note A

Sianesin gett

rr

PAYA Sty?
Ayteaat

Wine Mgscarigast

WTR LTLESEL TY
Parterstotcd
oye

Hee a
mbar

yaa Aus teaver

Ma aaitaehy§ ngiinsayaae
Frais i aca tah

oiqea a

Rus OM
Hae ett

Sian
rn
dene w

Pen

PS aT RSE

reer

rat Ake Na MotB
dateiniosiseseaaeiar
iva ine

aah
abet na
or arate
Hetalincas
Wiseaae nat

ren

dnaap late

ay
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Chg crag deg Yang AMO RIA
Pohak hog
aie
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neces ee

ees
on

a

it .

at TS CnAy

ina AY ty
eters ena

eee
re
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Spacers

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Rate

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=

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MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE-LIVING
ANURAN TADPOLES

RONALD ALTIG & GAIL F. JOHNSTON*

Department of Biological Sciences
Mississinpi State University

*Department of Zoology
Southern I]linois University

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 67

1986

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and_ reptiles, but
unlikely to be published in the normal technical
journals. Single copies are distributed free to
interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological
associations, and research laboratories are invited
to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their
bibliographies, translations, etc. with other
herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you
have such items please contact George Zug for
instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests £0r copies and
inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560,
U.S.A. Please include a self-addressed mailing
label with requests.

MAJOR CHARACTERISTICS OF FREE-LIVING ANURAN TADPOLES

INTRODUCTION

The tabulation below is a summarization of traits commonly used to
characterize free-living anuran tadpoles. The purpose was to collate
information about each species under a common terminology (Altig,
1970, Herpetologica 26:180). Data on the most advanced stage prior to
metamorphosis were presented, If a species does not appear in the

listing, assume we are not aware of the reference. We would like to be
informed of corrections, omissions and additions,

Species are arranged alphabetically by genus and species in listings
for the New and Old World. A "+" between scientific names indicates
that those two species are the same morphologically; a "=" jndicates

taxonomic synonymy, Data are coded relative to specific columns in the
dictionary. A reference(s) is included, and additional notes are given
for some species,

This report can be obtained on discs from the senior author for an
even trade of two discs, Files can be accessed, searched and
manipulated through ApplewWriter (or transferred to AppleWorks) on an
Apple Ile or tlc with 80-column capability and 128 K (will reduce tile
size for 64 K if requested).

<== DICTIONARY ==>

SECTION A: FAMILY CODES

1. Ascaphidae 2. Bufonidae

3. Centrolenidae 4. Dendrobatidae

5. Discoglossidae 6. Hylidae

7. Hyperoliidae 8. Leptodactylidae
9. Microhylidae 10. Myobatrachidae
11. Pelobatidae 12. Pelodytidae

13, Pseudidae 14, Pipidae

15, Ranidae 16, Rhacophoridae
17. Rhinophrynidae 18:6

19, Z0%
SECTION B: GEOGRAPHIC CODES

1. North America 2. Central America
3. South America 4. Europe

5. Asia 6. SE. Asia

7. Australia, New Guinea 8. Africa, Malagasy
oe Nindival «Sei Lanka 10. Japan, Borneo, Philippines
Vials ars

VSte 14.

SECTION C: MEAN ADULT SNOUT-VENT LENGTH (MM), OF BOTH SEXES IF AVAILABLE

SECTION D: TADPOLE TOTAL LENGTH (MM, 1ST 3 COLUMNS) AT GOSNER STAGE (1960,
HERPETOLOGICA 16:183)(LAST 2 COLUMNS )

SECTION E: AVERAGE METAMORPHIC SNOUT-VENT LENGTH (MM)

SECTION F: TYPE OF ORAL APPARATUS

1. Oral disc with jaw sheaths and labial teeth

2. Oral disc with labial teeth but without jaw sheaths
3. Oral disc with jaw sheaths but without labial teeth
4. No oral disc, but jaw sheaths present

5. Oral flaps present and no keratinized mouthparts

6. No oral flaps or keratinized mouthparts

7. No oral disc or ltabial teeth - see Otophryne

8.

9.
TO;
11.
V2.
1
14.
15%

Inverted oral
Inverted oral

SECTION G:

1. 0/0

Roeyal

1/2(1)

1(1)/3 (1-2)
2(2)/2

2(2)/3
2/3(1-3)
2(2)/4
3(2-3)/2
SU2—-S5735 01)
3(1,3)/5
3/9(1)

413-4) 7351)
4(3-4)/4(1-2)
4(1,4)/6(1)
4/15(1)
5(3-5)/3(1
5(2-5)/501
6(2-6)/3(1
6(3-6)/4(1
6(3-6)/7(1
T(2=7973 (1
7(3-7)/4
7(5-7)/6(1)
7(2-7)/9(1)
8(8)/13(1)

6 (4-6) /8(1)
7(2-7)/7(1-6)
THis)
7(4-7)/5(1)
3/3

disc without keratinized mouthparts

disc with keratinized mouthparts

2.
6.
10%
14,
18,
22
26.
30,
55.
39,
43,
47.
51.
55.
59.
63,
67s
re
P53
79
83.
87.
91.
95,
99.
103,
107.
che
115;
119,
123.
127.
ais
135.
139.

O/1
1/101)
1721)

1/4

2( 2/20)
22D /SEN)
2(1-2)/3(1)
2(2)/4(1)
Sale Se
3(2-3)/3(1-2)
31 5) 7 G1)
4(2-4)/3
4(1-4)/4(1-3)
4/5

4(1)/701)
5(2-5)/3
5(2-5)/4(1)
5(2-5)/5(1-4)
6(3-6)/3
6(4-6)/4(1)
6(4-6)/7(1)
7(3-7)/3 (1-2)
7(2-7)/6(1-5)
7(2-7)/6 (1-6)
TTY)
9(3-9)/6(1)
5(5)/9
6(4-6)/6(1)
3(3)/3(1)
5(3-5)/8
4(4)/3(1)

LABIAL TOOTH ROW FORMULA AFTER ALTIG

3.
7.
V1.
15,
195
23's
Zs
Biles
36.
40.
44,
48.
DLs
56.
60.
64.
68,
12.
LG.
80.
84.
88.
o25
96.
100.
104,
108,
Vli2e5
LVi6i6
1205.
12a
128%
WS2re
Siow
140.

(1970,

1/0

0/2

AS)

2/1

Zi V2 eZ: C9)
242) 735 CV=2)
ZAM = 22) 77 SO = 2.)
Z02 75
5b, 3) 73:1)
BCS) a. 2))
SO, 270.01)
4(2-4)/3(1)
4(2-4)/4(1)
4(4)/5(1)
4(4)/7
C2 —5) 75101)
DZ —3.) 74 Ci —2)
DZ On 38)
6S =6) /S01)
602-6)):76'( 11)
66979
71(4=7T)/3 01)
IS =F YO)
TCA iT Cale)
8'C5=6')'7 100.1)
1LOFEZ— 02) SiG)
OZ =O ICIS S )
6(4-6)/5(1)
TCA=T) 781)
53) 74C1)
4(3-4)/3

4.
8.
W2e
16.
20.
24.
28.
BiSie
STs.
41.
45.
AOS
Br.
Dilie
61.
656
69,
UI
TT
Bill,
Bie
89,
93.6
97.
VO.
05:6
109.
11S
W776
Zale
12555
(Ways
13%
Eee
141.

HERPETOLOGICA 26:180)

er Aa

1/2

V7 aiC1)

Lyi2

27/3

2/501")
2(1)/4(1)
202) fo Gi)
3C2=35.))73
302 =3:) ZAC )
BS)
4(2=4) 7/3 (V-2)
4(2-4)/4(1-3)
4(4)/6(1)
4/14(1)
5(3-5)/3
SCS =): ) 74 C1)
6(2-6)/3
6(4-6)/3(1)
6(2=6)'/6:01=5.)
6(6)/9(1)

ID T/L SCT )
714-7) 761)
TCA= 7) 7S CV=4)
BCB)/ 11 C1)
9(7=-9)/9(1-3)
AN 2=49' 79 (1 =3))
QU 4047
scattered
92-9979 C1)
14(14)/15(1)

SECTION H. CONFIGURATIONS OF MARGINAL ORAL DISC PAPILLAE

1. Not applicable

3. Complete around oral disc
5. Narrow dorsal gap

7. Ventral gap

9

1

oOMOnFrN
.

Absent
Wide dorsal gap
Dorsal and ventral gaps

SECTION 1. CONFIGURATIONS OF SUBMARGINAL ORAL DISC PAPILLAE

- Not applicable
- Few laterally

- Few laterally + above A-1
- Row(s) below P-3

onruw—

- Row(s) above A-1l & below last P-row

Absent
Many laterally

Few laterally + below last P-row

Scattered

SECTION J: EMARGINATION OF ORAL DISC

1. Absent

3. Laterally

5. Ventral + ventrolaterally
7. Ventrally

9. Anteriorly

1

NOWRA FN

Not applicable
Ventrolaterally
Dorsal + ventrally
Dorsally

Laterally + ventrally

SECTION K: SUBJECTIVE EVALUATIONS OF UPPER JAW SHEATH CONFIGURATIONS

SHEATH/SHAPE OF ARCH)

(WIDTH OF

1. Narrow/wide arch

3. Wide/wide arch

5. Absent

7. Wide/narrow arch

9. Medium/hipped arch
12. Narrow/M-shaped arch
14, Wide/M-shaped arch
16. Upper divided

Medium/wide arch
Narrow/narrow arch
Medium/narrow arch
Narrow/hipped arch
Wide/hipped arch
Medium/M-shaped arch
Flat

SECTION L:

SECTION M:

1
2. Single, medioventral,
3. Single, mediocentral,
4. Single, on left side
5. Absent
6.
Ts
tsi
Sie
Ors
SECTION N:
« Medial

SUBJECTIVE EVALUATIONS OF

SHEATH, SHAPE OF ARCH)

Narrow/wide "y"
Wide/wide "vy"
Absent
Wide/narrow "Vv"
Medium/flexed "yv"
Wide/wide "Uy"
Medium/wide "U"
Narrow/"U"-shaped
Wide inverted "U"

Dual and lateral

on belly or chest
near vent tube

LOWER JAW SHEATH CONFIGURATIONS

(WIDTH OF

CONFIGURATIONS OF SPIRACLE(S)

(amphigyrinid)

Medium/wide "Vv"
Narrow/narrow "Vv"
Medium/narrow "vy"
Narrow/flexed "vy"
Wide/flexed "vy"
Narrow/wide "U"
Wide/"U"-shaped
Medium/"U"-shaped
Wide/broken

(mediogyrinid)
(mediogyrinid)
(laevogyrinid or sinistral)

Single, low on left side but not medioventral (paragyrinid)

CONFIGURATIONS OF VENT TUBE

Dextral

SECTION O: CONFIGURATIONS OF DORSAL FIN RELATIVE TO TAIL MUSCULATURE (WHERE
STOP/HEIGHT RELATIVE TO TAIL MUSCLE)

Stop on tail/lower 2. Stop at body/ lower
Stop at body/equal 4. Stop at body/higher
Stop on body/ lower 6. Stop on body/equal
8
0

Stop on body/higher

onruw —
.

SECTION P: CONFIGURATIONS OF VENTRAL FIN RELATIVE TO TAIL MUSCULATURE (WHERE
STOP/HE!IGHT RELATIVE TO TAIL MUSCLE)

Stop on tail/lower 2. Stop at body/lower
Stop at body/equal 4. Stop at body/higher
Stop on body/lower 6. Stop on body/equal
8
0

Stop on body/higher

NO os A
e

e

SECTION Q: RELATIVE EYE LOCATION

1. Dorsal 2. Dorsolateral
3. Lateral Ae
5 6.

SECTION R: RELATIVE BODY SHAPE

1. Depressed/globular 2. Depressed/round
3. Globular 4, Compressed
5. Vermiform 6.
7. 8.
SECTION S: HABITAT NOTATION
1. Pelagic/lentic 2. Benthic/lentic
3. Surface/lentic 4, Burrower/lotic
5. suctorial/ lorie 6. Pelagic/lotic
7, Benthic/ lotic 8. Tree-hole, etc,
9, Bromeliad 10. In pouch
11, Semiterrestrial 12. Surface lotic
13, In foam nest 14.

SRECIWES DATA =

AA BB CCC DDDDD EE FF GGG HH 11

NEW WORLD

JJ KK LL MM NN OO PP QQ

><

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as

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>>>>>> ACRIS CREPITANS
06.01 052 035236 09 01 017 04 02 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)
N: Tail tip usually black;

02

>>>>>> ACRIS GRYLLUS

06 01 035 03236 09 01 017 04 02 01
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Tail

02
tip usually black;
>>>>>> ADENOMERA

08 05 024 05228 --
R: Heyer 73,

BOKERMANN |

01 020 04 02 01
LACMNH Contr. Seis (251)
>>>>>> ADENOMERA HYLAEDACTYLUS
08 O02 -=-- 01350 -- 01 001 04 02 O1 01
R: Heyer,Silverstone 69, Field.-Zool,.

>>>>>> AGALYCHNIS ANNAE
06 02 075 03331 22 01 022 04 04 0O1
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

10

>>>>>> AGALYCHNIS CALLIDRYAS
06 02 055 025352 20 01 022 04 04 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> AGALYCHNIS MORELETTI
06 01 069 04534 20 01 022 04 03 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

02

>>>>>> AGALYCHNIS
06 O01 050 04034 --
R: Duellman 70,

SALTATOR
01 022 04 03 01
UKMNH Monogr. (1)

02

>>>>>> AGALYCHNIS
06 01 069 04234
R: Duellman 70,

SPURRELLI
19 01 022 04 04 01
UKMNH Monogr. (1)

02

>>>>>> ALSODES BARRIOI

08 03 --- 06226 =-- 01 022 04 09 03 03
R: Diaz,Valencia 85, Copeia 1985:175
>>>>>> ALSODES GARGOLA

08 03 050 08036 -- 01 022 -- -- -- --
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> ALSODES MONTANUS

08 03 --- 06828 == 01 022 04 09 01 02
R: Diaz,Valencia 85, Copeia 1985:175

01

spiracle tube

01

spiracle tube

01

(

09

02

02

01

09

16

04

04

05

D1)

06

06

06

06

06

04

06

04

02

long

02

long

02 02 04 01

01

02

02

02

02

02

02 02 02

and free

02 02 02

and free

02 02 O01

02

02

02

02

02

01

02

02

02

02

03

03

03

02

02

02

01

03

03

03

03

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

04

04

04

04

04

01

03

01

02

02

01

01

01

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

aX

><

><

><

><

>>>>>> ALSODES MONTICOLA
08 03 --- 07733 -- 01 022 04 09 01 02 16
R: Diaz,Valencia 85, Copeia 1985:175

>>>>>> ALSODES NODOSUS
08 03 046 05236 -- 01 022 05 03 04 02 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> ALSODES PEHUENCHE
08 03 057 06636 -- 01 022 04 03 03 01 15
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> ALSODES TUMULTUOSUS
08 03 --- 07236 -- 01 022 04 09 03 03 16
R: Diaz,Valencia 85, Copeia 1985:175

>>>>>> AMPHODUS AURATUS
07 03 032 04036 -- O01 029 04 04 02 02 02
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

>>>>>> ANOTHECA SPINOSA

06 O02 067 04558 18 01 017 03 03 O1 03 03
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

N: Purplish color; gut not coiled

>>>>>> APLATODISCUS PERVIRIDIS

04 02

05 02

04 02

02

04

04

01

01

02

02

04

04

02

01

02

06 03 042 06436 24 01 022 05 08 04 10 14 04 02 02 02

R: Caramaschi et al. 79, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

>>>>>> ASCAPHUS TRUEI
01 01 050 05036 13 01 046 04 06 03 14 16
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

N: Tail tip with ocellus, nostrils tubular,

02 01

jaw sheath huge, lower small to absent

>>>>>> ATELOPUS CERTUS

02 03 =-= 01435 -- 01 °020.07 05 01 OT 16
R: Duellman,Lynch 69, Herp. 25:231

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> ATELOPUS IGNESCENS

02 03° .05'5 “01450; ==" 01 020 07 05 01 O1 {6
R: Duellman,Lynch 69, Herp. 25:231

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> ATELOPUS PERNAMBUCENSIS
02 03 --- 01031 -- O01 004 -- 02 -- -- 09
R: Cruz/Peixoto 82, Rev. Brasil. .Biolls

>>>>>> ATELOPUS SPUMARIUS

02 035 --- 01436 =-- 01 024 07 05 O1 O1 16
R: Duellman,Lynch 69, Herp. 25:231

N: Gastromyzophorous

04 01

04 01

04 01

42:627
N: Tooth rows poorly developed; may not be an Atelopus

04 01

40:405

01

01

01

01

02

01

02

02 02 O01

some

double tooth rows;

01 01 01
01 01 01
06 03 O01

01

01

01

05

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

07

07

Q7

09

08

05

04

05

02

05

><

><

Pa

><

><

><

><

><

PALS

><

2S

><

>>>>>> ATELOPUS VARIUS

O2 03-5038 O1755 == Ol O20 703702" 01.02 02 04 Of 01
Ri Starkett 67, Herp. 257195

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> BATRACHOPHRYNUS MACROSTOMUS
08 03 --- ----- -- 01 022 04 03 01 03 16 -- -- --
R: Cei 64, Herp. 20:242

>>>>>> BATRACHOPHRYNUS PATAGONICUS
O08 035 =—= 05736 == O11 O22 04.05 03° 03°16 06 02 02
R: Cei 64, Herp. 20:242

>>>>>> BATRACHYLA ANTARTANDICA
08 03 036 03134 16 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 02
R: Formas,Pugin 71, Bol. Mus. Nat. Chile 32:201

>>>>>> BATRACHYLA LEBRTORUS
08 03 032 02834 -- 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> BATRACHYLA TAENIATA
08 03 037 03534 -- 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> BUFO ALVARIUS
O20) 127 (025505 =-- 01 022 06 05 05 02 02 04 01 102
RaAl tig 15. hex. de Set. (253501

>>>>>> BUFO AMERICANUS
02 01 079 02536 08 O01 021 06 03 03 O02 O02 04 O1 02
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> BUFO ARENARUM
02 05 100 03156 12 01 022 06 .02 03 ‘01 14 04 01 105
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> BUFO BOREAS
02 01 100 04036 18 01 021 06 02 03 02 17 04 01 02
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

>>>>>> BUFO CANORUS
02 01, 069 02256 -= 01 1021, 06 02.03 02°17 04 ON 102
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

>>>>>> BUFO CAVIFRONS
02 02 --- 02540 -- 01 021 06 02 03 02 01 04 01 02
R: Korky,Webb 73, J. Herp. 7:49

>>>>>> BUFO COCCIFER

02 02 --- 01937 -- 01 021 06 O03 O03 14 11 04 O1 O3
Ra MeDiarmid, Foster 81, Swe Nat. 26: 355
N: Dorsum of tail muscle banded

>>>>>> BUFO COGNATUS
O02, 01 O79 O28 356 == 01 O21 06. .04.:03401 Ol 104 01) 02
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

03

02

02

04

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

03

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

05

02

02

02

02

02

02

03

02

02

02

02

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

ai

><

><

><

><

10

>>>>>> BUFO COMPACTILIS

02 01 075 02736 11 01 021 06 04 03 01 01 04 O01
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> BUFO CRISTATUS

02 02 062 03136 -- 01 021 06 02 03 O01 01 04 O1
R: Specimens

N: V-shaped depression on belly

sepoe> BUFO DEBICIS

02 01 047 02636 -- 01 O17 06 02 03 02 O01 04 O01
R: Zweifel 70, Amer, Mus. Novitates (2407)

BUFO EXSUL + BUFO BOREAS

>>>>>> BUFO FERNANDEZAE

02 03 063 02037 -- 01 021 06 02 03 O01 14 04 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> BUFO GRANULOSA

02 03 055 01736 -- O1 021 06 O02 03 O01 14 04 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

N: P-3 free from oral disc proper

>>>>>> BUFO HEMIOPHRYS
02 01 068 03036 10 01 022 06 02 03 O01 O01 04 O01
R: Specimens

>>>>>> BUFO HOLDRIDGE|I
02°02 044 017356 -- O11 020 06 O02 O1 == == 04°01
R: Novak,Robinson 75, Rev. Biol. Trop. 23:213

BUFO HOUSTONENSIS + BUFO AMERICANUS

>>>>>> BUFO ICTERICUS

02 03 120 02735 -= 01 022 06 02 035 Of°501-04
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> BUFO KELLOGGI
02.02 035 019335 -= O1 0717 06 02 035° 02,01 -04
R: Zweifel 70, Amer, Mus. Novitates (2407)

>>>>>> BUFO LONGINASUS
02 02 ===" 02136 08 Oi 021 06 (0250502 12904
R: Garcia 80, Poeyana (207)

>>>>>> BUFO MARINUS

02 01 172 0235356 12 O17 021 06 03 03°01 O11 04
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

N: Tail muscle distinctly bicolored

>>>>>> BUFO MICROSCAPHUS

02 01 068 02636 -- 01 021 06 02 03 O02 O1 04
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

BUFO NELSONI + BUFO BOREAS

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

03

03

02

03

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

02

03

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

07

02

02

02

02

07

02

02

02

02

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

11

>>>>>> BUFO OCCIDENTALIS

02 02 092 04736 == 101) 022 06 03 03 02 02 04
R: Specimens

N: Tail muscle banded dorsally
>>>>>> BUFO PARACNEMIS

02 035 210.023536 11,01, 022 06 02.03 01
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

13 04

>>>>>> BUFO
02 02 49 ---34
R: Savage 66,

PERIGLENES
18 01° 024
Rev. Biol.

06 03 03 01
Trop. 14153
>>>>>> BUFO PUNCTATUS

02 O01 069 02736 == 01 021 06 05 035 02
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

16 04

>>>>>> BUFO QUERCICUS

OZ. 019 028" 02556 == 01 021 06 05.05 01
R: Volpe,Dobie 59, Tulane Stud. Zool.
N: Tail muscle banded dorsally

01 04

>>>>>> BUFO RETIFORMIS

02 02 057 00928 -- 01 017 06 O02 03 O02 O1 04
R: Zweifel 70, Amer. Mus. Novitates (2407)
RUBROPUNCTATUS

02 03 050 O01 021 06 02 05-011
R: Formas,Pugin 78, Herp. 34:355

13 04

BUFO SPECIOSUS + BUFO

>>>>>> BUFO SPINULOSUS
02 03 088 02233 -- 01 021 06 03 O03 01
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

01 04

>>>>>> BUFO TERRESTRIS
02 01 059 03036 10 01 022 06 02 03 01
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

01 04

>>>>>> BUFO TYPHONIUS
02 03 074 02441 08 O01 021 06
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc,

Sj on oo
Publi. (C65)

>>> >>'>7 BUFO! VALLILCERS

02 01 085 02036 10 01 021 06
R: Limbaugh,Volpe 57, Amer,
N: Tail

02-03" 01
Mus.

01 04
Novitates
muscle banded dorsally

>>>>>> BUFO VARIEGATUS
02°03) 045" 02036" == 01° 021 06,02 03 01
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

13 04

>>>>>> BUFO WOODHOUS!1
02 01 080 02136 09 01 021
R: Gosner,Black 54, Copeia

O64 0:27 057 02
9D 421541

16 04

12 04 01

TEVA

COMPACTILIS

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01 02 02
01 03 03
03: 02°01

01 02 02
O01 02 02
01 02 02
01 03 03
01 02 02
01 02 02
On O2 O02
01 04 03
(1842)

01 03 03
01 02 02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

O7

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

as

><

><

12

CALYPTOCEPHALELLA = CAUDIVERBERA

>>>>>> CAUDIVERBERA CAUDIVERBERA

08 05 100 15036 =- 01 036 04 03 03 11 01 04 02 02 02 01 01 02

R: Cei 62, Amphib. Chile

N: Distal third of tail darkened; LTRF may also be # 022

>>>>>> CENTROLENE GECKOIDEUM
05. 05: 7402225 -= 01 007 04 02 01 02 .==' 64

R: Lynch et al. 83, Stud. Neotrop. Fauna Environ,
N: May not have fully developed tooth row formula

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA FLEISCHMANNI

O) bie (0) -- Of 021 04 02 01 O02 O02 04
R: Starrett 60, UMMZ Misc. Publ. (110)
N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA GRANULOSA

OS 90S tee alee oe -- 01 021 04 92 01 11 01 04
R: Starrett 60, UMMZ Misc, Publ. (110)

N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA MIDAS

03 03 023 01925 -- 01 009 04 -- -- -- -- 04
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ. (65)

N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA MUNOZORUM

03 03 020 01325 -- 01 009 04 -- -- -- -- 04
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ, (65)
N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA PROSOBLEPON

03 02 --- ----- ==" 01 O21) 04) 025017 02 02.04
R: Starrett 60, UMMZ Misc. Publ. (110)
N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA SPINOSA

03 02 034 ----- 06 01 021 04 02 01 02 02 04
R: Starrett 60, UMMZ Misc. Publ. (110)
N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA VALERIOI
03 02 --- ----- -- 01 021 04 02 01 02 02 04

N: Eyes small and parasagittal

>>>>>> CENTROLENELLA VIRIDISSIMA

03 02 038 05036 -- 01 021 04 02 O01 02 02 04

R: Specimens

N: Eyes small and parasagittal; color red
species also

>>>>>> CERATOPHRYS CORNUTA
08 03 095 05635 -- 01 105 03 -- -- 03 03 04
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ. (65)

01

01

02

01

01

01

01

in

02

01

01

02

02

01

01

01

R: Starrett 60, UMMZ Misc. Publ. (110) as Centrolenella reticulata

1

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01 02 04

832359

01 01 04
01 01 04
01 05 04
01 05 04
01 01 04
01 01 04
01 01 04

02 02 01 05 04

life,

probably

in other

><

aS

a

me

><

PI

><

a

><

><

><

eed

13

>>>>>> CERATOPHRYS ORNATA

08 035 125 07037 -= 01 097 03 02 O01 05 17 04 01 04 03 01 01 O1
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina
>>>>>> CHIASMOCELIS ANATIPES
09 03 020 03337 -- 03 001 01 01 02 04 04 01 02 -- -- 03 02 01
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS BROMELICOLA
04 03 017 03033 -- 01 --- -- -- -- -- -- 04 -- 01 02 01 O1 07
R: Dixon,Rivero-Blanco 85, J. Herp. 19:177
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS EDWARDS!
04 03 028 04925 -- 01 021 04 03 03 03 11 04 02 -- -- 02 01 07
R: Lynch 82, Herp. 38:366
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS GUATOPOENSIS
04 03 034 02025 -- 01 --- -- -- -- -- -- 04 -- 02 02 02 01 07
R: Dixon,Rivero-Blanco 85, J. Herp. 19:177
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS HERMINAE
04 03 020 01725 -- 01 --- -- -- -- -- -- 04 -- 02 02 02 01 07
R: Dixon,Rivero-Blanco 85, J. Herp. 19:177
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS INGUINALIS
04 02 032 02425 -- 01 021 04 02 03 12 03 04 02 02 02 01 O1 --
R: Savage 68, Copeia 1968:745
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS LATAINASUS
040271029" 01425 == 01 021° 04 02 03 02°02 04°02 02 02 01 01 02
R: Savage 68, Copeia 1968:745
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS MARCHESIANUS
04 03 018 02130 07 01 021 04 03 -- -- -- 04 -- -- -- 01 01 08
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS NUBICOLA
04 02 020 02536 08 -- 001 01 01 O02 O01 01 04 02 O02 02 -- -- --
R: Savage 68, Copeia 1968:745
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS PRATTI
04 02 023 02536 -- O1 021 -- -- 03 -- -- 04 02 -- -- -- -- --
R: Savage 68, Copeia 1968:745
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS SAULI
04 02 025 02436 07 01 021 -- -- -- -- -- 04 -- -- -- -- -- --
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ. (65)
>>>>>> COLOSTETHUS TALAMANCAE
04 02 023 02530 -- 01 021 -- -- 03 -- -- 04 02 -- -- -- -- --
R: Savage 68, Copeia 1968:745
CRASPEDOGLOSSA STEJNEGERI = CYCLORHAMPHUS STEJNEGER
>>>>>> CROSSODACTYLUS DISPAR
08 05 029°049355 -— 01 042 °03 03 03 02°16 04 02 04 03 O01 03 05

R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

><

><

><

><

><

><

wis

><

Pd

14

>>>>>> CROSSODACTYLUS PINTOI
08 03 --- 01935 -- 01 021 04 02 03 02

R: Peixoto 81, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 41:339
N: Bump in middle of proximal part of upper jaw sheath,

cutting edge

>>>>>> CYCLORHAMPHUS BORACEIENSIS
08 03 049 02742 -- 01 020 04 -- O01 --
R: Heyer 83, Arquivos Zool. 30:235
N: Ventral shelf extends posteriorly

>>>>>> CYCLORHAMPHUS BRASILIENSIS

08 05 064 05841 -—= O17 024 04 -—- == -=
R: Heyer 83, Arquivos Zool, 30:235
N: Tail muscle banded dorsally; body

>>>>>> CYCLORHAMPHUS FULGINOSUS

08 03 051 04441 -- 01 020 04 -- 01 --
R: Heyer 83, Arquivos Zool. 30:235
N: Ventral body shelf present

>>>>>> CYCLORHAMPHUS' IZECKSOHN]
08 05° 03403241 == O01 1020.04 ——.0) =—-

R: Heyer 83, Proc.Biol. Soc. Wash, 96:548

N: As brasiliensis

>>>>>> CYCLORHAMPHUS STEJNEGERI
08 05 048 02550 =- 01 018 06 02 01 01
R: Heyer,Crombie 79, J. Wash. Acad.

>>>>>> CYCLORHAMPHUS VALAE
08 OS US5 -02956; —- 01 022° 0402 104 > ——

R: Heyer 83, Proc.Biol. Soc. Wash. 96:548

>>>>>> DASYPOPS SCHIRCHI

09-03: ==-—.05257 =- 06.001 -01) 101 02°05 05 105. 01

R: da Cruz,Peixoto 78, Rev. Brasil.

>>>>>> DENDROBATES ABDITUS
04-05 10162020725 —— 110i "022" 065 ==" 105. >——
R: Myers,Daly 76, UKMNH Occas. Pap.

DENDROBATES ALTOBUEYENSIS probably similiar
Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci.

>>>>>> DENDROBATES ARBOREUS
04 02 020 01629 -- 01 044 04 02 O1 —-=

R: Myers et al. 84, Amer. Mus. Novitates

>>>>>> DENDROBATES AURATUS

04 02 033 03336 -- 01 021 04 02 O01 12 03 04 O01

R: Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull.

>>>>>> DENDROBATES AZUREUS
04 02 042 (01025 =— 01 ‘O18"04 =—- 7055 ——

R: Hoogmoed 69, Zool. Meded. Leiden 44:133

beyond body;

02

slight cusp on

fal

jaw sheaths cuspate

11

boraceiensis

1

MINUTUS

><

><

><

Pets

><

><

5 ain

as

2<

><

><

><

><

Pais

DENDROBATES FULGURITUS similiar to D. MINUTUS
Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull. 21:1

>>>>>> DENDROBATES HISTRIONICUS
04 02 030 02635 -- 01 005 04 02 01 03 13 04 01 01 01
R: Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull. 21:1
>>>>>> DENDROBATES MINUTUS
04 02 013 02438 -- 01 021 04 02 01 02 02 04 02 02 O02 01
R: Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull. 21:1
>>>>>> DENDROBATES OPISTOMELAS
04 02 017 02436 -- 01 022 06 02 01 03 03 04 02 O01 02 O01
R: Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull. 21:1
>>>>>> DENDROBATES PARVULUS
045055021 5—-———— -- 01 017 04 -- -- -- -= 04 -- -- -- 01
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)
>>>>>> DENDROBATES PUMILIO
04 02 021 01836 -- 01 005 04 02 01 03 03 04 O1 02 02 O1
R: Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull. «21:1
>>>>>> DENDROBATES TINCTORIUS
04 02 044 03736 -- 01 022 04 02 01 12 03 04 01 02 O02 O1
R: Silverstone 75, LACMNH Sci. Bull. 21:1
>>>>>> DENDROPHRYNISCUS BREVIPOLLICATUS
02 03 --- 01130 -- 01 021 06 02 03 08 04 04 01 04 03 01
R: |zecksohn,da Cruz 72, Arqu. Univ. Fed. Rural Rio de
>>>>>> DENDROPHRYNISCUS LEUCOMYSTAX
02 03 --- 01136 12 01 020 06 02 03 12 02 04 02 03 03 01
R:lzecksohn,da Cruz 72, Arqu. Univ. Fed. Rural
>>>>>> DENDROPHRYNISCUS MINUTUS
02 03 020 01431 -- 01 020 06 -- -- -- -- 04 01 02 02 01
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)
>>>>>> DERMATONOTUS MUELLER]
09 03 045 04035 14 05 001 01 01 02 05 05 03 O01 02 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina
S>>5>>) ELACHISTOCLEIS OVALS
09 03 035 02536 -- 05 001 01 01 02 05 05 03 01 02 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina
N: Tail striped
>>>>>> ELACHISTOCLEIS SURINAMENSIS
09 03 041 02536 =- 05 001 01 01 02 05 05°05 =-. 02 02 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad
N: Tail striped
S>>3>> ELOS WA, ASRERA
08 03 --- 05236 -- 01 022 04 03 03 13 07 04 02 02 02 01
R: Bokermann 63, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 23:349

15

01

01

01

01

01

01

Janerio 2:63

02

01

02

02

01

09

09

09

09

09

09

02

Rio de Janerio 2:63

02

01

01

01

06

><

2s

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

16

>>>>>> EUPSOPHUS NODODUS
08 05 05505256 ——f01) 022) —-G-- 3) == 104
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Chile

>>>>>> EUPSOPHUS ROSEUS
08 03 037 05032 -- 01 017 04 02 01 O1 01 04
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> EUPSOPHUS VITTATUS
08 02 --- 02536 09 01 018 04 02 03 03 14 04
R: Formas,Pugin 78, Herp. 34:355

S5>3>> “PLECTONOTUS “ELSSPEUS
06.05" =-= =---= =- 03 001 05 02 01 02°16 --
R: Griffiths,Carvalho 65, Rev. Bras. Biol.

>>>>>> FLECTONOTUS FITZGERALDI
06 03 023 01536 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 02
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

>>>>>> FLECTONOTUS PYGMAEUS

06°05. =-— 7 -— —— = -- -- 001 01 02 02 05 05 --
R: Duellman,Maness 80, J. Herp. 13:213

N: Hatched partly metamorphosed

>>>>>> GASTROPHRYNE CAROLINENSIS
09 O1 035 02136 06 05 001 01 01 02 05 05 03
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> GASTROPHRYNE ELEGANS
09 02 039 02534 -- 05 001 O01 01 02 05 05 03
R: Nelson,Altig 72, Herp. 28:381

>>>>>> GASTROPHRYNE OLIVACEA
09 02 032 02534 -- 05 001 O1 01 02 05 05 03
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

>>>>>> GASTROPHRYNE USTA
09 01 030 02336 10 05 001 01 01 02 05 05 03
R: Nelson,Altig 72, Herp. 28:381

>>>>>> GASTROTHECA ARGENTEOVIRENS
065033 -—— == — == Q1 === =<'== == == == 104
R: Duellman,Maness 80, J. Herp. 14:213

>>>>>> GASTROTHECA GRACILIIS

06 03 --- ?7735 -- 01 022 04 02 03 03 03 04
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

N: Cei (1980) says vent tube is sinistral

>>>>>> GASTROTHECA RIOBAMBAE
06 03 045 05036 -- O01 --- -- -- =-- -- -- 04
R: Duellman,Maness 80, J. Herp. 14:213

>>>>>> GLOSSOSTOMA ATERRIMA
09 02 056 02136 -= 05 ‘O04 (Oil 0102 40540503
R: MS

01

01

01

253i:

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

lors:

01

01

02

02

02

02

01

03

04

02

02

02

01

02

02

02

02

01

02

01

02

01

03

02

03

03

03

03

02

03

03

01

03

01

02

02

02

02

03

01

03

02

02

02

07

09

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

01

><

><

PES

><

a

><

><

a

mm

><

><

W/

>>>>>> HAMPTOPHRYNE
09 031041 03027 -=

R: Duellman 80,

BOLIVIANA
05 001 O1 “01 02 05 05 035
UKMNH Misc. Publ, (65)

>>>>>> HYLA ALTIPOTENS
06 02 072 04125 19 01 021
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr.

03 04 01
(1)

03 02 04

>>>>>> HYLA ALVARENGAI

06 03 --- 05336 -- 01 033 05 03 -- --
R: Sazima,Bokermann 77,

04 02

Rev. Brasil. Biol.
>>555> HYLWA
06 03 037

R: Duellman 72,

ALYTOLYLAX
01 060 03 02 04 02
UKMNH Occas. Pap.

14 04
Ci)

>>> >>> HYLA ANCEPS
06 03 036 04436 15 01 021
R: Lutz 48, Mem. Inst.

04 -- -- -- -- 04
Oswaldo Cruz 46:295
>>>>>> HYLA ANDERSONI

06 O01. 055 04256 13 O1 021 05 05 01 11
R: Noble,Noble 23, Zoologica 2:416
N: Tail

01 04

striped
>>>>>> HYLA ANGUSTILINEATA

06 02 034 03325 17 01 022 05 03 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

10 02 04

>>>>>> HYLA ARBORSCANDENS
06 02 043 02825 -- 01 030 03 07 04

R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

03 14 04

>>>>>> HYLA ARENICOLOR
06 01 054 03237 15 01 022 04 03 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

02 04 04

=a
=<
rc
=

ARIADNE = OLOLYGON ARIADNE

>>>>>> HYLA AVIVOCA

06 01 037 03256 12 01 021 04 05 O1

R: Hellman 53, Ross Allen's Reptl.

N: Tail muscle banded dorsally;
notedly black

02 02 04
[nists 71
triangular

>>>>>> HYLA BERTHALUTZAE

06 03 --- 02936 -- 03 001 04 02 01 02 13 04
R: Bokermann 63, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 35:
N: Naso-orbital line; tail with

white areas peripherally in fins; tail
>>>>>> HYLA BIFURCA
06 03 031 03132 -- 04 001 04 02 02 02 02 04

R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

large black area scalloped so as to

Olea 01 01

02-0202 ON 0105

03
Sis

OZ OPPO ==
413-417

02 -- -- 01 01 05

02 02 02 03 03 06

02 02 02 03 04 01

02 02 02 01 O1 01

02 02 02 01 O01 07

02°05 02 02°02 07

02 03 02 03 03 06

[64

mark outlined on head; body

02 03 03 03 04 01
465

flagellum present

02 -- -- -- -- 01

isolate

><

aS

><

><

><

><

2S

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

18

>>>>>> HYLA BIOBEBA
06 03 076 06636 25 01 030 05 03 O01
R: Bokermann,Sazima 73, Rev. Bras

>>>>>> HYLA BISTINCTA
06 02 045 06136 25 01 022 03 05 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA BOANS
06 02 120 04036 17 01 030 05 03 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA BOGERTAE
06 02 047 05430 20 01 021 03 05 01
R: Straughn,Wright 69, LACM Contr

>>>>>> HYLA BOGOTENSIS
06° 1030538 ——=—— -- 01 056 03 03 04
R: Duellman 72, UKMNH Occas. Pap.

>>>>>> HYLA BOKERMANNI
06 03 026 01936 12 04 001 04 -- 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ.

>>>>>> HYLA BOULENGERI
06 02 051 03438 15 01 022 06 03 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA BREVIFRONS
06 03 023 02337 08 04 001 04 -- 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ.

>>>>>> HYLA BROMELIACA
06 02 031 03137 11 01 031 04 02 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA CADAVERINA
06 01 032 01825 -- O01 021 04 O02 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA CALCARATA
06 03 051° 0335335 -- 01 021) 04 =- 905
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ.

>>>>>> HYLA CARNIFEX
06 02 025 04236 -- 01 008 04 02 01
R: Duellman 69, Herp. 25:241

>>>>>> HYLA CARVALHO!

06 035 065 04731 -= 01'0353 05 02 04
R: Peltxoto 81, Rev. Brasil. Biol.
N: Lateral line pores distinct

>>>>>> HYLA CEMBRA

06 02 035 4023 -- O1 021 03 06 01
R: Caldwe 4, UKMNH Occas. Pap.

02 02 04
tie Bioilks

03 03 04

10 02 04

02
55

02

02

02

7529)

02

03

13. 14 04 02 02
(169)

PBs. <Sicilirs

03 03 04
(11)

07 03 04

03 04 04
02 04 04
01 01 04
(65)

03 03 04

03 11 04
Ao 15

ee

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

07

02

04

02

02

03

02

02

02

02

04

01

03

02

02

03

02

01

01

01

03

03

05

02

02

03

01

03

01

01

01

01

04

09

01

03

03

01

01

05

05

02

07

05

01

01

01

07

07

06

07

05

19

>>>>>> HYLA CHANEQUE
06 O02 O76 06237 22 O01 030 03 03 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA CHRYSOSCELIS
06 01 055 03536 12 01 021 03 04 01

R: Hellman 53, Ross Allen's Repti.

>>>>>> HYLA CINEREA
06701060) 05536 15 01) O21 05 %05 501
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> HYLA CIRCUMDATA

06 03 --- 04736 -- 01 022 04 03 04 02

R: Peixoto 81, Rev. Brasil. Biol.
N: Lateral line pores distinct

>>>>>> “HYLA CLARESIGNATA

06-105 050 05036 == 01 102 03 02 03

03 03 04

04
i

04

02 04

16 04

R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

N: Tail boldly banded

2e222> HYLA CLERSYDRA

06 03 041 05737 -- 01 114 03 02 02 12 02 04
R: Bokermann 72, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 32:29]
>>>>>> HYLA COLYMBA
06 05 035 --—~-- == O1 084 03 01°04 02 02 04

R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA CRASSA
06 02 058 05236 -- 01 021 03 03 O01

R: Caldwell 74, UKMNH Occas. Pap.

>>>>>> HYLA CREPITANS

06 02 062 05539 -- 01 030 04 02 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

a> >>7> HYLA CRUCIEER
06 01 027 03036 09 O1 021 06 03 01
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> HYLA CRUENTOMMA
06°05 O27 902554 12 01 022 04 02 01
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ,

>>>>>> HYLA CYANOMMA
06 02 057 05625 -- 01 021 03 05 01
R: Caldwell 74, UKMNH Occas. Pap.

2>o22> SHYLA, DEBIES
06 02 029 04328 15°01 021 03 04 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

222722 HEA DEC LPARENS
06 03 018 ----- 1802 O01 O04 02
R: Lutz 73, Brasil. Species Hyla

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

02

02

36.1

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

07

07

02

02

01

02

02

02

06

02

02

02

04

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

03

02

02

01

03

03

01

01

01

01

01

02

03

03

01

01

03

01

04

04

01

01

01

01

01

01

04

03

01

01

01

05

01

01

07

05

05

05

05

07

01

01

05

05

01

Pons

><

><

><

><

a

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

20

>>>>>> HYLA DENDROSCARTA
06 02 032 03125 -- 01 031 04 02 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

03

>>> >>
06 03 048
R: Duellman 72,

DENTICULATA
01 085 03 02 04
UKMNH Occas. Pap.

>>>>>> HYLA EBRACCATA
06 02 031 02936 -- 04 001 O01 01

R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr.

02 04

Cl)

>>>>>> HYLA
06 02 039 02636
R: Duellman 70,

ELAEOCHROA
12 01 021
UKMNH Monogr.

04 03 01
C1)

>>>>>> HYLA
06 02 045 04038
R: Duellman 70,

ERYTHROMMA
15 01 057 04 04 04
UKMNH Monogr. (1)

03

>>>>>> HYLA EUPHORBIACEA
06 02 035 02831 -- 01 021 04 03 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

03

>>>>>> HYLA EXIMIA
06 02 030 03257 =-- 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr.

022 04 03 01
(1)

>>>>>>
06 02
R: Cei

HYLA FABER
100 04136 -- 01 028 05 03 03
80, Amphib. Argentina

02

>>>>>> HYLA FEMORALIS
06 02 032 03836 10 01 021 05 04 01
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Tail muscle striped

02

>>>>>> HYLA FIMBRIMEMBRA

06 02 --= 07438 -= 01 022 04 02 01 05
R: Savage 81, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash.
N: Lateral body surface turberculate

>>>>>> HYLA
06 03 042
Re utz= 735;

FLAVOGUTTATA
OT 020 703) == =—> ==
Brasil. Species Hyla

>>>>>> HYLA FUNEREA
06 03 040 02527 11 01 021

R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc.

04 --
Publ

05) ==
(6
HYLA

FUSCOVARIA = OLOLYGON

HYLA GARBEI =

OLOLYGON

15 04 02) 02 02

04 02 -- --

04 02 02 02

06 04 02 06 02

04 02 02 02

03 04 02 07 04

02 04 02 07 04

02 04 02 07 04

02 04 02 07 04

15 05 02° 02° 02
938 M7
(glandular?)

=— 04, —-—-—-— e—=—
-- 04 02 -- --
5)
FUSCOVARIA
Ea

GARBE!

01

01

03

03

01

03

03

01

03

01

03

01

01

04

04

01

04

04

01

04

01

04

09

05

01

01

05

01

01

07

01

05

01

2S

><

PX 4

><

2S

><

Fs

><

><

PC

><

aS

21

>>>>>> HYLA GEOGRAPHICA

06 03 062 07536 21 01 021 04 03 02 O01 O02 04 02 02 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

N: Totally black

03 01

>>>>>> HYLA GODMANI
06 02 036 03638 12 01 011 04 03 O01 03 15 04 02 06 03 03 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA GRACEAE
06 02 037 02625 -- 01 021 05 03 02 03 02 04 02 03 03
R: Myers,Duellman 82, Amer. Mus. Novitates (2752)

01 02

>>>>>> HYLA GRANOSA
06 03 049 02325 14 01 009 04 -=- 03 -- -- 04 02 -- -- 02 O01 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ, (65)

>>>>>> HYLA GRATIOSA

06 01 060 05536 28 01 021 05 03 01 10 03 04 02 O07 04 03 04 01

R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Small specimen with one black tail muscle saddle, larger with stellate
melanophores proximally in tail, punctate distally

>>>>>> HYLA HAYI
06 03 --- 03036 13 01 022 05 03 O01 02 14 04 02 04 06 03 04 O01
R: Bokermann 67, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 27: 363

>>>>>> HYLA HUTCHINSI

06 03 050 04436 19 01 113 03 02 04 08 O1 04 -- 03 02 01 O1 O07

R: Pyburn,Hall 84, Herp. 40:366

N: Body black, tail cream-white (pink in life) with large black spot on
tail muscle at midpoint

>>>>>> HYLA JAHNI

06°03°0354 052357 20 O01 125 05 01.05.02 02°04 02 02 02,01 O1 05

R: LaMarca 85, J. Herp. 19:227

N: Figure indicates may have accessory rows not in confluence with other
rows on upper lip

>>>>>> HYLA JUANITAE
06 02 050 05636 17 01 03535 0503 01 05 05 0402 02 02 O1 01 05
Re Snyder 2 suey Herpes. 6:5

>>>>>> HYLA LANCASTERI
06 02 036 05037 -- 01 021 03 05 01 03 03 04 02 02 O02 O1 O1 05
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA LANCIFORMIS
06 03 O87 04535 14 01 021 04 -- 03 -- -- 04 02 -- -- 02 01 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

eo o> HY EAD SBEGUERI
06 02 035 04136 16 01 033 03 04 01 03 14 04 02 02 02 O01 O1 05
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

><

eee

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

PAGS

><

><

22

>>>>>> HYLA LEUCOPHYLLATA
06 03 040 02836 -- 04 001 -- -- 02 -- -- 04 -- -- -- 03 01
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> HYLA LINDAE

06 03 064 08030 31 01 109 03 03 01 02 03 04 O02 02 02 01 O01
R: Duellman/Altig 78, Herp. 34:177

N: Toe pads white in advanced tadpoles

>>>>>> HYLA LOQUAX
06 02 042 02826 -- 01 021 04 03 01 O02 02 04 02 O7 03°02 O38
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA MARACAYA
06 03 028 04137 -- 01 022 05 -- -- -- -- 04 02 07 O07 03 04
R: Cardoso,Sazima 80, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40:75

>>>>>> HYLA MARMORATA
06 03 049 02527 15 01 001 04 -- 03 -- -- 04 -- -- -- 03 03
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> HYLA MAXIMA
06 03 107 04236 -- 01 022 05 03 04 01 02 04 02 02 02 -- O1
R: Kenny 69, Amphib., Trinidad

>>>>>> HYLA MELANOMMA
06° 02> 029° 03.738 15°01 035.05) 04 04°03 15504702 O2 02 0101
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA MICROCEPHALA
06 02° 025 02134 == 04 001 01 O01 02 01°11°%04 02°07 05°03" 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

2>>>>>> HYLA MICROPS

06 03 --- 02633 -- 01 002 04 02 02 03 13 04 02 06 03 03 04
R: Bokermann 63, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 35:465
N: Tail flagellum; dorsolateral and lateral light lines,

>>>>>> HYLA MINUTA

06 03 023 03336 -- 01 008 04 02 01 01 15 04 02 05 05 03 03
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)
N: Prominent tail flagellum; high fins; distinct eye line

>>>>>> HYLA MIOTYMPANUM
06 02 044 03533 13 01 021 05 03 01 10 03 04 02 02 02 01 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA MISERA

06 03 0235 03536 == O01 003° 01°01 02 01 01) 04 02 O2 02°03 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

N: Prominent eye stripe; fins prominentaly dotted; banded

>>>>>> HYLA MIXE
06 02 0335 03932 -- 01 101 03 06° 01 O5"*15704"02" 02, 02 O10;
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

01

05

02

01

01

07

05

01

01

01

06

01

tail

05

latter onto tail

filament

><

><

><

oS

><

><

2s

><

2

><

><

23

>>>>>> HYLA MIXOMACULATA

06 02 032 04033 -- 01 099 03 04 01 03 15 04 02 02 02 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA NANA

06 03 020 03436 -- 04 001 01 O1 02 01 01 04 02 06 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

N: Lateral light body line onto tail; tail flagellum
>>>>>> HYLA NANUZAE

06 03 042 05532 -- 01 033 03 03 04 O01 01 04 02 02 02 O01

R: Bokermann,Sazima 73, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 33:329

N: Totally black

>>>>>> HYLA OROPHILA

06 03 036 04736 -- 01 022 05 02 02 01 02 04 02 02 02 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad
N: Dark, fns with prominent light areas marginally
>>>>>> HYLA PARDALIS
06 03 065 04136 15 01 028 05 03 03 02 02 04 02 O07 04 01
R: Bokermann 78, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 28:1

HYLA PARKERI = OLOLYGON FUSCOMARGINATA
>>>>>> HYLA PARVICEPS
06 03 023 01927 -- 04 002 04 -- 03 -- -- 04 02 -- -- 03
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)
>>>>>> HYLA PENTHETER
06 02 054 02625 -- 01 021 03 05 01 03 03 04 02 02 O02 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr, (1)
>>>>>> HYLA PERPUSILLA
063057020 F-=——— 12 OV 023 == == -= <= =- 04°02 =<= == ==
R: Lutz 73, Brasil. Species Hyla
>>>>>> HYLA ~PHLEBODES
06 02 024 02136 -- 04 001 01 O1 02 01 11 04 02 O07 03 03
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)
>>>>>> HYLA PHYLLOGNATHA
O6 1050552 ————— -- 01 084 03 08 04 02 02 04 02 -- =- OI
R: Duellman 72, UKMNH Occas. Pap. (11)
>>>>>> HYLA PICADOI
06 02 --- 02631 -= 01 001 01 -- O1 -- -= 04 01 02 02 O1
R: Robinson 77, Hist. Nat. Costa Rica, Mus. Nac. Costa
N: Mouth terminal like H. zeteki
>a>>a> THYEA. PaleGmaA
06 02 020 02838 -- 01 022 04 03 01 13 02 04 02 06 02 03

R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)
N: Distinct line from eye to snout

01 05

04 06

01 05

01 01

03 01

O1 05

== (0),

04 01

01 05

01 08
Rica

04 01

1

2511

><

><

>and

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

24

>>>>>> HYLA PICTIPES
06 02 041 04338 21 01 020 03 05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA PINORUM
06 02 032 04137 20 01 033 03 04 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA PLATYDACTYLA
06 “05:7056> --——— -- 01 056 03 03 04

R: Duellman 72, UKMNH Occas, Pap

>>>>>> HYLA POLYTAENIA
06 03° 038 05356 15 01/020) -- -——=
R: Lutz 73, Brasil. Species Hyla

>>>>>> HYLA PSEUDOPUMA
06 02 044 03137 12 01 021 04 03 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>> o> HYUA “RULCHELEA
06 02 044 05036 -- 01 019 05 03 04
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> HYLA PUNCTATA
06 03 033 04036 12 01 021 05 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Misc, Publ.

>>>>>> HYLA RANICEPS
06 03 075 05536 -- 01 024 05 03 04
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> HYLA REGILLA
06 01 032 03036 10 01 022 05 03 01
R: Duel lman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA RHODOPEPLA
06 03 026 01630 08 04 001 O01 -- 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ.

>>>>>> HYLA RIVULARIS
06 02 036 04036 15 01 020 03 05 05
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA RZ EIS
06 03 029 ----- 11 01 020 -- -- =-
R: Lutz 73, Brasil. Species Hyla

>>>>>> HYLA ROBERTSORUM
06 02 049 075357 31 O01 0217.05.05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA ROSENBERGI
06 02 090 02727 15 01 030 05 02 04

R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr, (1)

12 02

10 03

03 02

09 02

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

07

02

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

02

01

01

03

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

03

01

03

01

01

01

05

05

05

07

02

05

02

02

01

01

05

01

05

07

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

Pats

><

><

ee

a

2S

25

>>>>>> HYLA ROSSALLENI
06 03 020 019356 == 01 O21

R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc,

04 -- 03
Publ.

ROSTRATA = OLOLYGON

RUBRA = OLOLYGON

>>>>>> HYLA RUFIOCULUS
06 02 033 04137 16 01 021 03 08 06
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA RUFITELA

06 02 051 055357 21 01 030 05 05 oO4
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)
>>>>>> HYLA SALVADORENSIS

06 02 035 04838 -- 01 043 03 04 04

R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA SALVAJE
06 02 041 04936 20 01
R: Wilson et al. 85,

022 04 03 01
Herp. 41:141
>>>>>> HYLA SARAYACUENSIS

067 05. 4032702557 12°04 001 =—\--
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc,

02
Publ.
Soe eoe> OHYEA SVORELA

06 02 047 06637 -- 01 021
R: Duel!lman 70, UKMNH Monogr.

03 05 01
Gi)

>>>>>> HYLA SMARAGDINA
06 02 026 03637 -- O01 045 03 05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA SORALIA

06 02 030 04334 15 01 018 03 08 09
R: Wilson,McCranie 85,
N: Tooth rows very short relative

Herp.

>>>>>> HYLA SQUALIROSTRIS
06 03 022 03636 12 01 022 05 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> HYLA SQUIRELLA
06 01 038 05236 10 01 021 105 103.01
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

HLBAL SS AVE RERH f=

>>>>>> HYLA SUBOCULARIS
06 02 023 02837 12 04 001 01 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr.

N: Distinct eye line

02
G1)

OLOLYGON

(65)

03 03

ROSTRATA

RUBRA

02 01 04 02 02 02 O01 O01

02 04 02 02 02 O02 O1

03 04 02 02 02 01 01

02 02 06 01 02 02 O01 O1

04 +02 ==" —— 1055035

03 04 02 02 02 O01 O01

O7 04 02 02 02 01 O01

02 01 04 02 02 02 01 O01

Ale 133

to oral disc diameter

03 03 04 02 07 O7 03 04

02 04 02 07 04 03 04

STAUFFERL

03 03 04 02 03 02 03 04

01

05

02

05

08

01

05

05

05

06

01

01

><

><

as

><

><

><

eo

><

><

pgs

><

a<

><

><

26

>>>>>> HYLA SUMICHRASTI
06 02 029 03937 -- 01 045 03 05 01 03 03
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA TAENIOPUS
06 02 066 04625 -- 01 021 03 05 01 02 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA THORECTES
06 02 034 03527 18 01 021 03 05 04 03 03
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA TICA
06 02 035 03734 18 01 020 03 05 05 12 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA TORRENTICOLA
06 03 034 03432 -- 01 110 03 03 01 11 02
R: Duellman,Altig 78, Herp. 34:177

>>>>>> HYLA TRIANGULUM
06 O3 0355) 1015355 12°04 200) 2==5=—2 02 -—— = ——
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> HYLA URANOCHROA
06 02 037 04638 19 01 017 03 08 O07 O02 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

04 02 02 02

04 02 02 02

04 02 02 02

04 02 02 02

04 02 02 02

04 -- == =-

04 02 02 02

HYLA VERSICOLOR + HYLA CHRYSOSCELIS

>>>>>> HYLA WALKERI
06 02 037 03737 -- 01 022 04 03 01 03 03
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLA X-SIGNATA
06 03 --- 01825 16 01 022 05 03 01 03 02
Rz> Leon 75, “Caritib; J. Sci. 152 57

>So>oo HYLAs ZETEKI
06 02 023 02136 -- O01 015 03 02 O1 15 16
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> HYLORINA SYLVATICA
08) 057055506056 21 O08 —-="-— =) = —
R: Formas,Pugin 78, Herp. 34:355

HYPOPACHUS BARBERI + HYPOPACHUS

>>>>>> HYPOPACHUS VARIOLOSUS
09 02 031 03136 -- 05 001 01 O01 O02 05 05
R: Taylor 42, UK Sci. Bull. 28:37

N: Tail striped

SS > >>> |ISEUTOPHRYNUS ACARPICUS
08 03 --- 06137 21 01 018 04 02 04 01 04
R: Formas et al. 80, Herp. 36:316

04 02 06 03

04 02 04 03

04 02 02 02

04 -- 02 02

VARIOLOSUS

03 01 02 02

04 02 02 02

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

03

03

01

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

04

04

01

01

02

01

05

05

05

05

05

01

01

01

09

02

01

07

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

2S

><

2],

>>>>>> LEPIDOBATRACHUS ASPER
08 03 080 04636 -- 02 004 01 01 01 05 05 01
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPIDOBATRACHUS' LAEVIS
O5)205.)1 >= ---=— -- 02 004 01 O01 01 05 O05 O1
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPIDOBATRACHUS LLANENSIS
08 03 076 05636 -- 02 004 01 01 01 05 05 01
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS ALBILABRIS
08 03 --- 03836 14 01 020 04 03 01 09 O02 04
R: Orton 51, Copela 1951:62

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS BOLIVIANUS
08 O03 =-= 03234 -- 01 020 04 —<- == == == 04
R:Heyer 70, Rev. Biol. Trop. 16:171

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS BUFONIUS
08 03 062 06436 -- 01 022 04 03 03 03 15 04
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS CAMAQUARA
08 03 O30 03738 -- 01 024 04 == -= -= == 04
R: Sazima,Bokermann 78, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS CHAQUENSIS
08 03 080 04235 -- 01 020 05 03 04 01 16 04
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS CUNICULARIUS
08 05° 040 035758 == 01 1024 04 =— -- =- —— 04

R: Sazima,Bokeremann 78, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

03 02

02 02

:899

02 02

02 02

38: 899

LEPTODACTYLUS DISCODACTYLUS = VANZOLINIUS

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS FLAVOPICTUS
08 03 --- 03631 25 01 022 04 02 01 02 02 04
R: Bokermann 57, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 17:495

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS FRAGILIS
08 02 040 02629 -- 01 022 04 02 01 02 03 04
R: Heyer 70, Rev. Biol. Trop. 16:171

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS FUNARIUS
08) 035) 059 104 15:8 == 101) 024, (04 5=-—= —=---— —— 04
R: Sazima,Bokermann 78, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS FUSCUS
08 03 053 03936 -- 01 021 04 02 O1 12 02 04

R: Lescure 73, Ann. Mus. Hist. Nat. Nice 1:

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS GRACILIS
08 03 047 03936 -- 01 021 04 02 01 12 02 04
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Argentina

01

01

01

38:

01
91

01

02 02

02 02

02 02

899

03 02

03 02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

03

01

01

01

03

03

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

DISCODACTYLUS

02

02

02

02

02

><

><

Paks

><

><

><

><

><

> dhs

><

><

> A

><

><

28

LEPTODACTYLUS HYLAEDACTYLUS = ADENOMERA

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS JOLYI
08 03 045 04839 -- O01 024 04 -- -- == ==

04

R: Sazima,Bokermann 78, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS LABIALIS
08 02 037 02934 -- 01 022 04 02 01 02 O01
R: Heyer 70, REV. BIOL. TROP. 16:171

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS LABYRINTHICUS
08 03 175 04834 -- 01 009 04 02 01 02 16
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS LATINASUS
08 03 035 05136 -=- O1 021 04 05 O1 03 15
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS LONGIROSTRIS
08 03.050 02653 15:01 021 04°02 01°02 13
R: Crombie,Heyer 83, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS MACROSTERNUM
08 03 065 04435 -- O01 020 05 08 O01 01 01
R: Dixon,Staton 76, \Herp. 32:227

>>>>>> LEPTIDACTYLUS MELANONOTUS
08 02 038 038355 -= 017021 04 03 01 09 02
Re Orton? 51, .Copetary 1951262

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS MYSTACEUS
038°°03; 058 (026270 15° (01 7021 404) =— == -— — —
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS MYSTACINUS
08 03 055 04936 -- 01 022 04 O02 03 02 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LERTODACTYLUS OCELEARUS
08 03 130 06035 -- 01 021 04 O02 03 O1 15
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS PENTADACTYLUS
08 03° 102 '05056 == (011 "0210710571031 0.2 01) {01
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS PODOCIPINUS
08 03 040 03336 -- 01 021 04 02 O1 O35 16
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS POECILOCHILUS
08 02 044 03436 -- 01 022 04 02 01 02 02
R: Heyer 70, Rev. Biol. Trop. 16:171

>>>>>> LEPTODACTYLUS RHODOMYSTAX
08 05-0910) 021/25) —= 201) 7021) 40422=—"102>—= =
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ. (65)

04

04

04

04

01

38:

01

01

01

01

02

899

02

02

43:291

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

04

02

02

04

02

HYLAEDACTYLUS
02 01 01 02
02 01 01 02
02 01 01 02
02 -O::05" 102
02 O01 01 02
02 01 03 02
02 01 01 02
=— Ol p01 02
02.01) 05 02
027201 203.02
02°01 O01) O2
03: *0 “Ol? 02
02-01 “OW 02
== "01 Ol, 02

Pas <

><

><

><

><

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Paes

PAS

><

><

><

S35:555
08705) =—-— 05940 -==

R: Heyer 69, Herp.

Soo
08 035 045 03536 =--
R: Kenny 69, Amphi

+>5.>35>
08 03 054 04138 --

R: Sazima,Bokermann 78,

LIPS F>

O87 05" 068° 03.527 -—=
R: Duellman 80,

>>>>>> LIMNAEODUS
06 01 014 02836 --
R: Gosner,Rossman

2>> >>>
08 03° 065 034357 ==
R: Cei 80, Amphib.
Soe I nHOD MNES
08 03 080 03326 18
R: Regos/Schluter
ro2>>> LYSAP:SUS

13 103° 038 068356 =—
R: Cei 80, Amphib.

>>>>>>

08 03 --- 01525 19

R: Abravaya,Jackson 78,

>>>>>> MEGAELOSIA
08 03 085
Re Lwt2a 3:1),

Mem, |

>>>>>>
02 03 --=- 02133 --
R: Starrett 67,

Sooo >
O2 05) 1027) 101633; ==
R: Cei 80, Amphib.

NOTOTHECA =

5>>>> >
08 03
Ris? (Cel

070 07236 --
80, Amphib.

SSS o>
08: 1035) 1062°10523:4. ==

R: Caramaschi 79,

LEPTODACTYLUS

LEPTODACTYL

LEPTODACTYLUS

LEPTODACTYL

UKMNH Misc.

L|MNOMEDUSA

MACROGENIOGLOTTIS

MELANOPHRYNISCUS
Herp.

MELANOPHRYNISCUS

ODONTOPHRYNUS

ODONTOPHRYNUS

29

RHODONOTUS
01 022 04 02 01
25:3 11

03 02 04 01

US
01
be

SIBILATRIX
022-04 02.02 "01
Trinidad

01

TAPITI
024 04 == == == =-
Rev. Brasil.

01 01

US
01

WAGNERI
021 04

(65)

03
Pulbils

04 O01

OCULARIS
01 021 04
60, Herp.

03 01
1 Or 22D.

01 01 04 02

MACROGLOSSA
01 024 03 02 01
Argentina

02 15 04 01

LINEATUS

O01 --- -- -- -- -- --

84, Salamandra 20:252

04 --

MANTIDACTYLUS

Ol O21 05,03: ON
Argentina

01 16 04 01

ALIPIOI
022 04 08 03 0O1
LACMNH Contr.

01 01 04

SCilvs

GOELDI 1
01 016 04 03 03 -- -- 04 =--
nst. Oswaldo Cruz 24:236

MOIREIRAE
06 035 01 O72
Wee

01 020

2.5

02 04 02

STELZNERI
01 020 06 02 03 O01
Argentina

04 01

FLECTONOTUS

AMERICANUS
01 022 04 02 03 03
Argentina

04 02

CARVALHO |

01 024 04 02 03 13 03 04 02

Rev. Brasil. Biol. 39:169

38:

02

02

02

02

02

O7

02

02

03

02

02

02

02

02

02

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

03

01

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

01

03

03

01

03

03

03

03

02

02

02

02

01

05

02

01

07

07

02

07

02

OZ

><

><

><

25

><

aS

><

><

><

><

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><

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30

>>>>>> ODONTOPHRYNUS CULTRIPES

08 03 070 04035 -- 01 021 04 02 01 03 14 04 02 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> ODONTOPHRYNUS OCCIDENTALIS

08 03 065 05936 -- 01 022 04 03 03 10 03 04 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> OLOLYGON ARIADNE

06 03 --- 03234 -- 01 020 03 02 02 -- 08 04 02 02
R: Bokermann 67, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 27: 3563

N: Tail banded dorsally

>>>>>> OLOLYGON GARBE|
06 03 043 02936 12°01 021 04.-—((03>-— =— 04 ,02)-——
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> OLOLYGON FUSCOVARIA
06 03 043 04435 -- 01 022 05 04 04 03 03 04 02 07
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> OLOLYGON FUSCOMARGINATA

06 03 --- 02136 09 01 021 O05 -- O1 -- -- 04 O01

R: Vizotto 67, Fac. Filo. Ciencias Letras S.

N: Tail marked bodly laterally and dorsally; eye
>>>>>> OLOLYGON ROSTRATA

06 02 042 03434 -- 01 022 05 03 01 13 03 04 O02 07
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> OLOLYGON RUBRA

06 03 038 02436 -- 01 022 05 03 04 13 03 04 02 07
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

N: Snout stripe through eye

>>>>>> OLOLYGON STAUFFERI

06 02 030 02838 13 01 022 04 03 01 13 03 04 02 07
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> OSTEOCEPHALUS TAURINUS

06 03 086 04935 -- 01 031 05 03 04 09 O01 04 02 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> OSTEOCEPHALUS VERRICIGERUS

06 03 060 04137 09 01 033 05 03 04 01 01 04 02 02

R: Trueb,Duellman 70, Copeia 1970:601.

>>>>>> OSTEOPILUS SEPTENTRIONALIS
06 01 075 04236 -- 01 030 04 03 01 -- 01 04
R: Duellman,Schwartz 59, Bull. Florida St.

>>>>>> OTOPHRYNE ROBUSTA (7?)
09 03 052 023453 -- 07 001 01 01 03 05 05 04
R: Pyburn 80, Pap. Avulsos Zool. 33:23)

02

02

02

04

01

01

01

03

03

01

04

02

02

05

01

06

06 02 03 02 01

04

04

04

02

02

03

01

01

02 02 02 02

Mus.

01

3:181

02 02 03

N: "Labial teeth" shark-like; long, free spiracle tube

04

04

04

03

O01

03

04

Jose Rio Preto
line distinct

01

01

01

07

O07

02

01

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

PO

ae

><

31

PACHYMEDUSA = _PHYLLOMEDUSA
>>>>>> PARATELMATOBIUS LUTZI
08 03 023 02628 -- 01 020 04 06 01 02 01 04 02 02 02
R: Heyer 76, Pap. Avulsos Zool. 30:133
>>>>>> PHRYNOHYAS VENULOSA
06 02 082 04536 -- 01 043 05 03 04 02 02 04 02 02 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)
N: Tail striped
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES BOULENGERI
04 03 --- 01225 -- 01 021 04 02 03 02 02 04 02 01 O01
R: Silverstone 76, LACMNH Sci. Bull. (27)
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES ESPINOSAI
04 03 --- 01226 -- 01 021 04 02 03 02 02 04 02 O02 02
R: Silverstone 76, LACMNH Sci. Bull. (27)
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES FEMORALIS
04 02 027 01126 =— 01 022 04 == 05.08 02 04 02 01 O02
R: Lescure 76, Bull. Soc. Zool. France 101:299
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES LUGUBRIS
04 02 023 02430 -- 01 022 04 02 03 03 02 04 02 02 02
R: Savage 68, Copeia 1968:745
Sooo >>) PHYLLOBATES JRETERS |
04 03 --- 01125 -- 01 021 04 02 03 O02 O02 04 02 O1 02
R: Silverstone 76, LACMNH Sci. Bull. (27)
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES PICTUS
04 03 --- 01125 -- 03 001 04 02 03 O01 O01 04 02 O01 01
Re tescure 76, Bulle Soc. Zool. France 101.299
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES SMARAGDINUS
04 03 --- 01125 -- 01 021 04 02 03 02 02 04 02 02 02
R: Silverstone 76, LACMNH Sci. Bull. (27)
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES TRINITATUS
04 03 026 02836 -- 01 021 04 02 03 01 02 04 02 02 02
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES TRIVITTATUS
04 02 --- 01233 -- 01 021 04 02 03 02 02 04 02 01 02
R: Silverstone 76, LACMNH Sci. BUII. (27)
>>>>>> PHYLLOBATES VITTATUS
04 02 --- 03833 -- 01 021 04 02 03 02 02 04 O2 02 02
R: Silverstone 76, LACMNH Sci. Bull. (27)
PHYLLODYTES also = AMPHODUS
S>o>5> IPHMLCODYTES EUTEOQEUS
08 03 023 02925 -- 01 029 04 03 01 02 02 04 O01 O02 02
R: Bokermann 66, Ann. Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 38:335

01

05

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

01

01

01

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

05

01

06

07

09

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

oe

><

><

><

><

><

32

>>>>>> PHYLLODYTES TUBERCULOSUS

08 03 026 03125 -- 01 029 04 03 01 02 02 04 01 02 O02 O01 01 O09
R: Bokermann 66, Ann, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 38:335

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA APPENDICULATA

06 03 --- 03236 -- 01 024 03 -- 01 02 06 06 02 02 O02 03 04 O01
R: Lutz,Lutz 39, Ann. Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 11:240

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA AYEAYE

06 03 040 03331 -- 01 021 04 04 01 10 02 05 02 05 06 03 04 O01
R: Lutz 66, Copeia 1966:236

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA BOLIVIANA

06 03 072 04332 -- O01 021 04 -- =- =- == 06 == 02 07 O03 04 O1
R: Cannatella 83, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash, 96:59

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA BUCKLEY!

06 03 045 05841 24 01 022 04 04 01 12 02 06 O02 02 04 03 04 O01
R: Cannatella 80, UKMNH Occas. Pap. (87)

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA BURMEISTERI

06 03 --- 04235 -- 01 022 04 04 01 02 02 06 O02 02 06 O03 04 O1
R: da Cruz 82, Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio de J. 1982:147
>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA CENTRALIS

06 03 --- 03631 -- 01 021 06 03 01 03 02 05 02 02 O05 03 04 O1
R: da Cruz 82, Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio de J. 1982:147
>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA COCHRANAE

06 03 046 05335 -- 09 009 02 08 09 -- 16 06 O01 02 O07 O03 04 O01

R: Bokermann 66, Herp. 22:293

N: Upper jaw sheath cuspate; glands on oral disc lateral

sheath
>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA DACNICOLOR
06 02 075 04534 -- 01 022 04 03 01 02 02 06 O02 02 03 03
R: Due!llman 70, UKMNH Monogr, (1)

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA DISTINCTA

06 03 --- 04636 -- 01 021 04 03 01 02 02 06 O02 O02 05 03
Ri: da Cruz 82, Arq. Unive _ Fed. Rur. Rio de J. 19825147
N: Large dark area in ventral fin and on tail muscle

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA DUELLMANI
06 03: 05605337 <== 01 021 04. —=) <= ==) —= 06 == 02 O7 05
R: Cannatella 82, Copeia 1982:501

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA EXILIS
06 03 033 04035 -- 09 009 02 08 10 13 13 06 02 05 05 03
R: Cruz 80, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 40:683

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA FIMBRIATA
06 03 --- 04638 -- 01 024 03 04 01 02 02 06 02 O02 O7 035
R: da Cruz 82, Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio de J. 1982:147

04

04

04

04

04

to upper jaw

01

01

01

01

01

><

><

><

><

><

><

mS

><

><

><

><

am

><

39

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA GUTTATA
06 03 035 04125 -- 09 010 03 08 09 12 01 06 O02 O01 02 03
R: Lutz,Lutz 39, Ann. Acad, Brasil. Ciencias 11:229

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA HYPOCHONDRIALIS
06 03 040 04636 -- 01 018 05 06 01 12 15 06 05 02 O07 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA JANDAILA
06 03 --- 04337 -- 09 009 01 08 09 02 02 05 02 02 05 03
R: da Cruz 82, Arq. Univ. Fed. Rur. Rio de J. 1982:147

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA LEMUR
06 O02 042 04332 19 01 022 05 04 01 10 02 06 O02 O02 O02 03
R: Savage 80, Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 79:45

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA MARGINATA

06 03 028 03435 -- 01 022 03 02 O01 02 16 06 02 01 05 03
R: lzecksohn,Cruz 76, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 36:257
N: Faint dark stripe on side of tail muscle

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA PALLIATA
06 03 048 04837 20 01 021 04 -- 02 -- -- 06 02 -- -- 03
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ, (65)

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA PERINESOS
06 03 053 05740 -- 01 021 04 -- -- -- -- 06 -- 02 07 03
R: Cannatella 82, Copeia 1982:501

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA PSILOPYGION
06 03 043 04025 -- 01 021 05 03 01 02 02 06 02 O02 02 03
R: Cannatella 80, UKMNH Occas. Pap. (87)

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA RHODE!
06 03 --- 03325 20 01 022 06 -- -- -- 02 06 02 01 06 03
R:Lutz,Lutz 39, Ann, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 11:229

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA SAUVAGEI
06 03 070 06336 -- 01 022 04 03 04 12 15 06 02 O07 O7 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA SP,

06 03 --- 04037 -- 09 009 01 08 09 13 02 05 02 02 05 03
R: da Cruz 82, Arq.eUniv. Fed. Rur. Rio de J. 1982:147
N: Light stripe on tail muscle

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA TARSIUS
06 03 104 05036 25 O1 021 04 -- 02 -- -- 06 02 -- -- 03
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc, Publ. (65)

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA TOMOPTERNA
06 03 053 06438 -- 01 021 04 -- 02 -- -- 06 02 -- -- 03
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA TRINITATUS

06 03 084 06536 -- 01 021 04 03 02 01 02 06 O02 O01 05 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

N: Dark spot in ventral fin

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

34

>>>>>> PHYLLOMEDUSA VAILLANTI
06 03 071 05238 24 01 021 04 -- 02
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ.

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS BILIGONIGERUS
08 03 037 03936 -- 01 017 04 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS COLORADORUM
08 03 022 01738 -- 01 021 04 -- 03
R: Cannatella,Duelliman 84, Copeia

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS CUVIERI
08 03 030 03036 -- 01 024 06 03 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS FERNANDEZAE
0803-020" ==—=—== -- 01 022 06 03 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS HENSEL|
08: 035.020 -=-—-— -- 01 024 06 03 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS MACULIVENTRIS
08 03 --- 03136 -- 01 022 04 02 03
R: Bokermann 63, Rev. Brasil. Biol

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS NATTERERI
08 03 047 02334 =-- 01 022 04 035 035
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS PETERS|
08 03 029 03228 -- O01 021 04 -- --
R: Duellman 78, Misc, Publ. UKMNH

>>>>>> PHYSALAEMUS PUSTULOSUS
08 02 030 03036 -- 01 021 04 03 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

>>>>>> PIPA CARVALHO!
14 03 --- 05036 15 04 001 O1 01 02
R: Sokol 77, J. Morph. 154:357

>>>>>> PIPA MYERSI
14 03 039 05036 -- 06 001 O01 O1 02
R: Trueb 84, Herp. 40:225

>>>>>> PIPA PARVA
14 03 --- 04036 -- 04 001 O01 O01 02
R: Sokol 77, J. Morph. 1547357

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA DASYPUS
06 02 0358 04138 17 ‘01 O27 03 -—= 01

R: McCranie,Wilson 81, UKMNH Occas.

><

><

><

><

><

><

Pas

><

><

><

><

><

35

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA GLANDULOSA
06 02 044 05737 -- Of 021 03 05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA GUATEMALENSIS

06 02 072 04327 24 01 021 03 05 O01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

eo>>>> PEECTROHYILA IXtL
06 02 043 04637 19 01 022 03 05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA MATUDAI
06 02 046 04128 18 01 022 03 05 04
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA POKOMCHI
06 02 052 06930 -- 01 021 03 O5 O}1

02 02 04

02 02 04

02 02 04

02 15 04

03 14 04

R: Duellman,Campbell 84, Copeia 1984:390

N: A-2 sometimes entire

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA QUECCHI
06 02 044 04234 -- 01 021 03 05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr, (1)

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA SAGORUM
06 02 046 035752 == 01 022,05 05° 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PLECTROHYLA TECUNUMANI

06 02 059 06038 -- 01 021 03 O03 O01
R: Duellman,Campbell!l 1984, Copeia
>>>>>> PLEURODEMA BIBRONI

08 03 034 03736 -- O01 021 -- -- --
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Chile

>>>>>> PLEURODEMA- BORELII
08 03 048 03536 -- 01 017 04 02 03
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Chile

>>>>>> PLEURODEMA BUFONINA
08 03 052 04036 -- 01 022 04 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PLEURODEMA CINEREA
08 03 042 02436 -- 01 021 04 03 03
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PLEURODEMA GUAYAPAE
08 035 042 02535 == 01 017 04 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PLEURODEMA KRIEGI
08 03 032 03934 -- 01 022 05 02 03
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

02 02 04

02 02 04

03 14 04

1984:390

03 15 06

03 14 06

03 14 06

05.215. 06

03 02 06

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

01

02

02

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

05

05

05

05

07

05

05

Q7

02

02

02

02

02

02

Poe

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

>

><

ES

><

>>>>>>
08 03 032 02936 --
R: Cei 80,

+>5>>>
08 03 042 02836 --
R: Cei 80,

>>>>>>
08 03 047 03134 --
R: Cei 80,

AP a? De oP aed

08 03 042 02436 --
R: Cei 80,

22> >>>

08705 === 0525.6" =—

S222 2

06: (05 7———9 05555) ——

R: I|zecksohn et al,

>>>>>>

08 03 --- 03136 --
R: Pelxoto et al.

>>>>>>
06 01 028 03636 10
R: Green 38,
N: Marginal

>>>>>>
06 O01 028 03636 09
R: Gosner 58,
N: Dorsolateral

>>>>5>
06 02 028 03636 --
R: Duellman 70,

>>>>>>
06 01 028 03636 -
R: Gosner,Rossman

>>>>>'>
06 01 028 04036 10
Re Al tig 715 Tex.
> >5>5
06 01 034 04036 --
R: Bragg 42,

>>> >>>
06 O1 032 03236 09
R: Specimens

PLEURODEMA
Amphib.
PLEURODEMA
Amphib.
PLEURODEMA
Amphib.
PLEURODEMA
Amphib,

PROCERATOPHRYS

PROCERATOPHRYS

PROCERATOPHRYS

PSEUDACRIS

Copeia

PSEUDACRIS

Herp.
light

PSEUDACRIS

PSEUDACRIS

PSEUDACRIS

PSEUDACRIS

Wasmann Coll.

PSEUDACRIS

36

MARMORATA
01 021 06 02 O|1
Argentina

NEBULOSA
01 017 04 02 03
Argentina

THAUL
01 022 04 02 03
Argentina

TUCUMANA

01 017 04 03 03

Argentina
Rev. Brasil.
BOLE!
01 021 04 02 03

79, Rev.

LATICERS

01 022 04 02 03
Birals: (ke

81, Rev.
BRACHYPHONA

01 022 05 03 01
1938:79

BRIMLEYI
01-1022-05: 03 01
13:249

CLARK]
01 022 05 03 QO1

UKMNH Monogr. (1)

NIGRITA
01 022 05 03 01
59, Copeia

ORNATA
01 022 05 03 01
Je SES 253501

STRECKERI
01 022 05 03 O01
5:47

TRISERIATA
O01 021 05 03 01

1959:

03

03

03

03

APPENDICULATA
01 024 06 02 09
R: Peilxoto,Cruz 80,

11

03

Brasil.

02

Biol.

papillae with wide dorsal

lines onto tail;

Biol.

04

06

06

06

01

01

01

01

04 04 01
40:491

16 04 O01

Biol.

DOs

06 04 01

04

02

02

03

03

03

02

02

02

02

02

02

233

03

41:553

04

gap,

02 01

10

16

04

tail

04

04

04

04

04

02

not as

02

musc

02

02

02

02

02

06

07

07

02

le distinctly bicolored

04

07

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

O7

O7

07

03 03 O01

shown

in Green

03 03 01

03°03» 01

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

01

01

01

01

©

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

ace

><

37

>>>>>> PSEUDIS PARADOXUS

13 05 069 23036 =- O1 021 04 O02 02 02 02

R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

N: Two parallel grooves in top of head;
across tail muscle and fin

2>o>>> PSEUDORALUDICOLA, (FALGIPRES
08 03 018 ----- -- 01 021 06 03 03 01 16
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> PTERNOHYLA FODIENS
06 02 048 02926 ---O0l 021 04 03 05 05 03
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PTYCHOHYLA EUTHYSANOTA
06 O02 040 01225 15 01 058 03 04 04 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PTYCHOHYLA IGNICOLOR
06 02 050 053856 -—- O01 036 035 08 07 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PTYCHOHYLA LEONHARDSCHULTZE|
06 02 036 03926 15 01 057 03 04 04 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

2>>>>> PTYCHOHYLA PANCHO!)
06 02 03535 04530 -= 01 060 03 03 05 03 12
R: Duellman,Campbel! 82, Herp. 38:374

>>>>>> PTYCHOHYLA SCHMIDTORUM
06 02 029 03727 15 01 035 04 08 O07 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> PTYCHOHYLA SPINIPOLLEX
06 02 040 03931 15 01 059 03 04 04 03 02
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

RANA AREOLATA + RANA BERLANDIERI

>>>>>> RANA AURORA

15 01 100 06636 27 01 022 04 03 01 03 02
R: Stebbins 66, Houghton-Mifflin

N: Venter often pink in life

>>>>>> RANA BERLANDIERI
15 01 080 06536 16 01 022 04 03 03 03 03
R: Hillis 82, Copeia 1982:168

RANA BLAIRI + RANA’ BERLANDIERI

>>>>>> RANA’ BOYLII
15 01 065 05036 19 01 080 04 03 03 02 02
Re Zwelfele ooer Unive ACaliiti, *Puibil . Zool.

