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Neh arnt a , y A bittsttin SAA Pats BEACH AAA fa neh} i BENS 4 h rere DA Oa Reo a) Ty “ mae Hi hah eS He 08, LMR ne * 3 a3 oR Ok es np Nj eee 25 malt bt att gs WATS Rte) EN Ek Pane e: a i Se ae kak Re Ra Nh a POL hs SON ata itty LAD ey i ANY ELSE A OA Boe TONGA CABAL SIR Neston On Sree phn} sn LASS ‘ DO ICURELN erik y DUCAIDUR RE RR RCA RTED PARANA DOOR RE AKC Ney PMR ER Nee uviPek tr ne aL} ey a ‘< teak ne t Cur) PEON nN Put Sale ew Ree Y CITC Yo NR ACC Ca eM) Cay KARR RAN U EMAL Oke MTT Ra Te Be Weed ie) ito ie eee REM RRM Y Cy DONE OCA Sheth ‘Kara yaaa wt RL PPR KEEet aL KERR O 4 CAA wee, eeatete Sani Seers hel é Cn DOUG ky Racin) OU CK OO Ce m| POH) SOTO Seek mnie? ray) Ce) “kt ate ERS RO . Pee Dello sens pans Po < ons rere ieeeer 3: ; Ox) Vea eae OOS OOCR eR Gm MR CORR eRe a PRION ay 2 he bat , n —e ve rv fk ~ + oO 4 rin ) «at Mine: 4 , Le aR i : 7 4 : i \ e r i he, i , 2 PMIPHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. NOs 2Xy XOX: EVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO, BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES, AND EXPERIMENTS, PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN.—SMITHSON, 7 DSIK Ebony 7A & Shem 23° Ait? Cie Ys OF WAS ELEN G TON : PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1895. i ee Se a eer: ee rr ees 7 ADVERTISEMENT. Tuts volume forms the thirtieth of a series, composed of original memoirs on different branches of knowledge, published at the expense and under the direction of the Smithsonian Institution. The publication of this series forms part of a general plan adopted for carrying into effect the benevolent intentions of James Smiruson, Esq., of England. This gentleman left his property in trust to the United States of America to found at Washington an institution which should bear his own name and have for its objects the “icrease and diffusion of knowledge among men.” This trust was accepted by the Govern- ment of the United States, and acts of Congress were passed August 10, 1846, and March 12, 1894, constituting the President, the Vice-President, the Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court, and the heads of Executive Departments an establishment under the name of the “Smrrasonian Insrrrution, FOR THE INCREASE AND DIFFUSION OF KNOWLEDGE AMONG MEN.” ‘The members of this establishment are to hold stated and special meetings for the supervision of the affairs of the Institution and for the advice and instruction of a Board of Regents to whom the financial and other affairs are intrusted. The Board of Regents consists of two members ex officio of the establish- ment, namely, the Vice-President of the United States and the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court, together with twelve other members, three of whom are appointed from the Senate from its own body, three from the House of Repre- sentatives from its members, and six persons appointed by a joint resolution of both Houses. To this Board is given the power of electing a Secretary and other officers for conducting the active operations of the Institution. To carry into effect the purposes of the testator, the plan of organization should evidently embrace two objects: one, the increase of knowledge by the addition of new truths to the existing stock; the other, the diffusion of knowledge, thus increased, among men. No restriction is made in favor of any kind of knowledge, and hence each branch is entitled to and should receive a share of attention. The act of Congress establishing the Institution directs, as a part of the plan of organization, the formation of a library, a museum, and a gallery of art, together with provisions for physical research and popular lectures, while it leaves to the Regents the power of adopting such other parts of an organization as they may deem best suited to promote the objects of the bequest. IIL IV ADVERTISEMENT. After much deliberation, the Regents resolved to apportion the annual income specifically among the different objects and operations of the Institution in such manner as may, in the judgment of the Regents, be necessary and proper for each, according to its intrinsic importance, and a compliance in good faith with the law. The following are the details of the parts of the general plan of organization provisionally adopted at the meeting of the Regents December 8, 1847: DETAILS OF THE FIRST PART OF THE PLAN. I. To werease KNowiepGr.—I/t is proposed to stimulate research by offering rewards for original memoirs on all subjects of investigation. 1. The memoirs thus obtained to be published in a series of volumes, in a quarto form, and entitled “Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge.” 2. No memoir on subjects of physical science to be accepted for publication which does not furnish a positive addition to human knowledge, resting on original research; and all unverified speculations to be rejected. 3. Each memoir presented to the Institution to be submitted for examination to a commission of persons of reputation for learning in the branch to which the memoir pertains, and to be accepted for publication only in case the report of this commission is favorable. 4. The commission to be chosen by the officers of the Institution, and the name of the author, as far as practicable, concealed, unless a favorable decision be made. 5. The volumes of the memoirs to be exchanged for the transactions of literary and scientific societies, and copies to be given to all the colleges and principal libraries in this country. One part of the remaining copies may be offered for sale, and the other carefully preserved to form complete sets of the work to supply the demand from new institutions. 6. An abstract, or popular account, of the contents of these memoirs to be given to the public through the annual report of the Regents to Congress. I]. To tycrease KNowLeper.—It is also proposed to appropriate a portion of the imcome annually to special objects of research, under the direction of suitable persons. rly ~ - 1. The objects and the amount appropriated to be recommended by counsel- lors of the Institution. 2. Appropriations in different years to different objects, so that in course of time each branch of knowledge may receive a share. ADVERTISEMENT. Vv 3. The results obtained from these appropriations to be published, with the memoirs before mentioned, in the volumes of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge. 4. Examples of objects for which appropriations may be made: (1) System of extended meteorological observations for solving the problem of American storms. (2) Explorations in descriptive natural history, and geological, mathematical, and topographical surveys, to collect material for the formation of a physical atlas of the United States. (3) Solution of experimental problems, such as a new determination of the weight of the earth, of the velocity of electricity, and of light; chemical analyses of soils and plants; collection and publication of scientific facts, aceu- mulated in the offices of Government. (4) Institution of statistical inquiries with reference to physical, moral, and political subjects. (5) Historical researches and accurate surveys of places celebrated in American history. (6) Ethnological researches, particularly with reference to the different races of men in North America; also explorations and accurate surveys of the mounds and other remains of the ancient people of our country. I. To prreuse KNowLepGe.—/t is proposed to publish a series of reports, giving an account of the new discoveries in science, and of the changes made from year to year in all branches of knowledge not strictly professional. 1. Some of these reports may be published annually, others at longer intervals, as the income of the Institution or the changes in the branches of knowledge may indicate. 2. The reports are to be prepared by collaborators eminent in the different branches of knowledge. 3. Each collaborator to be furnished with the journals and publications, domestic and foreign, necessary to the compilation of his report; to be paid a certain sum for his labors, and to be named on the title-page of the report. 4. The reports to be published in separate parts, so that persons interested in a particular branch can procure the parts relating to it without purchasing the whole. 5. These reports may be presented to Congress for partial distribution, the remaining copies to be given to literary and scientific institutions and sold to individuals for a moderate price. VI ADVERTISEMENT. The following are some of the subjects which may be embraced in the reports: I. PHYSICAL CLASS. 1. Physies, including astronomy, natural philosophy, chemistry, and meteorol ory. 2. Natural history, including botany, zoology, veology, ete. 3. Agriculture. 4. Application of science to arts. Il. MORAL AND POLITICAL CLASS. 5. Ethnology, including particular history, comparative philology, antiq- uities, ete. 6. Statistics and political economy. 7. Mental and moral philosophy. 8. A survey of the political events of the world; penal reform, ete. Ill. LITERATURE AND THE FINE ARTS. 9. Modern literature. 10. The fine arts, and their application to the useful arts. 11. Bibliography. 12. Obituary notices of distinguished individuals. Il. To pirvuse KNowLepGr.—It is proposed to publish occasionally separate treatises on subjects of general interest. 1. These treatises may occasionally consist of valuable memoirs translated from foreign languages, or of articles prepared under the direction of the Institution, or procured by offering premiums for the best exposition of a viven subject. 2. The treatises to be submitted to a commission of competent judges previous to their publication. ADVERTISEMENT. VII DETAILS OF THE SECOND PART OF THE PLAN OF ORGANIZATION. This part contemplates the formation of a library, a museum, and a gallery of art. 1. To carry out the plan before described a library will be required consist- ing, first, of a complete collection of the transactions and proceedings of all the learned societies of the world; second, of the more important current periodical publications and other works necessary in preparing the periodical reports. 2. The Institution should make special collections particularly of objects to illustrate and verify its own publications; also a collection of instruments of research in all branches of experimental science. 3. With reference to the collection of books other than those mentioned above, catalogues of all the different libraries in the United States should be procured, in order that the valuable books first purchased may be such as are not to be found elsewhere in the United States. 4. Also catalogues of memoirs and of books in foreign libraries and other materials should be collected, for rendering the Institution a center of biblio- graphical knowledge, whence the student may be directed to any work which he may require. 5. It is believed that the collections in natural history will increase by donation as rapidly as the income of the Institution can make provision for their reception, and therefore it will seldom be necessary to purchase any article of this kind. 6. Attempts should be made to procure for the gallery of art casts of the most celebrated articles of ancient and modern sculpture. 7. The arts may be encouraged by providing a room, tree of expense, for the exhibition of the objects of the Art Union and other similar societies. 8. A small appropriation should annually be made for models of antiquities, such as those of the remains of ancient temples, ete. 9. The Secretary and his assistants, during the session of Congress, will be required to illustrate new discoveries in science and to exhibit new objects of art. Distinguished individuals should also be invited to give lectures on subjects of general interest. In accordance with the rules adopted in the programme of organization, the memoir in this volume has been favorably reported on by a commission appointed for its examination. — It is, however, impossible, in most cases, to verify the statements of an author, and therefore neither the commission nor the Institution can be responsible for more than the general character of a memoir. OFFICERS OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. GROVER CLEVELAND, PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES, EX OFFICIO PRESIDING OFFICER OF THE INSTITUTION, MELVILLE W. FULLER, CHIEF JUSTICE OF THE UNITED STATES SUPREME COURT, CHANCELLOR OF THE INSTITUTION. SAMUEL P. LANGLEY, SECRETARY OF THE INSTITUTION. G. BROWN GOODE, ASSISTANT SECRETARY. Vill MEMBERS EX OFFICIO OF Grover CLEVELAND ApbLAL EK. STEVENSON MenvitLe W. FULLER . RICHARD OLNEY JoHn G. CARLISLE DanieEL 8S. Lamont . Jupson Harmon . Winuiam L. WILson Hmary A. Herserr Hoke SMiItH J. SveRLING Morvon THE INSTITUTION. President of the United States. Vice-President of the United States Chief Justice of the United States. Secretary of State. Secretary of the Treasury. Secretary of War. Attorney-General. Postmaster-General. Secretary of the Navy. Secretary of the Interior. Secretary of Agriculture. Mextvitte W. FuLLER Apuat KE. STEVENSON J. S. Morritu S. M. CuLtom GEORGE GRAY JosEPH WHEELER . W. C. P. BreckinrwGe R. R. Hirt . J. B. Henprerson J. B. ANGELL Anpkew D. Wuire WituiaM Preston JOHNSTON GARDINER G. Husparp . x REGENTS. Chief Justice of the United States. Vice-President Member of the Member of the Member of the Member of the Member of the Member of the Citizen of Citizen of Citizen of Citizen of Citizen of of the United States. Senate of the United States. Senate of the United States. Senate of the United States. House of Representatives. House of Representatives. House of Representatives. Washington City. Michigan. New York. Louisiana. Washington City. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO KNOWLEDGE. 981 OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY, DEEP-SEA AND PELAGIC FISHES OF THE WORLD, BASED CHIEFLY UPON THE COLLECTIONS MADE BY THE STEAMERS BLAKE, ALBATROSS, AND FISH HAWK IN THE NORTHWESTERN ATLANTIC, WITH AN ATLAS CONTAINING 417 FIGURES. GEORGE BROWN GOODE, Ph. D., LL. D., Assistant Secretary Smithsonian Institution, in charge of U. S. National Museum, AND TARLETON: Hs BEAN, M., D.; Director of the New York Aquarium. CITY OF WASHINGTON: PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 1895. 7e ie pie, ive > @ eon vi eh COMMISSION TO WHOM THIS MEMOIR HAS BEEN REFERRED. THEODORE GILL. DAVID STARR JORDAN. EDWARD D. CopPpE. ADVERTISEMENT. The following memoir, by Doctors G. Brown Goode and Tarleton H. Bean, having been published at the joint expense of the Smithsonian fund and of the printing appropriation of the United States National Museum, two separate editions are issued, one forming a portion of the series of Smithsonian Contri- butions to Knowledge, and the other appearing as a special bulletin of the United States National Museum. In accordance with the rule adopted by the Smithsonian Institution, the work has been submitted for examination to a commission consisting of Doctors Theodore Gill, David S. Jordan, and Edward D. Cope, and having been recom- mended for publication by these gentlemen, it is herewith presented as a work of original research, illustrating more particularly the deep-sea and pelagic fishes of the world. S. P. Lanewey, Secretary. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington, July, 1895. OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY. PNG RODUC ETON: OuR purpose has been to present in OCEANIC ICHTHYOLOGY a discussion of all forms of fishes found in the seas of the world, both pelagic species and those occurring at depths greater than 500 feet, especial prominence being given to those species which are found in the Atlantic Ocean, most of which we have had opportunity to study. All oceanic fishes are included, partly because it is not yet possible to distinguish strictly between the two classes, and partly because the pelagic forms have, in part at least, been mentioned in the discussions by all previous writers on ‘“ deep-sea fishes.” 3y Oceanic fishes we mean those deep sea and pelagic species which dwell in the open ocean far from the shore, either at the surface, at the bottom, beyond a depth of 500 feet, or, if such fishes there be, the intermediate zones. Oceanic Ichthyology is that branch of ichthyology which is concerned with their study. Deep-sea fishes are those which are found at a depth of 1,000 feet or more, without reference to the question whether or not they also occur in shallower water. The limit of 500 feet is taken for convenience in the study of the origin of local deep-sea faunas. The limit of 100 fathoms is that ordinarily in use. The Reports of the Challenger class as “deep-sea deposits” all those below 100 fathoms depth. The zone between the litteral zone, and the bathybial zones, 500-1000 feet, is called the “hemibathy bial zone ” Pelagic fishes are those which live far from land and at a ‘distance from the bottom, rarely approaching the shore except when driven by wind or current. It is these which are most closely associated with the “Plankton,” and were included in it before the mean- ing of the term, as proposed by Hensen, was limited by Heckel. Some of these, which occur at considerable depths, we call “bathypelagic.” We can not claim that in the present memoir we have brought forward any conclusions which are new to science, though a great number of new facts are recorded. We hope, however, that we have succeeded in the attempt to bring the information which we have ourselves been able to obtain into proper relationship with the mass of similar knowledge already recorded, and that our descriptions are so accurate and full that the deterioration or loss of the material studied, much of which was in very fragmentary and precarious con- dition when it came to us, may not be entirely disastrous. We have tried to assemble all existing data about oceanic fishes and to arrange them in such a manner that they may be serviceable to naturalists in other.fields for comparison and study, as well as to ichthyolo- gists for ready reference, when at a distance from the rather extensive group of books which must now be consulted even for the casual identification of a deep-sea fish. We have also endeavored to sum up the conclusions reached by previous students before incorporating our own results with those of our predecessors.* Nortr.—I have in preparation and shall soon publish an extended study of the geographical distribution of deep-sea and pelagic fishes, and of the origin of the several bathybial fish faunas. G. Brown Goopr. IIL 1V INTRODUCTION. When this volume was begun, it was not intended to include so large a field within its scope, but unexpected delays have brought us to a time when there 1s an entire discontinu- ance of deep-sea work, and when the final ichthyological results of all past expeditions have been published. In 1885 Prof. Collett, of the University of Christiania, published a volume upon the fishes of the Norwegian North Sea Expedition. In 1887 Dr. Giinther, of the BHUsE AMES published his great work on “ The Deep-Sea Fishes of the Challenger Expedition”. In 1888 Dr. Vaillant, of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, reported upon the Deep-Sea Fishes of the Travailleur and Talisman Expedition, and in the same year Mr, Alexander Agassiz presented his admirable “Contributions to American Thalassography”, in which, for the first time, were presented in compact form the results of the ichthyological work of the Coast Survey and the Fish Commission. These four magnificent works, together with the various short papers since published by American and Scandinavian naturalists and by Mr. 8. Aleock upon the deep-sea fishes of India, relate to a group of animals concerning which, until recently, naturalists knew almost nothing. The study of oceanic ichthyology is still in its infancy and yet many very remarkable results have been obtained. Although not more than 600 (?) different kinds of fishes have been obtained from the depth of 1,000 feet and more, it would appear that a very good general idea of the character of the fauna has already been acquired. This is indicated by the fact that fishes are constantly being rediscovered in the most remote localities. A form obtained by Lowe in Madeira in 1876 was rediscovered by us off the New England coast in 1881, and by German naturalists in the Japanese Sea in 1879, by the Blake near 3arbadoes in 1880, and a year or two later off the coast of Soudan. Several previously known only from New Zealand have been obtained by the Fish Commission off the New England coast, and some of our own genera and species have lately been discovered in the Bay of Bengal. Although the capture of certain individual forms in widely remote localities in the oceanic abyss might be interpreted to mean that the field has been somewhat fully explored, and that it is now being gone over a second or third time, such an interpretation would be misleading. Our knowledge of abyssal life is still exceedingly imperfect. New species and genera are obtained every time the nets are lowered to the bottom in an untried spot. Very many forms have been taken in only one locality, and are represented in the museums by unique specimens, so that the ichthyologist has not material enough to enable him to study the structure of the organisms to which he has given a name. Then, too, the appliances for the capture of the fishes of any region, especially those which are believed to live suspended in the middle strata of mid-ocean, are so imperfect, and the like- lihood is great that there are many forms so organized that they can not well be taken by small slow-moving nets, that naturalists will surely fall into error if they suppose themselves in possession of anything like an adequate equipment for a final study of the subject. It seems probable that there are many inhabitants of the depths whieh are too swift, too wary and cunning, or too large thus to be taken. It cannot be doubted, for example, that somewhere in the sea,at an unknown distance below the surface, there are living certain fish-like animals, unknown to science and of great size, which come occasionally to the surface and give a foundation to such stories as those of the sea serpent. To appreciate the meager extent of our knowledge of what is going on in mid-ocean it is only necessary to think of such a fish as Chiasmodon and its history. Chiasmodon is one of those grotesque looking pelagic fishes with yawning, flexible jaws and a vastly distensible stomach, which is able to engorge other fishes equal, or more than equal, in size to itself. This practice is naturally attended by disaster, and the Chiasmodon, in the event of death, is brought to the surface by the expansion of the gases in its tissues. Such accidents evidently happen very often. The chances were few, nevertheless, that waifs of this kind should fall into the hands of naturalists, and yet within forty years Chiasmodon INTRODUCTION. Vv has occurred five times. On the other hand, Chiasmodon, although so abundant, has only once been taken by the deep-sea nets. Another ocean dweller which the exploring ships have not yet discovered is Regalecus, or the “Oar-fish,” a serpent shaped, rapidly swimming form, usually from 15 to 24 feet in length, which occasionally is stranded on the shore in the stormy season. Within the past one hundred and fifty years individuals have visited the shores of Nor- way, Finmark, the Faroe Islands, Scotland, Ireland, England, Mediterranean, France, Bermuda, the Cape of Good Hope, Hindustan, and New Zealand. Giinther gives a list of 44 seen by naturalists, and this is of course but an insignificant part of those which have actually been stranded. Its world-wide distribution and the number of waifs give evidence that it is abundant in mid-ocean, yet the exploring ships in all the years of their combined searchings have found no vestiges of it, old or young. Many similar cases might be cited, but our object is simply to call attention to the great necessity for further exploration of the depths. The distinctions between the inhabitants of deep water, those of the middle depths, and those of the surface strata of mid-ocean are not yet absolutely fixed. Such are the imperfections in the methods of trawling and dredging that the naturalist, when he has sorted out the fishes from his nets after a haul in mid-ocean, is often in doubt as to where his captures have been made. If he has taken a flounder from a haul of 800 fathoms, or finds a macrurid, a brotulid, a stomiatid, a synodontid, or a nemichthyid in a net which has been below the 2,000-fathom line, he feels reasonably sure that he has brought it up from the bottom. But who shall say where Argyropelecus, Sternoptyx, Myctophum, having allies among the pelagic fishes in the same net, have come from? It may be from the bottom, or they may have become entangled in the meshes of the trawl when but a few fathoms from the surface, coming up or going down. The recent investigations of Mr. Agassiz in the Pacific, with the Tanner net, seem to show pretty conclusively that there are but few living forms below a depth of 1,800 or 2,000 feet and that the Myctophide stay for the most part, if not entirely, between that depth and the surface. It is possible to draw inferences from the experiments in regard to many forms which, like the Myctophida, are known frequently to occur swimming at the surface at night, but there are also doubtful cases, like Bathyophis, Rhodichthys, Microstoma, and many others, which need further consideration. Another great need is for more, and more perfect, material. Fully one-half of the deep- sea forms are now represented only by single specimens, and many important anatomical questions can not be solved, because these uniques may not be sacrificed to dissection. Half of the families of Malacopterygians mentioned in this report can not be assigned to their proper places, because their skeletons have not been fully examined. Besides this, the imperfection of the existing specimens is a great drawback. The material is of a kind which it is peculiarly difficult to study. Not only are the forms strange and difficult to assign to their proper taxonomic relationships, but, owing to the soft, cavernous skeletons, and the flabby muscles, tender skins, deciduous scales, and fragile appendages which are characteristic of many of them, they are very liable to injury. After these delicate animals have been drawn up from a depth of 2 or 5 miles in rough nets, they are, as might be expected, in a very dilapidated condition. It has often been found neces- sary to examine a score of more of individuals, in order to be able to appreciate characters which could commonly be made out from a single specimen. The studies which have led to the writing of this book were begun in the summer of 1877, when the first deep-sea fishes were caught by American nets on the coast of North America. This took place in the Gulf of Maine, 44 miles east of Cape Ann, on the 19th of August, when from the side of the U.S. Fish Commission steamer Speedivell the trawl net was cast in 160 fathoms of water. The writers were both standing by the mouth of the net when, as the seaman lifted the end of the bag, two strange forms fell out on the deck. A single glance was enough to tell us that they were new to our fauna, and probably unknown to science. They seemed like visitors from another world, and none of the strange forms VI INTRODUCTION. which have since passed through our laboratory have brought half as much interest and enthusiasm. Macrurus Bairdii and Lycodes Verrillii were simply new species of well- known deep-dwelling genera, and have since been found to be very abundant on the con- tinental slope, but they were among the first fruits of that great harvest in the field of oceanic ichthyology which we have had the pleasure of helping to garner in the fifteen years which have passed since that happy and eventful morning. It seems incredible that ‘American naturalists should not then have known that a few miles away there was a fauna as unlike that of our coast as could be found in the Indian Ocean or the seas of China. It should be remembered that although the Challenger has been back more than a year from her long cruise, her treasures were as yet undescribed, and that no dne knew what a marvelous wealth of material she had gathered except the naturalists on board. Even they can scarcely have expected that year after year the great quarto volumes of these final reports would continue to be printed, until to-day there are forty of them—the magnificent outcome of the most liberally equipped exploring expedition ever sent out by any nation. Oceanic ichthyology was as yet unborn. A year later Dr. Giinther began to publish the preliminary descriptions of the Chat- lenger fishes in the London Annals and Magazine of Natural History, and a new interest was added to the study of ichthyology. From that time until now we have never been without a wealth of attractive oceanic material for study, and the genera and species announced by us from the western Atlantic have been more in number than those brought back by the Challenger, yet the discoveries made in those earliest years have always seemed the most interesting. It may be asked how it happened that no deep-sea fishes had been taken by the Coast Survey vessels which began dredging in 1867, or by those of the Fish Commission which began in 1871. The answer is a simple one. The Fish Commission vessels were small, and did not venture ovtside of the hundred-fathom line until 1877, and the Coast Survey in those days collected with the dredge only. When Mr. Agassiz took charge of the bio- logical work of the Coast Survey, in 1877, he introduced the trawl net, and began to collect fishes, but these did not come into our hands until 1883, The nets were not really per- fected until 1883, when the Albatross and the Travailleur began their cruises. In 1878 the headquarters of the Fish Commission was at Gloucester, and we began to receive from the Cape Ann fishermen deep-sea forms taken by them on the off-shore banks. In this way came our Haloporphyrus viola and Lycodes paxillus, brought by Capt. J. W. Collins, then of the halibut schooner Marion and since well-known by his writings upon the fisheries; our Argentina syrtensium, G, & B., (since identified with A. silus of Europe); Lycodes Vahlii, a Greenland form, brought by Capt. Hawkins, of the schooner Gwendolen; Anarrhichas latifrons, Alepidosaurus ferox, Alepocephalus Bairdii, G. & B.; Synaphobranchus pinnatus, Simenchelys parasiticus, Gill; Chimera plumbea, Gill (=affinis, Boe. & Cap.); Cen- troscyllium Fabricii and Centroscymnus coelolepis, Echiostoma barbatum, Chauliodus Sloanei, Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, Macrurus rupestris, Lopholatilus chameleonticeps, G. & B.