrease per house (Fig. 220). Basin milling stones markedly de- creased during this span and trough metates increased in frequency (Fig. 221). Agriculture, then, may have supplanted food gathering. Hunting became more important (the ratio of projectile points to metates increases from the Pine Lawn to the Reserve Phase — see Artifacts, p. 453). Presumably, lack of enemies permitted the population to spread out and certainly there are more villages of the Three Circle Phase and a greater population density than in the Pine Lawn Phase. The size of each house, however, was notably smaller than in the Pine Lawn Phase and it would have been physi- cally impossible for more than a nuclear family to occupy any one of the houses of the Georgetown or Three Circle phases. This probably means that an extended family did not occupy one house. Just why this change occurred is not clear. It might have been brought about by disputes between factions or by wrangles concerning witchcraft and sorcery. It is also possible that a desire to be closer to their corn fields and sources of water caused the population to expand. This seems logical, because if more people were practicing more agriculture, more farm lands would have been needed. For the reasons given under the section on the Pine Lawn Phase, we feel that the continuity of the social organization flowed on without any major ruptures: extended families, perhaps several to a village, and perhaps one such family occupying several houses (houses were too small to accommodate more than 3 to 5 people); matrilocal residence; matrilineal descent and inheritance; exogamous clans, caused perhaps by an increase in population (Steward, 1937, Table 15. — Frequency of Sites and Houses* by Phases Number of houses on surveyed sites estimated on basis of size (in square feet) of sherd area as compared with equivalent area and number of houses located therein at the excavated sites. Pine Lawn Phase Site Est. no. of houses SU (25excav.)26 Promontory (5 excav.) 12 59. 81... 84... 4.... 6... 16... 63... 25... 42... 43... 50... 53... 54... 96f.. 121f. 124f. 3 4 4 12 2 2 2 5 11 1 12 11 1 20 20 2 Apache Hillf 12 19 sites 162 Georgetown through Three Circle Site Est. no. of houses Turkey Foot Ridge ... (15 excav.) 17 Twin Bridges (4 excav.) 5 SU (Late occupation) ... (4 excav.) 5 13. 14. 15. 17. 19. 21. 22. 45. 62. 83. 14 24 5 14 26 14 2 6 5 4 Starkweather (18 excav.) 20 49 12 115 16 Wheatley Ridgef (10 excav.) 12 Mogollon l:15f (H excav.) 20 94f. 106f not 112f 120f 23 sites 4 . 34 . 14 . 7 24 304 Reserve Phase Est. no. of Site houses South Leggett Pueblo ... (4 excav.) 6 Oak Springs Pueblo (6 excav.) 7 Wet Leggett Pueblo (6 excav.) 6 Three Pines Pueblo (4 excav.) 5 Starkweather Pueblo. .(12 excav.) 12 1 4 2.... 5.... 7.... 10... 12... 20... 23... 28... 29... 35... 37... 39... 40... 48... 49... 56... 58... 65... 67... 68... 70... 71... 72... 73... 74... 75... 79... 82... 85t.. 88f.. 90f.. 91f.. 97f.. lOOf. 102t. 105t. 107t. lilt. list. 114f. 116t. 117t. 118t. 119t- 50 . 5 . 1 . 8 . 4 . 3 . 12 . 5 . 6 . 12 . 12 . 7 . 5 . 8 . 8 . 5 . 3 . 6 . 7 . 3 . 5 . 5 . 2 . 2 . 6 . 7 . 6 . 4 . 4 . 4 . 7 . 2 . 2 . 2 . 5 . 5 . 5 . 3 . 6 . 5 . 5 . 3 . 5 . 4 . 4 268 Total of Total of houses Total Total valley sites in valley of sites of houses Reserve 34 199 50 268 Georgetown through Three Circle . . 16 189 23 304 Pine Lawn 15 108 19 162 * A house is defined as a pit-house or a single surface room. t Outside valley. 