>>>>>> RANA CASCADAE
15 01 060 05036 18 01 022 04 03 03 02 02
R: Haertel 67, Thesis, Ore. St. Univ.

04

young

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

54):

04

01 07 04 03 04 O1

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

OZ 502
207

02 02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

O01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

01

01

01

02

01

01

03

03

03

03

specimens with

02

02

05

05

05

05

05

05

02

02

07

02

large bands

><

><

2 <

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

38

>>>>>> RANA CATESBEIANA

15 01 120 08036 23 01 022 04 02 03 02 02 04 O02 O02 O02 O1 03
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Dorsum and upper part of tail with distinct black dots

>>>>>> RANA CLAMITANS
15 01 080 06036 20 0! 022 04 02 03 02 02 04 02 02 O02 01 03
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> RANA’ GRYLIO

15 01 120 09036 23 01 022 04 02 03 02 02 04 02 02 O02 O01 03
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Row of black dots in dorsal fin

>>>>>> RANA HECKSCHERI

15 01 130 10036 42 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 02 02 01 03

R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Tail fin rimmed in black; golden transverse body band;
bicolored

>>>>>> RANA MACULATA
15 02 050 08536 -- 01 079 04 03 03 -- -- 04 02 02 02 O1 O03
R: Villa 72, Anfib.s. Nicaragua

>>>>>> RANA MONTEZUMAE
15 02 075 11236 -- 01 021 04 03 03 11 03 04 02 O02 O02 O1 03
R: Taylor 42, UK Sci. Bull. 28:37

>>>>>> RANA MUSCOSA
15 01 180 06836 -- 01 080 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 02 02 O01 03
R: Zweifel 55, Univ. Calif. Publ. Zool. 54:207

>>>>>> RANA OKALOOSAE
15 01 042 05637 22 01 021 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 O02 O02 O1 Ol
R: Moler 85, Copeia 1985:379

>>>>>> RANA PALMIPES
15 02 100 09536 50 01 052 04 03 02 02 03 04 02 02 O02 O1 03
R: Kenny 69, Amphib. Trinidad

>>>>>> RANA PALUSTRIS
15 01 070 05556 <= 01 022 04 <= == ==" -—= (04 02 == =- O01 05
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> RANA PIPIENS

15 01 070 08036 18 O01 022 04 -- -- -=- -=- 04 02 -- -- O1 03
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock
N: White line from nostril to snout

>>>>>> RANA PRETIOSA
15 01 095 04936 -- O01 041 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 O02 O02 O01 O03
R: ©. Johnson 65), Diisse,,, Oresy Sts, Unive

>>>>>> RANA PUSTULOSA
15 02 100 06536 -- 01 086 04 02 03 03 03 04 02 O02 02 O1 05
Re Taylor 42). UK Siete, (Billie, 2832 57.

02

02

02

02

ta

O7

02

07

02

02

02

02

02

o7

muscle

><

><

><

><

><

><

aS

><

><

2 A

><

><

><

39

>>>>>> RANA SEPTENTRIONALIS
15 Ol 060 06036 —=— 01 1021 04 .<- <= == == 04 02 == =-
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> RANA SIERRAMADRENSIS

15 02 080 05036 -- O01 104 04 03 04 03 16 04 02 02 02 01

R: Webb 78, LACMNH Contr. Sci. 300

RANA SINALOAE = RANA’ PUSTULOSA

RANA SPHENOCEPHALA + RANA’ BERLANDIERI
>>>>>> RANA SYLVATICA
15 01 060 04036 24 01 041 04 03 -- =<- =-- 04 02 -- --
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

>>>>>> RANA TARAHUMARAE

(Sm Opa aaa = -- 01 --- 04 -- -- -- -- 04 02 02 02 01

R: Webb,Korky 77, Herp. 33:73

RANA TRILOBATA = RANA PUSTULOSA

RANA UTRICULARIA = RANA SPHENOCEPHALA

>>>>>> RANA’ VIRGATIPES

15 01 060 05536 -- O01 021 04 <= -- -- -- 04 02 -=- =--
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

N: Row of dots in upper tail fin

>>>>>> RANA WARSCHEWITSCHI I
15 02 060 11536 -- 01 078 03 03 01 03 03 04 02 02 02
R: Starrett 60, UMMZ Misc. Publ. (110)

RAN

>

YAVAPIENSIS + RANA PIPILENS

RANA ZWEIFELI + RANA PUSTULOSA

>>>>>> RHINODERMA’ DARWINI
08 03 027 01736 -- O1 013 04 02 01 05 05 04 01 03 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> RHINOPHRYNUS DORSALIS

17 02 068 04536 18 02 001 01 O1 02 05 05 O01 O1 02 02
R: Taylor 42, UK Sci. Bull. 28:37

N: Oral barbels present, resembles Xenopus tadpole

>>>>>> SCAPHIOPUS BOMBIFRONS

11 01 063 04636 15 01 054 03 02 01 12 14 06 O01 02 02
R: Bragg,Bragg 58, SW. Nat. 3:55

N: Keratinized patch in roof of mouth

>>>>>> SCAPHIOPUS COUCH!
11 01 075 03036 10 01 054 03 02 Ol 02 O02 06 O1 02 02
R: Wright,Wright 49, Comstock

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03; 02

03 07

03 02

03 07

03 02

03 07

01 01

01 02

01 02

><

><

><

><

rd

><

><

aS

>>>5>>
11 01 070 03636 1
R: Specimens

N: Keratinized p

>>>>>5
11 01 050 03036 1
R: Gosner,Black

>>>>>>
11. 01 070 06236 2
R: Specimens

N: Keratinized p

>>>>>>
11 02 070 03436 1
R: Taylor 42, UK
N: Keratinized p
Zo 22>, VOM USGA
06 02 080 02230 1
R: Duellman 70,
>>>>>> SMILISCA
06 02 063 02530 1
R: Duellman 70,

>>> >>> SMILISCA
06 02 070 02330 1
R: Duellman 70,

VAP ISS SMILISA

06 O02 042 02434 1
R: Duellman 70,

>>>>>> SMILISCA
06 02 054 02825 1
R: Duellman 70,
2>>>>>> SMILISCA
06 02 054 03236 1
R: Duellman 70,

SPEA =

>>>>>> SPHAENORH

06 03 028 06533. -

SCAPHIOPU

SCAPHIOPU

SCAPHIOPU

SCAPHIOPU

YNCHUS

40
S HAMMDOND |
8 01 054 03 02 --
atch
S HOLBROOK!

11d 03: 02> ==
Coneia

3 01
54,

S INTERMONTANUS
By sO}

atch
S MULTIPLICATUS

053° 035 05: 01
Bull.

6 01
Sci.
atch

BAUDINI.
3 01 021 04 04 04
UKMNH Monogr. (1)

CYANOSTICTA
4 01 021 04 04 04
UKMNH Monogr, (1)

PHAEOTA
4 01 021

UKMNH Monogr.

04 04 O1
(1)

PUMA
2 01 021
UKMNH Monogr.

04 03 O01
(1)

SILA
4 01 021
UKMNH Monogr.

05 04 O01
(1)

SORDIDA
5 01 021 03 04 U1
UKMNH Monogr. (1)

SCAPHIOPUS

=7.0)1 - 01225 05 020u

0535. 03! 025=—=

23257
in roof of mouth

in roof of mouth

1954:251

in roof of mouth

09

03

03

V2

053

05

BROMELICOLA

12

14

14

14

14

02

02

03

02

03

fe)

R: Bokermann 74, Rev. Brasil. Biol.

>>>>>> SPHAENORHYNCHUS
06 03 032 05632 24 01
R: Cruz, Pel xotor B80),
N: Tail

OROPHILUS
022 04 03 01
Brasil.

03
Rev, Biiioutl

striped

06

06

06

06

04

04

04

04

04

04

04

542 3'5

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

02

v1

12 04 02
40: 385

02

02

02

02

06

03

06

03

03

06

02

02

02

02

02

03

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

03

03

01

01

01

01

03

03

03

03

03

03

03

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

Oz

05

01

01

Pe

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

41

>>>>>> SPHAENORHYNCHUS PAULOALVINI

06 03 019 03036 11 O1 022 05 O2 01 O02 12 04 O2 O01 02 O02 OI 02
R: Bokermann 73, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 33:589

N: Black lines dorsolaterally, laterally and ventrolaterally

>>>>>> SPHAENORHYNCHUS PRASINUS

06 03 027 04838 15 01 022 04 02 01 12 12 04 02 02 02 02 O1 02
R: Bokermann 73, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 33:589

N: Some marginal papillae enlarged

>>>>>> STEREOCYCLOPS INCRASSATUS
2) UO == 05 001) 0101, 02 05 05 105).-— 02,02 (03 (01 (01
R: Griffiths,Carvalho 65, Rev. Bras. Biol. 25:113

N: If broad dorsal body stripe present, medioventral spiracular tube

if stripe absent, spiracular tube short

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS CEIORUM
08 03 055 07036 -- 01 022 04 03 03 03 03 04 02 02 02 01 O01 02

R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina; LaVilla 84, Acta Zool. Lilloana 38:69

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS HALLI
08 03 050 04530 -- 01 022 04 03 01 03 03 04 02 02 O02 O01 03 02
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Chile

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS HAUTHALI
08 03 055 07134 -- 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 02 01 O1 O02 02

R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina; LaVilla 84, Acta Zool. Lilloana 38:51,

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS MARMORATUS
08 03 073 07736 -- 01 022 04 03 01 03 03 04 O02 02 02 O01 O1 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS MONTANUS
08 03 055 06836 -- 01 022 04 03 O01 -- -- 04 02 02 02 01 O01 07
R: Cei,Roig 65, Copeia 1965:421

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS OXYCEPHALUS
08 03 062 11036 -- 01 022 04 03 01 03 03 04 02 02 O02 01 O01 O07
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS PATAGONICUS
08 03 050 05736 -- 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 06 O02 O02 O02 O01 O1 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS PEFAURI
08 03 === 07437 -- 01 022 04 03 O1 03 16 04 02 02 02 01 01 07
R: Diaz,Valencia 85, Copeia 1985:175

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS PERUVIANUS
08 03 045 06236 -- 01 020 04 03 01 03 16 04 01 02 02 O01 O02 02
R: Cei 62, Amphib. Chile

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS REVERBERI
08 03 038 09836 14 01 022 04 02 03 02 02 06 02 02 O02 O1 OI 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

long;

69

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

42

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS SCHREITERI
08 03 055 04736 -- 01 022 04 03 03 02 02 04 O02 02 O02 01 OI 02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> TELMATOBIUS SOMUNCURENSIS
08 03 034 04236 18 01 022 06 03 03 02 O02 06 O02 O02 O02 O01 D1 O02
R: Cei 80, Amphib. Argentina

>>>>>> TELMATOBUFO AUSTRALIS
08 03 040 04825 -- 01 024 03 02 01 03 03 04 O01 03 O01 O1 O01 O05
R: Formas 72, J. Herp. 6:1

>>>>>> TELMATOBUFO VENUSTUS

08 03 --- 10736 -- 01 024 03 02 03 02 02 04 02 O01 O1 O01 O1 O05
R:- Diaz et al. 85, Herpes 32921711

N: Warts on back

>>>>>> THOROPA' LUTZI

08 03 027 04836 -- 01 026 04 02 01 04 04 04 -- -- 01 01 01 05
R: Bokermann 65, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 37:525
N: Weakly developed belly sucker; tail muscle banded dorsally

>>>>>> THOROPA MILIARIS

08 03 064 04836 12 01 026 04 02 01 04 04 04 -- -- 01 01 O01 05
R: Bokermann 65, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 37:525
N: Weakly developed belly sucker; tail muscle banded dorsally

>>>>>> THOROPA PETROPOLITANA

08 03 022 04836 -- 01 026 04 02 01 04 04 04 -- -- O1 01 01 O05
R: Bokermann 65, Acad. Brasil. Ciencias 37:525
N: Weakly developed belly sucker; tail muscle banded dorsally

>>>>>> TRIPRION PETASATUS
06 02 067 02730 =-- 01 021 05 035 01 035 05: 04 02 02 0202 05 01
R: Duellman 70, UKMNH Monogr. (1)

>>>>>> VANZOLINIUS DISCODACTYLUS
08 03.5052) —--—— O87 011020 504" =—303,——3 104 101 = 2
R: Duellman 80, UKMNH Misc. Publ. (65)

>>>>>> ZACHAENUS PARVULUS

Oks) (0)S i = SE ees OV IH ORL e MOY os SSO Oy a a ee 0)
R: Lutz 44, Bol. Mus. Nac, Zool. 17:1

N: Bilobed structure near vent opening

43

SPECVVES DATA “=— OLD ‘WORED

AA BB CCC DDDDD EE FF GGG HH |! JJ KK LL MM NN OO PP QQ RR SS

>< >>>>>> ACANTHIXALUS SPINOSUS
07 08 034 05232 20 01 047 06 03 01 13 03 04 01 02 O02 02 03 02
Re Lamotte set tale “57, (Bulbs Mie @PAN TR 19s 562

>< >>>>>> ADELOTUS BREVIS
10° 07 O21 (1035754 ‘11 O1 058 04 03°01 02 02 '04 02 02 02 01 01 O02
Re Watson, Martin 73; TransesRs Soc. So. Aust. 97933

>< >>>>>> AFRIXALUS BRACHYCNEMIS
07 08 021 03836 11 O1 002 04 06 01 13 O02 04 O02 O1 02 -- O1 OI
R: Shiotz 75, Treefrogs —. Africa

>< >>>>>> AFRIXALUS DELICATUS
017 018: ===" 02656 -— 05 001 04°06 01 02 16 04 02°01 02 035 05.01
R: Pickersgil!l 84, Durban Mus. Novitates 13:207

>< >>>>>> AFRIXALUS FORNASINI
07 08 034 045356 20 01 002 04 06 O1 13 02 04 02 01 O02 =- O1 01
Ra sohtotz 753° Treetrogs Es Atritca

>< >>>>>> AFRIXALUS FULVOVITTATUS
07 08 024 02131 =-- 01 002 04 06 01 01 01 04 02 02 02 == 01 O11
R: LaMotte,Zuber-Vogeli 56, I'l FAN 18:863

>< >>>>>> AFRIXALUS QUADRIVITTATUS
OOS s02 5. ————— TO OO2ZNO4) =—t=—9 = 04.02. == == == 0
R: Shiotz 75, Treefrogs E. Africa

>< >>>>>> AFRIXALUS SPINIFRONS
O7' 208 02-4) 8—===— =- 901 002 :04 06 Of 135°02°04 02 01 O02 == 01 011
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>< ALEUROPHRYNE = also SCUTIGER

>< >>>>>> ALEUROPHRYNE BREVIPES
11 05 070 07136 -- 01 072 035 03 01 05 03 04 02 02 02 O02 05 05
Re Lui 50, Fileld.-Zool., Mem. (2)

>< >>>>>> ALEUROPHRYNE GLANDULATA
1 105 0:76 02536 =— O17 071 035 03 01 505) 03 04°02 (02°02 "02 (05°05
R: Lui,Hu 61, Anura of China

>< >>>>>> ALEUROPHRYNE MAMMATA
11 05 060 02636 -- O1 081 05 03 01°03 03.04 02 02 ‘02 02 O1 05
Ri tLui°s05 field s-Zoolls Mem. 2¢2)

>< >>>>>> ALTIRANA PARKERI
15 05 044 04233 -- 01 039 04 03 03 03 14 -- -- -- -- -- -- 01

Re Eu, Hus6l> Anura of China

44

>>>>>> ALYTES OBSTETRICANS
05 04 055 06536 2—— 101 4020 05 402 1041 102 1010802 101 ae 02
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

>>>>>> AMOLOPS CAVITYMPANUM

15 06 045 06839 22 01 103 07 02 01 O02 02 04 01 O1 O1 O1 O1 O5

R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

N: Gastromyzophorous; glands behind eyes, just below spiracle origin,
sometimes in front of spiracle; no epidermal spinules

>>>>>> AMOLOPS JERBOA

15 06 097 0603.2 —- 01.119: :065== 101 10.514: 704 1>= (OT ZO L011 sO) (05
R: Bourret 42, Mem, I'Inst. Oceangraph. I'Indochine 6

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> AMOLOPS LARUTENSIS

15°06 060 06533 -= Ol) 121 == == )=> 4 == (= 204 5-= == -= 701, 0.1) 0
R: Bourret 42, Mem I'Inst. Oceangraph. I|I'Indochine 6

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> AMOLOPS PHAEOMERUS

15 06 --- 03437 15 01 111 04 03 01 13 02 04 01 O01 O01 O01 01 05

R: Inger 83, Field.-Zool. (1347)

N: Gastromyzophorous; glands near oral disc, spiracle, behind eye, & at end
of body; no epidermal spinules; Type A of Inger, 1966

><

Pes

><

cae

Bi

aS

>>>>>> AMOLOPS POECILUS

15 06 --- 03538 -- 01°112 04 03

R: Inger 83, Field.-Zool. (1347

N: Gastromyzophorous; glands as
Type B of Inger, 1966

>>>>>> AMOLOPS RICKETTI
1:5. 06705403635. s== 01" 120G—= 5——

)

13902905 70"

01

01

01

01

in phaeomerus; epidermal

R: Bourret 42, Mem. I|'Iinst. Oceangraph.

04 --
I'tndochine 6

01

01

01

01

05

spinules present;

05

N: Gastromyzophorous; gland behind eye and on ventrolateral

>>>>>> AMOLOPS SP. C

106) =— =) —— ——)— -- O01 056 04 -= -- -= -- 04 OF == == =- -- 05
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool., (52)

N: Gastromyzophorous

So >>>> AMOLOP'S SP; -D

15 06 --- 07336 -- 01 082 04 03 04 15 18 04 01 02 01 O1 O01 O05
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> AMOLOPS SP. E

15 06 -=-- 03941 -- 01 0935 04 -- == 15 == 04 O1 -- =-)=- -- 05
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

N: Gastromyzophorous; flattened epidermal spinules; glands in ventral
>>>>>> ANYDROPHRYNE- RATTRAY1
07°08 === i====- 04 ~00)1, .0'1/ F010 21054.0504:4011 102 -0:2 t=—4== 502) ==

R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

ais

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

>>>>>> ANODONTOHYLA BOULENGERI

o9 08 O18 ==--= -- 04 001 <= -= -- == -- 05 --
R: Blommers-Schlosser 75, Beaufortia 24:7
>>>>>> ANSONIA ALBOMACULATA

02 06 025 01236 -- 01 021 04 -- -- 15 -- 04 01

R: Inger 66, F
N: Light media

45

(52)
n snout stripe;

ield.-Zool.

02

02

02

02

02
ies

02

02

esa

02 02

interrupted transverse |

02 02

02

02

020 ——

02 --

02 01

Amphi

02 02

snout; light vertical bar on body posterior to eye;
marginal and basal stripes distally
>>>>>> ANSONIA MINUTA
O2706%023" i==-== == Oi. 021104 == =—— |) == 04) Or)
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool, (52)
N: Distal clear stripe in dorsal fin
>>>>>> ANSONIA SP.
02 06 --- 03131 -- O1 021 04 -- -- 15 -- 04 01
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)
>>>>>> ARTHROLEPTELLA HEWITTI
(8) 7/e ONS! 9 -- 04 001 Ol O1 02 05 05 04 01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
>>>>>> ARTHROLEPTELLA LIGHTFOOTI
O7 087022 ————— -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 04 O01
R: Power/Rose 30, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa
>>>>>> ASSA DARLINGTONI
10 07 tadpoles described very young
R: Ingram 75, Herp. 31:425
>>>>>> ASTYLOSTERNUS DIADEMATUS
>. 018) ==—— ——— = -- 01 040 04 05 02 02 03 04 --
R: Lamotte,Zuber-Vogeli 54, Bull. I'l. FAN 16:
>>>>>> AUSTRALOCRINIA RIPARIA
1007 BOZ2 FO TSO F=— 0) 024 106 -——F ==) = — = 04 =
R: Littlejohn,Martin 65, Copeia 1965:319
>>>>>> AUSTRALOCRINIA TASMANIENSIS
10 07 030 01934 11 01 022 06 02 03 02 04 02 02
Re Martin 67, Proc. Roy. Soc. NSW 92: 1107
BABINA = RANA
BALEAPHRYNE MULETENSIS Mayol,Alcover 81,
+ ALYTES OBSTETRICANS
>>>>>> BOMBINA BOMBINA
05 04 042 03836 -- 01 020 03 02 03 02 02 O02 O01
R: Michalowski 66, Acta Zool. Cracoviensia
>>>>>> BOMBINA MAXIMA
05 04 062 01736 14 01 024 03 02 04 02 02 O02 01

Ri Etiu Blut 26417,

Anura of China

02

02 02

08

01 05

ight area across

doral

01 05

01

05

02

02

02 02

b.-Reptl.

03 02

03 02

fin with dark

lod

><

><

><

><

><

><

Paes

><

ax

><

eas

><

><

><

46

>>>>>> BOMBINA ORIENTALIS
0b 0p ——— -- 01 024 03 02 03 12 04 -- O1
R: Lui,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> BOMBINA VARIEGATA
05 04 038 03836 -- 01 024 03 02 01 02 O02 O02 O01
R: Michalowski 66, Acta Zool. Cracoviensa 11:1

>>>>>> BUERGERIA = RHACOPHOROUS
>>>>>> BUFO AMATOLICA

O2 106 60 S6r -- 01 021 06 02 03 12 15 04 01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> BUFO ANGUSTICEPS

02 08 3-———=-—-—-— -- 01 020 06 06 02 03 12 04 04
R: DeVilliers 27, Ann. Transvaal Mus. 13:9
>>>>>> BUFO ASPER

02-06 110; 018535 == 01 020 05 02 05 11 02 04 011
R: Berry 72, Herp. 28:338

>>>>>> BUFU BUFO
02 04 100 02936 -- O1 021 06 03 -- -- -- 04 01
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach, Jap. Empire

>>>>>> BUFO CALAMITA
O02 04 055 02536 =-- 01 021 06 05 05 --= -— 04 01
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

>>>>>> BUFO CARENS

02 08 083 03836 -- 01 020 06 02 03 12 02 04 01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
N: "Hood" on head

>>>>>> BUFO FERGUSONI
02 09 === 01534 == 01 021 06 02 05: OM, Ol 04) On
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

>>>>>> BUFO GARIENPENSIS
02 08 095 02436 =-- 01 021 06 02 05 == -- 04 011
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> BUFO GARMAN
02 08 - in key but based mostly on pigmentation
R: van Dijk 71, Ann, Natal Mus, 21:71

>>>>>> BUFO HIMALAYANUS
02 09 === 02630 -= O01 === =- == =- == == 04 01
R: Annandale 12, Rec. Indian Mus. 8:1

>>>>>> BUFO KELAARTII
02 09 045 01132 -- 01 021 06 02 03 O08 O01 04 O1
R>? Kictisinghe 58, Gey tion dey “Sicilia irs 17

02 02 02

02 02 01

02 02 01

02 02 O01

02 02 01

01 02 01

02 02 01

01

03

01

01

01

02

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

05

02

02

02

02

02

02

><

><

><

><

><

2s

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

47

>>>>>> BUFO LATASTII
02 09 057 (043536: == 01 O21 06 ——= -= == 01.04 01 02
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 26:137

>>>>>> BUFO MELANOSTICTUS
02 09 (08:0° 1020356 ‘== 01 (021 06° =="035. == == 04) 01 02
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib,. Ceylon

>>>>>> BUFO MICROTYMPANUM
02709) 077° 02736 —= 01-014) 06. -=--) == == 104) 01 --—
R: Annandale,Narayan 18, Rec. Indian Mus, 25:25

>>>>>> BUFO PARDALIS
OZ SUS =—— 10.225 4—— 01 O25 Om a a 04 10,1 OZ
R: Channing 73, Zool. Africana 8:153

>>>>>> BUFO PARVUS
02 06 025 02536 -- 01 020 06 02 03 O1 O01 04 O1 02
ReesSmicthh oy, vie iNat. Hilst. Soc. “Siam 275'7

>>>>>> BUFO PENANGENSIS
02 06 040 03136 -- 01 020 03 09 O1 16 18 04 O1 --
R: Bourret 42, Mem. I'Inst. Oceangraph. I|'Indoch

>>>>>> BUFO PUSILLUS

02708 055 (015356..=— 01) 021 06° 02°--) == =-—-04 0) ==
R: Channing 72, Ann. Natal Mus. 21:509

N: Ventral midline unpigmented

>>>>>> BUFO RADDEI
02 08 057 05036 -- O1 021 06 02 03 12 15 04 01 02
R: Lui 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

wo
(=
mn
jo)

RANGERI + BUFO REGULARIS

>>>>>> BUFO REGULARIS
02 08 071 02936 11 01 021 06 02 03 12 02 04 O01 02
R: LaMotte,Zuber-Vogeli 54, Bull. I'l. FAN 16:59

>epoze> BUFO ROSE!
02 08 025 02136 06 O1 021 06 02 03 01 O1 04 OI OI
R: Power,Rose 30, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 17:

>>>>>> BUFO STOMATICUS
02 09 063 02036 -- 01 021 06 02 03 02 O02 04 Ol --
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

>>>>>> BUFO TAITANUS
02 08 034 01536 —- 01. ===] <= == == == =- 04 01 ==
R: Stewart 67, Amphib. Malawi

>>>>>> BUFO TIBETANUS
02 10 060 02436 -- 01 021 06 03 03 09 02 04 O01 02
Lui 50, Field.-Zool, Mem. (2)

02

02

02

02

02

02

109

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

Ol

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

02

02

02

05

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

PS

>

aS

aS

><

48

>>>>>> BUFO VERTEBRALIS
02 08 040 03030 -- 01 021 06 02 03 12 02 04 O1 02 O02
R: Power 27, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 14:249

>>>>>> BUFO VIRIDIS
02 04 067 02836 -- O01 021 06 02 03 -- -- 04 O1 02 02
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

>>>>>> CACOSTERNUM BOETTGERI
1503 30250 — == 01 037 04-035 03. 135) 02 04 == 02°02
R: Power 27, Trans. Roy. Soc. Se. Africa 14:249

>>>>>> CACOSTERNUM CAPENSE
15) 08 0347 -=——— == (0:1 1022- 04-103- 05° 13, 02 04 ‘--- 02% 02
R: DeVilliers 27, Ann. Transvaal Mus, 13:9

>>>>>> CACOSTERNUM NAMAQUENSE
15 08) 024)7=———— -- 01 048 04 03 01 13 03 04 -- 02 02
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

CACOSTERNUM NANUM + CACOSTERNUM BOETTGERI

>>>>>> CALLUELLA GUTTULATA

09 09 052 =---= == 4040011501 CO1 02.015 7055 —— 30) )==. ——
Re: Smith 17, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2: 26it

N: Tail tip black

>>>>>> CALLUELLA YUNNANENSIS
09 05 029 02431 -- 02 001 04 06 02 03 03 -- O1 O01 Ol
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

N: Borders of fins dark, central portion unpigmented

>>>>>> CARDIOGLOSSA LEUCOMYSTAX
15 08 029 02836 11 02 001 04 06 02 03 03 04 01 01 01
R: LaMotte 61, Bull. I'l. FAN 23:211

>>>>>> CHAPERINA FUSCA

09 06 022 025356) —=; 0271001 "O1 Oly 0:27 05h Od) 02802) ===
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)
N: Tail muscle with black line at dorsal edge

>>>>>> CHIRIXALUS DORIAE

16 06 034 02433 -- 01 063 06 01 03 13 06 04 02 05 02
R: Bourret 42, Mem. I'Inst. Oceangraph. I!'Indochine
Ni Tatl tip black

>>>>>> CHIRXALUS EIFFINGERI
iO wert Oe e me ee ere en e204 «02«02 «202
R: Utsunomiya,Utsunomiya 83, J. Fac. Appl. Biol. Sci

>>>>>> CHIROMANTIS RUFESCENS
16 08 063 05236 16 01 063 04 02 05 OF 01 04 —-.02 02
R: LaMotte,Perret 63, Bull. I'l. FAN 25: 265

>>>>>> CHIROMANTIS XERAMPELINA
1O2082 107.0) === —— 16 01 037 06 035 05 15 02 04 == 02 02

R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

01 01 02
01 01 02
01 01 02
01 01 02
01 01 02
-- -- 02
02 01 02
02 01 02
-- -- 08
5 Oh oe
6

01 O1 --
+ 225255
01 01 01
-- 01 01

><

><

><

><

BS

><

><

><

Par

eS

mS

><

49

>>>>>> CONRUA GOLIATH
15 08 225 04736 -- 01 096 04 04 03 03 03 04 02 01 O02 O01
R: LaMotte et alle 57, Bulds i'l. FAN 93562

CRINIA = PARACRINIA, AUSTRALOCRINIA, RANIDELLA

>>>>>> CRYPTOTHYLAX GRESHOFF 1
O7 08 051 06156 25 01 O11 06 05 01 02 02 04 -—= 02 02 05
R: LaMotte et al, 59, Bulls I'l. FAN. 2121136

>>>>>> CYCLORANA AUSTRALIS
10 07 075 02736 -- 01 022 04 03 O1 01 O1 04 O01 02 02 --
R: Tyler,Martin 75, Trans. Roy. Soc. Se. Aust. 99:93

>>>>>> CYCLORANA CULTRIPES
10 07 050 02735 -- 01 022 04 03 01 02 02 04 02 O02 O2 OI
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 97:33

>>>>>> DISCOGLOSSUS PICTUS

05 04 065 04336 -- 01 024 03 02 04 02 02 035 O1 -- -- --
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

N: Distinctive chain-like pattern melanophores

>>>>>> DYSCOPHUS QUINQUELINEATUS
09 08 050 03338 14 04 001 01 01 01 05 05 02 O01 02 O02 03
R: Blommers-Schlosser 75, Beaufortia 24:7

EDWARDTAYLORIA = HAZELIA
GEOCRINIA HASWELLI = PARACRINIA HASWELLI
GEOCRINIA LAEVIS + GEOCRINIA VICTORIANA

>>>>>> GEOCRINIA VICTORIANA
10 07 --- 01528 -- O1 021 06 02 03 08 12 04 O02 04 04 O01
R: Littlejohn,Martin 64, Aust. J. Zool. 12:70

>>>>>> GLYPHOGLOSSUS MOLOSSUS
09°09, 066 -]==— -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 03 01 O01 02 03
R: Smith 17, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2:26)

>>>>>> HAZELIA SPINOSA
16 10 --- 05036 20 01 065 04 02 03 02 14 04 O1 O01 02 01
R: Alcala,Brown 82, Philipp. J. Biol. 11:203.

>>>>>> HELEIOPORUS ALBOPUNCTATUS
LOMO. O67 ————— 19 071087 04 035 =-) -—= == 04 Ole == s= ==
Res ibee 67. AUSit sve Zool, 132567

>>>>>> HELEIOPORUS AUSTRALIACUS
10 07 095 05135 -- 01 074 04 03 03 12 02 04 01 02 02 01
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. O75, 55

>>>>>> HELEIOPORUS BARYCRAGUS
10 (07 “O70 ===-— -- 01 066 04 -- -- -- -- 04 -- -- -- 01
Re Wee. 67,. Aust. J. Zool. 52567

01

GEOCRINIA

PANDA aD LE SE IY BO 2 IE A A UE eS

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

05

01

02

02

02

01

02

01

08

02

02

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

50

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

04

04

04

>>>>>> HELEIOPORUS EYREI
Oe O20 55a —=—— ==" 01) 064 04 “== == -=" ==) 049 ——) —— 0
Re Lee 67. Allsts We Zool. 152567
>>>>>> HELEIOPORUS INORNATUS
1OMO7 405. —-———— 163 OU O04°204, = a ee
R= Lee 67, Aust. J. Zool. 15567
>>>>>> HELEIOPORUS PSAMMOPHILUS
10) 07 10:45 -==-—— ==) O17 0164: 104 Koa i a) A a)
Re ee. 67, Aust. Je Zoolie, loeSo7
>>>>>> HELEOPHRYNE NATALENSIS
03> 08e062>————— -- 01 061 03 06 03 05 02 03 O1 Ol O1 Ol
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
>>>>>> HELEOPHRYNE PURCELLI
08 08 045 =----- -- 01 062 01 06 03 05 05 04 01 01 O1 O01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
HELEOPHRYNE ROSEI + HELEOPHRYNE PURCELLI
>>>>>> HEMISUS GUTTATUM
15 08 080 -=-=— == Ol) O135.°04 04 01. 135) 025:04+ —-- 02° 10270:
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
N: Enlarged ventral marginal papillae spaced along disc
>>>>>> HEMISUS MARMORATUS
1508 031 06756 =-.-01 069 04 03 05 13 01 04 =-- 02 02 --
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
N: Very long marginal papillae ventrally with gap between
>>>>>> HETERIXALUS BETSILEO
07 08 023 03536 17 01 012 04 06 O1 O02 03 04 02 02 02 03
R: Blommers-Schlosser 82, Beaufortia 32:1
>>>>>> HETERIXALUS TRICOLOR
07 08 024 03536 14 01 012 04 06 O01 02 03 04 02 O02 O02 03
R: Blommers-Schlosser 82, Beaufortia 32:1
>>>>>> HILDEBRANTIA ORNATA
15 08 064 09536 -- 01 025 04 02 01 13 03 04 -- 02 02 O1
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
>>>>>> HYLA ANNECTANS
06 05 036 03056 == 01 021 04 04 01' 0302704) 01 ==" —-"05
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)
>>>>>> HYLA ARBOREA
06 04 035 03536 -- 01 021 04 03 O01 -- == 04 02 07 02 03
R: Angel 46, Faune de France
>>>>>> HYLA CHINESIS
06 06 040 03536 -- 01 021 05 03 01 03 07 04 02 O07 04 02
R: Bourrett 42, Mem. L'inst. Oceangraph,. L'Indochine 6

02

02

02

05

05

07

07

lateral groups

02

02

02

02

01

01

51

>>>>>> HYLAMBATES MACULATUS

16 08 062 13036 50 01 011 06 04 01 03 03 04 -- 07 02 03 04 O01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

N: Dorsal fin extends almost to eye; lower jaw sheath immense

><

><

2S

><

><

><

=<

><

><

oS

><

>>>>>> HYMENOCHIRUS BOETTGERI

14° 08 038° 02156 -—= 06.001 01 O01 02°05 05. 01°01 <= == 05.01 01
R: Arnoult,LaMotte 68, Bull. I'l. FAN 30:270

>>>>>> HYMENOCHIRUS CULTRIPES

14 08 --- 01225 -- 06 001 O1 01 02 05 05 01 01 01 O02 O02 O1 O1
R: Sokol 59, Zool. Anz. 162:154

>>>>>> HYMENOCHIRUS MERLINI

14 08 040 01936 08 06 001 O01 01 02 05 05 01 01 O01 O02 O2 OI OI
R: LaMotte 63, Bull. I'l. FAN 25:944

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS ACUTIROSTRIS

07 08 --- 02932 -- 01 012 04 03 02 02 02 04 O01 O02 O02 O1 O01 02
R: LaMotte,Perret 63, Bull. I'|Il. FAN 25: 264

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS BAUMANNI

07 08 028 --=-- -- O01 012 -- -- -- -- -- 04 01 -- -- -- -- 02
R: Shiotz 67, Treefrogs W. Africa

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS BOBIRENSIS

O72 08" 059>=———— -- 01 012 04 -- -- -- -- 04 O1 -- -- -- -- 02
R: Shiotz 67, Treefrogs W. Africa

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS CHLOROSTEUS

O08 03>. =——== -- 01 012 -- -- -- -- -- 04 O1 -- -- -- -- 02
R: Shiotz 67, Treefrogs W. Africa

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS CYSTOCANDICANS

07 08 031 01225 -- 01 --- -- -- -- -- -- 04 01 02 02 01 O1 --
R: Richards,Shiotz 77, Copeia 1977:285

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS FUSCIVENTRIS

07 08 024 ----- 09 O1 009 04 -- -- -- -- 04 O01 -- -- -- -- 02
R: Shiotz 67, Treefrogs W. Africa

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS GUTTULATUS

07) 08° 052, —---- ——i 01 Oli2e 04, OS, OZ) Oil (ON04,10) (== == =" == 102
R: Shiotz 67, Treefrogs W. Africa

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS HORSTOCKI

OVO Ba i -- 01 O11 04 03 03 O1 O1 04 O1 02 02 O1 OI 02
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS HEIROGLYPHICUS

07 08 --- 01425 -- 01 012 04 05 01 02 02 04 01 02 O02 O01 O01 02
R: LaMotte,Perret 63, Bull. I'l. FAN 25:244

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS LAMOTTEI

07 08 024 01431 24 01 009 04 05 01 02 02 04 O01 O02 O02 02 O01 02
R: LaMotte 58, Bull. I'l. FAN 20:573

><

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><

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><

><

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 032

R: Shiotz 67,

S>>>>> HYPEROLUUS
07 08 026 17
R: Wager 65,
N: Tail tip black

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 024 03336 11
R: Wager 65,
N: Tail tip black
>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 031
R: Shiotz 67,

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 --- 02633 --
R: Amiet 74, Bull.

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 028
R= -Shtotz 67,

HYPEROLIUS
2e>>>> HYPEROLI UWS
O7 SOS) O18 05556 ——=

R: Wager 65,
Ne TaiW tip biaek
>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 ---
R: Wager 65,

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
OFF 082 ——

R: Sehiotz 75,

>>o>>> HYPREROLIUS
07 08 --- 035230 --
R: LaMotte,Perret

2>>>>> HYREROL TUS
07 08 027
R: Shiotz 67,

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 --- 03034 --
R: LaMotte,Perret

>o>>>> HYPEROLIUS
07 08 036 17

R: Wager 65,

Treefrogs W.

Frogs S..

Frogs S.

Treefrogs W.

Treefrogs W.

Frogs S.

Frogs S.

Treefrogs E.

Treefrogs W.

Frogs S.

52

LAURENTI
01 O12 04 <= -= -—=
Africa

MARMORATUS
O01 O11 04 O5: O1
Africa

NASUTUS
Of 011 04 06 01
Africa

NITIDULUS
01 012 <= == =- --
Africa

OBSTETRICANS
01 012 04 03 01
I'l, FAN 36:973

02

OCCIDENTALIS
01 012 04 == =-- =--
Africa

PUNCTICULATUS + HYPEROLIUS

PUSILLUS
01 011 04 06 O01
Africa

11

SEMIDISCUS
01 012 04 06 O1
Africa

1

SPINIGULARIS
OW O12 —=— ==" ==) ==
Africa

STEINDACHNERI
01 012 04 02 O01
63, Bulli. Pl

08
FAN

SYLVA TICUS
ONT (ONI2* O42 n=" ==" =
Africa

TUBERCULATUS
01 012 04 02 01
63) (Bulle er.

01
FAN

TUBERILINGUIS
Ol Oly 04 06° 01
Africa

11

02

02

02

03

02

Zo:

ZoNe

02

04 01

04 01

04 01

04 01

04

02

04 01

04 01

04 01

04 01

04 01
264

04 01

04 01
264

04 01

02 02 02 01
02°:02*——" ON
01 02 01 01

SEMIDISCUS
02702 ——" 01
02 02 == 01
02 02 01 O01
02 02 01 01
02102" =="10N

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

><

aod

><

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Pane

><

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BAS

33

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS VIRIDIFLAVUS
07 08 032 03236 20 01 012 04 O02 O1 O01
R: LaMotte,Perret 63, Bull. I'l. FAN

>>>>>> HYPEROLIUS ZONATUS
07 08 025 02836 -- 01 012 04 02 01 O01
R: LaMotte 58, Bull. I'l. FAN 202505

O01 04

25:264

01 04

IXALUS = PHILAUTUS & THELODERMA

>>>>>> KALOPHRYNUS PLEURISTIGMA
09 06 050 02136 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05
Re Inger 66, Fields.=Zool. €52)

>>>>>> KALOULA BALEATA
09 06 062 04036 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05

R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool., (52)

>>>>>> KALOULA MACROPTICA
O97 050435) ————— -- 04 001 O1 O1 02 05
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

>>>>>> KALOULA PULCHRA
09 06 070 04036 -- 04 001 01 O01 02 05
R: Smith 160, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam

>>>>>> KALOULA RUGIFERA
09 05 045 03136 -- 04 001 O01 01 02 05
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

05 03

05 02

05 02

05°02

Zi Sy)

05 02

N: Tail striped; middorsal body stripe

>>>>>> KALOULA TORNIERI
OS) === — -- 06 001 01 01 O02 05
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap.

>>>>>> KASSINA MACULATA
O7 N08 0S 805856 7——9 04009) =
R: Schiotz 75, Treefrogs E. Africa

KASSINA OBSCURA = TORNIELLA

>>>>>> KASSINA SENEGALENSIS
07 08 037 06536 18 01 009 04 04 01 03
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
N: Lower jaw sheath immense

>>>>>> KASSINA WEALI

O7> 08 040i --——— -- 01 012 04 03 01 13
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

N: Lower jaw sheath immense

>>>>>> KYARRANUS FROSTI

05°05

Empire

03 04

03 04

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

OBSCURA

10 07 045 02038 08 02 001 04 02 01 02 02 04 O1
R: Littlejohn 63, Proc. Linn. Soc. NSW 28:273

02

02

02

02

02

o7

07

02

02

02

02

02

02

05

05

02

02

02

03

03

02

03

03

03

03

03

01

01

Ol

01

01

01

Ol

01

01

04

04

01

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

ae

><

><

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mS

54

>>>>>> KYARRANUS SPHAGNICOLUS

10 07 035 02035 -- 06 001 04 02 O01 02 15 04 01 O02 02 O1 O01
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 97:33
>>>>>> LECHRIODUS FLETCHERI

10 07 050 02334 -- 01 074 04 03 03 02 02 04 02 O02 O02 01 O01
R :Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 97:33
>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHELLA MJOBERGI

11 06 === 03636 -= 03 OOf 03 035 07 -= -- 04 02 01 Ol O02 O05
R: Inger 83, Adv. Herp. Evol. Biol. pe. 15

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM GRACILIS

11 06 041 04736 -- 01 0459 03 08 06 05 05 04 O02 O01 O02 O01 O05
R: Inger, 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM HASSELTI

11 06 058 07832 -- 01 091 05 03 O1 03 03 04 O01 O1 O02 O02 O01
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool, (52)

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM HENDRICKSONI

11 06 --- ----- -- 01 110 03 -=- -- -- -= -=- 04 02 02 02 O01
R= inger 83, Adv. Herp. EVolie IBioll. pe 135

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM MONTANUM

11 06 --- 06436 -- 01 091 03 -- =-- == -- -- 04 02 02 02 O1

R: Inger 83, Adv. Herps Evol. Biol. pe. 13
N: Glandular patches ventrolaterally on body,
vent tube

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM NIGROPS

11. 06 045 ---=- -- 01 081 -- -- -- 02 02 04 02
Re «Berry 72, Herp. 282.558

N: Glandular patches as in montanum

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM PELTODYTOIDES
1106. ==-— = ==—— -- 01 039 03 08 06 05 05 04 02
R= Inger 83, Adv. Herp. Evol. Blol ps WS

>>>>>> LEPTOBRACHIUM PULLUM
ISLE Biol se tS FS == 0420.91) 103° == 2 == 04
R: linger 83, Adv. Herp. Evol. \Bioll.e pe 5

aed Bde LEPTOBRACHIUM SP.

[Noel ON oy, I =—2 0) 0.9) (05. == ==" Oe
Re) Inger 835, Adv. Herp. Evol. Bicls ip. 13

N: Nostril with papillae

>>>>>> LEPTOPELIS ANCHIETAE
07 08 047 04556 15 01 037 04 O05 01 03 03 04 02
Re iLaMotte, Perret 61, Bulls i" le FAN: 25655

2>e>>> LERPTORELIS. ,AUBR YA
07 08 043 04334 -- 01 047 04 03 01 02 02 04 02

behind eyes,

02

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

02

02

01

02

01

05

01

01

01

01

07

03

07

07

07

&

02

02

07

07

02

02

anterior to

><

><

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><

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2eee>> “LEPTORELIS YCAECARATUS
07 08 046 05136 -- 01 048 04 03 01 O1 01
Ree CaMotteyPerret -675 (Bin! ie lee sRAN 23K:

>>>>>> LEPTOPELIS CONCOLOR
Of) 08" O65 7==—=— == 01) 047-704-703" 03-12 40
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> LEPTOPELIS GRAMINEUS
O07 O8 ==- 106435 ~15) 01) 0635°°04 05-01 02°01)
Rs Largen 77, Momit. Zool. Ital. Suppili.c

22> > > EEPTOREL IS: (hYEORDES
07 08 033 02936 -- 01 047 04 02 02 01 01
R: Shitotz 67, Treefrogs W. Africa

Paces? VUERTORELLS) “NATALENS US
Ov 206 0D) == -- 01 047 04 03 03 12 O1
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> LEPTOPELIS NOTATUS
07 ‘08 057 (05225 167 01 “047 04 05 01 02 02
R: bLaMotte ef al, 59, ‘Bull. Ute FAN 21:

Sooo AEPTORELUS. "OCGEELATIUS
07 08 047 04536 -- 01 037 04 05 01 02 02
R: LaMotte,Perret 61, Bull. I'l. FAN 23

>> >o>> LEPTOPRELIS “ORY
OV MOS 042504956 —=— +01 056) =—)-— = - =
R: Schiotz 75, Treefrogs E. Africa

>>>>>> LEPTOPELIS VANNUTELLI1
07 08 --- 05436 19 O01 037 04 03 01 O02 O1
R: Largen 77, Monit. Zool, Ital. Suppl.

S>>>>> ELEPTORELITS ViiRIDils
07 08 049 04036 -- 01 037 04 05 01 03 03
R: LaMotte,Perret 61, Bull. I'I. FAN 23:

22> >>> LEPTOPREIMIS = VAEDENI
07 08 --- 06733 -- 01 047 04 03 07 03 02
R: Largen 77, Monit. Zool. ital. Suppl.

LEPTOPHRYNE = CACOPHRYNE

>>>>>> LIMNODYNASTES DORSALIS
10 07 070 03130 -- 01 064 04 02 03 09 02
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

PAP dP a aa? a LIMNODYNASTES INTERIORIS
10 07 090 06032 -- 01 074 04 02 03 02 02
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. Se

04 02
855

04 02

04 02
9:85

04 02

04 02

04 02

1 216:

04 02

7855

04 01

04 02
9:85

04 02
855

04 02
9:85

04 01

04 01
Aust.

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

02

02

01

02

02

02

02 02 01

97235

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

Pots

><

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OS

><

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2s

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56

>>>>>> LIMNODYNASTES PERONI
10 07 065 02732 -- 01 050 04 03 03 01 01 04 O1
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

>>>>>> LIMNODYNASTES TASMANIENSIS
10 07 045 03030 -- 01 064 04 03 01 09 02 04 O01
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

>>>>>> LITORIA ANGULARIS
06 07 043 -=--= -- 01 020 04 -- O01 15 18 04 02
R: Tyler 63, Trans. Roy. Soc. Ss. Aust. 86:105

>>>>>> LITORIA ARFAKIANA
06 07 =-—= =-=-— -- 01 020 03 -- -- 16 02 04 --
R: Menzies 76, Wau Ecol. Inst. Hndb., (1)

>>>>>> LITORIA AUREA
06 O07 085 04230 -- 01 022 04 02 O01 08 O1 04 02
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

>>>>>> LITORIA BICOLOR
06 07 === ss=--= == 01 02105 °-= 01 -=::-= 04 ==
R: Menzies 76, Wau Ecol. Inst. Hndb. (1)

>>>>>> LITORIA BURROWS |
06 07 0551035355 -<= 01 022, 05 04 O1°01 01 04:02
R: Martin 67, Proc... Roy. Soe. NSW 92:107

>>>>>> LITORIA CHLORIS

06 O7 =--- 01729 15 O01 022 05 03 01 O1 O1 04 O2
R: Watson,Martin 79, Aust. Zool. 20:259
N: Proximodorsal tail muscle dark

>>>>>> LITORIA COOLOOLENSIS
06 07 024 02725 =--01 021 04,05 O1),02 02 04 02
R: Liem 74, Mem, QIid. Mus. 17:169

02

02

02

01

06

02

06

O7

04

N: White band on body from below eye to terminus

muscle banded dorsally

>>>>>> LITORIA DARLINGTONI
06 O07 042 05836 -- 01 022 -- -- -- -=- =-- 04 02
R: Tyler 63, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 86:105

>>>>>> LITORIA EWINGI
06 07 035 03656 -- 01 022 05 O04 (O11 “Oil, On, 04-02
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

>>>>>> LITORIA FALLAX
06 07 === 01825 11 Ol O21 OS" 05. Oil ON), O11, 04502
R: Watson,Martin 79, Aust. Zool. 20:259

>>>>>> LITORIA GRACILENTA
06 07 045 01928 11 01 022 05 03 01 08 O7 04 02
R: Watson,Martin 79, Aust. Zool. 20:259

06

07

07

02

02

01

01

02

02

02

03

07

of

02

03

04

02

01

01

01

03

01

03

01

03

03

02

03

03

01

01

03

01

05

03

03

04

01

02

02

02

05

02

02

01

tail

02

Finis

tail

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

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e104

Di/,

>>>e>> LITORIA JERWISIENSIS

06 07 060 03930 16 01 022 05 035 01 02 02 04 02
R: Martin,Littlejohn 66, Proc. Linn, Soc. NSW
2>>2>> LINTORILA RIES

O607 "O27 =—=-— -- 01 022 07 -- -- -- -- 04 02
R: Tyler 65, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 86:105
>>>>>> LITORIA LESUEURI

06 07 043 02930 13 01 020 03 02 01 O02 16 04 02
R: Martin et al. 66, Victorian Nat. 83:312
>>>>>> LITORIA NANNOTIS

0630 ——— a -- 01 020 03 05 01 14 03 04 01
R: Liem 74, Mem. QIid. Mus. 17:151

>>>>>> LITORIA PERSONATA

06 07 037 04036 -- 01 023 03 06 01 11 02 04 02
R: Tyler et al. 78, Trans. Roy. Soc. Se Pe AUS Tie
N: Venter and ventral part of tail white, top

lines extend from nostril across body onto

02
Sites

02
47

03 03 01

03; 02" 01 05

02 01°01 05

Oilw 0271030:
1023151

dark except dorsolateral
Hartalies

05

dark band between

eyes

pooo>e> LILTORIA RHEOCOLUS

06 07 030 02525 == 01020 03 05 01 13 03 04 01 02 02 01 02 05
R: Liem 74, Mem, Qld. Mus. 17:15)

>>>>>> LITORIA THESAURENSIS

06 Of == —- = — ==—O1n022) 04902 02. 02) 02 04°102>==8=—-901) 01 ==
R: Brown 52, Bull. MCZ 107:4

>>>>>> LITORIA VERREAUXI

06 07 O50) 05056: =-. 01) O22 04 02.02) 02 02 04)02 =- ==)01 01 O
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

>>>>>> LITORIA VOCIVINCENS

06 07 025 02430 -- 01 021 04 02 01 11 01 04 02 O2 02 -- 03 02
R: Menzies 72, Herp. 28:29)

>>>>>> MANTELLA AURANTIACA

15 08 --- 02537 11 01 063 04 02 03 02 02 04 O01 O02 02 01 O01 02
R: Arnoult 65, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. S195)

>>>>>> MANTIDACTYLUS ALUTUS

15 08 022 03636 19 01 011 04 04 02 02 02 04 -- 01 06 02 03 --
R: Arnoult,Razariheliosa 67, Bull. Mus. d'Hist Natur. 39:35
>>>>>> MANTIDACTYLUS BETSILEANUS

15 08 028 03636 12 01 063 04 02 O02 13 03 04 -- 01 O1 01 O1 --
R: Arnoult,Razariheliosa 67, Bull. Muse dtHist. Natur. 39:35
>>>>>> MANTIDACTYLUS CURTUS

15 08 038 04336 13 Ol 037 03 02 02 02 02 04 -- 02 02 01 OI --
R: Arnoult,Razariheliosa 67, Bull. Mus. d'Hist. Natur. 39°53

><

><

><

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2s

><

><

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58

MEGALOPHRYS = MEGOPHRYS

>>>>>> MEGISTOLOTUS LIGNARIUS
10 07 043 05236 23 01 075 04 03 01 02 02 04
Re Tyler et -al., 79, Atist. Je Zool. 272 So

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS ACERAS
11 06 070 03230 -- 08 117 02 08 O1 -- =-- 04
R: Bourret 42, Mem. L' inst. Oceangraph. L'!

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS BOETTGERI
11 05 --- 04536 -- 08 001 02 02 01 05 05 04
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 26:137

PPP AP? MEGOPHRYS CARIENSIS

11 05 13:7 03855 =-- 08 001 0203 02 =— =— 04
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

N: Belly banded

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS MINOR
11 05 039 04636 -- 08 001 02 08 04 05 05 04
R: Inger 66, Field,-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS MONTANA
1) 06 ===" ====- -- 09 117 02 08 O01 -- -- 06
Rea Sim iahe 26.) (Proc. Zool, SOC. © (47) +9 05

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS OSHANENSIS
11 05 027 06036 -- 01 049 03 02 O07 O2 O02 04
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS PARVA
11 05 --- 04028 -- 09 117 02 08 O1 -- -- 04
R: Annandale 12, Rec. Indian Mus. 8:1

>>>>>> MEGOPHRYS PELTODYTOIDES
11 05 046 06036 -- 01 027 03 02 O7 03 03 04
Rstsmith 7 Je Nat. Histe Soc. Siam 22611

>>>>>> MERTENSOPHRYNE MICRANOTIS
02 08 022 01330 -- 01 008 04 02 03 03 03 04
R: Grandison 80, Bulli, Bret Mus. Nat. Hist,

02 02

01 02

Indochine

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

S95

N: Raised rim around front part of body; tail

>>>>>> MICRAXALUS OPISTHRODUS

15 08 032 02925 16 01 003 04 -- =-- =-- =-- 04 02
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 24:137

>>>>>> MICROBATRACHELLA CAPENSIS

3.08. 2 -= 01 038 06. 03'°O1 11° 01. 04 =-
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> MICROHYLA ACHATINA

09 06 024 02136 == 08 001 (01 01:02 05° 05: 02) 01
R: Smith 16; J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 2:57

N: Light dorsolateral line, black band across

02 02

02 02

02 02

02 02

01 02

Ol 01
299

01

03

01

01

02

03

03

01

01

01

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

unpigmented

02 02

01

01

tail

07

03

03

02

03

08

01

flagellum

><

><

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><

eon

2s

><

><

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rae

aN)

>>>>>> MICROHYLA ANNECTANS
09 06 017 01936 06 04 001 O1 01 O02 05 05
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> MICROHYLA BERDMOREI
09 06 027 02136 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 26:137

>>>>>> MICROHYLA BORNEENSIS
09 06 020 03236 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> MICROHYLA BUTLERI

09: 106° 026 --=-== -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

N: Tail tip attentuate and nonpigmented
>>>>>> MICROHYLA FISSIPES

O95 0st i -- 06 001 01 O01 02 05 05
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap. Empi
>>>>>> MICROHYLA HEYMONSI

0906. 024 02136: == 04. 001 ss Ss= s= -- --
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China
N: Light area between eyes

>>>>>> MICROHYLA ORNATA

09 05 023 02236 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05
R: Liu 50, Field.,-Zool, Mem, (2)

N: Transparent

>>>>>> MICROHYLA PERPARVA
09 06 --- 00933 -- 03 001 01 01 02 05 05
R: Inger,Frogner 79, Sarawak Mus. ree els
>>>>>> MICROHYLA PETRIGENA

09 06 016 01731 -- 03 001 01 01 02 05 05
R: Inger,Frogner 79, Sarawak Mus. J. Ze
N: Tail band distally and dorsal muscle

>>>>>> MICROHYLA PULCHRA

03 01

03 01

03 01

03 01

03 01
re

03 01

03 01

03 01
311

05 01
Eale|

spot proximally

== == 03 O1
-- -- 03 01
= ===. (03) ‘Oi

See at EY (ON)
01 01 03 02
02 02 03 01
01 03 01 O1
01 03 01 01

09 06 035 02836 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 03 01 02 02 03
R: Smith 16, Js Nat. Hist. Siam 2:37
N: Transparent
>>>>>> MICROHYLA RUBRA
09 06 030 03436 -- 04 001 01 01 20 50 50 03 01 02 02 03
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon
>>>>>> MICROHYLA ZEYLANDICA
09 09 023 01430 -- 04 001 01 O1 02 05 05 03 01 02 02 03
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon
>>>>>> MIXOPHYES BALBUS
11007 9080 O7132 -- 01 074 03 O02 01 02,02) 04 02.02 OZ: 101
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. ROye Soce ess Aust. 87955

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

02

02

01

01

01

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60

NANNORANA = RANA

>>>>>> NANNOPHRYS
15 09 041
R: Kirtisinghe 58,

CEYLONENSIS
01 022 06 02 01
Ceylon J. Sci.

>>>>>> NATALOBATRACHUS BONEBERGI
LOG 01 063 04 03 03
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> NECTOPHRYNOIDES
02 08 --= 021
R: Grandison 78, Zool.

OSGOOD!

ltavlis

Mon.

>>>>>> NEOBATRACHUS
10 07 050 02750 -- O1

R: Watson,Martin 73,

PICTUS
038 04
Teans:.

03 03
Roy. S

NYCTIBATRACHUS & NYCTIXALUS

>>>>>> NOTADEN NICHOLLS|I

10:07 065:402957 135701 (03:9 -->-- = —
R: Slater,Main 63, W. Aust. Nat.

>>>>>> OOEIDOZYGA LAEVIS

15 06 050 02338 15 02 001 01 01 02
R: Smith 16, J. Nat. Hist. Siam 2:
N: Fin margins with dark spots

>>>>>> OOEIDOZYGA LIMA

15" 06 059 (03556 -- 02 001) 01 01 02
R=: Smith 175, de Nat. Hist. slam .2:
N: Dorsal fin large and sail-like

OXYGLOSSUS = OOEIDOZYGA

>>>>>> PARACRINIA HASWELLI

10 07 035 03336 =-= O1 017° 05 02° :01
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans, Roy. S
>>>>>> PEDOSTIBES HOSElI

02 06 080 01736 09 01 022 06 O02 03
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

222 22>) JRF BLOBATIES
11 04 055 05636 --
R: Angel 46,

CULTRIUPES
Ol “107 -05 03
Faune de France

01

>>>>>> PELOBATES
11 04 055 04636 -—
R: Angel 46,

FUSICUS
01 107 05 O35
Faune de France

01

>>>>>> PELODYTES
14 04 040 04236 --

46,

PUNCTATUS
01 018 04 03

Faune de France

01
R: Angel

02 03
Tidal

04 02 01 01

13 02 04 --

6:119 + Wake 80,

03 03 04 01

OGe Se AUSii.

= PHILAUTUS

8: 163

ire

16 04 O01

ah?
proximally

16 04 O01

02 01

oc. ‘Si. ‘Auisit.

02 O11 104 Oils 02

03 03 04 01

07 04

03 03 04 01

07 04

O35) 05) 104410)1 10)7" 04

04 -- -- --

02 01

02 02 01

01

Copeia

02 02 01

97255

04 02 01

04 02 01

04 02 06 05 03
97233

O25 10:1

01

01

01

01

03

01

03

03

03

LIS Oe OS

02

02

02

02

01

07

02

02

02

Paes

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

as

><

><

61

>>>>>> PELOPHRYNE BREVIPES
0270670195 ———— == 101 059 <= —= == 01 01, ~09

R: Alcala,Brown 82, Philipp. J. Biol. 11:203

>>>>>> PETROPEDETES CAMEROONENSIS
15 08 038 ----- SU pi sees, Sean ec aes

Ri: Perret 66, Zool. Jb. Syst. 95:289.

>>>>>> PETROPEDETES NATATOR
15 08 048 04736 19 01 055 03 02 03 11 02 04
R: LaMotte,Zuber-Vogeli 54, Bull. I'l. FAN

>>>>>> PETROPEDETES NEWTONI
15 08 049 ----- -- 01 094 -- -- -- -- -- --
R: Perret 66, Zool. Jb. Syst. 9ISi289

>>>>>> PETROPEDETES PALMIPES
15 08 --- 03536 -- 01 094 04 05 05 03 03 04

Re LaMotte et als 59, Bulls JP akAN 21762

>>>>>> PHILAUTUS CARINENSIS (?)
16 05 038 03136 -- 01 003 03 02 01 03 03 06
R: Wassersug et al. 81, J. Herp. 15:41

So>S>> (PHULAUTUS “RCTUS
16 06 032 04526 == 01.063 == == == =— =-, 06
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> PHILAUTUS VARIABILIS
16 09 033 05130 -- 01 094 04 03 03 01 O01 04
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

>>>>>> PHILAUTUS VITTATUS
16 09 025 03336 =-- 01 047 05 <= =- =- =-- 04
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus, 26:137

PHILORIA = KYARRANUS

>>>>>> PHLYCTIMANTIS VERRUCOSUS
07 08 048 04933 -- 01 012 04 07 01 O1 14 04
R: Schiotz 75, Treefrogs E. Africa

>>>>>> PHRYNELLA POLLICARIS
09 06 034 03637 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 03
R: Berry 72, Herp. 28:338

>>>>>> PHRYNOBATRACHUS FRANCISCI
15 08 016 01436 06 01 017 04 02 03 01 01 04
R: LaMotte,Dzieduszycka 58, Bull. I'l. FAN

>>>>>> PHRYNOBATRACHUS NATALENSIS
153408 O31 .=—-=— 12 01 017 04 05 03 13 02 04
R: Power 27, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 14:

01

01

02

02

01

02 02

01 01

O01 02

01

01

01

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

05

05

02

02

02

02

><

BS

><

ers

sh

Pats

eas

male

Pat

Pa

><

><

><

Pa

62

>>>>>> PHRYNODERMA MOLOCH

09 09 --- 05836 -- 01 047 04 -- -- 01
R: Annandale 12, Rec. Indian Mus. 8:1
N: Dorsum of body warty

>>>>>> PHRYNOMANTIS MICROPS

09 08 --- 02936 11 04 001 01 O1 02 05
R: LaMotte 64, Bull. I'l. FAN 26:228
N: Prominent tail flagellum

>>>>>> PHRYNOMERUS ANNECTANS

09 08 --- 05141 -- 06 001 O1 01 O02 O05
R: Gradwell 74, Herp. 30:53

>>>>>> PHRYNOMERUS BIFASCIATUS
09 08 040 03736 13 04 001 01 01 02 05
Ri Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> PLATYHYLA GRANDIS
09 08 059° 02036 07 04 001 =—- -- == ==
R: Blommers-Schlosser 75, Beaufortia

>>>>>> PLETHODONTOHYLA NOTOSTICTA
09.2087055.070:1756:.06. 04.7001 —-—) ——] —-— = —
R: Blommers-Schlosser 75, Beaufortia

POLYPEDATES = RHACOPHORUS
>>>>>> PSEUDOHEMISUS GLANDULOSUS
09 08 028 02036 07 01 001 03 03 04 05

R: Blommers-Schlosser 75, Beaufortia

>>>>>> PSEUDOPHRYNE' BIBRONI
10 07 030 01930 -- 01 022 06-05 05 01

R: Gradwell 75, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust.

>>>>>> PSEUDOPHRYNE CORROBOREE
10 07 030 02132 -- 01 022 06 03 O03 O01
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc,

>>>>>> PSEUDOPHRYNE DOUGLASS!
10 07 026 02230 13 O01 022 -- -- -- --
R: Main 64, W. Aust. Nat. 9:66

>>>>>> PSEUDOPHRYNE SEMIMARMORATA
10 07 030 01930 -- 01 022 06 03 O03 O01
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA ANCHIETAE
15 08 046 ----- 13. 01 017 04 03 03 13
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA MACCARTHYENSIS
15 08 050 04233 18 01 008 04 03 01 09

R: LaMotte,Perret 61, Bull. I'l. FAN

05

05

05

05

24:

01

01

S

01

03

02
23

04 O01 --
03 O01 02
03 -- 02
03: 4011) 10:2
05 -- 02
37

05 -- 02
7

06 01 02
7

04 02 02

99:31

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

03

03

03

02

02

04 02 02 02 02

oe AUST.

04

04

04

04
2192

02 02

97335

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

01

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

08

08

08

02

02

02

02

02

02

><

aS

AS

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

PACS

63

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA MASCARENIENSIS

15 08 040 04936 20 01 017 04 04 01 02 03 04 -- 02 02 01 O01 02
Re LaMotte, Perret 6:1, ‘Bulls NW'lse FANS 252 192

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA OXYRHYNCHUS

15 08 055 ----- -- 01 034 04 04 O1 13 03 04 -- 02 02 O1 O1 O02
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA PERRETI

15 08 048 02425 14 01 017 04 05 O1 03 02 04 02 02 02 O1 OI 02
Re (EaMotite (Perret 61> Bulli, I'l. iRANG 253 1:92

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA POROSISSIMA

15 08) 04/6) --==— 14 01 008 04 05 O01 13 05 04 == 02 02 01 O1 02
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA SUBMASCARENIENSIS

15 08 040 02834 19 01 008 04 05 01 03 03 04 O01 02 02 02 03 02
R: LaMotte et al. 58, Bull. I'l. FAN 20: 1464

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA TAENIOCELIS

15 08 033 04436 20 01 017 04 03 01 03 03 04 02 02 O02 O01 OI O02
R: LaMotte et al. 59, Bull. I'l. FAN 21:1336

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA TOURNIERI

15 08 037 02525 12 01 008 04 03 O1 10 03 04 -- 02 02 01 O01 02
R: LaMotte et al. 58, Bull. I'l. FAN 20: 1464

>>>>>> PTYCHADENA TRINODIS

15 08 059 02730 -- 01 008 04 03 01 10 03 04 02 02 02 O01 O1 02
R: LaMotte et al. 58, Bull. I'l. FAN 20:1464

>>>>>> PYXICEPHALUS ADSPERSUS

lS 0S= 140) -—--=—— 25°70" 065°:04 03-05 15°02 04 02 102 02° 01 05 02
R: Power 27, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 14:249

>>>>>> PYXICEPHALUS DELALANDII

15 08 060 03936 12 01 047 °04 03°05 135 02 04 02 02 02 01 O03 O02
R: Power 27, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa 14:249

>>>>>> PYXICEPHALUS NATALENSIS

lon 00. ==) -- 01 048 04 03 03 13 02 04 02 02 02 01 03 02
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> RAMNELLA PALMATA

09 09 036 02730 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 03 01 02 02 O02 O1 O01
R: Kirtisinghe 58, Ceylon J. Sci. 1:171

>>>>>> RANA ADENOPLEURA

15° 052028"04856 21°01 0235 04 06035 09 01 04°02 == —-= 01 05 02
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

N: Vertical markings on proximal tail muscle; long marginal papillae on

lower labium

><

><

><

><

><

><

os

><

a

><

><

64

>>>>>> RANA AFGHANA

15 05 -== 053725 -- O71 048 04 =- 01 =--=-- 04 == 02 02
R: Annandale 12, Rec. Indian Mus. 8:1

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> RANA ALTICOLA

15 09: 050, 07056 —— 01) 098 04 =—-905 ——--304 029-——-
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 26:137

N: Totally dark with yellow ocellus at base of tail
>>>>>> RANA ANDERSONI

15 05 083 05436 17 01 052 04 03 03
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

09 15 04 02 02 02

>>>>>> RANA ANGOLENSIS
15 08 076 07036 30 01 047 04 03 03

R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

03 04

>>>>>> RANA BEDDOME|!
15 09 065 03436 -- 01 054 04 03 02
R: Annandale 18, Rec. Indian Mus,

03 04
17

02 01 02

15)

>>>>>> RANA BLYTHYI

15 96 090 04936 -- 071 009 06 03 03 11

R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool,. (52)

N: Wide dark bars radiating from eye;
band;

16 04 02 02 02
tail
fins spotted along margins

>>>>>> RANA BOULENGERI
15:05) 10i 05536 1:8) Oi 104875 =—)——
Repu), relic = Z00l7.

03 -- --
(2)

04
Mem.
>>>>>> RANA’ BREVICEPS

i5 09, 055 035636 -- 0) 1021 06703 035 01
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib.

01 04 02 01 02

Ceylon

>>>>>> RANA CHALCONOTA

15 06 045 04842 15 01 048 04 06 03 11

R: imger 66, “Field, —=Zooil. C52)

N: Glands behind eye,
behind oral
bar below eye,

02 04 02 02 02

disics
curved bar laterally & circular

markings

>>>>>> RANA CHAOCHIANENSIS

15 OS .055 05536 -= 01 -041,.04 05: 057=--;== 04 02 02 02
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool., Mem. (2)

>>>>>> RANA CORRUGATA

15 09 047 02636 -- 01 021 06 05 03 01 O1 04 02 O02 02
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

>>>>>> RANA CRANCIVORA

1b 06 065, =--—— -- 01 021 06 03 03 02 01 04 02 02 02
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool., (52)

01

01

01

01

01

01

muscle with

01

02

01

dorsolaterally near end of body,
pale yellow-brown w/ regular dark
spot

01

01

01

01 05

03 05

03 02

03 02

05 05

01 07
wide, zigzag dark

03 O07

01 02

03 02

ventrolaterally, &
vertical
tail

markings;
w/o

behind eye;

03 02

01

02

03 02

eS

><

><

><

><

><

aS

><

as

><

><

><

65

>>>>>> RANA CRASSA
15 06 --- ----- -- 01 025 04 -- -- -- -- 04 02 -- --
R: Annandale,Rao 18, Rec. Indian Mus. 25:25

>>>>>> RANA’ CRASSIPES
15°06 060 057356 33 01 100 05 03 035 O01 01 04 O02 02 02
R: LaMotte,Zuber-Vogeli 54, Bull. I'l. FAN 16:940

>>>>>> RANA CUBITALIS
15 09 078 03836 =-- 01 021 -- -- == == =- 04 02 <=- =-
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 26:137

>>>>>> RANA CYANOPHLYCTIS
15 08 097 07056 == 01 009 04 035. 03 135 03 04 02 02 102
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib, Ceylon

>>>>>> RANA DALAMANTINA
15 04 079 05036 -- O1 041 -- -- -- -= -= 04 02 -- --
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

>>>>>> RANA ERYTHRAEA
0.6 SOD ON —— == 80) O09 204 2——2 0502; 02.7049 02) 2 —
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RANA ESCULENTA
ti 04 090 05556 18 Of 021 04 035 01 12 02 04 02 —= --
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

>>>>>> RANA’ EVERETTI
15 10 088 05036 20 01 052 06 03 03 02 01 04 02 02 02
R: Alcala 62, Copeia 1962:679

>>>>>> RANA FASCIATA
15 08 042 06054 19 O01 047 04 03 03 13 03 04 02 == =-
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> RANA FRAGILIS
15 11 --- 04635 -- 01 018 04 09 10 02 02 04 02 02 02
Re LUN HUA VS Acta Zool. Sinica 1.9385

>>>>>> RANA FUSCIGULA
15 08 085 “07036, 30 01 067 04 035 03 15 03 04 02 == --
Rs) Power 2v5*lirans. Roy. Soc. S. Atiniica 42257

>>>>>> RANA GLANDULOSA

15 06 080 05534 -- 01 038 04 03 01 01 O01 04 02 02 02
R: Berry 72, Herp. 28:5338
N: Nostrils closed until just before metamorphosis;

body; reddish brown with scattered dark patches

>>>>>> RANA’ GRAYI
15.08 048 -=--= -- 01 047 04 04 03 03 03 04 02 -- --
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

01

01

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

white glandules on

in

01

03

01

01

03

01

03

03

01

03

01

life

03

02

05

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

07

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

Dats

aS

PX

><

Pan

66

>>>>>> RANA GRAHMANI
15 05 --- 04936 -- O1 --- =- -- -- -- -- 04 02
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> RANA GUENTHERI

05 05 072 04836 -- 01 021 04 03 03 01 O01 04 02
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)
N: Very long marginal papillae ventrally

>>>>>> RANA HEXADACTYLA
15 08 --- 03535 -- 01 009 06 02 03 02 02 04 02
R: Annandale,Rao 18, Rec. Indian Mus, 25:25

>>>>>> RANA HOLSTI
1D 10) --— a= == -- 01 047 04 03 03 02 13 04 02
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap. Empire

>>>>>> RANA’ HOSEI
15 06 073 01725 13 01 069 04 =-- 03 --= =-- 04 02
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RANA HYMENOPUS
ey MOK Ocha -- 01 037 04 04 03 13 03 04 02
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>>>>>> RANA IBANORUM
15 06 120 04736 12 01 022 06 08 03 09 O1 04 02
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RANA IBERICA
15 04 --= 04936 =-- 01 041 -- -<- -- =- -= 04 02
R: Angel 46, Faune de France

>>>>>> RANA ISHIKAWAE
15 10 --- Only of younger stages

01

02

02

02

R: Utsunomiya et al. 79, Proc. Japan Acad. Ser.

>>>>>> RANA JAPONICA

02

02

02

01

02

01

01

01

01

15 05 059 05136 14 01 048 04 03 03 12 02 04 02 02 O02 O01

R: Liu 50, Field.,=-Zool. Mem. (2)

>>>>>> RANA KOHCHANGAE

15 06 040 05536 =--"7 01 021, 04> == 03 == == 04°02
Re Smith 22, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 42215

>>>>>> RANA’ KUHLII

15 06 075 03236 -- 01 022 04 03 03 12 02 04 02 02 O02 O01

R: Inger 66,. Field.-Zool. (52)
N: Narrow dark band across body behind eyes,

>>>>>> RANA LATERALIS

15 09 055 05536 -- O01 021 04 05 03 01 01 04 02 O02 O2 O01

R: Smith 17, J. Nats Hist. Soc. Sham 2::261

>>>>>> RANA LEPTODACTYLA

15 09 --- 03130 -- 01 001 03 08 06 O1 O1 04 O02 O02 O2 O01

R: Annandale 18, Rec. Indian Mus 15:17

03

03

01

01

03

03

03

Babi 255

03

03

01

02

02

O7

07

07

02

02

Q7

wider band at end of body

03 02

O7

><

><

as

><

><

ae

><

><

><

><

><

> ai

><

67

>>>>>> RANA LIEBIGII
15 09 --- 05636 -- 01 074 04 -- 03 -- --
R: Annandale 12, Rec. Indian Mus. 8:1

>>>>>> RANA LIMNOCHARIS

15 05 044 03436 -- 01 021 06 03 03 12 16
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

N: Sometimes with black tail tip

>>>>>> RANA LIVIDA
15 09 080 05934 -- 01 089 -- -- -- 15 --
R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus. 26:137

>>>>>> RANA LONGICRUS
15 10 --- 03336 -- 01 037 04 06 03 O3 11
R: Kuramoto et al. 84, J. Herp. 18:387

>>>>>> RANA LUCTOSA
15 06 05307636 30 01 064 04 03 03 =-- ==
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

04

04

04

04

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

01

01

03

03

05

02

07

07

02

N: In life, purplish black with yellow-brown spots on sides of body and

tail

>>>>>> RANA MACRODACTYLA

15°09 405:9'03333 ,—— 01, 009 04 05 O01 1h 01

ReeSmith Wd; 2 Nate Hist. Soc.s Siam, 2:2

N: Splotches at muscle-fin junction; two
large marginal papillae ventrally

>>>>>> RANA MACRODON
15. 106. 120e===—= 10-01 006 04 =- == <= =-
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RANA MACROGNATHUS
ht 06 04705556) —— 01 02104 —=—8 03 —— 0 —<

Re Smith 22, Jo wNat. Hist. Soc. Siam? 42215

>>>>>> RANA MACROPUS
15a03 0358. —-=——— -- 01 041 04 03 03 O02 11

R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap. Empire

>>>>>> RANA MAGNA
15°06 130°03836 13° 01 022 06 03 03 01 O11
R: Alcala 62, Copeia 1962:679

>>>>>> RANA MARGARATAE
15 05 092 03936 -- 01 069 04 06 03 08 O01
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

>>>>>> RANA MICRODISCA
15 06" 052701056) 095 01,022.06 —- 05 —-= ==
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RANA’ NAMIYEI
1s RON Se -- 01 038 04 02 03 09 12
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jape. Empi

04 02 02 02 O01

61

light stripes

04

04

04

04

re

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

02

01

02

01

01

01

02

01

01

02

dorsum of body;

02

02

02

02

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

Paes

><

><

68

>>>>>> RANA NICOBARIENSIS

15 06 045 04436 39 01 012 04 03 03 O1 O1 04
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RANA NIGROMACULATA
15°05 073 104854 25 01 021 04 -— 03; == ——9)04
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool, Mem, (2)

>>>>>> RANA’ NIGROVITTATA
15 08 100 03736 -- 01 022 04 05 03 01 O1 04
Re=Smith 16, ve. Nat. Hist. Soc. Slam 2257

>>>>>> RANA OCCIPITALIS
15 09 120 04335 -- 01 054 03 02 01 13 02 04
R: LaMotte,Zuber-Vogeli 54, Bull. I'l. FAN

>>>>>> RANA OKINAVANA
15 10 --- ----- -- 01 052 -- -- -- =-- =-- 04
R: Utsunomiya,Utsunomiya 83, J. Fac. Appl.

>>>>>> RANA OXYRHYNCHUS
108 1040" -———= -- 01 017 04 03 01 02 02 04

R: Power 27, Trans. Roy. Soc. Se Africa 14:3

>>>>>> RANA PHRYNOIDES
15 05 110 ----- -- 01 070 04 03 03 03 03 04
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

>>>>>> RANA PLESKII
15 05 037 03636 -- 01 068 04 04 03 02 02 04
R: Annandale 17, Rec. Indian Mus, 13:417

>>>>>> RANA PLEURADEN

15 05 -=-- 07234 =- 01 --= == =- -- -- -= 04
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China
N: Middorsal light stripe

>>>>>> RANA PLICATELLA
06 039 03436 -- 01 021 04 -- 03 -- -- -- 04
R: Smith 2:2, J. Nat. Hist. Soc. Siam 47215

>>>>>> RANA PSALTES
06: 10° (0435 068356 —= O01 022,04) -——= == -—-= =- 04
R: Kuramoto 85, Herp. 41:150

>>>>>> RANA QUADRANUS
15 05 --- 10636 -- 01 106 04 06 O1 02 02 04
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> RANA RUGOSA

15 10 <== <---- -- 01 012 04 03 03 10 07 04
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap. Empire
N: Jaw sheaths cuspate

02

02

02

02

16:

02

02

02

01

940

02

02

02

02

02 02 02
Biol.

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

Sci

02

02

02

02

01

01

02

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

03

01

01

01

01

02

02

07

05

02

07

02

02

07

07

><

><

2S

><

><

><

aS

ae

aS

><

><

><

69

>>>>>> RANA RUGULOSA

15 06 076 06736 -- 01 025 04 -- -- -- -- 04 02
Re omi th U7, id. Nate Hist. Soc. Siam 2261

N: Jaw sheaths cuspate

>>>>>> RANA SANGUINEA
LS NOS === 1059580 157 Oe 07.0) 10402. 01 0202-047 02
Re Alcala,Brown 82, Phillip. J. Bol. 112203

>>>>>> RANA SAUTERI

15 09 037 04636 -- 01 116 04 06 04 -- -- 04 02
R: Kuramoto et al. 84, J. Herp. 18:387

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> RANA SEMIPALMATA
15 09 036 ----- -- 03 001 03 06 02 02 -- 04 02
R: Annandale 18, Rec. Indian Mus. 15:17

>>>>>> RANA SIGNATA
1> 06 060 041357 == 01 038 04 O02 03 11 01 04 02
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool,. (52)

== == 01705 102
02 02°01 01°07
02°02 ON O11105
02.020) 03102
02 02 01 O1 O07
band,

N: Glands around & behind oral disc, ventrolateral
anteroventrad of eye, dorsolaterally, and full

>>>>>> RANA SPINOSA

length of both fins

15 09 114 05036 -- O01 048 04 -- -- -= -- 04 02 02 02 02 03 07

R: Smith 24, Rec. Indian Mus, 26:137

>>>>>> RANA STERNOSIGNATA

15 09 --- 07527 -- 01 086 -- -- -- -- -- 04 02
R: Annandale,Rao 18, Rec. Indian Mus. 15:25

N: LTRF may not be accurate

>>>>>> RANA SUBASPERSA
15 10 --- ----- -- 01 048 06 03 03 09 12 04 02
R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach,. Jap. Empire.