—all received in time to be catalogued in our Fishes of Essex County, Massachusetts, published in 1879, together with Phycis Chesteri, G. & B., and Eumicrotremus spinosus, obtained in the same year by the Fish Commission vessels. In 1880 the Fish Commission began its explorations of the Gulf Stream off the south coast of New England. Dr. Bean was on the Pacific coast and the following were described by Dr. Goode: Monolene sessilicauda, Citharichthys arctifrons, C. unicornis, Thyris pellucidus, Hypsicometes gobioides, Peristedium miniatum, Maerurus carminatus, Halieutea senticosa, Limanda Beanii, Amitra liparina, Cottunculus torvus, Setarches parmatus, Chlorophthalmus chalybeius, Notacanthus phasganorus, Monolene, Hypsicometes, and Amitra being new genera, and Mancalias wranoscopus, Chaunax pictus, and Cottunculus Thomsoni were added to the fauna. Apogon pandionis and Benthodesmus elongatus were found in the same year. In 1881 we undertook, at the request of Prof. Baird and Mr, Agassiz, to produce a work upon the fishes of the Coast Survey and the Fish Commission together, and discon- INTRODUCTION. Vil tinued the publication of preliminary descriptions, it being our hope to print a final memoir upon them without much delay. It was not until 1891, however, that we were able to complete our studies, the illness and death of Prof. Baird having interrupted the work and thrown upon each of us new responsibilities which left little time at our command. We had, however, prepared for Mr. Agassiz preliminary reports upon the deep-sea fishes of the Blake, taken in 1880 (published in 1883), and upon those taken in 1878 and 1879 (pub- lished in 1886), and had also furnished the notes upon the fishes for his general work, Three Cruises of the Blake. Besides the Blake fishes of 1878~79~80, we continued to receive those from the Albatross until that vessel passed into the Pacifie in 1888. Her more recent collec- tions are being worked up by Prof. C. H. Gilbert and by Dr. Bean, who is studying those of the Alaskan seas, and by Mr. Garman, who is reporting upon those obtained off the west coast of Central America, partly made under the direction of Mr. Agassiz in 1891. The work, as it now appears, is in many respects very unsatisfactory to its authors. It has been written at odd hours suatched from administrative duties, too often in the very midst of them—always under the pressure of haste, and always with the feeling of impa- tience that more exhaustive studies could not be made. Later, serious illness delayed its printing. As first planned it was to include only the oceanic fishes of the east coast of North America, but it gradually expanded to embrace all those species of the Atlantic Basin and all the oceanic genera of the world. It was first ready for the press in 1885, then revised and rewritten in 1888, then again in 1891, and again in 1894 as it was going through the press. The appearance of Giinther’s final reports upon the Challenger fishes, 1887, of Vaillant’s upon those of the Travailleur in 1888, of Alcock’s Investigator papers in 1889-1892, of Col- lett’s Hirondelle notes in 1889, have each, in their turn, caused much revision and rewrit- ing, and the appearance of Liitken’s Spolia Atlantica, Part 11, printed in 1892, has made it necessary to reset a number of pages. In its present form it stands as a compendium and summary of existing knowledge in regard to Oceanic Ichthyology. No one knows when there will be opportunity for its further study. There are no expeditions and there seems to be no prospect for new ones. Even the Albatross, built by the United States expressly for this service, is diverted to police duty about the Seal Islands. Public interest is sated by the crude preliminary results already obtained. The scien- tific world knows that the knowledge of to-day, in all branches of thalassographic work, is incomplete and rudimentary in the extreme, and that, with the experience now acquired, the results of future exploration will be immensely greater. We can only hope for a renaissance in this field. In making acknowledgments to those who have aided in this work, we think first of our dear friend, the late Prof. Baird, of the pains with which he provided every facility, and of the interest with which, twice a day, when studies were in progress, he came to the laboratory to talk over the discoveries and discuss them, To his successor as Commissioner of Fisheries, Col. MeDonald, we owe the granting of every request we have made, and our requests have been many. To Mr. Alexander Agassiz we are likewise indebted for cour- tesies many and great, not the least of which is the patience with which he has waited ten years for a report which was promised in three. To Prof. Theodore Gill we otfer our thanks for counsel and information, lavishly and ungrudgingly bestowed, out of the fullness of his ichthyological wisdom. To Commander Z. L. Tanner, U.S. N., in command of the Albatross, and Mr. J. E. Benedict, naturalist of the ship, much is due for the manner in which the collections were gathered and preserved. To Dr. Giinther we owe inspiration and kindly advice; to Dr. Sauvage, of the Museum of Natural History in Paris, to Dr. Liitken, to Prof. Collett and to Dr. Alcock, to Dr. Hilgendorf, President Jordan, and Mr. Garman, frequent letters and the use of specimens; to Prof. Giglioli, the use of his matchless collection of Italian vertebrates, among which were the fishes collected by the steamer Washington in the Mediterranean. Capt. H. T. Brian, of the Government Vill INTRODUCTION. Printing Office, has also aided materially in the work by his advice. Mr. Barton A. Bean has aided in the handling of the collections and illustrations and measurement of speci- meus, and Mr. J. L. Willige has rendered useful service in the preparation of the tables of locality and distribution and in proof reading. Only twenty years ago the fish fauna of the deep sea was represented in collections by forty or fifty specimens, representing not more than twenty species at the most—acci- dental waifs picked up at the surface or cast ashore by the waves—‘“like the few stray bodies of strange red men which tradition reports to have been washed on the shores of the Old World before the discovery of the New, and which served to indicate the existence of unexplored realms inhabited by unknown races, but not to supply information about their character, habits, and history.” ! If the coming twenty years shall produce one-tenth so much in the way of discovery in the life of the deep seas, it will be more than it now seems reasonable to expect. G. BROWN GOODE. TARLETON H. BEAN. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION, Washington City, April 1, 1895. ‘ Edward Forbes. ABE EVOR ‘CONTENTS: Names of genera and species. Plate and figure. Page. Re aero see ge iets aise ein spars tialsiaie nits siciotas cis eiarefarewrsioRactlcas eai(eods cb ecient seine Ili IX Lisr or THE NEW GENERA AND SPECIES WITH ETYMOLOGIES ...---. | XXXI Selene ete ee ateelay bet late elic' ov ateeyeVa/alatalalcre’s sie isiajale eetersiaajs © cigs avaiaee tare | I* MARSIPOBRANCHIL, HYPEROTRETA: Myxinidee— Myxine, L.— | Mpg RtINOSA line oscins- secon ee ses seasse sess sees ooeeee cesses | yd 2 AUSUALIS Th ONVNGt tase en Sor sceso eas sce senicas Hoeciastenzce es | 1,2 3 HYPEROARTIA: | Petromyzontidwe— | | Petromyzon, Artedi— EIT TOS lero ee aa fos ne Ne caps bone close cco Gas masleecoesiccasegedscsiwes 4 Bathymyzon, Gill— Besbalrdit Gills sejom 21 cteiascleiawistttectee «eis os ce's eos oSecS ose ssnssc|seccteccincsosicisecsce 4 ELASMOBRANCHII. TECTOSPONDYLI: | Scymnorhinida— | Scymnorhinus, Cuv.— SpliChi a -PDONUsAt et ea here sae sa ae ae oe cies ates eRe sles OniSe. nies | aoe seeks ecictas oases | ic Somniosus, Le §.— Sumicroceplalus! ((Schnt)i- 0c 2osejsc Sec oa. 2 eee e eo Sense ce III, 8 a LOSULAE INA RISSO) poet oe eae oe ae ee scersoee oon ew sen eno ses ettoas soee ew ccenere 8 Echinorhinus, Bl.— PESPINOSUSN GIMNwe ese yee cee esc cast Sete sce eceie les ees 2's Lo '9:) 8 Etmopterida— Etmopterus, Raf.— PES DIN Kop ete memes watts Seca te rere eens oe cea eepstcreia aoyoe S Ved 10 PuUswllus (Lowe) sce ance. oe so aoe acl siete iea se saree wise aa 11,5 10 PTANMLOSUS4 GL Teese eee son Sec eels ca) og a Salo a oe sata arena nc ee 10 Paracentroscyllium, Ale.— MOLT GUIN PA | Open Sates ee aa ars are nee ain chs PCA, eee | neebing sania gaccer aens 507 Centroscyllium, M. & H.— Ciehabricil (Rb) S2ccenoc es cases ae eee ce ceee Sees ee = UD, 11 granulatamy Gton ses es = eee eee ace ee ere relertet en pewecscmeicre sae 11 Scymnodon, B. & C.— | PwecIN Fens gb Oe Ons sna ae eo eee e aneee sates Se eerie oe Sees IV, 12 11 Centrophorus, M. & H.— CRU AtUS ys (Rat) pe eee ee esas nace Seen es ele core tae ardiae sein ines III, 11 12 WEIEANICUS Esa er Olsson ee en een eo siete Sieiers See elt aida aeslaeinauiecec mcs 12 Crepidateri bran Cpe se scorer ne ane see nae Senne se once e s| Sesame cists seecces 13 SQUAMOSUSS GIN Ola sass see ciee sete eee teenie seen sonemas een = oe ate sci 13 Dae ri CL OWNSON) tee see eee ee ee eee ens a eh tac eee creanis iets 13 GaLCOUS HO WOlnee = sete n ae nee yae pees eee nee mate en ae oie cl aia ee ciclomina co cteinns 14 SQuamulosus: Gihtecee a. sce see ee cee nce ee see mie eines! | om cnc elem wieiasl\areas 508 HOLA COUSTO tT ee ee ee eee ice. oe eee eee ete eters oysters ainetnie et ciclewiets terse 508 Centroscymnus, B. & C.— WAC OBlOlE ISM ae Greer eters case oa oie a, aia ate ra aera cia eet IV, 13 14, 508 MNSORETOS A, eondoo Seaco ose oe ae SES Se SAAR R GORE Cg REC eS ASSO Seen mere cree 15 Oxynotus, Raf.— OMCom trina (as) yee steteecs sas ewes asiere sic ota tere fe seis = slates wie = = VI, 21 15 ASTEROSPONDYLI: Seylliorhinide#— Scyliorhinus, Bl.— SHTevi fers Garman eeese tesa etc ctseee ee cscs kee ccs cess. IV, 14, 15 16, 508 PLOLUNG OLU MI Gees Bee ane eer eee cect mistareta ate iatate nomic V, 16 17 IS HICUS AUG Meee ee noe eee epee e Sonicee eaten seas: | anacheseictacaaiaaete = 508 CANERCOD Sn Gull Pare ste ec cie ee cere cine insie es siieleisea tls wersiniainwiel win Solves hi aiaime ison ayenere 508 Galeidwx— Mustelus— Mephinnil newb laesnas erie cree eens see cee eee scicem= soe cine Pseudotriacis, Capello— PAMICrOCOn Ca pollowsncrte seme cites setae erie siett aye cei omc’ V,17 18, 508 Pristiurus, Bon.— ea MOlasbomMus; (RAL. )jaccererciee cc cses< ocinic/-ces ae ve s-~se cleo es III, 10 20, 508 QbantiCns Vetere ace sees cee ene see aecincaeow oni cama VI, 20 21 x: TABLE OF CONTENTS. Names of genera and species. Plate and figure. Page. ASTEROSPONDYLI—Continued, Alopiidie— Alopias— A WWI POR ie carcass ate ners see n= seeee «anne st tem oleh eis alnsonme Carchariidiae— Carcharias— Cerlancise ime nseee one mann eae leans sence ea cee encima maine Cetorhinide— Cetorhinus, Bl.— : Gemiasximus) Gunner s-ettes seen ose oe sense eleeiee age a Vig 21 OPISTHARTHRI: Chlamydoselachida— Chlamydoselachus, Garman— C. angnineus, Garman ..----- - Co eee es Me ee a alee ane VI, 22 22, 508 Rate: Raiide— Raia, L.— Read aia, WON Saas cee eect eas sacs oe enn einiaiesteiescieisie c= = sae IX, 27 25 AOE G yIe , CaTIN RNs aia ee ee ae na atte aleitetae iece = aete are VII, 23 25 Ackileyi; ornata, Garman’. -\ 255-2 2--~ Jet - = Sele 2 ee oo e nnn will =~ ale) nical ale oie eet 26 Pluvoniay Garman 252 eee cscs sees VII, 26 27 Circularis: Couch sss socks csc ce seen ce casecescseecee=s| VIII, 25 27, 508 SLINACA MMULCCNU oe en semel ce some yise ete ee ce ciesis seats ceecr jac eas oe meee ateert 28 Inyperbores, Collett. soe. - soe so. ot len senna tee IX, 28 28, 509 eayase Mito b Tse oe ee SS Bo ose ee neseyns IX, 29 28 OTANUIAA Queene peek case he eae eee seen ee eae IX, 30 29 Da big alee ene eee nets comes oe tes oe ee econ ee ee wa Sul sea ete Ste tee eterna 29, 509 fallonica wy ete se cies cs ce Sone ok ood cee iee s CEE ee Ce eee ee eee eee ees 29, 509 WOMEDHEIIOS feos cone seco s soo ec ae ote Stace eee ea Seren ee ree eee eret ees 29, 509 MIdTOSienBIS \COllettice os occe esse moc eewe Sees Soa oe eee eal see eee nee Cee 29, 590 mamillidens; Ales oe 2: esse oreee seen cas 6 reese esas ecco eee | See see eee eee 508 Tsotrachys, Gtr oe <8 Sos asa eee ooh sees sat eeSae ee ee eos eee ee eee 508 hinteay Priestess. 32 eee tone coe eees aaceee eee ers coe e eee | eee 508 flogsada, RISSOs 52 ace dee ction ceca eeeicae as Het cele sete | Rosman ae eee ONG eee eee he Re Te er cet yen. See noe IR seisoeseseeeeee 508 Mleubica ers sass hse ase a Soe ws one bjs Eco wee Soe Cebu a oer | Se pee eRe eee 508 UTC en ey ae eh ee ge | eA eo: 509 BDV SSIC OLR en ae wee ae er ele Sete cine Semele eae ee eens i sae deaso eee 509 Trygonidae— Wrolophusikaranus)s osc. oe. so cicee oe econ cask Saco oa coo eh eee s] eee eee 509 Godelier taeetines Ses toa eect ent hae ge tee See beac ee ee 509 HOLOCEPHALI: Chimeride— Chimera, L.— GO MONS Osa Wess seis ee os ce kes Seas ces aome eee se eee X, 31 31,509 SERIO WC ANGLIOM eee ee sere ae ie a. te See ye X, 32-35 31, 509 Callorhynchus, (Gronoy.)— e Grantarciicus | (Uach)senesan tessa 5 cose se ae ao eae eee X, 36 32 Hydrolagus, Gill— : Hes Colliein (BenUeth) peste oa Secs ae a ee eee ee ee eye 39 Harriotta, G. & B.— paler phan ay Ga ote ose See cen aca eke coe See eeeees XI, 37-40 33 MALACOPTERYGU: : Alepocephalidiae— Slepocepnalye, Risso— PRLOSULAGUS RUINS Omisisistociales cisieclac caiceioncaveteciocce coer nee x IAPABBLZIIN QenQoE Da: Sac ee see heen es he Sinn eee cn ie He productus, Gill XIII, 46 37 iver VGuar eee ee ae Co ee Oe nie, XIV 52 38 Bairdii, G. & B XIII 47 38, 510 Blamtoriu eal Geese > aes oe eo Pee ene | ee oe 36, 509 BicolarpAlo ee conor sa et eae Oo I oe 36, 509 Onentulus Ales <6, seek sive: Wenig tet Coy oil aero ae aye 36, 510 Lorie Drop n ees wes Se a SO EAT as sa Oe tle al ete as hr [eee ae aaa 510 ConA G. & B.— > eee Ge Macon aldin Gerd, Bie eee ae ee ee X s MACLOPLCLA (Vii) Gener: naman e co anne ane oo Nee nee Sin ce 33 Bathytroctes, Gthr.— z B. macrolepis, Gthr. XII, 44 41 BUGMMRAR CRED ere tne ae te ee eth Foe Oe Ie tes | en oes : 510 LORELEI Lio. coe nears eh ee salem ee SL at oy pe UR) 1) So en AL MMIGLOLA DIG yy (RENN pease eee een eee, Mie Foe cc se eee 42,510 melinocophaluamVipessccd os ie oe ed, ce | 0 eee eee a 43 mttritus; | Wesens sae baeca ns Shoe bo rien ne. bee © eee en 45 AGU AMUBURALCHAe me 08 an See Mae) ee ee oe | ee eee 5 aliamaaia, G. & ne went te ee ee eee eee e eee eee 40, 510 BU LOMO DLONAN (AVic) Kee ya see aaa ae Se de 43 ANCL My GerOe eB an a oe en/na tee XIV, 49° 44 POUMtOLis CMe Eas tees Mie cea Fay Ae XIV, 50 44 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XI Names of genera and species. Plate and figure. Page. MaLacoPpTeRYGi—Continued. Alepocephalidee—Continued. Narcetes, Ale.— INMSrernilas WAC Meee te Seen easier = arlene nos ee sons s aoe esos 2 45, 510 Platytroetes, Gthr.— | pea pus Genres reese n= eases ne ate os KV, 53 16 Xenodermichthys, Gthr.— | Ne Od IOSUSNGUNTe arto s cna ears oe a Sanci 2-222 - | XVI, 57 46, 510 Aleposomus, Gill— INO Conein Gillies sane erire- ee = = 2 a me slewin nono s oars RLV; OL 47 Bota ste) NOs Ga) os. veaS acne 222=beatasnes eet >= XVI, 58 | 18 Ginthoris (Ales), G. Ge Bes... soenine = ca siaecwmeinine ces mescee [ees cms eeeser ccc ocs {8 Leptoderma, V.— | Idea CropssVise=se oe ease = ==" oi sie see ra sre eoine XYV,06 49 Anomalopterus, V.— ING pinculss Verte sees sa setae 42-r annem neen22 Ses XV, 54 49 Aulastomatomorpha, Ale.— A. phosphorops, Ale -------------------2--+--+0 reco rrrc rte XV, 55: | 50, 510 Pterothrissidxe (= Bathythrissidw, Gthr.)— Pterothrissus, Hilg.— TE Fea) SI Tse toc RACE a lao a eR 51 Argentinidie— Argentina, Art.— Wap liyrena, lite ee as -eis22 2 os ~ ese ee noe een se efron oe a” 51 BildaMiC ASG) NUS anne cami -lo- ~~ aie nae XVII, 61 52 BUT Ata Grier Dees sae 222 se~ on ~<2e5 227 | XVIII, 69 | 51 Bathysaurus, Gthr.— | B. ferox, Gthr. (=B. Agassizii, G. & B.)------------+-------+- XVIII, 65, 66 58, 510 PAGING Lie: Sete sc tans soe sateen <2 gece onc: Re ee one 59 obtusiristris (Vaillant) .--...-------------------+2 errr treee Oe eer eetes=. \ 510 Harpodon, Les.— | H. TIEVOHGYS WC CNU TDR ae Sean Sec eee oenae ere coca XVI, 60 59 eae ee 59, 510 | EqUAMOSUS PAN CEE. s 8822 -- cmos no so arene ere eG) oe Anlopidie— Chlorophthalmus, Bon.— | | (MpNoassizil Bones. 2 aeoc ace sece 2 <2 me gs XIX, 70 60 chaly beius, GOO Ome ins eee ies ewe mee ene see sages see | XIX, Th 60, 510 producuue¢Gthtaann2-2.2--<- 9-20 2=2em ecm e een ssn ee SS | Rod oi eer S Sone aces 61 Mimtipinnis: thn ses: <6 s = <== 2-2 2a cin eee eee fees Peal tons <6 =e 61 truculentus, G.& B ....---..--------- 22-2 222-52 n errr | UM 2 61 prmerlin Gling =e 8 wne neers =e e nee ee ere a tn 511 eT, A ee ae ae SIC oS cr Sa ere na te dll Benthosaurida— Benthosaurus, G. & B.— Buprallators Get: Bae ses ) G. d&& Bic. 22222 2b Fs soe SoS oe oe oe eee 72 bimboldtin(Riss0)es--<2 dec... teen nce dee cee oes. tees XXII, 82 73 pracile,(titken), (Gide, B a2. ososj nasa sateen eee \p- so =a eee 74 Benoitinn(Gocco) GG. Ge Bissece secs sac cece ce esse eeeaee eas XXII, 83 74 Reinhardtii, (Liitken)...........-. Sovs baksedseticens oc se0|'=- see eee Eee 74 memiger;:G.d Bees. oo see ye See eee eee ees XXIT, 84 7d Hygomii)(Liitken), G.(& Bi: -5.. 2222... - sees soe ee 2 Soe eee via) Weranyis (Morea): 5- tenes. 2c sk ae eee ee eee es 7 Heiderls (Stalling) 2s. s.. Sossenn enacts aoe ene ee 77 PLELOUNS pe ete ese seats 511 @aliformiense rs. a. see ye seein ee see ae eee ae 511 BLCUIGU MN eRe tape Mien seer a aeie ah meee Ree ok tare oe d11 POW MBON GS sxe ee ee Soe le hoe ee eee ee ee 512 Benthosema, G. & B,— BuMulleria(Gmel. NG. Been eet coe ae 76 areticum, (Liitken), G. & B 78 Colletti (iittken)sG.i& Bite ee ee eee 78 Lampanyetus, Bon.— nt crocodilus,s(Risso).. Gade 1B) a-- cence oe en an ee ee XXIII, 86 79 alatusiGsGBh is = seu eie s Shoes ics coemapriaal XXIV, 92 79 Glin tori Gace hae air oy ge te ca | XXIV, 90 79 Warming) (Liitken),(G*éiBics- 2 eco ses re 80.512 PommMitern Goce reser ee ee oe eee ae ee eee XXIII, 88 80 Gemollarii,"(Cosco)s\G. daBi tits s2 ao eo en Ben a XXIII, 87 80 cmrmlens; (Kluns); (Gs Buetee. con a ses es a a 81 lacontanGedctBs.- ts eee eee nk Seegek ieee ek oa XXIV, 89 81 Ceratoscopelus, Gthr.— : CSmaderensig\(Mowe)in22.)c resplendens, (Richardson) .---2- -- 2-2 eets eee eee XXV, 94 83 Guercinuss Gs GiB eres 8 ori as PIR me a ae XXVI 97 83, 512 Marg anititerne | Ga Goel oes oy een ee ane eS XXVL98 "84 eee, GOS GAB ee ee a A een SI XXV, 95 84 caudispinosus, (Johnson) ..............-...-...-- XXV, 96° Lampadena, G. & Be TS Rs ee aan ae x PBN SENT Senay Gk Gc ence kee ec. a ee ee XXVI, 99 85 PY TSODOla tenes eee nO ig, BI ees ah eam : 512 ethoprorastGs& Bi SG es ara , A. metopoclampa, (Cocco), G. & B....-...........- XXVILI 101 86 MBG 88 eons ee ee o settee XXVIT, 102 87 pital Fens Gag Bese s ness oe eee en eae vx Colletta GuGaBe rel ci. so, he ci oan eae ee SES ot C. Rafinesquei, (Cocco), G. & B................... XV NOCH TNA (HOS Y In TenicR Ee oo iee ho Saree euinae een cind SVE OF ae Diewiius, Wigenmann— jE ST a ere ; Jeeta Mig eNMANN os-2 vent esse ee ae engraulis, (Gthr.), Eigenmann............................. i ee en coeruleus, Klanzinger: 322... iss. 2s kn, de 512 Tarletonbeania, Eigenmann-— : ee Oe aioe r. poe ee camann) Fae ee oe ee ee Se ee XXVIII, 105 89 Rec ace neue; Tatitken— <1) = ole R. Coccoi, (Cocco), G. & B....-....--...--.. vx Reese (Utica), GAGES ee sod ie Oe ne eee ea 90 raros, (Dbittken),\G..é Bi.......22....) oa 6s eee 91, 512 antarchicus( (2 v2.80 ace elas becca ne ba nl eee 519 Ee letrons, Qi Bi aa a ae ala ia i. Rissoi, (Cocco), G. & B............ 7 Dasyscopelus, i hadi ss a eee | eee of J. asper, (Richardson)........................... VX spinosus, (Steindachner) .................................. eae 99 eilbasper, (Gthr-)\s< 222. 2-250 -0-2.6s-2oce ico snlaikl on ee 92 Neoscopelus, Johns.— N. macrolepidotus, Johns. .........-..-----.-2-2--e2---- XXIX, 108, 109 | 93, 512 ace Ad A a TABLE OF CONTENTS. XIII Page. Names of genera and species. | Plate and figure. ee = MALACOPTERYGI—Continued. Myctophidwe—Continued. Scopelengys, Ale.— RURULISUIO WAN Ceemee ene: ae ee nce aoa ee Ronee Sets sec bene seen inc suiceneneesccioses Nannobrachium, Gthr.— Nesiinc Won adi Qner s.- 0-22 conse Sen wcn es See Scena anaese oe XXIX, 110 Scopelosaunusmigrum WON Ts sae ssa secne se anes cia deincpealae soe daewe saces oes NEUCOPEALUM sss oe ence cee ene cms shies ew ssesetfeccscvencscececcoses| Manurolicide— Ichthyococeus, Bon. (= Coccia, Gthr.)\— TMG VALUS (COGS) BON. se see Saas snes secs ces case cs.d00% Rk 13 SO DISGHOPLOCUS Vee eR ere. ne slates ton Secs cssdes cate |opcae ta racks sadse ees GRRO LOAN tee eae ee cece acon ae tobe sees est geue Se cc| snes Saee » cteb eeieectone | Maurolicus, Cocco— MERDOLOALINM NTIS: ) 5 CruDIS cmc nes afc oceans oe ctesie ws Sacies sass ROE 111. AMGEN YS tN O PUNCHING; |COCCO aac nic wcc cciente so nio nisin emieccin|enebesieeenes sacs Sac BO WiGLie nC OGCO mee ee ete ete oes oreo ape ciee ees ten |Senc Ores «cece deen s GTN ORG Le ese ea = eles ats ain nfo nica = wie sos a16 iat ok ale Sie Siete Cine e le ecw s see ee ce cs soni PLUS UR AIS eel CCHOL aes” teas cette ne ee oc eGo wee Se ecles os te eciccc wake ne MUN GI SOLE este) ehcp Mi peet = Ieee Sete |S anit wil ccine Soe Ses sam| ness ten weed Gacaucs Mabini Anan (GOCCO) muesGc Haken oss .ee cs iat cece se enes coelooee wn meee aedccces Malonclonolliss yew eee See oem sen we at ceo wes onaG eecialler camn'oawabamaeeeacd VeRUTIPUN GLU AbUS eee teeta ce cwicesisineee Rate: eos oer cee oe oe ce eo se:e eee cicet ese XXXI, 116 RGVIUGUS MIO oe acts son a ean s mote nisi eel, nicie cere ae sale XXXI, 117 Cyclothone, G. & B. C. microdon, (Gthr.), G. & B. (=C. lusea, G. & B.)...-.....--- XXX, J14 Dai bhryj oll aes Viel Gre tke, eo ee = ice hen oe ciel tale aintotete calaies cele XXXIJ, 118 QUACTIOCULALUM save ut ecient wet te. Safes atere a cisteee soso ce cena leaen Se eecaae taeest elongata (Gthr.), G. & B. (= Sigmops stigmaticus, Gill) - et XXXII, 119 OT AC IAS Cb nese ayo Nassim dels Zis'o az cmelcie's ins ecicieinc == Jopeest ackeencncestne Bonapartia, G. & B.— | BCU AO ta MGs ase te Naa te Aare Sete. cs occlesscieeeeisetesactes | XXXII, 120 Yarrella, G. & B.— NaBlackfordit Gave boats oeletertet Ser sola sieelats s/o Sted emas. cece ee | MEX 121 Diplophos, Gthr.— DRE PSE cee rn ee oy Cu eye ee eee icra yar aR Ne ota ote wi fare ata s erates = MXXDV, 126 DACULCUS eG UNL ae eaten ayn some ttat see = Se nace ey a see Jae woh eee ee avi ce Photichthys, Hutton— Ar SOMCOUS EDU ULOM see iiae waieete afoot aes sa eee ser emotes sae XXXII, 122 Manducus, G. & B.— Momaderensis.(Jolns:) > Gs 6 Bic ass 22 Sccfectscs oc sdec cs sacs) sceee cen cscs clebc age | Astronesthidiwe— ° Astronesthes, Rich.— PAGETT OC ONS ULC DiNeostee ear am aera em iay= acne hie ein ar Se = wine wavele lo =e = XXXII, 123 SY OUI IDULO Tel Orn SN eee = Cleese eae a anaee ee ane cenit XXXIII, 124 TCH ATC. SO TU OO Vise alan eee ala nla clase ie ale oo einer Aiea yata a XXXITI, 125 | Stomiatidae— | Stomias, Cuv.— DeetOEO Xo mlUNG Grom cee see oe a aaa aon ala ele sic siafec eM aielelesios oa XXXIV, 127 boas (RISO); CUVc 222 acc ce oe eee sescme econ So seesee es XXXIV, 128 NING uN eee eee oer neers ee ewe ote seer eeeics cstaee’e XXXIV, 129 MED ULOSUS AUC mee ys a eee ee fans ee inn cheeinis asinions eeisiers aig adel Sacto nas aaa ae ClOUL BUS WAU CMe ee ee mane se ec ae scien = sae ci aware tecie te sate ace none seals Echiostoma, Lowe— Hee D Arb abu TOW Crises cae Neco so esscces soos Saco sese Ses cee XXXV, 130 DINE O RL La Greens ee entee Se eee sets alee eee cecice eens XXXYV, 131 Opostomias, Gthr.— OPMICrI pNUus: GoNTesjocee st ccs cen -=ecleeccce esc csseteemeeae MXM, 132 Grammatostomias, G. & B.— Grdentatous, (Gude Beteas sac one cre Sees cons Soe ew em Secs sseees XXXYV, 133 Pachystomias, Gthr.— IPA INVICLOCONy Git gees sts eet ae siete Seicisie Sis, s0iS sae se oe XXXVI, 134 Bathophilus, Gigl.— ES RTE OL GUNS Mt Och) ete otters ocean ta teense are ciate sian cc ween XXXVI, 136 Eustomias, V.