■II

III

■'ill mil

if!

SIX MONTHS TOUR

THROUGH THE

NORTH of ENGLAND.

CONTAINING,

An Account of the prefent State of Agriculture,

Manufactures and Population, in feveral

Counties of this Kingdom.

P A R T I C

I. The Nature, Value, and Rental
of the Soil.

II. The Size of Farms, with Ac-
counts of their Stock, Products,
Population, and various Methods
of Culture.

III. The Ufe, Expence, and Profit
of feveral Sorts of Manure.

IV. The Breed of Cattle, and the
refpeclive Profits attending them.

V. The State of the Wafte Lands
which might and ought to be
cultivated.

U L A R L Y,

VI. The Condition and Number
of the Poor, with their Rates,
Earnings, tiff.

VII. The Prices of Labour and
Provisions, and the Proportion
between them.

VIII. The Regifter of many cu-
rious and ufeful Experiments in
Agriculture, and general Prac-
tices in Rural Oeccnomics, com-
municated by feveral of the No-
bility, Gentry, 63V. &c.

INTERSPERSED

With Defcriptions of the Seats of the Nobility and Gentry;
and other remarkable Objects s Illuftrated with Copper Plates of
fuch Implements of Hu/bandry, as deferve to be generally known ;
and Views of fome pidturefque Scenes, which occurred in the Courfe
of the Journey.

La feule voie de fe procurer un corps complet d'agriculture feroit, fans
doute, de raffembler les divetfes observations qu'auroient fourni dans
chaque province. Enc yclopeihe.

The SECOND EDITION, corre&ed and enlarged.
VOL. III.

LONDON,

Printed for W. Strahan; W. Nicoll, N°5i, in Su

Paul's Church-Yard; T. Cadell, in the Strand j

B, Collins, at Salifbury ; and J. Balfour, at

Edinburgh.

628

MDCCLXXI.

■»*— ■^►^ i > ■ ^a^p*— — ^^»

CONTENTS

OF T H E

THIRD VOLUME.

LETTER XV.

OP TATE of bufbandry from Raby Caftle /a

U Newcaftle — tTfo ornamental grounds of Mr.

Carr #/ Cocken — Culture of mufiard at

Durham — Town of Newcaftle — Collieries

— Iron works , Page i to 1 2 .

LETTER XVI.

Hufbandry from Newcaftle to Carlifle +~ Duke of
Northumberland'* at Alnwick — Mr. Dixon'*
at Belford — His fpirited works — His expe-
riments in agriculture — On draining — On
laying land to grafs — On cabbages — On
fences — Mr. Clarke'* experiments — Propcfals

A 2 for

4241^8

it CONTENTS.

for making by fubfcription machines for threJJoing
CQrn — Dcfcription of a machine to jlice turneps
— Moor hufbandry — Vaft moors wafte —
Mr. Wilkie'j experiments — On carrots —
Cheviot hills — Extcnfive wajhs highly improve-
able — Remarks — Wretched management of
Jheep — Sir Walter Blacket'j at Wollington —
His excellent fence's — Vaft tracks of excellent
land wafte — Military way — Roman wall —
General remarks on the hufbandry of Northum-
berland, Page 13 to 93.

LETTER XVII.

From Carlifle to Kendal — Manufactures at Car-
lifle — Vaft tracks jf wafte land — Kefwick —
'The Lake and wonderful environs — Moun-
tains — Rocks — Cafcades — Ulles -water —
Beautiful fcenes — Sir James Lowther'j, at
J^owther — Hi s excellent eft abli foment in favour
fif marriage — Ha< '. r — Fine Iandfcapes

— Vaft d moors from Shapp to Ken-

dal — Mr res at Kendal — Winnander-

mcer — Glorit us Lake — Beautiful fcenes —
Maintains — //lands — Lake —

Amazing ■

EV94 to 137.

L E'T.

CONTENTS, |

LETTER XVIII.

From Kendal to Manchefter — An agriculture-
fociety there — Lancafter— Marling — Culture
of potatoes — Different forts of marie — Ma-
nufactures at Warrington — At Prefcot -—
Town of Liverpool — Exchange — St. PaulV —
Noble docks'— Mr. Parked experiments on the
improvement of bogs — Manufactures at Man-
chefter, Page 138 to 195.

LETTER XIX.

Tour of the "Duke of Bridgwater'.? navigation —
Defcription of the works at Manchefter —
Excellent contrivance for unloading the boats —
The wear — Remarks — Canal carried acrofs
the river Irwell at Barton Bridge — Admira-
ble inventions for moving earth — Difcovery of

lime — Vafl works carrying on at Worfley

The tunnel — V/aggons for the conveyance of
the coal — A mill of a new conjlruclion : Va-
riety of powers — Improvement of a morafs —
The canal at Waterford — Carried acrofs the
Merfey — Immenfe works at Sale moor —
And at Dunham — Defign of carrying the ca-
nal to Liverpool ~ Amazing fcheme — Eulogy
en the noble fpirit of the Duke,

P. 196*0 241.

Wf CONTENTS.

LETTER XX.

from Dunham to Birmingham — Method of
making the famous Chefhire cheefe — Manu-
factures at Knutsford — Management of cows —
Staffordfhire potteries at Burflem, &c. — Na-
vigation at Harecaftle — Stupendous undertaking

— Manufactures at Newcaftle,

Page 241 to 278*

LETTER XXI.

Manufactures at Birmingham — The Leafowe*

— Elegant landfcapes — Lord Littleton^ at
Hagley — The park — Woods — Caf cades —
Beautiful and piclurefque fcenes>

P. 279 to 280,

LETTER XXII.

Hujbandry from Hagley to Oxford — Lord Lit-
tleton^ experiments in draining — Manufaclures
at Worcefter — Excellent hufbandry in the Vale
rf Evelham — Mr. Penny'* experiments in
agriculture — On planting wheat — On fteeps —
On barley — On Lucerne — Earl of Lichfield'j
at Ditchley — City of Oxford — General Guife'i
pictures -~ Chrift Church — Radcliff library —

PiclHre

CONTENTS. vii

Picture gallery — Pomfret Jlatues — Arunde-
lian marbles — Bodleian library.

Page 281 to 327.

LETTER XXIII.

State of hujbandry from Oxford to North Mims —
Culture near London — Nurferies — Gardens

— Enfield Chace, P. 328 to 377.

LETTER XXIV.

General review — Products of wheat, barley, oats,
and rye — Comparifon with rents — Averages

— Remarks — Rents* P. 3 7 8 to 42 5.

LETTER XXV.

Produfts of peafe, beans, turneps, &c. — Ave-
rages — Compared with rents — Remarks on
hoeing peafe and beans — On turnep hoeing —
State of that prattice — Comparifon,

P. 426 to 464.

JA S I X

A

SIX MONTHS TOUR, &c.

LETTER XV.

FROM Raby to Durham the land is in
general very good, letting fo high as
from \$s. to 3/. but the average is
not above 2U. or 22/. Farms in general
under an hundred a year.

About that city there is much muftard
cultivated : The farmers fow it alone, on
good rich moift land ; and on that which
is pared and burnt. They get from thirty to
an hundred bufhels per acre ; and the price
varies from 10s. to 20s. a bufhel ; fome crops
worth 100/. an acre have been known.
When once muftard has been fown on a
piece of land, it can never be got out again :
In tillage it rifes with every crop that is
fown, which obliges the farmers to lay down
fuch lands to grafs, which fmothers it, but
if broke up again centuries afterwards, a
crop of muftard is fure to rife.

Taking the road to Newcaftk *, we found

* The ornamented grounds of Carr, Efq;

at Cocken, are laid out with fo much tafte, that
Vol. III. B it

[ 2 ]

the land in general good, and let very high.
That town is too famous in the path of

it is a grea~ omiflion in any traveller to pais

'• .ur ' em : That Gentleman and his

MaryCarr, have both given much
• che affifting nature in their very beau-
ot, by rendering her accefTible.

Cocken has the advantage of a fine river, in
fome places very rapid, and in others calm and
fmoothj it takes a waving courfe through the
grounds, and has the noble advantage of a
various fhoar, in fome places compofed of noble
rocks, in others of hanging woods, and alfo of
cultivated inclofures : Art has judicioufly aimed
at nothing more than enabling the fpe&'ator to
view thefe beauties to the belt advantage.

The firfr. point to which we were conducted, is
a feat in a fmall circular plot, among the wood,
north of the houfe, from which ( llceple is

caught in a very pifturefque manner, between
two projecting hills of wood : The fpor. is on the
brink of a precipice, at the bottom of which the
river bends very finely : The country is in gene-
ral wild and uncultivated ; but to the left is a
hill of wood, which varies the fcene.

Winding a little to the left, the walk leads to
the dairy, from which, though very near the feat
juft defcribed, the view is at once quite different.
The country is now cultivated, the river divides,
and you command it both ways. To the right is
a fear of rock, crowned with pendent wood.

You are next conducted down the hill, and
purfue the walk around a large meadow upon
rhe banks of the river 5 it then enters a wood un-
der a moil romantic wall of rock \ the walk (a

te:

r 3 ]

trade, to require from me a particular de-
fcription : Many particular?, relative to its

terrais on the edge of the river) is totally the
work of art, being cut out of the rock with
much difficulty, and at a great expence. The
fcenery of thefe rocks is fine, for oaks, elms, and
other trees grow out from every cleft to a great
heighth, and hanging over your head, almofh
threaten you as you move. The wild imagi-
nation of Sahator has fcarcely pictured any thing
more ftriking, or in a more fpirited (tile, than this
variety of wood — breaking forth from the craggy
clefts and chafms of thefe noble rocks. The river
aids the general effect, by the rapidity of its cur-
rent j for raging over rocks and ftones, the roar
is in unifon with its fhoar, and all together tend
ftrongly to imprefs upon the mind an idea of awe
and terror.

Advancing, the walk leads through a grafs dale,
the rocks are loft, and the whole fcene varied : On
one fide the river is a hill covered with wood ; and
you view the other through a tall fcattered. hedge
in a moil pleafing manner : It is a projecting rock,
with a fcattering of fhrubby wood beautifully va-
riegated. Here you fhould turn and view the
rocks you have left -, the fun fhining on them
gives their reflection, in the frr-ooth parts of the
river, in a ftile very picturefque.

Still advancing, you catch in front among the
trees a ruin on the banks of the river, half co-
vered with ivy, and backed nobly with wood •, the
river rapid, under a new wall of formidable rocks.
Juft before you come to the abbey, you may re-
mark an old oak, fo connected with rock, that
one may almoft call it half wood and half ftone.

B 2 Oppc-

[ 4 ]

commerce, I tried to get, but in vain ; fuch
as I procured are inierted in a very few
words ; but I can aniwer for their being ge-

Oppofite the abbey the rocks give a fine curve,
and under th< m the river and terrafs wind in the
mod beautiful manner : It is here quite an am-
phitheatre of wood and rock ; wild, romantic,
and fublime.

Seating yourfelf on a bench upon the little hill
under the rock, with an elm in front, the view is
very ftriking. To the right the wall of rocks
prefents its bold front, the river lofing itfelf un-
der them, and the oppofite deep of wood. To
the left a wave of woody hill.

Coming to the turn of the walk, the profpect
back upon the rocks is prodigioufly fine : They
are feen as it were in perfpeclive, and their tops,
all crowned with oaks, have a great effect.

Winding up to the alcove on the hill to the
right, you fee a range of fteep woods, hanging
over broken rocks, in a ftile peculiar : At a
diftance a fear of rock quite embofomed in a
thick wood : The river winds through the val-
ley beneath, and breaking into feveral diftinct
meets of water, throw a beautiful variety over
this romantic fcene ; it lofes itfelf to the left un-
der another fweep of hanging woods : You look
down upon the ruined abbey, on the oppofite
banks of the river, in a hollow. Above it, rifes
in front a waving hill, cut into inclofures j and,
overall, an extenfive diftant profpect.

From hence, croffing a few inclofures to come
again into the ornamented grounds, the path you
enter winds on the brink of a woody precipice,
which you look in a very romantic man-
ner.

r 5 ]

nuine only, in receiving my intelligence from
fenfible inhabitants.

ner. It leads down to the river (here a fmooth
and gentle current) through a wild rugged way,
and there brings you to another Ihore of pen-
dent, craggy, broken rock, fringed with wood :
In one place, almoft under the dairy, it bulges
forth in a vaft projecting body, almoft threat-
ning to thunder into the river, and obftruct every
drop of its ftream. The walk takes a wind-
ing courfe through a thick wood, to the terras
in front of the houfe, from which the view is
totally different from any of the preceding •, it
looks down upon a deep winding valley, quite
rilled with wood : A fine bending hollow — The
noife of the river at bottom, raging over the
rocks, is heard, but no where feen ; nor can any
thing be more romantic than this effect : For
looking down into the hollow, without perceiving
the water, the imagination at once takes fire, and
pictures a horrible depth of precipice, far beyond
the truth ; but in which it is fomewhat affifted by
the thicknefs of the wood breaking the line of
found.

Upon the whole, Cocken has received noble
gifts from nature, and the afiiftance (he has had
from art has been the v/ork of an elegant fancy,
conducted by as correct a tafte.

In the houfe are feveral pictures, which pleafe
the lovers of that noble art.
Trevzfana. Lot and his daughters. The colour-
ing is flrong, and the expreffion fpirited :
Nor is it wanting in the effect of the
clear obfcure.

B 3 Rape

[ 6 1

This town is fuppofed to contain forty
thouiand fouls, and to employ of its own,

Rape of Proferpne. The colouring
not am iis.

Diana and Endymion. Good.
Acis and Galatea. Expreflive atti-
tudes.

/ "enus attiring. Happily delicate and
expreflive ; the roundnefs of the limbs,
and the beauty of the naked, are fink-
ing : The prefiure of her han • on her
boiom is fine j and his want of atten-
tion characteriftic of fttcb a fituation.
It is a copy from Guido.

Bacchus and Ariadne. The attitude
is very well caught ; the colouring,
and the naked of Ariadne's body, are
pleating.

Jupiter -, and Juno in the Cejius of
Venus. Her attitude is elegant, and
the whole beautiful.

Hercules and Omphale. The co-
lours, naked, and attitude, good.
Viviano. Architecture in perfpeclive, two
pieces. Very fine, brilliant, and fpi-
rited.
tfrevifana. Portrait of the late Mr. Carr, nobly

fpirited.
Unknown. School-miftrefs in her fchool. Fine
expreffion •, the girls and boy are very
well done ; the girl reading, and the
other knitting, very natural. The
miftrefs the leall fpirited in the piece.
Ditto. An old man feeding his family with
cheftnuts. Very fine, fpirited, and na-
tural.

r 7 ]

five hundred fail of lliips ; four hundred of
which are colliers. The corporation have

tural. The minute expreflion is ftrong :
But the difTufion of light appears to be
unnatural ; to proceed from no vifible
fuurce.

Ditto. Landfcape •, a cavern. Fine and
brillianr.

Ditto. A philofopher reproving his copier.
Very fine and natural ; the airs of the
heads well preferved, and the hands ex-
cellently done. A copy.

Ditto. A large landfcape ; rocks and wa-
ter. Very fine. The cattle and fi-
gures excellent -, minutely done.

Ditto. Ditto of rocks, with a ftragojins
branch, with the light behind it. Fine
and fpirited.

Ditto. Three ditto, in a dark Mile. The
light is well done, and much fpirit in the
piece.

Ditto. One ditto, their companion. Ex-
ceedingly fine. The peripective and
keeping finking.

Ditto. Two ditto, fomething in the Mile of
Zuccardii. Brilliant and pleafing.

Ditto. A ditto, rocks, with a trunk of a
tree in water. The rocks fine;. and
the water excellent.

Ditto. Two ditto in round. The cattle —
the attitudes of the figures^-the archi-
tecture and the trees, aH have merit.

Ditto, Large landfcape : It is in a dark
ftile, but good.

B 4 Sal? a tor

[ 8 ]

an eftate of 1 3,500/. a year, and allow their
mayor 1200/. a year. Sir Walter Blacket,
when he ferves that office, takes nothing.

Thefe particulars will by no means fatisfy
y0U — they are far from iatisfying myfelf,
but they are all I could procure. — I wanted
to be informed of the tonnage of their {hip-
ping, the number of failors employed, the
nature and extent of their foreign trade, the
degree of increafe or decreafe, and at what
periods, with many other circumftances. —
I could infert, in the common hackneyed
ftyle, That Newcaftle is a place of very con-
fiderable trade, her merchants pojfejfing a very
t'xtenfive correfpondence, exporting this, that,
and the other, and importing fuch andfuch
commodities, Sec. &c. Thefe are the general
accounts we meet with in books of geogra-
phy, copied from one to another, till a man
of any reading is difgufted with the imper-
tinence. I may be trifling and abfurd* but
I will never give you fuch. pages ofina?iityas
thefe.

The people employed in the coal-mines
are prodigioufly numerous, amounting to

Salvator Rofa. A water fall. Spirited and alive.

Another ; rocks and wood. Good ;

but does not appear to me to equal the

firft.

ffin. Large landfcapc. In a fine but

gloomy ftilc.

manv

f 9 ]

many thoufands ; the earnings of the r -
are from is. to 4-f. a day, and their firing.
The coal waggon roads, from the pits to the
water, are great works, carried over all forts
of inequalities of ground, fo far as the
diftance of nine or ten miles. The track of
the wheels are marked with pieces of timber
let into the road, for the wheels of the wag-
gons to run on, by which means one horfe
is enabled to draw, and that with eafe,
fifty or fixty buihels of coals. There are
many other branches of bufinefs that have
much carriage in a regular track, that great-
ly want this improvement, which tends fo
conliderably to the lowering the expences of
carnage.

About five miles from Newcajik are the
iron v/orks, late Crawley's, fuppofed to be
among the greateft manufactories of the
kind in Europe. Several hundred hands are
employed in it, infomuch that 20,000/. a
year is paid in wages. They earn from 1 s.
to is. bd. a day; and fome of the foremen
fo high as 200/. a year. The quantity of
iron they work up is very great, employing
three mips to the Baltic, that each make ten
voyages yearly, and bring feventy tons at a
time, which amount to twenty-one hundred
tons, befides five hundred tons more freighted
in others. They ufe a good deal of America?!
iron, which is as good as any Swedi/h, and

for

[ 10 ]

for fome purpofes much better. They would
ufe more of it if larger quantities were to be
had, but they cannot get it. A circum-
ftance the peribn did not fufficiently explain,
but which, in the mere outline, is worthy
of remark.

They ufe annually feven thoufand bolls of
coals, at fixteen buihels each.

They manufacture anchors as high as
feven ty hundred weight, carriages of cannon,
hoes, fpades, axes, hooks, chains, &c. &c.

In general their greaten: work is for ex-
portation, and are employed very confidera-
bly by the Eafi India company: They have
of late had a prodigious artillery demand
from that company.

During the war their bufinefs was ex-
tremely great : It was worfe upon the peace ;
but for anchors and mooring chains the de-
mand thefe laft feven or eight years has been
very regular and fpirited. Their bufinefs in
general, for fome time paft, has not been
equal to what it was in the war.

As to the machines for accelerating feve-
ral operations in the manufacture, the cop-
per rollers for fqueezing bars into hoops,
and the fcifiars for cutting bars of iron — the
turning cranes for moving anchors into and
out of the fire— the beating hammer, lifted
by the cogs of a wheel ; thefe are machines
of manifeit utility, fimple in their conftruc-

tion,

[ » ]

tion, and all moved by water. But I cannot
conceive the neceffity of their executing io
much of the remaining work by manual la-
bour. I obferved eight flout fellows ham-
mering an anchor in fpots, which might evi-
dently be ftruck by a hammer, or hammers,
moved by water upon a vaft anvil, the an-
chor to be moved with the utmoft eafe and
quicknefs, to vary the feat of the ftrokes.
It is idle to objed: the difficulty of railing
fuch a machine; there are no impoflibilities
in mechanics : An anchor of twenty tons
may, undoubtedly, be managed with as
much eafe as a pin. In other works be-
fides the anchor-making, I thought I ob-
ferved a waite of ftrength.

In the road from Newcaftle to the works,
upon rifmg the firft hill, there is a mod: no-
ble view into an extenfive vale : Cultivated
rifing inclofures, furrounding a prodigious
fine water, (the river Tyne) which has the
appearance of a lake, feveral miles long,
and of a great breadth. In the middle an
ifland of an irregular oblong fhape, fcattered
with trees : The whole water enlivened
with numerous boats, failing to and from
Newcaftle: The river lofesitfelf at each end,
under waving hills. Upon the whole it has
the appearance of one of the fineft lakes in
• the world. At Newcaftle,

PROVI-

[ 12 ]

PROVISIONS.

Beft Rye bread, per lb. - - i d.

Worft ditto, i o lb. for - - 6

Butter, 20 oz. - - - 9
Cheefe, - - - -if

Beef, 3

Mutton, - - 2f

Veal, 2
Milk, per pint, §

Potatoes, per peck, - 3
Coals, per chaldron, - - 4 J".
Poor's houfe-rent, from 20 to 40 j".
Their firing, - - 30 j-.

Land around Newcajlle, letts, as may be
fuppofed, extravagantly, from 40 j. to 5/.
an acre.

As I enter the extenfive county otNorth-
umberland to-morrow, you muft allow me
to make the agriculture of it the fubject of
my next letter.

I remain, in the mean time, &c.

Newcajlle.

LET-

[ i3 ]

LETTER XVI.

A T Go/worthy in the road to Morpeth, the
-**• foil is chiefly loamy — part fandy, and
but little clay; the average rent is about
20 s. an acre; farms rife from 50/. a year to
400 /. Their courfes are,

1. Fallow And, 1. Fallow

2. Wheat 2. Maflin

3. Oats. 3. Oats.
Another, Alfo,

1. Fallow i. Turneps

2. Wheat 2. Barley

3. Beans. 3. Oats.

For wheat they plow five times, fow two
bufhels about Michaelmas, and reap, upon an
average, ten or twelve thrave, each thrave
two flooks, or fix pecks, that is, fixteen
bufhels and an half. For barley they plow
on ftubble three times, after turneps twice,
and on a fallow five times ; fow two bufhels
and an half in April, and reap fifteen thraves,
at two bufhels, or thirty bufhels. For oats
they give but one plowing, fow two bolls and
a canning, or four bufhels and an half, after
barley, and gain in product much the fame
quantity as of that grain *. They plow but

* I have, for once, given the jargon of country
meafures ; a vile abufe, that calls aloud for red re fs.—
You (hall be plagued with them no more.

once

L H ]

once for beans, few them bread -caft, and
under furrow, in February ; never hoe y the
medium crop about twenty-five bufhels. —
They are all ibid for the colliery horfes. For
peafe, but one earth, fow in March, and get
from fixteen to twenty buihels. For rye they
tallow three or four times ; but after barley
plow but once -3 fow two bufhels, and gain
in return thirty. For turneps they ftir four
times; hoeing is but coming in, for many
do not practice it at all. The medium value
per acre is, for the hoed ones, 4/. 4/. the
unhoed, 3/. an argument fo ftrong for hoe-
ing, that one would imagine it iurBcient to
convince the blinded and moft prejudiced
of the cultivating tribe. — They ufe them for
both fheep and beails.

They fow a little rape on new land :
Pan'ng and burning, and one plowing, is the
preparation — never feed it: The average
crop of feed half a laft.
No clover ufed.

They cultivate a few tares for the feeding

horfes. Likewife a little buckwheat, but

t reckoned profitable.

Potatoes they plant after two or three

/ings: Slice them into fetts. Twelve

hels will plant an acre, at one foot fquare.

They hand-hoc them twice, and hand-weed

ilionaHy. The crops are ufually

rlh from 7/. to 10/. at 9 d. a bufh'ei.

Wheat

t '5 ]

Wheat or rye fucceeds; of which they have
finer crops than common.

As to manuring, that of paring and burn-
ing is one important point ; the expence,

The paring - gs. td.

Burning . - 26

1 2 o

They never fold their (hecp, nor chop
their ftubbles ; but their hay they ftacic
at home. Dung they buy at Newca/lk, from
is. to zs. for a two-horfe cart load.

Good grafs will lett for 30.C an acre.
They apply it both to dairying and fatting :
Three acres will keep two cows through the
fummer, and one acre three or four meep.
They manure it carefully. The breed of
cattle fhort horned, which they prefer.

The product of a cow they reckon at 5 /.
a good one will give five gallons of milk ter
day : — ^They keep but few fvvine, and not
the more for their cows. The winter food
of the latter hay and ftraw ; of trie firft two
ton ; keep them in the houfe. Their calves
fuck five weeks for fatting, and fix for rear-
ing, and afterwards are fed with bean meal
and milk. They reckon fix or eight cows
the proper number for a dairy -maid to ma-
nage.

Their fwine they fat to twenty-four ftone.

Their flocks of meep rife from forty to
eighty. The profit they reckon at ic.f. a

head,

t 16 ]
head. They feed them in winter and fpring
oh grafs; lome turneps; and when pinched
for feed, turn them into their wheat and
rye. $lb. the average of fleeces.

They reckon eight horfes neceffary for
the cultivation of an hundred acres of arable
land, uie three in a plough, and do an acre
a day. When at work in winter they al-
low their horfes a peck of oats per day ; and
reckon the annual expence at 7 /. They
plow up their ilubbles for a fallow at
Chriftmas. The price per acre of plow-
ing, 5 j. The depth five inches. They
know nothing of chopping ftraw for chaff.
The hire of a cart and three horfes a day
is 5 J.

In the hiring and ftocking of farms,
they reckon 300/. requifite for one of 100/.
a year.

Land fells at twenty-eight or thirty years
purchafe. There are fome eftates fo low as
2 or 300/. a year.

Tythes are generally compounded;
Wheat, 8j. 6d. Oats, 4/.

Barley, 4*. 6d. Beans, 6s.

Poor rates 2d. in the pound. Their em-
ployment, fpinning Wool and flax. But few
drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn three miles.

The general aeconomy will be feen from

foil wing (ketches.

300 acres

[ *7

300 acres in all
100 arable
200 grafs
£.300 rent

14 horfes

12 cows

20 beafts

12 young cattle

40 fheep
1 man

3 b°ys

3 maids
8 labourers

3 ploughs

6 carts

No waggons.
Another,

180 acres in all

80 arable
100 grafs
j£. 140 rent
8 horfes

7 cows
7 beafts

20 young cattle
30 fheep
1 man

1 boy

2 maids

1 labourer

2 ploughs

4 carts.
Vol. III.

]

Another,

450 acres in all
200 arable
250 grafs
£.420 rent

27 horfes

30 cows

25 beafts

30 young cattle

90 fheep

2 men

3 boys

10 labourers

5 ploughs
10 carts.

Another,

100 acres in all
60 arable
40 grafs
£.90 rent

6 horfes

4 cows

8 young cattle
20 fheep
1 man
1 maid
1 labourer
1 plough
3 carts.

LA-

f 18 ]

LABOUR.

In harveft, is. 6d. and ale.
In hay time, 2 s. and ditto.
In winter, 1 s.

Mowing grafs, 2 s. and 4.S. 6d.
Hoeing turneps, 6 s. and ^s.
Ditching, &c. is. 2d. a rood.
Thrafhing wheat, 2\d. a bufliel.

barley, 1 \ d.

oats, 1 1 d.

Head man's wages, 12/.

Next ditto, 8/. or 9/.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Dairy maids, 4/.

Other ditto, 3/. 10 s.

Women per day in harveft, 10 d. and u.

In hay time, bd.

In winter, bd.

IMPLEMENTS.

A cart, 6/. 6s. or 7/.

A plough, 1 /. is.

A harrow, 151.

A rollor, 4/. or 5/. for grafs, but none for

barley.
A fey the, 3/.
A fpade, 3.5-. 6d.
Laying a fhare and coulter, 1 s.
Shoeing,, is. \d.

PROVISIONS.

The fame as at NewcaJHe,

About

[ «9 ]

About Morpeth the foil is a loamy clay;
letts from 5/. to 20 j-. per acre; average
about 1 2 j. Farms rife from 30/. to 500 A
a year. Their courfes,

1. Fallow 3. Beans

2. Wheat 4. Oats.

3. Oats Alfo,

4. Oats. 1. Turneps
And 2. Barley

1. Fallow 3. Oats

2. Wheat 4. Oats.

For wheat they plow four times, fow two
bufhels and an half between Michaelmas and
Martinmas, and reap, upon an average, four-
teen. For barley they give three ltirrings,
but five on a fallow, fow two bufhels about
the end of March, or beginning of April,
and gain in return twenty bufhels. They
ftir but once for oats, fow five bufhels before
barley lowing, and gain thirty in return.
One plowing is alfo the number for beans ;
of which they fow three bufhels broad caft — ■•
never hoe — the medium crop twenty-eight :
Ufe them chiefly for horfes. For peafe they
likewife plow but once, fow two bufhels,
and gain about fourteen. They give four
flirrings for rye, fow two bufhels, and gain,
upon a medium, twenty*

For turneps they plow four times ; all hoe
twice of thrice ; and the medium value per
acre is 3/. ufe them for cattle and flieep.
Clover they ibw with both bailey and wheat;

C 2 mow

[ 20 ]

mow it for hav, and get from one and an
half to two ton per acre, and fow oats after it.
Potatoes they prepare for by digging :
The planters give 5 /. per acre rent for the
land they fet them on : It is generally a
ftubble, dunged at the rate of twenty-five
loads/w acre, thirty-two bufhels each. They
dibble them in at one foot fquare ; twenty-
three bufhels plant an acre ; hand-hoe them
three times at theexpence ofzs. bd. a time:
The crop is from two hundred and fifty to
four hundred bufhels. The digging the
ground, and digging up the crop, cofts 5 /.
The price commonly u. a bufhel.
The account, therefore, {lands thus^r acre:

EXPENCES.

Rent, - ^ - - £.500

Labour, manuring, cannot"!

be lefs than the day's I

work of four horfes, three ("

men, and two carts, or j

Setts, - - -130

Dibbling, - - - -050

Digging and taking up, 500

Hand-hoeing thrice, - 076

1256
P R O D U C E.

750 bufhels, at is. - 17100
ences, - - 1256

Profit, - - 5 4 6

[ si ]

But the profit of fuch thorough tillage is,
perhaps, as confiderable as this ballance.
They fow barley afterwards, of which they
get very great crops.

As to the management of manure, it may
partly be judged from their flacking their
hay both in the field and farm yard; and
from their never chopping their ftubbles.

Paring and burning was once ufed, but it
is now done with.

They lime much, lay feventy bumels per
acre, befides a dunging at the fame time -, it
coirs 7 s. befides the leading ; they reckon
they could not raife corn without it.

Very good grafs land will lett at 20s. an
acre : They apply it moftly to fatting. An
acre and an half they reckon fufficient for
carrying a beaft,of an hundred ftone, through
the fummer, or to maintain {even or eis:ht
fheep. — Their breed of cattle is the fhort
horned, which they reckon much the beft.

The product of a cow they lay at 5 /. but
on land of 20 s. an acre, they fuppofe it may
amount to 9 or 10 /. A good one will give
nine gallons of milk per day. Ten will
maintain five or fix fwine. Their winter
food is hay and ftraw. The calves do not
fuck at all, being brought up by hand, about
fix weeks, for either killing or rearing. A
dairy maid, they reckon, can take care of fix
cows; and a ton and a half of hay is the
quantity they allow for wintering one cow.

C 7 The

[ 22 ]

The join, through the year, 3/. ioj. Thev
are kept in winter in the houle.

Their fwine they fat up to twenty and
thirty llone.

* he profit on fatting an ox in grafs, of
one hundred ftone, they reckon, at a me-
dium. 5/.

Th.ir flocks of fheep rife from thirty to
one hundred; the profit on them they rec-
kon at ioj. a fheep. In winter they keep
them in grafs ; and in very bad weather give
them hay; in April they turn them into
their young clover : The average of their
fleeces is 3$.

In the tillage of their farms, they reckon
that fix horfes are neceffary for the culture
of one hundred acres of arable land. They
ufe either three horfes in a plough, or two
horfes and two oxen ; with the firfl:, they do
an acre and half a day, and with the fe-
cond, not above half an acre ; but then the
laft is the ftrongeft of all their work.- — Their
allowance of oats to their teams, is two
bufhels per horfe, per week. The annual
expence of keeping a horfe, they reckon 8/.
They feed their working oxen on ftraw and
hay in winter, and work on ftraw alone.
The common time for breaking up ftubbles
for a fallow, is March, but fome do it in
November. The price of ploughing, is 5 s.
b d. — The depth four or five inches. The
lure of a cart, three horfes and driver, 3/. 6d.

In

[ *3 1

In the hiring and flocking farms, they
reckon 450/. neceffary for one of 100/. a
year.

Land fells at thirty-two years purchafe.
Eftates rife from 100/. upwards.

Tythes are both gathered and compound-
ed ; when the latter, 2 s. 6 d. an acre for
turneps, and 7 s. for wheat, barley, and
oats, are common prices.

Poor rates, 6 d. in the pound. The em-
ployment of the poor, begging and ftrolling :
All drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn fix miles.
The general ceconomy will be beft feen
from the following fketches :

13© acres in all 140 grafs

80 arable £. 160 rent

50 grafs 12 horfes

£»6o rent 20 cows

7 horfes 10 fatting beafts

4 oxen 30 young cattle

4 cows '50 fheep

20 fheep 2 boys

12 young cattle 2 maids

3 men 2 labourers

1 boy 4 ploughs

1 maid 6 carts.

2 ploughs Another,

2 carts. 200 acres in all

Another, 100 arable

300 acres in all £. 90 rent

160 arable 8 horfes

C 4 19 cows

[ 24 ]

io cows i boy

5 fattingbeafls i maid

30 fheep 1 labourer

10 young cattle 2 ploughs

1 man 4 carts.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s. and board.

In hay time, is. 6d. and beer.

In winter, 10^.

Mowing grals, 1;. 6 d.

Hoeing turnepSj 2 s. 6 d.

Ditching, 1 s. 2 d. a rood.

All thraihing done for the twenty-firft part.

Head man's wages, 11/.

Next ditto, 7 /.

A boy of twelve years, 3 /.

A dairy maid, 3 /. 10;.

Other ditto, 3 /.

Women per day in harveft, gd. and beer.

In hay time, 6d.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart, 7 /.

A plough, 20 s.

A harrow, 1 5 s.

A roller, 1 /. 5 /.

A fcythe, 2 s. 6 d.

A fpade, 3 s. 6 d.

Laying a fhare and coulter, 4-d. and find

iron -, 1 s. witbojt.
Shoeing, 1 j-. 4</.

PRO-

[ *5 ]

PROVISIONS.

Bread — rye, or wheat and peafe, or barley

and peafe.
Cheefe, id.
Butter, 8 d. 1 6 oz.
Beef, 3 d.
Mutton, 3 d.
Veal, 3 d.
Pork, q.d.

Milk, three pints of fkim for | d.
Potatoes, 3 d. a peck.
Candles, 7 </.
Soap, 7 */.

Labourer's houfe rent, ioj.
Their firing, ioj.

BUILDING.

Oak timber, 2 j-.

Afh, ix. 4</.

A mafon /^r day 1 s. and board.

A carpenter, 1 s. and ditto.

Farm houfes of brick and ftone.

From Morpeth to Alnwick land lets at
an average at \zs. and farms are in general
from 40 /. to 200 /. a year. Wheat crops
twenty bufhels, barley thirty, and oats
thirty-fix. The foil about Alnwick is in
general either a light loam, or a gravel, and
letts at about 1 5J. an acre. Farms from 100/.
to 800 /. a year. The courfes mofl in ufe are,

I. Turneps

E 26 ]

1. Turners And, 1. Fallow

2. Bailey 2. Wheat

3. Oats 3. Beans or peafe

4. Oats. 4. Oats

5. Oats,
which are both bad, but the laft execrable*
They plough for wheat three or four times,
fow two bufliels in OBober, and reap, on
an average, twenty bufliels. For barley
they ftir twice or thrice, fow two bufliels
in April, and gain, at a medium, forty
bufliels. They plough but once for oats,
fow fix bufhels, after barley, and reckon
the middling crop at forty. For beans but
once, on pared and burnt land, fow five
bufhels, and get from forty to fifty. They
fow but few peafe ; the method is, one
ploughing, fow three bufhels, and the crop
twenty. For rye they plough three or four
times, fow two bufliels ; the crop the fame
as of peafe. They plough as often for tur-
neps, hoe twice, and reckon the value per
acre from 2 /. 1 o s. to 5 /. 1 o s. They feed
them off with beafts and fheep. They ufe
no clover, but fow a few tares to make into
hay for their horfes. They cultivate pota-
toes both by digging, and ploughing, and
dunging ; if the latter, it is three times :
They dice and drop them into the furrow,
fo as to (land in rows twelve inches afunder;
thirty- five pecks will plant an acre; the

crop

[ 27 1

crop is generally worth I o /. or 12/. at
1 s. 6d. a bufhel.

For raifing manure, they have no idea of
chopping the ftubbles, but (lack their hay
at home, confequently make much more
than in places where it is ftacked in the
fields. They lime a great deal, lay eight
or twelve bolls on an acre, at two bufhels
each.

Good grafs letts at 2/. an acre; they ufe
it chiefly for cows ; an acre will fummer
one, or three fheep. Their breed of cattle
is the fhort horned, and will fat up to fixty
or eighty flone.

Their fwine fat from twelve to twenty
flone.

The product of a cow they reckon at 7/.
In good grafs ; do not keep above a fow to
ten. The winter food, hay, an acre and
a half in quantity, and draw -, kept in houfe.
Calves do not fuck above three days.

In the tillage of their lands, they reckon
four horfes will do for one hundred acres of
arable land ; ufe two in a plow, and do an
acre and half a day ; allow them half a
peck of oats a day, and reckon the annual
expence of keeping, &c. at 8 /. per head.
The time of breaking up their ftubbles for
a fallow, is after barley fowing. The price
pf ploughing, 3 s. per acre, and the depth
four inches. The hire of a cart, three
Jiorfes, and driver, 5 s. a day,

They

[ 28 ]

They reckon 300 /. neceffary for the hir-
ing and flocking a farm of ico/. a year.

Land fells at thirty years purchafe.

Tythes are both gathered and compounded.

Poor rates td. in the pound -, their em-
ployment fpinning.

LABOUR.

In harvefl:, is. ^d. and 1 s. 6 d. a day.

In hay-time, ditto.

In winter, 1 o d.

Mowing grafs, is. 6 d.

Hoeing turneps, 5 s. twice.

For thrashing, they have the 19th of all

grain.
Head man's wages, 9 /.
Next ditto, 6 /.
Boy of twelve years, 3 /.
Maids, 3 /. to 5 /.

Women per day, in harveft, 1 /. 2 d.
In hay-time, 6 d.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.
A cart, 7 /. 10 j.
A plow, 1 /. is.
A harrow, 1 /. 1 j.
A roiler, 5 /.
A fcythe, 3 s.
A fpade, 3 s.
Laying a ihare, 6 d.

coulter, 6 d.

PRO-

[ 29 ]

P R O V I S I O

N S.

Bread — Barley and peafe

Cheefe, per lb.

-

2:«f/.

Butter, \(yox.

-

6

Beef, -

-

2J-

Mutton, -

-

2|

Veal,

-

2

Pork,

-

3

New milk, per pint,

r.

Candles,

-

7

Soap,

-

7

Labourers houfe-rent,

20 S

— — — firing,

2QS

tools,

QJ

Down by the fea are many rich, grazing
farms for oxen and lheep, up fo high as
iooo/. a year*.

From Alnwick to Belford land letts at 1 2s.
an acre ; and farms rife from 40/. to 700/.

* The cattle of Alnwick, the feat of his Grace
the Duke of Northumberland, is mod of it new
built by the prefent Duke, and not yet finifhed :
The apartments are all fitted up in the Gothic tafte,
and ornamented in a very light and elegant ftile.
The principal ones are, 1. A breakfaft-room, 3?
by 21. 2. Dining-room, 55 by 22 ; it. has two
bow-windows, but irregular, the Gothic work very
elegant : Over the chimney, the Duchefs, by
Reynolds. 3. A drawing room. 4. A library, 65
by 22, and at the end, a chapel. 5. A faloon,
40 by 20, and a bow. The architecture of the
new buildings is quite in the caftle ftile, and very
light and pleafing.

a year,

[ 30 ]

a year, but generally between ioo/. Sc 200 /*
The wheat crops, at an average, 20 bufheb
per acre, barley 36, and oats the lame.

About Belford there are many variations
from the preceding management, which
highly deferve attention. The foil is in ge-
neral a loam, inclinable to a clay ; good
wheat land letts, in large farms, at \\s. an
acre, but in fmall ones, near the town, at
20 j. Farms rife from 100/. a year, to 5 00 A
many of 300/. 350/. and40o/. The courfes,

1. Fallow Alio, 1. Turneps

2. Wheat 2. Barley

3. Peafe. 3. Oats

4. Barley.

For wheat they plow four or five times,
fow three bufliels in November, and gain
upon an average about twenty-one. For
barley they plow three times, but only twice
after turneps, fow four bufhels, about the
20th of May, and reckon the medium pro^-
duce at rive quarters. They ftir but once
for oats, fow fix bufhels, before barley feed
time, and gain in return forty-eight. For
beans they plow twice, fow fix bufliels,
broad cafl, the beginning of March, never
hoe, but get iixty bufliels in return; fell
them for exportation. They give but one
ftirring for peafe, low four bulhels the be*
ginning of March, and gain from none at all
to fifty bufliels.

For

[ 3* 3

For turneps they plow four times, hoe
twice, fetting them out ten inches or a foot
afunder, and value them, at a medium, at
45 s. ufe them for fatting fheep aud beafrs,
and rearing calves and young flieep. Tares
they fow after wheat, on two plovvings, ge-
nerally for hay, of which they get about two
tons per acre.

Potatoes they plow for thrice : Slice them
for fetts, drop them in the furrows, fo as to
lay fourteen inches fquare ; hand-hoe them
twice with a hoe feven inches wide; fix
bufhels plant an acre : Some years they do
not get above twenty-four bufhels, but in
others fixty. They fow barley after them.

In the management of the manure in the
farm-yard they have merit, for they flack
all their hay at home ; and keep their cattle
in houfes, littered down clean. But they
know nothing of chopping the flubbles for
littering a farm-yard. Nor do they fold
their flieep, although their flocks rife to one
thoufand. Paring and burning is known,
but is going out.

Good grafs land will lett at 2^s. an acre.
They apply it to all ufes : An acre will keep
a cow through the fummer, or five fheep ;
but they never manure it.

Their breed of cattle is the fhort horned,
but apprehend the long to be beft, and are
accordingly getting into them. They fat
their oxen up to one hundred and fifty (tone

weight,

[ 3* 1

weight, and reckon 4/. 41. the profit on one
of eighty ftone. Their fwine to twenty-five.
Four pounds they reckon the produce of
a cow, and a good one to give fix gallons of
milk a day : A dairy of eight, will enable
the farmer to keep nine or ten fwine. They
give them hay in winter while milked, and
ftraw when dry ; keep them in the houfe,
and allow each a ton and half of hay. The
calves do not fuck at all, but 3f e brought up
by hand ; four months for rearing, and two
for killing. One maid will, with help, take
care of ten cows.

Their flocks of fheep rife from one hun-
dred to fix hundred 5 and the profit they
reckon on buying to fat as follows :

Lamb, - - o 8/. o

Wool, - 020

Improvement of ewe, 040

014 o
On flock flieep they calculate it,

Lamb, - - o 6s, o

Wool, - o 1 8</.

o ~ 8

In very hard weather they give them fome
hay, but their general winter keeping is on
the fheep walks. The fleeces are from 3 lb.
to 5 lb. the firff. at $d. i, and the fecond at

In the tillage of their lands, they reckon
ei^ht oxen and fix hories necefTarv for one

hundred

[ 33 ]

hundred acres of arable land ; they ufe either
two oxen and two horfes in a plough, br
two horfes alone ; with the firft they do half
an acre a day, arid with the laft an acre and
half; but then the firft is ufed in the ftrong
work, and goes much the deeper. They al-
low their horfes the third of a bufhel ofoats
«ach in winter per week, but none in fum-
mer; and reckon the annual expence per
horfe to be 5/. ys. They give them no hay,
only pea ftraw. Their draught o^en they
feed in winter on ftraw and coarfe hay, but
work them on the firft alone. They reckon
oxen much the beft on ftrong lands, plow-
ing much fteadier and deeper. They break
tip their ftubbles for a fallow in autumn.
The price of plowing is 6 s, per acre, and
the depth five to feven inches. They know
nothing of chopping ftraw for chafF„

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and a
driver per day, is 5J.

They reckon, that a man mould have
1200/. for the ftocking a farm of 3 00 A a
year.

Land fells in general at thirty years pur*
chafe.

Tythes are both gathered and compound-
ed : If the latter,
Wheat pays 6 s. Beans, 3 s.

Barley, 5 Peafe, 3

Oats* 3 6d.

Vol. IIL ' D Pgrf

[ 34 ]

Poor rates, y\d. in the pound,
employment, befides idlenefs, is a
ipinning. Very few drink tea.

There are fome few eftates fo low
ioo/. a year, and to 300/.

The farmers carry their corn four miles.

The general ceconomy will be feen from
the following particulars of farms :

Their
little

as

400 acres in all

30 young cattle

350 arable

500 iTieep

5° grafs

3 men

£.320 rent

2 boys

12 horfes

3 maids

16 oxen

10 labourers

8 cows

6 ploughs

20 young cattle

6 carts.

300 fheep

Another,

2 men

200 acres,all ara-

4 boys

ble

2 maids

£. 100 rent

6 labourers

6 horfes

4 ploughs

2 oxen

6 carts.

16 cows

\nother,

1 6 young cattle

700 acres in all

60 fheep

400 arable.

1 man

300 grafs

1 boy

£. 300 rent

3 maids

16 horfes

2 labourers

20 oxen

2 ploughs

10 cows

2 carts.

12 fatting beafts

•

Another,

r

Another,

1 1 oo acres in all
700 arable
400 grafs
£.700 rent
22 horfes
30 oxen
35 cows
60 young cattle
20 fatting hearts
600 fheep

3 men

4 boys

5 maids
16 labourers
10 ploughs
10 carts.

35 ]
Another,

360 acres in all
200 arable-
160 grafs
£ . 250 rent
8 horfes
4 oxen
10 cows

3 fatting hearts
1 6 young cattle
50 fheep

1 man

2 boys

2 maids

3 labourers
3 ploughs
3 carts.

LABOUR.

In harveft, is.

In hay time, 1 s.

In winter, 10 d.

Mowing grafs, 2;. 6d.

Hoeing turneps, from 2 s. 6 d. to 4 j.

Thrafhing, the 20th of all grain.

Head man's wages, 9 /.

Next ditto, 7 /. 7 s>

Boy of fifteen years, 5 /.

Maids, 3 /. 3 j.

Women per day in harveft, 1 s% -

In hay time, 6 </. ufed to be but 4**.

In winter, 4 </.

D 2

I M P L E-

[ 3* ]
IMPLEMENTS,

No waggons.

A cart, 7/. 10 s.

A wain, 7/. iox.

A plough, 1 /. 1 5 s.

A harrow, 1 /. 5 x.

A roller, 4 /. of wood.

A fcythe, 5 x.

A fpade, 2x. 8</.

The black-fmith flioes all the horfcs, repairs
the plough irons, and all the cart ditto,
for 1 /. is. per horfe, per annum.

Shoeing, 2x.

PROVISIONS*

Bread — barley and peafe.
Cheefe, per lb. - - 3 d*
Butter, 18 oz. - - 6
Beef, - - - 3<2U

Mutton, - 2£

Veal, 2

Milk, new, a pint, - I

, fkim, three pints, - *
Potatoes, - - - 2 x. a buihel.
Candles, - - - $d. k
Soap, - - 6d<

Labourer's houfe rent, 20 x.
■ firing, 24 x.

Their tools the farmer finds.

BUILD-

[ 27 3
BUILDING.

Bricks, per thoufand, - \os.
Tiles, - - 40

Oak timber, 2 per foot.

Am, 1

Elm, 1

A mafon per day, - « \ dd.
A carpenter, - - 16

A thatcher, <* - 14

Stone walling, dry, that is, without mortar,
4 </. a fquare yard cutting and laying, and
10*/. leading.
In mortar five feet anci a half high, and a yard
fquare, cutting and laying 7 <?. lime, fand,
and leading 2 s.
Farm houfea of ftone, and flate or pantile,
Jn the parifh of Belford are
10,600 acres in all
3,300 of ditto moors
400 wood,
200 bogs
20 farms, and 600 acres in little
parcels
180 labourers
20 men fervants
200 horfes (by twenty farmers)
150 oxen
4000 fheep

40 fatting beafts

6 J. in the pound rates
£. 3,300 rent,

D 3 Tfee

[ 3« ]

The town of Belford, which is a pretty,
well fituated place, belongs entirely to Abra-
ham Dixon, Efq; That Gentleman's father
procured a market and two fairs to be efta-
blifhed at it ; but the fpirited conduct of the
prefent owner is what has brought it to the
condition, fo flourilhing to what it formerly
was ; thirteen years ago it did not contain
above an hundred fouls, but they now amount
to above fix times that number : And this
increafe has been owing to the excellent
means of introducing an induftry unknown
to former times. Mr. Dixon has eftablilhed
a woollen manufacture, which already em-
ploys fixteen looms, and the fpinning bufinefs
goes on fufficiently to keep them at work :
A noble acquifition in a place where a fpin-
ning-wheel was not to be feen a few years
ago. Another eftablifhment of very great
importance, was that of a tannery. The
nearest tanners were thofe of Berwick and
Alnwick : This was an inconvenience and a
difadvantage to the neighbourhood ; there-
fore Mr. Dixon, at the expence of 700 /.
fixed a tannery, which now turns out to good
account, and is a peculiar benefit to the
neighbourhood.

The fituation of Be/ford, halfway between
Alnwick and Berwick, at the diftance of
thirty miles, was very advantageous for fixing
a good inn, with polt-chaifes and accommo-
dations for travellers. This, like wife, was

executed,

r 39 ]

executed, and is now found of peculiar ufe to
all travellers, and of benefit to the town.

But as a town without good roads to and
from it is of courfe but in a paltry condition,
Mr. Dixon applied himfelf with great fpirit
to rendering the road to Belford, north and
fouth, as good as poffible ; this he effected
as far as his influence extended, and would
not have left a mile of bad road in the whole
country, had others been as folicitous as
himfelf about fo important an object.

Coals had formerly been raifed around
Belford, but the pits exhausted, and the un-
dertaking difcontinued for many years. The
common report which this active Gentleman
heard on all fides was, that no more coal was
advantageoufly to be had ; but common re-
port was not fufricient for him ; he tried in
feveral places, and was fortunate enough to
find a very beneficial feam, which has been
fince worked to noble advantage, both to
the town and the proprietor.

Difcovering of coal, led to the burning of
lime for the purpofes of agriculture, as a ma-
nure, in a much larger way than had been
ufual ; and for this work three new lime-
kilns were erected, in a moil fubftantial
manner, and at a large expence.

This fpirited Gentleman meditates yet

greater works : He propofes to eftablifh fuch

manufactures, as may employ all the poor of

the country. He defigns to build a coal road

D 4 from

[ 4° ]

from his pits to the town, and he conceives
Tome hopes of making Belford a port, though
at two or three miles diftance from the fea ;
this will be of glorious advantage to the
town, and open markets for his coals at
prefent unthought of. In a word, this active
genius is daring and comorehenrive in his
ideas, penetrating and fpirited in the exe^
cution.

At the fame time that he has effected
theie noble works, he has not been idle in
Other refpects. IJq has built a very hand-
fome manfron-houfe for his own refidence,
raifed numerous plantations, and erected
feven new farm-houfes, with all the necef-
iary offices, the whole fubitantially of brick
and tile.

In the walk of hufbandry he has tried fome
experiments, which deferve attention : Much
of his land is fo wet as to require draining ;
Jiis method of doing which is as follows :
While the fielol is in tillage, he marks out
the low places, where the water lodges, with
(ticks, and then, with a plough, throws the
\a.nd from the low fpace ; by beginning at a.
certain diftance, five or fix yards for inftance
from the bottom of if, and continually turn-
ing the furrows from it, until the plough
(mimes in the middle, and confequently leaves
an open furrow there j by which means a
drain is made for the water, which carries
U off with a little opening by fpa^es : — And

after*?

[ 4i ]

afterwards laying the iield down to grafs,
the land has a fall that keeps it dry. This
method he follows, let the inequality of the
furface be what it may ; for if in any place
the land lies in a round, an oblong, or a fer-
pentine form, the plough moves according
to the wave of the land, and always leaves
a furrow in the loweft part.

This method of draining muft certainly
be moil effectual in land fo retentive of wa-
ter as to hold it on the fide even of an open
drain ; and when, confequently, the furface
muit have a fall to carry it off.

In the laying down to grafs, Mr. Dixon
is likewife very attentive to have it done in
a neat and maflerly manner. Of hay feeds
jie fows fix bufhels per acre, and eight
pounds of Dutch clover, and alfo about a
tenth of the whole of parfley, for the fake
of his fheep. In 1759, four acres were
plowed and fown, half with buck wheat,
and half with peafe ; both were plowed in
when in bloffom, and winter fallowed after,
and, in the fpring, fown with graffes aione ',
$ve acres adjoining were fown alfo among
barley, and another five without either corn
or manure : The refult of this experiment,
which was very well imagined, was this,
that, from the firft year, to the prefent time,
no kind of difference has been perceived,
that, however, which was fown aione,
would, without attention, have proved the

worir.;

[ 42 ]

worft ; for the chick-weed came fo ftrongly,
that it threatened to deftroy all the graffes;
but a dairy of cows being turned in, they
eat it up, by which means the grades rofe
freely. As that part fown alone, in this ex-
periment, was no better than the other, it is
certainly fo far conclusive againft fowing a-
lone, as a crop of corn is thereby loft, with-
out gaining any thing in return.

Cabbacres this Gentleman has alfo tried,
and with great fuccefs. In 1766 he had
an acre and half on a cold, wet, clay foil :
It was well dunged, and plowed twice :
Turneps the preceding crop. The cabbage
feed was fown the beginning of Augufi the
year before, and the plants fet out of the
bed directly into the field, which operation
was performed from the middle of March
to the beginning of April. The rows were
three feet afunder, and two feet from plant
to plant, horfe-hoed and hand-hoed as the
weeds arofe. This crop turned out . but
fmall in fize, but was of excellent ufe for
feeding the cows ; they were given, with
jome hay, to the milch ones, the leaves
itrippcdorT. The butter and milk both ex-
ceedingly good, and finely flavoured.

In ljbj the fame field was again planted
with them ; the management, in all re-
flects, as before ; the crop little better ; but
applied to the fame ufe, and with equal fuc-

cefs.

In

[ 43 ]

In 17 6 8 four acres were planted, after
oats; the foil, a rich loamy day: The Hub-
ble was plowed in, and then the field dung-
ed ; after which it was plowed twice more,
and planted, as in the other experiments.
Part of the feed was fown before winter,
and part in the fpring : The cabbages from
the former proved much the largeft. Many
weighed thirty, thirty-one, thirty-two, and
thirty-three pounds and half, the average
about fifteen pounds a cabbage.

Mr. Dixon, upon the whole, commends
greatly the culture of this moft ufeful vege-
table, for the feeding of milch cows ; He is
determined to continue the cultivation of
them for that purpofe, having found them fo
peculiarly convenient, that a lofs of cabbages
would, in a great meafbre, be a lofs of the
winter's milk.

Since my firft edition, he writes me thus :
" My this year's crop, on the ground which
you examined laft year, in quantity about
two acres, has turned out very beneficial ;
for, by the afiiftance of about two ltone of
hay daily, I have kept three cows in milk,
equal to a fummer's pafture, one fat heifer
for a month, and a fat ox who feeds with
the cows; about forty fTieep eat up the re-
fufe of the cattle, and it being now a hard
froft, with fnow on the ground, I feed {even.
ewes and their lambs on them, in my back--
yard, which thrive extremely well ; and I ex-
pect

[ 44 ]

peer, they will laft me till May. About a
month ago I plowed over two acres of grafs
with a paring fock for burning, as foon as
dry, and on this land I intend to plant the
lame fort of cabbage as before, viz. the
large Scotch, and alfo, the fame ground as
was planted this laft feafon, and give them,
the lame culture."

This Gentleman is alfo particularly atten-
tive to the management of his fences : His
favourite hedge is the holly ; he fows the
feed in beds, and tranfplants them into rows
for hedges ; I meafured fome, that grew
upon a mcift foil, fix feet high, in fix years,
growth : It is indubitably the firft of all
fences, grows very thick, clofe to the ground,
and is of fo ftubborn, prickly a nature, as to
be impenetrable by man or beaft.

White thorns he tranfplants at fix feet
high, and finds them to anfwer very well.

Upon the whole, Mr. J)ixon has proved,
by the noble and fpirited manner in which
he has not only increafed the number of
people on his eftate, but advanced their in-
terefts, and by the fenfible attention he has.
given to agriculture, that the nation at large*
as well as this neighbourhood in particular,
are greatly indebted to him for his judicious
conduct in all matters of rural oeconomics.

Mr. Clarke, of Belford, (one of Mr.
Dixsns tenants,) is very famous in the North
for his knowledge of mechanics. Among

other;

[45 1

other inftances of his fkill in this branch, his
invention of a draining plough, which ob-
tained a premium of 50/. from the Society,
is one, which has made his name publick in
other parts of the kingdom, befides his own
neighbourhood.

But the grand machine upon which he
mod builds his reputation, is one for the
threming of corn : How far it will an-
iwer has not been tried, becaufe the ma-
chine will not be produced until a fubfcrip-
tion is filled.

The following are his propofals to the
public : They certainly merit attention.

Proposals for making by Subfcription, com-
plete Machines for Threjhing Corn.
¥0 the Public.

O f all the operations of the laudable profefllon
of the hufbandman, it is prefumed none are per-
formed lefs to his fatisfa6tion and emolument,
none more detrimental to the public, and more
opprefiive to the poor labourer, than that of
threfhing corn. The difficulty of finding people
idifpofed to undertake this drudgery, the large ex-
pence, and unavoidable wafte that attends the
prefent method of threming corn ; and the difap-
pointments that are met with by not having grain
ready in due time for feed, and other occafions,
are lofTes and embarrafTments that the mod cir-
cumfpe& farmers hitherto have not been able to
prevent; and as corn is not marketable until it is
threfhed, the public have undoubtedly felt fome
of the effects of fcarcity on that account. The

threfhers

t 46 ]

threfhers themfelves, although near a twentieth of
all they threfh is allowed them for their labour,
are in general fo overwhelmed with poverty and
diftrefs of body, that they are of all the honed
labourers in the country the moft miferable :
Thefe facts, taken together, inconteftibly prove,
beyond the force of cuftom, ignorance, and ma-
lice, that the prefent method of doing this necef-
fary work, is not only prejudicial to individuals,
but alfo a very great public grievance. And that
therefore any contrivance, which would render the
labour tolerable, and put it in the power of all
occupiers of corn farms to have their corn fepa-
rated from the ftraw, in fuch quantities, and at
fuch times as they think proper, at a moderate ex-
pence, cannot but meet with a candid reception.

Cuthbert Clarke, of Bclford, in the county of
Northumberland, thinking the above confiderations
well worthy his intention, has employed his ut-
moft efforts to accommodate the public with ma-
chines for the above purpofe •, and flatters himfelf,
that the machine he has contrived will, upon trial,
meet with approbation, as it will make great dif-
patch, be very fimple, commodious, and dura-
ble *. And in order to make it come as cheap as
poflible to the fubfcribers, he intends to furnifh
them on the following terms, and free of the
common additional expence of a patent.

* It is impoffible precifely to compute the time fuch
a machine maylaft, but in all probability it will threfh
annually all the corn produced upon a two hundred
pound corn farm, and laft thirty years for about ten
(hillings a year repairs. It may be conveyed any dis-
tance by two good carts, and may be placed or fet up
in two days time, by any country Wright who can
follow directions.

Con-

{ 47 ]

C O N D I T I O N S.

1. This machine fhall, in ten hours, worked
by one horfe, (with a boy to drive, and a man to
feed the machine, clear off the draw, &c.) fairly
threfh as much corn as what is ufually e Hi mated
the work of eight men for that time, in the com-
mon way of two threfhing together.

2. In order that this machine may be both lad-
ing and generally ufeful, the inventor engages as
follows : Firft, That all its parts fhall confift of
good materials, which fhall be duly proportioned
to their various ufes. Secondly, That the whole
procefs of feparating the grain from the ftravv,
fhall be rendered fo plain and eafy, that a common
labourer may be trufted with the full management
of it. Thirdly, That the conftru&ion fhall be
fuch as may be contained, and conveniently work-
ed within a common barn, with the addition only
of a fmall hovel againft one fide of it.

3. A trial of one of thefe machines is intended
to be at Belford aforefaid, before all, or as many
of the fubferibers as can attend, within one month
after fifty fubferiptions are completed, of which
particular notice will be given.

4. If at this trial it is fully proved, that the
machine anfwers the conditions before mentioned,
and fecurity is given, that each fubferiber fnall in
his turn (according to the method the fubferibers
appoint for diftributing them) have a machine de-
livered to him, or order, at Belford, every way as
good as the trial machine ; each of the fubferibers
fhall then pay the fum of 5/. in part of 42/. the
full confideration- money for one complete ma-
chine. The remainder of the laid fum of 42 L
to be paid at the delivery of each machine, by
the perfon that receives it.

N.B. The

t 48 )

N. B. The inventor having been informed*
fmce propofals for making the above-mentioned
machines have been delivered, that many people,
whof- concerns in the farming-way are fmall, are
very - '-"tous of having machines, for the above
purpt ~.j, of fmaller dimenfions and price : He,
therefore, to fuit them, and others, who rather in-
cline to have fmall machines, has, upon the fame
principles, conftructed a machine with which two
men, without any other afiiftance, with eafe,
may in ten hours fairly threfh as much corn as is
ufually eftimated the work of four men for that
time, in the common way of two threfhing to-
gether : And intends to make thefe fmaller ma-
chines by fubfcription, exactly on the fame condi-
tions with the large machines, except that the
price of them is only to be 22/. each, and the
part of that fum, which is to be advanced at the
trial of the machine (which will be at the fame
time the large machine is tried) is only to be 3 /.
The fmall machines, without difengaging any of
their parts, may be tranfported from one place to
another •, and will probably laft as long as the
large machines, .and may be kept in repair at a
proportionable expence.

All Gentlemen, &c. who intend to encourage
this defign, by fubicribing, and have not an oppor-
tunity of meeting with the inventor, are defired to
acknowledge it by letter (fignifying at the fame
time which of the machines they chufe) directed
to him at Belford.

Mr. Clarke s method of cultivating tur-
neps, is peculiar : He fows them broad call;*
and cuts them with a horfe-hoe> without a
mold board, into rows, fourteen inches

afunder.

I 49 ]

afunder, then with hand-hoes he fets them
out into fquares of fourteen inches, and after
that, with a double mold board plough,
earths them up, and finds the crop much
better than in the common method, and the
land left in finer order.

An experiment he tried of the effect of
electricity on vegetation, deferves attention ;
he planted two turneps in two boxes, each
containing 24/^. of earth : He kept them in
the fame expofure, and all circumftances the
fame to each, fave that one was electrified
twice a day, for two months, at the end of
which time it was in full growth, the fkin
burfting, and weighed 9 lb. The other, at
the end of four months, did not quite reach
that weight: A ftrong proof that the electric
fire had a remarkable power in promoting
and quickening the vegetation.

An excellent invention, in the mechanical
way, by this ingenious hufbandman, is that
of a turnep dicer ;

Description of a Machine to Slice
Turneps, for feeding Neat Cattle, &c.

PLATE I.

Figure 1 . is the perfpective of the whole ma-
chine, which is about four feet fix inches high,
two feet fix inches long, and two feet wide outfide
meafure ; it is made of common deal, three quar-
ters of an inch thick, and its four pofts are of oak,
about four inches fquare ; the feet, handles, Aiding
frame, crofs bars, &c. are alfo of oak : The whole

Vol, HI. E machine

[ s° ]

machine can be afforded complete for two pounds
two millings, which will, with two men, flice three
tons of turneps, into flices of three quarters of an
inch thick, in one hour. It is alio portable, and
may, by the two men who work it, be moved
from one houfe or field to another, borne by two
handles like a fedan chair. A. A. the hopper, or
trunk of the machine, which is angular within,
fuited to the angle the knife, when placed in its
frame, fig. 2. d. A. d. makes with the fides there-
of. B. B. B. B. the frame which Aides to and fro
upon two rollers, D. D. which greatly abate the
friction. E. E. two ftrong leather ftrops, which
(top the Aider at each end alternately ; one end of
each of thofe ftrops is fattened to the crofs bars,
F. F. and the other ends to the rounds, B. B. B. B.
fig. 2. in the notches, C. C. with a buckle, and
may be taken up or let out occafionally. C. C. in
fig. 1. are the two handles for carrying it by from
place to place. G.G. feet morticed upon the four
pofts, which fecure it from falling. H. H. Two
crofs bars between thofe feet. Fig. 3. the knife,
with two edges, which being turned with its claws,
b. b. &c. at right angles to its own plane, is put
into the mortices, d. d. In fig. 2. the fcrew-pins,
with the hand nuts, C. C. tighten it in the frame ;
and fig. 4. which reprefents a collar of iron, about
a quarter of an inch thick, of which there are
about eight in number for the two claws ; their
ufes are to put between the Aioulders of the knife,
and the upper fides of the frame, and are put in
numb -r, as the edge of the knife is required to be
railed .'bove the floor of the Aider, in order to fize
the A :e, i. e. they are put on the upper fide of the
frarrn. to make the Aice thick, and removed from
that fide, and put between the hand-nuts and un-

derfides

t Si ]

tlerfides of the frame, when the flice is to be thin-
ner, in proportion thereto. The flice is cut exactly
as a carpenter's inftrUment, called a fpook-fhave,
&c. takes its fhaving, only the turnep-knife cuts
both backwards and forwards. There is alfo a
contrivance for cleaning the eye of the frame, A.
fig. 2. when the knife is placed upon it, viz. when
the Aider is pulled, &c. as much to one end as the
itrop will admit, there is a piece of hard wood,
nailed upon a crofs bar, at I. fig. i. which pro-
jects about an inch towards the infide of the ma-
chine, and is fo thin as to ram in below the edge
of the knife, whatever flice it is fet to form, for it
is not fo thick as the leaf jlice the inflrument can
make, viz. half an inch, and thereby clears the eye ;
at each end there is the fame contrivance, which
effectually prevents any interruption in the cutting.
The way to ufe the machine is very eafy and na-
tural j for as foon as the hopper is filled at ran-
dom, by throwing up a bafket full at a time, two
men fet themfelves down on (tools, &c. placed
conveniently, and pur out their feet again {I the
pofts of the machine, then take the rounds in their
hands, about the places marked B. B, B. B. in fig.
2. and fo pull the frame backwards and forwards
as aboveiuid ; and, from their pofition of body,
they have great power, the extenfors of the legs,
thighs, back, and arms, being mutually employed
in the fame advantageous manner as in rowing a
boat, 8re. The knife, at every pufh, &c. partes
quite through the hopper into a cavity in the end,
where no turneps can enter, becaufe it is not above
two inches high, and exactly as wide as the knife
is broad ; indeed, if the turnep is fo fmall as to go
into -thefe dimenfions, it will be driven in un-
doubtedly; but will be fliced by the knife as nicely

E ?. as

[ 52 ]

as if four times as large. The intention of thefe
cavities, of which there are one at each end of the
hopper, are to let the knife pafs into them, as
abovefaid, in order to let the turneps, which are
in the hopper, fall flat upon the floor of the Aider,
and then the edge of the knife, which is next to
them, as foon as it emerges out of the cavity, bites
the turneps, and takes a dice of any thicknefs,
from half an inch to one inch three quarters at
pleafure, the whole width and length of the hop-
per at one ftroke, and the fame in its return. In
mort, this machine makes great difpatch, does
the bufmefs very neatly, and with an inconceivable
degree of eafe ; is very fimple, and not at all lia-
ble to be out of order, otherwife than what the
grinding- (lone can readily rectify. And although
fome people have undertaken to fl-ew, that turneps
need no dicing, it muft be acknowledged, that,
where fo great difpatch can be made, this, or any
other inftrument which does the bufmefs as well,
and comes at fo low a price, will make a profita-
ble return to the occupier, in as much as, by its
means, the rifque of choaking is entirely fuper-
feded, wade prevented, and cattle, which have not
been accuftomed to eat turneps, entered immedi-
ately to feed upon that valuable efculent ; and alfo
makes the feeding of thofe cattle, which even
take to eating turneps unfliced, lefs difficult, and
they feed with greater expedition, becaufe when
the turneps are properly diced, an ox, &c. will
MM himfelf in half the time it will take him to do
it when he has the turneps to break with his
mouth, which is fo painful an operation, as often
to make the mouth bleed, fwell, &c. which deters
them from eating until they are near flarving.