>>>>>> RANA TAIPEHENSIS

15 05 030° 05656 == 01 009 04 06 05 11 16 04 02
R: Eiu,Hu 67), Anura of China
N: Tail fins with tight areas marginally

>>>>>> RANA TEMPORALIS
15 09 077 ----- == 01502104 05-03 01°01 04 02
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

>>>>>> RANA TEMPORARIA
15 04 052 04836 =-- 01 :°052 04 03 03 12 02 04 02
R: Liu 50, Field,.-Zool. Mem, (2)

>>>>>> RANA’ TIGRINA
1509 168 06230 °=-— O1.051 03 02 03 135 05,04 02
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> RANA TayoniE Ral
15 08 052 06136 -- 01 022 04 02 03 O01 01 04 02
R: Annandale,Rao 18, Rec. Indian Mus. 25:25

02

02

02

02

01

02

02

02

01

O2

01

01

01

03

03 02

03 02

03 02

><

mace

><

=<

><

><

455

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

70

>>>>>> RANA UNCULUANUS
15 05 --- 04442 -- 01 --- -= -- == 22 -- 04 02 -- -- --
R: Liu/Hu 61, Anura of China
>>>>>> RANA’ VARIANS
15 05 060 04036 -- 01 022 04 06 03 02 16 04 02 O1 O01 O01
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China
>>>>>> RANA VERRUCOSA
15 09 071 02736 -- 01 021 06 02 03 O01 O02 04 O02 O02 O02 O01
R: Annandale 18, Rec. Indian Mus, 15:17
>>>>>> RANA VERRUCOSPINOSA
15 06 081 09136 30 O01 074 04 03 03 -- -- 04 02 -- -- Q1
R: Bourrett 42, Mem, I|'Inst. Oceangraph. L'Indochine 6
>>>>>> RANA VERTEBRALIS
15 08 140 =---- -- 01 090 04 03 03 13 03 04 02 -- -- O01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
>>>>>> RANA WAGERI
15,08 046 —=--— == 01 047 04 06° 03: 135 035 04 O02 == -= 0)
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa
>>>>>> RANIDELLA DESERTICOLA
10 07 --- 01030 -- 01 022 06 02 O1 O02 02 04 -- O02 02 O1
R: Liem,!Ingram 77, Victorian Nat. 94:255
>>>>>> RANIDELLA PARINSIGNIFERA
10 07 020 01225 -- 01 022 06 03 01 02 02 04 O02 O02 O02 O01
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. Se Aust. 97:33
>>>>>> RANIDELLA SIGNIFERA
10 07 025 01430 -- 01 022 06 02 03 01 O01 04 O02 O7 O02 OI
R: Martin 65, Victorian Nat. 82:139
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS APPENDICULATUS
16 06 046 02532 -- 01 048 04 -- -=- -=- -= 04 02 -- -- --
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

RHACOPHORUS BAMBUSICOLA = RHACOPHORUS~ HUI
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS- BRYGOO|!
16 08 040 ----- == 01 0735.0 ==9 ==) ==> ==0 ==. 04 == == - ==) ==
R: Guibe 73, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Natur. 109:145
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS BUERGERI
16 06 059 02934 -- 01 063 04 03 03 03 14 04 02 02 02 --
R: Bourrett 42, Mem. I'Inst. Oceangraph. L'Indochine 6
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS CHENFUI
16 05 043 03336 -- 01 064 06 -- -- -- -- 04 02 -- -- 02
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

01

03

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

01

03

02

02

02

07

07

02

02

02

02

02

><

><

aS

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

71

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS COLLETTI

16 10 065 02236 -- 01 064 04 -- -- =-- =--
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

N: Broad body band;

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS
16 10 085 03630 -- 01 063 06 03 02 02 02
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib. Ceylon

N: Dark X-mark on back

CRUCIGER

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS
16° 05 =--- 04536 17 O1

Rie Eu 40> Je. We

DAVIDI
064 06°03 03 —- ——

China Border Res. Soc,

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS DENNYS|I
16 05 075 01 064 04 04 03 09 02
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS ODUGRITEI
16 05 =<=— 03934 == 01° 050 06 03 105 02

R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

15

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS GOUDOTI
16 08 075 06825 -- O1 124 04 03 O1
R: Arnoult,Razarihelisoa 66, Bull.

03 03
Mus.
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS HU |

16 05 046 01 048 06 03 03 02 02
R: Liu 40, China Border Res, Soc,

We
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS HUNGFUENSIS

Yat a meme TR ce nlm ai eR asin
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China
>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS
16 10 === 02025 ==
R: Utsunomiya,Utsunomiya 83,

JAPONICA

O01 --- -- -- -- -- --

Je thace

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS
16° 70'5: 0527105756 27 50)
Re itr SO" Field. Zool.

LEUCOMYSTAX
048 04 03 03 02
(2°)

03
Mem,

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS
16 06 062 04737 --
R: Inger 66,
N: Green with

MACROTIS
01 064 06 03 03 09
Filelds-Zooil. (a2)

light flecks in

02
Liebe?

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS
16 09 077 06256: -- O)

12, Rec.

MACULATUS
048° 06 == =- == -=
R: Annandale Indian Mus. 8:1

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS NIGROPALMATUS
16 06 095 05736 -- 01 086 04 02 03
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

N: Margin of dorsal fin dark

02 02

04

04

04

123

04

04

04

Nat.

04

12:

04

04

04

dorsal

04

OY4ee ee = | 10), 02

faint spot on side of snout

02 02 02 02 03 O1

03 04 O1

02 -- -- -- -- 02

02 -- -- -- -- 02

02 02

GOH Sit.

01 04 02

Natur. 38:111

02 02 03 02

02-01 O01 ==—03 02

01
Sci.

01 01
22:3 29)

03 04 01

02 04 02 03 04 01

fin thickened proximally

02,02 02 01 03 02

POS

><

as

0S

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

><

72

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS OMEIMONTIS

16 05 067 04436 -- 01 064 06 -- 03
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)
N: Totally black

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS OTILOPHUS
16 06 086 06337 -- 01 063 06 03 03
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS PARDALIS
16) 06 060°05935 -— 101 064 04.-—— ——
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS PROMI ANUS
16 05 --- 03233 -- 04 073 04 O02 OI
R: Berry 72, Herp. 28:338

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS ROBUSTUS
16 10 --- ----- -- 01 047 -- -- --

03

R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap.

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS SCHLEGELI1
16 010 01833 -- 01 048 06 03 03 03

R: Bourrett 42, Mem. I'Inst. Oceangraph.
5(2-5)/3

N: Subspecific differences may =

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS SP. B
16 06 --- ----- -- 01 064 04 -- --
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS SP. C
16 06 --- 03436 11 O1 047 04 =-- =--
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> RHACOPHORUS VIRIDIS
16 10 050 04036 14 01 068 04 02 02

03

03

04

04

04

04

04

Empire

12 04 02

01

R: Okada 31, Tailless Batrach. Jap.

>>>>>> SCUTIGER MAJOR
11 05 --- 07233 -- -- --- -- -- --

R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> SCUTIGER PINGII
1105 043 06336 == O17 0717 105.04 01
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

s>>72> SCUTLIGER (POPE
11 05 060 07536 -- 01 095 05 04 01
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

>>>>>> SCUTIGER RUGOSA
11 05 035 06636 -- 01 071 05 04 01
R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

>>>>>> SCUTIGER SCHMIDTI
11 05 047 05336 -- 01 081 05 04 01

R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

03

03

03

03

01

L

04

04

04

Empire

03

03

03

03

04

04

04

04

04

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

03

03

01

"Indochine 6

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

02

01

02

02

02

02

02

01

02

02

02

02

01

02

02

02

02

03

04

04

01

03

03

03

03

03

03

02

01

01

02

01

01

02

07

07

07

07

O7

><

><

PICS

><

><

2s

><

aS

><

><

Pat

73

>>>>>> SCUTIGER SIKKIMENSIS

1V 05¢--= 07436 == Of 081405 04-01-03 03-04 02 02 02 02 03507

Re Liu 40, J. Ws China Border! Res., Soc. 1237

>>>>>> SCUTIGER SP. (Mont-Omei )

Wt! O05 --= 10736 == 01 081 05 04 OF 05 05).04 O02 02.02) 02, 035 Ov

Ri iu 50, Field. =—Zooili, Mem, (2)
N: Nostrils surrounded by papillae

>>>>>> SCUTIGER SP. (Lung-tung)

lal Ose === 07956" == 01071 05704 Wilw 05 105) 104.002) 02. 021:02— 0S. s07

R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

>>>>>> STAUROIS CHUNGANENSIS

15 05 049 03436 -- 01 074 04 02 01 02 02 04 01 02 02 01

R: Liu 50, Field,-Zool. Mem. (2)

N: Gastromyzophorous; glands on belly near vent & dorsolaterally on body

>>>>>> STAUROIS JUGANS
15 05 --- 01434 -- 01 088 03 03 03 -- -- 04 O01 --
Re (Gi “40. Wie. Chil na ‘Rielsi., Soe, 12: 7

>>>>>> STAUROIS HAINANENSIS

15, NO OVO 06052 =——"O1 1.25 == == <= 01-01 104 == 01 01
Re Lut itu 73, Acta Zool. Sinica 1,9'335.85

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> STAUROIS KANGTINGENSIS

13> 05 064 05836 =— 01 076 04 0305 02 02 04 01 02 02

R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem, (2)

N: Gastromyzophorous; glands on belly near vent and

>>>>>> STAUROIS LATOPALMATUS

15 06 045 02537 -- 01 050 03 06 01 02 02 04 02 O01 O02 O02 O1 O05

R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> STAUROIS LIFANENSIS

13> 05. 062°037356 =- O01 077 04 02 04 02 02 04 01 02 02 01 O17 05

R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)

N: Gastromyzophorous; tail tip ocellus; glands on belly near vent
>>>>>> STAURO!S MANTZORUM

15 05 061 04736 -- 01 079 04 03 04 02 02 04 01 02 02 O1 OI O05

R: Liu 50, Field.-Zool. Mem. (2)
N: Gastromyzophorous; glands posteroventrally on
on body

>>>>>> STAUROIS NATATOR
io 06" 0410 .==-—— == 01 039 03 =- =- == =- 04 02 --
R: Inger 66, Field.-Zool. (52)

>>>>>> STAUROIS SP. (Nan-yueh-miao)
15 05 --- 052-- -- 01 118 04 03 O07 03 06 04 -- --
R: Lui 40, Je We. China Res. Soc. 12B:7

body & dorsolaterally

01

01

01

dorsolaterally on body

01

01

01

01

02 01

01

01

05

05

05

05

05

05

><

><

><

><

><

dS

><

mS

><

><

><

><

is

74

>>>>>> STAUROIS TORRENTIS

15 10 032 03233 -- O1 122 06 -- =-- -- 16 02 04 02 02 01 01 05
R: Lui,Hu 73, Acta Zool. Sinica 19:385

N: Gastromyzophorous

>>>>>> STEPHOPAEDES ANOTIS

02 08 045 02038 -- 01 017 04 02 01 03 -- 04 01 06 03 01 O01 08
R: Channing 78, Herp. 34:394

N: Raised rim around eyes and top of head

>>>>>> TAUDACTYLUS ACUTIROSTRIS
100) ===) === -- 01 022 04 02 09 01 02 04 02 02 O02 O01 O01 O07
R: Liem,Hosmer 73, Mem. Qid. Mus. 16:435

>>>>>> TAUDACTYLUS DIURNIS
10 07 0350 01725 -- 06 001 035 02 05) O.lieO) (04 02° 02'02 01 01 07
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 97:35

>>>>>> TAUDACTYLUS EUNGELLENSIS

Oi Oye ile -- 03 001 03 02 07 02 02 04 02 O02 02 01 O01 O07

R:Liem,Hosmer 73, Mem, Qld. Mus. 16:435

N: Ridges on lower labium in configuration of 3(1-2) suggest
ridges

>>>>>> THELODERMA STELLATUM
16 06 034 03032 -- 01 052 04 02 01 01 15 04 01 03 03 O1 O1 08
R: Wassersug et al. 81, J. Herp. 15:41

TOMOPTERNA = PYXICEPHALUS

>>>>>> UPERODON SYSTOMA
09 09 056 02836 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 03 O01 O02 02 03 O1 O01
R: Kirtisinghe 57, Amphib,. Ceylon

>>>>>> UPEROLEIA MARMORATA
10 07 --- 03036 -- 01 022 06 02 03 02 02 04 02 02 02 01 O01 02
R: Watson,Martin 73, Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Aust. 97:33

>>>>>> VIBRISSAPHORA HASSELTII
11 05 055 07035 -- -- --- ---- -- -- -- 04 02 02 02 O01 O1 --
R: Lui,Hu 73, Acta Zool. Sinica 19:385

>>>>>> VIBRISSAPHORA' BORINGI!
Ile 4015) OBO == 01 081 05 06 O01 05)°94 04°02 = == ==) ==) 107
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> VIBRISSAPHORA LIUI
iM) WSeeeS SaaS -- 01 078 05 06 04 03 14 04 02 02 02 01 01 O07
R: Liu,Hu 61, Anura of China

>>>>>> XMENOPUS FRASERI
14 08 039 ----- -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 01 01 01 06 03 O01 O01
R: Arnoult,LaMotte 68, Bull. I'Il. FAN 30:270

tooth

75

>< >>>>>> XKENOPUS LAEVIS

14 08 070 04036 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 01 O01 O01 06 O03 O01 O01
R: Wager 65, Frogs S. Africa

>< >>>>>> XENOPUS MULLERI
14 08 064 05034 -- 04 001 01 01 02 05 05 O1 01 O01 06 03 O01 O01
Re Arnoult, GaMotte 68> Bulli. Ii. FAN 502270

>< >>>>>> XENOPUS TROPICALIS

14 08 055 ----- =—" 04001 O01 02 05°05 01 01 01 06) 05.01) “G1
R: Arnoult,LaMotte 68, Bull. I'l. FAN 30:270

“E

AN INVENTORY OF THE
DISPLAY-ACTION-PATTERNS IN LIZARDS

CHARLES C. CARPENTER

Department of Zoology
University of Oklahoma

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 68

1986

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and_ reptiles, but
unlikely to be published in the normal technical
journals. Single copies are distributed free to
interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological
associations, and research laboratories are invited
to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their
bibliographies, translations, etc. with other
herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you
have such items please contact George Zug for
instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies and
inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560,
U.S.A. Please include a self-addressed mailing
label with requests.

INTRODUCTION

In 1961 I published a short paper on the aggressive display
of the tree lizard, Urosaurus ornatus, as a time—-motion event
(Carpenter and Grubitz, 1961), indicating that the display of
this action sequence was a species-specific behavioral character.
Many earlier publications relate that certain iguanid lizard
species performed movements while displaying, but made little
attempt to describe their characteristics. During the 1960s a
series of studies on iguanids, and later agamid lizards, was
initiated at the University of Oklahoma and the University of
Oklahoma Biological Station as my on going research program and
involved many undergraduate and graduate students who produced
numerous reports, masters theses and doctoral dissertations.
These studies produced graphical representations of the display
movements (display-action-patterns) called DAPgraphs (display-
action-pattern graphs). By the late 1960s and early 1970s we
had established the species-typical nature of the aggressive
displays of iguanid and agamid lizards and many other
herpetologists (and animal behaviorists) were following this lead
and recording the display-action-patterns of these lizards from
many parts of the world. One of our objectives at the beginning
of these studies was to establish criteria for recording and
measuring the parameters of the display-action-pattern and a
terminology that could be used for making comparisons. From a
crude beginning using a stop watch we have advanced to today's
methods of precise motion picture and videotape analysis with
computers handling the data.

The implications of using the display-action-patterns of
these lizards in systematic, ecologcial, behavioral,
physiological, neurological, genetic, etc., studies are indicated
in many of the publications listed here.

This is an inventory of species for which a display-action-
pattern graph (DAPgraph) or a similar graphical representation or
description has been noted in the literature. Some of these
references are marginal, but can lead the investigator to what
little is known about the display-action-pattern of a species.
Since DAPgraphs have also been published for chameleons, this
family is included.

It is quite evident that we have only begun to record these
display-action-patterns which I feel certain are present in the
great majority (if not all) of the species of lizards in the
Iguanidae, Agamidae, and Chameleontidae. If I have missed any
references, I apologize,, but. nothing of this sort. can ever be
complete, or completely up to date. If this inventory stimulates
others to add to the list and helps the investigator to find
literature sources, my efforts have been worth while.

IGUANIDAE

Amblyrhynchus

Anolis

ecristatus

aeneus

allisoni
allogus
anisolepis
auratus
piscutiger

bonairensis

brevirostris

Re ESS AT Pe eee Paras
carolinensis

carpenteri

caudalis
chlorocyanus

chrysolepis

coelestinus
Cook
crassulus

cristatellus

cupreus

cuprinus
cybotes
distichus

dollfusianus

dunni
extremus
gadovi
garmani

grahami
eo pei AS US
griseus

Carpenter, 1966b
EFibl-Eibesfeldt, 1966b

Gorman, 1968, 1969

Gorman and Stamm, 1975

Stamps, 1973, 1978

Stamps and Rarlow, 1972

Ruibal, 1967

Ruibal, 1967

Fitch, et al., 1976

Kastle, 1963

Echelle, 1975

Fitch, et als," love

Gorman, 1968

Gormann and Stamm, 1975

Jenssen and Gladson, 1984

Carpenter, 1983

Cooper, 1977

Crews, 1975,° 1977, 1978

Gordon, 1956

Greenberg and Noble, 1944

Greenberg, 1977a

Greenberg, et al., 1979

McCardell, 1971

Sigmund, 1979,° 1983

Echelle, et alla, lo7ia,
1971b

Jenssen and Gladson, 1984

Garcea and Gorman, 1968

Gorman, 1968

Garcea and Gorman, 1968

Ortiz and Jenssen, 1982

Echelle, 1975

Fitch, et al., 1976

Ruibal, 1967

Ortiz and Jenssen, 1982

Echelle, 1975

Echelle, et al., 197la

Fitch, et al.; 1976

Jenssen, 1983

Jenssen, 1983

Fchelle, 1975

Bavveh, wet Zale, a OnG

Fateh et tale; 1976

Fitch and Henderson, 1976

Gorman, 1968

Gorman and Stamm, 1975

Fitch and Henderson, 1976

Fitch, Gt al, 1976

Jenssen, 1977a

Jenssen, 1977b, 1981

Gorman, 1968

Gorman and Stamm, 1975

gundlachi
haguel
homolechis
humilis _

insignis
intermedius
lemurinus _
limifrons

lineatopus
luciae

lucius
maculiventris
monensis
nebulosus
nubilus _
opalinus

pentaprion
pee ee ee
polylepis
porcatus
yeep leeds
reconditus
= ee ae
richardl
roquet
sagrel
sericeus
subocularis

taylori

townsendi

trinitatis

tropidolepis
uniformis
valencienni
websterl

Ruibal, 1967

Fiteh, et als, 1976

Ruibal, 1967

Echelle, 1975

Fchelle, et al., 1978
Fitch, et al., 1976
Fchelle, et al., 197la
Echelle, 1975

Fchelle, 1975

Echelle, et al., 197la
Fitch, et al., 1976

Hover and Jenssen, 1976
Jenssen, 1977a, 1978, 1980
Jenssen and Hover, 1976
Jenssen, 1977a, 1977b, 1978
Ruibal, 1967

Gorman, 1968

Gorman and Stamm, 1975
Ruibal, 1967

Fitch, etcal., 1976

Gorman and Stamm, 1975
Jenssen, 1970a, 1970b, 1971
Gorman and Stamm, 1975
Hover and Jenssen, 1976
Jenssen, 1978, 1979, 1980
Fchelle, et al., 197la
Echelle, 1975

Ruibal, 1967

Hicks and Jenssen, 1973
Gorman, 1968

Gorman and Stamm, 1975
Gorman, 1968

Gorman and Stamm, 1975
Ruibal, 1967

Sigmund, 1979

Fchelle, et al., 197la
Jenssen, 1977a, 1978
Fiteh, et al., 1976
Echelle, 1975

Fitch, et al., 1976

Fitch and Henderson, 1976
Carpenter, 1965

Fchelle, et al., 197la
Gorman, 1969

Jenssen, 1977a

Jenssen and Rothblum, 1977
Gorman, 1968, 1969

Gorman and Stamm, 1975
Echelle, et al., 197la
Fchelle, et al., 1978
Hicks and Trivers, 1983
Jenssen and Gladson, ]984

Brachylophus fasciatus Cahill, 1970
a as Carpenter and Murphy, 1978
Cogger, 1974
Gibbons, 1981
Gibbons and Watkins, 1982
Greenberg and Jenssen, 1982
vitiensis Gibbons, 1981
Gibbons and Watkins, 1982

Callisaurus crinitus Clarke and Carpenter, In
Prep.
draconoides Clarke, 1963, 1965

Carpenter, 1983

Chalarodon madagascariensis Blanc, 1969, 1977
Blanc, et al., 1983
Blane and Carpenter, 1969

Conolophus pallidus Carpenter, 1969
=> Werner, 1982
subcristatus Carpenter, 1969
Cophosaurus texana Clarke,41963;, #1965
Crotaphytus bicinctores Sanborn and Loomis, 1979
insularis Sanborn and Loomis, 1979
Ctenosaura acanthura Carpenter, 1982
hemilopha Carpenter, 1982
pectinata Carpenter, 1982
similis Carpenter, 1982

Henderson, 1973

Cyclura carinata (baelopha) Iverson, 1977
Carpenter, 1982
cornuta Carpenter, 1982
cychlura Carpenter, 1982
Dipsosaurus dorsalis Carpenter, 1961b
Enyaliosaurus’9 clarki Carpenter, 1977b, 1982
quinquicarinatus Carpenter, 1982
Gambelia silus Tollestrup, 1983
wislizenii Tollestrup, 1983
Holbrookia elegans Clarke and Carpenter, In
Prep.
lacerata Clarke, 1963, 1965
maculata Clarke, 1963, 1965

propingua Clarke, 1963, 1965

Iguana

Leiocephalus

Oplurus

Phenacosaurus

Phrynosoma

Polychrus

Sauromalus

iguana

Carinatus
schreibersi

cuvieri
cyclurus
fierinensis

grandidieri

quadrimaculatus

saxicola

heterodermus

richer o.
cornutum
coronatum
douglassi
modestum
platyrhinos
solare

acutlrosirus
ater

obesus

varius

Carpenter, 1982

Distel and Veazey, 1982
Dugan, 1982a, 19R?b
Hazlett, 1980
Henderson, 1974

Lazell, 1973

Mueller, 1972

L. Clarke, 1982
Yoshida, 1966
L. Clarke, 1982

Banc, Le 7,
Blane, e:ti alc, 1983
Brillet, 1981, 1982
Blane lOve 7;
Blanc, et al., 1983
Brillet, 1981, 1982
Blane, 1977,
Blane, et al., 1983
Brillet, 1981, 1982
Blane, 19775
Blanc, et al., 1983
Brillet, 19R1, 1982
Blanc, 1977,
Blane, et als, 1983
Brillet, 1981, 1982
Blane, 1977,
Blane, ‘eb al., 19:23
Brillet,s = 1981, V9R2

Jenssen, 1975; 1978
Kastle, 1965

Lynn, 1963, 1965
Carpenter, 1983

Lynn, 1963, 1965
Tollestrup; 1981
Lynn, 1963, 1965
Lynn, 1963, 1965
Lynn, 1963, 1965
Tollestrup, 1981
Lynn, 1963, 1965

Vitt and Lacher, 1981

Carpenter 1982
Berry, 1974
Carpenter, 1982
Prieto and Ryan,1978
Carpenter, 1982

Sceloporus

acanthinus

aeneus
asper

cautus

chrysostictus
clarki

couchi

cozumelae

cryptus

cyanogenys

dugesi

edwardtaylori

formosus

debe daa mite
graciosus

grammicus

horridus
jalapae
jarrovi
lunaei
lundelli
maculosus

psa rie Parent
magister

megalepidurus

iA oath vee Eads
melanorhinus

merriami

Bussjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 197Ra

Carpenter, 197fa

Russjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 1978a

Bussjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 1978a

Penner, 1970

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Bussjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Carpenter, A97e8a,, 1978p

Carpenter, (1978a, 1978p

Penner, 1970

Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 1978a

Greenberg, 1977b

Hunsaker, 1962

Yoshida, 1966

Carpenter, 197Ra

Hunsaker, 1962

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Schwartz and Carpenter,
1969

Bussjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 1978a

Ferguson, 197la; 1973

Carpenter, 1978a

McKinney and Carpenter, 1966

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Yoshida, 1966

Bussjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Carpenter, 1978a

Hunsaker, 1962

Carpenter, 197fa

Russjaeger, 1971]
Carpenter, 1978a
Carpenter, 1978a
Russjaeger, 1971
Carpenter, 1978a
Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Carpenter, 1978a
Bussjaeger, 1971
Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 196la, 1978a
Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Streptosaurus

mucronatus

nelsoni

occidentalis

olivaceus

orcutti

ornatus
parvus

poinsetti

pyracephalus
scalaris
siniferus

spinosus

teapensis

torquatus

undulatus

utiformis
variabilis

virgatus
Nia ee

wood1

mearnsi

Carpenter, 197Rfa

Hunsaker, 1962

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Yoshida, 1966

Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Manis, —VIAZ
Bussjaeger,
Carpenter,
Russjaeger,
Carpenter,
Purdue and
Carpenter,

VO
1978a

OWE
1978a
Carpenter,
1978a

Hunsaker, 1962

1972a

Carpenter, 1978a, 197&8b
Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Carpenter, 1978a

Hunsaker, 1962

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a
Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 197?a
Bussjaeger, 1971

Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Carpenter,

197Ra, 1978b

Carpenter and Duvall, 1983
1972a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Carpenter, 197Ra

Hunsaker, 1962

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Carpenter, 1962, 197Rfa,

1983

Ferguson, 1971la, 1973

Griffpith, 1966

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Rothblum and Jenssen, 1978

Yoshida, 1966

Carpenter, 1978a

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Carpenter, 1978a, 1978b

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972a

Vinegar, 1972, 1975

Carpenter, 1978a

Carpenter, 1962b

Ferguson, 1971b

Purdue and Carpenter, 1972b

Tropidurus (By Galapagos

Island)
delanonis Carpenter, 1966a
(Espaniola=Hood) Fibl-Eibesfeldt, 1966a
Werner, 1978
grayi Carpenter, 1966a
(Floreana=Charles)
pacificus Carpenter, 1966a
(Pinta=Abingdon)
habelii Carpenter, 1966a
(Marchena=Bindloe)
bivittatus Carpenter, 1966a
(San Cristobal=Chatham)
duncanensis Carpenter, 1966a
(Pinzon=Duncan)
albemarlensis Carpenter, 1966a
(Santiago=James
albemarlensis Carpenter, 1966a
(Rabida=Jervis)
albemarlensis Carpenter, 1966a
(Santa Cruz=Indefatigable)
albemarlensis Carpenter, 1°966a
barringtonensis
(SantaFe=Barrington)
albemarlensis Carpenter, 1966a
(Isabela=Albemarl)
albemarlensis Carpenter, 1966a
(Fernandina=Narborough)
hispidus Carpenter, 1977
occipitalis Carpenter, 1977a
torquatus Carpenter, 1977a
Uma exsul Carpenter, 1967
- notata Carpenter, 1963
paraphygas Carpenter, 1967
scoparia Carpenter, 1963
Urosaurus bicarinatus Purdue and Carpenter, 1972b
graciosus Carpenter, 1962b
Purdue and Carpenter, 1972b
microscutatus Purdue and Carpenter, 1972b
nigricaudus Purdue and Carpenter, 197?b
ornatus Carpenter, 1962hb, 1983

Carpenter and Grubitz, 1961
Purdue and Carpenter, 1972b

Uta

antiguua
nolacensis
palmeri
squamata

stansburiana

Ferguson, 1971b
Purdue and Carpenter,
Ferguson, 1971b
Purdue and Carpenter,
Ferguson, 1971b
Purdue and Carpenter,
Ferguson, 1971b
Purdue and Carpenter,
Carpenter, 1962b
Ferguson, 1971b

McKinney, 197la, 1971b

Purdue and Carpenter,

19725

LO 2b

1972b

1972b

L972b

AGAMI DAE

Agama

Amphibolurus

Calotes

Cophotis

Hydrodsaurus

Otocryptis

Stellio

CHAMELEONTIDAE

Bradypodion

Chamaeleo

agama
barbatus

decresii
fionni |
ford
mMuricatus

nuchalis
reticulatus
vadnappa

mystsceus

versicolor

ceylanica
pustulatus
weigmanni

atricollis

erythrogaster

pumilus

bitaeniatus
brevicornis
gastrotaenea
hoehnelii
nasutus
parsonii
willsil

10

Gonzales,

1964
1966

Harris,
Yoshida,

aR) F/al
et al.,
1974
1979
1979

Brattstrom,
Carpenter,
Sassaman,
Gibbons,
Gibbons,
Cogger, 1978
Carpenter, 1979
Carpenter, et al.,
Yoshita, 1966
Carpenter, et
Carpenter, .e&r
Gibbons, 1979

al.,
ae,

Carpenter and Clarke,
In Press

Carpenter and Clarke,
In Press

Kastle, 1966

1974
Matuschka, 1978

Schmidt,
Schleich,

1966
1979

Kastle, 1967
1967
1973
1973
1967
1973
1973
1973

Kastle,

Parcher,
Parcher,
Kastle,

Parcher,
Parcher,
Parcher,

1970

1970

ES WAG.
1970

18)

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18

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AN INVENTORY OF

CoMBAT RITUALS IN SNAKES

CHARLES C. CARPENTER

Department of Zoology
University of Oklahoma

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 69

1986

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
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One interpretation of the medical caduces symbol} from
antiquity is that it represents the lyre-shaped configuration
of two snakes contesting one-another. Such a belief may have
been derived from observing the combat ritual of Elaphe
longissima which assumes a lyre-like posture during this type
of interaction and is called the Aesculapian Snake after the
God of Medicine. If this interpretation ls correct then: the
presence of this combative behavior in snakes has been
recognized since ancient times.

However, it is not until the early part of this century
that references to combat rituals in snakes began to appear in
the scientific literature, and in recent years the list of
references has grown to now include a breadth of species in
the families Boidae, Colubridae, Elapidae and Viperidae
(Viperinae and Crotalinae).

It is the purpose of this inventory to bring together a
list of the species of snakes for which, in my interpretation,
the phenomenon of combat ritual has been authenticated via
published literature sources. I also hope that this inventory
will stimulate others to watch for this type of behavior,
refer to some of the most recent descriptions for methods of
observing and describing, and help to lengthen this list. In
this way we will all contribute to grasping a better
understanding of what snake combat rituals mean and how they
may have evolved.

FAMILY AND
GENUS

BOIDAE
Corallus

Liasis

Morelia

Python

Sanzinia

COLUBRIDAE-

Coluber

Coronella

Diadophis
Drymarchon

SPECIES

canina

childreni

spilotes

molurus

madagascariensis

constrictor

gemonensis

viridiflavus

austriaca

punctatus

corais

CITATION

Osborne, 1984

Ross, 1973
Ross, 1978

Covacevich, 1975
Shine, et al., 1981

Barker, et al., 1979

Carpenter, et al., 1978
Shine, et al., 1981

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Shaw, 1951

Davis, 1936
Shaw, 95a
Stemmler-Morath, 1935

Guibe and Saint Girons,

1955

Andren and Nilson, 1976
Bogert and Roth, 1966
Davis, 1936

Fitch, 975

Rollinat, 1947

Shine, 1978

Smith, 1943

Smith, 1954

Fateh, 1975

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Murphy, 1973

Shane; Gtals, 198i
Tinkle, 1951

Waide and Thomas, 1984

Elaphe

Lampropeltis

Malpolon
Masticophis

guttata

longissima

obsoleta

quadrivirgata

calligaster

getulus

mexicana

pyromelana
triangulum

monspessulanus
flagellum

taeniatus

Munphy, 1973
Shaw, 1951

Bellairs, 1970

Carpenter and Ferguson,
1978

Muxphy, 1973

Pope, 1937

Shaw, 1951 ,

Shine, etal., 198]

Stemmler-Morath, 1935

Brecke, et al., 1977
Gillingham, 1980
Littleford and Keller, 1946
Mitchell, 1981
Rigley, 1971

Shine, 1978

Shine, et al., 1981
Stickel, et al., 1980

Fukada, 1961
Shine, 1978

Carpenter, 1984

Moehn, 1967
Shine, et al, 1981

Carpenter, 1977

Carpenter and Gillingham,
oe 7

Cliank,; et -al.,r 19/84

Lewke, 1979

Neitman, 1980

Murphy, et al., 1978
Shine, et al., 1981

Martin, 1976

Fitch and Fleet, 1970
Murphy, 1973

Shaw, 1951

Shane yreicvale, 19:78

Shaw, 1951

Kennedy, 1965

Bennion and Parker, 1976
Parker, 1974

Shine, 1978
Shine, et al., 1981

Pituophis melanoleucus Bogert and Roth, 1966
Carpenter and Ferguson,
ILS) y/ts}

Lowe, 1948

Murphy, 1973

Parker, 1974, 1980

Shaw, 1951

Shaw and Campbell, 1974
Shine, 1978 .

Shine, et al, 1981
Woodbury, 1941

Pseudaspis cana FitzSimons, 1962
Shine, 1978

Ptyas (Zamenis) mucosus Abdulali, 1941
Beadon, 1910
Bhattacharya and Bhatnager,

1968
Davis, 1936
Lowe, 1948
McCann, 1935
Millett, 1909
Pope, 1937
Prater, 1933
Shaw, 1951
Shine, 1978
Wall, 1921

Rhinocheilus lecontei Osborne, 1984

Sonora episcopa (semianulata) Kassing, 1961
Kroll, W971
Shaw and Campbell, 1974
Shine, 1978
Shine; et al.; 1981

Theltornis , capensis Bennefield, 1982
ELAPIDAE
Australelaps superbus Shine and Allen, 1980

Shine, et al., 1981
Bungarus candidus Shine, 1978

Taylor, 1965

Wall, 1921

Whitaker, 1971
Cryptophis Shine and Allen, 1980
Demansia atra Shine, 1980

Shine and Allen, 1980

Dendroaspis

Hemiaspis
Naja

Notechis

Ophiophagus
Oxyuranus

Pseudechis

Pseudonaja
(=Demansia)

jamesoni

polylepis

dGdamelii

tripudians

scutatus
hannah

scutellatus

porphyriacus

Eextilis

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Grant, 1956
Leloup, 1964

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Leloup, 1964
Shine, 1978

Carpenter, and Ferguson,
1978

Broadley and Cock, 1975

Leloup, 1964

Shine, 1978

Shine and Allen, 1980
Richards, 1885

FitzSimons, 1962
Shine, 1978

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Pope, 1935

Shine 1978

Thomas, 1970

Wall, 1921

Deoras, 1971
Kopstein, 1914
Shine, 1978

Shine, 1977, 1978
Oliver, 1956

Hosmer, 1953

Shine and Allen, 1980
Shine, et al., 1981
Worrell, 1963

Baker, 1968

Carpenter and Ferguson,
1978

Pleay, 193 7ay 95

Lowe, 1948

Shaw, 1951

SHINGO elo S

Shine, et al, 1981

Worrell, 1963

Carpenter, and Ferguson,
1978

Eleay, 198/a, L9387b, 1951

Shaw, 1951

Shine, 1978

Shine and Allen, 1980

Worrell, 1963

VIPERIDAE
VIPERINAE

Bitis

Causus

Vipera

arietans

caudalis

gabonica

defilippi

lichtensteinii

resimus

rhombeatus

ammodytes

aspis

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Carpenter, 1977

Harvey, 1964

Pitman, 1974

Rose, 1962

Shine, 1978

Thomas, 1959, 1960, 1972

Akester, 1983
Akester, 1979a, 1979b
Bogert and Roth, 1966
Akester, 1979a

Loveridge, 1942
Schmidt and: Inger, 1957

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Curry-Lindahl, 1956

Broadley and Cock, 1975

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Davis, 1936
Froesch-Franzon, 1971
Noble, 1937
Pope, 1937
hesWoper, Silic) sis}

Carpenter, 1977

Laue, 1974

Shine, 1978

Steward, 1971

Thomas, 1959, 1960, 1961,
1969, 1971

Baumann, 1929

Bogert and Roth, 1966

Duguy.,, 1958

Guibe and Saint Girons,
1955

Koster, 1932

Naulleau, 1967

Reuss, 1926

Saint Girons, 1949

Shine, 1978

Steward, 1971

berus

lebatina
macrops
russelli
CROTALINAE
Agkistrodon
bilineatus

Andrenfs 1975;,--1976, 1981

Baumann, 1929

Bernstrom, 1958

Bogert and Roth, 1966

Carpenter and Ferguson,
1978

Davis, 1936

Hajek-Halke, 1941

Heilborn, 1930

Kellaway, 1982

Lotherington, 1934

Nilson and Andren, 1982

Prestt, 1971

Prrer; 11933

Reuss, 1923, 1926

Saint-Girons, 1952

Schmidt and Inger, 1957

Shine, 1978

Smith, 1954

Thomas, 1955, 1959, 1960

Viitanen, 1967

Volsoe, 1944

Carpenter, 1984
Stemmler, 1967

Kopstein, 1914

Laue, 1974

Bogert and Roth, 1966

Carpenter and Gillingham,
int pTes's

Patch, 1960

Gloyd, 1947

Noble, 1937

Ramsey, 1948

Burchfield, 1982
Carpenter and Gillingham,
in press

contortrax Bogert and Roth, 1966
Carpenter and Gillingham,
In) press

Paech 19160

Gloyd, 1947

Life, 1950
Mitchell, 1981
Shaw, 1948, 1951
Shine, 1978

Shine, et al., 1981
Stewart, 1984
Sutherland, 1958

piscivorus Allen and Swindell, 1948
Bogert and Roth, 1966
Burkett, 1966
Carpenter, 1977
Carpenter and Ferguson,

1978
Carpenter, et al., 1976
Carpenter and Gillingham,
in press
Carr, 1963
Carr and Carr, 1942
Davis, 1936
Blas a LOTS
Martin, 1984
Perry, L978
Ramsey, 1948
Shine, 1978
Shine, et al., 1981
Wharton, 1966, 1969
Wright and Wright, 1957

Bothrops godmani Carpenter, 1984
moojeni Leloup, 1975
Calloselasma rhodostoma York, 1984
Carpenter and Gillingham,
In Press
Crotalus Arnold, 1935

Bogert and Roth,1966
Carpenter, 1984
Crites, 1952

Gloyd, 1947, 1948
Klauber, 1956

Lowe, 1942

Lowe and Norris, 1950
Shaw, 1948

Shune, et als, 1981
Sutherland, 1958
Wagner, 1962

Wright and Wright, 1957

adamanteus

atrox

basiliscus

cerastes

durissus

horridus

lepidus

mitcheli

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Klauber, 1956

Shine, 1978

Wagner, 1962

Bellairs, 1970

Carpenter, 1977, 1984

Carpenter and Ferguson,
1978

Foree, 1949

Gillingham, et al., 1983

Gloyd, 1948

Grimpe, 1984

Jenni, 1966

Kennedy, 1942

Klauber, 1956

Lowe, 1942

Murphy, 1973

Shaw and Campbell, 1974

Shine, 1978

Wagner, 1962

Whisenhunt, 1949

Davis, 1936

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Klauber, 1956

Lowe and Norris, 1950
Shaw and Campbell, 1974
Shine, 1978

Shine, et al., 1981

de Langlada, 1975
Shine, 1978

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Klauber, 1956

Murphy, 1973

Shine, 1978

Shine, et al, 1981
Sutherland, 1958

Carpenter, 1977
Carpenter, et al., 1976
Shine, 1978

Bogert and Roth, 1966
Klauber, 1956

Shaw and Campbell, 1974
Shine, 1978

Sutherland, 1958

10

ruber Carpenter and Ferguson,
1978

Eibl-Eibesfeldt, 1961
Evans, 1955
Hediger, 1955
Klauber, 1956
Pequegnat,1945
Shaw, 1948
Shaw and Campbell; 1974
Shine, 1978
Shine, et al., 1981

scutulatus Klauber, 1956
Shine, 1978
tigris Shaw and Campbell, 1974
triseriatus Carpenter, 1984
viridis Bogert and Roth, 1966

Bromley, 1934
Carpenter, 1977, 1984
Dayton, 1949
Gehlbach, 1965
Gloyd, 1947
Klauber, 1956

Shaw, 1948

Shine, 1978

Shine, et al., 1981
Staley, 1983
Sutherland, 1958
Thorne, 1977

Sistrurus miliarius Carpenter, 1977, 1979
Lindsey, 1979
Palmer and Williamson, 1971
Shine, 1978
Shine, et al., 1981

11

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2

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Gillingham, J.C.) CC. C. Carpenter and J.-B. Murphys 1:198 3:
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14

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LOe tI 1 he

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ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA
TO THE
CATALOGUE OF NEOTROPICAL SQUAMATA

P.E. VANZOLINI

Museu de Zoologia
Universidade de Sao Paulo

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 70

1986

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
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The "Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata" has proved a most useful
contribution to zoologists working in Central and South America.

As with all taxonomic lists and keys, new studies of the fauna soon
make the contents outdated. The reprinting of this catalogue
offers an opportunity to add the new species and taxonomic
arrangements described since the original publication, to correct
errors, and to comment on the accuracy of the keys.

The following corrections, additions, and comments concerning the
South American fauna derive principally from P.E. Vanzolini;
however, other corrections and additions have been taken from the
notes of John E. Cadle and Ronald I. Crombie. The following lists
include only those genera in which we are aware of recent (1969-84)
taxonomic changes. For the sake of brevity, literature citations to
the older (<1970) name are generally not included unless a
correction is presented; readers are advised to use the Catalogue
indices to locate the name and the citation (G. Zug, ed.)

Addenda and Corrigenda to Part I Snakes

P. E. Vanzolini

Key to Genera of Snakes

Couplet 47 Sibynomorphus, which has 15 rows, will key here as
having 17.

Couplet 101 Rhadinaea has a diastema, but will key here as not
having one.

Couplet 128 Lampropeltis of mountainous area of Costa Rica and low
lands of eastern Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, and
Venezuela have a single anterior temporal.

Couplet 138 Rachidelus, not Rachedelis.

Couplet 140 Some Dendrophidion with a divided anal will key here as
single anal.

Genera and Species

Adelphicos Jan, 1862.
Key to all species in Campbell & Ford, 1982, Occas. Pap. Mus. Nat.

Hist. Univ. Kansas 100:1-22.

1982 A. daryi Campbell & Ford, Ibid. 100:3. Type-locality:
Guatemala, Guatemala, San Jorge Muxbal, 5.5 km W San
Jose Pinula.

Apostolepis Cope, 1862.
The key has been tried and found unsatisfactory. Specimens should

be checked against the descriptions of geographically plausible
species, also see key in Lema, 1978, Comun. Mus. Cienc. Pontif
Univ. Catoli. ‘Rio G.. Sul, V8/l9sl-49.
A. ambinigra (W. Peters). See Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1972,
Copeia 1972:588-90.
1978 A. barrioi Lema, Ibid. 18/19:30 Type-locality: Paraguay, San

Pedro, Cororo, Rio Ypane.

A. niceforoi Amaral. Correct type-locality: Colombia, Caqueta,
La Pedrera.

- pymi Boulenger. Placed in synonymy of coronata (Sauvage,
1877) but probably a good species, extensively
distributed in Amazonia (P.E.V.).

A. rondoni Amaral. Distribution: Brasil, Rondonia, ?Mato

3 Grosso. Explanation: When the species was described
there was no Rondonia, it was all Mato Grosso, but most
of the work of the Rondon expedition was in present
Rondonia, from where I have one specimen (first one
after the type, P.E:V.).

. tenuis Ruthven. See Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1972, Copeia
1972(3):588=-90.

1978 A. ventrimaculata Lema, Ibid. 18/19:34. Type-locality:

7 Paraguay, no further data.
1978 A. villaricae Lema, Ibid. 18/18:32. Type-locality: Paraguay,
Guaira, Villarrica.
A. vittata (Cope). See Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1972, Ibid.
(3):588-90.

Atractus Wagler, 1829.

Peters & Orejas-Miranda present a matrix key, that should be used

jointly with geographic information.

1983 A. albuquerquei Cunha and Nascimento, Bol. Mus. Paraense

Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) 123:6. Type-locality: Brasil,
Para, Vila Nova, on Highway PA-256, near Timboteua.
Distribution: Brasil, Eastern Para, Rondonia.

1983 A. alphonsehogei Cunha and Nascimento, Lbid. 123:3%25..
Type-locality: Brasil, Para, Bela Vista, km 75 Hwy
PA-242 (Braganca to Vizeu). Distribution: Brasil,
eastern Para.

A. elaps (Gunther). See Dixon, Thomas & Greene, 1976,

Herpetologica 32:221-27.

1971 A. emigdioi Gonzales-Sponga, Monogr. Cient."Augusto Pi Suner"
Inst. Pedag. Caracas, 3:3. Type-locality: Venezuela,
Trujillo, 19 km Bocono on Valera-Trujillo road.

A. emmeli (Boettger). See McCoy, 1971, Herpetologica
DCS) 2314 = 16.
A. favae (Filippi), fide Hoogmoed, 1980, Zool. Verh. Leiden
Sis Gr.
1840 Calamaria favae Filippi, Bibl. Ital. 99:16.
Type-locality: unknown.
1862 Rabdosoma longicaudatum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol.
2:15. Type-locality: Java ?.
Atractus favae, Boulenger, 1894.
Distribution: the Guianas.

A. flammigerus flammigerus (Boie), fide Hoogmoed, 1980, Ibid.
1 ye 20%%

1827 Brachyorrhos flammigerus Boie, Isis von Oken 20:540.
Type-locality: unknown.
Rabdosoma badium var. B. Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854.
Atractus badius var. E. Boulenger, 1894.
1979 Geophis alasukai Gasc & Rodriques, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist.

1969

Nat. Paris (4)1(4):1122. Type-locality: Trois Sauts,
French Guiana. Synonym fide Hoogmoed, 1983, Mem. Inst.
Butantan [1982] 42:227.

Distribution: the Guianas.

A. flammigerus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento.

1983 Atractus flammigerus snethlageae Cunha & Nascimento, Bol.
Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) 123:19.
Type-locality: Brasil, Para, Colonia Nova, on Highway
BR-316, 10 km before the Rio Gurupi.

Distribution: Brasil, eastern Para.

A. gaigeae Savage. Type-locality: Santiago-Zamora, not
Santiago-Zaruma.

guentheri (Wucherer). Type-locality: Brasil, Bahia,
Canavieiras. Distribution: forests of eastern Brasil.

A. latifrons (Gunther). Distribution: also known from Surinam
(Hoogmoed, 1980, Ibid. 175:20) and French Guiana (Gase &
Rodriques, 1980, Ibid. 1(4):1122).

A. mariselae Lancini, Publ. Ocas. Mus. Cien. Nat. Caracas
Zool. 15:1-6. Type-locality: Venezuela, Trujillo,

Bocono.

A. microrhynchus (Cope) = A. badius (Boie), fide Dixon &

~ Soini, 1977, Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol.
P27 =i Tc

A. obesus Marx. Distribution: Valle del Cauca, not Valle and
Carca.

A. occipitoalbus (Jan). Distribution: also Bolivia (USNM

specimen).

A. poeppigi (Jan). Revalidated by Dixon, Thomas & Greene,

1976; Ubids 323221-—27.
A. roulei Despax. Distribution: elevation range listed as
1200-1600 m, type-locality at 2350 m.
A. schach (Boie), fide Hoogmoed, Ibid. U7 Die Silve
1827 Brachyorrhos schach Boie, Isis von Oken 20:540.
Type-locality: unknown.
Atractus badius var. E Boulenger, 1894.
Distribution: Guianas and eastern Para, Brasil.

A. subbicinctum (Jan) = A. badius, fide Hoogmoed, 1980, Ibid.

~ 175:1-47.

A. taeniatus Griffin = A. boettgeri Boulenger, fide McCoy,

197), Lbid;s 27(3)2314-16.
A. torquatus (D.,B.& D.) Distribution: includes Surinam,
Guianas, Peru, Bolivia (Hoogmoed, 1980, Ibid. hye onre Gear a's) ee
. trilineatus Wagler.
820 Coluber brachyurus Kuhl, Bietr. Zool. Vergl. Anat., Erste
Abt.:89 (not C. brachiurus Shaw, 13802). Type-locality:
Java, fide Hoogmoed, 1982, Zool. Med. Leiden SO CLO) iS i.
1826 Brachyorrhos Kuhli Schtacel, Bulis Scis Nats Ceol -9F31236
(nomen novum for Coluber brachyurus Kuhl).

1828 Atractus trilineatus Wagler, Isis von Oken 21:742.,
Type-locality: none given.

1862 Rabdosoma trivirgatum Jang oArch. Zool.,Anat.7Fistol.
2:17. Type-locality: unknown.

1862 Rabdosoma punctatovittatum Jan. , ebidea sel i.
Type-locality: Antilles.

Ls
1

Distribution: Trinidad, the Guianas, and eastern Venezuela.
A. ventrimaculatus Boulenger. Type-locality: Fuqueros, Estado
de Merida, fide Roze, 1966, Taxon. Zoogeog. Ofid.
Venezuela. Distribution: Venezuela, fide Roze, op. cit.
1979 A. zidoki Gasc & Rodrigues, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat. (Paris)
(4,A)1(2):548. Type-locality: French Guiana:
Trois-Sauts, Haut Oyapock. Distribution: French Guiana
and eastern Para, Brasil.

Boa Linnaeus, 1758.

B. constrictor sabogae (Barbour). Type-locality: Panama, Pearl
Island group, Saboga Island, incorrectly changed by
Peters & Orejas-Miranda.

Bothrops Wagler, 1824.

Identification of South American Bothrops frequently depends on

color pattern; reliably identified specimens and good photographs

should be used to check identification. New checklist provided by

Hoge & Romano-Hoge, 1981, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1978/79] 42/43:

179-310. Matrix error: B. brazili, 26 dorsal scalerows in holotype.

B. atrox (Linnaeus).

1845 Trigonocephalus colombiensis Hallowell, Proc. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia 1845:246. Type-locality: "Republic of
Colombia, within two hundred miles of Caracas".

Comment: Sandner-Montilla (1979, Mem. Cient. Ofidiol.
3:1-7). reduced B. colombiensis to synonymy of
lanceolatus and described B. lanceolatus aidae; Johnson
& Dixon 1984, J. Herpetol. 18(3):329-332 reduced
colombiensis to synonymy of atrox.

B. brazili Hoge. Distribution: also Ecuador (USNM) and

northern Peru (MVZ, USNM).

B. castelnaudi castelnaudi D.,B. & D. Comment: Hoogmoed &
Gruber, 1983, Spixiana Suppl. 9:337, synonymized
castelnaudi with taeniatus Wagler, a species for which
no holotype is extant.

Distribution: equatorial forest of Brazil, Venezuela,
Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia; also French Guiana,
fide Gasc and Rodrigues, 1980, Bull. MNHN, Paris
(4)2:559-98.

B. castelnaudi lichenosus Roze.

1958 Bothrops lichenosus Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuela 2:308.
Type-locality: Chimanta Tepui, Estado Bolivar,
Venezuela.

Bothrops castelnaudi Sandner-Montilla, 13:76, Mem. Cien.
OL Pd tol. 271:

Bothrops castelnaudi lichenosus Hoge and Romano-Hoge,
1981, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1978/79] 42/43:205.
Distribution: Known only from type locality.

colombiensis (Hallowell) = B. atrox.

eneydae Sandner-Montilla, Mem. Cien. Ofidiol. 1:l.
Type-locality: Kavanayen, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

1979 B. isabelae Sandner-Montilla, Mem. Cien. OFT tol. 4: 3.

Type-locality: 7 km SE Guanare, Estado Portuguesa,

Be
1976 B.

Venezuela. Distribution: only from the type locality.

B. jararaca (Wied). Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983, Ibid. 9:336,
removed B. leucostigma from the synonymy of jararaca.

B. jararacussu Lacerda. Distribution: also eastern Brasil from
Bahia to Santa Catarina (Lema & Araujo, 1980, Iheringia
56:63-70).

- lanceolatus (Lacepede).

981 B. lanceolatus aidae Sandner-Montilla, Mem. Cien.
Ofidiol. 6:4. Type-locality: Agua Blanca, en las selvas
de Guatopo, Estado Miranda, 25 km en via recta de
Altagracia de Orituco. Distribution: only type locality.

Comment: B. lanceolatus (sensu stricto) is restricted to
Lesser Antillean island of Martinique, thus B. atrox
aidae would be correct citation.

B. leucurus Wagler, 1824, Revalidated by Hoge & Romano, 1971,
in Bucherl & Buckley (eds.) Venomous Animals and Their
Venoms. Vol. 2.

B. lichenosus Roze = B. castelnaudi lichenosus.

B. moojeni Hoge. Distribution: central and southeastern Brasil
to Misiones, Argentina.

B. masutus. See recent review by Wilson et al., 1981, Tulane
Studs Zool. Bot. 22785-1007

B. neuwiedi Wagler. Distribution: east of Andes and south of
10 S in South America.

B. picadoi. See recent review by Werman, 1984, J. Herpetol.
18:207-10.

B. roedingeri Mertens. Type-locality: Huayuri, not Huayri,
(Titschak).

- supraciliaris Taylor = B. schlegelii, fide Werman, 1984, J.
Herpetol. 18:484-86.

jw

Cercophis Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. :26. Type-species:
Dendrophis aurata Schlegel.
Cercophis auratus (Schlegel)
1837 Dendrophis aurata Schlegel, Essai Phys. Serp. :227.
Type-locality: Paramaribo, Surinam.
Cercophis auratus Fitzinger, 1843, Syst. Rept. :26.

Cercophis auratus Hoogmoed, 1983, Mem. Inst. Butantan
[1982] 42:225.

Chironius! Fitzinger; 1843).
1969 CG. barrioi Donoso-Barros, Bol. ‘Soc. Biol. Concepcion 41: 191.
Type-locality: Bolivia, Beni, Laguna Suarez, near
Trinidad.
1970 C. cochranae Hoge & Romano, Mem. Inst. Butantan {1969] 34:93.
Type-locality: Brasil, Para, Agua Preta, Utinga, Belem.
Comment: Cunha & Nascimento, 1982, Bol. Mus. Paraense
Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) 119:9, synonymized cochranae with
multiventris.
Cc. exoletus (Linnaeus). Revalidated by Hoge, Romano & Cordeiro
1917:8i,6 (Miem. Tnisitic Butantan [6l9.7'6)/ 7:7 ]" 40:/41937-52.
C. holochlorus (Cope). Revalidated by Donoso-Barros, 1969,
maintained by Hoge, Romano & Cordeiro, 1978, Ibid
40/41:37-52

C. spixii (Hallowell). Comment: Valid, fide Freiberg, 1982,
Snakes S. Amer. :92, but with no explanation.

Clelia, Fitzinger, L826.
Color patterns used in key are quite variable.
C. bicolor (Peracca). Distribution: also Peru, vicinity of
Iquitos (Dixon & Soini, 1977) and Huanuco (USNM).

C. equatoriana (Amaral). Distribution: also Amazonian Ecuador
(USNM).

Conophis Peters, 1960.
Cc. nevermanni Dunn = Crisantophis nevermanni, fide Villa,
LOTL,,. whe (Herpetol _5 3 bi3' 7 ie

Corallus Daudin, 1803.
Cc. enydris. Subspecific key has couplets reversed, cooki
fewer than 50 scale rows.

Crisantophis Villa, 1971, Ibid. 5:173. Type-species: Conophis
nevermanni Dunn. Monotypic.

Crotalus Linnaeus, 1758.
The identification of the subspecies of C. durissus is largely
based on color pattern and should be checked against specimens or
photographs.
Cc. durissus Linnaeus.
1978 Crotalus durissus trigonicus Harris & Simmons, Bull.
Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 14(3):112. Nomen nudum.
1978 C. durissus trigonicus Harris & Simmons, Mem. Inst.
Butantan [1976/77] 40/41 306. Type locality, Guyana,
Rupununi Savanna. Distribution: Rupununi Savanna.
1980 C. pifanorum Sandner-Montilla, Mem. Cien. Ofidiol. SNS) A
Type-locality: 68 km S Espino, en direccion a Puerto
Parmana, Parcelamiento de Agrotecnicos "Dr. Gonzalo
Ledesma", entre los nacientes de los Rios Otocuao (Este)
y Carapa (Oeste), Distrito Infante, Estado Guarico,
Venezuela. Distribution: known only from type locality.

Cyclagras Cope, 1885 = Hydrodynastes Fitzinger, 1843, fide Hoge,
L966, Cien, Cult. US (22163.

Dendrophidion Fitzinger, 1843.

The key has been tested and is unreliable. Specimens should be
checked against descriptions of geographically suitable species.
D. brunneus (Gunther). Distribution: also Peru, Depto.

Cajamarca (MVZ).

Dipsas Laurenti, 1768
D. elegans (Boulenger), fide Kofron, 1982, Copeia (1):46.
1896 Leptognathus elegans Boulenger, Cat. Snis (Bir wedsh. Mus.
3:452. Type-locality: Isthmus of Tehuantepec.
1898 Leptognathus ellipsifera Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc.
London 1898:117. Type-locality: Ibarra, western Ecuador.
Distribution: Andes of western Ecuador.

Dipsas ellipsifera = D. elegans, fide Kofron, 1982, op. cit.

D. indica bucephala (Shaw).

1976 D. indica petersi Hoge & Romano. Type-locality: Brasil,
Sao Paulo, Pedro de Toledo.

D. neivai Amaral, 1923, Arch. Mus. Nat. Brasil 26:108.

D. oreas (Cope), fide Kofron, 1982, Ibid. (1):48.

1868 Leptognathus oreas Cope.

1884 Leptognathus andrei Sauvage, Bull. Soc. Philomath.
(7)8:146. Type-locality: Nouvelle Grenade (Andre coll.).

Leptognathus andiana Boulenger, 1896.

Drepanoides Dunn, 1928.
D. anomalus (Jan). Distribution: also Brasil, Para (Da Cunha
& Nascimento, 1978) and Rondonia (MZUSP).

Dromicus Bibron, 1843, sensu Peters & Orejas-Miranda 1970 =
Alsophis Cope, 1862, sensu Maglio, 1970 = Philodryas
Wagler, 1830, fide Thomas, 1977, Copeia 1977(4):648-52.
D. angustilineatus Schmidt & Walker = Philodryas simonsii
Boulenger, 1900, fide Thomas 1977, Ibid. (4):648-52.

D. chamissonis (Wiegmann) = Philodryas chamissonis, fide
Thomas, 1977, Ibid. (av: 6hE-3T-

D. inca Schmidt & Walker = Philodryas simonsii Boulenger,
1900, fide Thomas, 1977, Ibid. (4):648-52.

D. tachymenoides Schmidt & Walker = Philodryas tachymenoides,
fide Thomas, 1977, Ibid. (4):648-52.

Drymobius Fitzinger, 1843.
D. chloroticus (Cope). See review by Wilson, 1970, J.
Herpetol. 4:155-63.
D. rhombifer (Gunther). Distribution: also Bolivia (Vaeth &

Rossman, 1984, Herpetol. Rev. 15:78) and eastern
Venezuela (MVZ).

Drymoluber Amaral, 1929.

Herpetodryas occipitalis Gunther, 1868, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.
E4207,

Elapomorphus Wiegmann, 1843.
Key {to all species in Lema, 1979, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 39:835-53.
E. bilineatus suspectus Amaral. Revalidated by Lema, 1978,

Comun. Mus. Cienc. Pontif. Univ. Catol. Rio Grande Do
Sul 16/17:1-10.

E. nasutus Gomes. Type-locality: Brasil, Minas Gerais,

Paineiras (= Peiropolis). Distribution: "Triangulo
Mineiro", Minas Gerais, Brasil.

1979 E. punctatus Lema, Rev. Brasil. Biol. 39:836. Type-locality:
Argentina, Salta, Rosario de la Frontera. Distribution:
northern Argentina.

Emmochliophis Fritts & Smith, 1969, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.

72(1):60. Type-species: E. fugleri Fritts & Smith.
L969. E.o fuplert Fritts <&.Smith, Thid. 72(1)360. Type=locality:
Ecuador, Pichincha, 24 km S Santo Domingo de los

Colorados, 4 km E Rio Baba Bridge, ca 600 m.

Epicrates Wagler, 1830.
1816 Draco ocellatus Oken, Lehrb. Naturg. 3:272.

Erythrolamprus Wagler, 1830.

Erythrolamprus aesculapii aesuculapii (Linnaeus), fide Cunha &
Nascimento, 1980, Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi

CZo1o Lis) FLO.225':

1863 Erythrolamprus Aesculapii [Aesculapii] Jan.
1854 Erythrolamprus baupertuisii D., B. & D.
1959 Erythrolamprus baileyi Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuela 2'3'5'2'6'.
Type-locality: Caripito, Estado Monagas, Venezuela.
Distribution: northern South America from coastal Venezuela
to Amazonia.

Erythrolamprus baupertuisii = E. a. aesculapii.

Eunectes Wagler, 1830.
E. deschauenseei Dunn & Conant. Distribution: also French
Guiana (Hoogmoed, 1982, Mem. Inst. Butantan 46:219-54).

Ficimia Gray.
Key, descriptions and distributions of all species in Hardy, 1975,
J. Herpetol . 9213368".
Distribution: southern Texas through eastern Mexico to Yucatan
Peninsula, Guatemala, Belize and northern Honduras.
Content: six species, five estralimital.

Geophis Wagler, 1830.

Key to Costa Rican and Panamanian species in Savage, 1981, Ibid.

(3):549-553.

1979 G. alasukai Gasc & Rodrigues, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.
(Paris)(4)1(4):1122. Type-locality: French Guiana, Trois
Sauts. Comment: junior synonym of Atractus flammigerus,
fide Hoogmoed, 1980, Ibid. 175:20.

1981 G. downsi Savage, Copeia (3):549. Type-locality: Costa Rica,
Puntarenas, 4 km S San Vito de Joba, 1200 om.
Distribution: premontane rain forest of Cordillera
Costena, Costa Rica, 1100-1200m.

G. cancellatus Smith. Distribution: also Guatemala (MVZ).

Helicops Wagler, 1830.
Key couplet substitutions, fide Rossman, 1973, HISS News 1:189-191.

4. Dorsum striped...5
Dorsum spotted or blotched...6
5. Venter heavily pigmentes...carinicaudus
Venter light or with faint flecks...modestus
6. Dorsum > 4 rows of blotches.../7
Dorsum 3 rows of large spots...gomesi

H. hagmanni Roux. Distribution: Colombia, Brasil and probably
Peru (Rossman, 1975, Herpetologica 31:414-18).
H. pastazae Shreve. Distribution: also Peru and Venezuela

(Rossman, 1976, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. LSU 50:1-15).

1976 H. petersi Rossman, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana St. Univ.
50:2. Type-locality: Ecuador, Napo, E. bank Rio
Misahualli, 1l mi NE Tena. Distribution: eastern Andean
foothills, Ecuador.

1975 H. yacu Rossman & Dixon, Herpetologica 31(4):412.
Type-locality: Peru, Loreto, Moropon. Probably = H.
pastazae, fide Rossman & Abe, 1979, Proc. Louisiana
Acad. Sci. 42:7-9. Distribution: only from type locality

Hydrodynastes Fitzinger, 1843, includes Cyclagras Cope, 1885, fide
Hoge, 1966, Cien. Cult. 18(2):143.

Hydrops Wagler, 1830.
nyerops
Ha triangularis bolivianus Roze. Distribution: northeastern

Bolivia to Corrientes, Argentina.

Hypsiglena Cope.
Not included in Costa Rican fauna by Savage, 1980, Handlist Key
Herpetofauna Costa Rica.

Imantodes A. Dumeril, 1853.
Recently revised with the addition of a new species, updated
synonymies and a key, Myers, 1982, Amer. Mus. Novit. 2738:1-50.

I. cenchoa (Linnaeus). No subspecies recognized; combine
synonymies of leucomelas & semifasciatus with cenchoa.
Distribution: from Veracruz, Mexico, to northern
Argentina.

I. gemmistratus (Cope). Question the validity of subspecies,
hence have omitted names in Zweifel and Stuart cited by
Myers, op. cit (P.E.V.). Combine synonymies and add:

1899 Himatodes hemigenius Cope, Bull. Philadelphia Sicixs Muise
1:16. Type-locality: Santa Clara, Costa Rica.
Distribution: from Sonora and Veracruz, Mexico, to
northern Colombia.

I. inornatus (Boulenger). Distribution: Nicaragua to
northwestern Ecuador.

I. lentiferus (Cope). Distribution: Amazonian South America
and Guianas.

1982 I. phantasma Myers, Ibid. 2738:3. Type-locality: "southeastern
slope of Cerro Cituro, a peak on the northern end of the
Serrania de Pirre, Province of Darien, Republic of
Panama", 1030 m. Distribution: only from type-locality.

Incaspis Donoso-Barros, 1974, Neotropica 20(16):14. Type-species:
I. cercostropha Donoso-Barros, 1974, op. cit. =
Philodryas Wagler, 13.30 3 .hisdiel Thioma:s) 5, 15947 7a;
Copeia(4):648-52.

1974 Incaspis cercostropha Donoso-Barros, Ibid. 20(16):14 =
Philodryas simonsii Boulenger, fide Thomas, 1977,
Ibid. (4):648-52.

Lachesis Daudin, 1803.
L. muta noctivaga Hoge = L. m. rhombeata Wied, fide Hoge &

Ne}

Romano, 1978, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1976/77] 40/41:53-54.

Lampropeltis Fitzinger, 1843.

Williams, 1978, Milwaukee Public Mus. Publ. Biol. Geol. (2):1-258,
revised L. triangulum with new subspecies descriptions, complete
synonymies and key to all subspecies.

L. triangulum (Lacepede).

1978 L. triangulum andesiana Williams, Ibid. (2):231.
Type-locality: "near Cali, Colombia, Valle."
Distribution: Andes of northwestern Colombia.

1978 L. triangulum hondurensis Williams, Ibid. (2):212.
Type-locality: "Cukra, Departmento de Zelaya,
Nicaragua." Distribution: Caribbean versant of Honduras
(except the northwestern corner) and Nicaragua.

1978 L. triangulum stuarti Williams, Ibid. (2):217.
Type-locality: "Finca Los Cedros (100 m), Tecla,
Departmento La Libertad, El Salvador." Distribution:
Pacific versant of El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and
northwestern Costa Rica.

Leimadophis Fitzinger, 1843, sensu Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970 =
Liophis Wagler, except for the following species:
L. atahuallpae (Steindachner) = Saphenophis atahuallpae
(Steindachner), fide Myers, 1973, Amer. Mus. Novit.
ZiDi2i2i Al 1377
L. simonsii (Boulenger) = Philodryas simonsii Boulenger, fide
Thomas, 1977, Ibid. (4):648-52.

L. pygmaeus (Cope) = Umbrivaga pygmaea (Cope), fide Markezich
& Dixon, 1979, Copeia (4):698-701.

Leptodeira Fitzinger, 1843.

The key to the Brasilian subspecies of L. annulata does not work
properly.

Leptomicrurus Schmidt, 1937 = Micrurus Wagler, 1824, fide
Romano, 1972, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1971] 35:111-15.
L. schmidti Hoge & Romano = Micrurus karlschmidti (nomen
novum) Romano, 1972, Ibid. 35:111-15.

Leptophis Bell, 1824.
Key to all species in Mertens, 1973, Stud. Neotrop. Fauna 8:141-54.
L. ahaetulla chocoensis Oliver = L. a. urostictus (W. Peters),
filide Mer te'nis:,. 197)3),u<o pre: cit.
L. modestus (Gunther). Revalidated by Mertens, 1973, op. cit.
Distribution: southern Mexico to El Salvador.

Leptotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843.
L. albifrons (Wagler).
1824 Stenostoma albifrons Wagler.
Leptotyphlops albifrons Stejneger.
Leptotyphlops tenella Klauber = L. albifrons fide
Hoogmoed & Gruber, 1983, Spixiana Suppl. 9:339.
Distribution: Trinidad, Guianas and eastern Amazonia.
1969 Leptotyphlops amazonicus Orejas-Miranda, Comun. Zool. Mus.

10

Hist. Natur. Montevideo 10:1. Type-locality: Esmeralda,
Territorio Federal de Amazonas, Venezuela. = L.
signatus, fide Hahn, 1979, Herpetologica 35:57.

1977 L. collaris Hoogmoed, Zool. Med. (Leiden) 51:100. Type
locality: Surinam, Marowijne, Base Camp Nassau Mts.
Distribution: Surinam and French Guiana.

L. cupinensis Bailey & Carvalho. See Hoogmoed, 1977, Ibid.
S99 12:3.

1970 L. guayaquilensis Orejas-Miranda & Peters, Mitt. “Zool. Mus.
Berlin 46:439. Type-locality: Ecuador, Guayas,
Guayaquil.

L. rubrolineatus (Werner). See Orejas-Miranda & Zug, 1974,
Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington 87:167-74.

L. rufidorsus Taylor. See Orejas-Miranda & Zug, 1974, Ibid.
87:167-74.

L. septemstriatus (Schneider). See Hoogmoed, 1977, Ibid.
51299=123%

- signatus (Jan).
861 Stenostoma signatum Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat..h1siols Ly: 1383.

Type-locality: unknown; restricted to "northern
Amazonian region of South America.", fide Hahn, 1979,
YWerpetologica 35:57.

L. striatula Smith & Laufe. Resurrected by Laurent, 1984, Acta
Zool. Lilloana 38:33.

1974 L. tricolor Orejas-Miranda & Zug, Ibid. 87:167. Type-locality:
Peru, Ancash, Yunca Pampa, Huaylas. Distribution: Peru,
from Cajamarca to Ancash, 2700-3300 CZug,y ULOT7 5 Gopeia
(4):744).

1984 L. vellardi Laurent, Acta Zool. Lilloana 38:30. Type-locality:
Argentina, Formosa, Ciudad de Formosa. Distribution:
known only from type locality.

=
l

Liophis Wagler, 1830.

1830 Liophis Wagler, Nat. Syst. Amph. :187. Type-species: Coluber
cobella Linnaeus.

1843 Dromicus Bibron, in la Sagra, Hist. Fis. Pol. Nat. Cuba
4:133. Type-species: Dromicus angulifer Bibron.

1843 Pariopeltis Fitzinger, Syst. Rept. :25. Type-species: Coluber
triscalis Linnaeus.

1843 Opheomorphus Fitzinger.

1843 Leimadophis Fitzinger, Ibid. :26. Type-species: Coronella
almadensis Fitzinger (= Natrix almadensis Wagler).

1843 Pseudophis Fitzinger, Ibid. :26. Type-species: Xenodon
schottii Boie (= Coluber schottii Fitzinger).

1843 Lygophis Fitzinger, Ibid. :26. Type species: Herpetodryas
lineatus Schlegel (= Coluber lineatus Linnaeus).

1847 Limadophis Agassiz, Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ. $2410 3
emendation for Leimadophis Fitzinger.

1862 Ophiomorphus Cope.
1878 Aporophis Cope, Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 17:34; substitute

name for Lygophis.
1894 Echinanthera Cope, Amer. Nat. 28:241. Type-species: Aporophis

cyanopleurus Cope.
1895 Taeniophallus Cope.

V1

In key, insignissimus (couplet 24) is listed under Rhadinaea, not
Liophis.

1933

L. almadensis (Wagler).

1824 Natrix almada Wagler, Spec. Nov. Serp. Brasil :30.
Type-locality: Almada, Bahia, Brasil.

Natrix almadenis Wagler, 1824, Ibid. :pl. 10.

1858 Liophis conirostris Guenther, Cat. Golub. Sin. British
Mus. :46. Type-locality: Bahia, Brasil.

1863 Liophis verecundus Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol. 2:300.
Type-locality: none given.

Liophis wagleri (part) Jan, 1863, Ibid. 2:297.;, based on
Natrix almadensis Wagler.

1882 Liophis (Lygophis) Ygraecum Peters, Sitzber. Ges.
Naturf. Fr. Berlin 1882:129. Type Locality:
Guaratingueta, Sao Paulo, Brasil.

1906 Trigonocephalus scolecomorphus Bacque, Rev. Mus. La
Plata 12:116. Type-locality: Ascuncion, Paraquay.

L. albiceps (Amaral) = Rhadinaea decipiens (Gunther, 1893),
fide Myers, 1974, Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist.

W533 '=262).
L. almadensis (Wagler), fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid. 31:4.
Leimadophis almadensis Hoogmoed & Grueber, L983),
Spixiana Suppl. 9:331; designation of lectotype.
Distribution: Atlantic forests of Brasil, southeastern
Bolivia, Uruguay, Paraguay, and northern Argentina.

L. amarali Wettstein. Incertae sedis, fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid.
31:4. Distribution: Bahia and Minas Gerais to Santa
Catarina, Brasil.

L. amoenus (Jan). Incertae sedis, fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid.
31:5. Distribution: Atlantic forest of Brasil.

L. andinus Dixon, Ann. Carnegie Mus. SpA AA Ne
Type-locality:Bolivia, Cochabamba, Incachaca, 2500 m.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

L. breviceps breviceps Cope.

1861 Liophis breviceps Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 1860:252. Type-locality: Surinam.

Liophis breviceps breviceps, Dixon, 1983, J. Herpetol.
I es Ee ys ie
Distribution: forested parts of the Amazon basin in
Bolivia, Brasil, Colombia, Peru, and similar areas of
French Guiana, Guyana, Surinam and Venezuela.

L. breviceps canaima Roze.

1957 Liophis canaima Roze, Bol. Mus. Cien. Nat. Caracas
[1955] 1:188. Type-locality: Ugeto, Territorio Federal
de Amazonas, Venezuela.

Liophis breviceps canaimus Dixon, 19837 Lbid.. i723 1l53..
Distribution: region of Rio Ugueto, Amazonas, Venezuela.

L. chrysostomus (Cope, 1868). Revalidated by Dixon & Soini,
1977, Milwaukee Public Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol.
12:1-91 = Dromicus amazonicus Dunn, 1922 incertae sedis
fide Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970. = L. miliaris
chrysostomus, fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid. (3):800.

L. cobella cobella (Linnaeus, 1758.)

Liophis cobella cobella Dixon, 19'33;,. Lboid. lyse.

V2

Distribution: eastern area of Guiana Shield exclusive of
Venezuelan tepui region.

L. cobella dyticus Dixon.

1983 L. cobella dyticus Dixon, Ibid. 17:159. Type-locality:
Peru, Loreto, Monte Carmelo (= Requena). Distribution:
western Amazon basin, from Lomalinda, Colombia, south
to Buenavista, Bolivia, & east to Porto Velho, Brasil.

L. cobella taeniogaster Jan.

1863 Liophis taeniogaster Jan, Ibid. 2:292. Type-locality:
Brasil.

Liophis cobella taeniogaster Dixon, 1:9)8i3e malabiHidy. CLs 159.5
Distribution: Brasil, south of Amazon, to central Brasil
and coastal Bahia (a re-interpretation of Dixon’s text
- PEV).

L. cobella trebbaui Roze.

1958 Liophis trebbaui Roze, Acta Biol. Venezuela 2:262.
Type-locality: Auyantepui, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela.

1958 Liophis ingeri Roze, Ibid. 2:303. Type-locality:
Chimanta Tepui, Estado Bolivar, Venezuela, 1900 om.

Liophis cobella trebbaui Dixon, 19183)" ab baidie 7 e519

Distribution: Chimanta and Auyan Tepuis, and Km marker 144
El Dorado-Santa Elena [de Uairen] Hwy, Bolivar,
Venezuela.

L. coralliventris (Boulenger). Distribution: lower valley of
Rio Paraguay.

L. dilepis Cope, fide Hoge, Russo, Santos & Furado, 1981,
Mem. Inst. Butantan [1978/79] 42/43:89. Distribution:
open formations of Brasil, Bolivia, Paraguay, and
northern Argentina.

L. epinephelus epinephelus Cope. Distribution: lower
elevations of mountains of western Panama east to
Colombian lowlands and most of Colombian inter-Andean
valleys to elevations of 1500 m; also south to extreme
morthern Ecuador along Pacific coast.

L. epinephelus albiventris Jan, fide Dixon, 1983, In Rhodin &
Miyata Ceds.'), Advance... Herpetol.. Evol. Biol. 2138.

1863 Liophis reginae var. albiventris Jan.

1863 Liophis reginae var. quadrilineata Jan, Tbitidie = 27202 9'5ie
Type-locality: Ecuador & Colombia.

1868 Opheomorphus alticolus Cope.

1872 Zamenis ater Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (4) 9:2.
Type-locality: Biscra, Algeria.

Distribution: western Ecuador from sea level to 2600 m
in Andean valleys.

L. epinephelus bimaculatus Cope, fide wDiixont, 1.9:83i,9 Lbtdi: 138.

1899 Liophis bimaculatus Cope.

1903 Liophis bipraeocularis Boulenger.

1984 Leimadophis epinephelus ecuadoriensis Laurent, Bull.
Insts Roy. Hist. Nat. Belgique 25:8. Type-locality:

Ecuador.
Distribution: high (2600-3300 m) Andean valleys of western
Venezuela, central Colombia, south to northern Peru.
L. eueeeiss fraseri Boulenger, fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid.
:138. Distribution: middle elevations of eastern and

LS

estern Andean slopes of southern Ecuador, south to
central Peru.

L. epinephelus lamonae Dunn, fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid. :139.

> Distribution: eastern slopes of Andes of Colombia from
1500-2600 m, south to east-central Ecuador.

L. epinephelus opisthotaenia Boulenger, fide Dixon, 1983,
Ibid. :139. Distribution: Merida region of Venezuela
and Paramo de Tama region of Venezuela and Colombia.

L. epinephelus pseudocobella Peracca, fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid.
139. Distribution: middle elevations of central and
western areas of Colombian Andes south to Ecuador.

L. flavifrenatus (Cope). Distribution: southern Brasil,
Uruguay, Paraguay and northern Argentina.

L. fraseri Boulenger. Distribution: also Peru, Huancabamba

a Depression (Duellman, 1979).

L. frenatus (Werner), fide Dixon, Ibid. 17:161.

1909 Rhadinaea frenata Werner.

1923 Rhadinaea brazili Amaral, Proc. New England Zool. Club
7:87. Type-locality: Julio Pontes, SP.

Distribution: southeastern Brasil and Paraguay.

L. jaegeri (Gunther). Distribution: central & southern

Brasil, Uruguay, Paraguay, and northern Argentia.
joberti (Sauvage). Incertae sedis, fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid.
S97

L. lineatus (Linnaeus). No subspecies, fide Dixon, 1980,
Ebiid. 3 131.0).

1758 Coluber lineatus Linnaeus.

1758 Coluber minervae Linnaeus.

1766 Coluber jaculatrix Linnaeus.

1789 Coluber jaculus Lacepede, Hist. Nat. Serp. :104, 297;
nomen novem for Coluber jaculatrix.

1826 Coluber terlineatus Lacepede.

Distribution: Panama to Amazonia.

L. longiventris Amaral. Distribution: Rio Manjuru, Amazonas,
Brasil; camp at 12 51°S, 51 46°W, Mato Grosso.

L. melanauchen (Jan). Distribution: known from only type
locality.

L. melanostigma (Wagler). Incertae sedis, fide Dixon, 1980,
UG) oy, Bo NS sh) yee

1824 Natix melanostigma Wagler.

1868 Lygophis nicagus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 1868:132; based on Enicognathus

melanocephalus Jan in Jan & Sordelli, Icon. Gen.
Ophid. lorr:4.
1885 Aporophis cyanopleurus Cope.
Distribution: Atlantic forest of Brasil from Minas Gerais
and Espirito Santo to Rio Grande do Sul.

L. melanotus (Shaw). Distribution: Colombia, Venezuela,
Trinidad and Tobago.

L. meridionalis (Schenkel).

1902 Aporophis Aporophis lineatus var. meridionalis Schenkel.

Distribution: central Brasil to Paraguay and northern
Argentina.
L. miliaris (Linnaeus).

14

L. miliaris miliaris (Linnaeus), fide Dixon, 1983, Copeia
(35799).

1785 Coluber miliaris Linnaeus. Type-locality: restricted to
Surinam by Dixon, 1983, Ibid. (3):799.

1854 Ablabes purpurans D. B. & D.

1863 Liophis cobella collaris Jan.

1864 Coronella orientalis Gunther.

Distribution: the Guianas.

L. miliaris amazonicus (Dunn), fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid.
(3):800.

1922 Dromicus amazonicus Dunn, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington
31:219. Type-locality: Santarem, Brasil.

Distribution: from Santarem southwest to Rio Itenez in
Bolivia and to Mato Grosso in Brasil.

L. miliaris chrysostoma (Cope), fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid.
(3):800.

1868 Rhadinaea chrysostoma Cope.

1872 Coronella poecilolemus Gunther, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist.

4)7:19. Type-locality: Napo or Maranon, Ecuador.
Distribution: dense forests of lowland Amazonian parts of
Brasil, Colombia, Ecuador and Peru.

L. miliaris merremii (Wied), fide Dixon 1983, Ibid. (3):800.

1821 Coluber merremii Wied.

1824 Coluber dyctiodes Wied.

1834 Coluber bicolor Reuss.

1858 Coronella australis Gunther.

Distribution: Atlantic forests of Brasil from Pernambuco
to Rio de Janeiro.

L. miliaris mossoroensis Hoge & Lima-Verde, fide Dixon, 1983,
Lbids ' (3.280.

1973 Liophis mossoroensis Hoge & Lima-Verde, Mem. Inst.
Butantan [1972] 36:215. Type-locality: Mossoro, Rio
Grande do Norte, Brasil.

Distribution: northeastern Brasil.

L. miliaris orinus (Griffin), fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid.
(3):800.

1916 Rhadinaea orina Griffin.

1926 Rhadinaea merremii natricoides Werner, Sitzber. Akad.
Wiss. Wien 135:246. Type-locality: unknown.

Distribution: southeastern Brasil from southern Minas
Gerais south through Sao Paulo, Parana, Santa Catarina
and northern third of Rio Grande do Sul.

L. miliaris semiaureus (Cope), fide Dixon, 1983 Ibid.

=) 3):800. :

1862 Opheomorphus merremii var. semiaureus Cope.

1863 Liophis reginae ornata Jan.
1885 Opheomorphus fuscus Cope.

Distribution: Paraguay, west and south of Iguazu Falls,
northeastern Argentina, southern and eastern Uruguay,
and southern half of Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

L._occipitalis (Jan) = Rhadinaea occipitalis (Jan 1863), fide
Myerspel974, eb bide l53e l=262%

L. sagittifer sagittifer (Jan), fide Dixon & Thomas, 1982,
Herpetologica 38:394.

15

1863 Liopeltis sagittifer Jan.

1867 Liophis pulcher Steindachner.
1917 Zamenis argentinus Brethes, Physis 31013 )593.

Type-locality: La Banda, Santiago del Estero,
Argentina.

Distribution: Monte vegetation from Tucuman to Chubut,
Argentina.

L. sagittifer modestus (Koslowsky), fide Dixon & Thomas,
1982, Ibidéy 3823.94.

1896 Rhadinaea modesta Koslowsky.

1899 Liophis trifasciatus Werner.

Distribution: southern Bolivia, northern Argentina,
Uruguay, and Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

L. steinbachi (Boulenger). Incertae sedis, fide Dixon, Ibid.
31:15. Distribution: southeastern Bolivia.

L. taeniurus Tschudi, fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid.? 31216.
Distribution: eastern Andean slopes of Ecuador & Peru.

L. triscalis (Linnaeus), fide Dixon, 1981, Copeia (2):302.
Distribution: Curacao. South American records doubtful.

L. typhlus (Linnaeus). No subspecies, fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid.
31:17. Distribution: Cis-Andean South America south to
northern Argentina.