— BOD SCULUSS: Wiss sane ai a Sate leie tte aia trate shale Fetes =:c'wic, srsicle's an Ste Sls see XXXVI, 135 Photonectes, Gthr. (— Lucifer, Doderlein)— PALO UDI Ss Od Sn O1M -cti-lein: jen tat teen sare aici seine so oe loo coins Sa aoe eaecee see cess TACHI Gok ter acme ec ioc: eee acacia acinae ttcsses XXXVI, 137 | 98 99, 514 100 100 101 101 105, 515 107 108 108, 515 108 109 109 110 111 111 111 XIV TABLE OF CONTENTS. Names of genera and species. Plate and figure. Page. _ MaLacopreryGii—Continned. Malacosteidie— Malacosteus, Ayres— Mma per CAV TOS use teciecientlnn= ein asa Seooerere ee eee XXXVII, 138 114 choristodactylus, V - 2... ---.2- -c200. 2cce ence nnn ne one =nee XXXVI, 189 114 INGLCUS GUT 2 ootere ole ote cla ara wine wea wie nia = wmv) wos wiwteinisye wimei=|a ajnjnt= === = (aioli tRlalnlare 114 Photostomias, Collett— PRvGuernemColletuencsstce senses ace eee eee ei ane XXXVI, 140 115 Thaumastomias, Ale.— TT ALTOK. PANG ae cetaie maa eletotas ee ale este t= mie = om iatsin(nts ntaneraicic(aim alarm XXXVII, 141 115 Alepisaurida— Alepisaurus, Lowe— AS forox Mow Orcc ce seisaistetslecicisincie= cise sisje/eieisi==minislo elnleieyatce'=(n == XXXVIII, 142 117 ssculapius, Bean. .....--------. 2-02 -e nnn ence nee ce ene lee n ne sees cree nee 117 Gaaullo prs Gall ee oars ois oie Saat a main = ww poe apm amma airfoils | simntn [mlatml =) wimem alma fom lal=ln = 117 BIGTIVO]IS we OOVi ecco ec cccie cine =o lscle sie clale tla cielateiny= = ate mnteleleiiete [tei mietana mim wie tated 118 Oe yin Cul eat ae eee ne erate steht eile ocala ete Vole tele | otaia etoile 118 OLE RITAY Col lla ete eae eee a roleate ersten ee taal aeintenetstatn eiiateretote = Joe seta 515 BOLTa Guillign se ee etree ot slate eee cle cele elele wtelelmeteleCirisleteietnsleetetoaia= |eaeeieescieeeeetser et ald Paralepididie— Paralepis, Risso— P1COLOPONOLMES; MUISBO ooo wie oe 2015 2 nin\ eye wi leinins -leln/=lalele.c’alo\=[elaia)n(entnl| seiclelts) = =f loi=ie)= = =F 119, 516 Bphynsono1des WRISsO se een se eee etna cemeteries eee losceetiee eet eeeeeee 119, 516 AN TOLM COUUB OC yeast e cera stein oc ce ister ei eeate mein apotal arta) ataral a erated imran ie eit eto eet 120, 516 ANY LINAS phe a mic le ore ia sce aera ale ala tove ale ntal sais ay ate atel alo atari oie alee amt alereretorcte 515 Rissoib Key mene cee en See a eee nce eee Guvyieri Boner er acre tease ee re eleee elec eee eae nares | = Sanh eee ote eeceeee o | 118, 516 BPECLOSUS) HOOLLOGUL =e oramtorm arm minim ote waa oem myegee Tete ele tm weaale | a= am aeenlo teenie | 118, 516 Arctozenus— | INE THore alison (hb bs) awi1Gen Gus ae oe secre ieee eave eee ese XXXVIII, 148 119, 516 COLUSCADS = aces Scene seers aie Shale tae oi ine eosin eleleketele ire | eler=iatevee eho 516 Sudis, Raf.— | AN DELMOGIUS ee ee ioae ore ae ee eee ee eee Bee eee ae eee eee erate 120 Sihyalinarchtiate sesescey see see eee Sanaa eee | XXXVIII, 144 121 MIN P GUS meee sate ee cee ete eee iaaeet ete erate eer lee istate ta eraiarcotetetioterciar 121 Odontostomidie— | Odontostomus, Cocco— | @Ahvalinus \Coccowssenes see cote ae eee eee ean ee aaee XXXVIII, 145 121 ULTRA Operas eee ae ere ted oleae et trate ee rere Tara ee ate ete ree ete atone etal 516 Omosudis, Gthr.— ON bow ell GGb ri see ee eats eee eal foe nnrone merit seareeiceiocisieoee XL, 150 122 Sternoptychida— Sternoptyx, Herm.— S dap hana MUO neat ee eee ata cia iin ernie aieelecteetseae XXXIX, 146 124 Argyropelecus, Cocco— IAC HEM OVAINNTUSy| COCCO nannies ce esas naam annie sata eit | XXXIX, 147 126 AU COCKIN GAGeNB fees tet eeieiae = see stan Sastre eee Geo) Soe eeeee eee eee 126 Olfersiin (Cuys)* Cae Vie seen see see eee eee XXXIX, 148 126 Di UrvallniC yas Vie oseecces ssc e aoe eee ane el eee eines | ase Sees eeeetoeens | 127 ACTUEa Us Va) ese eree es oso eae lela icione oe eee Steen seers eee eee ee eee 127 Sternoptychides, Ogilby— | Severna DUIS TO OUD yi cee nse ae eral as le lat al as wren Saintes tet Oe erate eet eee 128 Polyipnus, Gthr.— | PeppincaussG gins. Sen setts ec ee nee XXXIX, 149 | 128,516 Idiacanthidie— | Idiacanthus, Peters (—Bathyophis, Gthr.)— Ts fakoiolantha peewee Se SN ge hacetl We ean ener ee 128 ANCLOSLOMUS WG Pinsent esse ce cc ares sen ase ee eee eee \Poaeeee eee eee eee | 516 Poros, GbE ese sei eee ons foe ena oa on meee weer WISI | 129 Lyorom!: Halosauridie— Halosaurus— Me Oweniys ODUS tact seen sa cena ce ce ee eee mn S52) 130 DOHNSOMIAN US Von tse so lek Seen nce na eens SOE XL, 153 | 131 GimtbentytGVa Beisel. cesses se ee ee ees seen eee eee 131 PAL VAP INTIS PAC ee etaeee aaiae aims seele pee ee ate eee ee oe see a ee | 516 Aldrovandia, G. & B.— Aerogtrata, (Gthr:)) S22 oss sooo cee noo se Se cers ee eee anne eee eee MILT, 154 132 affinis(Gthrs)\< si. os ee esc ac ekl eae cee soe Sees eee ot eee eee 516 macrochira, (Gthr.)! 222. a2 enc ee |os one Tenses 150 CORTE RTO EIU, (Chi pp ge es ee I bar aa 150 Nemichthyide, Gill— Nemichthys, Rich.— P Neiscolopaceus,, Rich 2. .-----2c--------2-2 2-2-0 rtene nec eoo- XLVI, 170 | 152 NTL ee Boe Nec SSS send scot cas nee omienwicien@ ens eave |? ences me sete | 153 Labichthys, Gill and Ryder— | a , Ui carinatus, Gill and Ryder-...--..-----------+----7-202--7° XLVI, 171 153 elongatus, Gill and Ryder..-.-.------------+-++-00r278 007 XLVI, 172 | 15 Galle Care ee eee ea se oneal Sao on seniaa| aoe eae a 153 infans, (Gthr.), @. and B......-.-+---0eeeeeeee eee eee ee eee XLVH, 173 153 Cyema, Gthr.— | Z (Gatun Gilt e See saeco ne os naece re een eran nese XLVIII, 176 154 Spinivomer, Gill and Ryder— SeG@ooderGillland Ryder ss4----2c-- 22--- 2 o4r2r-ace= 2c eeieece jens sn oes ee mec e sono: 155 Serrivomer, Gill and Ryder— ape ys Ja os §. Beani, Gill and Ryder...-..-----------+----+-- 20 serrrt eee XLVI, 175 155 ich ardiie (Vi) Gree Bosses s en oce enon es wean -scsacmerncfacazcentoeee cscs ss 155 Gavialiceps, Wood-Mason— etree GMatioronewAlGsc 22-6 << een an ear ce Ja sein=enae nanan ten tones |oote cron eesece teres 156, 517 Investigator, G. & B. | 18 Mxoanthonobus (Alc: )oe- cen. seccemesa- =soc secs sn=~ oss neccesnlsscstetecces sess sss XVI ames of genera anc ecies. N f genera and specie LYOMERI: Saccopharyngidie— Saccopharynx, Mitehill— S. flagellum, Mitchill .....-..-.....- Eurypharyngide— Eurypharynx, V.— BE. pelecanoides, V:.....--.-.------ Gastrostomus, Gill and Ryder— G. Bairdii, Gill and Ryder... ..--..-- Dysomma, Ale.— D* buceplialus,/Alc:-.~.5.....22---- Dysommopsis, Ale.— Dimiticiparas Al Ge Sacrer lela < eer CARENCHELI: Derichthyidie— Derichthys, Gill— D: serpentinus, Gill ---<-.< 2 -<2.- HeETEROML: Notacanthidie— Notacanthus— INAMASUS DS LOCH. seie lois lata aistaiseie) nis ois AN ALIS Gall see eetesaee eee este see Bonapartii, Risso. ........---..- BOXSPINIS, MICH:,- 2-2 <2 -iesose ne oe phasganorus, Goode...-.-.-.-.-- Gigliolia, G. & B.— Ga MoseleyiiiG.rd& Bio. 2 oe ce oe = Polyacanthonotus, Blk.— P. Rissoanus, (F. & V.), Gthr Macdonaldia, G., & B.— M. rostrata, (Coll.), G. & B.....-.- Challengeri, (V.), G. & B Lipogenyidie — Lipogenys, G. & B.— as GH It Soe ecme eects secre TELEOCEPHALI: Berycidae— Beryx, Cuv.— B. decadactylus, C. & V........-.- splendens, Lowe-.....---------- lineatus; Gthrs: 22 5-.2.-<2-.4- <2 ainissGthr yacctesecieeee seer delphini nC des Wee sseac cia cteere Melamphaes, Gthr.— M. typhlops, (Lowe), Gthr....-..--- Plectromus, Gill— P. suborbitaliss: Gill - osc ar=,<0leicrn Beant (Gthr)\issecaere> ce sec mobustuss(Gthri)Pysesse: secre e erassiceps, (Gthr.)...-..--...--- megalops, (Liitken)......---.--- mizolepis, (Gthr.)-...-..---....- MICKOpSse(GehTs) s/c cote eae cristiceps;;(Gillbs)/j2-a.cc24s2- == lugubris:(Gilbs)ic-ccnss-s-- cee Scopelogadus, V.— Siicocles MV eeeee eeu ee Malacosareus, Gthr.— M. macrostoma, Gthr._....-..-2..-: Poromitra, G. & B.— PAcapilonG den boeaaa esses otc Anoplogaster, Gthr.— ' A. cornutus, (C. & V.), Gthr Caulolepis, Gill— CSlonpidens: | Gillies seeesee ease Stephanoberycidwe— Stephanoberyx, Gill— Seo Mones Galli ncme ceteris) . sn2---<5-15s< Jacksoniensis, (Castelnau), Macleay fernandezianus, Gthr......2...-. TraiWlic Huttones- 2s -<---- ese TABLE OF Daren Fee wintry ee | XLIX, 181, 182 Se L, 184; LI, 191 i RPE ae So aes te ene LI, 192 ae laiuis oj—ahebaiteleieleln Giclwinte) ejaleteiat= CONTENTS. Plate and figure. XLVIIL, 177 XLY, 169 L, 183 L, 185 L, 186 Siar cc NY ase tae | LI, 187; LII, 193 LIV, 201 LIV, 202 LIII, 200 LIV, 203 LV, 205 LIL, 198 | LILI, 199 | LV, 204 XLVIII, 178-180 LVI, 206 | LVI, 207 | CLONE A US ere facet aie oresicc steyeic la niesasteleeiicecs cocienemieeie ale eceral Seinen meio eteeren 159, 160, 175, 176, 157 os 159 518 160 161 164 165 166 167 167 169 170 171 172 173 518 518 175 175 175 177 179 179 180 180 181 178 518 518 518 182 182 183 184 185 186 187 518 ‘deal TABLE OF CONTENTS, Names of genera and species. Plate and figure. TELEOCEPHALI—Continued. Trachichthyieie—Continued, Hoplostethus, C. & V.— EPMO GICERLANOUss Cis: Viacic in iocie cece ae cian esan cise Seow .'s ccs AULA UGLCUBHOWOL Bee cic cee cenicae sects caseereeecis cous ceecce’ | NAD ONLCTN EL Poe sete cmice vse wisiscciceis =s-cdine cece alevsmnslce sic ee Bathyelupeidie— Bathyclupea, Ale.— IS SELOS KxypMll paul Comers oie lve ein are aes aipusisieccwie-’selon cisin oo nie crease o's" BT SON e toate Dy ae etee ine me eee ee ee eerscaoec soca snise ess Anomalopidie— Anomalops, Kner— AS palpobratus;\(Bodd.)) Gthr.--- ose ceces coc ectcce wecmes cos | Scombridie— | Thyrsites, C. & V.— | PeabunyMsupurasen), iC. Go Vs ccxnncccconcoe. costes weeecnweeoss Thyrsitops, Gill : PlepidOpoldesn@ ds Visse saan ociec cle esicesvieaessciese eee cn aeesine violaceus, Bean = Escolar violaceus J. & E.......--.....--- Ruvettus, Cocco— RPLOLLOSUSACOCCOnss22 jc cee ccicec cece cine ccetisciccaseccesecaee | Nesiarchus, Johns.— PIAS UUs ag) ONT c cpetace cis v.a1s,55.0i0s.ssloseo owes lana sie sécSecwe ss sce Epinnula, Poey— IP MAP ISLPAlISS b OCs = ecic one aeecciececesseeecsesccscoscs sacs Nealotus, Johns.— | INSETUD CS) ORTIS seer sae eee mec cic alenisieoe:edeicaesosasscas:cece | Promethichthys, Gill— P. prometheus (C. & V.) = P. atlanticus, Lowe ...--........ | PLOMOLNOI ESD LECCE!

ROCy I Gth ess fe Se is asescpsweieciewica fisioseise de eisiclcmarece cae Benthodesmus, G. & B.— Eee VUl et Ul CUS ya Greets tartelstetsleicietesaia =einesraaaisisaeeraieemimicin, vei aiscie ClOUS Buus MO LAK Oger sere cinete cate ae siomieniacteeecioaes sere sists Aphanopus, Lowe— FAMICAT DO MMINOW O02 oce Ssie¢ siaisiacocisic mie iciniciciw\ersieieciee ae ea ete eee een Se PINOU MO Ol Ghbee ecto ae 2 wij a eanie aaa senee accwesicc seein Trichiuridze— Trichiurus, L.— pe D HUL USS MIN sets crea ss ain.ci ninja. aes ene c= si ose wsiwea ss Coryphienidwe— Coryphena, L.— CHIP PULNS ee eet meer a cnestie nares ener se Seilneienieais ic OILS CUTS eect ee srayeisicraeimimiele ae mien emis oretale aeieicinie' ic telwieteieicie rs Bramidae— Brama, Schn.— See Ut eretevetatel a siorte oisis.c 6&5 B:)) VOrd anys coe eretejociristetelertsi«i-i=ie\-)= LXXX, 279, 282 311 POLitor .GulDyseeeeie ee elae se reces ee cieeaeteees remea | een es et ec ere eerie 527 ALBUS SOV) Gide eB sesee ce maar Doce caeciicisesies cscs |S crete dyatcrcistastesicreye ate e ieee 527 Lycodonus, G. & B.— mira bilisyG. GouB eee seca sec er en ceiteeatecicsc acte seers LXXX, 280 312 Aprodon, Gilb.— AN Cortezianals ss. ~=tas- ees ciceerae tatoos aatatee ate ae ae teccterctel Sete erer fe ale ate eee ore teeters 527 Lycodopsis, Coll.— TW pacihcus Colles 2. cas eoelac terse oee occ eecles Seeeie eel ee enna reese ee eceeraes 528 PAXiITSY GIL esse ese ere tec cere cee ee Sree cere nee te a eee eee nee eee eee 527 Bothrocara, Bean— Bi mollseBean\.4- ctec seers sae ce edeee ieee oeeeee see eens eee gotecethececcesss ees 528 Maynea— M: pusillasBoean- |e Cio lee ee neler eee eee eee 318, 528 Diplacanthopoma, Gthr,— D. brachysoma, | Gtbr oo: 2... Sasccicicocisceessiescwse seins ccs ecleccee eles ce eee ecl oak 319, 528 m4 (elo Yo) Sd CAC. 2a » Le ens Pl SP nS ge eR ee A eT a bdco Gocbcocondacu cou 528 Dicromita, G. & B.— DAG ASSL 2115) Gi. SeNB <\ciataswjeicinis aie\slois Steals o's =[ne'n)e/eYajalae lee LXXXII, 285 319 metriostoma, |('Ve),.Ga& Bio. occ cc cee codons oo seen Rew en ee cee eee eee 320 microphthalma,. (Vis), GieuBocc ccuc ce] cece ee ee el eee See eee ae see 320 oncerocephala, (V.), G. & B .......... Rrenieieineieiones Peer ehitiosseeace coerce eee 321 Bassozetus, Gill— B;-normalis’Gillis. 2% sce, tomee tee healer eee Eee LXXXII, 287 322 conipressus; ((Gthr:) Gado ese cc coon sone ree eee | nee eee ee ee eeeeee 322 tenia, (Gthrs) ;Gi& Bas ae ae nee eee 323, 529 catena, Gua cs acrcce sn see e eee teen LX XXII, 286 323 Plntinosns; Ale: a. sesceoseeceee eee BCS herbal a ee os Sa a 322, 528 Glyptophidium, Ale.— G. argenteum, Ale 324, 529 MACrOpPUSPAIC aK sates ecco ee See ee eee eee 529 Dermatorus, Ale.— D. trichiurus, Ale......... waldiedateee ae Some aree Se NeE et ee ote oe eae eee $25, 529 melanocephalus: ATC os. occ cre oot cee ee ee | Rene rt oat te ue grep ee B25 Neobythites, G. & B. (= Pyenocraspedum Ale. )— Ne Gillan G Go Bee ce sesccaiece ceseeesen eeeetee anor eae LXXXIII, 289 325 OAL ON RUNS): rss Grube carole cee ere ee eet LXXNXIII, 290 326 MACON) Gon en cere Se tee Genie eee eee ee eee o [eles e/nloiateleta tale tcleletesateimintnt= 326, 529 CTABBUS, | (Vie); Gr. Goss eras cee eae eee es eee log, Soa Se ta ae ee 327 ateatiticus, Ale sos 552522500 Ue ono ne ee eee 529 SQUSMIPINNIBE ewes circ eeieoien Seca esos eee en ee eeeee eeelnee oa bc LeE ee ee ae ees 529 Benthocometes, G. & B.— IB TOpUstOSS Ga GiB een eceareseeciccese meet ee eee LXXXII, 288 327 MUTeUO Opis, (Vie)} (A. Bs cs5-c) cacse wh ces oe ee eee oe eee 328 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXIII Names of genera and species. | Plate and figure. Page. TELEOCEPHALI—Continued. | Brotulidiee—Continued. | Bassogigas, Gill— | BMG UTR Ge ieae ac lacicscmie ca dislels ccveniaree sini eaea tecetownceisce | LXXXIII, 291 STANGIS A GRUNT, {rs QorDs scenes cose seus man. Somasaanen sbasenscdue Se ceaascocde sae pierotusmCAle.)vGude Bec seuometess oscess sown ed tan eck | sas aces sect estes accn stelliteroides. ((Gilb:) Gi. GiB .c.5 cccasees sees cee cvsn scence |oscasecteneees seen | Aleockia, G. & B.— FAUBLOS ERAT US (Gb NIH) Grae ice ciaiacaiaicwin wane one cicine cobs s 2)eitele wd Sees ssh wt ca ae i 329 Celema, G. & B.— Cee ae (AV) of Gn ee eee cennica ue cacesaew soos Seon a ckiGcces cclosaces oceueuaazecene 330 SubarmatanGvic)s. Gre de Bi: fo tecsas sacs eeos coe nce te iciaiecloooea. vee ocecnes o2a8 330 Meebia, G. & B.— Mir praciiises (bhi) 6" Gs (io cB ens sersicc science smice ccc sn ces acessckecdiecssccwacccd exec 331 Barathrodemus, G. & B.— | | TS UN MUMS hr ne, Siete ceceinces wccieeaess sisniea sale sesanices LXXXIV, 294 | 332 Pycnocraspedum, Ale.— PSQUAMIPINNG PAN Crarsct2.c.c oasis ses csie sis deslee.clvie otins Sa essc|sesemeleceinescetccsee 333, 529 Nematonus, Gthr.— | NepectoralissiG. &. Bs) Gbliris.. -2ctcnis\nle = e1s||'> =-jnie le mloleials'= ==) = atm 356 ais) Gerke 1B ocean nm cials/o ce mae melee ones cies cla cle lavets e/a wlelelerats inteyatetal stmt eaters 356 blennioidess (Bxr:) Seb asses eis ere sree ce hee meets e emia | eaten late tee eee 357, 530 TECIUSC Walls) pUeido. Beraasaeeae saetincamisetesae seccetrare LXXXVIII, 309 357 cirratus;cGids Biss 22 ss, Soest aes ese eee seach eines LXXXVIII, 310 358 CHUSS/<((Wiallly.) Gilly aS 6e ee eee ce eee seeat aise LXXXVIII, 311 359 tenuisy (Mitch:) 5 Deki: 2-tescc ase ene cosines eer ee LXXXIX, 312 359 Chester Gn ae Bececee see eee chine acteeites ects eemecsineetees | LXXXIX, 313 360 Liemonema, Gthr.— | Ti MATTOL I, COWS) jGthiz sees seiee aaa alas aoe nioe scemeas tere etons teeters 362 FODUS UII Gun Tse cc eatee eo cate tle eee ete asta eras mina acto eter meteor ere te erate eee 362 DarbatulanGader Bee socciss caecne seen a ceeleceicnciseieeaioce XC, 315 362 melanurums!|G. 65 Bites osc seks eo micinn emer eeineeie eee ee XC, 316 363 Molva, Nils.— Mesvuleoaris; Elemencsc cases oes eee pace se ene eee acento cee MC SLi 364 byrkelangel Walbi-s-c2 occ sacteeie assests ceserossaes [(Setstete sete eee rere eee | 365 elongata, (Otto), Gthri. seo. aacieeinee sence etesee ence | eeereeceeee emer 365 Physiculus, Kaup— PS Dallwa cli Rap crs cers citsiots cise ectcisisietne a eens eae ell eee ee eestor metrerets 366, 531 Kiaupl; R0eyiaccoas.cncts cei sts seine caeeice Gees oe eee oes XCI, 318 366 pereprinus: Gthri: 222s -s< 2 yemee cece na)se sole se eames essere ete eie eee aar 366 falvus, Beans ves2 ots seece ses soe cicero ea eee ee XCI, 319 366 rastrelliver, Gilbis. 42.22 se cisecess conse cemacce ses) esse) saee eae e eee eee 530 mematopus; Gib) <:: soc acs oe os osteo cis oe ciwiehe Selecisiay sees | elses eeeieeie es aeeeee 530 TOSOUS) ANG: 2555 ceo a abasic Seine seve oe ns Napeee avec testes eae ea Oe cere ee eee 530 ALPYVLOPAStus, Ale! =. score ccc cscs cscs o sweioce secicmiee ccleceioen lciacieke cee ener ereere 530 Uraleptus, Costa— WieMaraldi,\(Risso); (Costa ooo. occacc ico sete = aslo ete c oles lcossin eters sic XCI, 320 367 Mean Maralair 22-22 je as seisisa a cecisecietodas se yee meeee nei nal Sac n aeneee eee eter 368 Lotella, Kaup— PAM PSM aTis;y Bean. <= eles ao oe jase ei ee ateene ersisae see XCII, 321 368 Mora, Risso— Mamediterranes Risso =. s-taem -aaceiese an ecececeme sees seen XCII, 322 369, 531 Lepidion, Sw.— UE ARISSOL SS Wreccers scisccinte areca ae crisieninano caels Bee eeeecet XCII, 328 370, 5381 Giintheri, (Gigl) GxeerB <2 nasa on core anal slaeeennte a) eee | eae eeeislene erecta 370 eques, (Gthr hi Gude (Blea. sass ccm cc ae/saceniecce nent learn | See ee See eee eee 371 ensiferuss (Gthrs);, Gs & Biacet sco sec sancti nc coseme mem aa seen eee eee 371, 531 AN OSIM, (GODT = a loicrasicicle cis erciete ie wie chase Serer siotoale ein alee er aNeveT ele ee eee aerate Petes eres 531 Salilota— Saustralis;| Gtr: vccccen os ce ccncceccce ecwcet ccncice ee alos Samal see eee eee anaes 531 Antimora, Gthr.— | ABaviOl ars (Gane >) i OLD AN as a ne siee cee a ene See As eaten ee XCIII, 324 372 TORTN GUA, CONT ot oe ee aime Se el nino oem le cae Sete ete aia eoere pel Neola] eee oe eee ae 375 MICTOLE PIs, HB CAN a. esos oe eee ee ee ere eee ee cee | see eee eee 531 Halargyreus, Gthr.— | FUSIDVS VIPERS Wicceais ico wo ce hos sone eee See nee etee See eee CIT 325: 375 JODNSOMIIN Gth rises sete cee Soe ea ee ao eee eee eee | eae et ae eae 376, 531 NG ATi) ONTISOM sete nse scene ee sate oat ne seen e Deemer eee |eicie ala wnscicese ee seen 376 Eretmophorus, Gigl.— | My Mlemenberpi, Gigle=s 2% ses ss2 vane «2S ssc ees ee sels sane eee aoe see ee eee 377 Hypsirhynchus, Fac.— | Mehepabicus MaGecccwesses cece secs cnecec cect Sot thes ceeeeeee | sae ee eee eee eee 380 Strinsia, Raf — Scin Cami ates sete tee a ceren eee cba ate cis Leconte XCIII, 326 380 Melanonus, Gthr.— | Mizracihios GQuhn: ses re nese scten croc cerentncrenenre te eaee eee treet Bee oar 380 TABLE OF CONTENTS. XXV Names of genera and species. Plate and figure. Page. | ANACANTHINI—Continued. Gadidie—Continued. Onos, Risso— OMensisnenatay Gillies ase css oes cole aise ctencecaecececse | XOIV, 327 MBCEOPMthaAlMUSs Goh ess. nee serene see eee ec sueetersice|annmesesee ss setecees DISCAVEUSISWO Olli oes cus teotscces Gees sce eass stews eee ce [ree aie 22 See Ae eo ae | RemnaArdti ers) AC Olle ste tee ona coho mee sets whe eetlet meek ou e es chee THCIETAGUSM (LOCH), GiGi ccs cee cos ccmeseeceececce -sclelaneviec cows tees cues Rhinonemus, Gil— ‘ | : Recimbritss (lm) Grr GoeB esac aos -c2.cos.222esetesh se cssewnes XCIV, 328 | 384, 531 Brosmius, Cuy.— BAprosmemCNLUL ye GGht.: 222 sc ces coc ssc ccascisssccscace sell XCIV, 329 385 Brosmiculus, V.— BERIT OL DIS tm Veet oe eels ntie Saaieinwisccs re Soc. alstale oa) 0in 8 «/26.5/s\| afe'ainjoclainjnwe a/c oe'cte aia's 385 Merluciidie— Merlucius, Raf.— | Meibilinearis,/(Mitel.), Gilllscto-.casc3 cect cess cccnccet ce csess XCV, 330 B86 BML Sem Ub ctiel) et Creek tere: aeiareaeniaya aa en ats areas an oAavaten aa hia gS a eee mints Snes aer 388 Bregmacerotidie— Bregmaceros, Thompson— | Beatlanticus; Gade. Be 22s c2c2c5.c225. 2555 secs esse osccec ssa. XCV, 331 388 Mac ClellamdurePNOMmpsont..22226 2 sess ann ce eases seo ccs a oeiemse ewes scion ss 389, 531 Macruridie— Macrurus, Bloch— MeberplastaGiemassccc cs ceccetec cscs gieeeds cs ecicecses o35% KOVL sod 391 scleronhynchus) Vial 2222222 2a6.coseeseseecens teeee ses cece Wadtla: Mas ae eee Soar 391 BIN WO PHONUS VAN Mee sea ec\ Meson eco e lea Re ce -Cec en S.wcis seis | Vecece someca Eee e ss 392 Ee Q(ualasem (ulin) anaemia ae smear a seta a ae entices snes os scieeses ene by 392 SOLLAtUS MUOW Oca gce cas ioicis see ae cre esse des eclee cass WeGea08.ces ces ae 392 Bat Groep eases Roe an eae cess tcc cites dans et noe CGV 3: 393 holo tach yu Nie Meets ape rea Pe oasis ao coe sewer nesemeciccs =sec 396 zaniaphorus, V. (near holotrachys, V 397 UIs enor lee eeetee eats Aes re Sees ie crea ioe sen yacices Ose S aeemret eal Seca neto ste com cnses 390 ANDOU GUN eee fete = soca ec cais tain een emis nena ceseceeaere sesbecsm- seco ses scence es 390 BtolordolepiseuGil betes. enacts Sassen casa ctacich ce wiee-e cose ae ocee pedde,cc0- 391 CALM EUS biteee see tae ae coeees eee eee ciciesn s/qecscee soemie sees ae ate fees 391 ATOR LA BOLLS AN Cie te ae eee era cio Saiaja/ata eee etnies emi a eae angela sic. | 390, 531, 532 BOMIGUINCUNCIALUS AIC 2228452222552 255,o¢2 eset test aod sassee tase asces cece | 390, 531, 532 Hos kaya tse All Crerete atic cpapsta shee ane Se esslarsialers cicieie a nis aidlsie'cisisins oS eee eee Sena ee Ss | 390, 531, 5: LOMPOC Meena feta ac aoe aes se= oes eecjete aes os aes Seema see stee= = 390, 531, 53: Miood= Mason All Ges ec octbs5: cence nccdenusce ce bet ncocse oles Sse weceseee% 23-55 390, 531, 5 Peterson PA Cha esas Bras Ns oce ess. kosee eee oie ote sclnse tsetse leeeec see | 390, 531 IDTEVALOS ULI SHA Gems ee erie te ne 2 Aen oes Wena eee selec eae lee ates oenncie sae 39) MaAcCLOlophussANCZ. 2 sac ci.ns oassame sock eae se see e cased an|- seme ee ce sce aes 390, WGPHO LES MACHER ems a2 ase Aree ene Sense ece mene ss ence neste) ate leew mee Sala aye sce 390, 531 MOlvlopisseAl Cree. sane c cites oes ie ae See eae nne ee see |encemess eeecse= enh TIASULUS UDR ees Ses tats a ont delon Sete acl aacee ee nneee ss [ieeiele erotics See aie ROURUI AGUS) Gute sesec sa. oa eects ses eaicineseeleee nesses sce | eroeecte ectnvs, 2 Repentance stan Wispidusp Ale s2cesnsa:cecsesstcssseceen ess esceeasecheass [ESPN eters Bre tee tees PUMUMCOPS NANG seeae aa Actea a= a acyaiieais aeiniennceteeee Soe nee Peete eS egeate sinister sare Celorhynehus, Giorna— | @xatlanticus, (Lowe), Gs & Bi. <2c2stssccestscees cect cesese | Faw ceed diocine tease 397, 533 Carminatus (Goode) WG.ke BD io2-sc2scccecccee cue eee ss5 sce | XCVI, 336 398 OCCA MG Ole cie a= eemeet see > Sate ccmee meen ec ree eee XCV, 332, 333, 337 400 Haponicuss (ye Neal OCCa)| <2 sce-seccsncisce sere sae eects leecteee come oehewot ese 400 APONLCUSWOCH I< cmee: tac ee-canet tensa n tenance ss2-2eeseess|o-ese> = <2 sease 400, 533 CATID DUS MGC se ogee aes sees eae ale cin Pee ete = See seaeen | XCVII, 338 fasciatus, (Gtbr.), G. & B | ParallelusnGthTr son soe s2ec— 2 om s cape snes te cele deen eens =a) 2e a eisiee aeons ere AUB LAIO MO UAE eee cece ce co. tee ae Sanscaeis- supe ate ee eases eMease es es lenivie = sl=<=* QuadrmenistabussAlGso.c2- 22 -a20 se ceccnc 2 vommame ce ~cins eaee[ecoeae =—ns orice ssc HawellispInIS PANG) ee eeee eam cee ewetne cee s.0n esse = ce ttaints wa)ee seeiiesente'ssssincias Coryphienoides, Gunner— | C. rupestris, Gunner 402 Ril Cats aadls mie se sak See epee eames ee wee cemrat et | ace eee cess aeg= .-| 103, 533 carapinus, G. & B 104 Ati pinNise Goble sete ero a\ wits ses sealers se cme ese decen aes ec'ses sees oe: 402 BELTALUS OWE. < dai ncs.cislciscie taciockvsis ess s/o secacnecens siccaes=| se oss . cicece ssine alc rcler co naelaistatetsivie woe! e steers ci e=| sea eee eee eee 475 MOlNCCENSEe DIEM so = see casio eas cieinteietaratatetets olatssetatateel= = tere atae al eet te er eet 470 Murray Gob sateen clie le aera acters state clolaints Selsey scene] eee eee eee 470, 537 liorhynchum:s |Gthriso 25 - sae cceia= eae ato clee nie ees ae tee a else ea ees 470 cataphractumy ((Ib.))\he seater sate a9 noo nln oan eae werele 2 eicinrereiet le ateinal tee ee ree 537 Rivers-Andersoni, Alesse; omen ies aoe leas cole wa eleeel= 5] = celecetsee eee eet 537 'TAENIOSOMI: Trachy pteridie— Trachypterus, Gouan— TwrisnCWalban@ Ss V isescedscscceece ees sleet nas emc ene eames CXV, 391 477 SPY PHULUs, HOW C fe ~ sarees ici a a shel cie ee cteeelata sieved fe wletale aa ot nl =|aintele| = atatetelafela alee ke eet ete 478 ancticus,;(Brs)s NilS con oc. - secises coe este eyes eases CXVI, 392 479 RuppelliiGthresse ccs -o ce eiesoeecis eo eeeiee ce eee eae Sa ie |e eee eee er 479 IOP terussiC Goin tase coins aa fee oe eee este eee eee eee eieeers 479 cristatus;bonellice 222. canes. scloiscotee Sacer eee eee eee eee eee eter 479 repandus, (Mets), Costa ceo ceoascoss anes aennee ese ores [eerie abn oe eee 480 Spinola; Cs GV fo sce as aastni sae nee ies nel atoeietaiee ee Settee ere ee ete eed ete peers 480 altivelis; Kner’ oo. sc55 S562 so cleloers = Saino ns alos ot - ssa elel| ee eee eet ee ees 480 altivelis, Hutton.22% 122225002 ccc secre cede esscneeeestlee| er seat =e eye = tees 480 arawata,- Clarke: 5... sccicce 553 sweats atecrnswlccisnieinie nea aicioe onl ose soem ecteeeee rete 480 Regalecidie— Regalecus, Brun.— Ri glesne,-Asca. 2 oo< case. cece yack eee seme ee oe meee eee CXVII, 395 480 pacificns;, Haase: -csec.. = sss scs)oie sa ceicislesisie) ani torisiciceee tales aay sseieeeren ss eee | 480 arpentéus, Mutton 222.26 cc c8< ccs ca cces ete sco scen es cewsinlece nskls Saeeese ee sees 480 Stylephoridie— Stylephorus, Shaw— Si chordatns: Shaw: tate csve acters is ssc core cerersi= seein tae cereeeleemee CXYVT, 398, 894 482 HEMIBRANCHIL: Macrorhamphosidie— Macrorhamphosus, Lac,— M:-scolopax, ((W.)) ss55551. smewccesc oes cisasicec cece ses oon eee | CXVII, 396 483 Aulostomidae— | Anlostoma, Lac.— ‘AS coloratumisM do Ts 2.5 costes ace cess eee ener e ee [tet ee aan rosa 484 chinensey is ccc cence tet ccseclsocee nseeoe tees ene \eiomiowice setae aaoe A484 MON GIP OS TVs acssais ante ies (Centroscyllium.Fabricii, (Reinhardt), Miiller and Henle ........-..-...:..-..---- ------+---+- 11 Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from No. 22879, U.S. N. M., collected by George W. Scott, in N, lat, 44° 23’, W. lon. 53° 25’, at a depth of 200 fathoms. PLATE III. Somniosus microcephalus, (Schneider), Goode and Bean.......-...-------+---------++---- +++: 7 Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Pl. cLxu, Vig. 1. Echinorhinus spinosus, (Gmelin), Blainville...........-.----..---.---------+-- Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Vol. u, Pl. cixu, Fig Pristiurus melastomus, (Rafinesque), Bonaparte. ...--...---...---. .-- 222 see nee eee ee eens wee Drawing from Annales du Musée d’Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. Xvi, Pl. vt. Centrophorus granulosus, Miiller and Henle ....-.......---.-.-------- +--+ +--+ ++ --22 e222 trees Outline from Miiller and Henle, Elasmobranchs, Pl. 33. Text page. ve DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. PLATE IV. 12. Scymnodon ringens, Bocage and Capello...--.-------------+++--++ 202205 crete ett rre eter eee Drawing from Bocage and Capello, Peix. Plagiost., Vol. 1, PL.1, Fig. 1. 13. Centroscymuus ccelolepis, Bocage and Capello....--..-----------+---+++++222+ +2222 -2 22 ere 2: Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 26219, U. 8. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at Station 893, off Marthas Vineyard, N. lat. 39° 52’ 20’, W. lon. 70° 58’ 00”, in 372 fathoms. (About two-thirds natural size.) 14,15. Scylliorhinus retifer, (Garman), Jordan...--..