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A

BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
LARVAL AND NEOTENIC SALAMANDER BIOLOGY

RONALD ALTIG
&
REN LOHOEFENER

Department of Biological Sciences
Mississippi State University
Mississippi State, MS 39762

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE /
NO. 47
1980

LIBRARIES

Division of Reptiles & Amphibians
National Museum of Natural History
Washinaoton, D.C. 20760

Frances |. McCullough, S.H.1.S. Editor
Division of Reptiles & Amphibians
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution

Washington, D.C, 20560

For further information and submission of manuscripts, contact:

INTRODUCTION

This bibliography is the caudate sequal to the tadpole bibliography of Altig and Christensen
(1976) published in this series. Emphasis was placed on reproductive biology, development, behavior
and organismal physiology of aquatic and direct-development larvae and "neotenic" adults as well as
citations concerning breeding biology, eggs and postmetamorphic juveniles. Abstracts, theses,
dissertations, text books and species descriptions were omitted.

: DO NOT use this bibliography for citation accuracy. Check them first!! Searching ceased in
December 1979.

-1858-

Kneeland, S. On the habits of Menobranchus. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 6:371-3.
-1861-

Filippi, F. de. Sulla larva del Triton alpestris. Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. 1:206-211.
-1871-

Hoy, P.R. Development of Ambystoma lurida Sager. Am. Nat. 5:578-584.
TRIKE -1874-

Robin, C. Observations sur la fecondation des urodeles. J. Anat. Physiol. 10:376-390.

-1880-
Clark, S.F. The development of Ambystoma punctatum. Stud. Biol. Lab. John Hopkins Univ. 1:105-
les.
-1881-
Gasco, F. Les amours des axolotIs. Zool. Anz. 4:313-316, 328-334.
-1882-

Frear, W. Vitality of the mud puppy. Am. Nat. 16:325-326.
Townsend, C.H. Habits of the Menopoma. Am. Nat. 16:139-140.
-1883-
Camerano, L. Intorno alla neotenia ed allo sviluppo degli Anfibi. Att. della Reale Accad. Sci.
Tornio 19:84-93.
-1884-

Carriere, J. Die postembryonale Enwicklung der Epidermis des Siredon pisciformis. Arch. Mikrosk.
Anat. Entwicklungsmech. 24:19-27.

-1886-
Pike, N. Some notes on the life history of the common newt. Am. Nat. 20:17-21.
-1888-
Hay, 0.P. Observations of Amphiuma and its young. Am. Nat. 22:315-321.
-1889-
Hay, 0.P. Observations on the habits of some Ambystomas. Am. Nat. 23:602-612.
-1890-

DuBois, R. Sur la perception des radiations lumineuses par la peau chez les protees aveugles.
C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris 110:358-359.

-1891-

Bedriaga, J. von. (1892). Tableaux sunoptiques pour servir a la determination des larves des
Batraciens urodeles d'Europe. Assoc. Francaise pour |'advancement des Sciences: Congress de
Marseille 1891:540-546.

Bedriage, J. von. Mittheilungen uber die larven der Molche. Zool. Anz. 14:295-300, 301-308, 317-
323, 333-341, 349-355, 373-378, 397-404.

Bedriaga, J. von. Les larvas des Batraciens recueillis en Portugal par M.A.F. Moller. O Inst.
revista Sci. Litteraria 38:668, 821.

Gage, S.H. Life-history of the vermillion-spotted newt (Diemyctylus viridescens Raf.). Am. Nat.
25:1084-1110.

Jordan, E.0. The spermatophore of Diemyctylus. J. Morph. 5:263-270.

Zeller, C. Uber den Kopulationsakt von Sapam maculosa. Zool. Anz. 14:38-41.

-1892-

Boulenger, G.A. Fecundation in the tailed batracians. A summary of review of recent discoveries.
Zool. Jb. (Syst.) 6:447).

Boulenger, G.A. On the larva of Molge montandoni. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 10:304-305.

-18 s
Jordan, E.P. The habits and development of the newt. J. Morph. 8:269-366.
-1894-

Eycleshymer, A.C. The early development of Amblystoma, with observations on some other vertebrates.
J. Morph. 10:343-418.

Paratre, R. Notes sur Salamandra maculosa; sa presence aux environs immediats de Paris; remarques
Sur Sa reproduction; epoque de sa parturition; developpement de la larva. Mem. Soc. Zool.
Fr. 10:132-160.

-1895-
Bedriaga, J. von. Mittheilungen uber die Larven der Molche. Zool. Anz. 18:153-157.
» Bedriaga, J. von. On the Pyrenean newt Molge aspera Duges. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 150-154.
a TRoeS

Boas, J.E.U. Ueber Neotenie. Gegenbair Zestschrift 1896:1-20.
Kingsbury, B.F. The spermatheca and methods of fertilization in some American newts and salamanders
Trans. Am. Micr. Soc. 18:115-146.
-1897- :
Flemming, W. Ueber den Einfluss des Licthts auf die Pigmentirung der Salamanderlarve. Arch. Mikr.
Anat. 48:369-374.

Ritter, W.E. The life-history and habits of the Pacific Coast newt (Diemyctylus torosus Esch.).

Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. Zool. 1:73-114.
-1899-

McGregor, J.H. The spermatogenesis of Amphiuma. J. Morph. 15:57-104.

Ritter, W.E., et al. A contribution to the life history of Autodax lugubris Hallow., a California
salamander. Am. Nat. 33:691-704. the

Montgomery, T.H. Peculiarities of the terrestrial larva of the urodelous batrachian, Plethodon
cinereus. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1901:503-508.

-1902-
Hilton, W.A. A structural feature connected with mating in Diemyctylus viridescens. Am. Nat.
36 : 643-647. cs ee
-1903-

Powers, J.H. The causes of acceleration and retardation in the metamorphosis of Ambystoma
tigrinum: a preliminary report. Am. Nat. 37:385-410.
Reese, A, The habits of the giant salamander. Pop. Sci. Monthly 62:526-531.
-1904-
Reese, A.M. The sexual elements of the giant salamander, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Biol.
Bull. 6:220-223.
Reese, A.M. The sexual elements of the giant salamander. Am. Soc. Zool. 38:497.
Wilder, H.H. The early development of Desmognathus fusca. Am. Nat. 38:93-115.
-1905-
Busey, L.E. de. Die ersten Entwicklungstadien des Megalobatrachus maximus. Zool. Anz. 28:523-542.
Kerbert, C. Ueber die Eilr und Larvaen von Megalobatrachus maxmus Schl. C.R. Int. Cougr. Berne
1905 :289-294.
-1906-
Banta, A.M., et al. The life history of the cave salamander, Spelerpes maculicaudus (Cope).
USNM 30:67-73.
McAtee, W.L. Development of the color pattern in the larvae of Spelerpes maculicaudus (Cope).
Proc. USNM 30:74-83.
Reese, A.M. Observations on the reactions of Cryptobranchus and Necturus to light and heat. Biol.
Bull. 11:93-99.
-1907-
Annandale, N. Eggs of Tylototriton verrucosus. Rec. Indian Mus. 1:278-279.
Leeuwen, W.D. van. Uber die Aufnahme der Spermatophoren bei Salamandra maculosa. Laur. Zool. Anz.
31:649-653.
Powers, J.H. Morphological variation and its causes in Ambystoma tigrinum. Stud. Zool. Lab. Univ.
Nebr. 6:197-273.
Smith, B.G. The life history and habits of Cryptobranchus alleganiensis. Biol. Bull. 13:5-39.
Smith, B.G. The breeding habits of Amblystoma punctatum. Am. Nat. 41:381-386.
-)908-
Wright, A.H. Notes on the breeding habits of Amblystoma punctatum. Biol. Bull. 14:284-289.

Hilton, W.A. General features of the early development of Desmognathus fusca. J. Morph. 20:533-
547.

Piersol, W.H. The habits and larval state of Plethodon erythronotus. Trans. Can. Inst. 8:469-493.

Riddle, 0. The rate of digestion in cold-blooded vertebrates: the influence of season and
temperature. Am. J. Physiol. 24:447-458.

Wright, A.H., et al. The early breeding habits of Amblystoma punctatum. Am. Nat. 43:687-692.

-1910-

Eycleshymer, A.C., et al. Normal plates of the development of Necturus maculosus. Keibel's
Normentafeln Entwicklung. Wirbel. 11:1-150.

Korschelt, E., et al. Uber eine Missbildung der Larve von Salamandra maculosus. Arch. AntuMech.
Leipzig. 30:291-316.

Piersol, W.H. The habits and larval state of Plethodon cinereus erythronotus. Trans. Can. Inst.
8:469-493.

Piersol, W.H. Spawn and larva of Ambystoma jeffersonianum. Am. Nat. 44:732-738.
Smith, B.G. The structure of the spermatophores of Ambystoma punctatum. Biol. Bull. 18:204-211.
-1911-

Cochran, M.E. The biology of Plethodon cinereus erythronotus. Biol. Bull. 20:332-349.

Cummings, B.F. Some features of behavior in the courtship display of the palmate newt (Molge
palmata Schneid.). J. An. Behav. 1:305-306.

Goodale, H.D. The early development of Spelerpes bilineatus (Green). Am. J. Anat. 12:173-247.

Smith, B.G. Notes on the natural history of Aape tem jeffersonianum, A. punctatum, and A. trigri-
num. Bull. Wisc. Nat. Hist. Soc. 9:14-17.

Smith, B.S. The nests and larvae of Necturus. Biol. Bull. 20:191-200.

Wintrebert, P. Les enveloppes protectrices de l'oere et 1a mecanisme de 1 eclosion chez 1 ‘axolotl
(Ambystoma tigrinum). C.R. Soc. Biol. Paris 72:799-802.

-1912-

Banta, A.M. The influence of cave conditions upon pigment development in larvae of Ambystoma
tigrinum. Am. Nat. 46:244-248.

Smith, B.S. The embryology of Cryptobranchus allegheniensis, including comparisons with some
other vertebrates. 2. General embryonic and larval development with special reference t
external features. J. Morph. 23:455-579. :

-1913-
gaa Pe nia un larve de Megalobatrachus Tschud., de provenance Chinoise. Bull. Mus. d'Hist.

Kennel, P. von. Les corps adipolymphoides des batraciens. Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool. 9th Ser. 17:219-

254.
Wilder, I.W. The life history of Desmognathus fusca. Biol. Bull. 24:251-292, 293-342.
-T914-
Bruner, H.L. The mechanism of pulmonary respiration in amphibians with gill clefts. Morph. Jb.
48:63-82.
Bruner, H.L. Jacobson's organ and the respiratory mechanism of amphibians. Morph. Jb. Leipzig
48:157-165.
-1916-
Sayle, M.H. The reactions of Necturus to stimuli received through the skin. J. An. Behav. 6:81-
101
-1919-
Bishop, S.C. Habits and development of Hemidactylium scutatum. N.Y. St. Mus. Bull. (219-220,
251-290).
-1920-

Adams, A.E., et al. An experimental study of the fat-bodies in Triturus (Diemyctylus) viridescens.
Anat. Rec. 41:181-204.

Bishop, S.C. Notes on the habits and development of the four-toed salamander, Hemidactylium
scutatum (Schlegel). N.Y. St. Mus. Bull. (219-220):1-34.

Wilder, I., et al. The correlation of lunglessness in salamanders with the brook habitat. Copeia
1920:63-68.

Willey, A. Remarks on the respiratory movements of Necturus and Cryptobranchus. Proc. Zool. Soc.
1920:649-651. ,

-1921-

Dye, W.J.P. The relation of the lateral line organs of Necturus to hearing. J. Comp. Psychol.
1:469-471.
Humphrey, R.R. The intestitial cells of the urodele testis. Am. J. Anat. 29:213-278.
Pope, P.H. Some doubtful points in the life-history of Notophthalmus viridescens. Copeia 14-15.
-1922-
Cole, L.J. The effect of temperature on the phototrophic response of Necturus. J. Gen. Physiol.
4:569-572.
Dawson, A.B. The cloaca and cloacal glands of the male Necturus. J. Morph. 36:447-465.
Humphrey, R.R. The multiple testis in urodeles. Biol. Bull. 43:45-67.
Swingle, W.W. Experiments on the metamorphosis of neotenous amphibians. J. Exp. Zool. 36:397-421.
Weber, A. La fecondation chez la salamandre alpestre. Compt. rend. Ass. Anat. 17:322-329.
-1923-
Blanchard, F.N. The life history of the four-toed salamander. Am. Nat. 57:262-268.
Despax, R. Contribution a letude anatomique et biologique des batraciens urodeles du groupe des
Euproctes et specialment de 1'Euprocte des Pyrenees Triton (Euproctus) asper Duges. Bull.
Soc. d'Hist. Nat. Toulouse 51:185-440.
Finkler, W. Analytical studies on the factors causing the sexual display in the mountain-newt
(Triton alpestris). Proc. R. Soc. 95B:356-364.
Snyder, J.D. Eggs of Batrachoseps attentuatus. Copeia 86.
Stewart, G.N. The gill movements in one of the perennibranchiate urodela (Necturus maculatus) and
their relation to the central nervous system. Am. J. Physiol. 66:288-296.
Wilder, I.I. Spermatophores of Desmognathus fusca. Copeia 88-92.
~=1924-

Brady, M.K. Eggs of Desmognathus phoca (Matthe). Copeia 29.

Bishop, S.C. Notes on the habits and development of the mudpuppy Necturus maculosus (Rafinesque).
N.Y. St. Mus. Bull. 268:5-60.

Dunn, E.R. Siren, a herbivorous salamander. Science 59:145.

Kuntz, A. Anatomical and physiological changes in the digestive system during metamorphosis in
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Nicholas, cay The development of the balancer in Amblystoma tigrinum. Anat. Rec. 28:317-335.

Noble, G.K. The “retrograde metamorphosis" of the Sirenidae: experiments on the functional
activity of the thyroid of the perennibranchs. Anat. Rec. 29:100.

Obreshkove, V. Accessory testicular lobes in Diemyctylus viridescens, their possible origin and
significance. J. Morph. 39:1-45.

Pope, C.H. Notes on North Carolina salamanders with especial reference to the egg-laying habits
of Leurognathus and Desmognathus. Am. Mus. Novit. (153).

Pope, P.H. The life-history of the common water newt, Notophthalmus viridescens, together with
observations onthe sense of smell. Ann. Carn. Mus. 15: 308-368.

Sasaki, M. On a Japanese salamander, in Lake Kuttarush, which propagates like the axolotl. J.
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18

-1976-

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19

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20

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ud

A BIBLIOGRAPHY TO THE MUD AND MUSK TURTLE FAMILY KINOSTERNIDAE

JOHN B. IVERSON and SHEILA A. IVERSON

DEPARTMENT OF BIOLOGY
EARLHAM COLLEGE
RICHMOND, INDIANA 47374

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 48

1980

LIBRARIES

Division of Reptiles & Amphibians
National Museum of Natural History
Washington, DC 20560

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For further information and submission of manuscripts, contact:

Erances! J. Irish, S.H.LoS.- Editor
Division of Reptiles & Amphibians
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution
Washington, D.C. 20560

Introduction

This bibliography is an outgrowth of nine years of research on the New
World mud and musk turtles of the family Kinosternidae (genera Kinosternon,
Sternotherus, Claudius, and Staurotypus). It is hoped that its availability
will stimulate additional interest in this diverse New World turtle family.
The bibliography is very thorough for all but one of the approximately 23
recognized species (see below). The weakest literature coverage is for the
species Sternotherus odoratus which, because it is so wide ranging and extremely
common, has been the subject of studies in nearly all fields of science.
Many references for S. odoratus, at least, have no doubt gone unnoticed by
us; however, it approaches completeness for the other forms. We would
appreciate being made aware of any overlooked references.

A list of the currently recognized genera, species, and subspecies on
which this bibliography is based follows:

Family Kinosternidae
Subfamily Staurotypinae

Claudius angustatus
Staurotypus salvinii
Staurotypus triporcatus

Subfamily Kinosterninae

Kinosternon

Kinosternon
Kinosternon

Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon

Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon

Kinosternon

Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon
Kinosternon

acutum
alamosae
angustipons
baurii
creaseri
dunni
flavescens flavescens
flavescens durangoense
flavescens spooneri
flavescens stejnegeri
herrerai

hirtipes hirtipes
hirtipes murrayi
integrum
leucostomum
leucostomum

scorpioides

scorpioides
scorpioides
scorpioides
scorpioides
scorpioides
scorpioides

sonoriense
subrubrum subrubrum

leucostomum
postinguinale
scorpioides
abaxillare
albogulare
carajasensis
cruentatum
pachyurum

seriei_

Kinosternon subrubrum hippocrepis
Kinosternon subrubrum steindachneri
Sternotherus carinatus

Sternotherus depressus

Sternotherus minor minor
Sternotherus minor peltifer
Sternotherus odoratus

Acknowledgments

The bibliographic help of James F. Berry, Edward 0. Moll, and Hobart M.
Smith is gratefully acknowledged.

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Acholonu, A. D. 1974. Haemogregarina pseudemydis n. sp. and Pirhemocyton
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of America. Vol. 1 (Part I) Essay on Classification, p. 2-232;

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Co., Boston, MA.

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Zerecero y D., M. C. 1948. Un trematodo de la vejiga urinaria de
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Zug, G. R. 1969. Fossil chelonians, Chrysemys and Clemmys, from the
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Zug, G. R. 197la. Buoyancy, locomotion, morphology of the pelvic girdle
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Zug, G. R. 1971b. American musk turtles, Sternothaerus or Sternotherus?
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Zweifel, R. G. 1960. Results of the Puritan-American Museum of Natural
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Zweifel, R. G. and K. S. Norris. 1955. Contribution to the herpetology
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ADDENDA

Acholonu, D. 1966. Occurrence of Haemogregarina (Protozoa) in
Louisiana turtles. J. Protozool. 13(suppl.):20.

Bickham, J. W. and R. J. Baker. 1979. Canalization model of
chromosomal evolution. Bull. Carnegie Mus. Natur. Hist. 13:
70-84.

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A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ENDANGERED AND THREATENED AMPHIBIANS AND

REPTILES IN THE UNITED STATES AND ITS TERRITORIES

(CONSERVATION, DISTRIBUTION, NATURAL HISTORY, STATUS)

SUPPLEMENT

C. KENNETH DODD, JR.

OFFICE OF ENDANGERED SPECIES
U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20240

LIBRARIES

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 49

1981

This bibliography is a supplement to "A Bibliography of Endangered and
Threatened Amphibians and Reptiles in the United States and its Territories"
issued as Smithsonian Herpetological Information Service No. 46. Additional
references to those species listed in the introduction to this publication

are included, as well as references to two species, the Monito gecko
(Sphaerodactylus micropithecus ) and Wyoming toad (Bufo hemiophrys baxteri),
which have been incorporated into current Program Advices of the U.S. Fish

and Wildlife Service for listing or proposal to the U.S. List of Endangered
and Threatened Wildlife in fiscal year 1981. It should be also noted that
references to two species occurring within U.S. territories, Epicrates
monensis granti and Crocodylus porosus, were included in S.H.I.S. No. 46

and are included in this supplement, even though both names were omitted

from the list of species covered in the original bibliography. Although no
future bibliographies of this nature are planned, updated lists of references
dealing with federally protected or proposed species of amphibians and reptiles
may be obtained from the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Finally it should be
noted that copies of all unpublished reports cited both in S.H.I.S. No. 46 and
this supplement have been deposited in the library of the Division of Reptiles
and Amphibians at the Smithsonian Institution.

Adams, S. E., M. H. Smith, and R. Baccus. 1980. Biochemical variation
in the American alligator. Herpetologica 36(4):289-296.

Aleshire, P. 1979. The case against the fringe-toed lizard. New West Mag.,
Dec. pp. SCl1-SC13.

Amerson, A. B., Jr. and P. C. Shelton. 1976. The natural history of Johnston
Atoll, Central Pacific Ocean. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 192:1-479.

Anon. 1974. Hawaii's concern for its turtles. Sea Secrets 18(1):12-13.

Anon. 1975. Loggerhead sea turtles given helping hand. Fish and Wildlife
News, U.S. Dept. of Interior. Oct., p. 7.

Anon. 1977. Cold-stunned sea turtles warmly welcomed at NASA Center. NASA
Activities, March, p. 16.

Anon. 1980. Turtle war concluded, but bitterly. Defenders 55(5):325-327.

Baird, M- 1978. The nesting loggerhead turtles on Kiawah Island, S.C. Project
report to Kiawah Island Co., Kiawah Island, S.C. 10 pp.

Bakus, G. J. 1979. Wildlife Refuges and endangered species of the Hawaiian
Islands and the Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. In: Literature
review and synthesis of information on Pacific Island ecosystems. Office
of Biological Services, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, D.C.
FWS/OBS 79/35, pp. 1-1 to 1-106.

Balazs, G. H. 1979a. An additional strategy for possibly preventing the
extinction of Kemp's ridley, Lepidochelys kempi. Marine Turtle Newsletter
No. 12:3-4.

Balazs, G. H. 1979b. Synopsis of biological data on the green turtle in the
Hawaiian Islands. Rept. on contract 79-ABA-02422 to the Southwest Fisheries
Center Honolulu Lab., Nat. Mar. Fish. Serv., Honolulu, Hawaii, 180 pp. (late
published in 1980 as a NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM—NMFS-SWFC-7,
by the Southwest Fisheries Center).

Balazs, G. H. 1980. A review of basic biological data on the green turtle in the
northwestern Hawaiian Islands. pp. 42-54 In: Proc. Symp. on Status of
Resource Investigations in the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands.

Banko, W. E. 1967. Endangered wildlife in Hawaii. The Elepaio 27(11):98-100.

Bauer, E. A. 1972. Hawaiian Islands National Wildlife Refuge. Sea Frontiers
18(6) :346-356.

Baxter, G. T. 1952. The relation of temperature to the altitudinal distribution
of frogs and toads in southeastern Wyoming. PhD. diss., Univ. Michigan.
Baxter, G. T. and M. Stone. 1980. Amphibians and Reptiles of Wyoming. Wyoming

Game and Fish Dept., Cheyenne. 137 pp.

Behler, J. L. 1978. Feasibility of the establishment of a captive-breeding
population of the American crocodile. Rept T-509 Everglades Nat. Park,
South Florida Research Center.

Behler, J. L. and F. W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society Field Guide to North
American Reptiles & Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 pp.

Bentley, T. B. and A. Dunbar-Cooper. 1980. A blood sampling technique for sea
turtles. Rept. to Nat. Marine Fish. Serv. on contract No. Na-80-GE-A-00082,
Miami, Fil., 4 pp.,. 10 £igs.

Berry, K. H. 1978. Livestock grazing and the desert tortoise. Trans. 43rd
North Amer. Wildl. and Nat. Resc. Conf., Washington, D.C. pp. 505-519.

Bickham, J. W. and B. J. Gallaway. 1980. A status report on studies of the
taxonomy of the Illinois mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens spooneri) with
supplementary notes on its distribution and ecology. IGL Fcological Research
Assoc., Bryan, Tx. 81 pp.

Bickham, J. W., K. A. Bjorndal, M. W. Haiduk, and W. E. Rainey. 1980. The
karyotype and chromosomal banding patterns of the green turtle (Chelonia
mydas). Copeia 1980:540-543.

Blanck, C. E. and R. H. Sawyer. 1979. Developmental biology of the loggerhead
sea turtle Caretta caretta. Amer. Zool. 19:955.

Boyer, D. R. 1965. Ecology of the basking habit in turtles. Ecology 46:99-118.

Brown, Le. E. 1979. Houston toad Recovery Team meets in Houston. Herp. Rev.
10(3):100.

Bureau of Land Management. 1979. Eastern states endangered wildlife. BIM
Eastern States Office, Alexandria, Va.-, 153 pp.

Bury, R. B., C. K. Dodd, Jr., and G. M. Fellers. 1980. Conservation of the
amphibia of the United States: a review. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Resource Publ. 134, 34 pp.

Bustard, H. R. 1979. Population dynamics of sea turtles. pp. 523-540. In:

M. Harless and H. Morlock (eds.), Turtles, Perspectives and Research, John
Wiley & Sons, N.Y.

Caldwell, D. K. and M. C. Caldwell. 1969. Sea turtles. In: F. E. Firth (ed.).
The encyclopedia of marine resources. Van Nostrand Reinhold Co., N.Y.

Carr, A. 1962. Orientation problems in the high seas travel and terrestrial
movements of marine turtles. Amer. Sci. 50(3):359-374.

Carr, A. 1977. Last chance for the sea turtle. World Book Year Book Events of
1976, pp. 136-152.

Carr, A. 1980. Some problems of sea turtle ecology. Amer. Zool. 20:489-498.

Carr, A. and A. B. Meylan. 1980. Extinction or rescue for the hawksbill?

Oryx 15(5):449-450.

Carr, A. and J. Mortimer. 1980. Survey and preliminary census of marine turtle
populations in the western Atlantic. Rept. to Nat. Marine Fish. Serv. on
contract 03-78-008-0025, 131 pp.

Carr, A. F., D. R. Jackson, and J. B. Iverson. 1977. Marine turtles. pp. 1-45
(Part XIV) In: A Summary and Analysis of Environmental Information on the
Continental Shelf and Blake Plateau from Cape Hatteras to Cape Canaveral,
Center for Natural Areas, S. Gardiner, Maine.

Carr, A., L. Ogren, and C. McVea. 1980-81. Apparent hibernation by the
Atlantic loggerhead turtle Caretta caretta off Cape Canaveral, Florida.
Biol. Conserv. 19:7-14.

Cato, J. C., F. J. Prochaska, and P. C. H. Pritchard. 1978. An analysis of
the capture, marketing, and utilization of marine turtles. Rept. on
Contract 01-7-042-11283 to the National Marine Fisheries Service, 119 pp.

Chabreck, R. H. 1980. Status of the American alligator in Louisiana and in
Baldwin and Mobile Counties, Alabama. Rept. to U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Serv., Jackson, MS. 72 pp.

Chamberlain, W. D. 1980. Grackles exhibit common defensive behavior against
an American alligator. Chat 44(1):19.

Chesemore, D. Le 1980. Impact of oil and gas development on blunt-nosed leopard
lizards. Final Rept. on contract YA-512-CT9-118, Bur. Land Management,
Bakersfield District, CA., 60 pp.

Clapp, Re. B. 1972. The natural history of Gardner Pinnacles, Northwestern
Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 163:1-29.

Clapp, R. B. and E. Kridler. 1977. The natural history of Necker Island,
Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 206:1-102.

Clapp, R. B., E. Kridler, and R. R. Fleet. 1977. The natural history of Nihoa
Island, Northwestern Hawaiian Islands. Atoll Res. Bull. No. 207:1-147.

Clark, D. R., Jr. and A. J. Krynitsky. 1980. Organochlorine residues in eggs of
loggerhead and green sea turtles nesting at Merritt Island, Florida—July
and August 1976. Pesticides Monitor. J. 14(1):7-10.

Coombs, E. M. 1979. Food habits and livestock competition with the desert
tortoise on the Beaver Dam Slope, Utah. pp. 132-147 In: E. St.

Amant (ed.), Proceedings of the 1979 Symposium, Desert Tortoise Council,
Long Beach, CA.

Cooper, J. A. 1975. Behavioral aspects of the life history of the Illinois
mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens spooneri. Master's thesis, Drake Univ.,
Des Moines, Iowa.

Coote, J. G. 1978. The eggs and young of the eastern indigo. Herptile
3(3):17-19.

Curtis, J. 1980. Reptiles on the rebound. Outdoor America, Mar./Apr., pp. 20-22.

Daniel, P. and C. Poole. 1979. 1979 Kiawah Island hatching success report
and analysis of crawl profiles. Kiawah Island Co. Ltd., Kiawah Island,
S.C., 65 pp.

Day, D. 1979. Endangered animals in Utah and adjacent areas. Great Basin Nat.
Memoirs No. 3:35-40.

Deitz, D. C. and T. C. Hines. 1980. Alligator nesting in north-central Florida.
Copeia 1980:249-258.

Deitz, D. C. and D. R. Jackson. 1979. Use of American alligator nests by
nesting turtles. J. Herpetol. 13:510-512.

Delikat, D. S. 1980. IXTOC I oil spill and Atlantic ridley turtle survival.
pp- 312-319 In: B. L. Edge (ed.), Coastal Zone '80, Vol. III, Proc.
Sec. Symposium on Coastal and Ocean Manag. (reprinted in Underwater
Nat., 1981, 13(1):13-15.).

Dodd, C. K., Jr. 1978. Status of the petition to list the Beaver Dam Slope
population of Gopherus agassizi as Endangered. pp 55-57., In: M.

Trotter (ed.), Proceedings of 1978 Symposium, Desert Tortoise Council,
San Diego, CA.

Dodd, C. K., Jr. 1979a. Federal listing activities and the genus Gopherus.
pp- 19-25 In: E. St. Amant (ed.), Proceedings of the 1979 Symposium,
Desert Tortoise Council, Long Beach, CA.

Dodd, C. K., Jr. 1979b. Regulations and permit requirements concerning
federally listed rare and endangered amphibians and reptiles. Bull.
Chicago Herp. Soc. 14(4):130-131.

Dodd, C. K., Jr. 1980a. Ameiva polops. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 240.1-240.2.

Dodd, C. K., Jr. 1980b. Money for research in the Federal Endangered Species
Program. Herp. Rev. 11(3):70-72.

Duffy, M. 1979. To get a ‘gator. La. Conservationist. 31(4):6-9.

Dunlap, C. E. 1955. Notes on the visceral anatomy of the giant leatherback
turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Bull. Tulane Med. Faculty 14(2):55-69.

Dunson, W. A. 1979. Salinity tolerance and osmoregulation of the Key mud
turtle, Kinosternon b. baurii. Copeia 1979:548-552.

Ehrenfeld, D. W. 1980. Commercial breeding of captive sea turtles: status and
prospects. pp. 93-96 In: J. B. Murphy and J. T. Collins (eds.),
Reproductive Biology and Diseases of Captive Reptiles, SSAR Contrib. to
Herpetology No. l.

Ehrhart, L. M. 1979a. Reproductive characteristics and management potential
of the sea turtle rookery at Canaveral National Seashore, Florida. Proc.
lst. Conf. on Sci. Res. in the Nat. Parks. Vol. I, pp. 397-399, U.S.
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Ehrhart, L. M. 1979b. Analysis of reproductive characteristics of Caretta
caretta in east-central Florida. Amer. Zool. 19:955.

Ehrhart, L. M. 1979c. A survey of the marine turtle nesting at the Kennedy
Space Center, Cape Canaveral Air Force Station, North Brevard County,
Florida. Rept. to Div. of Marine Resources, Fla. Dept. Nat. Resources,
122 pp.

Ehrhart, L. M. 1979d. Threatened and Endangered species of the Kennedy Space
Center: Marine turtle studies. Vol. IV Part I of the Final report to the
National Aeronautics and Space Admin. John F. Kennedy Space Center.
Contract No. NAS 10-8986, pp. 1-106 + appendices A-1 to A-301.

Ehrhart, L. M. 1980. Marine turtle nesting in north Brevard County, Florida,
in 1979. Fla. Sci!’ 43:27.

Ehrlich, P. and A. Ehrlich. 1981. Extinction. The Causes and Consequences of
the Disappearance of Species. Random House, N.Y. 305 pp.

England, C. 1980. Gator poachers turn to farming. Defenders 55(4):210-215.

Ernst, C. H. and M. J. Gilroy. 1979. Are leatherback turtles, Dermochelys
coriacea, common along the middle Atlantic coast? Bull. Md. Herp. Soc.
15:16-19.

Fenchel, T. M., C. P. McRoy, J. C. Ogden, P. Parker, and W. E. Rainey. 1979.
Symbiotic cellulose degradation in green turtles, Chelonia
mydas L. Applied and Environ. Microbiol. 37(2):348-350.

Fitch, H. S. 1980. Thamnophis sirtalis. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept.
270.1-270.4.

Fletemeyer, J. R. 1977a. Sea turtle nesting in southeast Florida. Underwater
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Fletemeyer, J. R. 1977b. Rare albino turtle. Sea Frontiers. 23(4):233.

Fletemeyer, J. 1978a. The sea turtle. Undersea Jour. 10(2):14-15.

Fletemeyer, J. R. 1978b. And so shall she weep. Fla. Nat., April, pp. 28.

Fletemeyer, J. R. 1978c. Sea Turtle Monitoring Project. 1978 Report. Rept.
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Fletemeyer, J. 1979. 1979 Report. Sea turtle monitoring project. Report
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Fletemeyer, J. 1980a. A preliminary analysis of sea turtle eggs for DDE.
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Fletemeyer, J. 1980b. The leatherback, turtle without a shell. Sea Frontiers
26(5) 302-305.

Fletemeyer, J. Re 1980c. Sea turtle monitoring project. 1980 Report. Report to
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Fletemeyer, J. 1980d. Pompano Beach sea turtle conservation program. 1980
report. Rept. to Pompano City Commission, Pompano Beach, FL.

Fletemeyer, J. R. and B. Parnell. 1979. Orientation and behavior of three
species of pen-reared yearling sea turtles. Amer. Zool. 19:953.

Florida Dept. of Natural Resources. 1979. Summary of sea turtle activity in
Florida, 1979. 20 pp.

Florida Dept. of Natural Resources. 1980. Summary of marine turtle activity in
Florida, 1980. 39 pp.

Florio, D. 1977. The uncertain future of the loggerhead. Sea Grant 70's
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Forbes, A. M.- 1972. Distribution of injected europium in hatchling Chelonia
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Forsythe, D. M. and W. B. Ezell, Jr. 1979. Proceedings of the First South
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Foster, P. and C. Chapman. 1975. The care and maintenance of young leather-
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Friar, W. 1977. Sea turtle red blood cell parameters correlated with carapace
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Friar, W. 1979. Taxonomic relations among sea turtles elucidated by seriolog-
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Frazer, N. Be. 1981. Correlation of nesting attempts of the Atlantic loggerhead,
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Goodwin, H. A. 1972b. The endangered species conservation program for Hawaii.
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Goodwin, T. M. and W. R. Marion. 1979. Seasonal activity ranges and habitat
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Grant, C. 1932. Herpetological notes from the Puerto Rico area. J. Dept.
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Greene, J. 1980. Pity for Giants. Quest/80, Feb.-Mar. pp. 55-59.

Grove, N. 1981. Wild cargo: the business of smuggling animals. Nat. Geog.
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Guess, R. C. 1981. A Pacific loggerhead captured off California's northern
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Gunter, G. 1978. Observations of territoriality in Alligator mississippiensis,
and other points concerning its habitat and conservation. Gulf Res. Rep.
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Guttman, S. I. 1969. Blood protein variation in the Bufo americanus species
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Hall, R. J. 1980. Effects of environmental contaminants on reptiles: A review.
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Hall, R. J., T. E. Kaiser, W. B. Robertson, Jr., and P. C. Patty. 1979.
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Hebrard, J. J- 1979. Atlantic salt marsh snake survey: Merritt Island National
Wildlife Refuge 1979. Report to U.S. Fish and Wildl. Serv., Merritt Is.
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Hendrickson, J. R. 1980. The ecological strategies of sea turtles. Amer. Zool.
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Hendrickson, J. R. and L. P. Hendrickson. 1980. Living tags for sea turtles.
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Hendry, L. C., T. G. Goodwin, and R. F. Labinsky. 1980. Florida's Vanishing
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69 pp.

Henwood, A. T. 1981. Loggerhead sea turtles, Caretta caretta, captured in Port
Canaveral, August through November 1980. ASB Bull. 28(2):95.

Hillestad, H. O., R. J. Reimold, R. R. Stickney, H. L. Windom, and J. H. Jenkins.
1974. Pesticides, heavy metals, and radionuclide uptake in loggerhead sea
turtles fram South Carolina and Georgia. Herp. Rev. 5(3):75.

Hines, T. C. and R. Scheaffer. 1977. Public opinion about alligators in Florida.
Proc. Annual Conf. S. E. Assoc. Fish and Wildlife Agencies 31:84-89.

Hirth, H. F. 1980a. Chelonia. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 248.1-248.2.

Hirth, H. F. 1980b. (Chelonia mydas. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 249.1-249.4

Hirth, H. 1980c. Some aspects of the nesting behavior and reproductive biology
of sea turtles. Amer. Zool. 20:507-523.

Hodge, P. 1976. Green sea turtle. Elepaio 36(8):101.

Hodge, R. P. 1979. Geographic distribution: Dermochelys coriacea schlegeli.
Herp. Rev. 10(3):102.

Hohman, J. P., R. D. Ohmart, and J. Schwartzmann. 1980. An annotated biblio-
graphy of the desert tortoise, Gopherus agassizi. Desert Tortoise Council
spec Puble. Now 1, 121 pp.

Holden, C. 1979. Experts gather to talk turtle. Science 206:1383-1384.

Hopkins, S. R., T. R. Murphy, Jr., K. B. Stansell and P. M. Wilkinson. 1978.
Biotic and abiotic factors affecting nest mortality in the Atlantic logger-
head turtle. Proc. Ann. Conf. Southeast Assoc. Fish and Wildl. Agencies
32:213-223.

Huff, T. A. 1980. Captive propagation of the sub-family Boinae with emphasis
on the genus Epicrates. pp. 125-134 In: J. B. Murphy and J. T. Collins
(eds. ), Reproductive Biology and Diseases of Captive Reptiles, SSAR
Contrib. to Herpetology No. l.

Hynson, J. 1977. Endangered and Threatened Species. pp. 1-370 (Part XV)

In: A Summary and Analysis of Environmental Information on the Continental
Shelf and Blake Plateau from Cape Hatteras to Cape Canaveral. Center for
Natural Areas, S. Gardiner, Maine.

Joanen, T. and L. McNease. 1971. Electronic alligators on Rockefeller Refuge,
Iouisiana. Louisiana Conserv. July-Aug.:10-13.

Joanen, T. and L. McNease. 1979a. Culture of the American alligator,
Alligator mississippiensis. Internat. Zoo Yearb. 19:61-66.

Joanen, T. and L. McNease. 1979b. American alligator management in Louisiana
and federal regulations. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 14(4):132.

Joanen, T. and L. McNease. 1980. Reproductive biology of the American
alligator in southwest Louisiana. pp. 153-159 In: J. B. Murphy and J.T.
Collins (eds.), Reproductive Biology and Diseases of Captive Reptiles,
SSAR Contrib. to Herpetology No. l.

Joanen, T., L. McNease, and G. Perry. 1977. Effects of simulated flooding on
alligator eggs. Proc. Annual Conf. S.E. Assoc. Fish & Wildlife Agencies
31: 33-35.

Johnson, C. R., W. Ge Voight and E. N. Smith. 1978. Thermoregulation in
crocodilians - III. Thermal preferenda, voluntary maxima, and heating and
cooling rates in the American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis. Zool.
J. Linn. Soc. 62:179-188.

Johnson, R. N. and H. B. Lillywhite. 1979. Digestive efficiency of the
omnivorous lizard Klauberina riversiana. Copeia 1979:431-437.

Jordan, J. R. 1973. Sexual dimorphism in the Red Hills salamander, Phaeognathus
hubrichti Highton (Amphibia: Caudata: Plethodontidae), with conments
on its phylogenetic assignment. ASB Bull. 20(2):62.

Jordan, J. R. 1980. Geographic distribution: Kinosternon flavescens spooneri.
Herp. Rev. 11(1):14.

Kangas, D. A. 1979. The Illinois mud turtle in Missouri. Report to Missouri
Dept. Conservation, Monsanto Corp., and the Research Grant Committee of
N.E. Missouri St. Univ., 19 pp.

Kangas, D., B. Miller, and D. Noll. 1980. A report on the 1980 studies of the
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Wood, F. G. 1953. Mating behavior of captive loggerhead turtles, Caretta caretta
caretta. Copeia 1953:184-186.

Woodbury, A. M. and R. Hardy. 1948. Studies of the desert tortoise, Gopherus
agassizii. Ecol. Monog. 18:145-200.

Woods, J. C., R. G. Whistler, and R. V. Harris. undated (1978-?). Incubation
and imprinting of Kemp's ridley sea turtles (Lepidochelys kempii) at Padre
Island National Seashore, Texas. Padre Island National Seashore, unpubl.
report. 8 pp., 3 tables.

Woodward, A. R. 1978a. An evaluation of factors affecting night-light counts of
alligators. M.S. thesis, Univ. of Florida. 56 pp.

Woodward, A. R. 1978. Are alligators dangerous? Unpubl. report, Florida Game
and Fresh Water Fish Comm., Gainesville, FL., 8 pp.

World Conference on Sea Turtle Conservation. 1979. Sea Turtle Conservation
Strategy, IUCN, Gland, Switzerland, 38 pp.

Worth, D. F. and J. B. Smith. 1976. Marine turtle nesting on Hutchinson Island,
Florida, in 1973. Fla. Mar. Res. Publ. No. 18:1-17.

Yntema, C. L. and N. Mrosovsky. 1980. Sexual differentiation in hatchling
loggerheads (Caretta caretta) incubated at different controlled temperatures.
Herpetologica 36:33-36.

pe.

pe

pe

P.

ES

aly

34

35

16
Errata for S.H.I.S. No. 46

Add an s to turtle in Cahn (1937); The turtles of Illinois.
Campbell (1975) should read: Campbell, H. J., not H. W.

Gosselink and Hebrard (1978) should read:

Gosselink, J. G. and J. J. Hebrard. 1979. Threatened, endangered,
and extinct species in the Chenier Plain. pp. 393-415 In: J. W.
Daly, Jr., D. D. Culley, Jr., R. E. Turner and A. J. Mumphrey, Jr.
(eds.), Proc. Third Coastal Marsh and Estuary Manag. Symp., L.S.U.
Div. Continuing Education, Baton Rouge, IA.

Hirth (1978) should read: A model for the evolution... .
Zwinenberg (1977) should read: Kemp's ridley... .

All references to Chabreck should be: Chabreck, R. H., not R. R.

eemmaet ‘oe ae aa pe roe

, we Mer ATL pe

'
d, =
yithem, HK. i973. KN bacterial shana 2
Fin. Sci, 56 (28) 587 28
ey 7 Bele
FI CIMANY, 2s Ao fs Pntiah ed 824 erate
\o74 t i, "i
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esse Mis is it
fithen, & 18%. Boer 5 bret
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Spi44%5 Lonl. <n oo BATIK. =f OK A
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UnBeah., are rd al yikose 1 hte: sige Cast + 3 (e
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ene :. f } ‘ i as
7 « - _ “<
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. ' > ¥ "hs SH a pene Pe ee _

vet. “41. Se di AS a, 5 ial “4 Tat teat ait oC ja zy ’

Wocclward, A. R, 57s. / Va Durtion factors Slecting wd ghetAghit « hk
Lligntore, M.S. thimie, Univ. of Plorids. 56 pr

Woolward), A. & 1978, Are alligators duncercus? _ | neutht. cept, ae

= Ord. tren, Wicer Miah Com. , Gainesville, PL,,, o ioe rr

7 la (eniferany Hh See Turtle Gs erveaLio > 197% .¢£ rae aR le Cnnperva 1c
strotexny, HM, Glow), Seite erian i, 35 tt. 7

worth, 0, -2, . B. Gait. 2976. “srine turtle vesting om Mytchis J

in 1973. Fis. Mar. Pe Publ. Me. 1911-17.

Yotems, ¢ ane 2s veky, 1960. Semel differertiation in hatch
—_ he Y : ret. Sere ol Spsibated et ALE Serer SOontenl Led

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF VIRGINIA AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES

JOSEPH C. MITCHELL

Department of Biology
University of Richmond
Richmond, Virginia 23173

ly BRA RIE S

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 50

1981

Introduction

This bibliography had its inception in 1974. Titles and
information were collected from the widely scattered sources
through 1980. Literature concerning Virginia's amphibians and
reptiles published after 1980 is not included. Also not included
are dissertations, theses, newspaper articles and the like.

Each citation is numbered and cross-—indexed by species. Some
papers undoubtedly have been overlooked, and I would appreciate
being made aware of these.

Acknowledgements

This bibliography could not have been compiled without the
help of several libraries and their librarians. I am grateful
to the staff of the following institutions for various forms
of assistance: Arizona State University, National Museum of
Natural History, University of Richmond and University of Tennessee.
My wife, Wendy, aided in the search and compilation of many
references. I am grateful to Susan M. Johnson for typing the
manuscript. Frank H. Daniel provided the cover illustration.

Ackroyd, J. F. and R. L. Hoffman. 1946. An albinistic specimen
of Pseudacris feriarum. Copeia 1946(4):257-258.

Addington, L.F:, 1967... Hunting rattlers. “Virginia Wildlife
ZENG esi2 Ose

Adler, K. 1968. Pseudemys scripta in West Virginia: archeological
and modern records. J. Herpetol. 2(3-4):117-120.

Agassiz, L. 1857. Contributions to the natural history of the
United States of America. Little, Brown and Co., Boston.
Violet i 2, 043) De. plus, 2/7 plates.

Allard, H. A. 1916. The song of fowler's toad (Bufo fowleri).
Science 44:463-464.

Alland ate. A. 935.) The. natural history of “the box*tuntile. Sci.
Monthly 41:325-238.

Allard, H..A.,. 1939. _ Mating of the box turtle ending in) death to
the male. Copeia 1939(2):109.

Allard, H. A. 1945. A color variant of the eastern worm snake.
Copeia 1945(1):42.

Allard, H. A. 1948. The eastern box turtle and its behavior.

J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 23(4):307-321.

Allard, H. A. 1949. The eastern box turtle and its behavior (con-
cluded). J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 24(2):146-152.

Allen, D. W. 1965. King of the lily pad. Virginia Wildlife
26 (8) :17-19.

Anderson, J. D. 1967. Ambystoma opacum. Cat. Am. Amph. Rept.
46.1-46.2.

Anderson, J. D. 1967. Ambystoma maculatum. Cat. Am. Amph.

Rept... Sl sl —51 4.

Angleberger, M. A. P. and J. P. Chinnici. 1973. Dimorphism in the
red-backed salamander Plethodon cinereus (Green) at Mountain
Lake, Virginia. Virginia J. Sci. N.S. 262153-158:

Anonymous. 1947. Twenty-six pound turtle on a fly rod. Virginia
Wildlife 8(12):25.

Anon. 1948. Freak of nature . . . can you solve this one? Virginia
Wildlife 9(4):27.

Anon. 1948. Turtle mystery explained. Virginia Wildlife 9(7):22.

Anon. 1949. Snakes galore. Virginia Wildlife 10(7):26.

Anon. 1951. Turtle eggs no delicacy. Virginia Wildlife 12(10):25.

Anon. 1953. Virginia's three poisonous snakes. Virginia Wildlife
bie a ey ee A

Anon. 1953. Snake collecting hobby of a Colonial Heights lad.
Virginia Wildlife 14(8):24.

Anon. 1954. Common Virginia turtles. Virginia Wildlife 15(6):27.

Anon. 1956. Rare colorful snake. Virginia Wildlife 17(12) :24.

Anon. 1957. Captive rainbow snake is expectant mother. Virginia
WildLine LA (Ly <25..

Anon. 1957. Voice of the turtle . . . Virginia Wildlife 18(4):2.

Anon. 1957. The snapping turtle - a reptile which can be conser-
vatively harvested each year. Virginia Wildlife 18(6):14-15.

Anon. 1957. Collecting - a means of learning more about Virginia's
animals. Virginia Wildlife 18(8):14-15.

Anon. 1958. Field notes. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 6:2.

Anon. 1959. A checklist of Virginia's mammals, birds, reptiles
and amphibians. Virginia Wildlife 20(9):13-16.

Anon. 1959. Controlling snakes. Virginia Wildlife 20(7):28.

Anon. 1960. False "coral" snakes of Virginia. Virginia Wildlife
2. (a) 226

32.
33'=
34.
35 =
36.
cw i
38.
aos
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51s
52.
oe
54.
55.
56.
Bits
58.

59.

Anon. 1960. The occurrence of poisonous snakes in Virginia,
Maryland and D. C. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull oe 2.
Anon. 1960. Virginia collecting notes: Mclean, Fairfax County,

Va. (September 24, 1960). Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bui. 214.

Anon. 1960. Virginia collecting notes: Midlothian, Chesterfield
County, Va. (summer, 1960). Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull.
2s ie

Anon. 1961. Turtles in Virginia. Virginia Wildlife DOCS) 2 2 Ore

Anon. 1961. Snaking for scouts. Virginia Wildlife PP A Cs) aa

Anon. 1961. Collecting notes: Fastern Charles City County and
Western James City County, Va. May, 1961. Virginia Herpetol.
Soc. Bull. 24:6.

Anon. 1961. Albinism in southeastern amphibians and reptiles.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bu) «25: 1-5.

Anon. 1961. Collecting notes: Pittsylvania County, Virginia,
Tantilla coronata. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. PAS HISIC

Anon. 1962. Virginia collecting notes. Virginia Herpetol. Soc.
Bull. 27:7-8.

Anon. 1964. Oddity. Virginia Wildlife 25(1) :26.

Anon. 1964. "Don't tread on me." Virginia Wildlife PAS) eee
Anon. 1962. Report on occurrence of poisonous snakes of Virginia,
Maryland and the District of Columbia. Virginia Herpetol.

Soc. Bull. 29:1-2.

Anon. 1964. Fauquier County collecting notes. Virginia Herpetol.
Soc. Bull. 35:6.

Anon. 1964. Chesterfield County collecting notes. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. SSG Hic

Anon. 1964. Dismal Swamp collecting notes. Virginia Herpetol.
Soc. Bull. 36:7.

Anon. 1964. Notes on the distribution and identification o£ the
snakes of Virginia. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. Cra ke

Anon. 1965. Collection notes Cape Henry, Va., Virginia Beach
Area. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 43:2-3.

Anon. 1967. (Cover photograph of Heterodon platyrhinos hatchling).
Herp 3(4):18.

Anon. 1967. Virginia herpetological survey. Virginia Herpetol.
Soc.) Bulls 5123,

Anon. 1967. Latest collections to scientific collection by
VHS member. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bulk. “52:3.

Anon. 1969. Collecting notes, Virginia Limestone Caves. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. (Qibesic

Anon. 1969. Notes from the Smithsonian Institution's division of
reptiles and amphibians. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 62:4.

Anon. 1969. Va. collecting notes, Valley and Ridge, Virginia
Limestone Caves. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 62:4.

Anon. 1969. Scott County, Va., Hellbenders, new in national col-
lection. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 63:4.

Anon. 1969. Surry County, Va.-, specimens placed in U. S. National
Museum collection. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull: *63:7.

Anon. 1969. Sussex County - Surry County - added note. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. aati 7

Anon. 1970. Collecting notes from Nansemond - Norfolk Co. Line;
Lake Drummond. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 64:5.

Anon. 1971. A spring research project - the mole salamanders.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 66:1-4.

60.
61.
62.
63.
64.
55.
66.

57 .

68.
59.
70.
fl.
72.
730
74.
15.
76.
Vd.

78.

ros
80.
81.

B2.

B3:

84.

85.

Anon. 1971. Description of the lizards of Virginia. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 67:1,4-7, & plates A-E.

Anon. 1971. Distribution notes on lizards of Virginia. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 68:1-15.

Anon. 1973. Yellow-bellied turtle record Virginia Beach. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bula 70% 68

Anon. 1973. Collecting notes: Sussex and Caroline Counties.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 70:7.

Anon. 1973. Collecting notes: Amherst and Augusta Counties, Va.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 70:8.

Anon. 1973. Henrico ‘County record. “Virgina Herpetol..4 Soc. Bull.
TOR Se

Anon. 1973. Checklist of amphibians and reptiles of the Great
Dismal Swamp. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 71:2.

Anon. 1973. Collecting notes for Caroline County, Virginia,
Caroline County material now at Va. Commonwealth U. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 71:7.

Anon. 1973. Collecting notes for Prince George and Sussex Counties,
Virginia. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 71:7.

Anon. 1974. New county record for Caroline County, Va. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 73:4.

Anon. 1974. Collecting notes from Prince William County, Va.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 75:5.

Anon. 1975. List of endangered Va. reptiles and amphibians.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 76:3.

Anon. 1975. Depository records. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull.
Tomtore

Anon. 1975. Amphibians of Lee Co., Va. Virginia Herpetol. Soc.
Bolin “7 G16

Anon. 1975. Reptiles of Lee County, Va. Virginia Herpetol. Soc.
Bulls 76s 7 «

Anon. 1975. Reports on specimens seen in the Va. state parks.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 78:5.

Anon. 1975. "X" on map #226 explained. Virginia Herpetol. Soc.

134 Ui bleaches Te

Anon. 1976. Report from the Virginia division of parks. Virginia
Herpetol: Soc: Bulil.~79:7-

Anon. 1976. Virginia index "A field guide to reptiles and amphi-
bians of eastern and central north America." Virginia Herpetol.
Soc, Buahr sos ls.

Anon. 1977. Gap in Va. range of smooth earth snake to be filled.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 82:4.

Anon. 1977. Wide color variation seen in eastern box turtles.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 83:4.

Anon. 1977. "The pigmy salamander" (Desmoqnathus wrighti). Virginia
Hespetol. Soces Bulls 8427 <

Anon. 1978. A report: symposium on endangered plants and animals
in Virginia: the amphibians and reptiles. Central Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. #3,4pp.

Anon. 1978. The turtles of Virginia. Central Virginia Herpetol.
Soc. Bull. #6:4-9.

Anon. 1978. Earliest reported 1978 Va. collection reward goes to
R. J. Gagnon and rescue sqd. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull.
86:4.

Anon. 1979. The lizards of Virginia. Central Virginia Herpetol.
Soc. Bull. 2(4):4-8.