At

7,V. /// PI./. />,/,/ .,,

r

[ 53 ]

At Warerii near Belford, have been ibme
improvements of moor land, which deferve
mention. The foil is a black, rotten, boggy,
peat earth, letts at is. bd. an acre. They
plow it up in October, and let it lie all the
fucceeding fummer without touching, and
likewife the winter, when they lime it : Of
this manure they reckon too much cannot
be laid on ; generally ten or twelve fother,
at twenty-four bufhels each, which cofis
3 s. 6 d. a fother, befides leading, which is
6d. Some few from twenty to thirty. After
this liming they crofs plow it, and harrow it
three or four times ; then fow turneps,
which, if well fown, want, according to
their notions, no hoeing. They are worth,
upon a medium, about 50 s. per acre. After
thefe turneps they plow once and fow oats,
four bufhels to the acre, and gain a crop of
about twenty-eight or thirty. This crop is
fucceeded by a fecond of oats, managed as
before, and the produce much the fame :
After this comes a third, as before ; but it
feldom yields above twenty bufhels per acre.
After this, they fallow and lime it, and fow
turneps, which are not worth above 25J. an
acre. Next come oats, of which they do
not get above fixteen bufhels ; they Jbw*
fome ray grafs, and a few other feeds, which
may make the field worth 5 or 6 s. an acre,
for five or fix years : They ufe it for cows

E 3 and

[ 54 ]

and lheep. A worfe fyftem cannot well be
conceived,

But what inexhauftible funds of fertility
tnuft this black foil be poffeffed of, to bear
fuch execrable treatment, and yet turn out
a pad u re worth a farthing an acre : Forcing
the land with fo much lime, cropping it
with perpetual exhauiling ones, and then
leaving it in fo flovenly a manner, all prove
that this neglected moory foil is, in reality,
the rieheft in the world,

At Hctton, a few miles weft of Bel for dx
the hufbandry varies much. The foils are
light loams, and rotten, black, moory land ;
let from is. 6d. to 15^. an acre; average,
about 6s. 6d. Farms rife-from ico to 700/.
a year, but are, in general, from 2 to 300 /,
Their courfes are,

1. Turneps And, 1. Fallow

2. Barley 2. Wheat

3. Clover 3. Peaie

4. Oats. 4. Wheat.
They plow fix times for wheat, fow two,

bufhels in October, and do not reap, in re-
turn, above ten, upon an average. For bar-
ley, they plow once or twice, fow three
bulhels in April, and gain, in return, about
twenty-four. For oats, but one plowing,
fow fix bulhels before barley, and reckon
the medium crop at thirty. For beans, (of
which they fow but few,) they plow but
once, fow three bufhels and an half, broad-

calt,

[ 55 ]
cafl, never hoe them, and gain about eigh-
teen -, ufe them for horfes. For peafe, alio,
one plowing, fow four bufhels, and gain fif-
teen. They give four earths for turneps, hoe
them twice 5 the medium value per acre, $cs.
they ufe them for fheep only.

Clover they fow with barley ; both mow
and feed it : If the former, they get about a
ton and an half^r acre.

As to the management of their manure,
they flack their hay, in general, in the farm
yard, except what is uied for fheep ; but
know nothing of chopping flubbles for lit-
tering the farm yards. They lime a great
deal; lay fix cart loads on an acre, or one
hundred and twenty bufhels, which coils 3^.
€}d. per load, befides the leading. In the
burning of lime, one load of coal burns two
of lime. — They never fold their fheep.

Good grafs land letts at 20 s. an acre.
They ufe it chiefly for fatting beafts, one
acre and an half will fat one offeventy or
eighty flone ; and an acre feed four fheep.
They very feldom manure it.

Their breed of cattle is the fhort horned,
both for fatting and milking. The producl"
of a cow they reckon at 4/. jrs. a good one
will give five gallons of milk per day : They
feed them in winter upon both hay and
ftraw ; of the firft of which a cow eats from
one and an half to two tons, 2nd always
feed in a houfe. Of fwine they generally

E 4 keep

[ 56 ]

keep one to two cows. Their calves do not
luck at all, but are brought up by hand ;
three mouths for rearing, and fix weeks for
the butcher. A dairy maid will take care
of twelve cows. The fummer joift is 35 j,
and the winter's the fame.

The profit of fatting an ox of feventy ftone
they reckon 50 s.

Swine they fat from ten to twenty-four
ftone.

Their flocks of fheep rife from three hun-
dred to two thoufand, and reckon the profit
of all forts, one with another, at 5 s. per fheep
per annum. They keep them in winter and
fpring upon their fheep walks and turneps ;
of the latter they keep fome to the end of
April. The average weight of fleeces 7 lb.
and value 7 d. per lb.

Tbeyconftantly falve all fheep in October,
with tar and butter; two gallons of tar and
a firkin of butter, melted together, will do
one hundred and twenty. They reckon this
method keeps them free from the fcab,
warm in the bad weather, and alfo makes
the wool grow.

In their tillage they reckon twenty horfes
and as many oxen neceffary for the manage-
ment of five hundred acres of arable land ;
they ufe in a plough two horfes and two
oxen, but in fome lands only two horfes,
which do an acre a day in fummer, but only
three roods in winter : They allow their

borfea

[ 57 ]

horfes two bufhels of oats a week per liorfe,
and reckon the annual expence per horfe at
61. 6 s. The winter food of their oxen is
ftraw and fome coarfe hay ; and they calcu-
late the whole annual expence at lefs than
50 s. but horfes are the bed, though not in
proportion to the expence. The time of
breaking up the ftubbles for a fallow is
the beginning of March-, and the price per
acre of plowing 5 j-. They cut from five
inches deep to ten in light loams. They
know nothing of cutting ftraw into chaff.
The hire of a cart and three horfes is y s.
a day.

In the hiring and flocking farms they
reckon for the taking one of 500/. a year,
that from 1500 to 2000/. is necefTary.

Land fells at thirty years purchafe. There
are many freeholds from 50 to 300 /. a
year.

Much land in this neighbourhood tythe
free.

Poor rates in general low, from nothing
up to 2 s. in the pound. The poor women
and children in total idlenefs. They do not
drink tea, but fmoke tobacco unconfeion-
ably. The farmers carry their corn {even
miles.

The general ceconomy of the country
may be {een from the following particulars
of farms :

2500

[ 5

2500 acres in all
1250 arable
1250 grafs
£.650 rent

22 horfes

30 mares and foals

24 oxen
4 cows

40 fat beafts

40 young cattle
2coo iheep

1 man

2 maids

35 labourers
10 ploughs
7 carts.

Another,

2500 acres in all

1000 arable

1500 grafs
£.700 rent

15 horfes

16 oxen

7 mares and foals
1 2 cows
45 young cattle
2000 iheep

2 men

2 maids
20 labourers

5 ploughs

6 carts.

8 l

Another,
1 100 acres in all
800 arable
300 grafs
£.300 rent
20 horfes
8 oxen

5 mares and foals

6 cows

50 young cattle
1000 fheep

4 men
2 boys
2 maids

16 labourers
6 ploughs
6 carts.
Another,
1000 acres in all
500 arable
500 grafs
£.320 rent
14 horfes
1 2 oxen
8 mares and foals

5 cows

20 young cattle
ioco fheep
2 men
2 maids
8 labourers
4 ploughs
4 carts.

]

3 marcs and foals
6 cows

1 2 young cattle
700 iheep

1 man

2 maids
6 labourers
2 ploughs

2 carts.
Another,

240 acres in all

30 arable
2 1 o grafs

£- 75 ^nt

3 horfes

5 mares and colts

4 cows

6 fatting beads
400 fheep

1 man

2 maids

3 labourers
j plough
1 cart.

Their moor hufbandry is as follows : They
plow it up in OElober, four inches deep, and
let it fo remain till the OBober following,
then they plow it again, and iummer fallow
the land, and lime it, the quantity before
mentioned, and fow turneps ; the crops of
which are worth, upon an average, about
50 s. to 3 /. an acre upon dry land : After

thefe

L 59

Another,

700 acres in all
500 arable
200 grafs
£. 160 rent
1 2 horfes
12 oxen
6 mares and foals
6 cows
20 young cattle
500 iheep
3 men

1 boy

2 maids
10 labourers

3 ploughs
3 carts.

Another,

700 acres in all
100 arable
600 grafs
f. 200 rent
9 horfes
8 oxen

[ 60 J
thefe they fow oats, and get about forty
bufhels per acre, and with them fow down
ray grafs, three bufhels per acre ; after which
the land would lett for 4J. 6 d. per acre,
and will laft feven years. After this they
break it up again, and take two crops of oats
and tumeps, but not near fo good as at firft;
then they lay it down again. This procefs
is upon dry foils ; if they are wet, they do
not think them worth meddling with.

Mr. Jo/j/z Wilkie, of He t ton, one of the
mod: confiderable farmers in this countv,
has tried carrots with fuccefs j he fows them
the end of Mar. on a light loam, hoes
them twic< - the diftance of five inches
aiunr4 I hey grow to the iize of a man's
wr' , and twelve inches long ; all cattle are
very fond of them, particularly hogs. Mr.
Wilkie has found them extremely profitable.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 j-. 6d.

In hay time, 1 j. and ale.

In winter, 9 d.

Mowing grafs, 2 s.

Hoeing turneps, 4 s. 6 d.

New ditching, 1 /. id. a rood.

Thraming, the twenty-fifth.

Head man's wages, 10/.

Next ditto, 7 /.

Lad of ten or twelve years, 5 /.

Maids, 50 j.

Women

[ 6i ]

Women per day in harveft, i s.
In hay time, 6 d.
In winter, ^.d.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart, 7 /. 7 s.

A plough, 1 /. 8 s.

A harrow, 1 /. ir.

A roller, 5 /.

A fcythe, 3/.

A fpade, 3 s. 6 d.

The laying the mares and coulters, and
keeping the ploughs, &c. in order, alfo
the carts, and fhoeing the horfes, the
blackfmiths do for 20 s. a horfe, and the
iron : If iron is not found, 40 s.

PROVISIONS.

Bread — Barley and peafe.

Cheefe, 2d.

Butter, 5 d. 1 6 oz.

Beef, 3 d.

Mutton, z\d.

Veal, 2 d.

Pork, 3 d.

Milk, i d. a quart.

Potatoes, 1 j". 2 */. a bufhel.

Candles, 6 ^/.

Soap, 6 //.

Labourer's houfe rent, 10/.

— Firing, 1 5 s.

Tools all found.

BUILD-

[ 62 ]

BUILDING.

Bricks, i o s.

Tiles, 40 s.

Oak, is. 6 d.

Am, is.

Mafon per day, is. 6 d.

Carpenter, is. 6 d.

Thatch 1 J~. 6d.

Farm houfes of ftone.

From Be/ford to Berwick land letts upon
an average at 12s. an acre, farms from 100/.
to 500/. a year. Their wheat crops amount
to twenty-four bufhels per acre on a me-
dium ; barley thirty-fix, and oats as much.
Berwick has nothing more worthy notice
than its bridge over the "Tweed.

P R O V I S I

0

N Si

Bread, 10 oz. wheaten,

id.

Other ditto, 14 oz.

1

Butter, i%oz.

6

Mutton, -

2f

Beef, -

31

Milk, per pint,

1

— 2.

Potatoes, per bufhel,

2S.

Candles,

SI

Soap,

6

Labourers houfe-rent,

-

20s.

firing,

' 25/.

Labour as at Be/ford.

From

[ 63 ]

From Berwick to Woolkr land letts upon.
an average at 9 s. per acre ; farms from
200/. to 1000/. a year.

About Fenton, near Wooiier, the foil in
the vales is a fandy loam of two feet depth,
but upon the higher lands it is not more
than from three to fix inches deep. Letts
from 2 j. 6d. to izs. and fome to 20/. an
acre.

Farms from 100/. to 2000/. a year.

Their courfes are,

1. Turneps

2. Barley

3. Oats

And

3. Oats

4. Oats.

y

4. Peafe

5. Wheat.

>

1. Turneps

2. Barley

3. Peafe

1. Fallow

4. Wheat.

2. Rye

This is a very good courfe.

They ftir for wheat three or four times,
fow three bufliels in October, and reap upon
an average three quarters. For barley they
plow once, fow three bufliels and a half
about the middle of April ; and reckon the
mean produce at three quarters and a half.

For oats they plow but once, fow fix
bufliels before barley, and gain in return,
from four to fix quarters. Beans and peafe
they mix, and fow of them four bufhels on
one plowing, broad cart: ; never hoe them ;
the crop about twenty- five bufhels, For

peafe

[ 64 ]

peafe they give but one plowing, fow three
bufhels and an half, and get twenty in return.
For rye, after turneps, they plow but once,
after a fallow three or four times, fow two
bufhels, and get thirty. They ftir for tur-
neps three or four times, hoe once, in com-
mon, and fometimes twice; the average va-
lue per acre, 50 j. They ufe them chiefly
for feeding fheep.

Clover they fow with barley, and mow it
for hay, of which they get about two tons
per acre; and fow oats after.

In the management of their manure in
the farm-yard, they have only fuch as they
make from feeding their hay and ftraw, as
they ftack the former not in the fields, but
in the farm-yards. They know nothing of
chopping fhibbles. Of lime they lay from
three to eight loads, thirty bufhels each ; it
cofts 4 s. a load, befides the leading. They
never fold their fheep.

Good grafs land letts at 20 s. an acre;
they apply it chiefly to breeding. An acre
and a half will feed a cow, and one acre keep
four fheep: They never manure it. The
breed of their cattle is the fhort horned,
which they prefer to any other ; their oxen
are very large, and fat to one hundred and
fifty ftone. They reckon the product of a
cow at 3 /. They give about four gallons
of milk per day : They keep about two pigs
to a cow. The winter food of their cows,

ftraw

r 65 ]

ftraw and hay; of the latter of which they
generally eat about two tons each. The
winter joift is 25 j\ and the fummer, 3 ox.
They do not let their calves fuck at all, but
feed them by hand, from three to five weeks,
for the butcher, but half a year for rearing.
They keep their cows all winter in the houie.
Their flocks of fheep rife from five hun-
dred to ten thoufand ; and the profit of them
they calculate at 8 s. in the vales, and 3 /.
upon the hills. The winter and fpring food
are the commons; but they give fome hay
in very ftormy weather : The weight of the
fleeces from three to feven pounds in the
vales, and from two to four on the hills, and
from 6 d. to 9 d. price.

Very large flocks of ewes are milked
after the lambs are weaned, from fix to
ten weeks : They make the milk into butter
and cheefe, the amount of both which may
be about 2 s. a head : The butter is all
ufed in falving them; the cheefe fells fo
high as Af.d. a pound. The hinds wives
milk them. This is but a paltry affair.

In their tillage they reckon twenty horfes
and lixteen oxen necefifary for the manage-
ment of five hundred acres of arable land ;
their draught two horfes and two oxen,
which do an acre a day. Their allowance
of oats per day is half a peck, and they
reckon the annual expence of a horie at 5/.
The fummer join: of a horie is 251. The

Vol. III. F winter

t 66 ]

winter fodd of the draught oxen, ftraw and
hay, but never work on ftraw alone : They
prefer horfes fo much, that oxen are going
out of ufe by degrees* The time of break-
ing up their ftubbles is at Candlemas ; from
four to feven inches deep > the price of
ploughing from y. 6d. to 5*. And that of
a cart, three horfes, and driver, 4*.

They know nothing of cutting ftraw into
chaff. '

They calculate, that a man who hires a
farm of 500/. a year, mould have from
two to 3000/.

Land fells at thirty years purchafe : Very
few fmall eftates.

Tythes in general compounded.

It is not the cuftom for the farmers to
raife any thing, by way of rate, for the
maintenance of their poor, but each keeps
his own fhare : As to the expence, it fcarce-
ly amounts to a farthing in the pound. The
poor women and children have no employ-
ment. They are not tea - drinkers, but
fmoke tobacco immoderately.

The farmers carry their corn eight miles.

The ceconomy of their farms may be feen
from the following fketches.

6000 acres in all 80 oxen

2000 arable 30 cows

4000 grafs 200 young cattle

£•1050 rent 8000 (heep

100 horfes 12 men

6 boys

[

6 boys
6 maids
80 labourers
15 ploughs
20 carts.
Another,

5000 acres in all
1500 arable

* 35°°grars
jf. 1500 rent

80 horfes

60 oxen

30 cows

1 50 young cattle

3000 fheep

3 men

3 boys

4 maids
50 labourers
15 ploughs
20 carts.

Another,

2000 acres in all
500 arable
1560 grais
£. 700 rent
20 horfes

LAB

>

In harveft, is. 6d.
In hay-time, is. dd.
In winter, is.

67 3

20 oxen
20 cows
80 young cattle
2000 fheep

2 men

2 boys

2 maids
25 labourers

8 ploughs
10 carts.
Another,

1 000 acres in aU
400 arable
600 grafs
£.500 rent
20 horfes
16 oxen
8 cows
60 young cattl«
Soo fheep

3 men
3 boys
2 maids

16 labourers
i waggon

7 carts

8 ploughs*

O U R.

F2

Mow-

[ 68 ]

Mowing grafs, i s. \d. to is. 6t!>

Hoeing turneps, 3 s. to 6 j-.

Thraming, the 25th part.

Head man's wages, 8 /.

Next ditto, 6 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Maids, 50 s. to 3 /.

Women per day, in harveft, 8 d. to 1 s.

In hay time, 4^.

In winter, 4 d.

But I mould here remark, that fome of
thefe prices refpecl: only the hands which
do not belong to the village ; for their own
labourers are not paid in money, but in what
is called here boll and jlent : That is, the
farmer pays as follows. He keeps the man
two cows ; allows him fixty-fix bufhels of
grain of all forts -, one ltone of wool, (24$.
to the ftone ;) leads his coals ; finds him a
houfe; half a rood of lancf for potatoes;
keeps him a hog ; and fows half a peck of
flax for him : The wife has 5/. for her hay
and harveft ; and a boy, when of twelve
years of age, thirty bulliels of corn.

IMPLEMENTS.

A waggon, 18/.

A cart, 7 /.

A plow, 1 7. 2 s.

A harrow, 1 8 s.

A roller, 3 /.

A fcythe, 2 s. 6 d.

A fpade,

[ 69 }

A fpade, 3 s. 6 d.
Laying a fhare, 4 d.
— — a coulter, 4 d.
Shoeing, is. 4 </.

PROVISIONS.

Bread — peafe and barley.

Cheefe, - - - - 2 1 a.

Butter, 1 6 oz. - - - 5

Beef, 3

Mutton, 3

Veal, 2

Pork, 3

Milk, three pints, - f

Potatoes, per peck, - "3

Candles, per lb. - - - 6 f

Soap, - - - 6 \

Labourers houfe-rent, 9 s. to 1 2 s,

— firing, 20 j.

■ — tools found by the farmer.

BUILDING.

Bricks, 12 s. 6 d. and very bad.

Tiles, 45 s.

Oak timber, 2 j. /<?r foot.

Alii, 1 s.

A mafon per day, n, 6 </.

A carpenter, ditto.

Farm-houfes of ftone and tile.

In the townmip of Fenton are
1600 acres

F 3 2 farms

[ 7° ]

2 farms
loco acres fheep-walk

30 labourers

34 horfes

30 oxen

46 cows
1 150 Iheep.
From Woollcr I turned afide to go up Che-
viot Hill, whofe towering head invited me
to the profpec~t, which I could not but fup-
pofe he muft command. The height of this
mountain is prodigiously great, and the view
from it on all fides moil extenfive. I faw
Gate/head Fell, near Newcaftle, at the dif-
tance of fifty-five miles, and feveral objects
in Scotland, beyond Edinburgh, as I was told.
Between Wooller and Rothbury, and alfo
between Alnwick and Rothbury, are vail
tracks of mountainous moors: Indeed, all the
latter fifteen miles are absolutely uncultivat-
ed, except half a mile of inclofed valley a-
bout half way : The ling in vafi tracks,
high, thick, and luxuriant, and the foil a
fine light loam : In fome places black, but
every where deep. I do not conceive that
there is an acre of it, but what might
be made, at a fmall expence, worth' 8 or
10;. for ever. What a field for improve-
ment! What a noble fource of riches and
population ! How much is it to be regret-
ted, that fuch extenfive tracks of land fhoufd
remain in fuch a defolate condition, whilfl

the

t 71 ]

the products of the earth fell at a beneficial
price ; and while we hear fuch clamours
among the people for want of a greater
plenty of food.

About Rothbury the foil is both gravel,
clay, fand, and moory ; the inclofures lett at
20s. an acre; the moors at is, and after-
wards at 2S. ®d. and more.

Farms rife from 50/. to 150/. a year.

The courfes ;

1. Fallow 3. Barley

2. Wheat 4. Oats.

3. Barley Alfo,

4. Oats. 1. Turneps
And, 2. Barley

1. Turneps, fed 3. Oafs

off for 4. Oats.

2. Wheat

For wheat after turneps they plow but
twice; after fallow three or four times; fow
two bufhels an acre in OBober and Novem-
ber, and reap from fixteen to twenty. For
barley they ftir twice, fow three buihels the
end of April, or the beginning of May, and
reckon the average produce twenty-four
buihels. They plow but once for oats, fow
fix bufliels, before barley, and gain in return
from forty to fixty. For peafe they give
but one plowing, fow two buihels, before
barley, and get, upon an average, about tea
bufhels. They ftir three or four times for
fye, fow two bufliels, and reap twenty.

F4 For

[ 72 ]

For turneps they plow thrice, hoe them
twice, and reckon the mean value per acre
at 3 /. ufe them for (beep and befits. Pota-
toes they prepare for by both plowing and
digging ; if the former, they ftir three times,
and manure the land well : They lay the
ilices in the furrows, and hand-hoe them as
the weeds rife, once or twice : They get
eighty bufhels off an acre, and reckon the
crop very profitable : Wheat or barley after
them.

Their chief manure is liming ; they lay
five load per acre, at twenty-four bufhels /><?>-
load, and generally on the fallow for turneps
or wheat. Their hay they itack at home.
Though improvers of moors, yet they know
little of the paring and burning hufbandry.

Good grafs will lett for a guinea an acre :
They ufe it more for fatting beads than for
feeding cows : One acre of good grafs will
carry a cow through the fummer, or four
fheep. Th.3 breed of cattle is the fhort horns,
of which they feed oxen from fixty to one
hundred and twenty itone.

They reckon the produ6t of a cow at 4/.
10 j. or 5/. and expedt. two firkins and an
half of butter from each upon an average.
A good one will give fix or (txtn gallons of
milk per day : One kept by Mr. Whittam>
when lie lived near Rothbury, gave, in com-
mon, twenty-four gallons a-day : A Fact I
much doubted, until the perfon who gave

me

[ 73 ]

me the Intelligence called in two or three
others to vouch for the truth of it. They
keep about two pigs to five or fix cows.
The winter food is hay and ftraw, of the
former about half an acre. The calves
never fuck at all, but are brought up by
hand; for the butcher three weeks, and for
rearing three months.

Their flocks of fheep rife from forty with-
out right of commonage, to four thoufand
with ; and they reckon the profit at 7 s. a-
head ; their common winter food is on the
moors, but in deep fnows they give them
hay. Their fleeces run from 3 to 6 lb.

In their tillage they calculate four horfes
and four oxen neceffary for the culture of
an hundred acres of arable land. Thev ufe
two horfes and two oxen in a plough, fome- ,
times only two horfes, and do from half to
three quarters of an acre a-day. They allow
their horfes three gallons of oats per week ;
and reckon the annual expence per horfe
at 6/. Their draught oxen they feed on
ftraw and hay in the winter. Horfes they
expect will do more than oxen, but the latter
are much the cheapen1:.

They break up their flubbles for a fallow
in May. The price of plowing is 3/. bd.
an acre, and the depth five inches. The hire
of a cart for carrying coals is 5 s. a day, for
working in the roads 3/.

In

[ 74 ]

In the hiring and flocking of farms, they
reckon that 350/. is neceflfary to ftock one
of 1 00 /. a year.

Tythes are generally compounded for in
the total. Poor rates from is. to is. 10 d.
in the pound. The employment of the wo-
men and children is chiefly fpinning wool.

The farmers carry their corn feventeen
miles.

The general ceconomy of the country will
appear from the following particulars of
farms.

450 acres in all
250 arable
200 grafs
£. 180 rent
9 horfes
8 oxen
15 cows
20 young cattle Another
•<ooofheep

1 man

3 boys

4 maids

2 labourers.
Another,

200 acres in all
80 arable

10 cows
8 -young cattle
200 fheep
1 man
I boy
I maid
1 labourer.

120 grafs

£-7° rcnt

4 horfes

2 oxen

130 in acres in all
90 grafs
40 arable

£-3STent
5 cows

4 horfes

4 young cattle

100 iheep

1 boy

1 maid

1 labourer.

Another,

I 7S ]

Another, 4 cows

i oo acres in all 8 young cattlf

co grafs 50 £heep

50 arable 1 man

£.30 rent I boy

4 horfes 1 maid.
2 oxen

LABOUR.

|n harveft. is, 4*/. and is. 6d. and a dinner

In hay time, 1 s. dinner and beer.

In winter, 1 s.

Thrafhing, the 19th of all grain.

Head man's wages, 12/.

Next ditto, 8/.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Maids, 3 /. and 3 /. 1 o s.

Women per day in harveft, 10 d. and is,

and dinner.
In hay time, 6d. and dinner.

In winter, 4 d»

1 ■. . . . -

PROVISIONS &to]

Bread — barley and peafe,
Cheefe, per lb. 2 ? d.
Butter, 5 d. 16 oz°
Beef, 4^
Mutton, 3 d-
Veal, '2d. and 2 i d.
Pork, ^\d.
Milk, a pint, t.
Potatoes, 1 j. twelve quarts.

Candles,

[ 76 ]

Candles, yd.

Soap, 7 d.

Labourers houfe rent, ios. to 20 s.

— firing, 20 j.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart, 5 /.

A plough, ijs.

A harrow, ioj.

A fcythe, is. Sd.

A fpade, ^s. 6d.

Laying a fhare and coulter, 8 d.

Shoeing, is. \d.

BUILDING.

Oak timber, is. 8 d. per foot.

Am, is. 6 d.

Elm, 1 s. 6 d.

A mafon, per day, is. 6d.

A carpenter, is. 6 d.

Farm houfes of ftone.

From Rothbury I took the road to Wol-
tington ; the foil various, much uncultivated,
though not fo defert a track as the laft. A
few miles before Camboy there is a very fine
new-made lake of Sir Walter Blackefs, fur-
rounded by young plantations, which is a
noble water; the bends and curves of the
bank are bold and natural, and when the
trees get up, the whole fpot will be re-
markably beautiful.

About

[ 77 ]

About Cam'bo the foil is chiefly clay and
moory land, letts from 10 s. to 20 s. an acre.
Farms from 30/. to 100/. a year. Their
courfes are,

1. Fallow 3. Oats

2. Barley 4. Oats.

3. Oats Alfo,

4. Oats. 1 . Fallow
And, 2. Rye

fi. Fallow 3. Oats.

2. Wheat
But not often three crops to a fallow, upon
the whole.

They plow four times for wheat, fow
three bufhels in Oftober and the beginning of
November, and reap about twenty-four.

For barley, they ftir four times, fow from
four to five bufhels in April, and reckon
the average produce at thirty-five.

They ftir but once for oats, fow feven
bufhels after barley fowing, and get upon a
medium about fifty bufhels.

For rye they plow four times, fow three
bufhels and an half (a vaft quantity) and
reap upon a medium eighteen bufhels.

They give four earths for turneps, hoe
them but once; and reckon the average
value at 3 /. per acre: Ufe them for fheep,
beafts, and cows.

Lime is their principal manure, lay a fo-
ther or ton per acre, that is, twenty-four

bufhels,

[ 73 ]

bufhels, on fallow; the cofl is. 6d. Their
hay they flack at home.

Good grafs land letts at from 20 /. to 25 s'.
an acre; they apply it chiefly to the dairy;
an acre and half they calculate as a cow's
fummer's feed. Their breed of cattle is
middling, between the long and fhort
horned : Their oxen they fat up from fifty ta
one hundred ftone, but generally fixty.

They value the product of a cow at 4/.-
10/. or 5/. feed them in winter on hay and
ftraw; of the former of which they eat
about an acre and half, and always in a
houfe. They keep three or four fwine to
Sen cows. Their calves fuck fome three
weeks or a month, and fome not at all.

Their fwine they fat from twenty to thirty
flone.

About Cambo they keep no fheep, upon5
account of the white-thorn hedges in their
new inclofures ; but within a mile or two
from an hundred to a thoufand ; the profit
they reckon at 8 s. per fheep : Keep ther^
both winter and fpring on the commons.

They calculate that fix horfes and fix
oxen are requifite for the culture of a hun-
dred acres of arable. They ufe three horfes
in a plough, or two horfes and two oxen,
and do three roods a day. Their allowance
of oats is two bufhels of cats per horfe per
week; and reckon the annual expence at
6/. 10 j. The time of breaking up their

ftubbles

[ 79 ]

bubbles for a fallow is in March or April.
The price of plowing 3 /. an acre, and the
depth five inches. The hire of a cart, three
horfes, and a driver, is 3 s. a day.

They reckon that a man mould be worth
300/. who hires a farm of 100/. a year.
Tythes are taken in kind.
Poor rates bd. in the pound; their em-
ployment knitting and fpinning.

Twenty-one miles is the diflance the
farmers carry their corn.

The following fketches of farms will (hew
the general ceconomy of the country.
200 acres in all 20 cows

150 arable 20 young cattle

50 grafs 2 men

£. 100 rent 2 boys

8 horfes 2 maids

8 oxen 3 labourers.

12 cows Another,

20 young cattle 90 acres in all

1 man 40 arable

2 boys 50 grafs

1 maid £. 50 rent

2 labourers, 4 horfes
Another, 2 oxen

300 acres in all 5 cows

1 50 arable 6 young cattle

150 grafs 1 boy

j£. 140 rent j maid

10 horfes 1 labourer*

8 oxen

LA-

f 80 ]

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s. and board.

In hay-time, ditto.

In winter, Sd. and iod. and ditto.

Head man's wages, 12/.

Next ditto, 8 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Maids, 3 /. to 5 /.

Women per day, in harveft, 1 s. and dinner.

In hay-time, 8 d. and ditto.

In winter, 6 d.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart, 7/. 10 J.

A plough, 20 j.

A harrow, 1 2 s.

A fcythe, 2 s. 6d. to 41.

A fpade, 2 s- ^d.

Laying a (hare and coulter, q.d. and iron.

Shoeing, 6 d. and iron.

PROVISIONS, &t.

Bread — rye, maflin, and barley.

Cheefe, 2d.

Butter, 6 | d. twenty-one ounces.

Beef, 3 d.

Mutton, 3 d.

Milk, I d. three pints.

Potatoes, \s.6d. a bumcl.

La-

[ 8i ]

Labourers houfe-rent, from 5 s. to 1 5 s,
firincr, 16 s.

•;:-

The roads through Sir Walter Blackett's
efbte, which is of very great extent, are
excellent ; a piece of magnificence which
cannot be too much praifed. The country
is all newly inclofed, and Sir Walters hedges
remarkably good; he feems very attentive
to raife fine fences, for the white thorns are
very regular, luxuriant, and kept perfectly
clean from weeds. From Wallington to
Choleford Bridge land letts from ioj. to 20;.
an acre; farms from 100/. to 400/. a year.

From the latter place to Glenwelt, the
country is all moor, but of an excellent

* IVallington^ the feat of Sir Walter Blackett, is
a large handfome houfe, which appears, from the
difpoficion of the apartments, to be very conve-
nient. We were (hewn firft into fome common
keeping ones, a library, dining parlour, &c. in
which I remarked a piece of dead game, by Hu-
bener, that was well done •, and another of dancing
dogs, grotefque enough. In the dining-room,
of forty by twenty-one, the chimney-piece
of white marble is handfome ; the cieling of
ftucco work in fcrolls, very light and pretty.
Here i« alio another piece of dead game by Ilu-
bener, fome of it well executed ; and at the other
end of the room the portrait of a hat and ruffles.
Likewife a needlework fcreen of tent ftitch, very
elegant.

The faloon, forty by twenty-two, and a good
height-, a mod elegantly proportioned room.

Vol, III. G Hie

[ 82 ]

foil: And, what is aftonifhing, vaft tracks
of level "o alley, not gills, as they are called
in the North ; that is, narrow reparations
between the mountains, without level
ground : And thefe breadths of flat foil are
of an extraordinary depth and richnefs,
and evidently want nothing but inclofing
and draining to be made at once worth "^os.
an acre ; nor are thefe low lands of any
trifling extent, but amount in quantity to
fame thoulands of acres. It is amazing,
that in a country, in which a free exporta-
tion of corn was allowed for fo many years,
fuch tracks of land mould remain in fo de-
fert a ftate. What infatuation in the fupe-
rior fort of cultivators, to pay fo high for
land, in fo many parts of the kingdom,

The deling and the whole very neatly worked in
ftucco : The former coved, the center an oblong
of mofaics ; and the cove, fcrolls and feftoons.
The chimney-piece handfome, of ftatuary marble
polifhed •, in the center, boys gathering grapes, in
relievo. The furniture of this room is very ele-
gant. There are two flabs of beautifully veined
marble, or composition ; and under them very
fine china jars. In one corner of the room is a
noble china ciftern. The two girandoles of gilt
carving, for feveral candles, are exceedingly light
and elegant •, and the china jars on the chimney-
piece, fine.

The drawing-room, thirty-four by twenty-two,
hung with filk and worried crimfon damafk.
The cieling ornamented in (tucco, with light
fcrolls, lurrounding a center of boys emptying a
Cornucopia. The chimney-piece of polifhed white

marble,

to 50 /.
I.

a year.
Fallow

2.

Wheat

3-

4-

Barley
Oats.

And,

1.

Fallow

2.

Barley

[ 83 ]

while iuch fertile waftrs remain uncultiva-
ted. Great part of this country is a green
fward, or what in Tarkjhire is called White
Land.

About Glenwelt the foil is chiefly of three
forts, fand, gravel, and clay ; letts from $s.
to 20/0 an acre; and farms rife from 10 A
Their courfes are,

3. Wheat

4. Oats*
Alfo,

1. Turneps

2. Barley

3. Oats.

marble, with feftoons of grapes, &c. Over it a
landfcape, architecture, and trees, in a light, glow-
ing, brilliant (tile •, extremely pleafing, though
not perfectly natural. Slabs very elegant, the
gla-ffes large, and the frames of both very neatly
carved and gilt.

A drefiing-room, twenty-one fquare ; and a
bed-chamber, twenty-two by twenty-one.

The new kitchen gardens are excellently difpof-
ed, kept in admirable garden hufbandry, and the
conveniency of water very great. The gardeners
houfe is pleafantly fituated on the banks of the
river •, and, from feveral very neat bow window
rooms, an agreeable view of three water-falls in
the river.

It will not here be impertinent to add, that Sir
Walter Blacketfs is the only place I have viewed,
as a (tranger, where no fees were taken.

G 2 They

[ 84 ]

They plow four or five times for wheat*
fow three bufhels either in September, Octo-
ber, or November -, and reap at an average
thirty bufhels. For barley they ftir two or
three times, fow three bufhels about the
end of April, or the beginning of May, and
get at a medium four quarters. They give
but one ploughing for oats, fow fix bufhels
before barley fowing, and get ninety bufhels
at a medium. For beans they plow but
once after barley, fow five or fix bufhels be-
fore oats, never hoe, and get on good land
fo high as feventy bufhels : They ufe them
for horfes, and fome the poor grind for
bread. They give but one ftirring for peafe,
fow five bufhels about the time of beans -,
and as to crop, fometimes they get thirty
bufhels, and at others not the feed.

They fow but little rye — the culture is, to
plow four times, fow two bufhels and a half,
and the crop does not, upon an average, ex-
ceed thirty-five bufhels.

Turneps are not much cultivated ; but
they plow five times for them, hoe them
once, the average value per acre, 50J. and
ufe them for oxen and fheep.

Clover they fow with barley; generally
mow it twice for hay, get two tons and a
quarter, and low wheat after it.

For potatoes they plow four times, dung
the land at the rate of twelve loads of long
horfe-dung, laying it in the furrows, and

the

[ 85 ]

the dices on it; twenty bufhels plant an acre
in rows, one foot afunder every way : They
hoe them twice, and reckon the crop in
general from two hundred to two hundred
and forty bufhels. They fow wheat or bar-
ley after them ; but the land is in excellent
order for any thing.

Lime is their principal manure ; they lay
about a hundred bufhels per acre upon every
fallow, which coft about 20 s. They have
fome little paring and burning. No folding
of flieep. They flack their hay both in the
field and at home. No chopping of ftub-
bles.

Good grafs letts at 2ol They ufe it
both for fatting and milking, and reckon
that an acre will carry a cow through fum-
mer, or five fheep ; but they are tolerably
careful in manuring it.

Their breed of cattle is between the long
and fhort horns; the oxen fat to fifty ftone ;
and they reckon the product of a cow at 4 /.
they reckon that each makes three firkins
of butter, and gives four gallons of milk a
day; but nine gallons have been known,
They keep very few fwine to their cows,
fome none at all, others two, three, or four,
to twelve cows. Their winter food, hay and
flraw, of the firi! of which they generally
eat a ton. The calves do not flick at all to
rear, but for the butcher, a month or five
weeks. A dairy maid can take care often.
G 3 The

[ 86 ]

The winter joiit 30J. and the fummer the
fame. They keep them all winter in the
houie.

Their flocks rife from twenty to five hun^

dred, and they calculate the profit of them

at ;; a head. Their winter and Jpring

fed the commons alone; and the weight

their fleeces on an average not above 3/^.

The. . kon four ox^.' ind four horfes

■ic culture of one hundred acres

• o of each in a plough,

re a day : They allow each

■ 1 • I ftiels 01 w^ls a week ; a^d

.annual expence of keeping, &c.

1 o I The fummer joift is 3 /. The

. vood of their draught oxen is hay and

it. v, but they work them on itraw alone :

Ti-iey reckon oxen much the beff. on ftoney

and on un^evel ground; but en other land

horfes. The time of breaking up their

ftubbles for a fallow is at Candlemas, Their

depth of plowing four inches, and 6 s. the

hire per acre. That of a cart and horfes

3 j. 6 d.

They reckon 400 /. necetTary for the
(locking a farm of 100 /. a year.

Land fells at from thirty to forty years
purchafe. Many eftates from fmall rents to
100/. or 200/. a ) ear.

Poor rates is. 6 d. in the pound. The
employment fpinning and knitting. Very
few drink tea.

The

[ &7 ]

The farmers carry their corn nine miles.

The general ceconomy of the country
will partly appear from the following par-
ticulars.

130 acres in all
60 arable
£,60 rent
3 horfes
3 oxen
9 cows
20 young cattle

3 fatting beafts
100 fheep

1 man
1 boy
1 maid.
Another,

200 acres in all

80 arable
120 grafs
£.80 rent

4 horfes
4 oxen

L A B O U

In harveft, 8 d. and board.

In hay time, 6 d. and ditto*

In winter, ditto.

Thrafhing, the twentieth.

Head man's wages, 10/,

Next ditto, 6 /.

Boy often or twelve years, los

a 4

10 cows

22 young cattle

5 fatting beads
300 iheep

2 men

1 boy

2 maids.
Another,

80 acres in all
20 arable
60 grafs

£•35 rent

3 horfes

5 cows

2 young cattle
20 iheep
I boy
1 maid.

R

A dairy

[ 88 ]

A dairy maid, 5 /.

Other maids, 4 /.

Women per day in harveft, 8 d. and board.

In hay time, 6d. and ditto.

In winter, \d. and ditto.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A one horfe cart, 3 /. \os.

A plough, 25 s.

A harrow, 7 s. 6 d.

No rollers.

A fey the, 41. 6 d.

A fpade, 3 s.

Laying a fhare and coulter, 6d. and iron.

Shoeing, 2 j.

PROVISIONS.

Brea(i — Barley and peafe and beans, and

oatmeal.
Cheefe, 2d.
Butter, 16 oz. 6 d.
Beef, 3 d.
Mutton, 2[ d.
Veal, 2 ^/.
Pork, 3./.

Milk, i d. a pint, new.
Potatoes, fix gallons, 8 d.
Candles, 6 d.
Soap, 5 \ d.
Labourer's houfe rent, 10 s. to 20 s.

Firing, ioj.

BUILD-

[ 89 ]

BUILDING.

Oak timber, is. to 2 s. 6 d. per foot.

Am, ditto.

Elm, ditto.

A mafon per day, is. 6 d.

A carpenter, is. 6 d.

A thatcher, I j-. and board.

Stone walling, 4 j-. 6 d. a rood building, and
from 1 j. to 2 j. 6 d. cutting ; the com-
mon height feven quarters.

Some moor land is every year inclofed
and improved in this neighbourhood : Their
method is to plow it up in winter, to fallow
it the fucceeding fummer, and lay ninety or
a hundred bufhels of lime per acre j they fow
rye upon it, and get fifty or fixty bufhels
per acre : Then a fecond crop of rye, of
thirty-five or forty bufhels : Next oats, of
which they have fixty or feventy bufhels;
with this crop fome throw in a few grafs
feeds, but the moft common method is to
leave it to turf itfelf. They pay no rent of
fuch land for the firft feven years, but 1 o s.
an acre afterwards, for twenty-one years, or
any other time.

Some pare and burn, but the number
very few: They fow rye twice, and oats as
in the other method : The crops of corn are
better in the paring and burning, but they
reckon the fucceeding grafs not fo good.
They always inclofe before this improve-
ment, a? it is called. Much

[ 9° ]

Much of their moory foil is the black
rotten mo fly land j but fome of it white
land, which is very good. The boggy parts
they cut a few open drains through, to better
the herbage, by laying it a little dry, but
never attempt any other improvement. In
many of thefe moors the foil is very deep,
but in feme plac s (hallow, with the r ;
near the lurface.

From Gknwelt I walked about half a mile
to view fome of the remn mous

Roman wall : The mod perfe it

is on the edge of a °ky precipice,
about five feet high, and feve/al yard4- lo ;
the facing is of regularly cut free (tones, but
I meafured none of them above thirteen
inches long and feven bro^d ; the mortar in
the facing is quite gone, but much of it re-
mains in the middle ; very little of it is of
that hard nature found in fome ancient build-
ings, but crumbles with eafe between the
fingers. The ftones of the facing are cut re-
gularly and well laid; the workmanfhip un-
doubtedly very good. Not far from this wall
the remains of an earth intrenchment, thrown
up for the fame purpofe, are feen in a pa-
rallel line with it.

North from Glenwelt, about five miles on
the river Arden, is a natural curiofity, highly
worth viewing : It is a very fine rock of pe^
trified mofs. A dripping ftream falls over a
rock hung thick with mofs, which petrifies,

and

[ 9i 3

and is taken from the rock in that ftate : It is
foft at firft, but hardens upon being dry,
and remains in ftone in a moft beautiful
pierced form. The rock itfelf is extremely
beautiful, and hangs over your head in a
picturefque grotto ftile, quite romantic.

As I enter Cumberland to-morrow, you
muff permit me to conclude this letter with
a few remarks on the hufbandry in general
of the exteniive county of Northumberland.

The farms become large almoft. imme-
diately on entering it, after the fmall ones of
Torkjloire and Durham, and rife in many
parts of it to be as great as any in the king-
dom, if not the greater!: ; but they mufl be
divided into two claffes, thofe which coniift
pf cultivated lands, and others which are
chiefly moor farms.

The hufbandry of the firit is much fupe-
rior to that of the two preceding counties :
and that not only in one or two trifling arti-
cles, but in many very important ones. Ma-
nuring is carried on with greater fpirit; lime
is ufed in larger quantities ; and they under-
stand better the management of the farm-
yard manure. Hoeing of turneps is a preg-
nant inffance ; I found it coming into prac-
tice at Go/worthy and all hoed about Mor-
peth. The potatoe culture is carried oa
upon a much larger fcale : And, in fhort,
the whole management better, and more
fpirited.

With

[ 92 J

With the ether clafs, this is not the cafe :
The grand article of their agriculture is
the improvement of moors ; and a more
ilovenly hufoandry than theirs, in this
branch, can no where be found. The plow-
ing up waftes, without a previous inclofure,
and breaking up the decpeft foils, without
paring and burning : — the fowing two, three,
and even four crops of corn running, upon a
ploughing up, and liming ; — the leaving the
exhaulted foil to turf itfelf, in fome places,
and only Scattering a little ray graft in others ;
— the keeping eight and ten thoufand (beep,
and never folding : — All thefe are flrokes of
barbarifm, which tend to damp, and even
extinguish the fpirit of improvement, from
the infallible want of fuccefs, and to the
leaving a country, after what is here called
improvement, in as miferable and wafte a
ftate as before it was begun.

The occupiers of large farms, 'wrho are
confequently men of confiderable fubftance,
are, in moil parts of E?igland, the greatelt
of all improvers: Nature takes a r.ew face
under their hands; whole counties are con-
verted at once from defarts, into finely culti-
vated countries : But here we meet with no
improvements that ueferve the name; no-
thing Killing; three or four tolerable crops,
and then the land left as defolate as ever, in
the true fpirit of a little paltry farmer of 2c/.
a ycir. Unworthy thole who occupy a*

While

I 93 ]

While moors are thus improved, I do not
much wonder at feeing fo much wafte land
in Northumberland. But furely the landlords
are ffrangely remifs, in not introducing bet-
ter cuftoms ; letting no tracks without their
being inclofed, and retraining their tenants
from exhaufting the foil by continued crops ;
obliging them, at the fame time, to lay it
down to grafs, in a given manner: But this
muft be done by practifing fuch methods
themfelves, that the fuccefs may juftify the
propofal : If the farmers of the country are,
neverthelefs, backward in following fuch ex-
amples, men of large eftates can well afford
the importation of others, from counties
whole cultivators are more informed.

It is Very melancholy to ride through fuch
vaftly extenfive tracks of uncultivated good
land, as are found in every part of this coun-
ty : And it is equally unfortunate, that fo
many men of fubftance, in the farming wav,
mould tread perpetually in the beaten route,
and hire land, in fo many parts of England,
at an enormous rent, while fuch quantities
are to be had almoft for nothing. This is truly
the cultufque habititfque locqrum prtedtfcere.

Glenwelt. I remain yours, &c;

L E I1-

[ 94 ]

LETTER XVII.

"PROM Glenwelt to Brampton, I pafTed
-*• over fome moors of an excellent fandy
loam, and yet quite uncultivated. The in-
clofed lands are good, lettfrom 10 s. to 25-$".
per acre ; farms from 10/. to 100 /.

At Carlijle is a confiderable ftampery or
printed cottons, eftablifhed by fome manu-
facturers from Newcaflle -, the labourers in it
earn from is. to 3*. a day. Alfo a manu-
facture of checks, which employs many
looms ; the earnings from is. to is. 3 d.
a day *,

* Since the firft edition of thefe papers, I have
been requetted, in an anonymous letter, to infert
the following accounts,

Bownefs, below Carlifie, in Cumberland.

Bownefs, formerly called Bulnefs, which was the
ancient town Blatum, or Blalum Bulgium of the
Romans. It is feated on the Solway Frith ; and by
tracks of ftreets, and ruinous walls, do declare it
to have been of good account. Several Rowan
coins and inferiptions have been found •, and fome
years ago a fmall brazen figure was dug up,
which was thought to reprefent either a Mercury, or
a Victory. From being the principal town of a large
manor, containing feveral hamlets, it is now reduced
to a imall village-, but the mother church is ftill

here.

[ 95 ]

Three miles to the fouth of Carlijle, land
letts at about 15/. an acre at an average.
Farms from 20/. to 200/. a year. In as
many more, they are not fo large, from 30/.
to 120/. and rents from is. to 20 s. an acre.

About High Afcot the foil varies from a
light loam and gravel to a clay, letts from
10 j". to 20 J. an acre.

Farms from 10/. to 100/. a year.

Their courfes are,

1. Fallow And, 1. Turneps

2. Wheat 2. Barley

3. Oats 3. Clover for

4. Peafe. three years.

here. It has been obferved, that the Pifts Wall
begins at this place, h is now the feat of Thomas
Laivfon, Efq; who has greatly improved the vil-
lage, by new buildings, and by paving the ftreets.
In that gentleman's ground feveral curious ftones,
and Roman inferiptions, have been dug up, which
are now preferved by him.

Calder Abbey, near Egremont, a place cf great
antiquity.
Calder Abbey is fi mated on the river Calder.
This abbey was an abbey of Ciftercians, founded
A. D. 1 134, by Ranulph de Me/chines, Earl of
Cumberland, afterwards fecond Earl of Chejier,
and was endowed by him, and feveral other bene-
factors, with divers lands and pofTefllons, all which
were confirmed to the abbot and monks by king
Henry the Second. It has Hnce been the feat of
the family of P atrickfons ; and afterwards came,
by purchafe, to JohnTiffin, Gent, who bequeathed
it, by will, to his grandfon John Senhoufe, Eiq;
whofe feat it now is.

[ 9& ]

For wheat they plow three or four times,
low three bufhels, and reap about twenty.
For barley they plow twice, fow three
bufhels, and reckon the average produce the
fame as of wheat. They ftir but once for
oats, fow feven bufhels and an half, and gain
fifty in return. For peafe they likewife plow
but once, fow three bufhels, and gain, at a
medium, fifteen. They ftir twice or thrice
for rye, fow three bufhels generally in Fe-
bruary or March, (a very remarkable time,)
and reap twenty. They cultivate fome few
turneps; plow three or four times for them;
a few farmers hoe them : The medium va-
lue they reckon at 50 s. an acre; and ufe
them for cattle and fheep. Clover they fow
with barley or oats, generally mow it for
hay, and get about a ton at a mowing.

For potatoes they plow thrice, give the
land a good coat of dung ; chufe the dryeft
foils for them ; and lay the flices in every
other furrow, one foot from plant to plant.
On coming up they plow between the rows,
to deftroy the weeds; a practice one would
fuppofe fufficient to introduce a good turnep
culture univerfally ; for thofe who fee the
effects of this operation on potatoes might
furely extend the idea to turncps. They
get three hundred bufhels per acre, and fow
rye after them.

Good grafs letts at 20 s. an acre, they
apply it chiefly to dairying, and reckon that

an

[- 97 ]

an acre and an half will feed a cow through
the fummer ; and an acre carry four fheep :
Very few of them manure their grafs. Their
breed of cattle is the long horned, which
they account much the belt. Their beafts
they fatten to about forty (tone.

The product of a cow they reckon at 50 s.
or 3 /. that a middling one will give from
two to four gallons of milk a day, and make
from four to icvQn pounds of butter a week.
They have no notion of keeping hogs in
confequence of cows ; a dairy of twenty not
maintaining above one or two. The winter
food of their cows is ftraw or hay, a ton and
an half of which is the quantity they com-
monly fuppofe a cow to eat in the winter;
but if clover hay is ufed, one ton is enough.
The fummer joift is 25 s. and that of winter
30 j. and 35 s. They reckon ten cows the
bulinefs of a dairy maid.

Their flocks of fheep rife from twenty to
an hundred and twenty, and the profit they
reckon at 6s. ahead; lamb 51. and wool ij-.
They keep them the year round on the com-
mons : The average weight of fleeces \ib.

In the management of their arable lands
they reckon fix horfes neceffary for one hun-
dred acres of arable ; they ufe two in a plough,
and do an acre a day. The annual expence
of keeping horfes they reckon at 5/. 10s. or
6/. The joift in fummer 40J. in winter $os.
They break up their ftubbles for a fallow in

Vol. III. H February,

[ 93 ]

February ; plow fix inches deep : The price
of plowing ;j-. an acre; and of a cart and
horie, and driver is. or 3 s. a day. They
know nothing of cutting draw for chaff.

Three hundred pounds they reckon necef-
fary for a man to flock a farm of 1 00/. a year.

Tythes are generally gathered. Poor rates
6d. in the pound; the employment of the
women and children fpinning and knitting.

The farmers carry their corn nine miles.

The general ceconomy will appear from
the following fketches of farms.

100 acres in all
60 arable
40 grafs
£.70 rent
4 horfes

6 cows

1 fatting bead
10 young cattle
80 fheep

1 man

1 boy

1 maid.
Another,

140 acres in all
86 arable

54 grafs
£.95 rent

7 horfes
t 2 cows

2 fatting beads

22 young cattle
30 fheep

1 man

2 boys
1 maid

1 labourer.
Another,

125 acres in all
55 arable
70 grafs

£-7° rent
4 horfes

9 cows

26 young cattle

2 fatting beads
50 fheep

1 man
1 boy
1 maid
1 labourer.

Another,

t 99 J

Another>

50 acres in all
20 arable
30 grafs

£-35rent

3 cows

1 fatting beaft

2 young cattle
20 fheep

1 boy.

A neither,

80 acres in all
40 grafs
40 arable

£-7orcnt
5 cows

1 fatting bead
1 3 young cattle
30 fheep

1 man

1 maid

1 boy.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 4 s. a week, and board*

In hay time, 1 j-. a day, and board*

In winter, 8 d. and ditto.

Mowing grafs, 2 s. an acre.

Ditching, 3 id. to 8 d. a rood.

Head man's wages, 10/. to 12 A

Next ditto, 7/. to 7/. 7 s.

Boy often or twelve years, 25^

Dairy maids, 2 /. 1 o s. to 3 /.

Other ditto, 2 /. 5 s. to 2 /. 10 j.

Women in harveft, 4/. a week, and board.

In hay time, 8 d. and board a day.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart, (one horfe) 3 /. to 5 /.
A plough, 1 /. 1 1 s. 6 d*
A harrow, 1 /. 10/.

Hz No

[ 100 ]

No rollers.
A fey the, 3/. 6d.
A fpade, 2 s. td.
Shoeing, 2 s.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread — barley, and barley and rye, f d.

Cheefe, id.

Butter, 6 d.

Beef, 3</.

Mutton, 2 d.

Veal, 2f(/,

Pork, \d.

Milk, 1 </. />^ pint.

Potatoes, \d.

Candles, 7 d.

Soap, 7 <^.

Labourers houfe-rent, 10 s. to 20 s.

BUILDING.

Oak timber, 8 d. to 2 /.

Aft, 1 s. 6 d.

A mafon, 1 j. />£r day, and board.

Carpenter, ditto.

Slate at the quarry, - o i6j. o

Laying, - - - o 13 o

Leading eight miles - 140

Total per rood, 213 o

Stone walls, 6 d. a yard workmanfhip, and
} s. 6d. every thing except lime.

About

f 101 ]

About Penrith there are variations, which
deferve noting. The foil is of divers forts,
clay, fand, gravel, loam, and black moory
earth. The medium rent of that inclofed
is 15/. the uninclofed, 2 s. 6 d. and 3J. 6d.

Farms rife from 10/. a year, fo high as
700/. but in general from 80/. to 150/.
Their courfes are,

Another,

1. Turneps 1. Oatsonthegrafs

2. Barley broke up

3. Clover 2. Barley

4. Wheat 3. Oats

5. Oats. 4. Oats

5. Peafe

6. Barley.
This is capital, indeed ! but very common;

for much land, even within two or three
miles of Penrith, hath been fown every
year with either barley, oats, or peafe, for
thefe feventy years. This information afto-
nifhed me ; I inquired the produce on fuch
land, and found it reckoned as good, upon
the whole, as other foils, managed upon
more modern principles -, five or fix for one
of oats, and when wheat happens to be
fown, ten or eleven for one. Fallowing is a
new fafiion, and not perfectly relifhed by
the farmers yet.

In a common way they generally plow for

wheat from three to fix times, fow two

bufhels about Michaelmas, and gain, upon

H 3 an

[ I02 ]

an average, about three quarters. For barley
they plow from once to thrice, fow two
buihels and an half in April or May, and
gain about twenty- five. Sometimes barley
is fown on new broken- up land, and the
produce fifty buihels. They give but one
ftirring for oats fow four buihels before
barley lowing, and get twenty-eight in re-
turn. For peafe they give but one earth,
low two buihels, and get in return about
fixteen; generally ufe the grey rouncivals.
T-'iey give from three to five plowings for
rye, fow two bufhels, the crop about twen-
ty-four.

For turneps they giv^ three or four earths?
never hoe, and reckon the average value
per acre at 5 or. <pfe them for fheep, and fat-
ting of hearts. Clover they fow with either
barley or oats, generally mow it once, (three
times have been known,) and get two ton of
hay per mowing.

They prepare for potatoes by plowing
twice or thrice; dung the land with long
hone dung ; lay the fetts in every other fur-
row, ten inches afunder, and hand-hoe be-
tween them, if weedy; fometimes they horfe-
hoe them : If the land is defigned for wheat,
they liiH. it about Midfummer, while the po-
tatoes a;e growing. The crops rife to 200
bufhtls per acre, but the average about 120$
price about 2s. a buiheh

Lime

[ i°3 ]

Lime is their principal manure, though
but of a few years ftanding : They lay 90
bufhels per acre on their arable lands ; coils
them from 1 \ d. to 3 d. per buihel, befides
leading ; they lay it on every fallow : They
likewife ufe it on their meadows, and find it
to anfwer well. But dung they reckon much
better for every thing. They pare and burn
a little, at the expence of 24.J. an acre. No
folding fheep, nor chopping ftubbles« Stack
their hay at home.

Good grafs letts from 1 §s. to 2oj. an acre:
They ufe it both for dairying and fatting
beads ; reckon that an acre will fummer
feed a cow, or feed five fheep. Their breed
of cattle the long horned, which they think
much the bed: -, their oxen they fat to about
40 ftone.

The product of a cow they calculate at
4/. iqs. and generally have two firkins of
butter from each : The medium quantity
per week about 7 lb. but fometimes \\lb.
per cow. They keep but few fwine in pro-
portion to their dairies, not above two to ten
cows. The winter food is ftraw and hay ;
of the latter about a ton a head. They
reckon a dairy maid can manage ten cows.
25 or 30J". the fummer join:. In winter
they keep them all in the houie.

They reckon 3 /. the profit on fummer
fatting a beaft of fifty flone. Swine fat from
$osf to 4/. 4-f. a head.

H 4 Their

[ I04 ]

Their flocks of fheep vary greatly ; from
thirty to three thoufand : The profit they
reckon 5 /. each ; that is, lamb 4 s. and
wool 1 s. They feed them both winter and
fpring on the commons. The average of
the fleeces 3 lb.

They reckon fix horfes neceflary for the
management of an hundred acres of arable
land; ufe two or four in a plough, as the foil is,
and do three acres in two days. They ac-
count the expence of keeping a horfe at 61.
a year. The liimmer joift 2 /. 2 s.

They do not begin to fallow till after the
barley lowing. The price per acre of plow-
ing 5 j. and 5J. 6d. and the common depth
four inches.

They know nothing of cutting flraw for
chaff. The hire of a one horfe cart 2s. 6d.
a day.

Three hundred pounds they aiTert is a
fum fufficient for flocking a farm of 100/.
a year.

Land fells in general at about thirty years
purchafe.

Tythes in general gathered.

Poor rates ixPenrith is. ^d. in the pound.
In the country parifhes bd. and upwards,
but in fome nothing at all. The employ-
ment of the women and children (binning,
and fome knitting: All drink tea.

Many eftates from 40/. to 200/. a year.

The

r 105 ]

The corn is generally brought to Penrith,
and fent to Kendal by carriers.

The following are particulars of feveral
farms.

2000 acres, all grafs
jT.2GO rent

5 horfes
20 cows

40 young cattle
2000 fheep
1 man

1 boy

2 maids

4 labourers.
Another,

1 00 acres in all
40 arable
60 grafs

£-75 rent

6 horfes

10 cows
4 fatting beaffo
24 young cattle
100 fheep
1 man
1 maid
1 boy
1 labourer.

Another,

240 acres in all
120 arable
120 grafs
£.100 rent
8 horfes
12 cows
8 fatting hearts
30 young cattle
200 fheep
1 man

1 boy

2 maids

2 labourers.
Another,

80 acres in all
60 grafs
20 arable
JT. 55 rent

3 horfes

4 cows

1 o young cattle
1 boy
1 maid.

LABOUR.

In harveft, is. 6d. and beer.
In hay-time, is. 3d. and ditto.

In

[ io6 ]

In winter, lod. and ditto.
Reaping corn, 3 s. to 5 s.
Mowing grafs, 1 s, to 2 s. 6d.
Ditching, Sd. a rood.
Threfhing wheat, 2d. to 2l d.

~ barley, 1 \: d.

oats, j I- d.

Head man's wages, 12 /. to 14/.

Next ditto, 9 /

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Dairy maid, to 6 /.

Other maids, 3 /. to 4 /.

Women, per day, in harveft, 10 d. and beer.

In hay-time, 8 d. and ditto.

In winter, 6 d. and ditto.

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart, 4 /.

A plough, 1 /. 1 1 s. 6d.

A harrow, 16 .r.

A roller, ioj. 6d.

A fey the, 2 s. 6 d. to 4/.

A fpade, 2 s. 6d. to 31. 6</.

For ploughs, the farmers find their own iron.

Shoeing, 2 s.

PROVISIONS, &c.
Bread — oats, and barley and rye mixed;

cofl § d. I d. and 1 d. per lb,
Cheefe, 2d.
Butter, 6 d. 18 oz.
Beef, 2 ! 4

Mutton,

[ IG7 ]
Mutton, 2 I d.
Veal, 2 d.
Pork, 3 d.

Milk, i d. three pints, flammed.
Potatoes, 3 d.
Candles, j d.
Soap, 7 ^/.

Labourers houfe-rent, 20;.
-— — — firing, 3 o s.

BUILDING.

Bricks, 1 1 s. per thoufand.

Slate, is. 6d. per hundred — -It is at quarry,

per rood, - - p 1 2 s. o

Leading four miles, - 0120

Laying on? - - 0120

£. 1 16 o

Stone walls, 6 d. a yard work -, and getting

and leading, is. ti d.
Oak 9 ^/. to 3 J".
Alii, b d. to z s.
£lm, ditto.

A mafon, n, 8 d. per day.
Carpenter, 1;. Sd.
Thatcher, is. 6 d.

Kefwick had too long been an object of
.defire with me to negledt the opportunity of
feeing it : I went thither from Penrith: But
before I attempt any thing of a defcription,
let me mention matters of hufbandry. The

country

[ M- ]

country between thefe towns is various,
much of it moors, and quite uncultivated,
though evidently capable of it, which is
melancholy to reflect on. About Kefwick
the husbandry is as follows :

The foil is both a hazel mould, fand,
gravel, and moory ; the firft but (hallow :
The inclofed lefts from 20 j. to 30 s. right
of commonage included.

Farms, from 10/. to 80/. a year.

Their courfe,

1 . Oats on turf 4. Wheat

2. Fallow 5. Oats and

3. Barley grafies.
They plow twice for wheat, fow two

bulhels and an half, about Michaelmas, and
reap thirty- five to forty, upon an average.
They alio ftir twice for barley, fow iix
buhhels in April or May, and reap forty in
return. For oats they ftir but once, fow
/even buihels, and gain fifty. They have
no beans, very few peafe, and as little rye.
They ftir three times for turneps, hoe them
once or twice; the average value about 55s.
ufe them for feeding iheep, and ftall-fatting
oxen. They know but little of clover ; one
or two farmers have tried it with barley, but
found it good for nothing. It muft have
been upon ftrange land !

They have two ways of cultivating pota-
toes, by plowing and digging : In the firfr,
they ftir three times, and dung the land well,

lay

[ I09 ]
lay the dices in every other furrow, one foot
aflmder, and plow between them once while
growing, befides hand-weeding. They plow
them up, and get two, three, and four hun-
dred bumels per acre.

Their other way is the lazy-bed method ;
they lay the dung on the green fward, the
ilices on that, then they dig trenches, and
with the earth cover the fetts, but they
reckon plowing a better way.

Good grafs land letts at 30 j. an acre ;
ufe it moftly for dairying; an acre and a half
they reckon fufficient for a cow, and an acre
for four fheep. Manuring it is common.
Their breed of cattle is the long horned, and
they reckon them beft: Fat their oxen to fifty
ltone ; their fwine to twenty-four, or thirty.

The product of a cow they reckon at
3/. 1 3 j. 6d. and fix gallons per dav a com-
mon quantity of milk per cow : Do not keep
above one hog to ten. The winter food;
flraw and hay ; of the latter they eat about
two ton. The fummer joift is 35/. In
winter they are kept in the houfe. Their
calves fuck about two months.

Their flocks rife from an hundred to a
thoufand; the profit they reckon at 4/. 3*/.
a head; that is, lamb 3J. and wool is. 3*/.
fometimes $s. They keep them, in both
winter and fpring, on the commons. The
average weight of the fleeces, 4 lb a

In

t tit, 1

In their tillage, they reckon that twelve:
horfes are neceifary for the management of
one hundred acres of arable land. They ufe
fometimes four, and fometimes two in a
plough, and do an acre a day with them.
The annual expence of keeping a horfe they
reckon at 6/. 10s. the fummer joift 2/. 2 s.

The price of plowing, per acre, is from 5J*
to 6s. andMarc/j the time of breaking up for
a fallow. — Hire of a cart and horfe 31. a day*
In the hiring and ftocking of farms, they
reckon 360 /. or 400 /. neceifary for one of
80 /. a year.

Land fells at from thirty-five to forty
years purchafe.

Poor rates 9 d. in the pound. — The em-
ployment of the women and children, fpin-
ning, and winding yarn.
No fmall eftates.

The following particulars of farms will
mew their general ceconomy.

100 acres in all 20 young cattle

90 arable 400 fheep (com-

10 grafs mon right)

jf . 50 rent 1 man

8 horfes 1 maid

10 cows j boy

4 fatting beads 1 labourer*

Another,
220 acres in all £'%° rent

100 grafs 12 horfes

1 20 arable 22 cows

30 young

t IIX

]

30 young cattle

1 man

5 fatting beafts

2 maids

400 fheep (right

2 boys

of common)

3 labourers.

Ajwther,

130 acres in all

18 young cattle

50 arable

200 fheep (right

80 grafs

of common)

£•95 rent

1 man

6 horfes

i maid

12 cows

1 boy.

Another,

70 acres in all

2 fatting beafts

20 arable

200 fheep (com-

5° grafs

mon right)

£. 50 rent

1 boy

4 horfes

1 maid.

8 cows

L A B O

U R.

In harveft, 1 s. and beer.

In hay-time, ditto.

In winter, 6 d. and board.

Reaping wheat, 6 s.

Mowing grafs, 2 s.

Ditching, /\.d. to $d. per

rood.

Firft man's wages, 10/. to

n/.

Next ditto, 6 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years,

3 /. to 3 /, 1 0 s.

Dairy maid, 4/. 141, bd.

Other ditto, 3 /. 3 s.

Women per day, in harveft, 1 s. and beer.

In hay time, ditto.

In winter, 6 d. and beer.

IM-

[ w ]

IMPLEMENTS.

No waggons.

A cart for two horfes, 7 /.

A plough, 1 /. 5 J".

A harrow, 1 o s.

A roller, 14.J.

A fcythe, 3 s. to 5 j.

A fpade, 2 J-. Sd.

Shoeing, 2j.

PROVISIONS, GfrJ

Bread — oat and barley, f d. per lb.
Cheefe, 2 d.

Butter, 6d. 16 to 18 oz.
Beef, 2 d.
Mutton, 2 1 //.
Veal, 2d.
Pork, 3 */.
Milk, § pint.
Potatoes, 2 1 d'. a peck.
Candles, 7 ^/.
Soap, 6 */.

Labourer's houfe-rent, 20 s.
— firing, 25s. but many on hedge-
breaking alone.

BUILDING.

Oak, 1 J". %d. to 25. td.
Afh, is. 6d. to 2j.
Mafon, />^r day, u. 6<7.