--------- +--+ +--+ +--+ ++ +++ e222 cere er eee eee Drawings by H. L. Todd, from No. 26745, U.S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at Station 896, in N, lat. 37° 26’, W. lon. 74° 19’, at a depth of 56 fathoms. PLATE V. 16. Scylliorhinus profundorum, Goode and Bean...-....----------++ +--+ +225 e222 ee ee eee eee eee ee Drawing by M. M. Smith, from No. 35646, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2234, in N. lat. 39° 09’, W. lon, 72° 03’ 15”, at a depth of 810 fathoms. 17. Spinax niger, Bonaparte...--...--.. ----- +++ <2 22 eee eee cee cee cee eee eee eee ee eee eee Drawing from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica. 18. Pseudotriacis microdon, Capello. .....-.---..-.--. ------ +--+ 222 ee eee eee ene eee eee cee eee ee Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 32516, U. 8. N. M., from Amagansett, N. Y., collected by J.B. Edwards, keeper of Suffolk Life-Saving Station. (About one-seventeenth natural size.) 19: Cetorhinus;maximus, Gunner. -20 52 ase ne oa eine ola rw einen fa alee tele te eS Drawing from Annales du Musée d’Hist. Nat. Paris, Vol. xviii, Pl. v1; reéngraved from Fish. Ind., Pl. 249, upper figure. PLATE VI. 20) Pristiurus atlantious, Vaillanto----e-ciace< ocee pcm one cociemicinciee ase nom enmtea sea eaeee eateries Outline from Vaillant, Explorations Scientifiques du Travailleur et Talisman, Pl. 1, Fig. 1. 21. Oxynotus centrina, (Linnieus), Rafinesque -.....-. ..-... - 2-22-22 5 2-2 0 ene oe eee was on nan an Drawing from Bonaparte, Fanuna Italica, Pl. 141. 22. Chlamydoselachus anguineus, Garman .....-...-... <2... 1-02 2200 seo eens ene eee cence nee n sa == Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Pl. CLXXxIv. PLATE VII. 28. Raia Ackleyi, Garman’... 7-20 < onstec mee os eee cme einee eee misialeseeoeleie cle meaetneet ete ieee terete Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43726, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Blake on Yucatan Banks, Gulf of Mexico. 24. Raia Ackleyi ornata, Garman. 2-2-2255, 5522 \ees baleen se ene tene ee oe eee eects Drawing by J. C. Van Hook, from No. 43727, U. S. N. M., from the Museum of Comparative Zodlogy, collected at a depth of 138-142 fathoms. (Slightly enlarged.) PLATE VIII. 2bs Raiavciroularis? Couch cee. ese. ac scee s.r eee eee eee Wosth c doskceeteecmeme eee cote Outline from Day, Fishes of Great Britain and Ireland, Pl. cLxxrv. 26. Raia plutonia, Garman): --< .5-< 2.522 2si2s.2-- sce se secen ae ce eee soe Ree eee ee eee 28. 29 30, . Raia radiata, Donovan . Raia levis, Mitchill Outline by J. C. Van Hook, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake, in about N. lat. 32°, W. lon. 78°, at a depth of 229-334 fathoms. PLATE IX. Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 23514, U.S. N. M., collected by the U.S. Fish Commission off Provincetown, Mass. (About four-sevenths natural size.) Raiajhyperborea, Collett~. 25. --.. 1-2. secs enceassc cee e eee ee ee eae eee ee eee Outline from Collett, Fishes Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, Pl. 1x. Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 21577, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Fish Hawk at Station 771, in Narragansett Bay, at a depth of 8} fathoms. Raia granulata, Gill Drawing by H. L. Todd, from the type specimen, collected by Capt. Joseph W. Collins, of the Gloucester fishing fleet, on Le Have Bank. (About one-fourteenth natural size.) 11 16 17 10 18 bo oO 28 29 en, ee pimpAlcposomusECopel nll) <2ee oo se.ses sles enis sons ele paws ia soa = a gee cea cee Sea so ayeicieini== === 2 -- Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 33551, U.S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2099, in N, lat. 37° 12’ 20’, W. lon. 69° 39’, at a depth of 2,949 fathoms. LIST OF PLATES AND FIGURES. oF PLATE X. lext page. plc himcera amonstrosa;, LINNBUS <2 ..6 22.6 2 cio oaec cosets ccced cee cee ccemctecesscccsce ccscee ance 31 Outline from Bonaparte, Fauna Italica, Pl. 130. Some himM eranaminis gOaApelloiccc ce vsiscine sale scce-seacacs so-eeeaseces node de cee sae decscaceec ese cee 31 Drawing by H. L. ead; from a specimen collected on the southeastern portion of Le Have Bank, in N. lat. 42° 40’, W. lon. 63° 23’, (About one-seventh natural size. ) 33-35. Chimeera affinis, Capello a Se eee en oe ee 31 Drawings by 8. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the schooner Centennial, Capt. D. C. Murphy, off Banquereux, in N. lat. 48° 46’, W. lon. 59° 19’, (Natural size.) Bos Callorhynchus antarcticus, (linnwus).-...- 2.22 -.--- 222 Lecce cree coccesccaw sucecs coccccesccee 32 Outline from Zodlogy of Beechey’s Voyage, Pl. xX11L. PLATE XI. Ditoomedarriotta maleighana, Goods and! Bean. <_--.2:- 2s. - sec cece cecsicece coca wedeee ames stds wececs 33. Drawings by M. M. Smith, from No. 35631, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2235, in N. lat. 39° 12/ 00’, W. lon. 72° 03’ 30’, at a depth of 707 fathoms. DITO earnotta haleighana, Goode and Beam. . =... <..c.0cccsc0seeces cine sc aees cece vaae siascccces 33 Drawings by 8. F. Denton, from No. 35520, U. 8. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross, at Station 2210, in N. lat. 39° 37’ 45’, W. lon. 71° 18’ 45”, at a depth of 991 fathoms. (About one and three-fourths natural size.) PLATE XII. PIMALCDOCeDlalus TOStr a bus: IGS O's sinc a cclse cic cias'c,s-osicn s's a osinieosocisoa cine essence nideeseasacacccess 36 Outline from Cuvier and Valenciennes, Histoire Naturelle des Poissons de la France, Pl. 566. PMA Le DOGEDHalus wii Selmi GUNtNOPteeea see aac soe ss wie sleet Raiele'= << dielaisisisoaiais sacs eesisesistsice~ ceescoss 38 Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxi1, Pl. Lv1. 43. Conocara macroptera, (Vaillant), Goode and Bean. ...- 2.2.2. 2-222 22222 none eee e ne cone ese eee 39 Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, Pl. x1, Fig. 2. Bae avhy GLOCtes MACTOIEpIS, Gunther. 32. 222. sces. ecu cbsccsansssecbeee Seen eeteceetas sceces sees 41 Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxu, Pl. Lvu, Fig. A. PLATE XIII. fomeAlepocepnalus;Apassizit, Goode and Bean... 6 -se252 2 cscs cccccweee= ccs cossinices cshsisaseas sone 37 Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 33056, U.S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Sta- tion 2030, in N. lat. 39° 29/ 45”, W. lon. 71° 43’, at a depth of 588 fathoms. Homolepocepualis productus, Gill 9. Se05 5 ann Sac as ar ec elmmimcinjnl occ on) =iajcieieia es maine waaleleie e='saie'eiele ca =e 37 Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 33341, U. S. N. M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2035, in N. lat. 39° 26’ 16’, W. lon. 70° 02! 37’, at a depth of 1,362 fathoms. Aieealepocephalus) Bairdii, Goode:and Bean... <. 2. 2... 2120-2 2c2- se cece coos oben scssecce messes seems 38 Drawing by H. L. Todd, from type No. 22468, U. 8. N. M. (Gloucester Donation No. 305), col- lected by Christian Johnson, of the schooner JVilliam Thompson, on the Grand Banks, in 200 fathoms. (About one-fourth natural size.) iC onoodravichonaldi, Goode. and Bean. so.) 1.250% «sein. sce eave a cece sas ace tecsccacsesers 39 Drawing by 8. F. Denton, from a specimen collected by the steamer Blake at Station CLXxu, in N, lat. 24° 36’, W. lon, 84° 05’, at a depth of 955 fathoms. PLATE XIV. 49. Bathytroctes antillarum, Goode and Bean........---. ..---- --2. cece cone eee e cece ne eee e cee eee dt Drawing by M. M. Smith, from type No. 43739, U.S.N.M., collected by the steamer Albatross at Station 2394, in N. lat. 28° 38’ 30’, W. lon. 87° 02’, at a depth of 420 fathoms, 50. Bathytroctes zquatoris, Goode and Bean. .-...----.---.-----------+--+------ 20-2222 eee eee eee M4 Drawing by A. H. Baldwin, from a specimen obtained by the steamer 4/batross at Station 2793, in N. lat. 01° 03’, W. lon. 80° 15’, at a depth of 741 fathoms. 17 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN, Text page. 52. Pterothrissus gissu, Hilgendorf.......----.------------- +--+ ++ 22 eee eee eet eee ere rt eee Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xxu, Pl. v1, Vig. A. (About one-half natural size.) PLATE XY 53. Platytroctes apus, Giinther........---.--------------- +--+ + e222 ee eee eee eee ee ee eee tees Outline from Giinther, Challenger Report, Vol. xu, Pl. Lyin, Fig. A. 54. Anomalopterus pinguis, Vaillant........-.--..------------ +--+ +222 22+ eee ee eee eee eee ee eee Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, Pl. x1, Fig, 4. 55. Aulastomatomorpha phosphorops, Alcock...--....-.. ---- <2 -- 202 e525 = nn a5 2 ons noe nee Outline from Wood-Mason, Natural History Notes from H. M. Indian survey steamer Jnvestigator, No, 21, Fig.1. (One-half natural size.) 56. Leptoderma macrops, Vaillant...-.. .... --.-2<--- + - 20-22 2202 nese 22 = nem eiennn = ane ee Outline from Vaillant, Expeditions Scientifiques du Travailleur et du Talisman, Pl. xu, Fig. 2. PLATE XVI. 57. Xenodermichthys nodulosus, Gtinther 2-2. < 2 cees- Scns eae scnee coen $006 205 ce asu.s 212 Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 37861, U.S. N. M., coliected by the steamer Albatross at station 2660, in N, lat. 28° 40’ 00’, W. lon. 78° 46’ 00’, at adepth of 504 fathoms. (Enlarged one-half.) PLATE LX. mcolyphcena hippusus: Linnsus (Old male) 2.2.2... .s-c2c+ ses wa 0s se ace sso see/a sce cess nas cess 209 Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16482, U.S. N. M., obtained in Fulton Market, New York City, by E. G. Blackford. MmCoLnypocena hippurus, Winneus: (YOUNG)... .200 -2se02--se. cee nenc eee cane ca cere ens wa cess ce -a50 209 Drawing by H. L. Todd, from No. 16484, U.S. N. M., obtained in the Fulton Market, New York City, by E.G. Blackford. ZAveEB COnypicena NIppPULUS, WiNNRUS 2.4: - 520- s-ce0- cesses nndaee-- 2 ses 53 | Distance of eye from nostril........-.-.....---- 8 WWIAIMeLETOMOY Os. ec shares cctsaieseweiesessslss ee 27 | Length of pectoral..........-..-...------+2-+-- 50 Postorbital part of head ...............-...-... 46 ' The following is Lowe’s diagnosis, as published in 1839: ‘Form as in Lepidopus, elongate, much com- pressed, like a sword blade, naked, but with a short keel on each side toward the tail. Muzzle and teeth as in Lepidopus (Gouan), but the palatines unarmed. Dorsal fins 2, nearly equal. Anal fin as in Lepi- dopus (but with a strong, sharp spine instead of a scale before it), a little behind the vent. No trace or rudi- ment of ventral fins,” 208 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. Family TRICHIURIDA. Trichiurini, BONAPARTE, Catalogo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 1846, 78 (Subfam. 136). Trichiuroidei, BLELKER, Enum. Spec. Pisce. Arch. Indico, 1859, 64. Trichiurida, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 0, 1860, 342.—GiLL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1863, 224; Arr. Fam. Fish. 1872, 8 (No. 77); Standard Nat. Hist. m1, 1885, 206. Scombroidea, with very elongate, compressed, scaleless body, tapering to a point, and without caudal. Dorsal and anal long, low, continuous, confluent posteriorly. Pectorals normal. Ventrals absent or rudimentary. Mouth wide; jaws armed with very strong, un- equal teeth. Lateral line present. Air bladder present. Gills 4, with a slit behind the fourth. Gill membranes separate, free from the isthmus. In addition to the typical genus Trichiurus, characterized by the absence of ventrals, there is a Chinese form, Hupleurogrammus (with a single species, #. muticus), in which the ventrals are represented by a pair of very small scales. TRICHIURUS, Linnzus. Trichiwrus, LINN&ZUS, Systema Nature, Ed. x, 1, 246; Ed. xu, I, 429.—Cuvirer, Régne Animal, Ed. 1, 1817, 246; Ed. 2, 1829, 218.—Cuvirr and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss, v1, 235.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus. 11, 346.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 212. Lepturus, ARTEDI, Spec. Pise., 101.—G1Li, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 120. Body very elongate, band-like, tapering to a fine point. Head long; cleft of mouth wide; teeth very strong and unequal in the jaws; teeth on the palatines, none on the vomer. Preorbital covering cleft of mouth posteriorly. A single dorsal along whole of back; anal very long, of short detached spines, minute or hidden in the skin; ventral fins reduced to scale-like appendages or absent; pectorals small. No caudal. No scales. Lateral line decurved, concurrent with the belly. Vertebrie, 394+120. Color, silvery. TRICHIURUS LEPTURUS, Linnzus. (Figure 217.) THE SCABBARD FIsH. Trichiurus lepturus, LINN&ZUS, Syst. Nature, ed. x, 1758, 1, 246. Ginrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., u, 346; Challenger Report, v1, 66; xx11, 39.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8. N. M., 422. Trichiurus argenteus, SHAW, Zodlogy (Fishes), rv, 90, pl. xu. Lepturus argenteus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, 126. A Trichiurus with long, pointed, snout whose length is about equal to that of pectoral. Maxillary reaching nearly to vertical from middle of eye. Length of head, 74 times its length; height of body, 16. Color silvery, with darker dorsal. Radial formula: D, 135; A. ca. 100. This is a well-known form, frequently found in shoal waters from Cape Cod to the West Indies, and needs no description here. The Challenger obtained the seabbard-fish off Inosima, Japan, at a depth of 345 fath- oms. Young were obtained by the U. 8. Fish Commission at station 2273, at 17 fathoms; 2289, at 7 fathoms; 2121-2, at 31-34 fathoms. A commercial fishery of considerable importance exists at Jamaica. This species enters the estuary of the St. Johns River in Florida, and has been known to leap into row- boats. Linnwus wrote of it in 1758: Totus argenteus exiliens ex aqua swpé in cymbam. (Systema Naturie, ed. x, 1, 246.) Family CORYPHAZNIDZ. I Corifenidi, RAFINESQUE, Indice d@’ Ittiologia Siciliana, 1810, 29. Coryphenide, LOwk, Proce. Zod). Soc., London, 1839, 80.—Swarnson, Nat. Hist., ete., 11, 1839. 177.—Bona- PARTE, Catalogo Metodico, Pesci Europei, 1846, 76 (Fam. 64).—GriLL, Arr. Fam. Fishes, 1872, 8 (No. 81, name only).—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xv1, U. S. Nat. Mus., 458, Coryphanini, BONAPARTE, Icon, Faun. Italica, Pesci, 1842, Introduzione.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 404, Coryphenoidei, BLEEKER, Tentamen, 1859, xxi (Familia 101). DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 209 Body compressed and elongate. Teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. Skull with crest. A single, elongate dorsal; anal shorter; pectoral very small; ventrals thoracic. Lateral line present. Gill membranes free from isthmus. Branchiostegals 7, No pseudo- branchie. No air bladder. Pyloric appendages numerous. Vertebra more than 10+14, CORYPHANA, Linnzus. Coryphena, LINNZUS, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 1, 261.—Cuvirr and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rx, ' 268.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 404.—Jorp AN and GILBERT, loc. cit. Lampugus, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, op. cit., 317.—GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei., Phila., 1802, 127. Body elongate, covered with small, cycloid seales. Cleft of the mouth >blique, the lower jaw projecting. Cardiform teeth on jaws and vomer and palatines; a patch of villiform teeth on the tongue. Skull-crest much more elevated in adult than in young. Dorsal many-rayed, low, extending from nape nearly to base of caudal; anal similar, but shorter; both without distinct spines; pectorals small; ventrals well developed, thoracic, I, 5, partly received into a groove in the abdomen; caudal fin widely forked. Liitken has reviewed in his Spolia Atlantica the species of the genus Coryphana, and an abstract of his conclusions is here presented: The genus Coryphena, the “Dolphins” as they are called by sailors, is one of those peculiarly pelagic in its characteristics, and it is an example, more remarkable than any other, of the extreme confusion which has resulted from the fact that a numbe. of really limited existing species has been divided into a great number of nominal species, based only upon differences of age and sex, individual peculiarities, different geographical locali- ties, carelessly made drawings, incomplete descriptions, ete., a confusion which has been wrongly charged to Cuvier. The mistake of separating the species into two genera, Cory- phena and Lampugus, has already been rectified by competent authority, and the number of species believed to be well founded at the same time was reduced from 19 to 6. He is now of the opinion that the number should not be more than 2, or at the most 3. The two time- honored species of Linnieus, the large Dolphin, “La Petite Dorrade” (C. hippurus), which reaches a length of nearly 6 feet; and the little Dolphin, “ La Petite Dorrade” (C. equisetis), which rarely exceeds 24 feet. In Spolia Atlantica, Liitken gives an extensive comparison of these two species, having special reference to the changes which they undergo with age, and those which, like the length of C. equisetis, are sexual; and these variations have been illus- trated by figures of the head, which are reproduced in this work. Most of the species de- scribed and figured can, according to Liitken, be very easily assigned to the two cosmopoli- tan species referred to, which have been often brought in by sailors, the only ones, in fact, from which he has been able to get material for study. Liitken hesitates in his opinion concerning ©. pelagica (azorica, sicula) of the Mediterranean, which has been aceepted by most authors who have studied the Mediterranean fauna, but which very probably does not differ specifically from C. hippurus; at least, he felt obliged to regard as a young speci- men of this species a little “ C. pelagica” from the Mediterranean, which, under that name, was sent to him for examination by a museum in Italy. In support of his opinion that there are really only two species of Coryphena, he mentions two circumstances—one, that Giinther, although he formally acknowledges more, actually refers all the specimens in his own custody to these two species and has not recognized any others; and again, that Liit- ken himself has been able without difficulty to divide numerous specimens of young Cory- phena, from 18 to 62 millimeters long, caught by Scandinavian fishermen, into two series, representing two species, and to refer these series to the two species before mentioned, and to no others, to wit, most of them to C. equisetis, and a fewer number to C. hippurus. The little Coryphenas are so dissimilar to the adults that it is very easy that they should have given rise to mistake, and thus it has happened that the young C. hippurus has been de- seribed by Pallas under the name of @. fasciolata. Liitken, in the work referred to, gives comparative descriptions of the young individuals of both species in their successive states and in relation to their adult forms, and gives figures illustrative of his ideas, calling at- tention to the fact that the greater length of the ventrals in OC. hippurus, and their point of 19868—No, 2 14 210 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. origin under the pectorals less farther backward than in C. equisetis, is one of the best means of separating the young of the two forms, and corresponds also to one of the best distine- tive characters of the adult. The small individuals of both species net only have the preoperculum provided with spines, but also a scapular spine and supraorbital spine on each side. The larger specimens have the body very elongate, but are at the same time less thick, without being compressed, as they are in advanced age. The dorsal is rela- tively as low as in C. equisetis: in the adult, its origin at a point scarcely behind the anterior margin of the eye; in the young, above the posterior margin of the preoperculum; in those still younger, between the preoperculum and the opening of the gills; in C. hippurus, adult, aboye the posterior margin of the pupil; in the younger specimens of the same species, above the branchial opening, and soon. The system of coloration is a marked character in the different ages. Family BRAMIDZ. Bramide, Low®, Pise. Syn. Maderensium, ete. (1834); Trans. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 1836, 197.—G1LL, Arrange- ment Families of Fishes, 1872, 9; Century Dictionary, 659,—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U.S. Nat. Mus.,1883, 455 (in part). Bramini, BONAPARTE, Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 76 (Subfam. 132). Brameformes, BLEEKER, Tentamen, 1859, XXII. Scombroids with short, oblong, compressed body. Head rounded; snout, obtuse, con- vex; mouth wide, oblique. Vertical fins, long, elevated, anteriorly continuous, with but few spinous rays. Ventrals thoracic. Teeth on vomer and palatines. An exterior row of strong teeth in the jaws. Premaxillaries protractile. Branchiostegals 7. Pseudobranchize present. THE POMFRET (Brama Rait.) A single genus Brama, of which Taractes (without spinous portion to dorsal and anal) is the young. They are strictly pelagic, and it would seem probable that they descend to considerable depth. BRAMA, Schneider. Brama, SCHNEIDER, Bloch’s Systema Ichthologiw, 1801, 1. 98 (type, B. atropos Schn.).—Risso, Hist. Nat.Eur. Mérid. m1, 433.—Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vi, 281.—GtNnTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 01, 408.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U.S. N. M., 455. Taractes, LOWE, Proc, Zodl. Soc. 1863, 82.—Pory, An, Soc. Esp., v, 148.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., u, 410. Pterycombus, Fries, Vet.Akad. Handl., 1837. Body compressed and more or less elevated, covered with rather small scales; cleft of the mouth very oblique, with the lower jaw longest. Dorsal and anal fins elongate, the DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 4 ta | former with 3 or 4, the latter with 2 or 3 spines; caudal deeply forked; ventrals thoracic with one spine and five rays. The jaws with an outer series of stronger teeth; the teeth of the palatine bones and of the vomer are easily lost. Opercles entire. Seven branchios- tegals; air-bladder, none. Pyloric appendages in small number. (Giinther.) A very elaborate study of Brama has been completed by Liitken, based upon a large series, chiefly of young specimens. Concerning B. Raii he concludes thatit is quite cosmo- politan in its distribution, occurring from the Faroe Islands to the Cape of Good Hope and is represented by closely similar, if not identical, forms on the coast of Chili ‘B. chilensis and australis) and New Zealand (B. squamosa) and in the waters of Japan. He states that it has not yet been found in the West Indies or off the east coast of North America, overlooking, perhaps, the fact that Brama Raii was observed at the Bermudas in 1880 by Dr. Goode. He considers B. orcini and B. Dussumieri and Taractes asper to be im- mature forms and gives a very doubtful acceptance to six species, claiming to be distinct from B. Raii, described from various parts of the Atlantic: Brama Agassizii, Poey (Mem. Hist. Nat. Cuba, 11, 1856-8, 204). Cuba. Brama Brevoorti, Poey (loc. cit., 206). Cuba. Brama Saussurii, Lunel (Revision, ete., 185, pl. m). Cuba. Brama longipinnis, Lowe (Proc. Zobl. Soc., 1843, 82). Madeira. Brama princeps, Johnson (Proc. Zodl. Soc., 1863, 38, pl. vir). Madeira. Brama Raschi Esmark (Forh. Vid. Selsk., Christiania, 1861). Finmark, Iceland. Serious discussion of these forms can not well be attempted without a large series 02 specimens of all ages. In the meantime, it is most convenient to consider all the Atlantic forms as members of a single species, quite variable in the proportions of the body and the fins. B. japonica, Hilgendorf, has the snout more convex than B. Raii, shorter vertical fins, and smaller paired fins, and the lesser size of the scales in the axils of the pectorals. Family DIRETMIDA. Diretmide, GILL, MS. Scombroideans with a disciform body (suggestive of Priacanthus) preoperculum pro- longed downward and separating the operculum from other bones; supramaxillaries wide behind; a leng dorsal and anal with simple (?) rays, and ventrals thoracic. (@ill). DIRETMUS, Johnson. Diretmus, JOHNSON, Proce. Zool. Soe. Lond., 1863, 403. Discus, CAMPBELL, Trans. New Zeal. Inst., x1, 1879, 297. Gyrinomene, VAILLANT (name only), Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1887, 355, 18. Body much compressed, short and elevated, covered with small, coarsely spinous scales, on which no lateral line can be traced; abdomen prominent and keeled. Mouth wide, ob- liquely ascending, with projecting lower jaw. The jaws are armed with a very narrow band (which, posteriorly, becomes a single series) of small fine teeth of unequal size. The vomer and palatine bones are toothless. The maxillaries terminate at their upper and in- ner extremity in a pair of short-pointed processes, which form peculiar fang-like projections in the inside of the mouth in front of the vomer. Bones of the head thin, with wide, mucif- erous cavities, the lower limb of the preoperculum denticulated. yes very large. Dor- sal long, without spinous division; anal similar in form and composition; interradial mem- brane very fragile. Pectorals large; ventral fins thoracic, with more than 5 rays (?). Branchiostegals 7; pseudobranchie. (Giinther.) . DIRETMUS ARGENTEUS, Jonnson. (Figure 234.) Diretmus argenteus, JOHNSON, Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, pl. XXXVI, fig. 1.—VAILLANT, loc. cit., 355. The specimen from Madeira, described in detail and well figured by Johnson, was the only one known until the French expedition obtained another off the coasts of Morocco in 1,105 meters. Johnson ascribed to it, although with doubt, 10 ventral rays, but the rays 212 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF ‘THE ATLANTIC BASIN. are much confused, broken, and split down to the base, and it is fortunate that Vaillant has been able to make out the true ray formula to be 1,5. The spine is enlarged into a thin scalpel-shaped lamella and marked with numerous oblique strive. Giinther concluded, from the structure of the cranial bones, the immense eyes, the black color of the cavity of the mouth and pharynx, and also from the extreme scarcity of the fish, that this species belongs to the deep-sea fauna, and subsequent explorations proved the wisdom of his prophecy. Radial formula: D. 27; A. 22-25; P.18; V.I, 5. Giinther remarks concerning D. aureus, Campbell: [ should be inclined to refer this fish, which is known from four specimens, 23 inches long, cast up on Hokitika beach (New Zealand), to the same species as the Madeiran speci- men, but for the seeming absence of the enlarged ventral spine. This, of course, might be also accounted for by the less advanced age of the specimens. All the other differences as they appear in the description would probably disappear on a direct comparison of the ex- amples. The perforations of the interradial membrane of the dorsal and anal fins, which Campbell regards as an extraordinary character, may also be seen in the Madeiran type, and are due to the extremely delicate structure of the membrane. ‘The radial formula is D. 26; A. 21; BaLis Family PTERACLIDIDA.. Pteraclinw, SWAINSsON, Nat. Hist. Fishes, ete., 1839, 11, 178. Pteraclidide, Git, Arr. Families Fishes, 1872, 9 (No. 85). Scombroids with oblong or short elevated body, compressed, covered with moderate sized scales, Dorsal and anal high, composed of simple spines or rays. Ventrals jugular. PTERACLIS, Gronovius. Pteraclis, GRONOVIUS, Act. Helvet., vir, 44, 1772 (type, Coryphena velifera, Pallas)—CuVviIER and VALEN- CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1x, 359.—GintTueEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 2, p. 410.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U.S. Nat. Mus., 455. Body compressed, oblong, covered with moderate-sized scales. Snout obtuse convex, compressed. Cleft of mouth wide, oblique. Eye large. Dorsal very elongate, much ele- vated, extending from the forehead to the caudal, composed of filiform spines, unarticu- lated, triangular in form; anal similar in form and structure; ventrals jugular, of 4-6 slender rays. Pseudobranchie present. The types of the description are a single individual, No. 39296, taken by the Albatross at station 2358, N. lat. 20° 19’, W. lon. 87° 03/ 30’, in 220 fathoms, off Yucatan, and two specimens, No. 39297, from Albatross, station 2655, N. lat. 27° 22/, W. lon. 78° 07' 30”, 338 fathoms, Little Bahama Bank. The species is a true Cyttus, resembling the southern species, but with a single preanal spine, fewer rays in the vertical fins, and with the body entirely scaled. The plates at the dorsal and anal bases are well developed. No, 39296 is 75 millimeters long, and the larger specimen of No. 39297 is 86 millimeters long, while the length of the smaller is 80 millimeters. CYTTOPSIS, Gill. Cyttopsis, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1862, 126 (type, Zeus roseus, LOWE). A genus of Zeide without bony plates at the bases of the vertical fins, but with a series of shields on the ventral line between the ventral and the anal fins. Body much compressed, elevated, partially naked. Teeth minute in bands, in the jaws, and on the vomer, Bran- chiostegals 7, Ventrals 1, 7. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 22, =I CYTTOPSIS ROSEUS, (Lows), Git. Zeus roseus, LOWE, Proc. Zobl. Soc. London, 1843, 85. Cyttus roseus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., u, 1860, 396.—VarLLanr, Exp. Sei, Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 349. Cyttopsis roseus, GILL, loc. cit. A Cyttopsis resembling in general appearance Zeus fuber. Height of body one-half its length; its thickness one-eighth of the same; length of head two-fifths of length of body. Snout more than half as long as the head, though the maxillary, on account of its nearly vertical position, reaches scarcely to the vertical from the anterior margin of the orbit. Teeth small, in villiform bands on the intermaxillaries, mandible, and vomer. Eye very large, its diameter one-third the iength of the head; the upper orbital margin provided with a series of saw-like teeth, pointed forward, nearly 30 in number, the five or six most anterior more developed than the others, which can only be seen with the lens; inter- orbital space slightly concave, striated. Gill opening wide. Went slightly postmedian. Scales present only in the lateral line and its immediate neighborhood. Three or four bony plates between the ventrals and the vent, the anterior ones armed with very strong spines, pointing backward. At the base of the dorsal and anal fins a series of little nodules, corre- sponding to the interspinous spaces. Dorsal occupying a large part of the length of the back, its spines very robust; the third, the strongest, is in length equal to one-third the height of the body; the first eight or ten soft rays increase in size, the first being the lowest; they are farther apart than those which follow them and are united by a membrane only at their base. Anal very sinilar to the soft portion of the dorsal; the first spine stout and immovable. The caudai pedunele is widened at its extremity and the caudal is abruptly truncate. Pectorals moder- ate, obtuse, composed of 15 rays. Ventrals remarkably long, inserted nearly in the verti- cal from the insertion of the pectorals, and extending behind the anal spine; the two branches which form each ray are very distinct, even from the base, as in Trigla and similar fishes. Radial formula: D. viii, 27; A.1, 25; V.1, 7; Br. vit. Scales in lateral line 53, in transverse line 9-40, Color silvery, passing into roseate above and below. Fins yellowish; the ventrals have the membrane black and the rays milky white. This species was originally described by Lowe from Madeira, and his specimen, eleven inches in length, now in the British Museum, is believed to be the type. The Travailleur obtained two specimens from the coast of Morocco, Station LXIX, at a depth of 410 meters OREOSOMA, Cuvier and Valenciennes. Oreosoma, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., 1v, 515.—GUNTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 214; 01, 396.—LowE, Fishes of Madeira, preface, xii. OrEOsoMA (After C. & V.). Zeids with an elevated body and 2 dorsal fins, the first with 5 spines. A long anal, composed entirely of rays. Opercles unarmed; operculum with two ridges terminating in flat angles. Villiform teeth on jaws, vomer, and palatines. No scales, but numerous large, conical, bony protuberances, symmetrically arranged. 228 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. OREOSOMA ATLANTICUM, Cuvier and VALENCIENNES. Oreosoma atlanticum, CuviER and VALENCIENNES, loc. cit., pl. XCIX.—GUNTHER, loc. cit. An Oreosoma, described as having 25 or 26 large, conical, bony protuberances, four of which are on the back. Radial formula: D. v, 29; A. 26; v. 1,5. This remarkable form is known only from a single specimen, obtained by Peron, the French navigator, in “ the Atlantic Ocean.” It was probably taken in the surface net. The type is 16 lines in length. A full description is given by Cuvier and Valenciennes, who refer to it as alittle fish, whose height is equal to its length; covered with great cones, so rugged and bold that a drawing of it resembles a map of a volcanic country. Its affinities are believed by some ichthyologists to be Berycoid. Family CAPROID 4, Capride, Low®, Fishes of Madeira, x11, 1843.—GILL, Arrangement of the Families of Fishes, 1872, 9. (No. 90.) Caproida, GILL, Century Dictionary, 809. Scombroidea with compressed and elevated body, covered with small, ctenoid scales; upper jaw protractile; vertebree very numerous; dorsal in two parts; ventrals with 1 spine and 5 rays; teeth very small. KEY TO THE GENERA. I. Mouth very protractile; teeth in jaws, vomer, and palatines.......---...-----.---------- +--+ Capros Il. Mouth less protractile; teeth in jaws ........... Selsanie's aioletate aisles eiaeietete wise sinise iatnee aclextactact ANTIGONIA CAPROS APER (after Cuvier.) CAPROS, Lacépéde. Capros, LAckripr, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, p. 590.—Cuvirr & VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, p. 29.— GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1862, p. 127. Body compressed and elevated; mouth very protractile. Scales rather small, spiny. Two contiguous dorsals, the first with 9 spines, the anal with 3, No bony plates along DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 229 the base of the dorsal and anal fins. Ventral fins composed of 1 spine and 5 rays. Minute teeth in the jaws and on the vomer, none on the palatine bones. Branchiostegals 5; air- bladder large. Pyloric appendages in small number. (Giinther.) CAPROS APER, (Linnxus), Lactpnpe. Zeus aper, LINNXUS, Syst. Nat., ed. x, 1758, 1, 266. Capros aper, LAckPEDE, Hist. Nat. Poiss., rv, p. 591.—Giinrner, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, p. 496.—VAILLANT, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, Poiss., 1888, 353. A Capros with upper and lower profiles of the snout coneaye, with small scales, with strong spines in the dorsal and ventral fins. Adults usually brownish red; young, some grayish, others red approaching vermillion on the upper parts, silvery white below; iris golden, with some red spots. Radial formula: D. 1x, 23/24; A. 111/23; V.1/5; Cec, pylor. 2; Vert. 10-12/13. The Boarfish of English authors is said to be common in the Mediterranean, and has also been found in the waters of Madeira; stragglers have a few times been taken on the south coast of England and Ireland; the French explorers found it at various depths from 30 to 175 fathoms in the Gulf of Gascogne, on the coast of Morocco, Soudan, and Spain, and on the Bane D’Arguin. It is one of those forms which, while more especially charac- teristic of the shore fauna, descends into moderately deep waters adjacent, and is by courtesy admitted to the deep-sea lists, especially since the other members of the same family are characteristic deep-water forms, and, in the opinion of Dr, Giinther, but rarely come to the surface. ANTIGONIA, Lowe. Antigonia, LOw®, Proc. Zoil. Soc. London, 1843, 85. Caprophonus, MULLER and TROSCHEL, Hore Ichthyologice, 11, 28. Body very compressed and elevated, covered with rather small spiny scales; mouth little protractile. Dorsal fin continuous, with 8 spines; 5 anal spines, remote from the soft portion. Ventral fins composed of 1 spine and 5 rays. Very small teeth in the jaws. Branchiostegals 5 to 7. (@iinther.) ANTIGONIA CAPROS, Lowr. (Figure 235.) Antigonia capros, Lowe, Proc. Zobl. Soc. Lond., 1843, 85.—GUNnruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 497; Chal- lenger Report, XX1, 1887, 44.—STEINDACHNER, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, XLIXx, 1884, 187, pl. v. Caprophonus aurora, MULLER and TROSCHEL, Hore Ichthyologice, m1, p. XXvmI, taf. V, fig. 1. Hypsinotus rubescens, SCHLEGEL, Fauna Japonica, Poissons, 84, pl. Xiu, fig. 2.—GiNTHER, Report on the Shore Fishes, Chall. Report, part v1, 44. (Young.) Antigonia Miilleri, KLUNZINGER, Sitzb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, LXXXIII, 1879, 380, pl. v, fig 3. An Antigonia with the heightof the body five sixths of its total length, and a very strong striated ventral spine. Color red. ((iinther.) Radial formula: D. vu, 34; A. tt, 32-33; V.1, 5; B. 5-7. Antigonia capros is a cosmopolitan form, first known from the mid-Atlantic, off Bar- bados and Madeira; since obtained in Japan, near the Ki Islands and Manado. The greatest depth at which it has been taken is 129 fathoms, off the Ki Islands. Family TETRAGONURID. Les Tetragonurides, Risso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., 11, 1829, 381. _ Tetragonuride, BONAPARTE, Saggio, 1837; Catalogo Metodico, 1846, 72. Tetragonurina, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 407. Scombroidea with long, slender body, covered with hard, ciliated, grooved scales, which are very adherent. A dorsal divided into two portions, closely connected, the soft part shorter and higher. Mouth subvertical; teeth in jaws in single series and on palate. Air- bladder none. 230 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. TETRAGONURUS, Risso. Tetragonurus, Risso, Iehth. Nice, 1810, 347; Hist. Nat., mr, 381.—GUNTHER, loc. cit.—MOREAU, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, U1, 178. Body subcylindrical, elongate. Snout obtuse. Ventrals abdominal, placed below middle of pectoral. TETRAGONURUS CUVIERI, Risso. (Figure 417.) Corvus niloticus, ALDROVANDI, De Piscibus, V, cap. 25, 28. Tetragonurus Cuvieri, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 347; Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., 1829, m1, 381. Tetragonurus atlanticus, LOWE, Fishes Madeira, 129, pl. xrx. Spinous dorsal low, receivable in groove. Scales each with 5 to 6 keels, each termi- nating in a spine. Color, brown, with violet and yellow reflections. Radial formula: D, xv—xxI, 1, 11-13; A, 10-12; L. lat. 118/20. This form was originally described from Nice. Risso says that it lives at great depths, approaching the coast only in August at the time of spawning, and that its natation is slow and feeble. It has since been found off Toulon and Marseilles, and by Lowe near Madeira, where it was taken swimming at the surface. Lowe is also of the opinion that it occurs at very great depths. Its flesh when eaten is a violent poison, as was demonstrated by the personal experience of Risso himself. A single specimen was obtained by the U.S. Fish Commission at Wood’s Holl, Massachusetts, November 10, 1890 (Cat .No. 44436, U.S. aN Me) Family CHILODIPTERIDA. Chilodipteroidei, BLEEKER, Tentamen, 1859, xx. Chilodipteride, GILL, Arrangement, Families of Fishes, 1872. Apogonina, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 1859, 57, 222. Apogonide, JORDAN & GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 1883, 563. Percoidea, with body oblong, more or less elevated, covered with large deciduous scales (striated and ctenoid, or sometimes eycloid); cheeks scaly; cleft of mouth wide, oblique. Villiform teeth on jaws and vomer, and sometimes on palatines (teeth absent in Brepho- stoma); canines sometimes present; preoperculum commonly with a double ridge; its edge entire or slightly serrated; lower pharyngeals separate, with sharp teeth; pseudobranchiz present; branchiostegals 7, or less; dorsal fins well separated, the first with 6 to 9 rather strong spines; anal fin short, with 1 to 3 (usually with 2) spines; ventral fins thoracic, I, 5. KEY TO THE DEEP-SEA GENERA OF CHILODIPTERID®. (Provisional—including some genera of doubtful relationship.) I. Canine teeth at the outer side of the villiform bands in the jaws. A, Preoperculum with a double serrated edge; anal with two spines. 1. Dorsal with six spines; operculum unarmed. .=.----.-..---------+.+--=-+----- (CHILODIPTERUS) 2. Dorsal with nine spines; operculum with two weak spines. ...-..--..----.------ PARASCOMBROPS Il. Teeth all villiform; no canines. A. Lateral line normal. 1. Palatines with teeth. a. Anal with two spines. Preoperculum: with doubleserrated rideemes. eo. =. lee aslo sa eee (APOGON) Preoperculum with double entire ridge. Scales large;-20-26)in Jateraliline-7-2 o- ece seen eee ee eee (APOGONICHTHYS) Scales jsmall, 40‘or more in Jaterallline=s-sescseeee comes eee eee ee ee eee ee GLOSSAMIA b. Anal with three spines; bones of head cavernous. Preoperculum denticulated; operculum with two feeble points. Scales small;45.in lateral line. 3. 2.22 --cesosee nee een eaeeae eee eeeee MALACICHTHYS 2. Palatines toothless. a. Preoperculum with striated angle. Teeth moderate. B. vul..---..-------------- EPIGONUS b. Preoperculum with one spine. Teeth rudimentary on jaws. ‘‘B. 1y” --.. POMATOMICHTHYS BL. Lateral line beginning under origin of second dorsal. 1: Analawithit wos pines << .2->-2..-22-e-s-snseceescsss esse sseceswecoces Mora b. Anal more or less deeply notched. Teeth on vomer. Barbel. PLOUODLUSG«s DbONGSIOL NOAM AIM. 5. cccses oss c enero cca sec soe eeesececaconece LEPIDION Snout produced. Bones of head cavernous, with large muciferous cavities.. ANTIMORA No teeth on vomer. No barbel. Anal in two connected divisions. Snout obtusely conical. Mouth wide, nearly terminal..... fe uaisassasoee HALARGYREUS C. Ventral rays 5 or more, elongate, exserted. 1. Ventral rays 5, very clongate, the three median ones with lanceolate tips. eee lat Coral OMNI al (CONGe sesso se nee em me ee cee ee een eee teri ateineen ERETMOPIIORUS 2. Ventral rays 7, some of them slightly prolonged and with rounded heads. F De NO aDOOMUINAL CONG = 64 - sac wees see enn ce Sateen acest ae scemensiscsccese HyrsiniyNcHuus ‘JIL. Second dorsal and anal continuous with caudal. No barbel..........---. ---.-.---+--+---- Melanonine: A. No teeth on vomer and palatines. 1. Jaws with bands of small teeth, with an outer row of larger ones...-..---------------- STRINSIA B. Teeth on vomer and palatines in narrow strips. 1, Jaws with teeth in villiform bands. @-Lail long and tapering ....---- --.2 -200 202+ 222 anne oes nee sacs nasa eesne sence MELANONUS IV. First dorsal composed of a single ray and a band of fringes. Second dorsal and anal distinct... - Onin: A. Barbels three. HEE NOU GAWAUNOULICIITUS: 2. 2 sane a= aa eee ests P. CHESTERI PHYCIS MEDITERRANEUS, DE La Rocue. Blennius phycis, LINNXvs, Systema Nature, ed. x11, 1766, 442.—Briinnicu, Ichthyologia Massiliensis, 28.— Dea Rocue, Ann. Mus., xty, 1809, 280.—R1sso, Ichth., Nice, 125. Phycis mediterraneus, DE LA Rocue, Ann. Mus., x11, 1808, 332; Memoires, 46.—Rrsso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., 222.—GUICHENOT, Explor. Alger., 103.—Costa, Fauna Napol.—Lowkg, Fishes of Madeira, 191, pl. xxvir.— GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., tv, 354.—CANEsTRINI, Archiv. Zool., 11, 364; Fauna Italica, 157.—G1GLIo.t, a Hisnieo; 336.—VAILLANT, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 289.—MOREAU, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, Piste limbatus, VALENCIENNES, in Webb and Berthelot, Hist. Nat. Iles., Canar., 78, xIv, fig. 2. A Phycis with its body 4 times the length of the head, which is slightly longer than its greatest height. Snout obtuse, projecting, longer than the diameter of the eye. Origin of first dorsal somewhat behind that of pectoral; its rays are not produced and it is scarcely higher than the second. Ventrals somewhat prolonged, but their tips not passing the origin of the anal. Scales small, about 130 in the lateral line, and 11 or 12 series above the lateral line below the first dorsal. Radial formula: D. 9-11 + 57-63. A. 52-60. Color brownish; dark upon the back, lighter upon the belly. Vertical fins with a black margin and a narrow, white edge. This southern European Hake is known from the Canaries and Madeira; at moderate depths in the Mediterranean at Nice, Naples, and Sicily, and the coast of Algiers; and also in the Adriatic at Trieste and Venice; and is rare everywhere. It was taken by the Travailleur in 1882 in the Gulf of Gascony (station 1) at a depth of 614 meters. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 357 PHYCIS BLENNIOIDES, (Briinnicn), SCHNEIDER. Gadus blennioides, BRUNNICH, Ichthyologia Massiliensis, 1768, 24. Phycis blennioides, SCHNEIDER, Bloch’s Systema Ichthyologiw, 1801, 56, pl. x1.—Rrsso, Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., 222.—GUICHENOT, Explor. Alger., 103.—GinTuER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., rv, 1862, 352 (deserip tion) ; Challenger Report, Xx11, 1887, ’89.—CaNrEsTRINI, Fauna Italica, 156; Gadidi, pls. xm-xrv, fig 1.—GrG.i01, Elenco, 36.—MorgEav, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, 11, 264.—Srrém, Norsk. Vid. Selsk. Skrift, 1881, 76; 1887, 35.—CoLLerr, Nyt. Mag. f. Naturvid., 1887. Gadus albidus, GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1788, 1, 1171. Phycis albidus, VAILLANT, Exp. Sci. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 288, pl. XXvI, figs. 4 and 44, 83. Phycis tinca, SCHNEIDER, loc. cit. Blennius gadoides, Lactehpe, Hist. Nat. Poiss., vit, 334.—Russo, Ichth. Nice, 136. Batrachoides Gmelini, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 143, pl. vi, fig. 6. Phycis Gmelini, Risso, op. cit., 223. Phycis furcatus, FLEMING, British Animals, 193, et al. A Phycis with its body 4 times as long as its head, which is slightly longer than the greatest heightof the body. Snout obtuse, slightly projecting, nearly as long as the diame- ter of the eye. Teeth in villiform bands on jaws and yomer. Origin of first dorsal directly above that of pectoral, its second and third rays prolonged in a filament shorter than the head. Ventrals filamentous, their tips passing the origin of the anal. Seales in lateral line about 100, and in 5 to 6 rows above lateral line under the first dorsal. Radial formula: D. 9-11 + 57-62. eee ee cee Ca cee e kee seen ies eae eee | 67 273 Men eth of Das aeecc oe ccas aoe ee oe ee eae eee cee eee eects 17 | 7 Mengthiof firstirayn. cease cece en cbc es cae an Saas sisein sin Sacreaeee te iets 15 | 6h | Lene th) of S6cond Lay) - 2s< eee o cjeme lave cininis wleibicinia/-toraleloi= ptaistel= Selentater | 28 | 114 | Length of third'ray - - =~... 2.0. onc 5s cce ce ene -secnewce erences =e liz 48 Length of fourth 26 | 104 Length of last ray. 3 | Wu Dorsal (second) : en Pil OL DARO ance cine a soistelnldiats sere eiolstala sate mers olate eta] aeien slots eter | 142 58 Length of first ray -| 15 6 Length of longest r: 29 113 Length of last ray. 5 | 24 | 1A critical study of the ventral fins of Phycis compels us to believe that the ventral fin is composed of 3 rays covered at the base with a thick skin in such manner as to obscure the third, short one, and to join the other two so that they appear like a single bifid ray. In young individuals of Phycis chuss, the third ray has its extremity protruding from the sheath, though in adults it becomes entirely enveloped, thus giv- ing rise to the false definitions which have been given for this genus. An adult specimen of Phycis furcatus Flem. (No. 17371 of the National Museum collection), has the third ventral ray protruding. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, 361 TABLE OF MEASUREMENTS—continued. Current number of specimen........-.-....-..-. sensienelseican ss secen 21, 840. 21, 841. 21, 842. Traw] 174. Trawl 194. Trawl 194. Locality ------ 22000 eeeeee seen ee eeeeee cece ee eee eee eceee ees eeeeee------| 42 miles E. 3 S., | 33 miles E. by S., Cape Ann, E. Pt., Cape Ann, 140 110 fathoms, Aug. 31, 1878. fathoms, A ug 27, 1878. Milli. | 100ths of Milli. |100ths of Milli- | 100ths of meters. | length. | meters. | length. | meters. | length. Anal: | | MAS tan GGALOM SOM teecsisccciiessipacs csewsa Mongth of lastiray <2... 22... .ccc- cece cence nee seen nec cece enenss rer ceccescsenseecees 3 2 Anal: . , Distance from snout....... 2.2... .c0222 sees ence ene e ee cece eet ene teer nec cerscesseneess 266 or fe Length of base....-... . 142 323 |- Length of first ray wees . 10 23 | Length of longest ray (26th) : 35 8 Trensthiof last ray ..<.2c.2.ccccscccneccncenececececenscenncnernseensseesseecceseescsess 8 2 Candal: 5 Length of middle rays-........--2---e0ceecenee cee cece enc eceenneecsenstsereeeeeceneses ca, 45 104 Pectoral: 624 137 on ‘Distance from SNOUt... .. 2.20.0 0ccccc ccs anew nce nn cen enn cscs ce csceccsccceseceserencn ses 104 235 37 =a Meret ee aOR ee Ee cd acaica'syo- tate eseraecenwie-s-ssescens sures gaeaaee 83 19 105 | q Ventral: a " MiIstance from: SNOUb.- si. << <2occcenen cee sa fathoms; Cat No. 33587, U. Ss. N.M., from station 2086, in 40° 05/ 05” N, lat., 709.35’ W, lon., at a depth of 69 fath- oms; Cat. No. 33384, U.S. N.M., from station 2072, in 41° 53! N, lat., 65° 35’ W. lon, at a depth of 858 fathoms; Cat. No. 32680, U.S. N. M., from station 2003, in 37° 16/ 30” N. lat., 19868—No. 2 28 434 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. 74° 20' 36” W. lon., at a depth of 641 fathoms; Cat. No. 33554, U.S. N. M., from station 2092, in 39° 58’ 35” N. lat., 71° 00’ 380” W. lon., at a depth of 197 fathoms; Cat. No. 32654, U. S. N. M., from station 2003, in 37° 16’ 30” N. lat., 74° 20’ 36” W. lon., ata depth of 641 fathoms; Cat. No. 33475, U.S. N. M., from station 2064, in 42° 25’ 40" N. Jat., 66° 08’ 35” W. lon., at a depth of 122 fathoms; Cat. No. 35410, U.S. N. M., from geacionl: 2179, in 39° 30/10” N, lat., 71° 50’ W. lon., at a depth of 510 fathoms; Cat. No. 35697, U. S. N. M., from station 2262, in 39° 54’ 45’ N, lat., 69° 29’ 45’ W. lon., at a depth of 250 fathoms; Cat. No. 35460, U. S. N. M., from station 2187, in 39° 49/ 30’ N. lat., 71° 10’ W. lon., at a depth of 420 fathoms. Specimens were also obtained by the Fish Hawk from the following localities: From station 1154, in 39° 53/ 31” N, lat., 70° 39’ W. lon., at a depth of 193 fathoms; Cat. No. 28915, U.S. N. M., from station 994, in 39° 40’ N. lat., 71° 30’ W. lon., at a depth of 368 fathoms; Cat. No. 28785, U. 8. N. M., from station 937, in 39° 49/ 25’ N. lat., 69° 49’ W. lon., at a depth of 616 fathoms; Cat. No. 26725, U.S. N. M., from station 398, in 37° 24' N, lat.. 74° 17’ W. lon., at a depth of 300 fathoms: Cat. No. 28845, U. S. N. M., from station 9} ae in 39° 57’ N. lat., 70° 31’ 30” W. lon., at a depth of 225 eyes: Cat. NG. 31869, U.S. N. M., from station 1155, in 59° 52’ N. lat., 70° 30’ W. lon., at a depth of 554 fathoms; Cat. No. 26729, U.S. N. M., from station 897, in 37° 25’ N. lat., 749 18’ W. lon., at a denen of 1574 fathoms: Cat. No. 26178, U. S. N. M., from station 895, in 39° 56’ 30’ N, lat., 70° 59/45” W. lon., at a depth of 238 fathoms; Cat. No! 31772, U.S. N. M., from station 1140, in39° 34’ N, lat., 71° 56’ W. lon., at a depth of 374 fathoms; Cat. No. 28949, U. S. N. M., from station 1029, in 39° 57’ 06’ N, lat., 69° 16’ W. lon., at a depth of 458 fathoms; Cat. No. 28810, U.S. N. M., from station 945, in 39° 58’ N. lat., 71° 13’ W. lon., at a depth of 207 fathoms; Cat. No. 28735, U. S. N. M., from station 925, in 39° 55! N, lat., 70° 47’ W. lon., at a depth of 229 fathoms; Cat. No. 28932, U. 8. N. M., from station 1028, in 39° 57’ N. lat., 69° 17’ W. lon., at a depth of 410 fathoms; Cat. No, 28916, U.S. N. M., from station 1025, in 39° 49’ N. lat., 71° 25’ W. lon., at a depth of 216 enone Cat. No. 28918, U. SSAN5 SM, from station 998,in 39° 41’ N. lat., 71° 32’ W. lon., ata depth of 302 fathoms; Cat. Ne 28161, U.S. N. M., from station 894, in 39° 53’ N, lat., 70° 58’ 30/’ W. lon., at a depth of 365 fathoms; Cat. No. 26113, U. 8. N. M., from station 869, in 40° 02/ 18” N, lat., 70° 23’ 06” W. lon., at a depth of 192 fathoms; and Cat. No. 26018, U. 8S. N. M., from station 870, in 40° 02! 36” N. lat., 70° 22/ 58” W, lon., at a depth of 155 fathoms. HIPPOGLOSSUS, Cuvier. Hippoglossus, CUVIER, Régne Animal, ed. 1, 1817, 1, 221; ed 11, 1829, 340.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., IV, 403.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8S. N. M., 818. Dextral pleuronectoids, having an oblong body, not strongly compressed. Mouth wide, oblique. Teeth in two series on the upper jaw, one on lower; the anterior ones above and the lateral teeth below, strong; vomer and palatines toothless; lower pharyngeal teeth in two rows. Dorsal origin above eye, its middle rays longest, its posterior rays, like those of anal, bifid; caudal crescentic; ventrals lateral. Scales small, eycloid; lateral line strongly curved in front, Gill rakers short, compressed, wide-set, and few in number. Vertebre 16-34. HIPPOGLOSSUS VULGARIS, Fiemine. (Fig. 363.) Pleuronectes hippoglossus, LINN&xUS, Systema Nature, ed. x, 1, 269. Hippoglossus vulgaris, FLEMING, British Animals, 199.—Ginruer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., tv, 1862, 403. Hippoglossus americanus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 220. Body comparatively elongate, not strongly compressed, deep mesially, its height one- third of its length. Head broad, its length 33 in that of body. Eyes large, separated by a very broad, flattish area; lower eye in advance of upper. Mouth large, the maxillary reaching vertical from middle of orbit. Radial formula: D. 105; A. 78. Color, dark brown; blind side, white. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 435 The halibut were once very abundant in Massachusetts Bay, but are now found chiefly at a depth of 100-300 fathoms on the slopes of the outer banks, where they are sought by au large fleet of Gloucester fishing schooners. Individuals are occasionally taken near the shore. In 1875 one weighing about 200 pounds was caught by a dory fisherman off Half. way Rock, Salem Harbor, and one still larger in Gloucester Harbor, in August, 1878. ’ The New London halibut smacks obtain many halibut on the south part of Georges Banks and the neighboring shoals. An individual was taken, years ago, on the outer side of Fishers Island, Connecticut, The halibut may, in all probability, be found to be abkun- dant on the edge of the continental slope south of Cape Cod, since here have been recently obtained nearly all the species most constantly associated on the northern halibut grounds on the outer edges of La Have, Browns, Sable Island, and other banks off the coast of Nova Scotia and Newfoundland. PLATYSOMATICHTHYS, Bleeker, Reinhardtius, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer. 1861, 50 (name only). Platysomatichthys, BLEEKER, Comptes Rendus, Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, X11, 1862. Dextral pleuronectoids, having the body somewhat elongate. Head and mouth large; maxillary reaching beyond vertical from anterior margin of eye. Jaws with strong, un- equal teeth; the upper with two series in front, which converge posteriorly, the lower with a series of strong, distant teeth; vomer and palatines toothless. Gill rakers few in num- ber, short and rough. Fins low, the caudal fin crescentic. Lower pharyngeal teeth in a single row. Scales small, cycloid, the lateral line straight. (Jordan.) PLATYSOMATICHTHYS HIPPOGLOSSOIDES, (WaLBAuUM), GOODE and BEAN. (Figure 364.) Pleuronectes cynoglossus, FABRICIUS, 1780 (not Gronovius). Pleuronectes hippoglossoides, WALBAUM, Artedi, Pise., 1792, 151. Reinhardtius hippoglossoides, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Am., 1861, 50; Prov. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 218. Platysomatichthys hippoglossoides, GooDE and BEAN, Cat. Fish. Essex Co., 1879, 7.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xv1, U. S. Nat. Mus., 819.—Co ett, Norsk. Nordhavs. Exp. Fisk., 142. Pleuronectes pinguis, Faprictus, K. Vid. Selsk. Nat. och Math. Ath., 1824, 43. Hippoglossus pinguis, GAIMARD. Voy. Skand. et Lap. Poiss., pl. Xxu.! Platysomatichthys pinguis, BLEEKER, Vers]. Medelel. K. Akad. Wetensch. Amsterdam, X11, 1862, 426. Hippoglossus pinguis, COLLETT, Norges Fiske, 1875, 135,—GtntTuer, Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 161, Hippoglossus grenlandicus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., rv, 1862, 404. Body elongate, its height one-third of its length, that of the head one-fourth. Eyes parallel: the diameter of the orbit is one-eighth the length of the head, and one-half that of the snout; interorbital space flat, wider than the orbit. Lower jaw prominent, the length of the maxillary two-fifths of head. Teeth conical, pointed, in two series, convergent pos- teriorly on the upper jaw, those of the outer series decreasing in size; a pair of strong canines in the inner series in front, the others very small; a series of strong, distant teeth on lower jaw. Gillrakers short, thick, and strongly dentate. Fins naked. Dorsal and anal rays simple, the dorsal beginning over posterior third of the eye, its longest rays one- third length of head. Scales small, not ciliated. Radial formula: D. 100; A. 75. Color, brownish, or yellowish gray. An Arctic species frequently brought in by the halibut fishing schooners of Gloucester. [ts range extends as far south as the gully between Le Have and Browns Banks and Georges Banks. A young specimen, 165 mm. in length (D. 91; A. 72), was trawled by the Albatross at station 2431, in 43° N. lat., 57° 40/30” W. lon., at a depth of 129 fathoms. The species also oceurs in deep water off Norway, and a young one was taken by the Norwegian North Atlantic Expedition, southwest of Bear Island, in 447 fathoms, Unlike adult indi- viduals, the young have the blind side colorless. 436 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. PARALICHTHYS, Girard. Paralichthys, GIRARD, Pacific Railroad Survey Report, Fishes, 1858, 146.—GUnTuHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., Iv, 431.—JorRDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8S. Nat. Mus., 821. Chenopsetta, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. Amer., 1861, 50. Pseudorhombus, BLEEKER, Compt. Rendus. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, x111, 1862, Pleuronectide, 5.—GUNTHER, op. cit., 423. Xystrewrys, JORDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1880, 34. Sinistral pleuronectoids, with body oblong; mouth large, oblique; each jaw with a single row of usually slender and sharp teeth, which are more or less enlarged anteriorly; no teeth on vomer or palatines. Gillrakers various. Scales small, ctenoid or cycloid; lat- eral line simple, with a strong curve anteriorly. Dorsal fin single, beginning above or before the eye; both ventrals lateral; caudal fin double truncate, or double concave, its middle rays produced. No anal spine. (Jordanand Gilbert.) PARALICHTHYS OBLONGUS, (MircHiLy), JorRDAN. Pleuronectes oblonga, MitcHILL, Trans. Lit. and Phil. Soc. N. Y.1, 1814 (1815), 391. Paralichthys oblongus, JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 824—Goops, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., mi, 472. Platessa quadrocellata, STORER, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist., 11, 1847, 242; Hist. Fish. Mass., 1867, 203, pl. xx x1, fig. 3. Platessa quadrocularis, GILL, Cat. Fish. KE. Coast N. A., 1861, 51. Body much compressed, elongate, its greatest height less than two-fifths of its length. Head rather short, its length one-fourth that of body. Eyes separated by a prominent, narrow, Sharp ridge, the diameter of the orbit nearly one-fourth of the length of the head. Upper jaw with very numerous, small, close-set teeth laterally, and 4 or 5 canines in front; the lateral teeth abruptly smaller than the anterior; lower jaw with 7 to 10 teeth on either side. Maxillary narrow, reaching past vertical from middle of pupil, its length two and one-fourth times in that of head. Scales weakly ctenoid or cycloid, over 90 in lateral line. Gillrakers thick and rather long, about 8 below angle. Dorsal low, beginning over front of eye, some of the anterior rays exserted, the longest rays behind middle of fin, their length not quite half that of head. No anal spine. Radial formula: D, 72-86; A. 59-76. Color, brownish gray, mottled; 4 large black ocellz, each surrounded by a lighter mar- gin; 2 behind middle of body, 1 below dorsal, and 1 above anal; 2 smaller spots near last rays of dorsal and anal. This is a well-marked species, known for many years as an inhabitant of moderate depths along the coast from Florida north to Massachusetts. The northern limit of its range is marked by the capture of a single small individual in 1877, off the mouth of Salem Harbor. It is not properly a deep-sea species, but is included in the list on account of its occa- sional capture at the hundred fathom line. The Fish Hawk obtained a single individual (Cat. No. 26078, U.S. N. M.) from station 873, 1a 40° 02’ N, lat., 70° 57’ W. lor., at a depth of 100 fathoms; and the Albatross took it from station 2307, in 35° 42' N, lat., 74° 54’ 30’ W. lon., at a depth of 43 fathoms; from station 2313, in 32° 53/ N, lat., 77° 53’ W. lon., at a depth of 99 fathoms; from station 2421, in 37° O7' N, lat., 74° 34/30” W. lon., at a depth of 64 fathoms; Cat. No. 28861, U.S. N. M., from Buzzards Bay; and a single specimen from station 2297, in 35° 58’ N, lat., 74° 53’ W. lon., at a depth of 49 fathoms. Giinther enumerates other species of Paralichthys from deep waters, namely, Para- lichthys Hectoris, (Giinther,) from 150 fathoms, off New Zealand; P. boops, (Hector,) off Cape Farewell, 400 fathoms; and P. ocellatus, (Qthr.,) Admiralty Islands, 152 fathoms. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 437 NOTOSEMA, Goode and Bean. Notosema, GOopE and BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., x, 1883. Sinistral pleuronectoids with elliptical body and pedunculate caudal fin. Mouth mod- erate in size, and beneath the central axis of the body. Eyes large upon left side, close _ together, the upper one nearly encroaching upon the profile, the lower slightly in advance of the upper. Teeth in single series in the jaws, about equally developed upon each side much largest in front; absent on vomer and palatines. Pectoral fins somewhat unequal, that upon the blind side about three-fourths as large as its mate. The dorsal fin com- mences slightly behind the anterior margin of the upper eye, and the first eight rays are separated into a distinct subdivision of the fin, several of them being much prolonged. Caudal fin pedunculate, rounded posteriorly. Sinistral ventral much elongated. Seales small, strongly ctenoid on colored side of body. Lateral line prominent, strongly arched over the pectoral, alike on both sides. Gill rakers moderately numerous, rather stout, sub- triangular, pectinate posteriorly. Pseudobranchiw well developed. Vertebrie 35, NOTOSEMA DILECTA, Gooner and Bean. (Figures 365 A, B,362, young.) Notosema dilecta, GoopE and BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., x, 193. Ancylopsetta dilecta, JORDAN, Cat. Fish. N. America, 1885, 134. The height of the body is contained twice in its total length, without caudal, and is equal to twice the distance of the origin of the ventral from the snout. The height of the caudal peduncle is one-ninth of the standard body length. The length of the head is two-sevenths of the standard length, and three times the diameter of the eye. Width of interorbital area almost imperceptible. Mandible reaching to middle of pupil of lower eye, its length equal to half that of the head. Upper jaw con- tained 24 times in length of head. The dorsal fin, beginning almost over the anterior margin of the eye, is composed of about 68 rays, the longest of which are the second and third, which are contained twice in the greatest height of the body, and which are almost twice as long as the length of the base of the triangular division of the fin to which they belong. The anal fin is made up of 54-56 simple rays, of which the posterior ones are largest, as they are also in the main portion of the dorsal. It begins close to the vent, at a dis- tance from the snout equal to the length of the elongated sinistral ventral. The caudal is pedunculate, its middle rays somewhat elongate, giving it a wedge-shaped outline. The pectoral of the colored side is subtriangular, its length contained five and one- half times in the standard length. The ventrals are composed of six rays, that upon the colored side much produced in _ its anterior portion, its length more than three times that of its mate. Radial formula: D. 69; A. 56; P. 11; V.6; B.7. Lateral line 48 (in straight portion). Color on the left side purplish brown, speckled with dark brown, and with three large ocellated subeircular spots, nearly as large as the eye, with white center, dark iris, narrow light margin, and a brown encircling outline. They are arranged in the form of an isosceles triangle, the spot marking the apex being upon the lateral line, near the base of the cau- dal peduncle, the others distant from the lateral line, on either side, a space equal to their own diameters, the lower one nearly reached by the tip of the elongate ventral, On the blind side white. Fins blotched with dark brown. The Blake obtained 4 specimens from station CCCXIIL, off Charleston, S. C., in 32° 3V 50” N. lat., 78° 45’ W. lon., at a depth of 75 fathoms, and a single individual from station CLXVIII, in 23° 13/ N, lat., 89° 10’ W. lon., at a depth of 84 fathoms. Examples were also secured by the Albatross from station 2311, in 82055! N, lat., 77° 54 W. lon., at a depth of 79 fathoms; from station 2313, in 32° 53’ N. lat., 77° 53’ W. lon., at a depth of 99 fath- 438 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. oms; from station 2578, in 29° 14’ 30” N, lat., 88° 09/ 30/7 W.lon., at a depth of 68 fathoms; from station 2403, in 28° 42/ 30” N. lat., 85° 29’ W. lon., at a depth of 88 fathoms; and from station 2312, in 32° 54’ N, lat., 77° 53/ 30’ W. lon., at a depth of 88 fathoms. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES, Gottsche. Hippoglossoides, GOTTSCHE, Wiegmann’s Archiv., 1835, 168.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1v, 405,—Jor- DAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., rv, 405. Psettichthys, GIRARD, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1854, 140. Pomatopsetta, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Phila., 1864, 217. Dextral! pleuronectoids having the body oblong and somewhat compressed; mouth rather large, having a single row of sharp teeth on each jaw, and sometimes an inner row of small ones in the upper jaw; vomer and palatines toothless; gill rakers long and slender. Seales ctenoid; lateral line nearly straight, simple, or with accessory branch. Dorsal fin low in front, beginning over or before the eye. Ventrals both lateral. Caudal double truncate, produced. HIPPOGLOSSOIDES PLATESSOIDES, (Fasrictus), GILL. (Figure 367.) Pleuronectes platessoides, FABRICIUS, Fauna Greenlandica, 1780, 164 (excellent deseription).— “‘ Vidensk, Selsk. Natury. och Mathem. Afhand1., 1,50, pl. 1, fig. 2.” Citharus platessoides, REINHARDT, ibid. VI, 1838, p. 130.—KROYER, in Gaimard, Voyage en Scandinavie, ete. pls. xx1 (excellent figure). Drepano (p) setta platessoides, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. America, 1861, 50. Hippoglossoides platessoides, Gri, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci. Phila.. 1864, 217.—Goopkr and Bran, Cat. Fish. Essex Co., Mass., 1879, 7.—Cou.ett, Norsk. Nordh. Exp. Fiske, 1875, 145.—Goopkr, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., 111,471.— GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 161.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U.S. N. M., 826. Platessa dentata (not Pleuronectes dentatus, Mitchill), STORER, Rep. Fish. Mass. 1839, p. 143; Hist. Fish. Mass. 1867, 197, pl. xxx, fig. 3. Hippoglossoides dentatus, GILL, Cat. Fish. E. Coast N. A., 1861,50.—GintTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., rv, 1862. 406. Pomatopsetta dentata, GILL, Proc. Acad, Nat. Sei. 1864, 217 (with def. of Pomatopsetta, 216). Hippoglossoides limandoides, GOODE and BEAN, Amer. Journ, Sei. and Arts, Xvir, 1876, 39. Body moderately elongate, its height two-fifths of its length. Head short, its length 33 in that of body. Mouth moderate, oblique; maxillary narrow, reaching to vertical from middle of orbit, its length 2% times in that of head. Teeth moderate, conical; in one row in each jaw, those in the lower jaw largest. Eyes moderate, the upper one largest and longer than snout. Lower jaw included. Lateral line nearly straight, simple, containing about 90 pierced scales. Interorbital space narrow, with a raised, obtuse ridge, entirely covered with rough scales; mandible sealy. Gill rakers short and robust, smooth, about 10 below angle; the length of the longest less than one-third diameter of orbit. Fins covered with small, rough seales. A strong pre-anal spine. Pectoral not quite half as long as the head. Radial formula: D. 80-93; A. 64-75. Color, ferruginous. This species is not unusual in deep water off southern Massachusetts and Rhode Island, approaching the coasts in winter. South of Spitzbergen and Bear Island it occurs at depths of 120-220 fathoms. The Albatross took it from station 2453, in 47° 10/N. lat., 51° 02/ W. lon., at a depth of 82 fathoms; from station 2499, in 44° 46/ 30” N. lat., 59° 55’ 45” W. lon., at a depth of 150 fathoms; from station 2430, in 42° 58/ 30’ N, lat., 50° 50’ W. lon., at a depth of 179 fathoms; from station 2498, in 44° 54’ N. lat., 59° 46/ 45’ W. lon., at a depth of 65 fathoms; from station 2431, in 43° N, lat., 50° 47/ 30’ W. lon., at a depth of 129 fathoms; from station 2452, in 47° 04’ N, lat., 50° 48’ W. lon., at a depth of 89 fathoms; from station 2461, in 45° 47’ N, lat., 54° 13/30’ W. lon., at a depth of 59 fathoms; from station 2455, in 47° 21’ N. lat., 51° 38/ 30’ W. lon., at a depth of 81 fathoms; from station ‘In H. elassodon reversed individuals sometimes are found. DISCUSSION OF SPCCIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 439 2435, in 43° 12/ N, lat., 50° 38! 45” W. lon., at a depth of 47 fathoms; from station 2457, in 47° 13’ N. lat., 52° 24’ W. lon., at a depth of 86 fathoms; Cat. No. 33424, U. S. N. M., from station 2080, in 41° 13’ N. lat., 66° 21/50” W. lon., at a depth of 55 fathoms; from station 2437, in 43° 36’ N. lat., 50°05’ W. lon., at a depth of 37 fathoms; from station 2505, in 44° 23/30” N. lat., 61° 44/15” W., lon., at a depth of 93 fathoms; Cat. No. 33423, U.S. N. M., from station 2079, in 41° 13’ N, lat., 66° 21/ 50’ W. lon., at a depth of 55 fathoms; and Cat. ~ No. 33408, U.S. N. M., from station 2057, in 42° 01/ N. lat., 68° 00! 30 W. lon., at adepth of 86 fathoms. The Fish Hawk obtained the following specimens: Cat. No. 28911, U.S. N. M., from station 992, in 40° 33/ N. lat., 70° 45’ W. lon., at a depth of 36 fathoms; Cat. No. 28979, U.S. N. M., from station 1038, in 39° 48’ N, lat., 70° 06’ W. lon., at a depth of 146 fathoms; Cat. No. 28726, U.S. N. M., from station 917, in 40° 22’ N, lat., 70° 42/ W. lon., at a depth of 44 fathoms; Cat. No. 28744 U.S. N. M., from station 918, in 40° 20/ 24” N. lat., 70° 41/30” W. lon., at a depth of 46 fathoms; and trom station 989, in 40° 49’ N. lat., 70° 47’ W. lon., at a depth of 30 fathoms. The National Museum possesses an additional specimen (Glou- cester Donation No, 254). LEPIDORHOMBUS, Gunther. Lepidorhombus, (subg. of Rhombus), GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., rv, 1862, 407, 411. Sinistral pleuronectoids with mouth wide, the length of the maxillary being more than one-third of that of the head. Each jaw with a narrow band of villiform teeth, without canines; vomerine teeth; none on the palatines. The dorsal fin commences on the snout; nearly all the dorsal and the anal rays branched. Veutral free from anal; scalessmall and ciliated. Gill membranes scarcely united at the throat; gillrakers well developed, lance- olate. Branchiostegals 7. ((riinther.) LEPIDORHOMBUS MEGASTOMA, (DONOVAN), GUNTHER. Pleuronectes megastoma, DONOVAN, British Fishes, m1, 51.—VatLtiant, Exp. Sei. Travailleur et Talisman, 1888, 188. Rhombus (Lepidorhombus) megastoma, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., lv, 1862, 411. The height of the body is contained 22 in the total length (without caudal), the length of the head 34. Seales rather small, with the posterior margin ciliated and rounded, cover- ing nearly the whole head (the interorbital space and the maxillary ineluded); interorbital space very narrow; the diameter of the eye is two-ninths the length of the head. Bach fin ray is accompanied by a series of minute rough scales. Lateral line with a sub-semi- circular curve above the pectoral. Lower jaw prominent; the length of the maxillary is contained 24 in that of the head. Teeth in the jaws in a very narrow band, widening an- teriorly. The lower eye is somewhat in advance of the upper. The dorsal tin termi- nates ata distance from the caudal which equals the depth of the free portion of the tail; its longest rays are at the commencement of the posterior third of the fin, where they are two-fifths of the length of the head, and somewhat shorter than the pectoral. No spine before the anal. Radial formula: B.7; D. 85—87; A. 67—69; L. lat. 120. Vert. 11-30. Color, yellowish brown. (@iinther.) This form, occasionally found on the coasts of Great Britain and Seandinavia, was taken by the French deep-sea explorers at various points off the coasts of Spain : ad Morocco and the Azores, at depths of 60 to 560 meters (stations XVIL (1850); VIII (1532); I; IV; V3 VI; XVII; Cxxim). Out of 29 specimens, 2+ were from inside the 100-fathom line—those from the Azores (560 meters) and off Morocco (550 meters) the deepest. 440 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. SCIANECTES, Aleoek. (Figure 371.) Scianectes, ALCOCK, Journal Asiatic Society of Bengal, Lvimt (11), 1889, 284; Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890 (Nov.), 398, 1890 (11), 216; Bathybial Fishes, Bay of Bengal, 27. Cleft of mouth narrow, the maxillary less than a third the length of the head, denti- tion more developed on blind side. Dorsal fin commencing before the eye, on the snout. Body pyriform and delicate. Vomerine teeth. Eyes on the left side and close together. All the rays of the vertical fins simple, elongated, weak, and filamentous. Scales minute, membranous, and very decidous. Lateral line with acurve above the pectoral. Gill mem- branes united at the throat. Gillrakers distant and short. Represented by two species, S. lophoptera, Alcock, mouth of Devi River, 68 fathoms (loc. cit.), and S. macropththalmus, Alcock, from Bay of Bengal, 40 miles south-west of Akyab, in about 100 fathoms of water (loc. cit., Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., 1890, 1, 216), and from station, 96, 98-102 fathoms. TRICHOPSETTA, Gill. Trichopsetta, GILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 603. Psettines with the body oblong, rhombo-oval, covered with adherent ctenoid scales; lateral line with an arch differentiated in front on eyed side, obscure but rectilinear on blind side; profile ineurved or rectilinear; mouth large; supramaxillary bones obliquely truncated behind; teeth small, somewhat enlarged and hooked in front, uniserial; dorsal and anal symmetrical behind, dorsal commencing on snout and deflected towards right nostril; caudal subsessile and convex; pectorals very unequal, the left obtuse, the right with the second and third rays extended and filiform; ventrals both free, very unequal; the left fin on the abdominal ridge with a moderately broad base and 6 rays, the last of which is attached by membrane to the ridge; the right fin with a narrower base (and in the males with the inner 4 rays setiform, but in the female nearly similar to the left fin); inter- branchial membrane imperforate; gill rakers slender and unarmed. TRICHOPSETTA VENTRALIS, (GoopE and BEAN), GILL. (Figure 372.) Citharichthys ventralis, GOODE and BEAN, Proe. U. S. Nat. Mus., vit, 1885, 592. Trichopsetta ventralis, GILL, loc. cit. Extreme length of specimen described, 117 millimeters. No. 37345, Gulf of Mexico, Albatross station 2386, 60 fathoms. The height of the body (50 millimeters) is about 24 times in its total length (without eaudal), and is equal to about 44 times the height of the tail (11) and about 9 times its thickness (54). The scales are ovate, strongly ctenoid, the largest about 3 millimeters in diameter; the diameter less than half that of the eye. The seales are firmly fixed; there are 66 scales in the lateral line (on the colored side), 19-21 of these in the curved portion, which is bold and sharply defined; and 19 above and 23 below the lateral line at broadest part of body. The length of the head (29 millimeters) is one-fourth that of the body, and 3 times the diameter of the eye (8); the interorbital space is very narrow, scaleless, its width equal to one-eighth diameter of eye. The length of mandible (16 millimeters) is twice the diameter of the eye; the length of maxillary (13 millimeters) less than half that of head. The dorsal fin begins upon the snout, upon the blind side, and in advance of the eyes; its greatest height about equal to length of mandible. It is composed of 93 simple rays. The anal begins under the axil of the pectoral, its longest ray (equal to longest in dorsal) equals ov slightly exceeds half the distance of its anterior ray from the snout. It is com- posed of 73 simple rays. The caudal is subsessile, composed of 17 rays; its length (24 millimeters) a little less than half the height of body, and equal to length of head without snout. The pectorals are inserted considerably below the origin of the lateral line, close to the DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 441 gillopening. That on the colored side is composed of 11 rays, its length (19 millimeters) nearly one-sixth of the total length; that of the blind side composed of 7 or 8 rays, the largest (28 millimeters), almost as long as head. Radial formula: D. 93; A. 73; P.11, 7 or 8; V. 6; L. lat. 66. Color, light brownish gray, a dark blotch as long as the eye on the anterior rays of the anal; a few obscure ones on different parts of lighter hue at the junetion of the curved and ‘straight portions of the lateral line. PLATOPHRYS, Swainson. Platophrys, SWAINSON., Nat. Hist. Fishes, ete., 1839, 11, 302. Rhomboidichthys, BLEEKER, Act. Soc, Sc, Indo-Nedere. i Manad. and Makass., 67.—Ginrner, Cat. Fish Brit. Mus., tv, 431. Mouth of moderate width, or small, the length of the maxillary being one-third, or less than one-third, of that of the head. Teeth minute, of equal size, in a single or double se- ries; vomerine and palatine teeth none. Eyes separated by a concave more or less broad space. The dorsal commences on the snout; dorsal and anal rays simple. Seales ciliated, of moderate size (L. lat. 40) and deciduous; lateral line with a strong curve anteriorly. Eyes on the left side. (Giinther.) PLATOPHRYS NEBULARIS, Jorpan and GILBERT. Platophrys nebularis, JORDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vi, 31, June 3, 1884. Body ovate, deep anteriorly, the profile descending steeply, rendered abruptly concave in front of interorbital space by the conspicuously projecting, short snout. Month very small and oblique, the maxillary reaching vertical from front of lower eye, 3? in head; tip of lower jaw entering the profile. Teeth fine, conical, in two series in the upper jaw, one in the lower; those of the outer row in upper jaw larger and more widely separated than those of the inner series. Snout very short, about one-fifth head, equaling interorbital width. Interorbital space narrow, deeply concave, closely scaled. Eyes large, the lower in advance of upper, its diameter 32 in head. Gill rakers obsolete, 7 rudiments on horizontal branch of anterior — arch. Seales moderate, not extending on the fins, those on colored side ctenoid, those on blind side smooth. Areh of lateral line short and high, its base contained 44 to 5 times in the straight portion. Dorsal beginning opposite anterior nostril, the rays nearly wniform in length, the long- est about half head. Pectoral of colored side 43 in length. Ventral of colored side beginning under middle of lower eye, with 6 rays; the right ventral with 5 rays. Head 4 in length; depth 15. Radial formula: D. 85; A. 64; L. lat. 75 (pores). Color, in life, light grayish with reddish tinge, covered with small round spots of darker gray and with lighter rings inclosing spaces of the ground color. Vertical fins similarly colored, with a small black spot near base of each ninth or tenth ray, Two black spots on median line of body divide the length into nearly equal thirds; some other small black spots scattered over colored side. (Jordan and Gilbert.) The specimens before us agree in all particulars with Jordan and Gilbert’s description, save in trifling variations in number of fin rays and in the fact that in large specimens the Ciliations of the scales are absent. In three specimens of medium size, the first ray of the pectoral of the colored side is elongated, in one considerably so. Specimens were taken by the Blake from station CCXLIT, in 24° 43/ N. lat., 83° 25’ W. lon., at a depth of 37 fathoms; also by the Albatross from station 2318, in 24° 25/ 48’ N. lat., 81° 46’ W. lon., at a depth of 45 fathoms; from station 2405, in 28° 45’ N. lat., 85° 02/ _ W. lon., at a depth of 30 fathoms; from station 2406, in 28° 46’ N, lat., 84° 49° W. lon., at . 442 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. a depth of 26 fathoms; from station 2414, in 25° 04/ 30” N, lat., 82° 59’ 15” W. lon., at a depth of 26 fathoms; from station 2407, in 28° 47/ 30’ N, lat., 84° 37’ W. lon., at a depth of 24 fathoms. A closely related species, P. cornutus, was obtained by the Challenger from stations 122 and 122 B, off the coast of Brazil, at depths between 32 and 350 fathoms. (Giinther, Chal- lenger Report vi, 7, pl. 11, fig. B; xx11, 165.) CITHARICHTH YS, Bleeker. Citharichthys, BLEEKER, in GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., Iv, 420, 1862; and in Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Amsterdam, Xt, 1862 (type, Citharichthys cayennensis, BLEEKER.)