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I find it curious that Pritchard and Trebbau (who could have settled the matter with a letter to me) chose to question the locality, rather than the identification. According to them, denticulata would be normal in the Madeira; as a matter of form, I checked the identification. MZUSP 2275 consists of the shell and head, the latter in alcohol; this is our routine for chelonians used as food. The original identification was made by Regina Lucia Spieker, who curates our chelonians. There are at times difficult specimens of Geochelone . but the present one, examined against Williams's 1960 paper, came out as perfect carbonaria on all counts, even to the constriction of the carapace characteristic of males. 3 At the same station on 20 February 1972, we collected a specimen of Phrynops nasutus wermuthi . MZUSP 2639. This specimen is cited by Pritchard and Trebbau (loc. cit . : 388) with no reservations as to the locality. In fairness, I do not think they would advocate the presence of P. n- wermuthi in Nova Olinda, Ceara . We have another specimen of G. carbonaria from the same general area. MZUSP 2896 (field number 75.0899) was also bought by myself for the kitchen on October 30, 1975, from Mundurucu Indians, at their village Coat* (also spelled QuatA , 04°13'S, 59°16'W) on the Rio Canuma . It is a female and had nine large and six small eggs. Again the head and shell are preserved, and they perfectly fulfill Williams' criteria for carbonaria . On November 17, 1984, a Museum party collected one female G. carbonaria (MZUSP 3086) crossing the road close to the town of Colorado d'Oeste (13°06'S, 61°24'W) in Rondonia. Considering the extraordinary growth of the city of Manaus in the last 30 years, this locality will not be discussed here, but it remains to consider the MCZ specimen from Villa Bella cited by Williams (1960). Villa Bella, as Pritchard and Trebbau very properly state, is the name of a town in Bolivia. Meaning approximately "Pleasantville" , it is also the name of a few dozen other localities in Latin America. Thus, the path of its identification should be not through simple reference to current gazetteers, but through the pedigree of the specimen. This specimen was donated by the Rev. J.C. Fletcher (E.E. Williams, pers. comm.), therefore the locality is in the Lower Amazon (see text and notes in Kidder and Fletcher, 1941). The locality, an important one, then known as Villa Bella is now Parintins (02°37'S, 56°44'W) . There are thus at least three specimens of Geochelone carbonaria . both old and recent, from the state of Amazonas, and one from Rondonia; Pritchard and Trebbau 's tenet cannot be upheld. One wonders what would have led them to take such an extreme position, dismissing so readily data from two collections known as reliable. It would seem that only a strong theoretical point or a very ample empirical basis would justify such an action. A theoretical approach is of course justified in the case of restricted distributions in Amazonia, but none is expounded in the text. On the other hand, an examination of the locality records indicates that the empirical basis is poor. I have plotted (Map 1) over Pritchard and Trebbau's figure 36, 4 "Distribution of Geochelone carbonaria in South America", the four localities discussed above, plus eleven others, of specimens in the MZUSP collection accepted and cited by Pritchard and Trebbau as proper G. carbonaria . It is easy to see that figure 36 does not correctly portray the evidence contained in the text. These eleven localities, not challenged by the authors, fall outside the area they assign to G. carbonaria . but fit very well with the questioned records . MAP 1. Distribution of Geochelone carbonaria. Base map, Pritchard and Tretbau's (1964) figLre 36. Solid circle, localities cited by Pritchard & Trefcfasu. Cpen circle, new localities: 1, Nova Olinda; 2, Aldeia CoatS; 3, Parintins, (former Villa Bella); 4, Monte Cristo, Aveiro & Fordlandia; 5, Santartm & Taper irha; 6, Lago Jacare, As Pedras & Boca do CuninS-Miri; 7, Colorado d'Oeste. This disturbing conclusion, i.e, that Pritchard and Trebbau did not make proper use of their own distributional data, is strengthened by an examination of their Appendix A, the list of all localities used in preparing the distributional maps. This appendix is extremely heterogeneous, and errors of all types abound. Taking into account substance rather than form, I shall leave aside mistakes in accentuation (e.g. "Orteguaza" ) , cedille (e.g. "Araga" for Araca), change of letters (e.g. "Placida de Castro" for Placido; "Araca" for Aragu) , which annoy the orderly mind and undermine confidence in the work, but do not really cause excessive trouble in identifying the locality. I shall leave out also mistakes that prevent the precise identification of the locality, but not of the general area. For instance, "Outian Rio Uneuixi, near Tapurucuara (EPA 73.0854)" ( Podocnemis expansa) contains a misreading of a handwritten name: Outian is actually Antran. But the Uneuixi is a short river and, on the geographical scale used, the information is valid. Taking into account, then, only errors that really put at risk the mapping of species distribution, I still find too many of them in Pritchard and Trebbau's list. Here are some examples: "Brasil, Goias. Basily Lampiere (MN 53)". (Podocnemis expansa) . Basily Lampieri is the collector (U. Caramaschi , in 5 litt . ) . The mistaking of collectors' names for localities is too common an error in specimen lists. For instance, Raul de los Rios, a Peruvian who contributed to the collections of the American Museum of Natural History, has been more than once honored as a place name. "Brasil: Goias: Rio Panaua, Rio Acati-Parana (R. Mittermeier, pers. comm.)". The Parana do Panaua runs into the Auati-parana at 02°00'S, 66°11'W in the state of Amazonas, not Goias. (Podocnemis unif ilisl . "Brasil, Para: Igarape, Belem (MZUSP 2693)". This is not, as suggested, an igarape (creek) in or near the city of Belem, Para. It is an igarape called Belem, at 03°55'S, 69°37'W, in the state of Amazonas, near the Colombian border, about 21 degrees of longitude from Belem. ( Platemys platycephala ) . "Brasil, Amazonas: Lagoa Silva, Saracu (MCZ 2601)". The correct locality is Lago Saraca, Silves (Dick, 1977). (Rhinoclemmys punctularia) . "Brasil, Goias: Maripasoula (ZSM unnumbered)". Maripasoula (03°38'N, 54°02 ' W ) is in French Guiana, on the right bank of the river Marouini (=Marowi jne ) . "Brasil, Pernambuco: Pacao (UMMZ 103242)". The locality is Pogao ( 08°11 ' S , 36°43'W). (Kinosternon scorpioides ) . The faulty map of G. carbonaria and these mistakes in the general list of localities make it necessary to examine the treatment of denticulata by Pritchard and Trebbau. In this regard there are also serious problems. Three localities cited on the list are omitted from the respective map (their figure 40): Anapolis in Goias, Descalvado in Mato Grosso and Nioague (old spelling Nioac) in Mato Groso do Sul. As it can be seen in my Map 2, and will be commented below, the inclusion of these localities considerably changes the general picture. Pritchard and Trebbau ( loc . cit : 226) state that the "easternmost limit of the Amazonian distribution appears to be reached at the Serra do Tiracambu, Edo. Maranhao, and the Serra Dourada, Goias". In fact, the easternmost limit of the distribution of G. denticulata coincides with the easternmost limit at the hylaea itself, a little to the east of the Rio Gurupi , on the Para- Maranhao border, close to two MZUSP localities cited by Pritchard 6 and Trebbau: Aldeia Aragu (not "Araca" , 02°35'S 46°05'W), on the Igarape Gurupi-Una, and Chatao (02°18'S, 46°21'W) on the Rio Gurupi . The Serra do Tiracambu (03°15/S, 46°30,W) is an unimportant mesa, some 40 km long and 300 m high, not known to play any biogeographical role. I do not know that it has ever been explored zoologically. As to the Serra Dourada , it is hard to understand how it ever entered the picture. It is some 300 km north of Anapolis and is not known for any biogeographical peculiarities. Additionally, neither locality has anything to do with Amazonia, both being located in the heartland of the savanna-like cerrados (Ab'Saber, 1977). Descal vado (16°43'S, 57°42'W) is on the northern reaches of the Mato Grosso Pantanal , a seasonally flooded complex tectonic depression of peculiar ecology ( Correia-Filho , 1946; Schaller, 1983). Nioague (21°14/S, 55°49/W), the southernmost record, is on the southwestern edge of the cerrados, approaching the southern Pantanal. Finally, the citation of Barra do Corda, Maranhao, is a mistake. The good series (23 specimens) that I collected there in 1955 contains all G_i. carbonaria . Summarizing, I have the impression that Pritchard and Trebbau did not actually try to plot their non-Venezuelan localities. If they had, the too numerous errors would have become evident and would not have been used as support for sweeping statements. As it is, the distributional maps and the respective comments contradict one another, Pritchard and Trebbau wrongly criticize responsible locality records and, most importantly, they fail to emphasize the main point in the distribution of the two species. This point is that they are not bound to major morphoclimatic domains, but that the two tortoises occur in both open and forested formations and that there are no other apparent regularities. This MAP 2. Distribution of Geochetone denticulata. Base n^>, Pritchard and Tretfcau's (198A) figure A0. Localities: 1, Descal vado; 2, AnApolis; 3, Noacpe. 7 point was first stressed by Williams in his 1960 paper, and no novel contribution has been made since to the matter. There are thus two problems to consider: the topo-ecological distribution of the forms in the open formations and the rationale of their overall distributions. Whether both species of Geochelone follow an Iguana iguana model (Trajano and Ghiringhello , 1978), egually at home and with no apparent morphological differentiation in the forest and in open, even semiarid situations, or are limited in the latter to gallery forest or wooded enclaves, is a matter to be settled by so far nonexistent field work. On the other hand, this independence from morphoclimatic domains has been well discussed by Heyer (1979) for species of Leptodactvlus . These have been shown by serological methods (Heyer and Maxson, 1982) to be old, mid-Tertiary species, immune to Quaternary cycles of speciation related to climatic events. I would guess that the two Geochelone in guestion tend to follow this model. However, a study of their geographical differentiation demands collections covering the entire area with samples amenable to statistical treatment. This is clearly not the present situation . PHRYNOPS GEOFFROANUS IN AMAZONIA Pritchard and Trebbau (loc. cit . : 115) in their figure 19, "Distribution of Phrynops geof f roanus" , show a wide hiatus in Brasilian Amazonia. We have one specimen, MZUSP 2682, collected (19 September 1969) at Alter do Chao (02°32'S, 54°57'W), Para on the Rio Tapajos (Map 3). I captured this specimen at night on a beach; the late Fred Medem, my companion on that field trip, autopsied the turtle, a female with ripe eggs, and kept notes. The importance of this find is not so much the range extension itself, but the indication that the species is rare or hard to find. The Tapajos has been very thoroughly collected by many herpetologists, and this is the only specimen so far. In these conditions, negative distributional evidence must be used with much discretion . TYPE LOCALITY OF PLATEMYS RAD I PLATA AND COMMENT ON P. SPIXII Rhodin, Silva and Mittermeier (1984), in a study of the distribution of Platemys radiolata and spixii (both now Acanthochelvs ) cite the type locality of the former as Sao Paulo: Sebastianopolis (= Sao Sebastiao) (23°45,S, 45°25,W)". This 8 interpretation is a grave error. "Sebastianopolis" used to be the erudite name of the city of Sao Sebastiao do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, in the state of the same name, and the latter is the proper type locality of type locality of Emys radiolata Mikan, 1820. Another confusion, though with no taxonomic or nomenclatural occurs with regard to locality: "Sao Paulo: near Moji-Guagu Lake consequence , an A. spixii Rio Ypanema, ( 22°20 ' S , 46°55/W): Siebenrock, 1904: 28" . The actual guotation, in his Brasilian turtles in Vienna, "Rio Ypanema, aus den Seen S i ebenrock paper on the is : bei Base map, Mogiguaiu, Provinz Sao Paulo". Both Rio Ipanema (modern spelling) and Mogi Guagu (corrected spelling) are good Natterer localities, but they are 135 km apart. I consulted Dr. Franz Tiedemann, Naturhistorisches Museum Wien, who gave as his opinion that "Rio Ypanema", "aus den Seen bei Mogi Guaiu" and "Provinz Sao Paulo" are three independent localities. In fact, examination of Siebenrock's table ( loc . cit . ) shows that indeed he used commas to separate individual place names; e.g., "Rio Negro bei Marabitanos, Barra do Rio Negro, Rio Solimoes", are undoubtedly three localities, not an explicitation of a single locality (Hydraspis ruf ipes 1 . His use of the indication Provinz in the case of A. spixii, however, makes it probable that only two localities are involved, both in the then Province, now State, of Sao Paulo: the Rio Ipanema (enters the Sorocaba from the south at 23°34/S, 47°36'W) and some pond near the city of Mogi Guagu (coordinates of the city correctly given by Rhodin et al.). MAP 3. Distribution of Phrvrccs geoffroarus Pritchard and Trebbau's (1964) figure 19. Acknowledgements . - Data on localities were kindly supplied by Drs . E.E. Williams (Museum of Comparative Zoology), Ulisses Caramaschi (Museu Nacional, Rio de Janeiro) and Franz Tiedemann (Naturhistorisches Museum Wien). W. Ronald Heyer criticized an early draft. Francisca Carolina do Val drew the maps. 9 LITERATURE CITED Ab'Saber, A . N . , 1977. Os dominios morf oclimaticos na America do Sul. Primeira aproximagao. Geomorf ologia (Inst. Geogr. Univ. S. Paulo) 52: 21 pp. Correia-Filho , V. , 1946. Pantanais matogrossenses . ( Devassamento e ocupagao) . Instituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatistica (Biblioteca Geografica Brasileira, Serie A, Publicagao 3). Rio de Janeiro, xiii + 170 pp. Heyer, W.R. , 1979. Systematics of the pentadactylus species group of the frog genus Leptodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae) . Smithson. Contrib. Zool . 301: 43 pp. Heyer, W.R. & L.R. Maxson, 1982. Distribution, relationships, and zoogeography of lowland frogs. The Leptodactylus complex in South America, with special reference to Amazonia In G.T. Prance (ed.). Biological Diversification in the Tropics. Pp. 375-388. Columbia University Press, New York . Kidder, D.F. and J.C. Fletcher, 1941. 0 Brasil e os brasileiros (esbogo historico e descritivo) . Sao Paulo: Companhia Editora Nacional (Serie 5a, "Brasiliana" , vols. 205-205 A). Translation of "Brazil and the Brazilians (portrayed in historical and descriptive sketches", 7th. ed., Philadelphia: Childs and Peterson, reviewed and annotated by Edgard Sussekind de Mendonca . Pritchard, P.C.H. and P. Trebbau, 1982. The Turtles of Venezuela. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles, viii + 401 pp., pis Rhodin, A.G.L. , R. Rocha e Silva and R . A . Mittermeier, 1984. Distribution of the South American chelid turtles Platemys radiolata and P. spixii . Copeia 1984 (3): 780-786. Schaller, G.B., 1983. Mammals and their biomass on a Brazilian ranch. Arq. Zool. S. Paulo 31(1): 1-36. Siebenrock, F., 1904. Schildkroten von Brasilien. Denkschr. Math. - Naturw. K1 . Kais. Akad. Wiss. Wien 76: 1-28, pis. 10 Spix, J.B., 1824. Species novae testudinum quas in itinere annis MDCCCXVII-MDCCCXX Brasiliam . . . colligit et descripsit . . . C.P.F. de Martius, Monachii: 24 pis. Trajano, E. and A. Ghiringhello , 1978. Comparagao entre as proporgoes corporais de Iguana i. iguana da regiao das caatingas e da hileia amazonica (Sauria, Iguanidae). Papeis Avulsos Zool . S. Paulo 32(10): 107-115. Vanzolini, P.E., 1981. The scientific and political context of the Bavarian Expedition to Brasil. In K. Adler (ed.), Herpetology of Brasil by J.B. von Spix and J.G. Wagler, fac-similar reprint. Pp. ix-xxix. Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles. Williams, E.E., 1960. Two species of tortoises in northern South America. Breviora Mus. Comp. Zool. 120: 13 pp. >L 40 5 kfcfc eepr BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE GENUS TAKYDROMUS SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 96 1993 SMITHSONIAN HERPETO LOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION The present bibliography arose of a literature search for a revision of the genus Takydromus. The literature is diverse in topic coverage, and with the recent surge of field work, and publications from the Orient, I felt that a cross-referenced bibliography of the genus would be a valuable contribution to the field of herpetology. So many publications are from obscure journals, not readily obtainable, and easily overlooked in revisions. Biological Abstracts and Zoological Records were the major source of information, although bibliographies and symposium volumes wee also valuable sources of information. All aspects of the biology of Takydromus are cited in the following bibliography. The cross referenced index is somewhat general, although the species index should be complete. Literature searching ceased on January 1, 1993. Under each subject heading is listed an author’s name followed by the date for reference to a more complete citation in the literature section at the end of the bibliography. A reference may refer to a paper containing an extensive discussion of a specific topic, or merely a brief statement or abstract. In a recent letter from Dr. F.J. Obst, I was informed of the loss of all type material of Takydromus (lachydromus) in the Dresden Museum during World War II. I am especially grateful to Theodore Papenfuss, Hidetoshi Ota, and Ermi Zhao for supplying a number of references I had not previously encountered. I am also especially grateful to Wolfgang Boehme who was particularly helpful during the final stages of preparing this manuscript. 2 SUBJECT INDEX Activity: Lin & Lee, 1988; Saint-Girons & Saint-Girons, 1956; Wang, 1964. Alkaline Phosphatases: Iwahashi, 1951. Anatomy: Camp, 1923; Miyawaki, 1927. Androgens: Yamao & Watanabe, 1940. Arachnid Parasites: Fujimoto & Yamaguti, 1987; Fujimoto, Yamaguti & Takashashi, 1986; Fujita & Takada, 1978; Ootake, et al. 1985; Yoneda, 1981. Autotomy: Boring, Chang & Chang, 1948; Fukada & Ishihara, 1967. Avoidance Learning: Johki, 1980; Johki & Hidaka, 1982. Behavior: Johki, 1980; Johki & Hidaka, 1982; Lin & Lee, 1988. Bifurcation: Niimi, 1965; Niimi, 1969. Biochemistry: Iwahashi, S. 1951. Biogeography: Okada, 1933a; Okada, 1933c; Ota, H., 1991b. Body Temperature: Wang & Xu, 1987. Breeding Habits: Aota, 1940; Bannikov, Darevskii, Ishchenko, Rustamov & Shcherbak, 1977; Fukada, 1965; Inukai, 1930; Ishihara, 1964a; Ishihara, 1964b; Liu, 1939; Takenaka, 1979; Takenaka, 1981. Captivity: Hauschild, 1986; Mattison, 1991. Cell Culture: Kitamura, 1969. Cell Division: Inukai, 1934. Chemoreceptor Organs: Uchida, 1980. Chemosensory Cells: Iwasaki & Miyata, 1985. Chromosome Studies: Nakamura, 1928; Nakamura, 1931; Nakamura, 1935; Odierna, et al. 1985; Odierna, et al. 1987; Oguma & Makino, 1931; Oguma & Makino, 1932; Olmo, et al. 1991. 3 Circumventricular Organs: Tsuneki, 1987. Clutch Size: Fukada, 1965; Ji, et al. 1987; Takenaka, 1981; Takenaka, 1989; Taylor, 1963; Telford, 1969; Terentev & Chernov, 1949; Yu & Day, 1984. Cytochemistry: Oota, 1971. Cytogenetic Studies: Kupriyanova, 1990. Development: Inukai, 1934; Oka, 1982; Oota & Sakurai, 1983; Oota & Sakurai, 1984. Defensive Behavior: Mori, 1991. Digenean Parasites: Jiang, et al. 1984. Digestion: Ishihara, 1973b. Diseases: Doi, Oya, & Telford, 1968; Doi, Oya, Shirasaka, Yabe, & Sasa, 1983. Distribution: Ahl, 1930; Alexander & Diener, 1958, Barbour, 1909; Boettger, 1879; Boettger, 1893; Boettger, 1895; Borkin, Velizhanin, et al. 1981; Borkin & Korotkov, 1981; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger 1920; Brongersma, 1931; Brown, 1902; Chang, 1932; Chen, 1991; Cheng & Lin, 1987; Darevsky, 1990; Deng & Jiang, 1992; Dixon, 1956; Doederlein, 1881; Fritze, 1894; Fujimoto & Yamaguti, 1987; Fukada, 1979; Goris, 1965; Gunther, 1888; Hahn, 1960; Hallowell, 1860; Hatta, S., 1910; Hatta, S. 1913; Hatta, S., 1921; Hatta, S. 1928; Haupt, 1978; Hilgendorg, 1880; Hirose, 1929; Hirose, 1931; Huang, 1990; Hokikawa, 1927; Hokikawa, 1930; Hu, Er-mie & Liu, 1966; Hu, Djao, & Liu, 1973; Ji, et al. 1987; Jiang, 1992; Jiang & Zhao, 1992; Johnson, 1969; Kaburaki, 1926; Karson, Lau, & Bogadek, 1986; Koba, 1955; Koba, 1956: Koba, 1957; Koba, 1958; Koba, 1959; Koba, 1960; Kopstein, 1930; Korotkov, 1974; Kuhne, et al. 1910; Kuroda, 1931; Li Dejun, 1989; Liang, 1976; Lin & Cheng, 1980; Lin & Cheng, 1981; Lin & Cheng, 1988; 1990; Lin & Lee, 1988; 1990; Lue, 1987; Lue, et al. 1988; Martens, 1876; Mell, 1922; Mertens, 1929; Mueller, 1878; Nakamura & Ueno, 1969; Namiye, 1904; Nikolski, 1905; Ohno, 1968; Okada, 1929; Okada, 1931; Okada, 1932; Okada, 1933a; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1938a; Okada, 1938b; Okada, 1940; Okada, 1959; Okada & Hashimoto, 1937; Ota, 1991b; Pope, 1929; Pope, 1956; Robinson & Kloss, 1920; Rooij, 1915; Schenkel, 1902; Schmidt, 1927a; Schmidt, 1927b; Schmidt & Inger, 1957; Selvin, 1925; Selvin, 1930; Selvin, 1937; Shannon, 1956; Shibata, 1960; Shibata, 1966; Shibata, 1981; Stanley, 1914; Stejneger, 1904; Stejneger, 1910; Stejneger, 1924; Sternfeld, 1916; Stoliczka, 1872; Suvatti, 1950; Swinhoe, 1870; Szyndlar, 1984; Szyndlar, 1991; Tanner, 1953; Taylor, 1963; Tchang, 1931; Terentev & Chernov, 1949; Theobald, 1876; Tian & Jiang, 1986; Thompson, 1912; Toyama, 1976; Ueno, 1970; Van Denburgh, 1909; Van 4 Denburgh, 1912a; Van Denburgh, 1912b; Vogt, 1914; Vogt, 1922; Walley, 1958a; Walley, 1958b; Walley, 1962; Wang, 1964; Wen, 1985; Won, 1971; Wu, 1930; Yoneda, 1981; Yu & Day, 1984, Zhao, et al. 1990. Distribution of Acid & Alkaline Phosphatases: Iwahaski, 1951. Ecology: Cheng, 1987; Dixon, 1956; Hahn, 1960; Ishihara, 1965; Ishihara, 1973a; Ishihara, 1973e; Okada, 1932; Okada, 1933b; Pope, 1929; Sengoku, 1973; Takeishi & Ono, 1986; Wang, 1964; Wang, 1966. Effects of Environment: Bannikov, Darevskii, Ishchenko, Rustamov & Shcherback, 1977. Effects of Gonadectomy: Takewaki & Fukuda, 1935. Effects of Synthetic androgen on Kidney: Yamao & Watanabe, 1940. Egg Laying: Ishihara, S. 1964a; Ishihara, S. 1964b. Korotkov, 1974. Egg Tooth: Nagahama, 1973. Eggs: Ishihara, 1964; Kopstein, 1930; Korotkov, 1974; Liu, 1939; 1974; Pope, 1929, Wang, Ji & Ma, 1989. Embryology: Nakao, 1939; Oka, 1972; Oka, 1976, Oka, 1978; Oka, 1981; Oka, 1982; Oka, 1983; Oka, 1989; Oota & Sakurai, 1983; Oota & Sakurai, 1984; Tsuneki, 1987. Encephalitis Virus: Doi, Oya, Telford, 1968; Doi, Oya, Shirasaka, Yabe & Sasa, 1983. Endocrinology: Kehl, 1955. Epidermal Secretions: Chen, Cheng, & Alexander, 1987. Evolution: Korotkov, 1974. Experiments on Organizers: Nakao, 1939. Fat Bodies: Cheng & Lin, 1978; Cheng & Lin, 1987. Feeding Habits: Korotkov, 1974; Minobe, 1927; Wang, 1964. Food Preferences: Jackson & Telford, 1975. Food Intake: Ishihara, 1973b. 5 General: Bellairs, 1970; Gans, 1949; Halliday & Adler, 1986; Mattison, 1991; Mertens, 1960; Pope, 1956; Sowerby, 1922. Genital Tubercles: Oka, 1982. Geographical Variation: Korotkov, 1974. Glands: Oota, 1971; Oota, 1979; Oota & Sakurai, 1983; Oota & Sakurai, 1984; Ota, T„ 1973. Glycolipids: Nishimura, 1987. Golgi Bodies: Hatta, 1944. Gonadectomy: Hatta, 1941; Takewaki & Fukuda, 1935a. Growth: Takeishi, 1987; Takenaka, 1980. Hatching: Ishihara, 1964b; Liu, 1935; Wang, Ji & Ma, 1989. Hemipenial Structure: Boehme, 1971; Boehme, 1988. Hibernation Sites: Takeishi & Ono, 1986. Hind Limb Regeneration: Okada, 1945. Histochemistry: Uchida, 1980. Histology: Chen, Cheng, & Alexander, 1987; Nagahama, 1973; Oguro, 1969; Tsuneki, 1987. Home Range: Lin & Lee, 1988; Takeishe & Ono, 1986. Homing Behavior: Ishihara, 1969. Hypothalamo-neurohypophyseal System: Oota, 1971; Oota & Sakurai, 1983; Oota & Sakurai, 1984. Immobility: Response to Predator, Mori, 1991. Incubation Temperature Effects: Oka, 1981. Intestine, Comparative Study: Nishimura, 1987. 6 Interrenal Ultrastructure: Oka, 1981. Ito Cells: Taira & Mutoh, 1981. Ixodes: Fujimoto, Yamaguti & Takashashi, 1986; Fujimoto & Yamaguti, 1987; Fujimoto, Yamaguti & Takashashi 1987; Fujita & Takada, 1978; Ootake, et al., 1985; Yoneda, 1981. Juveniles: Liu, 1939. Keys: Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921, Gunther, 1888; Kang & Yoon, 1975; Nakamura & Ueno, 1969; Pope, 1935; Smith, 1935; Stejneger, 1907; Terentev & Chernov, 1949; Tian & Jiang, 1986; Yang & Inger, 1986. Kidney: Yamao & Hikonori, 1940. Life History: Liu, 1935; Liu, 1939. Lipid Studies: Nishimura, 1987. Liver Studies: Cheng & Lin 1978. Cheng & Lin, 1987; Taira & Mutoh, 1981. Locomotion: Schmidt & Inger, 1957. Longevity: Ishihara, 1973c; Ishihara, 1973f. Malaria: Telford & Ball, 1969; Telford, 1972. Melanosomes: Mori, 1989. Metabolic Rate: Wang & Xu, 1987. Morphogenesis: Oka, 1971. Morphology: Cheng, 1987; Takenaka, 1982. Neurohypophysis: Oota, 1979. Neurosecretions: Oota & Sakurai, 1984. Ovarian Cycle: Telford, 1969. Ovarian Follicle Size: Takenaka, 1978. 