Carpen-

[ i*3 1

Carpenter, ditto.

Slate, 2 8 j. a rood, getting and laying*.

Returning to Penrith, I took the road to
Shapp, by Lowther Hall, the feat of Sir
James Lowther, Bart. The houfe (it was
burat down not many years ago) is not fo
ftriking as the plantations, which are de-
ligned with much tafte, and of very great
extent. Near the road is the new town of
Lowther, where Sir James is building a town
to confift. of three hundred houfes, for the ufe

* The lake of Kefwick is famous all over England.
Let me firft inform you, that it is by compu-
tation ten miles round, of an oblong figure,
and inclofed by a prodigious range of moun-
tains, of fuch a height that they are cloud-
topped for feveral months in the year. The bed
way of viewing it is to row around the lake, and
land now and then for catching the varieties of
the profpecl.

You walk from the town firft: down to Ccckfhut-
hillf, a fmall rifing ground, within the amphi-
theatre of mountains, and has been lately planted.
The view of the lake from hence is very beautiful :
You have a moil elegant meet of water at your
feet, of the fineft colour imaginable, fpotted with
iflands, of which you fee live, and are high enough
to command the water around them. One is in
the middle, of about five acres of grafs land,

1 1 fhould apologize for manv barbarous, and, proba-
bly, wronp; fpdt names, for they are taken from the
people at Kefwick. I have no where met with them in
print.

Vol. TIL I with

t n* ]

of fuch of his domefticks, and other people,
as are married: And it is highly worthy of
remark, that he not only encourages all to
marry, but keeps them in his fervice after
they have families : Every couple finds a rc-
fidence here, and an annual allowance of
coals. This is a mod incomparable method
of advancing population, and confequently
the good of the nation at large ; nor can it
be too much imitated. Above forty houfes
are already erected.

with a houfe under a clump of trees on one
fide of it ; the whole object beautiful. You
look alfo upon another planted with Scotch firs ;
and alfo upon three others more diftant. This is
the view of the floor of this noble amphitheatre ;
the walls are in a different ftile. truly fublime.
To the left you look firlt on a rocky hill, partly
covered with fhrubby wood ; and further on, upon
a chain of tremendous rocks, near four hundred
yards high ; their feet are fpread with hanging
woods, but their heads bare, broken, and irregu-
lar. Following the line, the lake feems to lofe
itfelf among a wood of rocks and mountains,
the tops rifing one above another in the wildeft
manner. The oppofite more prefents you a full
view of a vaft range of hills ; and behind, you
look upon the prince of the furrounding moun-
tains, Skiddow^ who rears his head above the
clouds.

Leaving this hill you walk down to your boat,
and are. ftruck with the limpid tranfparency of
the water, which almoft exceeds belief; the bot-
tom is quite paved with Hones, and the white ones

glitter

C "5 ]

The foil about Shapp is generally a loam
upon a lime-ftone, in ibme places thin, but
in others deep ; letts from i s. to 20L an
acre; but the inclofures generally 20;.

Farms from 40/. to 400/. a year. [

Their courfe,

1. Break up, and fovv oats

2. Oats

3. Barley

4. Oats, and then down again.
This is execrable.

glitter through the tremulous curl of the furface
like io many diamonds. You row to the left, pafs
a variety of ihore, here rocky and projecting,
fhere low and retiring ; coaft a planted ifland, and
coming under Wallow Crag, one of the immenfe
rocks before mentioned, you have from its foot
a very fine view : The furrounding rocks and
mountains are noble ; the crag above you,
fringed about a third of its height with pendent
woods ; the lake at your feet breaks beautifully
into a bay behind a promontory, called Stable
Hills -, againft it is Brampjholm Ifland * ; and over
the low part of the promontory you catch the
wood on Lord's Ifland, in a very pleafing manner.
The oppofite fhore is beautifully fcattered with
hanging woods, and fome white houfes give a
livelinefs to the view truly agreeable.

Taking your boat again, and rowing till you
are oppofite the opening between Wallow and
Barrow Crags, the noife of a water-fall unfeen,
will induce you to land again ; walking on to a

* Belonging to Greenwich Hofpital.

I 2 little

[ n6 1

They plow but once for barley, fow two
bulhels, and gain about twenty. For oats
they give three or four plowings, fow feven
bufhels and a half, and gain thirty-five in
jeturn.

Goodgrafs letts at 20f. and 25J. an acre;
it is ufed both for dairying and fatting, but
chiefly the latter : An acre they reckon will
keep a cow through the fummer, or fix

little ruinous bridge, you look upon a hollow of
rocks and woods, with a ftream pouring down the
clefts in many meets, and feen among the trees in
the moft picturefque manner-, a romantic fceneof
rock, wood, and water, thirty feet high.

Rowing from hence, under Barrow Crag, the
more is rocky, and various : Faffing fome low
ground, and landing on a rifing one, the view
is exquifite. The water breaks into bays and
fheets, ftretching away from the eye between
the Stable Hills, Lord's IJland, and Vicar's IJland :
Brampjholm cuts in the middle •, and St. Alban's
ljle prefents his broad fide to your full view.
At the other end of the lake, the rifing hills, part
of cultivated, waving inclofures, and part of
hanging woods, all fcattered with white houfes,
and the whole crowned with the lofty moun-
tains, are beautifully piclurefque, and contrail: with
the view of the fouth end of the lake, around
which the rocks and mountains are tremendoufly
bold, pendent, and threatening.

Following the coaft, the more is thinly fringed
with wood •, then you row around a projecting
land, containing feveral inclofures, and come

under

f "7 1

fheep. They manure it as much as they can,
but that is no great matter. Their breed of
cattle is the long-horned, and have fatted
them fo high as an hundred and thirty ftone,
but very uncommon j fixty to eighty common.
The product of a cow they reckon at 5 /.
and four gallons the common quantity of
milk per day: As to fwine, they keep
none, upon account of cows: A farmer

under a fine, thick, hanging wood, with a raging
torrent breaking through it, over rocks, juft ietn.
between the wood and Barrow -fide, but heard in
the moft ftriking manner. — You next anchor
in a bay, the environs of which are dreadful;
you are under a monftrous craggy rock, (Throng
Crag,) fcattered with fhrubby wood to the very
edge, and almoft perpendicular •, and moving
the eye from it, you find this end of the
lake furrounded with a chain of them, in the
boldeft and abrupteft ftile imaginable. The op-
pofite more of mountains very great ; and the
effect of all greatly heightened by the noife of
diftant water-falls.

From hence you coaft a dreadful fhore of frag-
ments, which time has broken from the towering
rocks, many of them of a terrible fize ; fome
flopped on the land by larger than themfelves,
and others rolled into the lake, through a path of
defolation, fweeping trees, hillocks, and every
thing to the water •, the very idea of a fmall fhiver
againft the boat ftrikes with horror.

Advancing, you catch the view of a moft beau-
tiful water-fall, within the wave of a gentle bend
of the rocks •, bui to enjoy the full luxuriance of

I 3 this

[ n8 ]

without a dairy has as many as thofe who
keep the largeft, which would lurprize a
Suffolk or an EJfex man. The winter food
of the cows is hay, in general, hut fome
draw. Their calves for the batcher fuck
from one to ten weeks ; for rearing, not at
all, but are all brought up by hand with
milk, for twenty weeks. A cow, in winter,

this exquifite landfcape, it is necefiary to land and
walk to an opening in the grove, from whence it
is feen m furprizing beauty.

You look up a wall of rock, perpendicukr
to the top, fcattered with wood, that Teems
to hang in the air ; a large ftream rufhes from
a cliff near the top, and falls, in the mod
broken and romantic manner; feveral hundred
feet : It falls in one gufh for feveral yards; a
projecting part of the rock breaks it then into three
dreams, which are prefently quite loft behind
hanging woods. Lower down, you again catch
it in a lingle bright meet, among the furrounding
dark wood, in the moil: elegantly picturefque
manner that fancy can conceive. Lofing itfeff
again behind the intervening trees, it breaks to
the view in various fcattered dreams, half feen,
glittering in the fun beams, among the branches
of the trees, in the mod bewitching manner.
Lower dill, you again catch it united in one bright
rufning fall, in the dark bofom of a fine hollow
wood, which finifhes the fcene. The furrounding
hills, recks, and fcattered pendent Woods, are all
rou antic and fublime, and tend nobly to fet off
this mod '-xquifite touch of rural elegance. In
flate II. is the iketch I took of it.

Follow-

ToLniJ't2.pcl<7<-2lfi.

[ "9 ]

generally eats an acre and an half of hay,
and they are kept in houfe. The fummer
joift from 14^. to 40 s.

Their flocks of fheep rife from five to
fifteen hundred. They fell no lambs, but
rear thern for weathers, at from 7 s. to 1 4 s.
The profit, per head, of the flock, about 5 s.
Keep them, both winter and fpring, on the
commons : The weight of the fleeces 3 or
4 lb. at 3 d.

Following the coaft you fail round a fweet little
Sfland, a clump of wood growing out of the lake ;
but it is joined to the main land when the water
is very low. From hence, purfuing the voyage,
you come into the narrow part of the lake, and
have a full view of moft romantic terrible craggy
rocks, inclofing a noble cafcade : It is a view that
mull: aftonifh the fpcctator. You look up to two
dreadful pointed rocks, of a vaft height, which
almoft hang over your head, partly fcattered with
fhrubby wood, in the wildeft tafte of nature.
Between them is a precipice of broken craggy
rock, over which a raging torrent foams down in
one vaft meet of water, feveral yards wide, juft
broken into ebullitions by the points of the rocks
unfeen. At another time I faw it, when the rock
appeared, and the ftream was broken by it into
feveral gufhing torrents, which feemed to ifiue
diftinclly from clefts, in the moft piclurefque man-
ner imaginable: The water is loft in one fpor,
caught again in another ; foaming out of this cleft
with rufhing impetuofity, and trickling down that
with the moft pleafing elegance. Nothing can be
fancied more grand, more beautiful, or romantic.

I 4 The

[ 120 ]

They ufe two or three horfes in a plough,
and do an acre a day. The fummer joift of
a horfe varies from 10;. to 50 s. The price
of plowing, from 5J. to 6 s. an acre: They
cut about five inches deep.

They know nothing of cutting ftraw for
chaff.

They reckon 5 or 600/. neceffary to
flock a farm of 100 /. a year : They are, in
general, grazing ones.

The (ketch in Plate III. will give you but an
imperfect idea of it.

Taking a winding walk through the wood, ic
leads down to a rapid ftream which you crofs, and
prefently come to a new and mod delicious fcene.
To the right you catch a fide view of the fall juft
defcribed, in a new direction, mod beautifully
embcfomed in rock and hanging wood. Full in
front you look upon another cafcade, which rufhes
out as it were from the rotten (lump of an old
tree, and falling down an irregular furface of
rock, it breaks into larger and more fheets, fome
full, others thin and trickling, a moft fweet vari-
ety : After this, it breaks again, and falls into
the ftream in frefh beauty, amazingly romantic.
Plate IV. is the fketch I took.

Following the (hoar into fleet water, you come
into a region of ftupendous rocks, broken, and
irregularly pointed, in the moft abrupt and wild
manner imaginable, with monftrous fragments,
large as a houfe, that have tumbled from their
heads.

Perfuing the water to its point, you arrive at a
new and glorious amphitheatre of rocks and

moun-

YelMFU.piut. ■■/-><'

Vol. Iff, PL 4. pcwei 20 .

[ m 1

Land fells at from thirty to thirty-five
years purchafe : There are many freeholds
of from ioo to 300 /. a year.

Tythes both gathered and compounded.

Poor rates from 6d. to 1 s. in the pound.
The employment fpinning wool, for Kendal.
All drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn ten miles.

mountains ; on one fide broken, and wildly irre-
gular -, and on the other, a vaft range of moun-
tain fide. The hollow magnificently great.

Going up the river to Grange bridge, under
Grange Crag the lake is loft : the profpecl: new and
terrible -, a whole fweep of rocks, crags, moun-
tains, and dreadful chafms.

Leaving the boat, and walking up to the vil-
lage, you gain a view of a cone-like rocky woody
hill, rifing in the midft of a hollow of mountains,
furprizingly romantic. From hence following the
road to the lake under Brandelow Hill, you have
the nobleft view of rocks and hills in the world.
Grange Crag and Crown Head appear in full view,
furrounded by an immenfe wall of rock and moun-
tain.

Taking boat again, you row round a fine
promontory, beautifully wooded •, and upon
turning it, you tack about round an exquifite
little ifiand in the bay ; and if the water is high,
there are two more very fine woody iflands, around
which you may row : This little archipelago will
entertain a perfon of the leaft tafte. Nor is the
view of the lake's environs unworthy of admira-
tion. The crags and clifts to the right are tre-
mendous : Skiddow fronts you in the fublimcft

ftile;

[ ^2 ]

The foil particulars of farms will

fhcw the general oeconomy.

200 acres of gi 20 young cattle

£. i 40 rent 700 fheep (com-

2 horfes mon right)

60 fatting beafts 2 men

10 cows 1 maid.

ftile ; Saddle-back on one fide of him rears his
head in the bqldeft manner : To the left you look
upon an exceeding fine hanging wood, beautifully
ipiead over a waving hill.

Advancing wiih the coaft you next land at the
lead mines, which, if you have a tafte for grotto
work, will entertain, as a boat may be loaded
with ipar of various glittering and beautiful kinds,
litre alio are two curiofities, viz. two fal;
fprings.

Sailing along the more it leads you under a
hill molt beautifully fpread with wood ; it is
covered thick with young timber trees, which
grow down to the very water's edge. You next
enter a little bay, and look upon a fmall round
hill, covered with wood, inimitably beautiful.
This you alio coall, nor can any thing be more
truly exquifite than thefe two flopes of wood,
with inclofures between them, contracting the
fublimity of the rocks and mountains. Nor
mould, you here forget to remark three or four
r s on the other fide of the lake, down to
r's edge, under Achnefs Fell; they are
]

iling by fome beautiful graft inclofures
■ Houfe romantically fituated;

and.

[ I23 ]
Another,
ioo acres in all 15 fatting beafb

1 5 arable

1 5 young cattle

85 grafs

200 fheep (com-

^T. 100 rent

mon right)

2 horfes

1 man

20 epws

1 maid.

and then fkirting more inclofures, turn round a
(mail but molt pleafing promontory, with a
fweet clump of trees on it: This leads into a
land-locked bay, which commands a beautiful
hanging wood •, the fcene enlivened by a white
houfe quite in the fpot of tafte. From hence you
look over the lake upon Cafile Head Crag, a fine
round of rocky wood rifing out of a vale, and
backed with waving inclofures.

The fhore from hence is mod beautifully in-
dented and irregular, running up among little
hills fringed with wood : From hence you wind
•in and out of feveral bays and creeks, command-
ing very picturefque views of the land, and
around a hill of fhrubby wood covered to the
very top. From hence around to the town the
more is flat.

your next view of Keftvick mud be from land,
by walking up the vaft rocks and crags firft de-
fcribed. This is a journey which will terrify thofe
who have been only ufed to flat countries. The
walk to the higheft rock is a mile and half up,
and a! mod perpendicular, horribly rugged, and
tremendous ; it is rather a climbing crawl than a
walk. The path eroded the dream, which forms
the firft mentioned cafcade, in the midft of dread-
ful

[ 124 ]

Angtber,

120 acres in all 10 young cattle

20 arable 500 fheep (com-

1 00 grajs mon right)

£.75 rent 1 man

3 horles I maid

1 3 cows 1 boy.
8 fatting beafts

fui clifts and romantic hollows : The torrent roars
beneath you, in fome places feen, in others hid
by rock and wood.

From hence you climb through a flope of un-
derwood to the edge of a precipice, from which
you look down upon the lake and iflands in a
mod beautiful manner-, for coming at once upon
them, after leaving a thick dark wood, the emo-
tions of lurprize and admiration are very great.

Following the path, (if it may be fo called,)
you pafs many romantic fpots, and come to a
projection of the hill, from which you look down,
not only upon the lake as before, but alfo upon a
femi-circular vale of inclofures, of a fine verdure,
which gives a curve into the lake: One of the
fields is flattered over with trees, which from hence
have a piclurefque effect.

Advancing further yet, you come to the head
of CraJlig-falU which is a vaft opening among
thefe immenfe rocky mountains, that lets in be-
tween them a view acrofs the lake, catching two
of the iQands, &fr. nor can any thing be more
horribly romantic than the adjoining ground where
you command this fweet view.

At la ft we gained the top of the crag, and from
it the profpect is truly noble \ you look down

upon

[ 125 1

Another,

70 acres in all 2 fatting beafls

5 arable 8 young cattle

65 grafs 200 fheep (com-

£.63 rent mon right)

2 horfes 1 boy

10 cows 1 maid.

upon the lake, fpotted with its iflands, fo far be-
low as to appear in another region ; the lower
hills and rocks rife moft picturefquely to the view.
To the right you look down upon a beautiful vale
of cultivated inclofures, whofe verdure is painting
itfelf. The town prefents its fcattered houfes,
among woods and fpreading trees : Above it rifes
Skiddow* in the moft fublime magnitude.

Defcending to the town, we took our leave of
this enchanting region of landfcape, by fcaling
the formidable walls of Skiddow himfelf: It is
five miles to the top, but the immenfity of the
view fully repays for the labour of gaining it.
You look upon the lake, which here appears no
more than a little bafon, and its iflands but as fo
many fpots \ it is lurrounded by a prodigious
range of rocks and mountains, wild as the waves,
fublimely romantic. Thefe dreadful fweeps, the
work of nature in the moft violent of her mo-
ments, are the moft ftriking objects feen from
Skiddow -, but in mere extent the view is prodi-
gious. You fee the hills in Scotland plainly ; you
view a fine reach of fea -, command the IJle of
Man, and fee part of an object, which I take to
be an highland in Ireland ; befides prodigious
tracks of adjacent country.

Kejwick, upon the whole, contains a variety
that cannot fail of aftonifhing the fpe&ator : The

Jake,

[ 1*6 ]
Another,
ro gr is, all grafs i o young cattle

£.40 rent 80 llieep (com-

1 horfe mon right)

6 fatting beads 1 boy.

8 ccwo

LABOUR.

In harveft. 8</. to 10 c/. and board.
In hay time, 1 s. to 1 s. 6 d. and ditt

lake, the iflands, the hanging woods, the waving
inclolures, and the cafcades are all moft fuperia-
lively elegant aud beautiful ; while the rocks,
clifts, crags, and mountains are equally terrifying
and lublime. There cannot be a finer contraft.
But it is much to be regretted that art does not
yield more of her afliftance, not in decoration, for
the lake w ants in not, but in enabling the fpccla-
tor to command, with greater eafe, the luxuriant
beauties and ftriking views, which to lb many
travellers are hitherto quite unknown : There are
many edges of precipices, bold projections of rock,
pendent clifts, and wild romantic fpots, which
command the moft delicious jcenes, but which
cannot be reached without the moil perilous diffi-
culty : To fuch points of view, winding paths
mould be cut in the rock, and retting places made
for the weary traveller : Many of thefe paths muff,
neceffarily lead through the hanging woods, open-
ings might be made to let in views of the lake,
where the objects, fuch as iflands, &c. were pecu-
liaily beautiful. At the bottoms of the rocks alfo,
fomething of the fame nature fhould be executed
lor the better viewing the cafcades, w?hich might

be

[ I27 ]

In winter, 6 d. and ditto.

Mowing, 3 s.

Head man's wages, g I.

Next ditto, y I. 10 s.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 50 s.

Maids, 4 /. to 5 /.

Women per day in harveft, 6 d. and board.

In hay time, ditto.

be exhibited with a little art, in a variety that
would amaze.

It is amufing to think of the pains and expence
with which the environs of feveral feats have been
ornamented, to produce pretty fcenes, it is true ;
but how very far fhort of the wonders that might
here be held up to the eye in all the rich luxuriance
of nature's painting. What are the efFefts of a
Louis's magnificence to the play of nature in the
vale of Kefwick! How trifling the labours of art
to the mere fport of nature !

It is the contemplation of fuch amazing fcenes,
that fills the foul with admiration and almoft
overpowers her faculties : One is loft in wonder
at the omnipotence of a Being, the fplendor of
whofe exigence exhibits itfelf in works of fuch
endlefs variety.

Returning to Penrith, our next expedition was
to Hulls Water, a noble lake, about fix miles from
that town : The approach to it is beautiful ; the moft
advantageous way of feeing it is to take the road
up Dunmanlot Hill, for you rife up a very beauti-
ful planted dope, and fee nothing of the water till
you gain the fummit, when the view is uncom-
monly fine. You look down at once upon one
fheet of the lake, which appears prodigioufly
magnificent. It is an oblong water, cut by

iflands,

I

128

]

IMP

L E

M

E

N

T S.

No waggons.

A cart, 5 /.

A plough, 30 s.

A harrow, 7

*". 6 d.

No rollers.

A fcythe, 2 s.

6 d. to 4 s

A fpade, 2 s.

bd.

Shoeing, 2 s.

iflands, three miles long and a mile and a half
broad in fome places, in others a mile. It is in-
clofed within an amphitheatre of hills, in front at
the end of the reach, projeding down to the wa-
ter edge, but retiring from it on each fide, fo as
to leave a fpace of cultivated inclofures between
the bottom and the lake. The hedges that divide
them are fcattered with trees •, and the fields of
grafs and corn, waving in beautiful flopes from
the water, interfered by hedges, in the mod
pleafing manner.

Upon the right, a bold fwelling hill of turf
rifes with an air of grandeur. Another view
off this hill is on to a mountain's fide, which
prefents to the eye a fwelling flope of turf, and
over it Saddleback rifes in a noble itile.

Another view from this hill is down upon 1
vale of cultivated inclofures ; Mr. HajJeW houfe
at Delmaine, in one part, almoft encompaffed with
a plantation : Here you likewife catch fome me-
anders of the river, through the trees, and hear
the roar of a water-fall. This hill is itfelf a fine
objeftjviewed every way, but the fimplicity of its
effect is deftroyed, by being cut by a double ftripc

[ i29 ]

PROVISIONS, Qfc-

Bread — Oat.

Cheefe, 2 Id.

Butter, 7 I </. 20 oz.

Beef, 2 </. to 2 I ^/.

Mutton, 2 d. to 2^ </.

Veal, ditto.

Pork, 4 </. to 4 l </<

Bacon, yd.

Milk, I */. per pint,

Potatoes, 2 </. a peck.

of Scotch firs acrofs it, which varies the colour
of the verdure, and confequentry breaks the
unity of the view.

Another point of view from which this part is
feen to good advantage, is from off Soulby Fell :
You look down upon the lake which fpreads very
finely, bounded to the right by the hills, which
rife from the very water ; on the other fide, by
Diimnnnlot Hill ; in front, by a fine range of in-
clofures, and the water's edge fkirted by trees, in
a moft piclurefque manner.

Directing your courfe upon the lake, and
landing at Szvarth Fell, the next bufinefs mould
be to mount its height. The water winds at
your feet like a noble river-, the oppofite banks
beautiful inclofures, fringed with trees ; and
fome little narrow flips, like promontories, jet
into it with the moft pleafmg effect imaginable -,
and you at the fame time hear the noife of a
water-fall beneath, unfeen.

Taking boat again, and failing with the courfe
cf the lake, you turn with its bend, and come

Vol. III. K into

[ 13° 1

Candles, 7 d.

Soap, 6 I ^/.

Labourer's houfe rent, 20;. to 40 s.

firing, 20s. to 30 s.

BUILDING.

Oak, 1 s. 4 d.

Am, is. 2d.

Carpenter, 1 s. a day and board.

Slate, 55 j. a rood, brought in.

laying on and lime, 1 5 s-

into a fhett of water, which appears like a lake ot
itfelf. It is under How town and Hawling Fell.
The environs here are very finking •, cultivated
inclofures on one fide, crowned with the tops of
hills •, and on the other, a woody craggy hill down
to the very water's edge. The effect fine.

Next you double Hawling Fell, and come
again into a new fheet of water, under Martindale
Fell, which is a prodigious fine hill, of a bold,
abrupt form •, and between that and Hawling
Fell, a little rifing wave of cultivated inclofures,
(kitted with trees-, the fields of the fineft verdure,
and the picturefque appearance of the whole moft
exquifitely pleafing. It is a moft delicious fpot,
within an amphitheatre of rugged hills.

Following the bend of the water under New
Crag, the views are more romantic than in any
\ art hitherto ken. New Crag, to the right,
rears his Lead, in a ftyle truly fublime •, and pai-
ring it a little, the oppofite fhore is very noble.
tindale Fell riles fteep from the water's edge,
and prefents a bold wall of mountain, really
glorious; In front, the hills are craggy, broken,

and

[ i3« 1

Stone walling, 7 d. a yard workmanship ;

and getting, 2 d. *

Twelve of the fifteen miles from Shapp to
Kendal are a continued chain of mountain-
ous moors, totally uncultivated •, one dreary
profpecl, that makes one melancholy to be-
hold ; for the foil itfelf is highly capable of
cultivation and of profitable ufes; much of
it is of a good depth ; and the fpontaneous
growth proves that the nature of the land is
equal to many valuable ufes.

After eroding this dreary track, the firfl
appearance of good country is moft exqui-
fitely fine ; about three miles from Kendal
you at once look down from off this defolate
country upon one of the fined landfcapes in

and irregular in lhape (not height) like thofe of
Kefivick : They project fo boldly to the very
water, that the outlet or wind of the water is fhut
by them from the eye. It feems inclofed by a
fhore of fteep hills and crags. From hence to
the end of the lake, which there is fprinkled by
three or four imall iflands, the views are in the
fame (hie, very wild and romantic. It is an ex-
ceedingly pleating entertainment to fail about this
fine lake, which is nineteen miles round, and
prefents to the eye feveral noble meets of water ;
and abounds, for another amufement, withfifh;
pike to 30 lb. perch to 6 lb. trout to 6 lb. be fides
many other farts, The water is of a moft beau-
tiful colour, and admirably tranfparent.

* I took the opportunicy of being at Shapp to
rids to Haivs W&ter, a lake feme miles to the
■westward. The road thither leads for fome dif-

K 1 tance

[ *32 1
the world ; a noble range cf fertile in-
clofures, richly enameled with the mod beau-
tiful v luro : And coming to the brow of
the hill have a moll pleating view of a va-
riegated track of waving inclofures, fpread-
m$. o\ er hills, and hanging to the eye in the
fined manner that fancy can conceive. Three
hills in particular are overlooked, cut into
inclofures in a charming ftile, of themfelves
forming an elegant landfcape, and wor-
thy the imitation of thofe who would give
the embellifhments of art to the fimplicity
of nature.

Kendal is a well built and well paved
town, pleafantly fituated, in the midft of the
beautiful country juft defcribed. It is fa-

tance along the fide of a hill, which commands
an. exceeding fine view of Ponton Vale to the left.
It is feveral miles in length, of an oblong figure,
all cut into inclofures of a charming verdure,
and fcattered with villages, clumps of wood,
houfes, bridges, trees, &c. A fine river takes
the moft beautiful Terpentine courfe in the world
through it: The oppofite bank is a large ridge
of mountain. It is a lweet landfcape.

The approach to the lake is very fine : You

pais between two high ridges of mountain, the

banks fpread with inclofures ; upon the right two

(mail beautiful hills, one of them covered with

d. The Li • is a fmall one, about three miles

. ha f a mile over in fome places, and a

quarter in others ; almofl divided in the middle

promontory of inclofures, joining only by

a (heights fo that it confiils of two meets of

water.

[ *33 ]

mous for feveral manufactories ; the chief
of which is that of knit (lockings, employing
near five thoufand hands by computation.
They reckon one hundred and twenty wool-
combers, each employing five fpinners, and
each fpinner four or five knitters j if four,
the amount is two thoufand four hundred ;
this is the full work, fuppoiing them all to
be induftrious; but the number is probably
much greater. They make five hundred and
fifty dozen a week the year round, or twenty-
eight thoufand fix hundred dozen annually:
The price per pair is from 22 d. to 6 s. but
in general from 22^/. to 4J. fome boys at
10*/. If we fuppofe the average 3^. or 361.
a dozen, the amount is 51,480/.

The wool they ufe is chiefly Leicejlerf&re,
WarwickJIrire, and Durham : They gene-
water. The upper end of it is fine, quite in-
clofed with bold fteep craggy rocks and moun-
tains •, and in the center of the end a few little in-
clofures at their feet, waving upwards in a very
beautiful manner. The ibnth fide is a noble
ridge of mountain, very bold and prominent
down to the waters edge. They bulge out in
the center in a pendent broad head that is vene-
rably magnificent: And the view of the firft
meet of the lake lofing itfelf into the fecond
among hills, rocks, woods, &c. pifturefque.
The oppofite more confifls of inclofures, rifing
one above another, and crowned with craggy
rocks,

K 3 n

t t*34 ]
rally mix Leicefl&fhire and Durham together.
The price Sd. gd. and lod. per lb. They
fend all the manufactures to London by land
carriage, which is faid to be the longeft, for
broad wheel waggons, of any ltage in Eng-
land. The earnings of the manufacturers ira
this branch are as follow : s. d.

The combers, per week, - I o 6
The (pinners, women, - 3 o
Ditto, children of ten or twelve

years, - - 20

The knitters, - - 26

Ditto, children of fen or twelve

years, - - 20

All the work-people may have conftant
employment if they pleafe.

During the late war bufinefs was exceed-
ingly brilk, very dull after the peace, but
now as good as ever known.

The making of cottons is likewife a con~
fiderable manufacture in this town. They
are called Kendal cottons, chiefly for expor-
tation, or failors jackets, about 10 d. or is.
a yard, made of Wejlmor eland wool, which
is very coarfe, felling only at 3^. or \d. per
lb. This branch employs three or four
hundred hands, particularly fhearmen, wea-
vers, and fpinners. s. d.
The fhearmen earn per week, 10 6
The weavers, (chiefly women,) 4 3
The fpinners, - 3 3

All

r 135 ]

All have conftant employment. During
the war this manufacture was more brifk
than ever, very dull after the peace, and has
continued but indifferent ever fmce.

Their third branch of manufacture is the
linfey woolfey, made chiefly for home con-
fumption, of Weftmoreland, Lancajlnre, and
Cumberland wool ; the hands are chiefly
weavers and fpinners. The firft earn 9 s.
or 10 s. a week; the fecond (women) 4J.
6d. or 5 s.

The farmers and labourers fpin their own
wool, and bring the yarn to market every
week : There are about five hundred wea-
vers employed, and from a thoufand to thir-
teen hundred fpinners in town and country.
The bufinefs during the war was better than
it has been fince, but is now better than
after the peace.

Their fourth manufacture is the tannery,
which employs near a hundred hands, who
earn from ys. to 7 s. 6 d. a week. They
tan many hides from Ireland.

They have likewife a fmall manufactory
of cards, for carding cloth. Another alfo
of filk : They receive the wade filk from
London, boil it in foap, which they call
fcowering, then it \§ combed by women
(there- are about thirty or forty of them,)
and fpun, which article employs about an
hundred hands ; after this it is doubled and

K 4 drelTed,

[ i36 ]
dreffed, and fent back again to London,
This branch is upon the increaie.

PROVISIONS, Gfo

Bread — oatmeal baked in thin hard cakes,

called clap-bread, cods I d. per lb,
Cheefe, 3I d.
Butter, 6i d. 16 oz.
Mutton, 2d. to i\ d.
Beef, 2 l d. to 3 d.
Veal, 2[d.
Pork, 4 Id.
Bacon, 6 [ d.
Milk, I *£ a pint.
Potatoes, 10^/. four gallons.
Poors houie-rent, 30 s.
. firing, 45/. to 50/.

Kendal is a very plentiful and cheap
phce ; fat ftubble geefe are fold at 1 s.
j\.d. each. — This is fo cheap, that a living

1 heard of is not a very fat one, 4/. a
vear, a pair of npooden jhces, and a goofe-
gatc. Alas, poor Rector ! A goofe-gaie is
the right of keeping a goole on the com-
mon. All the poor in this country wear
wooden fhoes. — Fat fowls at 1 s. a couple ;
f.u ducks the fame price j wild fowl and
game in great plenty ; woodcocks often at

2 ''■ a piece ; partridges are fold common in
the market, and very cheap : Fifli in great
plenty ; trout oftentimes at a penny a pound,

befidcs

[137 ]
betides any othe*r forts. It is a neat well
built town *.

As I next refume intelligence of hufban-
dry with the county of Lancajler, I (hall
here conclude this letter,

I am, Sir, &c.

* From hence we viewed the famous lake cal-
led IVinander Meer, ten miles well of Kendal; by
much the largefl water of the kind in England. It
is fifteen miles long, and from two miles to half a
mile broad. It gives gentle bends, fo as to prefent
to the eye feveral meets of water -, and is in many
places fcattered with iflands: The fhores are va-
ried, confirming in ibme places of ridges of hills,
in others of craggy rocks •, in fome of waving
inclofures, and in others of the fineft hang-ino-

. o o

v/oods ; feveral villages and one market town are
fituated on its banks, and a ferry croffes it at
another -, there is fome bufinefs carried on upon
it, fo that it is not uncommon to fee barges with
fpreading fails : All thefe circumitances give it a
very chearful appearance, at the fame time that
they add to its beauty.

I would advife thole who view this lake, not to
take the common road down to the village of
Bonus*, where the boats are kept, but (for rea-
fons which I mail hereafter add) to go thither
round almoft by the ferry. The landlord at the
inn at that village keeps a boat, and can always

' * I am fcnfibk throughout this Tour of mifspelt
names ; but many of" the places I mention are not to be
found in maps, I am obliged, therefore, to write from
the ear.

provide

[ 13S ]

LETTER XVIII.

XJ ETURNING to Kc> ial I took the
■*■ L road to Burton, pailing thro lgh a coun-
try various in refpecf. cf culture: Around
town, particularly about 7T I ie, ti.nr
foil is a light loam on a lime ftone, uith
e of fand, letts from Cs.Zd. 10 3 /. an
acre; average about a guinea.

Farms from 20 /. to bo /. a year.

provide rowers for any company that comes ;
the extreme beauty of the lake induced me to ex-
plore every part of it with attention ; but as I
• have already troubled you with feveral recitals of
thefc water expeditions, I mail only mention a
few of the principal points of view, and to which
I mould particularly recommend any traveller to
row if he had not time to view the whole lake j
but no fcheme of this fort can be more amufing
than two or three days fpent here in rowing, fail-
ing, f Pning, arid wild duck mooting, all which
• be had in great perfection; and I
uld add, that the end of May, or the begin-
ning of June, is the proper time for fuch an ex-
n.
Taking boat at the village, you row firfl to
The fo called by way of pre-eminence,

being b) much the largeft in the lake-, it con-
:n thirty and forty acres of land, and
t but think it the fweeteft foot, and full
•eai p biljties, of. any, forty acres ih
inions. The view from the fouth

end

[ 139 ]

As to their courfes they did not ufe to
fallow at all, but now they are,

i . Fallow 4- °;lts > ancl

2. Wheat then let it lie

3. Barley to graze itfelf.

And,

1. Fallow 5. Wheat

2. Wheat 6. Oats.

3. Barley 7. Barley

4. Clover 8. Oats ; and
then lie as before ; for this thefe
flovens deferve to be hanged.

end is very fine -, the lake prefents a moll: noble
iheet of water ftretching away for leveral miles,
and bounded in front by diflant mountains ; the
fhoars beautifully indented by promontories co-
vered with wood, and jetting into the water in
the moil puSlurefque flile imaginable, particu-
larly the ferry points on both fides \ it is broke
by Berk/hire IJland, an elegant fpot, finely wood-
ed in one part, and by Craw I/land, almoil co-
vered with wood, in another, and juit hides a
houfe on the main land.

The eailern ihore is fpread forth with the moil
beautiful variety. In fome places waving inclo-
fures of corn and grafs rife one above another,
and prefent to the eye a fcenery beyond the
brighteil ideas of painting itfelf. In others, ihrub-
by fpots and pendent woods hang down to the
very water's edge : In fome places thefe woods
arc broken by a few fmall grafs inclofures, of the
fweeteil verdure ; and in others run around large
circuits of them, and, rifing to the higher
grounds, lofe themfelves in the wilds above.

Here

[ Ho ]
Of wheat they fow two bufliels, about
Michaelmas, and reap from twelve to fifteen.
For barley they plow twice, fow not quite
three bufliels, about the end of April or the
beginning of May, and reckon the average
produce at twenty. They plow but once
for oats, faw four bufliels about the time of
barley lowing; the crop twenty-four. They
cultivate fome beans, plow once, fow two
bufliels in March or April, never hoe, but
gain on an average twenty-three bufliels.
They plow once for peafe, fow a bufhel and

Here you fee flips of land running into the lake,
and covered with trees which feem to rife from
the water : There, a boldly indented fhore,
(welling into bays, and fldrted with fpreading
trees •, edgings as elegant as ever fancied by Claud
hhnfelf. The village is caught among fome
fcattered trees, in a fweet fituation, on the bank
of a bay, formed by a promontory of wood, the
back ground a fweep of inclofures, rifing one
above another.

j illowing this line of fhoar towards the north,
you command Bannerig and Oarejl Head, two hills
all cut into inclofures to the very top ; to the
north you look upon a noble range of irregu-
lar" mountains, which contrail finely with the
other more beautiful ihores. The weftern is a
fweep of craggy rocks, here and there fringed
\ ith wood. Advancing to the very farther! point
of land, tVxC objects are varied, and new ones
.ir that are truly beautiful. The Lancafhire
, point and the woody ifland join, and ieem
•ne prodigious promontory of wood -, the ferry

ho ufe

[ Hi ]

an half, and gain from none at all to fifteen
bufhels. For rye they likewife give but one
earth, low two bufhels; the crop from
twelve to fifteen.

They ftir twice for turneps, know no-
thing of hoeing ; the average value per acre,
cj. or 6/. 'Thomas Richard/on has had crops
that he would not take 12/. an acre for ;
but fuch extravagant prices are not in the
lean: owing to good hufbandry, but the
fcarcity of the commodity. They ufe them
for cows, fheep, &c. &c. Clover is not very

houie feen among the trees in a pietureique man-
ner. They form the boundary in front of a fine
bay, walled in to the right by a noble rocky
cliff ; and in the middle of it a fweet little woody
ifland. Over the low. part of the promontory
the diftant hills are feen. The more to the left,
here, appears peculiarly beautiful 3 for half a
dozen inclolures of the moft pleafing verdure rife
from the water's edge among (loping woods, and
offer a variety of colours of the brighteft hues.
From hence likewife you look back on Bannerig,
a fine cultivated hill, riling from the lake in the
moft agreeable manner.

Moving from this end of the ifland along the
weftern coail of it, the view is extremely pi£tu-
refque. The ftreight is broken by three ifiands,
two of them thickly covered with wood, the
other a long flip, fcattered with tall upright trees,
through the flems of which, and under the thick
made of their fpreading tops, the water is ken
glittering with the fun beams j a landfcape truly
delicious.

From

[ 142 ]

common, but they low it with barley; they
get fifteen hundred weight of hay off it the
rirft crop, and ten or twelve hundred weight
the fecond; but ibmetimes they iced one crop.
Their culture of potatoes is as follows :
They dung the lay ground well ; lay the
flices (eighteen buihels) on the dung, and
then dig trenches two fpits wide, and cover
the fetts, which are laid feven inches fquare,
with the turfs and moulds that rife : If
weeds come they are drawn out by hand.
The crop, upon an average, a hundred and

From the north end of this ifle, fo happy in
the beauties of proipecl, the views are various^
and fome of them exquifite : Looking to-
wards the ibuth, you command a fine view
of the lake, fpreading to the right and left be-
hind promontories, one beyond another, in an
irregular but glorious flieet of water, encircled by
an amphitheatre of hills, in the nobleft ftile. To
the north you look upon another iheet, different
from the firft : It is broken by a clufter of four
fmall but beautiful iflands.

Full in front you look upon a fweep of moun-
tains, and on one, in particular, that is very
curious: It is of a circular form, rifing out of a
vaii hollow among the reft, and is overtopped by
them •, a fcene romantic in the highcfl degree.
A little to the right of ir, you command one of
the fineft cultivi in the world. It is in-

terfered by hedges, trees, and Icattereu wo
into avail fweep oi ; which reach the

very top: Moretoj :, the eye : ighped

[ *43 ]

eighty bufhels per acre. Barley they fow
after them, and get thirty bulliels an acre.
This is the lazy-bed way.

As to manure, they can at prefent boait
but little : Lime is in ufe among them, but
it has been only for two or three years ;
they lay ninety or an hundred bufhels an
acre on to the fallow for wheat, cods /\.\d.
■per bufhel j they do not pare and burn j
ftack their hay in houfes, but know nothing
of chopping their flubbles.

lures, that can be conceived, rifine; to the view in
the moll pleafing varieties of landfcape, and
forcing admiration from the moll tallelefs of
mortals. To the left, a vail range of rocks and
mountains form the boundary of the lake, and
project into it in the boldefl manner.

Sailing from this noble iiland to that of Berk'
/hire, a little hilly wood of fcattered trees, the
views are various, rich, and truly picturefqiie :
From the north iide of it you look upon a fine
meet of water, to the Greet I/land, &c. and
bounded by a great variety of more. To the
left, and in front, high ridges of mountains : To
the right, moll beautiful waving hills of inclo-
fures ; forne juil riling enough to mew their
hedges dillinclly, and others hanging full to the
eye ; beneath, a boundary of rough hills, and
wild, uncultivated ground. To the left, you fee
Crow Ijland, and the ferry houfe, beneath a
clump of trees, on the point of a promon-
tory, jetting into the water, with an effect real-
ly exquifite. To the ealt, you look againll
a very fine bank of incloiures, fcattered with

trees.

[ '44 ]
Good grnfs letts from 2/. to 3 /. They
life it chiefly for the dairy : An acre and a
quarter, or an acre and an half, they reckon
fufficient for the fummer feed of a cow ;
and an acre to keep four or five fheep.
Their breed of cattle is the long horned.
The product of a cow, 6 /. 6 s. to 7/. They
give four gallons of milk per day, on an
average. To ten cows, they keep two or
three {wine. The winter food hay and
flraw -y of the firft, about an acre and an
half. The fummer joilr, 3c j. A dairy-
trees. To the fouth, the lake is loft between
two promontories, projecting into it againit each
other, and leaving a {trait between : One is high
and reeky •, the other, a line of waving wood and
inclofures : Beyond it the diftant hills, complete
the view. The weitern profpect is a range of

jgy hills ; fome moft beautifully fringed with
hanging woods, and cut in the middle by a culti-
vated wave of inclofures, broken by woods,
hedges, clumps, and fcattered trees, and riling
one above another, in the molt piclurefque irre-
gularity. At the top, a farm-houfe, under a
1 lump of trees-, the whole forming a bird's eye

fcape of the mod delicious kind. Nor can
any tiling be finer than the h; . roods on this.

of the Like, broken by j lclofures.

Sailing acrofs the lake from /Jerk/hire Ijlo.nd to

the lho"re under thefe inclofures, which are called

. , nothing in nature can be mon

e th n i he view, as you move, of a long,

I Lire, at the water's edge, on the oppo-

.... led by one woods, except to che

lake,

[ ^5 ]
maid, they reckon, can take care of eight
cows; calves fuck from five to fix weeks,
both for rearing and the butcher.

Sheep they reckon, I know not for what
reafon, hurtful among milch cows ; their
flocks are from twenty to an hundred and
fifty, the profit 5J. or bs. per fheep; keep
them all the year in the field ; the medium
of their fleeces 6 or j lb. from ^d. to 5*/.
£er lb.

In the tillage of their lands they reckon
four horfes necefiary for fifty acres of arable

lake, edged with fome {presiding trees, through
which the view of the grafs is an abfolute picture.
Other waving dopes of inclofures, to the right,
hang to the lake, under the fhade of a rough,
wild hill, and down to a fkirting of wood, on
the water's edge, in the moft pleafing manner.
Behind, the rocky cliff of Fournefs Fells, has a
noble appeara.ee, :row . 1 with a fweep of wood.

Sailing under the weftcrn more, you command
moft beautiful landfcapes on the oppofite one,
confiding of banks of cultivated inclofures,
fcattered with trees, clumps of wood, farm
houfes, &c. and hanging to the water's edge in
the molt charming variety of fituation ; the fields
in fome places dipping in the very lake, in others
thick woods rifing from the water •, fcenes which
call for the pencil of a genius to catch graces
from nature beyond the reach of the moft elabo-
rate art.

Coming to Ling Holm, a fm all rocky ifland,
with a few trees on it, you have a double view of
the two mores, well contrafted, the weftern

Vol. III. L fpread

[ H6 ]

land, ufc three or four in a plough, and do
three rood a day. The annual expence of
keeping a horfe they reckon 6 /. They
break up their ftubbles for a fallow in
March ; plough in general about five or
fix inches deep ; the common price 8 s. an
acre.

Two millings a day the hire of a cart and
horfe.

One hundred pounds they reckon fuffi-
cient for flocking a firm of 50 /. a year.

fpread with hanging woods -, and the eaftern one
cultivated hills, waving to the eye in the nneft
inequalities of furface. The diftant hills are alfo
feen in a bold itile over the low inclofures of
Rawlinfon's Nab, a promontory to the fouth.

Landing on the point of that promon-
tory the view is very noble ; it commands two
fheets of water, north and fouth, each of four
or five miles in length. That to the fouth is
bounded in general by rough woody hills, broken
in a few fpots by little inclofures : In front of the
promontory, feveral very beautiful ones, cut by ir-
regular wood, and hanging to the water's edge in
the fineif. manner •, the whole crowned with crag-
gy tops of hills.

But the view to the north is much the mofl
beautiful. Berk/bire I (land breaks the fheet of
water in one place, and adds to the variety of the
fcene without injuring its noble fimplicity. Com-
mon Nab, a promontory from the eaft fhore,
projects into it in another place, variegated with
wood and inclofures, waving over Hoping hills,
and crowned with rough uncultivated ground.

One

[ '47 1

Tythes are generally taken in kind.

Poor rates 3 d. in the pound ; they fpin
flax and wool. Mod of them drink tea twice
a day.

Eftates are either large, or under 100/. a
year : Very few gentlemen of 2, 3, 4, or
500 /. a year.

The farmers do not carrv their corn above
three miles.

One inclofure in particular breaks into the wood
in the moil pictu refque manner imaginable. This
end of the lake is bounded by cultivated hills al-
ready mentioned, which are viewed from hence
to much advantage ; they rife from the more
with great magnificence. To the left a ridge of
hanging woods, fpread over wild ground, that
breaks into bold projections, contrafting the
elegance of the oppofite more in the fineft man-
ner.

Having thus viewed the moil pleafmg objects
from thefe points, let me next conduct you to a
fpot, where, at one glance, you command them
all, in frelh iituations, and each affuming a new
appearance. For this purpofe you return to tiie
village, and taking the bye road to the turnpike,
(not that by which you came,) mount the hill
without turning your head, (if I was your guide I
would conduct you behind a fmall hill, that you
might come at once upon the view,) till you al-
moit gain the top, when you will be ftruck with
iiftoniihment at the profpect fpread forth at your
feet ; which, if not the moft fuperlative view
that nature can exhibit, fhe is more fertile in
beauties than the reach of my imagination will
allow me to conceive. It would be mere vanitr

L ?, to

[ «48 ]

The following fketches of farms will give
an idea of their general ceconomy.

55 ac.co in all 4 young cattle

50 arable 2 fatting beads

£.56 rent 1 boy

4 hoiies 1 labourer.
10 cows

Another,
70 acres in all 6 young cattle

50 arable 30 fheep

£.65 rent 1 man

5 horfes 1 boy

1 2 cows 1 maid

2 fatting beafts 1 labourer.

to attempt to defcribe a fcene which beggars all
defcription, but that you may have fome faint
idea of the outlines of this wonderful picture, I
will juft give the particulars of which it coniiits.

The point on which you ftand is the fide of a
large ridge of hills that form the eaftern bounda-
ries of the lake, and the fituation high enough to
look down upon all the objects : A circumftance
of great importance, and which painting cannot
imitate : In landfcapes, you are either on a level
with the objects, or look up to them ; the painter
cannot give the declivity at your feet, which lei-
fens the objects as much in the perpendicular line
as in his horizontal one.

You look down upon a winding valley of about
twelve miles long, every where inclofed with
grounds which rife in i verj bold and various
manner •, in Tome place, bulging into mountains,
abrupt, wild, and uncultivated j in others, break-
ing into rocks, craggy, pointed, and irregular :

Here,

[ H9 ]

Another,
35 acres in all 4 cows

30 arable 6 young cattle

£35 rent 1 b°y

4 horfes 1 maid.

Another,
46 acres in all 6 cows

38 arable 4 young cattle

£.40 rent 20 fTieep

4 horfes 1 man.

Here, riling into hills covered with the noblefb
woods, and preienting a gloomy brownnefs of
made, almoft from the clouds, to the reflection
of the trees in the limpid water they fo finely
fkirt : There, waving in flopes of cultivated in-
clofures, adorned with every object that can give
variety to art, or elegance to nature; trees,
woods, villages, houfes, farms, fcattered with
picturefque confufion, and waving to the eye in the
molt romantic landfcapes that nature can exhibit.
This valley is floated by the lake, which
fp reads forth to the right and left in one great but
irregular expanfe of tranfparent water. A more
noble object can hardly be imagined. Its imme-
diate fhoar is traced in every variety of line that
fancy can conceive, fometimes contracting the
lake into the appearance of a winding river ; at
others retiring from it, and opening large fwell-
ing bays, as if for navies to anchor in ; promon-
tories, fpread with woods, or fcattered with trees
and inclofures, projecting into the water ; rocky
points breaking the more, and rearing their bold
heads above it. In a word, a variety that amazes
the beholder.

L 3 Bu

[ '5° ]
LABOUR.

In harveft, i s. a day, and board.

In liny time, ditto.

In winter, 6 d. and ditto.

Reaping per acre, 8/. to Sj. 6^/.

Ditch incr, 6 !- </. a rood.

Head man's wages, 9 /. to 10/.

Next ditto, 61.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3/.

Dairy maid, 4/. 4 J".

Other ditto, 50 s. to 3 /. 3 J-.

Women />cr day in harveft, 8 d. and board.

In hay time, 6 d. and ditto.

In winter, 4^. and ditto.

IMPLEMENTS, Gfr,

No waggons.

A cart, 4/. to 6/.

But what finifhes the fccne with an elegance
too delicious to be imagined, is, this beautiful
fheet of water being dotted with no lefs than ten
iflands, diftinftly commanded by the eye. The
large one prefents a waving various line, which
rifes from the water in the fined inequalities of
furface : high land in one place, low in another -,
r lumps of trees in this fpot, icattered ones in
that •, adorned by a farm-houfe on the water's
edge, and backed with a little wood — weing in
fimple elegant e with Boromean palaces : Some of
the fmailer ifles rifing from the lake like little
hills of wood, fome.only fcattered with trees, and
rs of grafs of the fined verdure •, a more beau-
tiful variety no where to be feen.

Strain

[ '5' ]

A plough, 15 s.

A harrow, y s. 6d.

Few rollers.

A fcythe, 2 s. 3 d.

A fpade, is. 6d.

Laying a fhare and coulter, 2 s.

Shoeing, is. \d.

PROVISIONS,^.

Bread— ^Oat, lefs than 1 d.

Cheefe, 3^.

Butter, 6 Id. 18 oz.

Beef, 2±d.

Mutton, 2d.

Veal, 2 d.

Pork, \d.

Milk, i-d. a quart new; three quarts flcim

for 1 d.
Potatoes, Sd. a peck.

Strain your imagination to command the idea of
fo noble anexpanfeof water thus glorioufly envi-
roned ; fpotted with iflands more beautiful than
would have ifTued from the happieft pencil. Picture
the mountains rearing their majeftic heads with
native fublimity •, the vaft rocks boldly projecting
their terrible craggy points : And in the path of
beauty, the variegated inclofures of the moft
charming verdure, hanging to the eye in every
form that can grace a landlcape. If you raife^
your fancy to ibmething infinitely beyond this af-
femblage of peculiar objects, you may have a
faint notion of the unexampled beauties of this,
raviihing landicape.

L 4 Candles,

[ '52 ]

Candles, 6 [J.

Soap, 6 d.

Labourers houfe-rent, 15 s. to 30 s.

firing 25 s. to 30 s.

Lanca/ier is a flouriihing town, well
fituated for trade, of which it carries on a
pretty brilk one 3 pofTe fling about one hun-
dred fail of (hips, fome of them of a good
burthen, for the African and American
trades ; the only manufactory in the town is
that of cabinet ware j here are many cabi-
net-makers, who work up the mahogany
brought home in their own (hips, and re-
export it to the Wejl Indies, &c. &c. It is a
town that increafes in buildings ; having
many new piles, much fuperior to the old
ftreets, and handfomely railed of white flone
and flate.

At Kabers the foil is chiefly clay, but
they have fome light loam and fome fand ;
lets at an average for lys. an acre. Farms
from 10/. to 70 /. a year.
Their courfe,

1. Fallow 5. Wheat

2. Barley 6. Beans

3. Oats 7. Oats.

4. Fallow

About Cocker am they break up and fow,

1. Peafe 3. Oats.

2. Barley

For wheat they plow three times, fow
three bufluls and a half, often in February

and

[ *53 ]

and March, and get about twenty-fix In re-
turn. For barley they ftir three times, fow
three bufhels about May day, and gain
thirty in return. They give but one plough-
ing' for oats, fow fix bulhels, and gain forty
in return. They ftir but once for beans,
fow four bufhels, broad caft, the beginning
of March, and reckon the average produce
at thirty-fix bufhels. For peafe they plow
but once, fow three bufhels, at the time
with beans; the crop thirty bulliels. For
rye they plow thrice, fow three bufhels, and
gain four quarters in return.

But few turneps cultivated : The method
is to plow twice for them, never hoe ; the
average value 8/. Ufe them for beafts and
fheep.

For potatoes they plow thrice, dung the
land well, and dibble them in eight or .en.
inches fquare ; they afterwards weed them
by hand : The crop from one hundred to
two hundred bufhels, at from is. to is. \d.
a bufhel : They fow wheat after them, and
get very fine crops, much fuperior to their
common ones.

As to manures, marie is the grand one,
which is found under all this country, and
generally within fixteen or twenty inches of
the furface ; it lies in beds, many of them
of a vafl depth, the bottoms of fome pits not
being found : It is white, and as loft and
foapy as butter. They lay about an hundred

two

[ 154 ]

two horfe cart loads to an acre, but fome
farmers lefs, on to lays and flubbles. It
Jails a good improvement for twenty years ;
coils about 4/. 10s. an acre. Their hay
they flack in houfes.

Good grafs letts for 26s. an acre; is ufed
chierly for dairying; one 2cre and a quarter
they reckon enough for a cow in fummer,
and one acre to four fheep. They marie
a good deal, and find it a fine improvement,
making the grafs fatten well, and excellent
for milk. Their breed of cattle the long
horned. They reckon the profit of a cow
at 4/. and a middling one to yield fix gallons
of milk a day. The winter food draw and
hay, of the latter an acre and a quarter :
Keep about a pig to two cows ; and reckon*
a dairy maid to ten or twelve. The fum-
mer join: is 30 s. keep them in winter in the
houfe.

Their fwine they fat to 4/. ioj. or 5/.
value.

Their flocks of fheep rife from twenty to
four hundred, having fome commons in the
neighbourhood; and reckon the profit at
ys. bd. or 8j. a head: Keep them all the
year on the commons : Their fleeces weigh,
at a medium, 3 lb.

In tillage they account fix horfes necef-
for fifty acres of arable land; ufe fix in
a plough, and do an acre a day. The an-
nual expence per horfe 4/. 15s. None of

them

[ '55 ]

them cut ftraw into chaff. The time of
breaking up their ftubbles for a fallow is
Candlemas ; plough generally four or five
inches deep. The hire of a cart and th;ee
horfes is 4 s. 6d. a day.

They reckon 150/. necefTary for hiring
and frocking a farm of 50 /. a year.

Tythes compounded for.

Rates 3*/. in the pound. The employ-
ment of the poor women and children fpin-
ning flax.

Leafes are both for terms of years and for
lives.

The farmers carry their corn fourteen
miles.

The following are the particulars of fome
farms in this country.

45 acres in

all

12 fheep

1 3 arable

1 man

£.50 rent

2 maids

4 horfes

1 labourer

4 cows

1 plough

6 young cattle

3 carts.

3 fatting 1

Deafls

Another^

>

62 acres in all

3 fatting beads

16 arable

30 fheep

46 grafs

1 man

£• 63 rent

1 maid

5 horfes

1 boy

10 cows

2 ploughs

8 young

cattle

2 carts.

Another,

[

,56

]

Another,

70 acre? in all

40 fheep

30 arable

1 man

40 grafs

1 boy

£>>75 rent

1 maid

8 horfes

1 labourer

1 2 cows

3 ploughs

10 young cattle

4 carts.

5 fatting beafts

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s. and board.
In hay time, ditto.
In winter, 6 d. and ditto.
Reaping wheat, 6 s. 6 d.
> barley, 6 s.

oats, 5 s.

beans, 6 s.

Mowing grafs, 2 s. and ale.

Ditching, 6d. to Sd. per rood.

Firft man's wages, 9 /.

Next ditto, 5 7.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 40 s.

A dairy maid, 3 /.

Other ditto, 40 s. to 50 s.

Women per day in harveft, Sd. and board.

In hay time, 6 d. and ditto.

In winter, \d. and ditto.

They reckon the value of a man's board,
wafhing, and lodging, 3 s. 6 d. a week.

I M P L E-

[ *S7 1

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

No waggons.
A cart, 8 /. to 9 /.
A plough, 1 5 s.
A harrow, 1 1 s.
A roller, io;. 6 d.
A fey the, 2 s. 6 d.
A fpade, 3 s.
Laying a ihare, 8 d.
coulter, Sd.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread — oat, 1 1 lb. for 1 s.

Cheefe, 3 d.

Butter, 8d. 16 oz.

Beef, z{d,

Mutton, 2 -L d.

Pork, 4*/.

Milk, ^d. a pint.

Potatoes, 3 d. a peck.

Turneps, i~d. ditto.

Candles, J\d.

Soap, 6 d.

Labourers houfe-rent, 20 s.

firing, 20 J*.

Tools, 1 ox. 6d.

Around Garjiang are feveral variations
which deferve noting. The foils are clay,
black moory, on clay, and light loam ; let
on an average at 1 7 s. an acre. Farms from
10/. to 150/. a year. Their courfe,

I. Fallow

[ «5» ]

i. Fallow 4. Barley

1. Wheat 5. Oats, and

3. Beans then left to graze it-

.felf. and they arTu red me very gravely the
giais was excellent : They plow thrice for
wheat, low three bufhels a fortnight before
Michaelmas, and reckon thirty-five buihels
the average produce. For barley they ftir
from one to four times, fow three bulhels
per acre the end of April-, and gain thirty
buihels an acre. For oats they plow but
once, fow feven bufhels an acre in March,
and gain on an average forty-five bulhels.
They ftir but once for beans, fow four
bufhels and a half, broad cart, both under
furrow, and above, the end of February or
beginning of March ; never hoe them :
They gain thirty bufhels. Sow neither peafe
nor rye, and fcarce any turneps. Clover
with both bailey and oats ; and generally
mow it for hay.

For potatoes they dig all the land nine
inches deep, and then dung it well ; dibble
in the fetts nine inches afunder ; reckon a
peck to let a perch of twenty-one feet :
They hand-weed them, and gain upon an
average three bufhels and a half per perch,
or four hundred and fifty bulhels per acre;
after them they fow corn of all forts, and
get great crops.

Marie is their principal manure, both
white, black, blue, fandy, and iome fhell

marie.

[ *59 ]
marie. They fometimes find perfect cockle
and periwinkle fhells, nine yards deep, in
beds of marie. The furface is from one to
four feet of thicknefs above it : Twenty-
three fquare yards does an acre. It is quite
foft and foapy. The land will be for ever
the better for it : It does befl on light foils.
The marie husbandry here is to plow three
years, and let it lie three. They find a ie-
cond, and even a third marling, to anfwer
well : The average expence about 4/. per
acre.

Lime they alio ufe : Lay fifty windles per
acre, at u. 4^. per windle ; and fometimes
up to eighty and an hundred j the expence
to 5/. and 1 1. \os. per acre ; lafts gene-
rally four or five years in great heart j but,
with very good management, for twenty
years.

Good grafs letts from 301. to 35^. an
acre -, they ufe it chiefly for cows, and reckon
an acre and a quarter fufficient for the fum-
mer feed of a cow, and four fheep to the
acre. They manure their paftures with
both marie and lime. The breed of their
cattle long horned. And it will not here be
amifs to remark, that Lancafiire is famous
for this long horned breed, fo that cows,
which come of thorough-bred bulls (and
they are very curious in their breed) will fell
at very high prices, up to 20 and 30/. a
cow, if they promife well for producing

good

f 160 ]

good bulls, which lbmetimcs fell for ioo/.
or 200 /. a bull.

They fat their oxen to forty and fixty ffone.

Their fwtne, in common, to twenty fione :
One in particular, to thirty.

They reckon the product of a cow from
3/. jos. to 4/. Keep fcarce any fwine the
more upon account of their dairies. Feed
their cows in winter upon draw and hay ;
and reckon an acre of the latter neceffary.
The fummer joitt 20 s. to -jo s. Keep them
in both held and houfe in the winter.

Their flocks of (beep fife from twenty to
two hundred, calculate the profit at 4J. or
5 s. keep them in both winter and fpring
on the commons : The mean weight per
fleece 3 lb.

They reckon twelve or thirteen horfes
neceifary for the management of an hundred
acres of arable land. Uie four in a plough,
and do an acre a day. The annual expence
of keeping hories ^ /. 10;. each. The fum-
mer joift 30 s. to 50 s. and 3 j. 6 d. a week.
They break up their ftubbles for a fallow in
March ; plow in general fix inches deep.
The price per acre 8 s. Know nothing of
chopping ftraw for chaff. Hire of a cart,
three horfes, and a driver, 4 s. a day.

In the (locking of farms 500/. is neceffary
to (lock a grazing one of 1 50 /. a year ; but
200 /. fufficient for the common cnes of
100/. a year.

Land

[ '6i ]

Land fells at from thirty to forty years
purchafe.

Tythes both gathered and compounded
for.

Poor rates in Gar Jiang cd. in the pound ;
in villages 2 d. They fpin cotton and flax.
All drink tea.

But few fmall eftates.

The farmers carry their corn twelve miles.

Many leafes for three lives ; and feme en
terms of years.

The following particulars of farms will
fhew the general ceconomy of the country.

200 acres in all

70 arable
130 grafs
JT. 180 rent

1 2 horfes

j o cows

8 fatting beaffe

25 young cattle
50 fheep

2 men

2 boys

2 maids

2 labourers.

Another,

160 acres in all
60 arable
100 grafs
£.140 rent
9 horfes

1 5 cows

1 6 young cattle

Another,
1 10 acres in all JT. 85 rent

50 arable 8 horfes

60 giais 6 cows

Vo l, III. M 15. young

4 fatting beafts
200 fheep (com-
mon right)

1 man

2 maids

3 bc?s

2 labourers.

[ 162 ]

i 5 young cattle i maid

2 fatting beads 2 boys

26 flieep 1 labourer.
1 man

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s. a day and board.
In hay-time, \od. and ditto.
In winter, 6 d. and ditto.
Reaping wheat, 6 s.

barley, 51. 6d.

oats, 55. 6d.

beans, ys. to 8s. 6 d.

Ditching, ^d. to $d.

Firft man's wages, 1 o /.

Next ditto, 7 L

Eoy of ten or twelve years, 38 x.

Dairymaid, 3/. 10/.

Other ditto, 3/.

Women ^r day, in harveft, 6d. and board.

In hay time, $d. and ditto.

In winter, 4^. and ditto.

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

Scarce any waggons, but coming into ufe

ftowly.
A cart, 1 2 /.
A plough, 20 j.
A harrow, 10/.
No rollers.
A icy the, 3/. 6 d.
A fpade, 3 j-.
Shoeing, is. A.d.

PRO-

[ i63 ]

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread — Oat, f and i d. per lb.

Cheefe, 3 d.

Butter, yd. 16 oz*

Beef, 3 d.

Mutton, 3 d.

Pork, 3</.

Candles, 6\d.

Soap, 6^£

Labourers houfe-rent, 15^. to 40 .j.

-— firing, 30 J.

BUILDING.

Oak timber, 1 s. 6 d. to 3 s.

Am, 1 j. 4 </.

Elm, 1 j. 4 ^/.

Soft woods, 6 d.

Mafon, per day, 1 ^. 6//. and beer.

Carpenter, 1 j-. and ditto.

Walling, yd. a yard the workmanfhip.

From Garjlang to Wigan land letts from
15 s. to 3 /. an acre, average 25J. and farms
rife from 30 /. to 100 /. a year.

From Wigan to Warrington land from
1 5 '• to 3 I* 10S- and farms 15/. to 100 /.
a year. At Warrington the manufactures
of fail-cloth and facking are very confidera-
ble. The firft is fpun by women and
girls, who earn about 2 d. a day. It is then
bleached, which is done by men, who earn

M 2 10 j.

f 164 ]

10 j. a week ; after bleaching it is wound by-
women, whofe earnings are is. td. a
week ; next it is warped by men, who earn
7 j-. a week ; and then ftarched, the earn-
ings, 10 s. 6 d. a week. The lad: operation
is the weaving, in which the men earn 9 s.
the women 5 s. and boys 3 r. 6 d. a. week.

The fpinners in the lacking branch earn
6 j. a week, women ; then it is wound on
bobbins by women and children, whofe
earnings are \d. a day 5 then the ftarchers
take it, they earn 6 s. a week ; after which
it is wove by men, at gs. a week. The
fail-cloth employs about three hundred wea-
vers, and the facking an hundred and fifty ;
and they reckon twenty fpinners and two or
three other hands to every weaver.

During the war the fail-cloth branch was
very brilk, grew a little faint upon the
peace, but is now, and has been for fome
time, pretty well recovered, though not to
be fo good as in the war. The facking
manufacture was alfo better in the war ;
but is always brifk.

The fpinners never ftand ilill for want of
work -, they always have it if they pleafe ;
but weavers fometimes are idle for want of
yarn, which, confidering the number of
poor within reach, (the fpinners of the
facking live chiefly in Chejhire^ is melan-
choly to think of.

Here

[ >«5 ]

Here is likewife a fmall pin-manufactory,
which employs two or three hundred chil-
dren, who earn from is. to 2 s. a week.

Another of fhoes for exportation, that
employs four or five hundred hands, (men,)
who earn 9/. a week.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread — Oat and barley mixed.

Butter, j \ d. 16 oz,

Cheefe, $\d.

Mutton, 3 d.

Beef, 3 d.

Veal, 3^/.

Pork, 4</.

Bacon, 6 d.

Milk, \d. a half pint.

Potatoes, 3 \ d. a peck.

Poors houfe-rent, 20 s. to 30 s.

firing, 1 6 s.

Upon the whole, thefe manufactures are
very advantageous, as they employ above
eleven thoufand hands.

At Bowls, between Warrington and Pref-
cot, the foils are clay and rich loam, lett
from 10 j. to 25 J. an acre. Farms from 20/.
to 80/. a year. Their courfes,

1. Fallow Alfo, 1. Fallow

2. Wheat 2. Wheat

3. Oats. 3. Oats

4. Clover.

M 3 Oi

[ i66 1

Of wheat they get iixteen bufhels per
acre ; oats twenty-five, and beans fixteen.
Their rrincipal manure is marie; lay on an
acre two or three rood, at eight fquare
yards each, cofts 3 /. an acre, and lafts good
feven or eight years : Ufe it chiefly for clay
foils. Lime they lay on warm dry lands, an
hundred and twenty-five bufhels per acre,
cofts 3/. 10s. or 4/. They plow up their
ftubbles at Candlemas for a fallow. The
produce of a cow they reckon at 3 /.

The following are the particulars of fome
farms in this neighbourhood.

40 acres in

all

3 horfes

1 2 arable

4 cows

28 grafs

6 young cattle

£• 5° rent

Another,

1 maid.

65 acres in

all

6 young cattle

20 arable
45 grafs
£. 58 rent
4 horfes

20 lheep
1 man
1 boy
1 maid.