L. undulatus (Wied). Incertae sedis, fide Dixon, 1980, Ibid.
31:17. Distribution: Cis-Andean South America south to
northern Argentina.

L. viridis Gunther. Distribution: noreastern Brasil and
Atlantic forests, south to northern Argentina.

L. williamsi (Roze). Distribution: Cordillera de la Costa

Venezuela.
zweifeli (Roze) = L. reginae, fide Dixon, 1983, Ibid.
S223 =13'8%

jc

Liotyphlops W. Peters, 1881.
Key to all species in Dixon & Kofron, 1985, Amphibia-Reptilia

{1983] 4:241-164.
L. albirostris Peters.
1857 Rhinotyphlops albirostris Peters.
1883 Typhlops (Idiotyphlops) emunctus Garman.
1889 Helminthophis petersii Boulenger.
1903 Helminthophis Canellei Mocquard.
1916 Helminthophis bondensis Griffin.
1944 Liotyphlops cucutae Dunn.
1952 Liotyphlops caracasensis Roze.
1958 Liotyphlops rowani Smith & Grant.
Liotyphlops albirostris Dixon & Kofron, 7 1918559 ibid:
{1983] 4:246.
Distribution: Costa Rica to Venezuela and Ecuador.
L. anops (Cope)
1899 Helminthophis anops Cope.

1944 Liotyphlops metae Dunn.
Liotyphlops anops Dixon &UKof ron, 19835 9 Lbads £42259).

Distribution: known with certainty only from Villavicencio.
1985 L. argaleus Dixon & Kofron, Ibid. [1983] 4:261. Type-
locality: La Selva, Cundinamarca, Colombia.

16

Distribution: Colombia, Cundinamarca.

L. beui (Amaral), fide Dixon & Kofron, 1985, Ibid. [1985]
4:258. Distribution: Brasil, Mato Grosso to Parana, and
Brasilian border of Paraguay.

L. guentheri (Boulenger) = L. wilderi (Garman), fide Dixon &

Koftron, 19854" Lbidks [09i83) 8147/25 1.
L. incertus (Amaral) = L. ternetzii (Boulenger), fide Dixon &
Kofron, 1985, Ibid. [1983] 4:255.

L. schubarti Vanzolini. Distribution: known from the type

locality and from Sapucai, Sao Paulo (22 19°S 46 42°W).

L. ternetzii (Boulenger). Distribution: central Brasil and

Paraguay. Comment: specimens from Para, Brasil (Cunha &
Nascimento, 1975, Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi
(Zool.) 82:1) are closer to beui than to ternetizii,
but seem to represent still another species, perhaps
incertus.

L. wilderi (Garman). Distribution: Brasil, states of Minas

Gerais and Rio de Janeiro.

Lygophis Fitzinger, 1843 = Liophis Wagler, fide Dixon, 1980,
Milwaukee Publ. Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol. (31):1-40.
The key contains disabling errors, e.g. L. coralliventris has 17
dorsal scale rows. Specimens should be checked against the
descriptions of geographically plausible species, after exclusion
of the forms listed below.
L. antioquiensis (Dunn) = Saphenophis antioquiensis (Dunn,
1943); fide Myers, 1973, Amer. Mus. Novit. 2522:1-37.
L. boursieri (Jan) = Saphenophis boursieri (Jan, 1867), fide
Myers, 1973, Ebid. 25221317.
- lineatus dilepis Cope, 1862, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 1862:81.
L. tristriatus (Rendahl & Vestergren) = Saphenophis
tristriatus (Rendahl & Vestergren), fide Myers, 1973,
Pbiiidts) 9215) 21272 We 7.

|r

Lystrophis Cope, 1826.
L. nattereri (Steindachner). Revalidated by Hoge, Cordeiro &

Romano, 1976, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1975] 39:37-50.

Masticophis Baird & Girard, 1853.
M. mentovarius D., B & D. See Johnson, 1977, J. Herpetol.
11(3):287-309, for a key to all subspecies.

Mastigodryas Amaral, 1935.

M. bifossatus subspecies do not seem biologically sound.
M. dorsalis (Bocourt). Distribution: also Baja Verapaz,
Atlantic versant of Guatemala (MVZ).

Micrurus Wagler, 1824. Includes Leptomicrurus Schmidt, 1937, fide
Romano, 1972, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1971] 35:111-15. Number of bands
is often more variable than range given in key. List of “all
species in Roze, 2983, Ibid. [1982] 46:305-38.
M. albicinctus Amaral = M. ornatissimus, fide Cunha &
Nascimento, 1982, Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi

AT.

1976

(Zool...) 141628.

M. annellatus annellatus (Peters).

1871 Elaps annellatus Peters.

1954 Micrurus annellatus montanus Schmidt.

Micrurus annellatus annellatus Roze, 1983, Mem. Inst.
Butantan [1982] 46:315.
Distribution: Amazonian slope of Andes from Ecuador to
central Bolivia.

M. a. bolivianus. Distribution: also Amazonas, Brasil (Hoge &
Romano-Hoge, 1981, Ibid. 42/43)

M. averyi. Distribution: also Manaus region, Brasil. (Hoge &
Romano-Hoge, 1981, op. cit.).

M. bocourti (Jan). No subspecies, fide Roze, 1983, Ibid.

46:3 16.

M. bocourti sangilensis = M. sangilensis, fide Roze, 1983,
bide .46253.4..

Distribution: western Ecuador and northern Peru,

M. donosoi Hoge, Cordeiro & Romano, Cien. Cult. sup.
28(7):417. Type-locality: Brasil, Para, Mineracao Serra
do Sul, 60 km N Sao Felix do Xingu. = M. psyches donosoi
fide, Roze,.,, -1983 , ibid... .46.2.3)3 5..

M. filiformis (Gunther). No subspecies, fide Cunha &
Nascimento, 1982, Ibid. 112:l.

1859 Elaps filiformis Gunther.

1967 Micrurus filiformis subtilis Roze.

Distribution: northern and eastern Amazonia.

M. frontalis frontalis (D. B. & D.). Distribution: from
northern Sao Paulo and western Mato Grosso in Brasil to
Paraguay.

M. frontalis altirostris (Cope).

1860 Elaps altirostris Cope.

1887 Elaps heterochilus Mocquard.

Micrurus frontalis altirostris Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:323.
Distribution: Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, Uruguay, and
probably northeastern Argentina.

M. frontalis baliocoryphus (Cope).

1859 Elaps baliocoryphus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia 1859:346. Type-locality: Buenos Aires;

restricted to Villa Federal, Entre Rios, Argentina, by
Roze, 983), Lbid...46%,3,.2:3'.
Micrurus frontalis baliocoryphus Roze, op. cit.
Distribution: Entre Rios, Corrientes and Missiones,
Argentina.

M. frontalis diana Roze.

1983 Micrurus frontalis diana Roze, Ibid. 46:324.
Type-locality: Santiago, Provincia de Chiquiticos
[mistake for Chiquitos], Depto. Santa Cruz, Bolivia,
700m.

M. frontalis multicinctus Amaral.

1944 Micrurus lemniscatus multicinctus Amarl.

Micrurus frontalis multicinctus Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:325.
Distribution: probably from southern Sao Paulo to northern
Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil.

M. frontalis pyrrhocryptus (Cope).

18

POT 2

1862 Elaps pyrrhocryptus Cope.
1902 Elaps simonsii Boulenger.

Micrurus frontalis pyrrhocryptus Roze, 1983, Ibid.46:326.
Distribution: northern Argentina.
M. frontalis tricolor Hoge.
1957 Micrurus tricolor Hoge. Type-locality: Garandazal
mistake for Carandazal], Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.
Micrurus frontalis tricolor Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:326.
Distribution: southern Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil, and
adjacent Paraguay.
M. frontifasciatus (Werner).
1927 Elaps frontifasciatus Werner.
Micrurus lemniscatus frontifaciatus Roze, 1967.
Micrurus frontifasciatus Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:326.
Distribution: eastern Andean slopes in Bolivia.
M. ibiboboca (Merrem, 1820). See Vanzolini, Ramos-Costa &
Vitt, 1980, Repteis Caatingas, Acad. Brasileira Cien.
M. karlschmidti Romano, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1971] 35:111-15.
Nomen novum for Leptomicrurus schmidti Hoge & Romano,
L667
M. langsdorffi Wagler. No subspecies, fide Cunha &
Nascimento, 1982, Ibid. 116:8.
1824 Micrurus langsdorffi Wagler.
1868 Elaps imperator Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia
1868:110. Type-locality: Napo and Maranon.
1868 Elaps batesi Gunther.
1935 Micrurus mimosus Amaral.
Micrurus langsdorffi langsdorffi Roze, 1967.
Distribution: western Amazonia.
M. lemniscatus carvalhoi Roze, 1967. Distribution: eastern
Brasil, not “Amazon Basin of Brasil."
M. lemniscatus frontifasciatus = M. frontifasciatus, fide
ig Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:326.
M. mipartitus decussatus (D., B. & D. 1854).

M. nigrocinctus nigrocinctus (Girard).

1854 Elaps nigrocinctus Girard.

1860 Elaps melanocephalus Hallowell.

1951 Micrurus pachecoi Taylor.

Micrurus nigrocinctus nigrocinctus Roze, 1983, Ibid.
465313 Sila.
Distribution: Pacific side of Central America from

Nicaragua to Panama, and Colombian Choco.

M. nigrocinctus melanocephalus = M. n. nigrocinctus, fide
Rioizie: Wi9i8'3,5 sbbdid'.) 46: 33.1...

M. ornatissimus (Jan).

1858 Elaps ornatissimus Jan.

1896 Elaps buckley Boulenger.

1925 Micrurus albicinctus Amaral. Type-locality: Mato Grosso
(now probably in Rondonia).

Micrurus ornatissimus Cunha & Nascimento, 1982, Ibid.
TAG e3 ye
Distribution: western Amazonia.

M. paraensis Cunha & Nascimento, fide Hoge & Romano-Hoge,

1981, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1978/79] 42/43:400.

19

1973 Micrurus psyches paraensis Cunha & Nascimento, Publ.
Avuls. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi 20:276.
Type-locality: Icoaraci, Belem, Para. Distribution:
eastern Para, Brasil.

M. petersi Roze, fide Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:332. Distribution:
southeastern Ecuador.

M. psyches donosoi Hoge, Cordeiro & Romano-Hoge, fide Roze,
1983, Ibid. [1982] 46:335. Distribution: known only from
type locality.

1973 M. psyches paraensis Cunha & Nascimento, Publ. Avuls. Mus.
Paraense Emilio Goeldi 20:276. Type-locality: Brasil,
Para, Icoaraci.

M. sangilensis Niceforo-Maria, fide Roze, 1983, Ibid. 46:334.
Distribution: northern Colombia, between Cordilleras
Central and Oriental.

M. spurrelli (Boulenger, 1914), not M. spurelli.

M. steindachneri petersi = M. petersi, fide Roze, 1983, Ibid.
463 33:2.

M. tricolor = M. frontalis tricolor, fide Roze, 1983, Ibid.
46:326.

Ninia Baird & Girard, 1853.
N. hudsoni Parker. Distribution: also Acre, Brasil (P.E.V.).

Oxyrhopus Wagler, 1830.
Extensive ontogenetic and geographic variation of color pattern

makes the key largely unusable; available descriptions are not much
help. Identifications should be based on comparison with reliably
identified specimens.
QO. melanogenys melanogenys (Tschudi), fide Cunha & Nascimento,
1983, Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) 122:1-42.
QO. melanogenys orientalis Cunha & Nascimento, 1983, Ibid.
122:6. Type-locality: Santa Rosa, Estrada da Vigia,
Para, Brasil. Distribution: easternmost Para and
adjacent Maranhao, Brasil.
QO. occipitalis (Wagler). Revalidated by Hoge et al., 1973,
Mem. Inst. Butant¢an ‘(197 2°} 362221-32..
O. trigeminus D., B. & D. Distribution: also Paraguay
(Bailey, 1939).
1978 O. trigeminus guibei Hoge & Romano, Mem. Inst. Butantan
fiste7771 40/41:58. Type-locality: Brasil, Parana,
Londrina.

Paraptychophis Lema, 1967 = Ptychophis Gomes, 1915, fide Hoge &
Romano, 1969, Cien. Cult.” 21:(2)%'45 3%.

P. meyeri Lema = Ptychophis flavovirgatus Gomes, fide Hoge &
Romano, 1969, Ibid. 21(2):453.

Paroxyrhopus Schenkel, 1900 = Xenopholis W. Peters, 1869, fide Hoge
& Federsoni, 1975, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1974] 38:137-46.
P. reticulatus Schenskel = Xenopholis undulatus (Jensen), fide
Hoge & Federsoni, 1975, Ibid. 38:137-46.
P. undulatus (Jensen). Distribution: specimen from Amazonian
Colombia is misidentified (Hoge & Federsoni, 1975, op.

20

ctit.)

Philodryas Wagler, 1830. Includes Alsophis sensu Maglio, 1970 =
Dromicus sensu Peters & Orejas-Miranda, 1970.

P. aestivus subcarinatus Boulenger. Revalidated by Barrio,
Laurent & Thomas, 1977, J. Herpetol. 11(2):230-31.

P. aestivus manegarzoni Orejas-Miranda = P. a. subcarinatus
Boulenger, fide Barrio, Laurent & Thomas, ia ay yee
P12) 2230-311.

P. borellii Peracca. Revalidated by Barrio, Laurent & Thomas,
1977, Herpetologica 33:82-86. Now = P. varius, fide
Thomas & Johnson, 1984, J. Herpetol. 18:80.

P. chamissonis (Wiegmann), fide Thomas, 1977, Copeia
1977(4):648-52.

P. elegans rufodorsatus (Gunther), not rufidorsatus.

P. pseudoserra Amaral = Tropidodryas striaticeps (Cope), fide
Thomas & Dixon, 1977, Pearce-Sellards Ser. 27:1-20.

P. serra (Schlegel) = Tropidodryas serra (Schlegel), fide
Thomas & Dixon, 1977, Ibid. 27:1-20.

P. simonsii Boulenger. Reinstated by Thomas, 1977, Ibid.

4):648-52.

P. tachymenoides (Schmidt & Walker), fide Thomas, 1977, Ibid.
(4):648-52.

P. varius (Jan).

1863 Liophis wagleri var. varia Jan, Arch. Zool. Anat. Fisiol.
2:301. Type-locality: Veracruz.

1897 Philodryas borellii Peracca.

1925 Philodryas werneri Muller.

Philodryas varius Thomas & Johnson, 1984, Ibid. 18:80.
Distribution: puna region of Bolivia and Argentina.

Phimophis Cope, 1860.
P. guerini (D.,B. & D.). Distribution: also Guianan region

(Hoogmoed, 1982).
P. guianensis (Troschel). Distribution: also French Guiana
(Gasc & Rodrigues, 1980).

Platyinion Amaral, 1923, not Platynion.
P. lividum Amaral. Type-locality: Brasil, Mato Grosso do Sul,

Guiacurus, fide Amaral, 1926, Arch. Mus. Nac. (Rio de
Janeiro) 26:95-127.

Pseudoboa Schneider, 1801.
P. haasi (Boettger). Distribution: also Rio de Janeiro region
(USNM).

Pseudoeryx Fitzinger, 1826.
1965 P. plicatilis ecuadorensis Mertens, Senckenberg. Biol.

46(4):281. Type-locality: Ecuador, no further data.

Pseustes Fitzinger, 1843
P. shropshirei (Barbour & Amaral). Distribution: not Costa
a Rica, fide Savage, 1980, Handlist key...Costa Rica.
P. sulphureus (Wagler). Distribution: also Venezuela (Roze,

2yl

1966).

P. sulphureus dieperinkii (Schlegel). Revalidated by Hoge &
Romano, 1970, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1969] 34:89-92.

Rhadinaea Cope, 1863. Reviewed by Myers, 1974, Bull. Amer. Mus.

Nat. Hise. U5321=2627.

R. beui Prado = R. persimilis (Cope), fide Myers, 1974, op.
cit.

R. bilineata (Fischer). Revalidated by Myers, 1974, op.cit.

R. dumerilli (Bibron). Revalidated by Myers, 1974, op. cit.

R. godmani (Gunther). Distribution: also Honduras (Wilson,
1972, Bull. S. California Acad Sci 71:50-52).

R. insignissimus (Amaral) = R. persimilis (Cope), fide Myers,

~ 1974, op. eft.

R. lateristriga multilineata (W. Peters) = R. multilineata (W.
Peters), fide Myers, 1974, on. cit.

R. montecristi Mertens. Distribution: also Honduras (1979,
Herpetol. Rev. 20:62).

R. pachyura fulviceps Cope = R. fulviceps Cope, fide, Myers,
O74 Voip. “cit.

Rhinobothryum Wagler, 1830.

Distribution: Guatemala and Honduras through...

Saphenophis Myers, 1973, Amer. Mus. Novit. 2522:2. Type species,
Dromicus boursieri Jan. & Sordelli, by original:
designation. Contains also:

Liophis atahuallpae Steindachner.

Rhadinaea antioquiensis Dunn.
Rhadinaea tristriata Rendahl & Vestergren.

1973 Saphenophis sneiderni Myers, Ibid. 2522:22. Type-locality:
Colombia, Cauca, El Tambo. Distribution: type locality.

Scaphiodontophis Taylor & Smith, 1943.
1969 S. dugandi Roze, Caldasia 10(48):355. Type-locality: Colombia,

Antioquia, Rio Currulao, Uraba, near Turbo.

Sibon Fitzinger, 1826.

Includes Tropidodipsas, fide Kofron, 1985, J. Herpetol. 19:84-92;

key to all species and subspecies in Kofron, 1985, op. cit.

1977 S. neilli Henderson, Hoevers & Wilson, J. Herpetol. PB ROT hs
Type-locality: Belize, vicinity of Belize = S. sanniola
neilli, fide Kofron, 1985, op. “eit.

S. anthracops (Cope). Distribution: also El Salvador (Hidalgo,
1979, Herpetol. Rev. 10:103).

Sibynomorphus Fitzinger, 1843.
S. mikanii mikanii (Schlegel).

1837 Dipsas mikanii Schlegel.
1884 Leptognathus andrei Sauvage.

1887 Leptognathus garmani Cope. Correct type-locality: Sao
Joao do Montenegro, Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, fide

Vanzolini, 1953, Copeia (2):124.
Distribution: Brasil south of Amazon basin.

D2

S. mikanii neuwiedi = S. neuwiedi, fide Hoge, Laporta &
Romano-Hoge, 1981, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1978/79]
42/3177 6%.
S. mikanii septentrionalis Cunha, Nascimento & Hoge, Bol. Mus.
Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Zool.) 103:2. Type-locality:
Puraqueu, on Hwy. BR-222, Maranhao, Brasil.
Distribution: Maranhao, Brasil.
S. neuwiedi (Ihering).
1911 Cochliophagus mikani neuwiedi R.V. Ihering.
1930 Sibynomophus mikanii fasciatus Amaral.
Sibynomorphus neuwiedii Hoge, Laporta & Romano-Hoge,
L981, Tbid. 427422 176.
Distribution: southeastern and southern Brasil.
1979 S. oneilli Rossman & Thomas, Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Louisiana
St. Mus. 54:1. Type-locality: Peru, Amazonas, NNE
Balsas, road to Abra Chanchillo.
1974 S. williamsi Carrillo de Espinoza, Publ. Mus. Hist. Nat.
"Javier Prado" 24:3. Type-locality: Peru, Lima,
Jicamarca.

Synophis Peracca, 1896.
S. lasallei (Maria). Distribution: lowlands, but

type-locality is 2200 om.

Tachymensis Wiegmann, 1835
T. peruviana assimilis (Jan) = T. chilensis coronellina

(Werner), fide Ortiz, 1973, Ibid. 146:1021-39.

T. peruviana chilensis (Schlegel) = i. ¢. chitensis
(Schlegel), fide Ortiz, 1973, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat.
(3)146:1021-39.

peruviana yutoensis Miranda & Couturier.

Tee
T1981 Tachymenis peruviana yutoensis Miranda & Couturier, Com.
Mus. Argentina Cien. Nat. Bernardino Rivadavia (zool.)

4(10):80. Type-Llocality: Yuto, Jujuy, Argentina.
Distribution: northwestern Argentina.
T. surinamensis Dunn = Philodryas elegans, fide Myers &
Hoogmoed, 1974, Zool. Med. 48:187-94.

Tantilla Baird & Girard, 1853
Error in key; couplet 17 refers to nonexistent couplet 26. Key to
all species in Wilson, 1982, Catalog. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 307:1-4.
1980 T. andinista Wilson & Mena, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist.
11:21. Type-locality: 5 km E Alausi, Prov. Chimborazo,
Ecuador, 2600-2750 m. Distribution: only type locality.
T. annulata Boettger, 1892. Distribution: also in South
America, (Wilson, McCranie & Porras, 1977, Bull. S.
Galifornia Acad.) Seis 6 249!= 3:6 )).
T. alticola (Boulenger). Distribution: also Costa Rica (Wilson
et Lali e977, Ibid. 6: 49—5 6): <
T. brevicauda Mertens. Distribution: also Chimaltenango,
_ Guatemala (Wilson, 1970, Bull. S. California Acad. Sci.
69:228-120).
- capistrata Cope, fide Wilson & Mena, 1980.,. Lbitd. 1Tl:l=58..
Distribution: northwestern Peru.

{33

2:3

1982 T. cuesta Wilson, Milwaukee Pub. Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol.
52:29. Type-locality 1.5 km E San Rafael Pie de la
Cuesta, 1050 m. Distribution: only from type locality.

1980 T. equatoriana Wilson & Mena, [bid. 11:23. Type-locality: San
Lorenzo, Provincia Esmeraldas, Ecuador. Distribution:
known only from type locality.

1980 T. insulamontana Wilson & Mena, Ibid. 11:24. Type-locality:
Rio Minas, 15.1 km W Santa Isabel, Provincia Azuay,
Ecuador, ca. 1250 m. Distribution: intermediate
elevations of Rio Jubones valley, Ecuador.

1980 T. lempira Wilsom & Mena, Ibid. 11:25. Type-locality:
Honduras, Francisco Morazan, 41 km NW Tegucigalpa.
Distribution: moderate elevations of Pacific versant of
Honduras.

T. melanocephala capistrata = T. capistrata, fide Wilson &
Mena, 1980, Ibid. 11:1-58.

- petersi Wilson, Herpetologica 35(3):274. Type-locality:
Ecuador, Imbabura, San Nicolas, Pimampiro.

T. reticulata Cope. Distribution: Caribbean versant from
southeastern Nicaragua to Panama and northwestern
Colombia (Wilson, 1985, Catal. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 370).

T. ruficeps (Cope) = T. melanocephala, fide Wilson & Mena,
1960), Lbid.., Lils2ie.

T. semicincta (D..B. & D.). Distribution: not Panama (Wilson,
1976, Bull: S. Calif. Acad. Scifi! 75242-4868),

T. taeniata (Bocourt). Distribution: also El Salvador

Wilson, 1974, Bull. S.. Calidf.: Acad. Soiie73<53-54).

T. vermiformis (Hallowell). Distribution: low elevations of
Pacific versant from aorthwestern Nicaragua to
northwestern Costa Rica.

LT 9

jn

Tantillita Smith, 1941.
Content: two species, T. brevissima in Mexico.
T. Llintoni (Smith). Distribution: also Peten, Guatamala (MVZ).

Thamnodynastes Wagler, 1830.

Identifications in this genus should be considered provisional,
since there are many new species awaiting description.

Tretanorhinus Dumeril, Bibron & Dumeril, 1854.
T. n. nigroluteus Cope, 1862. Distribution also in South
America (Alarcon-Pardo, 1978, Lozania (Bogota) 27:1-4).

Trimetopon Cope, 1885.
T. hannsteini Stuart = Rhadinaea hannsteini, fide Myers, 1974,

Tbi'd.” 15 Sil=2'6'2.-
- pilonaorum Stuart = R. pilonaorum, fide Myers, 1974,op.cit.
- posadasi Slevin = R. posadasi, fide Myers, 1974, op. cit.
- veraepacis (Stuart & Bailey) = R. kinkelini, fide Myers,
U'OAS, * Co pw fest;

IAlAls

Tropidodipsas Gunther, 1858 = Sibon, fide Kofron, 1985, Ibid.
19:84-92.

24

Tropidodryas Fitzinger, 1843. Revalidated by Thomas & Dixon, 1977,
Pearce-Sellards Ser. 27:1-20. Contains:
serra (Schlegel).

Te
T. striaticeps (Cope).

Typhlops Oppel, 1811.

Key to continental Neotropical species in Dixon & Hendricks, 1979,

Zool. Verh. Rijksm. Nat. Hist. 73:1-39.

1976 T. brongersmianus Vanzolini, Pap. Avul. Zool. (Sao Paulo)
29:247. Nomen novum for T. brongersmai Vanzolini, 1972,
Zool. Med. (Leiden) 47:27. Type-locality: Brasil, Bahia,
Barra de Itaipe, Ilheus.

- costaricensis Jimenez & Savage. Distribution: Costa Rica

and Nicaragua.

microstomus Cope. Distritution: Merida, Mexico, to El

Paso, Guatemala.
1979 T. minuisquamus Dixon & Hendricks, Ibid. 73:21. Type-locality:
Peru, Loreto, Mishana. Distribution: Amazon basin from
Iquitos area and Manaus area northward to Moroa,
Venezuela, and on north edge of Guyana Shield, Guyana.
1979 T. paucisquamus Dixon & Hendricks, Mbdidiacl7 Sze
Type-locality: Brasil, Pernambuco.
T. reticulatus (Linnaeus). Distribution: Cis-andean South
America between 12 N & 14 S, and coastal Ecuador.
T. stadelmani Schmidt = T. tenuis, fide Dixon & Hendricks,
19795 Op. “cit.
T. tenuis Salvin. Distribution: also Honduras.
T. unilineatus (D.&B.). Distribution: not Neotropical,
possibly Oriental.

|A

Umbrivaga Roze, 1964.

1979 U. pyburni Markezich & Dixon, Copeia (4):698. Type-locality:
Colombia, Meta, Loma Linda. Distribution: type locality.

U. pygmaea (Cope, 1868), fide Markezich & Dixon, 1979, Ibid.
(4):698-701.

Uromacerina Amaral, 1929.
U. ricardinii (Peracca). Distribution: Brasil, Sao Paulo to
= Rio Grande do Sul; one isolated population in Para
(Cunha & Nascimento, 1982, Ibid. 113:1).

Waglerophis Romano & Hoge, 1973, Mem. Inst. Butantan [1972] 36:209.
Type-species: Ophis merremii Wagler, 1824, monotypic.

Xenodon Boie, 1824.
Comment: X. werneri listed as part of French Guiana fauna, fide
Gasc & Rodrigues, 1980, Bull. Mus. Nat. Hist. Nat., Paris
(4)2:559-98.
X. merremii (Wagler) = Waglerophis merremii (Wagler), fide
Romano & Hoge, 1973, Ibid. 36:209-14.

X. rabdocephalus rabdocephalus (Wied), fide Dixon, 1983, Texas
Je Set. 35: 257%

1824 Coluber rabdocephalus Wied.
1858 Xenodon colubrinus Gunther.

Zo

1864 Xenodon angustrirostris Peters.
1868 Xenodon suspectus Cope.

1885 Xenodon bipraeoculis Cope.
Distribution: Amazonia.

X. suspectus Cope = X. r. rabdocephalus, fide Dixon 1983,
Lbid., 352257;

Xenopholis W. Peters, 1869. Includes Paroxyrhopus Schenkel, 1900,
fide Hoge & Federsoni, 1975, Ibid. 38:137-46.

26

Addenda and Corrigenda to Part II Lizards and Amphisbaenia
BP. Ex, Vanzolini
Ablepharus Fitzinger, 1823 = Cryptoblepharus Wiegmann, 1834. fide

Fuhn, 1969, Rev. Roumaine Biol. 14:23-41. Distribution:
may include Ecuador (Boulenger, 1887) and Chile (BMNH).

Abronia Gray, 1838.

A. montecristoi Hidalgo, Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ.
Kansas (105):6. Type-locality: Fl Salvador, Santa Ana,
Hda. Montecristo, Metapan, 2250 m. Distribution: known
only from type locality.

A. salvadorensis Hidalgo, Ibid. (105):l. Type-locality: El

+ Salvador, Morazan, Canton Palo Blanco, 10 km NE Perquin,
1900 m. Distribution: known only from type locality.

Alopoglossus Boulenger, 1885
1973 A. atriventris Duellman, Herpetologica 29:228. Type-locality:
Ecuador, Napo, Lago Agrio. Distribution Amazonian basin
of Ecuador and adjacent Colombia and Peru.
A. copii Boulenger = Leposoma southi, fide Uzzell & Barry,
PostiL la, 154,
A. gracilis Werner, (Incertae sedis by Peters & Donoso-Barros)
= Ecpleopus gaudichaudii Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, fide
Uizwell 1969; Postilla 13521-2353.
1984 A. lehmanni Ayaia & Harris, Herpetologica 40:154.
i Type-locality: Colombia, Valle del Cauca, road from
Buenaventura to San Isidro, km 22. Distribution: Pacific
lowlands of Colombia (Ayala & Harris, 1984,
Herpetologica 40:154-57).

Amapasaurus Cunha, 1970, Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi (Zool.)
74:1-8 Type-species: A. tetradactylus Cunha, 1970, op.
Git.

1970 A. tetradactylus Cunha, Ibid. 74:3. Type-locality: Brasil,
Amapa, Igarape Camaipi, Alto Rio Maraca. Distribution
headwaters of Rio Maraca, Brasil.

Ameiva Meyer, 1795.

The key in Peters & Donoso-Barros is unreliable.

A. ameiva (Linnaeus). The subspecies of A. ameiva are not
biologically meaningful.

1977 A. anomala Echternacht Copeia (l):1l. Type-locality: Colombia,
Cauca, Quebrada Guangui, 0.5 km above Rio Patia (Upper
Rio Saija drainage), 100-200 m. Distribution: Pacific
lowlands of Colombia.

A. festiva niceforoi Dunn = A. niceforoi, fide Echternacht,
ESO, “Breviora. 354: 1-9.

A. major Dumeril & Bibron, 1839. Omitted by Peters &
Donoso-Barros. See Presch, 1971, J. Herpetol. 5:°183-85,
Hoogmoed & Lescure, 1975, Zool. Med. 49(13):141-71.

A. undulata thomasi Smith & Laufe = A. chaitzami, fide

Henternacht, 19705 op. clt:

Cnemidophorus vittatus Boulenger =A... vittata,’ fide Vance,
1978, J. Herpetol. 12:98-100. Distribution: known only
from type locality.

Amphisbaena Linnaeus, 1758

1977 A. medemi Gans & Mathers, Fieldiana Zool. 72:22.
Type-locality: Colombia, Atlantico, Cienaga de
Amajehuevo, Canal. Distribution: only type locality.

1979 A. minuta Hulse & McCoy, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48:2.
Type-locality: Argentina, Catamarca, 27 km S Andalgala,
Distribution: Bolson de Pipinasco, Argentina.

1971 A. miringoera Vanzolini, Pap. Avul. Zool. 24:191.
Type-locality: Brasil, Mato Grosso do Norte, Porto
Velho, Rio Tapirapes. Distribution: only type locality.

1971 A. tragorrhectes Vanzolini, Ibid. 24:192. Type-locality:
Brasil, Para, Oriximina. Distribution: type locality.

Anadia Gray, 1845. Includes Argalia Gray, 1846, fide Oftedal, 1974,
Arq. Zool.(Sao Paulo) 25:203-65.

A. angusticeps Parker = A. vittata Boulenger, 1913, fide
Of tedal (1974, "op. cLt:

A. Drevitzrontalis (Boulenger), removed from Euspondylus by
Oftedal, 1974, op. cit. = Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis,
fide Dixon & Soini, 1975, Milwaukee Pub. Mus. Contrib.
BLOdeiGie Ole 4s 511).

A. dugquei Lancini = A. marmorata Gray, 1846, fide Oftedal,

US74. Op. ceLt.

- Marmorata (Gray) see Argalia.
ocellata metallica (Cope) = A. ocellata, fide Oftedal,
97 Aye OID er Gd te
1974 A. petersi Oftedal, Ibid 25:226. Type-locality: Ecuador, Loja,
San Ramon, near Loja. Distribution: only type Locality.

[>| >

Anolis Daudin. 1802.

Anolis is a difficult group. Peters & Donoso-Barros provided a

character matrix; however, given the many changes that have and

will occur in anole taxonomy, identification should start with a

reading of Williams (1976, Pap. Avul. Zool. 29:259-68) and

segregation of taxa by geography. Well identified specimens for
comparison are essential.

1974 A. annectens Williams, Breviora 421:3. Type-locality:
Venezuela, Zulia, Lago de Maracaibo. Distribution:
questionably Lago de Maracaito, Venezuela.

1985 A. antioquiae Wiliiams, Breviora 482:3. Type-locality:
Colombia, Antioquia, Quebrada Chaparral, 10 km E Andes
(town), 2200-2300 m. Distribution: western Antioquia,
Colombia.

A. apollinaris Boulenger. Revalidated by Williams, 1970,
Brevdora 3583 Lelt.
- baleatus Cope.
864 Eupristisbaleatus Cope; Proc. Acad. Nat. Sici.
Philadelphia 16:168. Type-locality: Santo Domingo.
Anolis baleatus Schwartz, 1974, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.
146:119. Distribution: Hispaniola; introduced into

as
1l

L983

1974

OTL

V9 70

1984

1974

Surinam (Hoogmoed, 1981, Amphibia-Reptilia 1:280).

A. calimae Ayala, Harris & Williams, Breviora Ay] Drs, 2
Type-locality: Colombia, Valle del Cauca, San Antonio,
Television Tower Mountain, 1800 m. Distribution:
westernmost Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

A. caquetae Williams, Breviora 422:8. Type-locality: Colombia,
Caqueta, Camp Soratama, Upper Apaporis. Distribution:
Amazonian Colombia.

A. carpenteri Echelle et al., Herpetologica 27:355.
Type-locality: Costa Rica, Cartago, Rio Reventazon, 7 km
ESE Turrialba. Distribution: Pacific lowlands of
Nicaragua and Costa Rica.

A. chlorocyanus Dumeril & Bibron.

1837 Anolis chloro-cyanus D. & B., Erp. Gen. eo ta ten
Type-locality: Martinique et Saint Domingue.

1856 Anolis laeviceps Lichtenstein, Nomencl. Rept. Amphib.
Mus. Berlin: 7. Type-locality: unknown. Distribution:
Hispaniola; introduced into Surinam (Hoogmoed, 1981,
bid. -bs2:7.9 )i.

A. chrysolepis brasiliensis Vanzolini & Wilitams, Ara. Zool.
19:85. Type-locality: Brasil, Mato Grosso do Norte,
Barra do Tapirapes. Distribution: northeastern Mato
Grosso to northern Sao Paulo, Brasil; also northeastern
Brasil (Williams & Vanzolini, 1980, Pap. Avul. Zool. 34.

A. chrysolepis planiceps Troschel, fide Vanzolini & Williams,
MOTOR Open ct tr

A. chrysolepis scypheus Cope, fide Vanzolini & Williams, 1970,
Ibid. 19:1-298..

A. crassulus Cope. Distribution: also Honduras (Meyer &
Wilson, (1973, Gontrib.« Sei. ((244):1-=39.

A. crassulus haguei = A. haguei, fide Eitch et ails, 1976;

Uni viestansageSciy Bulls (Swiss.

A. cupreus Hallowell. Content: five subspecies, fide Fitch et
al., 1972, Occ. Pap. Mus. Kansas Univ. Kansas (8):1-20.

A. cupreus dariense Fitch & Seigel, Milwaukee Pub. Mus.

Contrib. Bio. Geol. 57:6. Type-locality: Nicaragua,
Boaco, Puente Carlos Fonseca Amador. Distribution:
Caribbean-montane Nicaragua.

cuprets shofkfimanni Peters. fide Fitteh- etcals,0l1972, ‘op. cit.

- cupreus marcophallus Werner, ~fide witch et als, op. cit.

+ cupreus spilomelas Fitch et al., 1972, Ibid. (8):17. Type-
locality: Costa Rica, Puntarenas, Quepos. Distribution:
Quepos-Parrita area of Costa Rica.

A. cybotes cybotes Cope.

1863 Anolis cybotes Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

bG3l77. Typeslocality: Haiti, near Jeremie.

1863 A. riisei Reinhardt & Leutken, Vid. Med. Nat. For.
Copenhagen [1862] :264. Type-locality: Haiti.

1864 A. citrinellus Cope, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelohia
16:170. Type-locality: Santo Domingo.

Distribution: Hispaniola; introduced into Surinam
(Hoogmoed, 1981, Ibid. 1:279).

Ac adeltaciwilitams; Ibid. 422:11. Type-locality: Venezuela,

Delta Amacuro, Mision Araquaimujo. Distribution: delta

[>|>|>

of the Orinoco.

A. eewi Roze = A. chrysolepis planiceps Troschel, fide
Vanzolini & Willams, 1970, op, ici t.

1984 A. fitchi Williams & Duellman, Spec. Publi. Univ. Kansas Mus.

e Nat. Hist. (10):257. Type-locality: Ecuador, Napo, 16.5
km N-NE of Santa Rosa. Distribution: Napo, Ecuador, and
adjacent Putumayo, Colombia.

1971 A. fungosus Myers, Amer. Mus. Novitates (2471):13. Type-
locality: Panama, Bocas del Toro, north slope Cerro
Pando, Cordillera de Talamanca, 1450 m. Distribution:
known only from type locality.

A. heteropholidotus Mertens “= A. -sminthusi,, fide Neyer ¢
Wilson, L971, Bulls So. California Acad 70% 106-14:

A. hoffmanni = A. cupreus hoffmanni, fide Fitch et al., 1972,
Op. selt.

1982 A. huilae Williams, Breviora 467:9. Type-locality: Colombia,
Huila, Herberto Herrera’ s coffee plantation, Palestina.
Distribution: Huila and Tolima, Colombia.

A. humilis uniformis Cope = A. uniformis, fide Echelle et al.,
1978, Herpetologica 34:205-207.

1975 A. ibague Williams, Breviora 433:1. Type-locality: Colombia,
Tolima, Ibague. Distribution: only type locality.

A. incompertus Barbour = A. chrysolepis scypheus Cope, fide
Vanzolini & Williams, 1970, Ibid. 19:1-298.

A. intermedius Peters = A. laeviventris, Meyer & Wilson. 1971,
Ibid. 70s lOG—<14.

1982 A. johnmeyeri Wilson & McCranie, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci.
S52133. Type-locality: Honduras, Cortes, El Gusuco, 5.6
km WSW Buenos Aires, 1580 m. Distribution: Sierra de
Omoa, Honduras (McCranie et al., 1984, J. Herpetol.
821337 = 3:8).

A. laeviventris (Wiegmann). Distribution: also Nicaragua
(Fitch £-Seigel, ‘1984, -thid. 5737).

A. limifrons rodriquezii Bocourt = A. vodriguezii, FLtch et
ae Ol orG bid? Boho

A. mariarum Barbour = A. antonii Boulenger, 1908, fide
Williams, 1£970., Breviora, 3583 1-1).

A. marmoratus speciosus Garman.

1888 Anolis speciosus Garman, Bull. Essex Inst. 19:45.
Type-locality: Marie-Galante. Distribution: Guadeloupe
and adjacent islets; introduced into French Guiana
(Lescure, 1983 °GATR. Soc. Biogeor, France (5962),

1983 A. manta Ayala, Harris & Williams, Pav. Avul. Zool. 35:135.
Type-locality: Colombia, Magdalena, Cuchilla
Hierbabuena, 4 km SE San Pedro de la Sierra, Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta. Distribution: northern Sierra
Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia.

A. nmannodes Cope = A. laeviventris, fide Meyer & Wilson, 1971,

Lbid. 70:106-14.
A. nicefori Barbour = A
Wiliams, PO70 5 ot

A. nitens bondi Fowler

+ tropidogasiter Hallowell, fide
Bad. 139 Sika}

A. chrysolepis planiceps Troschel,
fide Vanzolina (ec Williams 77197 0Rm ops hese:

1974 A. nigropunctatus Williams, Ibid. 422:2. Type-locality:

Colombia, Norte de Santander, El Diamante. Distribution:
northeastern Colombia and western Venezuela.

A. onca (O“Shaughnessy). See Williams, 1974, Ibid. 421:1-21.

A. ortonii Cope. Distribution: also Atlantic forest, Brasil

Williams & Vanxolini, 1980, Ibid. 34:99-108).
A. oxylophus Cope. Revalidated by Fitch & Seigel, 1984, Ibid.
So.

1975 A. parilis Williams, Breviora 434:1. Type-locality: Ecuador,
Pichincha, Rio Baba, 2.4 km S Santo Domingo de los
Colorados. Distribution: only from type locality.

1971 A. procellaris Myers, Amer. Mus. Nov. (2470):2. Type-locality:
Panama, Veraquas, nr. mouth Rio Concepcion.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

1984 A. propinquus Williams, Breviora 477:1. Type-locality:
Colombia, Valle del Cauca, Rio Calima, 1.5 km W Lago
Calima. Distribution: known only from type locality.

A. punctatus Daudin. Distribution: forests of northern South

American east of Andes and Atlantic forest of Brasil.

A. punctatus boulengeri O“Shaughnessy = A. punctatus Daudin,

fide Williams & Vanzolini, 1980, Ibid. 34:99-108.

A. richardii Dumeril & Bibron.

1837 Anolis richardii D.& B., Erp. Gen. 4:141. Typve-locality:
Tortola. Distribution: Tobago, Grenada and Grenadines;
introduced into Surinam (Hoogmoed, 1981, Ibid. 1:281).

rivalis Williams, Breviora 478:7. Type-locality: Colombia,

Antioquia, Belen, Rio Arauia. Distribution: Choco and
western Antioquia, Colombia.

1982 A. santamartae Williams, Breviora 467:16. Type-locality:
Colombia, Cesar, San Sebastian de Rabago, Sierra Nevada
de Santa Marta. Distribution: only from type locality.

A. scypheus Cope = A. chrysolepis scypheus, fide Vanzolini &

Wii vans; 19705) Ebadi. 9 l= 29137
A. steinbachi Griffin = A. meridionalis Boettger, 1885, fide
Vanzolini & Williams, 1970, op. cit.

A. sulcifrons Cope, 1899. Revalidated by Myers, 1971, Amer.

Mus. Nov. 2471:36. Distribution: east base of Cordillera

de Bogota and edge of Llanos east of Bogota, Colombia

. uniformis Cope. Elevated by Meyer & Wilson, 1971, Ibid. 70.

vaupesianus Williams, Breviora 467:2. Type-locality:

Colombia, Comisaria de Vaupes, Timbo, on Rio Vaupes, E
Mitu. Distribution: Amazonas and Vaupes, Colombia.

1976 A. villai Fitch & Henderson, Milwaukee Pub. Mus. Contrib.
Biol. Geol. (9):1. Type-locality: Nicaragua, Great Corn
Island. Distribution: Great Corn Island.

1971 A. vociferans Myers, Amer. Mus. Nov. (2471 )310. Type-Llocality:
Panama, Chiriqui, 4 km W Cerro Punta, 1829 m.
Distribution: Pacific side Cordillera de Talamanca from
Cerro de la Muerte to Volcan de Chiriqui.

A. woodi attenuatus Taylor = A. attenuatus, “ide ELteh et ala;

z= 1976,,Lbids SlallAa. a

1984

|>

|>|>

19/82

Anops Bell, 1833.
1972 Anops bilabialatus Stimson, Bul. British. Musi oNat.., Hist.
(Zool.) 24:205. Type-locality: Brasil, Mato Grosso do

Norte, 260 km N Xavantina. Distribution: type locality.

Anotosaura Amaral, 1933.

1974 A. brachylepis Dixon, Herpetologica 30:17. Type-locality:
Brasil, Minas Gerais, Serra do Cipo. Distribution: known
only from vicinity of type locality.

1974 A. collaris vanzolini Dixon, Ibid. 30:16. Type-locality:

~ "Argentina," misprint for Brasil, Pernambuco Argentina.
= A. vanzolina, fide Vanzolini & Ramos, Liha s5 oe E/asDie VAAL
Zool. 3Ll219-47. Distribution: type Locality.

Aperopristis Peracca. Type-species: A. paronae Peracca, irate 7/9
revalidated by Cei, 1973, Physis(C) 32:447-58.

A. catamarcensis Koslowsky, fide Laurent & Teran, 1981,
Miscelanea (Fund. Miguel Lillo, Tucuman) 71:11.
Distribution: northwestern Argentina.

A. paronae Peracca, 1897.

Argalia Gray, 1846 = Anadia Gray, 1845, fide Oftedal, 1974, Ibid.
25:203=65.

Arthrosaura Boulenger, 1885.
A. amapaense Cunha = A. reticulata versteegii, fide Hoogmoed,

1973, Liz. Amphisb. Surinam, W. Junk.

A. versteegii Van Lidth = A. reticulata versteegii, fide
Hoogmoed, 1973, op. cit.

Arthroseps Boulenger, 1898 = Ecpleopus Dumeril & Bibron, 1839, fide
Ugzetl £9695 Pos tills 213 551 = 2:3".

A. fluminensis Amaral = Ecpleopus gaudichaudii D.& B., fide
Uzzell, 1969, op. cit:

A. werneri Boulenger = Ecpleopus gaudichaudii, D.& B., fide
Wize OOF Opie. Cut.

Aspidolaemus Peters, 1862. Type-species: Ecpleopus (Aspidolaemus)
affinis Peters, 1862, revalidated by Uzzell (1969) =

Pholidobolus Peters, 1862, fide Montanucci, 1973; Misic.
Publ Univ.) Kansas, Mus. Nait. Hist. o9e1=—527.

Bachia Gray, 1845. Includes Ophiognomon, fide Dixon, 1973, Misc.

Publ. Univ. Kansas Musso Nat. Hist. joes
Ophiognomon abendrothii (Peters) = Bachia trisanale
abendrothiit, fide Dixon, 1973; op. cit.

B. alleni trinitatis (Barbour) = B. heteropa trinitatis, fide
Daxon, L735 op. cuit.

1977 B. guianensis Hoogmoed & Dixon, Zool. Med. 51:25.
Type-locality: Venezuela, Bolivar, Guri. Distribution:
known only from type locality.

1973 B. huallagana Dixon, Ibid. 57:25. Type-locality: Peru, San
Martin, San Jose de Tocache (= Tocache Nuevo), Rio
Huallaga. Distribution: Huanuco and San Martin, Peru.

B. lineata Boulenger = 8B. heteropa lineata, fide Dixon, OWES)

OD. Todtts
B. lineata marcelae Donoso-Barros & Garrido = B. heteropa

marcelae, fide Dixon, 1973, op. cit.
B. monodactylus (Daudin) = B. cophias (Schneider), fide
Hoogmoed, 1973, Biogeog. 4:1-419.

B. parkeri Ruthven = Bs. cophias parkeri, fide Dixon, 1973,
Op. cit.

B. schlegeli (Dumeril & Bibron) = B. flavescens schlegeli,
fide Dixon, 1973. op. cit.

Ophiognomon trisanale Cope = Bachia trisanale, fide Dixon,
Or Sry, SODs 1CLt.

Ophiognomon vermiformis (Cope) = Bachia trisanale vermiformis,
Hides Dixon, 19/735) open icist.

Basiliscus Laurenti, 1768.
B. plumifrons Cope. Distribution: also Honduras (Meyer &
Wilson, 19735), sGontribo, Scie pC2a4 i211):

Bronia Gray, 1865.

1971 Bronia kraoh Vanzolini, Pap. Avul. Zool. 24:193. Type-
locality: Brasil, Goias, Pedro Afonso. Distrihution:
known only from type locality.

Ceiolaemus Laurent, 1984, J. Herpetol. 18:370. Type-species:
Leiosaurus marmoratus Burmeister. Distribution:
provinces of La Rioja and Catamarca, Argentina. Content:
two species.

- anomalus (Koslowsky).

- marmoratus (Burmeister).

981 Liolaemus pseudanomalus Cei, J. Herpetol. 15:253. Nomen
novum for L. marmoratus Burmeister.

x
c
1

Celestus Gray, 1839. Content: seventeen species, five occur from
Mexico to Nicaragua fide Strahm & Schwartz, 1977,
Biotropica 93 58=7 2.
Cc. atitlanensis Smith = Diplogossus atitlanensis, fide Strahm
& Schwartz, L977, ops “elt:

C. cyanochloris Cope = Diploglossus cyanochloris, fide Strahm
& Sichware2 . L977, op. ¢ it.

Cnemidophorus Wagler, 1830.
1969 C. cozumela maslini Fritts, Copeia (3):524. Type-locality:

Mexico, Campeche, 16 mi SW Champoton. Distribution:
coastal areas of Campeche, Mexico, to central El Feten,
Guatemala.

C. lemniscatus arubensis (Van Lidth) = C. arubenis, Schall,
[9735 J. Herpetol< ~7/%.2389=95 .
Cc. vittatus Boulenger, 1902 = Ameiva vittata, fide Vance,

C9755, J.< Herpeto lk. 12+98=100),

Coleodactylus Parker, 1926.

1980 C. septentrionalis Vanzolini, Pap. Avul. Zool. 34:2.
Type-locality: Brasil, Roraima, Ilha Maraca, Rio
Uxaricoera. Distribution: only Liha Maraca,. Brasil.

Colobodactylus Amaral, 1933,

1977 C. dalcyanus Vanzolini & Ramos, Pap. Avul. Zool, 31:26.
Type-locality: Brasil, Rio de Janeiro, Brejo da Lapa,
Ltatiata. Distribution: Atlantic forest cof Sao Paulo
region, Brasil.

Colobosaura Boulenger, 1862. See Vanolini & Ramos, 1977, Ibid.
31:19-47.
C. kraepelini (Werner) = incertae sedis, fide Vanzolini &
Ramos’, 9.7.7.2 Ope. .cdlt...
1977 C. landii Cunha, Bol. Mus. Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Zool. 86:3.
Type-locality: Brasil, Para, Curupati. Distribution:
eastern Para, Brasil.

Ctenoblepharis Tschudi, 1845. Includes Phrynosaura Werner, 1907,

fide Donoso-Barros, 1972, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion
44:129-34; further modified by subsequent authors,
considered monotypic by Laurent, 1984, J. Herpetol.
18:357-73. Distribution: coastal desert of ‘Peru.

C. adspersa Tschudi.

Cc. anomala (Koslowsky) = Liolaemus anomalus, fide Cei, 1979,
J. Herpetol. 13:297-302 = Ceiolaemus anomalus, Laurent,
1934, Ebid. 1dé¢359).

audituvelatus Nunez & Yanez, Copeia (2):454. Type-locality:
Chile, Llano de Vilama, 10 km E San Pedro de Atacama,
= Phrynosaura audituvelatus, fide Laurent, 1984, Ibid.
18:371. Distribution: Llanos de Vilama y Paciencia,
Antofagasta, Chile.

C. jamesi Boulenger = Liolaemus jamesi fide Cei, E97-9., =i bid.

P3329 7=30i2'.

Phrynosaura marmorata (Burmeister) = Liolaemus marmoratus,
fide Cei, 1980, J. Herpetol. 14:192-93 = Ctenoblepharis
marmorata, fide Duellman, 1979, Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ.
Kansas Monogr. 7:371-459 = Ceiolaemus marmoratus, fide
Laurent, 1984, bid. 182359.

Cc. nigriceps Philippi = Liolaemus nigriceps, fide Laurent,
P9845) Ebid. “L823 70's

Phrynosaura reichei (Werner) = Ctenoblepharis reichei, fide
Donoso-Barros, 1972, Ibid. 44:129-34 = Phrynosaura
reichii, fide Laurent, 1984, Ibid. 18:371.

Cc. schmidti Marx = Liolaemus schmidti, fide Geil, 19°7:9),--Ebicd..

a 13:297-302.

Cc. stolzmanni (Steindachner) = Phrynosaura stolzmanni, fide
Laurent; L98iGo°Lb itd. @les7t

19183

1a

Cupriguanus Gallardo, 1974 = Pristidactylus Fitzinger, 1843, fide
Etheridge, in Paull, Williams & Hall, 1976, Breviora
441:1-31.

1975 C. alvaroi Donoso-Barros, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion [1974]
483:2215 Typé-locality: CGhile, Santiago; Cerro Fl Roble-.
Distribution: Nothofagus forest of “central “Piexu,,

Diploglossus Wiegmann, 1834. Content: twelve species, eight from
Guatemala to Colombia and Ecuador, and disjunct
populations ir Brasil and Peru, fide Strahm & Schwartz,

LO Poe RLoOcnop lca, 9: 38 —7 2).
D. fasciatus (Gray). Distribution: also Peru (MVZ).
1973 D. montisylvestris Myers, Amer. Mus. Nov. (2523):3. Type-
locality: Panama, Darien, southeastern slope of Cerro
Pirre, 1440 m. Distribution: Serrania de Pirre, Panama.

Ecpleopus Dumeril & Bibron, 1839. Includes Arthroseps Boulenger,
1898, but not Aspidolaemus Peters, fide Uzzell, 1969,
Postilla 135s l=23::
E. affinis (Peters) = Pholidobolus affinis, fide Montanucci,
OS; Oper Cd te
E. gaudichaudii D.& B. See Uzzell, 1969, op. cit.

Enyalioides Boulenger, 1885.
1973 E. cofanorum Duellman, Herpetologica 29:230. Type-locality:

Ecuador, Napo, Santa Cecilia. Distribution: Amazonian
basin of Ecuador.

Enyalius Wagler, 1830.

E. bibronii Boulenger = E. catenatus bibronii, fide Jackson,
1978, Arq. Zool. 3021-79).

1968 E. boulengeri Etheridge, Bull. British Mus. (Nat. Hist)
18:250. Type-locality: Brasil, Espirito Santo. = E.
brasiliensis boulengeri, fide Jackson 1978, op. cit.
Distribution: Espirito Santo and southeastern Minas
Gerais, Brasil.

E. pictus (Wied) = E. catenatus pictus, fide Jackson, 1978,
Op. cit. ;

1978 E. perditus Jackson, Ibid. 30:24. Type-locality: Brasil, Sao
Paulo, Estacao Biologica de Boraceia. Distribution:
Atlantic forest of southeastern Brasil.

Euspondylus Tschudi, 1845.
Generic concepts in the microteiids are very uncertain, and

Euspondylus at all times has been a catch-all genus. When
identifying an animal apparently belonging to it, also try other
related genera. Key in Uzzell, 1973, Postilla 159:1-67.

1968 E. ampuedae Lancini, Publ. Ocas. Mus. Cien. Nat. Garacats’ 1224 ..
Type-locality: Venezuela, Tachira, Villa Paez, 2000m =
?Prionodactylus vertebralis, fide Uzzell, L973, Op. Cait.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

E. brevifrontalis Boulenger = Anadia brevifrontalis, fide
Oftedal, 1974, Dbid. 25; 203-65
E. leucostictus (Boulenger) designated type-species of Riolama
by, wwizizell,. Wl 97.3.) 7Op = Ct.
E. ocellifer (Werner) = Pholidobolus affinis, fide Montanucci,
MEO G7, Sg ge Didi ion 1:9) esi y2

1968 E. phelpsi Lancini, Ibid. 12:2. Type-locality: Venezuela,
Bolivar, Cerro de Jaua, Alto Caura. Distribution: known
only from type locality.

E. spinalis Boulenger, 1911, not 1901.

Garbesaura Amaral, 1933 = Enyalius Wagler, fide Vanzolini, UOT 35
Rania Aviuls Zool. 27 7l73—7 5.

G. garbel Amaral = Enyalius leechii, fide Vanzolind 9 41973.,
Oe Cait.

Garthia Donoso-Barros & Vanzolini, 1965.

1970 G. gaudichaudii klugei Donoso-Barros, Bol. Mus. Nac. Hist.
Nat. Chile 31:83. Type-locality: Chile, Pichidangui,
Isla de Locos. Distribution: Pichidangui region, Chile.

Gonatodes Fitzinger, 1843.

1980 G. tapajonicus Rodrigues, Pap. Avul. Zool. 33:309.
Type-locality: Brasil, Para, Cachoeira do Limao, Rio
Tapajos. Distribution: known only from type locality.

Gymnodactylus Spix, 1825.
G. darwinit (Gray), fide Vanzolini, 1982, Pap. Avul. Zool.

34:406. Distribution: coastal forest of Brasil from
Pernambuco to Sao Paulo.

1982 G. guttulatus Vanzolini, Pap. Avul. Zool. 34:403.
Type-locality: Brasil, Minas Gerais, Guinda, 1320-60 m.
Distribution: southern end of Espinhaco Range, Brasil.

Hemidactylus Gray, 1825.
1978 H. agrius Vanzolini, Pap. Avul. Zool. 31:307. Type-locality:

Brasil, Piaui,; Valenca. Distribution: northeast Brasil.

H. brookii leightoni Boulenger, 1911, revalidated by Kluge,
1969, Mise. Publ. Mus. Zool: Univ. Michigan 138: 1-78.
Distribution: northwestern coast to central highlands of
Colombia

H. frenatus D.& B. Distribution: also Panama (USNM).

H. mabouia (Moreau de Jonnes). Distribution: in continental
So. America - Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana,
Amazonian Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia and Brasil, and Brasil
from northeast to southeast (Vanzolini, 1978, Ibid.
3123077 =43') ©

1969 H. palaichthus Kluge, Ibid. 138:39. Type-locality: Guyana,
Kurupukari. Distribution: northern Brasil, Guyana,
central and northeastern Venezuela, Trinidad, and St.
Lucia.

H. peruvianus Wiegmann = H. garnotii, fide Kluge & Eckardt,
1969, Copeia (4):651-64,. Comment: a senior synonym of
garnotii but K.& E. chose not to use it because of its
questionable tvpe locality and nomenclatural stability.

Homonota Gray, 1845.

97S H. andicola Cei, Publ. Ocas. Inst«< Biol. Animes Cuyos. Cien:
l:l. Type-locality: Argentina, Mendoza, 40 km N
Uspallata, 2300 m. Distribution: high valleys east of
Andes between Uspallata and Angualasto, Argentina.

1978 H. darwinii macrocephala Cei, Ibid. 4:1. Type-locality:
Argentina, Salta, El Quebrachal. Distribution: known
only from tyve locality.

Iguana Laurenti, 1768. Content: no subspecies, fide bagel, Lo7sG
Bwlits Mus!) «Comp. sZioo0 le 2 h4+di = 28).

10

Iphisa Gray, 1851. Distribution: forests of Amazonian lowlands of
Peru, Ecuador, Brasil, Bolivia, Colombia, and Guiana
shield forest of Guyana, Surinam and French Guiana.

1974 Iphisa elegans soinii Dixon, Herpetologica 30:138.
Type-locality: Peru, San Martin, Tocache Nuevo.
Distribution: Bolivia and Peru.

Kentropyx Spix, 1825.
Key to all species in Gallagher & Dixon, 1980, Copeia (4):616-20.
(G.& D. place Lacerta vittata Schinz in synonymy of K. calcarata
and Monoplocus dorsalis Gunther in that of K. pelviceps; the two
synonyms are older than the current names and would replace them.
Neither name has a type specimen or a figure, hence replacement is
unjustified. I do not adopt these synonyms. a
K. altamazonica Cope, fide Gallagher & Dixon, 1980, Ibid.:616.
1876 Centropyx altamazonicus Cope.
1929 Kentropyx williamsoni Ruthven.
Distribution: Amazonia.
K. borckiana Peters, revalidated by Hoogmoed, 1973, Liz.
Amphib. Surinam, W. Junk.
K. calcarata Spix, fide Gallagher & Dison, LOSO) ibid... :616..
1825 Kentropyx calcarata Spix.
1831 Teius (Centropyx) intermedius Gray.
Distribution: Amazonia, Guianas, and eastern Brasil.
K. pelviceps Cope, 1868. Distribution: western Amazonia.
1980 Kentropyx vanzoi Gallagher & Dixon, Ibid. :617. Type-locality:
base camp Royal Society of London expedition to Mato
Grosso. Distribution: central Brasil.
K. viridistriga Boulenger, fide Gallagher & Dixon,1980,op.cit.
1894 Centropyx viridistriga Boulenger.
1962 Kentropyx lagartija Gallardo.
Distribution: Mato Grosso in Brasil, Paraguay and Argentina
as far south as Tucuman.

Leiolopisma Dumeril & Bibron.

Neotropical species now assigned to Sphenomorphus (assata, cherriei
& incerta) and Scincella, fide Greer, 1974, Australian J. Zool.,
Suppl, Ser (3b): L=6 7).

Leiosaurus Dumeril & Bibron, 1837.
L. bardensis Gallardo = Cupriguanus bardensis, fide Cei &
Roig, 1973, Deserta 4:69-91; = Pristidactylus fasciatus,
fide Etheridge & Williams 1985, Breviora 483:1-18.
L. fasciatus D“Orbigny & Bibron = Cupriguanus fasciatus, fide
Barrio, 1969, Physis 29:268-270; = Pristidactylus
fasciatus, fide Etheridge & Williams 1985, op. cit.

L. paronae (Peracca) = Aperopristis paronae, fiderGei., LI/o%
Physis 32:447-58.

Lepidoblepharis Peracca, 1897.

The key in Peters & Donoso-Barros contains disabling errors.

1983 L. duolepis Ayala & Castro, Caldasia, 13:749. Type-locality:
Colombia, Valle, Rio Pance, 3 km above Parque

kL

Recreacional Departamental. Distribution: Valle del
Cauca and Antioquia, Colombia.

L. festae colombianus Mechler = L. colombianus, fide
Van zolini; “1978 “Pap. Avuls. Zool. si 20811":

1985 L. grandis Miyata, Herpetologica 41:12. Type-Jocality:
Ecuador, Pichincha, 3.7 km E Dos Rios (village), 1190 m.
Distribution: Pacific slope of Pichincha, Ecuador.

1978 L. heyerorum Vanzolini, Ibid. 31:204. Type-locality: Brasil
Amazonas, Puruzinho, Rio Madeira. Distribution: middle
Madeira region, Brasil.

L. microlepis (Noble). Revalidated by Ayala & Castro, 1983,
Ibid. 13:744. Distribution: known only from type
locality.

1985 L. miyatai Lamar, Herpetologica 41:128. Type-locality:
Colombia, Magdalena, Ancon Guairara. Distribution: known
only from type locality.

Lepidodactylus Fitzinger, 1843. No changes.
L. lugubris (D.& B.). Distribution: also Nicaragua (Henderson
et al., 1976, Herpetol. Rev. 7:173)and Costa Rica (Mudde
& van Dijk, 1984, Lacerta’ 43-36-37)

Lepidophyma A. Dumeril, 1851.
1973 L. mayae Bezy, Contrib. Sci. Los Angeles Co. Mus. (239):1.

Type-locality: Guatemala, Alta Verapaz, nr. Chinaja, 140
m. Distribution: known only from type locality.

Leposoma Spix, 1825.
1982 L. hexalepis Ayala & Harris, Caldasia 13:468. Type-locality:

Colombia, Vichada, Puerto Carreno. Distribution:
Comisaria del Vichada, Colombia.

1971 L. fioanna Uzzell & Barry, Postilla 154:21. Type-locality:
Colombia, Valle del Cauca, 15 km W Rio Calima.
Distribution: Valle del Cauca, Colombia.

Liolaemus Wiegmann, 1834.

The key in Peters & Donoso-Barros is useless. The researcher should

prepare a matrix for geographic area of interest. The following

list contains all currently valid species and subspecies.

L. alticolor alticolor Barbour.

L. alticolor walkeri Shreve.

L. altissimus = L. belli altissimus Muller & Hellmich.

L. andinus Koslowsky, revalidated by Laurent, 1982, Neotropica
28:89. Distribution: Andes of Catamarca, Argentina.

L. annectens Boulenger, revalidated by Laurent, 1982, Bol.
Asoc. Herpetol. Argentina 1:16. Distribution: Andes of
southern Peru.

L971 L. archeforus Donoso-Barros.& Geli, J. Werpetol. 57:935
Type-locality: Argentina, Santa Crwz, Puesito Lebrun,
Meseta del Lago Buenos Aires, 1500 m. Distribution:
Buenos Aires lake region, Argentina.

austromendocinus Cei, J. Herpetol. 8:224. Type-locality:
Argentina, Mendoza, 70 km S Nihuil Dam. Distribution:
southern Mendoza province, Argentina.

1974

Jr

12

E979

IN T/ ak

1983

r973

19:8'5

1980

1974

L. bellii (Gray), revalidated by Laurent, 1982, Ibid. 1:16;
four subspecies recognized. Distrbution: Cordilleran
region from 32 to 42 S in Chile and Argentina.

L. belli bellii (Gray).

1845 Leiolaemus bellii Gray.

1860 Proctotretus modestus Philippi.

1932 Liolaemus altissimus Muller & Hellmich.

L. bellii araucaniensis Muller & Hellmich.

L. bellii moraaoensis Hellmich & Hellmich.

L. bellii neuquensis Muller & Hellmich.

L. bisignatus (Philippi), revalidated by Ortiz, 1981, An. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 14:258. Distribution: provinces of
Atacama and Coquimbo, Chile.

bibronii (Bell).

84 L. bitaeniatus Laurent, Acta Zool. a Wl oanan.5 7 G27 ol
Type-locality: Argentina, Tucuman, La Angostura, Tafi
del Valle. Distribution: northwestern Argentina from
Jujuy and Salta to Tucuman.

L. buergeri Werner.

L. capillitas Hulse, Ann. Carnegie Mus. 48:204. Type-locality:
Argentina, Catamarca, 5 km S Minas Capillitas, 3900 om.
Distributicn: known only from type locality.

L. ceii Donoso-Barros, Herpetologica 27:49 Type-locality:
Argentina, Neuquen, Lonco Luan Plateau, 1550 m.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

L. chacoensis Shreve.

L. chiliensis (Lesson).

L. coeruleus Cei & Ortiz, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion, Chile

54:36. Type-locality: Argentina, Neuquen, Zapala, 10 km
W Primeros Pinos, 1700m. Distribution: known only from
vicinity of type locality.

- constanzae Donoso-Barros.

- copiapensis Muller & Hellmich, revalidated by Ortiz, 1981,
An. Mus. Hist. Nat. Valpariaiso 14:258. Distribution:
vicinity of Copiapo, Argentina.

Pelusaurus cranwelli Donoso-Barros = L. cranwelli Laurent,

1984, J. Herpetol. 18:370.

L. curicensis Muller & Hellmich, fide Ortiz, 1981, An. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 14:258. Distribution: Cordillera
de; Curi¢co, Chile:

L. curis Nunez & Labra, Copeia (3):557. Type-locality: Chile,
Termas de El Flaco on S shore of Tinguiririca River.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

L. fitzingeri cuyanus Cei & Scolaro, J. Herpetol. 14:38.

Type-locality: Argentina, San Juan, 10 km E Caucete, 400
m. = L. cuyanus fide Cei & Scolaro, 1983, Bol. Asoc.
Herpetol. Argentina 1:16. Distribution: provinces Cre anira
Rioja, San Juan, and Mendoza, Argentina.

- Cyanogaster cyanogaster (Dumeril & Bibron).

- cyanogaster brattstroemi Donoso-Barros.

. darwinii (Bell).

Ctenoblepharis donosobarrosi Celi, Thid., 8:72. Type-locality:
Argentina, Mendoza, Matancilla = Liolaemus donosobarrosi
fide Cei, 1979, Ibid. 13:297-302. Distribution: known

We

S
Zs
Le

1S)

ROS

1978

1985

P97 1

1970

1984

Loss

1980

975

1982

1984

UO

jr

{reic

Iss jet

jeleieie Ico ic prejrejr jr

jr

only from type locality.

donosoi Ortiz, An. Mus. Nac. Hist. Nat. (Santiago) 8:62.
Type-locality: Chile, Antofagasta, Agua Verde, Quebrada
de Taltal.

dorbignyi Koslowsky.

. duellmani Cei, Occ. Pap. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. 76:1.
Type-locality: Argentina, Mendoza, Paso El Choique, 50
km S El Manzano, 2260 m. Distribution: known only from
type locality.

- elegans Tschudi.

. eleodori Cei, Etheridge & Videla, Desert [1983] 7:317.
Type-locality: Argentina, San Juan, EZstepa de Llano de
Los Hoyos. Distribution: vicinity of type locality.

- elongatus elongatus Koslowsky.

elongatus petrophilus Donoso-Barros & Cei, Ihid. 5:94.
Type-locality: Argentina, Rio Negro, Meseta de

Somuncura, entre Laguna Raimunda y Laguna Clara, 1400 m
(= Lagunas Chara and Raimundo). Distribution: Somuncura
Plateau, Argentina.

- emmae Donoso-Barros, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion 42:23.
Type-locality: Argentina, Cordoba, Salares de Totoralejo
= Liolaemus chacoensis, fide Cei, 1980, J. Herpetol.
14:192-93. Distribution: known only from type locality.

. exploratum Cei & Williams, Rev. Mus. La Plata (N.S.)
13:187. Type-loclaity: Argentina, Santa Cruz, Lago
Buenos Aires. Distribution: known from type locality.

. fabiani Yanez & Nunez, Copetia (3):788. Type-locality:
Chile, 10 km E Sandero de Atacama in Llano de Vilama.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

- famatinae Cei, J. Herpetol. 14:60. Type-locality:
Argentina, La Rioja, 2 km E Cueva de Perez, 1400 om.
Distribution: Sierra de Famatina, Argentina.

. fitzgeraldi Boulenger.
. fitzingeri fitzingeri (Dumeril & Bibron).

. £itzingeri cangqueli Cei, J. Herpetol. 9:290.
Type-locality: Argentina, Chubut, Callejas, Meseta

Cauquel. Distribution: Canquel Plateau, Argentina.

- fitzingeri melanops Burmeister, Type-locality: Argentina,
Chubut, Quele-cura; revalidated by Cei, 1973, Ibid.
3/23/46 497-=25'8

- forsteri Laurent, Spixiana 5:139. Type-locality: Bolivia,
Chalacaltaya, nr. La Paz, 4700 m. Distribution: known
only from type locality.

- fuscus Boulenger.

- gracilis (Bell).

- gravenhorstii (Gray).
- griseus Laurent, Acta Zool. Lilloana 37:278. Type-locality:

Argentina, Tucuman, nr. northern ridge of Cerro Isabel,
4600 m. Distribution: Cumbres Calchaquies, Argentina.
hellmichi Donoso-Barros, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion [1974]
48:224. Type-locality: Chile, Antofagasta, Cerro

Moreno. Distribution: only type Locality.

Ctenoblepharis jamesi Boulenger = Lioaemus jamesi fide Cei,

L979, Lbid. 23:29 7-302.

14

P98. 1

L979

. kingii kingii (Bell).
- kingii somuncurae Cei & Scolaro, J. Herpetol. Me 5us) 21007

Type-locality: Argentina, Rio Negro, Meseta de Somuncura
nr. Lago Raimundo, 1400 m. Distribution: Meseta de
Somuncura, Argentina.

kriegi Muller & Hellmich.

kuhlmanni Muller & Hellmich, fide Ortiz, 1981, An. Mus.
Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 14:258. Distribution: provinces of
Coquimbo, Aconcagua, Valparaiso and Santiago, Chile.

Jel

Joyo

L. lemniscatus Gravenhorst.

Le Lents Gallardo = L. anomalus Koslowsky, fide Cei, 1979,
Ebad), “32 9:7'=310 2.

L. leopardinus leopardinus Muller & Hellmich.

L. leopardinus ramonensis Muller & Hellmich.

L. leopardinus valdesianus Hellmich.

L. lineomaculatus Boulenger.

L. lorenzmuelleri Hellmich.

L. magellanicus (Hombron & Jacquinot).

L. melanops Burmeister, revalidated by Cei & Scolaro, 1983,

Bol. Asoc. Herp. Argentina 1:15, with three subspecies.
- melanops Burmeister.

Lie
1938 L. goetschi Muller & Hellmich.

Distribution: btw. Rios Chubut and Colorado, Argentina.
L. m. canqueli Cei, fide Cei & Scolaro, MOBS ey Opies Cas ti.
LOS Le fLitzingeri canqueli Get 5, Jin Heripe tools. 9i:72)2:0).

Type-locality: Argentina, Chubut, Callejas, 900 mo.
Distribution: Meseta de Canquel, Argentina.
L. m. xanthoviridis €ei & Scolaro, fide Cei & Scolaro, 1983,
op. cit. Distribution: S of Rio Chubut, Argentina.
1980 L. fitzingeri xanthoviridis Cei & Scolaro, J. Herpetol.
14:39. Type-locality: Argentina, Chubut, 18 km MW Dos
POrZio'ste

L. mocquardi Pellegrin.

L. montanus Koslowsky, fide Laurent, 1982, Neotropica 73) GAS) 1
7 Distribution: known only from type locality.

L. monticola monticola Muller & Hellmich.

L. monticola chillanensis Muller & Hellmich.

L. monticola villaricensis Muller & Hellmich.

L. multicolor Koslowsky, fide Laurent, POS 2te, LOD Cac.

Distribution: Laguna de Guatayo area, Jujuy, Argentina.
multiformis (Cope).
. multimaculatus multimaculatus D. & B., fide Cei, 1979,
Thidie L3s00 Sits'trobwtion: coast yof Buenos Aires
multimaculatus riojanus Cei, Ibid. 13:299. Type-locality:
Argentina, La Rioja, Baldecitos. Distribution: La Rioja
and San Juan provinces, western Argentina.
nigriceps (Philippi), fide Laurent, 1984, J. Herpetol.
18:370. Distribution: high cordillera of Atacama, Chile.

. nigromaculatus (Wiegmann).

7 niproviridis nigroviridis Muller & Hellmich.
- nigroviridis minor Muller & Hellmich.
nigroviridis nigroroseus Donoso-Barros.
nitidus (Wiegmann).

- ornatus Koslowsky.

[i Had say

{tt

ed et Rs se Kees

15

19:83

IES)

VO Tih

1982

1973

1982

1982

1984

tte

Jojoje|oiojoio

lye

ortizi Laurent, Spixiana 5:142. Type-locality: Peru, Cuzco.
Distribution: known only from type locality (imprecise).

- pantherinus Pellegrin.

- paulinae Donoso-Barros.

pictus pictus (Dumeril & Bibron).

- pictus argentinus Muller & Hellmich.

- pictus chiloeensis Muller & Hellmich.

- pictus major Boulenger.

- pictus talcanensis Urbina & Zuniga, An. Mus. Hist. Nat.
Valparaiso 10:. Type-locality: Chile, Chiloe, Isla
Talcan, Sector Tendedor.

- platei Werner.

pulcher Pellegrin, fide Laurent, 1983, Bol. Asoc. Herpetol.

Argent. 1:16. Distribution: Peruvian-Bolivian altiplano.

Ctenoblepharis rabinoi Cei, J. Herpetol. 8:73. Type-locality:

Pott | ics

In Io

{tr

Argentina, Mendoza, Nihuil Dam, 1800 m = Liolaemus

rabinol, fide Get, 1978, “Piubily.) Oicais.) ginist). Biol. Anim,

Univ. Nac. Cuyo. 7:1-4. Distribution: type Locality.
robertmertensi Hellmich.

rothi Koslowsky.

ruibali Donoso-Barros.

ruizleali Donoso-Barros & Cei, Ibid. 5:93. Type-locality:
Argentina, Rio Negro, Cerro Corona, Meseta de Somuncura,
1600 m. Distribution: known only from type locality.

- sanjuanensis Cei, J. Herpetol. 16:179. Type-locality:
Argentina, San Juan, nr. Mogote, Corralitos, Sierra Pie
de Palo, 3200 m. Distribution: only from -type locality.

sarmientoi Donoso-Barros, Neotropica 19:163. Type-locality:
Chile, Magallanes, Monte Aymondi. = L. archeforus
sarmientoi. Distribution: known only from type locality.

scapularis Laurent, Spixiana 5:144. Type-locality:
Argentina, Catamarca, Nacimiento. Distribution:
Catamarca and Tucuman, Argentina.

Ctenoblepharis schmidti Marx = Liolaemus schmidti, fide Cei,

oad oad Dad jeje

{ce

jeje

|r?

195795, Lb se 34s 2917 310i2.,

- schroederi Muller & Hellmich.

- signifer (Dumeril & Bibron).

simonsii Boulenger, fide Laurent, 1983, Ibid. 1:16.

Distribution: Andes of southern Bolivia & northern
Argentina.

. tacnae (Shreve), fide Duellman, 1979.

. tenuis tenuis (Dumeril & Bibron).

- tenuis punctatissimus Muller & Hellmich.

- uspallatensis Macola & Castro, Publ. Ocas. Inst. Biol.
Anim. Univ... (Ciuyio, Ser.) “Ciemis soli. Type =riocalilityc:
Argentina, Mendoza, Uspallata. Distribution: vicinity of
type locality.

- variegatus Laurent, Acta Zool. Lilloana 37:273.
Type-locality: Bolivia, Cochabamba, Tiraque, 3100 m.
Distribution: Andes of Cochabamba.

- Walker Shire wel,” ff ide lature n- tay 1913.3%,9 el ba Gee leeuliow.

F zapallarensis Muidlalierr i Hel limiicihfiiidie: 1Oirnitiezsy Ws9/Ss.2 eAn 2 Maus),

Hist. Nat. Valparaiso 14:2258:,. with: ‘three! ssiujb'sipeicd ejsi.

Ze zapallarensis M. «& Fs Distributions coast tom, Ghee,

16

provinces of Coquimbo and Aconcagua.
L. z. ater M. & H. Distribution: islands in bay of Coquimbo.
L. z. sieversi Donoso-Barros. Distribution: type locality.

Lygodactylus Gray, 1864
T880 Scalabotes Peters.

1883 Microscalabotes Boulenger.
Loi? Vanzota Smith, Martin <& Swain, Pap. Avul. Zool. 30%196-
Type-species: Vanzoia klugei S.,M.&S. = Lygodactylus
Bons © Pasteur, L777 sf Cina Acad. Sci., Paris 238472547.
Distribution: Africa, Madagascar, northeastern Brasil, Mato
Grosso do Sul, Paraguay and southern Bolivia.

1977 Vanzoia klugei Smith, Martin & Swain, Ebid. 30:196.
Type-locality: Brasil, Pernambuco, Carnaubeira. =
Lygodactylus klugei, fide Bons & Pasteur, 1977, op. cit.
Distribution: northeastern Brasil.

1977 V. wetzeli Smith, Martin & Swain, Ibid. 30:198. Type-locality:
Brasil, Mato Grosso do Sul, Urucum. = Lygodactylus
wetzeli Bons & Pasteur, 1977, op. cit. Distribution:
Mato Grosso do Sul and adjacent Paraguay and Bolivia.

Mabuya Fitzinger, 1843

1981 M. arajara Reboucas-Spieker, Pap. Avul. Zool. 34:121.
Type-locality: Brasil, Ceara, Arajara. Distribution:
northeastern Brasil.

M. brachypoda Taylor = M. unimarginata, fide Savage, 1973,
Herpetofauna Costa Rica.

1974 M. caissara Reboucas*Spieker, Pap. Avul. Zool. 28:228.
Type-locality: Brasil, Sao Paulo, Praia de Massaguassu,
Caraguatatuba. Distribution: coast of Sao Paulo north of
Santos and island of Sao Sebastiao.

1973, Me. croizati Horton, J. Herpetol. 7:75, Type-locality:
Venezuela, Sucre, Mt. Turumiquire. Distribution: Mt.
Turumiquire and Elvecia, Venezuela.

1981 M. ficta Reboucas-Spieker, Ibid. 34:161. Type-locality:
Brasil, Amazonas, Pauini. Distribution: Amazonia.

M. mabouya mabouya (Lacepede) of Amazonia = M. bistriata, fide
Reboucas-Speiker, 1981, Pap. Avul. Zool. 34:121-23.

M. m. alliacea Cope = M. unimarginata fide Savage, 1973, Ibid.

Macropholidus Noble, 1921.

M. annectens Parker = Pholidobolus annectens, fide Montanucci,
Ose Loidi “Ss = 512%

Morunasautrus Dunn, 1932.
M. annularis (O°Shaughnessy). Distribution: also Colombia
Corredor et al., 1985, J. Herpetol. 19:162-64) and Peru
(MVZ & USNM).
M. groi Dunn. Distribution: Andean foot hills in western

2 ae
Antioquia: (Corredor et. al.; 1985, 67. e1t.)

Neusticurus Dumeril & Bibron, 1839.
1981 N. medemi Dixon & Lamar, J. Herpetol. 15:309. Type-locality:
Colombia, Vaupes, Cano Monserero, tributary of Cano Ti.

Le

Distribution: Comisaria de Vaupes, Colombia.

Nothobachia Rodrigues, 1984, Pap. Avul. Zool. 35:361. Type-species:
N. ablephara Rodrigues, 1984. Content: monotypic.

1984 N. ablephara Rodrigues, [bid. 35:361. Type-locality: 8rasil,
Piaui, Sao Raimundo Nonato; corrected to Sal, Piaui
(Rodrigues, 1985, Pap. Avul. Zool. 36:169-70).
Distribution: northeastern Brasil.

Ophiognomon Cope, 1868 = Bachia, fide Dixon, 1973, Misc. Publ.
Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. 57:1-47.

Ophryoessoides A. Dumeril, 1851

QO. aculeatus (O“Shaughnessy). Distribution: Amazonian lowlands
of Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia (USNM).

QO. arenarius (Tschudi) = Tropidurus arenarius, fide Fritts,
1974, Mem. San Diego "Sioc’s Nat. Hijsit. 7231-89.

O. festae (Peracca) = Stenocercus festae, fide Fritts, 1974,
OD. uCitits.

O. formosus (Boulenger) = Stenocercus formosus, fide Fritts,
VOWiGS Sop. Citic

QO. guentheri (Boulenger) = Stenocercus guentheri, fide Fritts,
LOT op. Cit.

QO. haenschi (Werner) = Stenocercus haenschi, fide Fritts,
LOT. Ope (Ci t's

O. ornatus (Gray) = Stenocercus ornatus, fide Fritts, 1974,
Op. Cit.

QO. rhodomelas (Boulenger) .= Steocercus rhodomelas, fide

Fritts, 1974, ‘op. cit.

QO. trachycephalus (A. Dumeril) = Stenocercus trachycephalus,
Fide marie ts. O45 (Opie. Cl te

Pelusaurus Donoso-Barros, 1973, Neotropica 19:132. Type-species: P.
cranwelli Donoso-Barros, 1973. = Liolaemus, fide
Laurent, 1984, Tbid. 162370.

1973 P. cranwelli Donoso-Barros, Ibid. 19:133. Type-locality:
Bolivia, Santa Cruz, Nueva Moka. Distribution: known
only from type locality.