86.

87.

88.

89.

90.

91.

OZ.

93.
94.
95

96.

o7

98.

99.

100.

101.

102.
103.

104.

LOSr

106.
107.

Arnold, S. J. 1976. Sexual behavior, sexual interference and sexual

defense in the salamanders Ambystoma macudatum, Ambystoma
. tigrinum and Plethodon jordani. Z. Tierpsychol. 42:247-300.

Ash, R. P. 1951. A preliminary report on the size, egg number,
incubation period, and hatching in the common snapping turtle,
Chelydra serpentina. Virginia J. Sci. 2(4):312 (abstract).

Ashton, R. E., Jr. 1976. Endangered and threatened amphibians and
reptiles in the United States. Soc. Study Amph. Rept., Spec.
Publis) 6S%i%

Ashton, R. E., Jr. 1979. Green salamander. p- 391-393 in. Linzey,
D. W. ed., Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals of
Virginia. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and St. Univ., Blacksburg,
665 p.

Ashton, R., .f) Jrn.(sand -R.2 Franz... 1979)..4 Buto quencicus. Cat. Am-.
Amph. Rept. 222.1-222.2.

Auffenburg, W. 1955. A reconsideration of the racer, Coluber
constrictor, in eastern United States. Tulane Stud. Zool.

2(6) 21-155.

Bailey, J. R. 1937. Notes on plethodont salamanders of the south-
eastern United States. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan
364:1-10.

Baker, C. L. 1945. The natural history and morphology of amphiumae.
J. Tennessee Acad. Sci. 20(1):55-91.

Baker, C. L. 1947. The species of amphiumae. J. Tennessee Acad.
Seiac22 (b)is9=21).

Barbour, R. W. 1950. A new subspecies of salamander Desmognathus
fuscus. Copeia 1950(4) :277-278.

Barringer, P. B. 1892. The venomous reptiles of the United States
and the treatment of wounds inflicted by them. Trans. So.
Surg. Gyn. Assoc. (1891) 4: 283-300.

Barton, A. J. 1960. Deletion of Virginia from the known range of
Clemmys muhlenburgi. Herpetologica 16(2):120.

Barton, A. J. and J. W. Price, Sr. 1955. Our knowledge of the
Bogturtle, Clemmys muhlenburgi, surveyed and augmented. Copeia
1955(3) :159-165.

Barton, A. J. and MacCullum, H. R. 1961. A new record size for the
black mountain dusky salamander Desmognathus fuscus welteri.
Herpetologica 17(1):64.

Barton, B. S. 1808. Some accounts of Siren lacertina and other
species of the same genus of amphibious animals. Private
Printing, Philadelphia, Pa. 84 p. + 1 pl.

Barton, B. S. 1812. A memoir concerning an animal of the class of
reptilia or amphibia, which is known in the United States, by
the names of alligator and hell-bender. Private Printing,
Griggs & Dickinson Printers, 26 p. + 1 pl.

Bartsch, P. 1944. Observations on Hyla evittata. Copeia 1944(3):187

Bayless, L. E. 1972. A new turtle, Chrysemys floridana, for West
Virginia. J. Herpetol. 6(1) :39-41.

Beck, H. P. 1952. Herpetological lore from the Blue Ridge. Mid-
west Folklore 2(3):141-150.

Beerbower, J. R. 1963. Morphology, paleoecology, and phylogeny of
the Permo. Pennsylvanian amphibian Diploceraspis. Bull. Mus.
Comp. Zool., Harvard 130:31-108.

Belton, R. 1980. Copperhead. Virginia Wildlife 41(8) :26-28.

Berns, M. W. and L. D. Uhler. 1966. Blue frogs of the genus Rana.
Herpetologica 22(3):181-183.

108.

109.

110.

wil s
112.

113.

114.

Sy

Gy

L7i.

ETS <

119 .

20.3

121.

WZ Zhe
L234

124.

125%

P26.

P27 =
28's

20%

TS'O%

Berven, K. A., D. E. Gill and S. J. Smith-Gill. 1979. Counter-
gradient selection in the green frog, Rana clamitans. Evolution
33 (2) :609-623.

Besharse, J. C. 1974. Effects of continuous light on retinal struc-
ture in troglobitic and epigean salamanders. Virginia J. Sci.
N.S. 26(2):52 (abstract).

Beverley, R. 1705. The history and present state of Virginia.
London Vol. IV, part II. chapt. XIX. (edition of 1705 edited
with lanwintroductionyby sa. Be. Wright, Chapel Hill Univ. N. “Cc.
press, 1947).

Beverly, R. 1722. The history of Virginia. 2nd Ed. London.

Bishop, S. C. 1928. Notes on some amphibians and reptiles from
the southeastern states with a description of a new salamander
from North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 43(3-4) :153-170
+ 4 plates.

Bishop, S. C. 1941. Notes on salamanders with descriptions of
several new forms. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan
451:1-21.

Bishop, S. C. 1943. Handbook of salamanders. The salamanders of
the United States, of Canada, and of Lower California. Cornell
Univ. Press. Ithaca, N.Y. 596 p.

Blair, W. F. 1965. Amphibian speciation. p. 543-556, in. H. E.
Wright and D. G. Frey, eds. Quaternary of the United States,
Princeton Univ. Press, Princeton, N.J.

Blanchard, F. N. 1920. A synopsis of the king snakes: genus
Lampropeltis Fitzinger. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan
87:1-7.

Blanchard, F. N. 1920. Three new snakes of the genus Lampropeltis.
Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool., Univ. Michigan 81:1-10 + 1 plate.

Blanchard, F. N. 1923. Snakes of the genus Virginia. Pap. Michigan
Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters 3:343-365.

Blanchard, F. N. 1924. The forms of Carphophis. Pap. Michigan
Acad. Sci., Arts, Letters 4:527-530.

Blanchard, F. N. 1939. A key to the snakes of the United States,
Canada, and Lower California. Pap. Michigan Acad. Sci., Arts,
Letters 4(2):1-65.

Blanchard, F. N. 1942. The ringneck snakes, genus Diadophis.

Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 7(1):1-144.

Blaney, R. M. 1973. lLampropeltis. Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 150.1-150-2.

Blaney, R. M. 1977. Systematics of the common kingsnake, Lampropeltis
getulus (Linnaeus). Tulane Stud. Zool. Bot. 19(3-4):47-103.

Blaney, R. M. 1979. lLampropeltis calligaster. Cat. Am. Amph. Rept.

2 29.0 =229h.2 «

Bleakney, S. 1958. Postglacial dispersal of the turtle Chrysemys
picta. Herpetologica 14(2):101-104.

Blem, C. R. 1978. The Virginia Commonwealth University herpetological
collection. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 85:5.

Blem, C. R. 1979. Bufo terrestris. Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 223.1-223.4.

Blem, C. R. 1979. Predation of black rat snakes on a bank swallow
colony. Wilson Bull. 91(1):135-137.

Blem, C. R. 1980. The eastern cottonmouth at the northern edge
of its range: fat cycles. ASB Bull. 27(2):23 (abstract).

Blem, C. R. and M. A. Miller. 1980. The barking treefrog.

Virginia Wildlife 41(4):16-17.

P31

eee

33)

134.

1355
136.

Uc

138.

she)e

140.

141.

142.

143.

144.
145.

146.

147.

148.

149.

150,

iene

P52.
Se
154.

Blem, C. R.«, J. W. Steiner and M. A. Miller. 1978: Comparison of
jumping abilities of the cricket frogs Acris gryllus and Acris
crepitans. Herpetologica 34 (3) :288-291.

Bymyer, M. J. and B. S. McGinnes. 1977. Observations on possible
detrimental effects of clearcutting on terrestrial amphibians.
Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 13(2) :79-83.

Bogert, C. M. 1952. Relative abundance, habitats,and normal
thermal levels of some Virginian salamanders. Ecology 33(1):16

Bogert, C. M. 1961. The hellbenders and giant salamanders. p 1203-
1207 in, F. Drimmor, ed., The Illustrated Encylopedia of Animal
Life. Vol. 10 Greystone Press, N.Y.

Bonavita, J. 1979. Virginia gators? Virginia Wildlife 40(11):10-1
Booker, K. A. and W. H. Yongue, Jr. 1979. Occurrence of Cytotoddi<
(=Toddia: Protozoa: Sporozoa) in Nerodia (=Natrix) sipedon
(northern water snake) from an area in southwestern Virginia.

Virginia Jio7Sei. NeS'=-30 (2) 468 (abstract)

Booker, M. A. 1961. Don't kill harmless snakes. Virginia Wildlife
22 tay rer:

Brady, M. K. 1924. Eggs of Desmognathus phoca (Matthes). Copeia
(227s 20)

Brady, M. K. 1924. Muhlenberg's turtle near Washington. Copeia
C135).2'92..

Brady, M. K. 1924. Pseudotriton montanus near Washington. Copeia
(130) 54-55.

Brady, M. D. 1925. Notes on the herpetology of Hog Island. Copeig
(137) :110-11.

Brady, M. 1927. Notes on the reptiles and amphibians of the Dismal
Swamp. Copeia (162) :26-29.

Brandon, R. A. 1966. Systematics of the salamander genus Gyrinophi
Illinois Biol. Monogr. 35:1-86.

Brandon; R:"A.~ 19672 | Gyrinophilus. -Cats Ams) Ampho Repti. (3. lash

Brandon, R. A. 1967. Gyrinophilus porphyriticus. Cat. Am. Amph.
Rept. 33.1-33.3.

Brandt, B. D. and C. F. Walker. 1933. A new species of Pseudacris
from the southeastern United States. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool.,
Univ. Michigan 272:1-7.

Branson, E. B. 1910. Amphibian footprints from the Mississippian
of Virginia. J. Geology 47(17):163-187.

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E18

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10

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el i JS

220.

ap A

Zale

2230

224.

a25'<

226%

ay a

220%

229%.

230.

ast.

232.

2356

234.

2S5

236.

2S

238.

PIES)

240.

gs!

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12

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Sy eee

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264.
265.
266.
267'.

268.

269.

270.

7g
272
273%
274.

275."
276.
277.

278.

279.

280.

281.
25:2.
283.

284.

13

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14

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323.

314.

315.

316.

a17..
318).

31%.

320.

S2Zl..
S22 %
323.

324.

325¢

326.
327s

328.

329;.
330.
330.
332.

333

334.
335.
336.

337.

15

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338.

aS <

340.

341.

342.

343.

344,

345.

346.

347.

348.

349.

350.

351.

352.

353,

354.

355:

356..
85...

B58.

16

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359%

360.

361.

362.

363\.

364.

365.

366.

367%

368.

369%

370 \.

3745

oY a

373%

374.
375%
CW

SP

a78.

379.

Ly

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380.

ssi.
382.
383.
384.

385.
386.

387.

388.
389.

390.

Solis

S92.

Sis)e ye

394.
395.

396.

a97.
398.
399.

400.

18

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19

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20

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21

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350s
556.
557 4
558.
559.
560.
561,
562»
563°.
564.
565.
566 3
BOT .

568.

569) -

570’.
571.
B02

a3

574.

By Se

576

BT s
S7/s\e
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580.

26

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28

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28.

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21

333.

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30

Reed, C. F. 1956. Northern extension of known range of the Florida

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32

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34

736. Taylor, J. W. 1974. Endangered species report, the carpenter frog.
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737. Taylor, J. Ws_;:1974.,:Endangered species report, the.bog turtle.
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738. Taylor, J. W. 1975. Endangered species report, scarlet king snake.
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739. Taylor, J. W. 1975. Endangered species report, the wood turtle.
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740. Taylor, J. W. 1975. Endangered species report, the northern pine
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759. Tobey, F. J., Jr. 1961. The southeastern crowned snake. Virginia
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760. Tobey, F. J., Jr. 1963. Concern expressed by neighbors of president's
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(61...

]62.

iG3:.

/64.

ere

/66.
/67.

168.

/69.

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"ip

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i713.

174.

iTS.

6.

WM

178.

a

780.

781.
182.
783.
784.

18S.

35

Tobey, F. J., Jr. 1963. Copperheads in suburbia (II). Virginia
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Tuck; Re ‘Ge “1970. = Short tailor a black rat="= Virginia Herpetel
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Virginia Herpetological Survey. 1968. Description of the turtles
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86.

87.

36

Virginia Herpetological Survey. 1968. Some notes on range of
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Walker, C. F. 1934. Plethodon welleri at White Top Mountain,
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Walton, A. C. 1931. Note on some larval nematodes found in frogs.
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Wasserman, A. O. 1968. Scaphiopus holbrookii. Cat. Am. Amph.
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Webb, R. G. 1962. North American recent soft-shelled turtles
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Webb, R. G. 1973. Trionyx spiniferus. Cat. Am. Amph. Rept. 140.1-
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Weems, R. E. 1974. Middle Miocene sea turtles (Syllomus, Procol-
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Weems, R. E. 1980. Syllomus aegyptiacus, a Miocene pseudodont
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Wells, K. 1965. Breeding habits of American toads. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 41:1.

Wells, K. 1966. Notes on the upland chorus frog. Virginia
Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 47:6-7.

Wells, K. 1967. The missing eft. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull.
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Wells, K. 1967. Observations of the northern red salamander,
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 52:1-2.

Wells, K. 1967. The northern red-bellied Snake in Fairfax County.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 53:2.

Werler,’ Jd. BE. and. J< McCallion.”~ 1951. Notes on’a*collection of
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Am. Midl. Nat. 45:245-252.

Wetmore, A. and F. Harper. 1917. A note on the hibernation of
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White, G. 1979. Snakes of Virginia (part I), small, miscellaneous
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Whitt, S. K. 1979. The salamanders of Virginia part I family
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Whitt, SivK. ©1979. "The salamanders of Virginia part ‘If. »Cent.
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Wittle, L. W. and J. N. Dent. 1979. Effects of parathyroidectomy
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Wilbur, H. M. 1964. Collecting notes--Augusta and Rockbridge
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Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 78:2.

Williams, K. L. 1978. Systematics and natural history of the American
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Wididdtans.iset di.dnd tL. D. Wilson. 1967~~ A’ review: of the colubrid
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Williamson, G. M. 1979. Canebrake rattlesnake. p- 407-409 in.
LinZey.,..D.. We. ed.- Endangered and Threatened Plants and Animals
of Virginia. Virginia Polytech. Inst. and St. Univ., Blacksburg,
665 £-

810.

Sil.

Sh2.

813.

814.

8a.

816.

Si7.

818.

819.

820.

S2i.

822.

823.

824.

ies

826.

827.

828.

829.

830.

331.

832.

833.

834.

S35.

836.

Silks

37

Wilson,,.L,.D.,.:1978. Coluber. constrictor. Cats Am. )Amph: ‘Rept:
218.1-218.4.

Wilson, L. W. and S. B. Friddle. 1946. Notes on the king snake in
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Wilson, L. W. and S. B. Friddle. 1950. The herpetology of Hardy
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Wise, R. F. 1977. Camp Mitchell, YCC report of 1976 participant:
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Witham, R. 1980. The "lost year" question in young sea turtles.
Am. Zool. 20:525-530.

Witt, W. L. 1958. The smooth green snake in the Virginia Blue
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Witt, W. L. 1961. Plenty of "frontier" to Virginian herpetology.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 26:1-3.

Witt, W. L. 1961. List of Virginian amphibians and reptiles--which
have been reported for three counties or less. Virginia Herpetol.
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Witt, W. L. 1962. Is the "lesser siren" in Virginia. Virginia
Herpetol « Sec. Bulls 275):

Witt, W. L. 1961. Notes on reptiles from western Virginia €@nd
West Virginia). Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 27:5.

Witt, W. L. 1962. Virginia collecting notes. Virginia Herpetol.
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Witt, W. L. 1962. Problems in Virginian. herpetology (I) and (II).
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 28:3-4.

Witt, W. L. 1962. Snakes expected on the Eastern Shore (Accomac
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Witt, W. L. 1962. Problems of Virginian herpetology part III.
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Witt, W. L. 1962. Notes on Virginian herpetology. Virginia
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Witt, W. L. 1963. Distributional notes on some Virginia reptiles.
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Witt, W. L. 1963. Reptiles and amphibians observed during statewide
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Witt, W. L. 1963. Problems of Virginian herpetology part IV.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 32:2-3.

Witt, W. L. 1963. Collection turned in to U. S. National Museum.
Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull. 34:6-7,8.

Witt, W. L. 1963. Charles City County collecting. Virginia Herpetol.
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Witt, W. L. 1963. Blue Ridge collecting notes. Virginia Herpetol.
Sees Bul ./84i7.<

Witt, W. L. 1964. Notes on Virginia reptiles. Virginia Herpetol.
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Witt, W. L. 1964. Distribution of the snakes of Virginia. Virginia
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Witt, W. L. 1970. Another Plethodon?!! Virginia Herpetol. Soc.
Bul... 64:3.

Wood, J. T. 1950. Eggs of the two-lined salamander, Eurycea b.
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Wood, J. T. 1951. Protective behavior and photic orientation in
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Wood, J. T. 1951. Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel): nesting in
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Wood, J. T. 1952. The congo eel, a remarkable member of the Virginia
fauna. Virginia Wildlife 13(3):16-17.

38

838. Wood, J. T. 1953. Observations on the complements of ova and nesting
of the four-toed salamander in Virginia. Am. Nat. 87:77-86.

839... Wood, J. T. 1953.) Protective behavior and “photic oriéntation “in
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840. Wood, J. T. 1953. The nesting of the two-lined salamander, Eurycea
basiinedtay,, One the Vanginwva Coastal Plaine” "Nat? ‘Hast. Mise. ;
Chacage Acad. Sci. J225i=7.

841. Wood, J. T. 1954. The distribution of poisonous snakes in Virginia.
Va rgandtaa di SCL, Newsies SCS) sl 52=—167'.

842. Wood, J. T. 1954. A survey of 200 cases of snake-bite in Virginia.

ys PQ Wire LEODe Mean HYG. S5) <956—-94S

843. Wood, J. T. 1955. The nesting of the four-toed salamander, Hemidacty-
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844. Wood, J. T. 1959. Notes on preserving specimens and developing
collections.. Virginia’ Herpetol. Soe. Buld.°11 22-22

845. Wood, J. T., F. G. Carey and R. G. Rageot. 1955. The nesting and
Ovarian eggs of the dusky salamander, Desmognathus f fuscus
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149-153.

846. Wood, J. T. and R. F. Clarke. 1955. The dusky salamander: oophagy
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847. Wood, J. T. and O. K. Goodwin. 1954. Observations on the abundance,
food, and feeding behavior of the newt, Notophthalmus viridescens
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848. Wood, J. T. and O. K. Goodwin. 1954. Observations on the summer
behavior and mortality of box turtles in eastern Virginia.
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849. Wood, J. T. and H. N. McCutcheon. 1954. Ovarian egg complements
and nests of the two-lined salamander, Eurycea b. bislineata
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52 (2) :433-436.

850. : Wood, J..T. and R. H. deRageot. 1955. The eggs of the slimy sala-
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N. S. 6(2):85-87.

851. Wood, J. T. and R..H. deRageot. 1963. The nesting of the many-
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A (3))as a2 12 5.

852. Wood, J. T. and R. H. Wilkinson. 1952. Observations on the egg
masses of spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw),
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853. Wood, J. T. and R. H. Wilkinson. 1952. Size variations and sexual
dimorphisms in a brood of common garter snakes, Thamnophis
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854. Wood, J. T. and F. E. Wood. 1955. Notes on the nests and nesting
of the Carolina mountain dusky salamander in Tennessee and
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855. Wood, R. C. 1977. Evolution of the emydine turtles Graptemys
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11(4) :415-421.

856. Woolcott, W. S. 1959. Notes on the eggs and young of the scarlet
snake, Cemophora coccinea Blumenbach. Copeia 1959 (3):263.

857. Wright, A. H. 1926. The vertebrate life of Okefenokee Swamp in
relation to the Atlantic Coastal Plain. Ecology 7(1):77-95.

858.

859.

860.

861.

862.

863.

864.

865.

866.

867.

868.

869.

870.

871.

S72.

8736

39

Wright, A. H. 1932. Life-histories of the frogs of Okefenokee
Swamp, Georgia. The Macmillan Co., New York, N. Y. 497 p-
Wright, A. H. and A. A. Wright. 1949. Handbook of frogs and toads
of the United States and Canada. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca,
Wa, 64s -O40) pe

Wright, A. H. and A. Wright. 1952. List of the snakes of the United
States and Canada by states and provinces. Am. Midl. Nat.
48 (3) :574-603.

Wright, A. H. and A. A. Wright. 1957. Handbook of snakes of the
United States and Canada. Cornell Univ. Press, Ithaca, N. Y.
zevollis. 105 epi.

Zug, G. R. 1978. Anuran locomotion - structure and function, 2:
jumping performance of semiaquatic, terrestrial, and arboreal
frogs. Smithsonian Contr. Zool. 276:1-31.

Zug, G. R. and A. Schwartz. 1971. Deirochelys, D. reticularia.

Cat. Am. sAmph-5Rept. 107.1-107.3.

Zweifel, R. G. 1957. Studies on the critical thermal maxima of
salamanders. Ecology 38(1) :64-69.

Zweifel, R. G. 1970. Distribution and mating call of the tree frog,
Hyla chrysoscelis at the northeastern edge of its range.
Chesapeake Sci. 11(2):94-97.

Zwinenberg, A. J. 1977. Kemp's Ridley, Lepidochelys kempii (Garman,
1880), undoubtedly the most endangered marine turtle today
(with notes on the current status of Lepidochelys olivacea).
Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 13(3):170-192.

ADDENDA

Cooper, J. E. 1965. Cave-associated herpetozoa. 1. An annotated
dichotomous key to the adult cave-associated salamanders of Maryla
Pennsylvania, Virginia and West Virginia. Baltimore Grotto
News 8(7) :150-163.

Department of Biology, College of William and Mary. 1973. Study of
the vascular flora and terrestrial fauna of the Vepco Surry
Nuclear Plant area, Surry County, Virginia. Report submitted to
Virginia Electric and Power Company, 173 p. (herpetological
information p. 66-80, 150-157).

Dodd iGo, Ketan wir..pf 1980 . (Review of) Amphibians and reptiles of the
Carolinas and Virginia, by B. S. Martof, et al. Bull. Maryland
Herpetol. Soc. 16(3):106-108.

Dorfman, D. 1979. Some blood characteristics of the diamondback
terrapin, Malaclemys terrapin. Bull. New Jersey Acad. Sci.
24(1):38-40.

Drowne, F. P. 1900. A trip to Fauquier County, Virginia: with notes
on the specimens obtained. The Museum 6 (3) :38-45.

Fitch, H. S. 1980. Thamnophis sirtalis. Cat. Amer. Amph. Rept.
2:0) t= DOA.

Hoffman, R. L. 1979. A new locality (county) record for the pine
woods treefrog in Virginia. Virginia Herpetol. Soc. Bull.
88:1-2.

874.

875.

40

Read, D. L. 1980. Rattlesnakes: evolution and distribution.
Cent. »Virgunia Herpetol., Soc. Bulli. 3)(3—4),211-16.

Wrobel, D. J., W. F. Gergits and R. G. Jaeger. 1980. An experi-
mental study of interference competition among terrestrial
salamanders. Ecology 61(5):1034-1039.

41

SPECIES INDEX

Acris, crepa tans” =" 29.273, “Ss: i220, 14a), ao," 155," 169, 7, 7s, Ge
204, 212, 12167. 218, 235," 237,- 203, 260,-'288, 4 265, +2982 7939.0 Wes.
396, 418, 431;*° 4897493," 565," 576," 5e7, "607, ‘0819509, 683, 6o7.
297,791 835" S05)" Ser. SoS

ACris? 9orylilus*='29, 48, 66, 77, 78;- 126,139,140, 142, 149) 172, sae
190° 204, °246;- 216," 2355 523957247), 2a Zou, 29 2o5, eo see
339,°385,° 43:1 ,°'493,° '5435~ 544) 565;,. 576,- 5875" 5914 608, 656, Gaue
6607-67 9"'69 7h 729, 775,97 163, 799). 8283 085s, Sho esos

Agkistrodon contortrix = 18, 20,927,929, 30, S2,)934, 36,0 42045 eo
465° 48,,° 545° 5 TSS 66, Way wa//ee Oa: N06," W4eye aCe = haan Sar
1683 * V7 2,°1795'"190; 200, "2015208; 208, > 216, * 218," 2igs* Gare ae
23%, 2LAIN 245), 247) Z24s,> 255¢e 258) 280,282, 283; 291, 295s 200
305," 3157 8207" 338) 356, 360, SS6pesO6, = 418) 425) 4b Sebo 46or
AS8, 295,504, ‘S25 Sis, S48, ° 544, 563; 574, 581, 587, 59S o5or
G57 = 659), 660); ' 6807r 684, "697, W237" 725, 729). 7a 7 34> S67 wiGor
TOIBE 1625-765," 7/4567 75; °7837, 199%. 805. Sis, 822), S32, 841 ssaor
ScO; Soi, See, S712

Aqkistrodon pilsecivorus =~ 207" 21>" 295"307- 32,42, . 43, 48, "66, 78, olor
W267 e299" 1485-14954 a7 24-173, 178; £90; 197, 204, 205 Dic, seer
2394244, 245,°247, 2ase 256° 259), * 2667291208), -s05ee 386, > Steer
545) 5447" 5625 "563, 5745 °576;) 5ely 587, D0, 684 "697. oe. eer
V297 °° 732-9734," 7567 76257174, - 783). 7992 eae, esl,” S4244 Care SoU.
868.

Aliaigator — 135,75 757 -

Ambystoma - 377, 748.

Ambystoma jJeffersonianum = 29, °597 73, 78, 14, 132, 149, 2727 ise
LA, 190; 204, 26, 2085, 222, 235, 291, 298, 350,852) e4ceweeoor
ASO «570 ,. G97 pF 71298 87718287798 780) 71837" SOS SiG, “Sil sone

Ambystoma mabeei - 575.

Ambystoma *macullatum’ —§ 13) *295597°73,° 78,104, 1495°> 753, 172, 173,
UT4a5 190; *19974204, 216, 218, 222, 233; 235, 291, 295, 298), Ss50r
352,,°385, 393, 418, 427, 456, 489, 541) 566, 570:, 587, cOy eur
783) -795,, @S0854828>" 852)" 867, Sess

Anbystona Opacum* —" 125" 29" 377" 428, “59866, -76,. lag, Liat Aor cee.
IS pe AF POLIO, S199; 204s 207216.) 218, 233, 235. 245). 2b eccon
290 1*°295,. 298," 3797" 385)" 396-421) 489, 495, “508, 570,°> 567, Ola,
1337" 7957-799; 8037"8057 "826; ) 86s.

Ambystoma texanum - 59, 172, 173, 783.

Anbystona*tigrinum =*597"78; 82, "-llas T4977" 172, 173, 274, 1907. 204,
Zo 28; 235; 297% 2987 S0Ls 341, 344, 385, 489), 570, Sos ou,
T5,—16sp 164, WS, SOSe- Size

Amphiuma*means: —329), 248),.%66;,4-78, 293, 94, "214; 142," 149, 172, 173, LoGF
204 71 2G; 9208, 248, 258, 291, 298, 357, 385, 495, S564 SvOpmowion
5G, “69m, 6927 "697, -7 4, 7225 "129, "782, ves, aloo, COS, .co7 7 oo
868.

Aneiides aeneus = 29), 54, 73, 78, 82, 89, 214, 115, 149,, 151, 17275 tse
204), 21:6, ‘208, 2oiye291 296 7.29842329,; 36, 362, 427, 43, 424e7
456) 449225 710;, 764, Wes, 802), (SlG, wold Oo.

Anolis carolinensis — 60, 61, 66, 78, 85, 727 1738, 246, oe, 164 oo

Buito —"58)8-37- 72

42

Burolamericanus —=2297533,6F38,¢48,068,. 73,4 78,.115, 132, 141, 149,

TS abewo weed 69N ft A 72) pv7 35 Fl Gy ed 80, 1907204, 208, ,212,,216, 218,
D2, SOA GV 3S5, V 23./n0 24cye 2oene2o ia 280), 283, . 2875. 291,.,295,

IRM aso S54, 385, S96, 400, 418, -456, 489, 495, 542),-544,/ 565,
B85 ).5072? 559.4660, 663, 683,97 7555.783,.. 794, 795, 805,,,.813,,.824,
829, 862, 873.

Bufo quercicus = 56, 66, 78, 90, 149, 172, 173, 204, 216, 218, 248,
61,0885, 565,858,705 78sV S16se817<

Buko Lecrestris = 66, 7/8, 27, 42, FOU, 2049 21650 2a, 2438,. 364,
Bob aah Sei, 43 64427 565, 587, 605,¢:697,, 129,../82,. do r3.04/99,
868.

Buco: WoCdhnoUuseis 253. 293613724, 48) 66,4 686073 oek8, Seb5, 242, 149,
tee, Wes, 17338 16, 87, di90,'204,. 216, 218,,.239,; 248 ..258,,-287,
291, 295, 298, 346, 385, 399, 418, 420, 421, 439, 456, 480, 489,
495, 498, 544, 565, 566, 587, 607, 656, 657, 659, 660, 775, 783,
T39, so0S; 1659, 6G.

Caretta tcaretta — 45 29,1578 4182, 341,549, cl42, IF 73, -b88, -E9IT, 198,
2042 2216 P5218 F429 PF 29S L131 LA 0386, 14470. 48845498 5-502,,585, 588,
589, 654, 567, 659, 660, 698, 764, 783, 784, 785, 869.

Carphophis amoenus - 8, 28, 29, 33, 34, 37, 40, 48, 50, 66, Ae el,
TOLPSINSPSTAPT PTS PPsiSaerith47 p16Sr 51724 1738 lH) T9GE 194, «195,
200 2 S20L PS204 PS216 85218852327 6236452374 562394 (244; 2484-258, 280,
291 / 2295 298 P1377 / 638671396 7)4187 0425, »456, 485, -489;,,-504, 515,
544 8 564i 458792659 23659 2 6632 a6676 a6 79H5723ea725A2762¢-775, 783,
799, 801, 805, 820, 822, 828, 829, 832, 860, 861, 868.

Cemophora coccinea - 29, 31, 34, 48, 78, 104, 172,°173, 190,191, 199,
200, 207, 204... 216, 218) 298FL328b. 386.0. 4330 A4dins 4837 99545963,
BQTpcoTser 756, .762,57820£ 788% 799, .801,°808,,,822,,..833, ,896,- 860,
868.

Chetonia*mydas®—.295 75/5 78¢082,4241,0072,6273,4884,c188,-191, 198,
204, 216, 218, 298, 311, 386, 441, 489, 498, 502, 588, 589, 657,
660, 764, 783, 784, 785, 814.

Chelydra’ Serpentina —-.15; 19,2223526,£27, 29) 35, 4893, 58,° 66, 74, Si
SIeNS 7, Uae, 0149, 154, S72 6873, CAs 7, c188,-4190,;204,.205, 206,
916502185 2372) 2390 8 248ya758y a 28075 28370 291 en 295, 298er 311, 323,
343, 346, 377, 386, 391, 394, 396, 418, 423, 444, 456, 485, 488,
495, 408) 50a, 509,/664452 567, 582;.587,-,654;.. 657,659, 660,.. 672,
1234+ 78345 7845S 7857S 7988! SOSa: 824, 826; 839, 868,; sil.

Chrysemys (=Pseudemys)- 27.

Chrysemys concinna - 29, 48, 78, 83, 103, 149, 152, 153, Ieiee eiS bes
a2! 9G; 315) 2A8) oor, 295, 298; 3rl;, 386; 389; 390, 485, 486,
567, 587, 783-786, 799, 816, 817, 868.

enrysenvs floridana — 22; 28; 29.648. 8,8 103, 152, 153, WT PP Aarig a GH He
Toe" THOS DOA,’ Diss DQisve 248, 311; S66; 389,,.-390,...423,, 431, 567,
5ooe 7oa- 186, 799% 8.1563.

Ghryscive preta— 22, 4.27, .29, 35,, 74.78, 82,0 lan, 142, 149, TSC Weil bey ee
teeter fon zoe. 202, 216) 218) 25he 2aor 248. Own edn 248)
Jga* 3085 310i S41 3231 339, 343... 346. 1386...396.,,418.,, 4237, 442,
443, 456, 485, 488, 498, 509, 544, 567, 572, 587, 598, 654, 657,
659," ‘660, 672, 679,.5723 407834786, 799), .805,>.8157 ,. .819,..868, ,

STilv:
Chrysemys rubriventris - 4, 29, 48, 78, 149, 153, 172, 173, ISHS TS OV,
Nept BOAE 2ESE 2QEPE 2hes 2485 2635; 280; 283% 2914, 298, 307, 311,
312, 346, 386, 396, 417, 423, 441, 485, 488, 495, 498, 560, 567,
587, 598, 642, 654, 657, 660, 672, 679, 697, 723, 729, 783-786,
799), S87, S68.

43

Chrysemys* scripta™> =" 35°16," 779295" 625463,0 78,463, depo lyspeliscue 190,
1915" 204") 21.6%» 218" *248ye2585\ S11, Vela Vee SS6lee2s,es24., 465,
495,543, 5445" 567; > 587), 2 59836 6970 7 29),0 0) 1366 OoEviOO, 8 OG,

Sis

Clemmyis’ quttatta’—* 22);. 4297, \<3'55) 48),° 66 4685" 7/88 a: Sisue a4oF od 26 Rp Al7S), Sis,
r90, 204, 212, 26, 218, 248, 258, 291, 298 7 B00 sn20npcs is, 322,
339 ,' 346, 366 ,.S86,: 396,418, .'423,8'485, 488) 49575 498515435 7544,
56772587, ~599', 654, ~65*/\,2°6607 46079124723. 0c SSa78' ANb8i6 Fao 5.) 2/99),
STO 825" SS See-

Clemmys' *inseulpta' = °2:2)- 29). SHAG SA, CoD 83.70 18.8i74 CUA. SSS iba) 21.7 Si,
Pes; 204, 26; 218, 294, 298, 3, 366, 386, 423), 44paasse Sov,
58752 636. 679i 1696," 6977, “709,. €729., £73935 183=—785, 2186778) 9a eS25i.

Clemmys muhlienbergi' = 29-71, 974. -78,. 82, 8371 88 4°97 4998, os9, 2,
L737 18S > “1910: - ©2014)» #2 UGA 828i. 6298.5 £31106 ES6.G),2 S38 6,864 23, 00450), 456,
460} "485, “488 § “502, S10) 567 * 587A 602 7163.6) 69) 73,6 8/2930 37, Tea,
783-785, 823.

Cnemidophorus sexlineatus - 29, 34, 44, 48, 60, 61, 74, 78, 85, 149,
E53 4 °VF2 5-273 - oL79 , 290, +204 ,SAVESV2ZNEA 236, 234239 15 4280p eee,
295; 298, “3867 °417; °4187°422, -428 P°429 pC43 By 6485, 48892504, S40),
57L E587; 6537 '659 7 ‘6787 679% 070290713 720783 42799 -e86ei

Coluber “constrictor =°29;, 34; 377-45). 466 48), 866;;47. 72878), 8ob7al04,
Lat; +1493 4154) +168) (1727 (L735 LE90 2 [2002 (20 BA $204, 120A (202, ZG,
QUSY *236F +237) +244). 2248, 3258 22280 C283 JS 29h ne 2oo ne29S nc3s00),, S4c,
377, ~ 3867 * 396; "4187 °456,, “4857 e488 RF495 5 E498 CSOT ecoiS eco 44, Soa,
57T4F 58> 598 4 *600; 627 796557 e657; 4659 8667 A EO1O ABIZ3ARI25, BISG6,
162; 115, "1837-1997 >8l0 7) S8622,0824;5 88325 B860Rs868 pre 7 le

Crocodile - 677.

Crotalus adamanteus - 32, 43, 377.

Grotalusshoresdus-=92), 18; .20; 29,1305832,5428 423 246nAncorasl, 14 pees
S27. S887/Ll0475 110,511, Cl4A2 4148 5149 72 16475166, 2168 pa ln ew Ss
1777 °082;"°285;-190,;5197,.204,S 20970206, 208, 219%0221 7 2364523 1,
244; 24545° 2475 ©2485 © 266; > 28096 28356 29195 298i °c 305; 5 306,. 316, '
33/85 3557-360) 3777.386, 395)841855455h8 4569048475485 5 248 772495.
A97,"5025" 5105 5i2,.523,051559516; 5384,~-586; 454375594, . 54875505),
574s" 561, 587;"632,\ 647,¢ 682,5684,4697 27 10,1720 7024, n9725, 729,
181=—7 347 4/4155 75654 / GOS 762 c S/ 64eai 6GSGE DT 74567 1/56 5783, 7799, S05,
809, 832,°841>" 842,°860,. 861s 868F E8748

Cryptobranchus alleganiensis - 29, 55, 73, 78, 82, 101,

124," 134," 149,5 17D,> 17959 1G TSG S 2O4ST 2a Alert 264 - ATT, 205,
291, 298, 385, 441, 456, 485, 570,°S587(2 613556995) 7294.,/647-,, 783,
S085. ‘Sil65 “Sil7 >. "S26 .

Deirochelys reticularia - 48, 78, 83, 172, 173, 188, 190, 218, 260,
31, 386, S67, 783—=/85,.'S63\-

Dermochelys coriacea - 29, 75, 78, 82, 172, 173, 184, 188, 204, 216,
218, 298, 311, 32%, 384, 386, 482,28 502° 58617 SSS, 65a52 657, G55,
660, 764, 783-785.

Desmognathus —- 377, 830.

Desmognathus auriculatus - 29, 78, 114, 172, 173, 204, 216, 218, 248,
200° 296; DOBBS B7ES 395" Semis 695A 783534 8024 85.

Desmognathus ‘fuscus’ = .29;,°133). 44h 546 $552), 54, 166.4 73,3078 onbl2, 114,
1329724061492 2£53).1972, 173, 7176951907 21997 220849208 2921604258,
291; 222; 224, a34/ 235, 2397, °2ALD 242325243 24617 25h ctaee 260;
283>. 285>. 2907 298s 2925 2958 2965 298% 323% Akbs 385,; 396, 414,
418, 439, 440, 456, 459, 467, 489, 529, 541, 542, 570, 587, 602,
607, 612, 622; 625, 659, 671, 706, 7498 775, 783 7992 802, 805,
845, 846, 851, S864, S67, S6e, S71

44

Desmognathus monticola - 29, 44, 64, 73, 78, 114, 132, 138, 149, 172,
IW SEaeCOneeo Use 20S,, 204,02 16,. 218,225, — 228542308 2374" 278, 286,
DORE 5,, 296,529 725 298, 369, ° S90), - 44> © 418), 42245 °'431),9439, 448,
AD 6h Ols -D2oL, Dal, 542,, 545, * 570),~ (612 ,> 62.2524625;,4:697,, 25729, 27/45,
AOE mn Shy 1 O Diy wt O' lis

Desmognathus’ ochrophaecus. — 297° 40) 72: 73,7 78,9104, 132, 133,° 172, 173,
OO OA, a2 Oo, 2 ore 225.8 2265. 250), 295% 92967, *299), = "416741430, 431,
AS Oe AA. «A DOL,, Lod, 01s) DlOn? 529),> 54-7 542545705602; "'622, 625,
G9 29, W749, P50)” VSiy, Wess,” 2/ 5a, ~ 7/86," 1602; 820," ‘S2Sy,> S54, S64,
867.

Desmognathus quadramaculatus - 29, 71, 73, 78, 114, 133, 149, 162,
eee SO OL O44 2G tg 2 Sta a2 36 4 2. 910F, = #2911," 4295),54296, 29/8),
AAG BEG DAD lad AO lan PhO AO). Da, AS 5) 7:01 76.125 ODA ea62 5,116.74,
697, 129), T49.,. a) S50, 2'ol, “So, S02, "864.

Desmoqhathus weliteriy — 297/78, 82;-°95- °99,.°172,.“b73,;, 186,204, 216,
I SORT SS 7 Nama OP 1.° rma Ue ions = SU Ae = 18 Ea a

Desmoqnathus wwiigheie — 7297,> 878 Sl, 982, "P14, P33 Peh72.-4b73, 2204, 216,
Pitcyacsows, 440%. 490, S02,-"5 70; "622,."625 *569.7 4°729 ROTAGD NSLS 2 764,
Thisis tree (syle poy ted ae

Diadophius -puncteatus -— "29, 3377534, °40, 744, "48:5°66, S74 2878), LBOAeU20,, 121,
OPS Oot sel Pee. es, Sl? 2 LOO 200 =202 * 4204 /V208 75213, 1216,
Pl, 259), 239, 250, 280i- 285% 29s? 52957 \298.5 SS 238. eS3 rae Ssii, ~ese,
B96, #205, «425, 2456, 405, 488, 495, 504, 65, S447 "56475587, S98,
600, .602, 655, 657), “660, “662, "6678723, S725, RIS6. 02/58 ,2075.2 2183,,
HIS aol, .o05,, 201s, -o20,, 826, “828, *8297 *8327*860 728655

Diploceraspis (extinct) - 105.

Elaphe - 377.

Elaphe guttata, - 27, 29, 34, 40, 53,» 78, 1497153, 154, 168,
Vi, ells, IO, tO 99> “2005 <2ON> *204) A216) #218; 2369 2397, i274,
280, “291, “298, -3 78, 377, 3867"3967- 4185-441. ° 4565248552488, 515,
5BSGpaDol,.5o4,.5609,. 575, 5707 5o7- 6165 * 6595869775 72576729), 756),
NOt yaad Dy HOe, 1o5,,020,, 622, 'o307*832, 2857) 23507 RE582

Elaphe obsoleta - 29, 34, 38, 44, 45, 46, 48, 66, TA See o 4;
WIGS el Sie lO, 5S, et SA Sak OS Sek Oy pas Vlas AIS MAO e199 , «200,
201, 7204, 2087, 202" 204" “ 216" “218% e236 22ST Pa2380F 4 2A Ame Ae 7258,
N65), 266, 274, “280, 283, 29, 2987 > 305% | 3389) /3465"/386,6396, #400,
Aue, M45, 441, 454, 456, 485; 488, 498) > 50494 50792 5i67os4aro564,
57d. ~ D0 deol. 64. 655',. 659 660 £0669... 6099169 Aer eye 7 56,
Tons Tidy, tie, 1! 5D,. 183a,. 199" 8135 1892), S23), 1 S20, 83h 0S60, 868.

Enetmochel ys, imbricata — 29° 75> "78-825 PPD, 173s, Ded, -188,) 198 ,) 204,
Mo:, @2le, WIS" ssh, -ssi6,,” 48'84 5102), “156s, 589" U7 6A, 783, 0.869.

Humecesi— sit, S622, 12397 72513

MUMneGeseameanrtacimuss—29, 60, ol, 74, 78, 85, 172, 173, 190, 204,216,
Die AL Gis Sater TAB “AIS 6) * 28 5925 One. 5 768, OWT ea A oye oon 86,
Biel.

Eumeces fasciatus - 29, 34, 40, 48, 50, 60, 61, 66, 74, 78, 85, 142,
PES, “052, 4253 4772. 9173) 1177, 890, 2091, *204, 4208, 420@R1229, 5236,
D279 999 JAS, 258 69265, 9280 291, 295 ALVIS AIVIZS A 386,21396/) 418,
495. 441, 456. 485488 °° 4957°504 /°571/ 9587, °5980600,11653, 9659,
578,°6R9, 702. 735. 783° 7992 38055 SiS, 820; 826)» 8685

Eumeces inexpectatus - 29, 48, 60, 61, 66, 78, 85, 172, 173, 204A AZ 6,
IS, 248, 298-9366. 418-9419 9542575485 5488; SPDe SER; 64970653,
aso) 67S, 679, 697, 723) 729; 735) 783i. 1997 1829) 868.

45

Eumeces daticeps -.29, 48, 50, 58, 60, 61, 66, 77, 78, 85, 1727) 173;
19. 0g¢ 204) 621 69¢ 218752377, 248, , 258, 4298, S66... 418.2 465,.4005—5 70;
587,° 598), 6005 +653), ; 659,-.678,.679,,00274 35,0904, 099, 828, Ses.

Eunycead xbisilineata, —p29), - 33)74:.4093447,948,473,. (S004 a153,. 240, 157,
Lol, 172, 173, 176, 190, U9) (204 2126 2G. uC, arte one o> eeu
QA3G 2467 8 2487) 22587 283 - 285,.02914 92927295, 296, 298, 385, 396,
418: | 42740 -434,,0439)0-440,- 441, 456,. 489), 531, 541. 542, 5705577,
57914 58 Tye 601, O227 (62 4ye 16257 0594, 000,.160%,. 005,, Cv, O90, pos)
D295 PAS yc TTS i 83-0 ¢7 99,5 8 O B75 Ol Gira OL tpn OC COMEO LO, pmol So, OOS; Foor
840, 848, 851, 864, 867, 868.

Eurnycea, Longicauda~— 29, 433, 52, 54, 773,2/8,098097,.°14) 21495 1537 S72,
17330 1760 29 0yo e204 e216, ZU. 218, 2207 2 eae 224 Ze eee,
285) 243,14 246772589, 28 3,7 229 Ts 29 Sie 29 Ge ZO CARO Op eo 2 oO MOCO
S90FVS9I6 VAIS) 4230 4.439. 4565645 eh One 4 59, 4264 SAG, 2200, eouvO,
53, 2607, 283, cB02, <826.-8268., S3a, 867, S68.

EuryceaVlueiiuga’=. 29) 7527154, 973 u.5/8 ,, U4) M2 eat S190 e204 26
20 Tet 218 P8226 ¢ e231 24 AA46 -n2984, 326; 4S, 4395 A256 45/7 458, 459)
A6 baw 67); 468: 723550)755 7053624 7..697.,, 729.0785) 002 oO.

Paraneta abacura’S 229 24484466,478, 120, 142, £49, 172, 173,
£90 29200 4 9204 ~ p2hG6ync218,, 236, -244, .248,. 2917 =298, Ss 8G, 95437-5447,
564 S87 eR e69MR cL Ae T2535 pe IZ9 Ab DOAR 1 OLn En Oo en OI mLOOL A Oo 2paoone
860, 868.

Fardnciaszerytrogramma +2234 624, 928,229, .72 75187 ol207 2497 Si 720 L137
L9@Aa208 402167 52185 0248, 9265, 4290 ,..298,, 34), 306, . 400, 097, Soa,
567, 592, 594, 670, 679, 688, 756, 762, 795, 801, 832, cava Jeon
868.

Gastrophryne carolinensis - 29, 48, 66, 73, 78, 149, 153,
1695 &b72) AL7Z rol 76Ar190R4197,,. 204, -216, 7218) , 2895-246, =258742615
292 ,0N 2987 V333,43982L (03865 64206 043145495,0496,0555, 5565) 7587) o92,
5957° 5969059773 783',5 790,5829,,857, 4858, .862.

Graptemys gqeographica - 22, 29, 40, 74, 78, 82, 149, 150, 151, 172,
LS. ALAS 188, 204, 26 a.218,., 291, ° 298, 311, 386, 423, 4685, -s6n,
587¢1 69741 7645) 783—785ye 816,., Si7p., 8207. 8552

Graptemys pseudogeographica - 78, 150, 151, 172, 173, 188, 291, 311,
326, 485, 764, 783-786.

Gyrinophilus - 144, 372.

Gyrinophilus porphyriticus - 29, 64, 73, 78, 114, 133, 143, 145, 149,
Lote 1 2se9 1786a 1765 19055 204,- 216,—- 28). 2225. 2257. 2207. 220) 250
237), 238, 243, 285, 291, 295,.296,. 298, 418,,431, 439, 4420; 456,
4576¢ 5310,+ 54152 54252 570,4 602,, 60/7,. 611, 62255 6237—) oye Toor O02,
S67. ok, woo.

Hemildactyliumjscutatum — 29), 378.114, 149, 151 172,>1737.-190;,--204,
216). /218h" 2912298 29359), 385, 393), 1396, .427;, -456,) 50, 570, -oeen
598; 679.2697 3729 783, 802, 813% 826, 836; 888, 843, SSl;, 652,
868.

Heterodon platyrhinos - 27, 29, 34, 44, 48, 49, 66, 74, 78, 104, 141,
LA ALIS 2 RNS s 1724 1735190, 199, 200; 201; 204; 20857 216, 288,
2364 2378 2442 248, 258, 280,-282, 291%. 295, 298, 303) 304, 323,
3467386, U396F «41840425, 441, 6456, 4485; 488, 498, 50472511, 4515,
5442 5637 584 6334 655, 657, 659, 660, 6677-725, 7257 —/Sio- 156;
7622 7We 714- 775, 7837 799, SOL, 805, S22; 832; S60 S66.

Heterodon simus - 191

Hylla =s3775

46

Hyla chrysoscelis - 66, 78, 204, 218, 385, 489, 656, 587, 646, 862,
8655 2'S:7 3°.

HvlamciMeredi— Din 29,. 40, 66, to, LOZ, 149, 151, 169, 172,.073; 203,
204) 4 21582 21684 21085 239). 288,£ 26155 264, 291552957. 298 299, 2:346,
8959059875 63965939979" 4229" 431, 4895-498, -5525°565, 587,592, 651,
65690057, 7166050662, 7 664° 679),-1697, 729-783), ° 799," 816, -'859, 868,
Sole

Hyla ceuciter — 29),,°4a,. 88) Seg 665° 67,' 73. TIX LABS 1498 5374168). 172,
Wis, ee ro,etoO, 204, 212, 21.6, 285 .222, 23877 2475424851 249742261,
2g 1 See OO So. ASO poy utile, 459, 456, «489, s542, 544, 565,
2a oS OG OO 629, .659, “060,683; 101522783 ~ 9 55479972805,
$13), * 826, 868%

Hyla» fenoralis: —. 29), 4844.667°,78)° 142, 172,.173, 19752204, 216)- 216,
248, 258),4 2619 12985993 3.45 6385," 389\,°3905 1431, \ 5435 °5445"-565, 587,
Oe ey lS), WOO Oy nol

By lea iat oed* = 56," 90,'930;,- 1725" 173" 204,- 21632918) .2515 88571565,
587k, 7837/8165" '8 1575-1868.

Hyla sawire! la —~29;° 66,° 78.,,> 149,° 272,° 4:73,¢190,. 204,>216,°218, 239,
2ASy Vole 2901-298, 385, 426, 43.1, 527,°643> 54452565 258742697 ,
W295) @OO)/ +O O08

Hy la versicolor —.2o9.. 48;) 73,9 °5/8,>142,) T49,°153,' 169,°1572,>973, 176,
Lov aod? BOs. S POSS 216,' 218, 235, 23875 QA8) 258,264 ,S28073283,
291',, 295, 298, 385, 396, 399, 418, 420, 439, 441, 456, 489, 544,
56540 58s/|,- 10456 "656,210 50> °1660,716795— 685 1/6835" 783307995" 805, 813,
BAA moon Oo OOD, OD.

hManoscernon- subrubrum —. 22). 297, 48. 66,- 74,278, 8374 141,4.149). 172,-473,
1S 8yca 90s] LOAF Pe DOb, © 212),© 2165021854019, 52357572487 258,7280, 291,
295, 298, 323, 339, 346, 386, 396, 423, 465, 485, 488, 495, 498,
Bode “544. “5617, Sei,” 592," 598.4 6 5a/2 4 6595" 16603" 1672,°7235" 983, 86,
799, 800, 829, 868.

Lampropeltis - 122, 377.

Lampropeltis calligaster - 29, 34, 45, 51, 78, 124, 149, 152, 153, 172,
7S “SOTO 9970 200),- Ode, Odes O16, © 213.6 236,° 237," 24859258, 266,
2303, 290i, 295,,.298,,6 S864? 396,. 4157,,- 4563 2485),2. 48850553), 21564,2:574,
Boor eos, © tobi * 697 + Wy 20),= a) 2DY a 25© 420), 7 DOYY 62> 783,’ 832, 860,
861, 868.

Lanpropel tis: getulus’ —.'28, 291° 37,°°45,°'46,.'48, 50, 66,'74,°°78, 123, 142,
WAGE 4 53h 546904 6836 c 72° G. 7386 .775,4 190,084.99) 2OO,P201,%204, 216,
218",2°23'6:," 237)" 244. QAS, 2 280,05291',° 29598 298,° 386, 396," 425, , 431,
Deb aso aes eo DA oili> AA O47 On 1005, . 05517, 00). 662),
663 F230, ey fSslije T5654 162, 183, 799, Sid, -GIkh, B22 UiS26,0S 29)
832, 860, 861, 868.

Lampropeltis triangulum - 28, 29, 31, 38, 46, 47, 48, 53, 58, 66, 70,

dG@ MAA, sees, Goye LOA, 1e,s 1IGGS 149.5 153855 L6ehs 172 17S. 177, 190,
191925 200592018? 203,420450°2115 5 216,- 21835'236," 239), 41244,» 248,
266, 283, ‘291,29 298, 323, 377,\ 386,: 396,\ 400, 418° 456,- 488, 507,
B15, 539, 544, 564, 574, 5BY, 6573°660)° 69;4,¢ 9 23,> 97/725,55729, 756,
162, T7D,. 783,. 7991, 805, 807, 816,° B17}S 82252.82939'83'25 U860, 861,
868, 871.

Lepidochelys kempi - 78, 82, 172,-173, 188, 204, 216, 218, 298, 382,
386, 488, 502, 588, 589, 654, 657, 659, 660, 764, 783-786, 866,
869.