567 568 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO p. 91; Murdock, 1949, pp. 66, 70, 75); one or more clans to a village, politically independent villages; no slavery, no social classes; monogamy. RESERVE PHASE (about A.D. 1000) As has already been pointed out in the last portion of chapter V, profound alterations in the material aspects of the Mogollon culture took place at this time (appearance of surface, contiguous, multi- roomed houses with walls of masonry, and black-on-white pottery, etc.). We have some evidence for believing that these changes were brought about by influences emanating from the Anasazi area or by direct immigration of Anasazi people into Pine Lawn Valley. One might expect, then, that there were important parallel changes in the social organization of the people. But there is ample reason for thinking that these external forces — that is, changes in material culture — did not necessarily affect the continuum of the social structure (Murdock, op. cit., pp. 197-205). Since we believe that agriculture in the Mogollon area was becoming increasingly important and that it had been borrowed from elsewhere and grafted on a pattern of seed gathering, probably a task carried on by the women; and since the women had at their disposal, as a result of agriculture, most of the wealth, the matrilocal and matrilineal forms would have been strengthened and would have continued. Add to these probabilities the likelihood that the Anasazi, from whom the significant changes in material culture had been received, had also developed the same matrilocal and matrilineal forms, and one might have another argument for conjecturing that the existing social organization, which had been handed down from Pine Lawn times, continued without any important reorganization. For these reasons, we think it highly probable that the social organization of the people of the Reserve Phase was much the same as that of the preceding phases: matrilocal, extended families, but only one extended family per hamlet (the reason being that only three metates are found on the average in a hamlet and fewer tools are found per room than, say, in the Pine Lawn Phase; Fig. 222); numerous hamlets (Table 15), indicating a greater density of popula- tion (basin metates had disappeared by this time and trough metates were the dominant form; this may mean an increase in dependence on agriculture); matrilineal descent and inheritance; clans occupying several hamlets; monogamy; no slavery and no social classes. Perhaps the absence of kivas with the "hamlets," or clusters of rooms, is explained by the fact that one extended family might not need SOCIAL ORGANIZATION OF MOGOLLON INDIANS 569 a kiva. We may find in the area a medium-large kiva or two that would have served several hamlets or one clan unit. These are assumptions and nothing more. We do not think of them as provable or proven. We suggest them as probabilities. We consider this essay as a preliminary attempt to achieve greater understanding of and time depth for one aspect of the Mogollon culture. As our knowledge of this culture grows and we know more of its processes and development, these conjectures may be strengthened or altered. We felt that this study was worthwhile to see how far we could go with our available data and to call the attention of other an- thropologists to this type of study. If others deem it good, then perhaps they will collect data that are susceptible to this kind of analysis — population density, relation of houses one to another, size and location of houses and hamlets, number and kinds of tools per house, functions of various rooms and tools — so that trends may be abstracted and minutiae may be more valuable. If these data are collected and really utilized we should be able to give more significance to the bare material cultural remains available to the archaeologist. Some may say that it is too soon to make such reconstructions, that enough data are not yet collected. If one doesn't start to collect such data, one may overlook material or information which may subsequently assume greater importance and no longer be available for study. This attempt to reconstruct total culture might best be done on a basis which would include all culture patterns in the Southwest from earliest horizons to the present. This broader approach would permit us to check our guesses and would yield a higher degree of probability to the forthcoming over-all picture. BIBLIOGRAPHY Bartlett, K. 1933. Pueblo milling stones of the Flagstaff region and their relation to others in the Southwest. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bull. 3. Flagstaff, Arizona. 1934. The material culture of Pueblo II in the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bull. 7. Flagstaff, Arizona. Bradfield, Wesley 1931. Cameron Creek village. El Palacio Press. Santa Fe, New Mexico. Brew, J. O. 1946. Archaeology of Alkali Ridge, southeastern Utah. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University, vol. 21. Colton, H. S. and Hargrave, L. L. 1937. Handbook of northern Arizona pottery wares. Museum of Northern Arizona, Bull. 11. Flagstaff, Arizona. Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B. 1932. The Swarts ruin. Papers, Peabody Museum of American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 15, No. 1. Gladwin, H. S. 1945. The Chaco Branch. Excavations at White Mound and in the Red Mesa Valley. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 33. Globe, Arizona. , Haury, E. W., Sayles, E. B., and Gladwin, N. 1937. Excavations at Snaketown. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 25. Globe, Arizona. Gladwin, W. and H. S. 1931. Some southwestern pottery types, Series II. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 10. Globe, Arizona. 1934. A method for the designation of cultures and their variations. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 15. Globe, Arizona. 1935. The eastern range of the Red on Buff culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 16. Globe, Arizona. Haury, Emil W. 1936a. The Mogollon culture of southwestern New Mexico. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 20. Globe, Arizona. 1936b. Some southwestern pottery types, Series IV. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 19. Globe, Arizona. 1940. Excavations in the Forestdale Valley, east-central Arizona. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 11, No. 4 (Social Science Bulletin, No. 12). 1942. Some implications of the Bluff ruin dates. Tree-Ring Bulletin, vol. 9, No. 2. Tucson, Arizona. 1943. The stratigraphy of Ventana Cave, Arizona. American Antiquity, vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 218-233. 570 BIBLIOGRAPHY 571 and Sayles, E. B. 1947. An early pit house village of the Mogollon culture. University of Arizona Bulletin, vol. 18, No. 4. Hawley, F. M. 1929. Prehistoric pottery pigments of the Southwest. American Anthro- pologist, n.s., vol. 31, No. 4, pp. 731-754. Hough, Walter 1915. The Hopi Indians. See p. 62. Torch Press, Cedar Rapids, Iowa. Judd, N. M. 1916. The use of adobe in prehistoric dwellings of the Southwest. Holmes Anniversary Volume, pp. 241-252. Washington, D.C. Kidder, A. V. 1924. An introduction to the study of southwestern archaeology. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, No. 1. Phillips Academy, New Haven, Con- necticut. 1932. The artifacts of Pecos. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, No. 6. Phillips Academy, New Haven, Connecticut. and Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B. 1949. The Pendleton ruin, Hidalgo County, New Mexico. Carnegie Institu- tion of Washington, Pub. 585. Contribution to American Anthropology and History, No. 50. and Shepard, A. O. 1936. The pottery of Pecos, vol. 2. Papers of the Southwestern Expedition, No. 7. Phillips Academy, New Haven, Connecticut. Maerz, A., and Paul, M. R. 1930. A dictionary of color. New York. Mangelsdorp, P. C. and Smith, C. D., Jr. 1949. New archaeological evidence on evolution in maize. Harvard Uni- versity Botanical Museum Leaflets, vol. 13, No. 8. Martin, Paul S. 1939. Modified Basket Maker sites in the Ackmen-Lowry area, southwestern Colorado, 1939. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 23, No. 3. 1940. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico, 1939. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 32, No. 1. 1943. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico, 1941. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 32, No. 2. , Lloyd, C. and Spoehr, A. 1938. Archaeological work in the Ackmen-Lowry area, southwestern Colorado, 1937. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 23, No. 2, pp. 217-304. , and Rinaldo, John B. 1947. The SU Site. Excavations at a Mogollon village, western New Mexico, 1946. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropological Series, vol. 32, No. 3. 572 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO 1950. Turkey Foot Ridge site. A Mogollon Village, Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 38, No. 2. , Rinaldo, John B., and Antevs, Ernst 1949. Cochise and Mogollon sites, Pine Lawn Valley, western New Mexico. Fieldiana: Anthropology, vol. 38, No. 1. and Willis, E. S. 1940. Anasazi painted pottery in Field Museum of Natural History. Field Museum of Natural History, Anthropology Memoirs, vol. 5. Mera, H. P. 1934. A survey of the Biscuit Ware area in northern New Mexico. Laboratory of Anthropology, Archaeological Survey, Technical Series, Bull. No. 6. Santa Fe, New Mexico. MlNDELEFF, VICTOR 1891. A study of Pueblo architecture, Tusayan and Cibola. Bureau of Eth- nology, Smithsonian Institution, 8th Annual Report, see p. 211. Murdock, George P. 1949. Social structure. Macmillan Company, New York. Nesbitt, Paul H. 1931. The ancient Mimbrenos, based on investigations at the Mattocks ruin, Mimbres Valley, New Mexico. Logan Museum Bulletin, No. 4, Beloit College. Beloit, Wisconsin. 1938. Starkweather ruin. Logan Museum Publications in Anthropology, Beloit College, Bull. No. 6. Beloit, Wisconsin. Owens, J. G. 1892. Natal ceremonies of the Hopi Indians. Journal of American Ethnology and Archaeology, vol. 2, pp. 163-175. Rinaldo, John B. 1941. Conjectures on the independent development of the Mogollon culture. American Antiquity, vol. 7, No. 1, pp. 5-19. Roberts, F. H. H., Jr. 1931. Ruins at Kiatuthlanna, eastern Arizona. Bureau of American Eth- nology, Bull. 100. 1940. Archaeological remains in the Whitewater district, eastern Arizona. Part II: Artifacts and burials. Bureau of American Ethnology, Bull. 126. Sayles, E. B. 1945. The San Simon Branch. Excavations at Cave Creek and in the San Simon Valley. I. Material culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 34. Globe, Arizona. and Antevs, Ernst 1941. The Cochise culture. Gila Pueblo, Medallion Papers, No. 29. Globe, Arizona. Steward, Julian H. 1937. Ecological aspects of southwestern society. Anthropos, vol. 32, pp. 87- 104. Vienna. Watson, Don 1940. Cliff Palace, the story of an ancient city. Ann Arbor, Michigan. Edwards Brothers, Inc. BIBLIOGRAPHY 573 Winship, George Parker 1896. The Coronado Expedition. Bureau of Ethnology, Smithsonian In- stitution, 14th Annual Report, see p. 522. INDEX Abrading stones, 476, 477 Agricultural economy, 453 Agriculture, 453-454, 561, 564, 566, 568; importance of, 560; increase in importance of, 565; introduction of, 563; and trough metates, 561 Alma Incised, 501, 525, 526, 535 Alma Plain, 500, 526, 534 Alma Punched, 501, 523, 525, 526 Alma Rough, 501, 534 Alma Scored, 501, 523, 525 Altitude of sites, 413 Anasazi, dice, 554; house type, 554; influences, 415, 557, 568; innovations from, 452 ; migration of, 557 ; peoples, 415, 554; pottery traits, 552; traits, 553, 555; type of pueblo structure, 551 Animal effigy, 494 Antevs, Ernst, 404, 557, 558 Apache National Forest, 403, 413 Architecture, details, 416-448; innova- tions from Anasazi, 552; of pueblos, 550; Reserve Phase, 551 Artifacts, 449-498; assemblage of, 560; clay, 449; decrease in number of, 563-564; list of, 449; occurrence by location, 496-498; of other