6 cows

Another,

90 acres in
30 arable

all

1 3 young cattle
20 iheep

60 grafs

1 man

JT. 85 rent

1 maid

6 horfes

I boy.

1 0 cows

The

f 167 }

The town of Liverpool is too famous in
the trading world to allow me to pafs it
without viewing : I wanted to be informed
of a few particulars relative to the (hipping,
imports, exports, and rife and fall of their
commerce, a little of which I gained, tho'
by no means what I wiflied. I walked over
the town for a view of the publick buildings,
&c. the following are the minutes I took.

The exchange is a quadrangular building
furrounding a court, which is inclofed by a
double row of Titfcan pillars, and over them
another of Corinthian ones ; but the area is
fo fmall, that it has more the appearance of
a well than the court of an edifice. In this
building is the afTembly-room, iixty-five
feet by twenty-five, handfomely fitted up;
but the mufic-gallery at one end is a mere
over-grown fhelf $ the common blunder in
nine affembly-rooms out often. The card-
room is prepofterous ; a narrow flip of about
eleven feet wide -, fo that Lilliputian card
tables muit, be made on purpofe for the
room, or no pafTage remain around them for
fpeclators. From the cupola on the top of
the building is a very fine view of the town.

The ne^w church, dedicated to St. J?a>ul%
is a building: that does credit to the town :
It Hands in the centre of a fquare, fo. that
you may view it to much better advantage
than its namefake at London > but though
handfome in feveral refpects, yet will it by

M 4 no

t '63 ]

no means ftand fo well the teft of examina-
tion. The cupola is by no means ftriking ;
it does not rife in a bold ftile ; its being
ribbed into an oclogon is difadvantageous ;
nor is there fimplicity enough in the lan-
tern. There is a great heavinefs in the
breadth of the fpace between the capitals of
the pillars and the cornice. Within, there
is a central circular area of forty feet dia-
meter, inclofed by pillars of the Ionic order :
There is much lightnefs, and a fimple ele-
gance in it that is pleafing ; but all hurt by
the abfurdity of the iquare cornices above
the pillars, which project fo much as to be
quite diiguffcing. This church was raifed at
the expence of the pariah, and coft 12,000/.
But the glory of Liverpool is the docks
for the (hipping, which are much fuperior
to any mercantile ones in Britain : One
very fine new one, of a circular form, is
finiihed, and defended by a pier, all excel-
lently well faced with ftone, and perfectly
fecure from ftorms. Out of this is an en-
trance into another, called the New Dock,
now executing, of a large fize, capable of
containing fevcral hundred fail, and faced
in the fame manner all round with large
itonc : Out of this is to be a palTage into
another very capacious one, called the Dry
Pier, and this again leads into two others,
called the Old and South Docks, and like-
has an entrance by the river from the

Jea :

t 169 ]

fea: Into this likewife open three very no-
ble docks for building large (hips, admira-
bly contrived. Thefe three, Dry Pier, and
Old and South Docks, are all totally fur-
rounded by the town, (o that (hips of four,
five, fix, andfome of nine hundred tons bur-
then, lay their broad fides to the quays, and
goods are hoifted out of them, even into
many of the warehoufes of the merchants.

A little out of the town is a very pretty
new walk, fpread on one fide with imall
plantations, and looking on the other down
upon the town and river : A coffee-houfe,
&c. built new upon it : It is lately done,
and a good improvement.

There is a manufacture of porcelane at
this place, which employs many hands j the
men earn in it from 7 s. to iol a week.
Likewife a flocking manufactory, in which,
they earn from 7 s. to gs. Alfo two glafs-
houfes, in which the earnings are 9 s. or
10 j". a week.

Poor rates in Liverpool is. in the pourd.

Land, five miles round it, lets, at an
average, at 3 1 s. 6 d. per acre.

They fuppofe the number of inhabitants
to be near forty thoufand.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread, 1 \ d.
Butter, 8 d. 18 oz.
Cheefe, 3' d.

Beef,

f J7° 1

Beef, i\d.

Mutton, 3; d.

Veal, 4<A .

Pork, 4 </.

Bacon, 7 </.

MilS, I //. a pint.

Potatoes, 3 d. a. peck.

Candles, y{ d.

Soap, 7 | ^/.

Poors houfe rent, 20l to 30^.

firing, 15 s. to 20 j.

The trade of Liverpool increafed regu-
larly daring the whole courle of the war,
and was at its height when the new regu-
lations of the American trade took place :
The flopping the trade with the Spaniards
in America, with fome other meafures at
that time relative to the Colonies, gave a
blow to the commerce of this town, which
me has not recovered ; fo that they have
fince been, and are now, much upon the
decline : A great number of mips are laid
by in the harbour, and a general languor
fpread over their whole trade.

The husbandry around Ormjkirk, parti-
cularly about Hal/all, is as follows : The
foil is in general a fandy loam -, letts, upon,
an average, at 1 5 s. per acre. Farms from
5/. to 100/. a year, but chiefly about 40 /.
1 heir courfe is,

1. Break up the 2. Barley

>und, and 3. Wheat

4. Oats

[ »7J ]

5. Vetches then comes to grafs

6. Barley of itfelf, and very

7. Clover three or fine grafs it mull
four years, and be.

They plow five times for wheat, fow a
bufhel and half, and reap from twenty-five
to thirty-five bufhels. For barley they plow
thrice, fow two bufhels and an half, and get
about twenty in return. They ftir but once
for oats, fow four bufhels ; the crop twenty.
For beans they give three earths, fow two
bufhels and half, broad caft, never hoe
them, and get upon an average about thirty.
They ufe very little rye or peafe. Their
clover they reckon more profitable than
corn ; get very great crops.

They ufed always to dig for potatoes, but
have of late changed that method for plow-
ing : They fet them upon both grafs and
tillage land, but always dung well. The
foil they prefer is the light fandy. They lay
the dices in the furrows after the plough, io
as to come up about nine inches afun-
der every way ; while growing they hand
weed them. A common crop is an hun-
dred and fifty bufhels; and a good acre
worth 10/.

The principal manure ufed here is marie,
which they lay upon the fandy foils 3 it cofts
about 3 /. an acre, and lafts good for twenty
years; improves ben: for wheat and oats.
They fiack their hay in the farm yards, but

know

r 172 ]

know nothing of chopping the corn bub-
bles.

Good grafs letts at 30/. an acre; they
ufe it both for fatting, dairying, and breed-
ing; two acres they reckon neceiTary to
fummer a cow ; never manure it.

They reckon the product of a cow at 5/.
and upon a medium fix gallons of milk a
day. They ke^p about two or three hogs
to ten. The winter food is hay and ltraw,
of the firft about an hundred and twenty
flone 20 lb. each) is fuflicient; and have it
in the houfe all winter. The calves they
bring up by hand, one month for the
butcher, and two months for rearing. They
reckon a dairy-maid can take care of ten
cows. The fummer joifl is 20s.

The flocks of fheep rife from twenty to an
hundred; the profit per head 10 x. They
keep them all winter and fpring upon grafs.
The average weight of the fleeces about 2lb.

In their tillage they reckon fix horfes ne-
ceflary for an hundred acres of arable land ;
ufe two or three in a plough, and do an acre
a day. The annual expence per horfe 5 /.
The fummer joift 40 s. They break up the
ftubbles for a fallow in February or March ;
the common price per acre of plowing 4 s.
to $ r. They ftir fix inches deep.

They know nothing of cutting ftraw into
F.

The

[ *73 ]
The hire of a cart, three horfes, and a
driver per day, is 5 s.

In the hiring and flocking of farms they
reckon 150/. fufficient for one of 50/. a
year.

Land fells from thirty to forty years pur-
chafe. No little eitates.
Tythes are taken in kind.
Poor rates 6 d. in the pound : The em-
ployment fpinning cotton. Some of them
drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn ieven or
eight miles.

Leafes run in general on terms of years,
feven, fourteen, or twenty-one; 'but fome
on three lives.

The general ceconomy will be feen from
the following iketches :

400 acres in all 40 fheep

100 arable 4 men

300 grafs 2 boys

jT. 200 rent 2 maids

20 horfes 2 labourers

30 cows 4 ploughs

30 young cattle 2 carts.

10 fatting beads

Another,
60 acres in all 1 5 cows

20 arable 10 young cattle

40 grafs 1 man

jT. 120 rent (it is near 1 maid

the town) 1 plough

3 horfes 1 cart.

[ '74 ]

Another,

60 acres in all 3 fatting beafts

20 arable 20 fheep

40 grafs 1 man

JT. 50 rent 1 maid

3 horles 1 plough

6 cows 1 cart.
10 young cattle

Another,

135 acres in all 40 fheep

70 arable 2 men

65 grafs 2 boys

£. 95 rent 2 maids

8 horfes 2 labourers

20 cows 3 ploughs

6 young cattle 3 carts.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s.

In hay time, 8 d.

In winter, \od. (this they fay is becaufe the

work is fo much harder.)
Mowing grafs, is. ^d.
Ditching, %d. to 1 s. a rood.
Thrashing wheat, 3 d. a bufhel.

bailey, 2d.

oats, 1 1 d.

beans, 2d.

Head man's wages, 7/.

Next ditto, 5 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 30 s.

Dairy maids, 3 /.

Other

I *75 1
Other maids, 2/. ioj-.
Women per day in harveft, 1 s.
In hay time, 8 d.

The value of a man's board, warning, and
lodging, 9/.

IMPLEMENTS, &r.

No waggons.
A cart, 4/.
A plough, 20 j.
A harrow, 10 x.
No rollers.
A fey the, 3 j.
A fpade, %s.
Shoeing, 1 J". 4^/.

BUILDING.

Bricks, per thoufand, ioj-.

Oak, 1 jr.

Mafon, per day, 2 s.

Carpenter, 2 J*.

Farm houfes of brick and Hate.

In the pari fi are,

2000 acres 20 poor

100 farms 200 horfes

jf.2000 rent 400 cows

£. 50 rates 200 lheep

£. 25 highways 100 fatting beafts.
55 labourers

On the weftern fide of Hal/ell, near the
fea, lie about one thoufand acres of bog,

called

[ 176 ]

called Halfell-Mofs, which about thirty years
ago, was not, on an average, worth i d. an
acre : Turfs were dug out of part of it for
burning. Mr. Edward Segar, of Barton-
Houfe, who polTerTed a confiderable part of it,
began the improvement of it, which has
fince been conducted by Mr. Parke, of £»/-
verpoo/.

It was fo very foft, that no cattle could go
on it during the greater! part of the year ;
for which reafon the firfr. bufinefs was drain-
ing. It was for that purpofe divided into
fields of about two acres each, by ditches
five feet wide at top, three feet deep, and
three feet wide at bottom ; the digging
thefe cuts coil: ^d. per rood.

In about a year the ditches were half
clofed up , and all cleaned out again. Then
another year elapfed before any further im-
provement was undertaken : This time was
given it for a gradual draining, that the fur-
face might be tolerably firm for the bearing
of men and hories.

At the end of the fecond year it was con-
folidated enough to bear men for paring and
burning it, which was performed in winter,
two or three inches deep. The paring cods
7 s. per acre, and the burning is. td.

After this it was ploughed with one horie
in boots, mod with boards of an oval iliape,
eighteen inches wide, which enabled the
horfc to move fecurely upon the bog. The

turfs

[ 177 ]

turfs raifed by this plowing were alfo burnt ;
for the rirfr. paring is often of fo puffy a
nature as to afford icarce any afhes ; but the
fecond, coming after a greater confolidation,
and the plough cutting fo much deeper than
a man, the allies are more in quantity and
of a better nature. This fecond burning
was performed the beginning of Augujh

The afhes were plowed in immediately,
quite hot, to the depth of about three or
four inches, and upon that one earth, with-
out any harrowing either before cr after ;
rye was fown the beginning of September,
near a bufhel to an acre, which generally
produced about twenty-nve in return.

This rye was off the land time enough
for another burning of the old furrows,
which cod about 3^. an acre; aftci vvhiwh.
it was again plowed, and fown with rye as
before, and the crop nearly the fame.

With this fecond crop of rye much natural
grafs came, which was left to itfelf for three
years, but kept paftured by cattk, and
turfed very well.

In the April after thefe three years, it
was plowed as at firfl with one horfe, and
the furrows burnt ; then it was ftirred a
fecond time, and fown with oats, four
bufhels pir acre, and the crop was near
thirty. After they were cleared from the
land, it was burnt again as in the former
courfe, and after a plowing, a fecond crop

Vol. III. N of

t 78 ]

of oats Town, that yielded much the fame
as the la(t. The graft again coming of it-
ielf, it was left to graze for four years, and
was a very good paiture.

This was the general management : Ta-
king two crops of rye or oats, and then let-
ting it lie in grafs for three or four years,
and always breaking up with burning: And
in this management feveral hundred acres
were and are adjudged by many farmers,
to be worth from js. 6 d. to 1 5 s. per acre.

As the rye is fown without harrowing, it
ihould be while corn is plentiful in the field,
that vermine may have no particular temp-
tation to attack it.

This fyftem of management has been
found, on experience, to be very advantage-
ous; it would be, therefore, impertinent to
prefcribe, for fuch a peculiar foil, any im-
provements; but I cannot avoid remarking,
that if era'fs feeds were fown with the fe-

o

cond corn crop, the fucceeding pafturage
would probably be much better. But the
profit of advancing fuch land to ioj-. an
acre is a valt improvement ; it calls ftrongly
for attacking the numerous bogs in feme
other part? of this kingdom. This bog is
the fame fort as that defcribed at Thome, in
the tii it volume; the proprietors of which
know not of any method of improving it.

Returning to ll\irrhigl07i, I took the road
to AUrin rha-;: ; the country of various foils,

b'jt

[ l79 ]

font chiefly loam and fand ; letts from i 3 /.
to 22 s. per acre. About that place it is
chiefly Tandy, and fome clay and light loam;
letts from 15J. to 2 51. an acre.

Farms from 20/. a year to 300/. The
courfe of crops,

1. Fallow 4. Clover for

2. Wheat different terms.

3. Oats

They plow three or four times for wheat,
fow two bumels a fortnight or three weeks
before Michaelmas, and reckon the average
produce at thirty bumels. For barley they
plow thrice, fow four bumels the beginning
of May, and gain in return about thirty-
three at a medium. For oats they give but
one plowing, fow four bumels and an half
the beginning of March, and get about
forty-five at a medium. They give two or
three earths for beans, dibble them in, three
bufhels per acre, at fix inches afunder, and
hand weed them while growing; the crop
forty bumels. They low wheat after them,
and get good crops. For peafe they alio
plow twice or thrice, dibble them as beans,
and hand weed them; the crop about three
quarters.

But tew turneps are cultivated; inch as
do fow them, plow the land three or four
times; no hoeing, but the crop is thinned
by hand for ferving the markets. Average
value from 4/. to 10/. an acre. 1,'ic them

N 2 i<u

[ 180 ]

for all forts of cattle. Clover they fbw with
barley and oats, ufe it chiefly for hay, of
which they get two tons per acre at a mow-
ing. Tares they fow for hay, and get four
loads an acre, three- horie cart loads, worth
20 j. a load, and fallow after them for wheat.
Buckwheat they have (own for a dreffing for
wheat, by plowing it in, and find it does
bell: on dry fandy land*

They dig for potatoes generally after oats,
dunging the land well; they dibble the fetts
in ; twenty-two bufhels do an acre. Seme
hand-weed them while growing • others
hand-hot: them. The crop about 320 ctvt,
per acre, (120/^. each j) fome twice as
much. Mr. "Tho??ias V/arburton, of Alt ring-
ham, made for lbme years 25 /. a year from
one acre of land by potatoes. They fow
wheat or barley after them, and are lure of
a great crop.

Marie is their great manure ; they have
it of all forts, red, white, blue, black, and
brown ; they reckon it does belt on the
ground it is under ; lay from twenty-four to
forty fquare yards on an acre. Upon clay
they lay thirty- two; upon fan d forty ; and
upon bog the fame. It cofts about 1 s. a
yard. It will be an improvement in lbme
mcafure for ever, if not kept too long in
tillage. They have found from experience,
that it aniwers well to marie twice.

Lime

f 181 ]

Lime they alfb ufe both upon clay and
fand, but does beft upon the former: They
lay on an acre eighty or an hundred loads, at
ten pecks each. Another and excellent way
of ufing it, is, to plant potatoes upon the
fluff thrown out of their ditches, and after-
wards mix it up with lime. It colts n. a
load thirteen miles off. Their boggy land
they pare and burn. They buy dung at
Manchefier at from 4*/. to yd. a ton, but
agree for it in the lump. They flack their
hay at home.

Good grafs letts at 30 /. an acre -, they ap-
ply it both to fatting and dairying ; and
reckon that an acre is fufficient to keep a
cow through the fummer; but they both
dung and marie it. Their breed of horned
cattle is the long horns; fat them from
thirty to fifty flone. The product of a cow
they reckon at 5/. 10 s. and the average
quantity of milk five gallons a day. They
do not keep above two or three hogs to
twenty-fix cows. When dry, the winter
food is flraw ; but near and after calving,
hay and ground oats ; of the firft about one
half, or three quarters of an acre. The
calves do not fuck above two or three weeks
for the butcher; but, for rearing, all are
brought up by hand. A dairy maid ufually
takes care of feven or eight cows. The
fummer joift is 301. In the winter they
are kept in the houfe.

N 3 Hogs

[; iH ]

Hogs they fat up to twenty-five flone.

The flocks of fheep are not many near
the town, but at a iinall diltance they rife
from twenty to two hundred ; the profit
they calculate at 10 s. a head. The winter
ipring food is a few turneps, but, in general,
grafs alone. The average of fleeces about
4 \ lb.

In their tillage they reckon fix horfes ne-
ceffary for one hundred acres of arable land:
They ufe three or four in a plough, and do
an acre a day. They calculate the whole
annual expence/>^r horfe at 4/. 16 s. The
fummer joift 40 s. The price per acre of
ploughing is c s. 3 d. and the time of break-
ing up their flubbles for a fallow, after the
barley fowing. The general depth five
inches.

They know nothing of cutting ftraw into
chaff.

The hire per day of a cart, three horfes,
and a driver, 5 s.

In the hiring and flocking of farms, they
reckon that, with particular management, a
man may ftock one of 100/. a year for
200/. but that for 300/. many fuch are
taken. That fum they divide in the follow-
ing manner :

Twenty beafts, - £.120

Five horfes, 40

Porty fheep, - - 16

PigS 2

Harnefs,

[

i83

]

Harnefs,

Chains,

-

0

7

0

Backhand,

-

0

5

0

BellybancJ,
Halms,

—

0

0

1

3

0
0

Collar,

-

0

7

0

Halter,

-

0

3

0

1

6

0
5

I. s.

—

. —

6 10

Two road carts,

-

•«

H

Three home ditto,

-

12

Sundry fmall implements,
Two ploughs,
Harrows,

-

4 10
2

4

Roller,

-

1

Houfe-keeping,
Labour,

■*

3°
35

Seed,

20

£•

307

Land fells at thirty years purchaie. Many
eftates of 2 or 300 /. a year.

Tythes are generally gathered ; poor
rates from is. 6d. to is. bJ. in the pound;
their employment fpinning flax and wool.
All drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn eight miles.

Leafes run from {even to fourteen years ;
fome for three lives.

N 4 The

[ i«4 1

The general oeconomy of the country
will be (een from the following fketches of
farms.

40 acfes in all

10 arable

30 grafs
£. 40 rent
2 hordes
7 cows

2 young cattle
1 boy

1 maid

2 carts

2 ploughs.

Another,

200 acres in all 60 fheep

100 arable 3 men

1 00 grafs 2 boys

£. 300 rent 2 maids

1 o horfes 2 labourers

26 cows 1 waggon

5 fatting beafts 4 carts

20 young cattle 3 ploughs.

Another,

1 10 acres in all 20 fheep

40 arable 1 man

70 grafs 1 boy

£. 90 rent 1 maid

4 horfes 1 labourer

15 cows 2 carts

2 fatting beafts 2 ploughs.
8 young cattle

Another,

87 acres in all £-72 rent

40 grafs 4 horfes

4.y arable 6 cows

3 fatting

[ »s 1

3 fatting beads i maid

jo young cattle I labourer

30 fheep 2 carts

1 boy 1 plough.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s, .3 4. or 1 s. and beer.

In hay time, 1 s. and beer,

In winter, 1 o d.

Reaping wheat, per acre, 3 s. to 4 s.

— barley, 4J. to 51.

— ! oats, 3 j. to 4 j.

■ /■" — beans, 4 j. 6 d.

Mowing grafs, 1 s. 6 d. to 2 x. 6 </.

Ditching, 5*/. to 8*/.

Thrafhing wheat, 1 j. 2 d. per five bufhels.

L — ■ barley, \\d. per bufhel.

— oats, is. 6 d> or 2s. per 20 meafures.

*— ~ beans, 1 s. per five bufhels.

Digging, 8 d. per rood.

Hear1 man's wages, 6 /. to 10/.

Ns.t ditto, 5/

Boy of ten or twelve years, 40 s.

Dairy maid, 4/* to 5/.

Other ditto, 2 /. to 3 /.

Women per day in harveft, 1 s. and beer.

~—— — In hay time, 8 d, and ditto.

Value of a man's board, warning, and lodg-
ing, 3 s. 6 */. a week.

IMPLEMENTS, €fr.

Few waggons.

A cart, 8 /.

A plough, 20 x.

A harrow.

[ iS6 ]

A harrow, 25 /.
A fcythe, 2 s. 6 d. to 3 s.
A fpade, 4 s.
Shoeing, is. 4 </.

PROVISIONS, &c.
Bread — wheat and barley mixed.
Cheefe, 3 \ d. per lb.
Batter, 7^, 18 oz.
Beef, 2 J. to 2i </.
Mutton, 3 d.
Veal, 34.4
Pork, 3 1 </.
Bacon, 7 d.

Milk, new, .[</. /><rr pint, flam, |</. jfiw quart.
Potatoes, 4 /. 6 </. j^r 212 lb.
Labourers houie-rent, 30*.
■ firing, 20 s.

BUILDING.

Bricks, per thoufand, from 8j-. 6 d. to 20 j.

Oak timber, 0 d ', to 2 J.

A ih ditto, 8 ^/.

Mafon /»^r day, 1 j. 6 */.

Carpenter ditto is. 6d.

I forgot to tell you, that one or two fenfi-
ble fanners in this neighbourhood have of
late come into the way of making hollow
drains for the improvement of their wet
lands. They dig them from two feet to
three or four deep, fet two bricks on edge
along the bottom, and lay another over them
in this manner, PL V. Fig. 1. They are

then

[ i87 ]

then filled up with the moulds. The dig-
ging, laying, and filling coft 4 d. a rood.

From Altringbam I took the road to Man-
c/jcjier, with deiign, not only to view the
manufactures of that town, but to make it
my head quarters from thence to go the tour
of his Grace the Duke of Bridgwater s na-
vigation, about which fuch wonders are
abroad ; if only half are true, I fhall be not
a little entertained.

The Manchejier manufactures are divided
into four branches.

The fuftian

The check

The hat

The worfted fmall wares.
All thefe are fubdivided into numerous
branches, ©f diftinct and feparate work. In
that of fuftians are thirteen.
N*.

I.

Corded dimities

2.

Velvets

3-

Velverets

4-

Thickfets

5-

PihVaws

6.

Quilts

7-

Petticoats

8.

Draw-boys

9-

Diapers

10.

Herringbones

1 1.

Jeans

12.

Jeanets

*3-

Counterpanes.

Thefe

r '88 ]

Thefe goods are worked up of cotton alone,
of flax and cotton, and of Hi borough yarn.
All forts of cotton are ufed, out chiefly the
Weft Indian. Thefe branches employ men*
women, and children.
In the branch N°. i. Men earn from. 3*. to
8 j. a week.
Women the fame.
No children employed in it.

2 . Men from 5 x. to 1 c /.
Neither women or children.

3, and 4. Men from 5/. to 10 s. ave-

rage 5 j". 6 d.
Women as much.
Children 3 s.

5. Men from 4 s. to 5 s.

Women the fame.
Children 2 s. 6 d.

6, and 7. Men from 6 s. to 12 s.

Neither women or children.

8. Men, at an average, 6 s. but a boy

paid out of it.
No women.

9. Men from 4J. to 6 s.
Women as much.
No children.

10. All children, 1 s. 6 d.

1 1 . Men from 4 s. to ioi.
No women or children.

(2. Women is. 6d. to 31. 6d.

Children the fame.
1 i- Men from 3 s. to 7 j-.

Neither women or children.

Thefe

[ 1 89 3

Thefe branches of manufacture work
both for exportation and home confump-
tion : Many low priced goods they make
for North America, and many fine ones for
the Weft Indies. The whole bufinefs was
exceedingly brifk during the war, and very
bad after the peace; but now are pretty good
sgain, though not equal to what they were
during the war. All the revolutions of late
in the North American affairs are felt feverely
by t&is branch. It was never known in it
that poor people applied for work and could
not get it, except in the flagjiation caufed
by the ftamp act.

I enquired .he effects of high or low
prices of provisions, and found, that in the
former the manufacturers were induftnous,
and their families eafy and happy; but that
in times of 1 )W prices the latter ftarved; for
hail the time of the father was fpent at the
ale-houfe. That both for the good of the
mailers, and the working people, high prices
were far more advantageous tha low ones :
And the higheft that were ever known much
better than the low eft:.

All in general r ay constantly have work
that will : And tl e employment is very re-
gular : The mafttr manufacturers not flay-
ing lor orders befcre the people are fet to
work, but keep, on the contrary, a great
many hands in pay, in expectation or the
fpring orders.

The

[ 19° J
The principal fub-divifions of the check
branch are the following.
N°.

I.

Handkerchiefs.

£ins;hams.

DO

2.

Bed ticking.

7«

Soufees.

3-

4-

Cotton hollands.

8.

Damafcus's.

Gowns.

9-

African goods, in

5-

0.

Furniture checks.

imitation of the

Silk and cotton

Eajl Indian.

Thefe branches employ both men, wo-
men, and children j their earnings as follow.
N°. i. Men ys.

Women j s.
Children 2 s. to 5 s.

2. Men 6 s. to 10 s.

Neither women or children.

3. Men 7 s.
Women 7 j.

Children a few, 2 j. to 5 j.

4. Men 8 /.

Neither women or children,
j. Men 7 j.
Women 7 j.
No children.

6. Men 7 j. 6 ^/.

Neither women or children.

7. Men 7 j. 6 ;/.

Neither women or children.

8. Men ys. 6 </.

Neither women or children.

9. Men from 6 s. to 9 f.
Women the Lime.

No children. Moil

[ '9' ]

Moft of thefe articles have many pre-
parers ; among others,

Dyers at js. 6 d.

Bleachers 6 s. 6 d.

Finiihers js. 6d.
The check branch, like the fuftian, works
both for exportation and home confumption,
but vaftly more for the former than the latter.
During the war the demand was extremely
brifk; very dull upon the peace, but lately
has arifen greatly, though not equal to the
war; and the interruptions cauled by the
convulfions in America, very feverely felt by
every workman in this branch : None ever
offered for work but they at once had it,
except upon the regulations of the colonies
cutting off their trade with the Spaniards,
and the ftamp act. The laft advices received
from America have had a fimilar effect:, for
many hands were paid off in eonfequence of
them.

In the hat branch the principal (ubdivi-
fions are,

1. Preparers. 4. Liners.

2. Makers. 5. Trimmer*.

3. Finiihers.

They employ both men, women, and
children, whofe earnings are fbmcwhat va-
rious.

Ny= 1. No men.

Women, 3 s.. 6 d. to j s.
No children.

2, Men

[ i92 ]

2. Men, y s. 6 d.

No women.

Children, 2 j. 6 d. to 6 J,

3. Men, 12 j.
No women.
Children, ys. 6 d.

4. No men.

Women, 4/. to y s, 6 d.
Children, 2 /. 6 d. to b s.

5. No men.

Women, 4/. to ys. 6d.
Children, 2 j. 6 d. to 6 s.
This branch works chiefly for exportation ;
during the war it was furprizingly brifk ;
after the peace quite low ; lately it has been
middling.

In the branch of fmall wares are numerous
little articles, but the earnings in general
run as follow :

Men from 5 s. to 12;.
Women from 2 s. 6 d. to y s.
Children from is. 6 d. to 6 s.
The number of fpinners employed in and
Cut of Manche/ler is immenfe ; they reckon
thirty thoufand fouls in that town ; and
fifty thoufand manufacturers employed out
©fit.

Cotton fpinners earn,
Women, 2 s. to 5 s.
Girls from fix to twelve years, 1 s. to
1 s. 6 d.

In

[ i93 ]

In general, all thefe branches find, that
their belt friend is an high price of provisi-
ons. I was particular in my enquiries on this
head, and found the fentiment univerial.
The manufacturers themfelves, as well as
their families, are in fuch times better
cloathed, better fed, happier, and in eafier
circumftances, than when prices are low ;
for at fuch times they never worked fix days
in a week ; numbers not five, nor even four ;
the idle time fpent at ale-houfes, Gr at re-
ceptacles of low diverfion ; the remainder of
their time of little value ; for it is a known
fact, that a man who flicks to his loom re-
gularly, will perform his work much bet-
ter, and do more of it, than one who idles
awray half his time, and efpecially in drunk-
ennefs.

The matter manufacturers of Manchcfter
wifh that prices might always be high e-
nough to enforce a general induftry j to
keep the hands employed fix days for a
week's work ; as they find that even one idle
day, in the chance of its being a drunken
one, damages all the other five, or, rather,
the work of them. But at the fame time
they are fenlible, that provifions may be too
high, and that the poor may ftiffer in fpite
of the utmoft induftry ; the line of fepara-
tion is too delicate to attempt the drawing :
but it is well known by every mafter manu-
facturer at Manchejte?', that the workmen

Vol. III. O wlio

[ *94 ]
who are induftrious, rather more fo than the
common run of their brethren, have never
been in want in the higheit of the late high
prices. Large families in this place are no
incumbrance ; all are fet to work.

America takes three-fourths of all the
manufactures of Mancbejier.

I am obliged to Mr. Archibald Bell, of
St. Amies Square, and Mr. Hamilton, two
of the principal manufacturers in the town,
the firft in the fuftian branch, and the latter
in the check, for the heads of the preceding
intelligence. Had I been fortunate enough
to meet with gentlemen equally knowing
and obliging, at many other manufacturing
towns, I mould have been able to give a
much better account of them ; but the fuc-
cefs of fuch undertakings as this Tour, mull:
depend, in a good meafure, on the people
one meets with *.

* Since the firft edition of thefe papers, I
have been informed that a great fpint of im-
provement is roufed in feveral parts of Lancajhire.
An agriculture fociety meets regularly at Man-
cbefter, which offers premiums for fundry mat-
ters in rural oeconomics. The following papers
will fhew with what judgment they proceed.

Manchejler, Ocl. 3, 1769.
Agriculture Society, within the hundred
of Salford, in the county of Lancafter.

On Wednefday lall, at a general meeting of
the Societv, held at Crompton\ cofifee-houfe, the

fol-

[ J95 ]
To-morrow begins with the Duke of
Bridgwater -, I mall therefore conclude this
long epiflle, by alluring you, that I mail
ever remain &c. &c.

following premiums were adjudged to the under
mentioned perfons.

Class I.

Premium ill. For the owner of any farm or
parcel of land not having lefs than fifty flatute
acres in the neateil order as to fences, gates,
fliles, 13 c. a filver medal, to Richard Townley,
efq-, of B elf eld.

Premium 3d. For the tenant of any land not
lefs than fifty flatute acres, upon the fame con-
ditions, the mm of yl. ys. to Mr. John Hardman
and Co. of Manchefier.

Premium 4th. For the tenant of any land, not
lefs than twenty-five flatute acres, upon the fame
conditions, the fum of 3/. $s. to Mr. John Dun-
cuff, of Oldham.

Class II.

Premium ifl. For the owner who fhall drain
the greatefl quantity of wet, fpringy, or morals
ground, not lefs than two flatute acres, a medal,
to William Hulton, efq-, of Hulton.

Premium 2d. For the tenant who fhall drain
the greatefl quantity, not lefs than two flatute
acres, on the fame conditions as the lafl, the
fum of 7/. ys. to Mr. Samuel Brierley, of Pendleton.

Premium 6th. For any tenant for clearing the
greatefl quantity of land from whins, broom, &c.
not lefs than three flatute acres, and prepare the
fame for tillage, the fum of 61. 6s. to Mr. Samuel
Kay, of Hey wood, \N\t\\mBirtle.

O 2 Class

[ '96 ]

LETTER XIX.

TH E original defign of the Duke of
Bridgwater, was to cut a canal from
Worjley, an eftate of his Grace's, abound-
ing with coal mines, to Mancbefler, for the
eaiy conveyance of his coals to ib confidera-

Class III.

Premium ift. For the owner for the beft crop
of wheat, not lefs than three ftatute acres, a me-
dal, to Robert Radclyffe, eiq-, of Foxdenton.

Premium 2d. For any tenant for the bed crop
of wheat, on the fame conditions, the fum of
7/. ys. to Mr. James Cbor it on, of Old Hall, within
Withington.

For any tenant for the fecond beft crop of
Wheat on the fame conditions, the fum of 3/. ^s.
to Mr. John Harman, and Co. of Manchefter.

Premium 3d. For the owner for the beft crop
of barley, not lefs than three ftatute acres, a me-
dal, to William Hulton, eiq-, of Hultcn.

Premium 4th. For any tenant for the beft crop
of barley on the fame conditions, the fum of
5/. 5J. to Mr. John Royle, of Staney-fireet, with-
in Worjley.

Premium 5th. For any tenant for the fe-
cond beft crop of barley on the fame condi-
tions, the fum of 2/. is. to Mr. James Kearjley,
01" Hulton.

Premium

[ '97 1

ble a market; and, in 1758-9, an Act of
Parliament for that purpofe was obtained.
The courfe of the canal prefcribed by this
act, was afterwards varied by the fame au-
thority, and the Duke further enabled great-
ly to extend his plan ; for he now determi-
ned, and with uncommon fpirit, to make his
canal branch not only from Worjley to Man-
chcjler, but alfo from a part of the canal be-

Premium 6th. For any tenant for the beft crop
of oats, not lets than three ftatute acres, the
fum of 5/. 5s. to Mr. Sandford, of Burnage, with-
in Withington.

For any tenant for the fecond beft crop of
oats on the fame conditions, the fum of 2/. ^s. to
Mr. Duncuff, of Oldham.

Premium 7th. For the owner for the beft crop
of potatoes, not lefs than one ftatute acre, to be
fet in rows or ridges, at the diftance of twenty
inches, or more, a medal, to Thomas Butterworth
Bayley, efq-, of Hope.

Premium 8th. For any tenant for the beft crop
of potatoes on the fame conditions, the fum of
5/. gs, to Mr. Samuel Part, of Eccles,

Class IV.

Premium 2d. For any perfon for the beft cow-
calf, calved after the 1 ft day of January, 1769,
a medal, to Thomas Butterworth Bayley, efq-, of
Hope.

Premium 3d. For any tenant or farmer for the
beft bull-calf on the fame conditions, the fum of
5/. $s. to Mr. John Arnold, of Newton-Heath.

O 3 Premium

[ i98 ]
tween both, to Stockport and Liverpool. The
idea was a noble one, and ranks this fpirited
young nobleman with the mod ufeful ge-
nius's of this or any age. But the execu-
tion of fo great a plan teemed with difficul-
ties that required a perpetual exertion of
abilities fertile in refources.

The firft point in viewing this navigation,
is to fend from Manchcjler to Worjley, to

Premium 4th. For any tenant or farmer for
the bed cow-calf on the fame conditions, the fum
of 5/. $s. to Mr. Robert Hill, at Si one-wall, with-
in Che t ham.

Manchejler, Oft. 5, 1769.
Agriculture Society for the hundred of
Salford, in the county of Lancafter.

Premiums offered by the Society, for the
year 1770.
Class I.
Premium ift. For the owner of any farm, or
parcel of land (not being lefs in quantity than
fifty ftatute acres) who mall have the fame in the
neated and moft exact order, as to fences, water-
courfes, water bank:;, roads, gates, ftiles •, and
alfo the land laid down and drained in the beft
manner, and cleaned from weeds, a filver me-
dal, value 2 1, is.

Prem. 2d. For the owner of any farm or par-
cel of land 'not being lefs than twenty-five acres)
the fame conditions as Prem. id, a filver
jv.rcial, value \l. is.

Prem. 3d. For any tenant or occupier of any
farm or parcel of land, held by leafe for lives or

years,

[ 199 ]
fpeak for a boat, to carry your party the
whole tour : (By the bye, it is a ftrange af-
fair, that the town of ' Manchejier does not
pofTefs a boat for the accommodation of its
own inhabitants, and Grangers who come
to fee it , for want of one, you may very pro-
bably wait a day or two :) And in the mean
time you may employ yuurfelf in viewing
the works at Manchejier : This was my

years, or tenant at will, (not being lefs than fifty
ftatute acres,) upon the fame conditions as Pre-
mium <ft, the fum of yl. ys.

Prem. 4th. For any tenant or occupier of any
farm, &c. (not being lefs than twenty-five ftatute
acres,) upon the fame conditions as Prem. ift,
the fum of 3/. 3s.

Class II.

Premium ift. For any perfon (being the own-
er thereof,) who mall drain in the beft and molt
effectual manner the greateft quantity of wet,
fpringy, clay, or morafs ground, (the quantity
not being lefs than two ftatute acres, a filver me-
dal, value 2/. is.

Prem. 2d. For any tenant or occupier of land
draining upon the fame conditions as for the laft
Premium, the fum of yl. ys.

Prem. 3d. For any perfon (being the owner,)
who fhall indole, break up, and prepare in the
beft and moft effectual manner, for tillage, pas-
ture, or meadow land, the largeft quantity of
any barren or wafte ground, (the quantity not to
be lefs than five ftatute acres,) a filver medal,
value 2/. is.

O 4 Prem.

f 200 ]

plan. And it will not be amifs if you afk
for Mr. Mac-fometbing, — Mac - lean, I
think ; the principal man that delivers the
co^ls : He is a fenfible, intelligent fellow,
and will ihew and explain every thing there.
The head of the navigation forms two
terminations, marked A and B, in the an-
nexed plan, Plate V. Fig. 2. The fir ft is,
a common wharf for the landing of coals

Prem. 4th. For any tenant or occupier of land,
who fhall break up, &c. as in the lail Premium,
the Turn of yl. ys.

Prem. 5th. For any perfon (being the owner)
who mail clear the largeft quantity of land from
whins, broom, brakes, (alias feairn,) ling, or
bruihwood, and afterwards prepare the fame in
the beft and mofl effectual manner for tillage,
the quantity not to be lefs than three ftatute
acres, a filver medal, value 2/. 2s.

Prem. 6th. For any tenant or occupier of
land, who fhall clear the largeft quantity, &rc. as
in the lail Premium, the fum of 61. 6s.
Class III.

Premium ift. For any perfon (being the
ownfef) who fhall have the beft crop of wheat,
and the eleareft from weeds, (the quantity not
to be lefs than three ftatute acres,) a filver me-
dal, value 2/. is.

Prem. 2d. For any tenant or occupier of land,
who fhall have the beft and cleaned crop of
w heat, the quantity the fame as in the laft Pre-
mium, the fum of yl. ys.

For any tenant or occupier of land, who fhall

• ^m\ heft and cleaned crop of wheat,

the quantity the lame as before, the fum of 3/. p.

On

[ 201 ]

out of large barges, for the fupp1y of carts
and waggons. The ieccnd iQ a fubterrane-
ous canal, arched over, into which long but
narrow boats enter, being of a conftruction
fitted for a peculiar purpoie elfewhere. This
iubterraneous pafiage extends from C to D.
At E, in the roof of the arch turned over
this water, is a well, bricked like common
ones, which is funk from the ground above ;

On account of the prefent uncommon wetnefs
of the feafon, the Society offer the two follow-
ing Premiums.

Prem. 3d. For any perfon (being the owner,)
who fhall have the beft crop of wheat, and clean-
eft from weeds, fown after the firft day of Janu-
ary, 1770, (the quantity not lefs than three fta-
tute acres,) a filver medal, value 2/. is.

Prem. 4th. For any tenant or occupier of land,
who mail have the befl and cleanefl crop of
wheat, fown after the firft day of -January, 1770,
the quantity the fame as in the lafl Premium,
the fum of 5/. 5s.

Prem. 5th. For any perfon (being the owner)
who fhall have the befl crop of barley, and the
cleaneit from weeds, the quantity not lefs than
three ftatute acres,) a filver medal, value 2/. is.

Prem. 6th. For any tenant or occupier of
land, who fhall have the be ft crop of barley, and
the cleaneft from weeds, (the quantity not left
than three ftatute acres,) the fum of 5/. $s.

For any tenant or occupier of land, who fhall
have the fecond belt crop of barley, and cleaneit
from weeds, the lame quantity as before, the
fum of 2/. 2 s,

Prem.

[ 202 ]

(N. B. It is much higher than the level of
the water, being fomewhat of a hill;)
upon which, and near the mouth of this
v/ell, is erected a crane of a new conftruc-
tion, which turning upon a pivot, is brought
at pleafure over the well, and draws up the
coals. G.

The boats contain a fyftem of fquare
boxes, fitted in exactly ; thefe are filled with

Prem. 7th. For any perfon (being the owner)
who fhall have the beft crop of oats, and the
cleanelt from weeds, (not lefs than five ftatute
acres,) a filver medal, value 2/. is.

Prem. 8th. For any tenant or cccnpierof land
who fhall have the beft and cleaneft crop of oats,
(the quantity not lefs than five ftatute acres,)
the fum of 5/. 5/.

For any tenant, or occupier of land, who fhall
have the fecond beft and cleaneft crop of oats,
the fame quantity as before, the fum of 2/. is.

Prem. 9th. For any perfon (being the owner,)
who fhall have the beft crop of potatoes in quan-
tity and quality, to be fet in rows or ridges, the
diftance betwixt the rows, or ridges, not to be
lefs than twenty inches, and to be kept well hoed
and clear from weeds, (the quantity not to be
; than one ftatute acre,) a filver medal, value
2/. IS.

Prem. ro. For any tenant, or occupier of land,
fhall have the beft crop of potatoes, upon
conditions as in the laft premium, the
ium of 5/.

: rth. For any perfon, being the owner,

rops of turneps in every

refpect,

[ 2o3 ]
coals (each holds eight hundred weight) at
the mine, for the convenience of being ea-
fily landed through this well ; they there-
fore enter the fubterraneous canal, and move
on, until they come under the well ; there
they flop, and the ropes, which are fixed to
the crane above, being let down with hooks,
at the end are fattened to the boxes,
(which are ironed for that purpofe) and then
drawn up.

refpect, (the quantity not to be lefs than two fta-
tute acres,) to be hoed and kept clean from
weeds, a filver medal, value 2/. 2s.

Prem. 12th. For any tenant, or occupier of
land, who fhall have the belt crop of turneps
upon the fame conditions as in the laft premium,
the fum of 5/. 5s.

Class IV.

Premium ift. For any perfon who fhall have
the belt bull calf (calved after the firft day of
January next,) and from a cow, at that time, his
or her property, a filver medal, value 2/. 2s.

Prem. 2d. For any perfon who mall have the
beft cow calf, upon the fame conditions as the
laft premium, a filver medal, value 2/. 2s.

Prem. 3d. For any tenant, or farmer, who
mail have the beft bull calf (calved after the firft
of January next,) and from a cow his or her
property, the fum of 5/. 5s.

Prem. 4th. For any tenant, or farmer, who
fhall have the beft cow calf, upon the fame con-
ditions, the fum of 5/. $s.

By order of the Prefident,

T. "Wright, Clerk.

Mr.

[ 204 ]
The power of this crane is that of a wa-
tlier wheel, contrived in a very fimple man-
ner. The bed: way of explaining it will be
by a little {ketch, Plate V. Fig. 3. But
remark, that I only draw this from idea,
the cavern in which the wheels work being
under ground, and below the furface of the
iubterraneous canal ; and all the light I had
was that of a farthing candle. I offer it

Mr. Baylcy explained the culture of the new
potatoe to the Society in the following letter.

Hope, near Manchefter, Nov. 13, 1769.
To Richard Townley, efa; of Belfield, Prefident
of the Agriculture Society, in the hundred of Sal-
ford, in the county palatine of Lancafter.

Dear Sir,
As a member of a Society, which in a great
meafure owes its rife and prelent flourifhingftate
to your patronage, I beg leave, in this public
manner, to inform you, and the Society in gene-
ral, that I have this year raifed an uncommon
kind of Potatoe, which, from its amazing in-
creafe, well deferves the attention of the public.
The mod authentic accounts I have yet been a-
ble to procure, fay, that this kind of potatoe
originally was brought from North America; that
it was firft cultivated in England, laft year, by
one Mr. Howard, a gentleman of Bedfordshire ;
and that its increafe is eight times as great as that
of the common potatoe. If fet at confiderable dis-
tances, they grow to an enormous fize, and may
rather be called a congeries of many, than one po-
, and are too large either to roait or boil for

the

[ 205 1

only as an explanation, which may give
you a better idea of the manner in which
the coals are drawn, than a mere defcrip-
tion in words.

a. Is the canal arched over.

b. A little branch of it, or rather a

trough, into which the water is let
at pleafure by drawing up the Hiding
door c.

the table : this is not the cafe if the fets are pla-
ced in drills, at two feet diftant, with intervals
of the fame width. Mr. Howard cultivated thole
which he railed on zftiff rich foil ; but this, as
well as all other potatoes, flourifhes belt in light
land, and will certainly yield greater crops, if
earthed up from time to time, as the Italics grow.

This potatoe grows longer in the ground, and
will bear the frojls vaftly better, than any of our
forts ; and as it will yield a vait increafe, even on
aftiff clay, (as was Mr. Howard's,) it feems pe-
culiarly adapted to the foil and climate of this
county. Mr. Howard gencroully lent two ham-
pers of thefe potatoes to the Society of Arts, £srV.
in London, the laft fpring •, and I procured two
large roots from their Regifter, and {hall now,
Sir, proceed to tell you, how I have fucceeded
in the cultivation of them.

I divided the firft into two, the fecond into
thirty fets, and put them into the ground on the
6th of May laft ; the foil was a fine looie loam,
hut rather too damp.

The two fets were placed at confiderable dis-
tances, and each of them occupied a circle,
whofe diameter might be near four feet.

The

f 206 ]

d. A water wheel, into the cavities of

which the water falls out of the
trough b.

e. A wooden cylinder, to which the

ropes are fattened ; turned by the
above water wheel, which winds the
ropes round it.
ff. The ropes which are faftened at top
to the crane.

The thirty jets were planted on a bed four feet
wide, and at two feet one half diftant from each
other. They were kept clean from weeds, and as
the plants grew, the italks were laid down, and
frefh earth trenched over them.

N. B. A very trifling quantity of dung was
ufed in preparing the ground.

On the 1 ith of this inft. Nov. Ifaiv them ta-
ken up, and exactly weighed^ and the produce of
the firft was 222 lb. of the fecond 364.1b. My
gardener afterwards counted them, and found the
firft number 700, and the fecond 1100.

Is not this a mod amazing increafe ? The a-
bove is an exact and molt faithful account ; I
can atteft its veracity, for I was myfelf an eye-
witnefs, and aflilled both in the planting and ta-
king up the potatoes. From this plain narra-
tive of facts, you, Sir, (and others, who, like
you, devote their learning and leifure to the im-
provement of ufcful arts,) will be induced, by a
courfe of accurate experiments, to difcover with
greater precifion, the peculiar excellencies of this
potatoe, (which, I think, ought to be called the
Howard Potatoe.)

You will probably plant it on wet, ftirF, and
clayey foils, in light, faady, and gravelly land,

with

L

b

t 2^7 1
g* The chanel through which the water
that turns the wheel, runs off, mark-
ed F in the large plan.
Each boat contains twelve boxes; two
men and a boy are employed in the unload-
ing, who are from twenty to forty-five mi-
nutes about each boat load ; this variation is
occafioned by caufes which will be explain-

with lime, afhes, and different kinds of manures.
I think it deferves this attention -s and, that you
may be enabled to purfue the experiments, I
have left a quantity of thefe Howard potatoes
with Mr. John Wright, in St. Anne's Square, Man-
chejler, to be diftributed amongft thofe members
of our Society, who fhall pleafe to fend for them,
and have defired Mr. Wright to forward fome of
them to Belfield,

I have forgot to hint, that I am of opinion,
that thefe Howard potatoes have not fo good a
tafte as our own kinds, and it is fuppofed their
great value will be as food for cattle. See the
Appendix to the 4th Numb, of De re Rujiica.
I am, dear Sir, with great refpeEl,

Tour obliged, and mofi obedient feruant, ■

T. B. Bayley.
P. S. I am happy to tell you, that I have found
the new method of cultivating potatoes, by
allowing them more ground, hoeing, &c„
has exceeded my greateit expectations. I
have had feveral roots of our common forts
that have produced upwards of 50/A. weight
each, and one very [mall feeclling potatoe
produced upwards of 40&. weight, and the
potatoes from it were all large, fome of them
weighing near a pound a-piece.

It

[ 208 ]

ed hereafter. When drawn up, the boxes
are emptied on a heap for lale ; and then let
down again into the boats. This fubterra-
neous canal is extended further than the
crane, with deiign to erect another upon the
fame principles. At the mouth of it is a
door fattened on hinges at the bottom of the
water, which falls or rifes at pleafure, and
when up itops the water from entering ; a

It has been calculated, that a ftatute acre,
yielding proportionably to the firft experiment,
will produce 5036 bufhels, 60 lb. each, which,
at the medium price of §s. per load, would be
worth 308/. 10 s. an acre.

The hufbandry of Lancaflme cannot fail of
improving greatly under the aufpices of fuch a
fociety of patriots. That the above articles are
not the only ones attended to, will appear from
the following paper on draining, for which I am
obliged to Mr. Bayley, of Hope, the inventor.

A method of making hollow Drains, without wood
or jlo?ie. By Mr. Bay ley, of Hope.

Let it be premifed, that the main drains to
carry off the water from the reft, muft be made
of brick, or ftone, of fufficient width, and three
inches deeper than the others. There mould be
one of thefe to two ftatute acres, and they mould
always follow the flope of the ground in a direct
line.

The letter drains, without brick, 65V. mould,
in general, not be above fix yards afunder, and
crofs the flope, or inclination of the land, and
fall obliauely into the main drains: for if the wa

I 209 ]
trap-door at the bottom of the fubterrane-
oils canal may then be opened, and all the
water let out for repairing any of the works -,
it runs into the channel, g.

I mould, in the next place, remark, that
the water marked H, H, H, H, is the river
Mediae k, and I, the Duke's canal ; but as
it is the firft and grand principle of Mr.
Brindleys plan, with all artificial naviga-

terfrom thefe fhall fall in at right angles, the earth,
will wreck, and be apt to fill up, and fpoil the
drain. Stones, or brick, fhould likewife be put
over the fmaller, for a foot or two before they
join the main drain ; and the place where they
join ihould be well fecured. Plate VI. Fig. 1.
A the main drain. B'B the lefTer ones.
The lejfer Drains are thus made.

Firft, with a common ipade take out the turf,
or fods, eighteen inches wide, and of a fumcient
thicknefs, and lay them on one fide, with great
care : then with the fame fpade fink two or three
fpits deeper, at the lame width, and throw the
earth on the other fide •, and take care that th^
fides and bottom of this trench be worked off
fmooth and clean -, then take a board near eigh-
teen inches wide, and fifteen feet long, or twen-
ty, as it fuits, with a flit in the middle of four
inches wide : or, rather two boards of the fame
dimenfions, put together as under. Plate VI.
Fig. 2. B B are two crofs pieces on the upper
fide, to fallen the boards together.

This board lays flat on the bottom of the
trench, and the man ftands upon it, and with
the narrow long tool, Plate VI. Fig. 3. he
"works the drain with great expedition, exactnefs,
and eafe, and, if he Jets out right, is always fure

Vol, .III. P of

[ 210 ]

tions, never to let the water of any brook or
river intermix with that of the canal, unlets
to fupply the requifite quantity; fome pecu-
liar contrivance was neceiTary to prevent the
canal, in this junction with the river, from
being affected by its rifing or falling with
floods, &c. For this purpofe, the wear was
executed, which is minuted in the annexed
plan, marked K: It is a hexagon, of three
hundred and fixty-lix yards circumference.

of his level ; for the tool muft be worked to the
head through the whole. When thirty or forty
yards are thus finifhed with Fig. 3. the fcoop, Plate
VI. Fig. 4. mult be ufed to clean the bottom of
the narrow drain. Then (if the turf is found) lay
the pieces with the grafs fide downwards, over
the narrow drain ; fee that they fill the trench in
widths and join clofely to each other; then
throw in the earth that was before taken out, and
the work is done. But if the turf is not firm,
before you put it in, lay fmall (ticks acrofs, in
this manner, Plate VI. Fig. 5.

I have, even where no turf could be had, co-
vered drains in fields to be plowed, with flicks,
in the above way, and over them put in ru flies,
brufhes, wood, and then the earth over all, and
this with great fuccefs. But the method before
mentioned, where only the turf is ufed *, is firm
and lecure ; and, I dare vouch, will laft thirty
, if carefully executed at firft. I have
drained feveral acres after this method, and my
labourers finijb thefe drains for an halfpenny a

yard f . The land, before too wet to bear a

.»

• Small Ricks acrofs certainly are an advantage even where
the fod-: ire firm, buc are not neceflary.

.... 1 ny a yard, three men can earn 7s. a day.

hoi

V0?J/I.Fl.6\/p«<7e2i0.

[ 211 ]

The old courfe of the Medlock is marked
out by the lines dotted thus :

Inftead of permitting it to continue in that
courfe, it was enlarged into the fize it now
appears in the plan, the circular end ol
which is all raifed on mafenr) . The out-
ward line of the wear, K, K, K, regulates
the height of water in the canal ; the higher
that edge is, the higher is the water. The
river Medlock , thus enlarged, falls fitteen
inches over that edge of mafonry, into a
fredi furface of water, marked L, L, L;
this is likewife all raifed of ftone-work;
near the center of it is a well M of eleven
yards diameter, down which the whole river
falls feveral yards depth. It is received at

horfe, is now firm and dry, and has been plowed
with eafe. My meadows thus drained wear a
new face, and I would particularly recommend
this mode of draining for grafs grounds.
Hope, April 30, 1770.

Defcription of the Spad E. Plate VI. Fig. 5.
\, 2. The handle, two feet two inches long.
'2, 3. The iron part of the fpade, eighteen inches long, three

and a hr^J wide a: top, and two at bottom, hollowed

like a (coop.

4. Irons fallned for che foot to prefs the fpade.

5. A fliarp iron projecting (on each fide) from the fpade,

which cuts trie fides or" rhe next fpit, while one is
digging by the prefi'ure of railing up the earth.

Defcription of the S c o o p. Plate VI. Fig. a.-
1, to 2, One foot the fcoop, exactly the width of the bottom

of the fpade.
S, to 3. Nine inches the handle iron, into which, at 3, a
wooden one is put.

P 2 bottom

[ 2'2 ]

bottom In a fubterraneous paiTage, marked
N, and flows out at O, where it appears a
common river, falling into the Irwe//, at P.

The fubterraneous palTage N, was made
of that length, for a very material reafon ;
at O , is a communication between the end
of the paiTage and the furface of the water
above, in the nature of a fmalier well, but
the mouth plugged up; this is made with
deiign to clear the paiTage of all mud or
rubbiih that might accumulate in time at
the bottom of the well M, by drawing the
plug, and letting down a heavy fall of water,
to drive out fuch rubbiih at the mouth O.

The reafon why the wear was made of
this form, was to command a greater line
of extent, within a fmalier general fpace
than if it was a plain circle, fquare, or other
iimple form. The circumference is three
hundred and fixty-iix yards, which was ne-
cefTarv for the quantity of water to be car-
ried off; now a circle of that circumference
could not be contained within the outward
bounds of the enlarged river, and at the fame
time leave fpace enough for a body of water
around it.

The lines in the plan, marked R, R, de-
note a fubterraneous paflage, to drain off all
fuperfluous water at ibme houfes and ware-
houfes at S, S, and alfo from the above-
mentioned one at F. At T is a well and
plug, as before defcribed at Q^, for the
fame purpole of cleanfing the palf.ige from

mud

f 2I3 ]

mud and rubbifh. The water thus collected
flows into the river Medlock at U.

The general defign of thefe works is, un-
doubtedly, great; the whole plan (hews a
capacity and extent of mind which forefees
difficulties, and invents a remedy before the
evil exifts. The connection and depen-
dence of the parts on each other are happily
imagined, and all exerted in concert, to com-
mand, by every means, the wimed for
fuccefs : The genius of the engineer deferved
it; but the idea is more beautiful in fpecula-
tion than ufeful in practice; at lead it ap-
pears fo to me: But I mould apologize for
criticiling works of fo noble a tendency, and
fo excellently invented ; excufe my being fo
free as to exprefs the idea I have of the de-
fects of thefe works; alluring you that I vene-
rate, no lefs than the warmeit of his admirers,
the mafterly genius that planned them.

The grand defign of the wear was to
preferve the canal free from the influence of
floods, &c. It was expected, that in the
moft boifterous times, in common rivers,
this would always be fmooth, and free from
every inequality. But the event has turned
out otherwife. The whole furface has more
than once been totally overflowed, the hexa-
gon, well, and all, one general flood, and the
outward mound rounded of earth, to confine
the water, every where overflowed by it,
confequently the canal received a much
larger portion than ever Mr. Brindley de-

P 3 iigned

[ 214 ]

figned it fhould, and the inconveniencies
of an unreflrained tide either happened, or
might have done. But the wear was con-
fessedly found unequal to its purpofe, which
occafioned the making the bafon, marked
W, into which the water runs in floods,
and overflows a regular bank made for that
purpofe, X, X. But this refource has been
iince found infufficient ; and not only a fe-
cond one of the fame kind, but alfo a general
lowering of the mound of earth around the
waters of the Medlock, inclofing the wear,
are now in fpeculation. Thefe circum-
ftances prove fufiiciently, that this elaborate
and moil: coftly work is nearly ufelefs.

A very fmall addition of expence in the
erection would have prevented all thefe in-
comeniencies. Had the central well been
twice as large, or of a more fit proportion
to the contingent body of water, and the
correfponding caverns the fame, all the en-?
fuing difficulties would have been prevented.

But when the wear was found unequal
to the end propofed, the fhifts made ufe
of to remedy it, fuch as the bafon W,
and the defigned lowering of the banks,
&c. all appear, inadequate to the pur-
pofe, and by no means confident with the
former plan ; they are little better than
letting the water take its natural courfe;
which one would apprehend the worfl of all
courfes, from the vail expence at which an
artificial one was made. I fhould iuppofe,

a new

r **s i

a new cavern and well would have been
more confident with the firft deiign, and
have anfwered the wifhed for end in a more
fure and regular manner: And if very great
floods (fuch as never yet happened) are to
be guarded againft, the new cavern, or fub-
terrane, might have been large enough,
occasionally, to admit the water difcharged
by more than one well ; on which plan fe-
veral might be made to be kept plugged,
like the forcing, ones at Qjmd T, and to be
opened only in floods. Upon this principle,
fuch additions might be made at Y and Z ;
the dotted lines there, mark a fuppofed new
channel into the Medlock, and a fubterrane
to another well.

As the depth of water upon L is only
fifteen inches, it certainly would be no dif-
ficult matter to effecT: this addition; the
water might cafily be fenced out by mafonry,
around a fpace to work in, and the paffage
might be carried on, and arched under
ground.

Another point, in which thefe works fell
fliort of expectation, is the effect of the fub-
terraneous drains; it was imagined, that
the fuperrluous water through thoie drains,
would, at all times, freely flow into the
Medlock at U; but inftead of that, the water
of the Medlock as often flows into the drain,
which has very bad coniequences, for it
totally counteracts the principles of a
drain, and likewife flows back fo ftrongly

p 4

[ 816 ]

upon the water-wheel which draws up the
coals through the well E, that the power of
the wheel is greatly impeded, inlbmuch that
the work of drawing up the coals, which
can, at very low water, be done at the rate
of a boat load in twenty or twenty-five mi-
nutes, takes forty-five when the water is
high ; or, in other words, encreafes the la-
bour fifty per cent. This evil appears to be
caufed by the fubterraneous paffages being
funk too deep, by which means the mouth
U is too much commanded by the waters
pf the Medlock.

Having taken this view of the works in
Caftle-jield, we next took polTefiion of the
pleafure boat we had before fpoken for, and
fleered for Worjley. The firfl: objects we met
with, were two wears more at Cor?ibroket
formed on the fame principles as that in the
Cafile-Jiehly fwallowing up rivulets in cen-
tral wells, which convey the water in fub-
terraneous paffages under the canal, and per-
mit it to rile again on the other fide, and
flow on in its ulual courfe.

Pafjing on, the canal runs chiefly along
the fides or natural banks ; \\ hich courfe was
very judicioufly chofen for the convenience
of poiTeiTing not only one bank perfectly
firm and fecure, but plenty of earth ready
for making tjie other. Jull before we came
10 'Throjlle-nejl Bridge, I obferved a project-
ing piece of maibnry in the canal, which, on
enquiry, I found to be the cafe of a cana.1

door,,

[ 2*7 1

door, for I know not what other name to
give it. It is upon the fame principle as
that at the mouth of the fubterranean paf-
fage, in which the boats unlade in Cajile-
Jield. The contrivance and defign of thefe
doors are admirable ; but as many of them
will occur in this tour of the navigation, it
will not be improper to explain the con-
struction of them here.

In the fketch, Plate V. Fig. 4. A repre-
fents one fide of the chanel of the canal, be-
ing walled; B, is the floor of it; C, C, are
two doors, fixed in the pofition they appear
in, and turning on hinges at bottom, d,d,d,d.
The doors have a freedom of riling, but can-
not fall lower ; now it is obvious from this,
that in cafe the bank A, breaks, and the wa-
ter rufhes out of the breach, the decreafe of
preflure on the doors C, C, will raife them
up at once to e, e, (where they will be fixed
againit projecting irons made for that pur-
pofe,) as the water at F, F, will then natu-
rally force them up. The confequence of
which is, the lofing no more than the wa-
ter contained between the doors ; and if the
bank fhould break at F, yet the quantity of
water loft would be but trifling. I have
thrown the doors near one another, for your
fully underftanding the principle on which
they are deligned ; but in the canal they are
are at a diftance from each other in divers
places. The flopping the lofs of water is of

great

[ 2-8 ]

great confequence, not only to lefTen the
miichief of the mere lofs, in preventing the
navigation going forward, but alfo in leiTen-
jng greatly the damage the country would
fuffer from being overflowed ; a point of
much importance.

Next we come to Leicejier Bridge, (under
it another canal door,) and pairing through
it, 1 obferved, on the left hand, a fmall wa-
ter-hill, which is the mouth of a main drain
made by the farmer, with fmaller ones that
lead into it, all covered: The excellent ef-
fect of which is here ftrikingly viiible ; for
the land on that fide was perfectly dry, but
on the other fide the canal very wet, though
not much rain had fallen.

At V/cather- Meetings we pafTed another
canal door.

PaiTlng the mouth of the canal that leads
to Altringham, &c. and under Taylor s
Bridge, you catch a view of Mars Bridge,
in a pretty fituation, the furrounding coun-
try fine ; you look over it, fcattered with
feats, houfes, &c. in a pleaiing manner.
This part of the canal runs through Trafford
Mofs, which is a peat earth black moor : It
is great pity that the noble advantage of a
water-carriage through the heart of this
moor, to lb fine a market as Manchefler,
docs not induce the owners to cultivate this
wafte track, which might, beyond all doubt,
be applied to numerous ufes, far more pro-
fitable

[ **9 ]

Stable than yielding peat in a country fa
abounding with coals.

The next object that prefents itfelf, is the
work at Barton Bridge, which is one of the
principal undertakings in the whole naviga-
tion, and a wondrous one it certainly is. The
canal is here, in its ufual breadth, carried
(Roman aqueduct like) on arches, over the
large and navigable river IrwelL

The aqueduct is two hundred yards long,
and thirty-fix feet wide ; it croiTes the Ir-
well on three large arches, the centre of
which fpans lixty- three feet; and is carried,
with amazing labour, through a valley, filled
tap to receive it. The view, PlateVJI. which
I took, flanding on Barton Bridge, will bet-
ter explain this furprizing work.

A. Is the river IrwelL

B. A lock-gate, thro' which the barges
are let that navigate the river, on
account of the obitruction of the caf-
cade, C.

D. D. A gang-way from one fide to the
other.

E. The canal.

F. The pleafure - boat, drawn by one
horfe.

The effect of coming at once on to Bar-
ton Bridge, and looking down upon a large
river, with barges of great burthen towing
along it; and up to another river, hung in
the air, with barges failing upon it, form alto-
gether

[ 220 ]

gethef a fccnery fomewhat like enchantment,
and exhibit at once a view that mud give
you an idea of prodigious labour ; for the
can a) is here not only carried over the Ir-
welij but likewife acrofs a large valley, be-
ing banked up on each iide in a furprizing
manner, to form a mound for the water,
and the channel alfo filled up to the ufual
depth, that the banks, at a place where they
are entirely artificial, and confequently weak-
er than where natural, might not be endan-
gered by the great preflure of lb large a body
of water as the depth here filled up would
have contained : And I mould remark, that
it is a maxim throughout this whole navi-
gation, to keep the canal every where of an
equal depth. I believe it fcarce ever varies
above fix inches -, from four feet, to four
feet fix inches.

The method Mr. BrintUey takes to fill up
a channel, where too deep, is a molt admi-
rable one : He builds two very long boats,
fixes them within two feet of each other,
and then erects upon them a triangular
trough, large enough to contain feventeen
tons of earth : The bottom of this trough
is a line of trap-doors, which, upon draw-
ing a pin, fly open at once, and difcharge
the whole burthen in an inftant. Thefe
boats are filled any where from the banks
wher : earth is in fuperfluous quantities,
irrowing hi on a plank, laid from

the

[ 221 ]

the more, on to the trough : The boat is
then drawn over the fpot which is to be
filled up, and the earth there dropped : It
is aftoniming what a vaft laving is made by
this invention : In common management to
conduct a canal level acrofs a valley, and
without locks, would confume the revenue
of a whole county ; but fuch inventions as
thele eafe the expence at lead 5000 /. per
cent. The following fketch, Plate X.
Fig. 1. will give a clearer idea of theie
boat- waggons.

A. The boat that appears on a fide view.

B. The trough, fupported by the piece?

c, c, c

D. The ends of the boats.

E. That of the trough.

I ihould tell you, that any part of this
aqueduct can be repaired without dama-
ging the reh: of the canal, or lofing more
water than is contained within a fmall
fpace on each fide the part decayed ; for
fever al doors, of the fame nature as thole
already deicribed, are fixed in the chan-
nel ; and alfo trap-doors, or tubes, (if I
may fo call them,) at the bottom, &c. of
the aqueduct, through which, by drawing
a few plugs, the water would prefently be
difcharged into the Irwell, and the part
to be repaired, laid dry at once ; a contri-
vance, which is undoubtedly of vail conle-
quence.

But

[ 222 ]

Bat there are others works at Barton
which claim our attention, befides the croff-
ing the river. Two roads here came athwart
the navigation, and happening in this val-
ley, where the canal is lb much higher than
the level of the country, to have built bridges
would have coil immenfe fums, as the rife
would have required them half as long as
that at Wefiminfier. The method, there-
fore, taken by Mr. Briruiley, was to fink the
road gradually on both fides, and turning a
large arch, to carry the canal over the roads
as well as the river : and this is practifed
with both. So that in going under it you
fink gradually on one fide and rife in the
fame manner on the other. The view, PL
VIII. will explain it clearly.

A. Is the canal.

B. The wall that fupports the arch.

C. The road.

Leaving this fcene of wonders, we paffed
on, and coming to Moreton Bridge, we pre-
fently faw a frem inftance of attention, to
keep the water of the canal unmixed by
that even of the fmalleft flream, for here an
arch is turned under the canal, for a little
brock to run through.

Towards the brick kiln on the right,
and paft it, I obfervcd fome lands lying
very low, beneath the level of the canal ;
in wet feafons they tnuft be much damaged
by the water of the navigation.

From

t 223 1

From hence you have a fine profpect of
the Duke's houfe at Worjlcyy and the lands
adjoining.