Leurognathus marmoratus - 29, 76, 78, 82, 114, 172, 173, 204, 216,
Die, 414° A231 4235,. 4380502851885 519,0570,0612,' 62231640, 764,
Tes, 02, 86, Silk.

47

Linnaoedus vocularis (=529),°56); 78% 25 D3 ,6204,) 2V6,5208, 247 1 248),
261,, 335, 885, 543; 544, 565, Se, 83; Sila, Siveesosr

Maiactemys: terrapi ne=" 2258 29,4135 848 <e78> | 88 .e4iy 24.49% e472 e735 183s,
204, 216, 218, 291, 298, 311, 346, 386, 392, 398, 488, 494, 498,
533, | 1567701587, 2'636;¢ 1654) o/65i/5 —(659),a 660% A662) A1665, 4 O6orp ed SS— 765,
786, 799,, 816, CLT, 868., WD,.

Masticophis flagellum - 377, 485, 783, 832, 857.

Micrurus fulvius - 32, 96, 563.

Nectunussmacullostiss=- 29; 240, ,q071,, WS, W8ra S2eqbe ras 4sewd 2,

173, 204, 216, 218, 298, 570, 764, 783, SOSESSTG.cISiT7ETiS20e

Necturuis, punctatus, —7i29, 7a). 78.) 827e 88,2104. 1722 1/8 e204, 2 26 eS,
24874 885)2 S70; 5 57 65 O58 76 aH 64,6 7/837 616035081 6 aio ve

Nerodia - 377.

Nerodia erythrogaster - 29, 48, 66, 68, 78, 120, 172, 173, 190, 204, 21
216, 28, 249, 239, 244, 248, 298,5856, 11544, 15645057 4ea 58717 72or
756,48 762 5,775,983, 6 799),c 821,888 2,n SOs S6Se

Nerodia fasciata - 756.

Nerodiajrigidal= 29,°78;° 825-172). 173, 204,6216,7218,¢ 248,9386, 451,
452, 564, 587, 668, 697, 762, 764, 783, 816, 832, 860.

Nerodia septemvittata - 29, 74, 75, 78, 149, 153,,168, 172, 173, 177,
90720474 208s 5216562176) 21860236.023 72a 280ne28 208830201, 295),
29852386, 8396,2418)9 4567) 485-8 488; 2 564, 25869h 56/544 botany Oey 7a 4e
iS, 783; 824, B32,. See.

Nerodia sipedon - 29, 33, 34, 38, 41, 45, 48, 64, 66, 74,

Hepp iso, 7 lane 1a, 49 405396 168s 190,. Inisen laine WOO S965 200),
ZO ZO4Fs 2 OSh E21 6572185 123651 2376 1O39492 44) ne 4s5e Poors,
2837012847829 17 529556298313 0275 30554 82356846, 68 86se5967,e400, 418,
A56,-4853° 488).5.498;5° 50452 5150 54440 56339 ,574;) 5S8'%,, 590,5592,, SIB,65-
657, 659, 660, 667, 669, 679, 723, 7253473 so 75307 60;07 62) Tae
115," Ves, 799), 805, 82, 828),- 832, S60, S68. .871-.

Nerodiay taxispilota = 29/246; 48,066) 478; ° 1:72) - 1737. 190,. 197)... 2047. 216;
21:8; 23/9, 248, 265, 298,2886,¢ 495, 559,4563,' 587; 6695-67 976:56977,
12955 975658 7625 7835 0799, 2816),4832,0857,86050 868%

Notophthalmus viridescens - 29, 44, 48, 64, 73, 78, 114, 132, 149, 153,
7258273508 903 oO IO 96° 20430121 250 2167001 8ha 3 5a23 ee >O, 25s
2525, 1.253 254, 280, 285, 291, 292, 295, 298, 323¢a6e>50Latsol, oer
353 2377503855 2 39.07293893,91396,8 45). 408, 4275-, 441 2 4555-45676 489;
5417,9°54750570;0 58% 0 60%," 634° 635, 66054 661),2 66356 67954 689; FOL;
7 153,217 833.2179 55079630 799;,0 804,8:805545 81 3¥5 83056484 ioe 86451:868, S87

Opheodrys - 377.

Opheodrys aestivus — 29, 34, 37, 40, 45, 4855158,+:66, wi45 78.0 14h) 49)
L535 g54 Bel 1256 VIS JET , F990. pee20 OFF 20 lye ZO Ape 22 fol 62S ae 2316;
235, f 24a) 2487) 258%" 276,) 20,7: 29,7 296%; 3255 346, 886,1396, 48,
A256 43166 485.2 4883749557 498), 5045651559 544,556455 586,e 587, Oba,
659.7 66031 166750 6 7530 67638 6790 7250 7 25307 62,0c/ Isaac! 834n799, SOL,
S2 Ove 82 27048'3:2,a1860), 41868".

Opheodrys: wennail tis; =" 28)1 29), 53> Fae 78561495 LA LB S90, tok, s2047
246, 28, 368), 48, 457; 485, SOR, S5, S64, F225 ceo 2eaw is, res
$01.2 825,48i25,h1828 8 183'1_£ S20 S60),< 87s.

Ophisaurus —- 445.

Ophisaunus Jattenuatus =, 2985487960, S61, 66,178,485) 49) ie 3, lo,
203%; 2045) 216, 208i, 248, 258,a1298%° 386,50 44657539 25ers SST,
619),.-1678),! 69.7,,0 702),1 272951 783.0 S68

48

Ophisaurus ventralis - 60, 61, 85, 163, 172, 173
218, 248,291,244 1,01678, 0697 £29 ,277'6 , 8983

Pituophis melanoleucus - 29, 71, 74, 78, 82, 88,
1739 OYO-19 1 Fe 2204 (8-26, LOWS, 8289,. 291,0.298
49 8y-"50 35/750 4,,1 (57 4,,\ 5/30, a/A20 Ca756,,2 1622516 4
83:2;,486037 2861 :

Plethodon cinereus - 14, 29, 33, 40, 48, 58, 66,
a AS 2153 Der 38 SUA Oye IA 9R TT S35T LER Ie? j- 1h
AO As AAA 2 2 GAD Te 82 By 8 22 2,022 4,0 22841231
DAS ZD Th, ~ a2 8:,9 527/ 2.,%128 5.- $29 1,8 29 28029 5,7 296
34846371. 385396, 40177,.408, 404,,2406,~.409
439, 456, 459, 469-479, 486, 489, 495, 540,
BSR aSIS (600% 607.2 4622,4 5625, 8063 1,,06645 21657
FOO F771 5-268 3A VP95, 80799, $8102 01805,,1 #820._,35827
Si ASsiSs

Plethodon dorsalis¥= 7877114;7.172, 173, 216, 218

Plethodon glutinosus - 29, 33, 40, 44, 48, 66, 7
PS 2A ASSP ALADS. 162, .2F2,8DI 3h bl TEE 1907 . 191
DQULRAZ22 PUAZB POZZSLPE2Z35 , 2374023951246 7 a248
2OLEE2Z95 HE2965. 9298 P3248 P8317 b3857339675402
4257 ©4230) 243974417 54566459) (46721489 70495
580 F25877660 77 622) 0625/7 8641 PT679/)at08 peh4s
SO5, e203, 28207-8277 828, <8509"867>,. 866A a8 1

Plethodon hoffmani - 78, 162, 218, 336, 337, 404

Plethodon/ hubeicGhte? VS- 297 178 )082, 7855, aL712, er73,
2UBEr2Z37 (© 2685827 2%.6273)94037840492431 44502
BSOF°74390745) 27645078 3))°8028 (816 n0817F8827

Plethodon jordani - 29, 38, 40, 77, 78, 86, 92,
2047. 2167, 218). 2958e29670298Fe3 78702007 8403
A3%74439) (4407154051542). 570,, 578), 858075620
7509* 783; 56027 28202 C82 708280

Plethodon nettingi - 29, 114, 218, 404, 506, 783

Plethodon punctatus - 78, 82, 162, 218, 270, 336
5357, 5705 580; - 764,. 783), 8027. 869:

Plethodon richmondi - 29, 40, 73, 78, 114, 172,
O225 52257623005 23792 2727 * 3486938705 0403; 0404
A56, 506, 53545540805 706 85806 8622666977 8729
867.

Plethodon shenandoah - 78, 82, 181, 218,. 269;° 27
A69=4F5, 9478, 479, F486, 502,.2506,5 582,9585,
S02= 833,085

Plethodon wehnle:h =¥29, 54) 0 78) > 8254184, 0272,627
DD5vIDD TEC 229852 12297 2123008 23178 830.3703 0403
ASG). 458), 459). 4677, 5396715703606) 2161055 639
816, 827, 867.

Plethodorm welerive= (29) 8778: ° faa, 335 5a 72554173,
DT 236298) 4 ANSI AOA 43.158 491s,8 (502; 6 57052 621

P2OVAWAAG UT AGRS 747477645. 783, 787,025 ' 816

Plethodon yonahlossee - 29, 40, 78, 114, 133, 17
295y> 2916U8 2985 4.03),2 540472 43.056 643.155 5705 ° 580
63:91, 6 917,57 290 4750.0 37838 B02)8 820), 82.0.

Pseudacris - 38, 247.

Pseudacris brachyphona - 73, 78, 169, 172, 173,
Asis, AQ6,. 4567, 5425. 5657. 6977),, 729. 7835. S16

i¥4 7 5p 905, SoA 5216,
ISS , VEL6, SBS7.

104, 149, 168, 172,
, 418, 441, 456, 485,
TTS BIBS 52 BT2) 816,

I32 VT lsoh 843 i009,
br LUO Ow dO25 iy aS 5422.03 ;
23 5287 e243, 246,
OA98.2S11 £324, 331,
PALO, ral Abe 418,

B42 1. tB/O Fy eoO p 93844
71 £660 266155715; .745,
05828 06833, 5-867, 868,
, ¥88, 802, 869.

32, 77/278x 0112 oad
» £99.) 204.7).624 62418,
8225132498 £2483,

, 403, 404, 408, 418,
resale 7s420;570, 578,
reAToganesen499, 802,
b, 506765704 /580,,.802.

181, 203, 204, 216,
PeaS06ec891r 6535, 5706,
mas2se
£14, °3337647279173;

, 404, 405, 408, 430,
,. 622346257 699%, 429)
7 £8025

ra337) 340455502,

PIS PLZ0A. ;» 216, .218,
padO7, 140925437, 431,

924837 080223820, 827,
2, 348, 404, 413, 431,

570, 580, 764, 783,

3,2203;).,204,,216,8218,
, 404, 418, 430, 431,
i¢ 6976s J 29541835 , 8024
20355204; 2167 218,
$Ri62 2a 2,697, 721,
+, 17, B27.
Day dtes 2A, ) 21 Gyo 218,
IGCLSyo O22i7 D257, 637)
204, 216, 218, 426,

he BI. B2B.

49

Pseudacris® brimLeyic =) 29),-48,666,,, 685 78, 146, d7254 4147387 20472216,
218,°248,©261,6 298,,0339,2363,' 885,8543,5 544 T5o5,2bDe6/ R04, 697,
129 9e S83 np), S26y S59, 862, .co6sr

Pseudacris triseriatay—. 1j..20, .67, 73 78>. 1 49y1695-1 725 173,190;
210 '4,,-. 24. 6,,5 20.8,,0°222, £123 7,2248,,8 2016 298 $639 1858 0S63,6 Ooo, +200,
41.8," *43.6,¢ 483,” 489,,5 499,056 5,,015)/6,0/58 7,8 607,48 (660.7 683 ac6, 783)
1I5%.4805> .SU6rwoO2, sooo.

Pseudotriton - 272.

Pseudotriton montanws —. 29%, SO0,1 7356 78 2s 0M 4 F402 496 a2, 173,
1576), ele 940. 589.0, C20:4.,8 241. 6, e620 See 29 18 295.7 29/8 S85),5 42) 64a |) aor
524.2 525), ow O17 *587.,. 5.98.5 1659). 48 30 sod. 6 S26 meo2o 7 coos.

Pseudotriton, cuber, *=/ 129,083. #73), @Sih Tvs 13378 Laer. 15250 toe e tia, lee
17-6.,s VIO ;. 3204 ,..208.,,, 6.,, 2S ,, C22.» C2238 21240 oA ea eae, 2 Der
283), 285, 291,,. 295. 6296,,08298/25323 4 33827 885/48 4c425 - e427, 43,
45 6,489. 80524,\2526,)854 1759/7 0,8 0587, O60 2 AC607, HH62 2 21625 pu6267 51697,
129 dis, 483, 197, S05, S13, 828, 864, B67, Ses

Rana —- 377.

Rana catesbeiana — I, .29,) 33/44/7748, 558, 66,) 68,.°73,577, 18, 149,
53 R56 “h58 7 ehe9 sah? 2 PE173, 0 O87 LEO fF e204 AL208 20212 1216, 206),
235.23 71. (289. 624 6 Pe24 125248, E258 )S280 £6283 Ae29d 262957 6298), 828,
339 7 "3717 9385; “S965 C4185 0427.2 e456 A481 ft 648976500) 6544 26565, Sse
643.7"656* 6575 8659 P0660 71679 {26837 HO4E S775 Foss y arses pero, AIO,
805, 859, 862, 868.

Rana rclamitans' = 29,/°44, °48,°058, .66;, 73/1778 V78, 20d VhLO8 ,.h42,,.149,
V3 Pr l6O9 VA D)2 pL 3 ppld6,.-L87 ALIOALIO EE 204 ti2t2 tou] Ope 2S ees on
237 ¢*239 7 4247 >-248 ,c258P 0261 FO2Z80F V283 E285 Ra2917 F29Dan r298, Sia
323, 33975352; +385) 18969 (4185 04207 8439404417 4567 £4895 8500), SAZ,
544, 546, 565, .587,960/7,\656, 657, .659, 06600), £679 756835, 5697, F699—
TOL VALI PATS» VHB37CUI5S7\ 799 52805788682

Rana “padustris==, 297033 7/544, 26655 7344 (8pel49,e1 69h a 726k 73ral s/o, Loa
204,..242,,216, 218, 235, 2379, 24676 25895 2807 62583, 2291 69295,

298, 32377234; 93327839) 03.77% 1383) (38575396, 5418 764395n441,, 24567,
4397 "565; °58796607) 6287465952679) 2688, 6938; 2694, 4835679551605,
827, ) 868 .

Rana pipiens? —:29% 44,4 48741 73,878,0151,01585 Loon, AJ Ssa5L90, P2048,
208; 216, 7261772915 0298)\ 323988395 (S96, 242056 4567¢ 4895 2498), S00;
5657“ 6075° 656) > 657, ° 6605 5 683, 87837) 799; bk S216

Rana isyi-vaidiea —729,.38, 44, 7324 18650 l See Sen, 4S) 69m oe lr
LH6 * 1,908 -L.9A) o-20AG 5-296) 5.2188 £2003 223), - 235 ¢h2sdad2olg baer 1298,
339; 340," 342,°5350,2852,0385,8427,0481,8441 2456 248954520, S25,
542, 5653-597, 607, 683, ./0L,. 27-7119, 183, eee

Rana, Utricularia: —' 29, 66,. 685 7:79. 78. 142, .a49., 172;¢4,73,.204,. 205, 28
2:8, 4239" 248, 2954 346). 885), So jbA49So 42987C S440 Cb 6>5e 587, 620,
GD165 9 65H", = ‘Ou.9h, = WSs =O DOy Ibu | oni.

Rana virgatipes, —. 29,..48,,. 66, 69, Ti1,,. 78). 82,- 88,a8.42,¢0495;:369, 172,
1478, 8910), 5204, > 256,218 ,.248,, ZO, 298,2339,) S40 es65, 4.374, 6385,
5A 4 5 65>" (5874 ~ (658. * h/ 364. c/ OAL 2 2/7 83,6 99,0 8 Lois Lie tie >be tcOo..

Scaphiopus, hol brooki. ~.'29,./38,..66, 71h, 7B. -78;2a5,); 049, 169,48 Aig 1729
173°, 1L90-,* 204)" '216)\ 21.8.5 24836 253,006 107 Re2Ie,o 32 Beals, 3380,
385, 400,.,: 418, 495,-°549)5 565,066 7,8 60.7.2 650),2 65970660," 662, 673;
B29,.. 683.5, 16h, JOS 4/89 SEZ, 86S

50

Sceloporus’ undulatus -. 29,.34,:.37,.44, 48, 50, 60,°61,°66, 743077,
1%6,*3o, 149, 163)-254,.469, 472, .493,.477,.290,.204,,.@08, 212,
Zo toy 250, 257, 239, 248, 258, 266, 280, 281, 28398885,
Seige; (290; S25, 346, 377, 386, 396, 418, 425, 449, 456, 463,
485, 488, 498, 504, 571, 587, 653, 657, 659, 660)° 6785167931687,
VO2, 712, Fb, V7, 788, 799,.605,°806F5 81351899) ) e680 (877%

Scincella lateralis - 29, 34, 48, 58, 60, 61 18,985, . 442, 149,
LEO, tye. 173, 90" 204> = 21eY 216%" 2185" 23659 O39bC O4ey5258, 291,
205, 298.4. 386, 396) 418% 480% 485, »488,°495 25049, 57 15458711653,
6574" 6597" 6607" 6625* 678) 4.6795 45702507 83,0799)03830)2 868.

Sea turtle - 551.

Spinen lacertana —329), 487) 66,6°/1,£578,.82), Seo 10016 11485 14a 149, 153
io, wie, Lis, 190, 204, 216, 218, 248; 257, 258;. 29383898, 345;
Sot, 290 ;, 269, S21, 522, 523, 570, 587, 615, 697, 729, 764, 783;
S038), 816, (857, 868).

Siren intermedia - 298, 817.

DHotEinilic: milwarius — 295 32, 43, 256, 485, 762, 816, S17, 832.

SrecscOohiwilis ~maEgVnatus — 29), 438, 66, 78, 114, 143, 172, 173, 204, 216
Zs cis, eo 7 woo, 2o2, 294, 296, 298, 385, 570, 587, 646, 697,
23 pros, 199, 802, 851, 857, S68.

SirennOtiemic mimor = 26, 29 40, 74, 78, 82, 172, 173, LIT,
CO Ot oo aa2ho, Sil, 4266, 485.9567, 764, 783-785, 786, Sie,
Sil, S20,

SLeCrnOtneLus OdOratus = 22, 29, AS, 63, 66, 78, 83, 149, 153, 172;
iS awliipetoo. IO, 204, 206, 218, 248, 291, 295, 298, 31.
Boo; S45, oco,) S96, 4118, 423, 456, 485, 4887 504, 509, 544,
DOW moo, ey 1O5 4, GOO), O72 679), 723, 183-785, 799, 829, 868.

prOberlawWekayi — 29), 34> 40, 48, 49) 66, 74, 78, 149, 152, 153, 172,
sy, LIOR 2005. 201, 204, 216, 218, 236, 239) 248, 2805 291, “298;
B07, SoG, S96, Ane, 425, 7456, 485, 488, 504.7511, 515, S564, S68:
Sia! So sooo), oon, 679), 725, 756, 758, 762, 768, 783, 799, Sol,
S207, S22, S26, S29, 832, 860, i868).

StLOnebia OCeEUpiltomaculata — 129, 34, 66, 74), 78, 149, 153, 172, 173;
POOR OOF 20len 2 O48 20S 26,) 2s 236, 24s; 280), 291 298), esia:,
S567) SO aie ao, aco, 564, 587, 659), 667, 725, 756, eo2, Jes,
Tio, tea, oe, 799, B0L,o 805, 822, 832; 860, 868.

Syllomus aegypiacus (extinct) - 792, 793.

oO’
(op)

.

.

ome COnOnata — 297 39) 74), 18, L727, 173, 204) 216, 218, 293 298
ASS S64, 69i,) 1038, 158, 759, 762, 164, 783, 8OL, Sie, 820, 825,
SS os2 oon, soo, S69.

Terrapene carolina - Gi; Us, 9, LO; 22), 25), 29), Si) 35), 44,
ABO CA aly MiG; 10; So, 49), 253, 1652, 172, 1737 tiie wss;
UO Pac OA eA Gye ea an 26 2S 220, 224, 237, 239), 243892587 c1o%
ZOO RmAC Sele 295), 29a, sik, e397, S43) 349, sé, 377, S86, 394,
S96, elope ae 4D, A62, 485, 488, 495, 499), 504) S05, Sis, S42,
SAAT DOA DOV Dos Sou, 59S, 1654, 657, 659 660, 679), 723, 783
USS OO; 1 9o, ols, 1829, 6468, coe, S71.

Ehamnophis Sauritus — 29, 44, 48, 50, 66, 67, 74, 78, 149, .172, 173,
TOME OOO OA Bill D6, 218 8246 283, 291, 295, 298, Sse,
B06 else oo 4 ob ASS lie SiS, 564, 587, 655, 659, 660), 665,
Geo, VAS), WRG, Woes WIS, WI, WIN, BOS, wy sss OR teal cisnsie

tiannophiis Sentalas — 29, 48,.66, 74, 78, 84, 149, 153, 154, 158, 168,
iio, oO, Loo, 200, 20d, 204, 2087, 202 216, 218; 219, 236,
Cae AA CaS eer eeu, 291, 295,°298, 320, 346, 377, 386, 3916,
DiSpeAS oA ob aso AOS, S504) (507), S15, 5447 564, 587, 602, 6677
GIO eo 56, oe, 75, 78a, 799, S22, S8s2, 853, 860, 868, 872.

-

Trionyx spiniferus - 22,

420,
820.

423, 485,

Virginia - 377.

509,

Virginia striatula - 28,

218, 286,223 77
72958175866 762)

Virginia valeriae -
£7.35 9076 2007
298; 2237, 86,
660, 663, 679,
868.

239%
783,
28,

201,
396,
6975

20),

Sh

TEi,<, dias
783-785,

173%» Lich
730; 7914,

21-6
816,

216,
SLi;

28),
564,

29, 40, 74,
728, 764,

172;
574,
868.
11.3),
280,
587,
822,

173, 200, 204, 216,
516, ,58), 59795

29,2 39%
266, 291,
799, 801,
48, 66,
204, 216,
456, 485,
IZS 77295

78,
386,
829,

T22
218,
488,
758;

118, 149,
485, 564,
832, 860,
JA, IB, 4 SDp
236, 248, 258,
504, 564, 586,
762, 783, 801,

149, 172,

263, 29%,
655, 657,
832, 860,

>
Weg
=

BIOGRAPHY AND BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
Javes A, PETERS

FRANCES J. IRISH +
&
GEORGE R. ZUG *

+ Museum of Comparative Zoology
Harvard University
&

* National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 51

1982

James A. Peters: A Biographical Sketch
(1922-1972)

Jim was a towering presence in mid-twentieth century herpetology. His
six foot four inch lanky frame was a standout in any herpetological gathering
throughout the forties and fifties, and only with the appearance of the larger
and hairier herp students of the sixties did he merge back into the crowd.

If not seen, he was still heard.

Jim delighted in playing the devil's advocate, and, while he held many
opinions firmly, he was likely to take the opposite position just to keep a
verbal duel alive. It is difficult not to take your opponent's opinions
seriously when he towers over you, booms out his replies, and glares at you
through bottle-bottomed lenses -- that was Jim.

Jim was born in Iowa, but spent most of his growing years in southern
Illinois. He was the son of a small-town doctor, and apparently tried to
keep his father busy by challenging his pals to feats of derring-do. In one
such challenge, Phil Smith was performing aerial acrobatics on an overhanging
tree limb. Phil spun, slipped, and fell to the sidewalk below. The landing
was on three or more points, and one of the points, an arm, broke. Jim
reassured Phil that all would be set right, because his dad was a doctor and
could fix anything. The arm was repaired, and Jim later received a stinging
reminder that his father did not desire Jim's assistance in producing patients.

His life-long interest in snakes grew out of his friendship with Phil.
Phil and his cronies spent each spring and summer scouring the surrounding
fields, woods, and river bottoms for snakes and other scaly creatures. The
uncommon or unusual ones were brought home and installed in Phil's menagerie,
an old shed. In the mid-thirties, the Peters' family moved into a house a
half block away, and Jim became a regular visitor. Soon he was an avid
collector and was likely trying to outdo his snake-hunter friends.

By high school, Jim had gained local fame as an expert on snakes. His
reputation garnered him the opportunity to take his snake show on the road.
Thus, Jim joined the carnival circuit and spent the latter part of one summer
traveling from county fair to county fair. His snake show was one of the few
free items on the midway, a state-supported show aiming to educate as well as
entertain. Certainly it remained a fondly remembered summer, for Jim delighted
in demonstrating to his children his ability to read the cryptic carny road
signs posted each summer along the carnival routes. Likely, some of his

footnote: I have tried not to duplicate information previously published
about J.A. Peters. Further details may be found in The Washington
Post obituary (Thursday, Dec. 21, 1972), Copeia 1973(2):388-390,
and HISS News-Journal 1(6):187-188.

public speaking skills developed that summer and, if they occasionally
showed a bit of the sideshow barker, we should not have been surprised.

As a high school student, Jim attended his first ASIH meeting in
1939. Even as a teenager, Jim was not bashful. I am certain that there
was only a momentary pause before he introduced himself to the professional
herpetologists and joined in the herpetological conversations. The favorable
impression of this first meeting in Chicago was long lasting, for he devoted
much time and energy to the society throughout his entire professional
career. Whether serving as its business secretary, a governor, or committee
member, he strove to improve the society, and was honored to be its president
for the 1970-71 term. A fortunate happenstance, for his contributions would
be lost to the society soon thereafter.

He had begun college in Illinois when the United States entered WW II.
He joined the air force and spent the war years in active service. His eye-
sight was too poor to pilot planes, but he was right up front as a radio
operator. He served in the Asian theatre flying supplies “over the hump"
from India to Burma and transporting planes across SW Asia and North Africa
for their periodic maintenance. His tour of duty in these areas allowed him
to sample the herpetofauna of Africa and Asia and reinforced his desire to
become a professional herpetologist.

With the end of the war, he returned to his studies, not in Illinois but
at the University of Michigan. His Michigan sojourn lasted seven years, from
1945 to 1952, and encompassed both his undergraduate and graduate training.
It was a period of intense herpetological growth and maturation for him. He
early captured the highly-desirous research assistantship in the reptile section
of the Museum of Zoology and held it for his entire graduate tenure. Here,
he learned his curatorial skills and inventoried the herpetological type
collection. Here also, he began his first in-depth studies of reptilian
taxonomy under the tutelage of Norman Hartweg and was introduced to the
Latin American herpetofauna. The museum mammalogists were collecting in
Mexico, and Jim accompanied them in the summer of 1949 and 1950. Like other
herpetologists who have accompanied mammalogists in the field, Jim complained
that the best herp collecting times were spent riding to new collecting
localities.

Jim began his teaching career at Brown University in 1952. The Brown
years must have been frustrating ones, for he reminisced little about them.
They were not, however, unproductive years, for he completed his dipsadine
research, collated the "Classic Papers in Genetics," and compiled his
"Dictionary of Herpetology." During this time, his research interest turned
to South America, particularly Ecuador. I suspect this was in response to
the superabundance of researchers concentrating on the Mexican herpetofauna
and his desire to work in a less herpetologically trampled area. His Fulbright
lectureship at the Universidad Central de Ecuador (1958-1959) ended the
Brown years and entrenched his interest in Ecuadorian and South American
herpetology. He was to return several more times to Ecuador (1962, 1966,

Every free moment in Ecuador was spent in the field. He made trips to
isolated villages and would rent space at the local cabarets. While the
evening crowd was making merry, Jim would be out collecting frogs and other
critters. He would return as the revelry broke up, often to make his bed on
a bench or behind the bar. Such behavior was not unexpected from a crazy
gringo who chased snakes and other creepy things. Here also he began
transect studies by traveling the supply trails on mule or horseback. Once
he was accompanied by the unlikely pair of E.H. Taylor and C.F. Walker. He
recalled stopping after several days of collecting, and Ed finally stopping
his frantic collecting long enough to reconstruct data and tie tags on his
specimens.

Upon returning stateside, he had a brief stay at the University of
Southern Illinois before assuming his new position at San Fernando Valley
State College. San Fernando provided him more time for research and a core
of students interested in herpetology. However, his life's goal was to work
jn a museum, and when he was offered a curatorship at the National Museum,
he grabbed it even though it meant a salary cut.

He arrived at the museum in time to prepare for the move from the cramped
quarters in the central building to the spacious collection range in the just-
completed west wing. No more would the collection have to be arranged by
bottle size; now the specimens could be place in taxonomic order. The collection
was moved cafeteria-style. Everyone participated. The mover would take a
set of cards from the species file, search through the old range, find specimens
of his species scattered here and there, and then carry the completed set to
the new range. With more than 200,000 specimens, the move was arduous, but
it was rewarding to be able to go to one shelf and find all the specimens of
a species together.

The museum years were good ones for Jim. He was able to extend his research
and organizational energies in many directions. Latin American herpetology
and computer storage and analysis of biological data always remained high in
his active research. Jim had first used the computer to statistically analyze
his dipsadine data at Michigan, but his interest blossomed in the late 60's
with the advent of time-sharing computers. While statistical computation was
useful, he was attracted to the computer's potential for the storage and
retrieval of taxonomic and museum data, and their transmission and exchange
through a museum network of time-share computers. This interest led to his
establishment of MUDPIE -- an acronym for Museum and University Data, Program
and Information Exchange and a typical example of his delight in word play
and puns -- in order to share his ideas and interest with others. He became
engrossed in developing interactive programs for the identification of taxo-
nomic specimens. His joy was an interactive program that permitted museum
visitors to a special reptile exhibit to ask questions about reptiles. Every
afternoon, he would review the questions asked that day and add additional
data to make the "machine" smarter. By the end of the exhibit's stay, few
visitors could stump the machine.

A fortuitous remark at an international conference permitted the establish-
ment of the Neotropical Squamata project. Jim's compilation instinct had lead
to the growth of a small file/catalog on neotropical snakes and lizards.

It would have likely remained a personal file if Francois Bourliére had not
mentioned to Secretary S.D. Ripley that ecologists and conservationists needed
a complete taxonomic guide and checklist to neotropical reptiles. Upon his
return from the conference, Ripley queried Jim about the feasibility of such

a guide and the project was born with the Secretary's support. The groundwork
was laid; Roberto Donoso-Barros and Braulio Orejas-Miranda arrived to be
immediately set to work. Jim was an unceasing, but congenial, taskmaster and
after a year the bulk of compilation and cross-checking was completed. Roberto
and Braulio returned home in the fall of 1968, but Jim continued to refine the
checklist for another year before it went to the press, a monument to the
loving effort of these three men.

With the catalog finished, Jim returned to his systematic herpetology and
computer technology projects. His time was short, although he didn't realize
it. He was busy finishing up many partially completed projects so he could
return to his favorite research animals, snakes. Two snake projects --
Dendrophidion and a typhlopid checklist had been begun but laid aside. He
was never to complete them. The nagging stomach ache of 1971 continued into
1972 and, in spite of intense medical examinations, only when the cancer laid
him low was the cause discovered -- much, much too late.

George Zug
December 1980

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(1964. Summary of 1964 meetings of the American Society of Ichthyologists
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A list of institutions offering course work and degree programs in
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A note on the concept of subspecies. Bull. Virginia Herp. Soc.
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Colubridae (Dipsadinae). Das Tierreich, Walter de Gruyter & Co.,
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Summary of 1965 meetings of the American Society of Ichthyologists
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Report on an unofficial meeting of members of the Association for
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Electrocardiography in Caecilia guentheri (Peters). Physiol. Zool.
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Summary of 1966 meetings of the American Society of Ichthyologists
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Rare and endangered reptiles and amphibians of the United States.
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The lizards of Ecuador, a check list and key. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus.
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On Venezuelan snakes (Review: La Taxonomia y Zoogeografia de los
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The generic allocation of the frog Ceratophrys stolzmanni Steindachner,
with the description of a new subspecies from Ecuador. Proc. Biol.
Soc. Washington 80: 105-112, 28 Jul. 1967.

American alligator, Alligator mississippiensis Daudin. (Reprinted
from Dept. Int. Res. Publ. 34, 1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc.
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Bog turtle, Clemmys muhlenbergi (Schoepff). (Reprinted from Dept. Int.
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Letter (Rare and endangered reptiles and amphibians). Bull. Chicago
Herp. Soe. 2(3): 2.

10

1967. A note on the concept of subspecies. (Reprinted from Bull. Virginia
Herp. Soc., 1965.) Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 3(1): 7-8, 31 Mar. 1967.

1967. Comment on the proposed rejection of Coluber chiametla Shaw, 1802.
Bull. Zool. Nomen. 24(3): 138, Jun. 1967.

1967. The scientific name of the African puff adder. Copeia, 1967(4):
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1968. Review: Phylogenetic Systematics, by Willi Hennig. Copeia, 1968(1):
199-200, 15 Mar. 1968.

1968. Santa Cruz Long-Toed Salamander, Ambystoma macrodactylum croceum
Russell and Anderson. (Reprinted from Dept. Int. Res. Publ. 34,
1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 3(1): 15.

1968. Texas Blind Salamander, Typhlomolge rathbuni Stejneger. (Reprinted
from Dept. Int. Res. Publ. 34, 1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc.
3(1): 16.

1968. A computer program for calculating degree of biogeographical
resemblance between areas. Syst. Zool. 17(1): 64-69, 27 Mar. 1968.

1968. The role of time-share computing in museum research. Curator 11(1):
65-75. Bruce B. Collette, junior author.

1968. Report of ATB ad hoc editorial evaluation committee, 1967-1968.
Newsletter, Assoc. Trop. Biol. (11): 19-21.

1968. A replacement name for Bothrops lansbergii venezuelensis Roze, 1959
(Viperidae, Serpentes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 81: 319-322,
30 Aug. 1968.

1969. Green Turtle, Chelonia mydas mydas. (Reprinted from Dept. Int. Res.
Publ. 34, 1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 4(1): 27.

1969. Pine Barrens Tree Frog, Hyla andersoni Baird. (Reprinted from Dept.
Int. Res. Publ. 34, 1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 3(3): 23, 1968
(Published 1969).

1969. Vegas Valley Leopard Frog, Rana pipiens fisheri Stejneger. (Reprinted
from Dept. Int. Res. Publ. 34, 1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 3(3):
24, 1968 (Published 1969).

1969. American Crocodile, Crocodylus acutus. (Reprinted from Dept. Int. Res.
Publ. 34, 1967.) Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 4(1): 28.

1969. Computer techniques in systematics: Discussion. Pages 610-613 in
Systematic Biology - Proceedings of an International Conference, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, 1967. National Academy of Sciences, Washington,
D.C.

11

1969. Herpetology in modern China. Copeia, 1969(1): 214-215, 6 Mar. 1969.
1969. Man assaults snake in MNH reptile exhibit. Smithsonian Torch (4): 2,4.

1969. Rare and endangered reptiles and amphibians of the United States.
Pages i, RA-1l - RAU-16 in Rare and endangered fish and wildlife of
the United States. Dept. Int. Res. Publ. 34, 2nd. Ed., 1968
(Published 1969).

1970. A note on the generic names Cyclagras Cope and Lejosophis Jan
(Reptilia: Serpentes). Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 82(67): 847-
850, 5 Feb. 1970.

1970. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part 1. Snakes. Bull. U.S.
Nat. Mus. (297) Part 1, viii + 347 pp. Braulio R. Orejas-Miranda,
junior author.

1970. Catalogue of the Neotropical Squamata: Part 2. Lizards and
Amphisbaenians. Bull. U.S. Nat. Mus. (297) Part 2, viii + 297 pp.
Roberto Donoso-Barros, junior author.

1970. Generic position of the South American snake Tropidodipsas perijanensis.
Copeia, 1970(2): 394-395, 1 Jun. 1970.

1970. Notes on the hemipenis of several taxa in the family Leptotyphlopidae.
Herpetologica 26(3): 320-324, Sept. 1970. Braulio R. Orejas-Miranda,
junior author.

1970. Preparacion y manipulacion de claves sistematicas utilizando computa-
doras de tiempo compartido. Act. IV Congr. Latin. Zool. 1: 181-189.

1971. Career opportunities for the evolutionist. Society for the Study of
Evolution (pamphlet), 4 pp.

1971. A general format for summarizing taxonomic information. BioScience
21(4): 174-181, 186. Larry Morse and Paul Hamel, joint authors.

1971. Further comment on Rana maculata. Bull. Zool. Nomen. 27(3-4): 133,
Dec. 1970 (Published 1971).

1971. Biostatistical programs in BASIC language for time-shared computers:
coordinated with the book "Quantitative Zoology." Smithsonian Contr.
Zool. (69): 1-46, 10 Mar. 1971.

1971. The frog genus Leptodactylus in Ecuador. Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
84(19): 163-170, 30 Jun. 1971. W. Ronald Heyer, senior author.

1971. A new approach in the analysis of biogeographic data. Smithsonian
Contr. Zool. (107): 1-28, 21 Oct. 1971.

12

1971. Index to scientific names. Pages 483-491 in Charles L. Camp,
Classification of the Lizards. Facsimile reprint by the Society
for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, 1971.

1972. The computer and the collection-at-large. Curator 13(4): 263-267,
1970 (Published 1972).

1972. Biostatistical programs in BASIC language for time-shared computers:
coordinated with the book "Quantitative Zoology." Smithsonian Contr.
Zool. (69): 1-46, Revised Edition, 1 Mar. 1972.

1972. Review: Dean Bibliography of Fishes, by James W. Atz. Copeia,
1972(1): 202-203, 8 Mar. 1972.

1972. On the use of cluster analysis in biogeography: a reply. Syst. Zool.
21(2): 242-244, Jun. 1972.

1972. Stability in zoological nomenclature. Science 177: 452-453.
Bruce B. Collette and Daniel M. Cohen, joint authors.

1972. The taxonomic validity of Apostolepis tenuis Ruthven and Apostolepis
vittata (Cope) (Serpentes: Colubridae). Copeia, 1972(3): 588-590,
8 Sept. 1972. Braulio R. Orejas-Miranda, junior author.

1972. Behavioural studies on the green turtle (Chelonia mydas) in the sea.
Anim. Behav. 20(4): 808-812, 4 Nov. 1972. Julie Booth, senior author.

1972. Turtle traffic. International Turtle and Tortoise Society Journal
6(4): 16-19, Aug.- Oct. 1972.

1973. The frog genus Atelopus in Ecuador.(Anura: Bufonidae). Smithsonian
Contr. Zool. (145): 1-49, 20 Jul. 1973.

1973. The time-shared computer as an adjunct to museum exhibits. Museums
Journal 72(4): 143-145, 4 Mar. 1973.

1974. The caecilians of Ecuador. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 50(7): 333-346,
28 Jun. 1974. Edward H. Taylor, senior author.

1974. Serpentes. Pages 559-567 in The New Encyclopaedia Britannica,
Macropaedia, Vol. 16. Encyclopaedia Britannica, Inc.

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Fred Bopy TEMPERATURES
OF
TROPICAL AND TEMPERATE ZONE SALAMANDERS

MARTIN E. FEDER#*, JAMES F. LYNCH+,
H. BRADLEY SHAFFER*, & DAVID B WAKE¢

# Department of Anatomy and
* Committee on Evolutionary Biology
University of Chicago
+ Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies
Smithsonian Institution
¢ Museum of Vertebrate Zoology
University of California, Berkeley

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETQLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NQ. 52

1982

IRD, DIcS

INTRODUCTION

This report presents field body temperatures of salamanders, and
Summarizes previous reports of field body temperatures in the
literature. In it we extend and update a similar survey (Brattstrom,
1963), which has proven’ invaluable in studies of amphibian
thermobiology.

Table 1 presents temperature records for salamanders. Each record
represents a Salamander or series of salamanders measured at the
indicated locality and usually at the same time of day. Also included
when available is information on time of year, locality, elevation,
and microhabitat. Temperatures without literature references were
taken by us. We measured the temperature of the substrate immediately
adjacent to newly discovered salamanders. Bogert (1952) has shown
that substrate temperatures measured in this manner are generally
equivalent to salamander body temperatures. All temperatures of
tropical ambystomatids are for aquatic salamanders and larvae.

In Table 1 we include only those values from the literature that

were gathered with similar techniques. Reports equating salamander
body temperatures with air temperature or weather bureau records are
not included. In most cases we have retained the taxonomic

designation employed by the original source.

Table 2 summarizes annual variation in body temperature that might
be experienced by salamanders in a single population. Because body
temperatures of tropical salamanders vary with elevation (Feder and
Lynch, 1982), we include only species for which winter and summer
records are available at the same elevation. Similarly, we report on
only those temperate species for which winter and summer records are
available for comparable climates.

Table 3 reports maximum and minimum temperatures for each species.
Unlike in Table 2, these temperatures often are not for’ single
populations and may represent extremes of species ranges.

These data are valuable in several respects. In designing
experiments, biophysical modelling, calculation of energy budgets,
etc., it is important to know what temperatures an animal normally

experiences in the field. Also, exceptional species that experience
unusual thermal regimes can be identified only when the ‘'normal'
pattern is known. Furthermore, these data are obviously significant
in understanding the ecological and thermal relations of amphibians;
the data form the basis of an analysis of field body temperatures of
Salamanders (Feder and Lynch, 1982) with this goal in mind. [Values
in Table 1 gathered too late to be incorporated in the above study and
in Tables 2-3 are designated by '***',]

Research was supported by the following: NSF Grant DEB 78-23896,
University of California Chancellor's Patent Fund, The Andrew Mellon
Foundation, and the Louis Block Fund, The University of Chicago (MEF);
Smithsonian Fluid Research Fund (JFL); NSF Grant DEB 78-03008 (DBW).
Collecting permits were provided to D. Wake by Mexican (Direccion
General de la Fauna Silvestre) and Guatemalan (INAFOR) authorities.

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Minimum

Season

Tropical plethodontids:

12.8 0 LV
20.0 0 22.4
11.6 x 19.4
09.0 i 19.4
P20 0 14.4
20.5 0 2025
10.5 0 16.0
16.5 al 16.5
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08.0 0 16.0
05.5 at ee
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02.8 1 23.8
09.0 uf T6:.6
07.8 0 Bie
LQ.2 i 14.0
09.0 1 Lido
08.0 1 1358
17.6 0 21.8
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09.6 0 09.6
ra ae 0 16.9
LoS a 15.0
2.2 0 14.7
06.0 0 10.8
08.0 if 14.0
07.8 0 17.4
19.0 0 19.0
03.0 2 56
08.0 2 13.0
10.6 0 16.0
COee 0 202
he: 0 2252
10.8 0 12.4
10.4 0 ZAenZ
23.20 0 23 30
18.0 0 21.4
LOS2 0 LSS
LOY 0 14.0
Tropical ambystomatids:
1650 a 29.0
14.3 a 2000
18.0 all 2300
16.0 z 18.0
28.0 0 28.0
20.0 L 20.0
Lis8 0 1LB'.0
13.0 E 30.0
PSO. 1 TS)

Minimum and maximum
refers to record for summer;

Maximum Season

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18

records for salamander

refers to record

Species

for winter.

Bolitoglossa compacta

Bolitoglossa dunni
Bolitoglossa engelhardti
Bolitoglossa franklini
Bolitoglossa hartwegi
Bolitoglossa mexicanum
Bolitoglossa morio
Bolitoglossa nigroflavescens
Bolitoglossa occidentalis
Bolitoglossa resplendens
Bolitoglossa rostrata
Bolitoglossa rufescens

Bolitoglossa sub

Chiropterotriton

Chiropterotriton
Chiropterotriton

almata
bromeliacea
chiropterus
chondrostega
dimidiata

species.

Chiropterotriton

Chiropterotriton multidentata

Lineatriton lineola
Parvimolge | townsendi

Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea

altamontana
bellii
brunnata
cochranae
adovil

goebeli
leprosa

nigromaculata

Pseudoeurycea

Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea
Pseudoeurycea

robertsl
smithi

unguidentis

Thorius dubitus
Thorius narisovalis

ennatulus

Thorius pulmonaris
Thorius macdougalli
Thorius troglodytes

Ambystoma amb

lycephalum

Ambystoma dumerilili
Ambystoma flavipiperatum

Ambystoma

ranulosum

Ambystoma lermaensis

Ambystoma mex

1canum

SSS Se
inarium

Ambystoma ord

Ambystoma rosaceum
Ambystoma subsalsum

19

OS il 26.0 0 Ambystoma tigrinum
5.10 1 20.5 0 Ambystoma 'zacapu'
14.0 0 14.0 0 Rhyacosiredon altimirani
10 AL 10 1 Rhyacosiredon rivularis

Temperate plethodontids:

a ail 0 2260 0 Aneides aeneus

GR 0 20.5 0 Aneides ferreus

02.2 i 18.5 0 Aneides flavipunctatus
a) 0) 147.5 0 Aneides hardii

02.0 Al 19.0 0 Aneides lugubris

O22 al ssyeys) 1 Batrachoseps attenuatus
04.0 A 22510 0 Batrachoseps pacificus
06.8 il OWA 1 Batrachoseps nigriventris
08.0 0 08.0 0 Batrachoseps wrighti
01.0 1 22.0 0 Desmognathus fuscus

02.0 1 20.0 0 Desmognathus monticola
02.0 al 20750 0 Desmognathus ochrophaeus
O20 1 200 0 Ensatina eschscholtzii
O10 als 20.0 0 Eurycea bislineata

08.0 al 227.0 0 Eurycea longicauda

08.0 1 A Ades, 0 Eurycea lucifuga

00.0 1 215..0 0 Eurycea multiplicata
26.2 0 ZGnS 0 Eurycea guadridigitatus
12.0 0 E20 0 Gyrinophilus palleucus
05.0 0 16.0 0 Gyrinophilus porphyriticus
le Ne4 1 Drei 0 Hydromantes shastae

=) {0 1 giles) 0 Hydromantes platycephalus
TEL. 6 0 22.8 0 Plethodon caddoensis
03.0 il GRAD 0 Plethodon cinereus

14 0 13.0 0 Plethodon dorsalis

09.2 0 pst (0 0 Plethodon dunni

UPA 0 AWS ek) 0 Plethodon glutinosis

NGL S10, 0 OF 2 0 Plethodon huldae

Weiss 0 20,5 0 Plethodon metcalfi

HORS 0) ibe (0) 0 Plethodon neomexicanus
Siz 0 21.4 0 Plethodon ouchitae

5 .. as 10 ler aa 0 Plethodon welleri

06.0 0 06.0 0 Plethodon vandykei

09.2 0 Ib tess) 0 Plethodon vehiculum

22.0 0 22.0 0 Typhlomolge rathbuni

Temperate non-plethodontids:

07.0 1 e/ i Ambystoma cingulatum

01.0 1 eS 0 Ambystoma jeffersonianum
06.0 al 07.8 Ti Ambystoma platineum

04.0 al 19.0 il Ambystoma talpoideum

03.4 i 25.0 0 Ambystoma macrodactylum
OWS0 al 32,010 0 Ambystoma maculatum

07 20 il 24.0 0) Ambystoma opacum

0255 J): 04.5 1 Ambystoma texanum

02.0 di 265 0 Ambystoma tigrinum

24.0 0 24.0 0 Amphiuma means

09.8 1 28.0 0 Cryptobranchus alleganiensis
09.2 0 62 0 Dicamptodon ensatus

07.8 ah 27.8 0 Notophthalmus viridescens

08.0
05.8
PSPS
08.0
08.0
04.5
09.0
LSS

OrRPRPHPFOOF

26.
O95
16.
26.
26.
18.
26.
VBE

WoPoOdOnO

oOoOOCOCO0O0C00

20

Pseudobranchus striatus
Rhyacotriton olympicus
Salamandra salamandra
Siren intermedia

piren intermedia

Siren lacertina
Taricha granulosa
faricha granulosa
Taricha rivularis
saricna rivularis
Taricha torosa

21

References
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Ambystoma macrodactylum. Herpetologica 24: 29-35.
Anderson, J.D. and R.E. Graham. 1967. Vertical migration and

Stratification of larval Ambystoma. Copeia 1967: 371-374.
Anderson, J.D. and G.K. Williamson. 1976. Terrestrial mode of
reproduction in Ambystoma cingulatum. Herpetologica 32: 214-221.
Anderson, J.D. and R.D. Worthington. 1971. The life history of the
Mexican salamander Ambystoma ordinarium Taylor. Herpetologica 27:
LGS-1 75.

Ashton, R.E. LOTS. A study of movement, home range, and winter
behavior of Desmognathus fuscus (Rafinesque). Js Herpetol. 9:
85-91.

Black, J.H. 1969. A cave dwelling population of Ambystoma tigrinum
mavortium in Oklahoma. J. Herpetol. 3: 183-184.

Bogert, C.M. ils ey Relative abundance, habits, and normal thermal
levels of some Virginia salamanders. Ecology 33: 16-30.

Brattstrom, Batis 1963. A preliminary review of the thermal
requirements of amphibians. Ecology 44:238-255.

Brattstrom, B.H. and J.W. Warren. 1953. On the validity of Taricha
torosa klauberi Wolterstorff. Herpetologica 9: 180-182.

Brode, J.M. 1967. Occurrence of Ambystoma macrodactylum in the
Warner Mountains of northeastern California. Herpetologica 23:
Sio- S16.

Bury) R.B., GM. Fellers; and Si2Bs OoRUEN; 1969. First records of
Plethodon dunni in California, and new distributional data on
Ascaphus truel, Rhyacotriton olympicus, and Hydromantes shastae.
Je Herpetol. 3: 257-162.

Busack, ‘S.D. 1978. Body temperatures and live weights of five
Spanish amphibians and reptiles. J. Herpetol. 12: 256-258.

Coates, M., E. Benedict, and C.L. Stephens. 1970. An unusual
aggregation of the newt Taricha granulosa granulosa. Copeia 1970:
Leo —1L FS .

Cunningham, J.D. 1960. Aspects of the ecology of the Pacific slender
salamander, Batrachoseps pacificus, in southern California.
Ecology 41: 88-99.

Dent, J.N. and J.S. Kirby-Smith. 1963. Metamorphic physiology and
morphology of the cave salamander Gyrinophilus palleucus. Copeia
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Feder, M.E. and J.F. Lynch. 1982. Effects of latitude, season,
elevation, and microhabitat on field body temperatures of tropical
and temperate zone salamanders. Submitted to Ecology.

Fivepetrick, L.€. 1973a. Effect of seasonal temperatures on the
energy budget and metabolic rates of the northern’ two-lined
Salamander, Eurycea bislineata bislineata. Comp. Biochem. Physiol.
45a: 807-818.

Fitzpatrick, L.C. 1973b. Energy allocation in the Allegheny mountain
salamander, Desmognathus ochrophaeus. Ecol. Monogr. 43: 43-58.

22

Gordon, R.E. 1952. A contribution to the life history and ecology of
the plethodontid salamander Aneides aeneus (Cope and Packard).
Amer. Midl. Natur. 47: 666-701.

Gordon, R.E. and R.L. Smith. 1949, Notes on the life history of the
Salamander Aneides aeneus. Copeia 1949: 173-175.

Hardy, L.M. and L.R. Raymond. 1980. The breeding migration of the
mole salamander, Ambystoma talpoideum in Louisiana. J. Herpetol.
4h 32 3,216)

Heath, A.G. 1975. Behavioral thermoregulation in high altitude tiger
salamanders, Ambystoma tigrinum. Herpetologica 31: 84-93.

Hendrickson, J.R. 1954. Ecology and systematics of salamanders of
the genus Batrachoseps. Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 54: 1-46.

Hillis, R.E. and E.D. Bellis. 1971. Some aspects of the ecology of
the hellbender, Cryptobranchus alleganiensis alleganiensis, ina
Pennsylvania stream. J. Herpetol. 5: 121-126.

Hutchison, V.H. 1958. The distribution and ecology of the cave
salamander, Eurycea lucifuga. Ecol. Monogr. 28: 1-20.

Licht, P. and A.G. Brown. 1967. Behavioral thermoregulation and its
role in the ecology of the red-bellied newt Taricha rivularis.
Ecology 48: 598-611. ;

Lynch, J.F. 1974. Ontogenetic and geographic variation in the
morphology and ecology of the black salamander (Aneides
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Mahrdt, C.R. 1975. The occurrence of Ensatina eschscholtzii
eschscholtzii in Baja California, Mexico. J. Herpetol. 9: 240-242.
McClure, H.E. 1943. Salamanders and snow. Ecology 24: 265-266.

Nickerson, M.A. and C.E. Mays. 1973. The Hellbenders: North American
"Giant Salamanders'. Publ. Biol. Geol., Milwaukee Public Museum,

Wisconsin
Nussbaum, R.A. 1969a. A nest site of the olympic’ salamander,
Rhyacotriton olympicus (Gaige). Herpetologica 25: 277-278.
Nussbaum, R.A. 1969b. Nests and eggs of the pacific giant

Salamander, Dicamptodon ensatus (Eschscholtz). Herpetologica 25:
257-262.

Panek, F.M. 1978. A developmental study of Ambystoma jeffersonianum
and A. platineum (Amphibia, Urodela, Ambystomidae). J. Herpetol.
i2: "265-266.

Pough, F.H. Lo73. Natural daily temperature acclimation of eastern
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Pough, F.H. 1976. Acid precipitation and embryonic mortality of
spotted salamanders, Ambystoma maculatum. Science 192: 68-70.

Pough, F.H. and R.E. Wilson. 1970. Natural daily temperature stress,
dehydration, and acclimation in juvenile Ambystoma maculatum (Shaw)
(Amphibia: Caudata). Physiol. Zool. 43: 194-205.

Reagan, D.P. OTe: Ecology and disribution of the Jemez Mountains
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Rosenthal, G.M. 1957. The role of moisture and temperature in the
local distribution of the plethodontid salamander Aneides lugubris.
Unove Calat. Publ. Zool. 54: 371-420.