Phenacosaurus Barbour, 1920.
1969 P. orcesi Lazell, Breviora 325:14. Type-locality: Ecuador,
Napo, Mt. Sumaco. Distribution: Napo province, Ecuador.
P. richteri Dunn = P . heterodermus (A. Dumeril, 1851), fide
Dazell,, 1969), Lbids SZ5eie24..

Pholidobolus Peters, 1862.
Montanucci, 1973, Misc. Publ. Univ. Kansas Mus. Nat. Hist. 59:1-5,
revised this genus and provided key, species descriptions and
distributions.
Pp. atfinis (Peters).
P. annectens (Parker).
1973 P. macbrydei Montanucci, Ibid. 59:35. Type-locality: Ecuador,
Canar, 9.1 km N 2.3 km W Biblian, near Hda. Oeste, 3070
m. Distribution: crests and slopes of Fastern and

18

Western Cordilleras, Ecuador.
P. montium (Peters).
1973 P. prefrontalis Montanucci, Ibid. 59:32. Type-locality:
Ecuador, Chimborazo, 4.9 km S Tixan. Distribution:
Pacific slope of Western Cordillera from Guaranda to

Canar, Ecuador,

Phrynosaura Werner, 1907 = Ctenoblepharis Tschudi, 1845, fide
Donoso-Barros, 1972, Bol. Soc. Biol. Concepcion

44:129-134. Revalidated by Laurent, 1984, J. Herpetol.
18:370. Content: three species. Distribution:
northernmost Chile and Andes of Peru.
. Marmorata = Ceiolaemus marmoratus, fide Laurent, 1984,
Tbe WSS Oho
P. reichi Werner = Ceiolaemus reichei, Laurent, 1984, op. cit.
P. stolzmanni (Steindachner), fide Laurent, 1984, Ibid.
18:371L. Distribution: Andes of Peru, Bolivia and Chile.
P. werneri Muller = Liolaemus anomalus, fide Ged, 1977-97 2d.
Herpe tol. 13:297=302.

Phyllodactylus Gray, 1828.
See Dixon & Huey, 1970, Los Angeles Co. Mus. Contrib. Sci.

192:1-78, for key to mainland South American species, descriptions

and maps for each species.
1970 P. angustidigitus Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:16. Type-locality:
Peru, Ica, Pisco. Distribution: beaches of Paracas
Peninsula and associated islands, Peru.

1970 P. clinatus Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:27. Type-locality: Peru,
Piura, Punto Aguija, 37 km SW Sechura. Distribution:
Cerro Illescas area, Peru.

1970 P. interandinus Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:34. Type-locality:
Peru, Cajamarca, Bellavista. Distribution: Chinchipe,
Maranon and Utcubamba river valleys, Peru.
1970 P. johnwrighti Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:56. Type-locality:
Peru, Cajamarca, Hacienda Molino Viejo. Distribution:
arid slopes of Rio Huancabamba, Peru.
kofordi Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:39. Type-locality: Peru,
Lambayeque, Cerro de la Vieja, Motupe. Distribution:
periphery of Sechura Desert, western foothills of Andes
and coastal Peru.
1970 P. pumilus Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:60. Type-locality: Ecuador,
Manabi, Manta. Distribution: Cordillera de Balzar,
Ecuador.

1970 P. sentosus Dixon & Huey, Ibid. 192:48. Type-locality: Peru,
Lima. ‘Distribwtton: Lima and vicinity, Peru.

1970

|ro

Phymaturus Gravenhorst, 1838.

1980 P. mallimacci Cei, J. Herpetol. 14:58. Type-locality:
Argentina, La Rioja, 2 km E Cueva de Perez, 4200 m.
Distribution: Sierra de Famatina, Argentina.

P. patagonicus Koslowsky, elevated by Cei, 1971, Acta Zool.
Lilloana 28:37-46.

1973 P. patagonicus indistinctus Cei & Castro, J. Herpetol. 7:241,

Type-locality: Argentina, Chubut, Las Pulgas, 50 km from

19

Musters Lake, 800m. Distribution: known only from type
locality.
1975 P. patagonicus nevadoi Cei & Reig, J. Herpe'tol.; (9:2 5167.
Type-locality: Argentina, Mendoza, Agua de la India
Muerta, Nevado Mts. 1750 o.
1973 P. patagonicus payuniae Ceili & Castro, Ibid. 72244.
7 Type-locality: Argentina, Mendoza, Payun Plateau, 5 km
from Payun Volcan. Distribution: Payun Plateau,
Argentina.
1973 P. patagonicus somuncurensis Cei & Castro, Ibid. T3242
a Type-locality: Argentina, Rio Negro, Somuncura Plateau,
Raimundo Lagoon, 1400 (= Laguna Raimundo). Distribution:
Somuncura Plateau, Argentina.
1973 P. patagonicus zapalensis Cei & Castro, Ibid. L224i3.e
Type-locality: Argentina, Neuquen, Teru Lagoon, 40 km W
Zapala, 1200 m. Distribution: highlands west of Zapala.
1985 P. punae Cei, Etheridge & Videla, Deserta 7:320. Type-
locality: Argentina, San Juan, Llano de los Hoyos, Res.
Prov. de San Guillermo. Distribution: type locality.

Platynotus Wagler, 1831. Type-species: Agama semitaeniata Spix,
1824. Revalidated by Schmidt & Inger, 1951, and by
Vanzolini, Ramos-Costa & Vitt, 1980, Rept. Caatingas,
Acad. Bras. Cien. See Tapinurus.

Polychroides Noble, 1924 = Polychrus Cuvier, 1817, fide Etheridge,
19655 Herpetologica 213 l6l-68.

P. peruvianus Noble = Polychrus peruvianus, fide Etheridge,
LOGS MOpesnct tt. «

Polychrus Cuvier, 1817. Includes Polychroides Noble, 1924, fide

Etheridge, 1965. ‘op. cit.

P. marmoratus (Linnaeus). Distribution: Atlantic coastal
forest to Brasil and northern South American hylaeca to
Caribbean coast (Vanzolini, 1983, Adv. Herpetol. Evol.
Biol.)

P. peruvianus Noble see Etheridge 1965, op. cit. and Gorman,
Huey & Williams, 1969, Breviora 316:1-7.

Prionodactylus O°Shaughnessy, 1881.
A key, descriptions and maps of the species are in Uzzell, 1973,

Postilla Lads l=67 .

1973 P. dicrus Uzzell, Ibid. 159:19. Type-locality: ‘Ecuador,
Tungurahua, Mapoto, 1300 m. Distribution: eastern Andean
slopes of central Ecaudor.

Pristidactylus Fitzinger, 1843, substitutes for Cupriguanus
Gallardo, 1964, fide Etheridge & Williams, 1985,

Breviora 483:1-18, includes key to species.
achalensis (Gallardo).
alvaroi (Donoso-Barros).
casuhatiensis (Gallardo).
fasciatus (d°Orbigny).
- scapulatus (Burmeister).

Jro|rojrojro|

20

torquatus (Philippi, 1861).

Bs
BP. valeriae (Donoso-Barros, 1966).

Proctoporus Tschudi, 1845.
Key to Bolivian and Peruvian species in Uzzell, 1970, Postilla 142.

1919 P. bogotensis Boulenger, Proc. Zool. Soc. London :80.
Type-locality: Colombia, Bogota. Distribution: only type
locality. (Omitted by Peters & Donoso-Barros)

Pseudogonatodes Ruthven, 1915.
Key to species in Huey & Dixon, 1970, Copeia, (3):538-42.

P. amazonicus Vanzolini = PB. guianensis, fide Huey & Dixon,
LO Os (op a. cl t..
P. furvus Ruthven. Distribution: Santa Marta, not
Villavicencio region of Colombia.
1970 P. peruvianus Huey & Dixon, Ibid. (3):539. Type-locality:
Peru, Amazonas, Tingo, Rio Utcubamba. Distribution: Rio
Utcubamba valley, Peru.

Ptychoglossus Boulenger, 1980.
P. brevifrontalis Boulenger. New synonymy, fide Dixon & Soini,

1975, Milwaukee Pub. Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol. 4:51.
1912 Ptychoglossus brevifrontalis Boulenger.
1929 Anadia nicefori Loveridge.
Distribution: western Amazonia.

Riolama Uzzell, 1973, Postilla 159:52. Type-speciess
Prionodactylus leucostictus Boulenger.

Sphaerodactylus Wagler, 1830.
A key for Middle and South America is in Harris & Kluge, 1984, Occ.

Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan 706:1-59.

S. argus Gosse. Distribution: West Indies; introduced into

Panama, fide Harris & Kluge, op. cit.
S. continentalis Werner = S. millepunctatus, fide Harris &
Kluge, Ope cit.

S. dunni Schmidt. Distribution: northern Honduras, fide Harris
& Kluge, op. cit.

S. glaucus Cope. Distribution: southern “4exico to extreme

northwestern Honduras, fide Harris & Kluge, op. cit.

1984 S. graptolaemus Harris & Kluge, Ibid. 706:4. Type-locality:
islavdel Gano, Puntarenas, Costa Rica. Distribution:
southern Costa Rica to Pacific western Panama.

UIS2. 9S. heliconiiae Harris, Oce. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan
(704):3. Type-locality: Colombia, Magdalena, 3 km E
Candelaria. Distribution: lowlands immediately west of
Santa Marta mountains, northern Colombia, fide Harris &
KPuger, op. clit.

S. homolepis Cope. Distribution: Caribbean versant of
southern Nicaragua to western Panama, fide Harris &
Kluge, op. cit.

lineolatus (Lichtenstein). Distribution: Pacific western

Panama to northwestern Colombia, fide Harris & Kluge,
Ops. cht

Ju
e

Dealt

Ss

S. millepunctatus (Hallowell).

ez)

Ss:

Si

mertensi Wermuth = S. homolepis,

colitis

Tehuantepec to Costa

Guanaja and Maiz Grande islands,

op. cit.

molei Boettger. Distribution:

Distribution:

fide Harris &

Rica, and Cozumel, and

Venezuela,

and Guyana, fide Harris & Kluge, op. cit.

notatus (Baird). Distribution:

Kluge, ‘op.

Isthmus of

Roatan,

fide Harris & Kluge,
Trinidad, Tobago

southern Florida, Bahamas,

Cuba, Swan Islands and introduced into Colombia, fide

Harris, 1982, Ibid. (

VOR) e225

rosaurae Parker. Distribution:

Honduras.

scapularis Boulenger. Distribution:
to southwestern Colombia,

Stenocercus Dumeril & Bibron, 18

Key,

species descriptions,

Pritts,
1972 S. apurimacus Fritts, Occ.

L982

Dez,

L197 2

1983

Ss

Se

|rjr|rjujr

n

Se

37s

Islas de la Bahia,

1974, Mem. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 7:1-89.
Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. Univ. Kansas

LOR 2. “Type=Locality:

15 km west of Abancay,
valleys of Rio Apurimac,
bolivarensis Castro & Ayala,
Type-locality: Colombia,

Peru, Apurimac,
1800 m. Distribution:
Peru.
Caldasia 13:474.
Municipio de Bolivar.

Cauca,

Distribution: known only from type locality.

enpetnusmrritts, gi bidiaaL

Crisneja and Maranon,
festae (Peracca). Fritts

formosus (Tschudi). Fritts,

guentheri (Boulenger). F
haenschi (Werner, 1901).

ivitus, Fritts, bid. 10%

Cordillera de Huancabamba,
Distribution:
37:2. Type-locality:

Huancabamba, 3100 om.
lache Corredor, Lozania

Boyaca, btw. La Esperanza & Pulpito

Quebrada Pantanogrand

0:7. Type-locality:
Huamachuco, 3350 m. Distribution:

Peru.
Pre Tia

Op. cit...

L974, op. cit.

ritts, 974, op. Cit.
Fraetes,, UO74) op. Cit.

10. Type-locality:
between Canchaque and
type locality.
Colombia,
del Diablo, by

e (afl.

moestus = S. modestus (Tschudi,

J. Herpetol. £8:367.

1924 S. nigromaculatus Noble. Oc

DOr) 2

LO 2

LO 2

S37 125 Ly pe=j Locals ty;

nhubicola Fritts, Ibid. 1
Cordillera de Huancab
Huancabamba, 3100 mo.

ochoal Fritts, Ubid.. 10;

Cc. Pap.

Peru, Piura,
Distribution: valley of Rio Huancabamba,
OTL. Type=Loca li ty:

northwestern Ecuador
fide Harris & Kluge, op. cit.

and distributions are presented in

Puente Pachachaca,

upper

Peru, Libertad,
upper valleys of Rios

Peru, Piura;

Rio Nevado), 3700-4000 m.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

1845), fide Laurent, 1984,

Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.

Huancabamba.
Peru.
Peru, Piura,

amba, between Canchaque and

Distribution:
13. Type-locali ty:

type locality.
Peru, Gusco,, 0

km northwest of Ollantaytambo, 2700 m. Distribution:
Apurimac and Urubamba,

upper valleys of Rios
orientalis Fritts, Ibid.

Amazonas Chachapoyas,

from type locality.

LiOrac4..
2340 m.

22

ty pe=Llocal Vey:
Distribution:

Peru.
Peru,
known only

S$. ornatus (Gray). Fritts, 1974, op. cit.

1972 S. praeornatus Fritts, Ibid. 10:16. Type-locality: Peru,
Junin, Comas, 3320 m. Distribution: high elevations of
Amazonian drainage in northern and central Peru.

. thodomelas (Boulenger). Fritts, 1974, op. cit.

. trachycephalus (A. Dumeril). Fritts, 1974, op. cit.

[njn

Strobilurus Wiegmann, 1834.
Reviewed by Jackson, 1978, Arq. Zool. (Sao Paulo) 30:1-79 but no
changes.

Tapinurus Amaral, 1933. Replacement name for Platynotus, fide
Rodrigues, 1984, Pap. Avul. Zool. 35:367. Distribution:
northeastern Brasil.

1984 T. pinima Rodrigues, Ibid. 35:368. Type-locality: Brasil,
Bahia, Santo Inacio. Distribution: type locality.

T. semitaeniata (Spix).

Tarentola Gray.
T. mauritanica (Linnaeus). Distribution: Circum-Mediterranean
region, Sahara, coastal West Africa, Madeira and
Canaries; introduced into Uruguay, fide Achaval &
Gudynas, 1983, Bol. Soc. Zool. Uruguay 1:7.

Teius Merrem. 1820.

T. teyou cyanogaster Mule r == 0
Hulse & Mares, 1976, J. B

- cyanogaster, fide Blair,
fogeog. 3:1-18.

Teuchocercus Fritts & Smith, 1969, Trans. Kansas Acad. Sci. 72:14.
Type-species: Teuchocercus keyi F.&S. Content: monotypic

1969 T. keyi Fritts & Smith, Ibid. 72:15. Type-locality: Ecuador,
Pichincha, 4 km E Rio Baba bridge, 600 m. Distribution:
type locality and Esmeraldas Province (USNM).

Tretioscincus Cope, 1862.
T. agilis (Ruthven). Distribution: Amazonian Brasil, French
Guiana, Surinam, Venezuela (Paolillo, 1985, Herpetol.

Revie, U6:31=32)%

Tropidodactylus Boulenger, 1885 = Anolis Daudin, 1802, fide
Williams, 1974, Breviora 421:1-21.
T. onca (O“Shaughnessy) = Anolis onca, fide Williams, 1974,
Oise CL, te

Tropidurus Wied, 1824.

1984 T. amathites Rodrigues, Pap. Avalos ZOOL S50: 0 9 Die
locality: Brasil, Bahia, Santo Inacio. Distributioa:
known oonly from type Jocality.

arenarius (Tschudi), fide Fritts, 1974, Ibid. 7:1-39.

atacamensis Donoso-Barros. Revalidated by Ortiz, 1980,
Primera Reunion Iberoamericana, Zool. Vert. 1977:357.
Distribution: coastal Chile, btw. Rios Loa y Huasco.

1982 T. etheridgei Cei, Occ. Pap. Mus. Nat. Hist. O72.

Type-locality: Argentina, Cordoba, Mina Claveros, 1200

Ts
Ts

23

m. Distribution: lower Andean slopes of Bolivia and
Argentina, eastward into Mato Grosso, Brasil, and
Argentinian Chaco.
1983 T. catalanensis Gudynas & Skuk, C.E.D. Orione Biol. (10):1-10.
7 Distribution: northern Uruguay.
T. heterolepis Weigmann. Revalidated by Ortiz, 1980, Ibid.
~ 1977:371. Distribution: coast from Tacna,- Peru, to
Arica, Ghile.
T. hispidus (Spix) = T. torquatus hispidus, fide Hoogmoed,
= 1973, Liz. Amphisb. Surinan.
T. hygomi Reinhardt & Luetken. Revalidated by Vanzolini &
Gomes, 1979, Pap. Avul. Zool. 32:243-60.
T. melanopleurus Boulenger. Content: Two subspecies, fide
— Laurent, 1982, Act. 8th Cong. Latinoam. Zool. 621-23.
- m. melanopleurus Boulenger. Distribution: La Paz, Bolivia.
m. pictus Muller. Distribution: southernmost Bolivia and
adjacent Argentina.

1981 T. manuzae Rodrigues, Pap. Avul. Zool. 34:145. Type-locality:
Brasil, Minas Gerais, Serra do Cipo, route MG2 km 109.
Distribution: western slopes Serra do Cipo, Brasil.

T. occipitalis koepckeorum Mertens = T. koepckeorum, fide
Dixon & Wright, 1975, Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co.
Contrib. Sci) 2772-39,

- occipitalis stolzmanni Steindachner = T. stolzmanni, fide

Dixon & Wright, 9755 op. cit.

T. peruvianus marianus Donoso-Barros = T. atacamensis, fide
Ortiz, 19/30). Fbhbide 19779357:

T. peruvianus tigris (Tschudi) = T. tigris, fide Dixon &
Wrieht.) 1975.) Pbids 92731-3097.

T. quadrivittatus (Tschudi). Revalidated by Ortiz, 1981, Ibid.
1977:362. Distribution: coastal Peru & Chile to Rio Loa

T. semitaeniatus (Spix) = Platynotus semitaeniatus, fide
Vanzolini, Ramos-Costa & Vitt, 1980, Rept. Caatingas,
Acad. Bras. Cien. = Tapinurus semitaeniatus, fide
Rodrigues, 1984, Ibid. 35:367.

1975 T. thoracicus icae Dixon & Wright, Ibid. 27:22.
Type-locality: Peru, Ica, 12 km NW (by road) of Ica.
Distribution: vicinity of Ica, Peru.

19753 T. thoracicus talarae Dixon & Wright, Ibid. 27:23;
Type-locality: Peru, Piura, 2 km N Talara. Distribution:
vicinity of Talara, Peru.

1981 fT. yanezi Ortiz, Ibid. 1977:373. Type-locality: Chile,
Tarapaca, Poconchile, 515 m, Valle de Lluta.
Distribution: known only from type locality.

Tupinambis Daudin, 1803. See Presch, 1973, Ibid. (4):740-46 and
Vanzolini, Ramos-Costa & Vitt, 1980, Rept. Caatingas.

duseni Lonnberg & Andersson = T. rufescens, fide Presch,
Ops “cat.

nigropunctatus Spix = IT. teguixin, fide Presch, “op. cit.

ae
1. teguixin sebastiani Muller = 1...) tutescens, fide -Presich, Ops

cit.

JH

Uracentron Kaun, 1826.

24

U. guentheri (Boulenger) = U. azureum guentheri, fide Greene,
1977, Herpetologica 33:256-60.

U. werneri Mertens = U. azureum werneri, fide Greene, 1977,
Op. cit.

Urostrophus Dumeril & Bibron, 1837.

U. torquatus (Philppi) = Pristidactylus torquatus, fide
Etheridge, in Paull, Williams «© dall, 1976, Ibid.
441:1-31.

U. valeriae Donoso-Barros = Pristidactylus valeriae, fide
Etheridge, in Paull, Williams & Hall, 1976, op. cit.

Vanzoia Smith, Martin & Swain, 1977, Pap. Avwl. Zool. 30:195.
Type-species: V. klugei Smith, Martin & Swain, 1977.
= Lygodactylus, fide Bons & Pasteur, 1977, Ibid.
284:2547.

1977 V. klugei Smith, Martin & Swain = L. klugei, fide Bons ¢&
Pasteur, 1977,..0p..cl t.

L977 V. wetzeli Smith, Martin & Swain = L. wetzeli, fide Bons &
Pasteur, 19/7 7',. 0p. (cdit.

Vilcunia Donoso-Barros & Cei, 1971, J. Herpetol.5:90. Type-species:
V. silvanae Donoso-Barros & Cei, 1971, op. cit.

E982 V.~ periglacialis Cei & Scolaro, J. Herpetol. 16:357. Type-
locality: Argentina, Santa Cruz, 6 km E Lago Belgrano,
1000 m. Distribution: from Lago Belgrano area to mesetas
Pampas del Aquila & Asador, Santa Cruz, Argentina.

1971 V. silvanae Donoso-Barros & Cei, Ibid. 5:91. Type-locality:
Argentina, Santa Cruz, Puerto Lebrun, Meseta del Lago
Buenos Aires, 1600 m. Distribution: Buenos Aires lake
area, Argentina.

Incertae Sedis

1982 Liolaemus insolitus Cei & Pefaur, Act. 8th Cong. Latinoam.
Zool. 2:373. Type-locality: Peru, Arequipa, Mollendo,
Inclan Alto. Distribution: western slopes Andes, S.
Peru.

25

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KEY TO THE
SNAKES AND LIZARDS
OF CHINA

Zhao Ermi & Jiang Yaoming
1977
Chengdu Institute of Biology
Academia Sinica

Translated by
YANG DATUNG* & ROBERT F. INGER+

*Kunming Institute of Zoology
+Field Museum of Natural History

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 71

1936

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and_ reptiles, but
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journals. Single copies are distributed free to
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Translators" note:

The original title page Of ~thi's work appeared (as
translated):

Systematic key of reptiles of China

Department of Herpetology
Sichuan Institute of Biology

Published in 1977 the work included keys to the turtles and
crocodilians. The translation was prepared while Yang Datong was
in residence at the Field Museum in 1985-86. We attempted to
prepare as literal a translation as possible. At a few points it
was necessary to diverge slightly from the original. The only
significant revision involved snakes originally grouped under the
heading Natrix; these are distributed in six genera in the
translation. The entire translation was reviewed by the original
authors and approved by them.

Key to Families of Snakes

Small snakes, worm-like; all scales around body same size;

eye obscured under scales Typhlopidae
Moderate or large snakes; ventral scales usually larger than
dorsals; eye not obscured 2
Tail compressed 3}
Tail cylindrical 4
Granular scales on body; top of head without’ enlarged
scales Acrochordidae
(A single species: Acrochordus granulatus)
Scales of body not granular; top of head with large,
Symmetrical scales Hydrophiidae
Width of ventral scales less than 3 times width of adjacent
lateral scales 5
Width of ventrals more than 3 times width of adjacent scales
6
More than 30 rows’ of dorsal scales; vestige of hind limb
present Boidae
Scale rows 15; no vestige of hind limb Xenopeltidae
No grooved or tubular fangs at front of upper jaw...
Colubridae
Fangs present at front of upper jaw 7
Immovable, grooved fangs; pupil usually round; body slender;
usually black or dark brown on back, black alternating with
white or brown, or with longitudinal stripes Elapidae
Tubular, movable fangs; pupil vertical or oval; _ head
triangular; neck slender; a pit on side of head present
(Crotalinae) or absent (Viperinae) Viperidae

TYPHLOPIDAE
Key to species
Scales in 20 rows; nasal divided into two parts

Ramphotyphlops braminus

Scales in 22-23 rows; nasal divided only from nostril to

contact with second labial Typhlops koshunensis
Scales in 24-28 rows, rarely 22; nasal divided only from

nostril to contact with second labial Typhlops diardi

BOIDAE
Key to species
Head distinct from neck, with large symmetrical shields;
rostral and first two supralabials with pits

Python molurus

Head not distinct from neck, small scales on _ head; = no
supralabials with pits Eryx miliaris
XENOPELTIDAE

Key to species of Xenopeltis
Eight upper labials, 3-2-3; 2 postorbitals; ventrals 164-

196; subcaudals 22-31 unicolor
Seven upper labials, 3-2-2; one postorbital; ventrals 152-
164; subcaudals 16-19 hainanensis

COLUBRIDAE
Key to subfamilies

Nostril opening on side of snout 2
Nostril opening on top of snout; right and left nasal scales
in contact; internasal single, behind suture of nasals...
Homalopsinae
Mental groove present 3
Mental groove absent Pareinae
Subcaudals in two rows; anal plate single or divided...
Colubrinae
Subcaudals in single row; anal plate single..Xenoderminae

XENODERMINAE
Achalinus
One pair of rostral scales, \in contact; first “pair of
submentals in contact behind mental; no postorbital 2
Pretrontal long, meeting “tip .of ‘nasal: first» pair - of
submentals not in contact; first pair of infralabials in

contact meiguensis
Middle of body with 27 scale rows formosanus
Middle of body with 21-25 scale rows )
Internasal suture shorter than prefrontal suture 4
Internasal suture longer than prefrontal suture 5
Midbody with 21-23 scale rows; ventrals 146-168...

spinalis
Midbody with 25 scale rows; ventrals 178-184...

niger
One temporal scale hainanus
Two temporal scales 6
Midbody with 21 scale rows; loreal about twice its height;
dark brown, no middorsal stripe ater
Midbody with 23 scale rows; loreal length about equal to its
height; brown with a middorsal stripe rufescens

PAREINAE
Pareas

Purple on back; some scales half white, half black forming
transverse bands 2
Brown on back; many small black spots; some spots join to
form network 3
Scales of back smooth (distr.: Hainan) margaritophorus
Scales of rows 3-7 with keels macularius
Prefrontal separated from orbit; dorsals keeled except rows
1-2 carinatus
Prefrontal entering orbit; dorsal almost smooth, at_~ most
only several central rows with keels 4
No preocular; loreal entering orbit 5
Preocular present 6
Ventrals 151-160; subcaudals 48-60; several middorsal scale
rows keeled stanley

Ventrals 175-189; subcaudals 63-69; all scale rows smooth...

boulengeri
Preocular broadly in contact with lower corner of eye...

monticola

Preocular broadly in contact with center of eye; loreal not
entering orbit 7
Maxillary teeth 4-6 chinensis
Maxillary teeth 7-9 8
Ventrals 180-196 hamptoni

Ventrals 163-182 (distr.:Taiwan) formosensis

10.

ll.

12"

13.

14.

15.3

COLUBRINAE
Key to genera
Vertebral row of scales slightly larger than others; dorsal

scales oblique 2
Vertebral row of scales not enlarged 4
Body green; ventrals with a white line; a long, narrow head,
snout pointed; side of snout with deep groove; pupil
horizontal Ahaetulla

Not green over entire body 3
Pupil round; head oval; body slender; ventral scales with
strong keel Dendrophis

Pupil “vertical; head triangular, body not especially
slender; ventrals without keels Boiga

Tip: of snout long, flexible, with small scales; green on
back Rhynchophis

(A single species: R. boulengeri)

Not as above 5
Head triangular; large scales of head keeled; temporal
scales small, keeled Macropisthodon

(A single species: M. rudis)

Head oval; scales of head smooth 6
Loreal scale absent 7;
Loreal present 8

Internasals absent; no temporals; preocular present...
Calamaria
Internasals present; temporals present; no preocular...

Blythia
Internasals and prefrontals paired ial
Internasals or prefrontals irregular, not paired 9
A single internasal and a single prefrontal; dark brown or
back, belly yellow Rhabdops
(A single species: R. bicolor)
More than one internasal 10
Two internasals; a single prefrontal; nostril near dorsal
surface of snout Opisthotropis
Two to 4 internasals and prefrontals; nostril on dorsal
surface of snout Atretium

(A single species: A. yunnanensis)
Large area of rostral scale visible on dorsal surface of
head; internasal suture short; in some species internasals

absent Oligodon

Rostral barely or not visible on dorsal surface 12

More than one loreal; eye large Ptyas

Only one loreal 13

Temporals small, scarcely distinguished from neck scales...
Coluber

Temporals moderately large, in 2 or 3 rows 14

Scale rows in even numbers, 14 or 16 Zaocys

Scale rows in odd numbers 15

Scale rows 13-15 16

Scale rows 17 19

Scale rows 19 25

Scale rows 21; 2 postoculars Elaphe (part)

16.

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19.

Z0%e

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22.
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24.

25.
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DT fer

28.6
29.

30.

Se

Back mostly green, with a few crossbars Opheodrys

Back partly green 17
Upper labials 7, third and fourth bordering eye; 15 scale
rows throughout Liopeltis

(A single species: L. frenatus)

Upper labials less than 6 18

Nape of neck with arrow-shaped mark; 15 scale rows...

Plagiopholis
No such mark on neck; 13 or 15 scale rows; nape with groove

Trachischium
Seventeen scale rows throughout; back brown, with a black
mark on top of head Sibynophis
More rows of scales on neck than at midbody, or fewer than
17 at end of body 20
Ventrals with a keel and notch laterally; body and _ tail
slender Chrysopelea

(A single species: C. ornata)

Belly without keel or weakly keeled; in either case ventrals
without a notch 2
Dorsal scale rows oblique, at least anteriorly...

Pseudoxenodon

Scale rows not oblique 22
Back with crossbars 23
Back without crossbars 24
Posterior group of maxillary teeth 3 Dinodon
Posterior group of maxillary teeth 2 Lycodon

Back with lines Psammophis

(A single species: P. lineolatus)

Back not lined Psammodynastes
(A single species: P. pulverulentus)

Three or more postoculars 2g
At most 2 postoculars 26
Back with reddish crossbars, 28-35+9-13 Dinodon (part)
Without above pattern Elaphe

Loreal variable (0-2); eye small; some subcaudals_ not
paired; subcaudals more than 200 Thermophis

(A single species: T. baileyi)
Loreal single, rarely 2; all subcaudals paired, less than

200 28
Hemipenis forked, sulcus spermaticus divided or not 29
Hemipenis and sulcus spermaticus simple 31
Sulcus spermaticus divided 30
Sulcus spermaticus simple Sinonatrix
Maxillary dentition continuous, teeth gradually or abruptly
larger posteriorly Xenochrophis

(A single species: X. piscator)
Maxillary dentition with posterior two teeth stroangly
enlarged, recurved, preceded by a diastema Rhabdophis

Maxillary dentition continuous, teeth gradually larger
posteriorly in the series; internasals narrowed anteriorly,
nostrils dorsolateral Natrix

Maxillary dentition usually coantinuous, teeth gradually
becoming larger posteriorly or the posterior two abruptly
enlarged, occasionally separated from the preceding teeth;
internasals broad anteriorly, nostrils lateral 32

32%

I.

3y

Maxitilary@fiteethless: than’35¢* ‘no white; “vertical bar in
front and behind eye Amphiesma
Maxillary teeth more than 40; a prominent white, vertical
bar over preocular and fourth supralabial, bar narrowly
edged with black Amphiesmoides

(A single species: A. ornaticeps)

Ahaetulla
Dorsal scale rows 13-13-11 or 9 near vent gorei
Dorsal scale rows 15-15-11 or 9 near vent 2
Supralabials 9, rarely 8,. fourth to sixth. touch eye;
ventrals 167-200; caudals 127-164 putus
Supralabials 7 or 8, only one touches eye; ventrals 153-175;
caudals 85-105 subocularis
Amphiesma
Temporals present 2
Temporals absent, or a single small scale between parietal
and fifth upper labial atemporalis
Scale rows 17 throughout sauteri

Scale rows 19 anteriorly and at mid-body, 17 near vent 3
Each ventral with 3 large blackish-brown spots forming 3

dotted lines on belly, sometimes median one not’ clear; a
pair of light stripes on back modesta
Ventrals without large spots, or with scattered small dots

4
Orange-yellow narrow crossbars on_ back, no_ longitudinal
Stripes optata
Not as above 5)
Many dark crossbars or squarish spots on back between light
longitudinal stripes 6
Not as above ef
A white streak behind eye extending posteriorly to connect
with dorsal stripe; subcaudals 94-105 boulengeri

No white streak behind eye; subcaudals 52-83 stolata
Back light brown, with 3 conspicuous black stripes; ventrals

141-152 miyajimae

Color otherwise 8

No light stripes or light dotted lines on body 9

With light stripes or light dotted lines 10

Upper® i abialis: 317, lower labials 7; ventral 147-153;

subcaudals 59-66 vibakari

Upper labials 8, lower labials 10; ventrals 174-217; 86-107

subcaudals platyceps

Body with alternating light and dark stripes octolineata

No more than two stripes on body 11

Subcaudals less than 78, ventrals usually less than 161 12

Subcaudals more than 78, ventrals more than 165 14

No light, longitudinal streak or stripe on head behind eye
popei

A light streak or stripe behind eye eS

Light longitudinal streak on side of head well-separated

from eye craspedogaster

Narrow, light, longitudinal stripe beginning at rear or

below eye khasiensis

14.

Back olive-brown with two light yellow stripes edged with
black extending to tail; scales strongly keeled

bitaeniata
Back olive-brown with light spots forming two less distinct
lines; scales weakly keeled, outer smooth johannis

Boiga
Temporals normally 1-3 in first row; anal plate single...
multomaculata

Temporals small; anal plate divided kraepelini
Calamaria

No preocular yunnanensis

Preocular present 2

Rostral scale at least half length of prefrontal suture; tip

of tail pointed pavimentata

Rostral scale one-third length of prefrontal suture; tip of

tail blunt septentrionalis

Coluber

Scale rows 17-17-15; a black-edged vertebral stripe from

head to tail spinalis

Scale rows 21-21-15; diamond-shaped markings on vertebral

area raverpgieri
Dendrophis

Scale rows 13-13-11 (or 9) gorei

Scale rows 15-15-11 (or 9) 2

Upper labials 9 (rarely 8), 4-6 border eye; ventrals 167-

200, subcaudals 127-164 pictus

Upper labials 7 or 8, only one bordering eye; ventrals 153-

175, subcaudals 85-105 subocularis

Dinodon

Scale rows at midbody 19; loreal not bordering eye; light

red, narrow crossbars 28-35 + 9-13 rosozonatum

Scale rows at midbody 17, rarely 19 2

Scales smooth, rarely a few rows with weak keels; loreal

usually bordering eye; more than 60 light red, narrow

crossbars rufozonatum

A few scale rows with weak keels; loreal usually not
bordering eye; many yellowish white crossbars...

septentrionalis

Elaphe

Most of body green, without dark markings 2
Body not green, with markings of some sort 3
Loreal present prasina

Loreal absent frenata
Markings on head consisting of black lines radiating from
eye; a narrow black occipital crossbar radiata
Markings on head, if present, not as above 4
No stripes or crossbars on top or side of head 5
Top or side of head with stripes or crossbars 8
Sutures of dorsal head plates black carinata

Tele.

12.

Not as above 6
Head dark red; body with more than 30 reddish, square
markings; tail ringed with red and brown moellendorffi
Not as above i
Top of body and tail with large, dark brown, round spots;
side of body and tail with smaller, irregular spots...
davidi
Body usually with indistinct light crossbars...
schrenki
Only stripe on head a short, dark postorbital one; back with

black trapezoidal blotches, at rear of body forming black
stripe taeniura

Not as above 9
Top of head with 3 short, longitudinal stripes not crossing
head porphyracea
Stripes or bands cross top of head 10
Body with stripes Nal
Body with spots, diamonds, or crossbars 2
Stripes on top of head form 2 V's, each continuous with
stripes on body rufodorsata
Stripes on top of head form one V continuous with stripes on
body dione

Body with a row of round, dark spots on each side connected
over back by dark crossbars bimaculata

Not as above 13

Back with large dark diamonds having light centers...
mandarina

Back with black crossbars perlacea
Lycodon

No preocular, prefrontal and loreal border eye; dorsal
scales weakly keeled; back black, a few (10) white crossbars

anteriorly subcinctus
Preocular present; prefrontal not bordering eye 2
Scales smooth; loreal not bordering eye 3
Middle scale rows weakly keeled; loreal not touching
internasal 4

Loreal with a broad contact with internasal aulicus
Loreal narrowly in contact with internasal laoensis
Back and belly with black and yellow rings fasciatus

Back with alternating black and white crossbands; ventrals
white ruhisitra ta
Natrix
One preocular; 7 upper labials; back uniform olive green
natrix

Three preoculars; 8 upper labials; back with alternately
arranged, large black spots tesselata

Oligodon
Fewer than 17 scale rows at midbody 2
At least 17 scale rows at midbody 4
Scale rows 13 at midbody eberharti

Scale rows 15 at midbody 3
Ventrals more than 170; about 10 dark crossbars...
ornatus
Ventrals less than 160; more than 30 crossbars...
erythrorachis
Scale rows at midbody 17 5
More than 17 scale rows at midbody 6
Nape and rear of head with wide V-shaped, dark mark;
ventrals with 2 rows of square, dark brown spots...
chinensis

Without dark V on nape; belly unmarked swinhonis

Scale rows at midbody 21 cyclurus

Scale rows at midbody 19 7
Anal single 8
Anal paired; vertebral area with about 50 black-edged, brown
crossbars bellus

Upper labials 7; trunk and tail with large brown crossbars,
22-24 + 4-8 albocinctus

Upper labials 8; scales edged with black forming a network..
formosanus

Opheodrys
Anal single; back uniform green doriae
Anal paired 2
Back uniform green major

Rear of body with short, yellow crossbars multicinctus

Opisthotropis

Scale rows at midbody 17 2
Scale rows at midbody 19 5
Black above, belly yellow maxwelli

Not as above 3
Upper labials 7-9 4
Upper labials 10-11 lateralis

Usually without preocular,: rarely: | or 2;)' loreal: meeting
eye latouchi

Usually 2-3 preoculars, rarely 1; loreal not touching eye..
andersoni

Scale rows at end of body 17; body with black rings...
balteata

Scale rows 19 at end of body; body not ringed...
kuantunensis

Plagiopholis

Loreal present, temporals 1 + 2 nuchalis

No loreal 2

Upper labials 5; temporals 1 + 1 blakewayi

Upper labials 6; temporals 2 + 2 styani
Pseudoxenodon

Body and tail dorsally with black or blackish crossbars...
bambusicola

No blackish crossbars 2

Black-edged gray stripes on top of tail and rear of body...
nothus

10

Not as above 3
Dark arrow-shaped mark on nape with light front margin; top
of head grayish white, without markings; body without yellow
and red karlschmidti

Dark arrow on nape without light edge; head with or without
dark markings; yellow and red between trunk scales...

macrops

Ptyas
Scale rows 15-15-11 or 15-13-11; ventrals less than 175;
dorsum brown, each scale with blackish brown streak...

korros
Scale rows 19-17-14; ventrals more than 185; dorsum dark
brown, a dark network or crossbars mucosus

Rhabdophis

Scale rows 15 at midbody 2
Scale rows 17 or 19 at midbody 8}
Scales weakly keeled, 15 rows throughout; a distinct nuchal
groove; back olive green, with scattered reddish brown
spots, or with a black patch on the occiput nuchalis
Scales distinctly keeled, 17 rows’ anteriorly; nuchal
groove less obvious; back yellowish brown with = many
regularly arranged small blackish spots swinhonis
Scale rows 17 at midbody; back uniform olive green; an
obvious nuchal groove leonardi
Scale rows 19 at midbody 4

Back with dark transverse markings; as bands crossing back or
alternating on right and left sides, or as shorter bars in

two rows 5
Back without crossbands or bars 7
With black transverse bands crossing back or alternating on
right and left sides nigrocincta

With shorter dark bars in two rows on back, each’ bar_ on
three adjacent scale rows 6

A distinct nuchal groove; two upper labials touch’ the eye;
back with orange-red bars, belly grayish white, a pair of

orange-red patches on side of neck himalayana
No distinct nuchal groove; three upper labials touch eye;

back with yellow bars, belly light yellow chrysarga

Back green, interstitial skin of neck and forebody scarlet
subminiata

Back green or greenish yellow, black and red bars on sides

of neck and forebody tiprina

Sibynophis
Ten upper labials, rarely 9 or 11; one anterior temporal,
touching 8th upper labial colearils
Nine upper labials, rarely 8; 2 anterior temporals, lower
one touching 7th and 8th or 6th and 7th upper labial 2
Ventrals 168-187, subcaudals 98-122 chinensis
Ventrals 185-194, subcaudals 83-94 grahami

Sinonatrix
Maxillary teeth fewer than 29; ventrals more than 144 2

1]

Maxillary teeth 29-32; ventrals 132-144; blackish brown
rings circling body and tail wider dorsally and split by
lighter center percarinata

Dark rings 30-40 on body, 12-20 on tail; belly between dark
rings orange-red or orange-yellow in life annularis

Dark rings 18-21 on body, 11-13 on tail; rings edged with
black and greenish brown in center aequifasciata

Trachischium
Scale rows 13 throughout; ventrals 125-140 tenuiceps

Scale rews 15%.wentrals.113-—125 monticola
Zaocys

Loreals 2-3; upper labials 8-10; rear of body with dark
network carinatus
Only 1 loreal 2
Two to 4 vertebral scale rows keeled; greenish brown to
blackish brown; a dark stripe on each side near’ mid-line;
large individuals with stripes indistinct near end of body..

dhumnades
Four to 6 vertebral rows keeled; green or greenish yellow on
back; a black stripe anteriorly on each side: of midline;

lateral edges of ventrals with black streak nigromarginatus

HOMALOPSINAE

Enhydris
Scale rows 19 at midbody; more than 2 upper labials border
eye plumbea
Scale rows 21-25 at midbody; only 1 labial touching eye 2
Scale rows 21 at midbody, rarely 19 or 23 3
Scale rows 23-25; loreal usually not touching eye; some
individuals with large black spots on back chinensis
Loreal touching internasal enhydris
Loreal not touching internasal bennetti

ELAPIDAE
Vertebral scales enlarged, hexagonal; subcaudals in single
row (Bungarus) 2

Vertebral scales normal in shape, not larger than adjacent
scales; subcaudals in two rows or partly single

Back uniformly black Bungarus niger

Body with white or yellow rings 3
Back with black and white rings; white rings narrow, 30-50 +
a Be Be mud bicinetus

Back with black and yellow rings of equal width; yellow
rings 20-28 + 3-5; tail blunt B. fasciatus

Neck expandible; black or blackish brown on _ dorsum;
internasal bordering nostril 5
Neck not expandible; brownish or purplish above; internasal
not bordering nostril (Calliophis) 6

No enlarged post-parietal plates Naja naja

With enlarged post-parietal plates Ophiophagus hannah

Brown or reddish brown dorsally with black crossbands 7

Purplish red with 3 black. sitrapes Calliophis japonicus
Scale rows 17 throughout; wide, white crossbands on head...

12

13%
14,

C. macclellandi

Scale rows 15; with inverted V-shaped mark on head...

VIPERIDAE
No facial pit (Viperinae)
Facial pit present (Crotalinae)
Top of head with large plates;

C. kellogpi

2
>

head light with brown

markings; trunk with dark red crossbars 12-14 + 3-4...

Azemiops feae

Top of head with small scales or just a few large plates...

Top of head with small,
plates; 19-21 scale rows

Top of head with small,

back with 3 rows of large,
margin and a light center

(Vipera) 3
smooth scales and a few large
4
keeled scales; 27-33 scale _ rows;

rounded spots each with a_ dark

Vipera russelli

Snout blunt; rostral in contact with 2 small scales; nostril

in center of nasal scale

Tip of snout pointed;

V. berus

border of rostral in contact

with one small scale; nostril in lower part of nasal scale..

Ves UiaSiema!

Large, symmetrical plates on top of head (Agkistrodon) 6

Small scales on top of head;

Rostral pointing upward,

projecting

neck slender; head triangular..

(Trimeresurus) 9
Agkistrodon acutus

No rostral projection v/

Scale rows 19 A. monticola

Scale rows 21-23 8

Nasals long and narrow A. halys

Nasals trapezoidal A. strauchi

Usually green 10
Not green 12
Nasal with a complete suture with upper labial el

Nasal suture with labial incomplete or absent...

Scale rows 17; 8 upper labials

Trimeresurus albolabris
T. medoensis

Scale rows 19-23; 9-11 upper labials T. stejnegeri

Yellowish green with yellow,

and black spots, the red

spots forming row on center of back T. jerdoni

Usually brown, with large,

dark markings on back, some of

them confluent 13
Scale rows 19-21 i. pracalis

Scale rows 21-29 14
Head long, narrow; rostral narrow; nasal and internasal

small; 14-16 small superciliaries
Head shorter; tip of snout blunt;
internasals; 6-8 superciliaries

T. mucrosquamatus

nasal large with 1-3 small

T. monticola

Key to Families of Lizards

Top of head without symmetrical plates D
Symmetrical plates on top of head 5
No movable eyelid (except in Eublepharus) Gekkonidae
Movable eyelid present 3
Total length >1l m; granular scales on the back; tongue long,
notched Varanidae

(A single species: V. salvator)

Less than 1m; dorsals not granular; tongue short’ and
weakly notched 4
Tail with or without median dorsal keel or crest Agamidae
Tail with two dorsal keel-like crests Xenosauridae
(A single species: Shinisaurus crocodilurus)

Four limbs 6

With no limbs or with hind limbs present as short flaps 7

With femoral or pre-anal pores; ventrals squarish...
Lacertidae

Without femoral or pre-anal pores; ventrals rounded...
Scincidae

Body worm-like, without lateral groove; tail very short,

less than half length of body; males with short, finger-like

hind limbs Dibamidae

(A single species: Dibamus bourreti)

Body snake-like, with lateral groove; tail long, much longer

than body; no limbs Anguidae

AGAMIDAE
Key to genera

Ribs elongated, supporting wing-like flaps Draco

Without wing-like flaps 2
Pre-anal pores present 8
No pre-anal pores 3
Digits of hind limb fringed; eyelids with fringe o
projecting scales; nostrils valvular Phrynocephalus

Without above characters 4
Body depressed, without crest; male with patches of enlarged

f

scales on belly and pre-anal areas Agama

Body compressed, usually with a crest; no patches of enlarged
scales in male >
Dorsal scales almost uniform, arranged in regular rows except
in C. brevipes and C. khasiensis Calotes

Dorsals heterogeneous 6

An erect pointed scale behind eye U
Without such a scale Japalura

Body very compressed; a well developed crest on neck; a

gular pouch and fold at shoulder; tympanum naked...
Acanthosaurus

Body not or slightly compressed; crest not well developed; no

gular pouch or fold at shoulder; tympanum covered with small

scales Oriocalotes

[A single species: 0. paulus]

Body and tail compressed, crest well developed; tympanum at

14

surface; femoral pores 4-6 Physignathus
[A single species: P. cocincinus]

Body and tail depressed, without crest; tympanum in
depression; pores 13-18 Leiolepis

[A single species: L. belliana rubritaeniata ]

Acanthosaurus
Length of spines behind orbit and on side of neck subequal to
diameter of eye; hind limb brought forward reaching midway
between eye and tympanum armata
Length of spines less than half diamter of eye; hind limb
brought forward reaching midway between snout and eye

lepidogaster

Agama
Ventrals smooth; caudal scales arranged in rings 2

Ventrals keeled; caudal scales overlapping sanguinolenta
Mid-vertebral scales distinctly keeled

Mid-vertebral scales smooth or feebly keeled 4
Lateral scales smaller than dorsals stoliczkaia
Laterals not smaller than dorsals tarimensis
Laterals uniform himalayana

Laterals small, with a few large ones dispersed among’ them
tuberculata

Calotes
A fold at shoulder 4
No fold at shoulder, or with a feeble fold 2
Scales around body less than 60 versicolor
Scales around body more than 60 3
Hind limb brought forward reaching to axilla or _ shoulder;
scales around body 65-72 microlepis
Hind limb not reaching axilla; scales around body 73-80...

breva pes

Scales on back not uniform, a few scattered large scales;
dorsals and ventrals equal khasiensis
Dorsals uniform, larger than ventrals b)
Spines behind eye; color brown emma
No spines behind eye 6
Without gular pouch; color green jerdoni
Gular pouch present 7

Tip of scales pointed upward and back; scales around body 48-
58; hind limb brought forward reaching shoulder mystaceus

Tip of scales pointed downward and back, except for upper 2
6r 3 rows; scales around body 45; hind limb reaching neck or

eye kingdon-wardi
Draco
Tympanum without scales; nostrils open upward blanfordi
Tympanum scaled; nostrils open outward maculatus
Japalura

Hind limb brought forward reaching tip of snout or beyond...
andersoniana
Hind limb not reaching tip of snout 2

15

Tympanum without scales 3
Tympanum scaled 5
Gular fold present; tail length more than twice body length;
lateral dorsals with parallel light stripes dymondi

No gular fold

Hind limb reaching tympanum or eye; black V-shaped marks

across back kumaonensis

Hind limb reaching neck or tympanum; dark triangular marks on
back varcoae

One light, greenish transverse mark at mid-body, narrowest at
vertebral area szechuanensis

No such mark 6
Scattered large scales on side of body grahami

Without scattered large scales 7
Gular fold present 8

No gular fold 10

Two small scales between nasal and rostral; one or 2 small
scales between nasal and first labial; black lines radiating

from eye flaviceps
One scale between nasal and rostral; one small scale between
nasal and first labial 9

A yellowish line below eye parallel with lip splendida
A black line from eye toward angle of jaw yunnanensis

Tail twice body length 1
Tail less than twice body brevipes

Distance between orbital spines longer than third toe without
claw swinhonis

Distance between orbital spines less than third toe...
mitsukurii

Phrynocephalus
Distance between nostrils equals distance from nostril to

fold in front of eye viangali

Distance between nostrils less than distance to fold _ before

eye 2

Distance between nostrils one half distance to fold before

eye axillaris

Distance between nostrils more than one half distance to fold

before eye 3)

Dorsal scales kceled 4

Dorsals smooth 5

Dorsals with strong keels and scattered small black’ spots;

tip of tail white below przewalski

Back with dark patches of large, upward pointing scales; tip

of tail black below frontalis

Hind limb reaches eye or temporal area 6

Hind limb reaches axilla or front of shoulder 7

Fore iimbs and dorsal surfacelof tail with dark “transverse

bars versicolor

No such markings; dorsal surface with dark conical scales...
forsythii

Tail length 1.5-1.66 times length from gular sac to vent...
theobaldi

Vaid shorter erythrurus

16

GEKKONIDAE
Key to genera

With movable eyelid; claw between 3 scales Eublepharis
(A single species: E. lichtenfelderi)

Without movable eyelid 2
Digits not expanded, or only slightly expanded 3
Digits obviously expanded 5
Underside of digits with very small scales; sides of digits
fringed : dorsal scales uniform, overlapping; mid-dorsal
caudal scales expanded Teratoscincus
Digits not fringed; dorsal scales granular intermixed with
larger scales; mid-dorsal caudals not expanded 4
Distal phalanges compressed, angular; claw between 2 large
scales, one dorsal and one ventral Cyrtodactylus

Not as above Alsophylax

Digits with one row of ventral lamellae; inner digit without
claw Gekko

Digits with 2 rows of ventral lamellae 6
Inner digit clawed 7
Inner digit clawless or with very small claw 3)
Digits half webbed; body with a skin fold from axilla _ to
groin Platyurus

(A single species: P. platyurus)

Digits with rudimentary web; body without skin fold
Hemidactylus

Inner digit normal in length Gehyra

(A single species: G. mutilata)

Inner digit extremely short and slender, clawless or with

rudimentary claw Hemiphyllodactylus
(A single species: H. yunnanensis)

Alsophylax
Dorsal granules irregular or arranged in short rows’ pipiens
Granules arranged in long rows przewalski
Cyrtodactylus
Twenty five scales across belly; large subcaudals in a
single row; 6 preanal pores elongatus
Scales across belly 30-40; without enlarged subcaudals; 12-14
preanal pores khasiensis
Gekko
Rostral not im’contact with mostril; total length to more
than 30 cm gecko
Rostral in contact with nostril; total length less than 20 cm
2

Without webbing between digits 3
Webbing between digits 4
Many enlarged granules especially anteriorly and on occiput

japonicus
A few enlarged granules on back swinhonis

Without enlarged granules on back; 7-11 preanal pores

subpalmatus
With enlarged granules; more than 17 preanal pores 5

Preanal pores 17-23; many moderately enlarged scales dorsally

17

chinensis
Preanal pores 24; few enlarged scales dorsally kikuchii

Hemidactylus

Tail very depressed, edges denticulate garnoti
Tail cylindrical, without serrated edges 2

Scales on back granular; no enlarged scales on tail bowringi

Large tubercular scales scattered on back; tail with rings of

enlarged, tubercular scales 3

Many tubercular scales on body, a few on head brooki

Few tubercular scales on body; head without tubercular scales
frenatus

Teratoscincus
Large dorsal scales beginning at shoulder przewalski

Large dorsal scales beginning at occiput scincus
SCINCIDAE
Key to genera

Supranasal present 2
Supranasal absent 5
Lower eyelid with a transparent disk; frontoparietals fused

Emoia
(A single species: E. atrocostata)
Lower eyelid with small scales, no transparent disk 3
Dorsals with 2-5 keels Mabuya
Dorsal scales smooth 4
Nostril between 2 nasals; one row of enlarged subcaudals

Eumeces
Nostril at center of a single nasal; subcaudals not enlarged

Riopa
(A single species: R. bowringi)
Tympanum large, superficial Tropidophorus
Tympanum small, situated in a depression 6
Lower eyelid with transparent disk Leiolopisma
Lower eyelid with small scales, no transparent disk 7
Length of frontal about half distance from tip of snout to
end of parietal; frontoparietals not in contact or just meet
at a point; no enlarged preanal Ateuchosaurus
(A single species: A. chinensis)
Frontal shorter; frontoparietals with broad contact; a pair
of enlarged preanals; if without large preanals, heel with an
enlarged scale Lygosoma

Eumeces

Middle 2 rows of scales larger than laterals 2

Mid-dorsals equal to or only slightly larger than laterals 3
Twenty rows of scales around midbody; 4 light lines on body

quadrilineatus
Twenty six rows of scales around midbody; 5 light stripes on
body marginatus
One postmental; anal plate with keel elegans
Two postmentals 4

18

No postnasal; second temporal wedge-shaped, wide posteriorly
chinensis
Postnasal present; outer edge of thigh with several large

scales in a group 5
Second temporal fan-shaped; 22-24 scales around midbody
Maenel

Second temporal with dorsal and ventral borders parallel; 28

scales around midbody tunganus
Leiolopisma

Three supraoculars przewalski

Four supraoculars 2

A scaly projection at front border of tympanic recess
himalayanus

Without projection at front of tympanic recess 3

A small tympanic opening, smaller than translucent window in
lower eyelid sikkimense
Tympanic opening larger than "window" in lower eyelid 4

Dorsal scales almost equal to laterals; light lateral stripes
separated by 8 full and 2 half rows of scales reevesi
Dorsals obviously larger than laterals; fewer than 8 scale

rows between light stripes 5
Fore and hind limbs overlap, at least in males 6
Limbs do not overlap 7
Digits long; fourth toe with 16-18 ventral lamellae; dorsals
less than twice size of laterals doriae

Digits short; fourth toe with 10-16 lamellae; dorsals twice
size of laterals modestum

Fourth toe with 10-12 lamellae; 24-26 scales around body;
belly blackish monticola

Fourth toe with more than 12 lamellae 8
Fourth toe with 17 lamellae; black dots under tail; belly
pale potanini

Fourth toe with 13-16 lamellae 9

Seven upper labials; lateral stripes wavy on dorsal margins;
4 full and 2 half scale rows between

Eight upper labials; lateral stripes with straight edges; 6
ve (OIE I and 2 half rows” of scales between stripes

septentrionalis

Lygosona
A single prefrontal eae quadrupes
Paired prefrontals 2
A pair of large preanal scales 3
Without enlarged preanals; one enlarged scute at heel
smaragdinum
Four supraoculars; tip of snout not concave 4

Five supraoculars; tip of snout concave maculatum

Limbs overlap; more than 30 scale rows around body; tympanum
in a depression; 16-22 scales under fourth toe

Limbs do not overlap, or just meet; less than 30. scales

around body; tympanum superficial; 12-13 scales under fourth
Oe courcyanum

Outer surface of thigh with aspatch of large scales; gray-
brown “con back; side of body blackish, but not in a regular

1S,

stripe boulengeri

Without patch of large scales on thigh; copper-colored on
back; a regular black stripe on side indicum
Mabuya

Length of tail 2 1/2 times head plus body;. dorsals with 2
keels; supranasals meet; subcaudals expanded longicaudata
Length of tail 1 1/2 times snout-vent; dorsals with 3-5
keels; suprnasals do not meet; subcaudals not enlarged
multifasciata

Tropidophorus

Scales on top of head Smooth; scales on body smooth or weakly
keeled; parietals bordered laterally by 2 or 3 scales

berdmorei
Scales on top of lhead rough or with keels; scales of body
clearly keeled; parietal bordered laterally by 4-5 scales 2
Frontonasal not divided; limbs overlap greatly hainanus
Frontonasal divided into several small scales; limbs overlap
slightly or not all sinicus

LACERTIDAE

Key to genera
Dorsal scales keeled; with pores present at groin 2
Dorsals granular; pores on thigh 3
Terminal phalanges of fingers and toes not bent or compressed

Takydromus

Terminal phalanges bent; digits compressed Platyplacopus
Scales under digits keeled; ventrals arranged obliqucly

Eremias
Scales under digits ksmooth; ventrals arranged in straight
rows Lacerta

Eremias

Outer digits with scales forming a fringe gramica
Outer digits lacking fringe 2
Groups of femoral pores continuous across preanal area, or
groups interrupted by 3-5 scales 3
Groups of pores separated by 8-11 scales 4

Enlarged ventral scales in 12-16 rows, rarely 17 rows’ velox
Enlarged ventrals in 18-20 rows, rarely 21 vermiculata
Length of first supraocular equal to or shorter than distance

to posterior loreal 5
First supraocular longer than distance to posterior loreal

/
Frontonasal single; 16-20 rows of enlarged ventrals arputa
Frontonasal divided, rarely single; 12-14 rows of enlarged
ventrals 6

Subocular borders mouth; 38-50 small scales across back and
sides; tail longer than 1.5 times snout-vent brenchleyi

Subocular not bordering mouth; 42-67 sma;ll scales across
back and sides; tail less than 1.5 times snouth-vent argus
Four prefrontals quadrifrons

20

Two prefrontals 8
Enlarged ventrals in 18 rows, rarely 16 or 20; usually 30-41
scales between mental and middle of neck (range 27-45); black

crossbars present przewalski
Enlarged ventrals usually in 12 rows, rarely 14-18; usually

22-28 scales between mental and middle of neck (maximum 35);
dark network or dark spots in rows on back multiocellata

Lacerta
Usually 2 postnasals, 2 loreals; 10-21 pores on thigh; 33-54
scales around body apilis exigua
One postnasal, 1 loreal; 5-15 pores; 25-38 scales around body
vivipara
Platyplacopus
Large dorsal scales in rowS 2
Dorsals not larger than laterals sylvaticus
Three to 5 femoral pores kuehnei
Two femoral lpores, rarely 3 intermedius

Takydromus

Four rows of large keeled dorsals
sexlineatus meridionalis

Five to 10 rows of large, keeled dorsals 2
Three pairs of mentals, rarely 2 or 4; ventrals keeled 3
Four pairs of mentals, rarely 3 or 5; ventrals smooth or
weakly keeled 4
Two pores on each side formosanus
One pore on each side septentrionalis
Three pores on each side amurensis
One pore on each side 5)
Tail 3 times snout-vent or longer; 24 scales under fourth toe

sauteri
Tail less than 2;.5 times snout-vent; 19-22 scales under
fourth toe wolteri

ANGUIDAE

Ophisaurus
Three small scales between nasal and prefrontal; 14-16 scales

across back between lateral gr;ooves gracilis
Two small scales between nasal and kprefrontal; 16-18 scales
between lateral grooves harti

Zu

Se

A BIBLIOGRAPHY
OFSTHE
HERPETOFAUNA OF FLORIDA

KEVIN N. ENGE & C. KENNETH DODD, JR

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Gainesville Laboratory

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 72

1986

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and_ reptiles, but
unlikely to be published in the normal technical
journals. Single copies are distributed free to
interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological
associations, and research laboratories are invited
to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their
bibliographies, translations, » etc. with: ocher
herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you
have such items please contact George Zug for
instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies’ and
inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560,
U.S.A. Please include a self-addressed mailing
label with requests.

Introduction

The literature on the herpetofauna of Florida is, as expected, rather diverse
and widely scattered. This is due to the large number of species of
amphibians and reptiles within the state and to the many herpetologists, both
professional and amateur, who have studied its many endemic species,
subspecies, and unique phenotypes, and published their findings in short notes
and long books. Few states can match its biotic diversity, yet increasing
human population is leading to more and more habitat alteration and
fragmentation, thus jeopardizing crucial habitats and the species that depend
upon them.

In order to assist biologists and others who are interested in and concerned
about Florida's amphibians and reptiles, we have assembled this bibliography.
We have included standard scientific references, popular articles, theses and
dissertations, and much of the so-called "gray" literature dealing with
contracted but often unpublished government and privately funded research.
Our hope is that by making these references available in a single source,
future research and conservation activities will be facilitated.

We would like to thank James N. Stuart, who started the project to assemble
these references, and the following individuals who provided additional
information: Ray Ashton, David Auth, John Iverson, Dale Jackson, Howard
Kochman, Julian Lee, D. Bruce Means, Paul Moler, Henry Mushinsky, Paul
Raymond, and Richard Seigel. We especially thank Luana Whitehead for typing
the initial drafts of the manuscript, and Anita Brand for typing the many
revisions.

Achor, K. L., and P. E. Moler. 1982. Geographic distribution: Anolis
equestris (knight anole). Herpetol. Rev. 13:131.

Adams, S. E., M. H. Smith, and R. Baccus. 1980. Biochemical variation in the
American alligator. Herpetologica 36:289-296.

Adams, S. H. 1941. A sack of snakes. New Yorker 17(3):30-34.

Adams, W. L. 1978. Nuisance alligator control. Fla. Wildl. 32¢2):14-15.

Alberson, H. C. 1953. "Cracker chicken" hunt. Fla. Wildl. 7(3):26-27, 31.

Alford, R. A. 1980. Population structure of Gopherus polyphemus in northern
Florida. J. Herpetol. 14:177-182.

- 1981. Community organization and behavior of anuran larvae ina
northern Florida temporary pond. M.S. Thesis, Univ. Fla., Gainesville.
97 pp.

ro. » and M. L. Crump. 1982. Habitat partitioning among size classes of

larval southern leopard frogs, Rana utricularia. Copeia 1982:367-373.

Allen, E. R. 1937. Florida snake venom experiments. Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci.
2:70-76.

- 1938. The copperhead in northern Florida. Copeia 1938:50.

- 1938. Notes on the feeding and egg-laying habits of the Pseudemys.
Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci. 3:105-108.

ae - 1938. Notes on Florida water snakes. Proc. Fla. Acad. Sci.

3:101-104.

- 1938. Notes on Wright's bullfrog, Rana heckscheri (Wright). Copeia
VOS8A50'. P

2 1939. Habits of Rhadinea flavilata. Copeia 1939:175.

1939. Hyla versicolor versicolor from Silver Springs, Florida.
Copeia 1939:53.

1940. About Florida's alligators. Fla. Game and Fish (Aug.):7-9, 14.

1941. Florida water snakes. Publ. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst., Silver
Springs, Fla.

1948. The truth about turtles. Fla. Wildl. 1(9):6-7, 17.

1949. Range of cane-brake rattlesnake in Florida. Copeia 1949:73-74.

1950. Sounds produced by the Suwannee terrapin. Copeia 1950:62.

1950. Ward's great blue heron and the alligator. Fla. Nat. 23:38-39.

1951. Here's how to get along with reptiles. Fla. Wildl. 4(9):6-8,
20-22.

1961. How to hunt the eastern diamondback rattlesnake. Publ. Ross
Allen's Reptile Inst., Silver Springs, Fla. 20 pp.

1982. Life history notes: Trionyx ferox (Florida softshell). Size.
Herpetol. Rev. 13:49.
and D. C. Drysdale. 1978. Don't kill snakes. Fla. Nat. 51(5):20-21.
and M. P. Merryday. 1940. A snake in the hand--is worth two in the
grass for medical research, and the job of capturing and keeping them
sheds interesting sidelights on their habits and peculiarities. Nat.
Hist. 46:234-239.
and W. T. Neill. 1949. A new subspecies of salamander (genus
Plethodon) from Florida and Georgia. Herpetologica 5:112-114.

and - 1949. Increasing abundance of the alligator in the eastern
portion of its range. Herpetologica 5:109-112.
and ___—_—-:~=i1950. The alligator snapping turtle, Macrochelys

temminckii, in Florida. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst., Spec. Publ. No. 4,
Silver Springs, Fla. 15 pp.

and) 2.0) - 1950. The cane-brake rattlesnake. Fla. Wildl. 4(6):18-19,
35.

and ___—_—s- ~=1950. The copperhead. Fla. Wildl. 4(7):18-19, 33.
eile - 1950. The coral snake. Fla. Wildl. 4(5):15-16, 22.

and - 1950. The cottonmouth moccasin. Fla. Wildl. 4(3):8-9, 16.
erica eee - 1950. The eastern diamondback rattlesnake. Fla. Wildl.
4(2):10-11.

and - 1950. The life history of the Everglades rat snake, Elaphe
obsoleta rossalleni. Herpetologica 6:109-112.

and - 1950. The pigmy rattlesnake. Fla. Wildl. 4(4):10-11.

and : 1951. The coachwhip. Flac owaildl.. 1563) 2 9,5 297.

and = 1951. The gopher. Flac) wildl. 5:(¢7) 710,732.

and : 1951. The hog-nose snake. Fla. Wildl. 4(8):14-15, 19.

and! 7 2 1951. The king snake. Fla. Wildl. 4(10):14-15, 19.

andy ats - 1951. The snapping turtles. Fla. Wildl. 5(€4):11, 25-26.
and ee: 1952. The American alligator. Fla. Wildl. 6(5):8-9, 44.
and - 1952. The box turtles. “Fla. Wildl.25:¢9))165).58:-

and __—_—-_~=s:1952. The diamondback terrapin. Fla. Wildl. 6(6):8, 42.
EVolg - 1952. The Florida crocodile. Nature 45:77-80.

and __—_—s- ~=:1952. The Florida crocodile. Fla. Wildl. 6G2)2'65 9335

and eee - 1952. The garter snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(7):8-9.

and 1952. "The glass-snake", a legless lizard. Fla. Wildl.

SCD) 39 23%.
and! see 1952. The indigo snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(3):44-47.

andy gana . 1952. Skinks and fence lizards. Fla. Wildl. 5(8):13,
55-56.

and Z 1952. The southern pine snake. Fla. Wildl. 5(10):18-19.
and - 1952. The water snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(4):13, 39.

and ees 1953. The Florida brown snake. Fla. Wildl. 7(2):5.
andes er - 1953. The Florida soft-shelled turtle. Fla. Wildl.
7(3):4-5.

and - 1953. The fresh-water terrapins. Fla. Wildl. 7(1):8-9.
and - 1953. The green turtle. Fla. Wildl. 7(4):19, 32.
and - 1953. Juveniles of the tortoise Gopherus polyphemus.
Copeia 1953:128.

and - 1953. The red-bellied mud snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(10):8-9.
and - 1953. The red rat snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(9):8-9.

and e 1953. The short-tailed snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(11):8-9.

and ° 1953. The treefrog, Hyla septentrionalis, in Florida.
Copeia 1953:127-128.

and - 1953. The yellow rat snake. Fla. Wildl. 6(8):6-7.

and - 1954. Bullfrogs of Florida. Fla. Wildl. 7(10):20-21, 40.
ands =1954. Juveniles of Brook's kingsnake, Lampropeltis getulus
brooksi. Copeia 1954:59.

and - 1954. Raccoon preyed upon by panther and rattlesnake.
Everglades Nat. Hist. 2:46.

and ss =1954. =The Florida worm lizard. Fla. Wildl. 7(12):21, 34.
end ane - 1955. Establishment of the Texas horned lizard, Phrynosoma
cornutum, in Florida. Copeia 1955:63-64.

and - 1956. Some color abnormalities in crocodilians. Copeia
1956(2):124.

and - 1957. Another record of the Atlantic leatherback,

Dermochelys c. coriacea, nesting on the Florida coast. Copeia
1957:143-144.

and - 1958. Giant toad from the tropics. Fla. Wildl.
12(4):30-32, 42.

and R. Slatten. 1945. A herpetological collection from the vicinity
of Key West, Florida. Herpetologica 3:25-26.

and D. Swindell. 1948. Cottonmouth moccasin of Florida.
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R. 1970. A key to the tadpoles of the continental United States and
Canada. Herpetologica 26(2):180-207.

1972. Notes on the larvae and postmetamorphic tadpoles of four Hyla
and three Rana with notes on tadpole color patterns. J. Elisha
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adults of the United States and Canada. Herpetologica 40(2):212-218.
and R. Lohoefener. 1983. Rana areolata Baird and Girard. Crawfish
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Amphib. Rept. 286.1-2.

Alvarez, K. C. 1984. Sighting of an American crocodile at Collier-Seminole

State Park, Florida. Fla. Field Nat. 12:104-105.

Anderson, C. H. 1949. Gopher hunt. Fla. Wildl. 3(6):10-11.

1950. Reptiles can be beautiful. Fla. Wildl. 4(5):20-22.

Anderson, J. D. 1967. Ambystoma opacum (Gravenhorst). Marbled salamander.
Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 46.1-2.

, and G. K. Williamson. 1976. Terrestrial mode of reproduction in
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Anderson, K. and P. E. Moler. 1986. Natural hybrids of the Pine Barrens
treefrog, Hyla andersoni, with H. cinerea and H. femoralis (Anura,
Hylidae): morphological and chromosomal evidence. Copeia 1986:70-76.

Anderson, R. 1984. Guide to Florida poisonous snakes, rev. ed. Winner
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56 pp.

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Andrews, E. H., and C. B. Pollard. 1953. Report of snake bites in Florida

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Anon. 1952. Bullfrog-farming and frogging in Florida. Fla. Dep. Agric.,
Bull. No. 56. 80 pp.

- 1957. “Alligators” for sale. Fla. Wildl. 11¢1):13.

. 1958. Alligators big business in Florida. Fla. Wildl. 12(5):4.

- 1965. Audubon societies call for federal law to help stop poaching
that threatens alligator. Fla. Nat. 38(4-B):2.

- 1965. Florida's valuable alligator. Fla. Wildl. 18(11):17.

- 1967. How not to save the gators. Fla. Nat. 40(2-B)3.

. 1968. The law, the courts, and the alligator. Audubon 70(5):4-5.

- 1968. Loggerhead eggs rescued. Fla. Nat. 41(2-B):5.

- 1969. Handling of alligator complaints. Fla. Nat. 42(4-B):14

- 1973. Facts about alligators. Fla. Wildl. 27(4):18-23.

- 1974. Florida's exotic aliens. Amphibians and reptiles on the loose.
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- 1976. Incidental capture of sea turtles by shrimp fishermen in
Florida: Preliminary report of the Florida west coast survey. Univ.
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. 1977. Pine barrens treefrog. Endang. Species Tech. Bull. 2(5):5.

. 1977. Rulemaking actions May-June 1977: Atlantic salt marsh snake.
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- 1977. Rulemakings-November 1977: Pine barrens treefrog. Endang.
Species Tech. Bull. 2(12):6.

- 1978. Rulemaking actions - January 1978: Eastern indigo snake.
Endang. Species Tech. Bull. 3(2):7.

. 1978. State report: Rare and endangered species broadly covered under
Florida's conservation plan. Endang. Species. Tech. Bull. 3(11):3,
5-7.

- 1978. Three sea turtles listed as threatened: Certain populations
endangered. Endang. Species Tech. Bull. 3(8):1, 9-10.

* 1979. Florida's venomous snakes. Fla. Wildl. 33(1):21-26.

- 1979. Law enforcement protects the gopher tortoise. Fla. Wildl.
32(¢6):46.

- 1979. Recovery efforts slated for crocodile. Endang. Species Tech.
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i - 1981. Go for gophers is bad news. Fla. Wildl. 35(1):47.

een lei - 1982. Fibergla@ss carapace for mud turtle. Bull. Field Mus. Nat.
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- 1982. Gopher tortoises relocated - and doing fine. Eyes and Ears,

Walt Disney World Co. 3(6):2.

pe os - 1982. Hawksbill nesting in Florida. Endang. Species Tech. Bull.
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- 1982. Rulemaking actions September/October 1982: Pine barrens

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- 1983. Florida pine barrens treefrog removed from list. Endang.
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- 1984. Reclassification proposed for Florida alligators. Endang.
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Antonio,F. B. 1983. Notes on some winter-active amphibians in Alachua
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1l

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12

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16

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17

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18

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20

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21

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22

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23

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24

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26

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27

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28

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29

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30

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31

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32

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33

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34

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46

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.

47

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48

1968. Eumeces egregius (Baird). Mole skink. Cat. Amer. Amphib.
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—_ ++ 1985. Fire and the Florida sandhill herpetofaunal community: with
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5 1962. Variation, ecological relationships, and evolution of the pine
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a ———— ee

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49

1981. Geographic distribution: Anolis Sapgrei (brown anole).
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1983. Geographic distribution: Drymarchon corais couperi (eastern
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1983. Geographic distribution: Eumeces egrepius onocrepis (peninsula
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Naggiar, M. 1976. Alligator management. Fla. Wildl. 30(2):2-5.
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species of the seacoast of the United States: The American alligator.
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1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the
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1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the
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1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the
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1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the
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1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the
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1980. Selected vertebrate endangered species of the seacoast of the
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: National Marine Fisheries Service. 1978. Final Environmental Impact

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1949. Increased rate of ecdysis in injured snakes. Herpetologica
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1949. A new subspecies of rat snake (genus Elaphe) and notes on
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1950. Ontogenetic changes in the coloration of the snake Cemophora
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1950. The status of the Florida brown snake, Storeria victa. Copeia
E95 O02155—15'6.

1950. Taxonomy, nomenclature, and distribution of southeastern
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1951. A bromeliad herpetofauna in Florida. Ecology 32:140-143.

1951. The eyes of the worm lizard, and notes on the habits of the
species. Copeia 1951:177-178.°

1951. Florida's air-plants and their inhabitants. Fla. Nat.
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50

1951. A new subspecies of dusky salamander, genus Desmognathus, from
south-central Florida. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst., Publ. Res. Div.
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1951. A new subspecies of salamander, genus Pseudobranchus, from the
Gulf Hammock region of Florida. Ross Allen's Reptile Inst., Publ. Res.
Div. 1:39-46, Silver Springs, Fla.

1951. Notes on the natural history of certain North American snakes.
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1951. The taxonomy of North American soft-shelled turtles, genus
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1952. Burrowing habits of Hyla gratiosa. Copeia 1952:196.

1952. The pigmy rattlesnake, Sistrurus miliarius barbouri, in
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1952. The reptiles of Florida: Part I. Fla. Nat. 25:11-16.

1952. Remarks on salamander voices. Copeia 1952(3):195-196.

1954. Evidence of venom in snakes of the genera Alsophis and

Rhadinea. Copeia '1954:59-60.

1954. Ranges and taxonomic allocations of amphibians and reptiles in
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1955. Deadly cottonmouth or harmless water snake? Fla. Wildl.
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1957. Historical biogeography of present-day Florida. Bull. Fla.
State Mus., Biol. Sei. Ser. Zh d= 2206

1957. Homing by a squirrel treefrog, Hyla squirella Latreille.
Herpetologica 13:217-218.

1957. Notes on metamorphic and breeding aggregations of the southern
spadefoot, Scaphiopus holbrooki (Harlan). Herpetologica 13:185-187.

1957. Some misconceptions regarding the eastern coral snake, Micrurus
fulvius. Herpetologica 13:111-118.

1958. The occurrence of amphibians and reptiles in saltwater areas,
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1958. The varied calls of the barking treefrog, Hyla gratiosa
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1961. Giant rattlesnakes -- past and present. Fla. Wildl.

15.01 ).2 LO=13'. *
1961. Snakes swallowing irregurgitable objects. Bull. Philadelphia
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1961. River frog swallows eastern diamondback rattlesnake. Bull.
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1963. Polychromatism in snakes. Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci. 27:194-216.

1963. Hemidactylium Tschudi. Four-toed salamander. Cat. Amer.
Amphib. Rept. NS

1963. Hemidactylium scutatum (Schlegel). Four-toed salamander. Cat.
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1964. Isolating mechanisms in snakes. Q. J. Fla. Acad. Sci.
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1964. A new species of salamander, genus Amphiuma, from Plorida.
Herpetologica 20:62-66.

1964. Taxonomy,

natural history,

Syl

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7LE257=295..

1968. Florida frogs -- pond to pan. Fla. Wildl. 21(8):14-17

1968. Snake eat snake.

1971. The last of the ruling reptiles: Alligators, crocodiles,

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-

AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES: PREDATORS AND PREY

AMPHIBIANS AND BIRDS
by William E. Cook

Columbia Greene Community College

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF HERPETOLOGICAL REFERENCES
IN AUSTRALIAN ORNITHOLOGICAL JOURNALS RS\ yy)
by Glenn M. Shea a a

University of Sydney

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO, 73

1987

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but
unlikely to be published in the normal technical
journals. Single copies are distributed free to
interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological
associations, and research laboratories are invited
to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their
bibliographies, translations, etc. with other
herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you
have such items please contact George 2ug for
instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies and
inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560,
Un SiAve Please include a self-addressed mailing
label with requests.

INTRODUCTION

This publication provides a reasonably extensive bibli-
ography of the literature on predator/prey relationships
among amphibians and birds. [In addition, an index has been
prepared that includes four lists which cross reference
predator and prey species. This index enables one to
quickly find the citations relating to particular amphibians

me busds.. The lists, which follow this imtroducetron™@and
precede the bibliography, are titled: Birds that Eat
Amphibians, Amphibians Eaten by Birds, Amphibians that Eat
Birds, and Birds Eaten by Amphibians.

The organisms are listed phylogenetically in the first
column of the index. The interacting species and references
are listed in the second and third columns alphabetically by
the author's name. A "-" in the index indicates the
inability to determine the identity of a predator or prey
species either due to the unavailability of an article or
ambiguity in the article itsel£.

The importance of a reference to predator/prey studies
is three-fold. Birds seem to be a major selective force in
the evolution of some amphibians. An awareness of the
details of the predator/prey relationship in these cases may
help elucidate aspects of amphibian and even avian
evolution. Secondly, in order to understand the ecological
niche of an animal one needs to be cognizant of its range of
food items and its potential enemies. Furthermore, efforts
to secure legislation to protect various species must, if
possible, be based on sound knowledge, not only of the
abundance of these species, but also on their importance to
other species.

It is clear that the literature is most voluminous in
the reporting of birds feeding on amphibians. 70% of the
articles listed fall into this category. Surprisingly
perhaps, 7% of the articles discuss cases of amphibians
eating birds. Some of the selections deal with studies of
mimicry or cryptic coloration in amphibians as defenses
against predation by birds (e.g., Brodie, Matthews). The
use of poisons as a defense strategy appears in the
literature as early as 1892 by Boulenger. Behavioral
defenses are reported by at least two authors (e.g.; Ewext,
Sazima) and the evolution of defense strategies is discussed

by Wooley.

Predation by birds is asserted to influence the
evolution of community organization among salamanders
(Jaeger) as well as the breeding location of frogs (Roca).

Techniques helpful in determining percent biomass in raptor
diets (Steenhof) and raptor prey species abundance (Fitzner)
are presented and Wendland shows how owl pellets can be used
bo Study frog distributions Finally, 2£ anyone has ever
doubted the commercial value of amphibians, Nair and Prabhu
describe how frog wastes can be converted into little cakes
to be used for chicken feed.

In the event that it would be desirable to elaborate on
this inaugral compilation, I present the sources included
thus far. The first few references were obtained from the
text Biology of the Amphibians by Duellman and Trueb 1986
and from the files of Professor Margaret M. Stewart. Two
computer searches covering Biological Abstracts from 1975 to
1985 provided several more references. Copies of these
articles were obtained and their bibliographies supplied
further titles. The majority of the citations were,
however, obtained by searching through the Zoological Record
from 1864 to 1983.

I wish to thank Dr. Margaret M. Stewart of the State
University of New York at Albany for her assistance and
encouragement. Readers may send additions and corrections
to William E. Cook, Columbia-Greene Community College,

Box 1000, Hudson, New York 12534.

INDICES

BIRDS THAT EAT AMPHIBIANS

PREDATOR

Tachybaptus ruficollis
Podiceps grisegena

Pelecanus erythrorhynchos

Phalacrocorax carbo
Phalacrocorax auritus
Botaurus stellaris .
Ixobrychus minutus
Ardeola cinerea

Ardeola grayii

Bubulcus ibis

Ciconia ciconia
Cygnus olor
Anas platyrhynchos

Anas acuta

Anas clypeata
Anas strepera
Aythya ferina
Aythya fuligula
Mergus albellus
Milvus migrans

Haliastur indus

Spilornis cheela

Geranospiza caerulescens

Circus aeruginosus
Circus cyaneus

Circus pygargus
Accipiter nisus
Accipiter cooperii
Buteogallus urubitinga

Buteo lineatus
Buteo platypterus

Buteo swainsoni

PREY

"tadpole"

TELrOG "
"salamanders"

Rana temporaria

" frog:

" ECOG”

w Frog"

"tadpole"
"far-eastern tree frog"
Rana tigerina or
Bufo melanostictus
Rana tigerina or
Bufo melanostictus

Rana sp.

" frog "

Ww ErOG)

Bufo americanus
" frog"

" Erog:
" frog"

" frog"

" EEOG

VErOGt

w frog Ww

Rana tigerina or
Bufo melanostictus
Rana tigerina or
Bufo melanostictus
Rana tigerina or
Bufo melanostictus
Fritziana goeldii
“small vertebrates"
Litoria aurea

" frog"

“ELOQ "

Bufo americanus

w iB 1eLOOf

" frog

Bufo americanus
Bufo marinus

Bufo guttatus

Bufo americanus
Bufo americanus
Bufo americanus
Rana sylvatica

Scaphiopus bombifrons

REFERENCE

Collinge
Collinge
Sidle
Ponting
Ponting
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Korotov
Sarker

Sarker
Siegfried
Rékasi
Collinge
Collinge

Mueller(1980)

Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Andrews
Sarker

Sarkur
Sarker

Bokerman
Jehl
Baker-Gabb
Collinge
Collinge
Miller
Collinge
Collinge
Miller
Beebe
Miller
Miller
Rosenfield
Rusch
Sexton

Buteo jamaicensis
Buteo buteo

Buteo regalis
Aquila rapax
Falco tinnunculus
Falco sparverius

Falco vespertinus
Falco columbarius
Falco peregrinus

Falco rusticolus
Dendragapus canadensis
Bonasa umbellus

Gallus gallus

Gallinula chloropus
Grus canadensis
Charadrius vociferus
Himantopus himantopus
Tringa totanus

Tringa nebularia

Actitis hypoleucos
Numenius arquata
Burhinus oedicnemus
Larus canus

Larus argentatus
Chlidonias hybrida
Chlidonias niger
Cuculus canorus

Geococcyx californianus
Tyto alba

Bufo americanus
" LrOg.”