7 Oxygen Consumption: Wang, Ji, & Ma, 1989. Parasites: Fujimoto & Yamaguti 1987; Fujimoto, Yamaguti & Takashashi, 1986; Fujita & Takada, 1978; Ishii, et al. 1976; Jiang, et al. 1984; Ootake, et al. 1985; Telford & Ball, 1969; Telford, 1972; Telford, 1982a; Telford, 1982b; Telford, 1989; Yoneda, 1981. Parathyroid Glands: Isono, et al. 1979; Oguro, 1969. Parietal Eye: Tatsuka, 1920. Parthogenesis: Ishii, et al. 1976. Physiology: Chen, S.F. et al. 1987; Cheng, 1987; Cheng & Lin, 1987; Hatta, 1941; Ishihara, 1973; Ishihara, 1975; Isono, etal. 1979; Iwahashi, 1951; Nishimura, 1987; Oka, 1972; Oota, 1979; Takewaki & Fukuda, 1935; Telford, 1969; Telford, 1970; Wang Peichao, et al. 1987; Wang, et al. 1989; Yamao, et. al. 1940. Pigmentary Pattern: Liang, 1976. Pituitary Gland: Oota & Sakurai, 1983. Plasmodium Sasai: Telford & Ball, 1969; Telford, 1972; Telford, 1982a; Telford, 1982b. Population Dynamics: Haupt, 1978. Population Size: Ishihara, 1973a; Ishihara, 1973e. Population Structure: Telford, 1969. Predation: Fukada, 1958; Jackson & Telford, 1975; Shibata, 1970. Prey: Johki, 1980; Johki & Hidaka, 1982. Protozoan Parasites: Ishii, Takaoka, Kano, & Suzuki, 1976; Telford & Ball, 1969; Telford, 1972; Telford, 1982a; Telford, 1982b; Telford, 1989. Pteridine Derivatives: Odata, et al. 1959. Regeneration: Boring, Chang & Chang, 1948; Okada, 1945. Reproduction: Chenj, 1987; Cheng & Lin, 1978; Cheng & Lin, 1987; Fitch, 1970; Ishihara, 1964a; Ishihara, 1964b; Ji, et al. 1987; Kehl, 1955; Kopstein, 1930; Korotkov, 1974; Okada, 1932; Pope, 1929; Takeishi & Ono, 1986; Takenaka, 8 1979; Takenaka, 1980; Takenaka, 1981; Takenaka, 1989; Taylor, 1963; Telford, 1969. Running Speed: Ishihara, 1973d. Salt Water Association: Neill, 1958. Serum Studies: Iwamatsu, 1983. Sex Determination Genetics: Olmo, et al. 1984. Sex Ratios: Telford, 1969. Sexual Dimorphism: Toyama, 1976. Sexual Maturity: Takenaka, 1978. Shell Gland: Ota, T., 1973. Size & Weight: Cheng & Lin, 1987. Skin: Mori, 1989; Odate, et al. 1959. Sperm Ducts: Chen, Cheng & Alexander, 1987. Spermatozoa: Takewaki & Fukuda, 1935b. Spermatogenesis: Oka, 1972; Oka, 1973; Oka & Fujiwara, 1973. Swimming Speed: Ishihara, 1973d. Taste Buds: Nomura, 1936; Uchida, 1980. Tail Variation Role as Defensive Strategy: Mori, 1990. Taxonomy: Ahl, 1930; Arnold, 1989; Barbour, 1917; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Cheng, 1987; Daudin, 1803; Gray, 1825; Gray, 1838; Liang, 1976; Lin & Cheng, 1980, Lin & Cheng, 1981; Liu, 1939; Odiera, et al. 1987; Ota, H., 1991; Peters, 1881; Shibata, 1966; Stejneger, 1904; Stejneger, 1924; Szyndlar, 1984; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Van Denburgh, 1912b; Vogt, 1914; Walley, 1958a; Walley, 1958b; Walley, 1962. Teeth: Nagahama, 1973. 9 Territoriality: Sengoku, 1973. Testicular Interstitial Cells: Oka, 1976. Testicular Transplants: Takewaki & Fukuda, 1935a; Talewaki & Fukuda, 1935b. Thermoregulation Cycle: Saint-Girons & Saint-Girons, 1956. Tissue Culture: Kitamura, 1969. Type Specimens: Ahl, 1930; Barbour& Loveridge, 1946; Boettger, 1893; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1894; Boulenger, 1917; Brygoo, 1988; Cochran, 1961; Crippen, 1962; Cuvier, 1829; Daudin, 1803; Doi, 1920; Doi, 1929; Dumeril & Bibron, 1839; Fischer, 1885; Gray, 1838; Guibe, 1954; Gunther, 1864; Hilgendorf 1880; Jerdon, 1870; Liang, 1976; Lin & Cheng, 1981; Mueller, 1878; Thompson, 1912; Peters, 1863; Peters, 1881; Schegel, 1838; Schenkel, 1902; Selvin & Leviton, 1956; Smith, 1935; Stejneger, 1904; Stejneger, 1907; Stejneger, 1924; Van Denburgh, 1909; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Van Denburgh, 1912b; Vogt, 1914; Walley, 1958a; Walley, 1958b; Walley, 1962; Welch, et al., 1990. Ultrastructure: Isono, et al. 1979; Iwasaki & Miyata, 1985; Oka, 1972; Oka, 1976; Oka, 1989; Oka & Fujiwara, 1973; Oota, 1979; Oota & Sakurai, 1984; Ota T., 1973; Taira & Mutoh, 1981; Uchida, 1980. Viscral Pouches: Oka, 1971. Zoogeography: Hatta, S., 1913; Hatta, S., 1921; Hatta, S. 1928; Kano, 1940; Kuroda, 1931; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1940. TAXONOMIC INDEX Apeltonotus Boulenger, 1917. Apeltonotus dorsalis Boulenger, 1917; Takenaka, 1989. Lacerta tachvdromoides = Takydromus tachydromoides Scheael. 1837; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Stejneger, 1907. Platvplacopus Arnold, 1989; Boulenger, 1917. Platyplacopus dorsalis. Barbour & Loveridge, 1946. Platvplacopus intermedius. Barbour & Loveridge, 1946; Li Dejun, 1989; Stejneger, 1924. 10 Platyplacopus kuehnei. Boulenger, 1917; Li Dejun, 1989; Lin & Cheng, 1980; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Ota, H., 1991; Van Denburgh, 1909. Platyplacopus kuehnei carinatus. Crippen, 1962. Platyplacopus sylvaticus Pope, 1928. Tachidromus Latreille, 1804 = Takvdromus. Romer, 1956. Tachvdromus Oppel, 1811 = Takvdromus Daudin 1802; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Camp, 1923; Gray, 1825; Matschie, 1893; Romer, 1956; Smith, Lewis & Smith, 1967; Theobald, 1876. Tachvdromus sp., Beuchat, 1986; Cope, 1898; Doederlein, 1881. Tachvdromus amurensis. Borkin & Korotkov, 1981, Borkin, Velizhanin, Korotkova & Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Korotkov, 1981, Gunther, 1888; Nikolski, 1905; Peters, 1881. Tachvdromus chinensis Vogt, 1914. Tachydromus formosanus Boulenger, 1894a; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Oguma & Makino, 1932; Stejneger, 1907; Thompson, 1912. Tachydromus haughtonianus Anderson, 1871; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1921; Gunther, 1888; Jerdon, 1870; Stoliczka, 1872; Theobald, 1876. Tachvdromus holsti Boulenger, 1894b. Tachydromus japonicus. Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1921; Brygoo, 1988; Dumeril & Bibron, 1839; Gunther, 1888; Hallowell, 1860; Martens, 1876; Mueller, 1878; Mueller, 1887; Okada & Hashimoto, 1937. Tachvdromus khasiensis Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921. Tachydromus kwanasiensis Ahl. 1930; Pope, 1935. Tachvdromus kuehnei Boulenger, 1921; Hilgendorf, 1880; Vogt, 1914. Tachydromus meridionalis Boulenger, 1887; Gunther, 1864; Gunther, 1888. Tachydromus ocellatus Boulenger, 1887; Cuvier, 1829; Tachvdromus quadrilineatus. Boulenger, 1887; Daudin, 1803; Wiegmann, 1834. 11 Tachvdromus sauteri Boulenger, 1921. Tachvdromus septentrionalis. Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921 ; Gunther, 1864; Gunther, 1888; Gunther, 1896, Mell, 1922; Nakamura, 1935; Swinhoe, 1870; Thompson, 1912; Vogt, 1922. Tachydromus sexlineatus Boulenger, 1921; Brongersma, 1931; Daudin, 1803; Gray, 1825; Gray, 1845; Guibe, 1954; Gunther, 1864; Gunther, 1888; Gunther, 1888; Hallowell, 1860; Okada & Hashimoto, 1937; Stoliczka, 1901; Theobald, 1876. Tachvdromus sexlineatus aeneofuscus Boulenger, 1887; Peters, 1863. Tachydromus sexlineatus meridionalis Stejneger; Schmidt, 1927; Stejneger, 1925. Tachvdromus sexlineatus sexlineatus Boulenger, 1887. Tachydromus smaraadinus. Boettger, 1895; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Brygoo, 1988; Guibe, 1954; Gunther, 1888; Schenkel, 1902. Tachvdromus septentrionalis Gunther. 1864; Gunther, 1888; Mell, 1922; Oguma & Makino, 1932; Stejneger, 1910; Stanley, 1914; Swinhoe, 1870; Thompson, 1912. Tachydromus sikkimensis Gunther, 1864; Boulenger, 1917. Tachydromus tachvdromoides, Boettger, 1879; Boettger, 1893; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Brygoo, 1988; Guibe, 1954; Gunther, 1888; Miyawaki, 1927; Namiye, 1904; Nakamura, 1928; Oguma & Makino, 1931; Okada & Hashimoto, 1937. Tachydromus tvpus Boulenger, 1887; Gray, 1838. Tachvdromus tvpus = Poromera gen. nov. Boulenger, 1887. Tachvdromus wolteri Borkin & Korotkov, 1981; Borkin, Velizhanin, Korotkova & Korotkov, 1981, Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Fischer, 1885; Gunther, 1888. Tachvsaurus japonicus Boulenger, 1917; Gray, 1845. Takvdromus Arnold. 1989; Bellairs, 1970; Boehme, 1971; Boehme, 1988; Boulenger, 1920; Brygoo, 1988; Daudin, 1803; Fitch, 1970; Gans, 1949; Guibe, 1954; Inukai, 1934; Kano, 1940; Lue, Chen & Chang, 1992; Mertens, 1960; Ota, H. 1991b; Smith, et al. 1967; Romer, 1956; Szyndlar, 1984; Telford, 1982b; Tian & Jiang, 1986; Welch, et al. 1990; Yang & Inger, 1986. 12 Takvdrornus sp. Deng & Jiang, 1992; Doederlein, 1881. Takvdromus amurensis Borkin & Korotkov, 1981; Borkin, et al. 1981; Boulenger, 1921; Dixon, 1956; Ji, et al. 1987; Kang & Yoon, 1975; Korotkov, 1974; Kupriyanova, 1990; Liu, 1939a; Okada, 1933b; Olmo, et al. 1991; Peters, 1881; Schmidt, 1927a; Selvin, 1925; Shannon, 1956; Shibata, 1966; Sowerby, 1922; Stejneger, 1907; Szyndlar, 1984; Szyndlar, 1991; Takenaka, 1989; Tanner, 1953; Terentev & Chernov, 1949; Walley, 1958a; Walley, 1962; Welch, et al. 1990; Won & Choy, 1967; Won, 1971. Takydromus aureralis Kang & Yoon, 1975 (orthographic error). Takydromus auroralis Doi, 1929; Kang & Yoon, 1975; Shannon, 1956; Shibata, 1966; Szyndlar, 1984; Walley, 1962; Welch, et al. 1990. Takvdromus dorsalis Barbour & Loveridge, 1946; Kaburaki, 1926; Kuroda, 1931; Liu, 1939a; Okada, 1929; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1940; Stejneger, 1904; Stejneger, 1907; Takenaka, 1989; Van Denburgh, 1912a. Takydromus dorsalis = Apeltonotus gen. nov., Boulenger, 1917. Takvdromus formosanus Barbour. 1917; Boulenger, 1894a; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Cheng, 1987a; Hatta, S., 1928; Horikawa, 1930; Kaburaki, 1926; Liang, 1976; Lin & Cheng, 1981; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Lin & Lee, 1988; Liu, 1939; Lue, 1987; Lue, et al. 1988; Nakamura, 1931; Oguma & Makino, 1932; Oguma & Makino, 1937; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1940; Ota, H., 1991a; Ota, H., 1991b; Stejneger, 1907; Stejneger, 1910; Takenaka, 1989; Thompson, 1912; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Wang & Wang, 1956. Takvdromus haughtonianus Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1921; Welch, et al. 1990. Takydromus holsti. Boulenger, 1894b; Boulenger, 1917; Okada, 1938b. Takydromus hsuehshanensis Lin & Cheng, 1981; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Lue, 1987; Lue, et al. 1988; Ota, H. 1991b; Takenaka, 1989; Welch, et al. 1990. Takvdromus intermedius, Barbour & Loveridge, 1946; Chang, 1932; Cochran, 1961; Liu, 1939a; Schmidt, 1927a; Stejneger, 1924; Wu, 1930. Takydromus japonicus. Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Dumeril, Bibron, & Dumeril, 1839; Dumeril & Dumeril, 1851; Okada, 1938b. Takydromus khasiensis. Boulenger, 1921; Cochran, 1961. 13 Takvdromus kuehnei. Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Hilgendorf, 1880; Lin & Cheng, 1980; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1940; Ota, H., 1991b; Selvin & Leviton, 1956; Stejneger, 1910; Van Denburgh, 1909; Van Denburgh, 1912a. Takydromus kuehnei = Platyplacopus gen. nov., Boulenger, 1917. Takydromus kwangakuensis, Dixon, 1956, Doi, 1920; Kang & Yoon, 1975; Shannon 1956; Shibata, 1966; Szyndlar, 1984; Walley, 1958a; Welch, et al. 1990. Takydromus kwanasiensis Ahl, 1930, Pope, 1935. Takyddromus meridionalis. Boulenger, 1887. Takydromus ocellatus. Boulenger 1887; Cuvier, 1829; Suvatti, 1950. Takvdromus quadrilineatus. Boulenger, 1887; Brygoo, 1988; Daudin, 1803; Lin & Cheng, 1990. Takvdromus sauteri. Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Hirose, 1929; Hokikawa, 1927; Lin & Cheng, 1981; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Lue, 1987; Lue, et al. 1988; Okada, 1929; Okada, 1932; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1938a; Okada, 1940; Ota, 1991b; Selvin & Leviton, 1956; Stejneger, 1910; Sternfeld, 1916; Van Denburgh, 1909; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Wang & Wang, 1956; Welch, et al. 1990; Yu & Day, 1984. Takvdromus septentrionalis. Bannikov, et al., 1977; Boring, et al., 1948; Boulenger, 1921; Chang, 1932; Chang & Chang, 1948; Chen, 1991; Cheng & Lin, 1978; Cheng, 1987a; Cochran, 1930; Hu, Er-mie & Liu, 1973; Jiang, et al. 1984; Kano, 1940; Hatta, S., 1928; Hu, Er-mie, & Liu, 1973; Huang, 1990; Jiang & Zhao, 1992; Kang & Yoon, 1975; Li Dejun, 1989; Liang, 1976; Liu, 1935; Liu, 1939a; 1939b; Lue, 1988; Mertens, 1929; Muller & Hellmich, 1940; Nakamura, 1931; Nakamura, 1935; Oguma & Makino, 1932; Oguma & Makino, 1937; Okada, 1931; Okada, 1938a; Okada, 1940; Pope, 1929; Pope, 1956; Schmidt, 1927a; Stanley, 1914; Stejneger, 1910; Sternfeld, 1916; Stejneger, 1910; Swinhoe, 1870; Takenaka, 1989; Tchang, 1931; Van Denburgh, 1909; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Wang, 1964; Wang, 1966; Wang & Xu, 1987; Wang, Ji, & Ma, 1989; Wang & Wang, 1956; Wen, 1985; Welch, et al. 1990; Wu, 1930. Takydromus sexlineatus. Boulenger, 1921; Brown, 1902; Brygoo, 1988; Darevsky, 1990; Daudin, 1803; Fitch, 1970; Guibe, 1954; Halliday & Adler, 1986; Kopstein, 1930; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Mattison, 1991; Odierna, et al. 1985; Odierna, et al. 1987; Okada, 1938b; Olmo, et al. 1984; Olmo, al. 1985; Olmo, et al. 1991; Robinson & Kloss, 1920; Saint-Girons & Saint-Girons, 1956; Schmidt, 1927a; Schmidt & Inger, 1957; Stoliczka, 1872; Suvatti, 1950; Takenaka, 1989; Taylor, 1963. 14 Takydromus sexlineatus aeneofuscus. Boulenger, 1887; Peters, 1863. Takvdromus sexlineatus khasiensis Smith, 1935; Welch, et al. 1990. Takydromus sexlineatus meridionalis. Glass, 1946; Hu, Er-mie, & Liu, 1973; Liu, 1939a; Pope, 1929; Schmidt, 1927a; Schmidt, 1927b; Stejneger, 1925; Takenaka, 1989; Welch, et al. 1990. Takydromus sexlineatus ocellatus. Hauschild, 1986; Huang, 1990; Karson, Lau, & Bogadek, 1986; Welch, et al. 1990. Takydromus sexlineatus sexlineatus. Boulenger, 1887; Brygoo, 1988; Loveridge, 1945; Welch, et al. 1990. Takvdromus smaraadinus Barbour, 1909; Boettger, 1895; Boulenger, 1887; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Fritze, 1894; Guibe, 1954; Hatta, S., 1928; Haupt, 1978; Johnson, 1969; Koba, 1955; Koba, 1956; Koba, 1957; Koba, 1958; Koba, 1959; Koba, 1960; Kuroda, 1931; Liu, 1939a; Nakamura & Ueno, 1969; Neill, 1958; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1938a; Okada, 1959; Schenkel, 1902; Shibata, 1960; Stejneger, 1904; Stejneger, 1907; Sternfeld, 1916; Takenaka, 1981; Takenaka, 1989; Telford, 1972; Telford, 1982a; Toyama, 1976; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Welch, et al. 1990. Takydromus stejneaeri Barbour. 1917; Boulenger, 1917; Boulenger, 1921; Cheng, 1987a; Cheng, 1987b; Cheng & Lin, 1987; Chen, Cheng & Alexander, 1987; Lin & Cheng, 1981; Lin & Cheng, 1990; Lue, 1987; Lue, etal. 1988; Okada, 1933b; Okada, 1940; Ota, H. 1991b; Slevin & Leviton, 1956; Takenaka, 1989; Van Denburgh, 1912a; Van Denburgh, 1912b. 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A volume to commerorate the 90th birthday of the late Professor Liu, Cheng-zhao. 454 pp. plus 31 pi. 35 ZHAO, Ken-tang, ZHANG, X. & CHEN, Li-Lua. 1990. Study on the autotomy and regeneration of the tail of the grass lizard and the gecko. 138-133, In: From Water Onto Land. A volume to commerorate the 90th birthday of the late Professor Liu, Cheng-zhao. Ermi Zhao (ed). 454 pp. 31 pp. plates C.S.S.A.R. ZHAO, Xiu-bi. 1990. Herpetological survey in transitition zone between Mt. Nan Ling and Mt. Xuefeng. 232-235, In: Zhao, Ermi, (ed). From Water Onto Land. A volume to commerorate the 90th birthday of the late Professor Liu, Cheng-zhao. 454 pp. plus 31 pp. plates. C.S.S.A.R. ZHAO, Ji. (ed). 1990. The Natural History of China. McGraw Hill Publ. Co., 223 pp. illus. ZOU, S. 1983. A survey of amphibians and reptiles in Huaibei and Dabie Shan. Acta Herpetologica Sinica 2(3):74-76. (In Chinese: English Summary). PAPERS NOT SEEN OR LOCATED LUE, K.Y., CHEN, S.H. & YEH, K.K.C. 1989. The amphibians and reptiles of Kenting National Park. Kenting Nat. Park Publ. Henchung Publ. 129pp. (In Chinese). NAKAMURA, K. & UENO, S.l. 1963. Japanese Reptiles and Amphibians in Colour. Hoikusha Osaka 214 pp. (In Japanese). ■ Vo ^4 CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY .EPT OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PANAMA San Bias DAVID L. AUTH Division of Herpetology Florida Museum of Natural History SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 98 1994 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION Many amphibians and reptiles dispersed between North and South America along the Isthmus of Panama during the "Great American Biotic Interchange," after the Pliocene closure of the isthmian gap. The results of nterchanges before the gap formed are also in evidence today, but involve fewer species (Vanzolini and Heyer, 1990). Panama's herpetological significance goes beyond being a land bridge between continents, however. The country has distributional continuities with North, Middle and South America, and border to border from both directions. The country also has a significant number of endemics (14 percent of the amphibians; 7 percent of the reptiles; 10 percent overall) . With an area of only 77,082 km2, about half (50.8%) the size of Florida, Panama has approximately 2.8 times more native amphibians and reptiles than Florida, 5.7 times expectation based on area alone. There is no published checklist and bibliography for just the herpetofauna of Panama. Partial lists are available: Dunn, 1931a and b; Myers and Rand, 1969; Rand and Myers, 1990; and Smith, 1958. Peters and Ore jas-Miranda (1970), Peters and Donoso- Barros (1970), and Vanzolini (1986) cover a much larger area for the snakes and lizards. Campbell and Lamar (1989) have done the same for the poisonous snakes, Iverson (1992) for turtles, King and Burke (1989) for turtles and crocodilians , Frost (1985) for amphibians, and Villa, Wilson, and Johnson (1988) for the herpetofauna of Middle America. The checklist documents 395 native species of amphibians and reptiles described from 1756 through 1992 (Table 1) . This taxonomic effort can be divided into four periods based on four different average rates of species description. The average rate was second highest between 1756 and 1766 during the time of Linnaeus (2.9 described species a year for 32 species). The slowest period spanned from 1767 to 1849, with only 42 new species described (0.5 a year). The highest rate of discovery (3.8 species a year) occurred between 1850 and 1899, when 188 species were described. The rate from 1900 through 1992 has dropped to 1.4 a year (133 species). The latter two rates are almost linear. Since the latest rate is not approaching an asymptote, it isn't possible to estimate total Panamanian amphibian and reptile diversity. With only about twenty percent of the country's primary forests relatively intact, many species undoubtedly are already extinct or on the verge of extinction. Panama's complete pre-European herpetof aunal diversity will probably never be known, even after unexploited material in museum collections is analyzed. Approximately two-thirds of the known native amphibians and reptiles of Panama were described before 1900 (10.4% prior to 1800, 55.9% in the 1800's). Edward Drinker Cope (80 species) and Wilhelm C. H. Peters (29 species) alone described slightly over one-fourth of the known fauna from 1860 to 1899. Linnaeus described 31 native species, Boulenger 26, Dunn 28, Taylor 20, and Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril 16. Thus, only nine taxonomists described 58 percent of Panama's known herpetofauna. 2 Table 1. Summary of the Number of Species by Family for the Amphibians and Reptiles of Panama GROUP NUMBER OF SPECIES AMPHIBIA 170 (2)* ANURA 140 (2) Buf onidae 15 Centro lenidae 12 Dendrobatidae 14 Hylidae 46 Leptodactylidae 44 (2) Microhylidae 4 REPTILIA 225 (6) AMPHISBAENIA 3 Amphisbaenidae 3 CROCODYLIA 2 Alligatoridae 1 Crocodylidae 1 LACERTILIA 74 (6) Anguidae 5 Gekkonidae 9 (6) Iguanidae 41 Scincidae 2 Teiidae 16 Xantusiidae 1 SERPENTES 132 Anomalepididae 4 GROUP NUMBER OF SPECIES AMPHIBIA-Cont . 170 ANURA-Cont. 140 Pipidae 1 Ranidae 4 CAUDATA 21 Plethodontidae 21 GYMNOPHIONA 9 Caeciliaidae 9 REPTILIA-Cont. 225 SERPENTES-Cont. 132 Boidae 6 Colubridae 99 Elapidae 10 Leptotyphlopidae 2 Viperidae 11 TESTUDINES 14 Cheloniidae 4 Chelydridae 1 Dermochelyidae 1 Emydidae 1 Kinosternidae 3 Testudinidae 4 TOTAL 395 * Introduced species in parentheses. Also marked with an asterisk in the checklist. Country geographic ranges are included for each species, often with more detailed ranges inside Panama. Ranges were taken from the literature and from direct examination of museum specimens at the National Museum of Natural History, Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard, and Florida Museum of Natural History. The geographic range of none of the 395 native species listed in the checklist is thoroughly known. The first section of the bibliography consists of complete citations of the 395 native and 8 introduced original species descriptions. A compilation of other works on Panamanian herpetology forms the second part of the bibliography. Due to space limitation, this resource is far from complete, but at least may decrease initial search time. The checklist and bibliography will need to be continually revised, due to ongoing taxonomic and survey work. To illustrate this I have included six species (bold lettering) which are known from near the Panamanian border, but have not been documented inside the country as yet. These species are not included in Figure 1 nor in the checklist tallies. To help keep the checklist up to date and remove errors, please write me at the 3 Division of Herpetology, Florida Museum of Natural History, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32611. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS.- The author alone is responsible for any inaccuracies. George Zug made the work possible. Jay Savage reviewed the manuscript and was especially helpful in moving the effort along. Ronald Crombie and William Duellman also reviewed the manuscript. Van Wallach reviewed an early version of the snake checklist. Ernest Williams provided a copy of his Anolis checklist for Panama. Inspiration to compile this work evolved while on active duty in Panama with the United States Navy during 1990, 1991, and 1992. Use of the library at the Smithsonian's Division of Amphibians and Reptiles was also made possible by the U.S. Naval Reserve, which paid transportation costs for quarterly weekend training near Baltimore. Thanks to the staff of the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles for their gracious hospitality and valued conversations. I also thank my supervisors at Florida Museum of Natural History for permitting the research time needed for this project. I. A CHECKLIST OF THE AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES OF PANAMA AMPHIBIA (170 native species; 2 introduced) I. ANURA (140 native species; 2 introduced) A. Bufonidae (15 species) Atelopus certus Barbour, 1923. Panama (Darien Province). Atelopus chiriquiensis Shreve, 1936. Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui Provinces) . Atelopus glyphus Dunn, 1931. Panama (Darien Province), Colombia. Atelopus varius (Lichtenstein, 1856) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Atelopus zeteki Dunn, 1933. Panama (western; Cerro Campana, Valle de Anton area) . CITES Appendix I/USFWS Endangered. Bufo coccifer Cope, 1866. Mexico to Panama (western Pacific versant) . Bufo coniferus Cope, 1862. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic and Pacific versants) , Colombia, Ecuador. Bufo fastidiosus Cope, 1875. Costa Rica, Panama (western). Bufo granulosus Spix, 1824. Panama to Argentina. Bufo haematiticus Cope, 1862. Honduras to Ecuador. Bufo marinus (Linnaeus, 1758). United States (Texas) to Peru. Introduced to many Caribbean, southeast Asian, and Pacific basin islands. Bufo peripatetes Savage, 1972. Panama (known from the type locality in Chiriqui Province, above Boquete on Almirante Trail, elevation 1500 m and from the border of Bocas del Torro and Chirique Provinces border at Cerro Bollo, 80 km ESE of the type locality) . Bufo typhonius (Linnaeus, 1758). Panama, South America. Crepidophryne epiotica (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama (western) . 4 Rhamphophryne acrolopha Trueb, 1971. Panama (eastern) , Colombia. B. Centrolenidae (12 species) Centrolene ilex (Savage, 1967) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic versant) , Colombia. Centrolene prosoblepon (Boettger, 1892) . Nicaragua to Ecuador. Cochranella albomaculata (Taylor, 1949) . Costa Rica, Panama (Pacific versant) , Colombia. Cochranella euknemos (Savage and Starrett, 1967) . Costa Rica to Colombia . Cochranella granulosa (Taylor, 1949) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama . Cochranella spinosa (Taylor, 1949) . Costa Rica, Panama (Pacific versant) , Colombia, Ecuador. Hyalinobatrachium chirripoi (Taylor, 1958) . Costa Rica to Colombia . Hyalinobatrachium colymbiphyllum (Taylor, 1949) . Costa Rica, Panama (Colon Province) . Hyalinobatrachium fleischmanni (Boettger, 1893) . Mexico to Ecuador, Surinam. Hyalinobatrachium pulveratum (Peters, 1873) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Pacific versant) . Hyalinobatrachium valerioi (Dunn, 1931) . Costa Rica to Ecuador. Hyalinobatrachium vireovittatum (Starrett and Savage, 1973) . Costa Rica, Panama. C. Dendrobatidae (14 species) Colostethus chocoensis (Boulenger, 1912) . Panama (eastern) , Colombia, Ecuador. Colostethus flotator (Dunn, 1931) . Panama. Colostethus inguinalis (Cope, 1868) . Panama (eastern, west-central) , Colombia. Colostethus latinasus (Cope, 1863) . Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia, Ecuador. Colothethus nubicola (Dunn, 1924) . Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province) , Colombia. Colostethus pratti (Boulenger, 1899) . Panama (western) , Colombia, Ecuador . Colostethus talamancae (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Dendrobates arboreus Myers, Daly, and Martinez, 1984. Panama (Chiriqui, Bocas del Toro Provinces). CITES Appendix II. Dendrobates auratus (Girard, 1855) . Nicaragua to Colombia. CITES Appendix II. Dendrobates pumilio 0. Schmidt, 1857. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui Provinces) . CITES Appendix II. Dendrobates speciosus 0. Schmidt, 1857. Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui Provinces). CITES Appendix II. Epipedobates maculatus (Peters, 1873) . Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui Provinces). CITES Appendix II. Minyobates minutus (Shreve, 1935) . Panama (Colon Province) to 5 Colombia. CITES Appendix II. Phyllobates lugubris (O. Schmidt, 1857) . Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui Provinces). CITES Appendix II. D. Hylidae (46 species) Agalychnis calcarifer Boulenger, 1902. Costa Rica, Panama (Caribbean slopes) , Colombia, Ecuador. Agalychnis callidryas (Cope, 1862) . Mexico to Panama (central Atlantic versant, eastern Pacific versant) . Agalychnis litodryas (Duellman and Trueb, 1967) . Panama (eastern) , Ecuador. Agalychnis spurrelli Boulenger, 1913. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Anotheca spinosa (Steindachner , 1864) . Mexico, Costa Rica, Panama (western) . Duellmanohyla lythrodes (Savage, 1968) . Costa Rica, Panama (western Atlantic versant) . Duellmanohyla rufioculis (Taylor, 1952) . Costa Rica, Panama (western?) . Duellmanohyla uranochroa (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama (western mountains) . Gastrotheca cornuta (Boulenger, 1898) . Costa Rica, Panama (eastern, western Atlantic versant) , Colombia, Ecuador. Gastrotheca nicefori Gaige, 1933. Panama (eastern and central highlands) , Colombia, Venezuela. Hemiphractus fasciatus Peters, 1862. Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Hyla angustilineata Taylor, 1952. Costa Rica, Panama (western). Hyla boans (Linnaeus, 1758) . Panama (eastern) , Trinidad, Colombia, the Guianas, Amazon and Orinoco Basins. Hyla colymba Dunn, 1931. Costa Rica, Panama (western Atlantic versant; central and eastern Pacific versant) . Hyla crepitans Wied-Neuwied, 1824. Honduras, Panama (eastern), Colombia, Ecuador, the Guianas, Brazil. Hyla debilis Taylor, 1952. Costa Rica, Panama (southwestern Pacific versant) . Hyla ebraccata Cope, 1874. Mexico to Colombia. Hyla fimbrimembra Taylor, 1948. Costa Rica, Panama (western). Hyla graceae Myers and Duellman, 1982. Panama (western mountains) . Hyla lancasteri Barbour, 1928. Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic versant) . Hyla microcephala Cope, 1886. Mexico to Brazil. Hyla miliaria (Cope, 1886) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Hyla palmeri Boulenger, 1908. Panama (central), Colombia, Ecuador . Hyla phlebodes Stejneger, 1906. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Caribbean lowlands, Pacific eastern lowlands) , Colombia . Hyla picadoi Dunn, 1937. Costa Rica and Panama (western mountains) . Hyla pictipes Cope, 1875. Costa Rica, Panama (western 6 mountains) . Hyla pseudopuma Gunther, 1901. Costa Rica, Panama (western mountains) . Hyla pugnax Schmidt, 1857. Panama (central), Colombia. Hyla rivularis Taylor, 1952. Costa Rica, Panama (western mountains) . Hyla rosenbergi Boulenger, 1898. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Hyla rufitela Fouquette, 1961. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic versant) . Hyla subocularis Dunn, 1934. Panama (eastern), Colombia. Hyla thysanota Duellman, 1966. E. Panama (Darien Province- Serrania de Darien) . Hyla tica Starrett, 1966. Costa Rica, Panama (western mountains) . Hyla zeteki Gaige, 1929. Costa Rica, Panama (western mountains) . Phrynohyas venulosa (Laurenti, 1768) . Mexico to Argentina. Phyllomedusa lemur Boulenger, 1882. Costa Rica, Panama (moderate elevations) . Phyllomedusa venusta Duellman and Trueb, 1967. Panama (Darien Province) . Ptychohyla legleri (Taylor, 1958) . Costa Rica, Panama (western Pacific versant) . Scinax boulengeri (Cope, 1887) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Caribbean lowlands, eastern Pacific lowlands) . Scinax elaeochroa (Cope, 1875) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (western Caribbean lowlands, Pacific lowlands) . Scinax rostrata (Peters, 1863) . Panama (central) , Colombia, Venezuela, French Guiana. Scinax rubra (Laurenti, 1768) . Panama (eastern) , Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, St. Lucia, Tobago, Brazil. Scinax staufferi (Cope, 1865) . Mexico to Panama (central) . Smilisca baudinii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) . United States (Texas)to Panama (western?). Smilisca phaeota (Cope, 1862) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Smilisca sila Duellman and Trueb, 1966. Costa Rica, Panama (Caribbean and Pacific lowlands) , Colombia (northwestern) . Smilisca sordida (Peters, 1863). Costa Rica, Panama (western). E. Leptodactylidae (44 native species; 2 introduced) Eleutherodactylus achatinus (Boulenger, 1898) . Panama (Darien and San Bias Provinces) , Colombia, Ecuador. Eleutherodactylus andi Savage, 1974. Costa Rica, Panama (extreme western) . Eleutherodactylus altae Dunn, 1942. Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . ♦Eleutherodactylus antillensis (Reinhardt and Lutken, 1863) . Islands of Puerto Rico Bank. * = Introduced in Panama. 7 Eleutherodactylus azueroensis. Savage, 1975. Panama (Peninsula de Azuero) . Eleutherodactylus biporcatus (Peters, 1863) . Guatemala to Colombia . Eleutherodactylus bransfordii (Cope, 1886) . Honduras to Panama (eastern) . Eleutherodactylus bufoniformis (Boulenger, 1896) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia. Eleutherodactylus caryophyllaceus (Barbour, 1928) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia. Eleutherodactylus cerasinus (Cope, 1875) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (western and central; Atlantic and Pacific versants) . Eleutherodactylus crassidigitus Taylor, 1952. Costa Rica, Panama . Eleutherodactylus cruentus (Peters, 1873) . Costa Rica, Panama (western and central) , Colombia, Ecuador. Eleutherodactylus diastema (Cope, 1875) . Nicaragua to Ecuador . Eleutherodactylus emcelae Lynch, 1985. Panama (western) . Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri (Schmidt, 1858) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (both Atlantic and Pacific versants), Colombia . Eleutherodactylus fleischmanni (Boettger, 1892) . Costa Rica Panama (western) . Eleutherodactylus gaigeae (Dunn, 1931) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Eleutherodactylus gollmeri (Peters, 1863). Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama . ♦Eleutherodactylus johnstonei Barbour, 1914. Lesser Antilles. * = Introduced on Bermuda, Bequia (Grenadines), Curacao, Jamaica, Panama (Panama City), Venezuela, Guyana. Eleutherodactylus jota Lynch, 1980. Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . Eleutherodactylus latidiscus (Boulenger, 1898) . Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Eleutherodactylus longirostris (Boulenger, 1898) . Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia, Ecuador. Eleutherodactylus melanostictus (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama (western) . Eleutherodactylus monnichorum Dunn, 1940. Panama (Chiriqui Province) . Eleutherodactylus moro Savage, 1965. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Eleutherodactylus noblei Barbour and Dunn, 1926. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Eleutherodactylus pardalis (Barbour, 1928) . Costa Rica, Panama . Eleutherodactylus podiciferus (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama . Eleutherodactylus punctariolus (Peters, 1863) . Costa Rica, Panama . Eleutherodactylus raniformis (Boulenger, 1896) . Panama (east-central and east), Colombia. 8 Eleutherodactylus rayo Savage and DeWeese, 1979. Costa Rica (southwestern) , Panama. Eleutherodactylus ridens (Cope, 1866) . Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic and Pacific versants) , Colombia, Ecuador. Eleutherodactylus rugulosus (Cope, 1869) . Mexico to Panama (western) . Eleutherodactylus stejnegerianus (Cope, 1893) . Costa Rica, Panama (extreme western Pacific drainages) . Eleutherodactylus taeniatus (Boulenger, 1912) . Panama (central) , Colombia, Ecuador. Eleutherodactylus talamancae Dunn, 1931. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic versant) . Eleutherodactylus taurus Taylor, 1958. Costa Rica, Panama. Eleutherodactylus vocator Taylor, 1955. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Leptodactylus fuscus (Schneider, 1799) . Panama to Argentina. Leptodactylus insularum Barbour, 1906. Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela . Leptodactylus labialis (Cope, 1877) . Texas to Colombia, Venezuela . Leptodactylus melanonotus (Hallowell, 1861) . Mexico to Ecuador. Leptodactylus pentadacty lus (Laurenti, 1768) . Honduras to Peru, Brazil. Leptodactylus poecilochilus (Cope, 1862). Costa Rica to Colombia, Venezuela. Physalaemus pustulosus (Cope, 1864) . Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago. Pleurodema brachyops (Cope, 1869). Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Netherland Antilles, Brazil. F. Microhylidae (4 species) Chiasmocleis panamensis Dunn, Trapido, and Evans, 1948. Panama, Colombia. Elachistocleis ovalis (Schneider, 1799). Panama, Trinidad, South America east of Andes to Argentina. Nelsonophryne aterrimum (Gunther, 1900) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Relictivomer pearsei (Ruthven, 1914). Panama, Colombia. G. Pipidae (1 species) Pipa myersi Trueb, 1984. Panama (Darien Province), Colombia . H. Ranidae (4 species) Rana "pipiens" Hillis, 1988 (undescribed species "E") . Costa Rica, Panama (western, to the canal) . Rana vaillanti Brocchi, 1877. Mexico to Panama. Rana vibicaria (Cope, 1894). Costa Rica, Panama (western). Rana warschewitschii (Schmidt, 1857) . Honduras, Nicaragua, 9 Costa Rica, Panama (eastern) . II. CAUDATA (21 species) Plethodontidae (21 SPECIES) Bolitoglossa biseriata Tanner, 1962. Panama (Bocas del Toro, Code, Panama, San Bias, Darien Provinces) , Colombia. Bolitoglossa colonnea (Dunn, 1924) . Costa Rica, Panama (western to Colon Province-Barro Colorado Island) . Bolitoglossa compacta Wake, Brame, and Duellman, 1973. Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . Bolitoglossa cuna Wake, Brame, and Duellman, 1973. Panama (San Bias Province) . Bolitoglossa lignicolor (Peters, 1873). Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui and Veraguas Provinces, Azuero Peninsula) . Bolitoglossa marmorea (Tanner and Brame, 1961) . Panama (known from the type locality only- Chiriqui Province, Volcan Chiriqui) . Bolitoglossa medemi Brame and Wake, 1972. Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia. Bolitoglossa minutula Wake, Brame, and Duellman, 1973. Panama (area of type locality only-Bocas del Toro Province, north Slope of Cerro Pando) . Bolitoglossa nigrescens (Taylor, 1949) . Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province) . Bolitoglossa phalarosoma Wake and Brame, 1962. Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia. Bolitoglossa robusta (Cope, 1894) . Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . Bolitoglossa schizodacty la Wake and Brame, 1966. Panama (central and northwestern) . Bolitoglossa subpalmata (Boulenger, 1896) . Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province) . Bolitoglossa taylori Wake, Brame, and Myers, 1970. Panama (Darien Province) . Oedipina alfaroi Dunn, 1921. Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . Oedipina collaris (Stejneger, 1907) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic versant) . Oedipina complex (Dunn, 1924) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Oedipina cyclocauda Taylor, 1952. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (northwest) . Oedipina grandis Brame and Duellman, 1970. Panama (known from the type locality only-Bocas del Toro Province, north slope of Cerro Pando) . Oedipina parvipes (Peters, 1879) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Oedipina uniformis Keferstein, 1868. Costa Rica, Panama (western) . III. GYMNOPHIONA (9 species) 10 Caeciliaidae (9 species) Caecilia leucocephala Taylor, 1968. Panama (Darien Province), Colombia, Brasil. Caecilia nigricans Boulenger, 1902. Panama (Atlantic versant) , Colombia, Ecuador. Caecilia tentaculata Linnaeus, 1758. Panama, South America east of the Andes, south to Peru. Caecilia volcani Taylor, 1969. Panama (known from the type locality-Cocle Province, El Valle de Anton and from Bocas del Toro and Chiriqui Provinces at the continental divide) . Dermophis mexicanus (Dumeril and Bibron, 1841) . Mexico to Panama (western Pacific versant) . Dermophis parviceps (Dunn, 1924) . Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . Gymnopis multiplicata Peters, 1874. Honduras to Panama. Oscaecilia elongata (Dunn, 1942) . Panama (known from the type locality only-Darien Province, Yaviza) . Oscaecilia ochrocephala (Cope, 1866) . Panama (Atlantic versant of Darien Province) . REPTILIA (225 native species; 6 introduced) I. AMPHISBAENIA (3 species) Amphisbaenidae (3 species) Amphisbaena alba Linnaeus, 1758. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Trinidad, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay. Amphisbaena fuliginosa Laurenti, 1768. Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Argentina. Amphisbaena spurrelli Boulenger, 1915. Panama, Colombia (northern) . II. CROCODYLIA (2 species) A. Alligatoridae (1 species) Caiman crocodilus (Linnaeus, 1758). CITES Appendix II. Mexico to Argentina, Trinidad, Tobago. B. Crocodylidae (1 species) Crocodylus acutus (Cuvier, 1807) . CITES Appendix I/USFW Endangered. South Florida, Cuba, Isla de Juventud, Jamaica, Hispaniola, Atlantic coastal drainages from Mexico to Venezuela, Pacific coastal drainages from Mexico to Peru. III. LACERTILIA (74 native species; 6 introduced) 11 A. Anguidae (5 species) Coloptychon rhombifer (Peters, W.C.H., 1877). Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province) . Diploglossus bilobatus (0 ' Shaughnessy , 1874). Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . Diploglossus monotropis (Kuhl, 1820) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Diploglossus montisilvestris Myers, 1973. Panama (known from the type locality only-Serrania de Pirre; extreme eastern) . Mesaspis monticola (Cope, 1877). Costa Rica, Panama (to Chiriqui Province) . B. Gekkonidae (9 native species; 6 introduced) Coleonyx mitratus (Peters, W.C.H., 1863). Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Gonatodes albogularis (Dumeril and Bibron, 1836) . Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Aruba, Cuba, Hispaniola, Jamaica, Grand Cayman, Curacao, Tortuga, Orchila, Gorgona, lower Florida Keys. Gonatodes annularis Boulenger, 1887. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil (Amapa) . *Hemidactylus brookii Gray, 1845. India, Sri Lanka, Burma. * = Introduced in Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Cuba, Hispaniola, Panama (Panama Province, Tocumen) , Puerto Rico. *Hemidacty lus frenatus Dumeril and Bibron, 1836. S.E. Asia. * = Introduced in S.E. Mexico, Guatemala, Panama (Panama City, Chepo, Tucuman area) , Africa, Oceania. *Hemidactylus mabouia (Moreau de Jonnes, 1818) . South Africa north to Liberia, Madagascar and neighboring islands. * = Introduced in Mexico (Veracruz) , Panama (old Canal Zone) , Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Brazil, Uruguay, Ecuador, Peru, Cuba, Hispaniola, Barbados, Martinique, Trinidad, Tobago, Little Tobago, St. Lucia. *Hemidactylus turcicus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Borders of the Mediterranean basin, Red Sea, and Arabian Sea to Pakistan. * = Introduced in southern United States, Mexico, Cuba, Panama (old Canal Zone) . Lepidoblepharis sanctaemartae (Ruthven, 1916) . Panama (eastern, from old Canal Zone to Sapo Mountains) , Colombia (Santa Marta Mountains) . Lepidoblepharis xanthostigma (Noble, 1916) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia. *Lepidodactylus lugubris (Dumeril and Bibron, 1836) . India, Ceylon, Nicobars, Andamans, Burma, Malay Archipelago, Philippines, Indo-Australian Archipelago, Oceania. * = Introduced in Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil. *Sphaerodactylus argus Gosse, 1850. Jamaica. * = Introduced in Cuba, San Andres Island (Colombia) , Corn Islands (Nicaragua), Bahamas, Florida (Key West), Mexico (Yucatan), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro, San Bias 12 Provinces) . Sphaerodactylus graptolaemus Harris and Kluge, 1984. Costa Rica, Panama (western) . Sphaerodactylus homolepis Cope, 1886. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (western, central; all Atlantic versants) . Sphaerodactylus lineolatus Lichtenstein, 1856. Panama (western. Pacific versant) , Colombia (northwest) . Thecadactylus rapicauda (Houttyuyn, 1782). Mexico (S.E., Yucatan) , Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam French Guiana, Trinidad, Lesser Antilles, Brazil. C. Iguanidae (41 species) Anolis altae Dunn, 1930. Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro, Chiriqui Provinces) . Anolis aquaticus Taylor, 1956. Costa Rica (Puntarenas Province), Panama (western) . Anolis auratus Daudin, 1802. Panama (eastern and central), Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil. Anolis biporcatus (Wiegmann, 1834) . Mexico (southeast, Yucatan) , Guatemala, Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Anolis capito Peters, 1863. Mexico (southeast, Yucatan), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Anolis carpenteri Echelle, Echelle, and Fitch, 1971. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Anolis casildae Arosemena, Ibanez, and Sousa, 1991. Panama (western, central cordillera) . Anolis chloris Boulenger, 1898. Panama (Darien Province), Colombia (Pacific versant) , Ecuador (Pacific versant) . Anolis chocorum Williams and Duellman, 1967. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Anolis frenatus Cope, 1899. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (northern, central) . Anolis fungosus Myers, 1971. Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro Province, Cordillera de Talamanca, north slope Cerro Pando) Anolis fuscoauratus D'Orbigny, 1837 (see Dumeril and Bibron, 1837) . Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Bolivia, Peru. Anolis humilis Peters, 1863. Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Anolis insignis Cope, 1871. Costa Rica, Panama (Pacific versant to Darien Province) . Anolis intermedius Peters, 1863. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama . Anolis kemptoni Dunn, 1940. Panama (known only from the type locality-Chiriqui Province, Finca Lerida, above Boquete, 5399 ft) . Anolis latifrons Berthold, 1846. Panama, Colombia (Choco) , Ecuador (northwest) . Anolis lemurinus Cope, 1861. Mexico (southeast, Yucatan) , Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Anolis limifrons Cope, 1862. Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec), 13 Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Anolis lionotus Cope, 1861. Panama (central). Anolis microtus Cope, 1871. Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province, extreme southwest, 1000-1500 m) . Anolis oxylophus Cope, 1875. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (western) . Anolis pachypus Cope, 1875. Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province, Volcan Chiriqui) . Anolis pentaprion Cope, 1862. Mexico (southeast, Yucatan), Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (northwest) . Anolis poecilopus Cope, 1862. Panama (Darien Province), Colombia (extreme northwest) . Anolis polylepis Peters, 1874. Costa Rica, Panama. Anolis procellaris Myers, 1971. Panama (Veraguas Province) . Anolis tropidogaster Hallowell, 1856. Panama, Colombia (Pacific versant) , Ecuador (Pacific versant) , Venezuela (western) . Anolis vociferans Myers, 1971. Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province) . Anolis woodi Dunn, 1940. Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province, higher elevations) . Basiliscus basiliscus (Linnaeus, 1758). Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (Pacific versant) , Ecuador (northwest) , Venezuela (to Merida State) . Basiliscus galeritus Dumeril and Dumeril, 1851. Panama (eastern), Colombia and Ecuador (Pacific versants) . Basiliscus plumifrons Cope, 1875. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Basiliscus vittatus Wiegmann, 1828. Mexico (Jalisco, Tamaulipas) , Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia. Corytophanes cristatus (Merrem, 1820) . Mexico (Veracruz) , Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (northwest) . Ctenosaura similis (Gray, 1831) . Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec) , Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (at least to old Canal Zone, beaches on both sides) , Old Providence and San Andres Islands. Enyalioides heterolepis (Bocourt, 1874) . Panama, Colombia, Ecuador (northwest) . Iguana iguana (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mexico (Sinaloa, Veracruz) , Belize, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay(?). CITES Appendix II. Morunasaurus groi Dunn, 1933. Panama (El Valle de Anton), Ecuador (Amazonian side) . Polychrus gutturosus Berthold, 1846. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Sceloporus malachiticus Cope, 1864. Mexico (Veracruz, Chiapas), Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama . D. Scincidae (2 species) 14 Mabuya unimarginata (Cope, 1862) Mexico (southeast) to Panama. Sphenomorphus cherriei (Cope, 1893). Mexico (southeast) to Panama . E. Teiidae (16 species) Ameiva ameiva (Linnaeus, 1758) . Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Ecuador, Peru, Brazil, Trinidad, Tobago, Margarita Islands. Ameiva festiva (Lichtenstein, 1856) . Mexico (southeast) to Panama, Colombia. Ameiva leptophrys (Cope, 1893). Costa Rica, Panama. Ameiva quadrilineata (Hallowell, 1861). Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama . Anadia ocellata Gray, 1845. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador . Anadia vittata Boulenger, 1913. Panama, Colombia. Bachia blairi (Dunn, 1940) . Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province) . Bachia pallidiceps (Cope, 1862). Panama, Colombia (west- central) . Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Guatemala, Honduras, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, islands of Trinidad, Tobago, Pato, Margarita, Coche, Cubagua, Old Providence, Swan, Milford, Aruba, Los Roques Archipelago, Aves, Orchila, Blanquilla, San Andres, Santa Catalina. Echinosaura horrida (Boulenger, 1890) . Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Gymnophthalmus speciosus (Hallowell, 1861). S.E. Mexico, Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela (east to Margarita Island) . Introduced on Grenada. Leposoma rugiceps (Cope, 1869) . Panama (Canal eastward) , Colombia (north and east of the Andes) . Leposoma southi Ruthven and Gaige, 1924. Costa Rica, Panama (to Panama Canal) . Prionadactylus vertebralis (0 ' Shaughnessy , 1879). Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia (Pacific versant) , Ecuador (Pacific versant and Zamora (City)). Ptychoglossus festae (Peracca, 1896) . Panama (San Bias Province) , Colombia . Ptychoglossus plicatus (Taylor, 1949). Costa Rica, Panama. F. Xantusiidae (1 species) Lepidophyma f lavimaculatum Dumeril and Dumeril, 1851. Mexico (Tamaulipas and Veracruz) to Panama (old Canal Zone) . IV. SERPENTES (132 species) A. Anomalepididae (4 species) 15 Anomalepis mexicanus Jan, 1860. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Helminthophis frontalis Peters, 1860. Costa Rica, Panama. Liotyphlops albirostris (Peters, 1857) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Curacao. Liotyphlops rowani Smith and Grant, 1958. Panama. B. Boidae(6 species) Boa constrictor Linnaeus, 1758. Mexico to Argentina, Trinidad, Tobago. CITES Appendix II. Corallus annulatus (Cope, 1875) . Nicaragua to Ecuador. CITES Appendix II. Corallus enydris (Linnaeus, 1758) . Nicaragua to Ecuador and Peru, Trinidad, Windward Islands. CITES Appendix II. Epicrates cenchria (Linnaeus, 1758) . Costa Rica to Argentina, Trinidad, Tobago. CITES Appendix II. Trachyboa boulengeri Peracca, 1910. Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. CITES Appendix II. Ungaliophis panamensis Schmidt, 1933. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia. CITES Appendix II. C. Colubridae (99 species) Amastridium veliferum Cope, 1861. Atlantic and Pacific slopes of Mexico (from Neuvo Leon and Chiapas), Guatemala, Belize, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Atractus clarki Dunn and Bailey, 1939. Panama (known from the type locality only-Darien Province, Santa Cruz de Cana mine) . Atractus crassicaudatus Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela. Chironius carinatus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Nicaragua to Brazil and Argentina, Trinidad, Guadalupe, San Vicenti I. Chironius exoletus (Linnaeus, 1758). Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Brazil, Argentina (northeast). Chironius fuscus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, Brazil, Bolivia (northern) , Peru (eastern) , Ecuador (eastern) . Chironius grandisquamis (Peters, 1868). Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador (northeast) . Clelia clelia (Daudin, 1803). Mexico to Ecuador (northwest), Argentina (northern) . Clelia equatoriana (Amaral, 1924). Panama, Colombia, Ecuador. Clelia scytalina (Cope, 1866). Mexico to Colombia. Coniophanes bipunctatus (Gunther, 1858) . Mexico to Panama (Darien) Coniophanes fissidens (Gunther, 1858) . Mexico to Ecuador. Coniophanes joanae Myers, 1966. Panama (eastern highlands). Conophis lineatus (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854). Mexico to Panama (Code Province) , Colombia (?) . Dendrophidion nuchale (Peters, 1863) . Belize to Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador. Dendrophidion paucicarinatum (Cope, 1894). Costa Rica, Panama 16 (western) . Dendrophidion percarinatum (Cope, 1893) . Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama. Dentrophidion vinitor Smith, 1941. Mexico to Panama, Colombia (northwestern) . Diaphorolepis wagneri Jan, 1863. Panama (Darien Province), Colombia, Ecuador (western) . Dipsas articulata (Cope, 1868) . Costa Rica, Panama. Dipsas temporalis (Werner, 1909) . Panama (Atlantic versant) , Colombia, Ecuador (Pacific versant) . Dipsas tenuissima Taylor, 1954. Panama, Costa Rica. Dipsas variegata (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854) . Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru. Dipsas viguieri (Bocourt, 1884) . Panama (Pacific versant) . Dryadophis melanolomus (Cope, 1868) . Mexico to Bolivia, Brazil (western) , Tobago. Dryadophis pleei Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854. Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Margarita and Testigos Islands. Drymarchon corais (Boie, 1827) . United States to Argentina (northern) . Drymobius chloroticus (Cope, 1886) . Mexico to Panama. Drymobius margaritif erus (Schlegel, 1837). Texas (southern) to Colombia . Drymobius rhombifer (Gunther, 1860) . Nicaragua, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela (eastern) , Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia. Enulius flavitorques (Cope, 1869) . Mexico (southern) to Colombia. Enulius sclateri (Boulenger, 1894) . Nicaragua to Colombia. Erythrolamprus bizonus Jan, 1863. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela . Erythrolamprus mimus (Cope, 1869) . Honduras to Ecuador, Peru. Geophis brachycephalus (Cope, 1871) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia . Geophis championi Boulenger, 1894. Panama (Chiriqui Province; Chiriqui and Boquete) . Geophis godmani Boulenger, 1894. Costa Rica, Panama. Geophis hoffmanni Peters, 1859. Honduras to Panama. Hydromorphus concolor Peters, 1859. Guatemala to Panama (central) . Hydromorphus dunni Slevin, 1942. Panama (known from the type locality only-Chiriqui Province, north of Boquete) . Iraantodes cenchoa (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mexico to Argentina (northern) . Imantodes gemmistratus (Cope, 1861) . Mexico (Sonora, Veracruz) to Colombia (northern) . Imantodes inornatus (Boulenger, 1896) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador (northwest) . Imantodes phantasma Myers, 1982. Panama (eastern Darien Province- Serrania de Pirre) . Lampropeltis triangulum (Lacepede, 1789) . United States to Colombia, Ecuador. Leptodeira annulata (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mexico to Argentina. Leptodeira nigrofasciata Gunther, 1868. Mexico to Panama. Leptodeira septentrionalis (Kennicott, 1859) . United States (Texas) to Peru, excluding Venezuela, Brazil. 