23

Shealy, R.M. LOTS Factors influencing activity in the salamanders
Desmognathus ochrophaeus and D. monticola (Plethodontidae).
Herpetologica 31: 94-102.

Spots das-0iR. oo WS7 2h Role of temperature and water in the ecology of
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Stebbins, R.C. 1951; Amphibians of western North America. Univ.
Calif. Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

Stebbins, R.C. 1954. Natural history of the salamanders’ of the
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Swan, L.W. 1952’. Some environmental conditions influencing life at
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Taub, F.B. The distribution of the red-backed salamander, Plethodon
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Test, F.H. and B.A. Bingham. 1948. Census of a population of the red-
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Thompson, E.L., J.E. Gates, and G.J. Taylor. 1980. Distribution and
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Ultsch, G.R. 1973. The effects of water hyacinths (Eichhornia
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Vernberg, FJ. WAS bays) Hibernation studies of two species of
Salamanders, Plethodon cinereus cinereus and Eurycea bislineata
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Vial, dob. 1968. The ecology of the tropical salamander,
Bolitoglossa subpalmata, in Costa Rica. Revista de Biologia
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Wake, D.B. and J.F. Lynch. 1976. #=‘The distribution, ecology, and
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Whitford, W.G. and M. Massey. 1970. Responses of a population of
Ambystoma tigrinum to thermal and oxygen gradients. Herpetologica
26s esvi2=3 76.

* >

| i
Yeats Re } x
Wee) words
| ia
‘a

THREE New SPECIES oF REPTILES
FROM
HAINAN ISLAND, GUANGDONG PROVINCE

Translation and Introduction
by
AKIHIRO KOSHIKAWA

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 53

1982

Introduction

According to a handbook titled "Synopsis of Reptiles of China" (1977)!
326 species and subspecies of reptiles are known from China. Comparison of
this figure to that given by Clifford H. Pope in 19352 (218 taxa) indicates
a great advance of herpetofaunal investigation in China, most of which
was carried out by their own people in the latter half of this century. A
series of well-organized herpetofaunal researches has resulted in many
published reports (and still many more seem to await publication); these
include new geographical records and descriptions of new forms. Most of
these herpetological reports appeared in journals such as ACTA ZOOLOGICA
SINICA and ACTA ZOOTAXONOMICA SINICA. Recently a purely herpetological
journal was initiated by Chengdu Institute of Biology (Acta Herpetologica
Sinica) which will be a stepping stone for the further advance of herpetology
in China.

Many herptiles are valuable natural resources in China and their impor-
tance in economics (food, medicine, leather, etc.) is well documented in a
recently published booklet, "Economic Herptiles".° This booklet stresses
the importance of further investigation of distribution and ecology of herp-
tiles to take necessary conservahional measures including captive propagation.
Snakebite is another aspect of herpetology for which a well-edited handbook
is available. This handbook, "Chinese Poisonous Snakes and Treatment of Their
Bites"4 contains many interesting accounts of venomous snakes of China as well
as very unique herbal medication for snakebites. These two areas of para-
herpetology seem to have played an important role in the advancement of their
researches on various aspects of these animals in China.

The following is a translation of one of these reports, mentioned above;
it appeared in the Acta Zoologica Sinica (24(4):379-384 + pl., 1975). Before
presenting the translation, I wish to offer a few comments:

1) The introductory part of the text as well as "types" and "diagnosis" are
directly transcribed from the original English summary with a minor
addition.

2) Terminology used for morphological descriptign is mainly based on
James A. Peters' "Dictionary of Herpetology"’ except the "interoccipitals"
which in this paper is used to describe a group of small scales behind
the parietals and separating the posterior temporals. Peters mentions the
use of this term in saurians and in scolecophidian snakes but not in
colubrid snakes such as Achalinus. The Chinese name for this scale,
Jian zhen ban, however, seems to be seldom used and is not mentioned in
the section on snake lepidosis in "Synopsis of Reptiles of China".

3) Sichuan Biological Research Institute is now called "Chengdu Institute of
Biology, Academia Sinica". This must be the largest center of herpetology
in China.

4) The author of X. hainanensis and D. rosozonatum, Djao, is written as Zhao
(Zhao Ermi) in recent papers.

5) Xenopeltis hainanensis is now known also from Longsheng prefecture (ca.
oo iN, 110°-01°E) of Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Province (=Kwangsi) and
Longquan area (ca. 28° 04'N, 199° 07'E) of Zhejiang Province (=Chekiang).

6)

7)

8)

(Specimens in Guangxi Medical College and Zhejiang Province Museum
respectively. "Synopsis of Reptiles of China", p. 51. Geographical
locations are after Rand McNally International Atlas, 1979.

Dinodon rosozonatum is illustrated by a color photograph and described
in a short text in "Chinese Poisonous Snakes and Treatment of Their
Bites" as a snake which is occasionally misconceived to be poisonous.
The first edition of the book was published in 1974, one year before
the “original description". Description of this snake (page 108 of
the first edition and page 114 of the second edition) is translated

as follows:

Fen Lian She Dinodon rosozonatum Hu et Djao (Color plate 26)

Local name: Huo Jia She

Belongs to the same genus and family as Chi Lian She (=Dinodon
rosozonatum : Red Chain-snake) and Huang Lian She (=D. septentrionalis
: Yellow Chain-snake); Genus Dinodon, subfamily Colubrinae and

Family Colubridae. Nonpoisonous. Distinguished from the latter

two: species in having 19-17(15) dorsal scale rows, 221-234 ventrals
and relatively fewer number 28-33 and 9-13) of pinkish red cross
bands. Found on plains and mountains along streams below 600 meters
above sea level. Presently only known from Hainan Island, where
people consider the snake to be a close relative of Bungarus fasciatus
and poisonous.

In the second edition of the book this snake is described in Chapter 3 which
is written by Hu and Zhao. However, in the first edition, the authors of
each chapter are not credited. I wish to thank Showichi Sengoku who drew
my attention to this fact.

"Chestnut brown" used in the description of Cuora hainanensis is translated
from "zong he se". It is possible that "zong he se" is a little darker
than chestnut brown. I could not find any literature in which this color
is well explained.

The number of taxa of reptiles known from Hainan Island is here given as
108; however, I could count only 104 species and subspecies in the distri-
bution table of "Synopsis of Reptiles of China" (p. 77-93).

I wish to express my sincere gratitude to Mr. Showichi Sengoku of Japan

Wildlife Research Center for his help and encouragement throughout the preparation
of this text.

1)

2)

3)

References

Herpetological Laboratory, Sichuan Biological Research Institute (ed. ).
1977. Zhongguo paxingdongwu xitongjiansuo (Synopsis of Reptiles of China).
Kasuechuban sha, Beijing (In Chinese).

Pope, C.H. 1935. Reptiles of China, Natural History of Central Asia,
vol. 10:1-604. American Museum of Natural History, New York.

Sichuan Biological Research Institute and Natural History Museum of
Shanghai (eds.). 1978. Jiangji liangqipaxingdongwu (Economic Herptiles).
Shanghai kasuejushue bhuban sha, Shanghai (In Chinese).

4)

5)

Chengdu Institute of Biology, Museum of Natural History of Shanghai,
Zhejiang Province Institute of Chinese Medicine et al., (eds.). 1979.
Zhongguodedushe ji sheshangfangzhi (Chinese Poisonous Snakes and Treatment
of Their Bites). Shanghai kasuejushue chuban sha, Shanghai (In Chinese).
(First edition published in 1974 by Shanghai renmin chuban sha.)

Peters, J.A. 1964. Dictionary of Herpetology. Hafner Publishing
Company, New York and London.

Akihiro Koshikawa
December 1980

Three New Species of Reptiles from Hainan Island,
Guangdong Province

Sichuan Biological Research Beijing Institute of Zoology
Institute, Chengdu Academia Sinica

From 1963 to 1964, three herpetological explorations were carried out in
Hainan Island, Guangdong Province. Up to the present, 108 species and subspecies
of reptiles belonging to 61 genera, 18 families and 3 orders have been recorded
from Hainan Island. Among the reptiles recorded in China, only crocodilians,
Anguidae and Xenosauridae of the saurians have so far not been found on this
island. The reptilian fauna of Hainan Island consists mainly of Oriental forms.
Among these, the species which are generally distributed in South China predominate.
Many reptiles are endemic to the island. Zoogeographically, Hainan Island has
been classified as a subregion of the South China Region. Hainan reptiles
comprise one-fifth of the entire Chinese reptile fauna.

In the following, three new species, one new taxonomic revision and three
species new to China are described.

1. Xenopeltis hainanensis Hu et Djao, sp. nov. (Fig. la, b, c)*
(New Chinese Name: Hainan Shan Lin She, Brilliant scaled snake of Hainan)
TYPES: Holotype, an adult male (SBRI No. 641116016; June 15, 1964; Dali
of Diaulo Shan, Hainan, altitude 200 m); allotype, an adult female (SBRI no.
641116650; September 4, 1964; Yacha Matou, Baisa Hsien, Hainan altitude 217 m).
DIAGNOSIS: This new species distinctly differs from Xenopeltis unicolor
Reinwardt, the monotype of the genus Xenopeltis, in having 77-08 maxillary teeth
on each maxilla; one postocular; seven upper labials, the fourth and fifth of
which enter the eye; 152-157 ventrals and 16-18 pairs of subcaudals.
DESCRIPTION: The measurement and scale counts of the two type specimens
are shown in Table 1. Head relatively small, somewhat depressed; snout round
and robust, body cylindrical; tail short, about 1/13 to 1/14 of the total length.
Hemipenis thick and short, with longitudinal sulcuses, no spines. When alive,
back is indigo brown and has metallic luster; two series of white longitudinal
spots between D1 and D3; D1 grayish white with indigo brown base. Underside
of the head light indigo gray or light brown; underside of the body and the tail's
base grayish white; other part of the tail's underside indigo brown.
HABIT: Allotype was collected among grasses, under a basket of young
A plants near a harbor at 0800 hours. It was found when a basket was
moved.
DISCUSSION: For almost 100 years, Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt, which
is widespread in Southeast Asia and also recorded from Yunnan in China, has
been the sole member of the family Xenopeltidae. This species has 35 to 45
maxillary teeth on each maxilla; two postoculars; eight upper labials with the
fourth and fifth entering the eye; 164 to 196 ventrals and 22 to 31 subcaudals.
The new species is sufficiently distinct from the former form.

* Figures are not reproduced herein. Please see original article. (SHIS ed.)

2. Dinodon rosozonatum Hu et Djao, sp. nov. (Fig. 2)

(New Chinese Name: Fen Lian She, Pink Chain-Snake. Lian She (Chain-Snake)
is common name for Dinodon sp.)

TYPES: Holotype, an adult male (SBRI No. 641116089; June 21, 1964; Dali
of Diaulo Shan, Hainan, altitude 200 m ); allotype, an adult female (SBRI No.
641115246; May 11, 1964; Wuzhi Shan, Hainan altitude 540 m); paratypes 3 males
and 5 females (1964-1972, Diaulo Shan, Wuzhi Shan and Haidou, altitude 80-580 m).

DIAGNOSIS: This new species differs from all of the known species of the
genus Dinodon by having the composite characters: 1) dorsal scales in 19-19-
15(17)"rows; the vertebral row distinctly more enlarged than the adjacent scale
rows; 2) more ventrals (221-234); 3) blackish brown above, crossed by 28-35
+ 9-13 narrow pink bands.

DESCRIPTION: Based upon four male and six female specimens of type series.
Each maxilla has 12 to 13 teeth which are divided into three groups by diastemas
with the dental formula of 6(7) + 3 + 3, the first group teeth gradually enlarge,
the middle group smaller and the last group the largest. Loreal single, very
small, entering the eye in one specimen; single preocular, which is absent on
the left side in one specimen; two postoculars; two anterior temporals, excep-
tionally united into one piece; three posterior temporals, exceptionally two;
eight upper labials with 243-3 formula, sometimes 3-2-2 on one side. Dorsal
scales in 19-19-15(17) rows, with weak keels on three to nine middle rows.
Length of the male specimen 850 + 210 mm (holotype) and that of the female
802 + 174 mm (allotype).

When alive, back is blackish brown with 28-35 + 9-13 pink cross bands on
body and tail; each cross band width is equal to one to two dorsal scales, and
each cross band bifurcates at D5 or D6 and reaches ventrals, but those on
posterior part of the tail do not show clear bifurcation, on those cross bands
are more or less scattered blackish brown flecks; on the neck is "A'-shaped
pink marking whose anterior end reaches the parietals and posterior ends reach
the rictuses; upper labials pinkish brown and the seam between them black;
series of intermittent narrow black stripes from the parietal seam and the
temporals to the upper labial edge. Underside of the head whitish with a few
blackish brown spots; the first quarter of the underside of the body grayish
white, the remaining part with blackish brown blotches, underside of the tail
predominantly blackish brown.

HABIT: Found in the hills and on the plain along streams and around rice
paddies at altitudes of less than 850 m. Usually comes out at dusk or at night.
The allotype was captured at 1020 hours in the hole of a large tree trunk about
1.5 m above ground. Her head was seen a few centimeters out of the hole, and
she was captured when baited out by a live frog. This snake was observed to
eat a green pit-viper (Zu Ye Qing = Trimeresurus stejnegeri) which was kept in
the same cage in September, 1972.

NOTE: The Wildlife Retail Department of Haikou City has been supplying
this snake for food. The snake is called "Huo Jia She" (meaning fire-armored
snake) and considered to be a close relative to the banded krait (Bungarus
fasciatus). But it does not have any venom.

3. Achalinus hainanus Huang, sp. nov. (Fig. 3a, b, c)

(New Chinese Name: Hainan Ji She; Vertebral or Back Snake of Hainan.
Ji She (back snake) is common name for Achalinus sp.)

TYPES: Holotype, an adult female (IZAS No. 1076; January 20, 1964; Chien
Fung Ling, Hainan, altitude 800 m); paratype, an adult female (IZAS No. 1016;
January 16, 1964; from the same locality as the holotype).

DIAGNOSIS: This new species is similar to Achalinus rufescens Boulenger,
but differs from the latter in having only one anterior temporal, in the upper
tertiary temporals directly contacting each other mesially without an inter-
occipital, and in having more ventrals (165-168).

DESCRIPTION: Table 2 summarizes measurements and scale counts of the two
type specimens.. The seam between the internasals as long as that between the
prefrontals; parietals long, which anterolaterally enter between the supraocular
and the temporals, and may or may not reach the upper-posterior edge of the eye;
the eye small, the pupil almost circular; the temporals in three rows, 1 + 2
+3, but four posterior temporals on the right side of the holotype. The upper-
most posterior temporals in great contact with the parietals, and are not
separated by the interoccipital; upper labials gradually enlarge from front
to back and the sixth the longest, longer than five anterior scutes combined;
five lower labials with three anterior pairs in contact with the anterior chin
shield, two pairs of chin shields of the same size, almost rectangular in shape;
dorsal scales evenly keeled except smooth Dl scales; the anal single.

In preservative, snout tip and dorsal aspect of the head indigo gray,
temporal region, the edges of the upper and lower labials brownish gray; dorsal
aspects of body and tail lighter than that of the head; belly grayish white,
with the base of each ventral scale darker; entire body has metallic luster.

DISCUSSION: Smith (1923) described Achalinus meridianus based on Hainan
specimen. This was the first record of an Achalinus from the island. Major
characteristics of the species are 2+ 2 temporals, suture between the prefrontals
are twice as long as that of the internasals, 147 ventrals and 77 subcaudals.
Pope (1935) and Bourret (1936) synonymized Hainan Achalinus with A. rufescens.
This new species is distinct from all the known specimens of Achalinus from
Hainan in the number of the anterior temporals and in the absence of inter-
occipitals. These two characters of the present species distinguish it from
all other species of the genus. They have two anterior temporals and inter-
occipitals on the posterior end of the parietals.

4. Cuora hainanensis (Li), new taxonomic position.

Li described Cyclemys flavomarginata hainanensis (Chinese Journal of Zoology,
2(4):234, 1958) which is now considered as a full species and a member of the
genus Cuora. Description of the types is as follows:

TYPES: Holotype, an adult male (FU No. 200; Dali of Diaulo Shan, Hainan,
altitude 200 m); allotype, an adult female (SBRI No. 641116110; June, 1964;

Nanxi of Diaulo Shan, Hainan, altitude 82 m): paratypes 3 males and 4 females
(1963-1964, Diaulo Shan and Chien Fung Ling, Hainan).

DIAGNOSIS: This new species is similar to Cuora flavomarginata (Gray),

but differs from the latter by: 1) snout more pointed, its tip projecting
beyond the upper jaw; 2) the margin of the upper jaw straight, without hook;
3) hinder part of the head covered with small scales; 4) anterior three vertebral
(= central) shields projecting medially in front and with a medial notch behind;
5) anal shield single, without any rudiment of median suture; and 6) a different
color pattern.

DESCRIPTION: Size of the nine type specimens are listed in Table 3.

Carapace relatively high, vertebral ridge on the midline; no distinct emargination
in front and back, slight outward curvature of the carapacial edge in front and
back,no serration of margin. Nuchal very small; vertebrals as broad and long,
each narrower than its adjacent pleurals, anterior three vertebrals projecting

medially in front, two anterior vertebrals have notches behind.* Each carapa-
cial shield has indistinct concentric pattern. Plastron relatively wide and
flat, front and hind edges round and not emarginated, connected to the carapace
by ligaments, ligament between pectoral and abdominal, front and hind halves
can close to the carapace; no distinct bridges, no axillary nor inguinal;
abdominal seam longest, humeral seam shortest; anal single without any seam nor
rudiment of it. Head moderate, snout obtusely pointed, slightly projecting
beyond the upper beak; top of the head smooth, occipital region with small
scales; orbit as long as snout; upper beak edge smooth, not notched nor hooked,
lower beak slightly shorter than the upper beak. Limbs moderate, covered with
relatively large imbricate scales, the largest scales on the back of the fore-
limb, upper arm and-heel covered with few large scales; five claws on forelimb
and four claws on the hindlimb, fingers and toes half-webbed. Tail relatively
short, long-conical in shape and covered with hard scales.

When alive, back light yellow, middle (vertebrals and adjacent part of
pleurals) and edges (cervical, dorsal surface of marginals, and postcentrals)
chestnut brown; light yellow area has brushed stripes or spots or chestnut brown,
chestnut brown area, on the other hand, has few light yellow stripes, the midline
on the vertical keel is also light yellow. Ventral surface of marginals is a
mixture of chestnut brown and light yellow. Plastron chestnut brown with few
irregularly scattered light yellow spots. Top of the head olive, chestnut
brown spots on snout, occipital part, cheeks and upper beak, light yellow tympanic
membrane, lower beak and throat grayish white. Neck light yellow with blackish
brown bands on the outer side; hindlimbs grayish brown on the back and light
yellow below. Tail light yellow with blackish brown blotches.

HABIT: Found at mountain streams, this turtle's habitat is completely
different from that of Cuora flavomarginata which is mainly found along pond
banks or in rice paddies.

5. Acanthosaura armata armata (Hardwicke et Gray) (Agamidae)
Newly recorded from China.
One male, January 20, 1964, Chien Fung Ling, Hainan, altitude 750-850 m.
Postocular spiny scales and beard like spiny scales on the throat are
relatively long, as long as the eye's diameter.

6. Calotes microlepis Boulenger (Agamidae)

Newly recorded from China.

Two males and one female, April 30, 1963 to January 17, 1964, Wushi Shan,
580 m, and Chien Fung Ling, 750 m, Hainan.

Keels on the scales on the side of the body are directed posteroventrally,
no shoulder fold, hindlimb reaches shoulder when adpressed against the body,
60 to 70 scale rows around the midbody.

7. Bungarus niger Wall (Elapidae)

Newly recorded from China.

One female, October 12, 1964, bought at Haikou City's Wildlife Retail
Department.

* Translator's Note: This account on the notches of vertebral shields disagrees
with that of DIAGNOSIS which says the three anterior vertebrals have notches
behind. However, it is almost certain that the third vertebral does not have
any notch behind because medial projection of the fourth vertebral is not
mentioned in the DIAGNOSIS nor the DESCRIPTION.

Back blackish brown, belly white, interrupted series of black and white
blotches on the side. Total length 1320 mm, tail length 154 mm. 215 ventrals

and 50 subcaudals.

Literature Cited

Li, Zhi Yuan 1958. Report on the investigation of reptiles of Hainan
Island. Chinese J. Zool. 2(4):234-239.

Mahendra, B.C. 1938. The lepidosis of Xenopeltis unicolor Reinwardt.
Current Sci. 6(11):559-560.

Pope, C.H. 1935. The reptiles of China. Nat. Hist. Central Asia
10: 1-604.

Schmidt, K.P. 1927. The reptiles of Hainan. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.
54(3): 395-465. |

Smith, M.A. 1923. On a collection of reptiles and batrachians from the
Island of Hainan. J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 6(2):195-212.

alatetetetetatateteted 1931-1943. Reptiles and amphibians. Vols. 1-3, In Fauna
of British India. London.

Taylor, E.H. 1934. Notes on two collections of Hainan reptiles and
amphibians. Lingnan Sci. J. 13:465-474.

Translator's Note:

This scientific article follows the current Chinese policy

of crediting authorship to the institutions where the research was performed.
However, to comply with standard nomenclatural practice, new scientific names
are credited to individual scientists.

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Table 1 e

Achalinus hainanus

Table ya

Cuora hainanensis

Xenopéltis hainanensis

‘a A CHeck List OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES oF ECUADOR
WITH
A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF ECUADORIAN HERPETOLOGY

KENNETH MIYATA

Museum of Comparative Zoology
Harvard University

(present address)
National Museum of Natural History
Smithsonian Institution

SMITHSONTAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 54 \

1982

ECUADOR CHECKLIST pe ol

INTRODUCTION

There has been a renewed interest in the herpetology of Ecuador
over the past twenty years, initiated largely through the efforts of
the late Dr. James A. Peters. During this period large collections of
Ecuadorian material have been made by a number of workers and this
material is now deposited in North American collections, notably the
University of Kansas Museum of Natural History, the United States
National Museum of Natural History, and the Museum of Comparative Zoo-
logy. These collections have shown that the Ecuadorian herpetofauna is
exceptionally rich, and until now a complete checklist has not’ been
available.

As is the case with any checklist, this is very much a _ work-in-
progress. Of the 682 taxa recorded herein from Ecuador, 136 have been
described since 1970, and I am aware of many more species awaiting
description. There is no shortage of basic exploratory work yet to be
done. Although most of the major habitats and regions have been sam-
pled, there still remain large blank areas on collecting maps that will
no doubt turn up many surprises. I have made efforts to check out
Suspicious literature records, but in some cases species may be
included on this list due to either misidentifications or _ incorrect
locality data.

I chose not to include information on distribution in this list
for two reasons. The distributions of many species are poorly known,
and many species appear to have extremely restricted ranges. A
simplified notation of distribution would be misleading because it
would imply that distributions are well known even when they are not.
Also, many of the older records, both in the literature and in col-
lections, are suspect, and if these taxa are not well represented in
recent collections it is not possible to make realistic estimations of
distribution. I have made every effort to eliminate these, but some _ no
doubt remain. Field work in Ecuador has characteristically been
exploratory, and only a few localities have been sampled adequately.
More faunal work concentrating on specific areas is needed, and this
work is probably best done by resident naturalists.

The bibliography is a current (to March 1982) and fairly compre-
hensive guide to the systematic literature on the Ecuadorian herpeto-
fauna. It contains all references. to original descriptions of
Ecuadorian taxa, as well as ecological and systematic papers that
mention Ecuadorian specimens. This latter coverage is incomplete, but I
believe that the bibliography includes most references likely to be use-
ful to any student of the Ecuadorian herpetofauna. I relied heavily on
Vanzolini's bibliography of South American reptiles (1978) for locating
references on reptiles, and his comments on many of the older papers
should be consulted before any great effort is made to locate obscure
papers.

I hope that publication of this list and bibliography will stimu-
late interest in the enormously diverse Ecuadorian herpetofauna. In
Many respects Ecuador is a microcosm of tropical South America, and
students of amphibian and reptile biology are sure to find much of
interest there.

ECUADOR CHECKLIST Den

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Drafts of this checklist were read by Ronald I. Crombie, William
E. Duellman, W. Ronald Heyer, John D. Lynch, Roy W. McDiarmid, and
Ernest E. Williams. I am grateful for their comments, which helped
bring many names up to date and added several additional species to the
list. I also thank the many sources of funding for the field work in
Ecuador that was the impetus for creating this list: Earthwatch and the
Center for Field Studies in Belmont, Massachusetts, the Barbour Fund of
the Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, the Richmond and
Anderson Funds of the Department of Biology, Harvard University, and
the Museu de Zoologia of the Universidade de Sao Paulo. Gabrielle
Dundon and the Friends Public Programs of the MCZ allowed me the use of
their printer for typing the manuscript.

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

AMPHIBIA
ANURA
BU FON IDAE

Atelopus arthuri Peters 1973

A. balios Peters 1973

A. bomolochos Peters 1973

A. boulengeri Peracca 1904

A. coynei Miyata 1980a

A. elegans (Boulenger 1882a)

A. halihelos Peters 1973

A. ignescens (Cornalia 1849)

A. longirostris Cope 1868

A. lynchi Cannatella 1981

A. mindoensis Peters 1973

A. nepiozomus Peters 1973

A. pachydermus (0. Schmidt 1857)

A. palmatus Andersson 1945

A. planispinus Jiménez de la Espada 1875
A. pulcher pulcher (Boulenger 1882a)

Bufo blombergi Myers and Funkhouser 1951
B. caeruleocellatusFowler 1913

B. caeruleostictus Giinther 1859d

Bie ceratophrys Boulenger 1882a

B. chanchanensis Fowler 1913

B. coniferus Cope 1862a

B. dapsilis Myers and Carvalho 1945

B. glaberrimus Giinther 1868

B. haematiticus Cope 1862a

B. marinus (Linnaeus 1758)

B. spinulosus Wiegmann 1835

B. typhonius (Linnaeus 1758)
Dendrophryniscus minutus Melin 1941
Osornophryne bufoniformis (Peracca 1904)
Rhamphophryne festae (Peracca 1904)

CENTROLEN [DAE

Centrolene geckoideum Jiménez de la Espada 1872
Centrolenella anomala Lynch and Duellman 1973

Cc. audax Lynch and Duellman 1973

C. balionota Duellman 1981

Gi. buckleyi (Boulenger 1882a)

(he cochranae (Goin 196la)

Cc. flavopunctata Lynch and Duellman 1973
oe fleischmanni (Boettger 1893)

C. grandisonae Cochran and Goin 1970

Ca griffithsi (Goin 196la)

Cc. heloderma Duellman 1981

ECUADOR CHECKLIST P-

Centrolenella lynchi Duellman 1980

Cc. medemi Cochran and Goin 1970
Cc. megacheira Lynch and Duellman 1973
C. midas Lynch and Duellman 1973
C. munozorum Lynch and Duellman 1973
C. ocellifera (Boulenger 1899c)
C. pellucida Lynch and Duellman 1973
Ge peristicta Lynch and Duellman 1973
Cc. pipilata Lynch and Duellman 1973
Ge prosoblepon (Boettger 1892)
Cc. resplendens Lynch and Duellman 1973
Ge siren Lynch and Duellman 1973
Cre spiculata Duellman 1976
Cc. spinosa Taylor 1949
C. valerioi (Dunn 1931)

DENDROBATIDAE

Colostethus anthracinus Edwards 1971

(Ge bocagei (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
Ge brunneus (Cope 1887)

Gre elachyhistus Edwards 1971

C. fuliginosus (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
Ge infraguttatus (Boulenger 1898a)

Cr. intermedius (Andersson 1945)

Gre kingsburyi (Boulenger 1918)

Ge latinasus (Cope 1863)

Ge marchesianus (Melin 1941)

(Ge pratti (Boulenger 1899a)

cr. pulchellus (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
Cc. sauli Edwards 1974

Cy taeniatus (Andersson 1945)

Ge vertebralis (Boulenger 1899b)

Gre whymperi (Boulenger 1882a)
Dendrobates abditus Myers and Daly 1976a

De anthonyi (Noble 1921)

D. boulengeri (Barbour 1909)

De erythromos Vigle and Miyata 1980

Die espinosai (Funkhouser 1956)

D. femoralis (Boulenger 1883a)

D. histrionicus (Berthold 1846a)

D. parvulus Boulenger 1882a

D. pictus (Bibron in Tschudi 1838)

D. quinquevittatus Steindachner 1864
Dis tricolor (Boulenger 1899b)

Die trivittatus (Spix 1824a)

D. zaparo (Silverstone 1976)

ECUADOR CHECKLIST P-

HYLIDAE

Agalychnis calcarifer Boulenger 1902b

A. craspedopus (Funkhouser 1957)
A. litodryas (Duellman and Trueb 1967)
A. spurrelli (Boulenger 1912)

Amphignathodon guentheri Boulenger 1882a
Gastrotheca angustifrons (Boulenger 1898a)

G. cavia Duellman 1974a

G. cornuta (Boulenger 1898a)

G. humbertoi Lutz 1977

G. lojana Parker 1932

G. longipes (Boulenger 1882a)

G. monticola Barbour and Noble 1920

G. orophylax Duellman and Pyles 1980

G. plumbea (Boulenger 1882a)

G. psychrophila Duellman 1974a

G. riobambae (Fowler 1913)

G. testudinea (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
G. weinlandii (Steindachner 1892)
Hemiphractus bubalus (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
H. fasciatus Peters 1862b

H. johnsoni (Noble 1917)

H. proboscideus (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
H. scutatus (Spix 1824a)

Hyla alboguttata Boulenger 1882a

H. albopunctulata Boulenger 1882a
H. alytolylax Duellman 1972b

H. bifurca Andersson 1945

He boans (Linnaeus 1758)

H. bokermanni Goin 1960

H. brevifrons Duellman and Crump 1974
H. calcarata Troschel 1848

H. carnifex Duellman 1969b

Hie columbiana Boettger 1892

H. crepitans Wied-Neuwied 1824

H. fasciata Giinther 1859a

H. favosa Cope 1885

H. geographica Spix 1824a

H. granosa Boulenger 1882a

H. gryllata Duellman 1973a

H. lanciformis lanciformis (Cope 187la)
H. larinopygion Duellman 1973a

H. leucophyllata (Beireis 1783)
H. lindae Duellman and Altig 1978
H. marmorata (Laurenti 1768)

H. minuta Peters 1872a

H. parviceps Boulenger 1882a

H. pellucens Werner 1901

Ha phyllognatha Melin 1941]

H. picturata Boulenger 1882a

ECUADOR CHECKLIST Pp.

Hyla punctata Schneider 1799

H. rhodopepla Giinther 1859a

H. riveroi Cochran and Goin 1970
H. rosenbergi Boulenger 1898a

H. rossalleni Goin 1957

H. sarayacuensis Shreve 1935

His torrenticola Duellman and Altig 1978
ile triangulum Giinther 1869

isle tuberculosa Boulenger 1882a

Nyctimantis rugiceps Boulenger 1882a
Ololygon cruentomma (Duellman 1972a)

0. funerea (Cope 1874)

0. garbei (Miranda-Ribeiro 1924)
0. quinquefasciata (Fowler 1913)
0. rubra (Daudin 1802)

O. sugillata (Duellman 1973a)
Osteocephalus buckleyi (Boulenger 1882a)
O. leprieurii (Duméril and Bibron 1841)
O. taurinus Steindachner 1862
O. verrucigerus (Werner 1901)
Phrynohyas coriacea (Peters 1867)

P. venulosa (Laurenti 1768)
Phyllomedusa buckleyi (Boulenger 1882a)
Bis palliata Peters 1872b

Pie perinesos Duellman 1973a

ie tarsius (Cope 1868)

Be tomopterna (Cope 1868)

(oe vaillanti Boulenger 1882a

Smilisca phaeota (Cope 1862a)

Sphaenorhynchus carneus (Cope 1868)

Sie dorisae (Goin 1957)

S. eurhostus Rivero 1969
Trachycephalus jordani (Stejneger and Test 1891)

LEPTODACTYLIDAE

Adenomera andreae (Muller 1923)

A. hylaedactyla (Cope 1868)

Barycholos pulcher (Boulenger 1898a)
Ceratophrys cornuta (Linnaeus 1758)

Cc. stolzmanni scaphiopeza Peters 1967a
Edalorhina perezi Jiménez de la Espada 1871
Eleutherodactylus achatinus (Boulenger 1898a)

Es acerus Lynch and Duellman 1980

E. actites Lynch 1979b

Ee acuminatus Shreve 1935

E. altamzonicus Barbour and Dunn 1921
ie anomalus (Boulenger 1898a)

E. appendiculatus (Werner 1894b)

E. atratus Lynch 1979a

E. balionotus Lynch 1979a

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

Eleutherodactylus

baryecuus Lynch 1979a

buckleyi (Boulenger 1882a)
cajamarcensis Barbour and Noble 1920
calcarulatus Lynch 1976a

caprifer Lynch 1977

carvalhoi Lutz in Lutz and Kloss 1952
celator Lynch 1976a

cerastes Lynch 1975c

chalceus (Peters 1873)

chloronotus Lynch 1969a
colodactylus Lynch 1979a

condor Lynch and Duellman 1980
conspicillatus (Giinther 1858)
cornutus (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
cremnobates Lynch and Duellman 1980
crenunguis Lynch 1976a
croceoinguinus Lynch 1968a

crucifer (Boulenger 1899b)

cruentus (Peters 1873)

cryophilus Lynch 1979a

cryptomelas Lynch 1979a

curtipes (Boulenger 1882a)

devillei (Boulenger 1880)
diadematus (Jiménez de la Espada 1875)
diastema (Cope 1876a)

dolops Lynch and Duellman 1980
duellmani Lynch 1980c

elassodiscus Lynch 1973b

eriphus Lynch and Duellman 1980
galdi (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
gladiator Lynch 1976c

glandulosus (Boulenger 1880)
gularis (Boulenger 1898a)

helonotus (Lynch 1975c)

ignicolor Lynch and Duellman 1980
incanus Lynch and Duellman 1980
incomptus Lynch and Duellman 1980
inusitatus Lynch and Duellman 1980
lacrimosus (Jiménez de la Espada 1871)
lanthanites Lynch 1975a

latidiscus (Boulenger 1898a)

leoni Lynch 1976c

leucopus Lynch 1976d

lividus Lynch and Duellman 1980
longirostris (Boulenger 1898a)
loustes Lynch 1979c

luteolateralis Lynch 1976c

lymani Barbour and Noble 1920
malkini Lynch 1980b

martiae Lynch 1974c

modipeplus Lynch 1981

muricatus Lynch and Miyata 1980

ECUADOR CHECKLIST P-

Eleutherodactylus necerus Lynch 1975c

E. nigrogriseus (Andersson 1945)

E. nigrovittatus Andersson 1945

E. nyctophylax Lynch 1976a

E. ockendeni (Boulenger 1912a)

E. ocreatus Lynch 1981

E. orcesi Lynch 1972

E. orestes Lynch 1979a

E. ornatissimus (Despax 19llc)

E. orphnolaimus Lynch 1970

E. parvillus Lynch 1976a

Fire pastazensis Andersson 1945

E. paululus Lynch 1974c

E’ percultus Lynch 1979a

Ene peruvianus (Melin 1941)

Els petersi Lynch and Duellman 1980
ie phoxocephalus Lynch 1979a

E. prolatus Lynch and Duellman 1980
Ms proserpens Lynch 1979a

its pseudoacuminatus Shreve 1935

Eis pugnax Lynch 1973b

jes pycnodermis Lynch 1979a

E. pyrrhomerus Lynch 1979a

E. quaquaversus Lynch 1974c

E. quinquagesimus Lynch and Trueb 1980
Es riveti (Despax 19llc)

ifr roseus (Boulenger 1902b)

ie rubicundus (Jiménez de la Espada 1875)
E. ruidus Lynch 1979a

ER sobetes Lynch 1980c

E. spinosus Lynch 1979a

E. subsigillatus (Boulenger 1902b)
Er sulcatus (Cope 1874)

Ens supernatis Lynch 1980a

E. surdus (Boulenger 1882a)

E. taeniatus (Boulenger 1912a)

E. tenebrionis Lynch and Miyata 1980
E. thymalopsoides Lynch 1976a

E. thymelensis Lynch 1972

Dc trachyblepharis (Boulenger 1918)
E. trepidotus Lynch 1968b

(Df unistrigatus (Giinther 1859d)

ide variabilis Lynch 1968a

E. ventrimarmoratus (Boulenger 1912a)
E. versicolor Lynch 1979a

E. vertebralis (Boulenger 1886)

E. vidua Lynch 1979a

Ee walkeri Lynch 1974b

E. w-nigrum (Boettger 1892)
Ischnocnema quixensis (Jiménez de la Espada 1872)
is simmonsi Lynch 1974a

Leptodactylus amazonicus Heyer 1978

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

Leptodactylus knudseni Heyer 1972

L. labrosus Jiménez de la Espada 1875
De melanonotus (Hallowell 1861)

L. pentadactylus Laurenti 1768

Lie rhodomystax Boulenger 1883

le stenodema Jiménez de la Espada 1875
Lee ventrimaculatus Boulenger 1882a

Le wagneri (Peters 1862c)

Lithodytes lineatus (Schneider 1799)

Phrynopus brunneus Lynch 1975b

Pr flavomaculatus (Parker 1938)

ioe peraccai Lynch 1975b

Phyllonastes lochites (Lynch 1976b)

Physalaemus petersi (Jiménez de la Espada 1872)

P. pustulatus (Shreve 1941)

Telmatobius cirrhacelis Trueb 1979

Te niger Barbour and Noble 1920

Tis vellardi Munstermann and Leviton 1959

Vanzolinius discodactylus (Boulenger 1883)

MICROHYLIDAE

Chiasmocleis anatipes Walker and Duellman 1974
Cs bassleri Dunn 1949

Gr ventrimaculata (Andersson 1945)
Ctenophryne geayi Mocquard 1904

Glossostoma aequatoriale (Peracca 1904)

G. aterrimum Ginther 1901
Hamptophryne boliviana (Parker 1927)
Synapturanus rabus Pyburn 1976

Syncope antenori Walker 1973

PIPIDAE

Pipa pipa (Linnaeus 1758)

RAN IDAE

Rana palmipes Spix 1824a

Aa

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

CAUDATA
PLETHODONTIDAE

Bolitoglossa altamazonica (Cope 1874)

B. chica Brame and Wake 1963
B. ecuatoriana Brame and Wake 1972
B. palmata (Werner 1897)
B. sima (Vaillant 1911)
APODA
CAECILIIDAE

Caecilia abitaguae Dunn 1942

Gr albiventris Daudin 1802
Cc. attenuata Taylor 1968

Cc. bokermanni Taylor 1968

(Gio crassisquama Taylor 1968
C. disossea Taylor 1968

C. dunni Hershkovitz 1938

Cc. nigricans Boulenger 1902b
Cr. orientalis Taylor 1968

C. pachynema Giinther 1859d
C. subterminalis Taylor 1968
Cc. tentaculata Linnaeus 1758
Cr tenuissima Taylor 1973

Microcaecilia albiceps (Boulenger 1882b)
Oscaecilia bassleri (Dunn 1942)

O. equatorialis Taylor 1973
Siphonops annulatus (Mikan 1820)

ICHTHYOPHIIDAE

Epicrionops bicolor Boulenger 1883b

E. marmoratus Taylor 1968
Ee petersi petersi Taylor 1968
TYPHLONECTIDAE

Potomotyphlus kaupii (Berthold 1859)

P-

10

ECUADOR CHECKLIST Dist aul

REPTILES

CHELONIA
CHELIDAE
Chelus fimbriatus (Schneider 1783)
Phrynops geoffroanus tuberculosa (Peters 1870)
Pi gibbus (Schweigger 1812)
P. nasutus(Schweigger 1812)
Platemys platycephala (Schneider 1792)
CHE LY DRIDAE

Chelydra serpentina acutirostris Peters 1862d

EMYD IDAE

Rhinoclemmys annulata (Gray 1860)

Ree nasuta (Boulenger 1902b)
R. punctularia melanosterna (Gray 1861)
K INOSTERN IDAE

Kinosternon scorpioides scorpioides (Linnaeus 1758)
K. spurrelli Boulenger 1913b
PE LOMEDUSIDAE
Podocnemis expansa (Schweigger 1812)
is unifilis Troschel 1848
TESTUD INIDAE

Geochelone denticulata (Linnaeus 1758)

CROCODYLIA
ALLIGATORIDAE

Caiman crocodilus crocodilus (Linnaeus 1758)
Melanosuchus niger (Spix 1825)

Paleosuchus palpebrosus (Cuvier 1807)

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

Paleosuchus trigonatus (Schneider 1801)

CROCODYLIDAE

Crocodylus acutus Cuvier 1807

SAURIA
ANGUIDAE

Diploglossus monotropis (Kuhl 1820)

GEKKON IDAE

Gonatodes caudiscutatus (Giinther 1859d)

G. concinnatus (O'Shaughnessy 1881)

G. humeralis (Guichenot 1855)

Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnes 1818)
Lepidodactylus lugubris (Duméril and Bibron 1836)
Lepidoblepharis buchwaldi Werner 1910

Ne festae festae Peracca 1897
Le intermedius Boulenger 1914
L. ruthveni Parker 1926
Phyllodactylus inaequalis Cope 1876b

Be pumilus Dixon and Huey 1970
(Be reissii Peters 1862d

Pseudogonatodes guianensis Parker 1935
Sphaerodactylus scapularis Boulenger 1902b
Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttuyn 1782)

IGUANIDAE

Anolis aequatorialis Werner 1894a

A. binotatus Peters 1863a

A. biporcatus parvauritus Williams 1966
A. bitectus Cope 1864

A. bombiceps Cope 1876b

A. chloris Boulenger 1898a

A. chocorum Williams and Duellman 1967
A. chrysolepis scypheus Cope 1864

A. fasciatus Boulenger 1885

A. festae Peracca 1904

A. fraseri Ginther 1859d

A. fuscoauratus fuscoauratus D'Orbigny 1837
A. gemmosus O'Shaughnessy 1875

A. gracilipes Boulenger 1898a

A. granuliceps Boulenger 1898a

12

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

Anolis maculiventris Boulenger 1898a

A. nigrolineatus Williams 1965

A. ortonii Cope 1868

A. parilis Williams 1975

A. peraccae Boulenger 1898a

A. princeps Boulenger 1898a

A. proboscis Peters and Orces-V. 1956

A. punctatus boulengeri O'Shaughnessy 1881

A. trachyderma Cope 1876b

A. transversalis Duméril in Duméril and Duméril 1851
Basiliscus basiliscus basiliscus (Linnaeus 1758)

Be galeritus Duméril in Duméril and Duméril 1851
Enyalioides cofanorum Duellman 1973b

E. heterolepis (Bocourt 1874)

Es laticeps laticeps (Guichenot 1855)

E. We festae Peracca 1897

Es microlepis (O'Shaughnessy 1881)

Ete oshaughnessyi (Boulenger 1881)

E. praestabilis (O'Shaughnessy 1881)

Iguana iguana iguana (Linnaeus 1758)
Morunasaurus annularis (O'Shaughnessy 1881)
Ophryoessoides aculeatus angulifer Werner 1901
0. erythrogaster Hallowell 1857

O. iridescens (Giinther 1859d)
Phenacosaurus orcesi Lazell 1969

Plica plica (Linnaeus 1758)

P. umbra ochrocollaris (Spix 1859c)
Polychrus femoralis Werner 1910

P. gutturosus gutturosus Berthold 1846
Lie g. spurrellii Boulenger 1914
Ey Marmoratus (Linnaeus 1758)
Stenocercus carrioni Parker 1934a

Sis festae (Peracca 1897)

Se guentheri (Boulenger 1885)

Sic haenschi (Werner 1901)

Sic humeralis (Giinther 1859b)

Sie ornatus (Gray 1845)

Se thodomelas (Boulenger 1899b)

She simonsii Boulenger 1899b

Se varius Boulenger 1885

Tropidurus occipitalis occipitalis Peters 1871b
it peruvianus peruvianus (Lesson 1830)

Uracentron flaviceps (Guichenot 1855)

TE TL LDAE

Alopoglossus atriventris Duellman 1973b
A. buckleyi (O'Shaughnessy 1881)
A. carinicaudatus (Cope 1876b)

1 aN copii Boulenger 1885

ECUADOR CHECKLIST p. 14

Alopoglossus festae Peracca 1904
Ameiva ameiva petersii Cope 1868

A. bridgesii (Cope 1869)

A. edrecantha Bocourt 1874

A. orcesi Peters 1964b

A. septemlineata Duméril and Duméril 1851
Anadia petersi Oftedal 1974

A. rhombifera (Giinther 1859d)

Arthrosaura reticulata (O'Shaughnessy 1881)
Bachia trisanale trisanale (Cope 1868)
Callopistes flavipunctatus (Duméril and Bibron 1839)
Dicrodon guttulatum Duméril and Bibron 1839
Dracaena guianensis Daudin 1802

Echinosaura horrida horrida Boulenger 1890
Euspondylus guentheri (O'Shaughnessy 1881)
E. maculatus Tschudi 1845

E. ocellifer (Werner 1901)

Iphisa elegans elegans Gray 1851

Kentropyx altamazonicus Cope 1876b

K. calcaratus Spix 1825

K. pelviceps Cope 1876b

Leposoma parietale (Cope 1885)

Neusticurus cochranae Burt and Burt 1931

N. ecpleopus Cope 1876b

N. strangulatus strangulatus (Cope 1868)
Pholidobolus affinis (Peters 1862a)

[PE annectens (Parker 1930)

Pe macbrydei Montanucci 1973

P. montium (Peters 1862a)

P. prefrontalis Montancucci 1973
Prionodactylus argulus (Peters 1862a)

P. dicrus Uzzell 1973

ine manicatus manicatus (O'Shaughnessy 1881)
Pe vertebralis (O'Shaughnessy 1879)
Proctoporus columbianus Andersson 1914

Pr hypostictus Boulenger 1912b

(P. meleagris Boulenger 1885

P. oculatus (O'Shaughnessy 1879)

ie simoterus (O'Shaughnessy 1879)

P. unicolor (Gray 1858)

Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis Boulenger 1912b

P. picticeps (Cope 1885)

Teuchocercus keyi Fritts and Smith 1969a
Tupinambis teguixin (Linnaeus 1758)

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

AMPHISBAENIA
AMPHISBAENIDAE
Amphisbaena fuliginosa bassleri Vanzolini 1951
A. ae varia Laurenti 1768
SERPENTES
ANOMALEP IDIDAE
Anomalepis flavapices Peters 1957
Liotyphlops petersi (Boulenger 1889)
ANILIIDAE

Anilius scytale scytale (Linnaeus 1758)

BOIDAE

Boa constrictor constrictor Linnaeus 1758

Bie Cie imperator Daudin 1803a

Corallus annulatus blombergi (Rendahl and Vestergren 1941)
Cc. a. colombianus (Rendahl and Vestergren 1941)
G. caninus (Linnaeus 1758)

Gs enydris enydris (Linnaeus 1758)

Epicrates cenchria cenchria (Linnaeus 1758)
Eunectes murinus murinus (Linnaeus 1758)

COLUBRIDAE

Atractus badius (Boie 1827)

A. bocourti Boulenger 1894a
A. carrioni Parker 1930b

A. collaris Peracca 1897

A. dunni Savage 1955

A. ecuadorensis Savage 1955
A. elaps (Gunther 1858)

A. gaigei Savage 1955

AG lehmanni (Boettger 1898)
A. major Boulenger 1894a

A. microrhynchus (Cope 1868)
A. modestus Boulenger 1894a
A. multicinctus (Jan in Jan and Sordelli 1865)
A. occidentalis Savage 1955
A. occipitoalbus (Jan 1862)

A. paucidens Despax 1910

ECUADOR CHECKLIST p-

Atractus resplendens Werner 1901

A. roulei Despax 1910

Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus 1758)

Ge flavopictus (Werner 1909)

CG. fuscus (Linnaeus 1758)

C. grandisquamis (Peters 1868)

C. multiventris Schmidt and Walker 1943
Ge schleuteri (Werner 1899)

Cc. scurrulus (Wagler in Spix 1824b)

Ge vicinus (Boulenger 1915)

Clelia clelia clelia (Daudin 1803b)

(Ge equatoriana (Amaral 1924)

Coniophanes dromiciformis (Peters 1863b)

Cs fissidens fissidens (Giinther 1858)
Dendrophidion bivittatus (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854)
Dg brunneus (Giinther 1858)

D. dendrophis (Schlegel 1837)

Diaphoralepis wagneri Jan 1863
Dipsas catesbyi (Sentzen 1796)

Dic elegans (Boulenger 1896a)

D. gracilis (Boulenger 1902b)

Dre indica indica Laurenti 1768

Die ve ecuadorensis Peters 1960a
D. latifasciata (Boulenger 1913a)
D. latifrontalis (Boulenger 1905)
D. oreas (Cope 1868)

D. pavonina Schegel 1837

Dis temporalis (Werner 1901)

D's variegata variegata (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854)
D. Whe nicholsi (Dunn 1933)
De vermiculata Peters 1960a

Drepanoides anomalus (Jan 1863)

Drymarchon corais corais (Boie 1827)

Dee C. melanurus (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854)
Drymobius rhombifer (Giinther 1860)

Drymoluber dichrous (Peters 1863b)

Emmochliophis fugleri Fritts and Smith 1969b

Erythrolamprus aesculapii aesculapii (Linnaeus 1758)

E. guentheri Garman 1883

E. mimus mimus (Cope 1868)

Ev m. micrurus Dunn and Bailey 1939
Helicops angulatus (Linnaeus 1758)

H. pastazae Shreve 1934

He petersi Rossman 1976

Imantodes cenchoa cenchoa (Linnaeus 1758)

We inornatus (Boulenger 1896a)

Ts lentiferus (Cope 1894)

Lampropeltis triangulum micropholis (Cope 1860a)
Le bimaculatus lamonae Dunn 1944

1 epinephalus epinephalus (Cope 1862b)
L. e. ecaudorensis Laurent 1949

Leptodeira annulata annulata (Linnaeus 1758)

ECUADOR CHECKLIST

Leptodeira septentrionalis ornata (Bocourt 1884)

L. s. larcorum Schmidt and Walker 1943
Leptophis ahaetulla bocourti Boulenger 1898a

he a. nigromarginatus (Giinther 1866)
ib ale occidentalis (Giinther 1859d)
Tite cupreus (Cope 1868)

ire depressirostris (Cope 1861)

Le riveti Despax 1910

Liophis albiventris Jan 1863b

ie bimaculatus lamonae (Dunn 1944)

Lie breviceps Cope 1860a

Lis cobella (Linnaeus 1758)

Le epinephalus epinephalus Cope 1862b

Tie e. ecuadorensis (Laurent 1949)

ite festae (Perraca 1897)

ie fraseri Boulenger 1894a

Ls poecilogyrus (Wied-Neuwied 1825)

Li. purpurans (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854)
Ge reginae (Linnaeus 1758)

L. taeniurus Tschudi 1845

I. typhlus (Linnaeus 1758)

Me undulatus (Wied-Neuwied 1824)

Mastigodryas boddaerti boddaerti (Sentzen 1796)

M. pulchriceps (Cope 1868)

Ninia atrata (Hallowell 1845)

N. hudsoni Parker 1940

Nothopsis rugosus Cope 1871b

Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler in Spix 1824b)

Or argenteus (Daudin 1803b)

O. brevirostris (Cope 1861)

0. fulgidus (Daudin 1803b)

Oxyrhopus fitzingeri frizzelli Schmidt and Walker 1943
0. formosus (Wied-Neuwied 1820)

O. leucomelas (Werner 1916)

O. melanogenys (Tschudi 1845)

0. petola digitalis (Reuss 1834)

O. Dis sebae Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854
Philodryas elegans rufidorsatus (Giinther 1858)

Pe simonsii Boulenger 1900

P. viridissimus (Linnaeus 1758)

Pliocercus euryzonus euryzonus Cope 1862b
Pseudoboa coronata Schneider 1801
Pseustes poecilonotus polylepis (Peters 1867)

ES shropshirei (Barbour and Amaral 1924)

P. sulphureus sulphureus (Wagler in Spix 1824b)
Rhadinaea brevirostris (Peters 1863b)

Re decorata (Giinther 1858)

R. fulviceps Cope 1886

R. lateristriga Berthold 1859

Rhinobothryum bovallii Andersson 1916
Saphenophis atahuallpae (Steindachner 1901)
S. boursieri (Jan in Jan and Sordelli 1867)

ECUADOR CHECKLIST p. 18

Sibon dunni Peters 1957b

ae nebulata nebulata (Linnaeus 1758)

Se n. leucomelas (Boulenger 1896b)
Siphlophis cervinus (Laurenti 1768)

Spilotes pullatus pullatus (Linnaeus 1758)
Stenorhina degenhardtii degenhardtii (Berthold 1846)
Synophis bicolor Peracca 1896

She lasallei (Niceforo-Maria 1950)

Se miops Boulenger 1898a

Tantilla andinista Wilson and Mena 1980

Tie equatoriana Wilson and Mena 1980
ANE insulimontana Wilson and Mena 1980
BU melanocephala (Linnaeus 1758)

lis petersi Wilson 1979

sles supracincta Peters 1863b

Thamnodynastes strigilis (Thunberg 1787)

Tretanorhinus taeniatus Boulenger 1903a

Tripanurgos compressus (Daudin 1803b)

Umbrivaga pygmaeus (Cope 1868)

Xenodon rabdocephalus rabdocephalus (Wied-Neuwied 1824)
X. severus (Linnaeus 1758)

Xenopholis scalaris (Wucherer 1862)

ELAPIDAE

Leptomicrurus narduccii (Jan 1863b)
Micrurus ancoralis ancoralis (Jan in Jan and Sordelli 1872)

M. annelatus annelatus (Peters 187la)
M. bocourti bocourti (Jan in Jan and Sordelli 1872)
M. dumerilii transandinus Schmidt 1936
M. filiformis filiformis (Giinther 1859b)
M. hemprichi ortoni Schmidt 1953a
M. langsdorffi langsdorffi Wagler in Spix 1824b
M. Le ornatissimus (Jan 1858)
M. lemniscatus helleri Schmidt and Schmidt 1925
M. mertensi Schmidt 1936
M. mipartitus decussatus (Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854)
M. spixii obscurus (Jan in Jan and Sordelli 1872)
M. steindachneri steindachneri (Werner 1901)
M. Si orcesi Roze 1967
M. Ss. petersi Roze 1967
M. surinamensis surinamensis (Cuvier 1817)
M. tschudii olssoni Schmidt and Schmidt 1925
LEP TOT YPHLOP I DAE

Leptotyphlops amazonicus Ore jas—Miranda 1969
Ihe anthracinus Bailey 1946
Le guayaquilensis Orejas—-Miranda and Peters 1970

ECUADOR CHECKLIST ps 9

Leptotyphlops subcrotilla Klauber 1939
Tie tenella Klauber 1939

TROP IDOPHIDAE

Trachyboa boulengeri Peracca 1904

dks gularis Peters 186la

Tropidophis battersbyi Laurent 1949

ie taczanowskyi (Steindachner 1860)
TYPHLOP IDAE

Typhlops reticulatus (Linnaeus 1758)

VIPERIDAE

Bothrops albocarinatus Shreve 1934

B. alticolus Parker 1934a

B. atrox (Linnaeus 1758)

B. bilineatus smaragdinus Hoge 1966

B. castelnaudi Duméril, Bibron, and Duméril 1854
B. hyoprorus Amaral 1935

B. lojanus Parker 1930a

B. microphthalmus microphthalmus Cope 1876b
B. nasutus Bocourt 1868

B. pulcher (Peters 1862e)

B. punctatus (Garcfa 1896)

B. schlegelii (Berthold 1846)

B. xanthogrammus (Cope 1868)

Lachesis muta muta (Linnaeus 1758)

ECUADOR CHECKLIST p 20

AMARAL, A.