Rana temporaria
Bombina bombina
Bufo bufo

Bufo viridis
Rana ridibunda
Rana pipiens

" frog"

Rana aurora
Hyla regilla
Rana arvalis
Rana temporaria
“£ErOG"

Rana sp.

Rana sp.

Rana septentrionalis
Bufo americanus
Rana sp.

Desmognathus ochrophaeus

Salamandra salamandra
Desmognathus spp.
Desmognathus sp.
Plethodon cinereus

Notophthalmus viridescens
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus

Miller
Collinge
Maguire
ZSsole

Blair
Osborne
Collinge
Collopy(1983)

Pererva
Rebecca
Collinge
Lindberg
Lindberg
Applegate
Hale

Brandon(1979)
Horter
Howard(1971)
Howard(1973)

Desmognathus ochrophaeus Labanick

Plethodon sp.
Bufo americanus
"tadpole"
Amphiuma sp.

w frog "
Pleurodeles waltl
" £rog"

" EGOG,,

Rana sp.
"tadpole"

" frog "

"£r0g"

Rana temporaria
Rana temporaria
Hyperolius horstockil
" Erog,

Bufo bufo

Rana temporaria

EB eicolof +

Rana temporaria
Palobates fuscus
Rana sp.

Miller
Collinge
Dye
Schardien
Vermot
Collinge
Collinge
Taylor
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Ritchie
Helle
Craig
Collinge
McDougall

Parmley
Bowman
Cuisin
Fairley
Marian

Muselet

Tyto albo
Otus asio

Bubo virginianus
Bubo bubo

Athene noctura
Athene cunicularia

Sitrix calico

Strix uralensis

Strix nebulosa

Ceryle alcyon

Alcedo atthis
Perisoreus canadensis

Cyanocitta cristata
Garrulus glandarius
Corvus monedula
Corvus frugilegus
Corvus brachyrhynchos
Corvus corone corone
Corvus corone cornix
Corvus corax
Troglodytes troglodytes
Cinelus cinclus
Turdus merula

Turdus migratorius

Toxostoma rufum

Lanius excubitor
Pipilo erythropthalmus

Quiscalus quiscula
Ploceus philippinus

Bufo americanus
"salamander"
Ambystoma tigrinum
Rana temporaria

" Enog”™

Scaphiopus intermontanus

Ambystoma tigrinum
Scaphiopus couchi
Scaphiopus bombifrons
Rana pipiens

Rana sp.

w frog"

"amphibians"
Pelobates fuscus
"“amphibia spp."

Rana spp.

Rana sylvatica
"tadpole"

Bufo boreas
Pseudacris triseriata
Pseudacris triseriata

Desmognathus ochrophaeus

" ErOG
"tadpole","frog"
"tadpole","frog"
Bufo americanus
tadpole ,,.f£50g "
"tadpole","frog"

" EEOGL

Ranidae
"tadpole","frog"
"tadpole"

Rana temporaria
Plethodon jordani
Pseudacris triseriata
Desmognathus sp.
Desmognathus sp.
Plethodon cinereus
” Frog"

Rana temporaria
Desmognathus sp.
Plethodon cinereus
Rana pipiens

Rana limnocharis

Ruprecht
Valente
Miller
Rising
Holman
Schaeffer
Collinge
Gleason
Tyler

Betts
Bozsko
Collinge
Delmee
Nilsson
Wendland
Lundberg
Mikkola
Seale
Collinge
Beiswenger
Matthews
Tordoff
Howard(1973)
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Miller
Collinge
Collinge
Collinge
Czikeli
Collinge
Collinge
Evans
Brandon(1975)
Matthews
Howard(1973)
Jaeger

Collinge
Halliday
Jaeger
Ernst
George

AMPHIBIANS EATEN BY BIRDS

PREY

Amphiuma sp.

Notophthalmus viridescens

Pleurodeles waltl
Salamandra salamandra
Ambystoma tigrinum

Desmognathus montacola
Desmognathus ochropnaeus

Desmognathus quadramaculatus
Gyrinophilus porphyriticus

Plethodon cinereus

Bombina bombina
Xenopus muelleri
Pelobates fuscus

Scaphiopus bombifrons

Scaphiopus couchi
Scaphiopus holbrooki
Scaphiopus intermontanus
Bufo americanus

Bufo boreas
Bufo bufo

Bufo guttatus

Bufo marinus

Bufo melanostictus
Bufo viridis
Brachycephalus ephippium
Litoria aurea
Fritziana goeldii
Acris crepitans

Acris gryllus

Hyla regilla
Pseudacris triseriata

PREDATOR

Grus canadensis
Gallus gallus
"ducks"

Himantopus himantopus
"chickens,ducks"
Bubo virginianus
Athene cunicularia
Gallus gallus

Gallus gallus
“pirds™

Cyanocitta cristata
Gallus gallus

Gallus gallus

Gallus gallus

Leyslnate lays

Pipilo erythrophthalmus
Toxostoma rufum
Buteo buteo

"stork"

Tyto alba

Str ux alco

Buteo swainsoni
Athene cunicularia
Athene cunicularia
CUMS

Athene cunicularia
Bonasa umbellus
Circus cyaneus
Accipiter cooperii
Buteo lineatus

Buteo platypterus
Buteo jamaicensis
Anas platyrhynchos
Buteo platypterus
Peisoreus canadensis
Falconiformes
Strigiformes

Cuculus canorus
Buteo buteo
Buteogallus urubitinga
Buteogallus urubitinga

Buteo buteo
Circus aeruginosus
Geranospiza caerulescens

Falco sparverius
Perisoreus canadensis

REFERENCE

Dye

Howard

Pope

Vermot
Horter
Holman
Tyler
Howard(1971)
Brandon(1979)
Brodie(1980)
Howard(1973)
Labanick
Howard(1971)
Howard(1973)
Brodie(1980)
Jaeger

Tilley
Zsolt
Loveridge
Marion
Wendland
Sexton
Tyler
Tyler
Pearson
Gleason
Hale
Miller

Mueller(1980)
Rosenfield
Beiswenger
Amores
McDougall(1981)
Zsolt

Beebe

Beebe

Sarker

ZSOLE
Carvalho
Baker-Gabb
Bokerman
Nevo

Nevo

Collopy(1983)
Matthews

Rana arvalis
Rana aurora
Rana limnocharis
Rana pipiens

Rana ridibunda
Rana septentrionalis
Rana sylvatica

Rana temporaria

Rana tigerina
Hyperolius horstockil

PREDATOR

Bufo americanus

Bufo marinus
Pyxicephalus adspersus

Rana catesbeiana

Rana esculenta
Rana pipiens

Rana ridibunda

Rana temporaria
Rana tigerina

Turdus migratorius
Perisoreus canadensis
Falco vespertinus
Falco sparverius
Ploceus philippinus
Buteo regalis
Quiscalus quiscula
Athene cunicularia
Buteo buteo
Dendragapus canadensis
Buteo platypterus
Ceryle alcyon
Turdus merula

Tyto alba

Lanius excubitor
Larus argentatus
Buteo buteo

Cuculus canorus
Phalacrocorax carbo
Falco columbarius
Larus canus

Bubo bubo

Chlidonias hybrida

AMPHIBIANS THAT EAT BIRDS

PREY

Agelaius phoeniceus
"ducklings"

Gallus gallus

“small birds"
"Drobably" Passer domesticus
Bombycilla cedrorum
"ducklings"

Regulus regulus
Archilochus colubris
Dendroica petechia
Phylloscopus bonelli
Motacilla flava
"Sitalleibands,”
Phylloscopus trochilus

"Sparrow"
Gallus gallus

Tordoff
Pererva
Collopy
George
Blair
Ernst
Tyler
Zsolt
Applegate
Rosenfield
Seale
Evans
Fairley
Halliday
Helle
Maguire
McDougall(1981)
Ponting
Rebecca
Ritchie
Schaeffer
Schiebe
Sarker
Craig

REFERENCE

Cook

Cook
Branch
Wager
Cochran
Frost
Gollob
Hewett
Howard,w.
Rab¢gl
Norris-Elye

Belman
"w

Hellmich
Svensson

Deshpande
Dharmaraju

BER DS
PREY
Gallus gallus

Archilochus colubris
Phylloscopus trochilus
Phylloscopus bonelli
Regulus regulus
Motacilla flava
Bombycilla cedrorum
Dendroica petechia
Agelaius phoeniceus

EATEN BY AMPHIBIANS

PREDATOR

Pyxicephalus adspersus

Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Rana
Bufo

tigerina
pipiens
temporaria
ridibunda
esculenta
ridibunda
catesbeiana
pipiens
americanus

REFERENCE

Branch
Dharmaraju
Norris-Elye
Svensson
Belman
Rab¢l
Belman
Gollob
Norris-Elye
Cook

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14

Pererva, V.I. 1981. Unusual case of individual selection of
prey by the red-footed falcon (Falco vespertinus).
Ornitologiya 16:180.

Ponting; EsD. 1967. -Cormorant Gating frog. ,British Birds
60:482.

Pope, P.H. 1928. The life history of Triturus viridescens.

Copeia 168:61-73.

Rabgl, J. 1978. Goldcrests Regulus regulus killed by edible
frogs Rana esculenta. Brittish Birds 71:85.

Rebecca, G.W. 1982. Merlin apparently preying on common
EGOG. SCOEELSH Birds, 12(3) 289.

Rékasi, J. 1980. Uber die Nahrung des Weissstorchs
(Ciconia ciconia) in der Batschka (Sud-Ungarn).
Ornithologische Mitt., Gottingen 32(6):154-155.

Rising, J.D., and F.W. Schueler. 1980. Screech owl eats
fish and salamander in winter. Wilson Bull. 92(2):
250—251) 5

Ritchie, J. 1926. A curious food supply of the common gull.
common gull feeding upon frogs. Scotland Natur.

191263 22-23),

Roca, R.L. 1982. Estrategias reproductivas y sucesion
temporal de una comunidad de anuros (Amphibia:
Salientia) en los llanos Venezolanos (estado apure).
Thesis Universidad Simon Bolivar:149.

Rosenfield, R.N., and M.W. Gratson. 1984. Food brought by
broad-winged hawks Buteo platypterus to a Wisconsin USA
nest. J.Field Ornithology 55(2):246-247.

Ross, A. 1969. Ecological aspects of the food habits of
insectivorous screecn-owls. Proc. West. Fdn. Vert.
ZOOL. VsSO0l—344.

Ruprecht, A.L. 1979. Food of the barn owl Tyto alba guttata
from Kujawy Poland. Acta. Ornithol. 16(19):493-5I1.

Rusch, D.H., and P. Doerr. 1972. Broad-winged hawk nesting
and, £ood habits..~, Auk+7893139—145..

Sarker, S.U. 1983. Food and feeding habits of some birds of
Pabna Bangladesh. J. Asiatic Soc. Bangladesh 9(1):25-38.

Sazima, I. 1978. Convergent defense behavior of two
leaf-litter frogs in southeastern Brasil. Biotropica
HOC U53'.

Schaeffer, H. 1970. Womit Ernahrt der Uhu (Bubo bubo) in
Lapplan seine Jungen? Bonn. Zool. Beitr. 21:52-62.

Schardien, B.J., and J.A. Jackson. 1982. Killdeers feeding
on frogs. Wilson, Bull. 94(1)285=s75

Schiebe, A. 1975. Grasfrosch (Rana temporaria) frisst
Jungvogel. Gefiederte Welt 96(12):242-243.

Schwalm, P.A., P.H. Starrett, and R.W. McDiarmid. 1977.
Infrared reflectance in leaf-sitting neotropical frogs.
Science 19621225=-1227.

Seale, Dianne B. 1982. Physical factors influencing

Oviposition by the wood fro Rana lyatica in
Pennsylvania. Copeia 1982( 45 :6272635~

15

Sexton, O.J., and K.R. Marion. 1974. Probable predation by
Swainson's hawks on swimming spadefoot toads. Wilson
Bull. 86(2):167-168

Sidle, J.G., W.H. Koonz, and K. Roney. 1985. Status of the
American white pelican: an update. Amer. Birds 39(5):
859-864.

Siegfried, W.R. 1971. The food of, the cattle egret.|.J.
Appl. Ecol. 8:447-468.

Steenhof, K. 1983. Prey weights for computing percent
biomass in raptor diets. Raptor Res. 17(1):15-27.

Svensson, S. 1983. A common frog, Rana temporaria,
consumed a nestling of willow warbler, Phylloscopus
trochilus. Var Fagelvarld 42(5):347.

Taylor, D.W. 1976. Greenshank eating large frog. British
Birds) 69(10)2409.

Dilteye @“S.G.,.B.be, Lundrigan,, and iL.P. Bower. 1982.
Erythrism and mimicry in the salamander Plethodon
cinereus. Herpetologica 38(3):409-417.

Tordoff, W. III. 1980. Selective predation of gray jays,
Perisoreus canadensis, upon boreal chorus frogs,
Pseudacris triseriata. Evolution 34(5):1004-1008.

Tyler, J.D. 1983. Notes on burrowing owl Athene
cunicularia food habits in Oklahoma USA. Southwest
Natta 2 3) O00 =1 02",

Valente, A. 1981. Vertebrate remains in pellets of the
barn owl Tyto alba from Planet Downs Station
southwestern Queensland Australia. Aust. Wildl.
Res...3(1))ic 181-186, -

Vermot, M. 1980. Capture et ingurgitation d'un vertebre
par une enchasse blanche, Himantopus himantopus.

Nos Oiseaux 35(6):289.

Vernon, C«Jis.,. 1972... An,analysis. of owl. pellets,callected
im’ southern Africa. Ostrich 43(2).. 109-124.

Vorbiev, K.A. 1966. Frogs attack birds. Priroda 1966:81.

Weger, V.A. 1965. The Frogs of South Africa. Purnell;
Cape Town.

Wendland, V. 1967. Die Knoblauchkrote (Pelobates fuscus)
in Berlin und Umegbung. Milu 2:332-339.

Woolley, H.P. 1982. Evolution of defense strategies among
three species of sympatric salamanders. Dissertation
Abstrs.ine.. (B)42¢11)<64295..

Yalden, D.W., and R. Jones. 1970. The food of suburban
tawny owls. Natrualist, Hull, No. 914:87-90.

Zsolt, K.- 1982. Data on the feeding of the buzzard Buteo
buteors ALlattani ...Kozl. 69 (1=4)2lil—-Tis.

Despite being ornithological journals, The Emu, the Australian Bird
Bander, the Australian Bird Watcher, Birds, Australian Birds, Corella,
the South Australian Ornilhologist and the Sunbird all contain numerous
valuable observations on reptiles and frogs. These are mostly hidden
amongst ornithological observations, and = are, for the most part,
inacessible to herpetologists by normal data-relrieval methods. Three
species indices have been published to the Fmu, covering volumes to 1960
(Wells, 1922; McGill, 1953, 1962) and one to the South Australian
Ornithologist (Condon et al., 1975), covering volumes to 1971, but these
only covered birds. Individual volume indices to the other journals are
similarly restricted in scope. The following bibliography included most
of the herpetological citations in these eight journals to the end of
1985. Publication details of each journal are given in Table l. In
general, I have excluded those papers that note only "lizards", "snakes"
or "reptiles" at a particular mainland locality (although such data on
islands is included), that only cite a previously published reference to
reptiles (although citations from newspaper articles are included) or
that are only supposition (e.g., the frequent suggestion that goannas are
probably a major predator).

In the cross-indices, I have attempted, where possible, to identify
the reptile and amphibian species involved on the basis of the common
names or descriptions originally used. Such identifications, other than
mere updates in nomenclature, are in square parentheses. Reptile and
amphibian nomenclature in general follows Cogger (1986), with scincid
generic taxonomy following Greer (1979), while bird nomenclature follows
Schodde et al. (1977). The terms tortoises and turtles refer to
freshwater and sea turtles respectively. References to diet etc., that
merely state the inclusion of reptiles, snakes or lizards without further
details are separated from more specific references by parentheses.

REFERENCES

1. Abbott, I. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 55 Breaksea Island, King George
Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 24-25.

2. Abbott, I. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 56 Michaelinas Island, King
George Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 26-27.

3. Abbott, I. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 5&8 Seal Island, King George
Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 30-31.

4. Abbott, I. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 59 Mistaken Island, King George
Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 32-33.

5. Abbott, I. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 63 Lancelin Island, Western
Australia. Corella 2: 40-42.

6. Abbott, I. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 106 Mondrain Island, Archipelago
of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 5: 60-61.

7. Abbott, I. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 108 Bald Island, Western
Australia. Corella 5: 64-65.

8. Abbott, I. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 110 Sandy Island, Western
Australia. Corella 5: 69-70.

9. Abbott, I. 1982. Birds recorded on 22 tropical islands of Western
Australia. Corella 6: 119-122.

10. Alexander, W.B. 1922. Notes on the fauna of King Island from the
logbooks of the "Lady Nelson". Emu 21: 318-319.

ll. Alexander, W.B. 1923. A week on the upper Barcoo, central Queensland.
Emu 23: 82-95.

12. Alexander, W.B. 1924. Sonnerat’s voyage to New Guinea. Emu 23:
299-305.

13. Alexander, W.B. 1926. Notes on a visit to north Queensland. Emu 25:
245-260.

14. Anon. 1904. Bird "charmed" by snake. Emu 3: 241.

15. Anon. 1908. Reviews. Emu 7: 201-205.

16. Anon. 1912. Working excursion and camp-out. Emu ll: 162-166.

17. Anon. 1914. Order Picariae, Sub-order Halcyones, Family Aloedinidae,

|
in)
|

Genus Dacelo, Species Dacelo gigas. South Australian Ornithologist
Poet \tale
Anon. 1914. Order Passeriformes, Family Laniidae, Genus Gymnorhina.
South Australian Ornithologist 1: 7-L1.
Anon. 1919. Order Pelicaniformes, Family Phalacrocoracidae, Genus
Hypoleucus. South Australian Ornithologist 4: 4-5.
Anon. 1919. Order Ardeiformes, Family Ardeidae, Genus Notophoyx.
South Australian Ornithologist 4: 68-69.

. Anon. 1919. Order Ardeiformes, Family Plegadidae, Genus Carphibis.

South Australian Ornithologist 4: 90-91.

. Anon. 1919. Snakes and young birds. Emu 18: 303.

Anon. 1922. Meeting held on 26th May, 1922. South Australian
Ornithologist 6: 150-152.

. Anon. 1926. North-east Eyre Peninsula. South Australian Ornithologist

Sy lTle2ig..

- Anon. 1930. The third report of the Migration Committee. Emu 30:

22728)

. Anon. 1937. A Brown Snake (Demansia textilis) in an aviary. South

Australian Ornithologist 14: 72.

Anon. 1938. Food of birds. South Australian Ornithologist 14: 177.
Anon. 1943. Birds of the Katherine River district, Northern
Territory. South Australian Ornithologist 16: 50-54.

Anon. 1948. Flinders Chase, Kangaroo Island. South Australian
Ornithologist 28: 76--77.

. Anon. 1968. Recovery round-up. Australian Bird Bander 6: 38-41.

Ashby, E. 1921. Notes on birds observed in Western Australia, from
Perth northwards to Geraldton. Emu 20: 130--137.

Ashby, E. & Le Souef, A.S. 1928. Birds observed during the R.A.0O.U.
camp-—out at Nornalup, south-west Australia. Emu 27: 266-270.
Ashton, C.B. 1984. Silver Gull attempting to swallow a snake. South
Australian Ornithologist 29: 99.

Austin, C.N. 1950. Further notes on the birds of Dunk Island,
Queensland. Emu 49: 225-231. ;

Baesjon, A. 1923. The Crested Bell-Bird. Emu 23: 123-124.

. Bailey, R.F. 1934. New nesting records of Glossy Ibis. Emu 33:

CUS Ole

. Banfield, E.J. 1906. Sea-eagle and tree-snakes. Emu 6: 16-17.

Barnard, C.A. & Barnard, H.S. 1925. A review of the bird life on
Coomooboolaroo Station, Duaringa district, Queensland, during the
past fifty years. Emu 24: 252-265.

. Barnard, E.D. 1913. Birds and frogs, &c. Emu 12: 193-194.

Barnard, H.G. 1911. Field notes from Cape York. Emu 11: 17-32.

. Barnard, H.G. 1914. Northern Territory birds. Emu 14: 39-57.

Barnard, H.G. 1926. Birds of the Cardwell district, Queensland. Emu
26% Pl Sh3:

Barnard, H.G. 1934. Notes on the Square-tailed Kite and the Red
Goshawk. Emu 34: 25-28.

. Barrett, C. 1910. Narrative of the expedition to the islands of the

Capricorn Group. Emu 10: 181-194.

. Barrett, C. 1916. Birds of a Murray island. Emu 15: 176-179.

Barrett, C.L. 1925. Rockhampton outings. Emu 24: 217-221.

. Batey, I. 1907. On fifteen thousand acres: its bird-life sixty years

ago. Emue?7:. 1—1'7.

. Batey, I. 1910. Birds about Drouin, Gippsland. Emu 9: 241-245.
. Battam, H. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 39 Flinders Islet, Five Islands,

New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 104-105.

. Battam, H. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 41 Martin Islet, Five Islands,

New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 108-109.
Bedggood, G.W. 1970. Bird notes from East Gippsland. Australian Bird
Watcher 3: 252-265.

i
(Us)
'

. Bedggood, G.W. 1977. Field notes on the Southern Stone-Curlew in

Victoria. Australian Bird Watcher 7: 35-40.

Bell, H.L. L960. Nesting notes of the Mangrove Kingfisher. Emu 60:
64-65.

Bell, H.L. 1967. Bird life of the Balimo sub-district, Papua. Emu 67:
57-79.

Bell, H.L. 1970. Field notes on birds of the Nomad River
sub-district, Papua. Emu 70: 97-104.

Bell, H.L. 1975. Eastern Striated Pardalote eating lizard. Emu 75:
234.

. Bell, H.-L. 1980. Foraging ecology, territoriality and seasonality of

the Common Paradise Kingfisher at Brown River, Papua New Guinea.
Corella 4: 113-126.

. Bell, H.L. 1984. New or confirmatory information on some species of

New Guinean birds. Australian Bird Watcher 10: 209-228.

. Berney, F.L. 1905. Field notes on birds of the Richmond district,

north Queensland. Emu 5: 15-20.

. Beruldsen, G.R. 1963. Observations from Lake Alexandrina, S.A. Emu

633 224-233.

. Binns, G. 1953. Birds of Terang, south-western Victoria. Emu 53:

2d 22K,

. Binns, G. 1966. Birds and lizards. Emu 66: 26-27.

Black, A. 1921. A hawk irruption. Emu 20: 243.

. Boehm, E.F. 1930. Bird notes. South Australian Ornithologist 10:

168-170.

Boehm, E.F. 1947. The Australian Bustard: with special reference to
its past and present status in South Australia. South Australian
Ornithologist 28: 37-40.

Boekel, C. 1979. Birds, crocodiles, and (perhaps?) waterside
safety. Australian Bird Watcher 8: 123-127.

Boekel, C. 1980. Birds of Victoria River Downs Station and of
Yarralin, Northern Territory Part I. Australian Bird Watcher 8:
W71=193.

. Bonnin, J.M. & Angove, R.C. 1980. Wedge Island. South Australian

Ornithologist 28: 104-106.

. Bound, E. 1963. The nesting of the Collared Sparrowhawk. Australian

Bird Watcher 2: 17-18.

. Bourke, P.A. 1942. Nest "borrowing" amongst birds. Emu 41: 277-278.

Bourke, P.A. 1948. Notes on the rate of loss amongst eggs and
nestlings, with notes on some species. Emu 47: 321-330.
Bourke, P.A. 1956. Notes on the Whiskered Tern. Emu 56: 339-348.

. Bowker, G. 1973. Nesting Whiskered Terns kill young grebes.

Australian Bird Watcher 5: 54.

. Bowker, G.M. 1980. Seabird Islands No. 99 Griffiths Island,

Victoria. Corella 4: 104-106.

. Brandon, T. 1948. Bird Notes from Wilmington. South Australian

Ornithologist 29: 3-5.

. Bravery, J.A. 1970. The birds of Atherton shire, Queensland. Emu

70:; 49-63.

. Bray, J.S. 1906. Yellow Robins as snake finders. Emu 5: 217.
. Bridgewater, A.E. 1932. A list of the birds of Mansfield, Victoria.

Emu 31: 280-285.

. Bridgewater, A.E. 1932. Enemies of birds. Emu 32: 58.

Bright, J. 1935. Notes on a few birds of the Rochester district.
Emu 34: 293-302.

. Broadbent, K. 1910. Birds of the Cardwell and Herbert River districts

(N..Q))., (Emu S10) (233=245;.

. Brooker, M.G. 1983. Further food items of the Wedge-tailed Eagle.

Australian Birds. 17:63:

. Brothers, N.P. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 73 Tasman Island, Tasmania.

Corella 3: 55-57.

84. Brothers, N.P. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 74 Pedra Branca, Tasmania.
Corella 3: 58-60.

85. Brothers, N.P. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 78 Mewstone, Tasmania.
Corella 3: 68-69.

86. Brothers, N.P. 1980. Seabird Islands No. 101 The Nuggets, Tasmania.
Corella 4: 110-ll2. F

87. Brothers, N.P. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 133 The Thumbs, Tasmania.
Corella 7: 63-64.

88. Brothers, N.P. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 134 Southport Island,
Tasmania. Corella 7: 85-86.

89. Brothers, N.P. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 136 Actaeon Island,
Tasmania. Corella 7: 89-90.

90. Brothers, N.P. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 137 Sterile Island,
Tasmania. Corella 7: 91-92.

91. Brothers, N.P. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 140 East Pyramids,
Tasmania. Corella 8: 105-106.

92. Brothers, N.P. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 141 Big Caroline Rock,
Tasmania. Corella 8: 107-108.

93. Brothers, N.P. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 142 West Pyramid, Tasmania.
Corella 8: 109-110.

94. Brothers, N.P. & Milledge, D.R. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 69 Goose
Island, Tasmania. Corella 3: 46-47.

95. Brothers, N.P. & Skira, I.J. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 132 Hippolyte
Rocks, Tasmania. Corella 7: 80-81.

96. Brown, A.G. 1950. Blackbird’s food. Emu 49: 231.

97. Bryant, C.E. 1940. Photography in the swamps: the Eastern Swamp-hen.
Emu 39: 288-292.

98. Bryant, C.E. 1944. City kestrels. Emu 43: 288-289.

99. Bryant, C.E. & Amos, B. 1949. Notes on crakes of the genus Porzana
around Melbourne, Victoria. Emu 48: 249-275.

100. Bryant, H.W. 1919. A holiday trip to the far upper Murray. Emu
1927 62—68.

101. Buddle, G.A. 1941. Birds of the Poor Knights. Emu 41: 56-68.

102. Buddle, G.A. 1946. A second visit to the Poor Knights. Emu 45:
Sila Siltsye

103. Burrell, H. 1925. What is the food of the Australian Darter. Emu
20%, 3S.

104. Cain, W. 1933. Nesting of the Gull-billed Tern (Gelochelidon
nilotica). South Australian Ornithologist 12: 28-30.

105. Cameron, A.C. 1970. The vocabulary of the Noisy Miner, Myzantha
melanocephala. Sunbird 1: 17-24.

106. Cameron, E.C. 1928. A nestling kookaburra. Emu 28: 154.

107. Campbell, A.G. 1903. Snakes on King Island. Emu 3: 59. |

108. Campbell, A.J. & Barnard, H.G. 1917. Birds of the Rockingham Bay
district north Queensland. Emu 17: 2-38.

109. Campbell, A.J. & Kendall, H., in Thompson, H.C. 1903. Fly larvae
in living squabs. Emu 2: 218-219.

110. Campbell, A.J. & White, S.A. 1910. Birds identified on the
Capricorn Group during expedition of R.A.O.U., 8th to 17th October,
1910. Emu 10: 195-204. ;

lll. Campbell, J. 1985. Food remains at a Black Kite’s nest. Australian
Bird Watcher 11: 30-31.

112. Carnaby, J.C. 1933. The birds of the Lake Grace district, W.A.

Emu 33: 103-109.

113. Carter, T. 1902. Exploration of the North-West Cape. Emu 2: 77-84.

114. Carter, T. 1903. Birds occurring in the region of the North-West
Cape. Part I. Emu 3: 30-38.

115. Carter, T. 1903. Birds occurring im the region of the North-West
Cape. Part II. Emu 3: 89-96.

116. Carter, T. 1923. Birds of the Broome Hill district. Emu 23: 125-142.

117. Carter; T. 1924: Birds’ of the Broome’ Hill district. Part) Til. Emu
237 (306-318:

118. Cashion, T. 1958. The birds of Cat Island, Furneaux Group, Tasmania.
Emu 58% 327--332.

T'S. Chaffer, N: W928. A fruvtful bard day.- Emu 27:° Z90=291.

120. Chaffer, N. 1930. Lizard attacking nestling. Emu 30: 41-42.

121. Chandler, L.G. 1912. Field notes on the White-browed Field-Wren
(Calamanthus albiloris). Emu ll: 237-239.

122. Chandler, L.G. 1943. Brief notes on three species of wrens. Emu
430 L29=132.

123. Chenery, A. 1922. Notes on birds seen during a recent visit to the
western Darling, N.S.W. South Australian Ornithologist 6: 110-114.

124. Chisolm, A.H. 1925. The Yeppoon-Byfield excursion. Emu 24: 221-229.
125. Chisolm, A.H. 1928. Befriending wild birds. Emu 27: 217.

126. Chisolm, A.H. 1944. An interesting old note-book. Emu 43: 281-288.
127. Chisolm, A.H. 1944. Birds of the Gilbert diary. Emu 44: 131-150.
128. Chisolm, A.H. 1958. The diaries of S.W. Jackson. Emu 58: 101-123.
129. Chisolm, E.C. 1924. The avifauna around Tumbarumba, N.S.W. Emu 24:

102-106.

130. Chisolm, E.C. 1929. Birds of the East Bogan district, County of
Flinders, New South Wales. Emu 29: 143-151.

131. Chisolm, E.C. 1934. Birds of the Comboyne Plateau, 1923-1934. Emu
34% 8-23).

132. Chisolm, E.C. 1938. The birds of Barellan, New South Wales with
botanical and other notes. Emu 37: 301-313.

133. Chisolm, E.C. 1940. A five weeks’ biological survey of the Peak
Hill-districts N.S.W. Emu 39s ‘267=272.

134. Church, A.E. 1925. Birds observed at Burketown, north Queensland.
Emu 24: 290-295.

135. Clancy, G.P. 1982. Chestnut-breasted Mannikin and Forest
Kingfisher — food records. Australian Birds 16: 65.

136. Cleland, J.B. 1906. Birds of Kangaroo Island. Emu 5: 207-208.

137. Cleland, J.B. 1919. The birds of the Pilliga Scrub, New South
Wales. Emu 18: 272-285.

138. Cleland, J.B. 1937. The history of ornithology in South Australia.
Emu 36)" 197-221.

139. Cleland, J.B. 1968. Olive stones, starlings and foxes. South
Australian Ornithologist 25: 55.

140. Cleland, J.B. & Johnston, T.H. 1912. Relative dimensions of the
red blood cells of vertebrates, especially of birds. Emu 11:
188-197.

141. Close, D.H., Bonnin, J.M., Waterman, M.H. & Connell, D.J. 1982.
Breeding waterbirds on the Salt Lagoon islands, South Australia.
Corella 6: 25-36.

142. Cohn, M. 1934. An owl under suspicion. Emu 33: 317.

143. Conole, L. 1981. Birds of the Steiglitz area, Brisbane Ranges,
Victoria, 1978-1980. Australian Bird Watcher 9: 14-23.

144. Cooper, C.D. & Cooper, R.M. 1981. Observations on the food sources
utilised by Pied Currawongs. Australian Birds 15: 50-52.

145. Cooper, R.P. 1948. Destruction of nestlings by kookaburras. Emu
47: 347-348.

146. Cooper, R.P. 1948. Birds of the Capricorns - Great Barrier Reef.
Emu 48: 107-126.

147. Cornwall, E.M. 1903. Cairns notes. Emu 3: 62.

148. Cornwall, E.M. 1908. Notes on birds found breeding near Mackay,
north Queensland. Emu 7: 171-175.

149. Crompton, C.L. 1914. Observation of Laughing Jackass (Dacelo
gigas). South Australian Ornithologist 1: 23-24.

150. Czechura, G. 1971. Field notes on hunting methods of falcons.
Sunbird 2: 68-72.

151. Czechura, G. 1971. Birds of prey seen on a trip from Brisbane to

152.

[oe

alayay

LTS:

ta.

175.

lids

A re

178:

i7As)e

180.

nies Be

. Disney,

Cunnamulla. Sunbird 2: 74-77.

Czechura, G.V. & Debus, S.J.S. 1985. The Grey Falcon Falco
hypoleucos: a summary of information. Australian Bird Watcher LL:
9-6:

Czechura, G.V. & Debus, S.J.S. 1985. The Black Falcon Falco
subniger: a summary of information and comparison with the Brown
Falcon Falco berigora. Australian Bird Watcher 11: 80-91.

Debus, S.J.S. 1981. Food of some raptors at Armidale, New South
Wales. Australian Birds 16: 27.

Debus, S.J.S. 1983. Food of the Whistling Kite at Armidale, N.S.W.
Corella 7: 62-63.

. Debus, S.J.S. 1984. Biology of the Little Eagle on the northern

tablelands of New South Wales. Emu 84: 87-92.

. Debus, S.J.S. 1984. Breeding habitat of the Little Eagle at

Armidale, New South Wales. Australian Birds 18: 86-87.

. Dickison, D. 1927. Notes on the kookaburra. Emu 27: 119-120.

Dickison, D.J. 1930. Andreas Reischek. Emu 30: 148-150.

. Disher, P.A. 1962. Little Bittern nesting in the Kerang district,

Victoria. Australian Bird Watcher 1: 215-217.
.J.deS. & Fullagar, P.J. 1978. A note on road kills.

Corella 2: 89.

Dunlop,

Island,

.N. & Storr, G.M. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 11] Carnac
estern Australia- Corella 5: 71-74.

H
2:
. Dove, H.S. 1932. Bird and lizard myth. Emu 32: 71.
li
W

. Eckert, J. 1965. Pelicans breeding near Milang. South Australian

Ornithologist 24: 36-37.

. Eckert, J. 1971. Birds of the Franklin Islands and Eyre Island,

South Australia. Emu 71: 61-66.

. Edgell, J.A. 1927. Bird-life in the Capricorn Group. Emu 26:

292-296.

. Edwards, H.V. 1919. Correspondence. Emu 18: 311.
. Edwards, H.V. 1920. Colour-sense in Satin Bower-Birds. Emu 19:

306-308.
Edwards, H.V. 1920. The black-listed shag. Emu 20: 106.
Edwards, H.V. 1921. A south-coastal Selborne. Emu 21: 42-48.

. Elkington, J.S.C. 1930. A bird diary: from Sydney to Antwerp.

Emu 29: 268-275.

. Ellis, R. 1958. Strange behaviour of two wedge-tailed eagles.

South Australian Ornithologist 22: 69.
Evans, P.R. 1975. Notes on the feeding of waders on Heron Island.
Sunbird 62° 25-30).

Falla, R.A. 1924. Discovery of a breeding place of Buller’s
Shearwater, Poor Knights Island, N.Z. Emu 24: 37-43.

Favaloro, N.J. 1931. Notes of a trip to the Macpherson Range,
south-eastern Queensland. Emu 31: 48-59.

Fien, I. 1971. A note on the avifauna of Lady Elliot Island.
Sunbird, 23°°63=67 .

Finlayson, H.H. 1948. Greenly Island, South Australia. South
Australian Ornithologist 28: 72-73.

Finlayson, H.H. 1951. Further notes of some birds seen upon
islands of the Eyre Peninsula coasts, South Australia, with remarks
on the soil erosion of North Gambier Island. South Australian
Ornithologist 20: 3-5.

Fleay, D. 1948. Notes on the White-breasted Sea-Eagle. Emu 48:
20-3)".

Fleay, D. 1952. With a Wedge-tailed Eagle at the nest. Emu 52:
16s

Fleming, C.A. 1939. Birds of the Chatham Islands. Emu 38: 380-413.

182.
183.
184.
185.
186.
BREN A
188.
189.

LOO).
IESE

O2s
193.
194.
195%
196.
Sie
198.
IESIS)-

200.
7A oii

202s
203.

204.

205.

206.

207.

208.

2098
210%

AA

Beis

213%.

214.
215%

Fletcher, J.A. 1904. Bird notes from Wilmot, Tasmania. Part III.
Emu 4: 14-17.

Fletcher, J.A. 1909. Bird notes from Cleveland, Tasmania. Emu 8:
210-214.

Fletcher, J.A. 1918. Bird notes from the Boat Harbour (Tasmania)
district. Emu 18: 96-101.

Fletcher, J.A. 1922. Field notes on the Black Bell-Magpie Strepera
fuliginosa. Emu 22: 60-63.

Fletcher, J.A. 1924. Birds of The Steppes. Emu 24: 107-117.
Ford, H. & Paton, D. 1976. Birds of Para Wirra Recreation Park:
changes in status over 10 years. South Australian Ornithologist
27: 88-95.

Ford, H.W. 1907. Nesting shifts. Emu 6: 200.

Ford, H.W. 1908. Bird notes from Marong (Bendigo district) from
1904 to 1907. Emu 8: 26-31.

Friend, A. 1921. Frog eating a bird. Emu 21: 68.

Fullagar, P.J. 1973. Seabird Islands No. 2 Montague Island, New
South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 11: 36-39.

Fullagar, P.J. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 35 Cabbage Tree Island,
New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 94-97.

Fullagar, P.J. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 54 Eclipse Island, Western
Australia. Corella 2: 21-23.

Gaukrodger, D.W. 1924. The way of an eagle. Emu 24: 3-12.

Geary, N. 1932. Notes on the Wedge-tailed Eagle. Emu 31: 288-289.
Genelly, R.E. 1978. Observations of the Australian Kestrel on
northern tablelands of New South Wales, 1975. Emu 78: 137-144.
Gibson, J.D. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 38 Big Island, Five Islands,
New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 100-103.

Gill, H.B. 1964. The White-tailed Kingfisher Tanysiptera sylvia.
Emu 63: 273-276.

Gill, R.G. 1963. Plumed Egret eating a snake. Australian Bird
Watcher 2: 20.

Givens, T.V. 1948. Notes on the White-browed Crake. Emu 48: 141-147.
Gogerley, H. 1922. Early breeding of ground or low-nesting birds.
Emu 2]: 222-223.

"Goulburnite" 1909. "A bird enemy - the goanna." Emu 8: 157-158.
Gray, J.T. 1935. Hoary-headed Grebes and Brown Bittern. South
Australian Ornithologist 13: 87-88.

Green, R.H. 1965. Mass banding of the Common Starling - Sturnus
Vulgaris. Australian Bird Bander 3: 27-31.

Green, R.H. & Macdonald, D. 1963. The Black Pyramid gannetry.

Emu 63: 177-184.

Guiler, E.R. 1967. The Cape Barren Goose, its environment, numbers
and breeding. Emu 66: 211-235.

Hall, R. 1910. The birds of Eyre Peninsula, S.A. Emu 9: 123-133.
Hall, R. & Rogers, J.P. 1908. Notes on a collection of birds from
north-west Australia. Emu 7: 138-142.

Hanks, P. 1930. Notes on the Eastern Whipbird. Emu 30: 84-87.
Harvey, W.G. & Harvey, R.C. 1919. Bird notes from Mackay, Q. Emu
19: 34-42.

Harvey, W.J. 1930. Bird notes. South Australian Ornithologist 10:
171-172.

Harvey, W.J. 1933. Coombe district notes. South Australian
Ornithologist 12: 126.

Hastings, J.G. 1919. Bird notes from McGrath’s Flat. South
Australian Ornithologist 4: 53-54.

Hays, R. 1920. Food pellets of kingfishers. Emu 20: 91-92.

Hill, G.F. 1911. Field notes on the birds of Kimberley, north-west
Australia. Emu 10: 258-290.

Hill, H.E. 1903. Some notes from the Geelong and Otway districts:
Enuy2: 161-167.

. Hindwood, K.A. 1926. Pied Bell-magpie and snake. Emu 25: 297.
Hindwood, K.A. 1926. The Rock-Warbler: a monograph. Emu 26: 14-24.
Hindwood, K.A. 1930. Photographing the Grey Currawong. Emu 29: 200.

. Hindwood, K.A. 1930. Notes on the Rock-Warbler. Emu 30: 15-17.

1. Hindwood, K.A. 1940. The birds of Lord Howe [sland. Emu 40: 1-86.
2. Hindwood, K.A. 1947. Nesting habits of the Kookaburra or Laughing

Jackass (Dacelo gigas). Emu 47: 117-130.
Hindwood, K.A. 1948. Notes on the sea-birds breeding on the coastal
islands of New South Wales. Emu 48: 73-81.

. Hindwood, K.A. 1959. The nesting of birds in the nests of social

insects. Emu 59: 1-36.

. Hindwood, K.A. & Serventy, D.L. 1941. The Gould Petrel of Cabbage

Tree Island. Emu 41: 1-20.

. Hitchcock, W.B. & McKean, J... 1969. Square-tailed Kite in the

Northern Territory. Emu 69: 115.

. Hobb, J.N. 1960. Grey Thrush taking tree frog. Emu 60: 66-67.
. Hobbs, J.N. 1956. Night-Heron’s feeding habits. Emu 56: 61.
. Hobbs, J.N. 1962. Food of the Wedge-tailed Eagle. Emu 62: 180.

Hobbs, J.N. 1979. Black-faced Woodswallow attempting to feed on a
skink. Australian Bird Watcher 8: 65-66.

. Hobbs, J.N. 1979. Australasian Bittern taking a black snake.

Australian Birds 14: 43.

. Hobbs, J.N. 1980. Frogs as a deterrent to breeding success in

reedwarblers and grassbirds. Australian Birds 15: 27-28.

. Hood, J.B. 1935. Notes from Bool Lagoon, S.E., S.A. South Australian

Ornithologist 13: 18-19.

. Hood, J.B. 1935. Nesting, etc., in the Bool Lagoon district, (sbes

S.A. during the 1934 season. South Australian Ornithologist 13:
LOM Tel Se

. Hoogerwerf, A. 1971. On a collection of birds from the Vogelkop,

near Manokwari, north-western New Guinea. Emu 71: 1=12.

. Hoogerwerf, A. 1971. On a collection of birds from the Vogelkop,

near Manokwari, north-western New Guinea. Emu 71: 73-83.

. Hopkins, N. 1948. Birds of Townsville and district.ckmu 472 S31—347-

Hopkins, N. 1957. Blue-winged Kookaburra and snake. Emu 57: 145-146.

. Hopkins, N. 1970. The Whistling Eagle Haliastur sphenurus as a

hunter. Sunbird 1: 73-75.

. Howe, F.E. 1928. Notes on some Victorian birds. Emu 27: 252-265.
. Howe, F.E. 1931. Some observations on the domestic economy of the

genus Cinclosoma (Quail Thrushes). Emu 30: 292520 0%

. Howe, F.E. & Burgess, W. 1942. Ornithologists in the Mallee. Emu

42); 65-73.

. Howe, F.E. & Tregellas, T.H. 1914. Rarer birds of the Mallee. Emu

14: 71-84.

. Hughes, P. & Hughes, B. 1984. The raptors of Widgee. Sunbird 14:

37-40.

. Hull, A.F.B. 1911. Further remarks on the finding of the nest and

egg of Oestrelala leucoptera. Emu 10: 253-258.

. Hdl li AG E.B. 1922... A-visat. ton the Archipelago of the Recherche S.W.

Australia. Emu 21: 277-289.

. Hyem, E.L. 1931. Notes on hawks. Emu 3025 250—20L.

Hyem, E.L. 1931. The Grey Goshawk in captivity. Emu 31: 27-29.

. Hyem, E.L. 1936. Notes on the birds of Mernot, Barrington, N.S.W.

Emu 36: 109-127.

. Hyem, E.L. 1937. Notes on the birds of "Mernot", Barrington, N.S.W.

Emu 36: 262-272.

. Hynes, R.G. 1946. Snake ’fascinating’ a Willie Wagtail (Rhipidura

leucophrys). South Australian Ornithologist 27: 83, 92.

20.

273 i2

20g.

280.

Irby, F.M. 1933. Kingfisher and snake. Emu 33: 70-71.

. Jackson, S.W. 1909. In the Barron River valley, north Queensland.

Emu 8: 233-283.

Jackson, S.W. L909. Aboriginal names. Emu 9: 31-32.

Jackson, S.W. 1911. The haunt of the Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis
rufescens, Ramsay). Emu 10: 327-336.

. Jackson, S.W. 1912. Haunts of the Spotted Bower-Bird (Chlamydodera

maculata, Gld.). Emu 12: 65-104.

. Jackson, S.W. 1920. Haunts of the Rufous Scrub-Bird (Atrichornis

rufescens, Ramsay). — discovery of the female on the Macpherson
Range, S.-E. Queensland. Emu 19: 258-272.

. Jackson, S.W. 1921. Second trip to Macpherson Range, south-east

Queensland. Emu 20: 195-209.

. Johnstone, R.E. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 64 North Fisherman

Island, Western Australia. Corella 2: 43-45.

. Jones, M.V. 1981. Birds of the Maryborough district, Queensland,

1972-1980. Australian Bird Watcher 9: 1-13.

Kaveney, M. 1958. Notes on the Brush Turkey. Emu 58: 152-153.

Kent, D.S. & Boles, W.E. 1984. Observations on the diet of the
Christmas Island Owl. Corella 8: 93-94.

Kikkawa, J. & Boles, W. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 15 Heron Island,
Queensland. Australian Bird Bander 14: 3-6.

Kilgour, J.F. 1904. A trip to the Ord River (N.-W.A). Emu 4: 37-43.

. King, B.R. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 153 Stainer Island, Great

Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 81-82.

. King, B.R. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 156 Sandbank No. 1, Great

Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 87-88.

. King, B.R. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 157 Stapleton Island, Great

Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 89-90.

. King, B.R. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 159 Michaelmas Cay, Great

Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 94-96.

. King, B.R. & Buckley, R.C. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 154 Davie

Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 83-84.

. King, B.R. & Buckley, R.C. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 155 Tydeman

Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 85-86.

. King, B.R., Buckley, R.C. & Limpus, C.J. 1985. Seabird Islands

No. 152 Pelican Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella
9: 78-80.

. King, B.R., Godwin, M. & Rees, G. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 158

Combe Island, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 91--93.

. King, B.R. & Limpus, C.J. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 129 Ashmore

Banks, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 7: 74-75.

. King, B.R. & Limpus, C.J. 1983. Seabird Islands No. 131 Sandbank

No. 7, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 7: 78-79.

. King, B.R. & Limpus, C.J. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 150 Bird

Islands, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 9: 73-74.

. King, B.R, Limpus, C.J. & Seton, D.H.C. 1983. Seabird Islands No.

130 Sandbank No. 8, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland. Corella 7:
1O=1 Us

King, B.R., Limpus, C.J., Seton, D.H.C. & Tomes, G.R. 1983. Seabird
Islands No. 127 MacLennan Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland.
Corella 7: 69-70.

King, B.R., Limpus, C.J., Seton, D.H.C. & Tomes, G.R. 1983. Seabird
Islands No. 128 Pandora Cay, Great Barrier Reef, Queensland.
Corella 7: 71-73.

Kinghorn, J.R. 1923. New snake discovered on a bird expedition.

Emu 23: 146.

Kinghorn, J.R. & Fletcher, H.O. 1927. Notes on a collection of birds
from south and south-western Australia. Emu 27: 81-92.

-_ 10 -

Kingston, T.J. 1980. Predation by the Lace Monitor on chicks of the
Tawny Frogmouth. Corella 4: 20.

Kitson, A.E. 1905. Notes on the Victoria Lyre-Bird (Menura
victoriae). Emu 5: 57-67. 7)
Kolichis, N. & Abbott, I. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 57 Gull Rock,

King George Sound, Western Australia. Corella 2: 28-29.

Lane, J.A.K. 1978. Seabird Islands No. 61 Saint Alouarn Island,
Western Australia. Corella 2: 36-37.

Lane, S.G. 1962. A progress survey of breeding shearwaters on Lion
Island Faunal Reserve. Emu 62: 202-204.

Lane, S.G. 1973. Seabird Islands No. 3 Belowla Island, New South
Wales. Australian Bird Bander ll: 61.

Lane, S.G. 1975. Seabird Islands No. 11 Lion Island, New South
Wales. Australian Bird Bander 13: 34-37.

Lane, S.G. 1975. Seabird Islands No. 14 South Solitary Island,

New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 13: 80-82.

Lane, S.G. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 18 Broughton Island, New

South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 10-13.

Lane, S.G. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 24 Bowen Island, Jervis

Bay, New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 24-26.

Lane, S.G. 1977. White-faced Storm-petrels on Belowla Island, N.S.W.
Corella 1: 35.

Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 114 Nares Island, Archipelago
of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 51-52.

Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 116 Ram Island, Archipelago of
the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 55-56.

Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 117 MacKenzie Island,
Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 57-58.
Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 119 Frederick Island,
Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 61-62.
Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 121 Remark Island, Archipelago
of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 65-66.

. Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 123 Cull Island, Archipelago

of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 69-70.

Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 124 Observatory Island,
Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 71-72.
Lane, S.G. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 126 Figure of Eight Island,
Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 75-76.
Lane, S.G. & Daw, A.K. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 147 Charley Island,
Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 8: 119-120.
Larkins, D. 1979. Shading and sunning in the Grey Butcherbird.
Australian Birds 13: 43-46.

Lashmar, A.F.C. 1946. Birds noted on the eastern portion of Kangaroo
Island. South Australian Ornithologist 28: 28-30.

Lea, A.M. & Gray, J.T. 1935. The food of Australian Birds. An
analysis of the stomach contents. Emu 34: 275-292.

Lea, A.M. & Gray, J.T. 1935. The food of Australian Birds. An
analysis of the stomach contents. Part II. Emu 35: 63-98.

Lea, A.M. & Gray, J.T. 1936. The food of Australian Birds. An
analysis of the stomach contents. Part V. Emu 35: 335-347.

Leach, H.A.C. 1928. The birds of central northern Victoria. Emu

28: 83-99.

Leach, J.A. 1928. Notes made during a holiday trip to New Caledonia.
Emu 28: 20-42.

Leckie, M.C. 1908. Brown Kingfisher and snake. Emu 7: 155.

Le Souef, D. 1902. Protective colouration of Australian birds and
their nests. orantel. emu ls .o%—62).

Le Souef, D. 1912. Snakes in bird-nests. Emu ll: 187.

Le Souef, D. 1918. Queensland notes. Emu 18: 43-49.

Le Souef, D. 1918. Food of diurnal birds of prey. Emy 18: 88-95.

=~) 1) =

313. Le Souef, E.A. 1902. Western notes. Emu 2: 30-31.

314. Le Souef, S. 1902. An interesting outing. -— White-Faced Ternlets,
Nankeen Herons, &c. Emu 2: 106-108.

315. Le Souef, W.H.D. 1917. f{untitled]. Emu 17: 47.

316. Le Souef, W.H.D. 1920. Northern notes. Emu 19: 233-236.

317. Liddy, J. 1959. Notes on the Black Kite in north-west Queensland.
Emu 59: 268-274.

318. Limpus, C.J. 1973. Avian predators of sea turtles in south-east
Queensland rookeries. Sunbird 4: 45-51.

319. Limpus, C.J. 1980. Birds of Maclennan Cay, Great Barrier Reef.
Corella 4: 58-59.

320. Littlejohns, R.T. 1932. Unusual food of Yellow Robin. Emu 31:
308-309.

322. Long, A. 1927. Birds, frog, snake, and boys. Emu 27: 51.

323. Lord, E.A.R. 1934. The Crested Hawk. Emu 34: 31-32.

324. Lord, E.A.R. 1934. A chestnut-backed wren. Emu 34: 62-63.

325. Lord, E.A.R. 1936. Notes on the Dusky Moorhen. Emu 36: 128-129.

326. Lord, E.A.R. 1940. Red-tipped Pardalotes. Emu 39: 301-302.

327. Lord, E.A.R. 1942. Notes from the Murphy’s Creek district. Emu
41: 279-281

328. Lord, E.A.R. 1952. Field notes on the Red Goshawk. Emu 52: 23-24.

329. Lord, E.A.R. 1956. The birds of the Murphy’s Creek district,
southern Queensland. Emu 56: 100-128.
330. Lowe, V.T. 1963. Observations on the Painted Snipe. Emu 62: 221-237.

331. Macdonald, D. & Green, R.H. 1963. Albatross Island. Emu 63: 23-31.

332. Macgillivray, W. 1910. The region of the Barrier Range. Emu 10:
16=34;

333. Macgillivray, W. 1910. The region of the Barrier Range. Part [1.
Emu 10: 88-102.

334. Macgillivray, W. 1910. Along the Great Barrier Reef. Emu 10:
216-233:

335. Macgillivray, W. 1914. Notes on some north Queensland birds. Emu
13 132=186.

336. Macgillivray, W. 1917. Ornithologists in north Queensland. Part
I. Emu 17: 63-87.

337. Macgillivray, W. 1917. Ornithologists in north Queensland. Part
II. Emu 17: 145-148.

338. Macgillivray, W. 1918. Ornithologists in north Queensland. Part
III. Emu 17: 180-212.

339. Macgillivray, W. 1924. A contribution on the life-story of the
Australian Pratincole. Emu 24: 81-85.

340. Macgillivray, W. 1926. Birds of the Capricorn Islands. Emu 25:
229-238.

341. Macgillivray, W. 1928. Bird-life of the Bunker and Capricorn
Islands. Emu 27: 230-249.

342. Macgillivray, W.D.K. 1929. Through a drought-stricken land. Emu 29:
52-68.

343. Macgillivray, W.D.K. 1931. A May visit to the Capricorn Islands.
Emu 30: 270-276.

344. Macgillivray, W.D.K. 1932. The Yellow-billed Kingfisher. Emu 32:
=2),

345. Mackness, B. 1979. The ecology of the Pheasant Coucal Centropus
phasianinus (Latham) in Australia. Sunbird 10: 1-8.

346. Maclaine, J.D. 1907. Bass Strait notes. Emu 6: 194-195.

347. Maclaine, J.D. 1908. Clarke Island (Bass Strait) notes. Emu 7:
TLOT=1S3"

348. Mason, I.J., Gill, H.B. & Young, J.H. 1981. Observations on the
Red-necked Crake Rallina tricolor. Australian Bird Watcher 9:
69-77.

349. Mathews, G.M. & Rogers, J.P. 1909. On the birds of north-west

Australia. Emu 9: 1-16.

. Mathews, G.M. & Rogers, J.P. 1909. On the birds of north-west

Australia. tPantilie =) birds from Wyndham. Emu 9: 53-65:

. Mathews, G.M. & Rogers, J.P. 1910. On the birds of north-wes!

Australia. “Par tell I ahEmusl0s lhO3=1 10.

. Mann, F.G. 1933. Kookaburra and snake. Emu 32: 313-314.
. Marshall, A.J. 1930. The Yellow-Throated Scrub Wren: a monograph.

Emu 30: 3-9.

. Marshall, A.J. 1932. Avifauna of the Cattai-Colo. Emu 31: 236-237.
. Marshall, A.J. 1932. A problem in nest destruction. Emu 31: 237-240.
. Marshall, A.J. 1932. Notes on the Satin Bower-bird. Emu 32: 33-38.
. Marshall, A.J. 1934. A survey of the bird-fauna of certain islands

of the Whitsunday Passage north Queensland. Emu 34: 36-44.

. Mattingley, A.H.E. 1908. More about herons. Emu 7: 152-155.
. Mattingley, A.H.E. 1908. Cormorants in relation to fishes. Emu 8:

L823

. Mattingley, A.H.E. 1908. Thermometer-Bird or Mallee-Fowl (Lipoa

ocellata). Emu 8: 53-61.

. Mattingley, A.H.E. 1926. Bird protection. Some points for

consideration. Emu 25: 208-211.

. Mattingley, A.H.E. 1928. The Little Bittern (Ixobrychus minutus).

Emu 27: 201-202.

. McColl, W.S. 1929. Avifauna of the Hampton Tableland, Hampton

Lowlands and Nullarbor Plain. Emu 29: 91-100.

. McEvey, A. 1965. The birds of the Rutherglen district. Emu 65: 1-56.
. McFarland, D.C. 1982. Lizard hunting by a grey currawong. Australian

Birds 16: 47.

. McGill, A.R. 1954. The shearwaters of Lion Island. Emu 54: 121-123.
. McGilp, J.N. 1921. Eagles and hawks. South Australian Ornithologist

6:.'65-70).

. McGilp, J.N. 1932. Birds of the Nullarbor Plain and far west coast

of South Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 11: 146-151.

. McGilp, J.N. 1934. The hawks of South Australia. (Part 1.). South

Australian Ornithologist 12: 225-258.

. McGilp, J.N. 1934. The hawks of South Australia. (Part 2.). South

Australian Ornithologist 12: 261-293.

. McGilp, J.N. 1935. Birds of the Musgrave Ranges. Emu 34: 163-176.
. McKean, J.L. & Fullagar, P.J. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 42 Tollgate

Islands, New South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 110-113.

. McLean, J.A. 1983. Notes on the nesting of the large-tailed nightJjar

Caprimulgus macrurus. Sunbird 13: 72-73.

. McManus, T.J. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 72 St Helens Island,

Tasmania. Corella 3: 52-54.

. Mellor, J.W. 1905. Excursion to N.S.W. National Park. Emu 4:

IS ees he

. Mellor, J.W. 1910. Birds of the Blackalls. Emu 10: 205-212.
. Mellor, J.W. 1919. Kingfisher encounters a snake. South Australian

Ornithologist 4: 25.

. Mellor, J.W. 1923. Bird notes. April. South Australian Ornithologist

7: 84.

. Mellor, J.W. 1927. Bird notes. South Australian Ornithologist 9:

105-106.

. Milledge, D. & Brothers, N. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 28 Maatsuyker

Island, Tasmania. Australian Bird Bander 14: 32-34.

. Miller, R.S. 1937. The Mangrove-Kingfisher. Emu 36: 149-152.
. Morgan, A.M. 1916. An ornithological trip in St. Vincent and Spencer

Gulfs. South Australian Ornithologist 2: 141-154.

. Morgan, A.M. 1919. The birds of the south-eastern part of South

Australia. South Australian Ornithologist 4: 7-20.

. Morgan, A.M. 1922. A trip to north-west Australia. South Australian

Ornithologist 6: 103-110.

S85is

386.
387.

388;

589).

SI05

Soi

Bo2e

393.

394.

395.

396:

SOT

398.

S33:

400.

401.

402.

403.

404.

405.

406.

407.

408.

409.
410.
4l1l.
AZ.
413.

414.

= Yes =

Morgan, A.M. 1922. A trip to north-west Australia. South Australian
Ornithologist 63° L3l-133.

Morris, A.K. 1973. White ibis eats snake. Fmu 73: 73.

Morrison, P.C., in Sedgwick, E.H. 1949. Observations on the lower
Murchison R.A.O.U. camp, September 1948. Emu 48: 212-242.

Morse, F.C. 1918. Nesting notes from Moree (40 miles from Queensland
border): Emu lS: 65-714

Morton, H.J. 1953. Notes on Spotless Crake (Porzana plumbea). South
Australian Ornithologist 21: 5.

Nielsen, L. 1961. Nesting of the Blue-faced Honeyeater. Emu 61:
198-200.

Nielsen, L. 1966. Tree Martin —- predation by snake. Emu 65: 314.
Nicholls, B., Nicholls, F., Alexander, W.B. & Tregellas, T. 1919.
"Down Marlo Way". Emu 18: 265-272.

O’Grady, D. 1961. Kookaburra attacking snake. Australian Bird
Watcher 1]: 144.

Oliver, W.R.B. 1922. The birds of Little Barrier Island, N.Z. Emu
22: 45-51.

Olsen, P., Vestjens, W.J.M. & Olsen, J. 1979. Observations on the
diet of the Australian Kestrel, Falco cenchroides. Emu 79: 133-138.
Onians, G. 1933. The Brown Bittern. Emu 32: 311-312.

Packe, E.M. 1960. An experience in rearing kookaburras. Australian
Bird Watcher 1: 102-104.

Parker, S.A. 1980. Samuel White’s ornithological explorations in
northern South Australia in 1863. South Australian Ornithologist
282 I= 1ai9

Partbury, M.C. & Buntine, D.W. 1961. Nesting of the Marsh Tern.
Australian Bird Watcher 1: 135-138.

Paton, J.B. & Paton, D.C. 1977. Seabird Islands No. 51 West Island,
South Australia. Corella 1: 65-67.

Peddie, H.H. 1961. Some notes from Noosa Heads, Queensland.
Australian Bird Watcher 1: 150-153.

Pescott, T.W. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 27 Lady Julia Percy Island,
Victoria. Australian Bird Bander 14: 29-31.

Pockley, E. 1948. Notes from Fiji. Emu 48: 72.

Popple, B. 1981. The Diamond Python, a predator of the Pied
Currawong. Australian Birds 15: 53.

Recher, H.F. 1976. Reproductive behaviour of a pair of pied
currawongs. Emu 76: 224-226.

Rich, E. 1974. Birds and their association with bees. Australian
Bird Watcher 5: 135-136.

Richdale, L.E. 1942. Whero: island home of petrels and other birds.
Emu 42: 85-105.

Rix, C.E. 1943. A review of the birds between the Mt. Lofty Ranges
and the River Murray - a site for a real sanctuary. South Australian
Ornithologist 16: 57-78.

Rix, C.E. 1945. A trip to the Coorong. South Australian
Ornithologist 277 56-72. -

Roberts, N.L. 1940. The Ground Parrot. Emu 39: 296--297.

Roberts, N.L. 1961. Kookaburra and rat. Emu 61: 221.

Roberts, P.E. 1957. Notes on birds of the Cumberland Islands. Emu
Sf S0S—310%

Robertson, B.I. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 102 Chalky Island,
Furneaux Group, Tasmania. Corella 5: 49-52.

Robinson, A. 1956. The annual reproductory cycle of the magpie,
Gymnorhina dorsalis Campbell, in south-western Australia. Emu 56:
233-336.

als.
416.
4l7.
418.
419.
420.
421.
422.
423.
424,
425.

426.

427.
428.
429.
430.
431.
432.
433.
434.
435.
436.
437.
438.
439.
440.
441.

442.

443,

444,

445.

446.

447.

Rodda, A.E. 1916..Rapacity of owls. Emu 15: 260.

Rose, A.B. 1973. Food of some Australian birds. Emu 73: 177-183.
Rose, A.B. 1975. Domestic cats that kill wildlife. Australian
Binds’ 10e W2—V3e

Rose, A.B. 1976. Mass of wild birds of the order Caprimulgiformes.
Australian Bird Bander 14: 50-51.

Ross, J.A. 1906. Some bird-life on the Murray frontage. Emu 6:
48—53.,

Ross, J.A. 1926. Recollections of an oologist. Emu 25: 137-146.
Ross, J.A. 1926. The excursion to Murrayville. Emu 25: 175-179.
Rowley, I. 1965. The life history of the Superb Blue Wren
Malurus cyaneus. Emu 64: 251-297.

Ryan, J.T. 1919. The kookaburra. Emu 18: 299-300.

Sandland, P.T. 1937. Notes on birds of Pelsart Island. Emu 37:
144-149.

Schrader, N. 1975. The breeding of budgerygahs in western New South
Wales. Australian Bird Watcher 6: 118-122.

Schrader, N.W. 1981. Birds recorded at Sandringham Station, S.W.
Queensland during August-September 1980. Australian Bird Watcher

Gy 80-87.

Sedgwick, E. 1940. Birds of the Rockingham district. Emu 40:

AAS syn

Sedgwick, E. 1940. Birds of the Rockingham district. Part II. Emu
40" 237-245:

Sedgwick, E.H. 1952. Bird life at Leonora, Western Australia. Emu
527 * 289-296).

Selby, A.D. 1952. Photographing some birds of the Gunbower district,
Victoria. Emu 52: 145-146.

Serventy, D.L. 1939. Notes on some fish-eating birds other than
cormorants. Emu 38: 510-512.

Serventy, D.L. 1952. The bird islands of the Sahul Shelf. Emu 52:
30-59%

Serventy, D.L. 1977. Seabird Islands No. 49 Fisher Island, Tasmania.
Corella 1: 60-62.

Serventy, V.N. 1943. Notes on nesting birds of the Abrolhos Islands.
Emu 42: 235-241.

Serventy, V.N. & White, S.R. 1943. Birds of Warnboro Sound, Western
Australia. Emu 43: 81-95.

Sharland, M. 1931. Home life of the kestrel. Emu 31: 118-123.
Sharland, M. 1948. Watching stations and their uses. Emu 48: 92-94.
Sharland, M.S.R. 1932. Notes on the Swamp Harrier. Emu 32: 87-90.
Sharland, M.S.R. 1943. Nesting habits of the Tree-Martin. Emu 43:
Z6—Ns0e

Shuffeldt, R.W. 1916. Eggs of reptiles and birds compared, with
some unusual examples of the latter. Emu 15: 225-234.

Silva, K. 1966. Southern migrants to Lou Island, Manus, T.P.N.G.
Australian Bird Watcher 2: 220-221.

Smith, G.C. 1985. An analysis of prey remnants from Osprey Pandion
haliaetus and White-bellied Sea Eagle Haliaetus leucogaster feeding
roosts. Emu 85: 198-200.’

Smith, G.T. & Kolichis, N. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 109 Coffin
Island, W.A. Corella 5: 66-68.

Smyth, D.M., Pecotich, L. & Roberts, J.R. 1980. Notes on the
distribution and breeding of the Grey Swiftlet, Aerodramus
spodiopygius. Sunbird ll: 1-19.

Somerville, J.D. 1946. The record of an early collection of South
Australian birds. South Australian Ornithologist 27: 90-92.

Sonter, C. & Debus, S.J.S. 1985. The Brown Falcon Falco berigora as
a predator of snakes. Australian Bird Watcher ll: 92-93.

Stirling, I., Stirling, S.M. & Shaughnessy, G. 1970. The bird fauna

476.

477.

- 15 -

of South Neptune Islands, South Australia. Emu 70: 189-192.

Storr, G.M. 1947. Some birds observed on southern Eyre Peninsula.
South Australian Ornithologist 28: 31-37.

Storr, G.M. 1953. Birds of the Cooktown and Laura districts, north
Queensland. Emu 53: 225-248.

. Storr, G.M. 1965. The avifauna of Rottnest Island, Western

Australia. II. Lake and littoral birds. Emu 64: 105-113.
Storr, G.M. 1965. The avifauna of Rottnest Island, Western
Australia. III. Land birds. Emu 64: 172-180.

. Storr, G.M. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 29 Rottnest Island, Western

Australia. Australian Bird Bander 14: 35-38.

. Sullivan, C. 1927. A bird-Llover in the Mallee of north-western

Victoria. Emu 27: 69-75.
Sullivan, C. 1930. Bird notes from north-eastern N.S.W. Emu 30:
LIO=1 19%

. Sutton, J. 1926. A trip to Kangaroo Island. South Australian

Ornithologist 8: 253-272.

. Sutton, J. 1927. A week in the Robe district. South Australian

Ornithologist 9: 5-29.

. Sutton, J. 1929. A trip to the south-east of South Australia. South

Australian Ornithologist 10: 56-71.

. Sutton, J. 1929. A trip to the islands near the River Murray mouth.

South Australian Ornithologist 10: 93-102.

Sutton, J. 1930. An outing to Sugarloaf Park. South Australian
Ornithologist 10: 180-185.

Sutton, J. 1930. The birds at Salt Creek, Coorong. South Australian
Ornithologist 10: 186-194.

. Sutton, J. 1932. Lake Alexandrina and the Coorong in flood-time.

South Australian Ornithologist ll: 174-184.

. Sutton, J. 1933. South Australian Museum notes. South Australian

Ornithologist 12: 106-108.

. Swanson, N.M. 1976. Seabird Islands No. 32 Mutton Bird Island, New

South Wales. Australian Bird Bander 14: 88-91.

Swindells, A.W. 1908. More about cormorants v. fishes. Emu 8: 96-97.

. Tarr, H.E. 1948. Birds of Dunk Island, north Queensland. Emu 48:

S13.
Tarr, H.E. 1949. Notes on the birds of Long Island, Abrolhos Group,
Western Australia. Emu 48: 276-282.

. Tarr, H.E. 1952. The ubiquitous Nankeen Kestrel. Emu 52: 210-211.
. Tester, D. 1973. Honeyeaters and reptiles. Birds 7: 79.
. Thomas, H.F. 1957. The starling in the Sunraysia district, Victoria.

Part [II. Emu 57: 151-180.
Thomas, D.F.F. 1922. In the haunt of the Grey Butcher Bird
(Cracticus torquatus). Emu 22: 138-140.

. Thomson, J.M. & Shipway, B. 1948. Extension of the Australian

breeding range of Pterodroma macroptera. Emu 47: 349-352.

. Tindale, N.B. 1925. Notes on the birds of Groote Eylandt, Gulf of

Carpentaria. South Australian Ornithologist 8: 10-21.

Tingay, A. & Tingay, S.R. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 113 Middle
Island, Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6:
49-50.

. Tingay, A. & Tingay, S.R. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 118 Hood Island,

Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6: 59-60.

. Tingay, A. & Tingay, S.R. 1982. Seabird Islands No. 120 Sandy Hook

Island, Archipelago of the Recherche, Western Australia. Corella 6:
63-64. ‘

Towney, G. & Skira, I.J. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 139 Babel Island,
Furneaux Group, Tasmania. Corella 8: 103-104.

Towney, G. & Skira, I.J. 1985. Seabird Islands No. 143 Trefoil
Island, Tasmania. Corella 8: 111-112.

DOM.
508.

- 16 -

Tubb, J.A. 1945. Field notes on some New Guinea birds. Emu 44:
249-273.

Veerman, P. 1982. A record of avian and other responses to the total
solar eclipse - 23 October 1976. Australian Bird Watcher 9: 179-209.
Vestjens, W.J.M. 1973. Wildlife mortality on a road in New South
Wales. Emu 73: 107-112.

Vestjens, W.J.M. 1975. Breeding behaviour of the Darter at Lake
Cowal, NSW. Emu 75: 121-131.

Vestjens, W.J.M. 1977. Reptilian predation on birds and eggs at Lake
Cowal, NSW. Emu 77: 36-37.

Vincent, J. 1983. The breeding status of Little Tern Sterna
albifrons, east Gippsland, Victoria 1977-1980. Australian Bird
Watcher 10: 35-60.

. Walters, I.N. 1980. Caching of food by Grey Butcherbird. Sunbird ll:

47-48.

. Warham, J. 1955. The birds of Eclipse Island. Emu 55: 165-169.
. Warham, J. 1957. Cockatoo Island birds. Emu 57: 225-231.
. Warham, J. 1958. The Blue Wren: courtship feeding and predation by

snake. Emu 58: 97-98.

. Warham, J. 1958. The nesting of the Australian Gannet. Emu 58:

Jod—369..

. Warham, J. 1960. Some aspects of breeding behaviour in the

Short-tailed Shearwater. Emu 60: 75-87.

. Warham, J. 1961. The birds of Raine Island, Pandora Cay and Murray

Island Sandbank, North Queensland. Emu 61: 77-93.

. Warham, J. 1962. Bird islands within the Barrier Reef and Torres

Strait. Emu 62: 99-111.

. Warham, J. 1977. Seabird Islands No. 43 Raine Island, Queensland.

Corella 1: 45-47.

. Warham, J. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 68 Cat Island, Tasmania.

Corella 3: 42-45.

. Wegener, A. 1984. Animals killed by bushfires in coastal Victoria,

February 1983. Australian Bird Watcher 10: 248-250.

. Wheeler, J.R. 1960. The R.A.O.U. camp-out at Kangaroo Island, South

Australia, 1959. Emu 60: 265-280.

. Wheeler, R. 1950. Further observations from Fishermen’s Bend,

Melbourne. Emu 50: 73-83.

. Wheeler, R. 1973. Rainbowbirds taking tadpoles. Australian Bird

Watcher 5: 48.

. Wheeler, R. 1973. Nankeen Kestrels and starlings. Australian Bird

Watcher 5: 60-61.

. Wheeler, W.R. 1957. Altona survey report No. 4. Emu 57: 185-190.
. Wheeler, W.R. 1966. Field outing 1965 at Mt. Beauty, north-east

Victoria. Emu 66: 163-185.

. White, G. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 75 Louisa Island, Tasmania.

Corella 3: 61-62.

. White, G. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 76 DeWitt Island, Tasmania.

Corella 3! 68=65:;

. White, G. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 77 Flat Witch Island, Tasmania.

Corella 3: 66-67.

. White, G. 1979. Seabird Islands No. 79 Flat Island, Tasmania.

Gorelila: 33° 70-72.

. White, G. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 103 Ile du Golfe, Tasmania.

Gorelila: si" 53=55-

. White, G. 1981. Seabird Islands No. 105 Round Top Island, Maatsuyker

Group, Tasmania. Corella 5: 58-59.

White, H.L. 1922. Nest of Black Tree-creeper. Emu 21: 310.

White, H.L. 1922. A collecting trip to Cape York Peninsula. Emu 22:
99-116.

=) age =

. White, S.A. 1909. Narrative of the expedition promoted by the

Australasian Ornithologists’ Union to the islands of Bass Strait.
Emu 8: 195-207.

. While, S.A. 1913. Field ornithology in South Australia. The Gawler

Ranges. Emu 13: 16-32.

. White, S.A. L915. On some pellets or casts of a Screech Owl (Tyto

alba delicatula, Gould). South Australian Ornithologist 2: 90-95.

. White, S.A. 1917. A sketch of the life of Samuel White -

ornithologist, soldier, sailor, and explorer. South Australian
Ornithologist 3: 83-87.

. White, S.A. 1918. Birds of Lake Victoria and the Murray River for

100 miles down stream. Emu 18: 8-25.

. White, S.A. 1919. A sketch of the life of Samuel White -

ornithologist, soldier, sailor, and explorer. South Australian
Ornithologist 4: 54-60.

. White, S.A. 1921. Order Accipitriformes, Family Falconidae, Genus

Ieracidia - Ieracidea Berigora (Brown Hawk). South Australian
Ornithologist 6: 56-60.

. Whitlock, F.L. 1911. In the Stirling Ranges, Western Australia. Emu

10%. 305=317:

. Whitlock, F.L. 1918. Notes on north-western birds. Emu 17: 166-179.
. Whitlock, F.L. 1919. Notes on birds breeding in Dampier Archipelago,

N.W. coast of Australia. Emu 18: 240-253.

. Whitlock, F.L. 1923. A trip to the Fortescue River and Hamersley

Ranges, north-west Australia. Emu 22: 259-273.

. Whitlock, F.L. 1924. Journey to central Australia in search of the

Night Parrot. Emu 23: 248--281.

. Whitlock, F.L. 1925. Ten months on the Fitzroy River, north-western

Australia. Emu 25: 69-89.

. Whitmore, M.J..,; Dow; D.D., Fisk, P. & Moffatt, J.D, 1983... An

annotated list of the birds of Meandarra, Queensland. Emu 83: 19-27.

. Whittell, H.M. 1941. A review of the work of John Gilbert in Western

Australia. Emu 41: 112-129.

. Whittell, H.M. 1942. A review of the work of John Gilbert in Western

Australia. Part II. Emu 41: 216-242.

. Whittell, H.M. 1942. A review of the work of John Gilbert in Western

Australia. Part III. Emu 41: 289-305.

. Wilson, M. 1974. Birds of the Simpson Desert. Emu 74: 169-176.
. Wolstenholme, H. 1925. Notes on the birds observed during the

Queensland congress and camp-out, 1924. Emu 24: 230-236.

- Wood, V.J. 1970. The breeding and distribution of Elanus caeruleus

in New Guinea. Sunbird 1: 48-55.

. Woodall, P.F. 1982. White-bellied Sea-eagle feeding on freshwater

tortoises. Sunbird 12: 11-14.

. Wood Jones, F. 1937. The breeding of the White-faced Storm Petrel

(Pelagedrema marina) in South Australian islands. South Australian
Ornithologist 14: 35-41.