horizons, comparison with, 451; prototypes, 450; relation to food gathering, 453; Reserve Phase, assemblage of, 553; see also Bone artifacts, and Stone artifacts Awatovi, room size, 558 Awls, bone, 451, 492, 493 Axes, 480, 481; chipped, 490, 491; cutting edge, 453; full-grooved, 450, 453, 553; grooved, 452; three-quarter grooved, 452 Baking slabs, 452 Bands, endogamous, Cochise, 565 Barter, James, 404 Bartlett, K., 452 Basin metates and seed gathering economy, 561 Bat Cave, 561, 564 Beans, 453 Biotic conditions, 413 Black-on-red sherds, description of, 526 Bone artifacts, 449, 451; awls, 451, 492, 493; fragments, unworked, 492; un- worked, 453 Bracelets, shell, 492, 493 Bradfield, Wesley, 453, 500 Brew, J. O., 453, 529 Brown wares, 553 Burials, 555 Burned Corn House, room size, 558 Camp sites, Cochise, 557 Ceremonial stone, 477 Cerros Phase, 451 Chaco drainage, 552 Charcoal, 404 Chiricahua, horizons, 553; house, 558; stage, 557, 561, 564; traits, 555; type tools, 549 Choppers, 490, 491, 553 Clans, 568; exogamous, 566 Cliff Palace, room size, 560 Cochise, artifacts, 404; culture, 557, 561, 564; dwelling area, 430-431; dwellings, 560; horizons, 553; house, 558; house site, date of, 557; people, 415; shelter, 549; stage, 415; traits, 555 Collier, Donald, 404, 556 Colton, H. S., 501 Corn, 564; cob, charred, 453; plots, major form of wealth, 565 Cosgrove, H. S. and C. B., 452, 453, 500, 501 Crackel, Mary, 404 Culture, changes in Reserve Phase, 553; continua, Mogollon tradition, 553; continuity and change, 451; growth, 556; traits, slow penetration, 554; trends, 556 Defense, 566 Descent, bilateral, 564, 565; matrilineal, 565, 566, 568 Design elements, see Pottery, and vari- ous pottery types Dice, Anasazi, 554 Dick, J. Herbert, 561 Door slabs, 452 Douglass, A. E., 404 Drills, 484, 485 Dwellings, see Houses Economic organization, changes in, 554; position of women in, 565 Economy, basis of, 560; Reserve Phase, 453 574 INDEX 575 Effigy, animal, 494 Egan, W. T., 404 Eggan, Fred, 404 Encinas Phase, 452 Family, extended, 560, 561, 565, 566, 568; nuclear, 560, 564, 565, 566 Farm plots, ownership and inheritance, 560 Field, Stanley, 403 Firepits, 420, 444 Flagstaff area, 452 Floors, slightly depressed, 553 Food gathering, 454, 564; main basis for subsistence, 563; see also Seed gathering Forestdale Branch, 452; Phase, 452 Forestdale Red, 501 Foss, Dorothy, 454 Georgetown Phase, 415, 557; dates, 557; house size, 558; social organiza- tion, 566 Gladwin, H. S., 452; W. and H. S., 500, 501, 526 Glycymeris gigantea, 451 Gregg, Clifford C., 403 Grinding, bins, 452; stones, metate-like, 468, 469 Hamlet, one extended family per, 568 Hammerstones, 478, 479 Handstones, 553; beveled, 451 Hargrave, L. L., 501 Harris Site, 558 Haury, Emil W., 452, 500, 501, 558 Hearths, Cochise, 557 Hoes, 553; chipped, 490, 491 Hohokam, innovations from, 452; peo- ple, 554 Hopi protohistoric pueblos, 558 Hough, Walter, 560 House, definition of, 559; number of persons per, 564; -site, Cochise, 557; size, 558, 564, 566; type, Anasazi, 554 Houses, 554, 558; multi-roomed surface, 551, 554; per phase, increase in, 564; size frequency of, 559 Hunting, 453, 454, 566 Incised Corrugated, 500, 501, 521, 522, 526, 535; description of, 530; pattern- ing, 529 Indented Corrugated, 528; necks, 552 Inheritance, of corn plots, 565; of farm plots, 560; matrilineal, 565, 566, 568 Jacal, construction, 551, 553; room, 432, 435 Jiron, Gregorio, 404 Judd, N. M., 452 Kiatuthlanna, 452 Kidder, A. V., 451, 452, 501 Kishu, room size, 558 Kivas, 415, 551; absence of, 550, 555, 568 Knives, 486, 487, 553 Knobby Corrugated, 501, 522, 530 Linguistic affiliations, 556 Lino Gray, 501 Mangelsdorf, P. C, 563, 564 Manos, 451, 453, 455-459; beveled, 450, 451, 553; "rocker-bottom," 450, 457 Martinez, E. P., 404 Masonry, 550, 568; bonding not present, 550; coursing, 550; details of, 422- 425, 436, 437, 445; dry, 550; founda- tions, 