1924,

L925).

1926a.

1926b.

1926c.

1927.

1929a,.

1929b.

1929c.

U929aR

1929e.

E935).

ANDERSSON ,

1914.

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An account of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr.
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ECUADOR CHECKLIST BD 34

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1881. An account of the collection of lizards made by Mr. Buckley
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Viaggio del Dr. Enrico Festa nell'Ecuador e rigioni vicine:
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Descrizione di alcune nuove specie di ofidii del Museo Zool.
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Preliminary field survey of the ecology, zoogeography, and
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An analysis of variation in a South American snake, Cates-
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A new snake of the genus Sibon from Ecuador. Copeia,
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Notas miscelaneas sobre saurios del Ecuador. Cienc. Nat.,
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Snakes of the subfamily Dipsadinae. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool.
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Colubridae (Dipsadinae). Das Tierreich, 81:1-18.

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1967a.

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1 eM Se

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The lizards of Ecuador, a check list and key. Proc. United
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PETERS, W.

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186la.

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Eine neue Gattung und eine neue Art von Frodschen aus
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Eine neve Gattung von Riesenschlangen, welche von einem
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Zwei neue Schlangen aus dem Gattung Mizodon und Bothriop-
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Uber Cercosaura und die mit dieser Gattung verwandten
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Uber die batrachier-Gattung Hemiphractus. Monats. Akad.
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ECUADOR CHECKLIST po

1862c.

1862d.

1862e.

1863a.

1863b.

1867.

1868.

1870.

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1872a.

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1873.

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Mittheilung iiber einige neuen Phyllodactylus aus Guaya-
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Einen Vortrag iiber die craniologischen Verschiedenheiten
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Eine Mittheilungen itiber einige neue Arten der Saurier-
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Uber einige neue oder weniger bekannte Schlangenarten des
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Uber Flederthiere und Amphibien. Monats. Akad. Wiss.
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Uber neue oder wenige bekannte Amphibien. Monats. Akad.
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Uber Platemys tiiberosa, eine neue Art von Schild-
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Mittheilungen iiber eine von Hrn. Dr. Robert Abendroth in
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Uber einige Arten der herpetologische Sammlung des_ Berlin-
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Uber eine Sammlung von Batrachiern aus Neu-Freiburg in
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Uber eine, zwei neue Gattungen enthaltende, Sammlung von
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Uber eine neue Schildkro6tenart, Cinosternon effeld-
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Uber die Eintheilung der Caecilien und insbesondere
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1881. Vorkommen schildformiger Verbreiterungen der Dornfortatze
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1976. A new fossorial frog from the Colombian rain forest (Anura:
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1937. Einige Reptilien aus Ecuador und Bolivia. Ark. ZOO Ns
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UZZELL, T.M. AND J.C. BARRY

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1979. A new snake of the genus Tantilla from Ecuador. Herpetolo-
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ECUADOR CHECKLIST

ADDENDA

Subsequent to printing the final draft of the manuscript, I received
some helpful comments from Paulo E. Vanzolini. He suggested that the
following Amazonian reptiles might be part of the Ecuadorian herpeto-
fauna:

TESTUDINIDAE

Geochelone carbonaria

SCINCIDAE
Mabuya bistriata
M. ficta
AMPHISBAENIDAE

Amphisbaena alba

COLUBRIDAE

Helicops leopardinus

Hydrodynastes bicinctus
Rhinobothryum lentiginosum

Pseudoboa neuwiedii

“a A CONTROVERSY SURROUNDING AN ENDANGERED SPECIES LISTING:
THE CASE OF THE ILLINOIS Mup TURTLE

C. KENNETH DODD, UR.

Department of Vertebrate Zoology
National Museum of Natural History

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 55

1982

/ IRPapIcS

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies,
indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the
biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the
normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested
individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories
are invited to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations,
etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items
please contact George Zug for instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of
Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A.

INTRODUCTION

The Illinois mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens spooneri, is a small,
dark brown turtle (adults approximately 7.5-13 cm carapace length) confined
to a few scattered localities in the North American Midwest. Cooper (1975)
was apparently the first to publish concerns about the continued survival
of the Illinois mud turtle, although James Christiansen, in a letter to the
then Bureau of Sport Fisheries and Wildlife, voiced concern for survival
of this subspecies in Iowa as early as 1971. Others reached similar con-
clusions: Moll and Brown (1976) in Illinois, Cooper (1977) in Iowa and
Missouri, and Murphy and Corn (1977) in Iowa. In early 1977, Pr. Lauren
Brown (Illinois State University) contacted the Office of Endangered
Species of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and questioned if the turtle
might qualify for the U.S. List of Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and
Plants. At that time, I was preparing lists of amphibians and reptiles
which might be candidates for federal protection but for which little
supporting data were on file. At Dr. Brown's suggestion, the I]linois
mud turtle was placed on a Notice of Review of various turtles (Nodd,
1977). At the same time, Dr. Brown was requested to prepare a status
report on the species. This report (Brown and Moll, 1978) summarized
available information used to propose the I]linois mud turtle as an endan-
gered species under provisions of the U.S. Endangered Species Act of 1973,
as amended (Dodd, 1978). This paper summarizes the natural history, con-
servation activities, proposed federal listing, and controversy surrounding
the proposed listing. Information on taxonomic status, population estimates,
distribution, and threats have been summarized elsewhere (Nodd, ms.). The
opinions expressed are those of the author and not of the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service or Smithsonian Institution.

NATURAL HISTORY

The following is a brief summary of the natural history and ecology of
the Illinois mud turtle. Detailed accounts are in Cooper (1975), Springer
and Gallaway (1979, 1980) and Kangas et al. (1980).

After reviewing the biological and physical characteristics of known
habitats, Brown and Moll (1978) concluded that the Illinois mud turtle
required five prerequisites for viable populations: 1) a sand substrate,
2) a sand prairie-scrub oak vegetation association of which bunch grasses,
prickly pear cactus, blackjack oak, and black oak were the most important
vegetational components, 3) a relatively flat topography, with low sand
dunes desirable, 4) a lentic water source, that is, marsh, semi-permanent
pond, or slough, and 5) the absence of human related modifications.

Cooper (1975) stated that shallow permanent turbid ponds with organic
bottoms were necessary; such ponds could serve as feeding areas.

In Iowa, I]linois mud turtles emerge from hibernation from late
April to early May. They initially may be somewhat terrestrial, but by
mid-May through mid-July, they are primarily aquatic. As summer tempera-
tures increase and ephemeral ponds begin drying, the turtles again leave

2

the water and begin looking for terrestrial sites to spend the latter

part of summer. At this time, turtles may move from one burrow site to
another, or may burrow into the sand and remain in one location. In

Iowa, Cooper (1975) observed turtles in early August, and Springer and
Gallaway (1979, 1980) saw their last turtle in September, thus indicating
to them that activity patterns may be bimodal. Indeed, terrestrial cap-
tures may occasionally occur throughout the summer months. Cooper (1975)
caught animals on land primarily between 1500-1900 h in May and 1300-

1600 h in June; the later in the season, the earlier the time of encounter
as temperatures became warmer.

Kangas et al. (1980), monitoring 12 radio transmittered turtles in
Missouri, also noted that turtles moved on land, although generally near
water, from the time of emergence through about mid-June when they settled
in one location. They reported one turtle in a marsh in September, thus
also suggesting a second period of activity. Because of the long winter
hibernation and summer aestivation, the Illinois mud turtle is considered
fossorial, but whether it is more fossorial than other subspecies of
K. flavescens is unknown. Mahmoud (1969) reported a roughly similar
activity pattern for K. f. flavescens in Oklahoma although Christiansen
and Dunham (1972) did not observe aestivation in New Mexico. In Iowa,
there are roughly 106 days of annual activity, an extremely short amount
of time for turtles (Cooper, 1975).

Upon emergence in spring, I]linois mud turtles spend considerable
amounts of time basking, occurring primarily between 1190-1500 h (Cooper,
1975). As the season progresses, basking becomes less frequent until
daily terrestrial activity takes on an early morning/evening and night
pattern (Kangas et al., 1980).

Copulation begins in May and has been observed into July; it takes
place both on land and in water (Kangas et al., 1980; Cooper, 1975).
Nesting begins in mid-June. At this time, the feinale completely encloses
herself in a subterranean nest where she lays her eggs. Smith (1961) repor-
ted clutches of 3-4, whereas Cooper (1977) estimated 2-6 and Kangas et al.
(1980) 2-8 with a mean of about four. Springer and Gallaway (1979, 1980)
observed two clutches, one with four eggs, the other with six, and Kangas
et al. (1980) found one radio transmittered female in a nest with six eggs.
Nests may be difficult to find. In spite of thorough searches, Christiansen
and Haglan (1980) found no nests in the 1980 field season at Big Sand Mound.

While the age structures of the populations are unclear, especially
the subadult classes, maturity is thought to occur by the 4th year in
Missouri (Kangas et al., 1980) and the 5th year in Iowa (Springer and
Gallaway, 1979, 1980). The sex ratio at Rose Pond, Missouri, is 1:1
(Kangas et al., 1980).

In Missouri, hatching appears to occur in early May and by June,
hatchlings have arrived in the ponds (Kangas et al., 1980). Generally,

3

they have been caught in drift fences as they move to or from water,
although they have occasionally been seined (Kangas et al., 1989; RBickham
and Gallaway, 1980; Christiansen and Haglan, 1980); hatchlings are rarely
otherwise encountered. Christiansen and Haglan (1980) suggested that
hatchlings may overwinter in ponds in the bottom muck and debris. As
might be suspected, mortality rates for hatchlings are thought to be
potentially high (Bickham and Gallaway, 1980) and it is presently unknown
what percentage reaches adult size. It is likely that the severity of
the winter plays a significant role in survivorship of hatchlings, as it
is thought to with adult survivorship. Winter kill is thought to
significantly affect this subspecies (Christiansen, pers. comm.).

The Illinois mud turtle is quite adept at traveling over land for con-
Siderable distances. Kangas et al. (1980) noted that hatchlings were found
as much as 600+ m from water in nearby agricultural fields. Cooper (1975)
reported adults moving a maximum of 700 m and Springer and Gallaway (1979,
1980), monitoring radio transmittered turtles, gave 300-500 m from water as a
general figure of distance traveled to hibernation sites; they also suggested
periods of heavy rainfall may stimulate movements. Kangas et al. (1980) pro-
vided a detailed account of the movements of their 12 turtles; generally, move-
ments also averaged several hundred meters. However, two turtles moved con-
siderably further (3.2 and 7.7 km). The longest move was between Rose Pond
and Logan's Marsh, thus indicating that turtles will move between distant
ponds. Whether this was directed movement and what cues the turtle used to
navigate is unknown. A displaced transmittered turtle followed by F. Moll
(undated) did not orient to its capture site.

The diet of this turtle consists primarily of invertebrates,
principally beetles (Coleoptera), snails, and crayfish. Fish may at
times provide a major food source, especially fish trapped by drying
ponds. It seems likely that this subspecies is an opportunistic feeder
and scavenger. Laboratory evidence indicates that it feeds while under-
ground in its burrows (ND. Moll, 1979).

Although parasites and disease are largely unknown, Wacha and
Christiansen (1976) reported parasitic protozoans from K. flavescens in
Iowa. The light coloration of the carapace of some turtles reported by
Brown and Moll (1978) at Big Sand Mound and then thought to be the result
of chemical contamination is now thought to be caused by fungi (Aspergillus
and Penicillium) (Springer and Gallaway, 1979, 1980). Why some turtTes
are susceptible to these organisms is unknown.

NON-FEDERAL CONSERVATION ACTIVITIES
Iowa-I]linois Gas and Electric Co. (IIGE).

Aside from the research activities undertaken by various scientists
and graduate students in universities, the earliest conservation efforts

4

directed at the management of the Illinois mud turtle, and the entire Rig
Sand Mound ecosystem, were started by the Iowa-I]linois Gas and Electric
Co. when they purchased roughly 1650 acres of land, including approximately
420 acres of the future Big Sand Mound Nature Reserve, from the NuPont
Company in the mid-1970's. Prior to IIGE's purchase, the land had been
leased to a hunting club which, although restricting access somewhat,
provided little protection for the Big Sand Mound ecosystem. IIGE recog-
nized the uniqueness of the area and decided to take an ecosystem approach
in management and protection. Beginning in 1976, IIGE has funded yearly
biological studies on the area's fauna and flora, with special emphasis

on rare and endangered species. The I1]linois mud turtle was singled out

aS a species of particular concern. It is noteworthy that research and
conservation activities for the Illinois mud turtle were begun prior to
state protection and subsequent proposals for federal protection.

Beginning in 1978, IIGE contracted with Drake University of Nes
Moines, Iowa, to monitor the biological status of organisms at Big Sand
Mound for a period of five years. Periodic reports have been issued and a
final summary report is expected in 1983. IIGE intends to use the results
of the report, along with recommendations of the Louisa Ecological Advisory
Committee, to establish a master plan for the "Sand Mound Nature Reserve."
This plan is being drafted with the intention of protecting the area on a
long-term basis (50 years).

In 1977, IIGE established the Louisa Ecological Advisory Committee
(LEAC). The purpose of LEAC is to act as an advisory group for the
management of the entire Big Sand Mound ecosystem. It is composed of
12 members representing private, county, state and federal representatives
and its goals are to preserve and protect Big Sand Mound, to initiate
cooperative efforts with IIGE, and to advise the company on management
of the reserve. In general, LEAC meets every 6-8 weeks to review
information pertaining to Big Sand Mound.

In addition to funding research, the creation of the nature reserve,
and the development of LEAC, IIGE has provided strict limitations on
access to the reserve. A fence was erected on the western and southern
portions at a cost of $87,000. Access is allowed only for those activities
not in conflict with the purposes of the reserve. IIGE has carefully
planned the development of their coal-fired power plant in ways that
should minimize disturbance, and has assisted in the predator relocation
and exotic plant species eradication programs. According to C. Golliher
(IIGE Environmental Services Division, pers. comm.), [IGE intends to
maintain its commitment to the protection of this remnant ecosystem.

Monsanto Agricultural Products Co.

Monsanto became involved with research efforts on K. f. spooneri

after the subspecies was proposed for federal endangered status in July
1978. They hired LGL Ecological Research Associates to conduct a number

5

of biological studies and make recommendations for management. After
reviewing available data, LGL recommended four management practices that
should be undertaken immediately and, after meeting with representatives
of the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service in September 1978 to outline their
proposals, Monsanto carried out the recommendations. These included the
construction of a dike to control waters that "might injure the turtle or
adversely alter its environment," filling a potentially hazardous mud flat,
assisting in the predator removal program, and pumping 80 million gallons
of water into Spring Lake to raise the water level (Anon., undated). The
latter occurred only once, and Spring Lake has been dry in 1980 and 1981.
In February 1981, Monsanto contacted LEAC to offer assistance in the
development of the nature reserve master plan and has included approx-
imately 115 acres in the Sand Mound Nature Reserve. Monsanto estimated
that it expended in excess of $500,900 in all phases of work dealing

with research and management of the turtle and Big Sand Mound (W. 2.
Carpenter, statement presented at the public meeting in Springfield,
Illinois, January 30, 1980).

State activities.

All states that contain populations of the I]linois mud turtle
protect the subspecies as endangered: Illinois (January 1978), Iowa
(October 1977), Missouri (January 1979).

Illinois has perhaps been most active in conservation efforts.
After the Brown and Moll (1978) report appeared, the I]linois Department
of Conservation (IDC) issued a contract to Michael Morris of the I]linois
Natural History Survey to review the turtle's status and distribution in
Illinois. The results of that survey (Morris, 1978) turned up no turtles,
but provided a description of previously known localities and documented
habitat loss.

Brown and Moll (1978) pinpointed management practices at Sand Ridge
State Forest that might prove detrimental to K. f. spooneri (Dodd, ms).
IDC has funded E. Moll of Eastern Illinois University to collect ecological
information, including movements, habitat use, density, diet, and the
impact of pine plantings, for the design of a managment program. In a
preliminary report (E. Moll, undated), recommendations were made to remove
pine stands in the vicinity of one pond, to establish a prairie corridor
between ponds A and B, to restrict the use of heavy machinery, to not
transplant adults as suggested by Brown and Moll (1978) between ponds,
and to continue to monitor the population. IDC has developed a management
plan for the Illinois mud turtles at Sand Ridge State Forest to include
these recommendations (Becker, 1980). Morris and Smith (1981) provide an
overview of the status of the subspecies in I]linois in a publication put
out by IDC.

6

In Missouri, the Department of Conservation has encouraged and
supported ecological studies, especially on movements and distribution,
within the state and presently administers a contract from the U.S. Fish
and Wildlife Service on the species. They have provided technical assis-
tance to individual landowners and are pursuing the opportunity to
purchase part of Rose Pond, the area with the largest number of turtles.
Like Missouri, the Iowa Conservation Commission is monitoring the status
of the turtle and has published an article that includes information on
it (Roosa, 1978).

PROPOSED FEDERAL ENDANGEREN STATUS

The Endangered Species Act of 1973 (PL. 93-205; Stat. 884) was signed
into law December 28, 1973, to "provide a means whereby the ecosystem
upon which endangered species and threatened species depend may be
conserved, to provide a program for the conservation of such endangered
and threatened species, and to take such steps as may be appropriate to
achieve the purposes of the treaties and conventions set forth in subsec-
tion (a) of this section;" such conventions include, for instance, the
Convention on Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora. In
making determinations, the Secretary of the Interior is to use "the best
scientific and commercial data available...." There are two protective
categories, endangered and threatened. An endangered species is one "in
danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range"
while a threatened species is one that "is likely to become an endangered
species within the foreseeable future throughout all or a significant
portion of its range." Species, subspecies, and individual populations,
except for plants and invertebrates, may be listed.

In making a determination of status, five criteria are to be used.
These are: 1) the present or threatened destruction, modification, or
curtailment of the species' habitat or range; 2) overutilization for com-
mercial, sporting, scientific, or educational purposes; 3) disease or
predation; 4) the inadequacy of existing regulatory mechanisms; or
5) other natural or manmade factors affecting the species' continued exis-
tence. If a species is affected by any one of these factors so as to be
endangered or threatened as defined by the Act, it is a candidate for
listing. Dodd (1976) has provided a general review of the Act.

In 1978, Congress passed amendments to the Endangered Species Act
which substantially modified the procedures the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service (which administers the Act in the Department of the Interior)
must follow when designating "critical habitat." Section 4(f)(c) of the
Act requires, to the maximum extent practicable, that any rule which
determines critical habitat be accompanied by a brief description and
evaluation of those activities which, in the opinion of the Director of
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, may adversely modify such habitat if
undertaken, or may be impacted by such designation. Such activities
were identified for the I]linois mud turtle as follows:

7

1. the development or modification of land adjoining ponds or wet-
lands thus leading to increased siltation or pollution of the
water source,

2. the draining of ponds or wetlands known to contain this species,
3. the dumping of pollutants directly into ponds or wetlands,

4. an increased disturbance to nesting areas adjacent to ponds by
humans and their pets, and

5. collection and harassment by people.

On June 6, 1977, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service published a
notice that a review of the status of 12 species of turtles, including
K. f. spooneri, was being conducted (Dodd, 1977). In response to the
notice, comments were received from a number of biologists as to the
precarious status of this subspecies. In addition, literature records
were checked, persons familiar with the biology of the turtle were
consulted, and the Brown and Moll (1978) report was carefully reviewed,
As a consequence of this review, the Service proposed that the Illinois
mud turtle be listed as endangered under provisions of the Act, and
proposed to include areas on Big Sand Mound and in Sand Ridge State
Forest as critical habitat (Dodd, 1978). Before final action could he
taken on the proposal, however, Congress passed the Endangered Species
Act Amendments of 1978 (PL. 95-632; 92 Stat. 3751).

On March 6, 1979, the Service withdrew all critical habitat proposals
until such time as they could be reproposed in accordance with the 1978
amendments. On December 7, 1979, the Service reproposed critical habitat
for the Illinois mud turtle to include anl6rea slightly smaller than
that in the original proposal for Big Sand Mound (Nodd, 1979). This
revised area had been suggested by representatives of Iowa-I]linois
Gas and Electric Co., LGL Ecological Research Associates, and Monsanto Inc.
at a meeting with the Service in September 1978 at the Office of Endangered
Species, and was based on information about land use and the movement of mud
turtles on Big Sand Mound. At this meeting, the Service agreed that the
suggested changes presented a more accurate delineation of critical habitat.

In conjunction with the reproposal for critical habitat, the Service
held public meetings in Springfield, Illinois, on January 30, 1980, and
at Muscatine, Iowa, on January 31, 1980, to explain the proposal, answer
public questions, and to solicit additional information on the biology of
the turtle and the economic effects of a critical habitat designation on
federally authorized and funded projects in the area. No public hearings
‘were requested on either the proposal or reproposal. All public comment
periods closed on March 22, 1980.

8

A total of 136 comments were received in writing by the Service in
response to the original proposal for endangered status and reproposal
for critical habitat. Of the comments, 105 supported the proposal,
including the Governors of Illinois and Missouri and the Directors of the
Illinois Department of Conservation, the Iowa Conservation Commission, and
the Missouri Department of Conservation, 3 opposed it, and 28 commented
on some aspect of the biology of the turtle, such as its taxonomic status,
distribution, or ecology, but did not state an opinion as to whether the
subspecies should be added to the List of Endangered and Threatened Wild-
life and Plants. A number of individuals submitted multiple comments
during the course of the public comment period.

Executive Order 12044, dated March 23, 1978, required that each
agency in the federal government establish criteria for identifying which
of its regulations were significant. The Department of the Interior
implemented this order by publishing its regulations in the Federal
Register of December 13, 1978. Consequently, the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service was required to document any impacts on state and local govern-
ments, acknowledge recordkeeping and recording burdens, document environ-
mental considerations, discuss impacts on the other federal agencies and
departmental programs, and analyze economic impacts of the reproposal of
critical habitat. After reviewing all available data, including submissions
by the Mason County recorder, the Southeast Iowa Area XVI Regional
Commission, the Bi-State Metropolitan Planning Commission, the Iowa
Department of Transportation, the Iowa Office of Planning and Programs,
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Iowa-I]linois Gas and Electric Co.,
and Monsanto Inc., the Service determined that the quantifiable economic
impact was expected to fall well below $10 million. Since this is less
than the $100 million considered as significant under departmental
procedures, a "Determination of Significance" was signed on September 14,
1979, by the Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks indicating
that the proposed rule to determine critical habitat for the Illinois mud
turtle was not a significant rule.

CONTROVERSY AND MISUNDERSTANDING

Given the highly visible nature of the Endangered Species Program
and the many misunderstandings surrounding the determination of critical
habitat, controversies involving the listing of endangered and threatened
species are not uncommon. However, few proposed listings have met such
opposition as the proposal to list the Illinois mud turtle as endangered.
This opposition stemmed from Monsanto Agricultural Products Co., owner
of about 20% of Big Sand Mound. Lipske (1980a, 1980b) provides some
additional information to that presented below.

After K. f. spooneri was proposed on July 6, 1978 (Nodd, 1978),
there was no indication to the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) of
serious problems concerning the listing until July 27, 1979, when

9

representatives from Monsanto presented testimony at the Endangered
Species Act oversight hearings for the subcommittee chaired by Congress-
man John Breaux. Prior to that date, Iowa-I]linois Gas and Electric.Co.
(in a letter dated August 23, 1978) and Monsanto (in a meeting at the
Office of Endangered Species, Washington, D.C., in September) hoth
recommended redrawing the boundaries of the proposed critical habitat to
more accurately reflect the biological needs and habitat use of the
turtle. As previously noted, Monsanto also outlined a series of manage-
ment and research proposals suggested by their consultant, LGL Ecological
Research Associates. The Service concurred with the need to slightly
modify boundaries and with the management proposals as set forth,

Questions concerning data accuracy and taxonomic status were briefly
raised, and the Service outlined its sources for listing and requested
additional data if available. Representatives from Monsanto then presented
a draft copy of Iverson's (1979) taxonomic review, stating that the data
clearly showed that K. f. spooneri was not valid; in fact, this was in
direct contrast to the conclusions of the paper. Two important points
were made clear to Monsanto at the meeting: 1) that there were more data
used in the proposal than sole reliance on the Brown and Moll (1978)
report, and 2) that to qualify for listing, species, subspecies, or popu-
lations were eligible. Thus, taxonomic status might be an interesting
biological problem if questions had been raised prior to proposal, but
taxonomic uncertainty is not necessarily a weakness in a proposal, such
that it should be invalidated. Disjunct populations of the American
crocodile (Crocodylus acutus) and Pine Barrens treefrog (Hyla andersonii)
had previously been listed under provisions of the Act.

In the Congressional oversight hearings, Monsanto severely criticized
the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, claiming that documents used in the
proposal were unscientific and full of suppositions, innuendoes, and
speculation. It called the proposal "deplorable." In addition, Monsanto
claimed that their proposals to change boundary lines, reports of work
already completed, and their management recommendations, never were
acknowledged. Such was not the case. Monsanto concluded their testimony,
"It would appear that there should be some way to spend our resources on
those problems that are worthy of immediate and long-range solution; the
most important ones; and not expend our resources on some fringe matters."
The conservation of K. f. Spooneri was clearly perceived as a fringe
matter.

A letter dated November 14, 1979, from Earl C. Spurrier, Nirector of
Government Relations for Monsanto, to Hubert L. Harris, U.S. Assistant
Director for Congressional Relations, gives the earliest indication that
the results of the research of Monsanto's consultants may have been antic-
ipated, in spite of the fact that the data were then not fully analyzed
(letter dated February 29, 1980, from B. Gallaway, LGL, to Harold J.
O'Connor, Acting Associate Director - Federal Assistance, U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service). In this letter, Mr. Spurrier states:

10

"In fact, the accumulation of ‘scientific evidence' was
sO Sparce and unsupportable that Monsanto undertook, with
great financial expense, to create a truly scientific
research program. This was done to study not only the
habitat of the turtle, but also to observe the migratory
and living habits of the turtle. Further, to determine
if this turtle had any genetic relatives in other parts
of the country, chemical determinations and other
scientific evaluations were conducted on specimens of the
turtles to further identify generic similarities or dis-
similarities.

A very complete research report is being prepared for
Monsanto which should give us a real indication as to true
facts in the case.

Hugh, when we have our complete report, because of
your personal interest, I will see to it that you have
access to the information as I believe there may be other
proposed species on the endangered list that have been
placed there with insufficient data to support such a
proposal."

Monsanto made a substantial number of contacts to local officials in
Iowa and Illinois and the U.S. Senators and Representatives making similar
statements and implying that the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service was ignoring
scientific data (an example is a letter dated January 16, 1989, to U.S.
Senate staffer Clarence Thomas). By mid-January 1980, the Service had
received a number of letters from U.S. Congressmen, including Senators John
Culver (Iowa) and John Nanforth (Missouri), and Representative J. Leach
(Iowa), questioning FWS' activities with regard to the Illinois mud turtle.
Danforth chided the Service for its “apparently shabby treatment" of
Monsanto and stated that Monsanto had informed him that they had made
available to FWS data which “refuted" the conclusions of the study on
which the listing proposal was based. On February 4, 1980, Senator
R. Jepsen (Iowa) met with then Interior Department Secretary Cecil Andrus
in an attempt to dissuade the Department from proceeding with the listing.

Prior to October 1979, biologists at the Office of Endangered Species
(OES) had received bi-weekly synopses of Monsanto's contractees work, but
these reports represented raw unanalyzed data. They were examined as
they were received and filed, but since a final report was due in October
which would summarize all work, no decisions were made concerning future
listing activities. No final report was received by FWS until January 1980,

The question of the timing of LGL's final report eventually became
the focus of much misunderstanding. The following chronology is taken
from a letter dated February 29, 1980, from B. Gallaway of LGL to Harold J.
O'Connor of FWS. The first draft of the report detailing the results of

11

the distributional surveys and ecological work was completed in mid-
November 1979. This draft was distributed without covers, abstract,
color plates, or appendices to Monsanto and individuals who had been
involved in the studies for LGL and was reviewed during the remainder of
November and December. According to Gallaway, this draft contained no
taxonomic conclusions as data analysis had not been completed. The
completed report was expected to be available in late January. John
Bickham was not even supposed to begin morphometric analysis until mid-
December with completion expected the first week in January.

Unexpectedly however, LGL was requested to present its findings at
the January 7 meeting of the Louisa Ecological Advisory Committee,
Inasmuch as Bickham had just completed his preliminary analyses in late
December, the final report was rewritten to include Bickham's conclusions
but without any of his supporting data. This report was bound in pre-
printed covers dated November 1979 and distributed at the January 7
meeting of LEAC (Springer and Gallaway, 1979). According to Gallaway,
the report had still not been reviewed completely by LGL; therefore, the
word "final" was scratched out and replaced by "draft." Representatives
of an FWS regional office attended the meeting and the copy they received
was indeed marked "draft." Thus, no one who attended the meeting expected
this to be LGL's final report and thus available for public review and cir-
culation. Gallaway expected a final version dated January to be ready for
the public meetings on the proposal scheduled for January 30-31 (Springer
and Gallaway, 1980). Monsanto received their copy January 6, 1980.

The FWS regional office contacted the Office of Endangered Species
and notified them that a draft final report on LGL's work had been received
at the LEAC meeting and requested whether it should be forwarded to
Washington. They were told that since the true final report would be
available at the public meeting and since there was no urgency to review
the data, it would he acceptable to wait for the final report.

By mid-January, FWS began receiving letters and inquiries from J.S.
Congressmen requesting an explanation as to why FWS was pursuing the
proposal in light of the extensive work that had been funded by Monsanto
which purported to show that the turtle was widespread and not even a
valid subspecies. The FWS responded that only bi-weekly progress reports
had been received by the Washington Office and requested clarification
as to which data were being ignored. On January 11, a copy of Springer
and Gallaway (1979) was given to FWS by staff members of the Senate
Environment and Public Works Committee where it had been used as evidence
of FWS' refusal to withdraw the proposal in spite of overwhelming evidence
to the contrary. This copy, also dated November 1979, did not have the
word "final" scratched out, thus giving a false impression about the
contents and implying that FWS had had the results for over two months.

Fearing that the credibility of FWS had been compromised, it was
decided to send the report to nine turtle specialists for evaluation.

12

Peer review of reports is often utilized by FWS, although it is by no
means mandatory. All respondants severely criticized the many conclusions
with little or no supporting data. Thus, at the public meetings in late
January, FWS representatives were disturbed at the way the report of
Springer and Gallaway (1979) had been used against the listing; at the
same time, LGL was disturbed that FWS had sent their draft report to
specialists when it had thought clear that FWS knew the report preliminary.
FWS was not aware that LGL knew nothing of the circulation of its report
marked "final." And since the report had been put to Congressmen as a
final report which should be used as evidence of FWS incompetency, FWS
felt obligated to have the report strictly scrutinized. Thus developed

an aura of hard feelings between FWS and LGL.

In February and March, Monsanto continued to lobby to have the
listing withdrawn. In a letter dated March 3, 1980, Monsanto submitted
extensive comments to FWS in which they reiterated their position that
the turtle did not warrant federal protection. They again took a point
by point issue with nearly every statement in Brown and Moll (1978)
concerning Big Sand Mound and praised the LGL work, but this time devoted
extensive criticism of John Iverson's and OES' objectivity and credibility.
The letter also stated that electrophoretic work involving analyses of
proteins of heart, liver, kidney, and eye tissues had been investigated
although the results were not completely analyzed. This letter is
interesting because it first broaches the idea of an independent review
panel. The letter states:

"Further, we are concerned about the disparity of treatment
given LGL's Final Report as opposed to the status report
prepared by Drs. Brown and Moll. We think it only fair that
LGL's Final Report, together with the addendum and supportive
data being supplied to the Service, be submitted to a blue-
ribbon panel of disinterested scientists for critical evalua-
tion. This same panel should also critically review the
status report and the data Drs. Brown and Moll submitted to
support the conclusions contained therein. We are prepared
to accept the decision of that panel as to what constitutes
the 'best scientific data' available as required by Section
4(b)(1) of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended."

On March 6, 1980, representatives of FWS and LGL met to discuss the
morphometric work conducted by John Bickham and his students. Copies of
the report on the taxonomic work (Bickham and Gallaway, 1980) were sub-
mitted for the administrative record; this report only contained morpho-
metric and karyological results.

Iowa-I]linois Gas and Electric Co., owner of 80% of Big Sand Mound,
had been relatively neutral concerning the proposal and resulting contro-
versy. On March 7, they submitted additional comments in which they

13

stated that they did not think listing would benefit K. f. spooneri any-
more than the protection it was already afforded on Big Sand Mound by
IIGE. IIGE said that they would maintain the area as protected but feared
additional regulatory burden. Areas outside Big Sand Mound were never
addressed in IIGE submittals.

Evidence of lobbying continued. On March 13, James ND. Webb, Neputy
Assistant Secretary for Fish and Wildlife and Parks, informed the Director
of FWS that the Congressional Office of Management and Budget, the agency
responsible for the budgets of federal programs including the Endangered
Species Program, had decided to make a "case study" of the proposed
listing of the Illinois mud turtle to determine if proper compliance with
Executive Order 12044 had been adhered to, the first such request ever re-
ceived by FWS. Accordingly, a briefing statement dated March 19 was pre-
pared by FWS; no irregularities or errors were found as a result of this
review.

On March 19, a Freedom of Information Act request was filed with FWS
by U.S. Senator Orrin Hatch, a close associate of Senator R. Jepsen.
Subsequently, an aide from Senator Hatch's office visited the Office of
Endangered Species of FWS to review all data, but could find no impro-
prieties in FWS procedures or analysis of data (J. Black, pers. comm.).
Senator Jepsen furnished a letter to Monsanto from Cecil Andrus, Secretary
of the Interior, in response to his inquiries, which prompted another
long letter from Monsanto dated March 25 in which essentially the same
topics were discussed as in their March 3 letter.

When Congress passed the Endangered Species Act Amendments in 1978,
it specified that a two year deadline be imposed on all proposals to list
Species as endangered or threatened. Consequently, the date July 7,

1980, assumed special importance to the Illinois mud turtle since the sub-
species would have to be listed or withdrawn by that date. By March 22,
1980, however, all public comment periods, which had been specifically
reopened at Monsanto's request to allow submission of LGL's and Bickham's
final results, were closed. After extensive review by biologists both
within and outside the Office of Endangered Species, it was decided that
the Illinois mud turtle should be listed as an endangered species with

the critical habitat modified as requested by industry. By this time,

the population in Clark county, Missouri, had been discovered. However,
because of the two year deadline imposed by Congress, it would have heen
impossible to propose this area as critical habitat in connection with

the listing. Therefore, it was decided to propose this area at a later
date after listing. This course of action was recommended to the State

of Missouri, who concurred (T. Johnson, pers. comm.). By April 29,

1980, the final rule had been approved by the Office of Endangered Species.

Unbeknownst to biologists in OES, however, on April 15, 1980, Lynn
Greenwalt, then Director of FWS, wrote a letter to Chester 0. McCorkle, Jr.

14

of the National Academy of Sciences to request the assistance of the Academy
in resolving the dispute. This course of action was recommended by Congress-
man John Breaux and first raised in Monsanto's letter of March 3. The Academy
responded that it did not have sufficient time to set up such a panel,

but recommended a number of turtle biologists and statisticians that would

be qualified to serve. Thus the panel was not endorsed by the National
Academy of Sciences, nor did it contain any Academy members.

On June 5-6, 1980, the panel was convened by FWS at the Patuxent
Wildlife Research Center under the auspices of Navid Trauger, Chief of
FWS' Wildlife Ecology Research Division. Trauger had no prior experience
with the events surrounding the administrative record regarding K. f.
spooneri, nor did he review any data in the files of OES. No one from
OES was invited to the meeting to present information regarding the
listing although the question was raised by one panel member (C. Ernst,
pers. comm.). The panel consisted of the following members: James F,
Berry, James L. Christiansen, Carl Ernst, J. Whitfield Gibbons, Paul N.
Hinz, and John B. Iverson.

The panel was given five questions to respond to, including:

1. Were the survey procedures used by the parties furnishing
information to the Fish and Wildlife Service on the proposed
listing of the Illinois mud turtle accepted techniques and
correctly conducted: Were they statistically valid?

2. Were the procedures utilized (such as electrophoresis) to
determine the taxonomic status of the Illinois mud turtle
valid for use on these turtles, and was the analysis of
data from these procedures reasonable?

3. Does the information and analysis suggest that Kinosternon
flavescens spooneri is a distinct subspecies?

4. Is it correct to assume in those cases where surveys found
only a few turtles that sizeable populations were present
under the water or under the ground?

5. Does analysis of the data imply that the Illinois mud turtle
is a declining subspecies or population, a stable subspecies
or population, or an increasing subspecies or population?
Can any projection be made in regard to the total number of
individuals in such subspecies or populations?

A final report was typed and signed by all members (Berry et al.,
1980). It concluded, in part, that: 1) there was no attempt "to estimate
the total population of Illinois mud turtles based on a statistically
valid survey of Illinois mud turtle habitat" although estimates in areas

15

thoroughly sampled were conducted properly to derive population estimates;
2) the morphological analysis of LGL was reasonable and appropriate;

3) there had not been enough evidence presented to invalidate the trinomen
K. f. spooneri; 4) it is possible to assume that more turtles may be
Jndicated as present at a site on the basis of a few observed specimens;
and 5) it is impossible to document a declining population although
habitat alteration is a problem. The panel emphasized that the number of
good habitats and their quality was declining. Three additional important
recommendations were made:

"1) In view of the present rates of habitat destruction and the
population status, of the Illinois Mud Turtle, there is a need
for protection of this subspecies, especially the populations
in Illinois.

2) Careful consideration of the most appropriate and effective
strategies for protecting the Illinois Mud Turtle should be
made at the local, state and/or federal levels. There exist
several private and local efforts on behalf of this subspecies
to serve as models.

3) There is a need for additional research to clarify the
remaining questions concerning the taxonomic and population
status of the I]linois Mud Turtle."

On June 11, 1980, a memorandum written by Trauger but signed by
Richard N. Smith, Associate Director - Research, FWS, concluded:

"Based on the report of the Review Panel, insufficient
information is available on the Illinois Mud Turtle to justify
listing it as a threatened or endangered species by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service at this time. There is a need to
conduct further research to clarify the complex taxonomic
relationship and to estimate the total population of this
subspecies. The Illinois Mud Turtle is considerably more
abundant and widely distributed than previously thought.
Local and private efforts should be encouraged to promote
its conservation and to protect its habitat. The Panel
favored this strategy as the one most likely to succeed."

This recommendation caused Nirector Greenwalt to withdraw the final
rule which had been waiting in FWS' Solicitors office pending a decision.
A notice withdrawing K. f. spooneri from consideration as a candidate for
endangered status was published August 14, 1980, (Opler, 1980), 38 days
after the proposal would have been withdrawn because of failure to comply
with the Amendments of 1978. Biologists at OES refused to approve the
withdrawal notice; indeed, a complete point by point refutation of Smith's
June 11 memorandum was sent to the Director on June 19, 1989, but was
ignored.

N\

16

Prior to the withdrawal notice, IIGE had been informed of the
panel's meeting only by rumor and that it was, indeed, a National Academy
of Sciences panel (letter to FWS dated June 11, 1980). They expressed
concern since "various reports have labeled the selection of the panel
members as biased."

A number of scientists and conservationists took strong issue with
the FWS' decision to withdraw the listing. However, FWS maintained
almost verbatim the reasons outlined in Smith's June 1] memorandum
although they did not represent the opinions of the panel (J. Berry,

J. Christiansen, C. Ernst, J. Iverson, pers. comm.). In a letter

dated July 11, 1980, to L. Regenstein, FWS conveyed the reasons for

the panel's deliberations ("...there are those who questioned our ability
to render an impartial decision concerning the listing of this species.").
Only Monsanto questioned the objectivity of the FWS throughout the two
years of deliberation.

After the withdrawal notice, the Illinois mud turtle question subsided
Since it was clear that the subspecies' would not be listed formally as en-
dangered. However, on December 8, 1981, at the oversight hearings on the
reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act before the U.S. Senate Environ-
ment and Public Works Committee, S. Boynton, in criticizing the Act,
again chastised the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for its proposal of the
Illinois mud turtle 3 1/2 years previous, stating that "those responsible in
the Office of Endangered Species had not done a credible job...." Ina.
letter dated January 8, 1982, Mr. Boynton again stated that there were insuf-
ficient data to support the original proposal; reviewed Monsanto's management
plan; restated the unreviewed findings of LGL, including allegations that
electrophoretic work conclusively demonstrated that K. f. spooneri was not a
subspecies and that the results had been published in "key scientific jour-
nals;" and that a panel of the National Academy of Sciences stated that the
information on which FWS based its original proposal was weak and inadequate,
thus indicating an "indictment" of FWS. This information was taken from a
booklet published by Monsanto (Anon., undated), a copy of which he supplied
to the Committee. Ina letter dated January 8, 1982, to Senator John Chafee,
Chairman of the Committee, E. C. Spurrier of Monsanto stated that Mr. Roynton's
testimony was "a statement of the facts." The controversy continues.

DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS

There is a current feeling within certain segments of industry that
environmental regulations are a luxury in a society facing economic problems.
As such, any regulation that is deemed to provide stricter oversight of com-
pany activities is automatically opposed. Such is perhaps the case with Mon-
santo and the proposed listing of the Illinois mud turtle although it is
impossible to ascertain motives. Certainly, the listing of the subspecies
would not have seriously affected the operations of the Muscatine plant.

FWS directed repeated inquiries to Monsanto requesting specific economic
impacts but Monsanto only responded by indicating additional review would

17

be required of an already large number of permits. A list of these permits
was requested in the hopes of quantifying economic burden, but careful
review revealed that none would have been impacted by the determination of
critical habitat.

The significance of the controversy surrounding the proposal to list
K. f. spooneri does not involve the failure to list one particular sub-
‘species in need of protection. Instead, it involves the recognition of the
precarious nature and foundation of laws designed to protect and preserve
genetic diversity on a species by species approach. The Endangered Species
Act of 1973 is a laudatory attempt to balance societal values with the
tendency to view "non-significant" plants and animals as undeserving of
much attention. However, by focusing attention on individual species, the
ecosystems on which they depend, so dramatically emphasized in the purposes
section of the Act, are ignored or at least overlooked.

The sand prairie, exemplified by the assemblage of plants and
animals at Big Sand Mound, is indeed a unique ecosystem fast disappearing
in the face of modern agricultural practices. As such, it is this ecosystem
that is worth protecting, not just the Illinois mud turtle which depends
on it. During the extensive deliberations between industry and the
government, this idea seems to have been overlooked.

Almost the entire controversy focused on one particular area, Big Sand
Mound, and indeed, only on 20% of Big Sand Mound. Regardless of motivations,
this emphasis shifted focus from habitats containing far fewer numbers of
turtles which are imminently threatened with modification. Unless attempts
are made soon to halt this destruction, these island ecosystems will be
lost. Methods for protection could include outright purchase, as the State
of Missouri is contemplating at Rose Pond, cooperative management agreements
between landowners and state and private conservation agencies such as The
Nature Conservancy, tax incentives for not destroying wetland habitats, and
education as to their importance. State and private agencies are free to
pursue these goals without listing by the federal government, but additional
incentive and priority would have been provided by doing so.

The controversy involving Big Sand Mound not only slighted the
biological aspects of listing an endangered species, but also slighted
another company's efforts on behalf of an ecosystem approach to management
of unique areas. In all the press releases, newspaper and magazine
articles (for instance, Berman, 1981), and testimony presented before the
various committees of the U.S. Congress, the only company ever mentioned
in Monsanto. This is in spite of the fact that Iowa-I]linois Gas and
Electric Co. became involved in the conservation of Big Sand Mound, both
by declaring it a reserve and by funding numerous biological studies, as
soon as they had purchased the area and prior to any state or federal
concern for the Illinois mud turtle. This commitment continues even
though the subspecies has been withdrawn from consideration. To hear

18

testimony before Congress, Monsanto is the only company on Rig Sand Mound,
even though Spring Lake, nearly entirely on Monsanto property, has-been
dry the last two years.

Not only has IIGE been slighted, but state activities as well. Roth
I] linois and Missouri have undertaken aggressive research and/or management
programs for the subspecies without federal prodding, although in some cases
with federal money. In light of cutbacks in the federal Endangered Species
Program, no further financial assistance can be offered to the states for
the conservation of this federally unlisted subspecies. However, states
have continued to protect K. f. spooneri as endangered and may be expected
to continue their efforts within budgetary restraints.

There is a serious question regarding professional ethics in the
I] linois mud turtle controversy. Data misrepresentation, ommission, or
overstatement has no place in scientific circles. As such, the peer
review system is designed to insure accuracy and competance of data and
its interpretation. All publications used by FWS in proposing the I1]linois
mud turtle were submitted to peer review and published by reputable
journals prior to the decision in early 1980 to proceed with listing. On
the contrary, all reports opposing listing, admittedly with LGL's qualifica-
tions concerning data analysis, were severely criticized by the majority
of reviewers. Indeed, only one paper has been submitted and accepted for
publication (Houseal et al., 1982), thus refuting the claim (Anon., undated)
that the results of their funded studies have been published "in ‘key
scientific journals."

This is not to imply that LGL or its contractees in any way improperly
collected or interpreted data during their studies; there is no indication
that anyone involved was pressured to conform to a preconceived policy.
However, it does mean that extreme care must be used whenever one's name
iS On a report or paper to insure that the contents are not misused, as
was done with Springer and Gallaway (1979). In the long run, scientific
validity will be determined by the review of other scientists of published
data, but in the meantime, reputations may be marred which could be of
much more importance. The implication of a National Academy of Science
endorsement is unethical. Whether the Academy is aware of this is unknown.

The role of FWS throughout the I]linois mud turtle controversy must
be questioned. Until late 1979, there was no indication to the Office
of Endangered Species that the listing should be expected to encounter
problems within the Department of the Interior, even though there had
already been a number of contacts between Monsanto and the Director of
FWS' office. When lobbying increased and in spite of biological data to
the contrary, the Service stalled the listing focusing on the false
issue of taxonomy until a panel could be convened. FWS then requested
that the panel take up five ambiguous questions instead of reviewing all
biological data, and not make additional comments or recommendations.

19

When the panel convened, no one from OES was allowed to attend to present
the administrative and biological record. A memorandum from a FWS
individual not having experience with turtles or their biology was used

by the Director to stop listing, even though the memorandum misrepresented
the panel's conclusions and ignored an extensive amount of biological data.
As a result, FWS' credibility took a severe blow in the scientific community
among those familiar with the data.

The Illinois mud turtle today is endangered by habitat alteration
as recognized in the original proposal of 1978, as well as the decreasing
water table levels which have become more of a problem since then (Dodd,
ms.). It is not likely that listing under provisions of the Act would
automatically have reversed this apparent decline, but it would have
allowed strong federal protection, including the development of a recovery
plan with some federal money, to supplement state and private conservation
activities. Illinois, Missouri and IIGE are to be commended for their
continuing involvement and commitment towards the subspecies' conserva-
tion. However, in spite of these efforts, the habitat and the turtle
are in trouble. Unless suitable areas can be preserved, individual
Illinois mud turtles may persist for many years, yet their fate will have
been decided. As the largest population, Rig Sand Mound must he preserved
in perpetuity, for as C. Golliher of IIGE has noted (in a letter to FWS
dated November 4, 1981), the policies of companies can change according
to future needs and demands. Only long term protection can be expected
to be effective.

In the Illinois mud turtle controversy, no one benefited, least of
all K. f. spooneri.

ACKNOWLENGMENTS

I thank the following individuals for providing information used in
the development of this paper: C. Becker, J. W. Bickham, L. EF. Brown,
S. Chambers, J. L Christiansen, B. J. Gallaway, C. Golliher, J. B. Iverson,
T. Johnson, D. A. Kangas, D. Moll, E. Moll, J. Murphy, and M. J. Sweet.
Without their assistance, the paper would have been impossible to write.
Lauren Brown, Don Moll, and George R. Zug provided valuable comments and
criticism of the manuscript.

LITERATURE CITED

Anonymous. (undated). Monsanto and the environment. A report on environ-
mental planning at the company's Muscatine, Iowa, plant. Monsanto
Agric. Products Co., St. Louis, Missouri.

Becker, C. (1980). Management of the Illinois mud turtle (Kinosternon
flavescens spooneri) at Sand Ridge State Forest. Illinois Dept. of
Conservation, mimeo, 7 p.

20
Berman, H. (1981). Industry saves a turtle. Environment, 23, 39-49.

Berry, .JcF., Christiansen, .J.L., Ernst, C.H., Gibbons, “dSW.) Hinz; ' Pine
& Iverson, J.B. (1980). Illinois mud turtle review panel. Rept.
to U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington, .C., mimeo, 4 p.

Bickham, J.W. & Gallaway, B.J. (1980). A status report on studies of the
taxonomy of the Illinois mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens spooneri)
with supplementary notes on its distribution and ecology. Bryan,
Texas, LGL Ecol. Res. Assoc., 81 p.

Brown, L.E. & Moll, D. (1978). A Report on the status of the nearly
extinct Illinois mud turtle (Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith
1951) with reconmendations for its conservation. Rept. to Office
of Endangered Species, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington,
DieGers:5.[, Pe

Christiansen, J.L. (1976). Preliminary environmental study of Muscatine
Island, Muscatine and Louisa Counties, Iowa. Rept. to Iowa-I]linois
Gas & Electric Co., Davenport, Iowa, mimeo, 64 p.

Christiansen, J.L. & Dunham, A.E. (1972). Reproduction of the yellow mud

turtle (Kinosternon flavescens flavescens) in New Mexico. Herpetologica,
28, 1302 e

Christiansen, J.L. & Haglan, B.W. (1980). Report of research conducted
under the Iowa-I]linois Gas & Electric grant to Drake University 1980,
Rept. to Iowa-I]linois Gas & Electric Co., Davenport, Iowa, mimeo,

4] p.

Cooper, J.A. (1975). Behavioral aspects of the life history of the Illinois
mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens spooneri. Master's thesis, Drake
Univ., Des Moines, Iowa.

Cooper, J. (1977). Vest-pocket turtle. Natural History, April, 52-7.

Dodd, C.K., Jr. (1976). Herpetologists, amphibians, and reptiles and the
Endangered Species Act of 1973. Herp. Rev., 7, 174-6.

Dodd, C.K., Jr. (1977). Review of status of 12 species of turtles. Fed.
Reg., 42(108), 28903-4.

Dodd, C.K., Jr. (1978). Proposed endangered status and critical habitat
for the Illinois mud turtle. Fed. Reg., 43(130), 29152-4.

Dodd, C.K., Jr. (1979). Reproposal of critical habitat for two species
of turtles. Fed. Reg., 44(237), 70680-2.

21

Dodd, C.K., Jr. (ms.). A review of the status of the Illinois mud turtle,
Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith. Biol. Conserv., submitted.

Houseal, T.W., Bickham, J.W. & Springer, M.D. (1982). Geographic variation
in the yellow mud turtle, Kinosternon flavescens. Copeia, In press.