SPECIES/SUBJECT INDEX
Acrochordids

Agamids
predation by Falco berigora 153

Hieraaetus morphnoides 157

Amphibolurus muricatus: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140

predation by Hieraaetus morphnoides 156

Amphibolurus sp.: eaten by Halcyon chloris 53
Chlamydosaurus kingii: 46

- 18 -

Ctenophorus fionni: predation by Falco cenchroides 447
Ctenophorus ornatus: 293, 297, 300
Ctenophorus pictus: predation by Falco berigora 303, 515
Falco cenchroides 395
[Ctenophorus sp.]: predation by Circus assimilis 9
Falco cenchroides 64

Diporiphora winneckei: 526
predation by Falco berigora 426
[Gonocephalus dilophus]: 514
Lophognathus sp.?: predation by Falco hypoleucos 152
Physignathus lesueurii: 285, 287, 366, 463
berry seeds in faeces 285
resting site 392
predation by Accipiter fasciatus 416
[Physignathus lesueurii]: 16, 375
predation on Origma solitaria eggs 355, (218)
Pogona barbata: 132, 133, 364
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
killed by traffic 480
predation by Aquila audax 195, 522
Centropus phasianinus 345
Strepera versicolor 212
Tyto alba 511
Pogona minor: predation by Falco cenchroides 395
[Pogona vitticeps]: 526
[Pogona sp.]: 421
presence induces warning call by Eopsaltria australis
mouth colour ll
predation by Aquila audax 194, 312, 333
Centropus phasianinus 25
Falco berigora 188, 189
Falco cenchroides 150
threat display to Cracticus nigrogularis 11
[Pogona/Chlamydosaurus sp.]: predation by Falco berigora BZ
Lophoictinia isura 43
Tympanocryptis lineata: predation by Gelochelidon nilotica 104

iq

fi

Birds

Accipiter fasciatus: predation on Physignathus lesueuril 416
(Pseudechis porphyriacus] 329
lizards (131)
reptiles (369)
snakes 27
Accipiter novaehollandiae: predation on lizards 248
tortoises (264)
Accipiter sp.: attempted predation on lizard 249
predation on lizards 351
Acrocephalus stentoreus: nests invaded by frogs 216
Litoria raniformis 232

chicks 181
Alectura lathami: egg/nestling predation by varanids (335)
nest mounds dug into by varanids 329
V¥. varius 249, 261
nest mounds inhabited by [Cryptophis
nigrescens/Pseudechis porphyriacus] 175
Anhinga melanogaster: predation on Chelodina longicollis 481

- 19 -

Anous stolidus: chick/adult bird predation by [Egernia kingii] 524, 525
egg predation by Egernia kingii 466
predation on Tiliqua scincoides 46%
Anthus novaeseelandiae: nestling predation by lizards (71)
Aquila audax: approach of Varanus varius to nest made sitting bird
nervous 180
predation on Chelodina longicollis 82
[Pogona sp.] 194, 312, 333
[Pseudonaja textilis] 172
Tiliqua rugosa 195, 312, 333, (256)
Tiliqua scincoides 195, 522
Varanus gouldii 180
Varanus varius 195
lizards 180, 194, 256
snakes 244
varanids 229
Aplonis metallica: egg/chick predation by [Boiga irregularis| (41)
{Varanus indicus] (441)
Ardea ibis coromandus: predation on lizards 235
Ardea novaehollandiae: predation on Heleioporus eyrei 450
{[Litoria cyclorhynchus/moorei] 431
frogs (20; <213)
lizards 351, (485)
tadpoles 306, (20)
Ardea pacifica: predation on frogs 67, 237
Ardeotis australis: predation on Nephrurus sp. 303
lizards (65)
Artamus cinereus: predation on Ctenotus regius 230
Aviceda subcristata: predation on reptiles (323)
tree snakes 329
Barnardius barnardi: eggs destroyed by lizards (361)
Botaurus poiciloptilus: predation on Pseudechis porphyriacus 231
frogs 203, 496, (396)
Burhinus magnirostris: possible egg predation by Pseudonaja textilis 52
predation on frogs 52
lizards 52
Cacatua galerita: predation by [Morelia spilota variegata] 335
Casuarius casuarius: predation on frogs 13
watching crocodile 108
Cecropis ariel: nests invaded by [Liasis stimsoni] 115
[Notechis scutatus] 79
predation by [Liasis stimsoni] 115
Cecropis nigricans: nests invaded by Boiga irregularis 391
{Litoria caerulea] 39, 439
nests probably used by lizards 439
tree snakes 439
Centropus menbeki menbeki: predation on snake 235
Centropus phasianinus: predation on Cryptoblepharus sp. 345
Litoria bicolor 345
Litoria rubella 345
Pogona barbata 345
[Pogona sp.] 25
lizards 345, 349
Ceyx azureus: harassment of varanids (430)
Chlamydera maculata: probable nest destruction by Varanus varius 256
Chlidonias hybrida: predation on [Litoria raniformis] 73
frogs 72, 350
tadpoles 72, 350
Cinclosoma castanotum: threat display induced by [Pseudonaja textilis]

snakes 420
Circus aeruginosus: predation on lizards (101, 438)
snakes 134

Circus assimilis: predation on [Ctenophorus sp.] 9

lizards 114, (38, 59, 108, 113, 303)

reptiles 76

snakes (38)
Climacteris picumnus: use shed snake skin for nest lining 507, 508
Collocalia spodiopygia: nestling predation by skinks 444
Colluricincla harmonica: predation on Litoria caerulea 227

lizards 114, 215

Coracina novaehollandiae: predation on lizards 350
Corvus coronoides: predation on lizards 215
Corvus sp.: predation on lizards 127

Coturnix australis: possible egg predation by [Pseudechis porphyriacus |
yal
Coturnix pectoralis: egg predation by [Varanus rosenbergi] 302
probable predation by varanids 170
Coturnix ypsilophorus: predation on geckos PAS)
probable predation by varanids 170
Cracticus nigrogularis: induced threat display by [Pogona sp.] ll
predation on lizards 208
snakes 208 (329)
Cracticus quoyi quoyi: predation on lizards 236
Cracticus torquatus: harassment of Varanus varius 256
predation on Ctenotus taeniolatus from shelter
sites 365

lizards 211, 470
skinks 301, 484
snakes 211
Cracticus sp.: predation on snakes 63
Cuculus pyrrhophanus: nestling attacked by [Sphenomorphus quoyii] 120
Cuculus sp.: nestling attacked by Sphenomorphus sp. 355
Dacelo gigas: attempted predation on {[Dendrelaphis punctulatus] 393
harassment of varanid climbing tree 375

Tiliqua rugosa 428
frogs 106, 304, 397
lizards 214, 222, 233, 249, 304, 397, (17,
423)
skinks 222
snakes 149, 158, 233, 234, 308, 352, 379,
All, 465 423, (17)
stole snake from hawk 48
Dacelo leachii: predation on lizards (210)
snakes 238 (210)
varanids 508
Drymodes brunneopygia: nest defence against lizard 242
Egretta alba: predation on frogs (358)
tadpoles 351
Egretta intermedia: predation on [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 199
Elanus notatus: predation on lizards 28, 351, (329, 462)
skinks 154, 244
Eopsaltria australis: predation on lizards 320
warning call induced by [Pogona sp.] 77
[Tiliqua sp.] 77
snakes 77
varanids 77

Erythrotriorchis
Eudyptula minor:

- 2 _

radiatus: predation on [{Pseudechis porphyriacus] 328

egg predation by Egernia kingii 284, 435

probable egy/chick predation by Notechis ater 493
Tiliqua nigrolutea

Eurystomus orientalis: nest defence against varanid 327

Falco

berigora:

predation on Austrelaps superbus 446
Ctenophorus pictus 303, 515

[Egernia multiscutata] 303
Leiolopisma sp. 416

[Lerista picturata edwardsae] 303

Notechis ater 446
Notechis scutatus 446
[Pogona sp.] 188, 189

[Pogona/Chlamydosaurus sp.] 312

Pseudechis porphyriacus 446
Pseudonaja textilis 408, 446
{Tiliqua rugosa] (256)
agamids 153

large skinks 153

lizards U3; 24; 32, 41, 215;

SIO; Coo Lis 150; 4575, SiSp

reptiles (370)

snakes 38, 47, 108, 116, 150,

80357 8298 38358 000
snake stolen by Falco longipennis 184

Falco cenchroides: harassment of varanid 202

Falco

Falco

Falco

predation on [Cryptoblepharus carnabyi] 64

Ctenophorus fionni 447
Ctenophorus pictus 395

[Ctenophorus sp.] 64
{[Ctenotus fallens] (451)

{Ctenotus robustus] 64
Ctenotus taeniolatus] 395
Diplodactylus elderi 395

Lampropholis guichenoti 395
Leiolopisma duperreyi 395, 416

Lialis burtonis (451)
Morethia boulengeri 395

Morethia lineoocellata (451)

Pogona minor 395
[Pogona sp.] 150

[Pseudechis porphyriacus ]
frogs 498

lizards 64; 196, 247, 312, 371, 436,
459, 460, 485, (123,

467)

reptilies (126, 130; 132, 370)

skinks 150, 154, 244
snakes 31, (129)
turtle hatchlings 318

lizard stolen by Haliastur sphenurus 247

493

367;

hypoleucos: predation on Lophognathus sp./small Varanus sp. 152

Lizards: 303
reptiles (370)

longipennis: stole snake from Falco berigora 184

subniger:

reptiles not a major portion of diet 153

stole Pseudonaja textilis from Hieraaetus morphnoides

HS

- 22 -

Gelochelidon nilotica: predation on Tympanocryptis lineata 104
Grallina cyanoleuca: attempted predation on [Leiolopisma/Lampropholis
sp.] 62

Gymnorhina tibicen: harassment of [Pseudonaja textilis}] 378
varanid 202
predation on frogs 414
lizards 18, 414
Halcyon chloris: predation on Amphibolurus sp. 53
lizards (381)
Halcyon macleayii: captive chicks ate Cryptoblepharus sp. 478
Litoria spp. 478
geckos 478

lizards (34, 465)
skinks 135, 478
snakes 472
Halcyon pyrrhopygia: egg predation by varanids (70)
predation on frogs 304
lizards’ 280., 333, 349), 4295520
Halcyon sancta: egg predation by varanids (170)
harassment of varanids (430)
nest defence against [Pseudonaja textilis] 377
predation on [Leiolopisma suteri] 394
Sphenomorphus tympanum 143
frogs 260
geckos 30
lizards 1187; 240) 349 18416, Glows eiZ9)
Haliaeetus leucogaster: predation on Chelodina longicollis 416, 527
Chelodina ?longicollis 529
[Egernia kingii] 434
Elseya ?latisternum 529
Emydura ?macquarii 529

hydrophiids 124, 148, 215, 303,
312, 341, 442, 518,
527, ~C1H0)
tortoises 67, 82, (215)
varanids 354
predation in captivity on snakes 179
scavenging dead turtle 340
Haliastur indus: predation on [Dendrelaphis punctulatus] 37
hatchling turtles 318
hydrophiids 37
litzardsnas
Haliastur sphenurus: predation on Chelodina longicollis 155
{Pseudonaja sp.] 75
Tiliqua scincoides 155
lizards (367)
reptiles 151 (369)
snakes 80, 148, 155, 313
tortoises 239
turtle hatchlings 318
stole lizard from Falco cenchroides 247
hawk: predation on [Heteronotia binoei] (256)
snake 48
Hieraaetus morphnoides: predation on Amphibolurus muricatus 156
Egernia cunninghami 156
[Tiliqua rugosa} 367

agamids 157

ligands 156, 398, "(38,, 112, 367)
pygopodids 387

reptiles (369)

skinks 157
snakes 448
Pseudonaja textilis stolen by Falco subniger

153
Ixobrychus minutus: predation on frogs (362)
tadpoles 160
kingfishers: predation on snakes (332)
Larus novaehollandiae: attempted elds on oe textilis] 33
egg predation by Egernia kingii 163
snake 499
increased hatching success in areas of colony
without Egernia kingii 163
predation on hatchling turtles 318
Larus pacificus: egg predation by Egernia kingii 466
Lichenostomus chrysops: predation on [Hemiaspis signata] 468
Lichenostomus penicillatus: predation on Lampropholis guichenoti 468
Lophoictinia isura: lizard eggs in disused nest 335
predation on [Pogona/Chlamydosaurus sp.]| 43
lizards 127
skinks 226
Macropygia amboinensis: predation by [Morelia spilota variegata] 108
Malurus cyaneus: chick predation by Pseudonaja textilis 125, 487
possible predation by Pseudonaja textilis 422
Malurus lamberti: harassment of varanid 324
Manorina peseneceone warning call induced by varanids 105
Manorina sp.: harassment of varanid 202
Megalurus gramineus: nest invasion by Litoria raniformis 232
predation by [Litoria caerulea] 190
Megapodius freycinet: Varanus sp. emerged from nest 527
Melanodryas cucullata: possible chick predation by varanids 170
Melopsittacus undulatus: nesting holes inhabited by geckos 425
Merops ornatus: nest invaded by [Notechis scutatus] 310
predation on tadpoles 497
Milvus migrans: predation on lizards (215, 367)
snakes 11ll, 317
Monarcha trivirgatus: shed lizard skins used for nest decoration (309)
Morus serrator: no evidence of chick predation by [Notechis ater] 488
Myiagra ingquieta: harassment of [Varanus rosenbergi] 516
Ninox squamipila natalis: predation on Hemidactylus frenatus 262
Nycticorax caledonicus: predation on frogs 61, 358
hatchling turtles (337, 490)
tadpoles 228
Oreoica gutturalis: nest defence against [Varanus rosenbergi] 35
Origma solitaria: egg predation by [Physignathus lesueurii] 355 (218)
egg/chick predation by varanids (218)
Pandion haliaetus: predation on snake 491
Pardalotus punctatus: nest invaded by snake 182
Pardalotus striatus: chick predation by [Pseudonaja textilis] 22
predation by varanids (326)
predation on [Leiolopisma/Lampropholis sp.] 56
Passer domesticus: attempted predation on [{Leiolopisma/Lampropholis
sp.] 62

chick predation by varanid 202
Pelagodroma marina: predation by [Notechis ater] 530
Phaethon rubricauda: egg predation by Egernia kingii 466
Phalacrocorax carbo: predation on Chelodina longicollis (169)

=O AL =

Phalacrocorax melanoleucos: predation on tadpoles 78
tortoises (19)
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris: predation on tadpoles 78
Phalacrocorax sp.: predation on frogs 167 (359, 464)
tortoises (359)
[Chelodina longicollis| 167
Pitta versicolor: attempted predation on lizard 401

predation on frogs 36

Podargus strigoides: chick predation by Varanus varius 281

predation on frogs 418, (415)

[Litoria caerulea] 39

Poephila acuticauda: shed snake skin used for nest lining 215
Poephila guttata: predation on aviary chicks by Pseudonaja textilis 26
Pomatostomus temporalis: predation on lizard 456
Porphyrio porphyrio: eviscerated frogs 186

predation on [{Litoria raniformis] spawn, frogs 97
Porzana fluminea: predation on tadpoles 99
Porzana pusilla: predation on tadpoles (23)
Psitteuteles versicolor: predation by Crocodylus johnstoni 66

Psophodes olivaceus: attempted predation by [Morelia spilota variegata|
On
chick predation by VYaranus varius 201
predation on frogs 304
Pterodroma macroptera: burrows utilised by Sphenodon punctatus 101
Ptilonorhynchus violaceus: predation on lizard 454
shed skin of [Morelia spilota spilota] in
bower 168
shed snake skin used for bower decoration
PASH [is or Aolelys e019)
Ptiloris paradiseus: shed snake skin used for nest lining 15, 128
Ptiloris victoriae: shed snake skin used for nest lining 253
Ptiloris sp.: shed snake skin used for nest lining 40
Puffinus bulleri: burrows utilised by Sphenodon punctatus 174
predation by Sphenodon 174
Puffinus griseus: probable egg/chick predation by Varanus varius 285
Puffinus pacificus: probable egg/chick predation by Varanus varius 285

493
Tiliqua nigrolutea.(489,
493 )

Rallina tricolor: egg/chick predation by varanids (335)
predation on frogs (348)
tadpoles (348)
Rallus pectoralis: predation on frog 303
Rallus philippensis: predation on frog 303
turtle eggs 490
Rhipidura leucophrys: "hypnotised" by {Pseudechis porphyriacus] 251
Sericornis cautus: nest destroyed by Tiliqua rugosa 453
Sericornis citreogularis: egg/chick predation by varanids (353)
Sericornis frontalis: dead chick eaten by Varanus varius 250
nestling Cuculus pyrrhophanus in nest attacked by
[Sphenomorphus quoyii] 120
nestling Cuculus sp. in nest attacked by
Sphenomorphus sp. 355
Sericornis fuliginosus: chick predation by [Tiliqua sp.] 121
Sphecotheres viridis: nest defence against [Dendrelaphis punctulatus]
42
predation on Tiliqua scincoides 468
Sterna fuscata: egg predation by Egernia kingii 466
chick, nesting bird predation by Egernia kingii 525

= -2'St t=

Stiltia isabella: young shelter in disused varanid burrows (339)
Strepera graculina: killed but did not eat Saiphos equalis 416
predation by Morelia spilota spilota ‘04
predation on [Demansia psammophis| 217
Sphenomorphus quoyil 144
Tiliqua scincoides 144
lizards 405
warning call induced by varanids 105
Strepera versicolor: predation on Pogona barbata 212
frogs 305
lizards 219
warning call induced by varanids 105
Sturnus vulgaris: predation on lizards 204
skinks 469
Syma torotoro: predation on lizards 335, 344, (338)
Talegalla fuscirostris: egg/chick predation by varanids (55)
Tanysiptera galeata minor: predation on lizards 57
Tanysiptera sylvia: predation on lizards (198)
Threskiornis molucca: predation on Pseudonaja textilis 386
tadpoles (449)
Threskiornis spinicollis: predation on frogs (21)
Threskiornis sp.: predation on frogs 237
"tit-warbler”: implied predation by [Morelia spilota variegata] 355
Turdus merula: predation on lizards 96
Turnix olivei: egg predation by Varanus sp. 508
Tyto alba: possible predation on snakes 511
predation on Pogona barbata 511
frogs 41, 511
Tyto novaehollandiae: predation on lizards (116)
Xenorhynchus asiaticus: predation on frogs 76

Boids
{Chondropython viridis]: coloration 508 (earliest record from

Australia)
{Liasis olivaceus barroni]: coiled in spring 519
size 519
{Liasis stimsoni]: predation on Cecropis ariel 115
sheltering in Cecropis ariel nests 115
Morelia amethistina: 528
Morelia spilota [imbricata]: 6
possible egg predator 6
(Morelia spilota imbricata]: 314
Morelia spilota spilota: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
predation on Strepera graculina 404
(Morelia spilota spilota]: shed skin in Ptilonorhynchus violaceus bower
168
Morelia spilota variegata: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Morelia spilota [variegata]: 58
(Morelia spilota variegata]: 137, 243, 258, 412, 508
attempted predation on Psophodes olivaceus
257
implied predation on "tit-warbler"” 355
native name 254
predation by European man (123)
predation on Cacatua galerita 335
Macropygia amboinensis 108
large wallaby 336
rabbits (256)
ring-tailed possum 257
presumed poisoning by poisoned rabbit 256
resting: sites 45,) 325; 335, 513

- 26 -

shelter in rabbit warrens 256

Colubrids
Boiga irregularis: 200
in previously occupied Cecropis nigricans nest
hollow 391
(Boiga irregularis]: predation on eggs/chicks of Aplonis metallica
(441)
"wood-adder" [gecko?] 508
[Dendrelaphis punctulatus]: 412
attempted predation by Dacelo gigas 393
defence of nest by Sphecotheres viridis 42
diet birds and frogs (37)
predation by Falco berigora 150
Halcyon macleayii 252
Haliastur indus 37
predation on [Litoria caerulea] 393
Tree snakes: eat eggs and young birds (376)
predation by Aviceda subcristata 329
probably inhabit Cecropis nigricans nest hollows 439

Crocodiles
Ale 215.) 254, ‘264, 335, 384;. 521
general observations on eggs 440
native name 254
nesting record, nest dimensions, clutch size 336
vocalisations 335, 336
watched by Casuarius casuarius 108

Crocodylus johnstoni: 342
predation on Psitteuteles versicolor 66

(Crocodylus porosus}]: specimen estimated length 5m 336
female in wallow beside nest mound 360

Early collections of reptiles 12, 138, 159, 445, 523, 524

Elapids
?predation by Haliaeetus leucogaster 347
Acanthophis antarcticus: 54, 132, 299, 475
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
{Acanthophis antarcticus]: 124, 246
Austrelaps superbus: 206, 433
dead on beach after bushfire 494
possible predator of eggs/chicks 206
predation by Falco berigora 446
[Austrelaps superbus]: behaviour 509
habitat 399
predation by Dacelo gigas 352
Cacophis squamulosus: 192
Cryptophis nigrescens: erythrocyte size 140
[Cryptophis nigrescens/Pseudechis porphyriacus?]: 258

nest mounds 175

[Demansia atra]: 508
[Demansia psammophis]: predation by Strepera graculina 217
{[Demansia psammophis/Cacophis squamulosus?]: 258
Drysdalia coronoides: 413, 433

predation by Falco berigora 446
Drysdalia coronata: 473
(Drysdalia coronata]: 298
{Hemiaspis signata]: predation by Lichenostomus chrysops 468
Notechis\ ater: “45 63, 165, 413, 476, 477, 489, 493

IG

habitat preferences on islands 165
predation by Falco berigora 446
predation on Puffinus tenuirostris chicks/eggs 489, 493
probable predation on eggs/chicks of Eudyptula minor 493
seabird chicks 163
mice 163

{[Notechis ater]: 488, 495

abundance 128
ate dead frogs, previously eviscerated by Porphyrio
porphyrio 186

behaviour 509, 530

coloration 455

habitat 183, 186

no evidence of predation on Morus serrator chicks 488

on small isolated offshore rock outcrop with Larus
novaehollandiae rookery 346

predation on adult Pelagodroma marina 530

small skinks 118

Tiliqua nigrolutea 118
possible predator of eggs/chicks 118
size 455

Notechis scutatus: 72, 74, l4l, 364

behaviour 461
coloration 461
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
killed by traffic 480
no evidence of local interference with nesting birds
389
possible predator of birds 14]
predation by Falco berigora 446
domestic cat 417

{[Notechis scutatus]: arboreal activity 164, 282, 513

"charming" birds 14

coiled in nest of Cecropis ariel 79
Merops ornatus 310

possible predator of bird eggs/chicks 60

swimming and diving 419

Oxyuranus scutellatus: 54, 58

predation on dasyurid 279
australis: 132
papuanus: 54
porphyriacus: 253, 364
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
increase in abundance after cyclone 3ll
male combat? 231
mating season 231
native name 253
predation by Botaurus poiciloptilus 231
Falco berigora 446
predation on frogs 392

[Pseudechis porphyriacus]: 51, 100, 124, 179, 458

basking behaviour 103

"hypnotising" Rhipidura leucophrys 251

possible predator of Coturnix australis eggs

51

predation by Accipiter fasciatus 329
Egretta intermedia 199
Erythrotriorchis radiatus 328
Falco cenchroides 150

Pseudonaja affinis: 4,
{Pseudonaja nuchalis]:

Pseudonaja textilis:

{[Pseudonaja textilis]:

- 28 -

predation on bird eggs/chicks (170)
blackfish (Gadopsis marmoratus )

108
eels 316
299, 452
E32
132, 364

killed by traffic 480
predation by Falco berigora 408, 446
Threskiornis molucca 386
predation on fledgling Poephila guttata in aviary

26
chick of Malurus cyaneus 487
lizards 26
possible predation on Burhinus magnirostris eggs
82

possible predator of Malurus cyaneus 422

size 461

stolen from Hieraaetus morphnoides by Falco
subniger 153

23050 42

attempted predation by Larus novaehollandiae 33

behaviour 409

climbed low bush 125

nanassed by stg tibicen eae

nest defence by Halcyon sancta 377
predation by Aquila audax 172
predation on chicks of Malurus cyaneus 125
Pardalotus striatus 22
hen eggs 315

[Pseudonaja sp.]: predation by Haliastur sphenurus 75
{[Tropidechis carinatus/Notechis scutatus]: 258

{Vermicella annulata]:

Frogs
ZOOM

erythrocyte, nucleus size 140

calling during eclipse 479

cannibalism (311)
invaded Acrocephalus

stentoreus nest 216

parasitism by fly larvae (109)
predation by: Ardea novaehollandiae (20, 213)
Ardea pacifica 67, 237
Botaurus poiciloptilus 203, 496 (396)
Burhinus magnirostris 52
Casuarius casuarius 13
Chlidonias hybrida 72, 350

Dacelo

gigas 106, 304, 397

Egretta alba (358)
Falco cenchroides 498
Gymnorhina tibicen 414

Halcyon pyrrhopygia 304
Halcyon sancta 260

Ixobrychus minutus (362)

Nycticorax caledonicus 61, (358)

Phalacrocorax spp. 167 (359, 464)
Plegadis falcinellus 36
Podargus strigoides 418, (415)

Psophodes olivaceus 304

Rallina tricolor (348)

- 29 -

Rallus philippensis 303
Strepera versicolor 305
Threskiornis spinicollis (21)
Threskiornis sp. 237
Tyto alba 41, 511
Xenorhynchus asiaticus 76
Aru Is natives 514
predation on tadpoles by: Ardea novaehollandiae 306 (20)
Chlidonias hybrida 72, 350
Egretta alba 351
Ixobrychus minutus 160
Merops ornatus 497
Nycticorax caledonicus 228
Phalacrocorax melanoleucos 78
Phalacrocorax sulcirostris 78
Porzana fluminea 99
Porzana pusilla (23)
Rallina tricolor (348)
Threskiornis molucca (449)
Crinia signifera: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Cyclorana australis: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Heleioporus eyrei: predation by Ardea novaehollandiae 450
{Limnodynastes dumerilii]: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
killed by traffic 480
Limnodynastes fletcheri: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
{Limnodynastes interioris]: 132
Limnodynastes peronii: predation by cat 417
[Limnodynastes tasmaniensis]: 132
Litoria spp.: eaten by captive Halcyon macleayii chicks 478
Litoria bicolor: predation by Centropus phasianinus 345
Litoria caerulea: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
killed by traffic 480
predation by Colluricincla harmonica 227
kitten died after eating one 227
[Litoria caerulea]: 342
invaded nests of Cecropis nigricans 39, 439
Halcyon macleayi 147
predation by Dacelo gigas 393
Dendrelaphis punctulatus 393
Podargus strigoides 39
predation on Megalurus gramineus 190
mouse 388

{Litoria caerulea/infrafrenata]: edibility to humans 512
Litoria citropa: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
{Litoria cyclorhynchus/moorei]: predation by Ardea novaehollandiae 431
Litoria raniformis: mass breeding after rain 232
invasion of nests of Megalurus gramineus 232
Acrocephalus stentoreus 232

{Litoria raniformis]: 513
predation by Chlidonias hybrida 73
spawn, frogs eaten by Porphyrio porphyrio 97
Litoria rubella: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
predation by Centropus phasianinus 345
Pseudophryne bibroni: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Uperoleia sp.: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140

Geckos

300, 435
eaten by captive Halcyon macleayi chicks 478
predation by Coturnix ypsilophorus 215

Halcyon sancta 30
shelter in Melopsittacus undulatus nesting holes 425
vocalisation 336
Christinus guentheri: erythrocyte size 140
Christinus marmoratus: 163, 193, 475
Diplodactylus elderi: predation by Falco cenchroides 395
[Gehyra dubia]: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Gehyra variegata: 132, 526

erythrocyte, nucleus size 140

Hemidactylus frenatus: predation by Ninox squamipila natalis 262
(Heteronotia binoei]: predation by hawks (256)
Lucasium damaeum: 526
Nephrurus sp.: predation by Ardeotis australis 303
Underwoodisaurus milii: 332, 475

Hydrophiids (incl. laticaudids)

263, 84], 385, 514

predation by Haliastur indus 37
Haliaeetus leucogaster 124, 148, 215, 303, 312, 341, 442,

518. 527, (110)

mongoose (403)

{Laticauda colubrina]: predation by Haliaeetus leucogaster 307

terrestrial activity 307

Lizards
5. 54, 168, 94, 98, 655 17%, 205, 223, 243; 245. 246; 298, 295, 298;
314, 407, 410, 452, 467, 471, 485, 514
attempted predation by Accipiter sp. 249
Pitta versicolor 401
destroy eggs of Barnardius barnardi (361)
eggs in disused Lophoictinia isura nest 335
nest defence by Drymodes brunneopygia 242
parasitism by fly larvae (109)
predation by Accipiter cirrhocephalus 69, (112)
Accipiter fasciatus (131)
Accipiter novaehollandiae 248
Accipiter sp. 351
Aquila audax 180, 194, 256
Ardea ibis coromandus 235
Ardeotis australis (65)
Burhinus magnirostris 52
Centropus phasianinus 345, 349
Circus aeruginosus (101, 438)
Circus assimilis Tid, sc3see 595 10s, Lis. 303)
Colluricincla harmonica 114, 215
Coracina novaehollandiae 350
Corvus coronoides 215
Corvus sp. 127
Cracticus nigrogularis 208
Cracticus quoyl quoyi 236
Cracticus torquatus 211, 470
Dacelo gigas 214, 222, 233, 249, 304, 397, (17, 423)
Dacelo leachii (210)
Elanus notatus 28, 351, (329, 462)
Eopsaltria australis 320
Falco berigora 13, 24, 32, 41, 215, 382, -510; 5059, 112,
1503 437, 55)
Falco cenchroides 64, 196, 247, 312, 371, 436, 459, 460,
485, (129, 13, 367, 467)
Falco hypoleucos 303

- 31 -

Gymnorhina tibicen 18, 414

Halcyon chloris (381)

Halcyon macleayii (34, 465)

He ee pyrrhopygia 280, 333, 349, 429, 520
Halcyon sancta 187, 240, 349, 416, (101, 129)
alaageue indus 55

Haliastur sphenurus (367)

Hieraaetus morphnoides 156, 398, (38, 112, 367)

kingfishers (332)

Lophoictinia isura 127

Milvus migrans (215, 367)

Pomatostomus temporalis 456

Ptilonorhynchus violaceus 454

Strepera graculina 405

Strepera versicolor 219

Sturnus vulgaris 204

Syma torotoro 335, 344, (338)

Tanysiptera galeata minor 57

Tanysiptera sylvia (198)

Turdus merula 96

Tyto novaehollandiae (116)

European man (123)

rats on Lord Howe [ (221)
predation on nestling Anthus novaeseelandiae (71)
presumed predation by Ardea novaehollandiae 485
probably inhabit Cecropis nigricans nest hollows 439
shed skins used for nest decoration by Monarcha trivirgatus (309)

Myths, Legends and Stories 162, 322

Non-bird predators
cat: predation on Leiolopisma sp. 417
Limnodynastes peronii 417
Litoria caerulea 227
Notechis scutatus 417
Tiliqua scincoides 417
skinks 417
crabs (Ocypoda ceratophthalma): predation on hatchling turtles 318
fox: predation on hatchling turtles 318
man: predation on [{Litoria caerulea/infrafrenata] 512
(Morelia spilota variegata] (123)
frogs 514
hatchling turtles 432
lizards (123)
mongoose: disappearance of land snakes in Fiji followed introduction
403
predation on sea snakes (403)
rat: exterminated lizards on Lord Howe I (221)

Pygopodids
435
predation by Hieraaetus morphnoides 387
Lialis burtonis: 288, 463
predation by Falco cenchroides (451)
Pygopus lepidopodus: 132

Reptiles
486
not a major portion of diet of Falco subniger 153
predation by Accipiter fasciatus (369)

- Ste -

Aviceda subcristata (323)
Circus assimilis 76
Falco berigora (370)
Palco cenchroudes, 0126,0130, 132; 320)
Falco hypoleucos (370)
Hieraaetus morphnoides (369)
Haliastur sphenurus 151, (369)
use bird nesting cavities in termite mounds 224

Skinks

Oil, 9450 S8ae1375 928302855 29250293. 295; 296,297; 298.7 300sms64, 366;
435
predation by Cracticus torquatus 301, 484

Dacelo gigas 222

Elanus notatus 154, 244

Falco berigora 153

Falco cenchroides 150, 154, 244

Halcyon macleayii 135, 478

Hieraeetus morphnoides 157

Lophoictinia isura 226

Notechis ater 118

Sturnus vulgaris 469

feral cat 417
predation on nestling Collocalia spodiopygia 444
protected by Chatham Island natives 181
Anomalopus verreauxil: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
([Cryptoblepharus carnabyi]: predation by Falco cenchroides 64
Cryptoblepharus sp.: eaten by captive Halcyon macleayii chicks 478

[Ctenotus fallens]: predation by Falco cenchroides (451)
Ctenotus labillardieri: 474,475
Ctenotus regius: predation by Artamus cinereus 230
{[Ctenotus robustus]: erythrocyte size 140
predation by Falco cenchroides 64
Ctenotus taeniolatus: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
predation by Falco cenchroides 395
Ctenotus taeniolatus?: predation from shelter sites by Cracticus
torquatus 365

Egernia cunninghami: 400
killed by traffic 480
predation by Hieraaetus morphnoides 156
Egernitat kampidee Lei, os “45 6, 7, 850 [9858 28320 284 2935e294e5 295. 296;
297, 298, 299, 435, 443, 452, 473, 474, 475
basking 435
increased hatching success for Larus novaehollandiae
eggs in areas without E. kingii 163
inhabit Puffinus pacificus burrows 466
omnivory 466
predation on eggs of Anous stolidus 466
Eudyptula minor 284, 435
Larus novaehollandiae 163
Larus pacificus 466
Phaethon rubricauda 466
Sterna fuscata 466
probable predator of bird eggs l, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 283,
293, 294, 443

[Egernia kingii]: cannot climb mangroves 525
predation by Haliaeetus leucogaster 434
predation on chicks/adults of Anous stolidus 524, 525
Sterna fuscata 525
probable predator of bird eggs/chicks 424

- Sea) -

Egernia multiscutata: 5
possible predator of bird eggs 5

(Egernia multiscutata]: predation by Falco berigora 303
Egernia napoleonis: 193, 473, 474, 475
Egernia striolata: erythrocyte size 140
Egernia whitii: 74, 88, 402, 413, 498

erythrocyte size 140
Egernia sp.: 191, 290
Eremiascincus fasciolatus: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140

Hemiergis peronii: 193, 475
Lichenostomus penicillatus 468
{Leiolopisma/Lampropholis sp.]: attempted predation by Grallina
cyanoleuca 62
Passer
domesticus 62
predation by Pardalotus striatus 56
Leiolopisma lichenigerum: erythrocyte size 140
Leiolopisma duperreyi: predation by Falco cenchroides 395, 416
{Leiolopisma duperreyi]: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
habitat 433
Leiolopisma metallicum: 83, 86, 87, 88, 89, 90, 95, 380, 413, 504
{Leiolopisma nigriplantare]: diet ejected stomach oil of young
albatrosses [81
Leiolopisma ocellatum: 83
Leiolopisma palfreymani: 84
Leiolopisma pretiosum: 85, 331, 380, 501, 502, 503, 504, 505, 506
{Leiolopisma suteri]: habitat 394
predation by Halcyon sancta 394
Leiolopisma sp.: 374
predation by Falco berigora 416
domestic cat 417
Lerista elegans: 259
(Lerista picturata edwardsae]: predation by Falco berigora 303
Morethia boulengeri: predation by Falco cenchroides 395
(Morethia boulengeri]: 132, 133
Morethia lineoocellata: 163

Morethia obscura: 259
Saiphos equalis: killed but not eaten by Strepera graculina 416
{Sphenomorphus heatwolei]: 372
Sphenomorphus quoyii: 286, 291
predation by Strepera graculina 144
[Sphenomorphus quoyii]: attacking nestling Cuculus pyrrhophanus in
Sericornis frontalis nest 120
Sphenomorphus tympanum: predation by Halcyon sancta 143
Sphenomorphus sp.: 49, 50, 197, 287, 289
{Sphenomorphus sp.]: attacked fledgling Cuculus sp. in Sericornis
frontalis nest 355
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Tiliqua casuarinae: 83
Tiliqua nigrolutea: predation on Puffinus tenuirostris chicks/eggs 489,

493
probable predator of eggs/chicks of Eudyptula minor
493

[Tiliqua nigrolutea]: predation by Notechis ater 118 :
potential predator of bird eggs/ chicks 118
Tiliqua rugosa: 29, 409, 473
call of red quail said by local residents to be mating
call 368

- 34 ne

frequent apiaries, eating wax fragments and honey 406

invaded Sericornis cautus nest

killed by traffic 480

predation by Aquila audax 195,

Dacelo gigas +28
stomach contents 453
[Tiliqua rugosa]: fighting between males 243

found under bushes 142
herbivory 333
introduced to Kangaroo [. 495
mating season 333

Pairing during mating season 333

453

possible vector for olive seeds 139

predation by Aquila audax 333,
Falco berigora (256)

(256)

Hieraaetus morphnoides 367
Tiliqua scincoides: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140

killed by traffic 480

predation by Anthochaera chrysoptera 468
Aquila audax 195, 522
Hieraaetus See 156
Haliastur sphenurus 15

Sphecotheres viridis ca
Strepera graculina 144

domestic cat 4
Tiliqua sp.: habitat 483
[Lilitquaisp., | 19d, 421

17

predation on chicks of Sericornis fuliginosus 121
induced warning call by Eopsaltria australis 77

Snakes

NOW OV diss i227 145, Wee, 1785, 18556225246 8290),

410, 452, 457, 486, 514

29355 300s 307

disappearance of land snakes in Fiji followed introduction of mongoose

frequency of road kills 161
in nest of Pardalotus punctatus 182

induced threat display by Cinclosoma castanotum 420

induced warning call by Eopsaltria australis 77
mobbing by birds 107, 388
not eaten by captive Aquila audax 180
predation by Accipiter fasciatus 27
Aquila audax 244
Centropus menbeki menbeki 235
Circus aeruginosus 134
Circus assimilis (38)
Cractilcus’ nilgroguillanis,, <2085)( 329)
Cracticus torquatus 211
Cracticus sp. 63

403

Daceilo gigas, 1497 (5862335234308) S02, 3095 alk, 4165

AQ 3 life)
Dacelo leachii 238, (210)

Falco berigora 38, 47, 108, 116, 150,

383,,,.500
Falco cenchroides 31, (129)

Halcyon macleayii 472
Haliastur sphenurus 80), 148, 2155,

Hieraaetus morphnoides 448
kingfishers (332)
Milvus migrans 111, 317

313

153';

1345085 329;

- 35 -

Pandion haliaetus 491
unidentified hawk 48
predation on eggs of Larus novaehollandiae 499
possible predation by Tyto alba 51]
shed skin used for nest lining by Climacteris picumnus 507, 508
Poephila acuticauda 215
Ptiloris paradiseus 15, 128
Ptiloris*victoriae 253
Ptiloris spp. 40

258, 356
stolen from hawk by Dacelo gigas 48
Falco berigora by Falco longipennis 184

Tortoises
29
predation by Accipiter novaehollandiae (264)
Haliaeetus leucogaster 67, 82, (215)
Haliastur sphenurus 239
Phalacrocorax sp. (359)

Chelodina longicollis: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
killed by traffic 480
overland movement to nest 480
predation by Anhinga melanogaster 481
Aquila audax 82
Haliastur sphenurus 155
Phalacrocorax carbo (169)
Chelodina ?longicollis: predation by Haliaeetus leucogaster 529
[Chelodina longicollis]: predation by Phalacrocorax sp. 167
[Chelodina oblonga]: 427
Emydura krefftii: erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
Emydura ?macquarii: predation by Haliaeetus leucogaster 529

Tuatara (Sphenodon punctatus)
changes in abundance 101

in burrow of Pterodroma macroptera 101
Puffinus bulleri 174

island densities 102

predation on Puffinus bulleri 174

Turtles

L7 1,514

nesting records 44, 146, 173, 176, 272, 334, 336, 341, 432, 490, 517

decline in nesting on Michaelmas Cay 268

general observations on eggs 440

on-beach activity by young but non-neonate turtles 343

turtle processing factories 44, 341

predation on eggs by Rallus philippensis 490

predation on hatchlings by Falco cenchroides 318
Haliastur indus 318
Haliastur sphenurus 318
Larus novaehollandiae 318
Nycticorax caledonicus (337, 490)
crabs (Ocypoda ceratophthalma) 318
foxes 318
aborigines 432

scavenging of dead turtle by Haliaeetus leucogaster 340

Caretta caretta: clutch sizes 318

- 36 -

nesting records 263, 318, 341

Chelonia depressa: clutch sizes 318
nesting records 271, 318, (269)

Chelonia mydas: clutch sizes 318

nesting records 26%, 266, 267, 269, 270, 2

2h 216; S18. Sloe 4la,
Eretmochelys imbricata: nesting records 269, 271, 275, (26!
Typhlopids

Ramphotyphlops bituberculatus 132

Varanids
54, 137, 364, 412, 486
basking in shallow water near Rostatula benghalensis nest 330
climbing abilities 390
digging into Alectura lathami nest mound 329
disused burrows provide shelter for young Stiltia isabella (339)
emerged from Megapodius freycinet nest 527
harrassment/nest defence by Anthochaera chrysoptera 207
Ceyx azureus (430)
Dacelo gigas 375
Eurystomus orientalis 327
Falco cenchroides 202

Halcyon macleayii 329
Halcyon sancta (430)
Malurus lamberti 324
Manorina sp. 202
induces specific warning call by Eopsaltria australis 77
Manorina melanocephala 105
Strepera graculina 105
Strepera versicolor 105
native name 254
predation by Accipiter cirrhocephalus 338, 508
Aquila audax 229
Dacelo leachii 508
Haliaaetus leucogaster 354
aboriginals 38
predation on eggs and nestlings of Alectura lathami (335)
Halcyon pyrrhopygia (70)
Halcyon sancta (170)
Origma solitaria (218)
Passer domesticus 202
Plegadis falcinellus (36)
Rallina trieolor (335)
Sericornis citreogularis (353)
Talegalla fuscirostris (55)
Turnix olivei 508
predation on nesting Pardalotus striatus (326)
probable predator of Coturnix pectoralis 170
Coturnix ypsilophorus 170
young Melanodryas cucullata 170
tracks entering rabbit warrens 419
Varanus gouldii: 132
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
killed by traffic 480
predation by Aquila audax 180
{YVaranus indicus]: 514
predation on eggs/chicks of Aplonis metallica (441)
[Varanus rosenbergi]: 473, 495
length, clutch size, edibility 455

Sy cigh *=

harassment/nest defence by Mylagra inquieta 516
Oreoica gutturalis 35
predation on eggs of Acanthiza apicalis 117
Coturnix pectoralis 02
soaking in water in hot weather 136
threatens survival of Kangaroo Island meyapodes
495
Varanus varius: 132, 133, 220, 285, 287, 392
approach to Aquila audax nest made sitting bird nervous
180
ate coarse salt 256
dived into river, climbed tree 45
enter rabbit warrens 256
erythrocyte, nucleus size 140
harassment by Cracticus torquatus 256
Dacelo gigas 129
killed by traffic 480
predation by Aquila audax 195
predation on Aegotheles cristatus 81
Podargus strigoides nestlings 281
Psophodes olivaceus chick 201
bird nesting in termite mound 224
rabbits 480, (256)
probably destroyed Chlamydera maculata nest 256
probable predator of eggs/chicks of Puffinus pacificus
285
Puffinus griseus
285
{Varanus varius]: 119, 209
arboreal activity 376
ate dead dolphin 170
dead Sericornis frontalis chick 250
= digging into Alectura lathami nest mounds 249, 261
predation on eggs/chicks (376)
{small Varanus sp.?]: predation by Falco hypoleucos 152

LOCALITY INDEX

Australian Capital Territory
Black Mountain Reserve: [Lampropholis/Leiolopisma sp.] 56
"Gungahlin": Pseudonaja textilis 422

New South Wales
Alidade Hill: Varanus varius 281
Armidale: Chelodina longicollis, Tiliqua scincoides 154
Armidale district: Amphibolurus muricatus, Egernia cunninghami, Tiliqua
scincoides 156
Barellan: Gehyra variegata, [{Limnodynastes interioris|], Limnodynastes
tasmaniensis, [Morethia boulengeri], Pogona barbata, Pseudechis
australis, [Pseudonaja nuchalis], Pseudonaja textilis, Pygopus

lepidopodus, Ramphotyphlops bituberculatus, Varanus gouldii, Varanus
varius 132

Barrallier: [Pseudonaja textilis] 125

Barrier Range: [Pogona sp.], [Tiliqua rugosa] 333
Bega: [Chelodina longicollis] 167

"Belltrees", Scone: [Notechis scutatus] 310
Belowla I.: Sphenomorphus quoyii: [286], 291

Big I., Five Is. group: Sphenomorphus sp. 197

Big (Boondelbah) I.: small lizard 245

Binya, l6mi W Barellan: Acanthophis antarcticus 132
Bird I.: no lizards seen 223

Blacktown: [Pseudonaja textilis]: 22

Bobbin Head: Saiphos equalis, snake 416

Bowen [.: Egernia sp. 290

Brundee Swamp, nr Nowra: Pseudechis porphyriacus 231

"Bundyulumblah", Wanganella: {[Varanus sp. | 229

Bunga, between Bermagul and Tathra: |Pseudechis porphyriacus|, | Varanus
varius] 170

Buttai: Varanus varius 261

Cabbage Tree I.: Cacophis squamulosus 192, small lizard 245, snakes not
known 225

Cambo Cambo: [Heteronotia binoei?], {Morelia spilota variegata],
(Tiliqua rugosa], Varanus varius 256

Casino: {Dendrelaphis punctulatus] 252

Cattai to Colo: [Physignathus lesueurii] 354

Chichester: Litoria caerulea 227

Clarence R.: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 251

Dangar I.: small lizards 405

Faulconbridge: Morelia spilota spilota 404

Flinders Islet, Five Is. group: Sphenomorphus sp. 49

Gardiners Ck: Underwoodisaurus milii 332

Gloucester: Chelodina longicollis, Physignathus lesueurii, snake 416
Grafton: [{Dendrelaphis punctulatus], [Litoria caerulea] 393

Ivanhoe: Ctenotus regius 230

Lake Cowal: Chelodina longicollis 481, Notechis scutatus, Varanus
varius 482

Lake Gol Gol/Fletchers Lake: Litoria raniformis 232

Lion I.: Physignathus lesueurii 285, 287, 366, Sphenomorphus spp. 287,
Varanus varius 285, 287, small skinks 366, three spp. skinks 285

Lismore: {Hemiaspis signata], [Lampropholis guichenoti], Tiliqua
scincoides 468
Little Murray R., Dorrigo: small grey frog 255
MacDonald R.: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 103
Macquarie Marshes: tortoises 82
Martin Islet, Five Is. group: Sphenomorphus sp. 50
Mernot: [Physignathus lesueurii?] 249, [Varanus varius] 249, 250
upper Middle Harbour: [Demansia psammophis] 217
Montague I.: Egernia sp. 191
Moree: [Litoria caerulea] 388
Muttonbird I.: Lialis burtonis, Physignathus lesueurii 463
Ourimbah: [Physignathus lesueurii] 16
Peak Hill district: [Morethia boulengeri], Pogona barbata, Varanus
varius 133
Pilliga Scrub: [Morelia spilota variegata], Varanus sp. 137
Pitt Town common: [Pseudonaja textilis] 386
Royal National Park: [{Physignathus lesueurii], [Varanus sp.] 375
South Solitary I.: Lialis burtonis 288
St Marys: [{Varanus varius] 119
Tollgate Is.: Sphenomorphus heatwolei 372
Tumbarumba: Varanus varius 129
Wahroonga: Leiolopisma spp., Limnodynastes peronii, Notechis scutatus,
Tiliqua scincoides 417, lizard 416
Wallis Lake: [Varanus varius] 201, 224
Waterfall: Ctenotus taeniolatus 365, Varanus varius 220
West Wyalong: Pseudonaja textilis 153
Woolner’s Swamp: [Notechis scutatus] 72
Northern Territory
Macarthur R.: crocodiles common 41
Maryvale: Nephrurus sp. 303
Palm Valley: lizard 520
Victoria River Downs Station: Crocodylus johnstoni, tortoises, frogs 67
Wickham R.: Crocodylus johnstoni 66
Queens land

”

- 39 -

"Alice Downs", Blackall: {[Pogona sp.], [Tiliqua sp.] 194
Archer R.: [Acrochordus arafurae| 336

Ashmore Banks: Chelonia mydas 273

upper Burcoo R.: [|Pogona sp. | L1

Bedarra [.: skinks 444
Blackall Range: (Varanus varius] 376

Brisbane: Amphibolurus sp. 53

{[Varanus sp.] 527

Cairns: [{Litoria caerulea] 147

Capricorn group: [Chelonia mydas] 343, snakes absent 166, sea snakes
110, turtle 340

Cardwell: Varanus varius 81

Cardwell district: [Dendrelaphis punctulatus] 42

Charters Towers: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 316

Claremont Point: turtle eggs 334

Claudie R.: [Morelia spilota variegata], crocodile, [gecko] 336

Coen district: (Boiga irregularis], (Chondropython viridis], [Demansia
atra], [Morelia spilota variegata], goannas 508, |Oxyuranus

Combe I.: turtles 272
Compigne [.: Varanus gouldii 373

Cumberland Is.: [Dendrelaphis punctulatus], [Morelia spilota
variegata], goannas 412

Dalby: Chelodina ?longicollis, Elseya ?latisternum, Emydura ?macquarit
530

Davie Cay: Chelonia mydas, Eretmochelys imbricata, possibly Chelonia
depressa 269

Dunk I.: [Pseudonaja textilis] 315, [Dendrelaphis punctulatus], sea
snakes 37, lizards 34

Erskine I.: turtles 44

Fraser I[.: lizards, snakes 410

Gladstone: [Litoria caerulea] 39, 439

Gracemere: Chelodina longicollis 527

Granite Ck, Atherton Shire: frogs 76

Heron I.: Caretta caretta, Chelonia mydas, sea snakes 263, [Chelonia
mydas|] 341, turtles 44, 146, 173

Ingham: [Litoria caerulea] 190

Innisfail: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 199

islands off Whitsunday Passage: snakes 357

Jandowae: [Boiga irregularis] 391

Lady Elliott I.: nesting turtle 176

Lady Musgrave I[.: sea snakes, turtles 341

Lake Sanamere: crocodiles 335

Lowood: Chelodina ?longicollis, Elseya ?latisternum, Emydura ?macquariti
530

MacLennan Cay: Chelonia mydas 277, 319

Masthead I.: turtles 44, 341

McPherson Range: [Cryptophis nigrescens/ Pseudechis porphyriacus] 175,
258, [Cacophis squamulosus/Demansia psammophis], [Notechis
scutatus/Tropidechis carinatus] 258, {Morelia spilota variegata] 257,
258

Meandarra": Pogona barbata, Tiliqua scincoides 523

Michaelmas Cay: turtles 268

Mon Repos: Caretta caretta, Chelonia depressa, Chelonia mydas 318

Mud Bay: [Morelia spilota variegata] 335

Murphy’s Creek district: [Morelia spilota variegata] 325, [Pseudechis
porphyriacus] 328, 329, goannas, tree snakes 329

Murray R.: crocodile 108

Normanton R. (falls upstream): Crocodylus johnstoni 342

North Bird I.: Eretmochelys imbricata 275

North-west [.: turtles 44, 341

O’Shanassy R. (well nr Camooweal): [Litoria caerulea] 342

Olsens Caves: Chlamydosaurus kingii 46

One Tree I.: sea snakes, turtles 341

Pandora Cay: Chelonia mydas 278, turtles 490

Pelican [.: Chelonia depressa, Erelmochelys imbricata 271, turtle eggs
334

Raine I.: Chelonia mydas 492, turtles 336, 337, 490

Rutherglen district: Notechis scutatus, Pogona barbata, Pseudechis
porphyriacus, Pseudonaja textilis, Varanus sp., small skinks 364
Sandbank 20km NW Raine I[.: turtles 336

Sandbank No. 1: Chelonia mydas 266

Sandbank No. 7: Chelonia mydas 274

Sandbank No. 8: Chelonia mydas 276

"Sandringham": Diporiphora winneckei 426

Stapleton I.: Chelonia mydas 267

"The Dell", 8km SE Meandarra: Pogona barbata, Tiliqua scincoides 522
Tinaroo: [Morelia spilota variegata] 254, Pseudechis porphyriacus 2
{[Varanus sp.], crocodile 254

Toorilla: Pseudechis porphyriacus 311

Torres Strait Is.: [Litoria caerulea/Litoria infrafrenata] 513
Tryon I.: turtles 44, Caretta caretta 341

Tydeman Cay: Chelonia mydas 270

Watson R.: crocodiles 336

Yeppoon: sea snake 527

South Australia

Adelaide: frog 303

Blackwood: frog 303

Chapman R. mouth, Kangaroo I.: [Varanus rosenbergi] 495
Coombe district: [Pogona barbata] 212

Franklin Is.: Notechis ater, lizards 165

Fulham: [Pseudonaja textilis] 377

Gawler Ranges: snake 303

Greenly I.: two spp. lizards 177

Hartley district: Pseudonaja textilis 408

islet in Pelican Lagoon, Kangaroo I.: [Notechis ater] 495
Kangaroo I.: [Notechis ater] 455, Tiliqua rugosa, tortoises introduced
29, [{Tiliqua rugosa] 495, [{Varanus rosenbergi] 136, 302, 455
"Konetta": [Notechis scutatus] 456

Lake Hawdon: snakes 457 ;
Lake Victoria and 100km downstream: [Litoria raniformis], [Morelia
spilota variegata], [Notechis scutatus], goannas 514
Lockleys: [Pseudonaja textilis] 378

Masons Ck, nr Jervois: Notechis scutatus 389

McLaren Vale: {Pseudonaja textilis] 172

Milang district: [Notechis scutatus] 164

Mitcham: Pseudonaja textilis 26

Mt Lyndhurst, 30mi E Farina: lizard 280

Mundoo I.: Notechis scutatus 461

Murrayville: [Pogona sp.], [Pseudonaja textilis], [Tiliqua sp.] 421
North Gambier I.: no evidence of snakes 178

North Neptune I.: snakes 178

Nullarbor Plain: Tiliqua rugosa 368

Oodnadatta: lizards 303

Ooldea: Ctenophorus pictus 303, 516, snake 303

Reedbeds, Adelaide: Pogona barbata 512

Reedy Ck: snakes 457

- 41 aaa

Reedy I. No. 2: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 458
Reevesby I.: {Notechis ater] 531
Salt Creek: Tiliqua rugosa 409
Salt Lagoon islands: Notechis scutatus 141
Seepage Swamp, "“Yadlamalka”, 50mi W Pt Augusta: Tympanocryptis lineata
104
South Neptune I.:Ctenophorus fionni 447
St Helena Swamp: snakes 457
St Kilda: Pseudonaja [textilis] 33
Sutherlands: [Cryptoblepharus carnabyi], [Ctenophorus sp.], [Ctenotus
robustus] 64
nr The Coorong: Pseudonaja textilis 487
The Needles, Younghusband Peninsula: Pseudonaja textilis 461
Trevorra’s I.: [Pseudonaja textilis] 409
Wanilla: Varanus sp. 207
Wedge I.: [Egernia multiscutata], [Lerista picturata edwardsae] 303,
two spp. lizards 68, lizards 382
West I.: Egernia cunninghami 400
Wilmington: |Pseudonaja sp.] 75
"Yandama": (Morelia spilota variegata|], lizards 123
Tasmania
Actaeon I.: Leiolopisma metallicum 89
Albatross I.: Leiolopisma pretiosum 331
Babel I.: Notechis ater 476
Big Caroline Rock: skinks 92
Black Pyramid: lizards 205
Bridport: [Notechis ater] 128
Cat I.: Austrelaps superbus 509, Egernia whitii 493, Notechis ater 118,
[Notechis ater] 488, 489, 493, 509, Tiliqua nigrolutea 118, 489, 493
Chalky I.: Drysdalia coronoides, Egernia whitii, Leiolopisma
metallicum, Notechis ater 413
Chappell I.: Austrelaps superbus 206
Clarke I.: [Notechis ater] 346, possible snake bones 347
Cleveland: [Notechis ater] 183
DeWitt I.: Leiolopisma pretiosum 502
East Pyramids: skinks Sl
Fisher I.: Austrelaps superbus, Drysdalia coronoides, Leiolopisma
entrecasteauxil 433
Flat I.: Leiolopisma metallicum, Leiolopisma pretiosum 504

Flat Witch I.: Leiolopisma pretiosum 503
Goose I.: lizards 94

Hippolyte Rocks: Leiolopisma metallicum 95

Ile du Golfe: Leiolopisma pretiosum 505

King [.: snakes 10, 107

Louisa I.: Leiolopisma pretiosum 501

Maatsuyker I.: Leiolopisma metallicum, Leiolopisma pretiosum 380
Pedra Branca Rock: Leiolopisma palfreymani 84

Round Top I.: Leiolopisma pretiosum 506

Southport I.: Leiolopisma metallicum 88

St Helens I.: Leiolopisma spp., no snakes 374

Sterile I.: Leiolopisma metallicum 90

Tasman I.: Egernia whitii, Leiolopisma metallicum, Leiolopisma
ocellatum, Tiliqua casuarinae 83

The Mewstone: Leiolopisma pretiosum 85

The. Steppes: snakes 186
The Thumbs: Leiolopisma metallicum 87
Trefoil I.: Notechis ater 477
West Pyramid: skinks 93
Victoria
Anglesea: Austrelaps superbus 494

- 42 -

"Baddaginnie": [Pseudonaja textilis] 52

Bendigo: [Tiliqua rugosa} 142

Boundary Bend: Pseudonaja textilis 446

Box Hill: [{Lampropholis/Leiolopisma sp. | 62

Broadribb R., Lake Curlip: Physignathus lesueurii 392

Broken k., nr Mansfield: [Notechis scutatus] 79
Bulleen Ponds, Yarra R.: [Litoria raniformis] 97
Coode I.: lizards 98

Dimboola: [Pogona sp.], |Tiliqua rugosa] 312

East Gippsland: Pseudechis porphyriacus 51
Fishermans Bend: lizards 98
Foster R., nr Jumbunna: [Notechis scutatus] 282
Frankston: [Austrelaps superbus] 352, 399, [Tiliqua sp.] 121
Griffiths I.: Egernia whitii, Notechis scutatus 74
Gulpa R.: [Notechis scutatus], [Varanus sp.] 419
Karawinna: Varanus gouldii 180
Kulkyne I., Murray R.: [Morelia spilota variegata], Varanus varius 45
Lady Julia Percy I.: Egernia whitii 402
Lakes Entrance: Tiliqua sp. 483
"Lingerandye”: [Morelia spilota variegata], [Tiliqua rugosa] 243
Marlo Plains, nr Cape Conran: Pseudechis porphyriacus, Varanus varius
392
Marong: [Pogona sp.] 188, 189
Mirboo North: Notechis scutatus 14
30km from Nariel on Nariel R.: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 100
Port Fairy: [Litoria raniformis] 73
Stringy Bark Ck, nr Wahdin: [Varanus varius] 209
Sutherlands Ck: Sphenomorphus tympanum 143
Tongalong Ck, nr Tocumwal: [Pseudechis porphyriacus] 179
between Yallum and Turriff: [Tiliqua rugosa] 453
Western Australia
Abrolhos Is.: [Egernia kingii] 434
Airlie I.: [Ctenophorus sp.] 9
Archipelago of the Recherche: Acanthophis antarcticus 246
Bald I.: Egernia kingii 7
Balladonia district: {Varanus rosenbergi] 35
Barrow I.: turtles 518
Bernier I.: sea snakes 215
Breaksea I.: Egernia kingii |
between Broome and Derby: two spp. sea snakes 385
Broome Hill: [Varanus rosenbergi] 117
Carnac I.: Egernia kingii, Morethia lineoocellata, Notechis ater,
Christinus marmoratus 163
Charley I.: Ctenophorus ornatus, geckos, small skinks, snakes 300
Cockatoo [.: reptiles, incl. ground goannas, several snake spp. 486
Coffin I.: Egernia kingii 443
Collie: [Litoria cyclorhynchus/moorei] 431
Cull 1.: Ctenophorus ornatus, Egernia kingii, small skinks 297
Dampier Archipelago: sea snakes 519
Derby: crocodiles 384
Drysdale R.: small crocodiles 215
Eclipse I.: Egernia kingii, Egernia napoleonis, Hemiergis peronii,
Christinus marmoratus 193, several lizard spp., no frogs 485
Figure of Eight I.: Acanthophis antarcticus, Egernia kingii, Pseudonaja
affinis 299
Frederick I.: Egernia kingii, small skinks, lizards 295
Garden I.: (Morelia spilota imbricata], lizards 314
Goose I.: lizards 471
Gull Rock: Egernia kingii, skink 283
Hood I.: Ctenotus labillardieri, Egernia kingii, Egernia napoleonis 474
Lancelin I.: Egernia multiscutata, 4 smaller spp. skinks 5

Lennard R.: crocodiles 384
McKenzie I.: Igernia kingii 294
Michaelmas I.: Egernia kingii 2

Middle T.: one frog sp., six reptiles, incl. Drysdalia coronata,
Egernia kingii, Egernia napoleonis, Tiliqua rugosa, [Varanus

rosenberyi] 473
Mistaken Te Egernia kingii, Notechis ater, Pseudonaja affinis 4

elias eas I. Egernia nen Morelia St imbricata 6, small snakes,

Nares I. i skinks 292

North Becheonea I.: Lerista elegans, Morethia obscura 259
North-West Cape: [Liasis stimsoni] 115

Observatory I.: Egernia kingii, small skinks, lizards, small snakes,
possibly [Drysdalia coronata] 298

Ord R.: crocodiles, tortoises 264

Pelsart I.: Egernia kingii 424, 466, 526, five lizard spp. 467
Penguin I.: Egernia kingii, geckos, smal! skinks 435

Pt Cloates: sea snake 312

Ram I.: Ctenophorus ornatus, Egernia kingii, small snake, small skinks

293

Remark I.: Egernia kingii, small skinks 296

Rockingham district: Tiliqua rugosa 428

Rottnest I.: Heleioporus eyrei 450, [Ctenotus fallens], Lialis

burtonis, Morethia Lineoocellata 451, two snake spp., incl. Pseudonaja

eS several lizard spp., incl. Egernia kingii 452

Sand [.: turtles 432
Sandy ty: Egernia kingii 8

Sandy Hook I.: Acanthophis antarcticus, Ctenotus labillardieri, Egernia

kingil, Egernia napoleonis, Hemiergis peronii, Christinus marmoratus,
Underwoodisaurus milii 475
Scott Reef: turtles 432
Seal I.: Egernia kingii 3
Shag I.: gecko, legless lizard 435
St Alouarn I.: Egernia kingii 284
Stirling Range: (Varanus rosenbergi] 517
West I., Sahul Shelf: (Chelonia mydas] 432
White Lake: [Chelodina oblonga] 427
Christmas I.: Hemidactylus frenatus 262
Fiji
Viti Levu: sea snakes, land snakes 403
Indonesia
Aru Is.: (Chondropython/Dendrelaphis sp.], [Gonocephalus dilophus],
{[Varanus indicus], sea snakes, large frogs 515
Mediterranean (l4mi N Gozes): turtles 171
New Caledonia
Alter I., Masthead I., Redika I.: [Laticauda colubrina] 307
New Guinea
Balimo sub-district: Acanthophis antarcticus, Oxyuranus scutellatus,
Pseudechis papuanus 54
Baiyer R.: = amethistina 528
Bougainville I.: Boiga irregularis, no pythons 200
Lou I.: [Boiga eer ors ivanenas indicus] 44]
Waigani: Morelia spilota, Oxyuranus scutellatus 58
West Baiyer Mtns, evemiane: Morelia amethistina 529
New Zealand
Aorangi: [Sphenodon punctatus] 102
Chatham Is.: [Leiolopisma nigriplantare] 181
Little Barrier I.: {Leiolopisma suteri] 394
Poor Knights Is.: [Sphenodon punctatus] 101, 174, lizards 101
Tawhiti-rahi: [Sphenodon punctatus] 102
Whero I.: small lizards 407

LITERATURE CITED

Cogger, H.G. 1986. Repttles and amphibians of Australia. 4th Edn. Reed
Books, French’s Forest.

Condon, D., Dawbarn, M.C., Yineent, D.J., et al. 1975. Index to
Scientific Names of Species, Volumes 1-25. pp. 1-56 in, An Index to
the South Australian Ornithologist Volumes 1-25 (1914-1971). South
Australian Ornithological Association, Adelaide.

Greer, a.E. 1979. A phylogenetic subdivision of Australian skinks. Rec.
Aust. Mus. 32: 339-371.

McGill, A.R. 1953. A species index to The Emu Volume | to 50 I19S01-L95L.
R.A.O.U., Melbourne.

McGill, A.R. 1962. A species index to The Emu Volumes 51 to 60 195]-1960.
R.A.O.U., Melbourne. Supplement to The Emu Volume 61.

Schodde, R., Glover, B., Kinsky, F.C., Marchant, S., McGill, A.R. &
Parker, S.A. 1977. Recommended English names for Australian birds.
Emu 77 (Supplement): 245-307.

Wells, T. 1922. The Emu. Index Vols. I.~-XX. R.A.O.U., Melbourne.

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BIBLIOGRAPHY
OF
DIPSOSAURUS DORSALIS

ARTHUR C. HULSE

Department of Biology
Indiana University of Pennsylvania

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

No, 74

1988

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and_ reptiles, but
unlikely to be published in the normal technical
journals. Single copies are distributed free to
interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological
associations, and research laboratories are invited
to exchange their publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their
bibliographies, translations, etc. with other
herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you
have such items please contact George Zug for
instructions. Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies~ and
inquiries to George 2ug, Division of Amphibians and
Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History,
Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560,
U.S.A. Please include a self-addressed mailing
label with requests.

INTRODUCTION

The present bibliography arose as an outgrowth of a literature search
initiated in conjunction with the Dipsosaurus catalogue account for the
Catalog of American Amphibians and Reptiles. It became apparent early on
in the search that the literature on Dipsosaurus would be far too extensive
to allow for a comprehensive listing of it in the space available ina
standard account. The literature, however, is diverse in topic coverage
and mostly recent (i.e., from 1960) in publication date. As a result I
felt that a cross-referenced bibliography of the genus would be a valuable
contribution to the field of herpetology. Zoological Records, Biological
Abstracts, Herpetological Review and bibliographies of summary works and
symposium volumes were all searched for literature dealing with Dipsosaurus.
Summary works and symposium volumes are only cited if they containe
original data on the genus. All aspects of the biology of Dipsosaurus are
cited in the following bibliography. The cross referenced we TS
relatively general and is not intended to be a detailed subject index.
Literature searching ceased on January 5, 1987.

INDEX

Activity: Cowles, 1941; Gelderoos, 1971 and 1976; Kay, 1970; Parker,
1972; Pianka, 1971.

Anatomy: Beuchat, 1986 (urinary bladder); Gabe et al, 1964 (adrenals);
Grasse, 1970a and b; Gundy and Wurst, 1976 (parietal eye); Iverson, 1980
(colic modification); Lazell, 1973 (ilium); Lynn et al, 1966 (thyroid);
Maier et al, 1974 (muscles); Miller, 1981 (ear); Miller, 1966 (cochlear
duct); Neuman and Cruce, 1982 (brainstem); Peterson, 1981 (optic tectum) ;
Pough, 1969a (nasal structure); Putnam et al, 1980 (muscle fibers); Savage,
1958 (nasal structure); Schmidt, 1964 (cochlear); Schwab, 1979
(rhombencephalon); Stebbins, 1948 (nasal structure); Ulinski and Peterson,
1981 (olfaction); Underwood, 1970 (eye); Weaver, 1978 (ear); Zug, 1971
(arteries).

Autonomy: Pond, 1978.

Behavior: Asplund, 1967; Bartholomew, 1964; Bennett, 1980; Berk and
Heath, 1975a; Bicknell and Richardson, 1973; Carpenter, 1961; Cowles and
Bogert ,1936; Evans, 1961; Garzanit and Richardson, 1974; Glinski and
Krekorian, 1985; Graf, 1972; Greenberg, 1976; Mays and Nickerson, 1968;
Minnich and Shoemaker, 1970; Moehn, 1974; Norris, 1953; Peterson, 1976;
Porter et al, 1973; Porter and James, 1979.

Biogeography: Banta, 1962c; Bogert and Oliver, 1945; Case, 1975;
Murphy, 1983; Murphy, 1983; Savage, 1960; Soule and Sloane, 1966; Wilcox,
1978.

Checklists: Banta, 1965; Jennings, 1983; Lowe, 1964; Smith and Taylor,
1950; Stejneger, 1939 and 1943; Stejneger and Barbour, 1917; Tanner, 1975.

Color and Coloration: Atsatt, 1939; Burger and Hensley, 1949; Hunsaker
and Johnson, 1959; Murray, 1955; Norris, 1967; Norris and Lowe, 1964;
Smith, 1946.

Cytology: Pham et al, 1972.
Demography: Krekorian, 1984.
Dentition: Edmund, 1969 and Hotton, 1955.

Descriptions: Behler and King, 1979; Boulenger, 1885; Cochran and

Goin, 1970; Cope, 1900; Dumeril, 1858; Hallowell, 1854; Hardy and
McDiarmid, 1969; Pickwell, 1948; Slevin, 1935; Smith, 1946; Stebbins, 1954,
1966, 1972, and 1985; VanDenburgh, 1922; Woodbury, 1931.

Development: Maderson, 1985.

Distribution: Baird, 1859; Banta, 1965; Behler and King, 1979,

Belding, 1887; Bogert and Oliver, 1945; Burger and Hensley, 1949; Burt,
1935; Cochran and Goin, 1970; Cowles and Bogert, 1936; Cuesta-Teron, 1920
and 1921; Etheridge, 1961; Garman, 1884; Hardy and McDiarmid, 1969; Hill,
1948; Langbartel and Smith, 1954; Leviton, 1972; Grinell and Camp, 1917;

Linsdale, 1932 and 1940; Lockington, 1880; Loomis et al, 1974; McLain,
1899; Meek, 1905; Mosauer, 1936b; Murphy, 1983; Murphy and Ottley,1984;
Murray, 1955; Muth, 1980; Norris, 1953; Pickwell, 1948; Schmidt, 1982;
Shaw, 1950; Slevin, 1934; Smith, 1946 and 1971; Smith and Brode, 1982;
Soule and Sloane, 1966; Stebbins, 1954, 1966, 1972, and 1985; Stejneger,
1893; Switak, 1979; Tanner,1969; VanDenburgh, 1895, 1897, 1897 (1898),
1905, 1912, 1914, 1921, and 1922; VanDenBurgh and Slevin, 1913; Woodbury,
1931 and 1940.

Ecology (General): Dunham et al, 1978; Heatwole, 1970; Jones, 1981;
Kay, 1970; Norris, 1953; Pianka, 1966 and 1967; Porter and Tracy, 1983;
Portervet,.ahe; 21975; Pough, 1973.

Eggs: Mayhew, 1971; Muth, 1977 and 1980a and b; Packard et al., 1982;
Shaw, 1952.

Endocrinology: Abrahamson and Maher, 1967; Bradshaw, 1972; Bradshaw et

al, 1972; Callard et al, 1975; Callard and Zeigler, 1970; Callard et al,
1972; Callard and Chan, 1972; Callard and Klotz, 1973; Chan et al, 1970;
Chan and Callard, 1972; Gerstle and Callard, 1972; Gesell and Callard,
1972; John-Alder, 1983 and 1984 a, b and c; Jones and Guilette, 1982;
Kiebzak and Minnich, 1982; LaPointe, 1977; Licht and Nicoll, 1965; Lisk,
1967; McWhinnie and Cortelyou, 1968; Quay and Wilhoft, 1964; Templeton et
al, 1968 and 1972b; Walker, 1972 and 1973; Walker and Wilhoft, 1970; Yousef
et al, 1973.

Ethnozoology: Malkin, 1962.
Fat bodies: Mayhew, 1971; Minnich, 1971.

Fever: Bernhein, 1976; Bernhein and Kluger, 1976 and 1977; Berhnein et
al, 1978; Grieger and Kluger, 1978; Kluger, 1979; Kluger et al, 1975;
Muchlinski, 1985; Vaughn et al, 1974.

Food and Feeding: Asplund, 1967; Cowles, 1946; Greenberg, 1976; Harlow
et al, 1976; Heydigger, 1952; Iverson, 1980; Krekorian, 1976; Mautz, 1980;
Minnich and Shoemaker, 1970; Norris, 1953; Pianka, 1971; Sokol, 1967.

General: Burt and Myers, 1942; Camp, 1923; Carr, 1963; Conant et al,
1956; Cowles, 1920; Dice, 1939; Ditmars, 1928; Ditmars, 1936; Dumeril,
1870; Green, 1972; Goin and Goin, 1971; Hallowell, 1859; Langebartel and
Smith, 1954; Miller and Stebbins, 1965; Mocquard, 1899; Norris, 1958;
Pickwell, 1948; Shaw, 1950; Slevin, 1934; Smith and Brode, 1982; Stone,
1911; Troyer, 1983; Zim, 1953.

General Natural History: Allen, 1933; Asplund, 1967; Baird, 1859;

Banks and Farmer, 1963; Banta, 1962a and b; Behler and King, 1979; Bogert
and Oliver, 1945; Burger and Hensley, 1949; Camp, 1916; Cochran and Goin,
1970; Cowles and Bogert, 1936; Cuesta-Terron, 1920 and 1921; Etheridge,
1961; Gates, 1957; Hardy and McDiarmid, 1969; Johnson, 1965; Klauber, 1939;
Leviton, 1964 and 1972; Linsdale, 1932; Lowe, 1964; Mayhew, 1963 and 1968;
Mosauer, 1935 and 1936b; Murray, 1955; Pianka, 1971; Savage and Cliff,
1954; Schmidt, 1922; Scudder et al, 1983; Smith, 1946 and 1971; Smith and
Hensley,1958; Stebbins, 1954, 1966, 1972, and 1985; Stejneger, 1893; Tevis,

1944; VanDenburgh, 1895, 1912 and 1922; VanDenburgh and Slevin, 1913; Vitt
and Ohmart, 1977 and 1978.

Growth: Krekorian, 1984; Mayhew, 1965; Parker, 1972; Pounds et al,
1983.

Hatchlings: Muth, 1977; Parker, 1972; Shaw, 1952.

Hearing: Campbell, 1968; Werner, 1972.

Hematology: Campbell, 1974; Dawson and Poulson, 1962; Dessauer, 1970;
Guttman, 1971; Pough, 1969c and 1979; Saint-Girons, 1970; Saint-Girons and
Saint-Girons, 1969.

Hibernation: Moberly, 1963.

Home Range and Territory: Krekorian 1976; Norris, 1953; Parker, 1972.

Homing: Krekorian, 1977.

Immunology: Cohen, 1971; Evans, 1963a and b; Evans and Cowles, 1959;
Wright and Schapiro, 1973.

Integument: Hutchinson and Larimer, 1960; Maderson, 1985; Maderson et
al, 1970 and 1978; Peterson, 1984; Porter and Norris, 1969; Stewart and
Daniel, 1975.

Keys: Burt, 1936; Cagle, 1937; Shaw, 1950; Smith, 1950.

Locomotion: Belkin, 1961; Bennett, 1980; Brand, 1979; John-Alder and
Bennett, 1981; John-Alder, 1983; Pond, 1978; Snyder, 1962.

Learning: Krekorian et al., 1986; Richardson and Julian, 1974; Vance
and Richardson, 1966.

Longevity: Bowler, 1977 and Carey, 1973.

Myology: Avery and Tanner, 1964 and 1967; Pough, 1969a.

Metabolism: Bennett and Dawson, 1972; Bennett and Licht, 1972;
Bennett, 1972; Bradshaw, 1972; Callard et al, 1975; Cook, 1949; Dawson and
Bartholomew, 1958; John-Alder, 1983 and 1984a, b and c; Withers, 1977;
Yacoe, 1986.

Microbiology: Burdick et al, 1984; Hacker et al, 1981.

Microcompliment Fixation: Gorman et al, 1971.

Nasal Glands: Ellis and Gortemiller, 1974; Lemire, 1978; Philpott and
Templeton, 1964; Schmidt-Nielson et al., 1963; Shoemaker, et al., 1972;
Templeton, 1964, 1965 and 1966; Templeton et al, 1968.

Osteology: Avery and Tanner, 1964 and 1967; Camp, 1923; Cope, 1892;
Etheridge, 1967; Hoffstetter and Gasc, 1969; Jollie, 1960.

Ovarian Cycle: Mahyew, 1971.
Parasites: Loomis and Wrenn, 1973; Mankow and Widmer, 1977.
Pathology: Burt et al, 1984; Kluger et al., 1973.

Physiology (General): Bartholomew, 1964; Bickler, 1981, 1982a and b;

and 1984; Boyer, 1966; Chan et al, 1970; Dawson, 1967; Dawson, 1971;
Gleeson, 1985; Gleeson and Johnston, 1984; Gleeson et al, 19--, 1980 and
1984; Hacker et al, 1981; Holly and Minnich, 1972; John-Alder and Bennett,
1981; Johnston and Gleeson, 1984; Karasov and Diamond, 1983; Karasov et al,
1985; Kaufmann and Pough, 1982; Kiebzak and Minnich, 1982; Lemire, 1978;
Licht, 1964a and b, 1965, 1967, and 1972; Licht et al, 1969; Lowe et al,
1971; Marsh and Bennett, 1985; McWhinnie and Cortelyou, 1968; Minnich,
1970b, 1972 and 1976b; Minnich and Piehl, 1972; Nagy and Shoemaker, 1975;
Pough, 1969b; Putnam and Bennett, 1982; Schmidt-Nielson, 1964;
Schmidt-Nielson et al, 1963; Shoemaker et al, 1972; Swezey and Somers,
1982; Templeton, 1964; Vance, 1959; Weathers and McGrath, 1972; Withers,
1978; Yackzan et al, 1972; Yousef, 1977.

Population size and structure: Krekorian, 1983 and 1984; Parker, 1972.
Predation: Banta, 1962a and 1979; Funk, 1965; Pianka, 1971.

Reproduction: Asplund, 1967; Fitch, 1970; Gerstle and Callard, 1972;

Jones and Guillette, 1982; Krekorian, 1984; LaPointe, 1977; Licht, 1972 and
1973; Lisk, 1967; Mayhew, 1964 and 1971; Norris, 1953; Parker, 1972;
Pianka, 1971.

Sex determination: Muth and Bull, 1985.
Tastebuds: Nonoyama, 1936; Schwenk, 1985.

Taxonomic descriptions: Allen, 1933; Baird and Girard, 1852;
Hallowell, 1854; VanDenburgh, 1920 and 1922.

Techniques: Banta, 1957; Frist and Maser, 1964; Legler and Sullivan,
1979; Muth et al, 1978.

Temperature: Abrahamson and Maher, 1967; Atsatt, 1939; Bennett, 1980;
Bennett and Ruben, 1979; Bickler, 1981, 1982a and b and 1984; Brattstrom,
1965; Callard et al, 1975; Campbell, 1968; Cowles, 1939 and 1940; Cowles
and Bogert, 1944; Crawford, 1972; Dawson, 1967; Dawson and Bartholomew,
1958; Dupre and Crawford, 1985a; Grigg et al, 1979; Harlow et al, 1976,
Heatwole, 1970; John-Alder and Bennett, 1981; John-Alder, 1984b; Johnston
and Gleeson, 1984; Kaufmann and Pough, 1982; Kay, 1970; Krekorian and
Vance, 1986; Licht, 1964a and b, 1965, 1967, and 1972; Licht et al, 1969;
Marsh and Bennett, 1985; Mayhew, 1964; McGinnis and Dickson, 1967; McGinnis
and Falkenstein, 1971; Mosauer, 1936a; Muth, 1980a; Muth and Bull, 1985;
Norris, 1953; Porter and Gates, 1969; Putnam and Bennett, 1982; Templeton,
1960; Werner, 1972; Withers, 1978; Yackzan et al., 1972; Yacoe, 1986.

Testicular cycle: Licht, 1973; Mayhew, 1971.

Thermoregulation: Barber, 1977; Barber and Crawford, 1977 and 1979;

Berk and Heath, 1975a and b; Brattstrom, 1970; Cannon and Kluger 1985;
Cowles, 1958; DeWitt, 1963, 1967, 1971; DeWitt et al, 1967; Dupre, 1984;
Dupre and Crawford, 1985b; Fletcher, 1973; Heatwole, 1970; Kemp, 1969 and
1972; Kluger et al, 1973; Norris, 1967; Pianka, 1971; Porter et al., 1973;
Richardson and Brown, 1975; Saint-Girons and Saint-Girons, 1956;
Schmidt-Nielson, 1964; Tempeton, 1970 and 1971; Weathers, 1969a and b, 1970
and 1971; Withers and Campbell, 1985.

Type material: Cochran, 1961; Peters, 1952; Slevin and Leviton, 1956;
Smith, 1950; Smith et al, 1964.

Vision: Peterson, 1976; Tauber and Atkins, 1968.

Water relations: Chew and Damman, 1961; Dupre, 1984; Dupre and

Crawford, 1985a and b and 1986; Kaufmann and Pough, 1982; Maderson et al,
1978; Minnich, 1970a and b and 1976a; Minnich and Shoemaker, 1970; Munsey,
1972; Murrish and Schmidt-Nielson, 1970a and b; Muth 1980a and b; Norris,
1953; Packard et al, 1982; Schmidt-Nielson, 1964; Schmidt-Nielson et al,
1963; Templeton, 1960; Templeton et al, 1972a and b.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Abrahamson, Y. and M. Maher. 1967. The effects of temperature upon
pancreatic amylase in selected reptiles and amphibians. Canadian J.
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Allen, Morrow J. 1933. Report on a collection of amphibians and reptiles
from Sonora, Mexico, with the description of a new lizard. Occ. Pap.
Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan. (259): 1-15.

Asplund, Kenneth K. 1967. Ecology of lizards in the relictual cape flora,
Baja California. Amer. Mid]. Natur. 77: 462-475.

Atsatt, S.R. 1939. Color changes as controlled by temperature and light
in lizards of the desert region of southern California. Los Angeles
Publ, ‘BIOl. SCl. 12. 237=276,

Avery, D.F. and W.W. Tanner. 1964. The osteology and myology of the head
and thorax regions of the obesus group of the genus Sauromalus Dumeril
(Iguanidae). Brigham Young Univ. Sci. Bull. Biol. Ser. 5: 1-30.

Sar aS . 1971. Evolution of the iguanine lizards (Sauria, Iguanidae) as
determined by osteological and myological characteristics. Brigham
Young. Univ. Sct. Bull... l2s 1-79.

Baird, S.F. 1859. Reptiles of the boundary. United States-Mexican
Boundary Survey Vol. III. 1-35.

Baird, S.F. and C. Girard. 1852. Characteristics of some new reptiles in
the Museum of the Smithsonian Institution Part II. Proc. Acad. Natur.
Sci. Philadelphia. 6: 125-129.

Banks, R.C. and W.M. Farmer. 1963. Observations on reptiles on Cerrvalo
Island, Baja California, Mexico. Herpetologica 18: 246-250.

Banta, B.H. 1957. A simple trap for collecting desert reptiles.
Herpetologica 13: 174-176.

apa e. . 1962a. Beetles attacking lizards. British J. Herpetol. 3: 39.

aaa . 1962b. A preliminary account of the herpetofauna of the Salina
Valley Hydrographic Basin, Inyo County, California. Wasmann J. Biol.
20: 161-251.

mama . 1962c. Preliminary remarks upon the zoogeography of the lizards
inhabiting the Great Basin of the western United States. Wasmann J.
Biol. 20: 253-297;

SsSsS . 1965. A distributional check-list of the recent reptiles
inhabiting the state of Nevada. Biol. Soc. Nevada. Occ. Pap. 5:
1-8,

S=s55 . 1979. An instance of a desert iguana preyed upon by a loggerhead
shrike. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 15: 59-60.

Barber, B.J. 1977. A theoretical and experimental analysis of behavioral
temperature regulation in the lizard, Dipsosaurus dorsalis.
Dissertation Abst. Int. 37: 4330.

=SSsS . and E.C. Crawford, Jr. 1977. A stochastic dual-limit hypothesis
for behavioral thermoregulation in lizards. Physiol. Zool. 50:
53-60.

=asss . 1979. Dual threshold control of peripheral temperature in the
lizard Dipsosaurus dorsalis. Physiol. Zool. 52: 250-263...

Bartholomew, G.A. 1964. The role of physiology and behavior in the
maintenance of homeostasis in the desert environment. Sym. Soc. Exp.
Biol. 2827-29,

Behler, J.L. and F.W. King. 1979. The Audobon Society Field Guide to
North American Reptiles and Amphibians. Alfred A. Knopf; N.Y.

Belding, L. 1887. Reptiles of the cape region of Lower California. W.
Amer. Scient. 3: 97-99.

Belkin, D.A. 1961. The running speeds of the lizards Dipsosaurus dorsalis
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A NOMENCLATURAL HISTORY OF TORTOISES
(FAMILY TESTUDINIDAE)

Charles R. Crumly

Department of Herpetology
San Diego Naturtal History Museum

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE
NO. 75

1988

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in
the biology of amphibians and_ reptiles, but
unlikely to be published in the normal technical
journals. Single copies are distributed free to
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We wish to encourage individuals to share their
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Please address all requests for copies and
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label with requests.

The cover illustration is a reproduction of the plate from the original
description of John Edward Gray (1870a).

Introduction

Prerequisite to most revisionary studies is an examination of the nomenclatural history of the taxa under
study. This is often a gruelling task, but is rarely published. Thus, each subsequent revisor must repeat the task of
gathering all the references together and extracting the pertinent information. The following idiosyncratic review
summarizes my view on the nomenclatural history of tortoises (family Testudinidae).

Most, but not all, of the synonyms noted by Wermuth and Mertens (1977) are discussed below. The generic
names in brackets are the currently used names (Loveridge and Williams, 1957; Auffenberg, 1974) or my recently
recommended usage (Crumly, 1983, 1984b, 1984c). I have chosen not to detail the nomenclatural history of the
Indian Ocean tortoises or the Galapagos tortoises (= Geochelone elephantopus complex of Crumly, 1984c) because
their histories are too complex and because many biological questions need to be considered in order to interpret their
histories. Detailed historical discussions of the tortoises of the Indian Ocean islands and the Galapagos can be found
elsewhere (Van Denburgh, 1914; Slevin, 1959; Bour, 1984). Furthermore, the nomenclatural history of entirely
extinct groups of tortoises (e.g. Stylemys, Cylindraspis) are not discussed.

1750-1800

Linnaeus (1758) proposed eleven turtle binomials in his 10th edition of Systema Naturae; two of these are
now in the family Testudinidae. Both tortoises had been recognized earlier. He referred to Edwards's (1751, p. 204)
figure in the description of Testudo graeca, and his description of Testudo [= Psammobates] geometricus referred to
several earlier publications. T. graeca was characterized by elephantine feet with 4 toes on the pes. Psammobates
geometricus was distinguished by the slightly conical carapacial scutes and the radiating shell pattern. Wallin
(1977) demonstrated that Linnaeus based his description of P. geometricus on a specimen of Geochelone elegans as
well as other descriptions. To preserve common usage, Hoogmoed and Crumly (1984) selected a lectotype one of
the earlier descriptions (= syntypes) employed by Linnaeus. In the 12th edition of Systema Naturae, Linnaeus
(1766) recognized Testudo [= Geochelone] denticulata by its eroded carapacial marginal (now known to be more
prominent in Geochelone carbonaria, fide Williams, 1960) and the elephantine feet.

Carsten Niebuhr edited Petrus Forskal's notes on his Middle Eastern travels (Forskal, 1775). These notes
included Arabic names for all the animals he saw and the description of Testudo terrestris [= T. graeca terrestris] plus
some life history and distributional notes. ForskAl felt that Arabic names would assist others in future fieldwork;
however, if "Libanon" had not been mentioned there would have been no means of recognizing T. g. terrestris; it is
the only tortoise living here. Miller's description (1780) of Testudo [= Geochelone] sulcata is based solely on an
illustration. The illustration itself is unlabeled. However, Miller's index of illustrations, which includes the name 7.
sulcata, enabled Loveridge and Williams (1957) to verify his authorship. Carl Peter Thunberg, a Linnaeus
correspondent and collector coined Testudo [= Homopus] areolata (Thunberg, 1787). He noted the flattened mid-
dorsal region of the carapace, the large imbricate scales of the forearm, and the depressed carapacial areolae. Two
years later, Gmelin (1789), in Linnaeus's 13th edition of Systema Naturae, named Testudo hermanni. Gmelin noted
two especially distinctive features: 1) The "caudae apice unguiculato" [an apical tail spine] and 2) "marginis
scutella 24" [24 marginal scutes indicating a divided supracaudal].