17 Leptophis ahaetulla (Linnaeus, 1758). S.E. Mexico to Argentina, Brazil, Guyana, Trinidad, Tobago. Leptophis depressirostris (Cope, 1861) . Atlantic versant of Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia and Ecuador (Pacific versants) . Leptophis riveti Despax, 1910. Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Trinidad. Liophis epinephelus (Cope, 1862) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Peru. Liophis lineatus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, the Guianas, Brazil, Ecuador. Masticophis mentovarius (Dumeril, Bibron and Dumeril, 1854) . Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela. Ninia atrata (Hallowell, 1845) . Honduras, El Salvador, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador, Trinidad. Ninia maculata (Peters, 1861) . Guatemala to Panama (Darien Province) . Ninia psephota (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica (Cordillera de Talamanca) , Panama (to Chiriqui Province-Volcan de Chiriqui) . Nothopsis rugosus Cope, 1871. Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Atlantic versants) , Colombia and Ecuador (Pacific versants) . Oxybelis aeneus (Wagler, 1824) . United States (Arizona) to Peru, Bolivia, Paraguay, Argentina (northern) . Oxybelis brevirostris (Cope, 1861) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Atlantic versants) , Colombia and Ecuador (Pacific versants) . Oxybelis fulgidus (Daudin, 1803). Mexico to Surinam, Brazil, Argentina . Oxyrhopus petola (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam, Trinidad, Brazil, Ecuador (northwest) , Peru, Bolivia. Phimophis guianensis (Troschel, 1848). Panama (Code Province), Colombia, Venezuela, Surinam. Pliocercus euryzonus Cope, 1862. Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Brazil. Pseudoboa neuwiedii (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854). Panama (Pacific versant, just W of Panama Canal) , Colombia, Surinam Trinidad, Tobago, Brazil. Pseustes poecilonotus (Gunther, 1858) . Mexico (Isthmus of Tehuantepec and Yucatan) to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Trinidad, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia . Pseustes shropshirei (Barbour and Amaral, 1924) . Panama, Colombia and Ecuador (Pacific versants) . Rhadinaea calligaster (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama (extreme western-Cordillera de Talamanca) . Rhadinaea decipiens (Gunther, 1893) . Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (northern) . Rhadinaea decorata (Gunther, 1858). Mexico (Veracruz) to Colombia, Ecuador (northern) . Rhadinaea fulviceps Cope, 1886. Panama (central and eastern lowlands) , Colombia, Ecuador. 18 Rhadinaea godmani (Gunther, 1865) . Mexico to Panama (western) . Rhadinaea guentheri Dunn, 1938. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (to Panama Canal) . Rhadinaea pachyura (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama (western) . Rhadinaea pulveriventris Boulenger, 1896. Costa Rica, Panama (extreme western) . Rhadinaea sargenti Dunn and Bailey, 1939. Panama (central, east of Panama Canal in Rio Chagres and Rio Pegueni watersheds) . Rhadinaea vermiculaticeps (Cope, 1860) . Panama (west, central) . Rhinobothryum bovallii Andersson, 1916. Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia (northwest) , Ecuador (northwest) . Scaphiodontophis annulatus (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854). Mexico (southeast) to Panama, Colombia. Sibon annulatus (Gunther, 1872) . Costa Rica, Panama (western Atlantic versant, western Pacific versant at El Valle de Anton, eastern Pacific versant) . Sibon argus (Cope, 1875) . Costa Rica, Panama (eastern Pacific versant and western Pacific at El Valle de Anton) . Sibon longifrenis (Stejneger, 1909) . Costa Rica and Panama (Atlantic versants) . . Sibon nebulatus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mexico to Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Tobago, Ecuador, Brazil. Siphlophis cervinus (Laurenti, 1768). Panama (Panama Canal) to Colombia, Ecuador, Trinidad, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia. Spilotes pullatus (Linnaeus, 1758) . Mexico (southern) to Brazil, Argentina (northern) , Trinidad, Tobago. Stenorrhina degenhardtii (Berthold, 1846) . Mexico (southeast) to Colombia, Venzuela, Ecuador (Pacific versant) . Stenorrhina freminvillei (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854). Mexico (Guerrero) to Panama. Tantilla albiceps Barbour, 1925. Panama (known only from the type locality-Barro Colorado Island in Gatun Lake in Panama Canal) . Tantilla alticola (Boulenger, 1903) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (?) , Colombia. Tantilla melanocephala (Linnaeus, 1758) . Guatemala to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, Trinidad, Tobago, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, Argentina (northern) . Not east of Andes . Tantilla reticulata Cope, 1860. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic versant) , Colombia (northwest Pacific versant) . Tantilla schistosa (Bocourt, 1883) . Mexico (southeast) to Panama (Panama Canal) . Tantilla supracincta (Peters, 1863) . Nicaragua (extreme southeast) , Costa Rica, Panama (Atlantic and Pacific versants to central) , Ecuador. Tretanorhinus mocquardi Bocourt, 1891. Panama (Atlantic and Pacific versants of the Panama Canal area only) . Tretanorhinus nigroluteus Cope, 1861. Mexico (southeast, Yucatan) to Panama (Atlantic versant) , Colombia (to City of Bogota) . Trimetopon barbouri Dunn, 1930. Panama (known from the type locality only-Pedro Miguel in the old Canal Zone) . 19 Trimetopon pliolepis Cope, 1894. Costa Rica, Panama. Trimetopon slevini Dunn, 1940. Costa Rica, Panama (Chiriqui Province, near Boquete) . Tripanurgos compressus (Daudin, 1803). Costa Rica, Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Trinidad, Ecuador, Brazil, Peru, Bolivia . Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied-Neuwied, 1824). Mexico (Guerrero, Veracruz) to Panama, Colombia, Ecuador, Brasil, Bolivia. D. Elapidae (10 species) Micrurus alleni Schmidt, 1936. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (northwest Bocas del Toro Province, extreme southwest Chiriqui Province, and one record from Darien Province) . Micrurus ancoralis (Jan, 1872). Panama (Darien Province), Colombia, Ecuador. Micrurus clarki Schmidt, 1936. Costa Rica, Panama (southwest Pacific lowlands, Atlantic versant from central Panama to Darien Province, Darien Province) , Colombia (Pacific versant) . Micrurus dissoleucus (Cope, 1860) . Panama (Panama Canal) to Colombia (northern) , Venezuela (northern) . Micrurus dumerilii (Jan, 1858). Panama (extreme border of Darien Province) , Colombia, Venezuela (northwest) , Ecuador (northern) . Micrurus mipartitus (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril, 1854) . Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia, Venezuela, Ecuador. Micrurus multif asciatus (Jan, 1858) . Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama (Atlantic versants) . Micrurus nigrocinctus (Girard, 1854) . Mexico (Oaxaca, Chiapas) to Panama, Colombia (northwest) . Micrurus stewarti Barbour and Amaral, 1928. Guatemala, Panama (Code and Panama Provinces-El Valle de Anton; Colon Province- Cerro Bruja and uplands near Sabanita) . Pelamis platurus (Linnaeus, 1766) . East coast of Africa, Indian Ocean, Indo-Australian Region, Pacific Ocean, coast of Central and South America from the Gulf of California to Northern Peru. E. Leptotyphlopidae (2 species) Leptotyphlops goudotii (Dumeril and Bibron, 1844). Mexico (Colima and Tehuantepec) to Colombia and Venezuela (Atlantic versants) . Leptotyphlops macrolepis (Peters, 1857) . Panama, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil (northern) . F. Viperidae (11 species) Bothriechis lateralis Peters, 1863. Costa Rica, Panama (to Veraguas Province) . Bothriechis nigroviridis Peters, 1859. Costa Rica, Panama (Bocas del Toro Province) . 20 Bothriechis schlegelii (Berthold, 1846) . Mexico (southeast) to Colombia, Venezuela (western) , Ecuador (northern) . Bothriopsis punctata (Garcia, 1896) . Panama (Darien Province) , Colombia (Pacific versant) , Ecuador (northwest Pacific versant) . Bothrops asper (Garman, 1883) . Mexico to Colombia (northern) , Venezuela (northern) , Trinidad, Ecuador (Pacific versant) . Lachesis muta (Linnaeus, 1766) . Nicaragua (southern) to Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana, Brazil, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia (northern) . Porthidium godmani (Gunther, 1863) . Mexico, Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (Cordillera de Talamanca) . Porthidium lansbergii (Schlegel, 1841) . Panama (Pacific versant of old Canal Zone to Darien Province) , Colombia (northern) , Venezuela (extreme northern) . Porthidium nasutum (Bocourt, 1868) . Mexico (southeast) to Panama (Atlantic versant except for cross country range in the Panama Canal area and Darien Province) , Colombia (Pacific versant) , Ecuador (extreme northern Pacific versant) . Porthidium nummifer (Ruppel, 1845). Mexico (San Luis Potosi) to Panama (Atlantic versant of western Panama to the Canal, extreme southwestern Chiriqui Province) . Porthidium ophryomegas (Bocourt, 1868) . Guatemala to Costa Rica, Panama (western?) . Porthidium picadoi (Dunn, 1939) . Costa Rica, Panama (western Bocas del Toro Province) . V. TESTUDINES (14 species) A. Cheloniidae (4 species) Caretta caretta (Linnaeus, 1758) . Globally in tropical and subtropical seas. CITES Appendix I/USFWS Threatened. Chelonia agassizii Bocourt, 1868. Pacific (eastern) from California to Chile, east to the Galapagos and Papua New Guinea. CITES Appendix I/USFWS Threatened. Chelonia mydas (Linnaeus, 1758) . Globally in temperate and tropical seas. CITES Appendix I/USFWS Threatened. Eretmochelys imbricata (Linnaeus, 1766) . Globally in tropical seas, occasionally in temperate seas. CITES Appendix I/USFWS Endangered. Lepidochelys kempii (Garman, 1880) . Atlantic Ocean (northern) and Gulf of Mexico. Reported from Colombia and Venezuela. Panama? CITES Appendix I/USFWS Endangered. Lepidochelys olivacea ( Eschscholtz , 1829). Pacific and Indian Oceans, Caribbean Sea from Cuba and eastward from Cartagena, Colombia (Panama?) , Atlantic Ocean south to Brazil, western central African coast. CITES Appendix I/USFWS Threatened. B. Chelydridae (1 species) 21 Chelydra serpentina (Linnaeus, 1758) . Canada to Ecuador. C. Dermochelyidae (1 species) Dermochelys coriacea (Vandelli, 1761) . Globally in temperate to tropical seas. CITES Appendix I/USFWS Endangered. D. Emydidae (1 species) Trachemys scripta (Schoepf , 1792) . United States to Colombia, Venezuela; isolated populations in Brazil, Argentina, Uruguay. E. Kinosternidae (3 species) Kinosternon angustipons Legler, 1965. Nicaragua, Costa Rica, Panama (western, Atlantic versant) . Kinosternon leucostomum Dumeril and Dumeril, 1851. Mexico to Colombia, Ecuador. Kinosternon scorpioides (Linnaeus, 1766) . Mexico to Argentina, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Brazil, Trinidad. F. Testudinidae (4 species) Testudininae (1 Species) Geochelone carbonaria (Spix, 1824) . Panama (Darien Province) to Paraguay, Brazil. CITES Appendix II. Batagurinae (3 Species) Rhinoclemmys annulata (Gray, 1860) . Honduras to Ecuador. Rhinoclemmys funerea (Cope, 1875) . Honduras-Nicaragua border (Atlantic versant) to Panama (Atlantic versant, central) . Rhinoclemmys melanosterna (Gray, 1861) . Panama (eastern) , Colombia, Ecuador. II. PANAMA HERPETOLOGICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY: ORIGINAL DESCRIPTIONS OF CURRENTLY RECOGNIZED SPECIES Amaral, A. 1924. New genus and species of South American snakes contained in the United States National Museum. J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 14:200-202 ( Clelia eauatoriana-202 ) . Andersson, L.G. 1916. Notes on the reptiles and batrachians in the Zoological Museum at Gothenberg, with an account of some new species. Medd. Goteborgs. Mus. Zool. Afdelning 9:1- 38 (Rhinobothrvum bovallii-32 ) . Arosemena, F.A., R. Ibanez, and F. Sousa. 1991. Una especie nueva de Anolis (Squamata: Iguanidae) del grupo latifrons de Fortuna, Panama. Rev. Biol. Trop. 39 ( 2 ): 255-262 (Anolis 22 casildae-255) . Barbour, T. 1906. Vertebrata from the savannah of Panama, IV. Reptilia and Amphibia. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 46 ( 12 ): 224-229 (Leptodactvlus insularum-228 ) . Barbour, T. 1914. A contribution to the zoogeography of the West Indies, with especial reference to amphibians and reptiles. Mem. Mus. Comp. Zool. 44:209-359 ( Eleutherodactvlus i ohnstonei-249 ) . Barbour, T. 1923. Notes on reptiles and amphibians from Panama. Occ. Pap. Mus. Zool. Univ. Michigan. 129:1- 16 (Atelopus certus-12) . Barbour, T. 1925. A new frog and a new snake from Panama. Occas. Pap. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 5:155-156 (Tantilla albiceps-156) Barbour, T. 1928. New Central American frogs. Proc. New England Zool. Club 10:25-31 (Hvla lancaster i-3 1 ; Eleutherodactvlus carvophvllaceus-28 ; Eleutherodactvlus pardalis-26) . Barbour, T. and A. Amaral. 1924. Notes on some Central American snakes. Occas. Pap. Boston Nat. Hist. Soc. 5:129-132 f Pseustes shropshirei-131) . Barbour, T. and A. Amaral. 1928. A new elapid from Western Panama. Bull. Antivenin Inst. Amer. 1:100 (Micrurus stewarti-100) . Barbour, T. and E.R. Dunn. 1921. Herpetological novelties. Proc Biol. Soc. Wash. 34:157-162 (Eleutherodactvlus noblei-161) Berthold, A. A. 1846. Mittheilungen uber das Zoologische Museum zu Gottingen. 1. Verzeichniss der Aufgestellten Reptilien. Nachr. Univ. Konigl. Ges. Wiss. Gottingen 8- 10:1-28 (Anolis latifrons-11 ; Polvchrus autturosus-11) . Berthold, A. A. 1846. Uber verschiedene neue Oder seltene Reptilien aus Neu-Granada und Crustaceen aus China. Abhand. der Koniglichen Gesellschaft der Wissenschaften zu Gottingen 3:3-32 (Bothriechis schleaelii-13 ; Stenorrhina deqenhardtii-8) . Bocourt, M.F. 1868. Description de quelques cheloniens nouveaux appartenant a la fauna Mexicaine. Annales des Sciences Naturelles, Zoologique. Paris 10(5) :121 -122 (Chelonia agassizii-121) . Bocourt, M.F. 1868. Descriptions de quelques crotaliens nouveaux appartenant au genre Bothrops recuellis dans le Guatemala. Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris 10 (5) : 201-202 (Porthidium nasutum-202; Porthidium ophrvomeqas-201) . Bocourt, M.F. 1873-1897. Etudes sur les Reptiles. Mission Scientifique au Mexique et dans l'Amerique Centrale- Recherches Zoologiques Livr. Miss. Sci. Mex. , Rept. 33- 860 (Tantilla schistosa-584 ) . Bocourt, M.F. 1874. Notes sur quelques sauriens de L'Amerique Tropicale. Ann. Sci. Nat. Paris (5)19(4): 1-5 (Envalioides heterolepis-1) . Bocourt, M.F. 1884. Note sur quelques ophidiens nouveaux, provenant de L'Amerique Inter-tropicale . Bull. Soc. Philom. Paris (7)8:133-142 (Dipsas viguieri-136) . 23 Bocourt, M.F. 1891. Sur quelques Ophidiens de l'Amerique Intertropicale appartenant au genre Tretanorhinus . Le. Naturaliste 13 (2) : 121-122 (Tretanorhinus mocquardi-122 ) . Boettger, 0. 1892. Katalog der Batrachier Sammlung im Museum der Senckenbergischen Naturf orschenden Gesellschaft in Frankfurt am Main. Kat. Batr. Samml. Mus. Senckenb. Naturf. Ges. 1892:1-45 ( Centrolene prosoblepon-4 5 ; Eleutherodactvlus f leischmanni-27 ) . Boettger, 0. 1893. Ein neuer Laubfrosch aus Costa Rica. Ber. Senchekb. Naturf. Ges. 1893:251-252 (Hvalinobatrachium f leischmanni-251) . Boie, F. 1827. Bemerkungen uber Merrem's Versuch eines Systems der Amphibien. Isis von Oken 20:508-566 (Drvmarchon corais-537) . Boulenger, G. A. 1882. Catalogue of the batrachia Salientia S. Ecaudata in the collection of the British Museum. 2nd. ed. London. 1-503 (Phvllomedusa lemur-425) . Boulenger, G. A. 1887. On a new geckoid lizard from British Guiana. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1887 (I) : 153-154 (Gonatodes annularis-154 ) . Boulenger, G . A . 1890. First report on additions to the lizard collection in the British Museum (Natural History) . Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1890:77-86 (Echinosaura horrida-83) . Boulenger, G . A . 1894. Catalogue of the Snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). 2:1-382 (Enulius sclateri-251 ; Geophis championi-321 ; Geophis qodmani-322 ) . Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Catalogue of the snakes in the British Museum (Natural History). 3:1-727 (Imantodes inornatus-88 ; Rhadinaea pulveriventris-635) . Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Descriptions of new reptiles and batrachians from Colombia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6)17:16-21 ( Eleutherodactvlus buf onif ormis-19 ; Eleutherodactvlus ranif ormis-19 ) . Boulenger, G.A. 1896. Descriptions of new batrachians collected by Mr. C.F. Underwood in Costa Rica. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (6) 18 : 340-342 (Bolitoqlossa subpalmata-34 1) Boulenger, G.A. 1898. An account of the reptiles and batrachians collected by Mr. W.F.H. Rosenberg in Western Ecuador. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1898:107 -126 (Anolis chloris-110 ; Eleutherodactvlus achatinus-120 ; Eleutherodactvlus latidiscus-12 1 ; Eleutherodactvlus lonqirostris-120 ; Gastrotheca cornuta-124 ; Hvla rosenberqi- 123) . Boulenger, G.A. 1899. Descriptions of new batrachians in the collection of the British Museum (Natural History) . Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7)3:273-277 (Colostethus pratti-274) . Boulenger, G.A. 1902. Descriptions of new batrachians and reptiles from north-western Ecuador. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (7) : 9 : 51-57 (Aqalvchnis calcarif er-52 ; Caecilia niqr icans-51) . Boulenger, G.A. 1903. Descriptions of new snakes in the collection of the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. 12 (7) :350-354 (Tantilla alticola-353 ) . Boulenger, G.A. 1908. Descriptions of new batrachians and 24 reptiles discovered by Mr. M.G. Palmer in South-western Colombia. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)2:515-522 (Hvla palmeri-515) . Boulenger, G . A . 1912. Descriptions of new batrachians from the Andes of South America, preserved in the British Museum. Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist. (8)10:185 -191 ( Colothesis chocoensis-190 : Eleutherodactvlus taeniatus-188) . Boulenger, G.A. 1913. On a collection of batrachians and reptiles made by Dr. H.G.F. Spurrell, F.Z.S., in the Choco, Colombia. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1913:1019 -1038 f Aqalvchnis spurrelli-1024 ; Anadia vittata-1033 ) . Boulenger, G.A. 1915. Descriptions of a new Amphisbaena and a new snake discovered by Dr. H.G.F. Spurrell in southern Colombia. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1915(4) :659- 661 (Amphisbaena spurrelli-659) . Brame, A.H. and W.E. Duellman. 1970. A new salamander (Genus Oedipina) of the uniformis group from western Panama. Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 201:1 -8 ( Oedipina grandis-1) . Brame, A.H. and D.B. Wake. 1972. New species of salamanders (Genus Bolitoqlossa) from Colombia, Ecuador and Panama. Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. 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Uber die von Hrn. Dr. Hoffman in Costa Rica Gesammelten Schlangen und an das Konigl. Zoologische Museum Gesandten Schlangen. Monats. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1859:275-278 (Bothriechus niqroviridis-278 ; Geophis hof fmani-276 ; Hvdromorphus concolor-277) . Peters, W.C.H. 1860. Drei neue Schlangen des K. Zoologischen Museums aus America und Bemerkungen uber die generelle Unterscheidung von anderen Bereits bekannten arten. Monatsber Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1860:517-521 (Helminthophis f rontalis-517 ) . Peters, W.C.H. 1861. Uber neue Schlangen des Konigl. Zoologischen 33 Museums: Tvphlops striocatus . Geophidium dubium, Streptophorus (Ninia) maculatus, Elaps hippocrepis . Monatsber. Konigl. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1861:922-925 (Ninia maculata-924 ) . Peters, W.C.H. 1862. Uber die Batrachier-Gattung Hemiphractus Monatsber. Preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin 1862:144-152 (Hemiphractus fasciatus-149 ) . Peters, W.C.H. 1863. Einen neuen gecko, Brachvdactvlus mitratus, aus Costa Rica. Monats. Akad. Wiss. 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Handlist of the snakes of Panama. Herpetologica 14 (3) : 222-224 . Smith, H.M. 1987. Current nomenclature for the names and material cited in Gunther's Reptilia and Batrachia volume of the Biologia Centrali-Americana . Pp. xxiii-li. In: 1987 reprint ed. Soc. Stud. Amphib. Rept. Facs. Rep. Herp. 575 p. Smith, H.M. and C.B. Bumzaham. 1955. The identity of the trans-isthmic populations of the Malachite tree-lizard ( Sceloporus malachiticus Cope). Herpetologica 11 (2) : 118-120. Smith, H.M., K. Fitzgerald, G. Perez-Hilgareda , and D. Chizar. 1986. A taxonomic rearrangement of the snakes of the Genus Scaphiodontophis . Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 22:159-166. Smith, H.M. and C. Grant. 1958. New and noteworthy snakes from Panama. Herpetologica 14 ( 3 ) : 207-2 15 . Smith, H.M. and C. Grant. 1961. The Mourning gecko in the Americas. Herpetologica 17(1): 68. Smith, H.M., K.L. Williams, and G. Perez-Hilgareda. 1986. The 56 specific name for the Linnaean Oxvrhopus . or the Calico False Coral snake. Bull. Maryland Herpetol. Soc. 22:10-13. Smith, R. E. 1968. Studies on reproduction in Costa Rican Ameiva f estiva and Ameiva guadr ilineata (Sauria: Teiidae) . Copeia 1968 (2) :236-239. Stejneger, L. 1911. Descriptions of three new batrachians from Costa Rica and Panama. Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. 41:285-288. Stuart, L.C. 1941. Studies on Neotropical Colubridae. VIII. A revision of the Genus Drvadophis Stuart, 1939. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich. 49:1-106. Stuart, L.C. 1963. A checklist of the herpetofauna of Guatemala. Misc. Publ. Mus. Zool., Univ. Mich. 122:1-150. Stuart, L.C. 1966. The environment of the Central American cold¬ blooded vertebrate fauna. Copeia 1966 (4 ): 684-699 . Stull, O.G. 1935. A checklist of the Family Boidae. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. 40:387-408. Swanson, P.L. 1950. The iguana Iguana iguana iguana (L) . Herpetologica 6 (7 ): 187-193 . Telford, S.R. Jr. 1969. A new saurian malarial parasite Plasmodium balli from Panama. J. Protozool. 16 ( 3 ): 431-437 . Telford, S.R. Jr. 1970. Saurian malarial parasites in Eastern Panama. J. Protozool. 17 (4) : 566-574 . Telford, S.R. Jr. and H.W. Campbell. 1970. Ecological observations on an all female population of the lizard Lepidophvma f lavimaculatum (Xantusiidae) in Panama. Copeia 1970(2) :379-381. Thomas, R. 1975. The argus group of West Indian Sphaerodactylus (Sauria: Gekkonidae) . Herpetologica 31 (2) : 177-195. Trapido, H. 1953. A new frog from Panama. Fieldiana 34(15) :181- 187. Trapido, H, P. Galindo, and S.J. Carpenter. 1955. A survey of forest mosquitoes in relation to Sylvan yellow fever in the Panama isthmian area. Amer. J. Trop. Med. Hygiene 4(3) : 525-542 . Trueb, L. and D. Cannatella. 1986. Systematics, morphology and phylogeny of the Genus Pipa (Anura: Pipidae) . Herpetologica 42 (4) : 412-449 . Tuttle, M.D. and M.J. Ryan. 1982. The role of synchronized calling, ambient light, and ambient noise in anti-bat predator behavior of a treefrog. Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 11(2): 125-131. Uzzell , T.M. 1965. Teiid lizards of the Genus Echinosaura. Copeia 1965 ( 1) : 82-89 . Vanzolini, P.E. 1951. Amohisbaena fuliginosa. Contribution to the knowledge of the Brazilian lizards of the Family Amphisbaenidae Gray, 1825. 6. On the geographical distribution and differentiation of Amohisbaena fuliginosa Linn. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool. 106:1-67. Vanzolini, P.E. 1977. An annotated bibliography of the land and fresh-water reptiles of South America (1758-1975). 2 vol. 316 p. 57 Vanzolini, P.E. 1986. Addenda and corrigenda to the Catalogue of Neotropical Squamata. Smithsonian Herpetol. Info. Ser. 70:1- 25. Vanzolini, P.E. and W.R. Heyer. 1990. The American herpetofauna and the interchange, pp. 475-487. In: Stehli, F.G. and S.D. Webb, eds. The Great American Biotic Interchange. Plenum Press. New York, London. 532 p. Vial, J.L. 1968. The ecology of the tropical salamander, Bolitoglossa suboalmata . in Costa Rica. Rev. Biol. Trop. 15:13-115. Vial, J.L. and J.M. Jimenez-Porras . 1967. The ecogeography of the bushmaster, Lachesis muta, in Central America. Amer. Mid. Nat. 78:182-187. Villa, J. 1983. Nicaraguan fishes, amphibians and reptiles a checklist and bibliography. Escuela de Ecologia y Recursos Naturales, Universidad Centroamericana . Managua, Nicaragua. Also Wildlife Publ., Inc. Hollywood, Florida. 53 P- Villa, J. 1988. Rana vibicaria (Cope). Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 437 . 1- 2 . Villa, J. 1990. Rana warszewitschii (Schmidt). Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 459.1-2. Villa, J. 1990. Hvdromorphus Peters. Central American watersnakes. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 472.1-2. Villa, J. and N . A . Occhipinti. 1988. Diploqlossus montisilvestris Myers. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 444.1 Villa, J. and L.D. Wilson. 1990. Unaaliophis Muller. Central American Dwarf boas. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 480.1-4. Wake, D.B. 1970. The abundance and diversity of tropical salamanders. Amer. Nat. 104 (936) : 211-213 . Wake, D.B. 1980. Reproduction, growth, and population structure of the Central American caecilian Dermophis mexicanus . Herpetologica 36 ( 3 ): 244-256 . Wake, D.B. 1987. Adaptive radiation of salamanders in Middle American cloud forests. Ann. Missouri Botan. Garden 74:242-264. Wake, D.B. and A . H . Brame. 1963. The status of the plethodontid salamander Genera Bolitoglossa and Magnadigita . Copeia 1963(2) : 382-387 . Wake, D.B. and P. Elias. 1983. New genera and a new species of Central American salamanders, with a review of the tropical genera (Amphibia, Caudata, Plethodontidae) . Contrib. Sci. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co. 345:1-19. Wake, D.B. and J.F. Lynch. 1976. The distribution, ecology and evolutionary history of plethodontid salamanders in tropical America. Nat. Hist. Mus. Los Angeles Co., Sci. Bull 25:1-65. Wake, M.H. 1988. Gvmnopis Peters. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 411 . 1- 2 . Webb, S.D. 1976. Mammalian faunal dynamics of the Great American Interchange. Paleobiol. 2 ( 3 ) : 220-234 . Wellman, J. 1963. A revision of the snakes of the Genus Conophis . Univ. Kansas Publ. Mus. Nat. Hist. 15:251-295. 58 Wells, K.D. 1979. Reproductive behavior and male mating success in a neotropical toad, Buf o typhonius . Biotropica 11(4) :301 307. Wells, K.D. 1980. Behavior ecology and social organization of a dendrobatid frog ( Colothethus inguinalis) . Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 6:199-209. Wells, K.D. 1981. Vocal responses to conspecific calls in a neo¬ tropical hylid frog, Hvla ebraccata. Copeia 1981 (3 ): 615-624 Wells, K.D. and K.M. Bard. 1988. Parental behavior of an aguatic -breeding tropical frog, Leptodactvlus bolivianus . J. Herpetol . 22 (3) : 361-364 . Wells, K.D. and J.J. Schwartz. 1982. The effect of vegetation on the propagation of calls in the neotropical frog Centrolenella f leischmanni . Herpetologica 38 (4) :449-455. Wells, K.D. and J.J. Schwartz. 1984. Vocal communication in a neotropical treefrog, Hvla ebraccata : advertisement calls. Anim. Behav. 32:405-420. Wells, K.D. and T.L. Taigen. 1989. Calling energetics of a neotropical treefrog, Hvla microcephala . Behav. Ecol. Sociobiol. 25:13-22. Werman, S.D. 1984. Taxonomic comments on the Costa Rican Pit viper Bothrops picadoi . J. Herpetol. 18 (2) : 207-210. Wiest, J . A . 1978. Revision of the neotropical snake Genus Chironius Fitzinger (Serpentes: Colubridae) . Ph.D. thesis, Texas A. and M. Univ. 336 p. Wilczynski, W. and E.A. Brenowitz . 1988. Acoustic cues mediate inter-male spacing in a neotropical frog. Anim. Behav. 36 (4) : 1054-1063 . Williams, E.E. 1984. New or problematic Anolis from Colombia III. Two new semiaguatic anoles from Antioguia and Choco, Colombia. Breviora Mus. Comp. Zool. 478:1-22. Williams, E.E. 1991 (manuscript). The morphological characters used in Anole key described, defined and illustrated. Williams, K.L. 1988. Systematics and natural history of the American Milk snake Lampropeltis triangulum. Mil. Publ. Mus. 2nd. ed. 176 p. Wilson, L.D. 1973. Masticophis Baird and Girard. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 144:1-2. Wilson, L.D. 1975. Drvmobius . Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 170:1-2. Wilson, L.D. 1975. Drvmobius chloroticus . Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 171:1-2. Wilson, L.D. 1975. Drvmobius marqaritif erus . Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 172:1-2. Wilson, L.D. 1982. A review of the colubrid snakes of the Genus Tantilla of Central America. Milwaukee. Publ. Mus. Contrib. Biol. Geol. 52:1-77. Wilson, L.D. 1982. Masticophis mentovarius (Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril). Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 295.1-4. Wilson, L.D. 1982. Tantilla. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 307.1-4. Wilson, L.D. 1985. Tantilla reticulata Cope. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 370.1. Wilson, L.D. 1985. Tantilla albiceps Barbour. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 377.1. Wilson, L.D. 1985. Tantilla annulata (Boettger) . Cat. Amer. 59 Amphib. Rept. 379:1. Wilson, L.D. 1986. Tantilla alticola (Boulenger) . Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 400:1. Wilson, L.D. 1987. A resume of the colubrid snakes of the Genus Tantilla of South America. Mil. Publ. Mus. Cont. Biol. Geol. 68:1-35. Wilson, L.D. 1987. Tantilla schistosa (Bocourt) . Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 409:1-2. Wilson, L.D. 1988. Amastridium Cope. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 449.1-3. Wilson, L.D. and J.R. McCranie. 1984. Bothrops nasuta Bocourt. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 349.1-2. Wilson, L.D., J.R. McCranie, and L. Porras. 1977. Taxonomic notes on Tantilla (Colubridae) from tropical America. Bull. S. Calif. Acad. Sci. 76:49-56. Wilson, L.D. and C.E. Mena. 1980. Systematics of the melanocephala group of the colubrid snake Genus Tantilla. San Diego Soc. Nat. Hist. 11:1-58. Wilson, L.D. 1969 and J.R. Meyer. A review of the colubrid snake Genus Amastridium. Bull. S. California Acad. Sci. 68:145- 159. Wilson, R.V. and G.R. Zug. 1991. Lepidochelvs kempii (Garman) Kemp's Ridley Sea Turtle, Tortuga Lora. Cat. Amer. Amphib. Rept. 509.1-8. Woodring, W.P. 1957. Geology and paleontology of Canal Zone and adjoining parts of Panama. Geol. Sur. Prof. Paper 306-A: 1-145. U.S. Gov. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. Wright, S.J. 1979. Competition between insectivorous lizards and birds in Central Panama. Amer. Zool. 19:1145-1156. Yingling, P. 1972. A review of the colubrid snake Imantodes qemmistratus . M.S. thesis. San Diego St. Coll. California. 87 p. Zug, G.R. and A.S. Rand. 1987. Estimation of age in nesting female Iguana iguana : testing skeletochronology in a tropical lizard. Amphibia-Reptilia 8 (3 ): 237-250 . Zug, G.R. and P.B. Zug. 1979. The marine toad, Bufo marinus a natural history resume of native populations. Smithsonian Contrib. Zool 284:1-58. Zweifel, R.G. 1964. Life history of Phrvnohvas venulosa (Salientia: Hylidae) in Panama. Copeia 1964 (1) : 201-208 . Zweifel, R.G. 1964. Distribution and life history of the Central American frog, Rana vibricaria . Copeia 1964 ( 2 ): 300-308 . Zweifel, R.G. 1965. Distribution and mating calls of the Panamanian toads, Bufo coccifer and B. granulosus . Copeia 1965(1) : 108-110. to BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SCIENTIFIC NAME INDEX £Pr to AMPHIBIANS AND REPTILES PUBLISHED IN THE CARIBBEAN JOURNAL OF SCIENCE VOLUMES 1-25, 1961-1989 — i ^THSOTv^ JUN 1 4 1995 ) ^PfiRARItS SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 99 1994 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. INTRODUCTION The present alphabetical listing by author(s) covers all the papers concerning herpetology that have appeared in the first twenty-five volumes of the Caribbean Journal of Science from 1961 through 1989. All junior authors are listed alphabetically and cross referenced to the senior author. All articles in this bibliography can be located by knowing the author (s) or the title. All articles with original names are preceeded by an * . While the journal was originally a quarterly it was issued irregularly, sometimes in different years to that given on the cover. The actual date of issue is stamped (or printed) on the cover. In those cases where this is indicated the original year is given followed by the actual year of issue. Sometimes two numbers were in one, sometimes four with continuous paging except for volume 4 which continued paging from Volume 3. Volumes 15 and 19 (1-2) (3- 4) each begain with page 1. Volume 23 skipped pages 153-225 between numbers 1 and 2. Presently the journal is issued twice a year with two numbers in one. In Volumes 15 and 19 in the bibliography and scientific name index the issue number is included as well as the issue number thereby causing the seeming inconsistency. All herpetological scientific names are listed alphabetically and referenced to the article(s) where they are mentioned. No scientific names in bibliographies are included. All original spellings have been maintained except those ending in i or ii. Double ii is used when both are used. The volume number and the first page number of the article where the name appears are given. All original names are boldfaced and the page number given identifies the article and not the page number of the name. The author wishes to thank C. Gans for suggesting this project and to G. R. Zug and W. R. Heyer for suggesting the scientific name index. 2 BIBLIOGRAPHY Acuna, Mercedes I. 1975. Hematologia normal de Iguana iguana (Linne, 1758). 1. Aspectos citomorf ologicos y comparaciones intraespecif icas . 15 (1-2): 71. Alvarez, Vicente Berovides, see Lopez, Georgina Espinosa and Caridad Gonzales Suarez, 1985. Annonymous . 1961. Institute of Caribbean Studies field excursion to Isla Mona. 1: 30. Anthony, Donald, see Arendt, Wayne J., 1986 (1987). Arendt, Wayne J. 1986 (1987). An observation of Iguana iguana feeding on egga of the cattle egret (Bubulcus ibis) at Fox's Bay, Montserrat, West Indies; A case of predation or scavenging? 22: 221. - and Donald Anthony. 1986 (1987). Bat predation by the St. Lucia boa ( Boa constrictor orophias ) . 22: 219. Campbell, Howard W. 1971. Observations on the thermal activity of some tropical lizards of the genus Anolis (Iguanidae). 11: 17. Campos, Neris B. Reyes. 1971 (1972). Observaciones sobre la conducta del coqui, Eleutherodactylus cogui . 11: 209. Carey, W. Michael. 1972. The herpetology of Anegada, British Virgin Islands. 12: 79. Carpenter, Charles C. and James C. Gillingham. 1984. Giant centipede ( Scolopendra alternans ) attacks marine toad ( Bufo marinus ) . 20: 71. Carter, Jeanne Y. , see Wilcox, Karen and L. V. Wilcox, Jr., 1973. Censky, Ellen J. 1989 (1990). Eleutherodactylus iohnstonei (Salientia: Leptodactylidae) from Anguilla, West Indies. 25: 229. Christian, Keith. 1986 (1987). Aspects of the life history of Cuban iguanas on Isla Magueyas, Puerto Rico. 22: 159. Clark, Donald R. 1973. Temperature responses of three Costa Rican lizards (Anolis ) . 13: 199. Cof resi-Sala , Fernando. 1964. Notes on distribution and a redescription of Mesocoelium dandorthi Hoffman, 1935, (Trematoda: Brachycoeliidae ) . 4: 435. - and Elena Rodriquez de Vega. 1963. A new host record for Mesocoelium danf orthi Hoffman, 1935 (Trematoda: Brachycoeliidae) 3: 213. Corn, Michael J. 1974. Report on the first certain collection of Ungaliophis panamensis from Costa Rica. 14: 167. Cova, Luis J., see Leon, Juan R., 1973. de Vega, Elena Rodriquez. 1970. Estudio taxonomico de endoparasitos de algunos anfibios: Abs . 10: 211. de Vega, Elena Rodriquez, see also Cof resi-Sala , Fernando, 1963. Diaz, Humberto Granados, see Rivero, Juan A., 1989 (1990). *Dole, Jim W. and Pedro Durant. 1972. A new species of Colostethus (Amphibia: Salientia) from the Merida Andes, Venezuela. 12: 191. 3 *Donoso-Barros , B. 1964 (1965). A new dendrobatid frog, Prostherapis riveroi from Venezuela. 4: 485. 1965 (1966). Nota sobre la culebra falsa coral del Oriente de Venezuela ( Erythrolamprus beauperthuisi ) Dumeril y Bibron, 1854 (Reptilis: Colubridae). 5: 59. * - . 1968a. Un nuevo anuro de los Andes de Venezuela. 8: 31. 1968b. The lizards of Venezuela (Check list and key ) . 8 : 105 . Dunkley, L. C., see Metterick, D. F., 1968. Durant, Pedro, see Dole, Jim W. , 1972. Estremero, Ernesto, see Rivero, Juan A., Horacio Mayorea and Ivette Izquierdo, 1980 (1981). Fitch, Henry S. 1973. Observations on the population ecology of the Central American iguanid lizard Anolis cupreus . 13: 215. Fouquette, M. J., Jr. 1966 (1968). Some hylid frogs of the Canal Zone, wirh special reference to call structure. 6: 167 . Fulton, Alice W. , see Fulton, McDonald, 1962; 1965. Fulton, McDonald. 1965 (1966). The bacterium Aeromomas hydrophila from lizards of the genus Anolis in Puerto Rico. 5: 99. - and Alice W. Fulton. 1962. Grupos de bacterias aerobicas aisladas de reptiles en Puerto Rico. 2: 105. - and - . 1965 (1966). Possible Caribbean habitat of the rare salmonella Type S abaetetuba. 5: 95. *Gali, Frank and Orlando Garrido. 1986 (1987). Two new subspecies of Ameiva auberi (Reptilia: Teiidae) from Cuba. 22: 165. Garrett, Kimball L., see McFarland, Donald A., 1989. Garrick, Leslie D., Robert L. Sutton and Jeffrey W. Lang. 1985. Observations on the largest Jamaican tree frog, Calyptahyla crucialis . 21: 159. *Garrido, Orlando H. 1972. Anolis bremeri Barbour (Lacertilia: Iguanidae) en el Occident de Cuba e Isla de Pinos. 12: 59. 1983. Nueva especie de Anolis (Lacertilia: Iguanidae) de la Sierra del Turquino, Cuba. 19 (3-4): 71. Garrido, Orlando H., see also Gali, Frank, 1986; Schwartz, Albert, 1971. Gicca, Diderot. 1980 (1981). The status and distribution of Cyclura r. rileyi (Reptilia: Iguanidae) a Bahamian rock iguana. 16: 9. Gillingham, James C., see Carpenter, Charles C., 1984. Gorman, George C. 1980 (1981). Anolis occultus , a small cryptic canopy lizard: Are there pair bonds? 15 (3-4): 29. - , Carl S. Lieb and Robert H. Harwood. 1984. The relationships of Anolis gadovi : Albumin immunological evidence. 20: 145. 4 Greding, Edward J., Jr. 1971 (1972). Comparative rates of learning in frogs (Ranidae) and toads (Bufonidae). 11: 203. 1972. An unusually large toad (Anura: Bufonidae) from the lower southeastern slope of Volcan Turrialba, with a key to the Buf o of Costa Rica. 12: 91. - and Victor J. Hellebuyck G. 1980 (1981). Selection among five species of ecological separation by prey Central American anuran amphibians. 16: 23. *Hardy, Jerry D., Jr. 1966 (1967). Geographic variation in the West Indian lizard, Anolis angusticeps , with the description of a new form, Anolis angusticeps paternus subsp. nov. from the Isle of Pines, Cuba (Reptilis: Iguanidae ) . 6 : 23 . Harwood, Robert H. , see Gorman, George C. and Carl S. Lieb., 1984. Heatwole, Harold. 1961a. Institute of Caribbean Studies field excursion to Isla Mona: Herpetology. 1: 32. 1961b. Recent publications of the Caribbean area: Zoology. 1: 73. 1961c. Review of current work in vertebrate zoology (exclusive of birds and marine forms). 1: 83. 1961d. Recent publications on the Caribbean area: Vertebrate zoology (excluding birds and marine forms). 1: 118. 1961e. Recent publications on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 1: 153. 1962a Recent publications on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 2: 46. 1962b. Recent publications on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 2: 86. 1962c. Recent publications on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 2: 178. 1963a. Ecologic segregation of two species of tropical frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus . 3: 17. 1963b. Recent publications on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 3: 187. 1963c. Recent publications received on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 3: 251. 1964. Recent publications received on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 4: 447. 1964 (1965). Recent publications received on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 4: 554. 1965 (1966)a. Factors affecting evaporative loss in Eleutherodactylus : Abs. 5: 176. 1965 (1966)b. Recent publications received on the Caribbean area: Herpetology. 5: 179. 1968 (1968). Defensive behaviour on some Panamanian scorpions. 7: 15. - , Larry Kelts, Richard Levins and Frank Torres. 1963. Faunal notes on Culebra Island, Puerto Rico. 3: 29. - , Donald S. Sade and Richard Hildreth. 1963. Herpetogeography of Puerto Rico. 1. Herpetofauna of Cayo Santiago and Cayo Batata. 3: 1. 5 Heatwole, Harold, see also Levins, Richard, 1963; Ortleb, Edward, 1965 (1966); Rolle, Francis J., Richard Levins and Frank Torres, 1964; Sexton, Owen J., 1965 (1966); Sexton, Owen J. and Dennis Knight, 1964; Sexton, Owen J., 1965 (1966) 2. Hedges, S. Blair. 1987 (1988). Vocalization and habitat preference of the Jamaican treefrog Hyla marianae (Anura: Hyl idae ) . 23 : 380 . 1989. Geographic protein variation in the Jamaican blind snake, Typhlops jamaicensis (Serpentes: Typhlopidae ) . 25: 93. 1989 (1990). An island radiation: Allozyme evolution in Jamaican frogs of the genus Eleutherodactylus ( Leptodactyl idae ) . 25: 123. Hellebuyck G, Victor J., see Greding, Edward J., Jr., 1980 (1981) . *Henderson, Robert W. 1989 (1990). A new subspecies of Alsophis antiquae (Serpentes: Colubridae) from Great Bird Island (Antigua), Lesser Antilles. 25: 119. Hildreth, Richard, see Heatwole, Harold and Donald S. Sade, 1963. Hirth, Harold F. and Douglas A. Samson. 1987 (1988). Nesting behavior of green turtles (Chelonia mydas ) at Tortuguero, Costa Rica. 23: 374. Hoffman, Charles A., Jr., see Wing, Elizabeth S. and Clayton E. Ray, 1968. Irizarry, Maria de los Angeles, see Rivero, Juan A. and Lucille Oliver, 1987. Iverson, John B. 1986 (1987). Notes on the natural history of the Caicos Islands dwarf boa, Tropidophis qreenwayi . 22: 191. Izquierdo, Ivette, see Rivero, Juan A., Horacio Mayorga and Ernesto Estremera, 1980 (1981). Joglar, Rafael. 1983. Estudio fenetico del genero Eleutherodactylus en Puerto Rico. 19 (3-4): 33. - and Juan A. Rivero. 1986. Simonimia de Eleutherodactylus ramosi Rivero. 22: 123. Joglar, Rafael, see also Rivero, Juan A. and Idabelle Vasquez, 1982. Jones, Kirkland L. 1980 (1981). Frog diversity in the Lesser Antilles. 16: 19. Keiser, Edmund D., Jr. 1969. Evidence of a dichromatic population of the vine snake Oxybelis fulgidus (Daudin) on the Islas de la Bahia of Honduras. 9: 31. Kelts, Larry, see Heatwole, Harold, Richard Levins and Frank Torres, 1963. Kenny, Julian S. 1966 (1967). Nest building in Phyllomedusa trinitatis Mertens. 6: 15. 1968. Early development and larval natural history of Phyllomedusa trinitatis Mertens. 8: 35. Knight, Dennis, see Sexton, Owen J. and Harold Heatwole, 1964. 6 LaMarca, Enrique and Hobart M. Smith. 1982. The anuran named Hyla lover idgei Rivero. 18: 21. Lang, Jeffrey W. , see Garrick, Leslie D. and Robert L. Sutton, 1985. Leon, J. R. 1975. Desarrollo temprano y notas sobre la historia natural de la larva de Hyla x-signata (Amphibia: Hylidae). 15 (1-2): 57. - and Luis J. Cova . 1973. Reproduccion de Cnemidophorus lemniscatus (Sauria: Teiidae) en Cumana, Venezuela. 13: 63. - and Lilia J. Ruiz. 1971 (1972). Reproduccion de la lagartija, Ameiva bif rontata (Sauria: Teiidae) 11: 195. Leon, J. R., see also Perez, J. E. and C. Ojeda, 1975. Levins, Richard and Harold Heatwole. 1963. On the distribution of organisms on islands. 3: 173. Levins, Richard, see also Heatwole, Harold, Larry Kelts and Frank Torres, 1963; Rolle, Francis J., Harold Heatwole and Frank Torres, 1964. Liburd, Eugene McLaren, see Martinez-Albelo , L. E., 1963. Lieb, Carl S., see Gorman, George C. and Robert H. Harwood, 1984. Lofton> Horace. 1965 (1966). On unusual distributional records from the Panama Canal Zone region. 5: 83. Lopez, Georgina Espinosa, Caridad Gonzalez Suarez and Vicente Berovides Alvarez. 1985. Albumina de suero y esterasas de musculo en poblaciones de Anolis porcatus Gray 1840 del Occidentede Cuba. 21: 55. McCarthy, Timothy J. 1982. A note on the reproduction in Laemanctus longipes in Belize (Sauria: Iguanidae). 18: 133. McFarlane, Donald A. and Kimball L. Garrett. 1989. The prey of common barn-owls ( Tyto alba ) in dry limestone scrub forest of southern Jamaica. 25: 21. McManus, J. J. and D. W. Nellis. 1975. The critical thermal maximum of the marine toad, Buf o marinus . 15 (1-2): 67. Maldonado, Angel A., see Ortiz, Evelina, 1966 (1967). Maldonato, Janaro, see Rivero, Juan A. and Horacio Mayorga, 1963. Martinez-Albelo, L. E. and Eugene McLaren Liburd. 1963. Blood sugar studies in the toad Buf o marinus. 3: 129. Mayorga, Horacio. 1964. Metodo rapido para transparentar anfibios y colorear sur esqueletos. 4: 323. 1967 (1968). Informe sobre una coleccion de anfibios (Salientia) procedentes de Nicaragua. 7: 69. 1970 (1971). Espectacular ejemplar de Buf o marinus procedente de Puerto Rico. 10: 123. Mayorga, Horacio, see also Rivero, Juan A. and Jenaro Maldonado, 1963; Rivero, Juan A., 1963, 1973; Rivero, Juan A., Ernesto Estremera and Ivette Izquierdo, 1980 (1981) . Mettrick, D. F. and L. C. Dubnkley. 1968. Observations on the occurrence, growth, and morphological variation of the trematode, Mesocoelium danf orthi Hoffman, 1935, in 7 Jamaica. 8: 71. Nellis, D. W. , see McManus, J. J., 1975. Ojeda, G., see Perez, J. E. and J. R. Leon, 1975. Oliver, Lucille, see Rivero, Juan A. and Maria de los Angeles Irizarry, 1987. Ortiz, Evelina and Angel A. Maldonado. 1966 (1967). Pteridine accumulation in lizards of the genus Anolis . 6: 9. Ortleb, Edward and Harold Heatwole. 1965 (1966). Comments on some Panamian lizards with a key to the species from Barro Colorado Island, C. Z. and vicinity. 5: 141. Pefaur, Jaime E. 1987. First record of Colostethus ( Dendrobatidae ) in the llanos of Venezuela. 23: 338. Perez, J. E., G. Ojeda and J. R. Leon. 1975. Analisis electrof oretico de esterasas, hemoglobina y proteinas no enzimaticas en algunas especies de la familia Hylidae (Anura). 15 (1-2): 79. Perez-Rivera , Raul A. 1985. Nota sobre el habitat, los habitos alimentarios y los depredadores del lagarto Anolis cuvieri (Lacertilia: Iguanidae) de Puerto Rico. 21: 101. Ray, Clayton E., see Wing, Elizabeth S. and Charles A. Hoffman, Jr., 1968. Reagan, Douglas P. 1984. Ecology of the Puerto Rican boa ( Epicrates inornatus ) in the Lumquillo Mountains od Puerto Rico, 20: 119. Rivero, Juan A. 1963a. The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. I. The Maracaibo Basin. 3: 7. * - . 1963b. Hyla ginesi , a new name for Hyla loveridgei Rivero. 3: 28. 1963c. The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. II. The Venezuelan Andes. 3: 87. * - . 1963d. Five new species of Atelopus from Colombia, with notes on other forms from Colombia and Ecuador. 3 (2-3): 103. 1963e. The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. III. The Sierra de Perija and the Falcon Region. 3: 197. * - . 1964a. Salientios (Amphibia) en la coleccion de la Sociedad de Ciencias Naturales La Salle de Venezuela. 4: 297. 1964b. The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. IV. The Coastal Range. 4: 307. 1964c. The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. V. The Venezuelan Guayana . 4: 411. 1964 (1965). The distribution of Venezuelan frogs. VI. The Llanos and the Delta Region. 4: 491. 1965 (1966). Notes on the Andean salientian (Amphibia) Atelopus ignescens (Cornalia). 5: 137., * - . 1966 (1968): Notes on the genus Cryptobatrachus (Amphibia, Salientia) with description of a new race and four new species of a new genus of hylid frogs. 6: 137. 8 1967 (1968)a. Anfibios coleccionados por la Expedicion Franco-Venezolana al Alto Orinoco 1951-1952. 7: 145. * - . 1967 (1968)b. A new race of Otophryne robusta Boulenger (Amphibia, Salientia) from the Chimanta-Tepui of Venezuela. 7: 155. * - . 1968. More on the Atelopus (Amphibia, Salientia) from western South America. 8: 19. * - . 1969 (1970). A new species of Hyla (Amphibia, Salientia) from the region of Paramo de Tama, Venezuela. 9: 145. * - . 1971. Tres nuevos records y una nueva especie de anfibios de Venezuela. 11: 1. * - . 1971 (1972). Notas sobre los anfibios de Venezuela. I. Sobre los hilidos de la Guayana Venezolana. 11: 181. * - . 1984a. Una nueva especie de Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae ) Cabezon de Antioquia, Colombia. 20: 101. 1984b. Sobre las relaciones y el origen de los Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae). 29: 139. * - . 1986. Descripcion de una nueva especie de Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) del subgrupo myersi , con anotaciones sobre las relaciones y el origen de ese grupo de especies. 22: 107. * - and Humberto Granados Diaz. 1989 (1990). Nuevos Colostethus (Amphibia, Dendrobatidae) del Departamento de Cauca, Colombia. 25: 148. - , Rafael Joglar and Idabelle Vazquez. 1982. Cinco nuevos ejemplares del culebron de la Mona Epicrates m. monensis (Ophidia: Boidae). 17: 7. - , Jenaro Maldonado and Horacio Mayorga. 1963. On the habits and food of Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti Grant. 3: 25. - and Horacio Mayorga. 1963: Notes on the distribution of some Puertorican frogs with a discussion on the possible origin of Eleutherodactylus locustus . 3: 81. * - and - . 1973. Un nuevo Eleutherodactylus (Amphibia, Salientia) del Paramo de Guaramacal, Estado Trujillo, Venezuela. 13: 75. - , - , Ernesto Estremera and Ivette Izquierdo. 1980 (1981). Sobre el Buf o lemur (Cope) (Amphibia, Bufonidae). 15 (3-4): 33. - , Lucille Oliver and Maria de los Angeles Irizarry. 1987. Los discos digitales de tres Eleutherodactylus (Anura: Leptodactylidae) de Puerto Rico, con anotaciones sobre los mecanismos de adhesion en las ranas . 23: 226. * - and Marco A. Serna. 1984. Una nueva Pseudopaludicola (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae) cornuda del sureste de Colombia. 20: 169. — and - . 1985a. Nota sobre el Atelopus nicefori Rivero, con la descripcion de una especie de Atelopus (Amphibia: Bufonidae) de Colombia. 21: 79. - and - . 1985b. Sobre la identif icacion de los Colostethus (Amphibia: Dendrobatidae) de Colombia. 21: 143. 9 * - and - . 1987 (1988). Tres nuevas especies de Eleutherodacty lus (Amphibia: Leptodactyl idae ) de Antioquia, Colombia. 23: 386. - and - . 1988. La ident if icacion de los Colostethus (Amphibia, Dendrobat idae ) de Colombia. 24: 137. * - and - . 1989. Una nueva especie de Atelopus (Amphibia, Bufonidae) de Colombia. 25: 36. Rivero, Juan A., see also Joglar, Rafael L., 1986. Rolle, Francis J., Harold Heatwole, Richard Levins and Frank Torres. 1964. Faunal notes on Monito Island, Puerto Rico . 4 : 321 . Ruiz, Lilia J., see Leon, Juan R., 1971 (1972). Sade, Donald S., see Heatwole, Harold and Richard Hildreth, 1963. Samson, Douglas A., see Hirth, Harold F., 1987 (1988). *Schwartiz, Albert. 1964. A review of Sphaerodactylus vincenti on the southern Windward Islands. 4: 391. * - . 1964 (1965). Two new species of Eleutherodacty lus from the eastern Cordillera Central of the Republica Dominicana. 4: 473. * - . 1965 (1966). The Ameiva (Reptilia: Teiidae) of Hispaniola. I. Ameiva lineolata Dumeril and Bibron. 5: 45 . * - . 1969. A review of the Hispaniolan lizard Anolis coelestinus Cope. 9: 33. * - . 1970 (1971). The subspecies of Eleutherodacty lus schmidti Noble (Anura: Leptodactylidae ) . 19: 109. - and Orlando Garrido. 1971. The status of Anolis alutaceus olivicolus Barbour and Shreve. 11: 11. Serna, Marco A., see Rivero, Juan A., 1984, 1985a, 1985b, 1987 (1988), 1988, 1989. Sexton, Owen J. 1980 (1981). Comments on the reproductive cycle of Anolis limif rons (Sauria: Iguanidae) at Turrialba, Costa Rica. 16: 13. - and Harold Heatwole. 1965 (1966). Life history notes on some Panamanian snakes. 5: 39. - , - and Dennis Knight. 1964. Correlation of microdistribution of some Panananian reptiles and amphiboans with structural organization of the habitat. 4: 261. Smith, Hobart M., see LaMarca, Enrique, 1982; Williams, Kenneth L. , 1966 ( 1968) . Suarez, Caridad Gonzalez, see Lopez, Georgina Espinosa and Vicente Berovides Alvarez, 1985. Sutton, Robert L., see Gerrick, Leslie D. and Jeffrey W. Lang, 1985. Tamsitt, J. R., see Valdivieso, Dario, 1963. Test, Frederick H. 1963. A protective behavior pattern in a Venezuelan frog of mountain streams. 3: 125. *Thomas, Richard. 1964. The races os Sphaerodactylus fantasticus Dumeril and Bibron in the Lesser Antilles. 