Iverson, J.B. (1979) A taxonomic reappraisal of the yellow mud turtle,
Kinosternon flavescens (Testudines: Kinosternidae). Copeia, 1979,

Kangas, D.A., Miller, B. & Noll, D. (1980). A report on the 1980 studies
of the Illinois mud turtle in Missouri. Rept. to the Missouri Nept.
of Conservation, mimeo, 47 p.

Lipske, M. (1980a). Monsanto, OES at odds over mud turtle listing.
Defenders, 55, 196-7.

Lipske, M. (1980b). Turtle war concluded, but bitterly. Nefenders, 55,
325-7.

Mahmoud, I.Y. (1969). Comparative ecology of the kinosternid turtles of
Oklahoma. Southwest. Nat., 14, 31-66.

Moll, D. (1979). Subterranean feeding by the Illinois mud turtle,
Kinosternon flavescens spooneri. J. Herpetol., 13, 371-3.

Moll, D. & Brown, L.E. (1976). The mud turtle Kinosternon flavescens
spooneri--nearly extinct in Illinois. The Explorer, 1, 6-7.

Moll, E.0. (undated). Ecology and management of the Illinois mud turtle at
Sand Ridge State Forest. Prelim. rept. to Illinois Dept. of Conserv.,
Springfield, I1l., 15 pp.

Morris, M.A. (1978). Results of an investigation of the occurrence of
Kinosternon flavescens spooneri Smith in Illinois. Report to the
Illinois Dept. of Conservation, 36 pp.

Morris, M.A. & Smith, P.W. (1981). Endangered and threatened amphibians
and reptiles. In Endangered and Threatened Vertebrate Animals and
Vascular Plants of Illinois, 21-33, Springfield, Illinois Dept. of
Conservation.

Murphy, J.C. & Corn, M.J. (1977). A turtle vanishes. Natural History,
Aug./Sept., p. 8.

Opler, P.A. (1980). Notice of withdrawal of an expired proposal for
listing of the Illinois mud turtle. Fed. Reg., 45(159), 54112-3.

22

Roosa, D.M. (1978). Endangered! Twilight of an era or dawn of a new day?
Iowa Conservationist, July, 9-16.

Smith, P.W. (1961). The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Illinois
Nat. Hist. Surv. Bull., 28, 1-298.

Springer, M.D. & Gallaway, B.J. (1979, 1980). A final report on the
distribution and ecology of the Illinois mud turtle Kinosternon
flavescens spooneri, a synthesis of historical and new research
information with recommendations for conservation. LGL Ecol. Res.
Assoc., Bryan, Tx. (one copy dated November, 1979; another dated
January, 1980.).

Wacha, R.S. & Christiansen, J.L. (1976). Coccidian parasites from Jowa
turtles: systematics and prevalence. J. Protozool., 23, 57-63.

se

aie it 3

Lm pe :
en

A BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GREEN FROG,

RANA CLAMITANS LATREILLE
1801-198]

MARGARET M. STEWART & LINDA F. BIUSO

Department of Biological Sciences
State University of New York at Albany

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 56

1982

See tere

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies,
indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the
biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the
normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested
individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories
are invited to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations,
etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items
please contact George Zug for instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of
Reptiles and Amphibians, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, U.S.A.

INTRODUCTION

Rana clamitans, the green frog, is one of the most abundant and
widespread ranids in North America. It occurs throughout eastern North
America from central Florida to 50° N Latitude in Canada. The literature
concerning the species, described ‘in 1801, is vast. With the help of
numerous persons, we have attempted to compile a complete bibliography,
through 1981, of publications concerning the green frog. We have listed
papers and notes containing substantive information about the species,
including range records. Papers that only mentioned other references
already included are omitted. Although all references have not been
checked, we included them if the source were reliable. Many standard
field guides and keys for identification that include R. clamitans
appear in the "General" section.

We searched Zoological Record, Biological Abstracts, Weighs ee Review
and indices of Copeia, Herpetologica, Journal of Herpetology, the American
Midland Naturalist, Herpetological Review and numerous other references.

We realize that there are omissions, especially to older papers, locality
records, and notes that are not included in standard bibliographic sources.
We appreciate obtaining from readers any omitted references which we shall
compile as an addendum at a later date.

Readers looking for topical references should Beuine att related
subject categories since decisions of where to place a particular reference
must sometimes be arbitrary. Without becoming too cumbersome, we have

cross-referenced other appropriate entries concerning each subject.

This project was undertaken by the senior author in connection
with writing the Rana clamitans species account for the Catalogue of
American Amphibians and Reptiles. Numerous persons have assisted with
references and information concerning the species, and we thank them
for their generous contributions of time and information. Providing
distribution records and loan of material from their institutions were:
E.R. Brygoo and Jean Lescure, Museum National d'Histoire Naturalle, Paris;
F.R. Cook, National Museum of Canada; E.J. Crossman, Royal Ontario Museum;
J.R. Harrison, III and A.E. Sanders, The Charleston Museum; A.J. Kluge,
University of Michigan Museum of Zoology; H. Marx and H. Voris, Field
Museum of Natural History; C.J. McCoy, Carnegie Museum of Natural History;
M.A. Nickerson, Milwaukee Public Museum; W.M. Palmer, North Carolina State
Museum of Natural History; E.R. Reilly, New York State Museum; G.R. Zug,
National Museum of Natural History; and R.G. Zweifel, The American Museum
of Natural History. Others providing information were Kraig Adler, the
late J.D. Anderson, Stephen D. Busack, Charles J. Chantell, Nick Drahos,
Robert Dorrance, Carl Gans, F.R. Gehlbach, K.E. Goellner, J.Alan Holman,
Mike Shepard, Barbara Pytel, and Kentwood Wells. We are grateful for
their kind assistance.

We thank especially Margaret McKinley and Robert Reisman for their
long hours spent in the library and pouring over maps. Daniel McKinley
and Susan Hart assisted in many ways. Rie Lee showed great patience in
typing the manuscript. Librarians in the Interlibrary Loan office of The
University Library were most helpful.

The cover illustration is a drawing of a pale bicolor Rana clamitans
from Woosh Pond, Cranberry Lake, New York, drawn by Ryland Loos from a color

transparency by M.M. Stewart and reproduced by Robert Speck.

ii

INDEX

ioe Nomenclature — Historvcadl oo) [ko oc ae
ee VOMMeT ON / TaxOMOMY sie cieletelee.e 6 < Susiec mvie
TASS General. sjainis AICS eCUCHENC Sek OEE IOI EON Te eR
LIN (EMBER eos RAS eKoh a t/ Seen ne WRC oe Yt ners
Vine MOT DNOMOGiV A irate asiataln ais exnpalese «<<< as ater
VES COUN OX, varackateradi uare a aaa la mee a eneiedsus 5) < sas
Wielee Habbwtatite weretatacis avec oc a <a BeROOIor ate ee
Vitl~e Home Range 5. os. « aceon </8\e 0X5 jen su aya o) s
EXs¢ Hood HabMes is .i.<.cie. = elses. huis {opt 3 ae
Kee CE GOULOGV Mn nvalslstera(s ss. s< Sle lata aisle leyatwiqyat Sour eNe
Mi ees BehaviGt sissies 4 cis oe ee ee) ee
Ney Se ita ae rein vade de cual aun ts' chs loqeqn ta petals ele?

De Hibernation - ois.cis 5 ab Site isa teas oo tel at

e. Migration and Orientation ....5.<

GINS Hu Setchliclon cate aaes eee eer OIE eee ae

CIE REVPEOAUG ELON sets c stern 4s '¢ 18 ors 3 36.6 mm’ “di
ele A GaN Gag re lace eas us lave lant toe oo taneous ane

Ds. .BECCCING DatesSn i dade alert «ohm due i) 3

CG. | Habits and Habtrats . os. se. sec sce

Gi. Rog MGMT Ces eons o cls cies «ns ess cucut

é, , Morphologyg ae dmdiswiar’t g «basauh 25 +2006

Fe. MEKPeB UME aAteEON) Velie sisis's oct ers coe are

XIII. Development and Metamorphosis .......
SEV harvall (Coleg yues ss ckicmeet esc cess pe als
XV. Hybridization and Genetics ........ aie

AVE GhOweh. Rates ./ivsleuss eiebelait teu oie isteass eke sia acs

EN slater PATI E TOM os tes aches ater ue le veue ede archers See ereng a

dad:

eee ee eee

XVIII.

XIX.

XX.

XXI.

XXII.

XXIII.

XXIV.

XXV.

NASON cyan areisileyieychebebeans dias: aeons. opeimiss suaie” spel incteun a pores
VOCALLZACLON wa o.cred qyctchaict bias hontiercs ta, 2 opet eele stare ehettiere
SOuUNG FRECOGEIENGS) ayetele at Moly she lelala sienna! avolakelobaverenaletene
Physiology and BiocHemESENY: wiee cassie osm isisl sieiele « :
a. Blood ..... eS teatial SF deatit o aot aia ot oat alia 6 ah UREA Ss
be Body Weight sauce. Ao ucc Oost seuin see et
Cin Digestive sSySECM ys po de.e 4 tye ot dae Uli poe. ete ae
da Endocrine SySCeMs m areieteretetel eer yoeoees Ao pte
Gs es INGCGUMENE ss sgh bs et os Dt ee te LO os eee te
gee wibuloplcleiticcloroMlaltji) Golan oan aiemelc cate coli oda
gia = hocomoBiion) s40. 44042 cae ade panda tage. oat
h. Nervous System/Neuromuscular System .......
ia) (Regeneration acs 4 4a22 arae saazrascsscyct eos
ji) REPLOGUGEDVERSVS COM ale = eins evetatelolatelerai=ialiaiataie eile
Ks SeRESpIRALVON E Aas Sar ce a cleee acid ae te eee caer
I, Wemperature) cee. s. at Ac atea aco ace a oadd ae
MeeaWatereMetabolisms + ich scans sae scene st. eee 3
VENONS/ATOXINS AS 42 Shs des hase aes F353 Aosta ses DiciGuD
Parasites and Disease ...........-. icone ipa: decic
Miscellaneous ......... sb pues fae SITES POGSe. 2 2%
DIESEMIDUEION + 66 3453 32 G5 sa 20 eee ee oes > Mae es ute
Bs. HGenesailira ce ccldisionsier« mishaveueitatalal ettahele Bistatare’ oc alieie
B.s sUnited,States): <i. Aeesadeetn Claw eee eee Ad
Genekalhss:s2nts ten te scent ates a VST ONS. a8
States (listed alphabetically) ....... Rite te
Gs 0 Canada 25 Ais'4 45:55 srs, Sin ate te ete ete otal a eevee Se
Generals sicqesys sts ess Seaje shes aye ese res Piel Gees At;

Provinces (listed alphabetically) .........

FOSS Ell VRECORA ysis aicl elute rcletoletolataratetatoreus eileiaue: éJesteue ehaere

iv

Nomenclature - Historical

Agassiz, Louis. 1850. Lake Superior. Gould, Kendall and Lincoln, Boston. 428 p.
(Rana nigricans, p. 379-380).

Bosc, Louis A.G. 1804 (An xii). Nouveau Dictionnaire d'Histoire Naturelle, ed. l,
Vol. 13: 476.(Rana clamitans; also proposed R. clamata).

Boulenger, George Albert. 1882. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia S. Ecaudata
in the Collection of the British Museum. 2nd ed. XVI, 503 p. Reprinted by
Wheldon and Wesley Ltd. London. 1966. (R. clamata, p. 36-37).

Committee on Herpetological Common Names. 1956. Common names for North American
amphibians and reptiles. 1956:172-185.

Committee on Common and Scientific Names. 1978. Standard Common and Current
Scientific Names for North American Amphibians and Reptiles. Soc. Study
Amphibians and Reptiles. Misc. Publ. Herp. Circular No. 7:1-36.

Cope, E.D. 1875. Check-list of North American Batrachia and Reptilia. Bull. U.S.
Nat. .Mus-.1:1-104.

Cope, E.D. 1886. Synonymic list of the North American species of Bufo and Rana with
descriptions of some new species of Batrachia from specimens in the National
Museum. Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 23:514-526.(R. clamata, p. 519).

Cope, E.D. 1889. Batrachia of North America. Bull. U.S. National Museum 34:
io 5) (R- Cllanata, p. 49, pl. SL, 7D)

Daudin, F.M. 1801-1803. Histoire naturalle, générale, et particulié@re des reptiles.
Paris. 8 vol., 100 pl. (R. clamata, vol. 8, p. 104, 1803).

Daudin, F.M. 1802 (An xi).Histoire naturelle des rainettes, des grinouilles et
des crapauds. Paris. 108 p.,38 pl. (Rana clamata, pv. 54).

DeKay, James E. 1842. Natural History of New York. Zoology of New York, or the
New-York Fauna. Vol. III. Part 3. Reptiles and Amphibia. Albany, New York.
33) p., 23) ple (Rk. fontinalis, R. horiconensis, R. clamitans) -

Duméril, André M.C. and Gabriel Bibron. 1841. Erpétologie générale ou histoire
naturelle compléte des reptiles. Vol. 8:373.(R. clamata).

Gunther, Albert C.L.G. 1858. Catalogue of the Batrachia Salientia in the
collection of the British Museum. Taylor and Francis, London. 160 p.
(R. clamata, p. 14; R. horiconensis, p. 131).

Harlan, Richard. 1826. Descriptions of several new species of batracian reptiles,
with observations on the larvae of frogs. Amer. Jour. Sci. 10:53-65 (described
R. flaviviridis,P- 58; R. clamata,p. 63; R. melanota,p. 64).

Harlan, Richard. 1826-1827. Genera of North American Reptilia, and a synopsis of
the species (part 1). Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 5:317-372. (R. clamata,p. 335;
R. melanota,p. 336; R. flaviviridis,p. 338).

Harlan, R. 1835. Genera of North American Reptilia, and a synopsis of the species.
p- 84-163 In R. Harlan, Medical and physical researches. Publ. by author.
Philadelphia (R. ciamata ,p-. 101; R. melanota,p. 102; R. flaviviridis,p. 103).

Harper, Francis. 1940. Some works of Bartram, Daudin, Latrielle, and Sonnini,
and their bearing upon North American herpetological nomenclature. Amer.
Midl. Nat. 23:692-723.

Holbrook, John Edwards. 1842. North American Herpetology; or A Description of
the Reptiles Inhabiting the United States. Ed. 2. Philadelphia Vol. 4.
138 p. (p., 83-897 Pi 19-21). (R. clamitans; R. fontinalis; R. horiconensis
described p. 83, 84). ‘ = 3

Hurlbert, A.B. and W.N. Schwarze, Eds. 1910. David Zeisberger's history of the
North American Indians. Ohio State Archeological and Historical Society,
Columbus, Ohio (Reprinted from Ohio State Archeological and Historical
Quarterly XIX, 1910). (Material used by Loskiel ).

LeConte, John. 1825. Remarks on the American species of the genera Hyla and Rana.
Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. N.Y. 1:278-282.(R. fontinalis described p. 282).

LeConte, J.L. 1855. ° Descriptive catalogue of the Ranina of the United States.
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Vol. VII: 423-431. (R. nigrescens;
R. fontinalis; R. clamator, suggesting this was the name used by Bosc).

Loskiel, George Henry. 1794. History of the Mission of the United Brethren among
the Indians of North America. Tr. by C.I. LaTrobe. Sold by the Brethrens
Society for the Furtherance of the Gospel, and John Stockdale, London (Three
pants; Orig. 176s) 159, 294), Soo bs

Mahr, August C. 1949. A chapter of early Ohio natural history. Ohio Jour. Sci.
XLIX:45-69.

Merrem, Blasius. 1820. Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Tentamen Syst.
Amphibiorum. Jo. Chr. Krieger, Marburg. 191 p. (p. 163-188). (R. clamitans, p.17

Peters, Wilhelm, C.H. 1863. Mittheilungen tiber neue Batrachier. Monatsberichte
Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1863:412.

Rafinesque, C.S. 1820. Annals of Nature; or, Annual Synopsis of New Genera and
Species of Animals, Plants, etc., Discovered in North America. Lexington.
16 p. (Privately reprinted by T.J. Fitzpatric, Iowa City, 1908.) (Ranaria
melanota).

Rhoads, Samuel N. 1895. Contributions to the zoology of Tennessee, No. 1.
Reptiles and Amphibians. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. p. 376-407.
(R. clamitans, R.c. melanota, p. 394-396).

Schmidt, Karl P. 1953. A Check-list of the North American Amphibians and Reptiles.
6th ed. Amer. Soc. Ichthyologists and Herpetologists. Bethesda, Md. 280 p.

Smith, D.S.C.H. 1833. A catalogue of the animals and plants in Massachusetts.
p. 543-652" (Pt. A) Ty Edward Hitchcock. Report on the geology, mineralogy,
botany, and zoology of Massachusetts. J.S. & C. Adams, Amherst. 700 p.
(Rana flaviviridis, p. 552).

Sonnini, Charles N.S. and P.A. Latreille. 1801 (An x). Histoire naturelle des
reptiles, avec figures dessignées d'aprés nature. Paris. Vol. 2, 332 p. 21 pl.
(p. 157). (Contains the original description by Latreille; date usually given

as 1802 - see Harper 1940 for correction; "This species has been found by the
naturalist Bosc, in the fresh waters of Carolina, near Charleston.")

Stejneger, Leonard and Thomas Barbour. 1917. A check list of North American
amphibians and reptiles. Harvard Univ. Press, Cambridge, Mass. 125 p.

. 1923. 2nd ed. Ibid. 171 p.
. 1933. 3rd ed. Ibid. 185 p.
1939. 4th ed. Ibid. 207 p.

1943. 5th ed. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. at Harvard College 93:1-260.

Storer, David Humphreys. 1839. Reports on the ichthyology and herpetology of
Massachusetts, p. 1-253 In D.H. Storer and W.B.O. Peabody. Report on fishes,
reptiles and birds of Massachusetts published by the Commissioner on the
Zoological and Botanical Survey of the State. Boston. 426 p. (p. 205-253,
Reptiles of Massachusetts); reprinted In K. Adler, ed, 1978. Early herpetological
studies and surveys in the eastern United States. Arno Press, The New York
Times Co., New York.(R. fontinalis,p. 236-237).

Thompson, Zadock. 1842. History of Vermont, natural, civil and statistical. Pt. l
Natural History. C. Goodrich, Burlington. 224 p. 1972 ed. Natural History of
Vermont. Charles E. Tuttle Co., Rutland. Reprint of first 7 chs. of 1842
edition. (R. melanota, R. horiconensis).

Yarrow, H.C. 1883. Check list of North American Reptilia and Batrachia with
catalogue of specimens in the United States National Museum. U.S. Nat. Mus.
Bull. 24:1-249.

Evolution/Taxonomy

Berven, K.A., D.E. Gill and S.J. Smith-Gill. 1979. Countergradient selection in
the green frog, Rana clamitans. Evolution 33:609-623.

Dessauer, H.C. and W. Fox. 1956. Characteristic electrophoretic patterns of plasma
proteins of orders of Amphibia and Reptilia. Science 124:225-226.

Heuts, M.J. 1952. Theorien und tatsachen der Biologischen Evolution.Verh. dtsch.
zool. Ges. 1952-1953:409-429. (Observations on evolution and role of tem-
perature in speciation ).

Holman, J.A. 1963. Anuran sacral fusions and the status of the Pliocene genus
Anchylorana Taylor. Herpetologica 19:160-166.

Mecham, John S. 1954 (see III. General).

Moore, J.A. 1942. The role of temperature in the speciation of frogs. Biol.
Symposia 6:189-213.

Moore, J.A. 1949. Patterns of evolution in the genus Rana. p. 315-328 In G.L.
Jepsen, G.C. Lumpson and E. Mayr, eds. Genetics, evolution and paleontology.
Princeton Univ. Press, New Jersey.

Schmiel and Guttman. 1974 (see XX.Physiology and Biochemistry n. Nervous System).

Vial, James L. ed. 1973. Evolutionary Biology of the Anurans. Contemporary

Research and Major Problems. U. of Missouri Press. Columbia, Missouri.
470 p. (p. 188, 276).
\

Wallace, Donald G., Linda R. Maxson, and Allan C. Wilson. 1971. Albumin
evolution in frogs: a test of the evolutionary clock hypothesis. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. 68 (12) :3127-3129.

Wallace, Donald G., M.-C. King and A.C. Wilson. 1973. Albumin differences among
ranid frogs: taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Systematic Zoology
22 Se

General

Altig, R. 1970. A key to the tadpoles of the continental United States and
Canada. Herpetologica 26:180-207.

Baird, Spencer F. 1854. Descriptions of new genera and species of North
American frogs. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 7:59-62.

Barker, Will. 1964. Familiar reptiles and amphibians of America. Harper Row,
New York. 220 p.

Behler, J.L. and F.W. King. 1979. The Audubon Society field guide to North
American reptiles and amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf, New York. 719 p.
(p. 373; with range map).

Benton, A.H., and M.M. Stewart. 1971. Keys to the vertebrates of the northeastern
states (excluding birds). 3rd Ed. State University of N.Y. at Albany.
Albany, N.Y. 52 p.

Blair, W.F., A.P. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F.R. Cagle, G.A. Moore. 1968. Vertebrates
of the United States. 2nd Ed. McGraw Hill, New York. 616 p. (lst Ed. 1957).

Boulenger, G.A. 1920. A monograph of the American frogs of the genus Rana.
Boston, Mass. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci. 55:413-480.

Cochran, Doris M. 1932. Our friend the frog. Natl. Geographic Mag. 61(5) :628-654.

Cochran, D.M. 1961. Living amphibians of the world. Hamish Hamilton, London or
Doubleday & Co., Garden City, N.Y. 199 p.

Cochran, Doris M. and Coleman J. Goin. 1970. The new field book of reptiles and
amphibians. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. 357 p.

Collins, H.H., Jr. 1959. Complete field guide to American wildlife, east, central,
and north. Harper and Brothers, Pubs., New York. 683 p. (p. 447-448, pl. 39).

Conant, R. 1958. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of the United States and
Canada east of the 100th Meridian. Houghton MifflinCc., Boston.

Conant, Roger. 1975. A field guide to reptiles and amphibians of eastern and
central North America. 2nd Ed. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston. 429 p.
(p. 340-342, pl.92, map 299).

=5—

Cope, E.D. 1889 (see I. Nomenclature - Historical).
DeGraf, R.M. and D.D. Rudis. 1981 (see VII. Habitat).
DeKay, James E. 1842 (see I. Nomenclature - Historical).

Dickerson, Mary C. 1906. The frog book. Doubleday Page & Co., New York
(1969 reprint, Dover Publ. Inc., New York). 253 p. (p. 198-205, pl XIII
collor;) LXXV, LXXVI, figs. 229-241).

Fleming, P.L. 1976 (see X. Ecology).

Gadow, Hans 1901. Amphibia and Reptiles. Vol. VIII of S.F. Harmer and A.E. Shipley
(eds.). The Cambridge Natural History. Macmillan Co., Ltd. (1958 Reprint,
Wheldon-Wesley, Ltd. Codicote, England) (p. 262-263).

Hedeen, Stanley. 1970. The ecology and life history of the mink frog, Rana
septentrionalis Baird. Ph.D. Dissertation, Univ. Minnesota, 129 p.
Diss. Abstr. 31B:3985-3986, 1971.

Lanyon, Wesley E., R. Van Gelder and R.G. Zweifel. 1970. The vertebrate fauna of
the Kalbfleisch Research Station of the American Museum of Natural History.
Huntington, Suffolk Co., Long Island, New York. A.M.N.H. Leaflet.

Mecham, John S. 1954. Geographic variation in the green frog, Rana clamitans
Latreille. Texas Jour. Science 1954(6):1-25.

Mills, R. Colin. 1948 (see XXIV. Distribution - Canada).

Morris, Percy A. 1944. They hop and crawl. Jacques Cattell Press, Lancaster, Pa.
253:eps

Noble, G.K. 1931. The biology of the Amphibia. Dover Publications (1954 reprint),
New York. 577 p.

Orton, Grace L. 1952. Key to the genera of tadpoles in the United States and Canada.
Amer. Midl. Nat. 47:382-395.

Palmer, E.L. 1922. Amphibia and Reptilia. Cornell Rural School Leaflet 15:303-364.

Palmer, E.L. 1949. Fieldbook of natural history. McGraw Hill Book Co., New York.
664 p.

Palmer, E.L. and H.S. Fowler. 1975. Fieldbook of natural history. 2nd Ed.
McGraw Hill Book Co., New York. 779 p.

Pratt, H.S. 1923. A manual of land and fresh water vertebrate animals of the
United States. P. Blakiston's Son & Co., Philadelphia. 422 p.

Smyth, H.R. 1962. Amphibians and their ways. Macmillan Co., New York. 292 p.
Stebbins, R.C. 1951 (see XXIV. Distribution - United States).

Whitaker, J.0., Jr. 1968. Keys to the vertebrates of the eastern United States
excluding birds. Burgess Publ. Co., Minneapolis, Minn. (p. 130-138).

Wright, A.H. 1914. North American Anura. Life-histories of the Anura of Ithaca,
New York. Carnegie Inst. Wash. 197:1-98.

Wright, A.H. 1920. Frogs; their natural history and utilization. Dept. U.S.
Bureau of Fisheries Document No. 888:1-44.

=6=

Wright, A.H. and A.D. Wright. 1924. A key to the eggs of the Salientia east of
the Mississippi River. Amer. Nat. 58:375-381.

Wright, A.H. 1929. Synopsis and description of North American tadpoles. Proc.
WeiSisyiNaee MUS. 4. Are i Soe

Wright, A.H. 1932. Life Histories of the Frogs of Okefinokee Swamp, Georgia,
North American Salientia (Anura) No. 2. Macmillan Co., New York. 497 p.
(pik GEL AV, VEEL, Xi SEY eae Vi, eX ROME

Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1949. Handbook of frogs and toads of the United
States and Canada. 3rd Ed. Comstock, Ithaca, New York, 640 p. (p. 450-454,
pl. XCV).

Zim, H.-S. and H.M. Smith. 1956. Reptiles and amphibians, a guide to familiar
American species. A Golden Nature Guide, Golden Press, New York.

IV. Life History

Collins, James Paul. 1975. A comparative study of the life history strategies in
a community of frogs. Ph.D. dissert. Univ. Mich. 157 p. Diss. Abstr. Int.
Bo Sets Eng. 366); 2559=B6

Dickerson, Mary C. 1906 (see III.General).

Flower, S.S. 1925. Contributions to our knowledge of the duration of life in
vertebrate animals. II. Batrachians.Proc. Zool. Soc. London: 269-289.

Gorham, S.W. 1964 (see XXIV. Distribution - Canada, New Brunswick).

Hassinger, Dawn D. 1972. Early life history and ecology of three congeneric
species of Rana in New Jersey. Ph.D. thesis, Rutgers Univ. 206 p. Diss.
Abstr. B. Sci. Eng. 33(8): 4039-B,1973.

Lanyon, W.E., R.G. Van Gelder, and R.G. Zweifel. 1970 (see III.General).
Martof, B. 1955 (see XXIV. Distribution - Georgia).

Nigrelli, R.F. 1954. Some longevity records of vertebrates. Trans. N.Y. Acad.
Sci 954° (2) 3296-299).

Palmer, E.L. 1922, 1949 (see III.General).

Palmer, E.L. and H.S. Fowler. 1975 (see III. General).

Wright, A.H. 1914, 1932 (see III. General).

Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1949 (see III.General).
V. Morphology

Altig, Ronald and William M. Pace. 1974. Scanning electron photomicrographs of
tadpole labial teeth. J. Herpetol. 8:247-251.

Cooper, J.E. 1958. Some albino reptiles and polydactylous frogs. Herpetologica
14:54-56.

Eaton, T.H., Jr. 1939. Development of the frontoparietal bones in frogs.
Copeia 1939(2) :95-97.

Hinckley, M.H. 1883. Hinckley on the mouth structure of tadpoles. Amer. Nat. 17:
670-671 (see Hinckley, 1882, in Distribution - Massachusetts).

Holman, J.A. 1963. Reflections on two procoelous Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Copeia
£963)(3) 2558.

Holman, J.A. 1963. Anuran sacral fusions and the status of the Pliocene genus
Anchylorana Taylor. Herpetol. 19:160-166.

Jenssen, Thomas A. 1968. Some morphological and behavioral characteristics of an
integrade population of the green frog, Rana clamitans, in southern Illinois.
Trans. Ill. State Acad. Sci. 61:252-259.

Ruibal, Rodolfo. 1957. An altitudinal and latitudinal cline in Rana pipiens.
Copeia 1957 (3) :212-221.

Walker, Charles F. 1946 (see XXIV. Distribution - Ohio).

See also XXV. Fossil Record.
Color

Arndt, R.G. 1977. A blue variant of the green frog Rana clamitans melanota
(Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) from Delaware. J. Herpetol. 11:102-103.

Bagnara, Joseph T., Sally K. Frost and Jiro Matsumoto. 1978. On the development
of pigment patterns in amphibians. Am. Zool. 18:301-312.

Berns, Michael W. and Lowell D. Uhler. 1966. Blue frogs of the genus Rana.
Herpetologica 22:181-183.

Berns, M.W. and K.S. Narayan. 1970. An histochemical and ultrastructural analysis of
the dermal chromatophores of the variant ranid blue frog. J. Morph. 132:169-180.

Bogenschiitz, H. 1966. Der farbwechsel von Rana clamitans kaulquappen (changing
of color in Rana clamitans tadpoles). Naturwissen-Schaften 53:484.

Cochran, D.M. 1962 (see III. General).

Deckert, R-F. 1916. An albino pond frog. Copeia 24:53-54.

Fleming, P.L. 1976 (see X. Ecology).

Fowler, H.W. 1918. An albino spring frog in winter. Copeia 61:84.
Fowler, J.A. and H.J. Cole. 1938 (see XXIV. Distribution - Vermont).
Grant, R. 1941 (see XXIV. Canada - Quebec).

Guttman, Sheldon I. 1972. Color photo of a yellow "saddle back" Rana clamitans.
BioScience 22(4). Cover.

Hedeen, S. 1970 (see III. General).

Hensley, M. 1959. Albinism in North American amphibians and reptiles. Publ.
Mus. Mich. State Univ. Biol. Serv. (1) 1959:133-159.

ge

Hoppe, D.M. 1979. The influence of color on behavioral thermoregulation and
hydroregulation, p. 33-62 In: Burt, E.H., Jr. the behavioral significance
of color. Garland STPM Press, New York. 456 pp.

Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1976 (see XXIV. Distribution-- Massachusetts).

Logier, E.B.S. 1952 (see XXIV. Distribution - Canada).

Martof, B.S. 1961. An unusual color variant of Rana pipiens. Herpetol. 17:269-270.
Mecham, John S. 1954 (see III. General).

Moore, John A. 1952. A analytical study of the geographic distribution of Rana
septentrionalis. The Amer. Naturalist 86:5-22.

Murphy, J.C. 1980. Green, blue, and yellow frogs. Bull. Chicago Herp. Soc. 15:
103-106.
Noble, G.K. 1931 (see III. General).

Norris, Kenneth S. and Charles H. Lowe. 1964. An analysis of background color-
matching in amphibians and reptiles. Ecology 45:565-580.

Pierce, M.E. 1942a. Activity of melanophores in an amphibian, Rana clamitans,
with special reference to injection of adrenalin. Anat. Rec. 81(4) suppl.:
92-93 (An abstract).

Pierce, M.E. 1942b. The activity of the melanophores of an amphibian, Rana
clamitans, with special reference to the effect of injection of adrenalin
in relation to body weight. Jour. Exp. Zool. 89:283-293.

Porter, Kenneth R. 1972. The function of color in thermoregulation, p. 310-312
In: Porter, K.R. Herpetology. W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, Pa. 1972.

Schaaf, R.T., Jr. and P.W. Smith. 1970. Geographic variation in the pickeral
frog. Herpetol, 26:240-254.

Sears, M. 1936. Responses of deep seated melanophores in fishes and amphibians.
Biol. Bull. 6827-245

Smyth, H.R. 1962 (see III. General).

Uhler, L.D. 1971. Blue frogs: familiar figures in strange apparel.
Conservationist 26:4.

Vogel, H.H., Jr. 1942. A blue specimen of the "green frog", Rana clamitans. Proc.
Indiana Acad. Sci. 51:266 (an abstract).

Vorps, H.M. 1976. A “speckle" phenotype in Rana clamitans. Can. Field-Nat.90:57-58.
Weber, J.A. 1928 (see XXIV. Distribution - New York).

Whiting, P.W. 1919. Two striking color variations in the green frog. J. Heredity
10:127-128.

Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1949 (see III. General).

Wright, Paul A. 1955. Physiological responses of frog melanophores in vitro.
Physiol. Zool. 28:204.

it.

[X.

Habitat
Banta, A.M. 1907 (see XXIV. Distribution - Indiana).

Barr, T.C., Jr. 1953. Notes on the occurrence of ranid frogs in caves.
Copeia 1953:60-61.

Carr, A.F., Jr. 1940. A contribution to the herpetology of Florida. Gainesville:
Uniive Plas Publ... Biol. Ser., ser. 3S, No. 1<1-17s.

DeGraf, R.M. and Deborah D, Rudis. 1981. Forest habitat for reptiles and
amphibians of the Northeast. Northeastern Forest Experiment Station and
Eastern Region. Forest Service, U.S. Dept. Agric. Hilton House, Univ. Mass.,
Amherst, MA. 239 p.

Sinclair, R., W. Hon, and B. Ferguson. 1965 (see XXIV. Distribution - Tennessee).

(See also III. General: Conant 1958, 1975; Wright 1932, Wright and Wright 1949;
and others; XXIV. Distribution).

Home Range

Martof, Bernard. 1953. Home range and movements of green frog, Rana clamitans.

Ecology 34:529-543.

Schroeder, E.R. 1976. Dispersal and movement of newly transformed green frogs,
Rana clamitans. Amer. Midl, Natur. 95:471-474.

Food Habits

Boice, R. and R.C. Williams. 1971. Competitive feeding behavior of Rana pipiens
and Rana clamitans. Animal Behavior 19:548-551.

Brigham, E.M., III. 1964. Feeding in Rana clamitans. Turtox News 42:42.
Bush, F.M. 1959. Foods of some Kentucky herptiles. Herpetologica 15:73-77.

Frost, S.W. 1935. The food of Rana catesbeiana Shaw. Copeia 1935(1):15-18.

Furlowe, V. 1928. Algae of ponds as determined by an examination of the intestinal
contents of tadpoles. Biol. Bull. 55:443-448,

Garman, H. 1901. The food of the toad. Ky. Agric. Exp. Bull. No. 91:60-68.

Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1948. The food and feeding behavior of the green frog, Rana
clamitans Latrielle, in New York State. Copeia 1948:203-207.

Jenssen, T.A. 1967. Food habits of the green frog, Rana clamitans, before and
during metamorphosis. Copeia 1967(1): 214-218.

Jenssen, T.A. and W.D. Klimstra. 1966. Food habits of the green frog, R. clamitans,
in southern Illinois. Amer. Midl. Natur. 76:169-182.

Munz, P.A. 1920. A study of the food habits of the Ithacan species of Anura
during transformation. Pomona College J. Entomol. and Zool. 12:33-56.

Raney, E.C. and W. Ingram. 1941 (see XVI. Growth Rates).

X.

Silo
Stewart, M.M. and P. Sandison. 1972. Comparative food habits of sympatric mink
frogs, bullfrogs, and green frogs. J. Herp. 6:241-244.

Strecker, J.K. 1927. Observations on the food habits of Texas amphibians and
reptiles. Copeia 1927:6-9.

Surface, H.A. 1913. First report on the economic features of the amphibians
of Pennsylvania. Penna. Dept. Agric., Zool. Bull. Div, Zool. 3(3/4) :65-152.

Whitaker, J.O. 1961. Habitat and food of mouse-trapped young Rana pipiens and
Rana clamitans. Herpetologica 17:173-179.

Williams, R.C. and R. Boice. 1972. Competitive feeding behavior of Rana pipiens
and Rana clamitans. Trans. Mo. Acad. Sci. 4:156 (Abstract).

See also XIV. Larval Ecology.

Ecology

Berven, K.A. 1977. Variation in the developmental ecology of the green frog,
Rana clamitans, across an altitudinal gradient. M.S. thesis. Univ.
Maryland.

Berven, K.A. The genetic basis of altitudinal variation in the wood frog,
Rana sylvatica. I. An experimental analysis of life history traits.
Evolution. In press.

Berven, K.A., D.E. Gill, and S.J. Smith-Gill. 1979 (see II. Evolution/Taxonomy) .

Bowers, J.H. 1966. Food habits of the diamond-backed water snake, Natrix
rhombifera rhombifera, in Bowie and Red River Counties, Texas.
Herpetologica 22:225-229.

Bury, R.B., C.K. Dodd, Jr. and G.M. Fellers. 1980. Conservation of the
Amphibia of the United States: a Review. U.S. Fish Wildl. Serv. Resour.
Publ ., 134, 34 p.

Chaney, A.H. 1951. The food habits of the salamander Amphiuma tridactylum.
Copeia 151(1):45-49.,

Cole, J. and S.G. Fisher, 1979. Annual metabolism of a temporary pond system.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 100:15-22.

Conant, R. 1938. The reptiles of Ohio. Amer. Midl. Natur. 20:1-200.

Cypert, E. 1961. The effects of fires in the Okefenokee Swamp in 1954 and 1955.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 66:485-503.

Edgren, R.A. 1955. The natural history of the hog-nosed snakes, Genus Heterodon:
a review. Herpetologica 11:105-117,

Fleming, P.L. 1976. A study of the distribution and ecology of Rana clamitans
Latrielle. ,sPh-D. «diss... Univ. Minn. 170 p. Discs. Abstr. Inbal ebaeSehamrncis
33 '(3)) 21082. sLO7 7.

=TT=

Formanowicz, D.R., Jr. and E.D. Brodie, Jr. 1977. Palatability and anti-
predator behavior of selected Rana to the shrew Blarina. Amer. Midl. Natur.
101:456-458.

Fraker, M.A. 1970. Home range and homing in the watersnake, Natrix sipedon
sipedon. Copeia 1970(4) :665-673.

Furr, A.K., T.F. Parkinson, W.D. Youngs, C.O. Berg, W.H. Gutenmann, I.S. Pakkala,
and D.J. Lisk. 1980. Elemental content of aquatic organisms inhabiting a pond

contaminated with coal fly ash. N.Y. Fish Game J. 26:154-161.

Gates, J.E. and E.L. Thompson. 1982. Small pool habitat selection by red-spotted
newts in western Maryland. J. Herpetol. 16:7-15.

Goin, C.J. and O.B. Goin. 1953. Temporal variations in a small community of
amphibians and reptiles. Ecology 34:406-408.

Guidry, E.V. 1953. Herpetological notes from southeastern Texas. Herpetologica
9:49-56.

Hamilton, W.J. 1951. The food and feeding behavior of the garter snake in New
York State. Amer. Midl. Natur. 46:385-390.

Heatwole, H. and L.L. Getz. 1960. Studies on the amphibians and reptiles of Mud
Lake Bog in southern Michigan. Jack-Pine Warbler 38:107-112.

Hutchinson, V.H. and W.G. Whitford. 1966. Survival and underwater buccal movements
in submerged anurans. Herpetologica 22:122-127.

Judd, W.W. 1965. Studies on the Byron Bog in southwestern Ontario. XXII.
Observations on toads, frogs, and turtles. Can. Fld.-Nat. 79:142-144.

Klimstra, W.D. 1959. Food habits of the yellow-bellied king snake in southern
Illinois. Herpetologica 15:1-5.

Lagler, K.F. and J.C. Salyer II. 1945. Influence of availability on the feeding
habits of the common garter snake. Copeia 1945(3):159-162.

Licht, L.E. 1969. Palatability of Rana and Hyla eggs. Amer. Midl. Natur. 82:296-298.

Manville, R.H. 1951. A small island community in midsummer. Ecology 32:608-617.

Marchisin, A. and J.D. Anderson. 1978. Strategies employed by frogs and toads
(Amphibia, Anura) to avoid predation by snakes (Reptilia, Serpentes). J.

Herpetol. 12:151-156.

Martof, B. 1956. Factors influencing the size and composition of populations of
Rana clamitans. Amer. Midl. Natur. 56:224-245.

McCallion, J. 1944. Notes on Natrix harteri in captivity. Copeia 1944(1):63.

Mushinsky, H.R. and J.J. Hebrard. 1977. Food partitioning by five species of
water snakes in Louisiana. Herpetologica 33:162-166.

Neill, W.T. 1948. Spiders preying on reptiles and amphibians. Herpetologica 4:158.

> SEE

=o =

Oldham, R.S. 1967 (see XI. Behavior c. Migration and Orientation).

Penn, G.H. 1950. Utilization of crawfishes by cold-blooded vertebrates in the
eastern United States. Amer. Midl. Natur. 44:643-658.

Raney, E.C. and R.M. Roecker. 1947. Food and growth of two species of water-
snakes from western New York. Copeia 1947(3):171-174.

Steinwascher, Kurt. 1980. Host-parasite interaction as a potential population
regulatory mechanism. Ecology 60:884-890.

Thorson, T.B. 1955. The relationship of water economy to terrestrialism in
amphibians. Ecology 36:100-116.

Turner, F.B. 1962. The demography of frogs and toads. Quart. Rev. Biol. 37:303-314.

Walters, B. 1975. Studies of interspecific predation within an amphibian community.
J. Herpetology 9:267-279.

Werner, J.K. and M.B. McCune. 1979. Seasonal changes in anuran populations ina
northern Michigan pond. J. Herpetology 13:101-104.

Wood, J.T. 1945. Variation in length of newly-born garter snakes. Copeia 1945(2):11¢€
Behavior
a. General

Boice, R. 1970. Avoidance learning in active and passive frogs and toads. J. Comp.
Physiol. Psychol. 70 (1, Part 1):154-156.

Davis, D.D. 1933. Unusual behavior in a leopard frog. Copeia 1933 (3): 223-224.

Greding, J., Jr. 1971. Comparative rates of learning in frogs (Ranidae) and toads
(Bufonidae). Caribbean J. Sci. 11 (3,4) :203-208.

Hoppe, D.M. 1979 (see VI. Color).
Jenssen, T.A. 1968. Some morphological and behavioral characteristics of an enter-
grade population of the green frog R. clamitans in southern Illinois. Trans.

Ill. State Acad. Sci. 61 (3):252-259.

Jenssen, T.A. and W.B. Preston. 1968. Behavioral responses of the male green frog,
Rana clamitans, to its recorded call. Herpetologica 24:181-182.

Marchisin, A. and J.D. Anderson. 1978 (see X. Ecology).

Schmidt, R.S. 1968. Chuckle calls of the leopard frog (Rana pipiens). Copeia
1968 (4) :561-569.

Schroeder, E.E. 1968. Aggressive behavior in Rana clamitans. J. Herpetology 1:95-96.

-13-

Wells, K.D. 1977. The social behavior of anuran amphibians. Animal Behav. 25(3):
666-693.

Yerkes, R.M. 1903. The instincts, habits and reactions of the frog. Psychol. Rev.
Monographs 4:579-638.

b. Hibernation

Bohnsack, Kurt K. 1951. Temperature data on the terrestrial hibernation of the green
frog, Rana clamitans. Copeia 1951 (3) :236-239.

Brenner, F.J. 1969. The role of temperature and fat deposition in hibernation and
reproduction in two species of frogs. Herpetologica 25(2):105-113.

Gorham, S.W. 1964 (see XXIV. Distribution-New Brunswick, Canada) ,

Mahr, C.E. 1929. Habits of Amphibia in winter. Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci. 3:94-97,

Morgan, Ann H. 1939. Field book of animals in winter. G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York.
SB oe

Neill, W.T. 1948. Hibernation of amphibians and reptiles in Richmond County,
Georgia. Herpetologica 4:107-114.

Sanwald, W. 1916. Green frog active in December. Copeia 1916(30):35.

Schlauch, Frederick C. 1972. Green frog found in January. Engelhardtia 5:7.

c. Migration and Orientation

Adler, K. 1970. The role of extraoptic photoreceptors in amphibian rhythms and
orientation: a review. J. Herpetology 4(3-4):99-112.

Adler, K. 1971. Pineal end organ: role in extraoptic entrainment of circadian
locomotor rhythm in frogs. p. 342-350 In M. Menaker, ed. Biochronometry.
Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington, D.C.

Adler, K. 1980. Individuality in the use of orientation cues by green frogs
(Rana clamitans). Animal Behav. 28 (2) :413-425.

Berger, T.J. and J.L. Vial. 1976. The influence of light upon activity rhythms
of five synoptic species of tadpoles. Herp. Rev. 7(2):74-75.
(Abstract).

Breder, C.M., Jr., R.B. Breder, and A.C. Redmond, 1927. Frog tagging: a method
of studying anuran life habits. Zoologica 9(3):201-229.

Cole, W.H. and C.F. Dean. 1917. The photolinetic reactions of frog tadpoles.
J. Exp. Zool. 23:361-370.

Dole, J.W. 1971. Dispersal of recently metamorphosed leopard frogs. Copeia
1971 (2): 221-228.

23:4=

Duellman, W.E. 1954. Observations on autumn movements of the salamander
Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum in southeastern Michigan. Copeia 1954:
156-157.

Jaeger, R.G. and J.P. Hailman. 1973. Effects of intensity on the photo-
tactic responses of adult anuran amphibians: a comparative survey.

Zeitschrift fur Tierpsychologie 33:352-407.

McKeown, J.P. 1970. The ontogenetic development of Y-axis orientation in
four species of anurans. Diss. Abst. Int. B. Sci. Eng.:29(9):3547.

Oldham, R.S. 1967. Orienting mechanisms of the green frog, Rana clamitans.
Ecology 48:477-491.

Pearse, A.S. 1910. The reactions of amphibians to light. Proc. Amer. Acad.
Arts Sci. 45:161-208.

Raney, E.C. 1940. Summer movements of the bullfrog, Rana catesbeiana Shaw,
as determined by the jaw-tag method. Amer. Midl. Nat. 23:733-745.

Schroeder, E.E. 1976. Dispersal and movement of newly transformed green
frogs, Rana clamitans. Amer. Midl. Nat. 95:471-474.

Sustare, B.D. 1977. Characterizing parameters of response to light
intensity for six species of frogs. Beh. Processes 2:101-112.

Torelle, E. 1903. The response of the frog to light. Amer. J. Physiol. 9:
466-488.

d. Territoriality

Brode, W.E. 1959. Territoriality in Rana clamitans. Herpetologica 15:140.

Martof, B.S. 1953. Territoriality in the green frog, Rana clamitans.
Ecology 34:165-174.

Wells, K.D. 1976. Territorial behavior of the green frog, Rana clamitans.
Ph.D. dissertation, Cornell Univ. 153 p. Diss. Abstr. Int. B. Sci. Eng.
37 (2): 6S.

Wells, K.D. 1977. Territoriality and male mating success in the green frog,
Rana clamitans. Ecology 58:750-762.

Wells, K.D. 1978. Territoriality in the green frog (Rana clamitans):
vocalization and agonistic behavior. Animal Behav. 26(4) :1051-1063.

Sh

Reproduction

a. Behavior
Martof, B.S. 1953 (see XI.d. Territoriality).
Wells, K.D. 1976 (see XI.d. Territoriality).

Wells, K.D. 1977a. The social behavior of anuran amphibians. Animal Behav.
25:666-693.

Wells, K.D. 1977b (see XId. Territoriality).
Wells, K.D. 1977¢. The courtship of frogs. p. 233-262 In D.H. Taylor and
S.I. Guttman, eds. The Reproductive Biology of Amphibians. Plenum Press,

New York.

Wells, Kentwood D. 1978. Territoriality in the green frog (Rana clamitans) :
vocalizations and agonistic behavior. Animal Behav. 26:1051-1063.

Zipko, Stephen J. 1977. Patterns of reproduction in New Jersey amphibians.
N.J. Audubon 3(3) :43-50.

b. Breeding Dates

Funderburg, J.B., Jr. 1955. The Amphibia of Hanover County, North Carolina.
J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 71:19-28.

Huheey, J.E. and A. Stupka. 1967 (see XXIV. Distribution - North Carolina).
Olson, R.E. 1956 (see XXIV. Distribution - Illinois).

Quinby, J.A. 1954. Interesting breeding dates for some South Carolina frogs.
Herpetologica 10:8.

Sinclair, R., W. Han, and B. Ferguson. 1965 (see XXIV. Distribution - Tennessee).

c. Habits and Habitats

Aronson, L.R. 1943. The sexual behavior of Anura. 5. Oviposition in the green
frog, Rana clamitans, and the bull frog, Rana catesbeiana. Amer. Mus. Nov.
1224): 1=6..

Collins, J.P. and H.M. Wilbur. 1979. Breeding habits and habitats of the
amphibians of the Edwin S. George Reserve, Michigan, with notes on the
local distribution of fishes. Occas. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 686:1-34.

d. Egg Clutches

Green, N.B. 1953. A key to the eggs of West Virginia Salientia. Proc. W. Va.
Acad. Sci. 24:36-38.

Licht, L.E. 1969. Palatabilitv of Rana and Hyla eggs. Amer. Midl. Nat. 82:
296-298,

=16=

Livezey, R.L. and A.H. Wright. 1947. A synoptic key to the salientian eggs
of the United States. Amer. Midl. Nat. 37:179-222.

Wells, Kentwood D. 1976. Multiple egg clutches in the green frog (Rana
clamitans). Herpetologica 32(1):85-87.

Zipko, S.J. 1977 (see XII. Reproduction a. Behavior).
e. Morphology

Elinson, R.P. and M.E. Manes. 1978. Morphology of the site of sperm entry on the
frog egg. Developmental Biology 63:67-75.

Glick, R.N. 1975. An ultrastructural study of the seminal vesicle and its
response to hormone treatment in the male frog Rana clamitans. Dissert.
ALSEre int. Ba Sem wing. 35(9)<4383=4384-

Poirier, G.R. and G.C. Spink. 1971. The ultrastructure of testicular spermatozoa
in two species of Rana. Journal Ultrastructure Research 36 (3/4) :455-465.

£. Experimentation

Arnold, J.F. and J.R. Shaver. 1962. Interfemale transfer of eggs and ovaries
in the frog. Exp. Cell Res. 27:150-153.

Elinson, R.P. 1974 (see XX,Physiology and Biochemistry j. Reproductive System).

Elinson, R.P. 1977. Fertilization of immature frog eggs: cleavage and development
following subsequent activation. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 37:187-201.

Gray, P.S. and R. Hunter, Jr. 1977. EM studies on effects of dispersion yellow
3 on oocyte development in Rana clamitans larvae. Amer. Zool. 17:944.
(Abstract).

Smith-Gill, S.J. and K.A. Berven. 1980. In vitro fertilization and assessment
of male reproductive potential using mammalian gonadotropin-releasing hormone
to induce spermiation in Rana sylvatica. Copeia 1980:723-728.

(See also XV. Hybridization, )

XIII. Development and Metamorphosis
Altig, R. 1970 (see III. General).

Bachman, K. 1969 (see XX.Physiology and Biochemistry 1. Temperature).

Barch, S.H. and J.R. Shaver. 1960. The effect of chymotrypsin on the development
of Rana clamitans. Exp. Cell Res. 19(2) :428-430.
Berven, K.A. 1977 (see X. Ecology).

Berven, K.A. 1981. Heritable and environmental components of development and
reproduction in ranid frogs. Amer. Zool. 21:980 (Abstract).

Dettlaff, T.A. and A.A. Dettlaff. 1961. On relative dimensionless characteristics
of the development duration in embryology. Archives de Biologie (Paris) 72:1-l

Elinson, Richard P. 1981. Genetic analysis of developmental arrest in an amphibian
hybrid (Rana catesbeiana, Rana clamitans). Developmental Biology 81:167-176.

=j'7=

Etkin, W. 1933. Growth and resorption phenomena in anuran metamorphosis.
I.A. Time relationships in metamorphic incidents, B. Growth of the legs
in length, C. Desiccation phenomena, D. Changes in body weight. Physiol.
ZOOM. 5227 5—300%

Foote, F.M. 1949. Studies on hypophysectomized second year R. clamitans larvae.
Ve Ap. wool. LOOC2\ ss sisai

Gosner, K.L. 1959. Systematic variation in tadpole teeth with nutes on faad.
Herpetologica 15:203-210.

Gosner, Kenneth L. 1960. A simplified table for staging anuran embryos and larvae
with notes on identification. Herpetologica 16:183-190.

Gosner, K.L. and I.H. Black. 1954. Larval development in Bufo woodhousei fowleri
and Scaphiopus holbrooki holbrooki. Copeia 1954(4):251-255.

Hammerman, D.L. 1963. Digestion in anurans during metamorphosis. Amer. Zool.
3:544 (Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1964a. Differentiation of the transplanted tongue epithelium
in frog larvae. Amer. Zool. 4;318-319. (Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1964b. Occurrence of premetamorphic papillae in ranid tadpoles.
Amer. Zool. 4:319 (Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1964c. Growth and differentiation of transplanted entire and
partial tongue anlagen in Rana clamitans. Amer. Zool. 4:429 (Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1965. Development of the tongue of Rana clamitans. Amer.
Zool. 5:250=25)) (Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1966. Effect of dimethyl sulfoxide on Rana clamitans larvae.
Amer. Zool. 6:355 (Abstr. )

Hammerman, D.L. and R.F. Thomas. 1967. Lingual premetamorphic papillae as
larval taste structures in frogs. Nature, London. 215:98-99.