550; Reserve Phase, 549; walls, 550, 553; wall-stones, through, 550 Matrilineal, descent, 565, 566; forms, 568; inheritance, 565 Matrilocal, extended families, 565; forms, 568; residence, 565, 566 Mauls, 450, 480, 481, 553 Mera, H. P., 501 Mesa Verde, room size, 560 Metates, 450, 453, 464-467; basin, 561, 563, 564, 566, 568; decrease in number per room, 564; number per house, 560, 566; oval-basin, 561, 564; ratio to projectile points, 453; slab, 561, 563, 564; trends, 560; trough, 452, 561, 563, 566, 568, and agriculture, 561; types, relative frequency of, by phases, 562; types, trends in, 563 Milling stones, 553; see also Metates Mimbres Black-on-White, 501, 526 Mimbres Bold Face Black-on-White, 501, 504, 525, 526, 532 Mimbres Branch, 452 Mimbres Classic Black-on-White, early, 520 Mimbres Corrugated, 500 Mimbres Neck Corrugated, 500 Mimbres Phase, 453 Mindeleff, Victor, 558, 560 Mishongnovi, room size, 558 Mogollon 1:15, 558 Mogollon, area, 568; brown wares, 552; brown-on-red wares, 553; Indians, 556; smudged pottery, 554; tradition, 551, 553; traits, 415, 555 Mogollon Red-on-Brown, 531 Monogamy, 565, 566, 568 Mortar, mud, 550; pebble, 470, 471 Murdock, George P., 404, 564, 565, 568 Nesbitt, Paul H., 413, 415, 452, 453, 500, 558 Oak Springs Pueblo, 413, 499, 530 576 PINE LAWN VALLEY, WESTERN NEW MEXICO O'Bryan, Deric, 551 Owens, J. G., 560 Ownership of farm plots, 560; see also Inheritance Oxidizing atmosphere, 504, 552, 553 Paving slabs, 452 Pearce 8:4, 558 Pendleton Ruin, 452 Percussion flaking, 451 Perry, Martha, 404 Pestles, 462-463; multi-faced, 553; see also Artifacts, list of Physiographic conditions, 413 Piki, 452 Pinaleno Phase, 452 Pine Lawn Phase, 415, 453, 557, 566; dates, 557; extended family, 560; house size, 561; metates, per house, 561; social organization, 565; traits, 557 Pine Lawn Valley, 403, 415, 530, 532, 552; archaeological sequence in, 557; dates, 557; earliest occupation, 557; map, 414; trends in, 558-564 Pit-houses, 415, 551, 554; South Leggett Pueblo, 446-448; Three Pines Pueblo, 438-439 Pit "room," 426-429, 530, 531 Pitted pebble, 470, 471 Plain and Indented Corrugated, 501, 524, 525, 528 Plain Corrugated, 500, 501, 527, 528; description of, 530 Polishing stones, 451, 474, 475 Political changes, 415; organization, changes in, 554 Polygyny, 565 Population, density, 566; expanded, 564; increase, 560; Reserve Phase, 568; restricted, 564 Populations, site, decrease in, 453 Pottery, 499-548, 554; bar graph of, 530, 531; black-on-white, appearance of, 568; corrugated wares, 530; deco- rated ware, 552; designs, 532; firing of, 504, 552, 553; incised, 553; manu- facture of painted pottery, change in, 503-504; miniature vessels, 534; native wares, earlier phases, 501, Reserve Phase, 500-501; oxidized, 552; painted, 499, 502-526; plain wares, 552; popularity, trends in, 530-532; punched, 553; red wares, 553; Reserve Phase, 552; scored, 553; textured wares, 499, 526-530; see also Pottery types Pottery types, 500; comparison of Re- serve Black-on White with Tularosa Black-on-White and Puerco Black- on- White, 503; native, 535; see also Alma Incised, Alma Plain, Alma Punched, Alma Rough, Alma Scored, Forestdale Red, Incised Corrugated, Indented Corrugated, Knobby Cor- rugated, Lino Gray, Mimbres Black- on-White, Mimbres Bold Face Black- on-White, Mimbres Classic Black-on- White, Mimbres Corrugated, Mim- bres Neck Corrugated, Mogollon Red-on-Brown, Plain and Indented Corrugated, Plain Corrugated, Puerco Black-on-White, Pun ched C orru gated , Reserve Black-on-White, Reserve Fillet Rim, Reserve Indented Corru- gated, Reserve Smudged, San Fran- cisco Red, Smudged Decorated, Three Circle Red-on- White, Tularosa Black- on-White, Tularosa Corrugated Pat- terned, Tularosa Fillet Rim, Upper Gila Corrugated, Wingate Black-on- Red, and Wingate Corrugated Pressure chipping, 451 Problems, 413 Projectile points, 482, 483, 566; ratio to metates, 