—GOODE, Proc, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 11, 1880, 340.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 816 (part). Sinistral pleuronectoids with ovate body. Mouth large, the maxillary nearly half as long as the head. Eyes sinistral, large, the uppermost not close to dorsal outline. Teeth feeble, in single series, nearly equally developed on each side. Pectoral upon blind side fewer-rayed, much longer than its counterpart. Ventrals asymmetrically placed, the sini- stral one upon the median ventral line, that upon the blind side produced in the males, Dorsal fin commencing in advance of the eyes upon the snout, and upon the blind side of the dorsal line. Dorsal and anal rays simple. Seales moderate, ovate, strongly pectinate, firmly attached. Lateral line of colored side strongly arched over pectoral as in Limanda. Gillrakers short, rather stout, flexible. Vertebrie 34 (in C. arctifrons). Gill membranes broadly united below the throat; gill rakers lanceolate. Branchiostegals 5. CITHARICHTHYS ARCTIFRONS, Goops. (Figures 366, A, B.) Citharichthys arctifrons, GoopE, Proe. U. 8. Nat. Mus., ru, 1880, 341, 472.—GoopE and BEAN, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, 194.—GUNTHER, Challenger Report, Xx11, 1887, 165. The height of the body (37) is about three-eighths of its total length (without caudal), and is equal to about 4 times the height of the tail (9) and about 5 times its thickness (7). The seales are irregularly polygonal, cycloid; the largest about 6 millimeters in diam- eter; the diameter (5) nearly equal to that of the eye. The scales are flexible, loosely arranged, and very easily detached, so that it is difficult to secure a specimen in good order. Small scales on the rays of the ventral fins. There are 40 scales in the lateral line (on the colored side), which is sharply defined and straight, and 7 or 8 above and the same number below the lateral line at the broadest part of the body. The length of the head (24-244) is about one-fourth that of the body, and 4 times the diameter of the eye (6). The interorbital space (1) is very narrow, equal to the difference in the distances from snout to lower eye (4) and snout to upper eye (5). The length of man dible (10-104) is about double the latter distance; the length of the maxillary (7-74) slightly more than the greatest width of the body. The dorsal fin begins upon the snout, above the anterior margin of the upper eye. Its greatest height (13-15) is about three times the distance of its anterior ray from the snout. It is composed of 82 to 83 simple rays. The anal begins under the axil of the pectoral, its greatest height (14-15) equal to or slightly exceeding half the distance of its anterior ray from the snout. It is composed of 67 simple rays. The caudal is subsessile, triangular, of 16 rays; its length about equal to that of the head. In dorsal, anal, and caudal the rays appear to project beyond the connecting mem- brane half or two-thirds of their own length. The pectorals are inserted far below the lateral line and close to the gill opening. The pectoral on the colored side is composed of more rays (9-10) than that of the blind side (7), its length (17-19) being about double that of its mate (7-9). The ventrals are composed of 4 rays. Color dirty light brown. Radial formula: D. 82-83; A. 67; C.16; P. 9-10, 7; V.5; L. lat. 40. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 443 meeGurreny NUMDELOL SPECIMEN .—-- ---- -- cose. eee ewes ne cose ce cce ca daccccccacecccccceee 95.908; faze eee Banpsiltlyesescc.2 ox-n ns OE ace = gases Milli- j100ths of | Milli- | 100ths of meters. | length. | meters. | length. Pee MMe MONON Slee maiecc se cnes mevases des i65 So seas se west e-1sebab Sennersmenig hae sssiens .| 870 and 871 ; Milli- | 100ths of meters. | length. Gx tmemenlen ot lieeee tote tare se cseina cc ccciecc st cosets se ocses ce bsesesaccesvsicttas ses saswecesseseeecesesssqsenenas 60) | eeena am - pene to origin. of middle caudal rays....-...---.-..-- 20sec ee eeecre cess eee ee nerstce sees ceraeesseceeseeeens | 57 100 Greatest height, .<...-...0sssseecssescncssescecceereseeccerersreteencsaeece eipactpcebeccenesaeseessessses [Pree set | 47 ae reese Relpltotitailesnsc. cess ecco sce cote ccs cisenigeracoecdt ase ones ssaseernseagesasesnnsemenecescnasreesviesce|srseesscs 11 ead Greatest length eee ee ee Se ccahtisiiana. a dcisissne ede oe : aon ys ree s2 spss 25 Distance from snout to upper eye ... cose e ses teeeee seejeee : _ Distance from snout to lower eye. -- Width of interorbital area. -.....---- : Length of snout........-..------ a Length of maxillary i Length of mandible 1s Diameter of orbit, longitudinal : Dorsal (spinous) : . Distance from snout. ......--..--.- aH WGTEAPOStPNO OU Geet see horse sacatas aired 'esiats success sass sgecemnsee aeeen anes ansea thse aeboneeesiesesinesseceacse= Joreeeee ees ‘ Anal: | a antancetrom SNOUb:..<<..<+--2-+--0~-<+25ee02a05-~ 08 Sean2 s ce Height at longest ray Be eater ee ncame rien a ee tere ie = 13 Candal: Length of middle rays .-...--------- Sates bs kecsceranasb clone mead seecisare socind eben Sseeciawens ena seeminene ocr ==s 22 Pectoral: 38 Distance trom snout... .-.<---------- cece ee- seas cece ce cece ere esse earans Sd Sioa | rie NRO UN eae Se mmo n aces as aoe cw ee rece crceetseteecsscscccesenensssacancecaes ‘| Ventral: | 26 Distance from snout on colored side | i 75-73 | 60 4R., 10 L. 40 446 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. The type specimen (Cat. No. 26003, U.S. N. M.), 69 millimeters in length, was taken by the Fish Hawk from station 870, in 40° 02/ 36” N, lat., 70° 22’ 58’ W. lon., at a depth of 155 fathoms, and from station 871, in 46° 02/ 54/’ N. Jat., 70° 23/ 40/7 W. lon., at a depth of 115 fathoms. The Albatross obtained examples from station 2318, in 24° 25/45! N. lat. 81° 46’ W. lon., at a depth of 45 fathoms; from station 2401, in 28° 38/ 30” N, lat., 85° 52/ 30” W. long., at a depth of 142 fathoms; from station 2402, in 28° 36/ N, lat., 85° 33/ 30” W. lon., at a depth of 111 fathoms; from station 2404, in 28° 44’ N. lat., 85° 16’ W. lon., at a depth of 60 fathoms; and from station 2417, in 33° 18/ 30’ N. lat., 779 07’ W, lon., at a depth of 95 fathoms. CITHARICHTHYS MICROSTOMUS, GILL. Citharichthys microstomus, GILL, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., 1864, 223. Citharichthys spilopterus, JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 817 (not Giinther.) The height of the body enters about 22 times (.36-.37) in the extreme length; that of the caudal peduncle about 11 times. The head forms a fifth of the length, is rather abbreviated, scarcely sinuous above the eyes, blunt at the snout, which scarcely exceeds a seventh of the head’s length, and the rostral area is rhombic and not higher than long. The eyes are even; the longitudinal diameter contained about 32 times (.055) in the head’s length. The mouth is rather small, the length of the upper jaw only equaling one-fourth - of the length, and that of the lower two-fifths of the head’s length. ‘The teeth are very small and close together, larger in front. The dorsal commences above the front of the orbit and is highest and convergent near the fortieth ray, which equals about one-tenth of the total length; the anal is highest at about the twenty-fifth ray, and is as high or even higher than the dorsal. The caudal is rounded behind and forms about one-sixth of the length. The pectoral fins are unequally developed, that of the dark side being prolonged and contained only 63 times in the total length, while that of the white side only equals one-tenth of the same; the rays are also simple. The ventral fins are also unequally developed, the right being on the abdominal ridge at its origin, rather in advance of the opercular margin, and with its longest rays contained about 14 times in the total length; stretched backwards it extends to the second anal ray; the fin on the white side is more advanced, wider, and its rays longer, contained less than 12 times in the length, and extends backward to nearly the third anal ray. Radial formula: D. 81; A. 58; C. 4, 6,5,3; P.10; V. 6. The scales are large, angular behind, covered with smaller ones, especially near the point of conjunction of contiguous ones, where alone they are developed on the blind side; the scales of the eyed side are mostly minutely ciliated behind, unarmed, however, near the lateral line, the scales of which last are quadrate and mostly covered; the scales of the blind side are less angular behind and unarmed. The lateral line runs through about 42 seales, while of longitudinal rows there are 10 above and 14 below the lateral line. The color is uniform reddish brown, A single specimen, little more than 3 inches long, was first obtained by Prof. Baird at Beeseley’s Point. It is especially distinguished from its California relative, O. sordida, by the shorter snout, small mouth, and large scales, O. sordida having about 58 scales pierced by the lateral line and 18 rows above the lateral line. Notwithstanding this great disparity in the size of the scales and mouth C. micro- stomus appears to agree in most respects with the California fish, as well as generically with Citharichthys spilopterus of Giinther, a species inhabiting the Gulf of Mexico. Asthe name Citharichthys was probably introduced a short time before Orthopsetta, pro- posed for the Psettichthys sordidus, and was framed for a species related to that type, that name must be adopted if the O. sordida is not regarded as generically distinct. We may here remark that, although I have referred the Platessa quadrocularis of Storer to the genus Chenopsetta (C. oblonga), it is possible that it may not truly belong to that genus, as the dorsal and anal fins are represented as increasing backwards till near their ends, and the anterior dorsal rays are free at their ends; but as the species agrees so DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, 447 closely in other external characters we feel compelled to retain it in that genus for the pres- ent at least. A specimen (D. 77; A. 61; V.6; L. lat. 40) was taken by the Albatross from station 2417, in 33° 18’ 30” N. lat., 77° 07’ W. lon., off Cape Fear, at a depth of 95 fathoms. CITHARICHTHYS SPILOPTERUS, Ginrner. (Figure 370.) Citharichthys spilopterus, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., tv, 421. The height of the body is two-fifths of the total length (without caudal), the length of the head two-sevenths. Scales of the lateral line subquadrangular; lateral line nearly straight, gently descending anteriorly. Snout with the jaws equal in front, rather longer than the eye, the diameter of which is one-sixth of the length of the head. The maxillary, the length of which is contained twice and two-thirds in that of the head, extends beyond the middle of the orbit. Anterior teeth in the upper jaw widely set, much larger than the posterior, which are close together and very small; the lower jaw with seven or eight dis- tant teeth of moderate size on each side. Hyes separated by avery narrow scaleless ridge, their front margins being nearly on the same level. Fin-rays scaly. The dorsal commences a little before the upper eye, and terminates close by the caudal; its longest rays are be- hind the middle, and one-half of thelength of the head. Anal spine none. Caudal rounded; its length is one-sixth of the total. The pectoral is rather longer than half the length of the head; ventral much shorter, extending beyond the origin of the anal. Gill rakers lanceolate, pointed, one-third as long as the eye. Radial formula: D. 76-78; A. 60-63; L. lat. 47-50. Color, grayish olive (in spirits); a series ot distant blackish spots along the basal portions of the anal and dorsal fins. The species has been taken on the Atlantic coast of tropical America and on the west coast of Africa. A single specimen was taken by the blake from station CCXLIV, in 23° 13/ N. lat., 89° 10’ W. lon., at a depth of 84 fathoms. CITHARICHTHYS DINOCEROS, GoopE and BEAN, Citharichthys dinoceros, GoopE and Bean, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zodl., xu, No. 5, 157, > Greatest height of the body (40 millimeters) is contained 2.5 times in the total length, and equals about 4 times the least height of the tail. Seales thin, deciduous, eycloid, large, 48 in the lateral line, which is slightly curved over the pectoral; 14 above and 16 below the lateral line. The length of the head (27 millimeters) is contained 34 times in the total length, and equals about 34 times the diameter of the eye (8 millimeters). The interorbital space is very narrow, its width less than one-fifth diameter of eye; ridge rather prominent, narrow, sharp. The upper eye distant from profile by a space (2 millimeters) about one-fourth of the orbital diameter. The length of the maxillary (12 millimeters) isless than half the length of the head; that of the mandible (16 millimeters) more than half, and twice the diameter of the eye. The teeth uniserial in both jaws, those in the front much the largest. A strong spine upon the snout overhanging the upper lip (much lower than in C, wnicornis). Above this there is a second, shorter spine. The dorsal fin begins upon the snout in advance of eye upon blind side. It is composed of 91 rays, the longest somewhat behind the middle of the fin; its height (13 millimeters), about equal to half the length of the head. The anal fin originates about under the origin of the pectoral; its distance from the snout (30 millimeters) equals one-third of the total length. It is composed of 73 rays, and is as high as the dorsal. Caudal subsessile, pointed, its length (17 millimeters) contained about 5§ times in total length, and equaling twice the diameter of the orbit. 448 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. The pectorals originate immediately behind the branchial opening, far below the lateral line. The third and fourth rays of the fin upon the eyed side elongated. Its length (38 millimeters) is contained 24 times in total length. This fin has 10 rays; that of the blind side contains 6 rays; its length (12 millimeters) is less than one-third that of its mate, and is less than half the length of the head. The ventral on the eyed side originates upon the ventral ridge at a distance from the snout (27 millimeters) equal to the length of the head; it contains 5 rays, the length of the first (64 millimeters) contained 4 times in length of the head. The ventral of the biind side has 6 rays; its length is contained 23 times in length of the head. Radial formula: D. 91; A. 73; P. 10/6; V.5. ML. lat. 48; L. transy. 14/16. Color, grayish brown above, white below. The type specimen, 92 millimeters long to base of caudal, was taken by the Blake from station Xx1, off Guadaloupe, in 175 fathoms. Additional examples were obtained by the same vessel from station Xxv1, off Ste. Lucie, in 110 fathoms; and from stations X1Tx, XXVIII and XXIXx, off Barbados, in 310, 863, and 955 fathoms respectively. CITHARICHTHYS PASTULUS, (Goopr and BEAN), JORDAN and GILBERT. (Figure 373.) Hemirhombus pwetulus, GOODE and BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., v, Sig. 26, Sept. 12, 1882, 414 (specimen from Pensacola, Florida).—JORDAN, op. cit., 304, quoting ‘ Bean MSS.” (from stomach of redsnapper, Pensacola. ) Citharichthys petulus, JORDAN and GILBERT, Buli. xvi, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 904. Citharichthys (Aramaca) petulus, JORDAN and Goss, Cat. Fish. N. Amer., 1885, 133. Citharichthys aramaca, JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 816 (not Hemirhombus aramaca, Auctorum). Body sinistral; general form that of an ellipse, the caudal extremity being considerably produced. Its height is contained 24 times in its length, 2% times in its length to the end of the caudal fin, and is 4 times the height of the tail at its lowest portion. Its height at the ventrals is 3 times as great as at the tail. Its greatest width is equal to the diameter of the upper orbit. The scales on the cheek of the blind side are arranged in 13 series; those upon the nape and interorbital space of the eyed side are smaller than upon the body. The scales on the body are large, thin, deciduous, and cycloid. There are 57 scales in the lateral line, 54 of which are tube-bearing. Lateral line straight, and over the axis of the body, save in its anterior fourth, within which it slightly ascends with a very gentle curve, to the upper angle of the gill opening. Above the lateral line are 13 scales; below, 22. The vertical fins are scaly two-thirds of the distance to their tips. The head is short, its length being contained 33 times in the standard body length, 44 times in the total length, and 13 times in the greatest height of body. The snout is short; its length, slightly less than the diameter of the lower eye, is contained 5 times in the length of the head. Mouth rather large, the upper edge somewhat curved, its cleft very oblique, the maxillary extending to below the middle of the lower eye. The lower jaw extends to the vertical from the anterior margin of the upper eye. Length of the upper jaw equals one- third the distance from the snout to the insertion of the anal. The lower jaw equals the distance from the tip of the snout to the posterior margin of the lower eye and is contained 24 times in the lengthof the head. Teeth moderate, equally developed on both sides, in two rows in the upper jaw, those of the outer row upon the blind side of the upper jaw and the anterior portion of the eyed side considerably larger than those in the inner row. The teeth of the lower jaw uniserial, almost as large as in the outer row of the upper jaw. The eyes are large, prominent, and far apart. Their longitudinal diameter equals the leagth of the snout, and is contained 5 times in the length of the head. Their vertical diameter is about three-fourths as great as their longitudinal diameter. The lower eye is far in advance of the upper, the vertical from the anterior margin of the upper orbit cutting the lower orbit at a point about two-thirds the distance from its anterior to its posterior margin. The upper eye is close to the dorsal profile, separated from it by a distance equal- ing about one-half its longitudinal diameter. The interorbital space is flattish and uneven, DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, 449 its width being contained 4 times in the length of the head. A prominent ridge extends from the upper posterior margin of the lower eye to the lower posterior margin of the upper eye, thence widening and curving downward to the upper angle of the branchial aperture, The margin of the preoperculum is also somewhat elevated. The length of the operculum is very slightly greater than the width of the interorbital space. There are 11 short and thick gill rakers on the anterior arch, the longest equal in length to one-third the diameter of the eye. The dorsal fin begins on the blind side of the body in advance of the anterior margin of the lower eye; its anterior rays are almost free, the longest rays behind its middle, its greatest height equal to the length of the upper jaw. The anal is inserted under the anterior angle of the pectoral axilla. Its anterior rays are less free than are those of the dorsal, about two-thirds of their length being extruded from their membrane. Its outline similar to that of the dorsal, but greatest height some- what less, being one-third the length of the head. The greatest length of the caudal equals the length of the head without the snout,and one-fifth of the body length. Its middle rays are somewhat longer than the outer rays, giy- ing to the posterior margin the outline of an obtuse angle. The pectoral is inserted at the tip of the opercular flap; its second and third rays much produced in a filamentous extension. Its greatest length slightly exceeds 14 times that of - the head. The pectoral on the blind side has no prolonged rays; its greatest length equal- ing that of the upper jaw. The ventral on the eyed side is inserted on the ridge of the abdomen slightly behind its mate, which is a little removed from the medial line. Distance between insertion of the ventral and the snout equals one-fourth the length of the body. The length of the ventral equals one-third that of the head. Vent close to the origin of anal, and slightly removed from the medial point of the body on the blind side; behind it a small papilla, one-fourth as long as the eye. Radial formula: D, 87: A. 67; C.8+7: P.11 sinistral and 9 dextral; V.5; scales 13-57-22. Color, eyed side, grayish brown; blind side, somewhat clouded with darker shade. The width of the interorbital space in the type exceeded the diameter of the eye. In some smaller ones the space is about equal to the length of the eye. while in still younger ones it is less than the diameter of the eye. The type (Cat. No. 30180, U. 8. N. M.) was obtained by Silas Stearns, at Pensacola, Fla. Specimens were taken by the Blake from station Ccrx, in 24° 43’ N, lat., 88° 25/ W. lon., at a depth of 37 fathoms; from station CLXVU, in 24° 46’ N, lat., 88° 16’ W. lon., at a depth of 36 fathoms; from station xx, off Flannegan’s Passage, in 27 fathoms; from station CXCH, in 23° 13’ N. lat., 84° 16/ W. lon., at a depth of 84 fathoms; from station CCLII,-on the Alacran Shoals, in 35 fathoms; also by the Albatross from station 2887, in 29° 24° N, lat., 88° 04’ W. lon., at a depth of 32 fathoms; from station 2388, in 29° 24’ 30’ N. lat., 88° 01/ W. lon., at a depth of 35 fathoms; from station 2403, in 28° 42/ 30” N, jat., 85° 29 W, lon., at a depth of 88 fathoms; from station 2411, in 26° 33/ 30” N. lat., 83° 15’ 30” W. lon., ata depth of 27 fathoms; from station 2413, in 26° 00! N, lat., 82° 97/ 30” W. lon., at a depth of 24 fathoms; from station 2405, in 28° 45’ N. lat., 85° 02/ W. lon., at a depth of 30 fathoms; from station 2414, in 25° 04! 30’ N. lat., 820 59 15” W. lon., at a depth of 26 fathoms; from station 2406, in 28° 46’ N, lat., 54° 49’ W. lon., at a depth of 26 fathoms; and from station 2408, in 28° 28’ N, lat., 84° 25’ W. lon., at a depth of 21 fathoms. ETROPUS, Jordan and Gilbert. Etropus, JORDAN and GILBERT, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1881, 364; Bull. xv1, U.S. N. M., 1883, 839. Eyes and color on the left side. Body regularly oval, deep, and compressed. Head small; mouth very small, the teeth close-set, slender and pointed, somewhat incurved, mostly on the blind side; no teeth on vomer. Eyes small, separated by a narrow, sealeless ridge; margin of preopercle free. Ventrals free from anal, that of colored side inserted on 19868—No. 2——29 450 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. ridge of abdomen, its base rather long. Dorsal fin beginning above eye; caudal double truncate; anal without spine. Scales thin, deciduous, ctenoid on left side, eycloid on blind side. Lateral line simple, nearly straight. Size small. Genus apparently allied to Citha- richthys, although the mouth is very small. (Jordan and Gilbert.) ETROPUS RIMOSUS, Goopr and Bran. (Figures 360, 361). Etropus rimosus, GOODE and BEAN, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., viii, 1885, 593. Body pear-shaped, its height (54 millimeters) slightly exceeding half its length. Seales large, strongly pectinated on both sides, about 41 in the longitudinal series, 12 above and 14 below the lateral line. Lateral line equally developed on both sides, very slightly curved above the pectoral. Head entirely covered with scales. Numerous small supernumerary scales between the normal scales covering their surface. Length of head (24 millimeters) slightly less than one-fourth of the total length. Snout very short, its length (3 millimeters) 8 times in that of head. Mouth very small, its cleft less than diameter of orbit, its angle reaching about to vertical through anterior mar- gin of lower eye. The length of the maxilla (5 millimeters) somewhat less than one-fourth that of head. Length of mandible considerably more than one-third of the same length. Teeth well developed on blind side in both jaws, also on the colored side of lower jaw in front. Hyes moderate (7 millimeters), their diameter contained nearly 34 times in length of head, placed in the same vertical, the upper eye close to the dorsal profile, and separated from its mate by a space less than one-third of its own diameter. Interorbital ridge low. Nostrils in line with the interorbital ridge, each in a short tube, the posterior being the larger. The anterior nostril is equidistant from the tip of the snout and the lower orbit. Dorsal fin commencing at a point upon the blind side of the snout in the vertical through the anterior margin of the eye, containing 77-78 rays, the longest somewhat behind the middle of the fin, its length about 7 times in.total length. Anal fin commencing under the base of the pectoral, composed of 61 rays, the longest post-medial as long as the longest in the dorsal, Anal papilla prominert. Caudal fin rounded, the middle rays about as long as the head. Pectorals normally placed, that upon the colored side longest, equal in length to that of the head without the snout. Ventral of eyed side on ridge of abdomen, its base rather long but not reaching anal origin; that of blind side farther forward, its length equal to that of its mate, and a little more than one-tenth of the total. Vent at the anal origin slightly lateral. Color, gray, hoary above, with a few irregularly placed indistinct brownish blotches, none of which are larger than the eye. White below. Radial formula: D. 77-78; A.61; V.6; P. 9-11; C. 17; scales, 41. The type is Cat. No. 37332, 100 millimeters long; it is from station 2408, Albatross, N. lat. 28° 28’, W. lon. 84° 25’, depth 21 fathoms. CYCLOPSETTA, Gill. Cyclopsetta, GILL, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., 1888, 601. Psettines with the body oblong rhombo-ovate, covered with regularly imbricated mod- erate cycloid scales; lateral line nearly rectilinear on both sides; snout convex; mouth very large; jaws squarely truncated behind; teeth uniserial, those of upper jaws moderate, of lower jaw enlarged and largest at sides; dorsal and anal almost symmetrical, dorsal com- mencing in front of eye on snout, scarcely deflected on blind side; caudal slightly pedun- cwlate and convex; pectorals subequal and with a subtruncate free margin; ventrals nearly equal, the left on the preanal ridge, the right lateral, both with the inner rays connected by membrane to the body; interbranchial membrane imperforate; gillrakers tubercular and surmounted by blunt denticles. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 451 The scales on the eyed side are regularly cycloid with the nucleus some distance from the posterior margin and with numerous radiating strie. The gill rakers are quite charac- teristic. CYCLOPSETTA FIMBRIATA, Goopk and BEAN. (Figure 368.) Hemirhombus fimbriatus, GOODE and BEAN, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus., vit, 1885, 591. Body elliptical; its height (102 millimeters) nearly half the body leneth. Seales cycloid, about 70 in the longitudinal series, 25 or 26 in the vertical series above the lateral line, 31 below. The lateral line is slightly curved over the pectoral, the length of the are of the curve contained 54 times in its straight portion. Vertical fins not scaly. Length of head (61 millimeters) about 34 times in standard length. Length of snout (114 millimeters) 54 times in that of head. Mouth very large, with upper jaw strongly curved, lower jaw included. The length of the maxillary (30 millimeters) equals half the length of the head. The lower jaw extends behind the vertical through the posterior margin of the eyes; its length (36 millimeters. equal to that of postorbital part of the head, and contained 6 times in the total length) Edge of mandible and margin of suboperculum provided with a pointed flap of thin integu- mentary tissue. Gill rakers very short, tubercular; about 9 on the anterior arch below the angle. The upper eye is placed at a distance from the dorsal profile equal to half its own diameter, which is a little more than one-fifth the length of the head, and is equal to that of its mate. Eyes in the same vertical and separated by an interspace equal to one-fourth the orbital diameter. Interorbital ridge low. Nostrils on the line of the interorbital ridge; the anterior is equidistant from the tip of the snout and the margin of the upper eye; it is in a very inconspicuous tube, provided with a slender filament about one-third the length of the snout. The posterior nostril is separated from the anterior one by a space equal to one-fifth the length of the snout. Teeth uniserial in both jaws, some of the anterior ones in the upper jaw being much larger than those following, while those in the lower jaw are still larger than these. Some of the teeth in each jaw are depressible. The dorsal fin begins on the snout, in advance of the nostrils; the first ray longer than the second. The longest rays are behind the middle of the fin, their length (26 millimeters) one-fourth the height of the body. Eighty rays compose the fin. The anal fin begins under the axil of the pectoral. Its longest rays behind its middle, their length (30 millimeters) greater than that of longest dorsalrays. It contains 60-61 rays, Caudal with middle rays produced, the length of the median rays (45 millimeters) contained 44 in total length. The greatest length of the pectorals (39 millimeters) is contained 54 times in total length. The ventral of the colored side is on the ridge of the abdomen, on a line with its mate, which is slightly removed from the median line. Its distance from snout (56 millimeters) a little more than one-quarter the length of the body. Its length (23 millimeters) equal to half the length of median caudal rays. The ventral of the blind side is continued by a thin membrane to the vent, which is sliehtly distant from the edge of the abdomen, and behind the origin of the anal. Color, grayish-brown; the dorsal and anal fins each with two roundish dark blotches upon their posterior halves, which are slightly larger than the eye. A similar dark blotch upon the middle of the caudal, sometimes with smaller blotches irregularly placed near its outer margin. Pectoral, with a very narrow dark band near its base; the whole of its outer half is marked by a dark blotch, reticulated and mottled with lighter; the intervening portion is pearly-white, with dark specks upon the rays. Blind side cream colored. D:.80;: A. 60-61; P. 10; V.6; C. 16. The type specimen (Cat. No. 37330, U. 8. N. M., 215 millimeters long to origin of mid- )/ Q « dle caudal rays), was taken by the Albatross from station 2403, in 28° 42/ 30’ N, lat., 85° 452 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. 29' W. lon., at a depth of 88 fathoms. Two additional specimens (Cat. No. 37831 U.S. Nat. Mus.) were secured by the same vessel from station 2407, in 28° 47’ 30” N. lat., 84° 37’ W. lon., at a depth of 24 fathoms. The examples obtained are all from the Gulf of Mexico, between the delta of the Mississippi River and Cedar Keys, Florida. MONOLENE, Goode. Monolene, GOODE, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 111, sig. 22, Novy. 23, 1880, 338.—GoopDE and Bran, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., X, 194.—JORDAN and GILBERT, Bull., Xvi, U. S. Nat. Mus., 840.—GiUNTHER, Challenger Report, XXII, 1887, 165. Thyris, GOODE, Proc. U. &. Nat. Mus., m1, 344, Nov. 23, 1880 (based on young). Delothyris, GOODE, Proc. U. 8. Nat. Mus., vit, 1884, 143.—GUNTHER, Challenger Report, xx11, 1887, 160, note. Pleuronectoids with thin elongate body and sessile caudal fin. Eyes upon left side very close together, and near to profile. Mouth moderate; the length of the maxillary less than one-third that of the head. Teeth minute in the jaws, in single series, nearly equal on both sides, though perhaps a trifle stronger on the blind side; absent on vomer and pala- tines. Pectoral fin upon blind side totally absent. Dorsal fin commences in advance of the eye upon the snout. Dorsal and anal rays simple. Caudal fin sessile, almost confluent with dorsal and anal. Ventrals normal. Scales rather large, ctenoid upon colored side, cycloid upon blind side. Lateral line marked; on colored side strongly and angularly curved above the anterior two-thirds of the pectoral; on the blind side straight, rising slightly as it approaches the region of the gill opening. Gill rakers few, feeble. Ver- tebrie 43. i MONOLENE SESSILICAUDA, Goober. (Figures 357, A and B.) Monolene sessilicauda, Goopr, Proce. U. S. Nat. Mus., ut, sig. 22, Nov. 28, 1880, 338; ibid, 472.—JorDAN and GILBERT, Bull. xvi, U. 8. Nat, Mus., 841.—GUntruer, Challenger Report, xxu, 1887, 165. Thyris pellucidus, GOODE, Proce, U. 8. Nat. Mus., 111, 1880, 344 (young specimen). Delothyris pellucidus, GoovR, ibid, vit, 1884, 143. The height of the body (38) is about three-eighths of the total length (without caudal), and is equal to twice the distance of the origin of the ventral from the snout (19); its height over the ventrals (25) is about five times the longitudinal diameter of the lower eye (5), the least height (8.5), at the base of the tail, slightly greater than the length of the lower jaw (8). Body thin, its greatest width (5) not exceeding the longitudinal diameter of the orbit. Seales subcircular, with irregular outline, about 2 millimeters in diameter, or about one-fourth (1.25) the diameter of the eye. The posterior edge of each of the scales upon the colored side is pectinate with about fifteen denticulations. The scales of the blind side are oval, nonpectinate, about as large as those of the colored side. The head is everywhere closely thatched with scales, even to the edges of the lips, and small scales occur on the bases of the caudal, pectoral, and ventral fins, and upon the rays of the vertical fins nearly out to their tips. There are about 23 rows above and 25 below the lateral line on the col- ored side, behind the curve of the line. Lateral line of colored side strongly bent in its anterior part over the base and anterior two-thirds of the pectoral fin. There are about 92 scales in the lateral line, 72 of them in its straight portion. The are of the curved portion of the lateral line (12) is slightly more than double the distance of its highest portion above the line of the straight portion of the line were it continued (5). The curve of the line is very peculiar, having two angles, that nearest the head being more obtuse. The lateral line on the blind side is nearly straight, slightly ascending above the abdominal cavity. The length of the head (20) equals one-fifth of the standard length, and four times diameter of eye, or length of operculum (5). Distance from snout to margin of upper eye (5) much greater than distance to lower eye (3), and Tess than length of the maxillary (5.5), the posterior margin of which passes the perpendicular from the anterior margin of the lower eye. The width of the interorbital area is very small, less than one-sixth of the diameter of the eye. The length of the mandible (8) is two-fifths of the head. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, 453 The dorsal fin begins upon the snout in the perpendicular from the anterior margin of the lower eye. It is composed of from 99 to LOL simple rays (in 5 specimens), the longest of which in the posterior fourth of the fin; their length (9) nearly half that of the head. The anal fin begins between the tips of the ventral, close to the vent, and under the inser- tion of the pectoral. It is composed of 79 to 8t simple rays, the longest in the posterior fourth; their length (7) slightly more than one-third the length of the head. The caudal is sessile, rounded, the middle rays in length (17) nearly double the longest dorsal rays. ; The pectoral, present only on the colored side, is inserted close to the branched open- ing, its length (15) three-fourths that of the head. The ventrals are upon the median ventral line, even in length (6), slightly shorter or nearly equal to the longest rays of the anal. Color on the left side ashy brown, with numerous more or less distinct darker brown spots. On the blind side white. Pectoral blackish, with traces of lighter transverse bands. Radial formula: D. 99-103; A. 79-84. Lateral line, 92. Current number of specimen ....---.------------ 26,004. 26,0046. 26,004e | 26,004e. TOCA Gyo ae a eco neces e telne we seeeemcse-aeee es PT SR eke tere a | ne re ene eee een ates Milli. |100ths of} Milli. |100ths of | Milli 100ths of | Milli- | 100ths of meters. | length. | meters. | length. | meters. | length. | meters. | length. Extreme length Length to end of middle caudal rays. .--.--.----- Body: Greatest height Greatest width Greatest circumference. ..........----------- Height at ventrals ............---------- Geastsheightof tail... ...---2-2:--.---<-+22: Head: iGreates tien gthessajcesas sw seec tes nscccs but as these 476 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. monsters of the sea are always represented by those who have had the good fortune of meeting with them as remarkably active, it is not likely that harmless ribbon fishes, which are either dying or dead, have been the objects described as ‘sea serpents.’ ” KEY TO THE FAMILIES. [;, Ventrals.well developed oriabsentin=- s=--== 6 5 -eean eeoe eeeeine eee ae aera TRACHYPTERID © Il. Ventrals reduced to'a singleionpifilamentize--- ee ene ee ee ee eee ee eee eee REGALECID.® Family TRACHYPTERID Az. Trachypterida, SwWAtNson, Nat. Hist. Fish., 1839, 47.—G1iLL, American Naturalist, xxtv, 1890, 482. Teeniosomes with the body moderately elongated and very compressed, the head short, the opereular apparatus abbreviated (the operculum extended downwards, the suboper- culum below it, and the interopereulum contracted backwards and bounded behind by the operculum and suboperculum), ventrals pauciradiate in young, atrophied or lost in adult, the cranium with a myodome and dichost, the supraoccipital continued behind into a promi- nence, the epiotics confined to the sides and back of the cranium, and without ribs. The ribbon-fishes are well known in the Kastern Atlantic and the Mediterranean, and have even been found as far west as Madeira. Trachypterus has never been found in the Western Atlantic. Some few representatives have been found on the west coast of South America, and one or two examples have been taken in New Zealand. They are generally adinitted to be true deep-sea fishes, which live at very great depths, and are only found when floating dead on the surface or washed ashore by the waves. Almost nothing is known of their habits except through Nilsson’s observations in the far north. This naturalist, as well as Olafsen, appears to have had the opportunity of observing them in Life. They say that they approach the shore at flood tide on sandy shelving bottoms, and are often left by the retreating waves. Nilsson’s opinion is that their habits resemble those of the ‘flat- fishes,” and that they move with one side turned obliquely upward, the other toward the ground; and he says that they have been seen on the bottom in 2 or 5 fathoms of water, where the fishermen hook them up with the implements employed to raise dead seals, and that they are slow swimmers. This is not necessarily the case, however, for the removal of pressure and the rough treatment by which they were probably washed upon the shore would be demoralizing, to say the least. Trichiurus lepturus, a fish very similar in form, is a very strong, swift swimmer. Whether or not the habits of Trachypterus arcticus, on which these observations were made, are a safe guide in regard to the other forms is a matter of some doubt, but it is certain that they live far from the surface, except near the Aretie Circle, and that they only come ashore accidentally. They have never been taken by the deep-sea dredge or trawlnet, and indeed perfect specimens are very rare, the bodies being very soft and brit- tle, the bones and fin rays exceedingly fragile. A considerable number of species have been described, but these are, in most instances, based upon one or two specimens. It is probable that future studies may be as fruitful as that of Emery, who, by means of a series of 23 specimens, succeeded in uniting at least three of the Mediterranean species, which for half a century or more had been regarded as distinct. As has been remarked, not a single individual of Trachypterus has ever been found in the Western Atlantic, although the common species of the Eastern Atlantic, 7. atlanticus, is not unusually taken, one or more specimens, according to Giinther, being secured along the coast of Northern Europe after almost every severe gale. We have deemed it desirable to include in this paper partial diagnoses and references to the litera- ture concerning each of the species at present recognized in the Atlantie Basin, in order that American naturalists may have at hand a convenient means of identifying material which is almost certain, sooner or later, to fall into their hands. We desire to quote the reeommendation of Dr. Giinther, and to strongly urge upon anyone who may be so fortunate as to secure one of these fishes that no attempt should DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION. 477 be made to keep it entire, but that it should be cut into short lengths and preserved in the strongest spirits, each piece wrapped separately in muslin. Giinther (Challenger Report, XX11, 72) gives a very satisfactory summary of the present state of knowledge in regard to the variations of Trachypterus at different periods of growth. TRACHYPTERUS, Gouan. Trachypterus, GOUAN, Hist. Poiss., 104, 153.—Cuvirr, Regne Animal, ed. 2, 1829, 1, 245.—CUVIER and VALEN- CIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., X, 313.—GONTHER, Cat, Fish, Brit, Mus., 11, 300; Challenger Report, XX1, 72. Bogmarus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 518. Trachypterids having the body elongate, compressed, riband-shaped, the dorsal fin extending the entire length of the back. Anal absent; each ventral well developed, if pres- ent, but sometimes absent. Caudal present and placed for the most part above the longi- tudinal axis of the body. No air bladder. Pyloric appendages numerous. The ventrals appear to be absent in some individuals, but Day calls attention to the fact that most of the specimens of 7. arcticus taken along the coast of Great Britain have had no ventrals. In the very young, as has been shown by Emery, the fin rays commence to grow when it is about 6 millimeters long, and continue to lengthen until it is about 24 millimeters long, after which a partial shortening takes place. The ventrals are very elon- gate in the young, and the caudal rays much longer than in the grown fish. Young individuals (from 2 to 4 inches) are not rarely met with near the surface; they possess the most extraordinary development of fin rays observed in the whole class of fishes, some of them being several times larger than the body, and provided with lappet- like dilatations. There is no doubt that fishes with such delicate appendages are bred and live in depths where the water is absolutely quiet, as a sojourn in the disturbed water of the surface would deprive them at once of organs which must be of some utility for their preservation. PROVISIONAL KEY TO THE ATLANTIC AND MEDITERRANEAN SPECIES. (Adapted from Moreau. ) I. Lower line of body straight. A. Dorsal rays 160. 1. Dorsal rays smooth. a. Height of body 54 in length ...--.-----+----2++sererserece restos eorees cores ..--T. ARCTICUS b. Height of body 8} in length ..-....-----------2ecrsnrrre crete stents eee T. RUPPELU c. Height of body 9-10 in length ....--++--+++eseeree cre trsts essere se Selseleees T. LIOPTERUS 2. Dorsal rays rough. a. Lateral line spinous. *Height of body 4-10 in length ...-------+++-seesreerec ese ee seers cere rosene eee T. IRIS b. Lateral line smooth. * Height of body 54 in length) a2eq scene ees eee == sees ese ce Ge sean T. GRYPHURUS II. Lower line of body irregular, sinuous. A. Dorsal rays less than 130. iplntaralulinevapioy. < 2-4. 02 -0s2escocs- ease ce == eee yeo nse een SA oh T. CRISTATUS TI. Anterior dorsal and ventral rays much prolonged -------------22+-srrreecrrrre rose eee T, REPANDUS TRACHYPTERUS IRIS, (WALB.), CUV. and Yau. (Figure 391.) Falx Venetorum, BELON. Cepola trachyptera, GMELIN, Linn. Syst. Nat., 1788, 1187. Cepola iris, WALBAUM, Artedi, III, 617. Trachypterus iris, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, op. cit., X, 341, pl. ccxevil. —GinTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 303.—Morgav, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, 1, 560.—GIGLIOLT, Elenco, 32. ; Trachypterus tenia, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Syst. Ichth., 1801, 480.—Costa, Fauna Napolitana, pl. 1x.—Bona- PARTE, Catalogo Metodico, No. 711.—GUNTHER, loc. cit. -CANESTRINI, Fauna Italica, Pesci., 113.—GI- GLIOLI, Elenco, loc. cit. a / , : a ere Gymnetrus cepedianus, Risso, Ichth. Nice, 1810, 146, pl. v, Fig. 17.—Hist. Nat. Eur. Mérid., 11, 1826, 295. Epidesmus maculatus, RANZANI, Opuse. Sei. @Italia, 11, 133. 478 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. Regalecus maculatus, NARDO, Giorn. di Fisica (see. 11), Vu, 116, pled, tig ds ‘ Trachypterus Costa, Cocco.” Trachypterus Spinola, Cuvier and VALENCIENNES, loc. cit., 328, pl. CCXCVI.—BONAPARTE, Catalogo, No. 712.—Giinrurr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 1, 300.—CANESTRINI, op. cit., 193. Trachypterus falx, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, op. cil., X, 333.—Costa, Fauna Napolitana, Pesci, pl. 1x, bis. A Trachypterus having the lower line of the body straight; dorsal rays 137-170, these rays being rough; the lateral line spinous; and the height of the body contained from 4 to 10 times in the total length of the fish (excluding the caudal). Radial formula: D, 4-8+4+120-170; P. 10. Color, silvery white, with a few round, black spots or blotches. Three species, for a long time considered distinct by European ichthyologists, and recognized by them under the names of 7. spinolee, T. tenia and T. tris, have been-shown by Emery to be identical, being successive stages of one and the same species. In a very important paper published by him in the “Acts” of the Academy of Lincei, Rome (11, 1279, 390-395, figs. 1-6), and in the “ Mittheilungen aus der Zoologischen Station zu Neapel” (1879, 1581) he has given full particulars of his examinations of 25 specimens. This species is known only from the Mediterranean. The largest individuals under the name of Zrachypterus iris have been recorded from Nice, Banyul, Sicily, Corsica, Leghorn, and Elba. The specimen discussed by Moreau was 1.5 meters in length. A smaller size, described as 7’. spinole, has been identitied fpom Nice, Cette, Elba, Naples, and Sicily. The specimen obtained by Moreau from Cette was 0.95 meter long. A smaller form, as identi- fied by Moreau under the name of 7. falx (T. tenia), has been obtained from Nice, Cette, Messina, and Algiers. Moreaw’s specimen was 0.52 meter in length. Among the common names are Pesce bannera (Naples), Flamba (Cette), Squaglia sole (Naples). Rondeletius and Gesner called it Fale Venetorum—the Venetian blade. TRACHYPTERUS GRYPHURUS, Lowe. Trachypterus gryphwus, LOWE, Proc. Zobl. Soe., 1850, 248.—GUnTuEr, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 11, 301, Intermediate between 7. tenia and T. iris, approaching perhaps nearest to the latter, but differing in its deeper shape, its depth being two-elevenths of the total length, and in the more backward position of the third dark side spot. The ventral fins are short, only equal- ing one-twelfth of the body without the caudal fin, and the first four produced rays of the first dorsal are equal in length to the ventral fins. The lateral line ends as in Cuvier and Valenciennes’s figure (t. 297) of 7. iris, but is quite unarmed. The ventral line is serrulate, and the whole surface, particularly towards the ventral line, is finely shagreened or granu- late, the granulations becoming stronger toward the ventral line, as in the same figure. In shape and proportions it agrees better with 7. tenia, but differs in several important par- ticulars from Cuvier and Valenciennes’s description of that fish. The only individual exam- ined occurred in June, 1845, and has been added by me to the collection of the Cambridge Philosophical Society. It was scarcely quite dead when I first saw it, and was in the most perfect state of preservation. Another Trachypterus had occurred in June, 1844, and was probably the same species; but the example was unfortunately thrown away by the person to whom it had been missent without my seeing it. It was said to have been about 3 feet long. The whole body is pure bright silver, appearing as if frosted, from the fine eranulations of the surface. The fins are of a delicate scarlet or vermilion, the lower point or angle of the caudal being tipped, and the hinder end of the dorsal edged, with black. On the sides are 3 blackish oval or elliptic spots. This example was 25 inches long exclusive of the caudal fin, which resembles a bat’s or griffon’s wing, and is erected in a fanlike manner, the lower lobe or portion being suppressed or undeveloped, and only indicated by the presence of 5 short spinules or abortive rays. (Lowe.) This species is known from a single specimen obtained by Lowe at Madeira in 1849, and is distinguished from 7. trachypterus chietly by the fact that its lateral line is smooth, as well as by minor characteristics. DISCUSSION OF SPECIES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION, 479 TRACHYPTERUS ARCTICUS, (Briinnicn), NILsson. (Figure 392.) Gymnogaster arcticus, BRUNNICH, Nye Sammlung Dansk. Vid. Selsk. Skr., I, p. 408, pl. B, figs, 1-3, Gymnetrus arcticus, JENYNS, British Animals. a Trachypterus arcticus, NILSsON, Skand. Fauna, Fisk., 162.—DuGurp, Proc. Zool. Soc., 1851, 116.—Ginxtuer Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 305.—Co.uett, Norges Fiske, 78; Vid. Selsk. Forh., Christiania, 1879, 1, 59.— Day, Fishes Great Britain and Ireland, 1, 216, pl. xi. ~ Bogmarus islandicus, SCHNEIDER, Bloch, Systema Iehthyologiw, 1801, 518, pl. cr. Trachypterus bogmarus, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 546, ef al. Traychypterus vogmarus, REINHARDT, Vid. Selsk. Skr., vit, D. 65, ef al. A Trachypterus having the dorsal rays smooth, and the height of the body contained 5 times, or a little more, in its length. An elaborate description taken from specimens studied at Norwich, Newcastle, and Montrose, will be found in Day’s Fishes of Great Britain. This species occurs from Tce- land to the Orkneys and the shores of the British isles. The largest British example is 73 feet long, but Day is of the opinion that it grows to a much larger size. It would seem probable that studies similar to that made by Emery upon the Italian _forms will result in uniting with this species also 7. Ritppellii and 7. liopterus. TRACHYPTERUS RUPPELLIL, Giinrurr. Trachypterus Riippellii, GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 307, A Trachypterus having height of body contained about 8 times in its total length; smooth dorsal rays and spinous lateral line. Radial formula: D. 6/155; A. none; C.8; P.10. Color, silvery, a very distinct black spot at the commencement of the second fifth of the total length; another, sometimes present, farther back on the body. This species was described by Giinther from a specimen 51 inches in length obtained somewhere in the Mediterranean, and now preserved in the British Museum. TRACHYPTERUS LIOPTERUS, Cuvier and VALENCIENNES. ? Bogmarus Aristotelis, Risso, Hist. Nat. Mur. Mérid., U1, 1829, 297. Trachypterus liopterus, CUVIER and VALENCIENNES, Hist. Nat. Poiss., x, 312.—MoreAu, Hist. Nat. Poiss., France, 1, 562.—GUnTuer, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 307. A Trachypterus having the height of the body contained from 9 to 10 times in its total length. Smooth dorsal rays. Spiny lateral line. Radial formula: D, 6-74+169-174; C. 8-6; P.12; A. none; V.1, 7. Color, silvery white, with a blackish spot in the first fifth of its length, and sometimes, according to Valenciennes and Giinther, a second spot behind it. This species, according to Giinther, closely resembles 7. trachypterus, but in the smooth- ness of the dorsal rays is more nearly related to T. arcticus. Specimens have been obtained at Nice, Naples, Toulon, Genoa, and Messina. In the opinion of Giglioli it is very distinct from the other Mediterranean forms. TRACHYPTERUS CRISTATUS, BoNELLI. Trachypterus cristatus, BONFLLI, Mem, Accad. Sci. Turin, xxiv, 1819, 487, pl. 1X.—GUNTHER, Cat. Fish. Brit. Mus., 111, 301.—Moreau, Hist. Nat. Poiss. France, 1, 567. Trachypterus Bonellii, CUVIER and VALENCIED , Hist. Nat. Poiss., Xx, 331. A Trachypterus characterized by having the lower profile of the trunk much more prominent than that of the tail, which is narrow and slender, and by an unusually small number of rays in the dorsal fin. It has a spiny lateral line. Color, silvery, with the fins red, and usually two blackish spots on the dorsal crest and five others upon the posterior half of the dorsal. The type specimen in the museum at Genoa has, according to Giinther, much the ap- pearance of a deformed fish. Giinther calls attention to the fact that Risso described a US. 480 DEEP-SEA FISHES OF THE ATLANTIC BASIN. similarly grotesquely shaped fish under the name of Gymnetrus Miillerianus (Wiegmann’s Archiv, 1840, 13), and Moreau, in his Fishes of France (p. 567), devotes three pages to an argument for the specific distinctness of 7. cristatus. TRACHYPTERUS REPANDUS, (Mrraxa), Costa. “ Gymnelrus repandus, METAXA.” Trachypterus repandus, Cosva, Fauna Napolitana, Pesci, pl. 1x. A Trachypterus with the greatest height of the body contained about 34 times in its total length (without caudal). The belly is sharp and rough, the caudal peduncle very slender. The anterior dorsal is composed of 8 rays, the length of which is more than 14 times the distance between the tip of the snout and the margin of the caudal; these rays have here and there upon them membranous expansions. The ventrals are about as long as the fish, and the first ray at its extremity becomes divided into 4 membranous filaments. Radial formula: D. 84152; A. none; P. 10; V.7; C. 10. Color: The entire body is silvery, with numerous bluish-black dots, which, being placed more closely together in the region of the back, form interrupted transverse bands; these in the caudal region completely surround the body. There are certain reddish spots which mingle with the blue ones, giving a rosy tint to the spots upon the back. The fins are rosy; only the membranous expansions of the anterior dorsal are black. The caudal is of the saine color, except the upper and lower margins, which are somewhat clouded. This form has been taken at Civita Vecchia and Naples, and has been seen also in the Adriatic.