Schoepff's beautifully illustrated volume (1792b) included descriptions of two new species, Testudo
marginata and Testudo [= Geochelone] elegans. The marginated tortoise was delineated by its expanded and flared
posterior carapacial margin. The shell pattern and less conical carapacial scutes distinguished Testudo [= Geochelone]
elegans from P. geometricus. With the close of the 18th century, seven of the approximately 40 living species of
testudinid were recognized.

1800-1850

Shaw's description (1802) of Testudo [= Geochelone} radiata was the first new tortoise named in the 19th
century. He relied heavily on Grew's earlier description (1681, Musaeum Regalis Societatis). Shaw recognized that
this species was not synonymous with T. [= Psammobates] geometrica, By virtue of its larger size and flattened,
rather than conical, carapacial scutes, it was distinct from the earlier known T. geometrica. In France, Daudin
published the second volume of Histoire Naturelle des Reptiles (1802) and described Testudo [= Gopherus]
polyphemus and Testudo luteola [= Psammobates geometricus]. Testudo [= Gopherus) polyphemus was
distinguished by its small scales, flattened forelimbs and ash-gray color. The description of T. luteola notes the
many similarities shared with P. geometrica but distinguished it by less elevated conical carapacial scutes.

Subsequently (Loveridge & Williams 1957; Miiller, 1939), the heights of carapacial scutes have been shown to be
extremely variable .

The parade of new names for tortoises continued with August Schweigger's (1812) famous Prodromus
monographiae Cheloniorum. The Prodromus included three new tortoises, Testudo [= Kinixys] erosa, Testudo [=
Chersina] angulata and Testudo [= Geochelone] gigantea. Testudo erosa was distinguished by shell shape and its
denticulate margin. The number of marginal scutes and the elongation of the anterior periphery of the shell was also
mentioned, but not the unique carapacial hinge. Schweigger used the type locality from Shaw's earlier description
(1802) of T. denticulata (preoccupied by T. denticulata Linnaeus, 1766); the locality, "America septentrionali," was
inerror. J. angulata was distinguished by shell shape, shell color, and narrow anterior marginals. Because eleven
plastral scutes were mentioned the presence of a single gular scute can be inferred. The provenance of this species
was unknown to Schweigger, who had examined two living specimens at the Paris museum. The description of T.
gigantea is quite difficult to interpret; over the years it has come to refer to the tortoise now living on the island of
Aldabra. However, three very different positions have been articulated (Bour, 1982b, 1984b; Crumly, 1986;
Pritchard, 1986).

In 1820, Kuhl named Testudo [= Psammobates] oculifera and characterized it by its color pattern and did not
compare it to any other species. In the same year, Merrem authored his Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien
(1820). He introduced a new generic name, Chersine, for all tortoises. This name subsumed many turtles besides
testudinids (for example, Kinosternon scorpioides, Clemmys muhlenbergi). In part, this name has been considered a
synonym of Testudo.

Four years later, Spix (1824) named Testudo [= Geochelone] carbonaria, and three species now considered
synonyms of G. denticulata, i. e., Testudo hercules, T. sculpta and T. cagado. Hoogmoed and Gruber (1983)
discovered that, except for 4 specimens of T. sculpta in the Zoologische Sammlung des Bayerischen Staates (= ZSM)
collections (ZSM 2753/0 a, b, c and 2738/0), Spix's tortoise types had been destroyed near the end of World War II.
Spix used color, elevated conical carapacial scutes and eroded lateral shell margins in his description of T. carbonaria.

In 1827, a banner year for new tortoise taxa, four species and 2 genera were described. Richard Harlan (1827)
named Testudo [= Geochelone] elephantopus based on its reflected anterior shell margin and absent terminal tail
spine. Thomas Bell (1827) named three new species and two new genera. Bell distinguished Pyxis arachnoides, a
new species and genus, from other tortoises on the basis of its unique anterior plastral hinge. He coined Kinixys for
those tortoises with posteriorly mobile carapacial lobe and recognized two species, Kinixys castenea and K.
homeana. K. castenea was later synonymized with K. erosa by Gray (1831b). Bell did not mention and was
apparently unaware of Schweigger's (1812) earlier description of T. [= Kinixys] erosa.

In the following year, Bell (1828) named three more taxa: Testudo [= Psammobates] tentoria, Testudo [=
Geochelone] pardalis and Testudo actinoides. Testudo actinoides was synonymized with Testudo [= Geochelone]
elegans by Boulenger (1889). T. tentorius was distinguished from other tortoises on the basis of conical carapace
scutes, a radiating carapacial color pattern and unequal sized anterior marginals. This last trait was not mentioned by
earlier workers, and apparently Bell considered it a very significant diagnostic character. Bell diagnosed T. [=
Geochelone] pardalis by the light-golden yellow colored carapace with black flecks, the superior location of the
pleural areolae, and the equal sized anterior marginals, emphasizing the pleural areolae trait.

John Edward Gray's Cataphracta volume of the Synopsis Reptilium appeared in 1831; he named two new
taxa, Kinixys belliana was described in the Additions and Corrections chapter and was distinguished from other
Kinixys species by the shape of the carapace, cervical scute and shell margin. He believed that this new species was
intermediate between K. erosa and K. denticulata (?= Testudo denticulata Shaw 1802). During this same year, Gray
(1831a) coined Chersina (not the same as Merrem's Chersine of 1820) for Testudo angulata Schweigger. He noted
eleven plastral scutes (from which I infer that there was a single gular scute) as the distinguishing feature of this
South African species.

Peter Simon Pallas (1831) named Testudo ibera [= T. graeca ibera], in the third volume of a posthumously
published three volume set. The original date of publication for this third volume has been variously cited: 1814 by
Wermuth (1958), Darevsky and Mertens (1973), and Wermuth and Mertens (1961, 1977), and 1827 by Mertens
(1946). Neither is correct. In Pallas's Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica, the description of Testudo ibera is species
number 14 on page 18, thus 1814. Zaunick (1925) noted that the third volume of the set was published in 1831

when the printing plates, which had been lost for two decades, were found. Pallas's description is accurate,
mentioning the number of scutes on the shell, the number of toes on the manus and pes, and the color and shape of
the shell; however, without his figure, T. ibera could not be recognized as a subspecies of T. graeca.

Perhaps the most colorful contributor to tortoise nomenclature was Constantine Samuel Rafinesque. In
1832, he began publishing The Atlantic Journal and Friend of Knowledge, which ceased publication two years later,
after, among other things, making an enemy of Richard Harlan (Rafinesque, 1836:333). In this publication,
Rafinesque (1832) provided an extremely brief description of Gopherus, specifically referring to the flattened nails of
the manus.

The second volume of Duméril and Bibron's encyclopedic Erpetologie Generale (1835) contained descriptions
of Testudo [= Geochelone] nigrita and a new genus Homopus. T. nigrita was characterized as black with a crescent-
shaped anterior carapacial edge, a single supracaudal, slightly imbricate scales on the forearm, and no cervical.
Homopus was characterized by four digits on all limbs, ungulate feet and a solid carapace without a hinge. T.
areolatus and T. signatus were referred to Homopus; however, H. signatus usually has five toes on the manus.

In 1835, Fitzinger coined many of the generic and subgeneric names employed today. Geochelone, for
example, was proposed by Fitzinger. Cylindraspis, the name for the extinct tortoises from Mauritius, Rodrigues and
the Mascerenes, was delineated from other Geochelone by its single gular scute, which is only present in some
Cylindraspis, and by another ambiguous character, lateral shell margin arcuate. Chelonoidis and Psammobates were
also differentiated by ambiguous characters. Both Cylindraspis and Chelonoidis were proposed as subgenera of
Geochelone, whereas Psammobates was considered a subgenus of Testudo.

From 1838 to 1849 (see Waterhouse, 1880, for publication dates), Andrew Smith published pieces of his
Illustrations of the Zoology of South Africa.... In the1839 installment, he illustrated and described two tortoises:
Testudo verroxti [= Psammobates tentorius verroxii] and Testudo semiserrata [= Psammobates oculifer]; both defined
primarily by coloration and shell shape. In 1840, Schlegel and Miiller described two new species, Testudo [=
Manouria] emys and Testudo [= Indotestudo] forstenii. A good illustration was provided for T. emys, but T.
forstenii was described only in the text of a footnote. Nevertheless, the written descriptions of both species are
accurate, matching well the surviving types (Hoogmoed and Crumly, 1984). Four years later, Gray (1844) named
Testudo horsfieldii from an "India, Affghanistan" [sic] juvenile. Gray's description did not include features sufficient
to diagnose this species. He noted blunt hip spines, long gular scutes, large anal scutes and an oblong shell.
Although well done for its time, Gray's descriptions make Schlegel and Miiller's contribution all the more
impressive.

1850-1900

Duméril, Bibron and Duméril (1851) proposed the substitute name Testudo [= Manouria] emydoides for
Testudo emys Schlegel and Miller. The Dumérils' description emphasized cervical shape, the shape and number of
marginal scutes, the scales covering the limbs, and hip and tail spines. Twelve plastral scutes were noted; although
they did not mention whether the pectoral scutes met medially or were separated by humero-abdominal contact.
Because they did not mention the unusual condition in Manouria emys [ssp. emys], it seems likely that the pectoral
scutes did meet on the midline. Because 25 marginals were noted, it is probable that the supracaudal was split.
Another synonym of Geochelone emys was proposed a year later by Gray (1852), who provided a new genus name
Manouria for his species, M. fusca. Manouria was characterized by a divided supracaudal, pectoral scutes not
meeting on the midline and centrally located carapacial areolae. Gray believed that Manouria was an emydid but
noted many similarities shared with testudinids. He characterized Manouria fusca using shell color, recurved anterior
and posterior shell margin, and projecting gular region.

In 1853, Edward Blyth recognized two new species: Testudo phayeri [= Manouria emys phayeri] and Testudo
[= Indotestudo] elongata. Testudo phayeri was distinguished by its flat carapace, double supracaudal, unusual limb
scalation and color. This name has been considered a synonym of G. emys, although the color is somewhat different
from previously described G. emys. Roger Bour (pers. comm.) and I consider T. phayeri the senior synonym of G.
nutapundi Nutaphand (1979). It seems likely that Manouria emys comprises two subspecies intergrading along a
north-south cline. T. elongata was recognized by its elongated carapace and characteristic coloration. But, Blyth did
not notice that the humero-pectoral sulcus transversely crosses the entoplastron, a feature that I consider diagnostic
for Indotestudo.

John Leconte (1854) described Teleopus luxatus, a synonym of Geochelone emys. LeConte noted a split
supracaudal scute and described in great detail the vertebral and marginal scutes. He also noted the tricuspid upper
jaw and bicuspid lower jaw and further remarked that this species shared features with both testudinids and emydids.

Louis Agassiz published Contributions to the Natural History of the United States of America in 1857. A
great proportion of this work (Parts II & III of three parts) dealt with turtles. Therein, Agassiz named and allocated
two species to a new genus Xerobates [= Gopherus}. It was diagnosed by a median premaxillary ridge, broad
flattened unguligrade forelimbs, and a broad head covered with mostly small scales. Xerobates carolinus [=
polyphemus] was not characterized, but distribution and life history notes were included. X. berlandieri was described
and distinguished by light yellow color in the middle of and rimming some carapacial scutes, by divergent gulars,
and by small size as suggested by retained granular areolae of the shell. The syntypes of Xerobates berlandieri (two
specimens bearing the same number, USNM 60) are a juvenile and a hatchling, which explains the presence of
granular areolae. These areolae are worn smooth in adults.

Six years passed before any more currently valid names for tortoise species were proposed. Blyth (1863) then
named Testudo [= Geochelone} platynota based on its large size, flat back, less numerous radiations on the carapacial
scutes, and broader and lower carapacial shape. John Edward Gray (1863) "provisionally" named Kinixys spekii from
an "imperfect" specimen from central Africa. The oblong shell, areolar color and lack of a carapacial hinge were used
by Gray to characterize this form. Loveridge and Williams (1957) tentatively synonymized K. spekii with K.
belliana; this decision was later reversed by Broadley (1982). John G. Cooper (1863) described Xerobates [=
Gopherus] agassizii in honor of Alexander Agassiz. Cooper inadequately distinguished X. agassizii from other
Xerobates by shell shape and color. Four years later, Grandidier (1867) named a tortoise from Madagascar, Testudo
[= Acinixys] planicauda, He characterized this species on the basis of color, a single supracaudal, a small nuchal, and
a uniquely flattened tail.

One of the few studies to deal specifically with the cranial osteology of land tortoises appeared in 1869. In
this work, John Gray described two taxa, Testudo (Scapia) falconeri [= Manouria emys] and Peltastes (an invalid
genus including five species now allocated to at least three genera). Gray's characterization of T. falconeri detailed
cranial structures that are not diagnostic, but the accompaning figure clearly illustrated features unique to M. emys;
broad skull arches, a deep lower jaw, a narrow but long skull and the absence of an interdigitating surangular process.
Gray further noted the similarities between Manouria fusca, another synonym of M. emys, and T. falconeri. The
interruption of the alveolar surface by enlarged internal narial openings and slight prominences at the labial maxillo-
premaxillary suture characterized Peltastes Gray (1869). Of the five species allocated to Peltastes by Gray, only P.
[= Indotestudo] elongata was well characterized.

A year later, Gray (1870a) named Testudo [= Geochelone] chilensis with only a very sketchy description,
which wrongly contended that a nuchal plate [= cervical scute] is present. A plate of the presumed type is presented
by Gray, and the cervical scute is absent on the illustrated specimen. In that same year, Gray (1870b) published
another even shorter note that reviewed previous papers concerning the synonymy of T. chilensis. Also in 1870,
Sclater noted that T. chilensis does not occur in Chile and that this species had been known to previous students.
Fueling the fires of mutual dislike, he suggested a substitute name, Testudo argentina, which was never adopted.
Gray published his Appendix to his earlier catalogue of British Museum turtles in 1872 and created another synonym
of Geochelone, Centrochelys (type species Geochelone sulcata), defined by an absent cervical and large hip spines.

Following Gray's flurry of activity, Giinther (1875) briefly reported on giant land tortoises in the British
Museum and named three new taxa from the Galapagos, Testudo ephippium, Testudo microphyes and Testudo
vicina, Giinther's descriptions are very good and include data on shells, skulls and limbs. Unfortunately, the lack of
good locality data for referred material diminishes the utility of Giinther's descriptions. In fact, he incorrectly
identified the island of origin for both Geochelone ephippium and Geochelone microphyes, whereas he was unable to
discover an exact island of origin to Geochelone vicina. Two years later, Giinther's monograph (1877) on British
Museum giant tortoises appeared. Therein, he named Testudo [= Geochelone] abingdonii. This monograph is
second only to Van Denburgh's (1914) classic study and exceeded even Van Denburgh in the quality illustration and
in his discussion of non-shell material. Giinther (1877) thought the skulls and other post-cranial non-shell material
could be identified to species. My studies of the cranial osteology of Galapagos tortoises (Crumly, 1984a) have not
supported Giinther's contention. Later, Giinther (1882) described Geoemyda [= Manouria] impressa from an 11 inch
shell and noted its concave carapacial scutes. Giinther's outstanding illustrations of the type over-shadow the
remainder of his description.

Testudo kleinmanni was described by Lortet in 1883. His descrption emphasized shell color. Vaillant (1885)
described Testudo [= Geochelone] yniphora on the basis of its not quite unique single gular scute (also found in
Chersina angulata and Geochelone vosmaeri). Vaillant also noted that the carapacial pattern was similar to
Geochelone radiata. Fernand Lataste described Homopus nogueyi [= Kinixys belliana nogueyi] in 1886. Despite
Lataste's good description, he incorrectly assigned nogueyi to the genus Homopus. The small size of the type
specimens and the inadequate comparative material probably contributed to Lataste's error. Because of the smallness
of Lataste's specimens, they would not show the diagnotic feature, i.e., the carapacial hinge of Kinixys.

In 1886, Boulenger named three taxa all now included within Psammobates tentorius. Loveridge and
Williams (1957) considered Testudo fiski and Testudo smithi synonyms of Psammobates tentorius verroxii, whereas
Boulenger's T. trimeni was considered to be a valid subspecies of Psammobates tentorius. Cervical scute size and
shape, hip spine presence or absence, relative plastral scute length and shell color figured prominently in
Boulenger's descriptions and good plates were included. Boulenger (1888) later described another species of small
South African tortoise, Homopus femoralis. Boulenger noted large hip spines, large prefrontal and frontal head
scales, the absence of median lingual triturating ridge on the lower jaw, and five claws on the manus (unlike the
four-clawed condition in H. arelotus and H. signatus). In the following year, Baur (1889) discussed some
nomenclatural problems in earlier works. As a consequence of his discussion, he proposed the names Testudo [=

Geochelone] guentheri and T. [= Geochelone] galapagoensis. Unfortunately, nowhere did Baur discuss the
morphological bases of his decisions.

1900-1950

At the beginning of twentieth century, Rothschild named three new species from Galapagos in five short
notes. In the first of these, Rothschild (1901) described Testudo [= Geochelone] becki on the basis of the
characteristic flaring of the anterior carapace margin also found in other saddlebacked tortises. In his next two notes,
Rothschild (1902a, 1902b) corrected some understandable mistakes concerning Harlan's (1827) type of Testudo
elephantopus. In another paper, Rothschild (1902c) described Testudo wallacei, which has since been shown to be an
invalid, probably introduced, form (MacFarland et al. 1974a). Rothschild's final note (1903) concerned the tortoise
species that now lives on Isla Santa Cruz (Indefatigable), which he named T. [= Geochelone] porteri (Fritts, pers.
comm., believes this name is a junior synonym of T. [= Geochelone] nigrita).

Friederick Siebenrock (1902) proposed the name Acinixys for Alfred Grandidier's Testudo planicauda and
compared it to Kinixys and the then unwieldly genus Testudo. Siebenrock (1903) later named Testudo [=
Malacochersus] tornieri and noted its flattened and leathery shell, but considered it an abnormality. In the following
year, Siebenrock's description (1904b) of Testudo boettgeri [= Psammobates tentorius verroxii] indicates his
confusion with the astounding variation in some tortoise species. Also in 1903, Boulenger described Testudo
pseudemys [= Manouria impressa]. He used two features to distinguish 7. pseudemys from similar species (M.
emys and M. impressa). The length of the anterolateral vertebral sulci supposedly distingushed T. pseudemys from
M. impressa. However, this feature is quite variable and insufficiently delineated T. pseudemys from M. impressa.
The narrow skull arches of T. pseudemys distinguished it from M. emys, which has broad skull arches. The skull of
T. pseudemys was unknown to Boulenger but has since been shown to be M. impressa.

In 1906, Deurden named a new species of South African tortoise, Homopus boulengeri. Deurden noted the
higher number of marginal scutes (12 or 13, rarely 11), a small cervical scute, large imbricate forearm scales, and
large hip spines, and several other features. Deurden also characterized the other species of Homopus, but wrongly
included two taxa whose type specimens were juvenile Kinixys (H. darlingi Boulenger, 1902 and H. nogueyi Lataste,
1886). Deurden (1907) more completely described the species of Homopus in the following year in a paper
specifically concerned with color pattern. Boulenger (1907) described Testudo [= Indotestudo] travancorica.
Although he didn't make special note of the fact, he noted that the cervical scute was absent, unlike the condition in
Indotestudo elongata. Boulenger (1907) included two excellent plates with his description; both showed the
similarities with Indotestudo elongata. Boulenger made no mention of the earlier described species Testudo [=
Indotestudo] forstenii Schlegel and Miiller, 1840. Hoogmoed and Crumly (1984) showed that Indotestudo forstenii
was the senior synonym of /. travancorica (Boulenger, 1907). Van Denburgh (1907) named four new tortoise species
from Galapogos. All of his "diagnoses" were actually characterizations that relied mostly on shell ratios. However,
both of the saddlebacked species described (Testudo [= Geochelone] phantasticus and Testudo [= Geochelone]
hoodensis) were noted to have a throat marked with yellow. The throats of the other two species (T. [= Geochelone]
darwinii and T. [= Geochelone] chathamensis) were noted to be black.

In 1913, Annandale, the superintendent of the Indian Museum, named Testudo [= Indotestudo] parallelus from
Chaibassa, Chota Nagpur. The specific name alludes to the parallel sides of the shell; other characters noted by
Annandale included gular, pectoral and humeral proportions. However, Annandale admitted that he was unable to
obtain additional specimens besides the holotype. Testudo parallelus has been considered a synonym of I. elongata.

During the same year that the British Museum shifted its collections to methyl alcohol and abandoned wine
spirits, George Boulenger continued his described two species of tortoises: Testudo buxtoni [= T. graeca ibera]
(1920a) and Testudo loveridgii [= Malacochersus tornieri] (1920b). Testudo buxtoni was distinguished from what
Boulenger considered its closest relatives (T. graeca ibera and T. graeca zarudnyi) by narrower pectoral scutes and a
divided supracaudal scute; however, both the features are extremely variable in Testudo graeca. Testudo loveridgii
was based on a series of six individuals; these individuals had divided supracaudal scutes. Arthur Loveridge (1923)
reported on a collection of East African reptiles described and recognized Testudo procterae, differentiated from
Boulenger's Testudo loveridgii by its narrower, less flattened shell and its isolated distribution. Mertens et al. (1934)
and Mertens and Wermuth (1955) recognized T. procterae as a distinct species and T. loveridgii a junior synonym of
M. tornieri. Both species were declared synonyms of M. tornieri by Loveridge and Williams (1957).

In 1929, Lindholm published a classification of turtles without supporting data. Therein, he recognized five
genera (Testudo, Kinixys, Homopus, Pyxis and Acinixys) of tortoises and delineated four new subgenera of Testudo
(Pampatestudo [= Chelonoidis}, Indotestudo, Malacochersus and Goniochersus [= Chersina]). DeSola (1930) named a
Galapagos species, Testudo [= Geochelone] vandenburghi, based on Van Denburgh's description (1914).

In the early 1930's, John Hewitt described over a dozen new species and subspecies of tortoises, as well as
three new genera. Loveridge and Williams (1957) considered most of Hewitt's names to be junior synonyms of other
older names. For example, Pseudomopus and Neotestudo were described in 1931 by Hewitt. Pseudomopus was
distinguished from Homopus by its small inguinal scute and five toes of the manus. Neotestudo was proposed for
Chersina angulata, in order to remove this unique species from Testudo, at that time a large polyphyletic taxon.
Hewitt (1931) also named two new subspecies of Kinixys belliana and three new species of Kinixys, all synonyms
of Kinixys belliana. In 1933, Hewitt named nine new subspecies of Chersinella [= Psammobates] tentorius. Eight
of these subspecies are junior synonyms of Psammobates tentorius tentorius, fide Loveridge and Williams (1957).
Hewitt (1933) proposed Megachersine [= Geochelone] for the species Geochelone pardalis and Geochelone elegans
and Chersinella for the geometrica group of Testudo. Hewitts' generic descriptions relied on head scale variation.
His new subspecies were based largely on small samples and used variable shell color and scale patterns.

During his tenure as a Guggenheim Fellow, Loveridge collected a large number of reptiles and amphibians
from East Africa for the Museum of Comparative Zoology collections at Harvard University. His collection
contained fourteen new taxa, including a new race of Geochelone pardalis. In 1935, Loveridge distinguished this race
from the nominate form by its proportionally more vaulted shell and named it Testudo [= Geochelone] pardalis
babcocki. Grieg and Burdett (1976) suggested that the characters that distinguish the two subspecies of G. pardalis
vary too much to warrant subspecific recognition.

In a book on the fauna of Palestine, Friederich Bodenheimer described Testudo floweri [= T. graeca terrestris].
His single sentence description, one of the shortest of the 20th century, is nevertheless sufficient: "The tiny variety
found in the Negeb ..." (Bodenheimer, 1935). Hewitt described Kinixys natalensis in 1935 and noted that the
supracaudal scute is sometimes split. Loveridge and Williams (1957) considered K. natalensis a junior synonym of
K. b. belliana. Broadley (1982) resurrected K. natalensis on the basis of pectoral scute proportions and a divided
suprapygal.

1950-Present
In his cervical vertebrae article Williams (1950a) suggested Bellemys as a substitute name for Pyxis. A
subsequent decision of the ICZN (Direction #32 of 1956) reversed Williams recommendation and Pyxis has been
retained. Heinz Wermuth, two years later (1952), named a new subspecies, Testudo hermanni robertmertensi ina
teview of T. hermanni from southern Europe. He distinguished this new subspecies on the basis of color pattern,
particularly of the plastron, and overall shell proportions.

In Laurent's (1956) survey of herpetofauna of the great lakes region of central Africa, he described a new
subspecies, Kinixys belliana mertensi. This report was soon followed by the most influential paper on African
testudinids, Loveridge's and Williams’ monograph on African cryptodires (1957). Their classification was a departure
from earlier classifications (e.g., Mertens and Wermuth, 1955) which included most tortoises in the single large
genus Testudo. Instead, they recognized the so-called Ethiopian endemics (Chersina and Psammobates), elevated
Geochelone to generic level, and severely restricted the genus Testudo to include only north African, Mediterranean
and southwest Asian tortoises with a prootic concealed in dorsal view, a posterior plastral hinge, and "supranasal"
scales. In addition, subgenera were proposed for Testudo kleinmanni (subgenus Pseudotestudo) and Geochelone
gigantea (subgenus Aldabrachelys). Loveridge disclaimed responsibility for these radical changes in classification in
a footnote. He believed the changes would be overturned by future study; however, I have corroborated (Crumly,
1984c) most of the changes suggested by Loveridge and Williams (1957).

Wermuth (1958) usefully reviewed the nomenclature and status of Testudo graeca subspecies. He also
corrected some nomenclatural errors and noted that Testudo terrestris Forskal, 1775 (as a subspecies of T. graeca) is
the senior synonym of Testudo floweri Bodenheimer 1935. Legler's (1959) decription of Gopherus flavomarginatus
followed a year later. He distinguished it from other Gopherus on the basis of a longer intergular and a shorter
interhumeral sulcus, and a broad head. Khozatsky and Mlynarski (1966) suggested that Testudo horsfieldii be
allocated to a new genus Agrionemys. They noted that T. horsfieldii had only four toes on the manus and that the
deeply "V"-shaped humeral pectoral sulcus laterally (but not medially) overlaps the entoplastron. My cladistic
results (Crumly, 1984b, 1984c) and Kirsch's (pers. comm.) breeding experiments do not support the recognition of a
separate genus for Testudo horsfieldii.

In the late sixties and early seventies, Simone Vuillemin published several papers on Malagasian tortoises
(1968 [with L. Rabodomihamina], 1972 [with C. Domergue], 1972a, and 1972b). Three new species were named in
the latter three papers. Unfortunately, Vuillemin apparently lacked sufficient comparative material, because all three
of his new taxa were clearly recognized as synomyms of earlier named species by both Obst (1978) and Bour (1979a,
1981). Pyxoides brygooi Vuillemin & Domergue (1972) was considered a synomym of Pyxis arachnoides by Obst
and was afforded subspecific rank (P. arachnoides brygooi) by Bour (1981), because it lacks an anteriorly mobil
plastral lobe. Testudo morondavaensis Vuillemin (1972a), based on an immature specimen, was rightly
synonymized with Acinixys planicanda by both Bour and Obst. And Madakinixys domerguei Vuillemin (1972b),
which was distinguished by dubious vertebral characters, was synonymized with Kinixys belliana by Obst (1978) and
Bour (1979a).

Freiberg (1973) named two new species from southern South America, based on insufficient comparative
material of Geochelone chilensis. The new species were named in honor of Dr. James A. Peters (Geochelone petersi)
and Dr. Roberto Donoso-Barros (Geochelone donosobarrosi) and were distinguished by size, color, shape and
thickness of the shell. G. petersi, a northern form of G. chilensis, has a smaller elongated, thick and light colored
shell; whereas G. donosobarrosi, a southern form of G. chilensis, has a large and dark-colored oval, but very thin
shell. Marlow and Patton (1982) uncritically accepted Freiberg's names, but also showed that the three populations
were very Closely related. My reasons for considering Freiberg's species as synonyms of Geochelone chilensis are
discussed in elsewhere (Crumly, 1984c). In short, Freiberg failed to note sexual dimorphism and latitudinal clinal
variation within G. chilensis, which could account for the variation he noted.

The most active student of land tortoise evolution in the past few years has been Roger Bour of the Muséum
National d'Histoire Natureelle in Paris. His interest has been regional and limited to Madagascar and the islands of
the Indian Ocean. Some of his papers have been reviews of the confusing nomenclatural history (1978, 1982b,
1984a) of Malagasian testudinids. His most significant contribution has been to the systematics of Pyxis, an
endemic tortoise genus of the Malagasy Republic (1979a, 1981, 1982a). In these papers, he recognized two
subspecies of Pyxis arachnoides and named a third that was later considered a synonym of an earlier name (Bour
1982a). Thus, the trivial names recommended by Bour (1981, 1982a) are: Pyxis arachnoides arachnoides Bell, 1827;
P. a. brygooi Vuillemin and Domergue, 1972; and P. a. oblonga Gray, 1869. In these same papers, Bour
recommended that Acinixys be considered a subgenus of Pyxis, citing P. a. brygooi as an intermediate between
Acinixys and other Pyxis. For reasons presented elsewhere, I (Crumly, 1984c) prefer to retain Pyxis and Acinixys as
separate genera.

Bour has also addressed the taxonomy of Indian Ocean tortoises in several papers. In 1982b, Bour rejected T.
gigantea Schweigger, 1812, as the proper name for the tortoise species now inhabiting Aldabra and substituted T.

elephantina Duméril and Bibron, 1835. He believed that this required the rejection of Aldabrachelys Loveridge and
Williams, 1957, and a new generic name. Thus, Bour coined Dipsochelys. However, there is an available generic
name for tortoises with an elongated external narial opening: Megalochelys Falconer and Cautley, 1835 (type species
M. atlas). I prefer to retain the specific epithet gigantea for three reasons: 1) an enormous amount of recent
ecological research has used the name, 2) abandonment of gigantea requires the acceptance of an uncertain
interpretation of Schweigger's (1812) description, and 3) elephantina, the next available name, is very much like
elephantopus and would increase the opportunity for orthographic errors (see Crumly, 1986). Still another
interpretation of Schweigger's original description is presented by Pritchard (1986); he suggests that Schweigger
actually described a specimen of Geochelone denticulata.

Broadley (1982) reviewed the savannah Kinixys, some of which were subsumed into Kinixys belliana by
Loveridge and Williams (1957). Broadley reinstated two names synonymized by Loveridge and Williams: Kinixys
natalensis (Hewitt, 1935) and Kinixys belliana spekii (Gray, 1863). K. natalensis was distinguished from other
Kinixys by gular scute proportions, a tricupsid beak and a divided suprapygal. Kinixys belliana spekii was
distinguished from other K. belliana by carapacial and gular proportions, a unicuspid beak and coloration.

Bramble (1982) restricted Gopherus by removing two of the primitive species and placing them in his new
genus Scaptochelys. Although Gopherus (sensu lato) is exceptionally well defined, Scaptochelys is based on shared
primitive characters (Crumly, 1984b, 1984c). Furthermore, Scaptochelys, containing Gopherus agassizii and G.
berlandieri as well as some fossil species, is a junior subjective synonym of Xerobates Agassiz 1857 (type species
Xerobates berlandieri designated by Brown 1908) (Bour and Dubois, 1984; Crumly, 1985).

SELECTED LITERATURE

Below are the references cited in the preceeding pages. Also included are other references that were not cited,
but that are useful for the interpretation of the history of testudinid nomenclature. This is not intended as a complete
bibliography of land tortoise systematics. Those references cited in the text are preceded by an asterisk.

*Agassiz, L. 1857. Contribution to the Natural History of the United States. North American Testudinata. 1 (2):
235-452. Little, Brown and Co.; Boston.
Anderson, J. 1898. Zoology of Egypt, 1, Reptilia and Batrachia. Bernard Quartich; London.
Anderson, S. C. 1966. The turtles, lizards and amphibaenians of Iran. Ph.D. Dissertation, Stanford University.
Andrews, C. 1906. A descriptive catalogue of the Tertiary Vertebrata of the Fayum, Egypt. British Mus. (Natur.
Hist.); London.
Annandale, N. 1906. Testudo baluchiorum, a new species. J. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 2(3): 1-11.
1913. The tortoises of Chota Nagpur. Rec. Indian Mus. 9(2), no. 5: 63-78.
1915. Notes on some Indian chelonians. Rec. Indian Mus. part II 11(11): 189-195.
Arnold,E. N. 1979. Indian Ocean giant tortoises: their systematics and island adaptations. Phil. Trans. R. Soc.
London B. 286: 127-145.
Auffenberg, W. 1961. A correction regarding the phalangeal formula of the turtle Stylemys nebrascensis Leidy.
Copeia 1961(4): 496-498.
1962. A new species of Geochelone from the Pleistocene of Texas. Copeia 1962(3): 627-636.
1963. The fossil testudinine turtles of Florida, genera Geochelone and Floridemys. Bull. Florida State
Mus. 7(2): 53-97.
1964. A new fossil tortoise from the Texas Miocene, with remarks on the probable geological history
of tortoises in the Eastern United States. The Pearse-Sellards Series, Texas Mem. Mus., Univ. Texas
3: 2-10.
1966. The carpus of land tortoises (Testudininae). Bull. Florida State Mus. 10(5): 159-191.
1969. Land of the Choco tortoise, Geochelone chilensis. Internat]. Turtle & Tortoise Soc. J. 3(3).
1971. A new fossil tortoise, with remarks on the origin of South American tortoises. Copeia 1971(1):
106-117.
ss . 1974. Checklist of fossil land tortoises (Testudinidae). Bull. Florida State Mus. 18(3): 121-251.
1976. The genus Gopherus (Testudinidae): Pt. I. Osteology and relationships of extant species. Bull.
Florida State Mus. 20(2): 47-110.
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14

* . 1983. Beitrage zur Kenntnis der Landschildkréten-Gattung Manouria Gray, 1852 (Reptilia, Testudines,
Testudinidae). Zool. Abh., staatl. Mus. Tierk. Dresden 38(15): 247-256.

*Pallas, P. S. 1831. Zoographia Rosso-Asiatic, sistem omnium animalium in extenso Imperio Rosso ... observatorum
... atque icones plurimorum. In officina Caes. academiae scientiarum impress.; Petropoli.

Parenzan, P. 1932. Revisione delle specie del gen. Testudo delle Balcania Atti. 1st Veneta 81: 1149-1169.

*Piso, W. 1658. Historiae Naturalis & Medicae Indiae Occidentalis. Libri Quinque. Pp. 1-327 Jn: W. Piso (ed.), De
Indiae Utriusque re naturali et medica. Libri Quatordecim.

Power, J. H. 1927. On the herpetological fauna of the Lobatsi-Linokana Area. Part I. Trans. Roy. Soc. South Africa
14: 405-422.

. 1932. Testudo verreauxii Smith; a study in variation. South African J. Sci. 29: 466-472.
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* . 1986. A reinterpretation of Testudo gigantea Schweigger, 1812. J. Herpetol. 20(4): 522-534.

Proctor, J. B. 1922. A study of the remarkable tortoise, Testudo loveridgii Blgr., and the morphology of the
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*Rafinesque, C. S. 1832. Descriptions of two new genera of turtles of North America. Atlantic J. Friend Knowledge,
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1971. Weitere Angaben tiber die Geometrische Landschildkréte, Testudo geometrica. Salamandra 7(3/4):
123-136.
1976. Weitere Angaben tiber die Geometrische Landschildkréte, Testudo geometrica, 2. Salamandra
12(4): 165-175.
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Ltd., Leiden.

*Rothschild, L. W. 1901. A new land tortoise from the Galapagos Islands. Nov. Zool. 8: 372.

7 . 1902a. Note regarding Testudo elephantopus. Nov. Zool. 9: 448.

ss - 1902b. Further notes regarding Testudo elephantopus. Nov. Zool. 9: 618.

. 1902c. Description of a new species of gigantic land turtle from the Galapagos Islands. Nov. Zool.
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Schinz, H. R. 1833. Naturgeschichte ind Abbildungen der Reptilien. Schaffhausen. Wiedmann; Leipzig.
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15

1900. Der Zungenbeinapparat tind Kehlkopf sammt Luftrohre von Testudo calcarata Schneid. Sitz. Kais.
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1904a. Uber partielle Hemmungs-Erscheinungen bei der Bildung einer Ruckenshale von Testudo tornieri
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150.

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*Spix, J. B. 1824. Species novae Testudinum ..... Brasilium. Typis Franc. Seraph. Hiibschmanni; Monachii.

Staesche, K. 1961. Die Schildkroten des Steinheimer Beckens. A. Testudinidae. Paleont. Suppl. 8(2): 1-17.

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172

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Part I. Preliminary descriptions of four new races of gigantic land tortoises from the Galapagos
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16

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Mus. Natur. Hist. 94(9): 505-561.
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Zaunick, R. 1925. Peter Simon Pallas (1741-1811), der Beriinder der palarktischen Wirbeltierkunde. Pallasia 3(1/2):
1-37

SYSTEMATIC LIST

The following is a list of the names used for tortoises taken mostly fom the taxonomic index of Wermuth and
Mertens (1977). The names discussed in the text are indicated with an asterisk. Names not mentioned by Wermuth
and Mertens were usually those not yet published and are indicated by a double asterisk.

abingdonii* boulengeri* Chersinella*
Acinixys* babcocki* brygooi* Chersobius
actinoides* becki* burnesii Chersus
agassizii* Bellemys* buxtoni chilensis*
Agrionemys* belliana* Cinixys
Aldabrachelys* belli cagado* Cinothorax
angulata* bergeri* calcarata coui
arachnoides* berlandieri* campanulata Cylindraspis*
areolatus* bettai caouana
argentina* bicaudalis carbonaria* darlingi*
armata biguttata castanea* darwini*
Asterochelys bipunctata Centrochelys* daudinii*
atlas** boettgeri* chathamensis* denticulata*
boiei Chersina* depressa

desertorum
Dipsochelys**
domerguei**
donosobarrosi**

elegans*
elephantina*
Elephantopus
elephantopus*
elongata*
emydoides*
emys*

erosa*

falconeri*

fiski*
flavomarginatus*
floweri*
forstenii*

fusca*

galapagoensis*
Geochelone*
geometrica*
geometricus*
gigantea*
Goniochersus*
Gopher
gopher
Gopherus*
graeca*

graja

grica

gricoides
guentheri*

hercules*
hololissa
homeana*
Homopus*
hoodensis*
horsfieldii*
hyniphora
hypselonota

ibera*

iberia
impressa*
Indotestudo*

karuella
karuica

Kinixys*
kleinmanni*

leithii*
lobatsiana*
loveridgii**
luteola*
luxatus*

macrophyes*
madagascariensis*
Madakinixys*
Manouria*
marginata*
mauritanica*
Megachersine*
Megalochelys*
megalopus*
mertensi*
microphyes*
morondavaensis* *

natalensis*
Neotestudo*
nigra
nigrita*
nigriventris
nogueyi*

oblonga**
oculifer*

pallida
Pampatestudo*
parallelus**
pardalis*
Peltastes*
Peltonia
petersi*
phantastica*
phayeri*
planata
planicauda*
planiceps
platynota*
polyphemus*
ponderosa
procterae*
pseudemys*
Pseudomopus*
Pseudotestudo*
Pyxis*

Pyxoides*

racovitzai
radiata*
robertmertensi*

Scapia**
Scaptochelys**
seimundi
semiserrata*
senegalensis
signata*
signatus*
smithii*
spekii*
stellata*
Stigmochelys
strauchi
sulcata*

tabulata*
Teleopus*
tentoria*
tentorius*
terrestris*
Testudinella
Testudo*
tornieri*
travancorica*
trimeni*
typica

vandenburghi*
verroxii*
vicina*

wallacei*
Xerobates*

yniphora*
youngi*

zarudnyi*
zohalfa
zombensis
zuluensis

or ped

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"1 God)
‘fetal mop

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wv
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reife 148
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esi Gg”
maga 7
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=

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ural Me
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i

we ' : : eS
1*et -I RP ASAIN as
- elt hes Ul ah
cio “d ‘Hiei doeoaab
ai Ad be ¢ v Wiemmettt¢ +) Greg, -ii
: a Hi Wis *enugalu
Ne: asa 7 =
Swe : irr Aqsa
© 7 sauna ioe
np peCiri'-camy *aagaoln
? i oy i ehenlaant
odepin date |! ; Ais a
Finer 5 *canen
ve ai \ iLoyy
pain met rounmal
if " a ~muall tit
: : Hy sore Tp aiy
om ¥ leh egie bce
Tar 2 i awiil?
j f fue dnl dope
“7 gen
7 Me Cal
Mere neamly ts -
beg Coa
; ' . ° hooy
: 7) ie ol wOoR
q res |
TT is ai)
iv 7 sig,
me
“in vewrs@iepis :
a a daa
aiwty
Mi, a2, i Any
Sharad) of LL |
WU ifniap.0- 4 paniebdg@ acl wal
o* ni ' +e (i eg _ :
naa tusiv ml
ride givai balay’
Ji "noe af
‘Sagi. “T, 7 hieeetrnl ee
“on _ p wit? it eben t « 7
ehailth Le
phat uti wraith ver a -
bqonath wii awistt

Sib i} oo ‘4

Cpiomesvies
“ps hh, ’ /
obupestotatl”
oe hs
Hewat
inl) uaa

(vps

SNAKES OF BURMA

CHECKLIST OF REPORTED SPECIES
&
BIBLIOGRAPHY

HERNDON G. DOWLING
&
JANANN V. JENNER

Department of Biology
New York University

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION
SERVICE

NO. 76

1988

SMITHSONIAN
HERPETOLOGICAL
INFORMATION
SERVICE

The SHIS series publishes and distributes
translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar
items judged useful to individuals interested in the
biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be
published in the normal technical journals. Single
copies are distributed free to interested individuals.
Libraries, herpetological associations, and research
laboratories are invited to exchange their
publications with us.

We wish to encourage individuals to share their
bibliographies, translations, etc. with other
herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have
such items please contact George Zug for instructions.
Contributors receive 50 free copies.

Please address all requests for copies and inquiries
to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles,
National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian
Institution, Washington, D.C. 20560, 00. SmA Please
include a self-addressed mailing label with requests

EDITOR’S NOTE

Dowling’s classification of snakes differs substantially from the classification
in common use. The use of Dowling’s classification in a SHIS "publication" does
not represent advocacy, but our willingness to present divergent viewpoints.

G. Zug, September 1988

INTRODUCTION

The snakes of Burma are probably the least-known of the
snake faunas in any of the countries of southeastern Asia.
The last comprehensive work on the reptiles was that
included in Smith's (1943) work in the "Fauna of British
India" series, which was written in the 1930's and delayed
by World War II. Prior to this work, its fauna was known by
a few scattered papers by Frank Wall and others, and by
inclusion in the major regional works by Guenther (1864),
Theobald (1876), and Boulenger (1890). Only Theobald (1868)
has provided an individual catalogue of the reptiles of this
country.

Little additional systematic work has been done on
Burmese snakes since the British left the country in 1948;
actually little has been done since the 1920's. Few
specimens have been reported since Wall's (1925, 1926) final
series of papers. An important collection made by Ronald
Kaulback in 1937-39 in the "Triangle" country of
northernmost Burma (26°N, 98° E; not the "Golden Triangle,"
21°N, 100°E) was reported by Smith (1940), and small
collections made on Mt. Victoria and Mt. Popa by Gerd
Heinrich were reported by Shreve (1940). Only a few
scattered specimens have made their way into museum
collections since that time. The mimeographed list of
Burmese snakes prepared by the Burmese Department of
Forestries (Hundley, 1964), was merely an abstract from
Smith (1943).

The following list was originally prepared (1983) from
Malcolm Smith's "Serpentes" volume (1943) in the "Fauna of
British India" series, with some additions, and those
changes in nomenclature necessitated by more recent
publications.

Our recent trips to Burma and India (1984, 1985, 1986,
1987) have allowed us to add to this list and to make some
corrections. We have examined most of the Burmese specimens
in the collections of the Bombay Natural History Society,
Bombay (BNHS), and the Zoological Survey of India at
Calcutta (ZSIC). We also have examined the collection of
the U. S. National Museum of Natural History (USNM), and
recently have received a list of Burmese specimens found in
the British Museum (Natural History) (BMNH). Other
specimens have been located at the California Academy of
Sciences, San Francisco (CAS), the Museum of Comparative
Zoology, Harvard University (MCZ), the Naturhistorisches
Museum, Vienna (NMW), the University of Michigan Museum of
Zoology, Ann Arbor (UMMZ), and the Zoological Museum,
Hamburg, Germany (ZMH). We do not suggest that this is a
comprehensive list.

The additional species found in these collections and
the specific localities for these specimens offer
considerably more geographic information than was available
from previous literature. Although the list is still
incomplete, it indicates that Burma has a very rich snake
fauna. There appear to be at least 150 species of snakes
(including more than 40 venomous kinds) to be found in this
country.

It should be appreciated, however, that most of the
present records are based’ on specimens’ that were! collected
more than 50 years ago. Many of these were collected more
than 100 years ago.

Acknowledgments. -- We wish to thank our associates in
Burma who have encouraged us in this work. Prof. Aung Than
Batu, Director-General of the Medical Research Department,
Dr. Thein Maung Myint, Deputy Director of Research, and U
Hla Pe, Head of the Biochemistry Division, have been
particularly helpful and we thank them and their associates
for their advice and cooperation. We also thank Prof. U Sein
Lwin, Head of the Department of Zoology, Rangoon University,
and his associates, U Zaw Win, Head of the Biological
Division and U Khin Aung Cho of the Venom Laboratory of the
Burma Pharmaceutical Industries. We appreciate the time and
effort that all of these people have expended in our behalf.

The members of the American Embassy and U.S. Information
Service in Rangoon have made every effort to make our
project sucessful. We wish to thank especially John A.
Fredenburg, Michael Betcher, and U Kyaw Nyein, of USIS. We
also gratefully remember the efforts of Mr. Fredenburg's
predecessor, Jerry Kyle, who guided us in the early days of
our studies.

We have been equally fortunate in India, where J. C.
Daniel, Curator of the Bombay Natural History Society,
T.S.N. Murthy, Zoological Survey of India at Madras, D. P.
Sanyal, Zoological Society of India in Calcutta, and their
associates have welcomed our work at their institutions.
Dr. B. K. Tikader, Director of the Zoological Survey, and
more” recently Dr. B.2Ss) Lamba), Woint Directors: in iCharge,
have kindly made the facilities of the Zoological Survey
available to us. We give all of them our grateful thanks.

We are especially grateful to Romulus Whitaker of the
Madras Crocodile Bank and Humayun Abdulali of the Bombay
Natural History Society for introducing us to something of
the natural history of southern Asia. Again, the USIS has
been of great aid, through the kind efforts of Carlos E.
Aranaga, Vice Counsul in Calcutta.

Information has been provided or facilities made
available from a number of other institutions. We
especially thank A. F. Stimson, British Museum (Natural
History), London, and George Zug, National Museum of Natural
History, Washington.

None of this work could have been accomplished without
the financial support of the Smithsonian Institution in
Washington. Through the kind efforts of Miss Francine
Berkowitz and her associates the Smithsonian has made monies
available through its Special Foreign Currency Program.

Miss Berkowitz, Mrs. Saundra Thomas of the Office of Service
and Protocol, and Ms. Carol Ailes of the Smithsonian's
Travel Office, together with their associates have paved the
way for our studies and we deeply appreciate their effort

in our behalf. ;

The Department of Biology, the Sponsored Programs
Department, and the office of the Dean of Arts and Science
have been very supportive of our work. We thank them, and
especially Dr. Walter Scott, Chairman of the Department of
Biology, Dr. Irving Brick, Acting Chairman, Lisa Tate of
Sponsored Programs, and Deans Turner and Rice for their aid.

CHECKLIST
ORDER SQUAMATA -- Scaly Reptiles
Suborder SERPENTES -- Snakes
Infraorder HENOPHIDIA -- Primitive Snakes
Superfamily Pythonoidea -- Pythons & Allies
FAMILY PYTHONIDAE -- Pythons
Python Daudin, 1803
1. P. molurus (Linnaeus, 1758) (BMNH, USNM)

2. P. reticulatus Schneider, 1801 (BMNH, BNHS, USNM,
ZSiC)

FAMILY XENOPELTIDAE -- Sunbeam Pythons

Xenopeltis Reinwardt, 1827
3. X. unicolor Reinwardt, 1827 (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

Superfamily Booidea -- Boas & Allies

FAMILY CYLINDROPHIIDAE -- Pipesnakes

Cylindrophis Wagler, 1828
4. C. rufus (Laurenti, 1768) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

Infraorder SCOLECOPHIDIA -- Blindsnakes
Superfamily Typhlopoidea -- Typical Blindsnakes

FAMILY TYPHLOPIDAE -- Typical Blindsnakes

Ramphotyphlops Fitzinger, 1843
5. R. albiceps Boulenger, 1898 (BMNH)

6. R. braminus Daudin, 1803 (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

Typhlops
7. T. diardi Schlegel, 1839 (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)
8. T. oatesi Boulenger, 1890 (BMNH)

9 fT. jerdoni Boulenger, 1890 (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
10. T. porrectus Stoliczka, 1871 (BMNH)

Infraorder CAENOPHIDIA -- Advanced Snakes
Superfamily Acrochordoidea -- Ancient Watersnakes
Family XENODERMATIDAE -- Pebbled Watersnakes

Xenodermus Reinhardt, 1836
11. X. javanicus Reinhardt, 1836

Family ACROCHORDIDAE -- Asian Wartsnakes

Acrochordus Hornstedt, 1787
12. A. granulatus (Schneider, 1799)

Family HOMALOPSIDAE -- Rearfanged Watersnakes

Enhydris Sonnini & Latrielle, 1802

13. E. enhydris (Schneider, 1799) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS,
Zi)
14 maculosa (Blanford, 1881) (BMNH)

E.
15. E. plumbea (Boie, 1827) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
E. sieboldi (Schlegel, 1837) (ZSIC)

Homalopsis Kuhl & Hasselt, 1822

17. H. buccata (Linnaeus, 1758) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

Cerberus Cuvier, 1829
18. C. rhynchops (Schneider, 1799) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS,
ZSIC)

Gerarda Gray, 1849
19. G. prevostiana (Eydoux & Gervais, 1832-37) (BMNH,
ZSTC),.

Fordonia Gray, 1842
20. F. leucobalia (Schlegel, 1837) (BNHS)

Cantoria Girard, 1857
21. C. violacea Girard, 1857 (BMNH, ZSIC)

Bitia Gray, 1842
22. B. hydroides Gray, 1842 (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

Superfamily Dipsadoidea -- Generalized Snakes
FAMILY LAMPROPHIIDAE -- Housesnakes & Allies

Pareas Wagler, 1830
23. P. margaritophorus (Jan, 1866)

24. P. macularius Theobald, 1868 (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

25. P. hamptoni (Boulenger, 1905) (BMNH)
26. P. carinatus (Boie, 1828) (ZSIC)

Aplopeltura Dumeril & Bibron, 1853
27. A. boa (Boie, 1828)

Oligodon Boie, 1827

28. O. cyclurus (Cantor, 1839) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC
[Also as O. purpurascens.])

29. O. albocinctus (Cantor, 1839) (BMNH, BNHS)

30. O. splendidus (Guenther, 1875) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

31. O. cinereus (Guenther, 1864) (BMNH, BNHS)

32. O. torquatus (Boulenger, 1888) (BMNH, BNHS)

33. O. theobaldi (Guenther, 1868) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

34. O. cruentatus (Guenther, 1868) (BMNH, BNHS)

35. O. planiceps (Boulenger, 1888) (BMNH)

36. O. catenata (Blyth, 1854) (BMNH, BNHS)

37. O. mcdougalli (Wall, 1905) (BNHS)

38. O. dorsalis (Gray & Hardwicke, 1834) (BMNH, BNHS)

39. O. hamptoni Boulenger, 1918 (BMNH)

Calamaria Boie, 1826

40. C. pavamentata Dumeril, Bibron, & Dumeril, 1854

(BMNH)

Psammodynastes Guenther, 1858

41. P. pulverulentus (Boie, 1827) (BMNH, BNHS, USNM,

ZSIC)

FAMILY PSAMMOPHIIDAE -- Sandsnakes

Psammophis Fitzinger, 1826

42. P. condanarus (Merrem, 1820) (BMNH, BNHS, USNM,

[Also as Phayrea isabella Theobald] )

ZSIC

Superfamily Viperoidea -- Vipers & Allies
FAMILY VIPERIDAE -- Vipers

Azemiops Boulenger, 1888
43. A. feae Boulenger, 1888

Vipera Laurenti, 1768
44. V. russelii (Shaw, 1797) (BNHS, CAS, USNM, ZSIC)

FAMILY CROTALIDAE --' Pitvipers

Trimeresurus Lacepede, 1804

45. T. mucrosquamatus Cantor, 1839 (BMNH)

46. T. monticola Guenther, 1864 (BMNH, BNHS)

47. T. jerdoni Guenther, 1875 (BMNH, BNHS)

48. T. kaulbacki Smith, 1940 (BMNH)

49, T. stejnegeri Schmidt, 1925 (BMNH)

50. T. popeorum Smith, 1937 (BMNH)

51. T. purpureomaculatus Gray & Hardwicke, 1830 (BMNH,

BNHS, ZSIC)

52. T. erythrurus (Cantor, 1839) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

53. T. albolabris Gray, 1842 (BMNH, BNHS, USNM, ZSIC)
Superfamily Elapoidea -- Front-fanged Snakes

FAMILY ELAPIDAE -- Cobras & Allies

Bungarus Daudin, 1803

54. B. bungaroides (Cantor, 1839) (BMNH)

55. B. flaviceps Reinhardt, 1843 (ZSIC)

56. B. fasciatus (Schneider, 1801) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS,
ZOLE)

57. B. multicinctus Blyth, 1861 (BNHS, CAS)

58. B. magnimaculatus Wall & Evans, 1901 (BNHS, CAS,
ZS TC)

Calliophis Gray, 1834
59. C. maculiceps (Guenther, 1858) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
60. C. macclellandi (Reinhardt, 1844) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS,
USNM, ZSIC)

Maticora Gray, 1834
61. M. bivirgata (H.- Boilie,’ 1827)" (ZSIC)

Naja Laurenti, 1768

62. N. naja (Linnaeus, 1758) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, USNM,
ZSIC) |

Ophiophagus Guenther, 1864
63. O. hannah (Cantor, 1836) (BMNH, BNHS)

FAMILY HYDROPHIIDAE -- Seasnakes

Laticauda Laurenti, 1768
64. L. laticaudata (Linnaeus, 1758)
65. L. colubrina (Schneider, 1799) (ZSIC)

Kerilia Gray, 1849
66. K. jerdoni Gray, 1849 (ZSIC)

Lapemis Gray, 1835
67. L. viperina (Schmidt, 1852) ° (ZSIC)

Enhydrina Gray, 1849
68. E. schistosa (Daudin, 1803) (BMNH, CAS, ZSIC)

Hydrophis Latreille, 1802

69. H. nigrocinctus Daudin, 1803 (BMNH)
70. H. spiralis (Shaw, 1802) (ZSIC)

71. H. obscurus Daudin, 1803 (BMNH)

72. H. stricticollis Guenther, 1864 (BMNH)
73. H. ornatus (Gray, 1842) (ZSIC)

VAS caerulescens (Shaw, 1802) (ZSIC)
TDs fasciatus (Schneider, 1799) (ZSIC)
WO tie Gracias (Shaw, 1802): (ZSTC)

Lapemis Gray, 1835
77. L. curtus (Shaw, 1802) (ZSIC [Also as L.
hardwickii.])

Pelamis Daudin, 1803
78. P. platurus (Linnaeus, 1866)

Superfamily Colubroidea -- Harmless Snakes
FAMILY COLUBRIDAE -- Racers & Allies

Gonyosoma Wagler, 1828
79. G. prasina (Blyth, 1854) (BMNH, BNHS, USNM, ZSIC)

80. G. oxycephalum (Boie, 1827) (BMNH, BNHS)

Elaphe Fitzinger, 1833
81. E. radiata (Schlegel, 1837) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, USNM)
82. E. flavolineata (Schlegel, 1837) (ZSIC)
83. E. taeniura (Cope, 1861) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
84. E. cantoris (Boulenger, 1895 (BMNH, ZSIC)
85. E. porphyracea (Cantor, 1839) (BMNH, BNHS)
86. E. leonardi (Wall, 1921) (BMNH, BNHS)
87. E. mandarina (Cantor, 1840) (BMNH, BNHS)

Ptyas Fitzinger, 1843
88. P. mucosus (Linnaeus, 1758 (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, USNM,
ZSC)
89. P. korros (Schlegel, 1837) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, USNM,
Goce}

Zaocys Cope, 1860
90. Z. carinatus (Guenther, 1858) (BMNH, USNM, ZSIC)

91. Z. nigromarginatus (Blyth, 1854) (BMNH, BNHS)

Entechinus Cope, 1895
92. E. hamptoni (Boulenger, 1900) (BMNH)
93. E. doriae (Boulenger, 1888) (BMNH)

Liopeltis Fitzinger, 1843
94. L. frenatus (Guenther, 1858) (BMNH, BNHS)
95. L. stoliczkai,,(Sclater, 1891)

Gongylosoma Fitzinger, 1843
96. G. scriptus (Theobald, 1868) (BMNH, ZSIC)

Dendrelaphis Boulenger, 1890
97. D. pictus (Gmelin, 1789) (BMNH, ZSIC)
O87. sDis cyanochloris (Wall, 1921) (BMNH, BNHS)
99. D. gorei (Wall, 1910) (BNHS)
100. D. tristis.(Daudin,. 1803),,,(BNHS,.:ZS1iC)
101. D. subocularis (Boulenger, 1888) (BMNH, ZSIC)
102. D. caudolineatus Gray, 1834) (ZSIC)

Chrysopelea Boie, 1826
103. C. ornata (Shaw, 1802) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

104. C. paradisi Boie, 1827 (BMNH, ZMH, ZSIC)
105. C. pelias (Linnaeus, 1758) (BMNH, ZSIC)

Lycodon Boie, 1826
106. L. kundui Smith, 1943 (BMNH)
107. L. aulicus (Linnaeus, 1758) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)
108. L. fasciatus (Anderson, 1879) (BMNH, BNHS)

Dinodon Aa Sec & Bibron, 1853
109. septentrionalis (Guenther, 1875) (BMNH)
110. oe flavozonatus Pope, 1928 (AMNH, BMNH)

Dryocalamus Guenther, 1858
111. D. davisoni (Blanford, 1878) (BMNH, CAS, ZSIC ?NF)
112. D. gracilis (Guenther, 1864) (ZSIC)

Sibynophis Fitzinger, 1843
113. S. collaris (Gray, 1853) (AMNH, BMNH, BNHS)
114. S. bistrigatus (Guenther, 1868) (BMNH, ZSIC)

Boiga Fitzinger, 1826

115. B. multimaculata (Boie, 1827) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

116. B. ochracea (Guenther, 1868) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

117. B. quincunciata (Wall, 1908) (BMNH)

118. B. cyanea (Dumeril & Bibron, 1854) (BMNH, BNHS,
ZSIC)

119. B. cynodon (Boie, 1827) (BMNH [as B. ocellata?],
BNHS, ZSIC)

Ahaetulla Link, 1807
120. A. fronticinctus (Guenther, 1858) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
121. A. prasinus (Boie, 1827) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
122. A. nasutus (Lacepede, 1789) (BMNH, BNHS; ZSIC [As A.

" mycterizans.))
Family NATRICIDAE -- Modern Watersnakes & Allies

Rhabdophis Fitzinger, 1843
123. R. nuchalis (Boulenger, 1891) (BMNH)
124. R. himalayana (Guenther, 1864) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
125. R. subminiata (Schlegel, 1837) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
126. R. nigrocincta (Blyth, 1856) (BMNH, ZSIC)
127. R. chrysarga (Boie, 1827) (BMNH, ZSIC)

Amphiesma Dumeril & Bibron, 1854
128. A. venningi (Wall, 1910) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

129. A. parallela (Boulenger, 1890) (BMNH, BNHS)

130. A. khasiensis (Boulenger, 1890) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)
131. A. modesta (Guenther, 1875) (BMNH)

132. A. stolata (Linnaeus, 1758) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS, ZSIC)

Xenochrophis Guenther, 1864
133. X. flavipunctata (Hallowell, 1860) (BMNH)
134. X. punctulata (Guenther, 1858) (BMNH, ZSIC)}
135. X. piscator (Schneider, 1799) (BMNH, BNHS, CAS,
ZSIC)

Pseudoxenodon Boulenger, 1890
136. P. macrops (Blyth, 1854) (BMNH, BNHS, ZSIC)

Macropisthodon Boulenger, 1893
137. M. plumbicolor (Cantor, 1839) (BNHS)

Sinonatrix Rossman & Eberle, 1977
1380;Ss,tYrianguligeras (Bole, 1827) 1(ZSIC)
139. S. bellula (Stoliczka, 1871) (BMNH)
140. S. percarinata (Boulenger, 1899) (BMNH)

Plagiopholis Boulenger, 1893
141. P. blakewayi Boulenger, 1893 (BMNH, BNHS)
142. P. nuchalis (Boulenger, 1893) (BMNH, BNHS)

Rhabdops Boulenger, 1893
143. R. bicolor (Blyth, 1854)

Blythia Theobald, 1868
144. B. reticulata (Blyth, 1854) (BMNH, BNHS)

10

ADDENDA AND CORRIGENDA

In addition to the species above, for which specific
Burmese records have been found, there are other species
which are likely to occur there. In some cases there are
records from countries on either side, but no explicit
records from Burma. In other cases the known distributions
of the snakes approach Burmese borders on one or more sides,
but have not been recorded from Burma proper. In particular
this is true of a number of species found in southern
Thailand (Taylor, 1965), but which have not been reported
from Tenasserim (e€.g., Bungarus candidus, Maticora
intestinalis, Calloselesma rhodostoma) .

The list below provides information on possible
additions to the fauna and also offers comments on records
that appear to be in error.

Ahaetulla mycterizans (Linnaeus, 1758)
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but occurs in Thailand at the
Isthmus of Kra and may be found in Tenasserim.

Ahaetulla perroteti Dumeril & Bibron, 1854.

BURMA RECORDS: Pegu (ZSIC 12378). The specimen is
correctly identified, but the locality is questioned
on the label. Inasmuch as this species is restricted
to southern India, the locality is undoubtedly in
error.

Amphiesma beddomei (Guenther, 1864).
BURMA RECORDS: Chin Hills: Haka (BNHS 1595). This
species is restricted to southern India. The specimen
is probably misidentified.

Atretium yunnanensis Anderson, 1879.
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but the genus is known from India
and western Yunnan. “It is likely®to occur in: Burma‘

Bungarus candidus (Linnaeus, 1758).
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but this Malayan species has been
found above the Isthmus of Kra in adjacent Thailand,
and should be looked for in Tenasserim.

Calloselesma rhodostoma (Boie, 1827).
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but the species occurs in adjacent
Thailand, both above and below the Isthmus of kKra,
and should be found in Tenasserim.

Cylindrophis maculatus (Linnaeus, 1758)

BURMA RECORDS: "Burma" (USNM 129693). The specimen is
correctly identified, but this species is found only
in Ceylon, so the locality data are undoubtedly in
error.

Mae

Gonyosoma frenata (Gray, £353))
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but this species is reported from
both Assam (India) and Vietnam, and is expected in
Burma.

Hydrophis cyanocinctus Daudin, 1803.
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but the species occurs along the

coast from the Persian Gulf to Japan and should be
found along the Burmese coast.

Lycodon laoensis Guenther, 1864
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but occurs in adjacent Thailand as
well as in Vietnam and Laos. Probably to be found in
Burma.

Lycodon subcinctus (Boie, 1827)
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but this species occurs in adjacent
southern China, Laos, and Thailand, and presumably
awaits discovery in Burma.

Maticora intestinalis (Laurenti, 1768)
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but this species occurs in adjacent
southern Thailand and may occur in Tenaserrim.

Oligodon quadrilineatus (Jan, 1866)

BURMA RECORDS: Rangoon (CAS-SU 8482). This species is
of doubtful validity and previously has not been
reported outside Thailand. Until the specimen can be
reexamined, it appears best to refrain from adding it
to the list.

Opisthotropis spp.
BURMA RECORDS: NONE, but various members of the genus are

found in adjacent China, Vietnam, and Thailand. It is
reasonable to expect it in northeastern Burma.

Trachischium fuscum (Blyth, 1854).
BURMA RECORDS: Rangoon (ZSIC 7042). The identification
of this specimen is correct. Inasmuch as this is a
Himalayan species with all other records from Assam
and westward, it is evident that the locality data
are in error.

Xenelaphis hexagonotus (Cantor, 1iB:4s7 ) Le
BURMA RECORDS: Rangoon; Arakan (Theobald, 1868). This
Malayan species has not been found by more recent
workers and the report is questioned by Smith (1943).
It requires some additional confirmation before its
inclusion in the list is warranted.

12

BIBLIOGRAPHY OF BURMESE SNAKES

This list does not include all of the papers that relate
to Burmese snakes, but an attempt has been made to include
those that specifically refer to specimens collected in this
country, together with some of the works on the snakes of
adjacent regions. Additional references will be added when
found.

Anonymous. 1979. Snake bite situation and research in
Burma. Rep. Dept: Med. + Res, Burma,, for 1978. 5ip.
(Mimeo. )

Annandale, N. 1905. Additions to the collection of
Oriental snakes in the Indian Museum, Part 3. J.
Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1 (8): 208-214.

Aung -Kbhin,6M.;,,1978..Histological’ anddultrastructural
changes of the kidney in renal failure after viper
envenomation. Toxicon 16: 71-75.

Biswas, S. 1982. Problems of conservation of snakes of
India. Meeting IUCN/SSC Snake Specialist Group, Madras
Crocodile Bank. 4 p.

Blanford, W.T. 1878. Notes on some Reptilia from the
Himalayas and Burma. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 47(2):
125-131.

Boulenger, G. A. 1887. An account of the reptiles and
batrachians obtained in Tenasserim by M. L. Fea, of the
Genoa Civic Museum. Ann. Mus. Civico Storia Natur.
Genova (Ser. 2) 5: 474-486, pl. 6-8.

Boulenger, G.A. 1888. An account of the Reptilia obtained
in Burma, north of Tenasserim, by M. L. Fea, of the
Genoa Civic Museum. Ann. Mus. Civ. Stor. Natur. Genova
(2)6: 593-604.

- 1890. The Fauna of British India, Including Ceylon
and Burma. Reptilia and Batrachia. Taylor & Francis;
London.

- 1893. Concluding remarks on the reptiles and
batrachians obtained in Burma by Signor L. Fea, dealing
with the collection made in Pegu and the Karin Hills in
1887-88. Anna (Mus, iCivseStor. Natur. (Genova (2)ii3
304-347.

- 1901. Description of a new snake of the genus
Ablabes from Burma. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 13:
553'6

- 1903. Description of a new sea snake from Rangoon

[Distira hendersoni]. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 14:

7 Pen on Oe

- 1905. Descriptions of two new snakes from Upper

Burma [Oligodon herberti, Amblycephalus hamptoni]. J.

Bombay. Natur., Hist.» Soc: .16:.235=236,. 2opli

13

Boulenger, G. A. 1918. Description of a new snake of the
genus Oligodon from Upper Burma. Proc. Zool. Soc.
London’ W917 8's--9'—1'0':.

Bourret, R. 1936. Les Serpents do l'Indochine. H. Basuyau
et Cie; Toulouse.’ 2 vol.

Brongersma, L. D. 1958. Note on Vipera russelii (Shaw).
Zool. Meded. 36(4): 55-76, pl. 1-3.

Campden-Main, S.M. 1970. A field guide to the snakes of
South Vietnam. Publ. Div. Reptiles & Amphibians, U.S.
Natur. Mus. v + 114 p.

Deoras, P.J. 1978. Snakes of India. 3rd. ed. Nat. Book
Trust, New Delhi.

Deuve, J. 1970. Serpents du Laos. Mem. O.R.S.T.O.M. (39):
1-251. ,

Dowling, H. G. 1966. Poisonous snakes of Vietnam. Anim.
Kingds69(2).e 34-43.

Dowling, H. G. & J. V. Jenner. [1988] The snakes of Burma.
I. Rediscovery of the type specimen of Oligodon
mcdougalli, with a discussion of its relationships. J.
Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 84: [In press.]

Evans, G.H. 1904. Notes on Burmese reptiles. J. Bombay
Natur. Hist. Soc. 16: 169-171.
- 1905. Breeding of the Banded Krait (Bungarus
fasciatus) in Burma. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 16:
519-520.

Gravely, F.H., N. Annandale, & J. Coggin Brown. 1913. The
limestone caves of Burma and the Malay Peninsula. J. &
P. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 9: 391-423.

Guenther, A. 1864. The Reptiles of British India. Pub. Ray
Soc, London’.

Gyi, Ko Ko. 1970. A revision of colubrid snakes of the
subfamily Homalopsinae. Pub. Mus. Natur. Hist. Univ.
Kansas 20(2): 47-223.

Inger, R. F. & H. Marx. 1965. The systematics and
evolution of the Oriental colubrid snakes of the genus
Calamaria. Fieldiana: Zoology 49: 1-304.

Johnson, C. R. 1970. Herpetofauna of Quang Nam province,
South Viet Nam. Herpetologica 26: 527-532.

Khan, M. A. R. 1982. On the endangered snakes of
Bangladesh. Meeting IUCN/SSC Snake Specialist Group,
Madras Crocodile Farm. 4 p.

Kyi-Thein, Maung-Maung-Thwin, & Thein-Than. 1985.
Application of solid-phase radioimmunoassay for
quantitation of venom and antivenin of Russell's viper
(Vipera russellii) in tissue fluids. Snake 17: 6-9.

14

Lwin, K.O., & A.A. Myint. 1982. The use of enzyme linked
immunosorbent assay (ELISA) in detection of Russell's
viper venom in body fluid. Snake 14: 77-82.

Mertens, Robert. 1968. Die Arten und Unterarten der
Schmuckbaumschlangen (Chrysopelea). Senckenbergiana
Biol. 49.(3/4) 2 s19V=217%

Montaquim, M.A., A.H. Sadker, M.A.R. Khan, & K.Z. Husain.
1980. List of the snakes of Bangladesh. Bangladesh J.
Zool» 8 (2) 2, 127—129-

Murthy, T.S.M. 1986. The Snake Book of India. Internat.
Book Distrs; Dehra Dun, India. 10 ipp.7)27 pl.

Pope, C.H. 1935. The reptiles of China: turtles,
crocodilians, snakes, lizards. Pub. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist.
dias +4604 “ps j

Rendahl, H. 1937. Beitrage zur Herpetologie von Birma.
Ark. Zool. Stockholm 29(A)10: 1-29.

Sawai, Y. 1980. Studies on snakebites in the Asian areas.
Pp. 25-32. In D. Eaker & D. Wadstrom (ed.), Natural
Toxins. Pergamon Press, New York.

Sawai, Y. 1984. Medical treatment of snakebites. 3. Burma
and Sri Lanka. Snake 16: 104-110.

Shreve, B. 1940. Reptiles and amphibians from Burma with
descriptions of three new skinks. Proc. New England
Zoo). Club 18: 517=26..

Smith, M.A. 1932. Reptiles and: amphibians. Pp. 479. In K.
Ward, Exploration on the Burma-Tibet frontier. Geogr.
J. 80(6).

- 1934. Note on the amphibians and reptiles. Pp. 393-

394, In K. Ward, The Himalayas East of the Tsangpo.

Geogr. J. 84.

- 1935. The amphibians and reptiles obtained by Capt.

Kingdon Ward in Upper Burma, Assam and S. W. Tibet.

Rec. Indian Mus. (37:237=240.

- 1940. The amphibians and reptiles obtained by Mr.

Ronald Kaulback in Upper Burma. Rec. Indian Mus. 43(3):

150=158,, Umapsi.

- 1943. The Fauna of British India, Ceylon and Burma,
including the whole of the Indo-Chinese Sub-region.
Reptilia and Amphibia. Vol. 3. Serpentes. Taylor &
Francis; London.

St. Girons, H. 1972. Les Serpents du Cambodge. Ed. Mus.,
Paris.

Stoliczka, F. 1871. Notes on some Indian and Burmese
ophidians. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 40: 421-445, pl. 25-
26.

- 1872. Notes on a few Burmese species of Sauria,

Ophidia, and Batrachia. Proc. Asiatic Soc. Bengal 1872:

143-147.

15

Swaroop, S., & B. Grab. 1954. Snakebite mortality in the
world. Bull. World Health Org. 10: 35-76.

Symns, J.A.M. 1940. The Many-banded Krait (Bungarus multi-
Cinctus in Burma. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 42: 199-
200%

Taylor, E.H. 1965. The serpents of Thailand and adjacent
waters. Univ. Kansas Sci. Bull. 45(9): 609-1096.

Thein-Than, U Hla-Pe, & Tin-Win. 1985. Haemoglobinuria
produced by Russell's viper (Vipera russellii) snake
venom in rats. Toxicon 23(4): 615 (Abstr.).

Thein-Than, Marlar-Sein, & U Hla-Pe. 1985. Variations in
Russell's viper (Vipera russellii) venom composition
within different batches of collection. Toxicon 2.3" ("4") 2s
G16 “(ADSEr..)

Theobald, W. 1868. Catalogue of the reptiles of British
Birma, embracing the provinces of Pegu, Martaban, and
Tenasserim; with descriptions of new or little-known
species. J. Linn..Soc., Zool. 10: 5-67.

- 1876. Descriptive Catalogue of the Reptiles of
British India. Calcutta.

- 1882. Snakes. Pp. 296-326. In Mason's Burma: Its
People and Productions, or notes on the fauna, flora and
minerals of Tenasserim, Pegu and Burma. Hertford.

Tweedie, M. W. F., 1983. The Snakes of Malaya. 3rd Ed.
Singapore Natl. Printers.

Venning, F. E. W. 1910. A collection of Ophidia from the
Chin Hills, with notes by Major F. Wall. J. Bombay
NaCUr.. Haste Socy (202. 331-344.

- 1911. Further notes on snakes from the Chin Hills,
with notes by F. Wall. - J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 20:
VA1O=7T15%

- 1914. Simotes splendidus Guenther in Burma. J.
Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 23: 164-166.

Wall, Frank. 1900. Occurrence of Dipsas cyanea in Burma.
J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 13: 188.

, & G. H. Evans. 1900. Occurrence of Python molurus
in Burma. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 13: 190-191.

- 1900. Notes on Ophidia collected in Burma from May
to December, 1899. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 13: 343-
B54.

- 1901. Occurrence of Tropidonotus himalayanus in
Burma. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 13: 537.

- 1901. On the occurrence of Simotes splendidus in
Burma or a probable new species. J. Bombay Natur. Hist.
SOG. Ls) 253i).

- 1901. Burmese snakes. Notes on specimens, including
45 species of ophidians. Fauna collected in Burma,
1900. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 13: 611-620.

16

Wall, Frank. 1905. Description of a new snake from Burma,
Oligodon mcdougalli. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 16:
251-252.

. 1906. Encounter between a snake and lizard. J.
Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 17(4): 1017-1018.

- 1906. The poisonous snakes of India and how to
recognize them. Part 2. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc.

I (\2:) 2 42:9\9'—Sixoc.
_. 1907. Tuctoo and snake. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc.
17 (Adiseat O38 '5i

. 1908. Remarks on Simotes splendidus. Rec. Indian
Mus'.. 2.(3)) 2+. L05=106;.

. 1908. Remarks on some recently acquired snakes. J.
Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc. 18(3): 778-784.

. 1910. Remarks on the varieties and distribution of
the common green whipsnake (Dryophis mycterizans). J.
Bombay Natur... Hi st.«Soc, 2202; 229-230.

. 1910. Notes on the viviparous habit of Jerdon's pit
viper (Lachesis jerdoni) and observations on the foetal
tooth in the unborn embryo. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc.
20: 231-234.

. 1913. Some new snakes from the Oriental region. J.
Bombay, Natur. Hist. Soc.9-22(3)6"° 504-516.

- 1913. Notes on some interesting snakes recently
presented to the Society. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc.
22)(3)s° 639).

- 1925. Two new Burmese snakes. J. Bombay Natur.
HalSiepoOGe. S02) SS J=58387, lapis

- 1926. A new snake from Burma. J. Bombay Natur.
Hist.©Secs) 30(4) 21734.

- 1926. Notes on snakes collected in Burma in 1924.
J... Bombay Natur). Hist ..iSoc., 30(4)<22 805-8215.

- 1926. The snake Natrix venningi (Venning's
Keelback). A correction. J. Bombay Natur. Hist. Soc.
3)0((4) se 92H

- 1927. Snakes collected in Burma in 1925. J. Bombay
Natur. Histe'Sec.4312.558=560,516 pills

Whitaker, R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes. McMillan
(India).

1h

AN EXPLANATION ON SNAKE CLASSIFICATION

A number of taxa which may be new to the reader are used
in the preceeding checklist. This classification is based
upon my interpretation of new and old data indicating the
relationships of snakes. Additional morphological data and
the new immunological information have suggested a drastic
revision of the classification of snakes. Among the major
changes indicated here are the following.

1. The various "burrowing pythons" appear to represent
individual entries into a fossorial habitat. Attempts to
group them into a single taxon, therefore, are in error.

2. The largest and most ancient division among living
snakes is that between pythons and boas.

3. Anilius appears to be related to pythons, whereas
Cylindrophis is a boid derivitive. Their resemblances to
one another are due to convergence toward a fossorial role.

4. The old family "Colubridae" included snakes of many
different lineages. Four living families of (mainly
Tropical) generalized snakes are distinguished from the
advanced colubrids (s.s.) and natricids.

5. The vipers, pitvipers, elapids, and seasnakes retain
characteristics that are more primitive than those found in
the advanced colubrids and natricids. Therefore, the former
cannot be derived from the latter.

These and other proposed changes were outlined ina
recent combined meeting of the American herpetological
societies (ASIH, HL, SSAR) in Ann Arbor, Michigan (June,
1988). A Prodromus of the changes has been prepared
(Dowling, ms) and has been deposited in the Herpetological
Library of the U.S. National Museum of Natural History. It
will serve as a basic information source on the new
classification until the data and classification are
published formally.

An outline of this general classification follows.

H. G. Dowling
July 1988

18

Families and Higher Taxa of the Serpentes:
A New Classification.

ORDER SQUAMATA -- Scaly Reptiles.
SUBORDER SERPENTES -- Snakes.

+INFRAORDER CHOLOPHIDIA -- Extinct Snakelike Vertebrates.
+Family Lapparentophiidae -- Lower Cretaceous

"Terrestrial Snake" (Precise age unknown; Algeria).
+Family Pachyophiidae -- Early Upper Cretaceous "Marine

Snake" (Cenomanian; Yugoslavia).
+Family Simoliophiidae -- Early Upper Cretaceous "Marine

Snake" (Cenomanian; France).
[Two snakelike Upper Cretaceous fossils were described by
Haas (1979, 1980a,b). They were not placed by Carroll
(1988) .]

INFRAORDER HENOPHIDIA-- Primitive Snakes.

+Superfamily PALAEOPHIOIDEA -- Early Snakes.
+Family Dinilysiidae -- Upper Cretaceous "Snake"
(Senonian; Argentina).
+Family Palaeophiidae -- Early Cenozoic Seaserpents
(Upper Cretaceous to Upper Eocene; Worldwide).
[?]+Family Archaeophiidae -- Eocene Scaly Vertebrate
(Ypresian; Italy).

Superfamily PYTHONOIDEA -- Pythons & Allies.

+Family Madtsoiidae -- Early Cenozoic Henophidian
(Eocene; South America, Africa, Madagascar).

Family Pythonidae -- Pythons.

Family Loxocemidae -- Mexican Burrowing Python.

Family Xenopeltiidae -- Sunbeam Python.

Family Calabariidae -- African Burrowing Python.

Family Aniliidae -- Coral Python.

Superfamily BOOIDEA -- Boas & Allies.
Family Boidae -- Boas.
Family Erycidae -- Sandboas.
Family Cylindrophiidae -- Pipesnakes.

Superfamily TROPIDOPHIOIDEA -- Woodsnakes & Allies.
Family Tropidophiidae -- Woodsnakes.
Family Bolyeriidae -- Mauritius Snakes.

19

INFRAORDER SCOLECOPHIDIA -- Blindsnakes.

Superfamily UROPELTOIDEA -- Slender Blindsnakes.
Family Uropeltidae -- Shieldtail Snakes.
Family Leptotyphlopidae -- Threadsnakes.

Superfamily TYPHLOPOIDEA -- Typical Blindsnakes.
Family Anomalepididae -- Primitive Blindsnakes.
Family Typhlopidae -- Typical Blindsnakes.

INFRAORDER CAENOPHIDIA -- Advanced Snakes.

Superfamily ACROCHORDOIDEA -- Ancient Watersnakes.
+Family Nigerophiidae -- Early Watersnakes
([?Lower] Paleocene; Niger).
Family Xenodermatidae -- Pebbled Swampsnakes.
Family Homalopsiidae -- Rearfanged Watersnakes.
Family Acrochordidae -- Asian Wartsnakes.

Superfamily DIPSADIOIDEA -- Generalized Snakes.

+Family Anomalophiidae -- Eocene Watersnake
(Lower Eocene; Italy).

+Family Russellophiidae -- Eocene Watersnake
(Lower Eocene; France).

Family Lamprophiidae -- Housesnakes & Allies

Family Psammophiidae -- Sandsnakes.

Family Xenodontidae -- Neotropical Snakes.

Family Dipsadidae -- Middle American Snakes.

Superfamily VIPEROIDEA -- Vipers & Allies.
Family Viperidae -- Vipers.
Family Crotalidae -- Pitvipers.

Superfamily ELAPOIDEA -- Front-fanged Snakes.
Family Elapidae -- Cobras & Allies.
Family Hydrophiidae -- Seasnakes.

Superfamily COLUBROIDEA -- Harmless Snakes.
Family Colubridae -- Racers & Allies.
Family Natricidae -- Modern Watersnakes.

+ = Extinct taxon.

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