A little further another hrook is carried
under the canal, by means of an arch turned
for that purpofe.

Next we came to one of the fpots where
the lime was found, which proved fo noble
an acquisition to the Duke. In carrying on
the navigation, a van: quantity of mafonry
was neceffary, in building aqueducts, bridges,
warehoufes, wharf?, &c. &c. and the want
of lime was felt feverely ; the fearch that
was made for materials to attempt to burn
into lime, was a long time fruitleis ; at laft
Mr. Brindley met with a fubftance of a
chalky kind, which, like the reft, he tried;
but found (though it was of a lime-ftone
nature) that, for want of adhefion in the
parts, it would not make lime. This mod
inventive genius happily fell upon an expe-
dient to remedy this misfortune. He thought
of tempering the earth in the nature of brick
earth, carting it in moulds like bricks, and
then burning it ; and the fuccefs was an-
iwer able to his wifhes : In that ftate it burnt
readily into excellent lime ; and this acqui-
sition was one of the moil important that
could have been made, I have heard it
aflerted more than once, that this itroke
was better than twenty thoufand pounds in
the Dukes pocket; but like moii :c mon

a tier-

f 224 ]
afTertions of the fame kind, it is probably an
exaggeration. However, whether the dif-
covery was worth five, ten, or twenty thou-
fand, it certainly was of noble ufe, and for-
warded all the works in an extraordinary
manner. The bed of this lime-marle (which
I think is the propereft name for it) lies on
the fides of the canal, about a foot below the
furface.

Advancing towards Worjley y I was much
pleafed to fee many vail: heaps of the mud
that came out of the canal, mixed up with
dung, and ready to lay on to the grounds.
The Duke keeps thefe fields in his own
hands, and manages them like an excellent
hufbandman.

At Worjley we paffed three more canal-
doors, and a large ftream, which runs un-
der the navigation.

Arriving at the head of the works, we
were much ftruck with the excellent and
fpirited appearance of active bufinefs ; for
the little village of Worjley looks like a ri-
ver environ of London. Here is a very large
timber-yard, well flowed with all forts of
wood and timbers for framing buildings, and
building boats, barges, and all kinds of float-
ing machines. The boat- builder's yard joins,
and feveral boats, barges, etc. are always on
the ftocks. Next to thefe is the ftone ma-
fon s yard, where lie vail piles of ftones,
ready fquared, for loading barges with, to

convey

t "5 J
convey to any part of the navigation wh*
they may be wanted, either for building,
or repairing of bridges, aqueducts, wharfs,
warehoufes, &c. the quarry is juft by the
mouth of the mine, and much is brought
out of the mine itfelf, in working for the
coals. Thus every part of the whole de-
fign acts in concert, and yields mutual
affiftance, which is the grand art ofceccno-
mical management;

The great curiofity at Worjley is the
tunnel, which is a iubterraneous canal
hewn out of the rock to a great length (near
a mile,) and extends into the heart of the
coal mines. The view, Plate IX. exhibits
the mouth of it, and likewiie the quarry
works around it,

A. The navigation*

B. The mouth of the tunnel, with large
doors to open and fhut.

C. The quarry.

D. A crane of a very curious conftruc-
tion, for heaving the ftones out of
the quarry into the barges.

E. Ropes that keep the crane in its per-
pendicular poiltion.

The water in the tunnel is upon the level
of that in the canal, being the fame, fo that
the boats loaded with coals come out of the
very mine itfelf.

The firft entrance, for one thoufand
vards, is fix feet and a half wide, and feven

Vol. 311. Q for

[ 226 ]

feet and an half high, including the water,
which is three feet four inches deep; it is
already continued icven hundred and fifty-
yards further, ten feet wide, and it is faid
(how true I know not) that it will be car-
ried on at leaft a mile and a half further. I
took ibme time to explore the horrid
caverns of thefe mines, and found, on
an attentive examination, that the method
of conducting the bufinefs of them, was
nearly as follows :

The feams (or, in thefe mines, rather
veins) of coal branch divers ways, fome are
above the tunnel, and fome below it; as
fail as the coal is got, the fpace is cleared
and arched for a road, to move the coal on :
This is done in little four-wheeled waggons,
which contain ten cwt. of coals, and are
pufhed along by a man fetting his head and
hands againfr. them, (the road being laid on
purpofe for it.) The roads all lead to the
tunnel. When the man with the waggon
comes over a well (of which there are feve-
ral) that is funk from the road through the
arch of the tunnel, and under which the
boats are fixed, he flops on a frame work of
wood, which turns on pivots, and is fo con-
trived, that upon drawing up a part of one
end of the waggon, fome of the coals drop
out, and then the waggon is tilted up, and
all the reft follow them, falling into the
boat beneath either promifcuoufly, or di-
rected

[ 227 J

reeled through a tube to fill a box at a
time, at pleafure, which work is performed
almoft inftantaneouf.y, and the waggon fent
off again fcr a frefh cargo.

But as the arches (reads) through the
mine in many places crofs each other, it
would there have been impracticable for a
man to puih fo great a weight around a
turning; to remove which objection, the
fquare of the floor in the crofs of the roads
is all of wood, and turns upon a central
pivot of iron, fo that the man flopping
when the waggon comes exactly on to the
fquare, and turning it till it faces the road
he is to go, he then piifhes on without the
leaft interruption.

The coals that arife in the branches of
the mine below the tunnel are drawn up
through wells into thofe above it, and then
conveyed, like the reft., in waggons to the
boats.

When they are loaded they are linked
together in a g^ng; and for the conveni-
ence of drawing them out, there is a rail on
each fide the tunnel, for the perfon who
ftands in the firir. boat to hold with his hands
and draw himfelf along; which gives hint
fo great a power, that a boy of feventeen
has drawn out a gang : : twenty-one boats
loaded, which, at feven tons each, is an
hundred and forty- feven tons. But this is
only one inftance, and out cf the common

Q^. 2 courie

[ 228 ]

courfe of bufinefs; they commonly bring
out a gang at a time, which is four or fix,
and as loon as they are out of the tunnel,
they are drawn by mules to Mdnchefter, &c.

The tunnel, where it pafTes through earth
or coal, is furrounded with brick-work, but
through the rock it is only hewn out.

At the diftance of about a thoufand yards
from the mouth, it divides into two, which
branch different ways, for the convenience
of loading coals in the above compendious
manner in every part of the mine; and more
branches are in contemplation : It has been
afferted, that thole who go up bothpaflages
travel therein three miles; but this is an

exaggeration.

Every here and there along the tunnel are
wells, bricked from it to the top of the hill,
for the admimon of air, the exhalation of
damps, and the letting down men for repa-
rations in cafe of accidents.

I have read of tin tubes for the convey-
ance of air into this mine, but there is no
luch thing; the fhafts, paffages, and tunnel
fupply it fufficiently.

As there generally is much fuperfluous
water in coal mines, it was a very benefi-
cial fcheme to cut this tunnel for draining
that water away, anci, at the fame time,
lor carrying the navigation into the heart of
the colliery: Such bold and decifive ftrokes
are the i I if inventive genius, of

I

[ 229 ]

that penetration which fees into futurity, nnd
prevents obftructions unthought of by the
vulgar mind, merely by forefeeing them :
A man with fuch ideas moves in a fphere
that is to the reft of the world imaginary,
or at beft a terra incog?iita.

The beft way of viewing the extent of
the mines, is by going down the fhaft and
coming out by the tunnel : and fometimes
you mufl either take this method, (which
was my own cafe,) or not fee it at all ; for
boats are not always going in, nor to be
had for that purpofe ; but you will feldom
fail of an empty boat within, by which
your guide, (the oftler, I think, of the inn,)
will convey you out.

Near the head of the canal is another cu-
riofity, very well worth viewing. It is a
mill of a new conftruction, with many
powers. The firft motion is the turning a
wheel, twenty -four feet diameter, by a
fmall overfhot ftream. This wheel works
three pair of grinding-ftones for corn, a
boultino- mill, which difcharees the meal
divided into three forts of flour, befides the
feparation of the pollard and brnn ; and thefe
works are effected with hoes briftles, fixed
within the wire iieves. It likewife turns a
machine for making mortar, which is done
by being laid upon a horizontal ftone, work-
ed by a cogged wh eel beneath it; and the
horizontal ilone turns two others that are

Q^3 fixed.

[ 23° ]
£xed obliquely, and work by their friction
mortal idei theiu, which is taken off
•, by a man who is ready fpr the
ofe.
This little ftream further turns another
machine, of excellent ufe : It is for fitting
the : the buildings, and warning

out the little ftones that are in it; which
it performs very effectually and expediti-
ously. The fketch, Plate X. Fig. 2. will
lain the mechanifm.

a. Is the tube from which the water ifiues.

b. The hopper, in which the fand is

. n cut oi wheel -bar rows.
<r. Is awier cylindrical fieve, into which
the fand tails from the hopper, and
which, being turned by the large wheel,
fifes the fand which drops through the
wiers into the wheel J\ and out of
that, Liter a frefh operation, into the
trough gy from whtnee it is taken in
(hovels,
d. I? a trough for conducting the (tones
driven by the water out of the end of
the cylinder, into a wheel-barrow es
placed to receive them.
h. Is a board, leaned ailant upon the
frame work of the machine, for the
men to drive up the wheel-barrows on.
The navigation is carried a mile and half
beyond Worjley, into the middle of a large
bog, called here a mofs, belonging to the

Duke,

[ 231 ]
Duke, and merely for the ufe of draining
it, and conveying manures to improve it :
It is greatly to that nobleman's honour to
find him attending, and at a coniiderable
expence, to matters of hulhandry, in the
midft of undertakings that would alone
convey his name with peculiar brilliancy to
the lateft pofterity.

This bog is of large extent, extremely
wet, and fo rotten, that, before it is impro-
ved, it will not bear even a man. The Duke
begins by cutting fmall drains, very near
each other, which foon render the furface
pretty firm. Then his barges bring the chip-
pings of ftone, and other rubbim, which
arife in digging the coals, and which are
brought out of the mine exactly in the fame
manner, only inftead of going to market, to
be fold, they are converted into money, in
another way, by being brought hither. This
rubbim is wheel-barrowed out of the barges
on boards, on to the land, which is greatly
improved by it ; the furface foon becomes
found, the aquatic fpontaneous growth dif-
appears by degrees, better herbage comes,
and thus it is converted into profitable paf-
ture, without any paring, burning, or
ploughing. Some of the larger fhivers of the
(tone will not crumble with the froils ; fuch
are picked up, laid in heaps, and carried back
to the ftone-yard, where they are fquarcd
for buildings, or converted to other ufes.

0^4 As

[ *i* ]

As faft as the bog becomes improved,
the canal is extended, for the fake of going
on with the work j and almoft at the end
of it, his Grace is building a fmall houfc,
for an overfeer, -fituated upon land which
once would not have borne even the men
employed now in building on it.

This improvement is of a new kind, and
peculiarly ufeful in the neighbourhood of
quarries, none - malbns yards, mine;; in
rocks, &c. &c* In this inftance it is of
noble advantage, for the rubbiih would be
troublefcme at JVcrfiey, and expeniive to.
carry out of the way ; ib that this improve-*
ment muft be coniidered as another part
of this grand whole, which is fo admi-
rably connected, and, by itfelf, fo aiTonifh-
ingiy fupported.

At War [ley land lets from zos. to 3/. per
acre. Farms rife from 20/. to 100/. a year.

The next bufinefs is to view the other
branch of the canal, which extends to Al-
tringbam, &c. and for this purpofe you re-
turn" to Manchefter to lie, and keep the
pleafure-boat, to be ready at Cajlk-jield the
next morning.

Alter arriving in the old courfe at the

branching off, you firft come to Longford*

bridge, under which is a canal-door. And

by a fmall circular wear, for the con-

mce of a ftream under the canal, the
into the well; in the nave of the

circle.

[ 233 ]
circle, down to an arched paffoge, which
conveys it under, and lets it rife again in
its old courfe on the other fide.

At Wat erf or d the canal extends acrofs
a long valley, the level being preferved
without locks : The work is here very no-
ble : The banks of earth of a vail height
and thicknefs, beautifully Doped, and the
whole appearance ftrikingly great. It here
croffes at the fame time a large brook much
fubject to floods, and a road : Two arches
carry it over the ftream, and a third over
the road. The view, Plate XI. will bet-
ter explain it.

A. The ftream.

B. The wall of the aqueduct.

C. The road.

D. The floped green bank of the canal.

E. A meadow.

The three arches extend eighty feet.
Here are trap - doors, &c. as at Barton-
Bridge, for fecuring the water of the canal
in cafe of a breach, or for reparations.

Further in the lame valley the naviga-
tion is carried acrofs the river Merfey, on
one arch of feventy feet fpan.

I mould remark, that the canal acrofs this
whole valley is of a vail breadth, and has
rather the appearance of a great navigable
river, than an artificial canal cut at the ex-
pence of a f ingle perfon,

Next

[ 234 ]

N Jet it is carried acrofs Salt' Moor -y un-
der the firfc bridge you catch a pleafing
view, through the arches of other bridges,
in a line, and at the end, a church and
fteeple* This part of the navigation, from
the lownefs of the Moor below the level
of the canal, was pronounced by many to
be impracticable, and Mr. Brindleys ne
plus ultra ; but this difficulty was removed
by perfeverance and fpirit ; a complete bed
was made for the canal, raifed at bottom as
well as the lides, fufficient for conduct-
ing the water on a level. This was ef-
fected by making a vail cafe of timber for
the whole work : Great piles of deal were
fixed as a mound to keep the earth in a
proper portion to form the banks ; and

whr'^ ihey aifed, the piles removed

en for anfwering the fame work again, and
the water brought forwards by degrees, to
the aftonifhment of thofe who pronounced
the work impracticable. It is carried o-
ver two brooks here, for which arches are
turned.

At Altringbam Bridge the Duke has a
large warehoufe on the fide of the canal,
feveral ftories high, for the convenience of
flowing and lodging good, in the trade
that is carried on, on this part of the na-
vigation : Alfo a wharf for felling coals, with
cranes erected for loading and unloading

boats :

[ 235 ]
boats : Here, likewife, his Grace's people
burn charcoal.

Advancing with the canal, we come to
Dunham, pairing through a lock conftruct-
ed upon the fame principle as the canal-
doors, fo often mentioned. Dunham fchool
is fcen upon the left ; a plain and unorna-
mented, but elegant front j as pleaiing, of
the kind, as any one I remember to have
feen. A little further, we came to the
works then executing, which are of the na-
ture of all in this great undertaking : The
canal is here carried over two roads, and
the river Bollam \ and a great inequality in
the furface of the country remedied by a
fyftem of locks, of which there are eight,
within a vaft frame-work of timbers, in
the diftance of about thirty yards. When
linimed, and the water navigated, all thefe
locks will be palled by a gang of barges, in
}eft than twenty minutes. The canal crof-
fes the roads and the river, on vaft arches,
in the fame manner as already defcribed
and reprefented. The activity and ipirit
with which the workmen carry en their bu-
- finefs, is very pleaiing ; carpenters, fmiths,
mafons, labourers, boatmen, &c. &c. are
all employed in great numbers, lb that the
works advance with great celerity. Here
I obferved tv/o very large barges, with a
houfe built in each, and a chimney in one :
This is a floating blackfmith's forge and

mop,

t 256 ]

ihop, with all forts of tools, ©V. The
other is a carpenter's (hop-, thefe are of ex-
cellent ufe in following the works as they
advance; laving all the trouble and expence
of repeated erections and removals.

The works are alio carrying on by near
three hundred men, about two miles fur-
ther; barges have been carried thither by
land, and floated for the ufe of the work-
men; but both parts of the canal will foort
join, as the bufinefs goes on with fo much
fpirit.

Another part of his Grace's deiign, and
which he has an act to enable*him to exe-
cute, is to extend a branch of his canal from
Sale Moor to Stockport, but not yet begun :
That place being a town of confiderable
manufacture and trade, further very confi-
derable benefits may reafonably be expected
to accrue from the encreaie of traffic on the
canal thereby occaiioned. This intended
branch is, like the reft, marked in the an-
nexed map, Plate XII, which delineates the
whole country through which the naviga-
tion extends.

A, A, A. Is the Duke's navigation fi-

nished.

B, B, B; Ditto unfinimed.

C, C, C.«fc>urfe of the old navigation.

ofs the canal — The canal-doors.
here I mould add, that a fcheme,
iter than any thing ui executed,

is

[ *ll J

k, in contemplation, though not vet come
before Parliament. His Grace was firir.
enabled to extend his canal to the Hemp-
fiones, (fee the Map;) but my Lord Gourr,
and many other perfons, obtaining an act
for a canal from the cTre?it to the Merfey, to
communicate between the towns of Hull
and Liverpool, the Duke of Bridgewater
agreed with them (under authority of Par-
liament) to'vary the courfe of his intended
canal, and meet theirs half way, between
Trejlon-brook and Runcorn, and then the
two canals, united, to be carried to the
Merfey at Runcorn,

Since that Mr. Brindley has viewed the
river at Runcorn, and is of opinion, that the
navigation might be carried over it on an
aqueduct, and then forwarded directly to
Liverpool. And we may expect, in a few
years, to hear that his Grace has completed
his navigation this way, by reaching the
Merfey at Runcorn Gap; after which, this
canal will undoubtedly be the eafieft,
^cheapefb, and befh way of fending goods of
all kinds from and to Liverpool and Man-
che/iet\

It is to that period the Duke looks for a
reimburfement of the immenfe funis this
navigation has and will coft him : The be-
nefit of water carriage for his coals at /,'
Jley to Manchejier, Altringham, &c. is cer-
tainly a great advantage; but not ncarfuiii-

cient

t 238 ]

cient to repay the expence of fuch vafr un-
dertakings; but when two fuch considera-
ble trading and manufacturing towns as
Manchejler and Liverpool communicate, by
means of this navigation, at a cheaper and
eafier rate than by the old one, there is no
doubt but his Grace will meet with that
profitable return his noble fpirit fo truly
deferves.

This fcheme is a vaft one, and worthy fo
bold and daring a genius. The river Mer-
fey, at that place, is five hundred and fixty
yards wide; and at fpring tides the water
flows near eighteen feet perpendicular.
The marts of veffels, which navigate the
river itfelf, are faid to befeventy feet high;
add to all this, that the river is fometimes
rough and boifterous: It is planned, not-
withstanding thefe tremendous difficulties,
to carry the canal acrofs the river. The
greateft undertaking (if executed) that ever
yet was thought of, and will exceed the
nobleft works of the Romans, when matters
of the world; or the legendary tales even of
S emir amis herfelf.

The excellency and utility of the plan
are, however, indifputable: If the canal-
was carried directly to the town of Liver-
pool, there would at once be a complete,
eafy, fafe, and cheap navigation from that
great fea-port directly to Manchejler, and
all the other towns and places near which

the

[ 239 ]
the canal goes. The prefcnt navigatioil is
that of the river Merfey, or, in other words,
an arm of the fea for feveral miles, which
is at bell: but an infecure navigation for in-^
land boats, not to fay a dangerous one, anil
occalions fuch precautions of the cxpeniive
kind, that the carriage of goods can never be
half fo cheap or regular as upon a canal. This
river partakes, with others, of difad vantages,
to which canals are not fubjedt, fuch as tides,
floods, working onewayagainft a ftream, &c*
&c. from all which the new navigations are
perfectly free; add to this,* the old naviga-
tion here is cramped with ten times the
number of locks, that the canal would be.

But fomcthing fure is due to the execu-
tion and poifemon of works, which com-
mand the attention and admiration of all
Europe: The number of foreigners who
have viewed the Duke of Bridgewaters pre-
fent navigation, is iurprizing; what would
it be if his Grace was to extend it over a
boifterous arm of the fea:— -To exhibit a
navigation afloat in the air, with mips of
an hundred tons failing full malted beneath
it. What a fplendid idea I *

* In fomeof thecor.trovc \r: . I writings, published on
the proportion of a navigation from Hull ro Liverpool,
the prejudiced, or rither interefted people, who were
ftaunch friends to the old navigations, and, by the by,
ridiculed canals, in a manner which ratft now, while
fuch great fuccei^ attends then-, turn, I think, to their

ftiamei

X 24Q ]

Upon the whole, the uncommon fpifil
which actuated his Grace the Duke of
Bridgwater in defigning and executing fuch
noble works, can never be fufficiently ad-
mired : At an age when moft men aim only
at pleafure and diifipation, to fee him en-
gaged in undertakings, that give employ-
ment and bread to thoufandsj that tend fo
greatly to a the agriculture, manu-

ures, and commerce, of an extenfive
neighbourhood j in a word, that improve
and adorn his country, is a fight fo very
uncommon, and lo great, that it muff, com-
mand our admiration. Nor was it lei's to
his Grace's honour, that, in the execution
of thete fpirrted fchemes, he had the pene-
tration to difcern the characters of mankind
fo much, as to fix en thofe people who were

{hame, among other arguments aflerted the fufficiency
of the navigation to Liverpool already exifting; a ftrolcc
in one of their anfwerers is excellent : — " The delavs
" and inconveniences render this (the old) navigation
" ineffectual for the conveyance of the produce even of
'* the county of Chejlet ; as far the moft confiderable
" part of the theefe produced in that county is now car-
c< ried by land, parallel with the whole length of this
" EXCELLENT navigation, to Frodjbam- bridge , and
" Bank-quay ; fiom which places it is conveyed bv flats
" to Liverpool, there to be re-fhipped for London, and
tl other markets; and Salt, the othtr jlap/e article of
" this county, is lens in great quantities, all bylandcar-
.'. . b to Mancbejler-, for the fupply of
'* that town, and a very extenfive and populous neigh-
" bourhood, notwithftinding the preient navigable com*
" munication betwetn thofe places."

formed

f 241 ]

formed by nature for the bufinefs; to draw
forth latent merit; to bring from obfcurity
one of the moft ufeful genius's that any age
can boail:; to throw that genius at once into
employment; to give a free fcope to his
bold ideas; to be unfparing of money in
fupporting them; and to keep him con-
flantly in actuation of rendering his talents
ufeful to his country; all prove that his
Grace has a mind fuperior to common pre-
judice; that he is one of thofe truly great
men, who have the foul to execute what
they have the genius to plan.

I remain, dear Sir,

yours, very fincerely.

Vol. Ill, R LET-

[ 242 ]

LETTER XI

T Took the road from Dunham to Knuls~
■*■ ford : In that track, land letts from 20 s.
to 3 5 ^. ^><?r acre. Farms rife from 40 /. to
200 /. a year. They reckon the product of
a cow at 5 /.

About Knutsford there are chiefly two
foils, clay and fand. The average rent is
about 16 s. an acre. Farms are, in general,
about 20/. or 30/. but fome of 150/. and
200/. a year.

Their courfes,

I.

Fallow

3-

Barley

2.

Wheat

4-
And,

Oats.

I.

Fallow

4-

Clover for two

2.

Wheat

or three years

3-

Barley

5-

Wheat.

The quantity of wheat fown is but trifling.
For barley they plow three or four times,
fow three bumels, and gain, at an average,
five quarters. For oats they plow once, fow
five bufhels, and gain from forty to fifty.
Very few turneps are fown by farmers, but
fome by gentlemen.

The farmers are getting more into tillage
than formerly, and to their prejudice, for
barley will" only grow with much manure.
The town of Manchejier letting up malt-
kilns

[ 243 ]

kilns in opposition to thofe of Yorkjliire, is
what encourages the farmers to extend their

tillage.

Clover they fow with barley, mow it
twice, and gain two ton and an half the firft
time, and about a ton the fecond.

Potatoes they prepare for by digging, ge-
nerally grafs land for the firit crop ; they
(lice and dibble them in one foot afunder
every way, twenty bufhels to the acre :
Hand-hoe and hand-weed. The produce
generally from three to four bufhels -from a
perch, or about five hundred per acre : —
Wheat after them. The expences are,

Digging, 2/.

Weeding, &c. 1 5 s.

Taking up, 1 [ d. per bumel.
Marie is their chief manure ; they have
it brown, red, blue, and alio {hell marie.
They lay two fquare roods and an half per
acre, which cod them from 3 /. to 4/. lay it
chiefly upon grafs. Shell marie is of fo ex-
cellent a nature, that it lads very good for
ten years, and the land conflantly cropped —
a hufbandry not much to the credit of the
Chejhire farmers. They know nothing of
chopping itubble, but flack their hay at
home.

Good grafs land letts at about 25 s. per
acre ; they apply it chiefly to dairying, and
reckon that an acre and half is fufficient for
the fummer feeding a cow. Their breed of

R 2 homed

[ 244 ]
horned cattle is a mongrel, between the long
and fhort. The product of a cow they
reckon at from 5 /. to 8 /. Many give in
cheefe alone to the amount of 6 /. 10s. others
as follows :

Cheefe, - - - 6 /. os.
Butter, 1 o

Calf, - - - 10

7 10

The average quantity of milk per day about
four gallons. They do not keep above three
fwine to twenty cows. Their winter food is
hay and itraw ; of the firffc they eat about two
ton. A dairy-maid can take care of fifteen.
The fummerjoift is 25^. In the winter they
are always kept in the houfe tied up.

It is fuppoied in general, that the famous
Chejhire cheefe depends more on the quality
of the land, than on any particular receipt.

It has been found, that liming and enrich-
ing the land has made it the worfe for cheefe.

Cold clays are beneficial foils for cheefe ; in
o-eneral, the word land makes the bed: cheefe.

Many of the great dairy farmers keep
their cows like running hories, littered down
as well ; kept perfectly clean, and fed con-
ftantly with ground oats ; ftraw only till
Chrijlmas, Some of thefe make b/. 9/. and
i o/. profit per cow.

The breed even of thefe is in general
fmall ; will not fat to above thirty- two ftone.

None

[ 245 ]
None of* the Lancafiire long horns will e-
qual them in milking. Some farmers have
got a crofs breed by Lancajlnre bulls ; but
it has been found prejudicial to the dairy.

In the management of their milk, the laft
night's is fet for cream, and the milk, with
the new of this morn, mixed for the cheefe;
likewife moft of the cream of laft night's
milk, warmed to the warmth of the new
milk. They ufe nothing but rennet for co-
agulation. The cheefes weigh from 15B.
to izolb.

Their tillage is too trifling to admit a ge-
neral defcription ; but they reckon the annual
expence of a horfe at 61. They break up
their ftubbles for a fallow in May or June,
ftir three inches deep. The price of plough-
ing per acre 4J-. td. and $s. Know nothing
of cutting ftraw into chaff.

In the hiring and flocking farms they
reckon 200/. fufficient for one of 50/. a year.

Land fells at thirty and thirty-two years
purchafe.

Tythes both gathered and compounded.

Poor rates 3 s. in the pound. The em-
ployment chiefly fpinning of flax. All drink
tea.

The farmers carry their corn feven miles,
that is, to the Duke of Bridgwater 's navi-
gation.

Leafes run chiefly for three lives,

R 3 The

[ 246 ]

The general ceconomy of their farms
will be feen from the following fketches.
200 acres in all 6 young cattle

30 arable 5 fatting beafts

170 grafs 20 fheep

£• i5°rent
6 horfes

50 cows

Another,

150 acres in all
40 arable
1 1 o grafs

jf. 120 rent
35 cows

3 men

2 boys

3 maids.

5 fatting beads

1 man

2 boys

2 maids*

Another,

40 cows
10 fheep

1 man

2 boys

3 maids.

130 acres in all
20 arable
1 1 o grafs
£. 100 rent

4 horfes

Another,
50 acres in all

5 arable

45 grafs

£•45 rent

Another,

38 acres all grafs
JT. 30 rent
1 horfe

The little farmers in this country are
reckoned more wretched than even day-
labourers.

L A-

2 horfes
12 cows
1 boy
1 maid.

9 cows
1 boy.

[ 247 1
LABOUR.

In harveft, is. 6d. and beer.
In hay time, is. 6 d. and ditto.
In winter, i s.

Mowing grafs, is. 6 d. to 2 s.
Ditching, q.d. to yd.

IMPLEMENTS.

A waggon, 15/.

A cart, 9 /.

A plough, 1 5 j.

A roller, 4/. 10 s.

A fey the, 2 s. 6 d. to 5 s.

A fpade, 4.S. 6 d.

Laying a mare and coulter, 6 */ and iron.

Shoeing, n. 4 d.

PROVISIONS, 8W

Bread — barley.

Cheefe, i\d.

Butter, yd. 18 oz.

Beef, 2| */.

Mutton, 314

Veal, 4*/.

Pork, 4^

Milk, 4</. /<?r quart, fkim.

Potatoes, 1 s. zd. per bulhel.

Candles, yd.

Soap, bd.

Labourers houfe-rept, 30 j. to 3 L.

— »« firing, 20/.

R 4 At

[ 2+3 ]_
ktKnutsford is a pretty brifk manufacture,
particularly a filk mill that employs eighty
women and children ; the firft earn from 4s.
to 5 s. a week, and children from 8d. to 2 s.
Alfo a thread manufacture, in which men
earn from 6/. to 8j. a week: but few
women ; but children earn irom is. to 2 j.
Likewife a worfted manufacture ; the
drawing it from the wool ; the earnings,
Men 12 j-. to 14 s.
Women (Ipinners) 2 s. 6 d. to 3 s.
Children (ditto) 2 s.
I advanced fouthward by Holms Chapel,
the foil about that place is chiefly of fand,
and clay; letts about 20s. at an average.
Farms from 20/. to 300/. a year. Their
courfe generally

1. Fallow And, 1. Fallow

2. Wheat 2. Barley

3. Oats 3. Wheat.

4. Clover.

Of wheat the average crop is about twenty
buihels, of barley thirty, and of oats as much.

Marie is here the grand manure ; they
lay about a rood and half on an acre, which
coils from 1 /. iox. to 2 /. and lads from
twenty to forty years ; it is of a brown co-
lour mixed with blue. They alfo lime their
land, generally mix it with dung for wheat;
it cofts them \od. the cwt.

Their grafs land lets from 20 s. to 40 j,
per acre, it is all ufed in dairying. Of mea-
dow

[ 249 ]
low land they reckon an acre and half will
ummer feed a cow, but in the uplands it
akes three acres. They are pretty careful
n manuring the grafs with lime and earth
mixed together.

Their cows are of an ordinary breed,
loofe boned; fome farmers have aimed at
an improvement by Lancafiire bulls, but it
does not anfwer, except in beauty. The
average quantity of milk is about rive gal-
lons ; but fome of Mr. Fernons near this
place have given ten gallons per day. The
product of a good cow they calculate as fol-
lows :

Four cwt. of cheefe, at 32 s. £.6 8
Butter, - - - 1 o

Calf, ----- ! j
Swine, - - - - - o 10

8 19

But the average is not above two cwt. and a
half of cheefe; and the whole amount about
6 /. or 6 /. 1 o s.

They reckon that ten or twelve cows will
fat three or four pigs. The calves fuck a
month. They calculate {even cows the
proper number for a dairy maid. They are
kept in the houfe in winter, and fed with
hay or ftraw as the farmer manages : One
ton of hay will winter a cow with ftraw ;
but if without two tons.

In

[

2C0

1

In the hiring and Hocking farms, they
reckon the following fums neceflary for one
of ioo /. a year.

Twenty cows, £. 140,

Implements,

Three hories and gears,

Seed, - -

Rent, -

Houfekeeping,

Lahpur, -

Swine, -

40

3°
10

5°
40

5°
2

362

The general ceconomy will be fctn from
the following fketch.es.
400 acres in all

40 arable
360 grafs
£. 250 rent
6 hories
50 cows

Another,
2oo acres in all 20

12
2
2

4
6

young cattle

men

boys

maids

labourers.

30 arable
1 70 grafs
£.200 rent
3 hories
30 cows

Another,
50 acres all grafs
£. 40 rent
1 horfe
10 cows

fheep

men

boys

maids

labourers.

young cattle

boy

maid.

L A*

[ 25I ]

L A B O U R„

In harveft, I J. 6d. and board.

In hay-time, is. 6 d. and ditto.

In winter, ^od. to 1 s. fmall beer and broth.

Reaping wheat, per acre, 3 s, to 4 s.

barley, 3 s. 6d.

oats, 2 s. 6d.

Mowing of grafs, i s. 3 d. to 2 j\ 6d.

Thrashing wheat, 2 d. per buihel.

barley, 1 d ditto.

oats, 1 d. ditto.

Head man's wages, 10/. and 10/. for
warning.

Next ditto, 7 /. 10 j1.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 20 s.

Dairy maids, 40 s. to 5/.

Other ditto, 30 Jr. to 45 s.

Women per day, in harveft, 1 s. and beer.

In hay time, yd.

Value of a man's board, warning, and lodg-
ing, 4 s. a week.

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

A waggon, 20 /.

A cart, 10/.

A plough, 27 s.

A harrow, 1 6 s.

No rollers.

A fey the, 2 s. 6 d. to 5 s,

A fpade, 4 s.

Shoeing, 1 s. 4 d,

PRO-

t 252 ]

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread — barley.

Cheefe, 3^.

Batter, 8 d. 18 to 24 oz.

Beef, 2 ; d.

Mutton, 3 I d.

Veal, 3 j d.

Pork, i\d.

Bacon, 6 d.

Potatoes, 4. { d. per peck.

Candles, 7 d.

Soap, 6 d.

Labourers houfe-rent, 20 s. to 35/.

firing, 2 1 s.

BUILDING.

Bricks, 1 is. per thoufand.
Oak timber, 2 s.
Am ditto, 9 d. to 1 s. 2 ^/.
Maibn, /vr day, n. 6 */.
Carpenter ditto, is. 6 d.

I forgot to remark, that all the horfes I
have feen in C/jifoire, are of a very bad
breed, and worth but little for real ufe.

From NewcaJile-under-Hne I had the
pleafure of viewing the Staffordshire potte-
ries at Burjlem, and the neighbouring vil-
lages, which have of late been carried on
with fuch amazing fuccefs. There are three
hundred houfes, which are calculated to
employ, upon an average, twenty hands

each,

[ 253 ]
each, or fix thouland in the whole ; but if
all the variety of people that work in what
may be called the preparation for the em-
ployment of the immediate manufacturers,
the total number cannot be much fhort of
ten thouland, and it is increafing every day.

It dates its great demand from Mr. Wedg-
wood (the principal manufacturer) intro-
ducing, about four years ago the cream-
coloured ware, and fince that the increafe
has been very rapid. Large quantities are
exported to Germany, Ireland, Holland, Ruf-
Jia, Spain, the Ea/i Indies, and much to
America : Some of the finefr. forts to France.
A confiderable fhopkeeper from the Pont-
neuf at Paris, was lately at Burjhm, and
bought a large quantity : It is poffible, in-
deed, he came for more purpofes than to
buy; the French of that degree feldom
travel for bufinefs, which might be as well
tranfacted by a fingle letter.

The common clay of the country is uled
for the ordinary forts ; the finer kinds are
made of clay from Devonfiire and Dorfit-
Jhire, chiefly from Biddeford ; but the flints
from the Thames are all brought rough by
fea, either to Liverpool or Hull, and fo by
Burton. There is no conjecture formed of
the original reafon of fixing the manu-
facture in this fpot, except ior the conve-
nience of plenty of coals, which abound
under all the country.

The

[ 254 ]
The flints are firft ground in mills, and
the clay prepared by breaking, walhing,
and lifting, and then they a-e mixed in the
requifite proportions. The flints are bought
firft by the people about the country ; and
by them burnt and ground, and fold to the
manufacturers by the peck.

It is then laid in large quantities, on kilns,
to evaporate the moifture ; but this is a nice
work, as it mud not be too dry : Next it is
beat with large wooden hammers, and then
is in order for throwing, and is moulded into
the forms in which it is to remain : This is
the moft difficult work in the whole manu-
facture. A boy turns a perpendicular wheel,
which, by means of thongs, turns a fmall
horizontal one, juft before the thrower,
with fuch velocity, that it twirls round the
lump of clay he lays on it, into any form he
directs it with his fingers.

The earnings of the people are various.
Grinders, j s. per week.
Warners and breakers, 8 s.
Throwers, 9 s. to 1 2 s.
Engine lath men, ioj. to I2J.*
Handlers, who fix hands, and other kinds

of finiihers, for adding fprigs, horns,

&c. 9 J", to 12 s.
Gilders,

Men, 1 2 s.

Women, 7 s. (yd.

* Mr. IVedgwoodvras the firft perfon who introduced
machine into a po'rcvlaine manufacture.

Model-

[ 255 )

Modellers, apprentices, one of ioo/. a year.
PrefTers, 8 s. to 9 s.
* Painters, 10 s. to 12 s.
Moulders in plaifter of Paris, 8 s.

In general the men earn from 7 s. to 1 2 j„
Women 5/. to 8 s. Boys, chiefly apprentices,
but 2. s. a week, the firlt year, and a rife of
3 d. per annum afterwards. Before they are
apprentices 2 s. 9 t/. ^r week, as they then
learn nothing. But few girls.

We principally owe the pofleffion of this
moil: flourishing manufacture to the inven-
tive genius of Mr. Wedgwood; who not
only originally introduced the prefent cream
coloured ware, but has lince been the in-
ventor of every improvement ; the other
manufacturers being little better than mere
imitators j which is not a fortunate circum-
stance, as it is unlucky to have the fate of
fo important a manufacture depend upon
the thread of one man's life : However, he
has lately entered into partnerfhip with a
man of fenfe and fpirit, who will have tafte
enough to continue in the inyenting plan,
and not fuffer, in cafe of accidents, the ma-
nufacture to decline,

1 took the opportunity of being at Bur-
Jlem, to view the amazing works carrying
on at Harecafile. The navigation I men-
tioned in defcribing that of the Duke of
Bridgewater, promoted by Lord Gower,
and carried on by fubfcription, to join the

ports

[ *S* J

ports of Hull and Liverpool, is carried acrois
the kingdom, without any very material in-
terruption, except at Harccajlle -, but there
it follows a valley, which, contrary to moil,
terminates againft hills, without any wind-
ing around them ; fo that the navigation
mud either be here flopped, and a land car-
riage, like the American ones, at the falls in
their rivers, be the confequence, or the
range of hills, which faced them, pierced
through : The attempt was an immenle one j
but it is made, and will undoubtedly fucceed.

The tunnel in the Duke of Bridgwater 's
navigation, is of afmall breadth, as it is the
termination of the canal, and boats made on
purp^fe for entering it ; but Harecajlle be-
ing almoit in the center of a navigation of
?.n hundred miles, a fubterrane mud: of ne-
ceffity be fpacious enough to admit all the
traffic of the canal, palling and repaffing, or
it would be ufelefs. The canal is therefore
carried under-ground in its common breadth
and depth ; it is twelve feet wide, and nine
high ; and will extend under an high range
of country above a mile arid half. The firft
eftimate, or rather fuppofition of the ex-
pence, was 10,000 /. but it io now faid that
that fum will prove very infufficient; the
immenfity of the undertaking not having (re-
lative to the eftimate) been duly confidered.

It is certainly an amazing work : About
four hundred yards of it are linifhed. The

method

t ZS7 ]
method of conducting, is finking fhafts like
thofe of coal pits, in a line over the courfc
of the canal ; engines are then erected, and
the earth, rock, coal, and all the fubftances
that rife, drawn up by a horfe, which is
kept regularly employed in dravyjng up th^
Huff, as faft as the workmen dig it below,
in hollowing out the cavern : It is walled,
paved, and arched, as they finiih. Other
machines, worked by wind and water, are.
erected alfo to draw up the water: The
whole work is carried on regularly, and all
obftructions removed as faft as they are dif-
covered. In a word, the fuccefs is not
doubted , but as to the extent of the ex-
pence, it cannot admit of calculation, as it
is impoffible to conjecture the nature of the
ftrata they will have to cut through, the
hardnefs of the rock, or the quantities of
water with which they will be troubled. I
was told that the navigation will be in fome
places near two hundred feet below the fur-
face.

By fuch noble undertakings is the pre-
fent age peculiarly diftinguiihed. When
agriculture, manufactures, and commerce
flourifh, a nation grows rich and great, and
riches cannot abound, without exciting that
general induftry, and fpirit for improvement,
which at laft leads to performing works,
which, in poorer times, would be thought
wonders.

Vol. III. S At

t 258 ]

At Neivcaftle is a confiderable manufac-*
ture of fhoes and hats; the firft employs
above an hundred hands, who earn from
10 d. to 2 s. a day. Of the latter there are
three or four hundred ; the men earn from
7 s. to 10 s. a week.

Women, 3 s. to 6 /*

Children, 1 s.

PROVISIONS,^,
Bread — maflin, 1 d<
Cheefe, 3d.
Butter, 8 d.
Beef, 3 d.
Mutton, 3 d.
Veal, 3 d.
Milk, { d. per pint.
Potatoes, 4<7. /vr peck.
Poors houie-rent, 40 s. to 3 /. 10/.

firing, 20 j. to 25 j.

From Neivcajile fouth wards the country
improves greatly in beauty : The foil to-
wards Stone is generally a fandy loam.
About that place it is alio landy, on a bed of
marie ; lets from Newcafilc to Stone, and
alfo around that place, from 12/. to 20;.
per acre. Farms are various, rifing from 30/.
to 500/. a year. Their courfes are chiefly,

1. Fallow 5. Clover two or

2. Wheat three years

3. Oats 6. Oats

4. Barley 7. Beans.
A vile, as well as Orange courfe.

Another

[ 259 J
Atiotbcr is,

1. Fallow 5. Turneps

2. Wheat 6. Barley

3. Oats 7. Clover.

4. Barley

Which is almofc as odd as the other.
The average products of corn are,
Of Wheat" - 22 bulhels
Barley, - 30
Oats, - 40
Beans, - 30
Peafe, - 25
For turneps they plow three times : Good
farmers hoe them twice : The average va-
lue from 50 J", to 3/. 10 s. They ufe them
both for fheep and beaits. Clover they fow
with fpring corn, mow it the firft year, and
get about a ton and half of hay at a mowing.
Their method of cultivating potatoes, is
to dung grafs land well, and dig it in, which
cofts yd. a perch; then dibble in the flices
(tho' fome farmers plant them whole.)
While they are growing they are hand-hoed
and kept clean. The product 450 bulhels

at an average.

The chief manure in this country is marie,
which is generally laid on the arable lands
at the rate of an hundred and twenty loads
per acre, each twenty-five hundred weight;
if the marie pit is at any diftance, the ex-
pence will be 10/. or iil.pcr acre; but if
it is on the fame piece, it will be done for

S 2 3 /. 1 o s .

[ 260 ]

3/. 10s* or 4/. They likewife ufe a little
lime ; find it anfwers beft on cold fpringy
land; they lay it on the fallows twenty
bufhels per acre ; the price 7 [ d. per bufhel.
They know nothing of chopping the fmb-
blcs, but flack their hay at home.

Good grafs letts at 30/. per acre; it is
chiefly ufed for dairying : One acre they
reckon furncient for the fummer feed of a
cow. Seme few farmers marie it.

breed of cattle is the long horned :
The en fat from forty-eight to eighty
The product of a cow they reckon,
hree hundred weight of /. s.

cheefe, at 2js. - 4 1

Butter, - - - o 10

Calf, - - - o 10

5 !

The average quantity of milk five gallons
a day They keep about four hogs to ten
cows, which is alio the number they reckon
proper for a dairy maid to look after. The
winter food is hay and ftraw ; the quantity
of the firft is various ; but many farmers
give their cows very little hay, fo that the
quantity 1 ifes from five hundred weight to
a ton. Keep them in a houfe.

They fat their hogs from fifteen to thirty*
five lcore.

No account could be taken of their flocks
of fheep, as they in general only winter them.

In

[ 26' ]

In their tillage they reckon eight horfes
neceflary for the management of an hundred
acres of arable : They ufe three or four in a
plough, and do an acre and quarter, and an
acre and a half in a day. The annual ex-
pence of a horfe they reckon 7 /.

They do not break up their ftubbles for
a fallow till after barley lowing. The price
of plowing per acre is 5 s. and the common
depth four inches. They know nothing of
cutting ftraw into chaff.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and dri-
ver, per day, is 5 s+

In the hiring and flocking of farms, they
reckon 350 /. a fufhcient fum to take one of
100/. a year.

Land fells from thirty to forty-five years
purchafe.

Tythes are both gathered and compound-
ed -, if the latter,

Wheat, from 3 s. to 5 |,
Barley, 3 jr.
Oats, 2 s.
Hay, is. 6 d.

Poor rates 1 s. 6 d. in the pound. Idle-
nefs the chief employment of the women
and children : All drink tea, and fly to the
parifhes for relief, at the very time that
even a woman for warning is not to be
had. By many accounts I received of the
poor in this neighbourhood, I app/ehend
the rates are burthened for the lpreading
S 3 lazinefs5

[ 262 ]

lazinefs, drunkennefs, tea-drinking, and de^
bauchery :- — The general effect of them, in-
deed, all over the kingdom.

Leafes are various, both for terms from
feven to twenty-one years, and for two and
three lives.

The general ceconomy will be feen from
the following particulars of farms.
4c o acres in all
150 arable
250 grafs
£.300 rent
12 horfes
36 cows
12 fatting be ails
30 young cattle

Another,
200 acres in all
90 arable
1 1 o grafs
£•150 rent
9 horfes
20 cows
■3 fatting hearts

20 young cattle

Another3
90 acres in all

30 arable

d grafs

jT. 60 rent
4 horfes
6 cows
8 young cattle

30 fheep
3 men

1 boy

2 maids
6 labourers

2 waggons

3 carts
3 ploughs.

20 fheep
2 men

1 boy

2 maids

3 labourers
1 waggon
3 carts
3 ploughs.

1 man
1 boy
1 maid

1 labourer
3 carts

2 ploughs.

Another,

[ 263

]

Another,

140 acres in

all

10 flieep

70 grafs

2 men

70 arable

1 boy

J

£.115 rent

1 maid

8 horfes

2 labourers

14 cows

1 waggon

6 fatting beads

2 carts

1 2 young cattle

3 ploughs.

Another,

125 acres in

all

1 boy

80 arable

2 maids

45 §r^s

3 labourers

jf. 100 rent

1 waggon

8 horfes

3 carts

15 cows

3 ploughs,

2 men

Another,

50 acres in

all

4 cows

35 arable

3 young cattle

1 5 grafs

1 man

£- 45 rent

2 carts

4 horfes

i plough.

L ,

K B O

U R.

In harveft, 1 s,

, 6 d. and beer.

In hay time, is. 2d. and ditto.

In winter, 1 s.

and ditto.

Reaping per acre, 4*. 6d,

Mowing barlej

', i s. 6 d.

— oats,

is. q.d.

grafs,

1 s. 4 d.

S

4 Hoeing

[ 264 ]

Hoeing turneps, 4 s. 6 d.

beans, is. 6 d.

Ditching, 4 d. — eight yards.

Threming wheat, a,s. 6 d, twenty bumels.

barley, 3J. \d.

• oats, 22 d. to 2 j. 6 d.

beans, 41. 6d.

Filling marie cart, 5 s. per hundred and
twenty loads, and board.

Firft man's wages, 8 /.

Next ditto, 6/.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3/.

Dairy maids, 3 /. 1 o s.

Other ditto, 3/. 10 s.

Women per day in harveft, 7 d. and beer*

in hay time, ditto.

Value of a man's board, warning, and lodg-
ing, 6/. 10/.

IMPLEMENTS, &c*

A waggon, 20/.

A cart, 12/.

A plough, 1 4 j.

A harrow, 1 8 s.

A roller, 9/. to 10/. for corn*

A fcythe, 3 s. 6 d,

A fpade, 3 s. 6 d. '

Shoeing, is. 4 </.

PROVISIONS, &C,

Bread — Wheat, 1 \ d.
Cheefe, 3 £ d.

Butter^

t **S 3
Butter, 74.iL
Beef, 2 I ^
Mutton, 3 !<£
Pork, 3 ;</.
Bacon, 5 </.
Milk, 1 */. per pint.
Potatoes, 4 f d. per pecka
Candles, 7 </. /£T /<£.
Soap, 6 d,
Houfe-rent, 2 s. 6d. to 2d J.

BUILDING,

Bricks, /£r thoufand, 1 1 s. 6d.
Tiles, 1 7 J-.

Oak timber, 1 j. 2^/. to 2 J",
Afh, 1 1 d. to 1 s. 3 </,
Elm, 9 </. to 1 j. 3 d.
Carpenter per day, 1 s. 6d*
Mafon, 1 s. 6 d.
Thatcher, 1 s. and board.

The country continues to improve towards
Rudgley Bridge : About that place the foil
is various; clay, fandy gravel, and loams.
The average rent of the arable is 14J. and
the grafs 20/.

Farms rife from 20/. to 100/. a year.

The courfes,

1. Fallow 3. Barley

2. Wheat 4. Barley,

And,

1. Fallow 3. Oats

2. Wheat 4. Clover, three years.

Alfi,

[ .1.0 ]

Alfi,
i. Fallow 3. Turneps

2. Bailey 4. Barley.

From Rudgley Bridge to Lichfield land let*.
from 20s. to 3/. an acre; average about
25'J". Farms from 20/. to 200/. a year.

About Shenjlone the foil is light, fandy,
and gravelly j lets at 15J. an acre upon a
medium. Farms from 20/. to 400/.
The courfe,

1. Turneps 3. Barley

2. Barley 4. Clover, 2 or 3 years.
Some farmers continue this courfe as fol-
lows ;

5. Wheat 6. Oats.

They plow thrice for wheat ; fow two
bulhels, and reap, on an average, twenty-
five. For barley they ftir twice, fow three
and an half, or four bulhels, and gain upon
a medium forty. Oats they generally low
on turf, plough it once, fow tour bulhels,
and reckon the mean crop at forty- five.
They fow a few peafe ; upon turnep land
four bu (lids per acre, and gain about thirty
in return.

For rye they fcir twice ; fometimes fow it
on turf on one earth ; two bufhels of feed ;
the crop thirty. For turneps they plough
thrice; hoeing is coming into fafhion pret-
ty faff, about half the crops in the country
being now hoed; but they do it only once;
tbr value of the hoed crops $$s. per acre,

but

[ *<V ]

but the unhoed ones only 20 s. which one
would apprehend a fufficient argument even
to convince farmers themfelves. They uk-
them chiefly for (heep.

Clover they low with fpring corn, mow
it but once, and gain ahout two ton of hay
per acre. Their culture of potatoes confifts
in dunging grafs land, and digging it in ;
they then dibble in the potatoe flices ten
inches from each ; and while growing hand
hoe them well. The average product per
acre is about four hundred bulhels : They
low wheat after them, and get fine crops.

They have fome marie, but not in large
quantities, being uncertain where to find it ;
it is an excellent manure ; the colour is red ;
they lay iixty three-horfe cart loads on an
acre. Lime is their principal manure ; they
lay eight quarters per acre ; it lafls good two
years, and cofts \s. bd. a quarter, with car-
riage. They neither fold their fheep, nor
chop their ftuhbles. They find the bed me-
thod of ufing their dung is to make com-
ports of it with ditch-fruit and earth,

They drain many of their wet lands, dig
them from two feet to three feet and a half
deep, four inches in width at bottom, and
fourteen at top, fill up with flones a foot
deep, then lay in the fods and earth.

Good grafs land lets from 20J. to 25^.
per acre. It is moftlv ufed for dairying;
an acre they reckon fufficient to iummer

feed

[ 26 by ]
feed a cow : the befl farmers manure it;
with comports of dung and earth.

The breed of cattie is the long horns $
oxer fit fronj fixty to eighty ftone. They
reckon the annual product at 5/. 10s. or 6/.
The average quantity of milk per day fix
gallons. To twenty cows they keep about
fix hogs. The winter food is draw; and
at, and after calving, hay. The calves for
killing, fdck three or four weeks ; but for
rearing, not at all. Ten cows are the num-
ber a dairy- maid generally takes care of.
The fummer joiffc is 30 s. and in winter
they reckon a cow to eat fifteen civt. of hay
on an average ; they then keep them in the
farm yard.

Upon fatting a beaft of forty fcore they
reckon 40 s. profit.

Their hogs fat up to twenty fcore.

Their flocks of fheep rife from ten ta
two hundred ; the profit varies from 8 s. ta
20 s. The winter and fpring food is tur-
neps 5 the joiffc upon which 4 d. per week,
The average fleece 8 lb.

In their tillage they reckon fix horfes ne-
cefTary for the management of an hundred
acres of arable land, ufe three or four in a
plough, and do an acre a day.

The annual expence of a horfe they
reckon at 10/. The fummer join1: is 50 s.
There are a few ox teams, but horfes are
iuppofed to be much the bed, lb that thq.

number

[ 269 ]

number decreafes. They do not break up
their bubbles for a fallow till the fpring. The
price of plowing 5 s. per acre ; the depth
from two to four inches. Many farmers cut
ftraw into chaff; which is the firit time I
have met with the practice this age.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and a
driver a day, is ys.

In flocking farms they reckon 250/. fuf-
ficient for one of 100/. a year.

Lands fell at from thirty to thirty-five
years purchaie. There are many fmall es-
tates of 100, 200, and 300/. a year.

Tythes are both gathered and compoun-
ded i if the latter,

Wheat, 4/. Oats, 2 s. 6d.
Barley, 3 j-. Peafe, 2s. 6d.

Poor rates bd. in the pound; the women
and children are in idlenefs; but tea-drinkers.

The farmers carry their corn ten miles.

Leafes are generally for terms of feven or
fourteen years ; but fome for two and three
lives.

The following particulars of farms will
(hew the general oeconomy of the country.

700 acres in all 30 fatting beaffs

300 arable 2co fheep (and more

400 grafs m winter)

^.400 rent 4 men

10 horfes 2 boys

1 2 draft oxen 4 maids

26 cows ;o labourers.

[ 27° ]
Another ;
250 acres in all
I 30 arable
120 grafs
£. 210 rent
8 horfes
8 oxen

Anotl ■,
. loo acres in all
60 a 1 able
4.0 gjqafs

1 5 cows
40 ibeep

2 men
1 boy

3 labourers.

£. 70 rent
6 horfes
10 cows

Another,

85 acres in all
50 arable

/. 70 rent
4 horfes
6 cows

Another,
60 acres in all
40 arable
20 grafs
£. 40 rent
4 horfes

2 fatting beads
20 fheep
2 men

1 boy

2 maids

2 labourers*

c fatting beads
1 man
1 boy
1 maid
1 labourer*

5 cows
10 (heep
1 boy
1 maid.

Another i

30 acres in all £. 25 rent

10 arable 3 horfes

20 grafs 4 cows.

LA-

[ 271 ]

LABOUR.

In harveft, i s. and beer.

In hay time, ditto.

In winter, ibd. and ditto.

-Reaping wheat, 7 s. to 10s. per a

Mowing corn, 21 to 2 s. 6 </.

* grafs, 2 j-. to 3 s.

Hoeing turneps, rj\
Ditching, 6 d. per eight yards.
Threfhing wheat, q.d. per buihel.

— barley, id.

~— oats, i I d. to 2 </.

beans, 1 d. to 2 d.

Digging, 6d. per eight yards iquare:.
Amount of a year's earnings of a laboured

J o

15/.

Firft man's wages, 10 /. to 12 /.
Next ditto, 6 /. to 7 /.
Boy often or twelve years, 50 s. •
Dairy maids, 3 /. to 5 I.
Other ditto, 50 s.

Women per day in harveft, 6d. and board.
In hay time, ditto.
In winter, §d. and beer.
The value of a man's board, walhing, and
lodging, 9 /.

1MPLEME N T 3,

A waggon, 20/.
A cart, 7/. to 9/.
A plough, 2 1 s.

A har-

[ *?2 1

A harrow, 2 1 s.
A fcythe, 4 s. 6 d.
A fpade, 3 j. 6 */.

Laying a fliare and coulter, Sd. to 1 /. 4*/.
Shoeing, is. \d.

Harncfs, 2 5 s. per horfe ; ufe the fame both
ior carting and plowing.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Maflin bread, 1 d.
Cheefe, 2 | d.
Butter, Sd. 16 to 19 oz.
Beef, 2±d.
Mutton, 2 \ d.
Pork, 3 d>
Milk, I d. per pint.
Potatoes, 4 d. per peck-
Candles, 7^/.
Soap, 6 */.
Labourer's houfe rent, 20 s. to 50 J.

firing, 30 j. Much hedge breaking.

Coals, q.d. per hundred weight.
Faggots, 6 j. to 9 s. per 120.

BUILDING.

Bricks, 11/. 6 d. per thoufand.

Oak timber, is. \d. to 2 s.

Elm, 20 d.

Carpenter, is. 6d. a day.

F irm houfes of brick and tile.

The preceding hulbandry continued for
fome diitance towards Birmingham. At A/1 on

I made

[ 273 ]
I made particular enquiries, and found fe-
veral variations.

The foil is all fandy ; lets from 15 s. to
20 s. an acre. Farms moftly imall, but from
twenty to two hundred.

The courfes,

1 . Turneps 4. Clover two years,

2. Barley fome few add

3. Oats 5. Wheats

And,

1 . Turneps 4. Clover

2. Barley 5. Oats.

3. Oats

For wheat they plow four times, low
two bufhels and a half, and reap from twen-
ty-three to twenty-five. They give three
ftirrings for barley, fow from three to four
bufhels, and reckon twenty-five the average
product. For oats they give but one earth,
fow five bufhels, and gain upon a medium
four quarters. They plow but once for
peafe, fow three bufhels, and fometimes
hand-hoe them ; the crop twenty bufhels.
Turneps they prepare for by three ftirrings ;
hoeing is now common ; generally once,
and fometimes twice : The average value 40J.
per acre. They reckon the hoed crops better
than the unhoed by 20s. an acre; they are
ufed for fheep and beafts. Clover they fow
with fpring corn, mow it once, and gain
about a ton and a half of hay per acre. A
little buck wheat is cultivated for fwine.

Vol. Ill, T For

[ 274- ]

For potatoes they dig up grafs land, and
dibble in the fetts ; get fine crops of five or
fix hundred huiheh per acre ; and very good
wheat after them.

Lime is their principal manure • they lay
nine quarters per acre, at is. a quarter,
beiides leading ; they mix it with dung,
earth, &c.

Hollow draining is not uncommon in this
country ; they dig them from two to four
feet deep, generally till they come to a bed
of gravel : They fill them up a foot deep
with furnace cinders, heath, ling, &c. &c*
They are from four to eight inches wide at
bottom, and twenty inches, or two feet, at
top.

Good grafs land letts from 20 s. to 40.$-,
an acre. Moft of it is applied to feeding
cows, for fupplying Birmingham with milk.
Many farmers manure it. The product of
cows in that way amounts from 61. to 10/.
a cow -, a middling one will give fix or icven
gallons a day. The winter food is hay alone,
of which they eat in general three hundred
weight a week. The calves do not fuck a-
bove two weeks. The fummer joiit per
cow is 1 s. 6 d. a week : In the winter, after
calving, they are kept in the houfe.

Sheep are kept only by farmers that have
a right of commonage ; the profit they cal-
culate at 8j\ a head. The average fleece,
two pounds and a half to three pounds.

In

[ z75 ]
In their tillage they reckon fix horfes ne-
ceifary for the management of an hundred
acres of arable land : They ufe two or three
in a plough, and do an acre a day. The an-
nual expence per horfe they calculate at 5 /.
The fummer joifb 2 s. a week.

They break up their fallows for turneps
at Chrijlmas -, the depth of itirring in gene-
ral from three to fix inches. Much ftraw
is here cut into chafT.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and dri-
ver, 5 j. to 5/. 6d.

Many farmers hire farms of 100/. a year
with 350/. but it was the opinion of feveral
fenlible hufbandmen I converfed with, that
upwards of 500/. is neceflary to do it com-
pletely. That fum they divided as follows :
Thirty cows, - - £.210

Six horfes, - - 60

Two waggons, - - 35

Two carts, - - - 10

Harnefs, ----- 6
Sundry fmall articles, 6

Rent, ----- ^o
Rates, - - - - - 10
Houfekeeping, two men, two maids,

two boys, and the farmer and wife, 60
Seed, - - - - 15

Hogs, 4

Wages, - - - - _ 28
Labourers, - - - 25

5l9

[ 276 ]

Land fells at thirty years purchafe.

Tythes are in general compounded, per
acre,

Wheat, $s. Oats, is. 6d.

Barley, is. 6d. Peafe, is. 6d.

Poor rates, is. to is. 6d.

The employment of the women and chil-
dren Spinning. All drink tea.

Leafes are various both lives and terms.

The following Sketches of farms will
mew the general ceconomy.

86 acres in all i 5 cows

26 arable

1 man

60 grafs

2 maids

C-7S rent

2 carts

3 horfes

Another,

1 plough.

70 acres in

all

12 cows

20 arable

1 boy

50 grafs

1 maid

£-55 rent.

2 carts

3 horfes

Another,

1 plough.

40 acres all

grafs

1 horfe

£-4° rent

1 boy.

1 2 cows

Another,

35 acres all

grafs

1 horfe

£-3° rent

1 boy

1 1 cows

1 maid.

LA-

[ *77 ]

LABOUR.

In harveft, i s. and board.

In hay time, ditto.

In winter, Sd. and ditto.

Reaping, 4^. 6d. to $s. per acre.

Mowing corn, is. 6d.

— • grafs, is.

Hoeing turneps, §s.
Ditching, 4^. to 8d.
Threfhing wheat, /\.d. per bufhel.

barley, 3^/.

oats, 2d.

Digging, 6d. a rood.

Firft man's wages, 7/. to 8/.

Next ditto, 4/. ioj. to 5/. ioj.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 40 j.

Dairymaids, 3/. to 3/. ioj.

Other ditto, ditto.

Women per day in harveft, 6d. and beer.

In hay time, ditto.

IMPLEMENTS.

A waggon, 20/.

A cart, 6/.

A plough, 21s,

A harrow, 15 J-.

A barley roller, 151.

A fcythe, 2s. 6d. to 3J. 6d.

A fpade, 3^. 6d.

Shoeing, is, 6d.

T 3 PRO-

[ 278 ]

PROVISIONS, Gfc.

Wheat bread, 1 1 lb. ior i s.

Cheefe, 2 | rt'.

Butter, 8</.

Beef, 2 1 //.

Mutton, 2r/.

Pork, 3 I */. to 4//.

Milk, Id. per pint.

Potatoes, q.d. per peck.

Candles, 7*/.

Soap, 6 I </.

Labourer's houfe rent, 30/. to 50 J.

firing, 20.f. to 30^.

tools, 7 j. bd.

Coals, 1 2 j. a ton.
Faggots, 1 6 j. 120.

BUILDING.

Bricks, 1 1 s. per thoufand.
Tiles, 1 2 j.

Oak timber, 1 s. to 2s. bd.
Am ditto, is. to 2j.
Elm, 1 j*. to 1 s. 6d.
Carpenter a day, 1 s. 8d.
Mafon ditto, is. Sd.
Their labourers, is. 4*/.

Having finifhed ib long an epiftle, you
muft allow me to conclude, that I am, <SV.

LET-

[ 279 ]

LETTER XXI.

T Was no where more difappointed than
■*■ at Birmingham ; where I could not gain
any intelligence even of the moff. common
nature, through the excefiive jealoufy of
the manufacturers. It feems the French
have carried oft feveral of their fabricks,
and thereby injured the town not a little:
This makes them fo cautious, that they will
fhew Grangers fcarce any thing; it was
even with ibme difficulty that I gained the
following flight intelligence.

Manufacturers of all forts.

Men earn js. to 3/. per week.
Women, 2J-.' 6d, to ys.
Children, is, 6d. to /\.s. 6d.

About twenty-eight thoufand fouls cal-
culated in the town.

The manufacture more flourifhing than
ever in the war; fell upon the peace, and
has of late arofe again, but not near equal
to its former height,

From this town I pointed my way to the
Leafowes, the feat of the late Mr. Shenjione,
now of Capt. cTurnpenny *. In that line of

* Arriving at Hales Owen, we walked up to
the Leafozves; but here I fhould intimate, that as
the late Mr. Dodjley gave a particular account of
thefe grounds in fo popular a book as ShenJio??e>s
Works, I fhall only minute a few circumflances,

T 4 either

[ 28o ]
country lands lets at an average at 12 s. per
acre. Farms from 20/. to 2co/. a year.

In this country is dug the famous blazing
cannel coal.

To-morrow I return to Hufbandry; al-
low me, therefore, here to conclude myfelf,
&c.

either omitted in that account, orfinifhed fince it
was wrote : And take the liberty of remarking
wherein Mr. Dodfley fell fhort of, or exaggerated
the beauty of his original.

The cafcade, viewed from the root houfe, in-
fcribed to the Earl of Stamford^ is aftoniihingly
romantic ; a large fpace of ground at your feet,
for above an hundred and fifty yards, is thickly
covered with the items of fine oaks, &c. a fall of
water at the farther end of this ground firit breaks
to your view, and then forms twenty more before
it reaches you, all broke into diftincl: meets,
wildly irregular, by the intervening and croffing
items of the trees above-, their branches and
leaves form a fine thick canopy of lhade, which
fetts of? moft glorioufly the iheets of water, which
here and there meet the fun beams, and fparkle
in the eye. This intermixture of wood and water
is amazingly fine.

From the bench, inferibed

To all friends round the IVrek'nu
you look down upon a very beautiful variety of
unequal ground •, all waving cultivated inclo-
fures, finely fcattered with houfes, villages, &c.
the pools appearing in broken fheets among the
wood in the valley : At the bottom of the (lope is
a kind of river, but the end is badly hid with a
little trifting Cbinefe bridge : However, from the

fpot,

t 28, ]

L E T T E R XXII.

'HpHE foil about Hagley is various; light
■*• loams, (and, and cold flifF fpungy
clays. The average rent is about 20 j. an
acre : There is fome arable that letts at
30J-. and fome meadows fo high as 3/.
Farms from 50/. to 200/. a year.

fpot, which Mr. Bodjley calls a cavity in a fmall
thicket filled with trees, the ferpentine Itream has
a better effect.

After this, we next meet with a green bench
with this infeription :

" While Nature here

" Wantons as in her prime, and plays at will

" Her virgin fancies."
It is well placed, commanding a fweet variety of
wood, water, and waves of cultivated inclofures.

The walk and feat marked

Divini Gloria Ruris !
in Mr. Dodjley, is no where to be found.

The view from Thomfon's feat is exquifite and
inimitable ; fweetly varied ; the water admirably
managed : In a word, it is a little fcene of en-
chantment.

From Hales Owen we took the road to Hagley,
the feat of Lord Littleton. The houfe is an ex-
cellent living one \ a well-defigned mean between
the vaft piles raifed for magnificence, and thofe
fmaller ones, in which convenience is alone con-
fidered.

The Hall is thirty feet fquare : It is ornament-
ed with Statues of Venus de Medicis, Bacchus,

[ -s2 ]

The courfes,

1. Turneps 6. Clover, two or

2. Barley three years, and

3. Peafe then Tome add

4. Wheat 7. Wheat on one
c. Barley earth.

Alfo,

i. Fallow 4. Clover and ray

2. Wheat grafs.

y

Oats

6?r. &c and various bufts : The Hercules\

which fupport the cornice of the chimney piece

are heavy : Here are likewife bafs relieves, (sc.
The Library, thirty-three by twenty-five, is a

cood room -, the cieline ornamented with fcrolls

of ftucco work. Here are pictures :

Richard/on, Pope, and his dog Bounce.

Aickman. Thorn/on.

Gilbert JVeft.
TheDrefnng-room is twenty-one feet fquare.

Van Capen. Poultry.

Wotton. Landfcape. Fine ; but there is a light

on the goats in the corner, which does
not feem in unifon with the reft.

Jonfon. Lady Littleton, wife of Sir Thomas.

Zttccbaro. Sir John Littleton.

Van Somcr. Sir Thomas Littleton.

Jonfon. Sir Alexander Temple.

Mirevelt. Prince of Orange.

Greenhill. Mr. Henry Littleton.

Com. Jonfon. Lady Crompton. Very fine.

Ditto. Queen of Bohemia.

Ditto. A Lady unknown.

Dobfon. Prince Maurice.

Jlonihvufl. Sir R. Stainmore.

In

[ *»2 J

They plow four times ^or wheat, fow
two bufhels on cold land: 'ore Michael-
mas y and gain, upon an average, twenty-
eight bufliels. For barley they ftir three
times, low t^ree bufhels and a half in
March, or April, and gain upon an average
thirty-five , fixty have been raifed. They
ftir but once for oats, fow four bufhels be-
fore barley feed time ; the mean crop thirty-
fix. They likewife give but one plowing

In the Crimfon Bed-chamber,

Le Fevre. Dutchefs of Port/mouth.