Hammerman, D.L. and D.P. Ritterman. 1969. Dimethyl sulfoxide; influence upon
frog tadpole metamorphosis (R. clamitans). Quart. J, Exp. Physiol. Cog.
Med. Sci. 54;223-228.

Harrison, R.G. 1959. The outgrowth of the nerve fiber as a mode of protoplasmic
movement. J. Exp. Zool. 142:5-73.

Hays, R.M. and M. McKerns. 1965. Studies on the structure and function of the
tadpole skin during metamorphosis. Bull. Mt. Desert. Isl. Biol. Lab 5:18-19.

Helff, O.M. 1933. Studies on amphibian metamorphosis. X. Hydrogen-ion concentration
of the blood of anuran larvae during involution. Biol. Bull. 63:405-418.

Helff, O.M. and H,J. Clausen. 1931. Studies on amphibian metamorphosis. V.
The atrophy of anuran tail muscle during metamorphosis. Physiol. Zool.
25S S6-

-18-

Herner, A.E. and E. Frieden. 1960. Biochemistry of anuran metamorphosis. VII.
Changes in serum proteins during spontaneous and induced metamorphosis.
J. Biol. Chem. 235:2845-2851.

Ingram, W.R. 1929. Studies of amphibian neoteny. II. The interrelation of
thyroid and pituitary in the metamorphosis of neotenic anurans. J. Exp.
Zool. 53:387-410.

Ingram, W.R. 1932. Studies of amphibian neoteny. III. The Golgi apparatus of
thyroid cells of R. clamitans in relation to the anterior pituitary.
Anat. Rec. 46:233-247.

Malinin, T. and J.D. Deck. 1958. The effects of implantation of embryonic and
tadpole tissues into adult frog limbs. J. Exp. Zool. 139:307-324.

Malinin, T.I. 1959. Fate of frog embryos implanted into forelimbs of adults.
Science 130:166.

Malinin, T.I. 1960. The effects of implantation of embryonic and tadpole tissues
into adult frog limbs. II. Histological observations. J. Exp. Zool. 143:1-19.

Martof, Bernard. 1952. Early transformation of green frog, R. clamitans Latreille.
Copeia 1952(2):115-116.

Martof, B. 1956. Growth and development of the green frog, Rana clamitans, under
natural conditions. Amer. Midl. Nat. 55:101-117.

McCallion, D.J. 1948a. Accessory tails in frog tadpoles, their experimental
production and significance. I. Five causes of accessory tails in tadpoles
of Rana clamitans as a result of natural injury. Canad. J. Res. Ottawa
26D (1) :62-65.

McCallion, D.J. 1948b. Accessory tails in frog tadpoles, their experimental
production and significance. II. Some experimental methods of producing
accessory tails in frog tadpoles. Canad. J. Res. Ottawa 26D(2) :82-92.

Mintz, B., C.L. Foote and E. Witschi. 1945. Quantitative studies on response of
sex characters of differentiated Rana clamitans larvae to injected androgens

and estrogens. Endocrinology 37:286-296.

Moore, J.A. 1939. Temperature tolerance and rates of development in the eggs of
Amphibia. Ecology 20:459-478.

Orton, G.L. 1951 (see XIV. Distribution - Missouri).
Orton, G.L. 1952 (see III. General).

Procaccini, D.J. and C. Doyle. 1970. Streptomycin induced teratogenesis in
developing and regenerating amphibians. Oncology (Basal) 24:378-387.

Richmond, N.D. 1964. The green frog (Rana clamitans melanota) developing in
one season. Herpetologica 20:132.

Shaver, J.R., S.H. Barch ,and C.C. Umpierre. 1970. Interspecific relationships
of oviducal materials as related to fertilization in Amphibia. J. Embryol.
Exp. Morph. 24:209-225.

Soe

Shellabarger, C.J. and J.T. Godwin. 1954. Effects of triiodothyronine on
tadpoles. Endocrinology 54:230-232.

Smith-Gill, Sandra J. and Keith A. Berven, 1979. Predicting amphibian
metamorphosis. Amer. Nat. 113:563-585.

Speidel, Carl C. 1948. Correlated studies of sense organs and nerves of the
lateral line in living frog tadpoles. II. Amer. J. Anat. 82:277-320.

Sperry, R.W. 1947. Ontogenetic development and maintenance of compensation, eye
movements in complete absence of the optic nerve. J. Comp. Psychol. 39:321-330.

Steinmetz, C.H, 1951. Some effects of 2-thiouracil on Rana clamitans larvae.
Proc, Indiana Acad. Sci. 60:342-348.

Ting, Han-Po, 1951. Duration of the tadpole stage of the green frog, Rana
clamitans. Copeia 1951(1):82.

Witschi, E. 1949. The larval ear of the frog and its transformation during
metamorphosis. Z. Naturf. Wiesbaden 4.b(4)1949:230-242.

Wright, A.H. 1932 (see III. General).

Wright, A.H. and A.D. Wright. 1924 (see III. General).

Larval Ecology

Bachmann, K. 1969 (see XX. Physiology - 1. Temperature).

Berven, K.A. 1977 (see X. Ecology).

Formanowicz, Daniel Robert. 1978. Palatability of a community of amphibian larvae
to aquatic invertebrate predators. M.S. Thesis, Adelphi Univ. 38 p. Masters

Abstracts 16:196.

Formanowicz, D.R., Jr. and Edmund D. Brodie, Jr. 1982, Relative palatabilities
of members of a larval amphibian community. Copeia 1982(1):91-97.

Getz, L.L. 1958. The winter activities of Rana clamitans tadpoles. Copeia 1958(3):
PU i

Gosner, K.L. and I.H. Black. 1957. The effects of acidity on the development
and hatching of New Jersey frogs. Ecology 38:256-262

Hassinger, Dawn D. 1972. Early life history and ecology of three congeneric
species of Rana in New Jersey. Ph.D. dissertation, Rutgers Universtiy.

Diss. Abstr. B. Sci. Eng. 33(8):4039-B, 1973.
Hay, O.P. 1982 (see XXIV. Distribution - B. Indiana).

Heyer, W, Ronald. 1976. Studies in larval amphibian habitat partitioning.
Smithsonian Contrib, Zool. 242. 27 p. :

Heyer, W.R. 1979. Annual variation in larval amphibian populations within a
temperate pond. J, Wash. Acad. Sci. 69:65-74.

Licht, L,E. 1969 (see XII. Reproduction - eggs).

Nelson, C.E. 1980. What determines the species composition of larval amphibian pond
communities in south central Indiana? Proc. Indiana Acad, Sci, 89:149.

=20=

Obreshkove, Vasil. 1921. The photic reactions of tadpoles in relation to the
Bunsen-Roscoe law. Jour. Exp. Zool. 34:235-279.

Orton, Grace L. 1951 (see XXIV. Distribution - Missouri).

Seale, Dianne B. 1980. Influence of amphibian larvae on primary production,
nutrient flux, and competition in a pond ecosystem. Ecology 61:1531-1550.

Steinwascher, K. 1979. Competitive interactions among tadpoles: responses to
resource level. Ecology 60:1172-1183.

Steinwascher, K. 1981. Threshold feeding concentrations of tadpoles: a response
to Seale and Beckvar. Copeia 1981(4) :921-922.

Walters, Bonnie. 1975. Studies of interspecific predation within an amphibian
community. J. Herpetology 9:267-279.

Wilbur, H.M. and J.P. Collins. 1973. Ecological aspects of amphibian metamor-
phosis. Science 182:1305-1314.

(See also XVI. Growth Rates.)
Hybridization and Genetics

Bachmann, K. and M. Nishioka. 1978. Genome size and nuclear size in palearctic
frogs (Rana). Copeia 1978(2):225-229.

Becak, M.L., W. Becak, F.L. Roberts, R.N. Shoffner, and E.P. Volpe. 1971.
Chromosome atlas: fish, amphibians, reptiles, and birds. Vol. 1 & 2.
Springer-Verlag. Berlin, Heidelberg and New York. 208 p.

Berven, K.A. 1982 (see X. Ecology).
Committee on Standards. 1974 (see XXIV. Miscellaneous).

Elinson, R.P. 1973. Fertilization of frog body cavity eggs: Rana pipiens eggs
and Rana clamitans sperm. Biol. Reprod. 8:362-368.

Elinson, R.P. 1974. A block to cross-fertilization located in the egg jelly of
the frog Rana clamitans. J. Embryol. Exp. Morph. 32:325-335.

Elinson, R.P. 1975a. Viable amphibian hybrids produced by circumventing a block
to cross-fertilization (Rana clamitans % X Rana catesbeiana ¢ ie hee Bape
Zool. 192:323-329.

Elinson, R.P. 1975b, Fertilization of green frog (Rana clamitans) eggs in their
native jelly by bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) sperm. J. Exp. Zool. 193:419-423.

Elinson, R.P. 1975c. Isozymes and morphology of five amphibian hybrid embryo
combinations which develop beyond gastrulation. Canadian J. Zool. 53:993-1003.

Elinson, R.P. 1977. Amphibian hybrids: A genetic approach to the analysis of
their developmental arrest. Differentiation 9:3-9.

Elinson, R.P. 1981. (see XIII. Development and Metamorphosis)

Elinson, R.P. 1981. Have you seen a bullfrog-green frog hybrid? Herpetol. Rev.12(4)

Elinson, R.P. and A. Briedis. 1981. Triploidy permits survival of an inviable
amphibian hybrid. Devel. Genetics 2:357-367.

-21-

Frankel, J.S. and D.K. Underhill. 1974. Kidney esterase and serum albumin
polymorphisms in four populations of the green frog, Rana clamitans.
Bull. N.J. Acad. Sci. 19(2) :39-41.

Gray, P.S., R. Hunter, Jr., and R.M. Patterson. 1979. Chromosomal aberrations
induced by dispersion yellow 3 in Rana clamitans larvae during tail
regeneration. Cytobias 25:175-182.

Moore, J.A. 1941. Developmental rate of hybrid frogs. J. Exp. Zool. 86:405-422.
Moore, J.A. 1952 (see VI. Color).
Moore, J.A. 1955. Abnormal combinations of nuclear and cytoplasmic systems in

frogs and toads. Advan. Genet. 7:139-182.

Moreschalchi, Alessandro. 1973. Amphibia, p. 233-348 In A.B. Chiarelli and
E. Capanna, eds. Cytotaxonomy and vertebrate evolution. Academic Press,
New York. 783 p.

Shivers, C.A. 1962. Localization of the inhibitory effect of antijelly serum
on fertilization in frog eggs by flourescein-tagged antibodies. Amer.
Zool. 2:448 (Abstr.).

Shivers, C.A. 1965. The relationship of antigenic components in egg-jellies of
various amphibian species. Biol. Bull., Mar. Biol. Lab., Woods Hole,

128 ; 328-336.

Stanley, Willard and Allen Benton. 1964. An anomalous Rana from western New York.
Copeia (2) :363-364.

Straus, N.A. 1971. Comparative DNA resaturation kinetics in amphibians. Proc.
Nat. Acad. Sci. USA 68:799-802.

Ting, Han Po. 1951. Diploid, androgenetic and gynogenetic haploid development
in anuran hybridization. J. Exp. Zool. 116:21-57.

Volpe, E.-P. and S.M. Harvey. 1958. Hybridization and larval development in Rana
palmipes Spix. Copeia 1958(3) :197-207.

Wallace, D.G., MsC. King, and A.C. Wilson. 1973. Albumin differences among ranid
frogs: taxonomic and phylogenetic implications. Syst. Zool. 22:1-13.

Wilson, B.G. 1975. DNA replication in the Amphibia. Chromosoma (Berl.) 51:213-224.

Growth Rates

Briggs, J.L. and R.M. Storm. 1970. Growth and population structure of the cascade
frog, Rana cascadae Slater. Herpetol. 26:283-300.

Licht, L.E. 1967. Growth inhibition of crowded tadpoles: intraspecific and
interspecific effect, Ecology 48:736-745.

Raney, E.C. and W.M. Ingram. 1941. Growth of tagged frogs (Rana catesbeiana Shaw
and Rana clamitans Daudin) under natural conditions. Amer. Midl. Natur. 26:201-206.

Richards, C.M. 1962. The control of tadpole growth by alga-like cells. Physiol.
Zool. 35:285-296.

XVIT.

VEGI.

=29=

Rose, S.M. 1960. A feedback mechanism of growth control in tadpoles. Ecology
ASS —a.99).

Ryan, Richard A. 1953. Growth rates of some ranids under natural conditions.
Copeia 1953:73-80.

Schueler, Frederick W. 1975 (see VI. Color).

Turner, F,B. 1960. Post-metamorphic growth in anurans. Amer. Midl. Natur. 64:
327-335.

Wood, W.A. and J.J. Roth. 1974. Growth as a function of temperature and density
in tadpoles of the frog, Rana clamitans. J. Colo-wyo. Acad. Sci. 7:68.

Wright, A.H. 1920 (see XXIII. Miscellaneous).

Audition

Cordier, Robert et Albert Dalcq. 1954. Organe stato-acoustique, p. 453-521
In P.P. Grasse, ed. Vertebrates: embryologie: grande problemes d'anatomie
comparee: characteristiques biochimiques. Traite de Zoologie. Tome XII.
Messon, Paris. 1146 p. (p. 509-513, Fig. 331; auditory apparatus in larvae).

Jenssen, T.A. and W.B. Preston. 1968 (see XI. Behavior-General).

Kleerekoper, H. and K. Sibabin. 1959. A study on hearing in frogs (Rana pipiens
and Rana clamitans). Z. vergl. Physiol. 41:490-499.

Oldham, R.S. 1967 (see XI. Behavior c. Migration and Orientation).

Sachs, M.B. 1964. Responses to acoustic stimuli from single units in the eighth
nerve of the green frog. J, Acoust. Soc. Amer. 36:1956-1958.

Schmidt, R.S. 1964. Hearing and response to calls in anurans. Behaviour 23:280-293.

Schwartzkopff, J. 1960. Vergleichende physiologie des gehors (Comparative
physiology of hearing). Fortshr, Zool. 12:206-264.

Witschi, E. 1949 (see XIII. Development and Metamorphosis).

Yerkes, R.M. 1905. The sense of hearing in frogs. J. Comp. Neurol. Psychol.
15:279-304.

Vision

Adler, Kraig. 1971. Pineal end organ: role in extraoptic entrainment of
circadian locomotor rhythm in frogs. p. 342-350 In M. Menaker, ed.

Biochronometry. U.S. Nat. Acad. Sci. Washington, Dc.

Bridges, C.D.B. 1974a. Effects of light and darkness on the visual pigments
of amphibian tadpoles. Vision Res. 14:779-794.

-23-

Bridges, C.D.B. 1974b. Spectral sensitivity of the system controlling visual
pigment composition in tadpole eyes. Vision Res. 14:929-936.

Bridges, C.D.B. 1975. Storage, distribution and utilization of vitamin A in the
eyes of adult amphibians and their tadpoles. Vision Res, 15:1311-1323.

Cole, W.H. and C.F. Dean. 1917 (see XI, Behavior c. Migration and Orientation).

Fite, K. 1973. The visual fields of the frog and toad: a comparative study.
Beh. Biology 9:707-718.

Jaeger, Robert G. and Jack P. Hailman. 1976. Ontogenetic shift of spectral
phototactic preferences in anuran tadpoles. J. Comp. and Physiol. Psychol.
90:930-945.

Obreshkove, Vasil. 1921 (see XIV. Larval Ecology).

Pearse, A.S. 1910. The reactions of amphibians to light. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts Sci.
45:161-208.

Sperry, R.W. 1947 (see XIII. Development and Metamorphosis).

Sustare, B.D. 1977 (see XI. Behavior).

Torelle, E. 1903 (see XI. Behavior).

Vocalization

Bogert, C.M. 1960. The influence of sound on the behavior of amphibians and reptiles.
p. 137-320 In W.E. Lanyon and W.N. Tavolga, eds. Animal sounds and communi-

cation. Amer, Inst. Biol. Sci. Pub. No. 7. Washington, D.C.

Breder, C.M., Jr. 1946. On the mating behavior of free garter snakes associated
with water. Copeia 1946(4) :236-241.

Capranica, R.R. 1965. The evoked vocal responses of the bullfrog: a study of
communication by sound. Research Monograph No. 33, Mass. Inst. Technology
Press. Cambridge, MA. 110 p.

Chernetski, K.E. 1964. Facilitation of a somatic reflex in Rana clamitans: effects
of sympathectomy and decerebration. 4Z. Tierpsychol. 21:813-821.

Fowler, J.A. 1960. Amphibians calling. News Letter Cranbrook Inst. Sci. 29:78-85.

Greding, E.J,, Jr. 1977. Evoked vocal response: how to turn on a banjo frog.
Bull. Chicago Herpetol. Soc. 12:108-109.

Olson, B.E. 1956 (see XXIV. Distribution - Illinois).

Wells, K.D. 1977 (see XI. Behavior - General).

Wells, K.D. 1978 (see XI, Behavior - General).

Sound Recordings

Bogert, Charles M. 1958. Sounds of North American frogs: the biological signifi-
cance of voice in frogs. 19 p. plus 12" LP record. Folkways Records No. FXx6166.
New York.

Kellogg, Peter Paul and Arthur A. Allen. Voices of the night (12" LP record).
Houghton Mifflin (for Cornell Laboratory of Ornithology), Boston, Mass.

XX.

-24-

Physiology and Biochemistry

a. Blood

Baker, E.G.,S. Klein, and L. Klein. 1933. Comparative erythrocyte counts of
representative vertebrates. Proc. Indiana Acad. Sci. 41:417-418.

Dent, J.N. and R.J. Schuellein. 1950. A consideration of the prothrombin times
of several amphibians with notes of effects of parasitization and disease.
Physiol. Zool. 23:23-27.

Gratzer, W.B. and A.C. Allison. 1960. Multiple haemoglobins. Biol. Rev. 35:
459-506. '

Hebard, W. B. 1964. Serum-protein electrophoretic patterns of the Amphibia.
p. 649-657. In Leone, Charles A., ed. Taxonomic biochemistry and serology.
Ronald Press, New York. 728 p.

Hutchinson, V.H. and H. Szarski. 1965. Number of erythrocytes in some amphibians
and reptiles. Copeia 1965:373-375.

Kaplan, H.M. 1952. Variation in white blood cells between normal and red-leg frogs.
Trans. “L11l. “Acad. “Sei.. 4529170=176;

Kaplan, H.M., R.M. Presley, and W.H. Paris. 1953. Factors influencing the packed
cell volume of frog blood. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci. 46:203-207.

Leftwich, F.B. 1958. Blood oxygen capacity in frogs. Va. J. Sci. N.S. 9(1958) :397.

Leftwich, F.B. and J.D. Burke. 1964. Blood oxygen capacity in ranid frogs. Amer.
Midl. Natur. 72:241-248.

Langille, B.L. and B. Crisp. 1980. Temperature dependence of blood viscosity in
frogs and turtles: effect on heat exchange with environment. Am. J. Physiol.
239: R248-R253.

Szarski, H. and Czopek, G. 1966. Erythrocyte diameter in some amphibians and
reptiles. Bull. Acad. Pol. Sci. (Sci. Biol.) 14:433-437.

b. Body Weight

Davison, J. 1955. Body weight, cell surface, and metabolic rate in anuran Amphibia.
Biol. Bull. Woods Hole 109:407-419.

Jenssen, Thomas, A. 1972. Seasonal organ weights of the green frog, Rana clamitans

(Anura, Ranidae), under natural conditions. Trans. Illinois Acad. Sci. 65(3,4):
15-24.

c. Digestive System

Freed, Jerome J. 1955. The relation of nucleic acid and protein to pancreatic
secretions in the Rana clamitans tadpoles. Exp. Cell Res. 9:17-34.

Frye, B.E. 1962. The effect of pancreatectomy on blood glucose levels of meta-
morphosing anuran larvae. Amer. Zool. 2:410 (Abstr.).

-25-

Frye, B.E. 1964. Metamorphic changes in the blood sugar and pancreatic islets
of the frog, Rana clamitans. J. Exp. Zool. 155:215-224.

Gagnon, A. 196la. The absorption of amino acids by the isolated intestine of
the green frog, Rana clamitans. Rev. Canadienne Biol. 20:7-14.

Gagnon, A. 1961b. Some factors modifying the absorption of amino acids by the
isolated intestine of the green frog, Rana clamitans. Rev. Canadienne
Biol. 20:675-681.

Janes, R.G. 1934. Studies on the amphibian digestive system. I. Histological
changes in the alimentary tract of anuran larvae during involution.
ULOLxp. | ZOOlkD Gia S=OL

Messaro, E.J. 1961. The construction of permanent functional ileostomies and
colostomies in adult frogs, Anat. Rec. 139:252 (Abstr,).

Messaro, E.J. 1961, The construction of permanent, functional ileostomies and
colostomies in adult frogs. J. Exp. Zool. 146;131-138.

Studier, E.H., A.L. Studier, A,J. Essy, R.W. Dapson, 1977. Thermal sensitivity
and activation energy of intrinsic intestinal motility in small vertebrates.
ue Cherm. Slot. 2. 101—1052

d. Endocrine System

Bradley, W.O. 1951. The effects of certain antithyroid drugs on the uptake of
radio-active iodine by the frog thyroid. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole 101;62-70.

Dowling, J.T. and D. Razeyska. 1966. Thyroxine metabolism by amphibian skin
during metamorphosis and molting. Gen. Comp. Endocr. 6:162-169.

Foote, C.L. and E. Witschi. 1939. Effects of hormones on the gonads of frog
larvae (Rana clamitans); Sex inversion in females; stability in males.
Anat. Rec. 75:75-80.

Frieden, E. and G.W. Westmark. 1961. On the anomalous activity of thyroxin
analogs in tadpoles. Science 133:1487-1489.

Kaltenbach, J.C. 1959, Local action of thyroxin on amphibian metamorphosis. IV.
Resorption of the tail fin in anuran larvae effected by thyroxin-cholesterol
implants. J. Exp, Zool. 140:1-14.

Kaltenbach, J.C. 1972. Local action of thyroxin on amphibian metamorphosis. V.
Cell division in the eye of anuran larvaé effected by thyroxin-cholesterol
implants. J. Exp. Zool. 179:157-166.

Kaye, N.W. and . LeBourhis. 1958, Uptake and turnover of a single injected
dose of I in tadpoles of Rana clamitans. Zoologica, N.Y, 43:73-76.

Lardy, Henry. 1956. The biological activity of O-methyl thyroxine. Endocrinology
57 3566=570..

Matthews, S.A. and F. Ash. 1951. The effect of parrot fish thyroid gland on
metamorphosis in frog tadpoles. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole 101:157-161.

=565

Pierce, M.E. 1942. The activity of the melanophores of an amphibian, Rana
clamitans, with special reference to the effect of injection of adrenalin
in relation to body weight. J. Exp. Zool. 89:283-295.

Race, J. and J. Cameron. 1966. A method for the detection of the thyroid
hormones in the plasma of the amphibian larvae by thin layer chromatography.
Amer. Zool. 6:;302. (Abstr,).

Rogers, D.C. 1966. An electron microscope study of the parathyroid gland of
the frog (Rana clamitans). J. Ultrastructure Res. 13(5/6):478-499.

Scott, J.L. 1962.. The effect of iproniazid-treatment upon the metabolism of
exogenous C epinephrine by the frog, Rana clamitans., Amer. Zool. 2:447.
(Abstr.).

Speidel, C.C. 1926. Studies of hyperthyroidism, IV. The behavior of the
epidermal mitochondria and the pigment in frog tadpoles under conditions
of thyroid accelerated metamorphosis and of regeneration following wound
infliction. J. Morph. Physiol. 43:57-79.

Steinmetz, C.H. 1952. Thyroid function as related to growth of tadpoles before
metamorphosis. Endocrinology 51:154-156.

Steinmetz, C.H. 1952. Further evidence for thyroid function in anuran larvae.
POG... Ind. ACad., SCl., Ols292—295.

Steinmetz, C.H. 1954, Some affects of thyroxine and antithyroid compounds on
tadpoles and their relation to hormonal control of growth. Physiol.
Zool. 27:28-40.

Wright, P.A. 1960. Non-specificity of pituitary-induced anuran ovulation in vitro.
Proc. Sci. Exp. Biol. Med. 104:77-79.

e. Integument

Baker, R.E. 1970. Behavioral reflexes in R, catesbeiana and R, clamitans with
large skin grafts. J. Exp. Zool. 173:129-136.

Elias, H. and J. Shapiro. 1958. Histology of the skin of some toads and frogs,
Amer. Mus. Novit. 1819:1-27.

Singer, M. and M.M. Salpeter. 1961. The bodies of Eberth and associated structures
in the skin of the frog tadpole, J. Exp. Zool. 147:1-19.

Weed, I.G. 1935. Cytological studies of the epidermis of Rana pipiens and Rana
clamitans tadpoles with special reference to the figures of Eberth. J.
Morph. 56:213-229.

Welsh, J.H. and J.B. Zipf. 1966. 5-Hydroxytryptamine in frog's skin. J.
Cell Physiol. 68:25-34.

Wright, P.A. and R.R. Kohn. 1952. Effect of crustacean eyestalk hormones on
melanophore activity in excised frog skin. Biol. Bull. Woods Hole 103:
312, (Abstr.).

-27-

f£. Lipid Metabolism

Bobes, M. 1973. The influence of environmental factors on the lipid content
and composition in the gonads and fat bodies of the frog, Rana clamitans.
Diss. Abstr. Int. B. “Sci. S52) 178k.

Brenner, F.J. 1969 (see XI. b. Behavior - Hibernation).

McMullin, G.F., S.C. Smith and P.A. Wright. 1968. Tissue fatty acid composition
in four diverse vertebrate species. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26:211-221.

Mele, J.A. 1980. The role of lipids in storage and utilization of energy for

reproduction and maintenance in the green frog, Rana clamitans. Diss.
Abstr. “int! “BS Sci. JEng.7,40 (12)s351. 70.

g.- Locomotion

Putnam, R.W. and A.F. Bennett. 1980. Comparative physiology of anuran muscle.
Am. Zool. 20:941 (Abstr.).

Rand, A.S. 1952. Jumping ability of certain anurans with notes on endurance.
Copeia 1952:15-20.

Stokely, P.S. and J.F. Berberian. 1953. On the jumping ability of frogs.
Copeia 1953(3):187.

Zug, G.R. 1972. Anuran locomotion: structure and function. I. Preliminary

observations on relation between jumping and osteometrics of appendicular
and postaxial skeleton. Copeia 1972 (4) :613-624.

h. Nervous System/Neuromuscular System
Bridges, C.D.B. 1975 (see XVIII. Vision).

Chernetski, K.E. 1964. Sympathetic modification of somatic nervous responsiveness
iin Enogs . bass SVAbstracints Bs (Seis, Pngpy 2433893.

Cobb, B.F., L. Carter, and V.L. Koenig. 1968. The distribution of the soluble
protein components in the crystalline lenses of specimens of amphibians,
reptiles and birds. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 26:519-628.

Gierthy, J.F., S.N. Bobrow, and H. Rothstein. 1968. Microscopy of living
epithelial cells upon the intact ocular lens in culture. Exp. Cell Res.
50:476-479.

Hailman, J.P. and R.G. Jaeger. 1976. A model of phototaxis and its evaluation
with anuran amphibians. Behaviour 56:215-249.

Jaeger, R.G. and J.P. Hailman. 1973 (see XI.c. Behavior - Migration and Orientation).

-28-

Kleerekoper, H. and K. Sibabin. 1958 (see XVII. Audition).

Knighton, Robert W. 1975. An electrically evoked slow-potential of the frog's
retina: I. Properties of response. J. Neurophysiol. 38:185-197.

Kriebel, Mahlon E. 1978. Small mode miniature end plate potentials are increased
and evoked in fatigued preparations and high Mg saline. Brain Res. 148:
381-388.

Kriebel, M.E., R.B. Hanna and G.D. Pappas. 1980. Spontaneous potentials and fine
structure of identified frog (R. clamitans) denervated neuromuscular
junctions. Neuroscience 5:97-108.

Pomeranz, B. 1972. Metamorphosis of frog vision: changes in ganglion cell
physiology and anatomy. Exp. Neurol. 34:187-199.

Ralph, Charles L. 1978. Non-optic phototaxis of two species of ranid frogs
(Amphibia, Anura, Ranidae) with special attention to the parapineal organ.
J. Herpetology 12:197-202.

Rose, S.J., G.D. Pappas and M.E. Kriebel. 1978. The fine structure of identified
frog neuromuscular junctions in relation to synaptic activity. Brain Res.
144:213-240.

Schmiel, C.V. and S.I. Guttman. 1974. An electrophoretic analysis of the lens
and muscle proteins of selected anurans. Amer. Midl. Natur. 92:148-159.

Speidel, C.C. 1949. Correlated studies of sense organs and nerves of the
lateral-line in living frog tadpoles. III. Experiments on the orange
granules and sense hairs of denervated and innervated organs. J. Morph.
Boe lls—1359)

Speidel, C.C. 1964. In vivo studies of myelinated nerve fibers. Int. Rev. Cytol.
16:173-231.

Stehouwer, Donald J. and Paul B. Farel. 1980, Central and peripheral controls
of swimming in anuran larvae. Brain Res. 195;323-336.

Trupin, G.L. 1976. The satellite cells of normal anuran skeletal muscle. Devel.
Biol 3. 50) Si —52'4"

Trupin, G.L. 1979. The identification of myogenic cells in regenerating skeletal
muscle; I. Early anuran regenerates. Devel. Biol. 68:59-71,

Wolff, E. 1965. (See XX.i. Regeneration).

Wright, M.R. 1947. Experiments on the lateral line system of anurans. Proc.
Sec. Exp. Biol. and Med. 62;242-243.

20>

i. Regeneration

Gray, P.S., R. Hunter, Jr. and R.M. Patterson. 1979 (see XV. Hybridization and
Genetics).

Hammerman, D.L. 1962. Regeneration and transplantation of the larval anuran tongue.
Anat. Rec. 142:308.(Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1963. Histogenesis and regeneration of anuran tongues following
partial extirpations and transplantations. Diss. Abst. B. Sci. Eng. 24:902.

Hammerman, D.L. 1964. Effect of thiourea and 2-thiouracil on tongue regeneration
in larval anurans. Amer. Zool. 4;429.(Abstr.).

Hammerman, D.L. 1969. The frog tongue: III. Histogenesis and regeneration
following complete and partial extirpations of anlagen. Acta Zool.
(Stockholm) 50:215-232.

Hsu, L. 1974. The role of nerves in the regeneration of minced skeletal muscle
in adult anurans. Anat. Rec. 179:119-136.

Niazi, I.A. 1965. Muscle regeneration in frog tadpoles. Zoologischer Anzeiger
174 7328-336 GS

Niazi, I.A. 1968. Role of the notochord in regeneration of the tail in frog
tadpoles. Acta Anat. 64:341-350.

O'Steen, W.K. 1959. Regeneration and repair of the intestine in Rana clamitans
larvae. J. Exp. Zool. 141:449-475.

Rose, S.M. 1943. A method of inducing limb regeneration in adult Anura. Proc.
Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med. 49(3):408-410.

Rose, S.M. 1944. Method of initiating limb regeneration in adult Anura. J. Exp.
Zool. 695:149-170.

Rose, S.M. 1945. The effect of NaCl in stimulating regeneration of the limbs of
frogs. J. Morphology 77:119-139.

Schotté, O.E. and M. Harland. 1943a. Amputation level and regeneration in limbs
of late R. clamitans tadpoles. J. Morph. 73:329-357.

Schotté, O.E. and M. Harland. 1943b. Effects of denervation and amputation of
hind limbs in anuran tadpoles. J. Exp. Zool. 93:453-490.

Schotté, O.E. and J.F. Wilbur. 1958. Effects of adrenal transplants upon fore-
limb regeneration in normal and hypophysectomized adult frogs. J. Embryol.
Exp. Morph. 6:247-261.

Simpson, S.B., Jr. and J. Skirnyk. 1974. A quantitative study of the peripheral
nerve supply in the tadpole tail. J. Exp. Zool. 188:345-352.

Singer, M. 1954. Induction of regeneration of the forelimb of the postmetamorphic
frog by the augmentation of the nerve supply. J. Exp. Zool. 126:419-471.

=30=

Stone, L.S. 1967. The fate of amphibian regenerating blastema implanted into
lentectomized eyes. J. Exp. Zool. 162:301-310.

Velikanova, K.M. 1963. Factors controlling differentiation of the regenerating
lens into epithelial and fibrous portions. Dokl. Akad. Nank. SSSR Biol.
Sci. 149:398-400.

Wolff, E. 1965. Le role du systéme nerveux dans la regénération des Amphibiens.
Année Biol. 4:105-125.

j.- Reproductive System

Bernstein, G.S. 1952. Sperm agglutinins in the egg jelly of the frogs Rana
pipiens Schreber and Rana clamitans Latreille. Biol. Bull. 103-285.

Brenner, F.J. 1969 (see XI. b. Behavior - Hibernation).

DiMatteo, L., S. Minucci and R.K. Rastogi. 1981. Influence of photoperiodism on
high temperature-induced testicular recrudescence in the green frog.
Experientia (Basel) 37:149-150.

Eddy, E.M. and S.Ito. 1971. Fine structural and radioautographic observations
on dense perinuclear cytoplasmic material in tadpole oocytes. J. Cell Biol.
49:90-108.

Elinson, Richard P. 1974a (see XV. Hybridization and Genetics).

Elinson, Richard P. 1974b. A comparative examination of amphibian sperm proteolytic
activity. Biol. of Reprod. 11:406-412.

Foote, C.L. and E. Witschi. 1939 (see XX. d. Physiology-Endocrine System).

Foote, C.L. and F.M. Foote. 1958. Maintenance of gonads of frog larvae in organ
cultures. Trans. Ill. Acad. Sci.,. 50:243-246.

Goldsmith, E.D., S.S. Schreiber and R.F. Nigrelli. 1949. 4-Amino pteroylglutamic
acid (aminopterin), pteroylglutamic folic acid, and response of frogs, R.
clamitans, to estrogen. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. and Med. 69:299-301.

Goldsmith, E.D., S.S. Schreiber, and R.F. Nigrelli. 1951. Folic acid analogs in

lower animals. II. The Amphibia: R. clamitans. Ann. New York Acad. Sci.
52:1346-1348.

Massover, W.H. 1971. Nascent yolk platelets of anuran amphibian oocytes. J.
Ultrastruct. Res. 37(5-6):574-591.

Merriam, R.W. 1964. Osmotic response in frog oocytes whose investing membranes
have been made demonstrably 'leaky'. J. Cell Biol. 232359A;,(ADSEZ. )i

Miller, O.L., Jr. 1962. Studies on the ultrastructure and metabolism of nucleoli
in amphibian oocytes. Fifth Int. Conf. Electron Microsc. (Phila.) 2:NN-8.

Moore, J.A. 1939 (see XIII. Development and Metamorphosis).

Seal, U.S. 1964. Vertebrate distribution of serum ceruloplasmin and sialic acid
and the effects of pregnancy. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 13:143-159.

Terry, R. 1950. The surface precipitation reaction in the ovarian frog egg.
Protoplazma ‘Leipzig 39:206-221.

=o =

k. Respiration
Hutchinson, Victor H. and Walter G. Whitford. 1966 (see X. Ecology).
Kleerekopper, H. and K. Sitabin. 1959 (see XVII. Audition).

Vinegar, A. and V.H. Hutchinson. 1965. Pulmonary and cutaneous gas exchange
in the green frog, R. clamitans. Zoologica (New York) 50:47-53.

Weigmann, D.L. and R.Altig. 1977. Anaerobic glycolysis in two larval amphibians,
Rana clamitans and Ambystoma opacum. J. Herpetol. 9:355-357.

1. Temperature

Bachmann, K. 1969. Temperature adaptations of amphibian embryos. Amer. Nat.
dO }6 pH aS ahs 1 0)

Bohnsack, Kurt K. 1951 (see XI. b. Behavior - Hibernation).

Brattstrom, B. 1963. A preliminary review of the thermal requirements of
amphibians. Ecology 44:238-255.

Brattstrom, B. and P. Lawrence. 1962. The rate of thermal acclimation in anuran
amphibians. Physiol. Zool. 35:148-156,

Brattstrom, B.H. 1968. Thermal acclimation in anuran amphibians as a function
of latitude and altitude. Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 24:93-111.

Brenner, F.J. 1969 (see XI. b. Behavior - Hibernation).

Huey, Raymond B. and R.D. Stevenson. 1979. Integrating thermal physiology and
ecology of ectotherms: a discussion of approaches, Am. Zool. 19:357-366.

Moore, J.A. 1942 (see II. Evolution - Taxonomy).

Strubing, H. 1954. Uber Vorzugstemperaturen von Amphibien. Z. Morph, Okol. 43:
357-386. (temperature preference).

m. Water Metabolism

Boernke, W.E. 1973. Adaptations of amphibian arganise: I. Response to dehydration.
Comp. Biochem. Physiol. 44:647-655.

Boernke, W.E. 1974. Natural variations in hepatic and kidney arginase activities
in Minnesota anuran amphibians. Comp. Biochem. Physiol, 47:201-207.

Claussen, Dennis L. 1974. Urinary bladder water reserves in the terrestrial toad,
Bufo fowleri, and the aquatic frog, Rana clamitans. Herpetologica 30:
360-367.

Forster, R.P., B. Schmidt-Nielsen and L. Goldstein, 1963. Relation of renal tubular
transport of urea to its biosynthesis in metamorphosing tadpoles. J. Cell
Comp. Physiol. 61:239-244.

MacKay, W.C. and B. Schmidt-Nielsen. 1969. Osmotic and diffusional water

permeability in tadpoles and frogs, Rana clamitans. Bull. Mt. Desert. Is.
Biol. Lab. 9:26-27.

=305

Schmid, W.D. 1962. Some aspects of the water economies of nine species of
anuran amphibians. Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. Minnesota. 60 p.

Schnid,wW.D. 1965. Some aspects of water economies in nine species of amphibians.
Ecology 46:261-269.

Schmid, W.D. 1968. Natural variations in nitrogen excretion of amphibians from
different habitats. Ecology 49:180-185.

Schmid, W.D. 1969. Physiological specializations of amphibians to habitats of
varying aridity. p. 135-142 In Hoff, C. Clayton and Marvin J. Riedesel,
(eds.) Physiological systems in semiarid environments. Univ. New Mexico
Press. 293 p.

Schmidt-Nielson, B. and R.P. Forster. 1954. The effect of dehydration and low
temperature on renal function in the bullfrog. J. Cell Comp. Physiol. 44:
233-246.

Steggerda, F.R. 1937. Comparative study of water metabolism in amphibians
injected with pituitrin. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 36:103-106.

Thorson, T.B. 1955 (see X. Ecology).

Thorson, T.B. 1956. Adjustment of water loss in response to desiccation in
amphibians. Copeia 1956 (4) :230-237.

XXI. Venoms/Toxins

Daly, John W. and Bernard Witkop. 1971. Chemistry and pharmacology of frog venoms,
p- 497-579. In Bucherl, W., E. Buckley and V. Deulofeu, eds. Venomous
animals and their venoms. Vol. 2. Academic Press, New York.

‘XII. Parasites and Disease

Ameel, D.J. 1938. The morphology and life cycle of Euryhelmes monochis n. sp.
(Trematoda). J. Parasit. 24:219-224.

Bollinger, R.R., J.R. Seed and A.A. Gam. 1968. Studies on frog trypanosomiasis 2.
Seasonal variations on the parasitemia levels of Trypanosoma rotatorium in
Rana clamitans from Louisiana, Tulane Stud. Zool. 15:64-69.

Botzler, R,G., T.F. Wetzler and A.B. Cowan. 1968. Yersinia enterocolitica and
Yersinia-like organisms isolated from frogs and snails. Bull. Wildl. Dis.
Amer. 4:110-115.

Causey, O.R. 1939. The development of frog filaria larva, Foleyella ranae, in
Aédes and Culex mosquitoes. Am. J. Hyg. Soct. D. 29(3):131-132.

Ewing, H.E. 1932. A catalogue of the Trombiculinae, or chigger mites, of the
New World, with new genera and species and a key to the new genera. Proc.
U.S... Nat. Mus... 80; 1-19.

-33-

Finlay, P.S. 1964. Protozoan parasites in amphibian blood. J. Parasit. 50:42,
(Abstr.).

Harwood, P.D. 1932. The helminths parasitic in the Amphibia and Reptilia of
Houston, Texas, and vicinity. Proc. U.S. Natl. Mus. 81. Art. 17.

Hazard, F.O. 1942. The absence of opalinids from the adult green frog, Rana
clamitans. J. Parasit. 27:513-516.

Herber, E.C. 1939. Studies on the biology of the frog amphistome, Diplodiscus
temperalus Stefford. J. Parasit. 25:189-195.

Holoman, V.L. 1969. Pharyngodon armatus Walton, 1933 (Nematoda: Oxyuridae) ;
description of the male and redescription of the female. J. Parasit. 55:
733=736.

Kennedy, Murray J. 1980. Host-induced variations in Haematoloechus buttensis
(Trematoda: Haematoloechidae). Can. J. Zool. 58:427-442.

Krull, W.H. 1931. Life history studies on two frog lung flukes, Pneumonoeces

medioplexus and Pneumabites paraplexis. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 50:
PU = 2 Tels

Krull, W.H. 1933. Loxgenes bicolor, a new pigmented fluke from the frog, Rana
clamitans Latreille. Trans. Amer. Microsc. Soc. 52:47-50.

Krull, W.H. 1934. Studies on the life history of a frog lung fluke, Hematoloechus
complexus (Sealy, 1906). Krull, n. comb. Zeitschr. Wiss. Biol. Abt. F.
Zeitschr. Parasitenk. 6:192-206.

Lang, B.Z. 1969. Modes of infection of Rana clamitans with Cephalogonimus
americanus (Trematoda). J. Parasit. 55:832.

Mason, G. 1971. An investigation of the influence of environment and host physiology
on the parasitemia levels of Trypanosoma rotatorium in Rana clamitans from
Louisiana. Diss. Abstr. Int. (B) Sci. Eng. 31:5590.

Nace, G.W., T. Suyama and T. Iwata. 1965. The relationship between a lysozyme-like
enzyme and frog adenocarcinoma. Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. 126:204-221.

Nesslinger, Carlita. 1955. The incidence of opalinid infusorians in two species
of tadpoles. J. Parasit. 41:640.

Nickerson, Max A. and James A. Hutchison. 1971. The distribution of the fungus
Basidiobolus ranarum Eidam in fish, amphibians and reptiles. Amer. Midl.
Natur. 86:500-502.

Rau, M.E., J. Doyle, and D. Gordon. 1978. Parasites of wild animals in Quebec: 2.
Frog and snake parasites from the Perrot Island region. Nat. Can. (Quebec)
105:56-57.

Shields, Robert J. and Wilbur M. Tidd. 1974. Site selection on hosts by copepodids
of Lernaea cyprinacea L. (Copepoda). Crustaceana (Leiden) 27:225-230.

=94=

Thomas, L.J. 1931. Notes on the life history of Ophiotaenia saphena from
Rana clamitans Latr. J. Parasit. 17:187-195.

Thomas, L.J. 1934. Further studies on the life cycle of a frog tapeworm
Ophiotaenia saphena Osler. J. Parasit. 20(5):291-294.

III. Miscellaneous

Boardman, E.T. 1944. Guide to higher aquarium animals (Amphibia and reptiles).
Bull. Cranbrook Inst. Sci. (Bloomfield Hills, Mich.) 21. 105 p.

Breder, C.M., Jr., R.B. Breder and A.C. Redmond. 1927. Frog tagging: a method
of studying anuran life habits. Zoologica 9:201-229,

Committee on Standards. 1974. Amphibians. Guidelines for the breeding, care,
and management of laboratory animals. National Academy of Sciences,
Washington, DC. 153 p.

Guttman, S.I. and W. Creasey. 1973. Staining as a technique for marking tadpoles.
J. Herpetology 7;388.

Hansen, K.L. 1952. An investigation of native Florida male Salientia as test
animals for early pregnancy diagnosis. Quart. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 14:231-236.

Harris, D.R. 1967. A technique for collecting aquatic reptiles and amphibians
(electric shock). J. Ohio Herpetol. Sci. 5:35-36.

Klingelhoffer, W. 1956. Terrarien kunde Teil 2. Lurche. Alfred Kernen Verlag,
Stuttgart 236 p. (notes on rearing in captivity).

Nace, George W. and Christina M, Richards. 1972. Living frogs 1. Adults.
Carolina Tips. XXXV:37-38. (Amphibian Facility Contrib. No, 45).

Pitts, David E. 1977. Frogs for fun and profit? Mo. Conserv, 38(6):2-5 (June).

Tressler, D.K. and J. McW. Lemon. 1951. Marine products of commerce. 2nd ed.
New York. 782 p.

Wright, A.H. 1920. Frogs: their natural history and utilization. U.S. Bureau
of Fisheries, Doc. 888:1-44.

XXIV.

=35=

Distribution
A. General

Barr, T.C., Jr. 1953 (see VII. Habitat).

Behler, J.L. and F.W. King. 1979 (see III. General).
Fleming, P.L. 1976 (see X. Ecology).

Mecham, John S. 1954 (see III. General).

Moore, J.A. 1942. (see II. Evolution - Taxonomy).

(see also III. General).

B. United States

Babcock, H.L. 1926. A time-table of New England frogs and toads. Bull. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. 38:11-14.

Blair, W.F. 1958. Distributional patterns of vertebrates in the southern
United States in relation to past and present environments. In C.L. Hubbs
(ed.) Zoogeography. Washington, D.C., Amer. Assoc. Advanc. Sci. Publ. 51:
433-468.

Blair, W.F., A.P. Blair, P. Brodkorb, F.R. Cagle, and G.A. Moore. 1957, 1968
(see III. General).

Burt, C.E. 1932. Records of amphibians from the eastern and central United States.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 13:75-85.

Burt, C.E. 1935. Further records of the ecology and distribution of amphibians
and reptiles in the Middle West. Am. Midl. Natur. 16(3) :311-336.

Burt, C.E. 1938. The frogs and toads of the southeastern United States. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci. 41:331-367.

Conant, 1957. Reptiles and amphibians of the northeastern states, 3rd Ed.
Zoological Society of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, Pa.

Cope, E.D. 1870. Observations on the fauna of the Southern Alleghanies. Am.
Nat. 4:392-402.

Cope, E.D. 1896. The geographical distribution of Batrachia and Reptilia in
North America. Amer. Nat. 30:886-902, 1003-1026.

Davis, N.S., Jr. and F.L. Rice. 1883. Descriptive catalogue of North American
Batrachia and Reptilia found east of Mississippi River. Ill. Lab. Nat. Hist.
Bile ali(3))t =Car.

Dearolf, K. 1956. Survey of North American cave vertebrates. Proc. Pa. Acad.
Sci. 30:201-210. ¢

DeGraf, R.M. and D.D. Rudis. 1981 (see VII. Habitat).

Dowling, H.G. 1956. Geographic relations of Ozarkian amphibians and reptiles.
Southwest, Nat. 1(4):174-189.

Garman, Samuel. 1883. The reptiles and batrachians of North America. Mem. Mus.
Comp. Zool. 8 (3) 21=185.

Garman, S. 1884. The North American reptiles and batrachians. A list of the
species occurring north of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, with references.
Bull. Essex Inst. 16:3-46.

Gibbons, J.W. and J.W. Coker. 1978. Herpetofaunal colonization patterns of
Atlantic Coast barrier islands. Amer. Midl. Natur. 99:219-233.

Harper, F. 1935. Records of amphibians in the southeastern states. Am. Midl.
Natur. 16:275-310.

Headstrom, R. 1980. New England frogs. Mass. Audubon 19(9):13-15.

Henshaw, S. 1904. Fauna of New England. 2.List of Batrachia. Occ. Pap. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. 721-10.

Jordon, D.S. 1929. Manual of the vertebrate animals of the northeastern
United States, inclusive of marine species. World Book Co., Yonkers-on-
Hudson, N.Y. 446 p.

~36=

Pickwell, G. 1947. Amphibians and reptiles of the Pacific States. Stanford
Univ. Press. Stanford, Calif. 236 p. (1972 reprint, Dover Publ. Co.).

Stebbins, R.C. 1951. Amphibians of western North America, Univ. Calif. Press.
Berkeley and Los Angeles. 539 p. (p. 351-355, Pl. 22).

Stebbins, R.C. 1954. Amphibians and reptiles of Western North America.
McGraw-Hill Book Company, New York, 536 p. (p. 132, 136, 149).

Stebbins, R.C. 1966. A field guide to western reptiles and amphibians.
Houghton-Mifflin, Boston. 279 p. (p. 77, map 52).

For additional regional records, see Wright and Wright, 1949.

Alabama

Brandon, R.A. 1966. Amphibians and reptiles associated with Phaeognathus
hubrichti habitats. Herpetologica 22:308-310.

Chermock, R.L. 1952. A key to the amphibians and reptiles of Alabama. Mus.
Pap. Geol. Serv. Alabama. No. 33:1-88.

Holt, E.G. 1924. Additional records for the Alabama herpetological catalogue.
Copeia 135:93-95,

Léding, H.P. 1922. A preliminary catalogue of Alabama amphibians and reptiles.
Ala. Mus. Nat. Hist. Mus. Pap. No. 5:1-59.

Mount, R.H. 1975. The reptiles and amphibians of Alabama. Auburn Univ. Ag.
Exp. Sta. Auburn, Ala. 347 p. (p. 87-89; photo and map).

For additional records, see Mount, 1975.

Arkansas

Black, J.D. and S.C. Dellinger. 1938. Herpetology of Arkansas. Part Two.
The Amphibians. Occ, Pap. Univ.: Ark. Mus. 2:3-30.

Dowling, H.G. 1957. Amphibians and reptiles in Arkansas. Fayetteville: Occ.
Pap. Univ. Arkansas Mus, 3:1-51.

Hurter, J. and J.K. Strecker. 1909. The amphibians and reptiles of Arkansas.
Trans. St.° Louis’ Acad ."Sci12> 18:11=27%

Parker, M.V. 1947. Notes on the herpetology of Clay and Greene Counties,
Arkansas. Proc. Ark. Acad. Sci. 2(1947):15-30.

Connecticut

Babbitt, Lewis, H. 1937. The Amphibia of Connecticut. Hartford: St. Geol. and
Nat. Hist. Survey. Bull. No. 57:1-50.

Delaware

Conant, R. 1940. Rana virgatipes in Delaware. Herpetologica 1:176-177.

Conant, R. 1945 (see Virginia).

Fowler, H.W. 1925. Records of amphibians and reptiles for Delaware, Maryland
and Virginia: I. Delaware. Copeia 1925(145):57-61.

District of Columbia

Gronberger, S.M. 1915. On a small collection of frogs and toads of the District
of Columbia. Copeia 1915(24):54-55.

Harris H.-S, or 969 or Ss (see Maryland).

Hay, W.P. 1902. A list of batrachians and reptiles of tha District of Columbia
and vicinity. Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, 15:121-145.

-37-

Florida

Carr, Archie. 1940. A contribution to the herpetology of Florida. Gainesville:
Univ. of Florida Pub. Biol. Sci. Ser. 3(1):1-118.

Carr, A. and C.J. Goin. 1959. Guide to the reptiles, amphibians and fresh-
water fishes of Florida. Gainesville: University of Florida Press. 341 p.

Deckert, R.F. 1914. List of Salientia from near Jacksonville, Florida. Copeia
LOPA(S): 3.

Deckert, R.F. 1914. Further notes on the Salientia of Jacksonville, Florida.
Copeia 1914 (5) :3-4.

Duellman, W.E. and A. Schwartz. 1958. Amphibians and reptiles of southern
Florida. Gainesville: Bull. Florida State Mus. 3:181-324,

Hansen, K.L. 1957. Movements, area of activity, and growth of Rana hecksheri.
Copeia 1957(4) :274-277.

Laerm, Joshua, et al. 1980 (see Georgia).

Means, D.B. and C.J. Longdon. 1970. Observations of Desmognathus monticola in
Florida. Herpetologica 26:396-399.

Means, D.B. and C.J. Longdon. 1976. Aspects of the biology and zoogeography of
the Pine Barrens tree frog (Hyla andersonii) in northern Florida.
Herpetologica 32:117-130.

Stevenson, Henry M. 1976. Vertebrates of Florida: identification and distribution.
University Presses of Florida. Gainesville, Fla.

Van Hyning, O.C. 1933. Batrachia and Reptilia of Alachua County, Florida. Copeia
19331(1) 23-75

Georgia

Brandt, B.B. 1953. Salientia of Bleckley County, Georgia, and vicinity.
Herpetologica 9:141-145.

Laerm, J., B.J. Freeman, L.J. Vitt, J.M. Meyers, and L. Logan. 1980. Vertebrates
of the Okefenokee Swamp. Brimleyana 4:47-73.

Martof, B. 1955. Observations of the life history and ecology of the amphibians
of the Athens area, Georgia. Copeia 1955:166-170.

Martof, B.S. 1956. Amphibians and reptiles of Georgia, a guide. Univ. Georgia
Press. Athens, Georgia. 94 p.

Martof, B.S. 1963. Some observations on the herpetofauna of Sapelo Island,
Georgia. Herpetologica 19:70-72.

Neill, W.T. 1948 (see XI. Behavior b. Hibernation).

Neill, W.T. 1951. Amphibians and reptiles of a fifteen-acre tract in Georgia.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 45:241-244.

Neill, W.T. 1957. Distributional notes on Georgia amphibians, and some
corrections. Copeia 1957:43-47.