4: 373. Torres, Frank, see Heatwold, Harold, Larry Kelts and Richard 10 Levins, 1963; Rolle, Francis J., Harold Heatwole and Richard Levins, 1964. Valdes, Albert. 1988 (1989). Systematic comments on Peltophryne peltocephala (Anura: Bufonidae) in the Cuban Archipelago. 24: 39. 1989. Notas sobre Sminthillus limbatus (Cope). 25: 96. Valdivieso, Dario and J. R. Tamsitt. 1963. A checklist and key to the amphibians and reptiles of Providencia and San Andres. 3: 77. Varona, Luis F. 1984. Los crocodrilos fosiles de Cuba (Reptilia: Crocodylidae ) . 20: 13. 1987. The status of Crocodylus acutus in Cuba. 23 (2): 256. Vazques, Idabelle, see Rivero, Juan A. and Rafael Joglar, 1982. Villa, Jaime. 1970 (1971). The snake Hydromorphus in Nicaragua, with a description of its hemipenis. 19: 119. 1972. Amphibians of the Corn Islands, Caribbean Nicaragua. 12: 195. Wetherbee, David Kenneth. 1988 (1989). The Artibonito- Massacre Faunal Corridor in Republica Dominica. 24: 23. Wilcox, Karen,, Jeanne Y. Carter and L. V. Wilcox, Jr, 1973. Range extension of Cyclura f igginsi Barbour in the Bahamas. 13: 211. Wilcox, L. V., Jr., see Wilcox, Karen and Jeanne Y. Carter, 1973. Williams, Kenneth L. and Hobart M. Smith. 1966 (1968). Noteworthy lizards of the genus Anolis from Costa Rica. 6: 163. Wing, Elizabeth S. 1969. Vertebrate remains excaveted from San Salvador Island, Bahamas. 9: 25. 1973. Notes on the faunal remains excavated from St. Kitts, West Indies. 13: 253. - , Charles A. Hoffman, Jr. and Clayton E. Ray. 1968. Vertebrate remains from indian sites om Antigua, West Indies. 8: 123. SCIENTIFIC NAME INDEX Acris 14: 167. Acris gryllus 23: 226. Agalychnis callidryas 6: 167; 12: 195. Agalychnis helenae 7: 69. Agama 5: 95. Agama hispida 8: 105. Alsophis anegadae 12: 79. Alsophis antiguae antiguae 25: 119. Alsophis antiguae sajdaki 25: 119. Alsophis antillensis 25: 119. Alsophis leucomelas 25: 119. Alsophis leucomelas antiguae 8: 123. Alsophis portoricensis 3: 1. Alsophis portoricensis anegadae 12: 79. Alsophis rijersmai 25:119. Alsophis rufiventris 13: 253; 25: 119. Amblyrhynchus cristatus 22: 159. Ameiba auberi citra 22: 165. Ameiba auberi galbiceps 22: 165. Ameiba auberi llanensis 22: 165. Ameiva 1: 83; 4: 321. Ameiva alboguttata 1: 32; 12: 79. Ameiva ameiva 5:141. Ameiva ameiva ameiva 8: 105. Ameiva ameiva fuliginosa 3: 77. Ameiva ameiva melanocephala 8: 105. Ameiva ameiva praesignis 8: 105. Ameiva ameiva vogli 8:105. Ameiva auberi abducta 22: 165. Ameiva auberi atrothorax 22: 165. Ameiva auberi auberi 22: 65. Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi nigriventris Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi 165. Ameiva auberi 165. cacuminis denticola extorris 22 extraria 22 galbiceps garridoi 22 gemmea 22: granti 22: hardyi 22: llanensis marcida 22: 22: 165. oriandoi paulsoni peradusta procer 22: pullata 22: Ameiva auberi sabulicolor 22: 165. Ameiva auberi sanf elipensis 22: 165. Ameiva auberi schwartzi 22: 165. Ameiva auberi secta 22: 165. Ameiva auberi sublesta 22 165. Ameiva auberi ustulata 22 165. Ameiva auberi zugi 22:165 Ameiva barbouri 5: 45. Ameiva beatensis 5: 45. Ameiva bifrontata 11: 195 Ameiva bifronttata bifrontata 8: 105. 12 Ameiva bifrontata insulana 8: 105. Ameiva chrysolaema 5: 45. Ameiva exsul 2: 105; 3:1; 4: 435; 5: 95; 5: 99; 8: 71; 12: 79. Ameiva festiva 5: 141; 11: 195. Ameiva griswoldi 8: 123. Ameiva insulana 8: 105. Ameiva leptophrys 4: 261; 5: 141. Ameiva lineata 24: 23. Ameiva lineolate 24: 23. Ameiva lineolata beatensis 5 : 45 . Ameiva lineolata lineolata 5: 45. Ameiva lineolata meracula 5 : 45 . Ameiva lineolata perplicata 5: 45. Ameiva lineolata privigna 5: 45. Ameiva lineolata semota 5 : 45 . Ameiva quadr ilineata 11: 195. Ameiva taeniura 5: 45; 24: 23. Ameiva undulata 13: 63. Amphignathodon 6: 137. Amphisbaena alba 8: 105. Amphisbaena fenestrada 12: 79. Amphisbaena fuliginosa 5: 141; 12: 79. Amphisbaena fuliginosa amazonica 8: 105. Amphisbaena fuliginosa fuliginosa 8: 105. Amphisbaena fuliginosa varia 8: 105. Amphisbaena gonavensis 5: 45 . Amphisbaena manni 24: 23. Amphisbaena rozei 8: 105. Amphisbaena spurrelli 8: 105. Amphisbaena varia 8: 105. Anadia bitaeniata 8: 105. Anadia blakei 8: 105. Anadia bogotensis 8: 105. Anadia duquei 8: 105. Anadia pamplonensis 8:105. Anadia steyeri 8: 105. Anolis 1: 83; 11: 195; 17 7; 20: 119; 25: 123. Anolis acutus 6: 9. Anolis aeneus 8: 105; 21: 55 . Anolis albi 8: 105. Anolis aliniger 9: 33; 24 23. Anolis allisoni 13: 199. Anolis allogus 12: 59; 13 199. Anolis alutaceus 6: 23; 19: 71. Anolis alutaceus alutaceus 11: 11. Anolis alutaceus clivicolus 11: 11. Anolis angusticeps 19: 71 Anolis angusticeps angusticeps 6: 23. Anolis angusticeps chickcharneyi 6: 23. Anolis angusticeps oligaspis 6: 23. Anolis angusticeps paternus 6: 23; 12: 59. Anolis argenteolus 19: 71 Anolis auratus 5: 141; 8: 105. Anolis bahorucoensis 10: 109. Anolis barkeri 11: 17. Anolis bimaculatus 20:145 Anolis biporcatus 5: 141; 14: 167; 20: 145. Anolis biscutiger 6: 163; 13: 215. Anolis bonairensis blanquillanus 8: 105. Anolis bremeri bremeri 12 59. Anolis bremeri insulaepinorum 12: 59. Anolis brevirostris 21:55 Anolis capito 4: 261; 5: 141; 11: 17; 20: 145. Anolis carolinensis 6: 9; 14: 167; 19: 71; 21: 55 Anolis carpenteri 14: 167 Anolis chlorocyanus 9: 33 24: 23. Anolis chrysolepis 8: 105 Anolis clivicola 11: 11. Anolis clivicolus 11: 11. 13 Anolis coelestinus Anolis homolechis 12: 59; coelestinus 9: 33. 13: 199; 19: 71. Anolis coelestinis Anolis hum i 1 i s hum i 1 i s 6 : demissus 9: 33. 163. Anolis coelestinus Anolis humilis pecuarius 9: 33. marsupialis 6: 163. Anolis concolor concolor Anolis intermedius 13: 3 : 77 . 199; 13: 215. Anolis cristatellus 2: 105; Anolis isolepis 19: 71. 4: 435; 5: 99; 6: 9; 13: Anolis isthemicus 20: 145 199; 20: 145; 21: 55 s Anolis jacare 8: 105. Anolis cristatellus Anolis krugi 4: 435; 6: 9 cristarellus 3: 1. 13 : 199. Anolis cristatellus Anolis kugleri 8: 105. wileyae 12: 79. Anolis latirostris 9: 33. Anolis cupreus 6: 163; Anolis lemniscatus 8: 105 13: 199; 13: 215. Anolis lemur inus 5: 141; Anolis cuvieri 4: 435; 6: 13: 215; 14:167; 20:145 9; 21: 101. Anolis lineatopus 21: 101 Anolis cybotes 24: 23. Anolis liogaster 20: 145. Anolis cybotes armouri 11: Anolis limifrons 4: 261; 11. 5: 39; 5: 141; 13: 199; Anolis cybotes cybotes 11: 20: 145; 16: 13. 11. Anolis lionotus 5: 141; 6 Anolis de la sagrae 8: 163; 11: 17; 13: 215. 105. Anolis distichus 24: 23. Anolis dollfusianus 13: 215. Anolis dunni 20: 145. Anolis eewi 8: 105. Anolis equestris 25: 96. Anolis evermanni 2: 105; 4: 435; 5: 99; 6: 9; 13: 199; 20: 145. Anolis extremus 20: 145. Anolis fraseri 4: 261. Anolis frenatus 4: 261; 5: 141; 11: 17; 20: 145. Anolis f uscoaurantus kugleri 8: 105. Anolis gadovi 20: 145. Anolis garmani 20: 145; 25: 21. Anolis gentilis 8: 105. Anolis gibbiceps 8: 105. Anolis grahami 20: 145. Anolis greyi 12: 59. Anolis guazuma 19 (3-4): 71. Anolis gundlachi 2: 105; 4: 435; 5: 99; 6: 9; 13: 199 Anolis hoffmanni 6: 163. Anolis loysiana 19: 71 Anolis lucius 13: 199. Anolis luteogularis 20 145. Anolis luteogularis delacruzi 22: 165. Anolis macrinii 20: 145. Anolis microlepidotus 20: 145. Anolis monensis 1: 32; 4: 321; 12: 79. Anolis nebulosus 13: 199; 20: 145. Anolis nitens 8: 105. Anolis occultus 15: 29; 19: 71. Anolis oculatus 13: 199. Anolis olssoni 24: 23. Anolis omiltemanus 20:145. Anolis ordinatus 8: 105. Anolis paternus 19: 71. Anolis pentaprion 5: 141; 6: 163; 11: 17; 13: 215; 14: 167. Anolis petersi 20: 145. Anolis poecilopus 11: 17. Anolis polylepis 13: 199. Anolis poncensis 4: 435; 6: 9; 13: 199. 14 Anolis porcatus 6: 23; 19 (3-4): 71; 21: 55; 21: 101. Anolis portatus 21: 55. Anolis pulchellus 3: 1; 4: 435; 5: 99; 6: 9; 12: 79; 13: 199; 15(3-4):29. Anolis punctatus 8: 105. Anolis quadriocellif er 12: 59. Anolis quercorum 20: 145. Anolis richardi 21: 101. Anolis ricordi 24: 23. Anolis roosevelti 12: 79. Anolis roquet 21: 55. Anolis roquet aeneus 8: 105. Anolis rosenbergi 8: 105. Anolis rubribarbus 12: 59. Anolis sagrae 8: 105. Anolis sagrai 20: 145. Anolis sagrei 13: 199. Anolis sagrei sagrei 12: 59. Anolis schiedi 8: 105. Anolis scriptus 22: 191. Anolis scypheus 8: 105. Anolis semilineatus 24:23. Anolis sericeus 13: 215. Anolis spectrum 25: 96. Anolis squamulatus 8: 105. Anolis stigmosus 8: 105. Anolis stratulus 3: 1; 4: 435; 6: 9; 12: 79; 13: 199. Anolis subocularis 20:145. Anolis taylori 20: 145. Anolis trinitatis 8: 105; 21: 55. Anolis transversalis 8: 105. Anolis tropidogaster 4: 261; 8: 105; 11: 17. Anolis valencienni 20:145. Anolis vittigerus 4: 261. Anolus pulchellus 21: 101. Anotheca spinosa 23: 226. Antillophis parvifrons 24: 23. Argalia marmorata 8: 105. Argalia olivacea 8: 105. Aristelliger 12: 79. Aristelliger georgeensis 3 : 77 . Aristelliger hechti 22: 191. Arthrosaura tatei 8: 105. Arthrosaura tyleri 8: 105. Atelopus 1: 83. Atelopus bibronii 3: 103; 25: 36. Atelopus bicolor 3: 103; 8: 19. Atelopus boulengeri 3: 103; 8: 19. Atelopus boussingaulti 8: 19. Atelopus bufoniformis 3: 103; 8: 19. Atelopus carinatus 3: 103; 5: 137; 8: 19. Atelopus carauta 25: 36. Atelopus carrikeri 3: 87; 3: 103; 25: 36. Atelopus certus 3: 103. Atelopus cruciger 3: 103; 8: 19; 25: 36. Atelopus cruciger cruciger 3: 87; 4: 307. Atelopus cruciger vogli 3: 87; 4: 307. Atelopus ebenoides 3: 103; 25: 36. Atelopus echeverrii 21: 79: 25: 36. Atelopus elegans 25: 36. Atelopus elegans gracilis 3: 103. Atelopus festae 3: 103; 8: 19. Atelopus flavescens 8: 19. Atelopus flaviventris 3: 103; 5: 137. Atelopus glyphus 25: 36. Atelopus gracilis 3: 103. Atelopus ignescens 8: 19; 25; 25: 36. Atelopus ignescens exigua 3: 103. Atelopus ignescens ignescens 5: 137. Atelopus ignescens subornatus 5: 137. Atelopus laevis exigua 3: 103. Atelopus longibrachius 3: 103; 8: 19; 25: 36. 15 Atelopus longirostr is 8: 19. Atelopus longirostris marmoratus 3: 103. Atelopus lynchi 25: 36. Atelopus minutulus 25: 36. Atelopus nicefori 3: 103; * 8: 19: 21: 79; 25: 36. Atelopus oxyrhynchus 3: 87; 4: 297; 8: 31. Atelopus pachydermus 3: 103; 5: 137; 8: 19; 25: 36. Atelopus palmatus 3: 103; 8: 19. Atelopus pedimarmoratus 3: 103; 25: 36. Atelopus pictiventris 25: 36. Atelopus planispinus 3: 103. Atelopus pulcher 3: 103; 8: 19. Atelopus sanjosei 25: 36. Atelopus seminiferus 8:19. Atelopus spumarius 3: 103. Atelopus spumarius andinus 8: 19. Atelopus spurelli 3: 103; 8: 19; 25: 36. Atelopus subornatus 3: 103; 5: 137; 25: 36. Atelopus varius 25: 36. Atelopus varius certus 3: 103. Atelopus varius glyphus 25: 36. Atelopus walkeri 3: 87; 3: 103. Atelopus zeteki 5: 83. Bachia alleni trinitatis 8: 105. Bachia anomala 8: 105. Bachia bicolor 8: 105. Bachia cophias 8: 105. Bachia heteropa 8: 105. Bachia lineata lineata 8: 105. Bachia lineata marcelae 8: 105. Bachia marcelae 8: 105. Bachia parkeri 8: 105. Bachia talpa 8: 105. Basiliscus 1: 83. Basiliscus barbouri 8:105. Basiliscus basiliscus 4: 261; 5: 39; 5: 141; 11: 17. Basiliscus basiliscus basiliscus 8: 105. Basiliscus basiliscus barbouri 8: 105. Basiliscus vittatus 11: 195. Blepharactisis speciosa 8: 105. Boa constrictor 14: 167. Boa constrictor orophias 22: 219. Boa hortulana 5: 39. Bothrops atrox 4: 261; 5: 39. Bothrops schlegeli 14: 167. Bothrops venezuelae 5: 39. Bufo 1: 83; 10: 211; 23: 380; 24: 39. Bufo agua 10: 123. Bufo alatus 4: 297. Bufo americanus 15: 79. Bufo cataulacipes 6: 23; 12: 59. Bufo ceratophrys 4: 411. Bufo coccifer 7: 69; 12: 91; 16: 23. Bufo coerulescens 12: 91. Bufo coniferus 7: 69; 12: 91. Bufo fastidiosus 12: 91. Bufo fowleri 11: 203. Bufo gabbi 12: 91. Bufo granulosus 11: 1; 15: 57 . Bufo granulosus barbouri 7: 145. Bufo granulosus beebei 7: 145 . Bufo granulosus granulosus 3: 6; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491. Bufo granulosus humboldti 7: 145. Bufo granulosus merianae 7: 145. Bufo guttatus glaberrimus 7: 145. Bufo guttatus guttatus 4: 411; 7: 145. Bufo haematiticus 12: 91. Bufo holdridgei 12: 91. 16 Bufo ictericus 7: 145. Bufo lemur 15 (3-4): 33. Bufo lemus 12: 79. Bufo leutkenil 7: 69; 12: 91. Bufo luetkenni 7: 69. Bufo marinus 3: 25; 3: 129; 3: 197 ; 3 : 213; 4: 261; 5: 39; 5: 95; 5 : 137; 8: 71; 11 : 203; 12: 91; 15 (1-2 ): 57; 15 (1-2 ): 67; 15 (3-4) : 33; 16: 23; 20: 71 : 24: 23. Bufo marinus mar inus 3 : i; 3: 7 ; 3 : 29 ; 3 : 87; 4: 297; 4: 307 ; 4 : 411; 4: 491; 7: 69; 7: 145; 10: 123. Bufo melanochorus 7: 69; 12: 91. Bufo paracnemis 7: 145. Bufo periglenes 12: 91. Bufo rangeri 15(1-2) 79. Bufo regularis 15 (1-2): 79. Bufo sternosignatus 4: 297; 4: 307; 7: 145. Bufo terrestris 11: 203. Bufo turpis 15 (3-4): 33. Bufo typhonius 4: 261; 4: 297; 5: 39; 11: 1. Bufo typhonius alatus 3: 6; 3: 87; 4: 297: 4: 307; 7: 145. Bufo typhonius typhonius 4: 307; 4: 411; 7: 145. Bufo valliceps 4: 307; 11: 203; 12: 195. Bufo valliceps valliceps 7: 69. Bufo woodhousei fowleri 11: 203. Cadea blanoides 12: 59. Cadea palirostrata 12: 59. Calliscincopus agilis 8: 105. Calyptahyla crucialis 21: 159; 23: 380. Caretta caretta 8: 123; 23: 374. Celestus 14: 167. Celestus costatus 24: 23. Celestus pleii 4: 435. Centrolene buckleyi 3: 87. Centrolenella 23: 226. Centrolenella fleischmanni 7: 69. Centronella pulidoi 11: 181. Centropix intermedius 8: 105. Ceratohyla bubalus 6: 137. Ceratophrys calcarata 3: 6: 4: 411. Cercosaura humilis 8: 105. Cercosaura ocellata 8: 105. Chalcides heteropa 8: 105. Chamaesaura cophias 8:105. Chelonia depressa 23: 374. Chelonia mydas 23: 374. Chironius 5: 99. Chironius carinatus 5: 39. Clelia clelia 4:261; 5:39. Cnemidophorus 11: 195. Cnemidophorus deppii 13: 63. Cnemidophorus guttatus 13: 63. Cnemidophorus lemniscatus 4: 261; 13: 63. Cnemidophorus lemniscatus lemniscatus 3: 77; 5: 39; 8: 105. Cnemidophorus lemniscatus nigricolor 8: 105. Cnemidophorus lineatissimus 13: 63. Cnemidophorus nigricolor 8: 105. Cnemidophorus praesignis 8: 105. Cochranella 4: 411. Cochranella buckleyi 4: 307. Cochranella fleishmanni 4: 307. Coelonotus 6: 137. Coleodactylus amazonicus 8: 105. Coleodactylus meridionalis 8: 105. Coleodactylus zenyi 8:105. Colostethus 20: 139. Colostethus abditaurantius 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus agilis 24: 137; 25: 148. Colostethus alacris 25: 148. Colostethus brachistriatus 24: 137. Colostethus breviquartus 24: 137; 25: 148. Colostethus brunneus 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus chocoensis 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus collaris 12: 191; 23: 338. Colostethus duranti 23: 338. Colostethus edwardsi 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus f raterdanielli 21: 143; 24:137; 25:148. Colostethus fuliginosus 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus humilis 23: 338. Colostethus imbricolus 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus inguinalis 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus kingsburyi 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus latinasus 21: 143; 23: 226; 24: 137. Colostethus lehmanni 21: 143; 24: 137; 25: 148. Colostethus leopardalis 23: 338. Colostethus littoralis 23: 338. Colostethus inarches ianus 21: 143; 24: 137. Colestethus meridensis 12: 191. Colostethus mertensi 21: 143; 24: 137; 25: 148. Colostethus nubicola 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus oblitteratus 23: 338. Colostethus palmatus 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus pinguis 25: 148. Colostethus pratti 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus ramosi 21: 143; 24: 137; 25: 148. Colostethus ranaoides 12: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus ranoides 21: 143. Colostethus ruizl 21: 143 24: 137. Colostethus sauli 21: 143 Colostethus shrevei 23: 338. Colostethus subpunctatus 21: 143. Colostethus subpunctatus walosi 24: 137. Colostethus taeniatus 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus tainiatus 21: 143. Colostethus talmancae 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus thorntoni 21: 143; 24: 137. Colostethus trinitatis 23 338. Colostethus vergeli 21: 143; 24: 137. Coniophanes andresensis 3 77 . Conolopus pallidus 22:159 Conolophus subcristatus 22: 159. Constrictor constrictor imperator 3: 77. Corallus annulata 14:167. Corythomantis venezolana 4: 411. Corythophanes cristatus 5: 141. Crepidius epioticus 12: 91. Crocodilurus lacertinus 8 105. Crocodilus pristinus 20: 13. Crocodylus acutus 20: 13; 22: 256. Crocodylus antillensis 20 13. Crocodylus intermedius 20 13. Crocodylus moreleti 20:13 Crocodylus porosus 23:256 Crocodylus rhombifer 20: 13; 23: 256. Cryptobatrachus 4: 411. 18 Cryptobatrachus boulengeri 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus evansi 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni fuhrmanni 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus fuhrmanni orientalis 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus ginesi 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus goeldi 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus goini 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus incertus 6: 137. Cryptobatrachus woodleyi 6: 137. Crytodactylus ocellatus 8: Ctenosaura similis similis 3: 77. Cyclura carinata 22: 159; 22: 191. Cyclura carinata barttschi 13: 211. Cyclura cornuta stejnegeri 22: 159. Cyclura cristata 16: 9. Cyclura figginsi 13: 211. Cyclura macleayi 13: 211. Cyclura mattea 12: 79. Cyclura nubila 22: 159. Cyclura pinguis 12: 79; 22: 159. Cyclura portoricensis 12: 79. Cyclura ricordi 22: 159. Cyclura rileyi 9: 25. Cyclura rileyi rileyi 16: 9. Cyclura stejnegeri 1: 32; 22: 159. Cystignathus melanonotus 7: 69. 105. Dendrobates 21: 143. Dendrobates leucomelas 4: 297; 4: 411; 7: 145; 11: 1; 11: 181. Dendrophidion percarinatus 5: 39. Dermochelys coriacea 23: 374. Desmognathus 15 (1-2): 79. Diaglena 6: 137. Diploglossus 12: 79. Diploglossus curtissi 5: 45. Dracaena guianensis 8:105. Draconura catenata 8: 105. Draconura nitens 8: 105. Dromicus exiguus 12: 79. Dromicus stahli 3: 1. Dryadophis melanonomus 4: 261; 5: 39. Ecpleopus acutirostris 8: 105. Ecpleopus bogotensis 8: 105. Ecpleopus luctuosus 8:105. Ecpleopus poecilochilus 8: 105. Edalhorina perezi 23: 226. Elachistocleis ovalis 4: 297; 4: 411; 4: 491. Elaphe guttata emoryi 22: 219. Eleutherodactylus 2: 105; 5: 176; 6: 137; 9: 145; 10: 211; 11: 181; 14: 167; 20: 119. Eleutherodactylus abbotti 4: 473; 10: 109; 24: 23. Eleutherodactylus achalellelus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus achatinus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus affinis 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus alticola 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus anae 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus anatipes 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus andrewsi 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus anolirex 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus anolirez 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus anomalus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus anotis 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus antillensis 1: 83; 3: 1; 3: 81; 12: 79; 16: 19; 19: 33. 19 Eleutherodactylus atkinsi 25: 96. Eleutherodactylus audanti 4: 473; 10: 109; 24: 23. Eleutherodactylus aur iculatoides 4: 473; 10: 109; 24: 23. Eleutherodactylus auriculatus 4: 473; 19 (3-4): 33. Eleutherodactylus bicumulus 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus bifurcatus 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus biporcatus 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus boconoensis 13: 75. Eleutherodactylus bogotensis 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus boulengeri 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus brachypodius 4: 411. Eleutherodactylus bransfordii 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus brevifrons 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus briceni 3: 87; 8: 31; 20: 139; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus brittoni 19 (3-4): 33. Eleutherodactylus bromeliaceus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus buckleyi 13: 75; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus bufoniformis 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus caprilifer 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus carmelitae 4: 297; 8: 31; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus cavernicola 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus cerates 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus chlorosoma 20: 139; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus cochranae 3: 81; 12: 79; 16: 19; 19 (3-4): 33; 22: 123. Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus camazonicus 11: 181. Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus conspicillatus 4: 297. Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus guayanensis 7: 145. Eleutherodactylus conspicillatus ileamazonicus 4: 297; 4: 411; 11: 181. Eleutherodactylus cooki 3: 25; 11: 181; 19: 33; 22: 226; 23: 386; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus coqui 11: 209; 15: 79; 19: 33; 22: 226; 23: 386;25:123. Eleutherodactylus cornutus 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus cornutus maussi 3: 17; 4: 297; 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus cramptoni 3: 81. Eleutherodactylus cruentus 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus cryophilus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus cundalli 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus curtipes 13: 75; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus delicatus 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus devillei 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus diastema 4: 261; 5: 39. Eleutherodactylus dorsopictus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus elegans 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus emeritus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus eneidae 3: 25; 3: 81; 19: 33. Eleutherodactylus fitzingeri 5: 39; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus flavescens 4: 473. 20 Eleutherodactylus fuscus 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus ginesi 13: 75; 20: 139; 22:107. Eleutherodactylus gladiator 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus glaucoreius 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus gollmeri 4: 297. Eleutherodactylus gossei 23: 380; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus grabhami 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus griphus 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus gryllus 3: 81; 19(3-4) 33. Eleutherodactylus haitianus 4:473; 10:109. Eleutherodactylus hedricki 3: 81; 19 (3-4): 33. Eleutherodactylus inoptatus 4: 473; 10: 109; 23: 226; 24: 23; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus insignitus 8: 31; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus jamaicensis 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus jasperi 19 (3-4): 33. Eleutherodactylus johannesdei 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus johnstonei 25:123; 25: 229. Eleutherodactylus jugans 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus junori 23: 380; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus karlschmidti 3: 25; 3: 81 ; 19 (3-4): 33; 23:226. Eleutherodactylus lacrimosus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus lancinii 8: 31; 13: 75. Eleutherodactylus lanthanites 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus lentus 19 (3-4): 33; 16: 19. Eleutherodactylus leoni 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus locustus 3: 81; 19: 33. Eleutherodactylus longirostris 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus luteolus 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus marmoratus 4: 411. Eleutherodactylus megalops 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus mendax 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus minutus 4: 473; 10: 109. Eleutherodactylus monensis 1: 32; 19: 33. Eleutherodactylus montanus 4: 473; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus myersi 13: 75; 20: 137; 22:107. Eleutherodactylus necereus 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus nicefori 20: 139; 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus nubicola 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus ocreatus 20: 139; 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus orcutti 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus orestes 20: 139; 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus orocostalis 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus pantoni 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus patriciae 4: 473. Eleutherodactylus pentasyringos 23: 380; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus petersi 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus phragmipleuron 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus phoxocephalus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus pictissimus 10: 109; 24: 23; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus pittieri 7: 69. Eleutherodactylus pituinus 4: 473; 10: 109. 21 Eleutherodactylus planirostris 22: 191; 25: 96; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus pleurostr iatus 20: 139. Eleutherodactylus poolei 4: 473. Eleutherodactylus portoricensis 1: 83; 3: 25; 3: 81; 4: 323; 11: 209; 19 (3-4): 33. Eleutherodactylus prolixodiscus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus pulidoi 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus pyrrhomerus 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus racenisi 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus ramosi 3: 81; 22: 123. Eleutherodactylus raniformis 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus repens 22: 197. Eleutherodactylus reticulatus 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus richmondi 1: 83; 3: 81; 19 (3-4): 33; 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus ricordi 19 (3-4): 33. Eleutherodactylus rozei 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus rugulosus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus ruthae 10: 109; 23: 226. Eleutherodactylus sanctamartae 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus savagei 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus schmidti 4: 473; 23: 226; 24: 23. Eleutherodactylus schmidti limbensis 10: 109. Eleutherodactylus schmidti rucillensis 10: 109. Eleutherodactylus schmidti schmidti 10: 109. Eleutherodactylus schwartzi 12: 79; 16:19. Eleutherodactylus sernai 20: 101. Eleutherodactylus sisyphodemus 25: 123. Eleutherodactylus spilogaster 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus stenodiscus 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus supernatis 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus surdus 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus tayrona 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus terraebolivaris 3: 17; 4: 297; 4: 307; 7: 145; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus thectopternus 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus thymelensis 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus trepidotus 13: 75; 20: 139; 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus tubernasus 20: 139; 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus turumiquirensis 4: 307; 8: 31. Eleutherodactylus unicolor 19: 33. Eleutherodactylus unistrigatus 4: 297; 13: 75. Eleutherodactylus urichi 4: 297; 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus vertebralis 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus vidua 20: 139; 22: 107. Eleutherodactylus vilarsi 23: 386. Eleutherodactylus warreni 19: 33. Eleutherodactylus weinlandi 10: 109; 23: 226; 24: 23. Eleutherodactylus wetmorei 4: 473; 24: 23. Eleutherodactylus whimperi 13: 75. Eleutherodactylus whymperi 4: 297; 13: 75. 