Reynolds. Lord Littleton.

Williams. Mifs Forte/cue, his firft Lady.

In the Belt Drefiing-room, twenty fquare, an

elegant chimney piece of white marble, the cor-
nice fupported by ionic pillars. The cieling

white ornaments in flucco on a lead coloured

ground. Here are

Vandyke. The three Maries and a dead Chrijl.
Exceedingly fine ; admirably grouped;
the colours mofl exprefiive.

Storck. A fea piece.

Lely. A lady unknown.

Brnghcl. A landfcape , mofl minutely expref-
five.

Unknown. A fea piece. Alfo views of Fersfield.

Honfeman. Charles II, and Queen.

IVotton. A landfcape. Very fine.

Glow. Horfes.

Cypriani. Arcadian fhepherds. The attitudes
and groupes exceedingly pleaiing. Co-
lours brilliant.
Viviano. An Alto relievo. Fine and fpirked.

Lely,

[ 284 ]

for peafe, fow three bufhels and a half, or
four j never hoe them ; and get thirty in
return. For rye they plow twice, fow two
bufhels and a half; the crop twenty.

For turneps they give three plowings ;
do not hoe them : The average value 30^.
per acre j ufe them chiefly for fheep.
Clover they fow with barley or oats ;
mow the firft crop, of which they get
three tons of hay per acre, and graze it
afterwards. Many farmers mix trefoile
with it.

Lely. L. Cary.

Wyck. A battle piece : In the ftile of Bor-

gcgnone.
Cypriani. The triumph of Bacchus ; a draw-
ing. P'ine.
The Saloon, thirty-fix by thirty. Thechim-
ncv piece very beautiful, of Siena and white mar-
ble •, the cornice fupported by ionic pillars. In
the centre of the frieze three boys in white marble
poliihed, and on each fide a icroll of white on a
Siena ground. Here are

Rubens. The marriage of Neptune and Cybele.

The lady is a Rubens figure with a

vengeance, and her attitude difgufting.

Vandyke. Earl and Countefs of Carlijle. Very

fine.
Titian. Venus reconciling herfelf to Pfyche.

Her figure clumfy, but fomewhat more
delicate than Rubens's : His attitude
very exprefiive, but not of the fubjec~l.
Colours fine, but their brilliancy gone
off.

Baftn.

[ 2§5 ]

Some few tares fown, for feeding horfes
with, green. Very few potatoes.

Lime is the principal manure ; they lay
one waggon load per acre ; formerly they
had as much as they could carry for 9 s. or
ioj-. but now only fixty bufhels for 1 3 s. or
14/. they ufe it for turneps, and find it
anfwers beft on light land : Some few far-
mers mix earth with it.

Bajfan. Jacob and his family. Prodioious

fine. The minute ftrength of expref*
fion in the figures to the left great.
Vandyke. The royal family.
Jervois. Charles I. and his Queen.

The Drawing-room, thirty-four by twenty-
two. The chimney piece fcrolls of white marble
trailed on Siena ; pleafing. Lord Bath, by Ram-
fay, over it, inclofed in ornaments, very neatly
carved and gilt. The eieling an oval, in the
centre, Flora, by Cypriani ; and in the corners
the Seafons : Her attitude pleafing, and the
colours fine. The glafs frames in this room are
elegantly carved and gilt. Slabs of Siena marble.
, Ram/ay. Earl of Hardwicke.
Vanloo. Earl of Chefterfield.
Ditto. Lord Cobham.

Unknown. Mr. Pelham.
The Gallery, eighty-five by twenty-two, in
three divifions, formed by double corinthian pil-
lars. The chimney piece, glafs, table frames,
and the girandoles carved in black and white.
Vandyke. Virgin and child. Very noble : Her
attitude incomparably fine : The air of
her head great : The child admirable.

Ditto.

[ 2S6 ]

Draining is pretty well underflood here,
and that chiefly owing to the excellent ex-
ample of Lcrd Littleton, who ordered many
drains to be dug of various depths, and three
or four inches wide at bottom ; the method
ufed in filling them on grafs land (where
they were chiefly made) was to take the firft
fpit of turfs, and wedge them into the
drains, and then throw in the moulds,
without ftone, wood, or any thing ; and

Ditto. Countefs of Bedford,

Lely. Mifs Brown.

Ditto. Lord Bronncker.

The Dining-room, thirty-three by twenty-fix.
Here are,
Ziiccharelli. Landfcape •, a waterfall, and bridge ;

pleafing.
Ditto. Another ; water, and a boat. Ditto.

Wilfon. Landfcape-, ditto.

But what at Hagley, are mod worthy of notice,
are the grounds, which Lord Littleton has dif-
pofed with the utmolt tafte.

The walk from the houfe leads through a wood,
by the fide of a purling ftream, which meanders
over grafs from out a dark hollow •, you pafs a
gum of water, which fails into it, and winding
higher up the hill, turn by the fide of another
brook ; which gurgles through a rocky hollow :
Another gulhing fall, over bits of rock, attracts
your notice ; which pafiing, you come to the
Prince of Wales'^ ftatue. This fpot commands a
fine view of the diftant country over the houle.

Winding from hence through the wood, you
look to the left upon diftant grounds, until you

come

[ 287 ]

the drains thus made have flood exceedingly
Well, and never yet failed. It is an excel-
lent contrivance, and highly worthy of imi-
tation, and efpecially in countries where
flones and wood are i'carce.

Yhe common farmers alfo drain their
morally lands in a very effectual manner,
by cuts a yard wide at top, iixteen inches
at bottom, and four feet deep ; they fill up
eighteen inches deep, with logs of wood

come to a feat, inferibed to Thorn/on, in thefe
lines :

Ingenio immortali

J a c o b i Thomson-,

Poet^e fublimis,

Viri boni,

iEdiculam hanc in feceiTu quern vivus dilexit,

Port mortem ejus conftructam,

Dicat, dedicatque,

Georgius Littleton.

From hence you look down on a fine lawn, and,
In front, upon a noble bank of hanging wood, in
which appears a temple. To the left a diftant
view of Malvern hills.

Patting a well, called after the patriarch, from
which you have a diftant view of a hill over the
wood, you enter a grove of oaks, in which you
catch a glance at the caltle, through the trees, on
the top of the hill, beautifully riling out of a
bank of wood.

Next we came to an ionic rotunda, inclofedin
a beautiful amphitheatre of wood •, it looks down
upon a piece of water in the hollow of a grove, at
the end of which is a pailadian bridge. The

fcene

[ 288 ]
and faggots, and then the moulds. The
coft of^thefe drains is is. the perch of
eight yards. The improvement is ex-
tremely great ; they make land of $s. an
acre worth 30 s. at once.

They Hack their hay at home ; and fome
few have got into the way of chopping
their flubbles ; convinced not only of the
importance of littering cattle well, but alfo
of railing large quantities of manure.

fcene is pkafing. From hence the path winds
through a fine wood of oaks, in which is a
bench, by the fide of a trickling rill, with this
infcription :

Inter cuncta leges, et per cun&abere doclos,
Qua ratione queas traducere leniter aevum,
Quid minuatcuras, quid tetibi reddat amicum,
Quid puretranquillet, honos an dulce lucellum,
An fee return iter, et fallentis femita vitae.
Which lines are well fuited to the fequeftred re-
tired fpot in which they are placed. The path
then leads by the ftream, and under the trees, to
a fine open lawn inclofed by wood j at one end
an urn inscribed to Pope :

Alexandro Pope,

Poetarum Anglicanorum elegantimmo, dulcifTi-

moque,

Vitiorum caftigatori acerrimo,

Sapiential doctori fuaviffimo.

Sacra efto.

1744.
PafTing two benches, and a flight gum of wa-^
ter, you rife to the ruined caftle •, from the top of
which is a very beautiful view, down upon the

woods3

f 289 ]

Good grafs land letts in general from 2/.
to 3/. an acre, and is ufed moitly for dai-
rying; but the country, however, is chiefly
in tillage. An acre will fummer feed a
cow ; or keep feven fheep. They univer-
fally water their grafs fields whenever it can
be done, which they find the greater! im-
provement of all. Their breed of cattle is
the long horns. The product of a cow
they reckon 6/. or 6/. 10 j-. They ufed to

woods, lawns, Hopes, &c. and a prodigioufly ex-
tenfive profpect over the country. Wore eft er,
Dudley, the Clee Hills, are a part of the fcene ;
the Wrekin, at forty miles, and, it is faid, Rad-
nor-tump, at eighty miles diftance.

Following the path, you pafs a triangular wa-
ter, the meaning of which I do not underfland,
and. walk down under the fhade of oaks, by the
fide of a winding woody hollow, to the feat of
contemplation,

Sedes Contemplationis.
Omnia Vanitas.
The view is only down into the hollow among the
trees. Next we came to the hermitage, which
looks down on a piece of water, in the hollow,
thickly fhaded with tall trees, over which is a fine
view of diftant country. This water is fomewhat
too regular. In the hermitage this inicription :
" And may, at laft, my weary age
" Find out the peaceful hermitage,
" The hairy gown, and moffy cell,
" Where I may fit, and rightly fpell
" Of every ftar that heaven doth fhew,
" And every herb that fips the dew,
Vol. III. U " Till

t 290 1

be Ictt at 3 /. rent ; but now it is much
higher. The average quantity of milk,
four or five gallons. To three cows they
generally keep two pigs : And feven they
reckon the proper number for a dairy maid.
Barley ftraw is the winter food till Candle-
masy then fome hay, of the latter about a
ton to a cow. They are kept all winter in

" Till old experience do attain,
<c To fomething like prophetic (train,
" Thefe pleafures, Melancholy, give,
" And I with thee will chufe to live."

// Penferofo.
Winding down, you come to a root cave by
the water's edge; a retired fpot-, and at the
other end of the pond a cave of grotto work.

Coining out of the grove, and rifmg the hill,
you command to the left, as you move, a moil
beautiful view of the country, a noble fv/eep of
inclofures of a charming verdure, to a bench,
from which you look into the vale on the houfe
at your tcet, with a fweet little ftream ferpen-
tining by it. And then to another bench in-
fcribed from Milton :

" Thefe are thy glorious works, Parent of

Good !
" Almighty ! thine this everlafting frame,
" Thus wondrous fair ! Thyfelf how won-
drous then,
" Unfpeakable! who fits above thefe heavens
" To us invifible, or dimly (cen
" In thefe thy Jowcft works •, yet thefe declare
u Thy goodnefs beyond thought, and power
divine."

You

[

2QI

the farm yard, the fummer joift is 2/. a
week. The calves luck in gene, four or
five weeks.

The flocks of fheep rife from forty to four,
five hundred, and a thouiand, on commons.
The profit in inclofures they reckon
doubling their money, or about ioj\ or
1 2 j. a head, and on the commons about

Yov. look down on lawns, gay fmiling with
eternal green, thinly fcattered with trees ; on one
;.ide of which is the houie-, around the whole a
vaft range of incloiures : To the right you catch
a moft beautiful fmall green hill, witli a clump of
trees upon it. This view is noble indeed !

Turning to the right into a grove, you pre-
fently come to a icene moft delicious ! At your
feet is {bread forth a lawn of the fineft verdure,
a cool fequeftred hollow, furrounded with thick
wood; above which, in front, you catch Thorn-
fon\ Seat, in the very fpot of elegance itfelf ; on
a fweet little green hill, the top of which juft
Thews itfelf above the trees, and half difclofes
the temple almoft embofomed in wood. A little
to the left of it, and higher, is the Grecian por-
tico, finely backed with a fpreading grove. Over
that, on a noble fweep of irregular hill, riles the
obelifk, backed with a vaft range of wood, in the
o-randeft Mile : The variety of ground fine, and
the whole of it ornamented with furprizing tafte
as well as magnificence. A better aifemblage of
unconnected objects managed moil Ikillfully to
form one whole, can fcarcely be imagined : Yet
have I read a defcription of Hagley, in which it
is thus mentioned: — " Ton turn into a thicket,
U 2 " and

[ 202 ]

2 j. or 2 s. 6d. There is no folding. The
average fleece about i lb \9 or 2 lb. fells at
1 s. a pound.

In their tillage they reckon feven horfes
neceilary for an hundred acres of arable
land. They ufe three at length in a
plough with a driver, and do-an acre a
day.

" and have a look, at the Doric Pavilion,
" Thomfon'j Seat, and the Obelijk"

Leaving this noble fcene, the path brings you
to a bench under a very fine oak, which looks
down, as before, on the hollow lawn •, in front
you view the green hill, with the clump of
trees on it, which here appears exquifitely beau-
tiful: On one fide of it diitant water is feen molt
picturefquely among the trees, and over all the
Wrekin rears his venerable head.

Perfuing the walk through the grove, you
come to the feat inferibed

Quieti & Mujis,
which commands very elegant fcenes : You look
down on a green hollow, furrounded by fine
oaks ; to the right on water through the trees :
Rifing above this lower fcene, you look to the
left upon Tbomforfs Seat, thickly backed and
furrounded with wood •, above it the obelifk ap-
pears very nobly. To the right a Gothic houie
(the parfonage) feen obfeurely among the trees ;
likewife inclofures broken by wood rifing one
above the other.

You then come to a bench under aftatelyoak
commanding a lawn •, to the right Pope's urn,
and a rifing hill crowned with a clump of trees ;
and following the path, it brings you to a very

fine

[ 293 ]

But a new invention is coming in very
faff, which is the life of double ploughs ;
which with only the addition of one horfe,
do double the work, by turning two fur-
rows at once : It is no gimcrackery bufi-
nefs, but fo folid and ftrong a machine that
the common farmers approve it, and ac-
cordingly fome hundreds of them are made.

fine dell arched with wood, and a great variety of
water in a hollow at your feet. To the right,
clofe to you, a fpring gufhes out of the ground
on rock work, and falls into aftream in the hol-
low. Further on another rill murmurs over
broken rocks, and uniting with the fame (beam,
it falls again, and winds away moft beautifully
among the wood. Upon the feat is this infcrip-
tion :
" Hie gelidi fontes, hie mollia prata Lycori ;
" Jiic nemus : hie ipfo tecum coniumere asvo."
Crofling the dell, you rife to another feat, the
ftream winding in the hollow beneath ; and the
whole under the made of large oaks : To the
right you catch an urn, and look back upon the
ionic rotunda. Turning to the left, and coming
to the urn, you find it inferibed as follows :
To the Memory of
William Shenstone, Efq;
In whofe Verfes
Were all the natural Graces,
And in whofe Manners
Was all the amiable Simplicity
Of paftoral Poetry,
With the fweet Tendernefs
Of the Elegiac.

U 3 Pafling

[ 2?4 ]
In Plate XII. fig. i, is a {ketch I took of
c ... of them.

The annual expence of a horfc, they
reckon at 61. or 6L ios. The i'ummer
joift is is. 6d. and 3 s. a week. The time
of breaking up the itubbles for a fallow is
about May-day, The price of plowing
per acre 6 s. the depth three to five inches.

Pafiing on, we came to a bench by the fide of
the winding ftream, thickly covered with wood -,
and entering a grove almofl impervious to the
fun, met with a bench around a vaft oak, that
commands a line variety of fcenery. To the
right you 'look upon the river, and riling among
the wood the rotunda itrikes your eye -, the fl-
otation admirable •, to the left you command the
pailadian bridge, having a frefh view of the
water, in a hollow all overhung with wood : Be-
hind, on a fine hill, is the feat Quieti &f Mufis.

Returning through the grove, you pafs feveral
benches, and arrive at one furrounded by the
molt bewitching fcenes : It is a mofs feat, with
this infcription :

" Ego lauda runs amceni
" Rivos& mulco circumlita faxa nemufque."

The fpot is totally fequeitred, and might almofr
be called the paradife for contemplation to in-
dulge in : The whole is over arched with the.
[hade of tall fpreading trees •, it is furrounded
with banks or fhrubbywood, of mofs, and ivy;
rhc eye cannot wander from the beautiful, in
fearch of the fublime ; nor will one figh ever be
heard on t^iis bench, for diftant profpedr. in
■'■ .'-.Li look upon a cafcade, breaking from

[ 295 ]

The hire per day of a cart, three hones,
and driver, $s. of four hories and two
carts, ys.

Great quantities of ftraw cut into chaff.

In the hiring of farms they reckon 550/.
neceffary for one of 1 00 /. a year ; but many
are taken for a lefs fum.

Land fells at thirty and thirty-three years
purchafe.

out a perpendicular bank of ivy j and prefenting
to the eye a beautiful fall of tranfparent water,
that glitters in this dark grove ; the effect ama^
zingly fine. It takes a natural courfe, and
breaking over a ground of rock, mofs and ivy,
loies itielf among the fhrubs at your feet. To
the right is a fweet little watery cave of rock,
in which is a fmall ftatue of Venus \ the reft of
the fcene is a fine dark fhade of wood.

Winding up the fide of the hill, you look
down on a romantic irriguous woody valley j
hearing the noife of failing water, but feeing
none. Coming to a bench, you juft look down
to the right on a gufhing ftream half covered
with trees •, in front, Venus embofomed in a hol-
low of wood.

Winding round the fides of the river, you
come to the palladian bridge ; a portico" d temple
of the ionic order ; the view admirably fine. You
look full upon a beautiful cafcade, broke into
two fheets by a rock, which falls into the water
over which the bridge is thrown. A little
above this a piece of wild ground is half feen,
and further on a lawn, at the end a green
(welling hill, upon which Hands the rotundg :

U 4 tlw

[ 296 ]

Tythes are generally taken in kind.

Poor rates 35. to j\.s. in the pound; the
employment of the women and children
fpinning; all drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn three or
four miles.

Leafes are in general upon terms, from
feven to twenty-one years.

the line of view to thefe objecls is through a thick
tall wood, which gives a folemn brownnefs to
the whole fcene, very noble. The infeription :

" Viridantia Tempe,
" Tempe quae fylvas cingunt luper impendentes."

Leaving this exquifite fpot, you turn through
a grove by feveral flight water-falls, and come
out not far from the houfe.

Thefe grounds, upon the whole, cannot be
fufficiently praifed : The natural variety is great,
and the advantage of being fo nobly cloathed
with venerable oaks, peculiarly fortunate •, but
art has added frefh luftre to every feature of na-
ture, and created others which diiplay a preg-
nant invention, and a pure and correct tafte.
Waters that are trifling in themfelves, are thrown
into appearances that ftrike and delight the
mind, and exhibited in fuch an amazing variety,
that one would be tempted at firft to think the
fource vaftly more confiderable than it in reality
is. Let me further add, that the buildings have
an equal variety, are all in a moft juft tafte, and
pbeed with the utmoft judgment, both for com-
manding the moil beautiful fcenes, and alfo for
afTiftino; in forming them, themfelves.

The

[ 297 ]

The following are particulars of feveral
farms in this neighbourhood.

ioo acres in all I man

10 grafs 2 maids

90 arable 1 boy

£•120 rent j labourer

7 horfes 3 waggons

6 cows 2 carts

5 young cattle 3 ploughs.

150 fheep

Another,

150 acres in all

30 grafs
120 arable
jT.no rent
8 horfes
1 2 cows
2 fatting beafts
4 young cattle

Another,

200 fheep
2 men

1 boy

2 maids

3 labourers
3 waggons

2 carts

3 ploughs.

1 35 acres in all
100 arable

35 Srafs
£.90 rent

6 horfes

130 fheep

1 man

2 boys

4 labourers

3 waggons
3 carts
2 ploughs.

7 cows

1 fatting beaft

5 young cattle

Another,
80 acres in all £'5° rent

1 2 grafs 4 horfes

68 arable 6 cows

4 y°uns

[ 2&S

4 young cattle
10 fheep

i man

i boy

I maid

Another,
45 acres in all
io grafs
35 arable
£.2$ rent

3 horfes

6 cows

]

i labourer
i waggon
2 carts
2 ploughs.

5 young cattle
i boy

1 maid

i labourer

2 carts

I plough.

R.

L A B O U

Inharveft, u. and board.
In hay-time, ditto.
In winter, i s. and beer.
"Reaping 5 s. bd. to 6 j.
Mowing corn, j;. 6 </.

grafs, 2 j. to is. 61L

Ditching, 4i </. to bd. eight yards,
Thraihing wheat, y±d. per bufhel.

■ — barlev, 2^.

oats, 1 \ d.

. peafe, 2 d.

Amount of a year's earnings, 15/. to 16..

Head man's wages, 1 o /.

Next ditto, 6/. io-r. toy/.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 2/. 1 £/.

Dairy maids, 3 /. 10/.

Other ditto, 2/. 15 r.

men per day, in harveft, 6d. and boards

Wornet;

t 299 ]

Women in hay time, 6d. and beer.

« in winter, $d.

Value of a man's board, warning, and lodg-
ing, i o /.

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

A waggon, 1 8/.

A cart, 8 /. to 9 /.

A plough, i /. i j.

A double ditto, 3 /. 10;.

A harrow, 1 /. to 1 /. 5 x.

A fey the, 3 j. 6 d. to 4 j-.

A fpade, 4J.

Pointing e. coulter and mare, 4^.

Shoeing, j .r . \d.

Cart harnefs, 1 /. 5 j-. per horfe.

PROVISIONS, Gfa

Bread — Wheat, 3 \ lb. for 6 </.

Cheefe, 4*/.

Butter, yd, 18 oz.

Beef, 3 d.

Mutton, 3 i d.

Veal, 3 */.

Pork, 3 § d.

Milk, 4 d. per pint.

Potatoes, 4 d. to 6 */. ^r peck.

Candles, y\d. per lb.

Soap, yd.

Labourers houfe-rent, 2 /. I O s, to 3 /,

_ firing, 30/.

K tools, 5 j-.

BUILD-

[ 300 1
BUILDING,

Bricks, 12 s. per thoufanch
Tiles, 1 4 s.

Mafon, per day, 1 s. 4 d.
Carpenter, is. \d.
Thatcher, 1 s. and board.

In the parifh of Hagley are the following
farms, befides fmall fpots, and Lord Little-
tons park.

N°. 1

200 acres

£ 140 rent.

2

80

50

3A

68

40

4

45

25 .

5

70

30

6

150

85

7

80

80

8

200

130

9

160

120

10

135

9°

11

3°

15

12

140

70

*3

25

48

1383

£•923

In the whole about two thouiand acres.

The cattle upon thefe farms are as follow ;
N°. 1 7 horfes 10 cows 30 fheep

24 6 10

3 5 4 10

4 3 60

N°.5

[

3GI ]

N°.5

8

IO

30

6

7

4

150

7

6

14

200

8

7

7

200

9

7

8

150

IO

5

5

120

ii

3

i

40

12

7

8

160

'3

5

o

0

74

5

1 100

My next ftage was to Broom/grove, where-
the hufbandry is as follows :

The foil is of two forts, fand and clay ;
rents high, from 20 s. to 40 s. an acre.
Farms from 40 /. to 200 /. a year.

The courfes,

1. Fallow 6. Turneps

2. Wheat 7. Barley

3. Barley 8. Peafe

4. Clover, two or 9. Oats

three years 10. Clover.

5. Wheat

Which would be, upon the whole, ex-
cellent, did^ not the barley and wheat come
together at firft.

The average crops are,

Of wheat thirty-five to forty bufhels.

Of barley forty to forty-five.

Of oats fifty.

Of beans forty, fet and hoed.

Of peafe thirty.

For.

[ 302 1

For turneps they plow three or four
times; no hoeing, which is very extraordi-
nary among farmers that hoe their beans.
The average value is 30^. per acre ; they
ufe them for fheep and beads.

For potatoes they generally plow up the
turf, and dibble the llices in one foot from
each other. While growing they hand hoe
and hand weed well. They get large crops
in this manner, and very fine wheat or bar-
ley after them.

They have plenty of marie in this coun-
try, chiefly red and blue ; they lay thirty-
three horfe cart loads on an acre ; and reckon
that it lads very good five or fix years ; cofts
3 /. an acre ; it is reckoned avail improve-
ment. Of lime they lay a waggon-load per
acre of fixty bufhels; it cofts 1 /. carriage
included.

The produdl of a cow they reckon at
3 /. to 4 /. the quantity of milk from two to
fix gallons a day.

Very few meep kept.

In their tillage they reckon eight horfes
neceffary for the management of one hun-
dred acres of arable land ; ufe four in a
plough, and do an acre a day. Some farm-
ers have the double ploughs, which they
work alio with four horfes. They calculate
the annual expence of a horfe at 8/. May
is the time of breaking up the Hubbies for a

fallow j

[ 3°3 1

fallow; and the price of plowing 4.x. to ej.
per acre ; the depth four to fix inches.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and a
driver, Ss. a day.

They practife the cutting of ftraw into
chaff in common.

Four hundred pounds they reckon necef-
fary for a man who hires a farm of 100/. a
year.

Tythes both gathered and compounded ;
if the latter,
Wheat pays 5 j-. Peafe 4 j-.

Barley q.s. Poor rates, is. to is,

Oats 2 j. 6 d.
The following particulars of farms will
mew the general oeconomy.

60 acres in all 2 men

40 arable 1 boy

20 grafs 1 maid

£. 100 rent 1 labourer

6 horfes 2 waggons

15 cows 2 carts

5 young cattle 2 ploughs.

Another,
200 acres in all 20 young cattle

40 grafs 20 iheep

160 arable 3 men

£. 1 80 rent 2 boys

10 horfes 3 maids

20 cows 4 labourers.

6 fatting beafts

Another,

[ 3°4 ]
Another,

40 acres in all 5 cows

1 o grafs 8 young cattle

30 arable 1 boy

£.53 rent 1 maid.

4 horfes

Another^

55 acres in all 8 cows

1 5 grafs 1 o young cattle

40 arable 1 man

^.69 rent 1 boy

5 horfes 1 maid.

LABOUR.

In harveft:, 1 s. and board.

In hay time, ditto.

In winter, gd. 10 d. and beer, and a dinner

now and then.
Reaping, 4J. 6d. to 5 s. per acre.
Mowing corn, 1 /.

grafs, 2 s.

Threfhing wheat, ^d. a bufhel.

barley, \ \d.

oats, 1 d.

: peafe, 1 d.

Amount of a labourer's year's earnings, 20/.
Firft man's wages, 8 /.
Next ditto, 6 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 50 s.
Dairy maids, 3 /.
Other ditto, 50 j.

Women per dny in harveft, 6d. and board.

In

[ 3°5 ]
in hay time, ditto.
In winter, 6d. and beer.
Value of a man's board, warning, and lodg-
ing, 6 /.

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

A waggon, 20/.

A cart, 8 /.

A plough, 1 /. is.

A harrow, 1 5 s.

A roller, iol 6 d.

A fcythe, 3 s.

A fpade, 4/.

Laying a mare and coulter, 1 /.

Shoeing, is.

Cart-harnefs, 30 J-, per horfe.

PROVISIONS, &'c.

Bread — wheaten, 1 ] d.

Cheefe, ^\d.

Butter, yd. 1 j oz.

Beef, 3 d.

Mutton, 3 l ds

Veal, 2 ' d.

Pork, \d.

Milk, I d. per pint.

Potatoes, 4 d.

Candles, 7 d.

Soap, 7 */.

Labourer's houfe-rent, 30J. to 50 j.

* firing, 30/.

Vol. TIL X At

[ 3°6 ]

At Broom/grove I firft remarked the abo-
minable cullom of Gripping up the timber
trees, to make them look like Maypoles, to
the utter deitruction of the timber, and
diftorting the face of the whole country.

Four miles on this fide of Worcejier land
letts from 1 5 s. to 40^. an acre; farms
from 20/. to 200/. a year.

Worcejier is a very well built, and hand-
fome city : The great ftreet is remarkably
fine. It is fuppofed to contain about eleven
or twelve thoufand fouls. There are feveral
manufactures carried on here, of which that
of the glovers is the mod confiderable, em-
ploying feveral thoulands of hands.

Men earn from 7 s. to 9 s. per week.
Women 4 s. to 5 s.
Children i s. 6 d. to 3 s. 6 d.

Burying crapes are alio made here; the
men in which branch earn from 5 s. to 9 s,
a week.

The porcelane works are very famous ;
but not carried to that degree of perfection
which fome have aflerted : The clearnefs of
the ground, and the beauty of the paintings,
are neither of them equal to the Drefden,
which it is pity they do not aim, with more
fpirit, to equal, and then excel. It is well
known that all the porcelane in Europe may
be melted in a Drefden cup, unhurt ; and
that the Drejden cup will itfelf melt in an
old China one, unhurt; which fhews the

amazing

[ 3°7 ]

amazing perfection that empire had long ago
attained in every part of the curious arts that
do not depend on defign. The earnings of
the people employed 2xWorceJier are various,
Men from 1 2 s. to 3 /. 1 5 s. a week.
The Labourers 6 s. and 7 j-.
Children 1 jr. to ^j.
From Worcejler I took the road to Ox-
ford, through a country whofe agriculture
is extremely various. At Perfiore I made
enquiries, and found that the foil is all of
the heavy kind, either clay or loam: Inclofed
lands lett from 151. to 20 j1. per acre. The
open at iox. Farms from 60/. to 150/.
Their courfes,

1. Fallow 3. Beans

•2. Barley 4. Wheat.

A moft excellent courfe for heavy land.

1. Fallow 3. Peafe

2. Barley 4, Wheat.

Aljb,

1 . Turneps 3 . Clover, one year

2. Barley 4. Wheat.

This likewife excellent. The average
crops as foiiow :

Of wheat twenty-five buihels.
Of barley twenty-four.
Of beans twenty-five.
Of peafe twenty-five.
They plow three times for turneps ; never
hoe, 1 /. 10 s. the average value.

X 2 They

[ 3°3 ]

They ufe a little lime, twenty bumels/>cV
acre, 3 \ d. each, they reckon it good only
for light land.

The product of a cow they value at 3/.
The flocks of fheep eighty to two hundred ;
the profit ioj-. a head. To an hundred
acres of arable they allot fix horfes, ufe
them five at length, do an acre a day -, the
depth they ftir four or five inches ; four
millings an acre the price of plowing.

The following are the particulars of fome
farms in this neighbourhood :

260 acres in all

1 4 men

100 grafs
160 arable

3 b°ys

2 maids

£

, 300 rent

3 labourers

15 horfes

4 waggons

24 cows

4 carts

14 young cattle
100 fheep

Another,

6 ploughs.

150 acres in all

1 man

60 grafs
90 arable

2 boys
2 maids

£■

100 rent

2 labourers

9 horfes

2 waggons

14 cows

3 carts

10 young cattle
50 fheep

Another,

2 ploughs.

90 acres in all

80 arable

1 o grafs

C< jo rent

5 horfes

f 3°9 J

5 horfes i man

5 cows i boy

I o young cattle i labourer.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 30/. and board for the harvefh
In hay time, 1 j-. and board.
In winter, 10 d. and beer.
Reaping, is. 6d. and board.
Mowing corn, 8 d. and ditto.

1 grafs, 1 s.

Ditching, 6 d. to 8 d. eight yards,
Threming wheat, 3 d. to 4 d.

barley, 2d.

— — — -—oats, lid.

— peafe, 2 d.

— beans, 1 \ d.

Firfl man's wages, 9 /. to 10 /.

Next ditto, 8 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /,

Maids, 3/.

Women per day in harveft, 6 d. and board.

In hay time, 6 d. and beer.

In winter, 5 d.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Wheaten bread, 1 | d,

Cheefe, 3 d.

Butter, yd.

Beef, 3 d*

Mutton, 3^

Veal, 2 d*

X 3 Pork,

[ v° ]

Pork, 4-d.

Candles, 7 d.

Soap, 7 d.

Labourer's houfe rent, 20 s. to 30 s.

firing, 30s.

tools, 10 s.

Amount of a year's earnings, 1 5 /.

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

A waggon, 15/. to 20/.

A cart, 5 /. to 7 /.

A plough, 1 o s.

A harrow, 20 s.

A fcythe, 3^. 6 d.

A fpade, 3 s. 6 d. to 4 s.

Shoeing, is. /\.d.

In the neighbourhood of Bend/worth the
hufbandry improves greatly, being carried
on with more fpirit than common. This is
the agriculture of the Vale of Eve/Jiaw.

The foil is chiefly clay, but much loam,
and fome that is light. Rents from 15^. to
30 j-. average 21 s. Farms rife from 40 /. to
1000 /. a year; but are in general large.

The principal courfes are,

1. Fallow

3. Beans

2. Barley
1. Turneps

4. Wheat.
And,

3. Wheat

2. Barley

1. Turneps

2. Barley

4. Oats; very bad.
Andy

3. Peafe

4. Wiieat.

[ 3'J ]
Alfo,

1. Fallow 4. Wheat

2. Barley 5. Oats.

3. Clover, two years

The average crops are very great.
Of wheat four quarters.
Of rye four, but little fown.
Of barley fix.
Of oats eight.

Of peafe twenty-five bufhels.
For beans they plow once, and dung well,
and fet them in rows from fifteen to eighteen
inches afunder, hand hoe them twice,
which coils 4 j. an acre each time; the
average crop five quarters : The wheat after
them is generally fuperior to that after a fallow.
For turneps they flir but twice, hoe them
once; the value per acre from 30 s. to 3/.
Ufe them for fheep. Clover they ufe for
feeding their hories in the inclofures ; and
alfo for the fpring feed of lambs.

For potatoes they manure well with long
dung, plow but once, dibble them in, in rows,
one foot afunder; get three or four hundred
bufhels per acre ; low wheat after them.

They have neither marie or lime, nor do
they want them, for the natural richnefs of
their clays is very great, being of that fort
that falls like lime with the winter's frofts.
They conftantly fold their fheep ; flack their
hay at home ; and many of them chop their
Hubbies.

X 4 Good

t 31? ]

Good grafs letts from 30 s. to 40 s. it is
nfed both for fatting and dairying : One
acre will carry a cow through the fummer,
or eight fheep. The breed of cattle is be-
tween the long and mcrt horns -, their oxen
fat to about fixty fcore. The product of a
cow they calculate at 5/. five gallons of
milk about the average quantity per cow.
To ten cows they keep about two lows ; and
eight the proper number for a dairy maid.
The winter food is ftraw and hay, of the
latter from fifteen hundred weight to a ton
each. The calves fuck fix weeks. The
fummer join 1 s. 6 d. a. week. In winter
they are kept in open farms in the farm
yard, but in inclofed ones, in the fields.

Their hogs they fat fo very high as to
forty fcore, but twenty common.

The flocks of fheep rile from iixty to
twelve hundred, the profit they reckon at 8j.
or gs. a head. The average fleece, in the
inclofures 9 lb. in the open fields 3 or 4/^.

In their tillage they reckon twelve horfes
necellary for an hundred acres of arable
land; ufe five or fix at length, and do an
acre a day. The annual expence of a horfe
they calculate at 7 /. The fummer joill
is. 6d. a week. They break up their
ftubbles for a fallow in March. The price
of plowing per acre is 6 s. and the depth
two and a half or three inches; it is allo-
niuhing they can get fuch ncble crops with

juci

[ 3T3 ]
fuch plowing; but this feems to prove, that
fertility of foil is the grand point, and that
the authors, who have (o generally pre-
scribed very deep plowing as ahfolntely necefr
fary in all foils, are ftrangely miitaken. It
is much to be queftioned whether one acre
of wheat with two inches of plowing in this
country, does not yield four times as much
as fuch writers have gained with their more
pbilofophical conduct ; — not, however, that
I plead for {hallow plowing.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and a
driver, 5/. a day.

In the hiring and flocking of farms, their
ideas fpeak a much more fpirited husbandry
than I have commonly met with. For the
flocking a farm of 500/. a year, conliiting
of five hundred acres, half grafs and half
arable, they calculate the following articles
fieceffary.

Twenty-fix horfes, at 15/. £. 390
Twelve hundred ilieep, - 1200

Thirty cows, - - - - 240

Swine, - - - - - - - 10

Harnefs, -------35

Four waggons, one a broad wheel

one, ------ 100

Two broad wheel carts, - - 24
Two narrow ditto, - - -12

All other implements, 80

Rent, - 500

2591
Tow.i

[ 3H )

I own charges, - 40
Houfe - keeping, befides what

comes from the farm, - 100

Furniture, - - 200

Five men, - - - 40

Four boys, - - - 12

Four labourers, ----- 80

Three maids, - - 10
Seed,

Seventy acres of wheat, - 100

Seventy acres of barley, - 45

Thirty-five acres of beans, - 28

Thirty-five acres of oats, - 17

Twenty acres of clover, - 8

3271

Land fells at twenty-eight and thirty years
puichaie.

Poor rates very high, higher than the
land tax, to 4 s. in the pound ; in the vil-
lages no where lower than is.

The employment of the poor women and
children is chierly with the gardeners, of
whom (as at Sandy, in Bedford/hire) there
are great numbers : Between three and four
hundred acres of land in this neighbourhood
are fo employed, that let for 50 s. and 3 /.
an acre: They carry their products around
the country, to Birmingham, Worcefier,
^ewkjbury, Gloucefter, Warwick, Coventry,
Stow, &c. and feeds to Stafford, Litchfield,

Lei-

[ 3iS ]

Leicejler, Nottingham, &c. afpamgus to
Bath and Brijiol. Befides this employ, the
poor knit caps and ftockings, 2 d. to 6 d. a
day. All drink tea.

Farmers have no diftance to carry their
corn ; all is ufed at home.

Leafesfrom fourteen to twenty-one years.
The following are particula 3 01 farms in
this neighbourhood.

200 acres all ara- 1 man

ble 2 boys

£. 170 rent 2 maids

12 horfes 8 labourers

16 cows 4 waggons

5 young cattle 3 carts

170 fheep 4 ploughs.

Another,
850 acres in all 1000 fheep

450 grafs 8 men

400 arable 4 boys

JT. 800 rent 5 maids

30 horfes 10 labourers

40 cows 6 waggons

40 fatting beafts 8 carts

20 young cattle 1 o ploughs.

Another,
70 acres in all 1 maid

50 arable 4 labourers

20 grafs 3 waggons

£.70 rent 2 carts

7 horfes 2 ploughs.

180 fheep

Another,

[ 3*6 J

Another,

go acres all ara- i man

ble i maid

£. 50 rent 1 boy

8 horfes 2 labourers

10 cows 3 waggons

2 young cattle 2 carts

100 fheep 2 ploughs.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 30 j. and board for the harveft.
In hay time, is. 6 d. and beer.
In winter, 1 j-. and beer.
Reaping, 5 s. to 6 s.
Mowing corn, 1 s. 6 :L

grafs, 2 s.

Hoeing turneps, 5 s. 6d. to js.

r beans, 6 s. to 8 s.

Ditching, td. to 9 d.
Threfhing wheat, 4 d. per buflicl.

— barley, 2d.

oats, 1 I d.

beans, 1 \ d.

Digging, 2.1. 10s. or 3/.
Amount of a year's earnings, 18/.
Firft man's wages, 10/.
Next ditto, 7 /. to 9 /.
Boy of ten or twelve years, 2 s. 6 d. a week.
Dairy maids, 4/.
Other ditto, 2/. iar. to 3/.
Women in harveft, 141. and board.
In hay time, 7 d.

Value of a man's board, wafhing, and lodg-
ing, 12/.

[ 3*7 ]

IMPLEMENTS, G\.
A waggon, 18 /.
A cart, 6 /.
A plough, 20 s.
A harrow, 20 s. to 4/.
A roller, 20 s. to 40 s.
A fcythe, 4 J-. 6 </.
A fpade, 3 j. 6 d.
Shoeing, is. 8 d.
Cart-harnefs, per horfe, 1 /. 6 s.

PROVISIONS,^.

Bread — wheaten, 1 I d.

Cheefe, 3 £ d.

Butter, 8 d.

Beef, 2 f d.

Mutton, 3 d.

Veal, 3 d.

Pork, 3^

Milk, f</. ^rpint.

Potatoes, 8 d.

Candles, 6d.

Soap, 6 */.

Labourer's houfe rent, ioj\ to y^

firing, 25 j.

tools, 2S. 6 d.

Coals, 1 5 s. a ton, laid in.

BUILDING.

Tiles, 1 8 s. per thoufand.
Oak timber, 1 s. 4 d. to 2 J*
Ail) ditto, 1 j. to 1 j. 4</.

El

t 3'S ]

Elm, i s.

Malon per day, i s. 6 d. and beer.
Carpenter, is. 6d. and ditto.
Thatcher, is. ^.d. and beer.

Farm-houies, plaifter and thatch ; a few
brick and tile.

In the parim of Bend/worth are,
1500 acres £. 1000 rent, ( be-

14 farms fides that of

80 horfes houfes)

120 cows JT. 200 rates

1000 meep 600 labourers.

The following experiments and remarks
of Mr. William Penny, who keeps the Inn
at Bend/worth, are much worthy of notice.
He is very fenfible and intelligent.

In the planting of wheat he made this
trial : Upon a loamy foil, a mixture of clay
and fand, he fet a peck of wheat on the
third of an acre, in rows, nine inches afun-
der, and fix inches from grain to grain :
The land had been well fallowed : The
crop was neither hand hoed nor hand
weeded: Product thirty-four pecks; but
tiiere being a path acrois the field, wafted
a fifth : Total, therefore forty pecks, or,
per acre, thirty bulhels. This is a very
great product from fo fmall a quantity of
feed, and proves much in favour of the advo-
cates for thinner feeding than common. The
expence of planting was 3^. or 9 s. per acre.

Mr.

[ 3*9 ]

Mr. Penny makes it a rule in the feeding
his ground, always to change the foil, but
not the feed : That is, upon clay to low
wheat that was railed upon fand, gravel, or
light loam ; and the contrary. Diitance he
reckons nothing ; but his experiments on
this point are not decifive, as all his own
wheat feed comes from the Vale of White
Ho?fet Berkfiire.

His preparation of the feed is, to fteep it
in a brine firft made itrong enough to bear
an egg, and then with half as much more
fait added : In this he fteeps it two hours.
He finds it a remedy for the fmut ; as the
ftrength of the brine throws up the un-
found corn, fuch being always the lighted.
He diftinguimes the burnt grain and the
fmutty by this j the burnt is as long as the
common grain, and black ; the fmut is
black alfo, but perfectly globular, and puffs
like a puff ball. After the keeping he dries
it with lime.

He has more than once (own the fkim-
mings of the fteeping quite fmutty, and had
perfectly found grain in return : This he at-
tributes to the ftrength of the brine.

His barley feed he fliifts from foil to foil,
in the fame manner as wheat.

The culture of barley here is excellent.
They plow the land in March, (but this
mould be in October,) in May dung it,
twenty load to an acre, twenty-ei^ht bufli-

els

[ pv ]

els per load. In 'June plow it In. The
land then lies till September, when it is
plowed again, and arched up, and fo lays
for the winter. In March it is plowed
down, one half, or two bufhels per acre of
feed being then turned in, and the other
half, or two bufhels more, harrowed in at
top : This management yields feven quar-
ters per acre on an average. It certainly is
moil: excellent huSbandry; and the circum-
stance of Spreading the dung on the fallow,
and mixing it well with the foil by the fuc-
ceeding plowings, preferable, I apprehend,
to laying it on in the winter before fowing,
which alfo depends on the coming of Sharp
frofts.

Lucerne, Mr. Penny has cultivated, and
With good fuccefs. He lowed two acres in
drills in 1761, twelve inches afunder; the
foil a fandy loam. It was hand hoed well
for three or four years, and afterwards breaft
plowed twice a year. The hand hoeing coil
40 s. an acre ; but the plowing only 5 s.

Thefe two acres have kept twelve horfes
conftantly in the Stable from the beginning
of April to the end of September, with only
a feventh part of the hay they otherwife
would have had : The keeping in this
manner, Mr. Penny, (and his neighbours
alfo,) value at is. a week; or 24^. a week
for the two acres.

Twenty-

t 32' J

Twenty-fix weeks at 24 s. 31/. 4.1.

Befides this, his ewes and lambs
have been kept on it a month
every fpring, twerity at 6d. a
week. (N. B. It is worth more
than this at fo critical a feafon,
but our cultivator exaggerates
nothing.) 2 o

£-_33 4

Or, per acre, 16/. 12 s.

It is now in very good heart, and having
anfwered fo greatly, Mr. Penny defigns
lowing a larger quantity. The profit is
very noble, and proves fufficiently, that
Lucerne is a moil capital article in BritiJJj
agriculture, and greatly deferves to be
brought into univerfal ufe. Nor is the
public under a flight obligation to this ufe-
ful hufbandman, for attending fo much to
this and other matters of the fame kind.

Perilling the road to Oxfordy I found, at
Moreton, fome variations that deferve mi-
nuting. The foil is chiefly a gravel ; lets
at an average at 20 s. ah acre. Farms rife
from 50/. to 500/. a year, but in general
are 2 or 300/.

Their cenrfes in the common fields ;

1. Fallow 3. Wheat

2. Peafe 4. Barley.
Vol. IIL Y And,

[ 322 ]

And,
i. Fallow 3. Wheat

2. Beans 4. Barley.

In the inclofaresy

1. Breakup, Oats 5. Oats

2. Wh'.at 6. Turneps

3. Peafe 7. Oats and Graf-

4. Wheat fes.
The average crops are,

Of wheat, three quarters and a half.
Of barley, five.
Of oats, five.
Of peafe, two and a half.
Of beans, three.
They plow three times for turneps, hand
hoe twice, and are worth, upon a medium,
30J-. an acre.

Their flocks of fheep rife from one hun-
dred to fourteen hundred ; the profit they
reckon at j s. or 8 s.

In their tillage they ufe four horfes at
length, and do an acre a day ; eight or nine
neceifary for one hundred acres of arable
land. Some farmers break up their ftubbles
for a fallow before winter, but moilly in
fpring. The price of plowing is ys. 6d.
an acre, and the depth four or five inches.

The following particulars of farms will
mew the general ceconomy of this country.
200 acres in all f.200 rent
140 arable 12 horfes

60 grafs 16 cows

400 fhecp

[ ^3
40 o fheep
20 young cattle
3 men

Another,
570 acres in all
450 arable

120 grafs

20
1 100

5

3

4

1 1

£-53° rent
40 horfes

30 cows

10 fatting hearts

Another,

460 acres in all 8

410 arable 900

5° grafs 3

£.400 rent 3

30 horfes 3

10 cows 10

Another,

g 1 o acres in all 1 o

210 arable 800

100 grafs 3

£.320 rent 2

17 horfes 3

30 cows 5

maids

boys

labourers.

young cattle

fheep

men

boys

maids

labourers.

fatting beafb

fheep

men

boys

maids

labourers.

fatting beafts

fheep

men

boys

maids

labourers.

LABOUR.

In harveft, 8j\ and board.
In hay time, 1 s. 6 d. and beer.
In winter, 1 s.
Reaping, $s. to 6 s.
Hoeing turneps, $s.
Y 2

Threfh-

[ 324 ]
Threfhing wheat, 4*/.

l barlev, 2d.

oats, 1 ' a.

Firft man's wages, yl. 10 s.

Next ditto, 5/.

Boy often or twelve years, 2 1, to 2/. 10 s.

Dairy maids, 4/.

Other ditto, 3/.

Women per day in harveft, 1 s.

In hay time, 6d.

PROVISIONS, Gfo

Bread, 1 [ d.

Cheefe, 3 \ d.

Butter, yd.

Beef, 3 1 </.

Mutton, 3 \d.

Veal, 2f</.

Pork, 4^/.

Bacon, 8 d.

Milk, I d. per pint.

Potatoes, 3 i </.

Candles, 6d.

Soap, 6 </.

Labourer's houfe rent, 36/. to 40/.

firing, turf, none bought.

To Chipping Norton and its neighbour-
hood the land declines much : It is chiefly
op.cn fields, and does not lett more than from
5_r. to 8 s. an acre. Farms in general from

30/. to 100/. a vear.

About

t 325 ]
About Enftone land letts from ys. to its.
Farms chiefly from 50/. to 200/. a year*.

* Ditchley, the feat of the Earl of Litchfield, is
about a mile and half out of the road, and three
miles from Blenheim ; it is very well worth view-
ing. The front is handlbme, and the dilpofition
oi the apartments renders them very convenient.

The hall is a handlbme room, thirty-fix feet
fquare, the cieling is painted by Kent, inclofed
in an oval of fret work •, the walls cream coloured
ftucco, with lead coloured and gilt ornaments.
The door cafes finely carved. In the pannels are
bulls of

Milton, Homer, Sappho,

Socrates, Virgil, Shake/pear, and

Ljvy, Cicero7 Dry den.

balTorefievos,fcrolls,feil:oons,£5V. 1 unround them,
The Mufic-room is twenty-four by twenty-two.
Here are, among fome portraits,
Venetian School. Two courtezans. Great fpirit
and exprefiion. (N. B. 1'he fame as
at Kiplin, Mr. Crowe's.)
Rubens. His family. Very fine. The colours
and fpirit of the horfe are great ; but the
exprefiion of the wife and fon nothing.
Wotton. Landicape. Not difagreeable, but
this is not the green of nature
The Dining-room, thirty-feven by twenty-two.
Here we find

Holbein. Henry VIII. Exceedingly fine co-
louring and fpirit ; an attitude bmiter-
ing as the monarch.
Vandyke. Charles I. and family. Charles II. on
his knee. Nobly free, elegant, and
fpirited.

Y q Unknown,

[ 3?6 ]
From hence to Oxford the country con-
tinues much the fame, chiefly open; and a

Unknown. Duke of Monmouth and his mother.

A fweet attitude.
Jonfon. Philip the lid. The countenance ex-

prefiive of a foul dark as Philip's.
Ditto. Sir Henry Lee.

Corn. Ketel. Sir Chrijlophcr Hat ton.

In this room is a black marble flab of one piece,
nine feet by four and a half.

The Damafk Bed-chamber twenty-two by
twenty-one.

Vandyke. Admiral Lee.
Jcnfon. The Queen of Bohemia.

In the drawing-room, twenty-four by twenty-
one, the chimney-piece is of black and white mar-
ble, handfome, the cornice iupported by ionic pil-
lars. Kere are
Lely. The countefies of Rochejier and

Lindefay.
Ditto. Sir Francis Harry Lee.

Jonfon. Sir Harry Lee.

The faloon, thirty-three by twenty-four. The
moft TLriking article in this room is an antique fta-
tue of the goddeis of health, about two feet and a
half high ; nothing can be more fweetly elegant
than the draper}', the attitude, and the purity of
the head. The whole figure is in the chafteft
ftile of the antique ; the body finely feen through
the drapery.

The green damnfk bed-chamber, twenty-four

by twenty-two. The chimney-piece of white

marble, polifhed ; the frieze cornucopia's of fruit,

. The ornaments above two corinthian pillars

gilt, inclofmg a laridfcape by JVctton, which is

-vhat unnatural. Unknown.

[ 327 ]
quarry of ftone near the furface of the
whole*. I am, &c.

Unknown. Two pieces of ruins and rocks. Bright
and glowing. The caicade fine.

The white dining-room, thirty-feven by twenty-
two, highly ornamented. The cieling is in com-
partments of white and gold ; the cornice and
frieze richly executed in the fame •, the pannels,
window frames, and picture ones of the fame :
The glaffes very elegant, and fine flabs of Siena
marble. Here are

Lely. Charles II. Dutchefs of Cleveland.

Kneller. The prefent Duke of Grafton's great
grandfather, and Lady Charlotte Fitzroy,

From this room there is a paffage to a fmall neat
chapel, in which is an altar-piece, a dead Cbrijt,
a copy from Pouffin.

The velvet bed-chamber, twenty-four by twenty-
two. The bed and hangings of figured Genoa
velvet. The chimney-piece of white marble highly
polifhed \ over it a ruin, very pleafing, by Panini,

The Chinefe drefling-room, twenty-four by
twenty-two. It is completely fitted up, and fur-
nifhed in the taite of that country ; richly orna-
mented with carving gilt; Chinefe figures; picture
and glafs frames the fame. The chimney-piece
of white marble, polifhed. A flab of agate marble.
The tapeftry is fine. Two landfcapes, but rather
brilliant than natural,

The gardens are difpofedwith tafte; the Hoping
banks fcattered with wood, and hanging to the
Terpentine lake, with the rotunda, finely placed on,
a rifing ground among the trees, is a very beauti-
ful landfcape.

* The firft entertainment we reaped at Oxford
was the viewing the collection of pictures left by

Y 4 the

328

LETTER XXIII.

Tf R O M Oxford I took the road to Lon-
■*■ don by Henley ; the foil various for Se-
veral miles, coniiiling both of clay, land,
gravel, and loam. At Benfington it is alfo
of feveral forts, as gravel, land, flrong clay,
and what they call a marne, that is, between
chalk and clay. The open fields let from
1 1 s. to 1 5 s. per acre; inclofedfrom 20x. to.
40 j. Farms rife from 40/. to 1400/. a year.

the late general Guife to the Univerfity i but as
they are not yet placed where they are to remain,
I could not get a fight of all •, moil of them,
however, I had thepleafure of feeing. Here fol-
lows a catalogue.

yiviano and Ricci. A piece of architecture rather
large, adorned with many fmall figures.
By no means pleafing.
Spagnoletto. Two heads (carricaturas) in one piece,
fnialler than life. Very Unking and
horrible.
Mcriglio. A portrait of a Spanijh nobleman,

halt length, after the life. Dark.
Unknown? Virgin and Child. Admirable draw-
ing. Afinegroup, :ndexcellent attitude.
Titian. Three iadies. Three antidotes to — .

Han. Can-ache. A buffoon.
Unknown. St. Sebajlian.

Nicolo delV Abate. A picture in light and fhadow,
reprefentirig Diana and nymphs in the
bath, changing Afteon into a flag. Very
fine and correct drawing.

Z<. Car-

[ 329
The courfes are,

I.

2.

f allow
Wheat

Alfo,

3-

4-

Beans
Barley,

I.

Turneps

4-

Beans

2.

Barley

5-

Barley

3-

Wheat

Likewife,

6.

Clover.

i.

Turneps

4-

Wheat

2.

Barley

5-

Turneps

3-

Clover

6.

Wheat.

L. Carrache. The legs of a dead Chrifi. What a

fubjedt! But admirably forefhortened.
Guercbino. The prodigal Ton. Something in the

(File of Bajfan j but of moft unmeaning

expreflion.
Cuido. Holy love conquering prophane

love. An unmeaning fubjecl, and an

unpleafing picture.
Unknown. A woman turning her head and

pointing to an open book. Fine.
Titian. A head with part of the fhoulders.

Unpleafing.
Pafqualini Romano. A pitfhire with many figures,

two feet high, reprefenting Solomon's

Judgment.
Andrea Mantegna. Our Saviour on his way to

Calvary. Ridiculous expreflion. The

figure behind our Saviour that of a

grinning fool.
Unknown. The rape of the Sabines. A ftrange

confufion of figures.
Dominichino. St. Jerome praying. A fine figure ;

colours ilrong.

Vandyke*

[I 33° 1
They plow three or four times for wheat,
fow two bufhels, the time extremely va-
rious, from 'July to Candlemas : Several far-
mers 'have of late years gained very fine
crops from fpring fown wheat. The ave-
rage product they reckon at three quarters
and an half. For barley they ftir twice or
thrice, fow two bufhels and an half in
Mareh> and calculate four quarters the mean
product. For oats they plow but once, low
the fame quantity as of barley, and gain

Vandyke. A fmall fketch in light and made,
"with many figures, reprefenting a faint
ready to fufFer martyrdom. A nothing.

Annib. Carrache. A fmall octagonal picture on a
black (tone, reprefenting our Saviour
carried to the fepulchre. A ftrange
group. Nothing pleafing.

JhtforeL St. Laurence's martyrdom. Strongly
grouped, but in a dark Mile.

Ang. and. Gelbo Carrache. Martyrdom of St. Pe-
ter. Very unpleafing.

Toujfin. A large piece of architecture, with

figures. Faded and unpleafing.

Bcnirgcgncv.e. A battle. Dark and very indiftinct,

but fpiritcd.
' :::. Apollo and Marfyas. Very unpleafing.

The colours dark, butexprefllon ftrong.

L. Carrache. Our Saviour known by the two dif-

ciples in breaking the bread. Mere

poverty of exprcfnon ; and a formal

group, but the colours ftrong.

inicbino. iopkonijba dying of grief. The at-

de and exprefTion good.

Guick.

[ 33i ]
upon a medium fix quarters and an ha]f ;
twelve quarters have been known more
than once from one acre.

They give but one earth for beans, fow
two bufhels, dibble them in by a line in
rows twenty inches afunder ; hand hoe
them twice, and fometimes hand weed
them. The fetting is 4^. an acre; the
hoeing 4 J", a time ; and the weeding 3 j.
The average product five quarters. They
likewife plow but once for peafe, dibble

Guido. Flight into Mgypt. Very fine : The

attitudes and expreflion good ; but no

brilliancy.
Andrea Sacchi. The heads of St. Andrew and St.

Paul. Strong expreflion.
Leonardo da Vinci. St. Elizabeth with St. John

when a babe, muling on a crofs made

of reeds. Exceeding natural and line :

The boy incomparable.
Salviati. Judith holding Holof ernes' head. Very

fine : Strong colours and expreflion.
J), da Volterra. The defcent from the crofs.

Great variety and ftrength of expref-

fion •, but the colours gone.
Ruhens. Medufa's head. Very fpirited and

ftriking expreflion.
Ani. Carrache. A holy family ; the figures one

foot high. Very fine; the attitudes

and colours fpirited.
Qorreggio. Our Saviour crowned with thorns.

The figures a foot and an half high.

Very fine. Colouring of a lively bril-
liancy.

t 33* ]

them in in the fame manner as beans, one
bumel and three quarters per acre, hoe
twice, and weed if neceflary ; the mean
crop four quarters.

Rye they fow on one plowing on a wheat
ftubMe, not for a crop of the grain, but to
mow green for cattle, and alio to feed fheep
in the fpring.

For turneps they plow from twice to five
times, as it happens ; hoe them once or
twice, as necerTary, and reckon the average

liancy. The lights ftrong but unnatu-
rally difFufed.
hnola. The laft fupper. Well grouped,

but nothing in it ftriking.
Anib. Carracbe. A boy's head, as large as life.

Lively.
G. de Carrache. A landfcape ; a hare hunting.

A nothing.
B. da Carofola. St Catharine, a foot and a half

high. A formal figure in the ftile of

Albert Durer.
Giufeppe d'Arpino. Adam and Eve driven out of

Paradifc. Prodigious fine attitudes.

Evti naked body very beautiful. The

colouring good.
Leonardo da Vinci. The head of a woman fmiling.

Lively.
Bartolomeo. A child's head, fmaller than the life.

Ditto.
Corregvio. The pale of an altar, with figures

larger than the life. Vail expre/Tion in

the old man ; the plaits of the flefh

fine, and the colours noble; but the

general

[ 333 ]
value at 2/. 10 s. an acre; ufe them for
flieep.

Clover they fow with harley or oats ;
mow it once, and get two tons of hay at an

average.

Tares they low for mowing green : they
feed horfes in the (table with them, and
tether bullocks on them; which fatten
greatly.

Chalk is their principal manure ; they lay
forty-three horfe cart loads on an acre,

general brilliancy gone. The figure of
a woman to the right moft unmeaning.
Ann. Carrache. The family of the Carrach\ re-
prefented in a butcher's (hop, and thofe
celebrated painters in butchers dreffes.
Annibal is weighing fome meat to a
Swift of the Cardinal of Bologna's guard.
Auguftine is (baking a nail, and trying
if it holds fait, that he may hang on it
a leg of mutton, which he holds in his
left hand. Gobbo is lifting up a calf to
hang it on a beam, and Ludovico (loops
down killing a (heep. The mother of
them is reprefented as a fervant maid
that comes to buy fome meat. The
likeneffes are traditionally faid to be
wonderful. — This, furely, is the mod
ftriking inftance of an odd and gro-
tefque tafte •, to tranfmit ones felr to
posterity in the moft odious of common
characters. Alexander was ibllicitous
to have the beauty of his peribn tranf-
mitted to future times, in the works of

the

[ 334 ]
v/hich cofr. 4/. They dig often twenty
yards deep before they come to it : It is of
an hard nature, but lafts good for twelve
years : they find it anfwers belt on cold clay
foils.

Rags they have from London at 5 s. 6 d,
the hundred weight ; eight hundred are fuf-
ficient for an acre ; they lad: for about three
or four years, and are heft on gravelly foils.

Malt-dull they alfo ufe ; lay fix or eight
facks on an acre, at 3^. 6d. a fack.

the beft artifts; what would he have
thought of a painter that threw him into
the attitude of killing a fheep ? Here
is, however, great ftrength and variety
of expreffion in this phantaftic picture,

Dominichino. A landfcape. Dark and unpleafing,
but the attitudes of the figures are very
fpirited.

Furino. A woman reprefenting Simplicity,
with a dove in her hand. Dark -,
nothing pleaiiftg.

Bcidaloccbi. The Good Samaritan. Very ftrong
and fpirited drawing ; well fore-i'hort-
ened ; colours gone.

Ricci. Our Lady with her Babe-, the figures

about two feet high. A very fine atti-
tude ; the child as fpirited as the fub-
ject will admit. The colouring was
good, but almoft gone.

Raphael A youth's head fmaller than the life;
Very formal.

. ,'vl The Nativity. The colouring of

thii picture k exceedingly fine. The

pofture

[ 335 1

They give 3 d. a bufhel for coal afhes at
Oxford, and then have the expence of the
carriage.

Good grafs letts from 40 s. to 3/. It is
chiefly applied to dairying : one acre will
carry a cow through the fummer. They
manure the paftures well with dung and
mould, and ditch-fluff, mixed together, and
foap allies.

The breed of cattle the long horned : the
oxen fat to fixty fcore.

p.oflure of the virgin incomparable, and
the cxpreflion of the other figures great.
The grouping excellent, and the light
ftrongly and fpiritedly diffufed from
the child.

Ditto. Another Nativity. Unplcafing co-

lours. A ftrange group ; and the ex-
preflion of the old fellow over the chil J
quite vulgar.

Anni. Qa%rache. Our Lady with her Babe in her
arms, near as large as life, Handing on
clouds. The attitude of the virgin
very fine •, and the expreflion of her
countenance iweetly amiable ; the child
fine, and the whole group piclureique.

Aug. Carrache. Sufannah and the Elders. Not
pleafing ; her naked body is, however,
thrown into a ftriking light, and very
well drawn. The attitude of the old
fellow very fpirited, the drapery good,
and the lights ftrong.

CavedcM. The Nativity. This-piclure is alfo
attributed to Zuccarelli. The brilliancy

is

[ 336 ]

Hogs fat in common to thirty-fcore ;
Mi\ Se//woodt in this neighbourhood, fatted
one to fifty- leven fcore, which is certainly
an aftonifhing weight.

They reckon the product of a cow at
j I. 71. The winter food is hay, of which
they eat an acre and half. Ten the proper
number for a dairy-maid.

The flocks of (heep rife from an hundred
to a thouiand : the profit 20 j. a head,
with folding : Some farmers I converfed

is in his ftile, and pkafing. The atti-
tude of the fhepherd kneeling, with
the ftaff in his hand, is good •, alio that
of the old man in the fore-ground.
The little angels are executed in a
lively manner. But there is a dimnefs
of fhade over the whole piece, as if
unfinifhed or damaged.

Aug. Can-ache. Head of our Saviour. Strong
expreffion.

Schidone. Our Lady and her Babe. A fweet
little group, in a good tafte and fpirit.

Bajfan. Chrijl laid in the Sepulchre. Very-

capital expreflion of the exact kind ; it
is almoft as minute as Albert Durer,
efpecially that of the dead body.

Barocci. Ckriji fhewn to the people by Pilatfc
Very fine. The group, attitudes, and
colours pleafing.

Perugino. Chrijl appearing to Mary Magdalen,
Chrift's, expreffion that of a clown, and
hcr's no better. The drapery, land-
fcape, and colours, equally bad.

Raphael.

[ 337 ]
with valued the folding at 3^/. a night per
fcore; others at \d. and 6d. Some afterted
it was a cheaper manure at 8 d. than many
ufed in that country. They give them
ftraw till lambing, then hay and turneps.
The average fleece 6 lb.

In their tillage they reckon five horfes
neceflary for an hundred acres of arable
clay land, and three for as much light land.
In the firft they ufe five in a plough, in the
latter only two. In the light foils they do

Raphael. The infant Jefus and St. John em-
bracing. Spirited. The countenance
of him to the left good.

Ditto. Three heads in water colours. In

a ftrong expreflive ftile of drawing;
but unpleafing.

Carpacio. St. Catharine. The attitude natural ;
but the drapery in a bad tafte, and the
colours faint.

Andrea del Sarto. Our Lady with her Babe, and
St. John : Her attitude fine, and her
countenance exquifite : The boy fpi-
rited.

Holbein. A father and his two children pray-
ing. A nothing.

Raphael. The Nativity, containing eighteen
figures, two feet high. Her pofture
neither natural nor graceful ; and the
colours are difagreeable : The group
is pretty good, and the figure of the old
man fitting a fine one. It is the mere
rubbifh of names to call this an " afto-
nifhing performance."
Vol. III. Z Paul

[ 338 ]

an acre and half a day, and in the clay
three quarters of an acre, or an acre.

The annual expence of a horfe they cal-
culate at 10I.

Their fhibbles for a fallow they do not
break up till after fpring fowing. In clay
they ftir three inches deep, in light foils
four. The price of plowing 6 s. an acre.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and
driver, ys. a day.

Great quantities of ftraw cut into chafT.

Paul Veronefe. Our Lady with her Babe, St.
Catharine, and St. Francis. Very fine
and fpirited attitudes ; a pleafing group,
but the colours nothing. The atten-
tion of the old man good.

Andrea del Sarto. Chrijl coming out of the Tem-
ple.

" Group nods at group, each figure has its brother,

" And half the pidture juft reflects the other."

Domini chin o. A Miftrefs and her Maid. A nothing.
But it is called one of the beft works
of this great mafter.

Parmegidno. Our Lady with her Babe. Exceed-
ingly fine, graceful, and pleafing ; the
colours brilliant, and the head of the
old man in a great ftile.

Dominichino. Cupid drawn by two doves •, fpirited,
and fomewhat pleafing.

Carlo Cignam. A copy of Correggio\ Night. The
lights ftrong and fpirited. The figure
in obfcura, leaning on a fpear, forms a
fine attitude. The group good.

Tintoret,

[ 339 ]

In the hiring and flocking of farms, they
calculate that 300/. is fufficient for one
hundred pounds a year.

Land fells at thirty years purchafe.

Tythes generally compounded ; 3 s. an
acre round.

Poor rates 2s. in the pound; the em-
ployment chiefly pilfering and idlenefs ; but
all drink tea, and many have their hot rolls
with it.

Tintoret. Diana in the bath, changing Aft eon
into a flag. Very fine drawing of the
naked. Several of the figures are
beautiful, and the attitudes fpirited.

Ditto, The communion of the Apoftles.

Very dark, and the lights ftrongly and
partially thrown, but the attitudes have
fpirit.

Qoh. Carrache. St. John preaching in the defert.
The landfcape rich and line, and the at-
titudes of the figures nobly fpirited.

Salvator Rofa. Erifthonius delivered to the
Nymphs for education. Great fpirit
in the attitudes •, but it hangs in fo bad
a light that one can fee but little of it.

Dominicbino. Mofes delivering the daughters from
the fnares of the fhepherds. The pof-
tures and attention of the figures fine.
The landfcape good.

Ditto. A landfcape. Some fifhermen ; and

women wafhing linnen. Very dark •, the
lights partially and ftrangely thrown.

Eernandos. A youth playing on the gmttar.
Great expreffion of attention.

Z 2 ^Titian.

[ 34° ]
The following are the particulars of fe-
veral farms in this neighbourhood :
2000 acres, all 17 men

arable 5 boys

£.1450 rent 5 maids

40 horfes (worth 20 labourers

25/. each) 10 waggons

20 cows 10 carts

8 young cattle 10 ploughs.

700 fheep

Titian. Chrijl tempted in the Defert. An in-

fipid figure, and the colours quite gone.

Domini chino. Two Cherubs. Nothing.

Guerchim. A St. John's head, with a lamb.
Very dark, but has fome fpirit.

Schiavone. Marfyas and Apollo, with Midas.
Very unpleafing.

Unknown. Cleopatra. Fine and fpirited.

Anni. Carrache. Cop) of Correggiifs Cupid. The
drawing, fpirit, and relief of the figure
fine.