Rose, F.L. 1962. A case of albinism in Rana pipiens Schreber. Herpetologica 18:72.

Hawaii

Flint, Charles. 1972. The reptiles and amphibians of the Hawaiian Islands.
Herpetology 6:8-11.

Hunsaker, D. and P. Breese. 1967. Herpetofauna of the Hawaiian Islands.
Pacific Sci. 21:423-428.

Oliver, J.A. and C.E. Shaw. 1953. The amphibians and reptiles of the Hawaiian
Islands. Zoologica. N.Y. 38:65-95.

Illinois

Brandon, R.A. and D.J. Bremer. 1966. Neotenic newts, Notophthalmus viridescens
louisianensis, in southern Illinois. Herpetologica 22:213-217.

-38-

Burt, C.E. and May D. Burt. 1929. A collection of amphibians and reptiles
from the Mississippi Valley, with field observations. Am. Mus. Novit.
381:1-14.

Cagle, F.R. 1942. Herpetological fauna of Jackson and Union Counties, Illinois.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 28:164-200.

Davis, N.S. and F.L. Rice. 1883, List of Batrachia and reptiles of Illinois.
Bull. Chicago Acad, Sci. 1(3):25-32.

Garman, H. 1891. A synopsis of the amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. Bull.
Tll. St. Lab. Nat. Hist. 3(art.13):215-388.

Kennicott, R. 1855. Catalogue of animals observed in Cook County, Illinois.
Ill. State Ag. Soc. Trans. for 1853-1854. 1:577-595.

Klimstra, W.D. and M. Hutchison. 1965. A collection of amphibians and reptiles
in southern Illinois. Trans. Ill. St. Acad. Sci. 58:151-156.

Minton, S.A., Jr. and J.E. Minton. 1948. Notes on the herpetological collection
from the middle Mississippi Valley. Amer. Midl. Natur. 40:378-390.

Necker, D.L. 1939. Records of amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago region,
1935-1938. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. 6:1-10.

Olson, R.E. 1956. The amphibians and reptiles of Winnebago County, Illinois.
Copeia 1956:188-191.

Parmalee, P.W. 1954. Amphibians of Illinois. I11l. State Mus. Story of Ill.
Series No. 10:1-38.

Pope, C.H. 1947. Amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago Area. Chicago Natural
History Museum Press. Chicago. 266 p. ;

Rossman, D.A. 1960. Herpetofaunal survey of the Pine Hills area of southern
Gilinous. Quart: ws. Pla. Acad. Ser 22 5207-225.

Schmidt, K.P. and W.L. Necker. 1935. Amphibians and reptiles of the Chicago
region. Chicago Acad. Sci. Bull. 5(4):57-77.

Smith, Philip W. 1961. The amphibians and reptiles of Illinois. I11l. Nat.
Hist. Surv. Bull. 28:1-298.

Smith, P.W. and S.A. Minton. 1958. A distributional summary of the herpetofauna
of Indiana and Illinois. Amer. Midl. Natur. 58:341-351.

Stille, W.T. and R.A. Edgren, Jr. 1948. New records for amphibians and reptiles
in the Chicago area, 1939-1947. Chicago Acad, Sci. Bull. 8:195-202.

Indiana

Banta, A.M. 1907. The fauna of Mayfield's Cave (Indiana). Carnegie Inst.
of Washington. Pub. No. 67:1-114 (p. 22).

Blanchard, F.N. 1925. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from southern
Indiana and adjacent Kentucky. Pap. Mich. Acad. Sci. Arts and Lett. 5:367-388.

Evermann, B.W, and H.W. Clark. 1916. The turtles and batrachians of the Lake
Maxinkuckee Region. Ind. Acad. Sci. Proc. 26:472-518.

Evermann, B.W. and H.W. Clark. 1920. Lake Maxinkuckee: a physical and biological
survey. Indiana State Dept. Conserv, 1920.

Hay, O.P. 1892. The batrachians and reptiles of the State of Indiana. Indiana
Dept. Geol. Nat. Resolrces Ann. Rept. (1891)17:409-602.

Holman, J.-A. 1960. Physiographic provinces and distribution of some reptiles
and amphibians in Johnson County, Indiana. Copeia 1960:56-58.

Minton, S.A., Jr. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles of Indiana. Indianapolis:
Indiana Acad. Sci. Monog. No. 3:1-345.

Mittleman, M.B. 1947. Miscellaneous notes on Indiana amphibians and reptiles.
Am. Midl. Natur. 38:466-484.,

Myers, G.S. 1925. A synopsis for identification of the amphibians and reptiles
of Indiana. Proc. ind. Acad. Sex. s5:2/7—-29A4.

=39=

Ortenburger, A.I. 1921. A list of Amphibia and Reptilia collected in Indiana.
Copeia 1921 (99) :73-76.

Ramsey, E.E. 1900. On the reptiles and batrachians of Winona Lake and vicinity.
Proc. Indiana Acad. 1900:222-224,

Smith, P.W. and S.A. Minton, Jr. 1958 (see Illinois).

Springer, S. 1928. A list of the reptiles and amphibians taken in Marion County,
Indiana, in 1924-1927. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci. (1927) 37:491-492.

Swanson, P.L. 1939, Herpetological notes from Indiana. Amer. Midl. Natur. 22:
684-691.

Wright, H.P. and G.S. Meyers. 1927. Rana areolata at Bloomington, Indiana.
Copeia 1927(159) :173-175.

Iowa

Klimstra, W.D. 1950. Notes on some amphibians and reptiles from Davis County,
Iowa. Iowa St. Coll. J. Sci. 24(4) :429-431.

Kansas

Collins, J.T. 1974. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas. Univ. Kansas Pub. Mus.
Nat. History. Univ. Kansas, Lawrence, 283 p. (p. 73-74).

Collins, J.T. 1982. Amphibians and reptiles in Kansas, 2nd Ed. The Univ.
Kansas Mus. Nat. History and State Biological Survey. 365 p.

Platt, D.R., R.E. Ashton, and J.T. Collins. 1974. Rare, endangered and
extirpated species in Kansas. II. Amphibians and reptiles. Trans.
Kansas Acad. Sci. 76(3):185-192.

Smith, H.M. 1932. A report upon amphibians hitherto unknown from Kansas.
Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 35:93-96.

Smith, H.M. 1934. The amphibians of Kansas. Amer. Midl. Natur. 15:377-528.

Smith, H.M. 1950. Handbook of amphibians and reptiles of Kansas. Ist Ed.
Misc. Publ. Mus. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. 2:1-336.

Smith, H.M. 1956. Ibid. 2nd Ed. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. History, Lawrence
No. 9:1-356.

For additional Kansas references, see Collins 1974, 1982.

Kentucky

Bailey, V. 1933. Amphibians of the caves and cave region. Amer. Midl. Natur.
14:594-599.
Barbour, R.W. 1950, Notes on the distribution of the frogs of Kentucky. Amer.
Midl. Natur. 44:759-760.
Barbour, R.W. 1952. Animal habitats on Big Black Mountain in Kentucky. Trans.
Ky. Acad. Sci. 13(4):215-220.
Barbour, R.W, 1953. The amphibians of Big Black Mountain, Harlan County,
Kentucky. Copeia 1953:84-89.
_Barbour, R.W. 1956. The Salientia of Kentucky: identification and distribution.
Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 17:81-87.
Barbour, R.W. 1957. A checklist and key to the amphibians and reptiles of
Kentucky. Rev. ed. U. of Kentucky, Lexington. 41 p.
Barbour, R.W. 1971. Amphibians and reptiles of Kentucky. U. of Kentucky Press.
Lexington. 334 p.
Barbour, R.W. and W.A. Welter. 1941. Addition to the herpetofauna of north-
eastern Kentucky. Copeia 1941 (2) :136.
Bishop, Sherman C. 1926. Records of some amphibians and reptiles from Kentucky.
Copeia 1926(152):118-120.

-A0=

Blanchard, F.N. 1925 (see Indiana).

Burt, Charles E. 1933. A contribution of the herpetology of Kentucky. Amer.
Midl. Natur. 14:669-679.

Bush, F.M. 1959. The herpetofauna of Clemons Fork, Breathitt County, Kentucky.
Trans. Ky. Acad. Sci. 20(1-2):11-18.

Craddock, J.E. and W.W. Minckley. 1964. Amphibians and reptiles from Meade
County, Kentucky. Amer. Midl. Natur. 71:382-391.

Dury, R. and R.S. Williams. 1933. Notes on some Kentucky amphibians and
reptiles. Bull. Baker-Hunt Mus. 1:1-22.

Funkhouser, W.D. 1925. Wildlife in Kentucky. Ky. Geol. Survey. Frankfort. 385 p.

Green, N.B. 1941. The four-toed salamander in Kentucky. Copeia 1941(1):53.

Hubbard, H.G. 1880. Two days collecting in the Mammoth Cave, with contributions
to a study of its fauna. Amer. Ent. 3:34-40, 79-86.

Minkley, W.L. 1963. The ecology of a spring stream, Doe Run, Meade County,
Kentucky. Wildl. Monogr. 11:1-124.

Welter, W.A. and Katherine Carr. 1939. Amphibians and reptiles of
northeastern Kentucky. Copeia 3:128-130.

Louisiana

Anderson, P.K., E.A. Liner and R.E. Etheridge. 1952. Notes on amphibian and
reptile populations in a Louisiana pineland area. Ecology 33: 274-278.
Bollinger, R.R., J.R. Seed and A.A. Gam. 1968 (see XXII. Parasites and Disease).

Hamilton, W.J., Jr. 1948. Hibernation site of the lizards Eumeces and Anolis
in Louisiana. Copeia 1948(3):211.

Keiser, E.D., Jr. and L.D. Wilson. 1969. Checklist and key to the herpetofauna
of Louisiana. Lafayette Nat. Hist. Mus. Tech. Bull. No. l.

Liner, E.A. 1954. The herpetofauna of Lafayette, Terrebone and Vermilion
Parishes, Louisiana. Proc. La. Acad. Sci, 17:65-85.

Liner, E.A. 1955. A herpetological consideration of the Bayou Tortue region
of Lafayette Parish, Louisiana. Proc. La. Acad. Sci. 18:39-42.

Mason, G. 1971 (see XXII. Parasites and Disease).

Penn, G.H., Jr. 1943. Herpetological notes from Cameron Parish, Louisiana.
Copeia 1943(1):58-59.

Tinkle, D.W. 1959. Observations of reptiles and amphibians in a Louisiana swamp.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 62:189-205.

Viosca, P. 1931. Amphibians and reptiles of Louisiana. Southern Biol. Supply
Co, Price List 20 (Herpetology) :1-12.

Volpe, E.P., M.A. Wilkens and J.L. Dobie. 1961. Embryonic and larval development
of Hyla avivoca. Copeia 1961(3):340-349.

Walker, J.M. 1963. Amphibians and reptiles of Jackson Parish, Louisiana. Proc.
La. Acad, Sci. 26:91-L01.

Maine

Fogg, B.F. 1862. List of reptiles andamphibians found in the State of Maine. Proc.
Portland S6c.. Napywhtst.) (pt -L)ys8e°

Fowler, J.A. 1942. Herpetological notes from Lake Cobbosseecontee and vicinity,
Kennebec County, Maine. Copeia 1942(3):185-186.

Garnier, J.H. 1883. The mink or hoosier frog. The Amer. Nat. 17(9) ;945-954.

Manville, R.H. 1939. Notes on the herpetology of Mount Desert Island, Maine.
Copeia 1939(3):174.

Pope, P.H. 1915. The distribution of the northern frog, Rana septentionalis,
Baird, in Maine. Copeia 1915(16):1-2.

-41-

Pope, P.H. 1918. A new record for Rana septentrionalis, Baird. Copeia 1918

(64) :96-97.
Verrill, A.E. 1865. Catalogue of the reptiles and batrachians found in the
vicinity of Norway, Oxford Co., Me. (Includes Nova Scotia, New Brunswick,

Gaspe, and Labrador) Proc. Boston Soc. Natur. Hist. 9:195-199.

Maryland

Brady, M.K. 1937. Natural history of Plummers Island, Maryland. Proc. Biol.

Soc. Wash. 50:137-140.
Cooper, J.E. 1949. Additional records for Clemmys muhlenbergii from Maryland.

Herpetologica 5:75-76.
Cooper, J.E. 1955. Notes on the amphibians and reptiles of southern Maryland.
Maryland Nat. 23(3-4):90-100.

Cooper, J.E. 1956. An annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Anne
Arundel County, Maryland. Maryland Nat. 26(1-4):16-23.

Fowler, H.W. 1915. Some amphibians and reptiles of Cecil County, Maryland.
Copeia 1915(22):37-40.

Fowler, H.W. 1925. Records of amphibians and reptiles for Delaware, Maryland
and Virginia. II. Maryland. Copeia 1925(146) :61-64.

Gates, J.E. and E,L. Thompson. 1982 (see X. Ecology).

Harris, H.S., Jr. 1969. Distributional survey: Maryland and the District of
Columbia. Maryland Herp. Soc. Bull, 5:97-161.

Harris, H.S., Jr. 1975. Distributional survey (Amphibia and Reptilia):
Maryland and the District of Columbia. Bull. Maryland Herp. Soc. 11(3):
73-167.

Johnson, Robert H. and Marie Van Deusen. 1980. Reptiles and amphibians in the
vicinity of Vienna, Maryland. Bull. Md. Herp. Soc. 16(2):70-76.

Keim, T.D. 1914. Amphibians and reptiles at Jennings, Maryland. Copeia 1914
(2), 292".

Mansueti, Romeo. 1941. A descriptive catalogue of the amphibians and reptiles
found in and around Baltimore City, Maryland. Proc. Nat. Hist. Soc. of
Maryland. No. 7,

McCauley, R.H., Jr., and C.S. East, 1940. Amphibians and reptiles from Garrett
County, Maryland. Copeia 1940(2):120-123.

Noble, G.K. and W.G. Hassler. 1936. Three Salientia of geographic interest
from southern Maryland. Copeia 1936(1):63-64.

Prince, E.C., R. Duppstadt, and D. Lyons. 1955. An annotated list of amphibians
and reptiles from the Broad Creek-Deep Run area, Harford County, Maryland.
Maryland Nat, 25:9-12.

Reed, C.F. 1958. Contributions to the herpetology of Maryland and Delmarva, 12:
the herpetofauna of Anne Arandel County, Md. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 47:64-66.

Reed, C.F. 1958. Contributions to the herpetology of Maryland and Delmarva, 15:
the herpetofauna of Somerset County, Md. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 47:127-128.

Massachusetts

Allen, J.A. 1868. Catalogue of reptiles and batrachians found in the vicinity of
Springfield, Mass. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 12:185-198.

Cardoza, J.E. and P.G. Mivick. 1979. List of the reptiles and amphibians of
Massachusetts. Mass. Div. Fish Wildl: Fauna Mass. Ser. No. 3, 6 p.

Graham, Terry. 1978. Massachusetts frogs and toads (Part I). Mass. Wild.
29(5):12-14. (Part II). Mass. Wild. 29(6):12-19.

Hinckley, M.H. 1882. On some differences in the mouth structure of tadpoles
of anurous batrachians found in Milton, Massachusetts. Proc. Boston Soc.
Nate Hist: 212-307-347

Bios

Lazell, J.D., Jr. 1976. This broken archipelago. Quadrangle/The New York Times
Book Co., New York. 260 p. (p. 87-89).
Storer, D.H. 1839 (see I. Nomenclature - Historical).

Michigan

Allen, Durwood. 1937. Some notes on the Amphibia of a waterfowl sanctuary,
Kalamazoo County, Michigan. Copeia 1937(3):190-191.

Blanchard, F.N. 1928. Amphibians and reptiles of the Douglas Lake region of
northern Michigan. Copeia 1928(167):42-51.

Carpenter, C.C. and D.E. Delzell. 1951, Road records as indicators of
differential spring migrations of amphibians, Herpetologica 7:63-64.

Duellman, W.E. 1954. Observations on autumn movements of the salamander
Ambystoma tigrinum tigrinum in southeastern Michigan. Copeia 1954 (2) :156-157.

Edgren, R.A., Jr. 1942. Amphibians and reptiles from Van Buren County, Michigan.
Copeia 1942 (3):180.

Ellis, M.M. 1917. Amphibians and reptiles of the Douglas Lake (Michigan) region.
Rept. Mich. Acad. Sci. 19:45-63.

Husting, E.L. 1965. Survival and breeding structure in a population of Ambystoma
maculatum. Copeia 1965 (3) :352-362. 5 ;

Kenk, R. 1949. The animal life of temporary and permanent ponds in southern
Michigan. Misc. Pub. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 71:1-66.

Long, C.A. and C.A. Long. 1976. Some amphibians and reptiles collected in islands
in Green Bay, Lake Michigan. Jack-Pine Warbler 54(2) :54-58.

Manville, R.H. 1948. The vertebrate fauna of the Huron Mountains, Michigan.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 39:615-640.

Potter, D. 1920. Reptiles and amphibians collected in central Michigan in 1919.
Copeia 1920(82):39-41.

Ruthven, A.G. 1906. The cold-blooded vertebrates of the Porcupine Mountains
and Isle Royale, Michigan, p. 107-112 In C.C. Adams. An ecological
survey in Northern Michigan, St. Bd. of Geolog. Surv. Rept. for 1905
(in part).

Ruthven, A.G., C. Thompson, and H. Thompson. 1912. Herpetology of Michigan
with full account of reptiles and amphibians of the state: Ann. Rept. State
Geol Sunveyrion dol ngbub 1.) iO.) Biel’. Ser .18i.290yp..

Ruthven, A.G., C. Thompson and H.T. Gaige. 1928. The herpetology of Michigan.
Ann Arbor; Michigan. Univ, Mus. Handbook. Ser. No. 3.

Stille, W.T. 1952. The natural amphibian fauna of the southern Lake Michigan
beach. Ecology 33;149-162.

Thompson, C. and H. Thompson. 1912. The amphibians of Michigan. Michigan
Geol., Biol. Survey Publ. 10. Biol. Series 3:3-62.

Thompson, Crystal. 1915. The reptiles and amphibians of Manistee County,
Michigan. Occ. Papers, Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan. No. 18:1-6.

Minnesota

Brattstrom, B.H. 1958. Additions to the herpetofauna of Cass County, Minnesota.
Herpetologica 13:278.

Breckenridge, W.J. 1941. Amphibians and reptiles of Minnesota with special
reference to the black banded skink, Eumeces septentrionalis (Baird).
Ph.D. Dissertation. Univ. Minnesota. 398 p.

Breckenridge, W.J. 1942. Frogs and toads of Minnesota. Conservation Volunteer
5 (27) : 32-36.

an3—

Breckenridge, W.J. 1942. Amphibians and reptiles of Minnesota. Minn. Acad.
Sci. Proc. 9:67-68.

Breckenridge, W.J. 1944. Reptiles and amphibians of Minnesota. Minneapolis
Public Library Museum Nature Notes 3(11):411-418.

Breckenridge, W.J. 1944. Reptiles and amphibians of Minnesota. Univ.
Minnesota. Minneapolis, 202 p. (reprinted 1970).

Fleming, P.L. 1976 (see X, Ecology).

Hedrick, R.M. and J.C. Holmes. 1956. Additional Minnesota herpetological notes.
Flicker, Minnesota 28:123-126.

Jacobs, D.L. 1950. Pseudaeris nigrita triseriata on the north shore of Lake
Superior. Copeia 1950(2):154.

Swanson, Gustav. 1935. A preliminary list of Minnesota amphibians. Copeia
1935 (3) :152-154,

Mississippi

Allen, M.J. 1932. A survey of the amphibians and reptiles of Harrison County,
Mississippi. Amer. Mus. Nov. No. 542. 20 p.

Burt, C.E. and M.D. Burt. 1929. A collection of amphibians and reptiles from
the Mississippi Valley, with field observations. Am. Mus. Novitiates
351:1-14.

Ferguson, D.E. 1961. The herpetofauna of Tishomingo County, Mississippi,
with comments on its zoogeographic affinities. Copeia 1961(4) :391-396.

Smith, P.W. and J.C. List. 1955. Notes on Mississippi amphibians and reptiles.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 53:115-125.

Missouri

Hurter, Julius. 1911. Herpetology of Missouri. Trans. Acad. Sci. St. Louis.
20:59-274.,

Johnson, Tom R. 1977. The amphibians of Missouri. Univ. Kansas Mus. Natur.
Hist. Public Educ. Ser. No. 6:1-134.

Lowry, E. 1951. Frogs of Missouri. Missouri Conservationist 12(5):1-3, 14-15.

Myers, C.W. 1958. Amphibians and reptiles of Washington State Park, Washington
County, Missouri. Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 60(3):288-293.

Myers, C.W. 1958. Amphibia in Missouri caves. Herpetologica 14:35-36.

Orton, G.L. 1951. Notes on some tadpoles from southwestern Missouri. Copeia
LOSI f= 7.2..

Peters, J.A. 1946. Reptiles and amphibians of Sam A. Baker State Park, Wayne
County, Missouri. Copeia 1946(1):44.

Schroeder, E.D. and T,S. Baskett. 1968. Frogs and toads of Missouri. Missouri
Conserv. 26:15-18.

Montana

Manville, R.H. 1957. Amphibians and reptiles of Glacier National Park, Montana.
Copeia 1957 (4) : 308-309.

New Hampshire

Allen, G.M, 1899. Notes on the reptiles and amphibians of Intervale, New Hampshire.
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 29:63-75.

Evermann, B,W. 1918. Notes on some reptiles and amphibians of Waterville, New
Hampshire. Copeia 1918(61):81-83.

“A442

Oliver, J.A. and J,R. Bailey. 1939. Amphibians and reptiles of New Hampshire.
Concord: Biol. Survey Connecticut Watershed (p. 195-217).

Speck, F.G. 1919. Reptile and amphibian notes from Intervale, New Hampshire.
Copeia 1919(70) :48.

New Jersey

Conant, R. 1979. A zoogeographical review of the amphibians and reptiles of
southern New Jersey with emphasis on the Pine Barrens. p. 467-488. In
Forman, R.T., ed. Pine Barrens: ecosystem and landscape. Academic Press,
New York. 601 p.

Fowler, H.W. 1918. An albino spring frog in winter. Copeia 1918(61):84.

Gosner, K.L. and I.H. Black. 1954 (see XIV. Larval Ecology).

Myers, G.S. 1929. Amphibians and reptiles observed in the Palisades Interstate
Park, New York and New Jersey. Copeia 1929(173):99-103.

Zipko, Stephen J. 1977 (see XII. Reproduction).

New York

Bishop, S.C. 1923. Notes on the herpetology of Albany County, New York II.
Copeia 120:83-84.

Bishop, S.C. 1927. The amphibians and reptiles of Allegany State Park. New
York State Museum Handbook No. 3, 141 p.

Clausen, R.T. 1943. Amphibians and reptiles of Tioga County, New York. Amer.
Midl. Natur. 29:360-364.

Eckel, E.E. and F.C. Paulmier. 1902. Catalogue of New York reptiles and
batrachians. New York State Museum Bull. 51:355-414.

Engelhardt, G.P. 1916. Amblystoma tigrinum on Long Island. Copeia 1916(32):
48-51. a

Evans, H.E. 1947. Herpetology of Crystal Lake, Sullivan County, New York.
Herpetologica 4:19-21.

Evermann, B.W. 1918. Notes on some Adirondack reptiles and amphibians. Copeia
1918 (56) :48-51.

Fowler, H.W. 1914. The long-nosed dace in the Hackensack, New York. Copeia
ODA (11). 2:35

Kramek, W,C. 1972. Food of the frog Rana septentionalis in New York. Copeia
197 2i(2) 3390=392.

Lanyon, W.E., R. Van Gelder and R.G, Zweifel. 1970 (see III. General).

Overton, F. 1914. The frogs and toads of Long Island. The Brooklyn Mus.
Quarterly 1:31-38.

Overton, F. 1914. Long Island fauna and flora. III. The frogs and toads.
Sci. Bull. Mus. Brooklyn Inst. Arts and Sci. 2(3):21-40.

Overton, F. 1915. Late-breeding spade-foot toads, etc. Copeia 1915(24):52-53.

Reed, H.D. and A.H. Wright. 1909. The vertebrates of the Cayuga Lake Basin, N.Y.
Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc. 48(193):370-459.

Sanwald, W. 1916 (see XI. Behavior b. Hibernation).

Schlauch, F.C. and J.M. Burnley. 1969. Green frogs at the Montauk Point region
of Long Island. Engelhardtia 2:10.

Sherwood, W.L. 1898. Frogs and toads found in the vicinity of New York. Proc.
Linn, SOCRINIY.tNos HOc.9=24;

Stewart, M.M. 1961. An ecological survey of amphibians, reptiles and mammals of
Allegany Indian Reservation and vicinity, p. 63-98 In G.L. Schumacher,
S.J. Smith and M.M. Stewart, Biology of the Allegany Indian Reservation
and vicinity. Albany: N.Y. State Mus. Bull. 383.

2155

Stewart, M.M. 1976. Amphibians and reptiles of the Albany Pine Bush, p. 189-196
In Don Rittner, ed. Pine Bush, Albany's last frontier. Pine Bush
Historic Pres. Project. Albany, N.Y.

Stewart, M.M. and J. Rossi. 1981. The Albany Pine Bush: a northern outpost for
southern amphibians and reptiles in New York. Amer. Midl. Natur. 106: 282-292,

Stewart, M.M. and P. Sandison. 1972 (see IX. Food Habits).

Weber, J.A. 1928. Herpetological observations in the Adirondack Mountains,
New York. Copeia 1928(169):106-112.

Werner, W.E. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles of the Thousand Islands region,
New York. Copeia 1959:170-172.

Wright, Albert H. 1955. Frogs and toads of New York. N.Y. State Conservationist
10(1) : 23-26.

Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1949 (see III. General).

Wright, A.H. and J. Moesel. 1919. The toads and frogs of Monroe and Wayne
Counties, New York. Copeia 1919(74) :81-83.

Yeaton, S.C., Jr. 1968. Amphibia of Long Island. Sanctuary 1968;2-19,

North Carolina

Brandt, B.B. 1936. The frogs and toads of eastern North Carolina. Copeia
1936 (4) : 215-223,

Brimley, C.S. 1896. Batrachia found at Raleigh, N.C. Amer. Nat.
30:500-501.

Brimley, C.S. 1907. Keys to the frogs and toads liable to occur in North
Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 23:157-160.

Brimley, C.S. 1926. Revised key and list of the amphibians and reptiles of
North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 42:75-93.

Brimley, C.S. 1939-1943. The amphibians and reptiles of North Carolina.
Carolina Tips, Elon College, N.C. Reprinted 1944 by Carolina Biological
Supply Co., Elon College, N.C. (No. 15, 1941).

Brimley, C.S. and W.B. Mabee. 1925. Reptiles, amphibians and fishes collected
in eastern North Carolina in the autumn of 1923. Copeia 1925(139):14-16.

Depoe, C.E., J.B. Funderburg, Jr. and T.L. Quay. 1961. The reptiles and
amphibians of North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 77:125-136.

Dunn, E.R. 1917. Reptile and amphibian collection from the North Carolina
mountains. Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 37:593-634.

Engels, W.W. 1952. Vertebrate fauna of North Carolina coastal islands. II.
Shackleford Banks. Amer. Midl. Natur. 47:702-742,

Funderburg, J.B., Jr. 1955. The amphibians of Hanover County, North Carolina.
J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 71:19-28.

Gosner, K.L. and I.H. Black. 1956. Notes on amphibians from the upper coastal
plain of North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 72:40-47.

Gosner, K.L. and I.H. Black. 1958. Notes on the life history of Brimley's
chorus frog. Herpetologica 13:249-254,

Gray, I.E. 1941. Amphibians and reptiles of the Duke Forest and vicinity.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 25:652-658,

Huheey, J.E. and A. Stupka. 1967. Amphibians and reptiles of Great Smoky
Mountains National Park. The Univ. of Tennessee Press. Knoxville, 98 p.

King, Willis. 1939. A survey of the herpetology of Great Smoky Mountains
National Park. Amer. Midl. Natur. 21:531-582,

Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, J.R. Harrison, III. 1980, Amphibians
and reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. The Univ. of North Carolina
Press. Chapel Hill, N.C. 264 p.

—-46—

Myers, G.S. 1924. Amphibians and reptiles from Wilmington, North Carolina.
Copeia 1924 (131),:59-62.

Robertson, W.B. and E.L. Tyson. 1950. Herpetological notes from eastern
North Carolina. J. Elisha Mitchell Sci. Soc. 66:130-147.

Weller, W.H. 1930. Records of some reptiles and amphibians from Chimney
Rock Camp, Chimney Rock, N.C. and vicinity. Proc. Jun. Soc. Nat. Sci.
1 (8-9) :51-54.

Ohio

Aldrich, J.W. 1943. Biological survey of the bogs and swamps in northeastern
Ohio. Amer. Midl. Natur. 30:346-402.

Duellman, W.E. 1947. Herpetological records from Logan County, Ohio. Copeia
1947 (3) :208,

Duellman, W.E. 1951. Notes on the reptiles and amphibians of Greene County,
Ohio. Ohio J. Sci. 51: 335-341.

Duellman, W.E. 1954. The salamander Plethodon richmondi in southwestern Ohio.
Copeia 1954(1):40-45.

Kirsch, P.H. 1895. Batrachians and reptiles observed in the Maumee River Basin.
Bull. U.S. Fish Com... (1894) 14) (arte20)233se

Kirtland, J.P. 1838. Report on zoology of Ohio, In W.W. Mather, 2nd Ann.
Rept. Geol. Surv. Ohio, Columbus: 168.

Mahr, A.C. 1949 (see I. Nomenclature - Historical).

Morse, M. 1904. Batrachians and reptiles of Ohio. Proc. Ohio State Acad. Sci.
4(pt. 3):93-144 (reprinted as Cont. Ohio State Dept. Zool. Ent. 19).
Smith, W.H. 1882. Report on the reptiles and amphibians of Ohio. Rept. Geol.

Surv. Ohio, Zool., Bot. 4(pt. 1):633=-734.

Walker, C.F. 1946. The amphibians of Ohio, Part I, the frogs and toads.
Columbus: Ohio State Mus. Sci, Bull. 1(3):1-109.

Wilcox, E.V. 1891. Notes on Ohio batrachians. Otterbein Aegis 1(9):133-135.
Reprinted by The Ohio Herpetological Society and Otterbein College,
Westerville, Ohio.

Wood, J.T. and W.E. Duellman. 1947. Range extension of Natrix kirtlandii in
Ohio. Herpetologica 3:151.

Wood, J.T. and W.E. Duellman. 1947. Preliminary herpetological survey of
Montgomery County, Ohio. Herpetologica 4:3-6.

For additional early references, see Walker, 1946.

Oklahoma

Black, J.H. 1980. Amphibians of Oklahoma-a checklist. Bull. Okla. Herp. Soc. 4:78-80.

Bragg, A.N. 1942. A key to the frogs of the genus Rana in Oklahoma. Proc.
OKla. Acdadis “Sea 3722 USS

Bragg, A.N. 1950. The identification of Salientia in Oklahoma. Researches
Amph. Oklahoma. Univ. Okla. Press. Norman:9-29.

Bragg, A.N. 1952. Amphibians of McCurtain County, Oklahoma. Wasmann J. Biol.
10(2) :241-250,

Bragg, A.N. 1955. The Amphibia of Cherokee County, Oklahoma. Herpetologica
11:25-30.

Bragg, A.N. and H. Dundee, 1948. Salientian collections in Oklahoma. 1948.
Proc. Okla. Acad... S6¥s-29324—25%

Bragg, A.N. and W.F. Hudson. 1951. New county records of Salientia and a
summary of known distribution of Caudata in Oklahoma, Great Basin Nat.
11 (3-4) :87-90.

ey tye

Carter, W.A. and R. Cox. 1969. Amphibians and reptiles known from Pontotoc
County, Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 47:66-71.

Dundee, H. and A.N. Bragg. 1946. Extensions of known salientian ranges in
Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 26:18-19.

Ortenburger, A.I. 1927. A report on the amphibians and reptiles of Oklahoma.
Proc. Okla. ‘Acad. ‘Sci. (6(1) 789-L00.

Ortenburger, A.I. 1929. Reptiles and amphibians from southeastern Oklahoma
and southwestern Arkansas. Copeia 1929(170):8-12.

Ortenburger, A.I. 1929. Reptiles and amphibians from northeastern Oklahoma.
Copeia 1929(170) :26-28.

Taylor, R.J. 1967. New locations for Gastrophryne carolinensis and Rana
clamitans in Oklahoma. Proc. Okla. Acad. Sci. 45:79-80.

Taylor, R.J. and H. Laughlin. 1964. Additions to the herpetofauna of Bryan
County, Okla. Southwest. Nat. 9:41-43.

Trowbridge, A.H. 1937. Ecological observations on amphibians and reptiles
collected in southeastern Okla. during the summer of 1934. Amer. Midl.
Natur. 18:285-303.

Pennsylvania

Burger, J.W. 1933. A preliminary list of the amphibians of Lebanon County,
Pennsylvania, with notes on habits and life history. Copeia 1933(2):92-94.

Conant, R, 1942. Amphibians and reptiles from Dutch Mountain (Pennsylvania)
and vicinity. Amer. Midl. Natur. 27:154-170.

Dunn, E.R. 1915. Some amphibians and reptiles of Delaware County, Pennsylvania.
Copeia 1915(16):2-4.

Evermann, B.W. 1918. Notes on some reptiles and amphibians of Pike County,
Pennsylvania. Copeia 1918(58):66-67.

Fowler, H.W. 1917. Some amphibians and reptiles from Buck's County, Pennsylvania.
Copeia 1917(40):14-15.

Harrison, Hal H. 1949-1950. Pennsylvania reptiles and amphibians. Repr.
Pennsylvanica Angler, Pennsylvania Fish Commission. Harrisburg.

Heilman, R.A. 1951. A list of the amphibians and reptiles of Lebanon County,
Pennsylvania. Proc. Pa. Acad. Sci. 25:44-46.

Hudson, R.G. 1954. An annotated list of the reptiles and amphibians of the
Unami Valley, Pennsylvania. Herpetologica 10:67-72.

Keim, T.D. 1915. Notes on the fauna about the headwaters of the Allegheny,
Genesee and Susquehanna Rivers in Pennsylvania. Copeia 1915(24):51-52.

Mattern, E.S. and W.I. Mattern. 1917. Amphibians and reptiles of Lehigh
County, Pennsylvania. Copeia 1917 (46) :64-66.

Netting, M.G. 1933. The amphibians of Pennsylvania. Proc. Penn. Acad. Sci.
2 lOO=1O%

Netting, M.G. 1934-1935. A non-technical key to the amphibians and reptiles
of western Pennsylvania. Nowaka Fireside New Series, Nos. 3-4:34-49.

Pawling, R.O. 1939. The amphibians and reptiles of Union County, Pennsylvania.
Herpetologica 1:167.

Surface, H.A. 1913 (see IX. Food Habits).

Swanson, P.L. 1948. Notes on the amphibians of Venango County, Pennsylvania.
Amer. Midl. Natur. 40:362-371.

Rhode Island

Bumpus, H.C. 1885, 1886. Reptiles and batrachians of Rhode Island. Random Notes
on Nate Hist) 211885) ; 3886) 752%

Hutchinson, V.H. and H. Szarski. 1965 (see XX. Physiology and Biochemistry
a. Blood).

-48-

South Carolina

Chamberlain, E. Burnham. 1939. Frogs and toads of South Carolina. Charleston
Mus. Leaflet 12:1-38.

Corrington, Julian D. 1929. Herpetology of the Columbia, South Carolina region.
Copeia 172:58-83.

Gibbons, J.W. and D.H. Bennett. 1974. Determination of anuran terrestrial
activity patterns by a drift fence method. Copeia 1974(1):236-243.

Jobson, H.G.H. 1940, Reptiles and amphibians from Georgetown County, South
Carolina. Herpetologica 2:41.

Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, J.R. Harrison, III. 1980 (see North
Carolina).

Neill, W.T. 1947. Rana grylio in South Carolina. Copeia 1947(3):206.

Obrecht, C.B. 1946, Notes on South Carolina reptiles and amphibians, Copeia
1946 (2) : 71-74.

Pickens, A.L. 1927. Amphibians of upper South Carolina, Copeia 1927(165):106-110.

Quinby, J.A. 1954. Interesting breeding dates for some South Carolina frogs.
Herpetologica 10:8.

Schwartz, A. 1957. Variation and natural history of Plethodon jordani clemsonae.
Copeia 1957(2):94-107.

Tennessee

Blanchard, Frank N. 1922. Amphibians and reptiles of western Tennessee. Occ.
Papers Mus. Zool., U. of Michigan 117:1-18.

Endsley, E.R. 1954. An annotated listing of a herpetological collection mainly
from Tennessee. J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 29(1):36-41.

Gentry, Glenn. 1955 and 1956. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and
reptiles of Tennessee. Knoxville: J. Tenn. Acad. Sci. (1955) 30:168-176.
(1956) 31:242-251.

Huheey, J.E. and A. Stupka. 1965. Herpetological records from the Great Smoky
Mountains. Herpetologica 21:148-150.

Huheey, J.E. and A, Stupka. 1967 (see North Carolina).

Necker, W.L. 1934. Contributions to the herpetology of the Smoky Mountains of
Tennessee. Bull. Chicago Acad. Sci. 5(1):1-4.

Parker, Malcolm V. 1939, The amphibians and reptiles of Reelfoot Lake and
vicinity, with a key for the separation of species and subspecies.

Jd. Tenn. Acad. Sci. 14(1):72-101.

Rhoads, Samuel N. 1895 (see I. Nomenclature - Historical).

Sinclair, R., W. Hon and B. Ferguson. 1965. Amphibians and reptiles of
Tennessee. Tenn. Game and Fish Commission. Nashville. 28 p.

Texas

Baird, S.F, 1854. Reptiles, p. 188-215 In R.B. Marcy and G.B. McClellan,
Exploration of the Red River of Louisiana in the year 1852. Washington,
DoGe

Blair, W.F. 1950. The biotic provinces of TexaS. Texas Jour. Sci. 2:93-117.

Blair, W.F. 1958. Distributional patterns of vertebrates in the southern
United States in relation to past and present environments. p. 433-468
In C.L. Hubbs, ed. Zoogeography. Amer. Assoc. Adv, Sci. Publ. 51
Washington, DsCa, 5090p,

-49-—

Blair, W.F. 1965. Amphibian speciation, p. 543-555 In H.E. Wright and
D.G. Frey. The Quarternary of the United States. Princeton Univ.
Press, Princeton, N.J. ;

Brown, B.C. 1950. An annotated checklist of the reptiles and amphibians
of Texas. Baylor Univ. Press, Waco, Texas. 257 p.

Easterla, D.A. 1975. The amphibians and reptiles of Big Bend National Park,
Texas. Big Bend Nat. Hist. Assoc. 1975.

Holman, J.A. 1963. Late Pleistocene amphibians and reptiles of the
Clear Creek and Ben Franklin local faunas of Texas. J. Grad. Res.
Center 31:152-167. :

Livezey, R.L. 1948. Distributional records of amphibians in east Texas.
Copeia 1948 (1) :67-68.

Livezey, R.L. and H.M. Johnson. 1948. Rana grylio in Texas. Herpetologica
4:164.

McCullen, R.E. and G.G. Raun. 1971. Notes on distribution of some reptiles
and amphibians in northeastern Texas. Southwest. Nat. 16:220.

Olson, R.E. 1967. Peripheral range extensions and some new records of Texas
amphibians and reptiles. Texas Jour. Sci. 19(1):99-106.

Peterson, R.L. 1950. Amphibians and reptiles of Brazos County, Texas. Amer.
Midl. Natur. 43:157-164.

Pope, P.H. 1919. Some notes on the amphibians of Houston, Texas. Copeia
UTS G) 225-90.

Raun, G.G. and F.R. Gehlbach. 1972. Amphibians and reptiles in Texas.
Dallas Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. 2:1-132.

Smith, H.M. and O. Sanders. 1952. Distributional data on Texan amphibians
and reptiles. Texas J. Sci. 4(2):204-219.

Strecker, J.K. 1915. Reptiles and amphibians of Texas. Baylor Univ. Bull.
18:1-82.

Strecker, J.K. and W.J. Williams. 1928. Field notes of the herpetology of
Bowie County, Texas. Cont. Baylor Univ. Mus. 17:1-19.

Thomas, R.A. 1974. A checklist of Texas amphibians and reptiles. Texas
Parks and Wildlife Dept. Technical Series No. 17:1-15.

Wright, A.H. and A.A. Wright. 1938. Amphibians of Texas. Proc. Trans.
Texas Acad. Sci. 21(2):5-44.

Utah

Behle, W.H. and R.J. Erwin. 1962. The green frog (Rana clamitans) established
at West Ogden, Water County, Utah. Proc. Utah Acad. Sci. 39:74-76.

Vermont

Fowler, J.A. and H.J. Cole, 1938. Notes on some reptiles and amphibians from
central Vermont. Copeia 1938 (2) :93,

Thompson, Z. 1892 (see I. Nomenclature - Historical).

Trapido, H. 1940. On finding the mink frog in northern Vermont. New England
Nat. 7:11-14.

Virginia

Brady, Maurice. 1927. Notes on the reptiles and amphibians of the Dismal
Swamp. Copeia 162:26-29.

Conant, R. 1945. An annotated checklist of the amphibians and reptiles of the
Del-Mar-Va Peninsula. Soc. of Nat. Hist. of Delaware. Wilmington.

=50=

Dunn, E.R. 1915. List of amphibians and reptiles observed in the summers
of 1912, 1913 and 1914, in Nelson County, Virginia. Copeia 1915(18):5-7.

Dunn, E.R. 1915. List of amphibians and reptiles from Clark County, Virginia.
Copeia 1915(25) :62-63.

Dunn, E.R. 1916. Notes on Virginia herpetology. Copeia 1916(28) :22-23.

Dunn, E.R. 1918. A preliminary list of the reptiles and amphibians of Virginia.
Copeia 1918(53):16-27.

Fowler, H.W. 1925. Records of amphibians and reptiles for Delaware, Maryland
and Virginia. III. Virginia. Copeia 1925(146) :65-67.

Hoffman, R.L. 1945. Notes on herpetological fauna of Alleghany County,
Virginia. Herpetologica 2:199-205.

Hoffman, R.L. and H.I. Kleinpeter. 1948. Amphibians from Burkes Garden,
Virginia. Amer. Midl. Natur. 39:602-607.

Hutchison, V.H. 1956. An annotated list of the amphibians and reptiles of Giles
County, Virginia. Virginia J. Sci. 7(2) :80-86.

Martof, B.S., W.M. Palmer, J.R. Bailey, J.R. Harrison, III. 1980 (see North Carolina)

Reed, C.F. 1958. Contributions to the herpetofauna of Virginia 2: the reptiles
and amphibians of Northern Neck. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 47:21-23.

Reed, C.F. 1958. Contributions to the herpetology of Virginia 3: the herpetofauna
of Accomac and Northampton Counties, Virginia. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 47:89-91.

Werler, J.E. and J. McCallion. 1951. Notes on a collection of reptiles and
amphibians from Princess Anne County, Virginia. Amer. Midl. Natur. 45(1):
245-252.

Washington

Slater, J.R. 1939. Some species of amphibians new to the state of Washington.
Occ. Papers Dept. Biol. Coll. Puget Sound 2:4-5.

Slater, J.R. 1955. Distribution of Washington amphibians. Occ. Papers Dept. Biol.
Coll. Puget Sound 16:122-154,

Slater, J.R. 1964. County records of amphibians for Washington. Occ. Papers
Dept. Biol. Coll. Puget Sound 26:237-242.

West Virginia

Brooks, M. 1945. Notes on amphibians from Bickle's Knob, West Virginia. Copeia
1945(4):231.

Green, N.B. 1937. The amphibians and reptiles of Randolph County, West Virginia.
Herpetologica 1:113-116.

Green, N.B. 1954. The amphibians and reptiles of West Virginia: their
identification, habits, and distribution. Marshall College, Huntington.

Green, N.B. 1953 (see XII. Reproduction - d. Egg Clutches).

Wilson, L.W. and S.B. Friddle. 1950. The herpetology of Hardy County, West
Virginia. Amer. Midl. Natur. 43:165-172.

Wisconsin

Cahn, A.R. 1929. The herpetology of Waukesha County, Wisconsin. Copeia 1929 (170):
4-8,

Dickinson, W.E. 1965. Amphibians and turtles of Wisconsin. Pop. Sci. Handbook
Ser. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. 10:1-45.

Edgren, R.A., Jr. 1944. Notes on amphibians and reptiles from Wisconsin. Amer.
Midl. Natur. 32:495-498.

Hoy, P.R. 1883. Catalogue of the cold-blooded vertebrates of Wisconsin. Geol.
Wisc. 1:422-426.

-51-

Jackson, H.H.T. 1914. The land vertebrates of Ridgeway Bog, Wisconsin: their
ecological succession and source of ingression. Bull. Wisconsin Nat.
Hist. Soc. 12 (1 and 2) :17-18.

Nelson, T.C. 1915. Rana palustris in Wisconsin. Copeia 1915(19) :13-14.

Pope, T.E.B. and W.E. Dickinson. 1928. The amphibians and reptiles of Wisconsin.
Bull. of the Public Mus. of the City of Milwaukee 8(1) :1-138.

Schmidt, F.J.W. 1926. List of the amphibians and reptiles of Worden Township,
Clark County, Wisconsin. Copeia 1926(154) :131-132.

Suzuki, H.K. 1951. Recent additions to the records of the distribution of the
amphibians in Wisconsin. Trans. Wisconsin Acad. Sci. Arts Lett. 40(2):
215-234.

Vogt, R.C. 1981. Natural history of amphibians and reptiles in Wisconsin.
Milwaukee Public Museum, Milwaukee, Wisc. 205 p.

Canada

Bleakney. J.S. 1954. Range extensions of amphibians in eastern Canada. Canad.
Field-Natur. 68:165-171.

Bleakney, J.S. 1958. A zoogeographical study of the amphibians and reptiles
of eastern Canada. Nat. Mus. Can. Bull. 155(54):1-119.

Cook, F.R. 1980. Checklist of amphibians of Canada. Canad. Amphib. and
Reptile Cons. Soc. 18(2):1-6.

Fowler, H.W. 1915. Fishes from eastern Canada. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.
67:515-546.

Logier, E.B.S. 1952. The frogs, toads and salamanders of eastern Canada.
Clarke, Irwin. and .Co..,, litd.. Toronto. . 127, ‘p. (p. -99-100, (Pls IITL),<

Logier, E.B.S. and G.C. Toner. 1955. Check-list of the amphibians and
reptiles of Canada and Alaska. Contr. R. Ont. Mus. Zool. 41:1-88.
(Revised Ed. 1961. R. Ontario Mus. Life Sci. Div. Contrib. 53:1-92.)

Mills, R. Colin. 1948. A check list of the reptiles and amphibians of
Canada. Herpetologica 4, Suppl. 2:1-15 (p. 7).

Schueler, F.W. 1975 (see VI. Color).

Verrill, A.E. 1865 (see Maine).

Weller, W.F., T.N. Tobias and R.R. Evans. 1981. Amphibians and reptiles at
Chats Falls, Fitzroy Harbour. (Ottawa River, Ontario, Canada). Trail
and Landscape 15(3) :156-162.

For additional regional records see Bleakney. 1958.

British Columbia

Carl, G.C. 1949. Extensions of known ranges of some amphibians in British
Columbia. Herpetologica 5:139-140.

Carl, G.C. and I. McT. Cowan. 1945. Notes on some frogs and toads of British
Columbia. Copeia 1945(1) :52-53.

Carl, G.C. and C.J. Guignet. 1958. Alien animals in British Columbia. Handb.
B.C. Prov. Mus. 14:61-63.

-52-

New Brunswick

Cox, P. 1898. Batrachia of New Brunswick. Nat. Hist. Soc. N.B. Bull. 16,
VoTLOabe [(pEvei panko Vi ine4—66%

Cox, P. 1899. The Anura of New Brunswick. Proc. Miramichi Nat. Hist. Assoc.
(1) :9-19.

Gorham, S.W. 1964. Notes on the amphibians of Browns Flat area, New Brunswick.
The Canad. Field-Natur. 78:154-160.

Gorham, S.W. 1970. The amphibians and reptiles of New Brunswick. New
Brunswick Mus. Pubs., St. John Monograph Series No, 6. 30 p.

Newfoundland

Backus, R.H. 1954. Notes on the frogs and toads of Labrador. Copeia 1954(3):
226-227.

Cameron, A.W. and A.J. Tomlinson. 1963. Dispersal of the introduced green
frog in Newfoundland. Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 183:104-110.

Johansen, Frits. 1926. Occurrence of frogs of Anticosti Island and Newfoundland.
Canadian Field-Natur. 40:16.

Nova Scotia

Bleakney, J.S, 1952. The amphibians and reptiles of Nova Scotia. Canadian
Field-Natur. 66:125-129.

MacKay, A.H. 1896. Batrachia and reptilia of Nova Scotia. Proc. and Trans.
Nes. Inst PtseirP 9)(2))% 41-43.

Richmond, N. 1952. An addition to the herpetofauna of Nova Scotia and other
records of amphibians and reptiles on Cape Breton Island. Ann. Carnegie
Mus. 32:331=332.

Ontario

Adams, M.S. and H.F. Clark. 1958. A herpetofaunal survey of Long Point,
Ontario, Canada. Herpetologica 14:8-10.

Evans, H.E. and R.M. Roecker. 1951. Notes on herpetology of Ontario, Canada.
Herpetologica 7:69-71.

Judd, W.W. 1965 (see X. Ecology).

Lindeborg, R.G. 1950. Some herpetological records from the Quetico
Provincial Park of Ontario. Canadian Field-Natur. 64:86.

Logier, E.B.S. 1925. Notes on the herpetology of Point Pelee. Canadian
Field-Natur. 39:91-95.

Logier, E.B.S. 1928. Amphibians and reptiles of the Lake Nipigon region.
Trans. Royal Canad. Inst. 16:279-291.

Logier, E.B.S. 1931. A faunal investigation of Long Point and vicinity,
Norfolk County, Ontario. IV. The amphibians and reptiles of Long Point.
Trans. Royal Can. Inst. 18(1) :229-236.

Logier, E.B.S. 1937. The amphibians of Ontario. Royal Ontario Mus. Zool.
Handbook No. 3:1-16.

Milnes, H. 1946. Amphibians and reptiles of Oxford County, Ontario. Canad.
Field-Natur. 60:1-4.

Ministry of Nat. Res. Ontario. 1978. Reptiles and amphibians of Algonquin
Provincial Park. Revised ed. Min. Nat. Res., Ottawa. 30 p.

Schueler, F.W. 1973. Frogs of the Ontario coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay.
Canad. Field Natur. 87:409-418.

Toner, G.C. and N. de St. Remy. 1941. Amphibians of eastern Ontario.

Copeia 1941(1):10-13.

See

Prince Edward Island

Cook, F.R. 1967. An analysis of the herpetofauna of Prince Edward Island.
Nat. Mus. Canada Bull. 212(75):1-60.

Hurst, Blythe. 1944. The amphibians of Prince Edward Island. Acadian Nat.
a (3) yea Kl = a rg

Quebec

Cox, P. 1899. Freshwater fishes and Batrachia of the peninsula of Gaspé, P.Q.
and their distribution in the Maritime Provinces. Proc. and Trans. Roy.
Soc. Canada 5:141-154.

Cox, P. 1899. A preliminary list of the Batrachia of the Gaspé Peninsula and the
Maritime Provinces. Ottawa. Nat. 13:194-195.

Denman, N.S. and I.S. Lapper. 1964. The herpetology of Mont St.-Hilaire,
Rouville County, Quebec, Canada. Herpetologica 20:25-30.

Grant, R. 1941. Salientia of northern Pontiac County, Quebec, Copeia 1941(3):
P5153

Harper, F. 1956. Amphibians and reptiles of the Ungava Peninsula. Proc.
Biol. Soc. Wash. 69:93-103.

Moore, J. and B. Moore. 1939. Notes on the Salientia of the Gaspé Peninsula.
Copeia 1939(2):104.

Power, G. 1965. Notes on the cold blooded vertebrates of the Nabisipi River
region, County Duplessis, Quebec. The Canad. Field-Nat. 79:49-66.

Rau, M.E., J. Doyle, and D. Gordon. 1978 (see XXII. Parasites and Disease).

Trapido, H. and R.T. Clausen. 1938. Amphibians of eastern Quebec. Copeia
1938 (3) :117-125.

Fossil Record

Chantell, C.J. 1970. Upper Pliocene frogs from Idaho. Copeia 1970(4) :654-664.
Holman, J.A. 1959. A Pleistocene herpetofauna near Orange Lake, Florida.
Herpetol. 15:121-125.
Holman, J.A. 1959. Amphibians and reptiles from the Pleistocene (Illinoian)
of Williston, Florida. Copeia 1959(2):96-102.
Holman, J.A. 1962. A Texas Pleistocene herpetofauna. Copeia 1962(2) :255-261.
Holman, J.A. 1977. Amphibians and reptiles from the Gulf Coast Miocene of
Texas. Herpetol. 33:391-403.
Tihen, J.A. 1954. A Kansas Pleistocene herpetofauna. Copeia 1954(3):217-221.
Womochel, D.R. 1977. Taphonomy and paleoecology of the Slaton local fauna
(Pleistocene, Texas). Ph.D. dissertation, Texas Tech. Univ. Lubbock.
148 p. Diss. Abstr. Int, B 38(6) 2597. (Only fossil record of R. clamitans. )

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