22 Eleutherodactylus wightmanae 3: 81; 19 (3-4): 33; 23: 226. Eleutherodactylus williamsi 4: 307. Eleutherodactylus w-nigrum 8: 31; 23: 386. Eloisa 4: 411. Engystomops pustulosus 4: 261; 7: 69. Epicrates angulifer 20: 119; 22: 219. Epicrates chrysogaster 22: 191. Epicrates inornatus 17: 7; 20: 119; 22: 219. Epicrates inornatus granti 12: 79. Epicrates monensis monensis 17: 7. Epicrates striatus 24: 23. Erminia olivacea 8: 105. Erythrolamprus aesculapi 5: 59. Erythrolamprus baileyi 5: 59. Erythrolamprus beauperthuisi 5: 59. Euhyas 25: 123. Eumeces egregius 11: 17. Eupemphix 7: 69; 7: 145. Eupemphix pustulosus ruthveni 3: 6; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 491. Eupemphix ruthveni 4: 297. Eupsophus columbianus 4: 297. Eupsophus ginesi 4: 297; 8: 31. Eupsophus lancinii 8: 31. Eupsophus peruanus 4: 297; 13: 75. Eupsophus quixensis 4:297. Eupsophus wettsteini 13: 75. Euspondylus acutirostris 8: 105. Euspondylus brevif rontalis 8: 105. Exiliboa 22: 191. Exiliboa placata 14: 167. Flectonotus goeldi 6: 137. Fritzia 6: 137. Fritziana goeldi 6: 137. Fritziana ohausi 6: 137. Gastrotheca 4: 137; 4:145. Gastrotheca ovifera 4: 297: 4: 307. Gastrotheca williamsoni 4: 307. Gecko mabouia 8: 105. Gekko rapicauda 8: 105. Geochelone carbonaria 3: 77. Geochelone denticulata 5: 83. Gonatodes albogularis 8: 105. Gonatodes albogularis fuscus 5: 141. Gonatodes antillensis 8: 105. Gonatodes bodinii 8: 105. Gonatodes caudiscutatus falconensis 8: 105. Gonatodes ceciliae 8: 105 Gonatodes conf identatus 8 105. Gonatodes ferrugineus 8: 105. Gonatodes fuscus 4: 261; 8: 105. Gonatodes gilli 8: 105. Gonatodes humeralis 8:105 Gonatodes ligiae 8: 105. Gonatodes ocellatus 8:105 Gonatodes petersi 8: 105. Gonatodes seigliei 8: 105 Gonatodes taniae 8: 105. Gonatodes vittatus roquensis 8: 105. Gonatodes vittatus vittatus 8: 105. Goniodactylus braconnieri 8: 105. Goniodactylus ocellatus 8 105. Goniodactylus sulcatus 8: 105. Gymnodactylus albogularis 8: 105. Gymnodactylus antillensis 8: 105. Gymnodactylus humeralis 8 105. Gymnodactylus incertus 8: 105. 23 Gymnodactylus vittatus 8: 105. Gymnophthalmus speciosus 8: 105. Hemidactylus 3: 1. Hemidacty lus brooki 2:105; 3: 173; 8: 105; 24: 23. Hemidactylus leightoni 8: 105 . Hemidactylus mabouia 3: 173; 8: 105; 12: 79. Hemiphractus 6: 137. Herpetodryas punctifer 25: 119. Heteroclonium bicolor 8: 105. Heteropus bifasciatus 8: 105. Hydromorphus concolor 10: 119. Hyla 3: 1; 6: 15; 14: 167. Hyla albita 4: 297. Hyla albomarginata 3: 7; 6: 167. Hyla albopunctata 6: 137. Hyla albopunctata albopunctata 4: 307. Hyla albopunctata multif asciata 4: 307; 7: 145; 11: 1. Hyla albopunctulata 9:145. Hyla alemani 4: 297. Hyla altae 6: 167. Hyla aluminata 4: 297. Hyla avivoca 15 (1-2): 57. Hyla baileyi 11: 1. Hyla battersbyi 4: 297; 4: 307. Hyla baudinii 7: 69. Hyla baumgardneri 4: 411; 7: 145. Hyla benitezi 4: 411; 7: 145; 11: 181. Hyla berthalutzae 11: 1. Hyla bipunctata branneri 11: 1. Hyla boans 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491; 6: 137; 7: 145. Hyla boesemani 11: 181. Hyla boulengeri 3: 197; 4: 307; 4: 411; 6: 167; 7: 145. Hyla branneri 11: 1. Hyla brunnea 21: 159. Hyla chrysoscelis 23: 226. Hyla columbiana 4: 297 . Hyla crepitans 3: 87; 3: 197 ; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 411 ; 4: 491; 6: 167 ; 7 : 145 ; 15: 57; 15 : 79. Hyla decipiens 11: 1. Hyla dominicensis 10 : 109. Hyla ebraccata 6: 167. Hyla evansi 6: 137 . Hyla eximia 6: 167 • Hyla faber 6: 167; 7 : 145 . Hyla festae 4: 297 • Hyla foliamorta 6: 167 Hyla f uhrmanni 6: 137. Hyla genimaculata 18: 21. Hyla geographica 4: 297; 15: 79. Hyla ginesi 3: 28; 11:181; 18: 21. Hyla goeldi 6: 137. Hyla goughi 11: 1. Hyla granosa 4: 411; 7: 145. Hyla granosa gracilis 4: 297; 11: 181. Hyla heilprini 24: 23. Hyla johni 3: 87. Hyla labialis 9: 145. Hyla lanciformis guerreroi 11: 1. Hyla lanciformis lanciformis 11: 1. Hyla lascinia 9: 145. Hyla lemai 11: 181. Hyla leprieuri 6: 137; 11: 1. Hyla limai 11: 1. Hyla loquax 12: 195. Hyla loveridgei 3: 28; 4: 411; 11: 181; 18: 21. Hyla luteocellata 3: 197; 11: 1; 15: 79. Hyla marahuaquensis 4: 411; 6: 137; 11: 181. Hyla marianae 23: 380; 25: 123. Hyla marmorata marmorata 4: 411. Hyla maxima 7: 145. Hyla meridiona 11: 1. Hyla microcephala 4: 297; 6: 167; 7: 69; 11: 1; 15: 79. 24 Hyla microcephala goughi 11: 1. Hyla microcephala misera 15 (1-2): 57; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla microcephala underwoodi 7: 69. Hyla minuscula 11: 1. Hyla minuta 4: 411; 11: 1; 11: 181; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla miotympanum 12: 195. Hyla miranda ribeiri 7; 145. Hyla misera 3: 87; 3: 197; 4: 297; 4: 307; 11: 1; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla misera meridiana 11: 1. Hyla ornatissima 11: 181. Hyla orophila planicola 4: 411; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla palmeri 4: 297; 9: 145. Hyla paramica 3: 87. Hyla parviceps 11: 1. Hyla phaeota 4: 261. Hyla phlebodes 6: 167; 12: 195. Hyla phyllognatha 4: 297. Hyla platydactyla 3: 87; 9: 145. Hyla pulchrilineata 24:23. Hyla punctata 4: 297; 11 181 ; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla raniceps 4: 411; 6: 137; 7: 145; 11: 1. Hyla robertmertensi 16:23. Hyla rosenbergi 6: 167. Hyla rostrada 4: 307; 11: 1; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla rubra 4: 307; 4: 411; 6: 167; 7: 145; 11: 1; 15 (1-2): 57; 15 (1-2): 79. Hyla rufitele 5:39; 6:167. Hyla rufopunctata 4: 297. Hyla schuberti 11: 1. Hyla sibieszi 11: 181. Hyla staufferi 6: 167; 7: 69; 16: 23. Hyla staufferi staufferi 12: 195. Hyla taurina 4: 411; 6: 137. Hyla variabilis 4: 297. Hyla vasta 24: 23. Hyla venulosa ingens 3: 6. Hyla venulosa venulosa 3: 6; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491. Hyla versicolor 23: 226. Hyla vilsoniana 9: 145. Hyla vilsoniana krausi 3: 87. Hyla vilsoniana meridensis 3: 87; 4: 297. Hyla warrini 4: 411; 7: 145. Hyla werneri 11: 1. Hyla wilderi 23: 380; 25: 123. Hyla x-signata 15: 57; 15: 79. Hylaemorphus bibronii 25: 36. Hylella fleischmanni 7:69. Hylodes duidensis 11: 181. Hylodes maussi 4: 297. Hylodes urichi 4: 297. Hylosaurus muelleri 8:105. Hylosaurus percarinatus 8: 105. Hyloscirtus bogotensis 6: 137. Hypsibates agamoides 8: 105. Hypsirhynchus ferox 24:23. Iguana 13: 253. Iguana delicatissima 8: 123; 22: 221. Iguana iguana 4: 261; 5: 141; 12: 79; 15: 71; 22: 159; 22: 221. Iguana iguana iguana 8: 105. Iguana iguana rhinolopha 3: 27. Iguana sapidissima 12: 79. Iguana tuberculata 8: 105. Imantodes 14: 167. Kaloula pulchra 23: 226. Kentropix calcaratus 8: 105. Kentropix intermedius 8: 105. Kentropix striatus 8: 105. Kinosternon scorpioides albogulare 3: 77. 25 Klauberina riversiana 11: 17 . Lacerta ameiva 8: 105. Lacerta basiliscus 8: 105. Lacerta bicarinata 8: 105. Lacerta iguana 8: 105. Lacerta lemniscata 8: 105. Lacerta mabouya 8: 105. Lacerta marmorata 8: 105. Lacerta plica 8: 105. Lacerta striata 8: 105. Lacerta umbra 8: 105. Laemanctus longipes deborrei 18: 133. Leimadophis mepinephalus 5: 39. Leiocephalus astictus 12: 59. Leiocephalus cubensis 12: 59. Leiocephalus cubensis gigas 12: 59. Leiocephalus personatus 24: 23. Leiocephalus psammodromus 22: 191. Leiocephalus stictigaster 12: 59. Lepidoblepharis lunulatus 8: 105. Lepidoblepharis sanctaemariae 4: 261; 5: 141. Lepidochelys kempi 23:374. Lepidochelys olivacea 23: 374. Lepidophyma f lavomaculata 5: 141. Leposoma percarinatum 8: 105. Leposoma southi 5: 141. Leposoma taeniata 8: 105. Leptodactylus 5: 39; 8: 35; 10: 211. Leptodactylus albilabris 1: 83; 3: 1; 7: 69; 12: 79. Leptodactylus bolivianus 3: 7; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491; 7: 145. Leptodactylus dypticus 3: 7. Leptodactylus fuscus 11: 1; 15 (1-2): 57. Leptodactylus insularum 3: 77; 4: 261; 7: 145; 15: 57. Leptodactylus longirostris 11: 1; 11: 181. Leptodactylus macrosternum 7: 145. Leptodactylus marmoratus hylaedactylus 3: 197; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491; 7: 145. Leptodactylus melanonotus 4: 261; 7: 69; 16: 23. Leptodactylus mystaceus 4: 411; 11: 1. Leptodactylus ocellatus 4: 297; 4: 411; 4: 491; 7: 145. Leptodactylus pentadactylus 4: 261; 11: 1; 15: 57. Leptodactylus pentadactylus pentadactylus 4: 297; 4: 411. Leptodactylus podicipinus petersii 3: 6; 3: 87; 3: 197; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4 : 411; 4: 491; 11: 1; 11: 181. Leptodactylus podicipinus podicipinus 4: 297. Leptodactylus poecilochilus 3: 6; 4: 261. Leptodactylus poecilochilus dypticus 3: 6; 3: 87; 3: 197; 4: 307; 11: 1. Leptodactylus rugosus 4: 297; 4: 411. Leptodactylus sibilatrix 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491; 7: 145; 11: 1. Leptodactylus wagneri 11: 181. Leptodeira annulata 15:57. Leptodeira septentrionalis 5: 39. Leptophis 14: 167. Leptophis ahaetulla 5: 39. Leptotyphlops 5: 45. Leptotyphlops albifrons magnamaculata 3: 77. 26 Limnoedus ocularis 23: 226. Liohyla pittieri 7: 69. Liophis 25: 119. Lithodytes lineatus 4:411. Litoria caerulea 23: 226. Litoria genimaculata 18: 21. Litoria loveridgei 18: 21. Mabouia semitaeniatus 1: 32. Mabuia aenea 8: 105. Mabuia cepedi 8: 105. Mabuia nigropalmata 8:105. Mabuya agilis 8: 105. Mabuya brachypoda 5: 141. Mabuya lineolata 4: 321; 5: 45. Mabuya mabouia 4: 261. Mabuya mabouya 5: 141; 22: 191. Mabuya mabouya mabouya 8 : 105. Mabuya mabouya pergravis 3: 77. Mabuya mabouya sloanii 4: 321; 12: 79. Mabuya nigropalmata 8:105. Mabuya sloani 12: 79. Megaelosia bufonia 23:226. Megalocnus 20: 13. Microhyla pulchra 23: 226. Micrurus nigrocinctus 3: 77; 5: 39. Nectophrynoides 23: 226. Neusticurus bicarinatus 8: 105. Neusticurus dejongi 8:105. Neusticurus racenisi 8: 105. Neusticurus rudis 8: 105. Neusticurus surinamensis 8: 105. Neusticurus tatei 8: 105. Niceforonia 13: 75. Norops 20: 145. Norops auratus 5: 141; 8: 105. Norops homolechis 24: 39. Norops jubar 24: 39. Norops onca 8: 105. Notodelphys ovifera 4:297. Nototheca 6: 137. Nototheca pygmaea 4: 397. Nyctimystes loveridgei 3: 28; 11: 181; 18: 21. Oreophrynella quelchii 23 226. Oreophrynella quelchii macconelli 4: 411. Oreophrynella quelchii quelchii 4: 411. Oreosaurus luctuosus 8: 105. Osteocephalus leprieurii 11: 1. Osteopilus 23: 226. Osteopilus brunneus 21: 159; 23: 380. Osteopilus dominicensis 24: 23. Otophryne robusta 4: 411; 7: 145; 11: 181. Otophryne robusta steyermark 7: 155. Oxybelis aeneus 5: 39. Oxybelis brevirostris 5: 39. Oxybelis fulgidus 9: 31. Paludicola pusilla 4: 297 Paludicola pustulosus 7 : 69. Pantodactylus tyleri 8: 105. Peltophryne cataulaciceps 24: 39. Peltophryne empusa 25: 86 Peltophryne empusus 24:39 Peltophryne fracta 24: 39 Peltophryne gundla’chi 24: 39. Peltophryne guntheri 24: 39. Peltophryne peltocephala fustiger 24: 39. Peltophryne peltocephala peltocephala 24: 39. Peltophryne taladai 24:39 Phenacosaurus nicefori 8: 105. Phrynidium varium maculatum 25: 36. Phryniscus ignescens 3: 103. Phrynohuas venulosa 6:167 15: 57; 15: 79; 16: 23. 27 Phrynomerus bifasciatus 23: 226. Phrynopus 13: 75: 22: 107; 23: 226. Phrynosoma cornutum 15 (1-1): 71. Phyllobates 21: 143. Phyllobates bromelicola 4: 307. Phyllobates brunneus 3: 7; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 411. Phyllobates subpunctatus 3: 7. Phyllodactylus mulleri 8: 105. Phyllodactylus rutteni 8: 105. Phyllodactylus ventralis 8: 105. Phyllomedusa 4: 261; 6: 167. Phyllomedusa bicolor 4: 411. Phyllomedusa burmeister trinitatis 4: 307. Phyllomedusa helenae 7:69. Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis 6: 15; 8: 35. Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis hypochondrialis 4: 411. Phyllomedusa iheringi 6: 15. Phyllomedusa sauvagei 6: 16; 8: 35. Phyllomedusa spurrelli 6: 15. Phyllomedusa trinitatis 6: 15; 8: 35; 15 (1-2): 57; 15 (1-2): 79. Physalaemus pustulosus 15 (1-2): 57; 16: 23. Physalemus biligonigerus 7: 145. Physalemus carbonelli 7: 145. Physalemus cuvieri 7: 145. Physalemus enesefae 7:145. Physalemus fuscomaculatus 7: 145. Physalemus gracilis 7; 145. Physalemus neglecta 7:145. Pipa 11: 181. Pipa parva 3: 7. Platymantis petersii 4: 297. Pleurodema brachyops 3: 6 3: 197; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491; 15: 57. Plica bogerti 8: 105. Plica plica 8: 105. Plica umbra 8: 105. Polychrus gutturosus 5: 141. Polychrus marmoratus 8: 105. Polypedates leucomystax 23: 380. Prionodactylus leucostictus 8: 105. Proctoporus achlyens 8: 105. Proctoporus luctuosus 8: 105. Proctoporus shrevei 8:105 Prostherapis 8: 35. Prostherapis alboguttatus 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 485. Prostherapis bocagei 3: 87; 7: 145. Prostherapis brunneus 4: 297. Prostherapis collaris 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 485; 12: 191. Prostherapis dunni 4: 307 Prostherapis neblina 4: 307; 4: 485. Prostherapis riveroi 4: 485. Prostherapis shrevei 4: 411; 7: 145; 11: 181. Prostherapis trinitatis 3 103; 3: 165; 5: 39. Prostherapis trinitatis mandelorum 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 485. Prostherapis trinitatis trinitatis 3: 87; 3:197 4: 307; 4: 485. Pseudacris ocularis 23: 226. Pseudacris triseriata 23: 226. Pseudis paradoxus 4: 307. Pseudogonatodes lunulatus 8: 105. Pseudopaudicola ameghinii 20: 169. 28 Pseudopaludicola boliviana 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola ceratophyes 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola falcipes 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola mystacalis 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola pusilla 3: 7; 4: 297; 4: 411; 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola saltica 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola ternetzi 20: 169. Pseustes 14: 167. Pseustes poecilonotus 5: 39. Pternohyla 23: 226. Ptychoglossus kugleri 8: 105. Rana 3: 1; 8: 35. Rana austricola 7: 69. Rana boylei 11: 203. Rana catesbiana 3: 129. Rana clamitans 11: 203; 23: 226. Rana hoffmanni 7: 145. Rana macroglossa 7: 69. Rana marina 4: 297; 7: 69. Rana marina americana 10: 123. Rana miadis 12: 195. Rana ocellata 4: 297. Rana ovalis 4: 297. Rana palmipes 3: 7; 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 411; 7: 69; 7: 145; 11: 1. 23: 226. Rana palustris 15 (1-2): 79. Rana pipiens 7: 69; 11: 203; 12: 195; 15 (1-2): 79; 16: 23; 23: 226. Rana sibilatrix 4: 297. Rana venulosa 4: 297. Rana warschewitschii 23: 226. Rhacophorus 6: 15. Scolecosaurus trinitatis 8: 105. Smilisca baudinii 7: 69; 16: 23. Smilisca phaeota 6: 167. Sminthilus limbatus 23: 226; 25: 96. Sminthillus limbatus orientalis 25: 96. Sphaenorhynchus aurantiacus 15: 79. Sphaenorhynchus eurhostus 15: 79. Sphaerodactylus 1: 83; 14: 167. Sphaerodactylus amazonicus 8: 105. Sphaerodactylus argus andresensis 3: 77. Sphaerodactylus boettgeri 8: 105. Sphaerodactylus calcosensis 22: 191. Sphaerodactylus corticola 16: 9. Sphaerodactylus elegantulus 4: 391. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus 4: 391. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus anidrotus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus fantasticus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus fuga 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus hippomanes 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus karukera 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus ligniservulus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus orescius 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus phyzacinus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus tartaropylorus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus gaigeae 3: 1. Sphaerodactylus glaucus 5 : 141. 27 Phrynomerus bifasciatus 23: 226. Phrynopus 13: 75: 22: 107; 23: 226. Phrynosoma cornutum 15 (1-1): 71. Phyllobates 21: 143. Phyllobates bromelicola 4: 307. Phyllobates brunneus 3: 7; 4: 297; 4: 307; 4: 411. Phyllobates subpunctatus 3: 7. Phyllodactylus mulleri 8: 105. Phyllodactylus rutteni 8: 105. Phyllodactylus ventralis 8: 105. Phyllomedusa 4: 261; 6: 167. Phyllomedusa bicolor 4: 411. Phyllomedusa burmeister trinitatis 4: 307. Phyllomedusa helenae 7:69. Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis 6: 15; 8: 35. Phyllomedusa hypochondrialis hypochondrialis 4: 411. Phyllomedusa iheringi 6: 15. Phyllomedusa sauvagei 6: 16; 8: 35. Phyllomedusa spurrelli 6: 15. Phyllomedusa trinitatis 6: 15; 8: 35; 15 (1-2): 57; 15 (1-2): 79. Physalaemus pustulosus 15 (1-2): 57; 16: 23. Physaiemus biligonigerus 7: 145. Physaiemus carbonelli 7: 145. Physaiemus cuvieri 7: 145. Physaiemus enesefae 7:145. Physaiemus f uscomaculatus 7: 145. Physaiemus gracilis 7; 145. Physaiemus neglecta 7:145. Pipa 11: 181. Pipa parva 3: 7. Platymantis petersii 4: 297 . Pleurodema brachyops 3: 6 3: 197; 4: 307; 4: 411; 4: 491; 15: 57. Plica bogerti 8: 105. Plica plica 8: 105. Plica umbra 8: 105. Polychrus gutturosus 5: 141. Polychrus marmoratus 8: 105. Polypedates leucomystax 23: 380. Prionodactylus leucostictus 8: 105. Proctoporus achlyens 8: 105. Proctoporus luctuosus 8: 105. Proctoporus shrevei 8:105 Prostherapis 8: 35. Prostherapis alboguttatus 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 485. Prostherapis bocagei 3: 87; 7: 145. Prostherapis brunneus 4: 297. Prostherapis collaris 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 485; 12: 191. Prostherapis dunni 4: 307 Prostherapis neblina 4: 307; 4: 485. Prostherapis riveroi 4: 485. Prostherapis shrevei 4: 411; 7: 145; 11: 181. Prostherapis trinitatis 3 103; 3: 165; 5: 39. Prostherapis trinitatis mandelorum 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 485. Prostherapis trinitatis trinitatis 3: 87; 3:197 4: 307; 4: 485. Pseudacris ocularis 23: 226. Pseudacris triseriata 23: 226. Pseudis paradoxus 4: 307. Pseudogonatodes lunulatus 8: 105. Pseudopaudicola ameghinii 20: 169. 28 Pseudopaludicola boliviana 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola ceratophyes 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola falcipes 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola mystacalis 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola pusilla 3: 7; 4: 297; 4: 411; 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola saltica 20: 169. Pseudopaludicola ternetzi 20: 169. Pseustes 14: 167. Pseustes poecilonotus 5: 39. Pternohyla 23: 226. Ptychoglossus kugleri 8: 105. Rana 3: 1; 8: 35. Rana austricola 7: 69. Rana boylei 11: 203. Rana catesbiana 3: 129. Rana clamitans 11: 203; 23: 226. Rana hoffmanni 7: 145. Rana macroglossa 7: 69. Rana marina 4: 297; 7: 69. Rana marina americana 10: 123. Rana miadis 12: 195. Rana ocellata 4: 297. Rana ovalis 4: 297. Rana palmipes 3: 7; 3: 87; 4: 307; 4: 411; 7: 69; 7: 145; 11: 1. 23: 226. Rana palustris 15 (1-2): 79. Rana pipiens 7: 69; 11: 203; 12: 195; 15 (1-2): 79; 16: 23; 23: 226. Rana sibilatrix 4: 297. Rana venulosa 4: 297. Rana warschewitschii 23: 226. Rhacophorus 6: 15. Scolecosaurus trinitatis 8: 105. Smilisca baudinii 7: 69; 16: 23. Smilisca phaeota 6: 167. Sminthilus limbatus 23: 226; 25: 96. Sminthillus limbatus orientalis 25: 96. Sphaenorhynchus aurantiacus 15: 79. Sphaenorhynchus eurhostus 15: 79. Sphaerodactylus 1: 83; 14: 167. Sphaerodactylus amazonicus 8: 105. Sphaerodactylus argus andresensis 3: 77. Sphaerodactylus boettgeri 8: 105. Sphaerodactylus calcosensis 22: 191. Sphaerodactylus corticola 16: 9. Sphaerodactylus elegantulus 4: 391. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus 4: 391. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus anidrotus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus fantasticus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus fuga 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus hippomanes 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus karukera 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus ligniservulus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus orescius 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus phyzacinus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus fantasticus tartaropylorus 4: 373. Sphaerodactylus gaigeae 3: 1. Sphaerodactylus glaucus 5: 141. to ' , , A TRILOGY ON THE HERPETOLOGY bpt of LINNAEUS'S SYSTEMA NATURAE X Kenneth Kitchell, Jr. Department of Foreign Languages Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge and Harold A. Dundee Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology Tulane University SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE NO. 100 •i 1994 SMITHSONIAN HERPETOLOGICAL INFORMATION SERVICE The SHIS series publishes and distributes translations, bibliographies, indices, and similar items judged useful to individuals interested in the biology of amphibians and reptiles, but unlikely to be published in the normal technical journals. Single copies are distributed free to interested individuals. Libraries, herpetological associations, and research laboratories are invited to exchange their publications with the Division of Amphibians and Reptiles. We wish to encourage individuals to share their bibliographies, translations, etc. with other herpetologists through the SHIS series. If you have such items please contact George Zug for instructions on preparation and submission. Contributors receive 50 free copies. Please address all requests for copies and inquiries to George Zug, Division of Amphibians and Reptiles, National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington DC 20560 USA. Please include a self-addressed mailing label with requests. The I innaeus crest on the cover bears evidence of Linnaeus's botanical interest. The shoulders and sides bear strands of 'ivy"; the top is capped by a pair of spiny leaves bracketing a single stem with two flowers. The shield contains three crowns, each with a different "morphology". Additional details on Linnaeus and the family crest are in Uggla's 1957 book Linnaeus (Swedish Institute, Stockholm). K. Adler generously provided SHIS with reference to the preceding book and other items relating to Linnaeus (signatures, p. 40; Methodus, p. 54). G.R.Z. A TRILOGY ON THE HERPETOLOGY OF LINNAEUS'S SYSTEMA NATURAE X by Kenneth Kitchell, Jr. & Harold A. Dundee TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Foreward . 2 Translation and Annotation of the Amphibian and Reptile Section of Systema Naturae X (Kenneth Kitchell, Jr.) . 3 Current Names for Linnaeus's Herpetological Species in Systema Naturae X (Harold A. Dundee) . 41 The Literature Cited by Linnaeus in the Amphibian and Reptile Section of Systema Naturae X (Harold A. Dundee) . 54 FOREWORD Several years ago one of us, (HAD) was preparing a manuscript on higher category systematics and discovered to his amazement that no translation of the 10th edition of the Systema Naturae had been done. Although he had studied two romance languages and could struggle through some translation of Linnaeus's Latin, Dundee realized that his interpretations could be in error, hence he sought some help in translations of parts of the the Systema that were essential to his work. Faced with the absence of members of the Classics Department at his institution during the summer he sought aid from a zoologist priest at another institution. Although the priest could read some Latin, he was not that skilled at the use of the language. In talking to an older priest friend, Dundee was informed that if you needed to get some Latin translation from a priest you would have to go to a person probably 55-60 years or older because the Catholic church had ceased to do masses in Latin and the younger priesthood no longer had to be proficient in Latin. Prior to 1850 zoologists usually were competent readers and users of Latin, but because Latin was no longer the language of any major country the language skills needed for reading technical papers shifted to active and productive languages. Today few zoologists can say that they took courses in Latin or Greek, the main languages of so much early science. The need therefore for a translation of a major classic in zoology became evident. Accordingly Dundee turned to Kenneth Kitchell, a scholar of Latin, to do the translation, with Dundee cooperating to finesse the translation in terms that would be used by zoologists. As the work progressed the need for a listing of current names for Linnaean species and for identification of the literature that he cited became obvious, and this area, being solely in the field of herpetology, has become a contribution by Dundee. 