'Ditto. The laying in the Sepulchre ; an

o&ogon picture ; ftrongly expreflive.

Ditto. St. Francis in a vifion. Wonderfully

fine •, exceedingly fpirited, lively, and
brilliant. The attitudes are furprizingly
great ; and the life in every figure
finking. The relief of the right hand
very ftrong.

Gob. de Carrache. A landfcape •, the waterfalls
good : and the trees natural.

Titian. A Venus and Cupid, as large as life.

Aftonifhingly fine. The whole body
moft exquifitely painted. The atti-
tude

[ 34i ]

Another,

600 acres in all 4 men

50 grafs 3 boys

550 arable 3 maids

£.525 rent 7 labourers

1 6 horfes 4 waggons

20 cows 6 carts

500 fheep 5 ploughs.

tude eafy, graceful, and amazingly
pleafing. The roundnefs and turn of
the limbs in the relief of life itfelf; the
turn of the head and neck elegantly
graceful. The face wonderfully beau-
tiful •, the colouring very fine ; and, in
a word, the whole figure exquifitely
beautiful and enticing.

Titian. Portrait of the woman that was his

model for the famous Venus at Florence.
Very beautiful.

Guido. A choir of Angels. A nothing.

P. da Cortona. Sketch of a cieling.
A ditto.

Lud. Carrache. A half length as large as life.
Very fine, lively, and fpirited.

Giorgione. Half length of a woman as large as
life. Very difagreeable.

Titian. Our Lady with her Babe and St.

John. Very fine attitude and drapery.

Guido. Dying Magdalen and Cherubs. In-

comparably fine in exprefiion and co-.
louring.

Julio Romano. An Emperor on horfeback. Very
ftrong and fpirited.

Vandyke. King Charles the Firft's white horfe.
Very lively.

Z 3 Borgog,

[ 342 ]
Another,

460 acres in all 4 men

50 grafs 2 boys

410 arable 3 maids

£.400 rent 6 labourers

1 3 horfes 4 waggons

20 cows 4 carts

5 young cattle 4 ploughs.
2 co fheep

Borgognone. The Slaughter of the Innocents.
Wild, but fpirited ; the colours gone.

Florentine School. Conftantine. There are many
figures in this piece, and fpirited.

Unknown. A imall piece containing feveral fi-
gures, a group among rocks. Moil
fpiritedly touched. The lights, dra-
pery, and attitudes great; fomething
like Sahator.

Ditto. Two figures, one of them Milling.

Spirited.

Ditto. A Mafter and his Scholar. Exceed-

ing fine. The airs of the heads great,
and the colouring fine. A little in the
ftile of Rembrandt.

Ditto. Diana. An unfiniihed fketch •, the

drawing of the naked figures fine.

Ditto. Sufannab and the Elders •, fmall.

Her figure good, but the expreflion of
her countenance foolifh.

Ditto. A woman bathing, and a man dealing

hercloaths. Her figure well done.

Ditto. A Holy Family; a fmall drawing.

Exceeding fine attitudes and expreffion.

Ditto. The Adoration of the Shepherds j a

drawing. Exceedingly fine.

Unknown.

1

343

1

Another

>

300 acres in

all

4 men

30 grafs
270 arable

2 maids
10 labourers

£.200 rent
14 horfes

6 waggons
6 carts

21 cows

8 ploughs.

200 fheep

Unknown. A Nativity •, the Deity in the clouds.
The light on the Virgin's countenance
good.

Ditto. A Virgin and Child ; fmall. Good

colouring and attitude.

Correggio. Chrift crowned with thorns. Very
fine.

Michael Angelo delle Battaglie. Two fmall pieces,
the one repreienting a mountebank
drawing a tooth; the other many people
playing at bowls. Good. The moun-
tebank one, well coloured.
*****

In the Hall of ChrijVs-church, among many
Others, the following portraits will ftrike youmofi.
Mcrley, Biihop otWincheftcr. Good.
'Trevor, Bifhop of Durham. By Hudfon. Very

fine drapery.
Rolinfon, Primate of Ireland. Very fpirited.
In an old Chapter-houfe, two portraits, very ex-
preflive and fpirited. They are thought
to be Frederick, Duke of Saxony, and
Philip, Archduke of Aufiria.
The Radcliff Library is a beautiful building :
The ruftics, the double corinthian pillars, the
cornice, and balluftrade -, all unite to form one
complete whole, admirably proportioned, and of

Z 4 the

[

344

]

Anothery

i

60 acres in

all

5 cows

5 grafs

I boy

$$ arable

i labourer

jC-46 rent

2 carts

6 horfes

i plough.

the happieft unity of effect •, and this without any
cermination : The conciufion in the balluftrade
would have been one of a mod elegant fimplr-
city •, — but the dome rather hurts the general
effed: : befides, it is not equally beautiful with the
reft of the building •, its being ribbed too much
divides the attention of the fpectator, and the
pediments around, which fupport the urns, are
heavy.

The infide is a circular domed room, of forty-
eight feet diameter, and fixty high. The dome,
the upper and lower cornices, and the furround-
ing arches, are light and elegant, but the crofs
work of compartments fomewhat break the effect;
nor are the ionic pillars at bottom well propor-
tioned to the room ; they are too fmall, and
without effecft.

In the Picture-Gallery are many pieces that
are very capital. Thole which plealed me molt
are the following;.

Holbein. Sir Thomas Bodley. Very fine.
Unknown . King Alfred. Good.

William of Wickham. Very fpirited.
William Wainfleet, Bifhop of Win-
chefter. Good.
Holbein. Sir Thomas Pope. A moil noble por-
trait ; the face and hands admirable,
and the drapery good.

Unknown.

[ 345 ]

LABOUR.

In harveft, 40 s. for a month, and board.
In hay time, u. a day, and beer.
In winter, 1 s. and beer.
Reaping wheat, 6 s.

beans, 4.S.

Mowing barley, is. id.
— ,_„ — oats, is. id.

grafs, is. Sd.

Hoeing turneps, $s,

JJnknown. Henry IV. of France on horfeback.
Lively and fpirited.

Richard Wightwick. Fine.
A ftatue of William^ Earl of Pem-
broke. A very noble and fpirited attitude.
Ditto of the Venus deMedicis. Pleafing.
Apollo.

Duke of Marlborough.
Busts.
Fully. Ariftides. Zeno. Phocion.
Vandyke. Francifcus Junius ; a fketch : Ex-
ceedingly, fine, free, and fpirited.
Kneller. LordCV<?w,Bifhopof Durham. Good.

Unknown. Martin Luther. A true polemical

countenance.
Lely. Sir Jofeph. Free and eafy.

Williams. Dr. King. Spirited.
Richardfon. Prior. Exceeding good.
Gibfon. Locke. Good.

Spagnoletti. Duns Scotus. Wonderfully fpirited.
Unknown. Sir Richard Tomlins. Very good.

'Tycho Brahe. Ditto.
Gibfon, Dr. Flamftead. Spirited.

Sebajlian

[ 346 ]
Hoeing beans, /\.s.
Ditching, 6d. a perch.
Threming wheat, 2 s. a quarter.

barley, is.

oats, loi.

beans, 10^/.

Amount of a year's earnings, 22/.

Firit man's wages, 10/. 10s.

Next ditto, 8 /.

Boy often or twelve years, 1 /. 15 s. to 2/.

Dairy maids, 3/. ioj.

Other ditto, 2/. to 2/. 10;.

Sebajlian Bourdon. God's covenant with Noab.
Difagreeable colouring, and a ftrange
group.

Schalcken. The feven Vices on copper •, ' Pride,
Lull, Sloth, Drunkennefs, Revenge,
Avarice, and Envy. Exceedingly
ftrong and fpirited.

Jordaens. Ckrift's appearance to his Difciples
after his refurrection. Very fine.

Rar.ifay. His prefent Majeity. Excellent dra-
pery, and a very pleaiing attitude.

Unbwzvn. Emit piece. Good.

A mathematical piece. Fine.

Frank Hall. A 'Dutch gardener. Very fpirited.

Willarts. Aftorm. Strong and minute expref-
fion. Very fine.

'Jordaens. Mofes finking the Rock. Wonder-
fully fine. The back of the figure to
the left noble. — The child with it's
finger in the mouth great •, but the
grouping ftrange ; and Mofes totally
devoid of expiefhon.

// 'i Harts.

[ 347 _ ]
Women per day in hay time, 6d. and beer.
Picking flones in winter, 6d. to is. 6d. a

load of twenty bufhels.
Value of a man's board, warning, andlodg-
. ing, i o /.

IMPLEMENTS, &c.

A waggon, 24/.
A cart, 8/. 8 s.
A plough, 5/.
A narrow, 301.

Willarts. A Dutch fifh-market. Amazingly
fine. The figures are numerous, and
the finifhing very high.

Unknown. St. Paul. Good.

Bar dwell. Thomas Fermor, Earl of Pom/ret, and
his wife : A capital piece of vulgarity.

Kneller. Addifon. Good.

Unknown. Chaucer. Good. Minute finifhing.

Vandyke. The great Earl of Strafford. Mid-
dling ; but the expreffion is not weak.

Schroder. Charles XII. A noble picture. Great
flrength and fpirit.

JJnknown. The late King of Prujfia. The
figure of a vulgar clown.

Sir Henry Saville. The hands and
face exceedingly fine-, and the minute
imitation of the mat aftoniming. _

Van Trump. Very good and lpirited ;
the attitude excellent.

Kneller. Dr. Wallis. The hands and face in-

comparably fine.

Vandyke. Sir Kenelm Digby. Exceeding fine.

Unknown. The Earl of Kildare. Good.

Unknown*

[ 34« ]

A roller, 3/. to 6/.

A fcythe, 3^. 6d.

A fpade, 3^.

Laying a fhare and coulter, 8 d. to 1 s.

Shoeing, is. $d.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Wheaten bread, befc, 1 \ d.
Cheefe, \d.
Butter, 6d. whey.
Beef, 3d.

Unknown. The Earl of Pembroke. Very fine.
Archbifhop Cramner. Good.
Sir Thomas Sackville, Earl of Dorfet.
Very fine.

Lady Betty Paulett. Great finiming.

*****

Among the Pomfret Statues, the following I

remarked particularly :

Statue of a Grecian Lady. A hugeous piece of
immenfity.

Ditto of Archimedes. Fine.

Ditto of Minerva. The left thigh and leg well
feen through the drapery.

Ditto of Cicero. Drapery very fine ; the head fpi-
rited, but the attitude of the right arm
mean.

Statue of a Grecian Lady. Very fine.

Ditto of Sabina. Attitude and fold of the right
arm good •, but the drapery fomewhat
ftiff.

A Venus de Medicis. The neck and right arm ad-
mirable •, alio the antique part of the
left. All that is antique of this flatue
is fine.

Statue

[ 349 ]
Mutton, 3|</.
Veal, 2^'
Pork, 4^.
Milk, i d. per pint.
Potatoes, 6d.
Candles, 7 d«
Soap, yd.
Labourer's houfe rent, 3 ox.

firing, 20 j. to 30/.

tools, 2 j. 6^/.

Statue of Minerva. Drapery good ; finely tucked

under the left arm.
A Venus cloathed. Exquifite •, the wet drapery

difplays the naked through it in the

jufteft fhile. The form of her body

admirable.
Statue of Clio fitting. Turn of the head and neck

fine ; and the attitude good.
Statue of a young Bacian: Perhaps Paris. It is

of great antiquity. Drapery good.
Statue of Antinous. Difproportion itfelf, but

owing, I fuppofe, to the joinings, or

defigned for an elevated fituation.
A Grecian Lady. The difplay of the left thigh

and leg through the drapery fine.
Statue of Jupiter and Leda. Much defaced ;

but the left leg is well feen through the

drapery, and the turn of her right thigh

is good ; likewife the remains of a fine

attitude.
Statue of Scipio Africanus. Drapery bold, and the

pofture of the hand and arm fine.
A trunk of a woman. Good.
A boy with his finger in his mouth. A nothing.

Statue

[ 35° 1

BUILDING.

Bricks, i%s. per thoufand.

Tiles, iSs.

Oak timber, 2 s.

x4.m, is. %d.

Elm, \od. to is. 2d.

Mafon per day, 20 d.

Carpenter, 20 d.

Thatcher, is. 6d. and beer.

Farm-houfes, of brick and ftone, and tile.

Statue of Jupiter fitting. Heavy.

Ditto of a woman. Her form feen through the

drapery is good.
The trunk of a woman. The right thigh and leg

is pretty well feen through the drapery.
Germ mucus's tomb. Spirited reliefs.
Statue of a Roman Coniiil. The pofture of the

right arm unnatural.
Ditto of a woman. Good.
Ditto of Flora. A beautiful figure and drapery.
Ditto of Hercules. Indifferent.
Hymen. The attitude fine.
Statue of Venus half naked. Her body very fine ;

the drapery flipping off it, and the turn

of her left thigh and leg ftriking.
Statue of Melpomene fitting. A very expreffive

attitude, fine arm, and noble drapery.
A Grecian Lady. Bad drapery.
Statue of Camilla. Light drapery.
Ditto of a Grecian Philofopher. Middling.
Statue of Caius Marius. Very fine expreflion ;

and the pofture of the right hand and
arm very natural.

Statue

[ 35i ]

In the parifh of Benfmgton are,
4500 acres 100 horfes

8 farms 100 cows

150 acres of 150011-ieep

common £.1800 rent.
60 labourers
I forgot to tell you, that they cultivate
fainfoine hereabouts, on the light chalky
foils : They fow a fack an acre : It lafts
good for fifteen or fixteen years. It is always

Statue of Bacchus naked. The turn of the body
incomparable •, the attitude and fpirit
of the figure noble ; alive.

Statue of Julia. Difgufting.

The trunk of a woman fitting. Remains of a
good ftatue, but fadly defaced.

A naked trunk of a man. Very good j the back
excellent.

A trunk of a woman. Middling.

Statue of Hercules choaking a lion. Very great
expreflion ; the pofture of the thigh
againft the rock great ; the whole fine.

Trunk of a woman fitting. Good.

Boys embracing. Ditto.

Bu'ft of a young man. Ditto.

Ditto of a Diana. Ditto.

Ditto of a Philosopher. Ditto.

Ditto of Niobe. Turn of the head good.

Ditto of Venus de Medicis. Good.

In the Repofitory of the Arundclian Marbles,

is at prefent a fmall collection of Bronzes, &c.

lately left to the Univerlity •, the following are

the principal :

Marcus Aurelius. Good.

Mercury, Bacchus.

t 352 ]

mown once every year; yielding, on an
avenge, from fifty civt. to three tons per
acre : The ftcond crop is fed off with lambs,
after they are taken from the ewes : When
it is broken up it is for turneps.

Palling Benjington four or five miles,
land, I found, lett at from i2j\ to 25 s. an
acre ; and farms from 5c/. to 200/. a year.

About Henley cnT/james the foil is gravelly
chalk, light loams, and clay. Letts from
ioj. to 20 j". an acre; average ijs.

Farms from 40/. to 100/. a year.

Bacchus.

Noah.

Mofes.

Socrates.

Aaron.

King David. Good drapery.

Apollo.

Ditto.

A boar.

Plato.

David and Goliah.

Duke of Marlborough.

Hercules and Ant<eus.

Hercules and Hydra.

Venus. Good.

The torturing of a Bifhop in the Inquifition.

A curious ftroke.
Venus in drapery.
Apollo.
A Sibyl.

Cupid on a dolphin.
Hercules and Centaur.

A dragon.

[ 353 ]
Their cburfes,

i. Turneps

5. Barley

2. Barley

6. Peafe

3. Clover

7. Wheat.

4. Wheat

And,

1. Fallow

3. Barley

2. Wheat

4. Peaie, or Oats.

The average crops are,

Of wheat, three quarters.
Of barley, three.
Of oats, three.
Turneps they hoe once, and reckon the
average value at 3 /.

The product of a cow they calculate at 6/.

The chief manure is chalk ; they lay

fifteen three-horfe cart loads per acre, which

A dragon.

A Cafar's head in clay. Good.
Sir Ifaac Newton.

Miltiades. A relief in ftone : Very antique.
You will obferve, that I have given them as
they Hand, but in ftrange confufion, of Mofes and
Socrates, King David and Plato, &rc. I mould
not have inferted this laft, had any other been
extant for the ufe of fpectators ; for the collec-
tion is but fo, fo.

In the Bodleian Library, among many other
pictures, I remarked thefe :
Mr. Bowles. The beft among the librarians.
Sir Kenelm Digby. Good.
Sir Thomas More -, by his niece. Very good.
Erafmus, by Holbein. Exceeding fine.
The Queen of Bohemia. Very lively and fpirited.
Vol. III. A a coils

[ 354 3

cofts 6 d. a load. Flocks of fheep one hun-
dred to one hundred and fifty.

In their tillage they reckon fix horfes ne-
cefTary for the management of fifty acres of
arable land. They ufe four in a plough, and
do an acre a day -, the price from 5/. to js. 6d.

Poor rates is. 6 d. in the pound.

The following are particulars of farms.

60 acres in all
40 arable
20 grafs

£-5° rent
8 horfes

6 cows

Another,

100 acres in all

70 arable

30 grafs

£.84 rent

8 horfes

10 cows

5 young cattle

Another,

40 acres in all

10 grafs

30 arable

£-36 rcnt

15 fheep
5 young cattle
3 men
2 boys

1 maid

2 labourers.

2 fatting hearts
30 fheep
2 men
1 boy

1 maid

2 labourers.

5 horfes
4 cows

2 young cattle
1 boy.

LABOUR.

In harveir, 2 s. and beer.

In hay time, is. 6d. and ditto.

In winter, 1 s. and ditto.

Reap-

[ 355 ]

Reaping, 5*. to ioj.
Mowing barley, 1 j. to n. 6 d.

' oats, is. 3 d,

1 grafs, is. 6d.

Hoeing turneps, 5 j\

Ditching, 6 d. a perch.

Women per day in harveft, 1 s. add beer.

In hay time, 6 d. and beer.

Firfr man's wages, 8 /.

Next ditto, 5 /. to 6 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 2 /.

Dairy maids, 4/.

Other ditto, 3 /.

PROVISIONS, £?<%

Wheaten bread, 1 d.

Cheefe, 4 d.

Butter, yd.

Beef, 3 § d.

Mutton, 3 \d.

Veal, 3 \ d.

Pork, /\.d.

Bacon, 6 | d.

Candles, y d.

Soap, 7 d.

Labourer's houfe rent, 40/. to $os.

firing, 40 j.

tools, ys. 6d. to 10;.

Between Henley and Maidenhead land
letts from 7 s. 6d. to 20 s. an acre. Farms
rife from 40 /. to 1 00 /. a year.

About the latter town the foil is either
clay, or a good loam, and letts at 201. an

A a 2 acre

[ 3S6 3

acre on an average. Farms from 50 /. to
500 /. a year. A common courle here,

1. Fallow 4. Peafe

2. Wheat 5. Wheat

3. Bailey 6. Barley.

Very little fallowing ; they run often eight
or ten crops to a fallow. The average product,
Of wheat, three quarters and a half.
Of barley, four.
Of oats, five.

Of peafe, three and a half.
Their turneps they hoe once or twice,
and reckon the average value at 45/.

The product: of a cow they calculate
at 7 /. 10L

The flocks of flieep rife to five hundred.
They ufe four horfes in a plough, and do
an acre, or an acre and half a day. The
price 5 j-. and depth about five inches.

The employment of the poor women and
children is a little fpinning, but much lace
making, at which the women earn 10 d. or
1 j. a day ; girls from 4 d. to 6 d.

The following particulars of farms in this
neighbourhood will mew the general ceco-
nomy of it.

420 acres in all 4 men

360 arable 3 boys

Do grafs 1 maid

£. 400 rent 8 labourers

1 8 horfes 3 waggons

2 cows 3 carts

400 meep 3 plough?.

[ 357 ]

Another,

300 acres in all 200 flieep

250 arable 2 men

50 grafs 2 maids

£. 280 rent 6 labourers

13 horfes 3 waggons

8 cows ^ carts

4 young cattle 3 ploughs.

Another,

200 acres in all 5 fatting beads

40 grafs 50 fheep

160 arable 1 man

£.200 rent 2 boys

10 horfes 1 maid

5 cows 6 labourers.

Another,

100 acres in all 3 young cattle

20 grafs 1 boy

80 arable 2 labourers

£. 95 rent 2 carts

6 horfes 2 ploughs.
4 cows

LABOUR.

In harveft, 1 s. 6 d. and board.
In hay time, is. 6 d. and beer.
In winter, 1 s. and beer.
Reaping, 6 s. 6 d. to 7 j.
Mowing barley, 1 j.

ditto, and cocking, 2 j.

oats, ditto.

— — — grafs, 1 s. 6 d. to 2 i.

A a 3 Cutting

[ 35* 1

Cutting peafe, 2 s. 6 d.

Hoeing turneps, 5 s.

Ditching, 4^.

Firft map, 7 /. 7/.

Second ditto, 5 /.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 40 s.

Dairy maids, 4 /.

Other ditto, a /. to 3 /. 10 j.

Women ^r day in harveft, 1 s. and beer.

In hay time, 8 ^/.

In winter, 6 d.

PROVISIONS, &c.

Bread, wheaten, 9 lb. 11 d.

Cheefe, 4 § */.

Butter, 7 d.

Beef, 3 \- d.

Mutton, 31^/.

Veal, 4^/.

Pork, 4*/.

Bacon, 6 ' ^/.

Milk, T </. /><*r pint.

Potatoes, 6 */.

Candles, 7 */.

Labourer's houfe rent, 40 s. to 3 /.

* firing, 2/. 10 j.

1 ■ tOOlb, 5 J.

About Colnbrook and Salt-hill land letts
on an average at 20 j. an acre; farms from
40/. to 100/. a year.

At

[ 359 ]
At Harmondfwortb the loll is gravel and
loam; the rent 20 s. Farms from 40/. to
200 /. a year. The average of -crops,
Of wheat, two quarters and a half.
Of barley, four.
Of beans, four and a half, fet in rows

and hoed.
Of peafe, two.
Turneps they hoe once, reckon the ave-
rage value at 40 s. an acre.

Good grafs letts at 30.$-.; an acre will
fummer feed a cow. The product of one
they calculate at 6 /. lbs.

They are attentive to the enriching their
lands by manure from London, and alio fold
all their (beep, the profit per head of which
animal they calculate at 1 2 s.

In their tillage they ufe four horfes in a
plough, do an acre and half a day, ftirring
about four inches deep. The price 5 s> 6 d.
an acre.

Fallows are fcarcely known ; they keep
the land in good heart, and always crop.
The following is a common courfe here :

1. Turneps 5. Peafe

2. Barley 6. Wheat

3. Beans J, Barley.

4. Wheat

The following particulars of farms will
explain the general ceconomy.
100 acres, all ara- £. 90 rent
ble 8 horfes

A a 4 6 cows

[ 36° 3

6 cows

1 boy

ioo meep

l maid

i man

3 labourers.

Another,

1 60 acres in all

80 meep

30 grafs

2 men

130 arable
£. 150 rent

2 boys
2 maids

10 cows

5 labourers.

5 young cattle

Another,

80 acres in all

30 meep

10 grafs
7c arable
jT.8o rent

1 man
1 boy
1 maid

5 cows

2 labourers.

Another,

40 acres in all

5 cows

5 grafs
35 arable

20 meep
1 boy.

£.45 rent

LABOUR, £rV.

In harveft, 2 s. and beer.
In hay time, is. \d. and beer.
In winter, 1 s. and ditto.
Reaping wheat, 6 s. to ior.
Mowing barley, is. to 2 J.
■ peafe, 2 s.

•— grafs, 2 /.

Ditching, 4 </. to 6 </.
Hoeing turneps, 5 j.

Firft

t 361 ]

Firft man's wages, 9/. to 10/.

Second ditto, 7/.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Maids, 3/. to 3/. 10 j.

Women per day in harveft, 1 s. and board.

In hay time, 8 d. and beer.

PROVISIONS, 8V,

Bread, 1 \d,

Cheeie, 4</.

Butter, 7 d.

Beef, 3 \d.

Mutton, 3 '£d.

Pork, 4-d.

Veal, \d.

Bacon, 6 d.

Milk, f*/. /wpint.

Potatoes, /\.d.

Candles, yd.

Soap, 6 4- */.

labourer's houfe rent, 3/. to 4/. 10 s.

firing, — turf, and labour.

»«*«— tools, 7 j-. 6 */.

When I came among the gardens at
Hammerfmith I repeated my enquiries among
the gardeners, that I might gain fome in-
fight in that perfection of culture.

Good nuriery land lets there from 2/. to
4/. in general, and to 6 /. if walled. The
nurferies rife from five to fifty acres. One
of twenty acres will employ from eight to
ten hands conftantly, at j o s. 6d.z week in

fummer,

t 3** J

fummer, and 9 s. in winter. They never
ufe any dung, reckoning it poifon.

The kitchen gardens lett, on an average,
at ? /. an acre : One of twenty acres will
employ all the year four men if plowed -,
and if dug eight, at 10s. 6d. a week the
year round. Likewife four women in win-
ter, and twenty in fummer, at 5/. a week
the year round.

Their carrots they grow on ftifT as well as
light land ; hoe them three times with a five
inch hoe ; cofts 10 /. a hoeing per acre.

Parfnips they hoe twice, to the diftance
cf fourteen inches ; cofts ioj. a hoeing.
Of this root the product is very feldom lb
large as of carrots.

Onions they hoe three times at the ex-
pence of 4 /. an acre.

Turneps they hoe twice with feven inch
hoes. (A7". B. They do not want them to
grow to a large fize.) Coils 10 s. the two
hoeings.

Potatoes they hoe to fourteen inches every
wav, at twice, which colts 3 s. 6 d. a time.

The white Dutch c they reckon

the larrre'"1. but frofrs will kill it. latere,
therefore, why not cultivate in the field, to
come in before the other forts are ready, for
a fucceiTion all winter.

At Kcnfington I came again among fbme
formers. Their foil is various, clay, land,
and gravel ; letts in farms at 2 /. an acre, on

an

[ 3«3 3

an average. Farms from 50/. to 400/. a
year. Their courfes are extremely various;
among others they ufe the following. —
Scarce any fallowing.

1. Peafe, for mar- 3. Wheat

ket, got off time 4. Horfe-beans
enough for 5. Wheat.

2. Turneps

And,

1. Beans, for mar- 3. Wheat

ket, off time e- 4. Horfe-beans
nough for 5. Wheat.

2. Turneps

Alfo,

1. Peafe or Beans, 3. Wheat

for market, off 4. Tares

in time tor 5. Horfe-beans

2. Turneps 6. Wheat.

Another,

1. Peafe or Beans as 4. Oats

before 5. Horfe-beans

2. Turneps 6. Wheat.

3. Wheat

Another,

1. Peafe as before 5. Barley

2. Turneps 6. Clover and ray

3. Tares grafs for two

4. Potatoes years.

They plow three times for wheat, fow
two bufhels and a peck, and reap fix quar-
ters. For barley they ftir twice, and gain
eight quarters. For beans they alio give

but

r 364 ]

hut one plowing, dibble them in in row?,
hand hoe them thoroughly, and gain fix
quarters. For turneps they plow once or
twice, hoe them twice, at the expence of
5/. an acre each hoeing, and reckon the
value at 6 /. ioj. or 7/. on the ground.

For potatoes they dung well and plow;
fet them in drills one foot afunder, and the
fetts fix inches from each other, hoe them
twice and hand weed them : The average
value 15/. an acre as they grow.

Their manure all comes from London,
chiefly horfe dung, cofts n.a four horfe cart
load, and a pint of beer. No coal afhes.

LABOUR, &c.

In harveft, 1 2 s. a week, and beer.

In hay time, 9 s. and beer.

In winter, 9 s.

Average of the whole year, 10/. 6 d.

Reaping wheat, from 10/. to 20/.

Mowing corn to bind and mock, 3 s.

grafs, 3 s. to 5 s.

Hoeing turneps, 5^.

beans, js.

Firft man's wages, 10/. to 10/. 10/.

Next ditto, 7 /. to 7 /. 7 s.

Boy of ten or twelve years, 3 /.

Maids, 4 /. to 5 /.

Women per day in harveft, \od* and board.

In hay time, io</. and beer.

In winter, 8 d.

PRO-

[ 3*5 1

PROVISIONS, £\.
Bread, 10 \d. the half- peck loaf.
Cheefe, 4 \ d.
Butter, 6 Id. to jd*
Beef, 2 \ d.
Mutton, 3 \ d«
Veal, 3 § d.
Pork, 4.d.
Milk, 1*/. /wpint.
Potatoes, 5 j-.
Houfe rent, 4/. to 6/.

Gardens here lett from 2 /. 2 x. to 5 /. 5 j.
an acre.

Paffing through London, I returned home
by Highgate and Barnety through a prodi-
gious line track of grafs farms, that lett
from 1 /. 15 s. to 4 /. an acre. But when
palled Barnet, the foil declines greatly, and
falls in rent to iSs. 1 /. and 1 /. 10 s. and in
a few miles gets down to l $s. on an average.

Rnfield-chace cannot be viewed by any
lover of his country, or of husbandry, with-
out much regret ; fo large a track of wafte
land, fo near the capital, within the reach
of London^ as a market, and a dunghill, is
a real nuifance to the public. The foil is
capable of yielding any production, being
either a rich clay, or a good gravel ; the
luxuriant growth of the fpontaneous pro-
ductions prove fufficiently what the culti-
vated ones might be : If this track of ufe-

leis

[ 366 ]
lefs land was enclofed, with farm houfes,
and proper offices built, it would lett at
once for i 5 s. an acre, without further ex-
pence. It is undoubtedly worthy of his
Majerty's conlideration, whether the noble
improvement of his private revenue, which
might in this, as well as many other in-
ftances, be eafiiy made, is not very well
worth fome attention, in points wherein the
good of the whole nation is in proportion to

the increafe of the profit of the crown.
* * *- * *

And now, Sir, being at lad: arrived at
home, after fo long a journey, you may na-
turally expect I mould give you fome infor-
mation of my own, after acquiring fo much
of almoft. every perfon I have met with : —
I mall therefore minute, under the preceding
heads, the hufbandry of this neighbourhood.
- The foil is extremely various : Here are
many tracks of ftrong clay land ; fome of a
ftiff loam -, others of a light loam; but in
general it is a blue pebbly gravel ; amazing-
ly unkind in the production of any crop
without plenty of manure. A foil highly
worthy the attention of the curious in huf-
bandry. To render it profitable land, I be-
lieve is the ne plus ultra of the moil ipirited
improver. It us naturally fo poor, that you
will not have your feed in any corn crop :
In grals it is utterly contemptible : much of
it too wet for fainfoine : and if you manure

it

[ 3<7 ]

it ever fo richly, the virtue is prcfently ^one.
Rents rife from $s. an acre to 20 s. a few
fpots at 30 j. The average I reckon at 12 s.

Farms from 20 /. to 180/.

The principal courfe, fubject however to
numerous variations, according to circum-
stances, is this ;

1. Fallow 5. Turneps

2. Wheat 6. Barlev

3. Peafe 7. Clover

4. Oats 8. Oats.

For wheat they plow four or live times,
fow two bufhels and a half about Michael-
mas, and reap on a medium twenty bufhels.

For barley they give two earths, fow
three or four bufhels in March or April, and
gain upon an average three quarters.

They ftir but once for oats, fow three or four
bufhels about the fame time with barley, and
reckon the average product at four quarters.

But few beans.

For peafe they give but one plowing, fow
two buihels and a half in February > never
hoe them, and gain about three quarters in
return. But they have feveral foils v
variations of management.

They plow three times for turneps, hoe
once or twice as requifite, and calculate the
average value per acre at 30 s. uic th
chiefly for ftieep.

Clover they fow with oats or barley ; al-
ways mow it, and generajl) twice \ \

ab

[ 368 ]

about two and a half or three loads of hay at
the two mowings ; a load is thirty-iix truf-
les, of hfty-fix pounds each, or eighteen
hundred weight.

In the article of manuring they are very
attentive ; indeed the poornefs of the foil
renders this highly requilite.

Chalk the heft farmers among them ufe
in confiderable quantities. There is a ftra-
tum of it under all this country, but in
ibme places it liesiixty, feventy, and eighty
feet below the furface, in which cafe it does
not anfwer to get it ; the general depth i*
from ten to forty feet. The workmen who
make it their bufinefs to draw chalk, gene-
rally fix upon the lowefl places that are not
wet to fink their pits in : They dig them in
the nature of a well, and ufe a winch and
tub like a bucket, which holds about a
bufhel and three-quarters to wind up the
chalk. The common price is \d. per foot
for the well until they come at the chalk
pit; and 6d. a load of eighteen tubs of it,
laid in heaps about the pit.

The farmers lay on from fifteen to thirty
loads an acre, which they reckon a good
drefiing, and will laft twelve or fifteen
years, and fometimes twenty, in tolerable
heart ; but as it is not a fat foapy kind, I
apprehend this quantity much too fmall ;
iixty, feventy, or eighty, and even a hun-
dred, would be of much more than a pro-
portional benefit. From.

[ 369 ]

From London they bring many forts of
manure : They carry up hay, ltraw, or
chafF cut out of ltraw or hay, and come
down loaded with bones, cows or hogs
hair, cows hoofs, coal allies, foot, horle-
dung, &c. The hair and hoofs are about
a guinea a load, of forty buihels. Bones
from 8j-. to 15^. coal allies, 2 s. 6d. to $s.
and horfe-dung, is. or \s.6d. For this
work waggons are much wanted, but moil
of it is done with carts.

The fame team and men go three times
a week, fetting out about ten, eleven, or
twelve o'clock on Sunday night, and return
about five o'clock on Monday afternoon.
Tuefday is a broken day for odd jobbs, or
a little plowing. At night they go again,
and return on Wednefday. Thurjaay is ano-
ther idle day : At night they go again, and
return on Friday. Saturday a little plowing
done. If they begin on Monday night (in-
llead of Sunday) they then finilh on Satur-
day, night inftead of Friday night. The in-
termediate days are, however, often em-
ployed in getting ready the load ; and it
not, they are of little value to the farmer,
as the horfes, having been worked pretty
hard, want reft, and the men will always
be ready enough to take it. Some few go
on purpofe for manure, without carrying a
load up, but the expence is very heavy, and
fome think can fcarcely anfwer, which is a
point I defign trying experimentally.

Vol. III. B b Bono*

[ 37° 1

Bones are a very odd manure, but they
find them of great benefit to their clay
lands, and will laft twenty years good.

Very good grals will lett for 20s. an
acre ; I mean rcery good in companion with
the reft. It is chiefly applied to feeding
cows for dairying, but more for fuckling.
An acre and half they reckon fumcient for
the dimmer feed of a cow. In winter they
feed them on hay, ftraw, and turneps.
Thofe in milk all on hay, and calculate
that they eat on an average two loads. The
ioift in a ftraw yard is yd. a week, and in
iummer, 1 s. The annual product, whether
in dairying or fuckling, they calculate at
from 4/. to 8/. The quantity of milk two
or three gallons a day. Much more fuck-
ling than dairying.

The breed moft common is the Welch.
The calves fuck eight, nine, or ten weeks.
To ten cows in a dairy they keep about
three fows, but fell off the pigs young.
Bight or nine cows the common number for
a dairy maid to look after.

Their hogs fat up to thirty ftone (eight
pounds,)

The flocks of fheep are extremely va-
rious, from twenty to three hundred; the
profit is differently calculated ; I have heard
it laid from js. to 12J. and fome to 15 J".
a head. The winter and lpring food is
Is, hay, and turneps; the winter joift

1 ( 4.

[ #i 1

j la. and 2d. a week. But in fummer, as
foon as the corn is got in, any farmer will
give the feed for the benefit of folding
them. All are folded here, even fofewas
twenty or thirty. The fleeces from one
pound and a half to fix pounds.

In their tillage they reckon eight horfes
neceffary for an hundred acres of arable
land : Ufe four in a plough, (of a vile enor-
mous heavy conftruclion,) with a driver,
and do about an acre a day. They break up
their flubbles for a fallow foon after Chrift-
mas, plow from four to fix inches deep ; the
price 5/. per acre.

The hire of a cart, three horfes, and dri-
ver, 10 j". a day.

They reckon the annual expence of a
horfe at 10/. The fummer join: is 2 s. a
week, and that of the winter, in a ftraw
yard, is. 6d. Vafr. quantities of both hay
and flraw are cut into chaff, the price of
cutting id. abufhel, each bufhel (in chaff
meafure) two ftrikes ; and a man will earn
at it, if a good hand, from 31. to 4/. a day.

There is much both to commend and
difapprove in their fences ; for their hedges
are admirable, but they have no ditches, by-,
which means the hedge fuffers greatly, and
turns out an indifferent fence. Their me-
thod of making them is that of plaining ;
when they cut the old hedge they leave
abundance of wood ffanding, and fome of it
B b 2 very

[ 372 ]
very large. Many of the fticks thus left are
cut off at a proper height for hedge ftakes ;
then the reft of the wood left is bent down,
and interwoven with dead bullies, among
the hedge ftakes ; and fuch of the living
wood as is too large to bend, they cut it
enough at bottom to make it. Thus the
hedge is partly living and partly dead ; but
as it is well intermixed, and grows in its
horizontal pofture, and many of the ftakes
being alive, the hedge remains a long time
impenetrable ; fo that if you look into a
very old one you will fee much of the dead
hedge ftanding in it ; and were there good
ditches, all of it would remain.

In Suffolk* Norfolk, &c. &c. in ditching,
they cut up all the wood, and make the
hedge totally of that which is dead ; the
confequenceof which is, the ftakes prefently
rot, and give way, and a horfe, or even a
llieep, breaks through and makes a large
gap ; and a high wind carries away whole
perches of it. The method of this country
is infinitely preferable, and would, with
Suffolk ditches, form impenetrable fences.

The following iketches of feveral farms
in this neighbourhood, will mew the gene-
ral acconomy o£ it.

200 acres in all 8 horfes

140 arable 6 cows

60 graf* 40 fheep

£.36 rent 2 men

1 boy

I

2
I

300

40

260

£•4°

5
18

5

70

3°
40

£-5°

4

So

7°
10

£•60

6

8

200

10

5
100

4

[ 373 ]
boy
maids
labourer

Another,
acres in all
arable
grafs
rent
horfes
cows
young cattle

Another,
acres in all
arable
grafs
rent
horfes

5°
1

2

1

6

2

Another,

acres in all

arable

grafs

rent

horfes

cows

Another,

acres, all arable

rent

horfes

cows

fheep

men

Bb 3

10O
2

I
I

4

carts
ploughs.

fheep

boy

maids

labourer

carts

ploughs.

cows

man

maid

carts

plough.

fheep

men

boy

maid

carts

ploughs.

boys

maid

labourers

carts

ploughs.

Another,

[ 374 ]
Another,
i oo acres in all 2 men

40 grafs 1 boy

60 arable 5 labourers

£.60 rent 1 waggon

8 horfes c carts

4 cows 3 ploughs.

Such numbers of carts as fome of thefe
farmers ufe are veiy ufelefs ; one waggon
would be preferable to many of them. I
mould, however, remark, that in their
carts one fort is extremely ufeful, viz. fmall
three wheeled ones with broad wheels, that
hold from twelve to fifteen bufhels of earth,
and are ufed on grafs land all winter long,
without cutting or poaching, which is a
prodigious ufeful circumilance. Here fol-
lows a draft of one.

Plate XIV

Fig. 1.

Fttt.

Inches.

a

to

b

—

4

6

b

c

—

2

0

c

h

—

4

0

h

i

—

3

4

k

I

—

2

0

Fig. 2. the fore-wheel at large.

In the hiring farms they reckon three
rents will ftock.

Land fells from twenty-fix to thirty years
purchafe. Many fmall cflatesfrom 50/. to
400/. a year.

Tythes compounded for, fome in the
.ral for a whole farm, fome by the acre.

Wheat

[ 575 ]
Wheat 4J". turnep land, barley 4/. 0
peafe, beans, and vetches, 2 s. Mowing
ground, 2 /.

Poor rates is. 6d. to 2s. 6d. in the pound.
The employment of the poor women and
children is a little fpinning, and but little :
All drink tea.

The farmers carry their corn about ten
miles, that is, to Hertford -, fome fix miles,
to St. Albans.

Terms various, from {even to twenty-
one years.

LABOUR.
In harveft, 36^. to 37/. for a month, and

board.
In hay time, 1 s. 6d. a day.
In winter, 1 s. 2 d.
Reaping wheat, 5/. to ioj*.
Mowing barley and oats, is. 6d. to zs\

grafs, 2 s. to $s.

Hoeing turneps, \s. 6d. to 51. 6d.

Hedging, 6d. to is. a perch.

Threfhing wheat, is. 2 j\ 6 d. and 3 s. a

quarter.
barley, is. to is. 6d. and is. Sd.

a quarter.

— oats, 1 s.

Amount of a year's earnings, 25/. to 30/.
Firft man's wages, from 10/. to 12/. 12 s.
Second ditto, 7/. to 9/.
Bey of ten or twelve years, 2/. 2s. to 2/. ioj.

Maids, 4/. to 5/. 10 j.

B b 4 V. omen

[ 376 ]
Women per day in harveft, i s.
— .. — m hay time, lod.
in winter, 6d.

I M P L E M E N T S, $c.

A cart, i o /. to 12/.

A three wheeled ditto, 61. 6 s. to 7/.

A plough, 3/. 31.

A harrow, 1 /. 10;. to 2/.

A roller, 1 /. 10 s. toil. 15 s.

A fey the, 4^. 6d. to $s.

A fpade, 4/. to 4J. 6d.

Shoeing, zs.

PROVISIONS, &c.
Bread, i-Ld.
Cheeie, ^d. to 4 \ d.
Butter, Sd.
Beef, 3 I //.
Mutton, 3}^.
Veal, 4{V.
Pork, 4**/.
Bacon, 7 */.
Milk, 1 d. per pint.
Potatoes, 5 d.
Candles, yd.
Soap, 7 d.
Labourer's houfe rent, 2/. to 5/.

firing, turf, ling, heath, 6?<r.

tools, js. 6d.

From this flight fketch, it is evident, we
have much to amend in common with our
neighbours. And

L 377 ]
And now, having at Lift brought die re-
gister of this tour to a concluiion, you mull
next allow me to make luch general re-
marks on the iubftance of the intelligence,
as are requifite for the deduction of ufeful
maxims ; without thefe, this long ramble
would lofe much of the benefit which I ap-
prehend may be extracted from it ; but of
that you will, from the fucceeding letters,
b^ a better judge.

I am, &c\

L E T-

[ 378 ]

LETTER XXIV.

UPON reviewing the particulars of this
journey, I am ftruck with a vaft va-
riety of materials, that callforfuch an exami-
nation, that I am in pain at the undertaking :
I have hitherto given the mere register of a
journey, and inierted in it a variety of arti-
cles, with an eye to reduce all to averages,
and from them to draw fuch conclufions as
their nature dictated : But now the grand
object is before me, I want feveral pene-
trating political arithmeticians at my elbow
to point out the combinations between dif-
ferent, and feemingly diilinct circumflances,
too many of which will, I fear, efcape me ;
however, relying on your candour, I fhall
attempt this part of my undertaking, and
offer fuch remarks as appear to me to be
dcrLiiided by the preceding intelligence.

The nrfl cireumftance 1 (hall examine is
the foil the rent of it, and the product in
grain, viz. wheat, rye, barley, and oats.
I keep thefe diilinct from puhe, roots, &c.
as they in general depend (with many ex-
ceptions, however) on the richnefs of the
foil ; whereas beans, turneps, &c. receive
amazing variations from culture fcarce ever

given to grain.

From

[ 379 ]
From Hatfield to Welwyn.
Soil. A light gravel.
Rent, 1 2 j. Qrs. B. P.

Product. Wheat - - 3 i o
Barley - -400
Oats - 400

Around Stevenage.
Soil. Much cold clay.
Rent, 9 s.

Product. Wheat 2 7 o

Barley ---440

Oats - - - 440

From Stevenage to Luton, in Bedfordjhbr,

about Offley.

Soil. A chalky clay.
Rent, 5 s.

Product. Wheat - 170

Barley ---300

Oats - - 240

Dun/lable to Wooburn, about Houghton.

Soil. Various; chalk, clay, loam, and

fand.
Rent, 1 4 s.

Product. Wheat - - 1 7 o
Barley ---270
Oats - - - 300
About Milton.

Soil. Clay and gravel.
Rent, 1 3 s. gd.

Product. Wheat ---240

Barley ---300

Oats - - - 400

Wooburn

[ 38o J

Wooburn toNeuportPagnel, zboutU'anJen.
Soil. Sand.
Rent. Open, 7 s. 6d. Inclofed, 1 1 j.

Average, gs. 3^.
Produdt. Wheat - 300

Barley ---300
Oats - - - 300
About Broughton.

Soil. Various j much excellent.
Rent, 20J.

Produdt. Wheat 3 10

Barley - - - 5 o o

Oats - - 440

From Newport Pagnel to Bedford, about

Afiwick.

Produdt. Wheat - 170

Barley ---340

Oats - - - 220

This is a great bean country: the foil,.

tho' not minuted, I remember to be a ftirT

loam and clay.

About Bidden/jam.

Soil. All forts, from gravel to clay.
Rent. Open 3 s. Inclofed, 1 1 s.

Average, js.
Produdt. Wheat 2 6

o

Barley 3 o o

Oats

o o

From St. Neot's to Kimbolton, about Hale
Wejion.

Soil. Gravelly loam.
Rent. Open, js. $d. Inclofed, ijs.
Average, 1 2 s. Pro-

[ 3*1 1

Product. Wheat - - i 7 o

Barley ---300

Oats - - - 200

YxomKimbolton to'Tbrapjlon, about Great

Catworth.

Soil. Clay. Some gravelly loams.
Rent, 1 7 s.

Product. Wheat 2 6 o

Barley ---300

Oats - - - 240

TromTbrap/lon toOundle, zboutAyechurch.

Soil. Strong clay.

Rent, 5/.

Product. Wheat - -300
Barley ---400
Near Stamford, about CaJIerton.
Soil. Clay and poor fandy loam.
Rent. Open, 6 s. Incloied, 20/.
Average, 1 3 s.
..Product. Wheat ---240
Barley ---400
Oats - - - 500
From Stamford to Grimfthorpe> about
Little By ten.

Soil. Clay and gravelly loam.
Rent, 4/.

Product. Wheat ---200

Barley ---200

Oats - - - 140

From Coljierworth to Grantham, about

Paonton.

Soil. A loamy gravel.

Rent, 1 ox. Pro-

[ 382 ]
Product* Wheat ---340
Barley ---340
Oats - -400

From Grantham to Newark, about Fojfen.
Soil. Rich clay.
Rent, 10/.

Product. Wheat ---330
Barley ---330
From Newark to Tuxfordy about Cromwell.
Soil. Sandy.
Rent, 15/.

Product. Barley ---400
Oats - 400

Around Weft Drayto?2.

Soil. A rich iandy gravel.
Rent, 1 1 s.

Product. Barley ---440
Oats - 5 o o

From Baw try toDoncafter, around C antler.
Soil. Sand.

Product. Barley ---340

Wheat 2 o o

Rye - - 200

Oats - 300

From Doncajler to Rot her bam , about Co-

neyjborough .

Soil. A fandy gravel.
Rent, <)s.

Product. Wheat - 240

Barley - - 4 o o

Oats - - -400

From Sheffield to BarnJIey, about Ecclesfield.

Rent, \ys. Pro-

[ 3«3 ]

Product. Wheat - 240

Barley - 400

Oats - - - 400

Rye - - - 360

At Wooley.

Soil. Clay.

Rent, 12X. 6d.

Product. Wheat 2 6 o

Barley - 340

Oats - - 500

From Leeds to Tadcafter, about Kiddel.

Soil. Limeftone clay.

Rent, 8 j. 6d.

Product. Wheat 2 3 o

Barley - 400

Oats - - - 5 4 o
From York to Barnby Moor, about Wit-
her sj or t.

Soil. Clay; and fandy loam.

Rent, 1 o j-.

Product. Wheat - 360

Barley - - 4 ,3 o

Rye - - 310

Oats - - - 670

Around Hat ton.

Soil. Gravel.

Rent, us. 6d.

Product. Wheat 2 1 2

Barley ---170

Rye - - -240

Oats, - 400

About Barnby Moor.

Soil. Sand and gravel. Rent.

[ 384 J
Rent. Open, ys. 6d. Inclofed, 20 s.
Average, i $s. gd.
From Market Weight on to Beverley ; at
Bifoop's Burton. Some rich open land, i8.r.
rent, that yields very confiderable products.
From Beverley to Hull, around Rifty.
Soil. A loam on chalkftone.
Rent. Open, 6 s. 6d. Inclofed, 12/.
Average, gs. ^d.

Product. Wneat (open)

2

1

2

(inclofed)

3

2

0

Average

2

5

3

Barley (open)

4

2

0

(inclofed)

5

0

0

Average

4

5

0

Oats (open)

4

0

0

(inclofed)

5

4

0

Average

4

6

0

Around Stillingfeet.

Soil. Clay and land.

Rent, 10 j.

Product. Wheat - -

3

0

0.

Barley -

3

0

0

Oats - -

4

0

0

Rye - - -

3

0

0

In Holdernefs.

Soil. Clay.

Rent, 1 7 J". 6d.

Product. Wheat -

4

0

0

Barley -

5

0

0

Oats - - -

5

0

0

Around Howden.

Soil. Clay.

Rent,

[ 3»5 ]
Rent. Open, ios. Inclofed, 20s,

Average, 1 5 j-.
Product. Wheat 3 o o

Barley - - 4 o o
Oats ---500
Rye ---300
Around Thome,
Soil. Strong clay.
Rent, 10 s,

Product. Wheat 3 o o

Barley - - 4 4 o

Oats - - -600

The Marquis o£ Rockingham sKentifi farm.

Soil. A rich deep black loam.

Product. Wheat 4 o o

Barley - -500

Oats - - -400

His Lordlhip's Hertfordshire farm.

Soil. A (trong clay ; and hazel loam.
Product. Wheat 2 2 o

Barley ---400
Oats ---500
Country around Wentworth-Houfe.
Soil. Clay and loam.
Rent, 8j,

Product. Wheat --33°

Barley - 500

Oats - - - 500

Rye ---300

fvomWentworth toKiveton, about Afiton*

Soil. Sand.

Rent. Open, 3 s. 6 d. Inclofed, iox.
Average, 6j. gd.
Vol. III. C c About

[ 386 ]

About Kiveton.

Rent, 8 j.
From Kiveton to Welbeck.

Soil. Sand.

Rent, 6 s.
About Work/op.

Soil. Sandy.

Rent, $s. ^d.
From Do?icaJler to Pontefrati.

Soil. Various.

Rent, i 3 j. 6 d.
About Pontefracl.

Rent, 20J-.
From Pontefraff to Mcthley.

Soil. Rich.

Rent, 25/.
From Mcthley to Temple New/bam.

Soil. Very rich.

Rent, 2 5 j.

Product. Wheat 4 3 o

- Barley - - 5 o o
From Temple Newjham to Ferrybridge.

Rent, 2oj.
Around Byrom.

Soil. Sand.

Rent, 20/.
From Beverley to Driffield, around the
latter place.

Soil. Clay.

Rent, ioj-.

Product. Wheat 3 o o

Barley - - 340
OKts - - -200

From

[ 3«7 ]

From Driffield to Burlington.

Soil. Open wolds.

Rent, 4 j. gd> much dearer in the few

inclofures.

From Boynton to Honnahby.

Soil. Open wolds^

Rent, is. 2d.

Around Honnanby.

Rent, 4 j. 3 d'.

Around G ant on.

Soil. Wolds j a light hazel loam.

Rent, 3 j. (yd.

Product. Bad wold land. 7
Open Barley j

0

Bert ditto - 30

0

Beft inclofures - 4 4

0

Average -27

Oats. Beft wold?
land. Open 5^

0

Ditto word -14

0

Average 2 6

About Br timp ton.

Soil. A rich loam on a limeftone.

Rent, 14J.

Product. Wheat 2 4

0

Barley - 4 0

0

Oats - - - 3 0

0

Arou nd Teddingham-bridge.

Soil. Sandy.

Rent, 6.r. 6d.

Product. Wheat - 3 4

0

Barley - 5 °

0

C c 2 Oats

[ 388 ]

Oats - - 500

Rye ---340
From thence to Cajile Howard.
Soil. Various.
Rent, 1 3 j.
Around Eaft Newton.

Soil. Various j loam, clay, gravel, &c.
Rent, 1 2 j.

Product. Wheat 3 o o

Barley - 340

Oats - - 400

Rye - - -240

About Nunnington.

Soil. Limeftone land.

Rent. Open, 3/. 3^. Inclofed, 8s. 6d.

Average, 5/. iod.
Product. Wheat ---200
Barley ---300
Oats - - -360

Rye - - - 340

Acrofs Hambledon -, about Kirby.
Soil. A gravelly fand.
Rent, 5 s.
Mr. Turner's farm at Kirkleatham.
Soil. Clay.
Rent, 8 s. 4^.

Product. Wheat 2 4 o

Barley ---420
Oats - - - 540
Country around Kirkleatham.
Soil. Clay.
Rent, 1 3 j.

Product.

[ 3«9 ]

Product. Wheat --310
Barley ---500
Oats ---£00
At Gilfdale, in Cleveland.

Soil. Chiefly gained from moors.
Rent, 10 s. 6d.

Product. Wheat - 2 4 o

Oats - .-£00

Rye - .- ~ ~ 3 3 °

From Kirkleatha??i to Schorton-, through

Cleveland.

Rent, ijs. 6d.
Towards Schorton.
Rent, 12 s. 6d.
Around Schorton.

Soil. Loams, and gravels.
Rent, 10 s.

Product. Wheat 2 4 o

Barley - -400

Oats - - -500

Maflin ---310

From Richmond to Gil/ing, around the

latter.

Soil. Light loam, and moory clay.
Rent, 2 1 s.

Product. Wheat --310

Barley - - - 5 5 o

Oats - - - 5 5°

Rye - - -500

From Gilling to Greta-bridge.

Rent, 20 i".
b out Rookby.

Soil. Moory, and gravelly.

C c 3 Rent,

[ 393 ]
Rent, 12/.

Product. Wheat ---20©

Barley 3 10

O^ts - - - 400

Rye - - - 540

From A/trig to Fremington, about the

latter place.

Soil. Rich loam, and red gravel.
Rent, joj.
About Kiplin.

Soil. Loamy gravel, and wet cl.v
Rent, 12/. 6d.

Product. Wheat - 252

Barley ---400
Oats - - - ; 6 o
Mr. Crrrwe's hufbandry at Kiplin,
- il. G:w e] and cl
Rent; 12.-. '

Product. Wheat 4 o o

O - - 700

Kiplin to Si . • about the latter.

Soil. Loam and gravel.
Rent. Old land, 16/. c .
Product. Wheat - 243

Barley ---240
"Oats - - ^00

Rye - - 240
country, 1
Soil. Light loams ; iandy gravels

and moon-.
Rent, 4 j.

Product. Oats j. o

A". B. One courle after breaking, up.

From

[ 39i ]
From Swinton to Craik-hilU around the
latter place.

Soil. Gravel.
Rent, 13J. (10 j. and i6j.)
Product. Wheat 2 4 o

Barley ---340
Oats ---360
Around Slenningford.

Soil. A mallow loam on lime-ftone.
Rent, Ss.

Product. Wheat - - 1 7 o
Barley ---240
Oats - - - 300
Mr. Daltoris hufbandry.

Product. Wheat c 4 o

Barley ---340
Around Danby.

Soil. Gravelly, clay, and loam.
Rent, 1 2 j. 6d.

Product. Wheat - - - 2 6 2

Barley ---400

Oats - - - 430

Rye - - - 5 5°

Mr. Scroop's hufbandry at Danby.

Soil and rent, as above.

Produa. Wheat ---360

Barley ---500

Oats - - - 620

Rye - --55°

Mr. Scroop's moor improvements at Da If on.

Soil. Black peat moor, and lbme

light loam.
Rent, 000

C c 4 Pro-

[ 392 ]

product. Maflin -

3

0 0

Oats - -

fl

0 0

YtomDanby to Afgartb, around the latter.

Soil. Good loam and gravel.

Rent, 2 0J-.

Around Raby-Cafile.

Soil. Gravel, or rich loam.

Rent, i6j.

Product. Wheat

3

1 0

Barley -

4

3 Q

Oats - -

5

0 0

Rye ~ - -

5

0 0

Lord Darlington?, hufbandry.

Soil and rent, the fame.

Product. Wheat

4

1 0

Barley - - -

5

5 °

Oats - - -

5

5 °

From Raby to Durham*

Rent, 21 j. 6 a1.

Around Newcafile.

Rent, 3/. ioj-.

FromNewcajHetoMorpeth,abovitGofwortht

Soil. Loam, fandy.

Rent, 20/.

Product. Wheat

2

0 2

Barley

3

6 0

Oats - -

3

6 0

Rye - - -

3

6 0

About Morpeth.

Soil. Loamy clay.

Rent, 12 s.

Product. Wheat - -

1

6 0

Barley

2

4 0

Oat6

[ 393 ]
Oats - - - 3 6 o
From Mcrfcth to Alnwick,
Rent, 1 2 j.

Product, Wheat 2 4 o

Barley ---360
Oats - - -440
About Alnwick.

Soil. Light loam and gravel.
Rent, 1 5 j.

Product, Wheat 2 4 o

Barley - 500

Oats - 500

Rye - - - 240

From Alnwick to Belford.

Rent, 12 s.

Product. Wheat ---240
Barley ---440
Oats - - - 440
Around Belford.
Soil. Clayey loam.
Rent, 15J.

Product. Wheat 2 5 o

Barley ---500
Oats - - - 6 o o
About Waren.

Soil. Black moory land.
Rent, ix. 6d.

Product. Oats - - -300
About Hetton.

Soil. Light loams, and black moory
land.

Rent, 6 s. 6d*

Pro-

[ 394 ]
Product Wheat I 2 o

Barley - 300

Oats - - - 3 6 o
From Be! ford to Berwick.
Rent, 12s.

Product. Wheat 3 o o

Barley 4 4 o

Oats - - - 440
From Berwick to Wooller.

Rent, 9J.
About Fen ton.
Soil. Sandy loams.
Rent, 8 j.

Product. Wheat - 300

Barley 3 4 o

Oats - -500

Rye - 3 6 o

From Wooller to Rothbury. 1 -,

Alnwick to ditto. 3

About Rothbury.

Soil. Gravel, clay, fand, moory.
Rent. Open, is.gil. Inclofed, 20 s.

Average, 10;. lod.

Product. Wheat ---220

Barley ---300

Oats ---620

Rye - - -240

From Rothbury to TVollington, about

Cambo.

Soil. Clay, and moory.
Rent, 15J-.

Product. Wheat 3 o o

Barley ---430

Oats

[ 395 ]

Oats - - - 6 2 o
Rye - - 2 2 o

WoUington to Cholojord-bridge.

Rent, 1 5 $.
From Choloford-bridge to Glenwelt ; all
moors.

About Glenwelt.

Soil. Sand, gravel, and clay.
Rent, \2 s. 6d.

Product. Wheat ---360

Barley ---400

Oats - - 1 1 2 o

Rye - - - 4 3 o

From Glenwelt to Brampton, chiefly

moors; rent of inclofures, ijs. 6d.

A few miles ibuth of Carlifle, about High
Afcot.

Soil. Light loam, gravel, and clay.
Rent, 1 5 j-.

Product. Wheat 2 4 o

Barley - -240
Oats - - - 620
About Penrith.

Soil. Clay, fand, gravel, loam.
Rent. Open, 3^. Inclofed, 15J.

Average, 9^.

Product. Wheat - - 300

Barley ---310

Oats - - - 34©

Rye - - - 3 o o

Penrith to Kefwick ; many moors ; about

the latter.

Soil. Hazel mold, gravel, and moory.
Rent. Inclofed, z$s. Pro-

[ 396 J

Product. Wheat 4 5 2

Barley ---500

Oats ---620

From Penrith to Kendal \ about Shapp.

Soil. Loam, on a lime-ftone.

Rent. Open, is. 6d. Inclofed, 20J.

Average, n;, 3 d.
Product. Barley ---240
Oats - - - 4 3 o
From Kendal to Burton, about Holme.
Soil. Light loam, on lime-ftone.
Rent, lis.

Product. Wheat - 152

Barley ---240

Oats - - 300

Rye - - - 1 5 2

From Lancajler to Garjlang, about Kabers.

Soil. Clay, light loam, and fand.

Rent, ijs.

Product. Wheat 3 2 o

Barley ---360

Oats - - - 50a

Rye - - - 4 o o

Around Garjlang.

Soil. Clay, light loam.
Rent, ijs.

Product. Wheat ---430
Barley ---360
Oats - - - 550
From Garjlang to Prejlon and Wigan.

Rent, 25J.
From Wigan to Warrington.
Rent, 30J.

From

[ 397 ]
FiomWarringtonto Pre/cot, aboutBoivks.
Soil. Clay, and rich loam.
Rent, 17 s. 6d.

Product. Wheat 2 o o

Oats - - - 310
From Liverpool to Ormjkirk, abou t Hal/al.
Soil. Sandy loam.
Rent, 1 5 s*

Product. Wheat - - 3 6 o
Barley ---240
Oats - - - 240
From Warrington to Altringham.
Soil. Loam and fand.
Rent, ijs. 6d.
About Altringham.

Soil. Sand; fome clay.
Rent, 20J-.

Product Wheat 3 6 o

Barley ---410
Oats - - - 5 5°
At Worjley.

Rent, 2/.
From Dunham to Knotsford*

Rent, 2js. 6d.
About Knotsford.
Soil. Clay and fand.
Rent, i6j-.

Product. Barley 5 o o

From Knotsford to Holmes Chapel, about
the latter.

Soil. Sand and clay.
Rent, 20s.

Product. Wheat - - 2 4 o

Barley

[ 398 ]

Barley 3 6

0

Oats - - 3 6

0

From Neivcajile-imder-line to Stone.

Soil. Sandy loam.

Rent, 16 s.

Product. Wheat - _ _ 2 6

0

Barley - - 3 6

0

Oats 5 0

0

About Rudgeley-bridge.

Soil. Clay, fandy gravel, and loam

..

Rent, 1 7 j.

From Rudgeley -bridge to Litcbjield.

Rent, 2 5 j.

About Shenjlone.

Soil. Sand and gravel.

Rent, 1 5 j-.

Product. Wheat ---31

0

Barley - - - 5 0

0

Oats - - - 5 5

0

Rye - - - 3 6

0

?YomLitchfield\.oBirmi?igbam, about/^//<

?«.

Soil. Sandy.

Rent, 17J. 6y/.

Product. Wheat 3 0

0

Barley ---31

0

Oats 4 0

0

From Birmingham to Hales-Oiven.

Rent, i2.r.

About Hug ley.

Soil. Light loam, fand, and clay.

Rent, 20J-.

Product. Wheat - - 3 4

0

Barley - - - 4 3

0

O.

.ts

[ 399 ]

Oats - - - 4 4 o
Rye - 240

Around Broomjgrove.
Soil. Sand and clay.
Rent, 30/.

Product. Wheat 4 ^ 2

Barley - 522

Oats - - - 620
From Broomjgrove to Worcejler, four
miles lliort of the latter.
Rent, 27 s. 6d.
From Worcejler to Eve/ham, about Per-
Jhore.

Soil. Clay or loam.

Rent. Open 10/. Inclofcd, ijs. 6d.

Average, 13^. gd.
Product. Wheat - - 3 1 o
Barley - 300

About Bend/worth and Eve/bam.
Soil. Clay.
Rent, 2 is.

Product. Wheat - 4

Rye - - - 4
Barley - - - 6
Oats - - - 8
From Eve/ham to Oxford, about Morcton.
Soil. Gravel.
Rent, 20J.

Product. Wheat 3 4 o

Barley -» 500

Oats - - - £ o o
About Chipping Norton.
Rent, 6 s. 6d.

A hour

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

0

[ 4oo ]

About En/lone.

Rent, 1 1 s.
From Oxford to Henley ; around Benfmgton.
Soil. Gravel, fand, and clay.
Rent. Open, 13 J". Inclofed, 30X.

Average, 21/. 6d.
Product. Wheat - - 340
Barley - 400

Oats - - - 640
Around Henley.

Soil. Gravelly chalk, light loam, and

clay.
Rent, 1 7 s.

Product Wheat 3 o o

Barley ---300
Oats, - - - 300
Prom Henley to Maidenhead.

Rent, 1 3 J", gd.
About Maidenhead.

Soil. Clay, or good loam.
Rent, 20J.

Product. Wheat ---340
Barley - 400

Oats - - -500
From Maidenhead to London, about Coin-
brook.

Rent, 20/.
Around Harmon dj worth.
Soil. Gravel and loam.
Rent, 20J.

Product. Wheat - 2 4 o

Barley - - -400

At

[ 4-oi ]
At llammerfmith.

Rent. Nuriery and garden land, 3/.
About Kenjingtcn.

Soil. Clay, land, and gravel.

Rent, 2/.

Product. Wheat 6 o o

Barley ---800
From London to Bamet.

Rent, 2 /. 1 7 s. 6d.
From Bamet to North Mims.

Rent, 16/.
About North Mims.

Soil. Pebbly gravel, and clay*

Rent, 1 2 s.

-Product. Wheat 2 4 o

Barley - - 3 o o
Oats - - - 400

Having thus infertcd the variety of foils,
rent, and products; it is in the next place
neceflary to throw them into averages, that
the proportion between each may be feen,
from whence we mall at once know whe-
ther rent bears a due proportion to product ,-
and if it does not, conjecture the reafon.
The utility of fuch a complete view mult
be obvious at the very firft mention of it.

Vol. III. D d Rents

[ 402 ]

Rents under 5J. per acre.

Bufhels.

Countries *.
Stevenage to 7
Luton, 5

¥hrapfton to 7
Oundle, 3

Stamford to 7
Grimfihorp, $

Rent.

Wh.

Bar.

Oats.

Rye.

— 1

Aver.

5*

15

24

20

l9

5

24

32

23

4

16
18

16

2_2
23

20

22

—

26

3 j. 6 J.

22f

4

J60

1 6

J24

Average,

Canton onWolds

SwintonMoor-1
fide, \

Waren Moors,

Average rent of thefe, — £. o 3

Ditto product, twenty-three bufhels.
Rent fomething better than id. per bufhel.

10

* Thefe are not calculated for a line of country ; but I fay
from fuch a place to fuch a place, as more diftinguifhing than
naming a village.

% The Snuintcn Moors only one crop in a courfe; and the
Waren Moors yielding only oats, I reject them frcm the ave-
rages, as they would evidently injure the truth.

Rents

[ 4°3 ]

Rents from 5/. to 10 s. per acre,

Bufhels.

A

Countries.

Around Ste- 7
venage, \

Wcvburn to ~)
Newport Y
Pagnel, J

Newport to "]
Bedford, — ■ Y
Biddenham, J

Coljl erf worth
to Grantham

Grantham to
Newark

\

1 to 7
3

Doncafter to "1
Rotherham, Y
Coneyfhro\ J

JLmfo to Tad-1
cafter, \

York to Bam-1
by-moor, $

Stillingfleet,
Thome,
JVentwortb- 7

Rent.

Wh.

Bar.

Oats.

Rye.l

9 J.

23

36

36

9 3^-

24

24

24

7

22

24

24

10

28

28

3*

10

27

27

9

20

32

32

■

8 6

*9

32

44

10

30

35

55

25

9 3

22

37

38

10

24

24

32

24

10

24

36

48

8

27

40

40

24

D d 2

31

24

23

29
27

2S

31

36

32
26
36-

32

Driffield,

[ 4^4 ]

Bufliels.

Countries.

Driffield,

Rent.
10s.

fWh.

24

Bar.
28

Oats.
16

Rye.

Aver.

22

Teddingham- ~\
bridge, \

6 6d.

28

40

40

28

34

Nunnington,

5 i°

16

24

30

28

24

Kirkkatham, ~)
Mr. Turner's >
farm, J

8 4

20

34

44

32

Schorton,

IO

20

32

40

25

29

Skningford,

8

15

20

24

!9

Mr. Daltotfs 7
hufbandry, \

8

20

28

24

AtHetton, in]
Northumber- Y
land, J

6 6

IO

24

3°

21

Fenton,

8

24

28

40

SO

30

Penrith, ditto,

9

24
22

25
3°

28
34

24
26

25

Averages,

Average rent of thefe, &s. 6^.
Ditto product 28 bufhels.
Rent about ^\d. per bufhel.