453; types, 453 Pueblos, 553; protohistoric Hopi, 558; size of, 550; structure of, Anasazi type, 551 Pueblo II sites, 452 Puerco Black-on-White, 501, 503 Puerco drainage, 552 Punched Corrugated, 501, 523, 526, 529; description of, 530 Quimby, George I., 404, 556 Reducing atmosphere, 504, 553 Reserve, 403, 413 Reserve area, textured pottery, 526 Reserve Black-on-White, 500, 504, 526, 532, 554; Anasazi type, 553; descrip- tion of, 502; designs, 499, 503-519; distribution of, 503 ; paint, 502 ; paste, 502; surface features, 502; thickness of vessel walls, 502 ; vessel shapes, 503 Reserve Fillet Rim, 501, 528 Reserve Indented Corrugated, 501, 526; description of, 530 Reserve Phase, 403, 413, 415, 453 499, 530, 549, 553, 554, 557, 566 architectural innovations, 552; archi tecture, 551; artifacts, 450, 451 dates, 557; economy of, 453; house size, 558; house type, origin of, 551 metates per pueblo, 561; pottery 499, 500, 552; salient characteristics 554; social organization, 568; stone and bone industry, 454 Reserve Smudged, 500, 529, 532, 534 Residence, matrilocal, 565, 566 Roberts, F. H. H., Jr., 452, 500 Rooms, size of, 550; see also House, size Roy, Sharat, 454 Rubbing stones, 450, 451, 460-461 INDEX 577 Salado people, 554 Saliz Mountains, 403 San Francisco Mountains, 403, 452 San Francisco Phase, 415, 557; dates, 557; house size, 558 San Francisco Red, 500, 532 San Pedro stage house, 558 San Simon Branch, 451, 452 Saws, 484, 485; flint, 450, 553 Sayles, E. B., 451, 452, 558 Scrapers, 488, 489 Seed gathering, 453, 561, 568; dwindles in importance, 563; see also Food gathering Serna, Pablo, 404 Serna, Willy, 404 Shell artifacts, 449, 451 ; bracelets, 492, 493 Sherd analysis, 536-548 Sherds, value of, 556; worked, 494, 495 Slabs, baking, 452; door, 452; paving, 452; worked stone, 421, 472, 473 Slavery, absence of, 565, 568 Smith, C. D., Jr., 563, 564 Smudged Decorated, 500, 532; descrip- tion of, 524; designs, 520 Smudged, variants, 501; wares, 553 Snaketown, 452 Snyder, Jake, 404 Social classes, 565, 568 Social organization, 554, 556-569 Social structure, continuum of, 568 Social systems, 556 South Leggett Pueblo, 413, 440-445, 452, 525, 530, 533, 550 Spalls, 550 Spore, George, 404 Squash, 453 Starkweather Ruin, 413, 452, 453, 558 Stone artifacts, chipped, 449; dish, 470, 471; ground and pecked, 449; imple- ments, chipped, 451; slabs, 452; tool industry, continuity of, 451; tools, 554; un worked, 449; see also Abrad- ing stones, Axes, Ceremonial stone, Choppers, Drills, Grinding bins, Hammerstones, Handstones, Hoes, Knives, Manos, Mauls, Metates, Milling stones, Mortar, Pestles, Pitted pebble, Polishing stones, Pro- jectile points, Rubbing stones, Saws, Scrapers, Slabs, Tools Subsistence pattern, 560 Sulphur Springs stage, 561 SU site, 551; metates from, 453 Swapp, Ray, 403 Swarts Ruin, 452 Three Circle Phase, 415, 450, 452, 525, 526, 530, 557, 566; dates, 557; house size, 558; pottery, 500; social organi- zation, 566; stone and bone industry, 454 Three Circle Red-on-White, 501, 525 Three Pines Pueblo, 413, 432-437, 530, 533, 551 Tools, shaping of, 450; value of, 556; see also Artifacts Trade, pottery, 500; wares, 501, 526 Trait innovations, 451, 452 Tularosa Black-on-White, 499, 503 Tularosa Corrugated Patterned, 501 Tularosa Fillet Rim, 501, 528 Twin Bridges site, 526 Upper Gila Corrugated, 500 Upper Little Colorado drainage, 552 Vegetables, 453 Villages, independent, 565, 568; number of expanded, restricted, 564; per phase, increase in, 564 Watson, Don, 560 Watts, Lyle F„ 403 Wealth, in hands of women, 568; major form of, 565 Wet Leggett Canyon, 404 Wet Leggett Pueblo, 416-425, 452, 525, 530, 531, 533, 550 Wet Leggett site, 413 Wetmore, Alexander, 403 Wingate Black-on-Red, 501; designs, 520 Wingate Corrugated, 501 Wingate Phase, 452 Winship, George Parker, 560 Women, economic position of, 565; posi- tion of, 568 Woodhead, P. V., 403 Publication 651