£c*#

[ 4°5 ]

Rents from 10 s. ta i$s. per acre.

nt.

Bufhe

_ A

s.

Countries.

Hatfield to 7
Welwyn, \

Re

12s

Wh.

25

Bar.
32"

,Oats

32

Rye

1
Aver.

29

Dun ft able to 7
Wooburn? \

14

15

23

24

20

Ditto,

*3

9d.

20

24

!32

25

St. Neofs to 7
Kimbolton, |

12

15

24

iS

Near Stamford?

*3

20

32

40

30

Newark to 7
Tuxford, I

15

V-

32

32

Weft Drayton?

II

36

40

38

TVoolley,

12

6

22

28

40

30

York to Barn-1
by-moor? \

12

6

17

32

20

21

Howden?

*5

24

32

40

24

30

Near S 'car bro\\
Brumpton? j

H

20

32

24

25

Eaft Newton?

12

24

28

32

20

26

Around Kirk-\\
leatham? 3

*3

25

40

40

35

'Gil/dale?

10

6

20

40

27

29

Rookby?

12

16

25

32

28

25

Kiplin,

12

6
D

21

d i

32

1

3°

27
Mr.

[ 406 ]

B

jfhels

Countries.
Mr. Crowe's 7
hufbandry, 3

Rent.
1 2 J. 6i.

r ""
Wh.

32

Bar.
56

Oats.l

Rye.]

1 ■'i

Aver.

44

Craikhill,

i3

20

28

1

30

26

Danby,

12 6

22

32 '

35

45

3i

Mr. Scroope's 7
hufbandiy, 3

12 6

3°

40

50

45

4i

Morpeth,

12

14

20

3°

21

Morpeth to 7
Alnwick, 3

12

20

3°

36

28

About Alnwick,

15

20

40

40

20

3°

Alnwick to 7
Belford, 3

12

20

36

36

30

KroundBelford,

15

21

40

48

36

Belford toBcr-1
wick, 3

12

24

36

36

32

Roihlmry,

IO 10

iS

24

50

20

28

Rothhury to 7
Wollington, \

15

24

35

50

18

3i

Glenwelt,

12 6

3°

32

90

35

46

South of Car- 7

i5

20

20

50

30

PenrithtcXrn-1
dal, Shapp, 3

i1 3

20

35

27

Ormjkirk,

i5

3°

20 20

23

Rue

£<%»

[ 407 ]

Buflieb.

___^

Countries,
Rudgeley- "]
bridge to y
Litchfield, J

Rent.
15S.

Wh.

25

Bar.
40

Oats.

1

45

Rye.
3°

Aver.

35

JVorceJler to 7
Evejham, 3

13 9</.

25

24

24i-

JSforth-Mims,

12

20

24

32

25

Averages,

22

3°

37

I27

The average rent of thefe, 13^.
Ditto product 29 bufhels.
Rent near 4 { d. per bufhel.

Rents from 1 $s. to 20s. per acre.

Woohurn to "1 1
Newport y
Pagnel, J

20.T.

25

40

36

33

Kimbolton to 7
Thrapfton, 3

17

22

24

20

22

Sheffield to 7
Barn/ley, J

17

20

32

32

3°

28

Holdemefs,

17 6

32

40

40

37

Swinton,

16 6

20

20

24

20

21

Raby-caflle,

16

25

35

40

40 | 35

LordDarling-^,
ton's hufban- f"
dry, J

16

D

33
d ,

45
1

r

45

1
Ne

41
wcajlk

[ 4o8 ]

Euftels.

Countries.

Rent.

Wh. Bar.

Cats.

1

Rye. Aver.

Newcaftle to 7
Morpeth, \

, |

2$

20J.

3°

30

30

Lancafter to \
Garflang, 3

7

26

3°

40

32

32

About Gar- 7
flange I

36

*7

35

3°

45

Warrington 1
to Prefect, 3

17 6^.

16

25

20

Altringham,

20

3°

33

45

36

Holmes-chapel,

20

20

3°

30

26

Newcaftle to 7
Stone, 3

s~

ID

22

30

40

3°

Litchfield to 7

Birmingham, 3

17 6

24

25

32

27

Hagley,

20

28

35

36

20

29

Moreton,

20

28

40

40

36

Henley,

17

24

24

24

24

Maidenhead,

20

28

32

40

33

Harmondf- 7
worth, 3

20

1

20

32

26

Averages,

24

32

35

28

__

The average rent of thefe, 18 J".
Ditto product, 29 bufhels.
• rt, y\d. per bufhcl.

Rents

[ 4<>9 ]
Rents from 20 s. to 25 s. per acre.

]

Bufliel

s.

Countries.

Methley to 1
Temple New- Y
foam, J

Rent.

25s.

Wh.

35

Bar.

40

Oats.

Rye.

Aver.

37

Richmond to 7
Gillingy 5

21

25

45

45

40

3S

Kejwick,

25

37

40

5°

42

Kendal to Bur-\
ton, ^

21

J5

20

24

l3

iS

Bendfzvortb,

21

32

48

64.

32

44

Benjingtcn,

21 6i.

28

32

52

37

Averages,

28

37

47

28

The average rent of thefe, 1/. 2J. 6d.
Ditto product, 36 bulhels.
Rent, y\d. per bufliel.

Rents from 25 s. upwards.

Bromfgrove,
Kenfington,

Averages,

30

40

37
48

42

42
64

53

50

42
56

Average rent of thefe, it. 15s.
Ditto product, 49 bufliels.
Rent, Bid. per bufliel.

Recapl-

[ 4io ]

Recapitulation .

Rate.

Under §s. per acre,

Rent.

0 3J. lod.

Crop.
23

Price.
id.

5J. to 10s.

086

28

3k

10s. to 15s.

0 13 0

29

4-1

1$S. tO 20J,

0180

29

7t

20J. tO 25J.

1 2 6

36

7t

2 5 J. upwards,

1 15 0

49

81

It would have been impofiible to throw
theie averages into proportions refpecling
the value of the products per meafure ; for
land varies fo much in the quality of its
productions, that the attempt would end in
nothing but confufion. In fome of thefe
articles are very great crops, which, in point
of value, are not more than equal to thole
of middling ones, which is particularly die
cafe with oats 3 but fuch variations muft in-
evitably be numerous ; indeed the variety
may pofnbly throw them upon a par.

On this little table it is in the firfi place
to be remarked, that the rife of the rent per
bufhelwith the rent of the land is finking,
and mult, flow from the low rents being very
favourable : It does not arife from their
producing ordinary forts of corn only, which
yield many bufhels of but fmall value, for
the number of bufhels, viz, twenty, is the
. ft in the table as well as the rent. Nor

can

[ 4>t ]

can it be attributed to the lownefs of rent
being a confideration either of the landlord
or the tenant, on account of manuring ;
any extraordinary expence of which fort is,
in fact, rent, though not paid to the land-
lord ; and this alfo appears from the fmall-
nefs of the product in quantity ; that would
contradict, and be out of proportion to the
rent if the lands were richly manured.

It will certainly be faid, that if the low-
nefs of the rent arofe from favour, the pro-
duels would be greater : It is very difficult
to anfwer this ; nor is this the proper place
for it -, but I mall hereafter attempt to mew,
that low rents, in many, very many cafes,
are prejudicial to the culture of the earth;
conlequently it is no contradiction to fup-
pofe the low rents in queftion to be thofe
of favour, or at leaft under their value,
which circumftance does not caufe a difpro-
portioned rife in quantity of product, as we
fee in the table, but only lowers the price
of it to the farmer.

But there are difproportions in this table
that require fpeaking to; 3^. gd. rent give
crops of twenty bufhels ; Hs. 6d. is more
than double this, and yet the crop is only
twenty-eight hufhels, which is little more
than the rife of a third, inflead of more
than half. Again, from $s. to iol rent,
from 10 s. to 15 s. and from 15 s. to 20 s.
vary only one bufhel in their average pro-
duel: :

[ 4'-z I
duct : This is very extraordinary. I con-
cluded from it, that there mult be flrong
variations in the averages of the grains re-
spectively j that the higher rented lands
mull be much fuperior to the lower in
wheat, though interior in other grains -,
this induced me to can: up the averages of
each, and the remit furprized me, for the
proportions are not at all in favour of the
larger rents. Thefe foils, I conclude, are,
upon an average, not very different, and that
the variations in the rent arife from other
circumfhances ; and the farmers that pay
the higher ones, are re-imburfed in other
crops than grain, in a greater proportion
than thofe who have their lands fo much
cheaper ; for we may be certain high rents
are re-imburfed in fomething.

However, this idea of inequality muft
not be carried too far : We certainly are
not to expect that the average product is to
be doubled with the rent ; that would be
to contradict all common facts. The rife
of eight bufhels to the difference between
g s. gd. and 8s.~ 6d. is confiderable; for we
mould coniider, that the acre which yields
but twenty, coils the farmer in every thing,
but rent, as much, or very near as much,
as that which produces twenty-eight bum-
tirriftance of vail confequence.
And the fuperiority "of this eight bufhels
muft be c ed as an index to all the

other

[ 413 1
other articles of product, which may be
fuppofed equally fuperior.

Indeed, the fucceeding fuperiorities of
one buihel are not anfwerable to thofe of
rent. But feeming contradictions of this
fort muft be expected in enquiries that de-
pend on fuch variety of circumftances.

The equality of rent per buihel, between
i $s. an acre and 22s. 6d. is very remarkable.

The rife of ihven bufhels pro duel, from
iSs. to 22s. 6d. is confiderable, and that
from 2 2 s. 6d. to 25^. &c. the fame; and
it proves ftrongly that cultivation may be
carried very high. Upon the whole, there
is more correspondence between the rent
and the product than I expected.

Average Products.

General average product of wheat through-
out the tour, three quarters per acre.

Of barley four quarters.

Of oats four quarters and a half.

Of rye three quarters three bufhels.

Thefe products are greater than I appre-
hended before I calculated them ; but by
no means large enough to authorize any
one to calculate the average of the whole
kingdom at fo high quantities as of wheat
four quarters, befides 4J. an acre of fheep
feed, barley five quarters, and oats as much,
as the prejudiced Writer of the Enquiry hit &
the Prices of Wheat, Malt, &c. p. 1 1 1 . dees.

[ 4H 1

Having thus endeavoured to flate the
companion between rent and product, I
mall, in the next place, enquire into the
flate of rent itfelf, not with an eye to any
fuch proportions, but to gain the average
of as large a part of the kingdom as I can,
which is a point of much importance to
political arithmetic.

From North Minis > through Hatfield, to
Welwyn, the country is very good, and well
cultivated;" the average rent i2j. It con-
tinues alio rich towards Stevenage ; but at
that place letts for no more than o_s. From
Stevenage to Luto?i is worfe ; about Off ley
it is only $s. but that is under the average
of thefe nine miles : I mail call it 7 s*
From Luton to Dun jl able the foil is not
bad, nor the culture very much fo; 9^. an
acre is not far from the average rent. From
Dunflable to Wooburn two minutes were
taken, 14.J. and 13^. od. but as there are
fome tracks very fandy, I mall call it 1 3 j-.
From Wooburn to Newport Pagnel two mi-
nutes, ()s. yd. andzoj-. fuppofe the average
1 5 s. From thence to Bedford a flrong clay,
great quantities of beans, rent of one mi-
nute js. but the average of the line is cer-
tr.inly 10;. From thence to St. Neot's, by
I\. rthill and Sandy, much good land, be-
fides the rich gardens at the latter pla .
which are considerable; rent \is. From
th nee to Kimbott on, 12 s. To Tkrapjlon,

the

[ 4i5 ]
the minute ijs* but as it is generally
open, I (hall call it but ioj.

Here I (hall make a paufe, for thus far
the tour has been through a country that
does not vary much in rent; it is a- line of
an hundred and nine miles, in which I
have much reafon to believe the general
average rent very near the average of the
preceding fums, which is ioj.

From Hhrapfton to Stamford, by Oundle,
is in general uninclofed ; at Byten, clay
for 5 j. and the average, I apprehend, not
more than y s.

From Stamford to Gn'mjiborpe, at Cajler-
ton 1 3 j. but that being the average of open
and inclofed, is above the general mark. At
Little By ten \s. Moft of this country is
open and poor : I (hall call it but $s. It is
fomething better from Grimjiborpe to Col-
Jierworth ; but I mould not apprehend
more than 6 s.

From Ccljierwortb to Grantham it im-
proves much, and is inclofed chiefly on one
fide the road. At Paonton ios.

From Grantham to Newark all open, but
much good land. At FoJJ'en ios. To Bel-
*voir-Caftle inclofed, I reckon gs. From
Newark to Bawtry moilly inclofed ; two
minutes, 1 5 s. and 1 1 j-. I calculate the ave-
rage at 1 3 s. But Sbirewood-Foreft is all
open, and very fandy ; the adjoining farms
are lower -, fuppoie the whole at 1 2 s.

From

[ 4i6 ]
aiBt . contim

track cf driving rand : I ad, by enquiry,
that rents were very low-, the average of the
whole cannot be more than cs.

Here it is necelTary to make another
flop ; for as we next enter a very populous
manufacturing part of tiaeWeft Riding, rents
may probably be affected. This line of
country extends an hundred and ieven
miles, and the average rent is Ss.

From Doncafter to Rotberbam, much
very good, and lb me bad ; at Coney Jborougb
fo low as qj-. But van: tracks about Rotber*
ham, from 20;. to aos. and the numerous
meadows upon the many rivers heighten
the rent much; I (hall call this track 1
From R . m to Sheffield much iloney foil

that is bad, and grals that lett? high •> I
calculate the average, as it is all a vale, and
taking the neighbourhood of Sheffield into
the account, at 25/. From Sheffield to
Bar:. : • m nutes, ijs. and 12s. 6d.
the country is in general pretty rich,
average 14 j. From Barnjley to Leeds it is
various, much of it continues Honey; I
calculate the average at 1 2 s.

From Leeds to 1'adcafier, about Riddel,
Ss. t . verage I fuppofe 10s.

Having now run through the manu-
facturing country, we rauft call up our ac-
count again. This line ib fixty-feven miles,

and •. er it 1 ?s. 6d.

A part

t 417 .]

A part of the tour within this, is the
following track : A line of ten miles, crof-
ting Wentworth-Hovfc towards Dojicafter,
the average rent 1 o s. From Doncajler to
Po?itefraff 13J. 6d. From Pontej raff to
Temple Newjham 25J. From Temple New-'
J7jam, by Byrom, to Ferry-bridge > 20 s.
This is a rich line of fifty-one miles, the
average rent 17 s.

Average of both 1 6 s. 6d.

From Tadcafier to York I fhall call ioj.

From York to Stillingjieet ioj.

From York to Bamby-moor three minutes,
ioj*. 12s. 6d. and 13J. gd. As there are
fome open lands, I fhall call the average but
9 s. From Barnby-moor to Beverley, large
tracks of open poor land, and not many rich
ones to compenfate : This track of coun-
try I do not imagine letts, on an average,
at more than js. an acre.

From Beverley to Hull, about Rijby,
6 s. 6d. open, and 12. s. inclofed ; and as
much of this country is open, the rent
would not be above 9^. were it not for the
low lands towards Hull, which are rich ;
call it therefore \2s. In Holder nefs ijs, 6d.
the minutes; but as the cars lett from 6 s.
to ioj. we mud not call the average more
than 1 5 J. From Beverley to Thome ; to
and through the Caves, is much open and
poor land; about Howden is a track of good
clay, and fome alio at Thome; rent of

Vol. III. E e thefe

[ 4»8 1

tliefe 1 5 s. but the whole line does not, I
apprehend, exceed ioi.

From B ever ley to Driffield, about the lat-
ter 10;. but it is chiefly open wolds: the
average I calculate at 6 s. From Driffield to
Burlington 4 j. ()d. From thence to Hon-
nanby wolds is. 2d. about the latter place
4 j. 3 d. The average I reckon 3 s. Around
Ganton, a track twenty miles by fifteen, the
wolds, &c. 2 s- 6 d. From Scarborough to
Malton, about B rump ton, 14J. Another
minute 6s. 6 d. and a third 1 3 s. The ave-
rage rent of this track I calculate at ioj\
From Malton, by Cajlle Howard, to Newton
and Nunnington, lis. and 5^. 10 d. Ave-
rage, as it is moftly good, io.r. From New-
ton, acrofs Black Hambledon, into Cleveland;
through Mr. Duncomb's eftate, the foil is
tolerably good, but fo extremely underlet,
that I apprehend it will not raife the ave-
rage greatly; the inclofures upon Hambledon
are at 5 s. Upon a par the cultivated land
in this track does not rife higher than 6 s.
The moors lett for nothing, and are the
greateft part of the country.

Here we muft make another paufe, for
we next enter a very different country. The
various tracks we have pafTed are a line of
two hundred and thirty-ieven miles, and the
average rent is 8 s. But in it are feveral very
large fpaces of uncultivated land, fuch as
bogs and marihes, by Thome, &c. moors on

Humble-

[ 4i9 ]
Hambkdcn, &c. I apprehend if thefe were
proportionably reckoned, the average rent
would not be more than 6 s.

From the defcent into Cleveland, to Kirk-
leatham, 1 3 s. From Kirkleathatn to Scbor-
ton and Richmond, through Cleveland, 1 7 s.
6d. towards Schorton 1 2s. 6d. From ditto to
Richmond 1 oj. The average I calculate at 1 2s.

From Richmond to Gn?ta Bridge, two
minutes, 20J. and I2J. The average, I ap-
prehend, as the firft lads but a few miles
out of Richmond, 14.S. (N. B. Some com-
mons uninclofed, not reckoned.) From
Richmond to Kiplin 12 s. 6 d. From Kiplin
to Swinton, about the latter, i6s.6d. but
the average not more, I apprehend, than
14/. From Swinton to Craikhill 1 y. From
Craikhill to Sleningford, about the latter, 9J.
but as the extent is not great, we mud: call
it 1 o s. From Sleningford to Danby is
through the neighbourhood of Swinten ; it
muft not therefore be reckoned, as the
country would otherwife be charged twice.
From half way between Swinton and Danby
to Jlfgarih, two minutes, 1 is. 6d. and 201.
but as there is much moor fide land (and,
by the way, many moors themfelves) I fhall
not call the average more than 1 1 s. From
Richmond to Croft Bridge I calculate at 12/.

Thus far is a line of 'country which may

very properly be thrown together ; it ex-

E e 2 tends

[ 42© ]
tends an hundred and thirty-nine milei,
and the average rent is 12 s. 6 d. *

From Greta-bridge to Brought a continued
moor. From Bows to the fall of Tees, a vail
quantity of moors, but many tracks of grafs
about the villages, and fine meadows fpread
over the vales, along the rivers, of an high
rent, 20 s. an acre and upwards.

From Brough to AJkrig, mountains and
moors.

To Reetb and Richmond, chiefly ditto,
fome fpots of inclofed grafs, and fine vales,
that lett at 301. but they bear no proportion
to the wafte land.

This is a track of as wild country as any
in England, continued mountainous moors,
the upper parts of which do not yield the
landlords a penny an acre rent; but the
vales, as I have already obferved, are good
grafs. The extent of this line is eighty-
three miles. As to the rent I know not
how to calculate it : I do not apprehend that
above one acre in fifty is cultivated ; if we
reckon the rent, at an average, at yd. per
acre, it is as much as it amounts to.

* It is proper to remark, that in calculating theic
averag s, I reckon them according to diltunce ; fo that
a proportion may hold between the rents, when twenty
miles arc at \os. for inftance, and fifteen at 6;. bet.
Perfect exadtnefs muft not be expected, but I am not
far from the mark.

From

[ 42i ]

From Croft -bridge to Darlington and Ra-
by-cajlle, its. From Raby to Durham,
2 1 J. 6 d. From Durham to Newcajlle,
minuted as letting very high -, confidering
the neighbourhood of thofe places, we can-
not eltimate it at lefs than 26 s.

This line extends acrofs the county of
Durham, the diftance fifty miles 3 and the
average rent a guinea per acre.

From Newcajlle to Morpeth, two minutes,
20 s. and 12 s. Average I calculate at 15/.
From Morpeth to Alnwick, 12 s. From Aln-
wick to Be ford, 12 s. From Belford to Ber-
wick, 1 2 j.

This line extends through the cultivated
part of Northumberland fixty-fix miles ; the
average rent, 1 2 s. 6d.

From Berwick to Wooller, 9 s. From
Wooller, and from Alnwick to Rothbury-
moors, vales included, the rent is not above
2 s. From Rothbury to Cambo, moftly moors -,
but as the inclofures around both thofe
places, for a few miles, lett at from 1 o s. to
1 5 s. an acre, we may calculate the average
rent of this track at 6 s.

From Cambo to Choloford- bridge, 1 5 /.
From Choloford- bridge to Glenwelt all
moors. The moor fide farms about both
places will not raife this track to above 6d.
per acre.

Here ends the line through the unculti-
vated part of Northumberland. It extends
E e 3 eighty-

[ 422 ]

eighty-eight miles, and the average rent is
5 s. The general average of the two lines
through Northumberland of one hundred
fifty-four miles, is about y s. g d. But I
mould here remark, that much the greateft
part of Northumberland lies to the weitward
of the cultivated line, and moft of it is a
chain of mountains and moors ; If I was,
from the preceding view, to give a random
guefs at the rent of the whole county, I
ihould fuppofe it from 4^. bd. to $s. per acre.

From Gknwelt, to Carlijle, by Brampton*
chiefly moors ; the inclofures \ys.bd. I
calculate the average at 8 s.

From Carlijle to Penrith, two minutes
15 s. each; about Penrith, gs. The average
I reckon at 12 s.

From Penrith to Kefwick, chiefly moors ;
the moor-fide farms, and the meadows in the
vales do not raife this track to more than 1 s. bd.

From Penrith to Kendal, above half is
wild mountainous moors, and open culti-
vated lands do not lett for more than 2s. bd.
the inclofures and meadows in the vales rife
to 2QJ-. The general average is not above 4s.

From Kendal to Burton, about Holme, 21s.
but the average of the line not more than 1 $s.

Here it is proper to paufe, that we may
difcover the average of the two counties of
Cumberland and Wejlmoreltind. The extent
of the tour through them is ninety miles,
and the average rent y s. b d.

From

[ 423 3

From 'Burton to Lancafter 1 5 s. From
Lane after to P reft on two minutes, ij s.
each, and another 25/. The average I cal-
culate at 21 s.

From Pre/ton to Wigan 2$ s. From
TVigan to Warrington 30 /. From Warring-
ton to Liverpool one minute 17^. 6^/. the
average I calculate, including the neigh-
bourhood of that port, at 27 x. From L/-
verpool to Ormjkirk 1 6 j. From Warrington
to Altringham 1 8 j-. From Altringham to
Mane heft er I calculate, coniidering that
neighbourhood, at 25J.

This line of country extends through the
populous county of Lancafter, which is ex-
traordinarily full of towns and manufactures.
The diftance is an hundred and twenty-three
miles , and the average rent 22 s. 6 d.

From Dunbolm to Knotsford 27 s. 6 d.
From Knotsford to Holmes Chapel, about
the latter, 20 j-. The average I calculate at

1 6 j. From Holmes Chapel to Newcaftle-
under-line I calculate at 1 6 j. From thence
to Stone 1 6 j. From aS/0/z<? to Rudge ley -bridge
1 7^. From Rudge ley -bridge to Litchfield 25s.
From Litchfield to Birmingham one minute

17 j-. 6 */. but I calculate it at 20 j-. From
Birmingham to £fo/f j Owra i 2 j. From
thence to Bromfgrove, about Hag ley, 20 s.
another minute 30 s. The average I calcu-
late at 1 /. is. From Bromfgrove to /For-
<T£/^r I reckon alio a guinea. From Wor-

E e 4 cefter

[ 424 ]
cefter to EvefJjam, about Perfiore, 13/. 9 d.
towards Bendfworth 2u. The average I
calculate at ijs. From Evefiam to More ton
7.0s.

I {hail here make another paufe, before
we get into the ftoney parts of Oxfordshire.
This line of country pafTes through feveral
counties ; it extends an hundred and thirty-
eight miles, and the average rent is ijs. 6d,
per acre.

From Moreton to Chipping- Norton 6s. 6d.
From thence to Oxford, one minute 1 1 s.
but the average, I believe, does not exceed
10 s.

From Oxford to Henley, the firft minute
21 s. 6 d. the fecond 17 s. but as the firfr. is
the average of open and inclofed, with
mofl of the former, I do not calculate the
average of this track at more than 181.
From He?iley to Maidenhead 1 3 s. 9 d.
From Maidenhead to Ilammerfmith 20 s.
From thence, through London to Barnel
il. 1 2 s. 6 d. From Barnet to North
Mims 1 6 j.

This is a track of an hundred and three
miles, and the average rent is 19/. 6 d.

Reca-

107

[ 4^5 ]

Recapitulation.

From North Mims to Thrapflon,

From Thrapflon to Doncaficr,

From Wentworth and Doncafler 7 ~
to Tadcafter, 3

j237

From the defcent into Cleveland 7
to Croft Bridge, y^

From Gr?/tf Bridge to Richmond, 83

From O0// 5r/^ to Newcajlle, 50

Through Northumberland, the cul-| t
tivated and uncultivated part, $ 54

Through JVefimor eland and C«^- 7

Miles. I Rent.
109 JlOJ.

8 S.

From Tadcajler to the defcent in
to Cleveland,

berland,

Through Lancajhire, 123

From Dunholm, in Chefhire, to 7 0
Moreton, in Oxford/hire^ 3

From Moreton, through London, 7
to Mf»w, i

I have calculated thefe numerous and
complex proportions with as much exactnefs
as I am able, and I find, from feveral trials,
the general average to be 1 is. $d. per acre.

I am, &c.

16s. 6d.
8 s.

1 2 j. 6d.

os. gd.
21 s.

ys. gd.

ys. 6d.

22s. 6d.
1 ys. 6d.

lgs. 6d.

LET-

[ <P6 ]

LETTER XXV.

T Shall, in the next place, enquire into
■*■ the product of pulfe and roots ; that is,,
chiefly peafe, beans, and turneps ; theie
are by no means to be overlooked, as their
product will explain feveral points not to
be difcovered by knowing that of grain. I
mail add as I proceed, the variations of cul-
ture, fuch as hoeing, &c. which are cir-
cumflances that ought never to be omitted.
I mall not fpecify the foil, as it is minuted
in the preceding letter.

Hatfield to W-elwyn,

Rent, i2j. q^ B. P.

Product. Peafe - - 240

Turneps; hoe once, 501. per
acre.
Around Stevenage.
Rent, 9 j.

Product. Peafe - - 240

Beans, never hoe 240
Turneps, hoe once or twice, 2/. 2 j»
Stevenage to Luton ; at Ofjiey.
Rent, 5 s.

Product. Peafe - - 162

Turneps ; hoe once ; value
2/. js. 6 J.
Dunjiabie to Woobum ; about Houghton.
Rent, 1 4 j.

Product.

[ 4*7 ]
Product. Peafe and beans mixed 4 o o
Beans alone, never hoe 3 i o
About Milton.
Rent, 1 3 j-. 6d.

Product. Peafe and beans mixed 3 o o
Wooburn to Newport Pagnel.
Rent, 9J-. %d.

Product. Peafe and beans mixed 2 4 o
Beans; feed the weeds

out with fheep - 3 o o
Turneps they hoe twice; value
2/.
At Broughton.
Rent. 20 j.

Product. Peafe and beans -240
Beans; feed the weeds

out with fheep -240
Newport Pagnel to Bedford, at Biddenham.
Rent, ys.
Product. Beans ; feed the weeds

out with fheep -300
Peafe - - - 240
From St. Neot's to Kimbolton, about Hale
Wejlon.
Rent, 1 7 s.

Product. Peafe ----140

Beans, never hoe -170

Turneps; hoe once; value 35^.

Yi'omKimboItGuioTbrapJion^boutCatwortb.

Rent, ijs.

Product. Peafe ----200
From Tb rap/Ion to Oundie.

Rent, 5 s. Product.

[ 428 ]

Product. Beans, never hoe 300
feed with iheep.
Near Stamford.
Rent, 13^.

Product. Peafe ----240
Beans, never hoe -320
Turneps; hoe once; value 2/. 2 s.
From Stamford to Grimjlhorpe.
Rent, 4^.

Product. Peafe - - 200

Beans, never hoe -240
From Grhnjlborpe to Coltfvorth.
Rent, 10 j.

Product. Peafe ----400
- Beans, never hoe -300
Turneps; hoe once; value 2/.
Grantham to Newark.
Rent, 10s.

Product. Beans, never hoe -240
Newark to cTuxford.
Rent, i$s.

Product. Peafe ----300
Beans, never hoe -300
Turneps; hoe once or twice;
value, 40 s.
At Weft Drayton.
Rent, 1 1 s.

Product. Peafe ----300
Beans, never hoe -240
Turneps ; hoe once, 35 s.
From Bawtry to Doncajler.
Rent, low.

Product.

[ 429 ]

Product.

Peafe - -

1

6

0

Turneps; never hoe

, 27

'j-. 6d.

Doncajler to Rot her ham; Coneyjb*

orough.

Rent, 9.

s.

Product.

Beans -

2

2

0

Turneps; hoe once
value 70s.

or twice ;

Sheffield to Bamjley.
Rent, ijs.

Product.

Peafe -

2

4

0

Beans, never hoe -

3

6

0

Turneps; hoe onceortwice,4

ox.

About Woolley.
Rent, I2J-. 6d.

Product.

Peafe - - -

1

7

0

Beans -

2

2

0

Turneps; hoe once,
Leeds to Tadc after.

40J

r.

Rent, 8.

r. 6d.

Product.

Peafe -

1

6

0

Beans, never hoe -

3

2

0

Turneps ; hoe once ;

val

ue

4.2s. 6d.

From York to Barn by Moor.

Rent, ioj-.

Product.

Peafe - - - -

2

1

2

Beans, never hoe -

2

1

2

Turneps ; never hoed for the
nrft time.

At Hat ton.

Rent, 12 s. 6d.

Product.

Peafe - - - -

1

2

0

Beans, never hoe -

3

0

0

•

A

round

[ 43° ]
Around Rijby.
Rent, gs. ^d.

Product. Peaie - - -210
Beans, never hoe ; get

in open fields -340

in inclofures -400

Lentils - 2 4 o

Rape ----400

At Stillingfeet.

Rent, 10;.

Product. Turnepsj never hoe; value z~s.
Heldernefs.

Rent, 1 j s. 6d.

Product. Rape ----500
About How den.
Rent, 1 5 j.

Product. Beans, never hoe -240
Around *tbornt .
Rent, 1 cs.

Product. Beans, never hoe -270

Turneps; never hoe; value igs.

Rape - 540

The Marquis o£ Rockingham sKentiJb farm.

Product. Beans in drills, horle

hoed - - 500

Peaie ditto - - 400
Turneps ; hand hoe twice.
Much finer crops than com-
mon.
His Lordihip's Hertford/hire farm.

Product. Beans in drills -240
Ditto hoed - - 4 o o

Pc ic

[ 43' ]
Peafe ----240
Turneps; hoed twice; valm^Oj.
Around Wentworth-Hottfe*
Rent, 8 s.

Product. Beans; never hoe -220
Ditto Mr. Paines,
drilled and horie
and hand hoed -360
Peafe ---300
Turneps; not hoed; value 2 os.
Ditto hoed, 40/.
From Beverley to Driffield.
Rent, 1 os.

Product. Beans ; never hoe -340

Peafe ----300

Turneps; once hoed; value 3/.

From Scarbro' to Malt on, about Bmmpton.

Rent, 141.

Product. Turneps; once hoed; 1 /. ij-.
At Teddingh am- bridge.
Rent, 6\r. 6d.

Product. Beans ; never hoe -300
Peafe ---170
Turneps; hoe once or twice,
value 22 s. 6d.
About EaJI Newton, &c.
Rent, 12 s.

Product. Beans ; never hoe -200
Peafe ----200
Turneps ; they fometimes hoe

twice, value 40/.
Rape ----500

About

[ 432 ]
About Nunn'i7igton.
Rent, 6s. ^d.

Product. Beans ; never hoe -300
Peafe ---200
Mr. burner at Kirkleatham.
Rent, 8 j.
Turneps; hoed 4/.
Rape -------500

Around Kirkleatham.
Rent, 1 3 s.
Product. Peafe and beans 5 never

hoe - 360

Turneps ; never hoe, value 3/.
Rape ----500

At Gil/dale.

Rent, 1 1 j. 6 d.

Product. Turneps; never hoe, 50 s.

Rape - - - - 5 00

About Scborton.
Rent, 10 s.

Product. Beans ; never hoe -240
Peafe ---200
Turneps ; never hoe ; value

3/. 10 s.
Rape - - -310
Richmond to Greta-bridge> about Gilling.
Rent, 2 1 s.

Product. Beans ; never hoe -310
Peafe - 2 00

Turneps; never hoed; value

3 /. 1 2 s. 6d.
Rape - _- - - 5 o o

From

[ 433 ]

From Greta-bridge to Bows, about Rookby*
Rent, 12 s.

Product. Peafe - - - - 2 1 o
Turneps; never hoe; value 3/.
Around Kiplin.
Rent, I2J-. 6d.

Product. Beans; never hoe - 3 6 o
Peafe - - - ,'■» 2 4 o
Turneps; never hoe; value 4/.

Rape -
Mr. Crowe's hufbandry
Rent, 1 2 j. 6d.

4

0

0

Product.

Beans and

peafe -

3

6

0

Peafe -

-

4

0

0

Around S win ton.

Rent, it

>j. 6d.

Product

Beans ; never hoe -

2

0

0

Peafe -

-

2

0

0

Turneps;

never hoe; 1

the va-

lue coj-

.

Rape -
The Moor-fide farms.

- - -

4

0

0

Rent, 4 j

•. 6d.

Product. Turneps;
About Cratkhill.

neverhoe;

value 4<

OS*

Rent, 1 :

is.

Product.

Peafe -

_ - _

3

6

0

Turneps ;
?/. 2 j.

never hoe ;
6&

value

Around Slenningford.
Rent, 8/*

Product.

Peafe -

« - _

1

4

0

Turneps 3
Vol. III.

unhoed,
F f

35s-
Around

[ 434 ]

Around Danby.
Rent, 12 s. 6d.

Product. Beans; unhoed -262
Peafe ----402
Turneps; unhoed, 45 s.
Rape- - - - - 5 5 o
Mr. Scroopes hufbandry.
Rent, I2J-. 6d.

Product. Beans ; unhoed -370
Turneps ; thrice hoed 4 10 o
Earl of Dar/mgtons hufbandry.
Rent, 16 s.

Product. Turneps ; hoed twice, 5/.
Around Raby-cafile.
Rent, 1 6 s.

Product. Peafe - - - - 3 6 6
Turneps ; unhoed - 3 10 o
From Newca/ile to Morpeth.
Rent, 20 s.

Product. Beans ; unhoed -310
Peafe - - - .2 2 6
Turneps ; hoed, 4/. 4^.
Ditto; unhoed, 3/.
, Rape ----co*
About Morpeth.
Rent, 12 s.

Product. Beans ; unhoed -340
Peafe - - - - 1 60
Turneps ; hoed twice or thrice.

Around Alnwick.
Rent, 15.1:.

Product?

[ 435 ]

.Product. Beans ----550
Peafc - - -240
Turneps; twice hoed; value 4/.
About Be/ford.
Rent, 15 s. 6d.

Product. Beans ; unhoed -740
Peafe - - 310

Turneps; hoed twice, 45 s.
At War en.
Rent, is. 6d.

Product. Turneps; unhoed, 50.$-.
At Hetton.
Rent, bs. 6d.

Product. Beans ; unhoed - 2 2 Q
Peafe - - 170

Turneps ; hoed twice, 55 s.
About Fenton.
Rent, 1 1 s. ^d.
Product. Beans and peafe mixed,

unhoed, 3 1 o

Peafe ----240
Turneps ; hoed once or twice,
Sos.
^.bout Rotbbury.
Rent, 10 s. 6d.

Product, Peafe - - - 1 2 o
Turneps; hoed twice; value 3/.
About Cambo.
Rent, 15/.

Product. Turneps j hoed once; value 3/.
About Glenwelt.
Rent, 12 s. 6d.

F f 2 Product.

[ 436 ]

Product. Beans; unhoed -43®.
Peafe - - 170

Turneps; once hoed, 50 J".
South of Carltjle.
Rent, 15 s.

Product. Peafe ----170
Turneps, (fome few hoed,) 501.
About Penrith.
Rent, 8 j. gd.

Product. Peafe ----200
Turneps; unhoed, 50J.
Kef wick.
Rent, 25/.

Product. Turneps; hoed, $$s.
From Kendal to Burton,
Rent, 1 /. is.

Product. Beans ; unhoed -270
Peafe ----072
Turneps ; unhoed, 5 /. 10/.
(fcarce.)
From Lancajier to Prefion, about Kabers.
Rent, ijs.

Product. Beans ----440
Peafe ----360
Turneps; unhoed, 8/. (ufed
for cattle.)
Around Garjlang.
Rent, 1 7 s.

Product. Beans; unhoed -360
About Ormfzirk.
Rent, 1 5 j.

Product. Beans; unhoed -360

Around

[ 437 1
Around Altringham.
Rent, 20;.

Product. Beans, in drills, hand-
weeded - - 5 o o
Peafe ditto 3 o o

Turneps; unhoed, but thinned
by hand, 7/. (fcarce.)
From New raftle-under- line to Stone, about
the latter.
Rent, i6.r.

Product. Beans ----360
Peafe - - - - 3 1 o
Turneps ; hoed, 3 /.
From Rudgeley-bridge to Litchfield, about
Sbenjlone.
Rent, 15/.

Product. Peafe ----360
Turneps; hoed once, 35J. un-
hoed, 20s.
At Ajlon, near Birmingham,
Rent. \js. 6d.

Product. Peafe ---240
Turneps ; hoed 2 /. Hoed
better than unhoed by 20J.
Around Hagley.
Rent, 20 j-.

Product. Peafe - - - - 3 6 o
Turneps; unhoed, 30 j.
At Bromfgrove.
Rent, 30 j.

Product. Beans, fet and hoed 500
* F f 2 Peafe

[ 438 ]

Peafe - - - - 3 6 'o
Turneps; unhoed, 30 s.
From Worcefter to Oxford, at Perjhore.
Rent, 1 5 j .

Product. Beans - - - 310'
Peafe - 3 1 o

Turneps; unhoed, 30 s.
About Bend/worth.
Rent, 2 1 s.

Product. Peafe - - - - 3 1 &
Beans, in drills, hand-
hoed - - - 500
Turneps; hoed once, 45^
Around Moreton.
Rent, 20J.

Product. Peafe ----240
Beans ----300
Turneps; twice hoed, 30J.
From Oxford to Henley, at Benjington.
Rent, 25 s. 6d.

Product. Beans, in drills, hand-
hoed - 500
Peafe ditto - - 4 o o
Turneps ; twice hoed, 2/. 1 or.
About Henley.
Rent, lys.

Product. Turneps ; hoed once, 3 /.
Around Maidenhead.
Rent, 20s.

Product. Peafe ----340
Turneps; hoed, 45 j-.

About

[ 439 }

About Harmondfwortb*

Rent, 2.0s.

Product. Peafe ----200
At Kenjington.

Rent, 40 s.

Product. Beans, in drills, hand-
hoed - ' - 600
About North Mitns^

Rent, 12 s.

Product. Peafe - - - - 3 00
Turneps; hoed,. 30 j.

The firir. proportion to be drawn from
this general view of thefe crops, may pro-
perly be that of rent and value ; to difcover
whether the quantity of product arifes from
the value of the land, or is decided by
other circumftances ; without being pof-
feffed of all fuch data, our reafonings would
at hell be very fuperficiaL

F f 4 Rent

[ 44° ]

Rent to $s. an acre.

Places.

Rent.' Peafe.

• s

S. d.\
Stevenagetcl
Luton, I ^

Vhrapjton 7
to Oundle, } 5

Stamford to 7
GrimfihorpS

Bawtry to 7
Doncafier, $

Sainton 7 r
MoorP.de, \ 4

Waren, i 6

Averages, 4

14

16

H

H:

Brans.

24

10

22

Turnepg.

I A "1

hoed. I unhoed.

/. S. d.J. S. di

276

276

1 7 i

2 O <»
2 IO O

2 5 IQ

Rents from $s. to 10 s. per acre.

Around 7
Stevenage-> ) °

?7

20

2 76

Woolurn to 7
Newport, $ 9 3

20

24

2 00

Newport ~)
Pacnel to > 7
Bedford, j

20

i

24

Crimjlborp

Places.

Rent.

S. d.

Gritnfthorp ")
to Coljier-'yio
worth, J

Grantham ?
toNewark, \

Doncaflertol
Rotherham,\ °

Zmfr to To,

Tadcafter, 3

2tfr£ to ~)
Barnby- \\o
moor, J

#$y, 9 3

St tiling fleet, 10

Around 7
Thome, 3

[ 441 ]

Peafe. I § I Beans. I »

3^

14

*7

Marquis of 1
Rocking- ! ff
ham\Ken- j
///& Farm,]

Ditto Hert-1 0
fordjhire, \

Around ? _
Wentworth \

From jfo- "I
verley to )*io
Driffield, J

32

20
24

24

Turneps.

. A

24

20
18

J7
30

hoed.
/. J. ^

2 0 0

23

3^

28

40
32

3°

1 10 o

226

unhoed.
/. S. d.

20

18

28

I 16 O

2 0 0

3 0 0

I 70

o 19 o

I 00

Tedding-

[ 44* ]

P.'zces.

Rent.' Peafe.

S. d.

Tedding- \ f> f>
ham-bridge, \

Nunnington, 6 3

Mr. Turner^)
Kirklea- V 8
tham, J

Scbortotty 1 o

Sleningford, 8

Hetton,nearl r r
Belford, I I

Penrith, 8 9

Averages, 9

32

16

12

!
\

l6i

l8 20

Beans.

24

,24

20

18

40

Turnep*.

S ,

hoed. I unhoed.

/. s. d)L s. d.

1 2 6

4 o o

2 15 o

3 io»
1 15 o

2 10 a

34 22|3I 2 4 10 I l6 IOt

Rents f rem ioj

. to I

5-*

•>

^r #r rr.

Hatfield to?
tVelwyn, \

20

2 10 0

Dunftable to]

Wooburn, \ ^

il

26

AhoutMil- 1 s
ton, \ °

24

Near St am- 7

20

26

2 20

Newark,

[ 443 ]

Places.

Rent.

jr.

Newark to?
Tuxford, I *

Wefi Drayton, 1 1

Woolleyy 12 6

Hat ton, 12 6

Howden, 1 5

Scarborough 7
to Malton,\1^

Eajl Newton, 12

Around "1
Kirklea- > 1 3
tham, J

Gil/dale, 116

Greta- ~)
bridge to W2
Bows, J

Around 7
Kiplin, \

Mr Crowe's 7
hufbandry, 3

Craikhill,

Peafe.

fcr c

24

10

12 6
12 6

Danby,

12 6

Mr. Scroope's 7 /r|
hufbandry, 3

Morpeth, 12

16

17

20

3°
32

»I4

3°

30

Beans.

24
20

[8

24

20

16

Turneps.
-A

3°

40
40

40

hoed.
/. S. d.

2 OO

1 16 O

2 OO

32

45

1 I o

2 OO

4 IO O
3 O O

unhoed.
/. S. d.

3O0

2 10 O

3 0 0

4OO
326

Alnwick,

$

1

[

444

}

Places. Rent.

Peafe.

X

c
rs

Beans.

Turneps.

S. d.

7

■-

0

c

3
=P
O

Cl.

hoed. 1 unhoed.

s. d. 1. s. d.

Alnwick^ 1 5

20

45

4

0 0

Fenton, 1 1 3

20

25

2

10 0

Rothbury, 10 6

10

3

0 0

Camboy 1 5

3

0 0

Glenwelt, 126

15

35

2

10 0

Carlijle, 1 5

J5

2

10 0

Ormjkirk, 1 5

30

Rudgeley- ~)
bridge to > 1 5
Litchfield,!

30

1

15 0

1 00

PerJJjore, 1 5

25

25

1 10 0

North Minis, 12

24
20

28

^1

1

10 0

Averages, 1 3

{26

2

9 0 2 11 9

Rents from 1 5 s. to 20s. per acre.

Wooburn\.o\
Newport ^20
Pagnel, J

St.Nect'stol „

I 7

Kimbolton, ) *

Kimbcltcntol
Tbrapfton, } J '

12

16

20

20
15

I 15 O

Sheffield

[

1

445

]

Places. Rent.
S. d.

Pe

c
a.

ate.

c
9

9"

c
0

2

c

Be

O

ins.

i

0
n
a.

61

13

Turneps.
, ^ ,

hoed. | unhocd.

/. s. dk s. d.

Sheffield to 7 i
Barn/ley, J '

20

3°

2 OO

Holdernefs, 17 6

40

Swinton, 16 6

l6

16

32

2 10 O

Earl of ] ,
Darlington, \

5 0 0

Around 7 ,
Raby-caftle, \

3°

3 10 0

Newcaftle 7
toMorpeth,y°

18

25

40

4 4 0

300

Belford, 15 6

25

60

250

Lancaftertol
P reft on, J17

30

36

800

Carjlang, 1 7

30

Altringham, 20

24

40

700

Stone, 1 6

25

3°

3 0 0

-

Near 5/r- 7 ,
mingham, \ '

20

2 °°|

1 00

Hag ley, 20

3°

1

r 10 0

Moreton, 20

20

24

1 10 0

Henley, 1 7

j

3OO

Maidenhead, 20

28

2 5 oj

Harmondf- 7
worth, y

.16

Averages, 1 7

24

21

20

4°

28

37

2 13 10;

! iS 6

[ 446 ]

Rents from 20 s. to 40 s. per acre.

Places. Rent.

Pe;

Te.

2

Beans.

*>

Turr

ieps.

j, d.

sr
0

2.

c
a
rr
0
rt

Q.

B

n

cr
0

0-

c

0
ri
a.

, V

hoed.

/. S. d.

-»

uahoed.

/. S. d.

Richmond ~)

to Greta- ^21

l6

25

3 12 6

Bridge, J

Alnwick, 25

2 15 O

Kendal to 7
Burton, $

7

23

5 10 0

Bromfgrove, 30

3°

4O

1 10 0

Bendfworth, 21

25

40

25O

Benjington, 25 6

32

40

2 IO O

Kenfington, 40

48
42

1
24

Averages, 26

32

19

2 IO O

3 IO IO

General averages.

Rent to 5 s. per acre,
Ditto from 5s. to ioj".
Ditto from ioj. to 15J.
Ditto from 15s. to 20J.
Ditto from 20 s. to 40 j.

Average, - - - -
Hoed, - - - -
Unhoed, - - -

Average,

Peafe.
, V v

hoed, unhoed.

14
32 18

20
24 21

31 21

29 18

29
18

47

23?

[ 447 ]

Peafe and Beans.

Unhoed.

Rent from $s. to iqs. - - 20
Ditto from ioj. to 15;. - - 28
Ditto from 1 5 j-. to 20J. 20

Average, -------22

Former ditto, - 23 £

^.verage, - - 22 bufhels 3 pecks.

From the firft view of this table it is evi-
dent that rent has very little concern in the
production of peafe : The mixture may be
confidered as the fame thing, as beans are
generally fown rather with an intention of
fupporting the peafe than of having a dou^
ble crop ; fometimes one will fail and ano-
ther fucceed ; and the bean £>eing a better
bearer than the pea, makes the fuperiority
of four bufhels on the fide of the mixture.
But it is remarkable that the rent from 5 s.
to ioj. mould produce as large a crop as
from i$s. to 20J. And in peafe alone ioj*.
to 1 5 J", yields more than from 20L to 40 s.
In a word, the product clearly appears to be
very little connected with rent, and that in
the hoed as well as the unhoed crops : Our
common experience juftines this refult, for
I have many times obferved, that this tick-
lifh crop often fails where it has been mod
expected to yield largely, and frequently on
poor dry fandy foils to produce crops that
have furprized the owners. This, I think,
mould be a leffon to the occupiers of good

lands

[ 44§ ]

lands not to apply them to the production
of a crop, in which the weaken: foils may ri-
val thern with fuccefs.

But the importance of hoeing is extremely
vifible 3 the fuperiority of eleven bufhels in
twenty-nine is vaft; an acre and a half
hoed is near as good as two unhoed ; this is
an object of undoubted importance to the
farmer, and demands his warmeft attention.
It is not the eleven bufhels only that he is.
to confider, although no trifle, but likewife
the ftate rfthe land after the crop : A poor
one of peafe fufFers the weeds to get fo
much a head, that the foil is filled with
their feeds and exhausted by their growth,
confequently is proper only for a fallow ;
whereas, after a fine clean crop, the land is
rendered mellow and in excellent order for
any kind of grain; wheat is commonly
fown after them, and with great fuccefs, if
the crop is large, or barley, &c. The im-
portance, therefore, of hoeing is manifeit,
and the amount of the fuperiority prodigious.

Beans.

Rent to 5 J. per acre, -
Ditto from 5J. to ioj.
Ditto from ioj. to 15J.
Ditto from 15J. to 20;.
Ditto from 20J. to 40 j.

Average,

Hoed.

Unhoed,

- -

22

- - 34

22
26

- - 40

28

- - 42

24

- 3^f
1 bufhels 1

24

peck.

This

[ 449 ]

This ftate is very decifive in molr. points.
Rent we find, as in the cafe of peafe, lias
little or no effect upon the product : From
20 s. to 40/. is but two bufhels fuperior to
the rents under 5 jr. which is furprizing ;
and with beans requires more explanation
than was requifite with peafe. It is well
known they are fcarce ever fown on poor
foils ; their appearing, therefore, in a fcale
fo low as 5 j. mufbarife from the rent being
very favourable, or from particular circum-
ftances, or perhaps from both ; as is the
cafe with many crops that are raifed on
open field land in Bedfordjhire and North-
amptonfJnre> which from being open is low
in rent, and from favour fo low as $s.
There are in different parts of the king-
dom many tracks /)f wet, unkindly, open
fields, flrong enough for beans, that not
only lett fo low as 5 s. but are really worth
no more. Now fuch foils, without proper
management, may eafily be fuppofed to
yield as good crops as others vaftly richer,
and for this reafon, very fertile land in the
hands of a flovenly farmer is eternally over-
run with weeds, infomuch that half the
crops are ruined by them ,• the richer the
foil the poorer the crop in many cafes % and
the poorer land not, in its nature, abound-
ing fo much with weeds, gains by theie
means an equality with foils far fuperior.
That this reafoning is juft there is great

Vol. III. G g reafon

[ 45° 1

reafon to believe, from the progremon being
different in the hoed crops, which vary eight
bulhels where the unhoed ones vary but two.
The confequence of hoeing can no where
be more apparent than here ; two acres
hoed are better by four bufhels than three
unhoed, which difference is very great.
The farmer who fows two hundred acres,
and hoes them, adjoining a neighbour who
has three hundred unhoed, reaps eight hun-
dred bufhels more than the latter. Is not
this an argument ftrong enough ? But far-
ther, his neighbour's land is in fuch a
weedy, exhaufted condition, that his three
hundred acres are thrown by for a fallow ;
this is the cuftom of raoft counties that do
not hoe ; beans the kit crop of the courfe.
On the contrary, the hoeing farmer fows
his two hundred acres with wheat, of which
he gets to the full as good a crop as hi$
neighbour : What an amazing difference
between them at the end of two years !
And carry the comparifon further, it will
foon appear that the difference, in no great
number of years, will amount to the value
of the fee fimple of the land : fo great a be-
nefit refults, in numerous inftances, from
fmall expences ; half the four buihels fu-
periority, after the balance of two acres to
three, will, in moft counties of England,
hoe an acre twice, and well too ; three
bufhels would anv where do it to perfection.

The

[ 4Si ]
The fuperiority of the hoed is fourteen
bulhels per acre ; the farmer would, there-
fore, by hoeing gain a clear profit of eleven
bulhels, beiides laving the expence of a fal-
low and a year's rent ; beiides keeping his
lands generally in better order without fal-
lowing, than his llovenly neighbour with.

This, it. is true, is only reafoning, but it
is reafoning on folid, and indisputable facts,
in themfelves fufficiently clear to convince
the unprejudiced; but common farmers
want gilding even to a fugar- plumb : Is it
not aftonifhing, that while facts fpeak fo
ftrongly, nine-tenths of the beans in the
kingdom remain unhoed : Is it not a dif-
grace to this land of agriculture, that fo
many counties mould perfift in the llovenly
cuftom of depending alone on their flocks
of fheep for weeding their beans ! Let no
one accufe me of the vanity of thinking I
ihall ever, by writing, wean farmers from
their prejudices. I do not addrefs myfelf
to them; but to thofe from whom all im-
provements in agriculture muft have their
origin — their landlords : It furely much be-
hoves them to exert fome attention on an
object fo efTential to the good of hufbandry,
and confequently to their own advantage.

R A P E.

Rent from cs. to i6x. - - - 31

Ditto from ioj. to 15/. - - 39

Ditto from i$s. to 20s. - * 37
Average, ----- ^6

G g 2 The

[ 452 ]
The general rife from 5/. and 10/. to
10 jr. and 20 s. is fomething, but not what
might be fuppofed, from a crop that mult
be fallowed for till Midfummcry and conse-
quently not in the fame danger of deftruc-
tion by weeds in rich land, as beans or
peaie. I attribute the limilarity of thefe
products to the practice of paring and burn-
ing.— In a large track of country in the
North, they generally pare and burn for
rape, which is lb excellent a method, that
the crops they get on poor land, even on
moor land of 2 J. 6d. an acre, are very
great : this is the reafon why rent bears no
more proportion to the crops.

Turn

p s.

Hoed.

7
4
9

Ditto from 20/. 1040.1-. 2 10

Rent to 5 s. per acre,
Ditto from 51. to ioj\
Ditto from 1 os. to 1 5s.
Ditto from 1 $s. to 20s.

6

10
o

10
o

Unhoed.

5 10

16
1 1
18
10

10

9
6

10

Average,

8 1 o [ 2 1 6 9

The conclufion which fome would draw
at nrfl fight from this table, is to the dif-
advantage of hoeing. And truly this ftate
of the cafe is, I apprehend, • one of the
moil extraordinary combinations I mail
meet with in the whole courfe of thefe en-
quiries. The exigence of fuch a vegetable
as a turnep, is not a more certain fact,

than

[ 453 ]

than the fuperiority of hoed to unhoed
crops; but the above general average fccms
totally to contradict it ; we muff, therefore,
examine the point minutely, and enquire
into the reafon of fuch a feeming paradox.
The prices of all commodities depend
upon the quantity to be fold ; if turneps
are fcarcer in one county than in another,
with an equality of cattle in each, undoubt-
edly they will be deareit. where fcarceft :
this is manifeftly the cafe in question : the
countries in which hoeing is fully efla-
blifhed, are confequently thofe in which
the culture is the oldeit. and moft common ;
to one acre of turneps in any county that
does not hoe, there certainly are forty in
another that does : the exiflence of fuch
an improvement fpeaks fufficiently this fact.
From hence it remits, that turneps in the
countries that do not hoe, mufl infallibly
be dearer than in thofe which do bellow
that operation on them : This is clear
enough from mere reafoning ; but faBs
mould, in fuch works as this, be the guide,
whenever it is poflible to gain them. I
mall, therefore, ftrike a line acrofs the
kingdom, and form two averages, one for
the North of England, the other for the
South ; the firft in general does not hoe,
and the other does : We mail from thence
find, that turneps themfelves, whether
hoed or not, are much dearer in one divi-
O g 3 fion

t 454 ]
fion than in the other. I (hall throw York*
fiire and Lancafiire to the North, and all
lbuth of them to the South.

The Sou

T H.

Hoed.

|

Unhoed.

Hatfield &c. — —

2 IO

O

Stevenage, — —

2 2

O

Luton, — — —

2 7

6

Wooburn, — — —

2 O

o

St. Neofs, — — —

i i5

o

Stamford, — — —

2 2

o

Grimjlhorpe, — —

2 O

o

Newark, — — —

2 O

o

Drayton, — — —

i 15

o

Newcaftle-under-Une, —

3 o

0

Litchfield, — — —

i i5

o

I 0 •

Birmingham, — —

2 O

o

I o o

Hagley, — —

I IO o

Bromfgrcve, — —

I IO o

Perjhore, — —

— —

I IO o

Bendfworth, — —

2 5

o

Moreion, — — —

I IO

o

Benjingtcn, — > — — -

2 IO

o

Henley, — — r •, < —

3 P

o

Maidenhead, — —

2 5

o

North Mims, — —

I IO

o

Average, — — —

2 2

7

i 6 ©

Ditto of both, —

I

14

3

[ 455 ]

the North.

Hod.

V

3 hoed.

D.oncafler, — — —

1

7 *

Rot her ham, -— — I 10 o

Sheffield, — — 200

Woolley, — — 200

JLeeds, — — 226

Stilling fleet, — — •■ — —

1

7 0

Thome, — — — —

0

19 0

Marquis of Rockingham's \ ,c
Hertford/hire farm, \

Around Wentworth, — 200

1

0 0

Beverley, — — 300

Scarborough, — — 1 1 0

Teddingham, — — 126

Newton, — — 200

Kirkleatham, Mr. Turner, — 400

Around ditto, — — —

3

0 0

Gil/dale, — ■— — ■ —

2

10 0

Schorton, — — — • *—

3

io 0

Gilling, — — ■ — —

3

12 6

Rookby, ■ — — — —

3

0 0

Kiplin, — — — —

4

0 0

Swinton, — — — —

2

10 0

Moor-fide farms, — — —

2

0 0

Craikhill, — — —

3

2 6

Sleningford, — — —

1

15 0

Danby, — — — —

2

5 °

Mr. Scroope, — — > 4 10 0

Earl of Darlington, — 500

Around Raby, - — — ■ —

3

10 0

Newcaftle, — — 440

3

0 0

Morpeth, — — 300

jilnwict, — — 400

Belford,

[ 456 ]

Hoed.

■

Unhoed.

Belford,
Waren^

— — —

2 5

O |

2

10 0

net! ,

— , — —

2 15

O

on,

— — —

2 IO

O

Rah bury,

9,

^ m ,_ ., „

3 o
3 °

O
O

Glenwelti

— — —

2 IO

O

Carliflei

— — . —

2 IO

O

Penrith,

— —

2

10 0

Kefaick,
Kendal,
Prefton,
Altringham.,

1

2 15

O

5

8

7

10 0
0 0
0 0

Average,

2 14

O

3

1 6

Ditto of both, — — 2179
General average of the North, ' — 2179
Of the South, — — — 1 14 3

Turneps dearer fn the North than in) .

the South, by — — — 3 3

,

Average of hoed crops in the North, 2 14 o
Ditto in the South, — — 227

Hoed ones dearer in the former, by o 1 1 5

Average of unhoed crops in the North, 3 16
Ditto m the South, — — 160

Unhoed, dearer in the former, by — 1 15 6

From

[ 457 ]

From this comparifon it plainly appears,
that this vegetable is, in genera], dearer in
the north than in the ibuth ; and I mould
remark, that the more the tour was ex-
tended through the north, the greater dif-
proportion would be found between the
quantity hoed and not hoed ; and the far-
ther it was extended in the fouth, the more
in proportion would be found to be hoed :
hence arifes the feeming fuperiority of the
unhoed crops. The unhoed average in the
north being fuperior to that of the hoed, is
owing to the fame reafon; feveral places
are minuted where turneps are fo fcarce as
to be valued, even for cattle, at 7/. and 8/.
This raifes the average of the unhoed crops,
for we may be arTured, from fuch fcarcity,
that hoeing is quite unknown.

But there is another very ftrong and con-
vincing proof, that, in every country, hoed
turneps are fuperior to unhoed ones, and
that is, the feveral comparifons made in the
refpecliive places ; for inftance, near Litch-
field, the hoed crops fell at 35 s. but the un-
hoed at only 20s. Near Birmingham the
hoed at 40 s. the unhoed at no more than
20 s. Around the Marquis of Rockiirjjc
the hoed at 40 j\ the unhoed at only 20 s.
At Raby-cajile, the hoed at 5/. the unhoed
3/. 1 ox. Near Newca/l/e, the hoed 4/. 4^.
the unhoed no n>ore than 3 /. Thefe places
include both the nort*h and fouth 3 the fu-
periority

[ 45S ]

periority of the hoed crops is very great ;
and the comparifon being made on the
lame foils, and in the fame places, it
amounts to demonflration.

Thofe gentlemen who are unprejudiced,
or who have praclifed agriculture, may
perhaps be furprized at my bellowing fo
much attention, in proving what is ac-
knowledged by the moil fenlible part of
mankind; but they are not acquainted, nor
polTibly can conceive, the number of Stick-
lers in the north, even among gentlemen,
for the good old way ; and as to nine-tenths
of the farmers they treat the idea of hoeing
with contempt. Many butchers and gra-
ziers will not buy hoed turneps, and one
in particular, famous in the neighbour-
hood of Kiplin and Crakcbill, in the North-
Riding of Yorkfiire, who purchafes every
year fome hundreds of acres, will not allow
an equal price for one that is hoed !

While fuch very extenfive tracks of coun-
try continue in fo great an error, and while
even gentlemen countenance it, I do not
think any endeavours to effect a change of
conduct mould be omitted, or that one's
attention is wailed in examining the whole
ilate of the affair.

But it is further requifite to obferve, that

the great benefit of hoeing is not to the

i •

crop alcne, but to all the fucceeding ones

in the covirfe ; In thi^rcfpecl, what I be-
fore

[ 459 }

fore remarked concerning hoeing of beinc,
is applicable to turneps, only much more
ftrong, for beans are not made a fallow
crop (that is, fucceeded by corn) in flovenly
management near fo often as turneps : I
know not any part of England in which
land is fallowed the year fucceeding tur-
neps ; they are every where confidered as a
fallow, and barley generally fowed after
them : The terrible effects of this conduct
muft be prodigious, for the unhoed crops
of turneps are (except on pared and burnt
Jand) univerfally full of weeds, that have
time to perfect, and drop their feeds, be-
iides exhaufting the foil of that nourish-
ment which the crop ought to poffefs. The
harley that fucceeds muft infallibly be a
weedy crop, and if the courfe goes on, the
foil muft be quite poifoned with trumpery.
But relative to the turneps themfelves,
the difference between the hoed, and the
unhoed ones, is greater than commonly
imagined in the north. The very beft
field to be found at Kiplin, a fine gravelly
foil, of 1 6 j\ an acre, and the very beft f|)Ot
in the whole field, weighed under thirteen
tons, which would certainly reduce the
average product of the neighbourhood to
four or five tons : Now fuch a foil, well
managed, and without dung, whereas that
field was well manured, mould produce, on
an average, thirty tons per acre, and tho-
roughly

[ 46° ]

roughly manured, from forty to fifty tons,
which is full ten times greater than the
iuce of that neighbourhood ; and I
aid not exaggerate, if I laid twenty
times greater than the average of all unhoe-
ing countries ; a difference fo prodigious,
that it is really aflonifhing landlords do not
exert themfelves to introduce the practice.

But when I fpeak of hoeing in general,

I would never be underftood to mean fuch

Lng as I have fecn more than once in un-

hoei: it, tries. In the Raft-Riding of

Xorkfhire they hoe in fome places, but in fo

Hovenly a manner, that I would not give

nee a field for the operation ; and yet

it is done but once, and reckoned a great

in good ttuibandry. Turneps mould

always be hoed twice, and every plant fet

out from twelve to eighteen inches diftance,

according to the ftrength of the foil, and

not a weed fuffercd to grow.

But in what manner, fay fome, is this

. to be effected ? I reply, not with-

. trouble ; a man muft not expect to

with his foot, and have hoed plants

a the foil. Thentft object is to

i rit into the hoeing hufbandry

, and not be contented with the

:rs of the neighbourhood^ if they do not

I the work in perfection : Men

. . ily enough to be procured in even?

' of prftain, thai will change their re-

fidence

[ 46 1 ]

fidence for a time, if they are well paid.
Some landlords, who own feveral thousands
of acres of land, have talked to me of the
difficulty of getting turnep-hoers. Were I
porTerled of a tenth of their eftates, I would
have them from Indus, rather than go
without them : But the difficulty is no-
thing, a little refolution and money would
overcome luch paltry objections *. They
fhould never fufFer an acre of turncps to be
feen on their own land that was not hoed
in the laft perfection, except here and there
a {tripe left quite unhoed, for the tenants
to fee the difference. This has been the
plan of that excellent cultivator, the Mar-
quis of Rockingham, who carried good ho-
ers from the fouth, and, by fpirited exer-
tions, brought the practice, by degrees,
to bear, and will, in time, render the tur-
nep crops around Went worth as clean as any
in England. Much does his country owe
to fuch a conduct !

In the next place, landlords ought to
obviate all the objections of their tenr.nts ;
procure them hoes (none on any account
fhorter than ten inches) and hoers, that no
excufes under thofe heads may be made by
them ; and if they have a pernicious butcher

* I have fome reafon for this remark : In Hertford-
Jhire no plough ftirs without four horfes ant! a driver,
except my Ovvn. I have ploughs, horfes, and men,
from Suffolk, and if [ \\\ irj the Highlands of Scot-

\ I would have good tui"--<j- hcers.

• or

[ 46* 1

or grazier that rejects hoed turneps, tran£
plant a more rational animal in his place.
But in the introduction of all new modes
of husbandry, no method is of fuch efficacy
as the fixing a little colony of farmers on
an eftate that have, from their infancy, been
ufed to the good cuftom that is wanted to
be introduced. A fingle one will not often
effect, it, his neighbours will laugh him too
much out of countenance -, but when two
'or three are ready to fland by each other,
they will have the greater fatisfaction in
doing what they know is right. The Mar-
quis of Rockingham^ eftabliihment of a
Kentijh and a Hertfordfiire farm was a moft
excellent method of letting a good example,
and raifing an emulation that mull have
great effects.

Laitly, it mould be an eftablifhed maxim
never to allow turneps unhoed to be a fal-
low ; completely hoed they mould be fo
efteemed ; but when ilovenly done, or nor
at all, they mould be reckoned a crop, and
the number in the courfe regulated accord-
ingly. This would have very great effects ;
it would be talking to the farmers in a ftile
they understand, feelingly.

Whatever depended on praife and encou-
ragement mould be exerted, for kind
word?, from a good landlord, will always
j save their weight. Mr. Cro-wc, of Kiplin,
purchafed a large Giver cup laft fpring,

upon

t 463 ]

Upon which is engraved, For the bejl fix
acres of hoed turneps, 1769, and a fpace
left for the tenant's name that wins it. It
is to be difplayed on the rent-day, and
delivered on that which follows. The
thought was an excellent one, and will,
beyond doubt, have a good effect.

The importance of an accurate culture
of thefe ameliorating crops is not fuffici-
ently known among the common farmers
in nine-tenths of the kingdom. It has been
fo long an idea, that all land muft be fal-
lowed, that landlords have univerfally been
extremely backward to admit any vegeta-
ble as a fubftitute ; and no wonder, fince
bad tenants are always fo free with fowing
exhaufting crops, and running the foil out
of heart ; both reafons have concurred to
keep back fo profitable a branch of agricul-
ture. It is a fact, that no land abfolutely
requires a fallow ; but then the hufbandry
fhould be very fpiritedly executed to keep
it clean, particularly heavy foils : Upon
light or dry ones, turneps and clover, pro-
perly introduced, are undoubtedly prefera-
ble to a fallow ; and upon clays and ftrong
loams, beans are an excellent fubftiuite to
turneps, admit the foils being kept as clean
as a fallow; particularly if fown in drills
(which is much the cheapen: method of
cultivating them) and equally ameliorates
it. But I neeci not furely add, that all

th< fe

[ 464 ]

thefe extremely beneficial effects depend
entirely upon the turneps and beans being
kept in complete order, without a weed
in them, and the furface io loofened by
hoeings, as always to be in a ftate of pul-
verization -, the profit of this huibandry is
very great ; if well executed, it is two
hundred per cent, more advantageous than
the common methods.

Having endeavoured to analyze thefe
crops, you will allow me, before I proceed
to others, to conclude myfelf, &c.

END ^/VOLUME III.

32

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