3 TRANSLATION AND ANNOTATION OF THE AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SECTION OF SYSTEMA NATURAE X by Kenneth Kitchell and Harold A. Dundee INTRODUCTION The tenth edition of Systema Naturae is one of the most significant and fundamental works in the science of biology -- it marked the beginning of orderliness to the chaotic and inconsistent methods of naming animals. Karl Linn6, a Swedish naturalist, who latinized his name to Carolus Linnaeus, is the author of the Systema Naturae . He was enobled in 1761 as Carl von Linn6 , thus his name may appear as Linnaeus , Linn6, or von Linn6. In the Systema he used the system of binomial nomenclature, i.e., application of at least two names, the generic name and the specific epithet, for the scientific name of an animal. Binomial nomenclature was not actually a creation of Linnaeus's. The concept of genus and specific epithet had been used for hundreds of years before his time, but the use of such names in a uniform manner and under the same cover for all groups of animals emphasized the advantages of such a system, and biologists soon embraced the idea and the binomial system was considered to be the ideal form for nomenclature. Linnaeus had actually had the same effect on botanists via publication of his book Species Plantarum in 1753. The fundamental concept of nomenclature is based on priority for the oldest name; names applied by Linnaeus are often the inventions of earlier taxonomists, but the acceptance of Linnaeus' s 10th as the starting point forces us to give credit for many of the earlier names to him. By currently accepted rules, no names proposed prior to 1758 are granted priority. Linnaeus did not propose any rules for animal nomenclature but did provide some rules for botanists in his Critica Botanica of 1737. Zoological taxonomists did not have any guiding principles for applications of priority until 1842 when the British Association for the Advancement of Science adopted a set of rulings known as the "Stricklandian Code”. In 1889 the First International Zoological Congress discussed a set of rules proposed by Professor Raphael Blanchard and adopted them at the second Congress in 1892. But a need was seen for considering all rules and by 1905 the Sixth Congress adopted the Regies internationales de la Nomenclature zoologique . The Regies were later replaced by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, which is the set of rules determined by the International Congress of Zoology and which is published by the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature. In its articles the Code clearly states that Linnaeus' s 10th edition is the starting point for zoological nomenclature and is arbitrarily assigned a publication date of January I, 1758 and that any other work published in 1758 is to be treated as having been published after that edition. Many of the names used by Linnaeus still apply, albeit in many cases in different genera. As we look at the expanded title of the Systema Naturae, we see that it refers to Classes, Orders, Genera, and Species. The concept of family, a hierarchy higher than genus but lower than Order, came after Linnaeus's work. Not surprisingly, then, later investigations have led to some Linnaean names being converted to different hierarchical levels. The taxonomists of Linnaeus's time were concerned with only a few thousand species, but today we are concerned with possibly two million or more species. We have endeavored to simply translate Linnaeus’ s 10th; any further interpretations fall beyond this province and belong to the specialist systematists. 4 At present time many class and order names given by Linnaeus have no recognition because the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, now in its third edition, does not use its regulations for any hierarchical category above superfamily. This is not the first translation of the Systema Naturae. The 13th edition, published posthumously in 1789 by Johannes Friedrich Gmelin, was translated into English from 1802- 1806 by William Turton. The 13th dealt with far more species than were known by Linnaeus and included plants. It consists of seven volumes. But any user of the translation of the 13th edition should be warned that names contained in it are not necessarily endowed with priority and more important, the translation is not specifically the words of Linnaeus or Gmelin. Much additional text has been included and the documentation is simply a gross listing of sources, not specific literature, and no detailed credits are given within the text. In our translation of Linnaeus we have faced a singular challenge which is comparable to that which plagues the students of English literature, e.g., determination of the meanings of statements that appear in Shakespearean plays. But we must remember that science tries to be exact, thus we choose not to try to second guess what Linnaeus meant. If some suggested clue is there, we explore it in endnotes, but otherwise we have tried to project exact wording. A comment by a major scholar of Linnaeus’s work , the late John L. Heller, reads ”....l think it must be admitted that sometimes Linnaeus's Latin syntax was a bit shaky and that occasionally he did come up with the wrong word." (1980 Bibliotheca Zoologica Linneana. pp. 240-264 In G. Broberg [ed.] Linnaeus: Progress and Prospects in Linnaean Research. Almquist & Wiskell International, Stockholm, and Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh). Indeed we also discerned flaws in the syntax and our translations may seem to reach a different context than what he perhaps meant to say. Obviously the thought processes of early scholars were of a different ilk than those of today's sophisticated students, and we have difficulty in trying to reach into the depths of the earlier workers' brain cells to understand their interpretations. As trained scholars in our fields, classical languages and zoology respectively, we were often brainwashed by the information contained in our texts and in our mentors' lectures. But as we have discovered, from the mouths of babes, our students, we often hear novel ideas, the spawn of innocence! Thus to avoid injection of bias we have tried to be as literal as possible unless we can show cause to be otherwise. Where we find or suspect a typographical error we so indicate in our annotations. A final word should be said concerning consistency. Linnaeus employed a wide variety of words for closely connected ideas. To recreate the intention of the original and to facilitate its study, care has been taken to provide different English words for corresponding different Latin words. Thus, a dot (punctum) is not a spot (macula) and dark-black ( ater ) is to be differentiated from black (niger). A frequent term which could have several meanings is striatus. Although we think of "striated” as meaning grooved (but one interpretation in herpetology has been "streaked"), Linnaeus's application of striatus seems to have been used to indicate stripes or keels. In actual Latin "stria" can mean groove or ridge. Thus where he has used such a term we have examined descriptions of the animal and determined what actual connotation he must have meant. Specialist systematists have not been able to unravel all of Linnaeus's 10th, thus many species that he named remain obscure and unrecognized. Some have been determined to be other than what was first accepted and appeals have been made to the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature to use its jurisdiction to overrule the laws of priority contained in the Code so that name stability can be retained for often used though erroneously applied names. 5 In the use of terminology we have used both a mixture of technical and vernacular terms. This is not inconsistent with modern descriptive zoology. Terms such as verrucose and warty are synonymous and either word may appear in a description. Sometimes our Latin dictionaries do not reveal all of the meanings or connotations that might apply to a word, especially as used in specialty taxonomy. This is where our collaboration has been an essential tool, Kitchell to translate the Latin, Dundee to determine how words of phrases might actually be stated by a zoologist. Each of us has thus contributed to the endnotes in discussing the innuendos of the text. Certain terms used by Linnaeus may not be everyday terms to specialists (e.g., muricate, which refers to a spinose appearance seen in sea shells of the genus Murex, is used frequently in application to reptiles, but it is not a term that modern day herpetologists, or for that matter even sea shell specialists, employ) . If the user of our translations encounters a problem of this nature, we recommend seeking definition in an unabridged dictionary. Many geographic names that were in use in Linnaeus’ s time are now supplanted by newer names. In our appended list of current names for Linnaean species the approximate geographic ranges are given, thus preempting Linnaeus's often inaccurately stated distributions. Finally, we include a complete list of all the literature cited by Linnaeus. Readers of this translation should be aware that Latin punctuation does not correspond to modern English punctuation, thus an exact translation phrase by phrase is not presented. In many cases we have modified Linnaeus's statements by using the telegraphic style of description so often used in taxonomic writings, but the meanings should be the same. But we have at least noted the original pagination and have tried to stay with the original paragraphing, thus comparison of Latin and English text is facilitated. Footnotes appear at the bottom of the page as originally placed in Systema Naturae. Our own commentaries, represented by superscript numbers, appear at the end of the translated text. The following is actual text translation. The term Indiis, which refers to the West Indies, appears to be a persistent error in Linnaeus's geography. The species alleged to live there usually are South American. We were also struck by the frequency of color references to white or whitish and are guessing that the preservation process of that day was of poor quality, thus resulting in considerable fading. Beginning on page 214 of the original text, readers will discover the male sign Cf below the number (which is total of ventral + subcaudal scutes) for many snake species. This is not, however, intended to indicate sex, instead Linnaeus stated on p. 221 of the original text that it indicates that the species is venomous (see also our footnote 46). Re the ventral + subcaudal count, see also our footnote 45). The f is nowhere defined in Systema Naturae, but in the Ray Society's 1957 facsimile of Linnaeus's1753 Species Plantarum, in which the binomial system is introduced for plants, W.T. Stearn states in the introduction that the sign meant an imperfectly known species or some doubt or obscurity. Stearn also states that Linnaeus's 1754 Genera Plantarum used the sign for a genus that he had seen only as herbarium material. We can only surmise that in Systema Naturae he perhaps meant it to mean that he was unsure. For a comment on terms relating to epidermal scutes, see footnote 8. Original page 194 CLASS III Amphibians These most terrible and vile animals are distinguished by their unilocular and single chambered heart, arbitrary lungs, and a divided penis. 6 Most amphibians are rough, with a cold body, a ghastly color, cartilaginous skeleton, foul skin, fierce face, a meditative gaze, a foul odor, a harsh call, a squalid habitat, and terrible venom. Their Author has not, therefore, done much boasting on their account.1 A polymorphous nature has bestowed a double life on most of these amphibians: granting that some undergo metamorphosis and others cast off their old age. Some are born from eggs, whereas others bear naked young. Some live variously in dry or wet, whereas others hibernate half the year. Some overcome their prey with effort and cunning, whereas others lure the same prey to their jaws as if by magic. REPTILES. Footed and have flat-nude ears without ear lobes. They pursue various lives depending on their structure. The turtles are protected by their shell. The dracos2 fly on wings, whereas lizards flee on feet, and frogs are hidden by location. Nor do they all lack venom, for example the toad, salamander, and gecko.3 SERPENTES. Footless and, lacking ears, are deaf. Lungs separate them from the fish , as do eggs in a chain and a divided penis. In short, the resemblance of the serpents with the lizards and that of the lizards with the frogs is so great as to admit no boundaries. Nature the savior has armed these creatures, cast onto the bare ground, ignorant of the use of limbs, and exposed to every harm, with weaponry bristling with dreadful venom, each unto its own kind. Page 195 These weapons are very like teeth, but they are located on the outside edge of the upper jaw and can be extended and retracted at will. They are equipped with a sack of poison which they inject into the blood through a wound- the cause of dire results though in other respects it is inert. And thus these Catonians4 have a poisonous bite and threaten death with the tooth; the cups5 lack death surely according to Redi6. Fie who was in charge armed (j)46 only a tenth of the species, but lest those who were deprived of the weapons the others posessed should be miserable and rage too much, he wished them to be similar in shape so that all of them, of dubious identification, would be feared by all. But man's Benefactor gave to the people of India the mongoose along with the Ophiorhiza 7, to the Americans the pig along with Senega 7 and to the Europeans the stork along with the olive. Should one wish a diagnosis for these, let him take it from the presence or absence of feet and from abdominal and caudal scutes8. But lest the number, taken from one and added to another, should confuse, it is useful to have each one numbered (Act. Stockh. 1752, p. 296). The length should be given to and from the anus and in some cases it should be by color. Be careful, however, lest the tail, once cut off, has been regenerated. NANTES, the aquatic finned ones.(Chondropterygios, or the so-called cartilaginous fishes). A class of amphibians that have arbitrary lungs* , although it is true that they are not to be seen. They do not breathe with free, but with joined gills. The males lie upon the females with a divided penis! The eggs are in a chain with young, the skin is foul, the bones and the rest are cartilaginous. Nor are they entirely unschooled in venom, as witness the sting ray and the electric ray. AMPFIIBIOLOGI are the smallest of them all, but none are true. Seba has collected and delineated a tremendous number of them unknown to himself, but he multiplied them and described them but minimally. Catesby sketched a few serpents more beautifully than he made notes about them. 7 * The lungs are pectinate, finned like those of fish but are joined to an arcate, cylindrical, bulbous passage way, lacking a bony rod, unlike that of a fish , except in external appearance. page 196 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE GENERA 1. REPTILES. Footed, air breathing 103. Testudo : body protected in a shell 104. Draco : winged flying body 105. Lacerta : a body (shelled or winged) that is naked and tailed 106. Rana : a body similarly naked and without a tailI. * * * * * * * 9 II. SERPENTES. Legless, air breathing 107. Crotalus : abdominal and caudal scutes, with a rattle 108. Boa : abdominal and caudal scutes, without a rattle 109. Coluber : abdominal scutes, caudal scales 110. Anguis : abdominal and caudal scales 111. Amphisbaena : abdominal and caudal rings 112. Coedlia [sic]: naked, lateral wrinkles III. NANTES. Finned, breathing air through their sides 113. Petromyzon : 7 spiracles 114. Raja : 5 spiracles below ; body depressed. 115. Squalus : 5 lateral spiracles; smooth, rounded body 116. Chimaera : 1 spiracle; 2 front incisor teeth 117. Lophius : 1 spiracle; pectoral fins inserted in the forelimb 118. Acipenser : 1 spiracle; retractable mouth page 197 I. REPTILES Air breathing, four feet 103. TESTUDO. Four-footed body; tailed; covered with a shell Mydas. 1 Turtle with flipper-like feet, two claws on the front feet, single claws on the hind feet, oval shell. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 138. Turtle with pointed claws, two on the front foot, one on the rear foot Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 50. Dark-black turtle. Osb. iter. 293. Gesn. quadr. 78. Marine turtle. Aldr. quadr. 712. t. 714. Grew mus. 38. t. 3. f. 410 Olear. mus. 27. t. 17. A 1 . Bradl. natur. t. 4. f. 4 (3. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 80. f. 9. American marine turtle called the Mydas. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 137. The same turtle Marcgr. bras. 241 . The jurucuja to the people of Brazil Raj. quadr. 256. y Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 287. n. 7. A turtle with sharp claws, with single ones on the front and hind feet. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 50. The same turtle Seb. mus. 1 . t. 79. f. 4. 5. 6. 8 It lives near the sea islands:Ascension Isle, etc. It buries its membranous eggs by night in calcareous sand. Its tlesh is greenish and edible. It sleeps on its back on the sea. It attacks as many men as pursue it. It does not get up when on its backl on land. Its shell was once used for shields and arches.1 1 Caretta. 2: Turtle with flipper-like feet . Two claws on its fore and hind feet; shell ovate and sharply serrated. Gron. mus. 2. p. 85. n. 69. Turtle with swimming feet, two sharp claws. Brown, jam. 465. Turtle with two sharp claws on each side, five gibbous scales on its back. page 198 Catesb. car. p. 39, t. 39. Testudo Caretta Rochef. 12 Raj. quadr. 258. Testudo Caretta. Lives near American islands. orbicu- 3: Turtle with palmate feet, circular and flattish shell. laris Raj. quadr. 254. Freshwater turtle? Lives in southern Europe. Small, very solid, rounded shell neither anteriorly nor posteriorly emarginate. The sternum is split posteriorly. The toes of the feet are connected by a membrane into a round sole. scabra 4.Turtle with a flattish shell with all its small scutes in the middorsum. Lives in the Indies. The body and sides of the shell, below, are variably white and black. The sternum is truncated posteriorly. lutaria 5. Turtle with subpalmate feet; tail shorter than half its body; subconvex shell, carinate to the rear; with three scutes. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 139, n. 23.Turtle with sharp claws, four each on the fore and hind feet.* Lives in Italy, Orient. Forefeet more or less palmate, hind feet less so. Sternum posteriorly truncate. graeca 6. Turtle with subdigitate feet, a gibbous shell with a very blunt lateral margin, flattish scutes. The lesser, tessellated African turtle. Edw. av. 204. t. 204. Lives in Africa. Tailed body, five claws on its forefeet but four on the rear. Carolina 7. Turtle with digitate feet, a gibbous shell, no tail. Tessellated lesser Carolinian turtle . Edw. av. 205. 1 205. Lives in Carolina. Five-toed forefeet, four-toed hind feet. carinata 8. Turtle with digitate feet, humped shell, four dorsal small scutes, front13 scutes carinate. Solid, one-piece sternum. Lives in warm regions. * This asterisk probably is a typographic error-no meaning can be ascertained. Turtles often live 14 days with their heads cut off. In the colder regions the terrestrial types hibernate during winter. No animal is slower than a turtle. During copulation they often cling together for a month. 9 9. Turtle with hind feet palmate, small scutes of the shell elevated. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 50. Turtle with sharp claws, five on the front foot, 4 on the hind foot. Worm. mus. 317. Turtle painted, or marked with stellate forms. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 1 39 n. 24 Grew. mus. 36. f..3. f. 1 ,2. Greater turtle with tessellated shell Seb. mus. 1 . t. 80. 1. 8. Lesser Amboinian turtle Pis. bras. 1. 105. Turtle with geometric shapes of blackish and yellowish color. Raj. quadr. 259. Lesser tessellated turtle. Lives in Asia. Black shell with small, yellow scutes emitting yellow anastomosing rays. 10. Turtle with hemispherical shell, convex trapezoidal small scutes, with punctate centers striated at the margins. Grew. mus. 38. t. 3. f. 3. Virginia turtle. Worm. mus. 313. Land turtle, small, from east India. Raj. quadr. 259. The same turtle. Lives in India. 11. Turtle with digitate feet, subconvex shell, blunt and five-pointed posteriorly. Lives in warm regions. 104. DRACO. Four-footed body, tailed, winged. volans. 1 . Draco. Syst. nat. 36. Gron. mus. 2. p. 73. n. 46. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 40. Draco. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 126. Lizard with a smooth tail, five-toed feet, wings connected to the thigh, triple crest on the throat. Bont. jav. 57. t. 57. The flying lizard or little dragon. Seb. mus. 2. t. 86. f. 3. The African flying lizard. In turtles the front feet have five toes, the rear four, with the same number of claws. The marine types are exceptions, having flipper-like feet. The scutes of the shell are quite often of the same number and as a result diagnosis of species is very difficult. All the other dracones [dragons] listed by authors are fictitious, like the HYDRA, Seb. mus. 1. 1. 102. f. 1 which I saw at Hamburg, but which was an outstanding work, not of nature, but of art. page 200 Brad., natur. t. 9. f. 5. Flying lizard. Lives in India and Africa. 105. LACERTA. Four-footed body, tailed, naked. * Those with a compressed tail Croco- Lizard with a compressed tail, three-clawed feet, front feet five-toed, hind feet dilus four- toed and palmate. Amoen.. acad. 1 . p.121 . The same lizard. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 40. The same lizard. Gron. mus. 2. p. 74. n. 47. Crocodilus. Bellon. aquat. 41 . Crocodilus. Gesn. quadr. 9. Crocodilus. Aldr. aquat. 677. Crocodilus. page 199 geo- metrica pusilla ser¬ pentina 10 Jonst. quadr. t. 79. f. 3. Crocodilus. Raj. quad. 261. Lacertus maximus.14 Boot. jav. t. 55. Crocodylus Cayman. Marcgr. bras. 242. Jacare. Olear. mus. 8. t. 7. f. 3. Crocodylus. Bell. mus. 47. 1. 13. Crocodilus niloticus. Sloan, jam. 2. p. 332. Crocodilus. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 103. 104. Crocodilus. Merian. sur. 49. 1. 69. Crocodil. Vallisn. nat. 1 . t. 43. Catesb. car. 2. t. 63. Lacertus maximus.14 Lives in the waters of Africa, Asia, and America. Anatomy of the crocodile. Hasselq.iter. 292. It lays one hundred eggs. These are dug up by the ichneumon, a small bird. 15 When the young are hatched, the mother calls them forth onto her back and leads them to water. The male and female swallow down those who fall in the water. It eats under water. Joined together in a group, they disturb the aquatic animals. Leviathan Jobi. 40:20; 41:24. 16 It is fierce to those fleeing it. Those who know how, leap onto its back and control it.1? Caudiver- bera 2. Lizard with a depressed-flat, pinnate tail, palmate feet. Few//, peruv. 2. p. 319. t. 319. Seb. mus. 2. t. 62. f. 9. It lives in Peru. superci- iosa 3. Lizard with a carinate tail, back and eyebrows ciliate. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 40. The same lizard. page 201 Seb. mus. 1. 1. 109. f. 4. Lives in the Indies. scutata 4.Lizard with an average sized, subcompressed tail, toothed dorsal suture, bimucronate occiput. Seb..mus. 1. p. 173. 1. 109. f. 3. Huge, scuted , amboinian18 salamander. Lives in Asia. Monitor 5. Lizard with a carinate tail and a shortened body. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 41 . Lizard with an entirely two-edged tail, five-toed feet, all toes clawed. Seb. mus. 2. t. 86. f. 2 1. 105. f. 1. 1./.94. f. 1.2. Lives in the Indies. The body is verticillated with white ocellate spots. Abdomen white, with interrupted linear bands. principa - lis 6. Lizard with a subcarinate tail ; solid throat crest, smooth back. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 43. Armen acad. 1. p 286. 1. 14. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. bicarina- ta 7. Lizard with a compressed tail, moderately bicarinate; back carinate-keeled19 four times. Lives in the Indies. Small, gray. The back has two raised ridges and each side of the back is carinate- striated with scales. The sides have convex tuberculate scales. The abdomen is covered with 24 transverse rows of scales, six in each. The tail is about 1 1/2 times as long as the body, is compressed, striated below, smooth on the sides, with a double angular ridge above. No crest. palustris 8. Lizard with an insignificant tail, moderate size, with split, stubby feet. Four¬ toed front feet. Fn. svec. 256. Gron. mus. 2. p. 77. n. 51 . Warty, unsealed salamander. Raj. quad. 273. Aquatic salamander. Seb. mus.A. t. 89. f. 4, 5. American lizard. Lives in the fresh, stagnant waters of Europe. Perhaps a distinct species from L. agilis or the larva of another 20. page 202 ** Those with a verticillate tail Cordylus 9. Lizard with a short, verticillated tail, dentate scales, smooth body. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 132. 292. Gron. mus. 2. p. 79. n. 55. Cordylus. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 84. f. 3. 4. & 2. t. 62. f. 5. Lives in Africa and Asia. Body verticillated with truncate scales. Stellio 10. Lizard with an average sized verticillate tail. Dentate scales, head and body spiny. Hasselt. iter. 301. Spotted lizard. Tournes. itin. 1. p. 119. 1. 120. The lizard called Coslordilos. Seb. mus. 2. t. 8. f. 7. Lives in the Orient: Delos 21 , Egypt, Africa. mauritanica 1 1 . Subverticillate tail, short, terete, with a spiny apex. Body spiny above, feet scaly below. It lives in Mauritania. E. Brander. The body resembles L. gecko in bearing and shape, but is sickly yellow and, at the sides of the head, above the neck, back, and legs, is warty and spiked. The tail is shorter than the body, spiny in six places from its base to the middle. From there to the tip it is smooth. The toes of the feet, as in the gecko, lamellosely squamate below, with very small claws. Beneath, the entire body is smooth with very small scales. azurea 12. Lizard with a short, verticillate tail, pointed scales. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 42. The same lizard. Seb. mus. 2. t. 62. f. 6. Lives in Africa. turcica 13. Lizard with a subverticillate, average tail, a gray, subverucose body. Edw. av. 204. t. 204. Lesser lizard, ash-gray, spotted, Asiatic. Ameiva. Lives in the Orient. The tail is scarcely longer than the body, poorly verticillate. The body is small, gray, spattered with dark spots, uneven22 and with scattered, ill-formed warts. 14. Lizard with a long, verticillate tail, thirty abdominal scutes, a collar with a double wrinkle below. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 127, 293. Lizard with a terete tail, twice the length of the body, five-toed feet, no crest, 30 abdominal scutes. page 203 Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 45. The same lizard. Gron. mus. 2. p. 80. t. 56. Lizard with a terete tail three times the length of the body, very smooth scales, oblong squarish23 abdominal scales. Clus. exot. 115. Lacerta indicus Edw. av. 202. t. 202, 203. Greater green lizard. Worm. mus. 313. f. 313. Raj. quadr. 270. Indian lizard. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 85. f. 2, 3. f.88. f.1,2. Sloan, jam. 2. p. 333. t. 273. f. 3. The greater, ash-gray, spotted lizard. 8 Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 130. Lizard with a terete tail 11/2 times the length of the body. Five-toed feet, back striated with longitudinal lines. Lives in America. agiKs algira 15. Lizard with a longish, verticillate tail with sharp scales, a collar below composed of scales. Faun. svec. 1352. Lizard with a terete verticillate tail the length of the body, five¬ toed clawed feet. Syst. nat. 36. n. 6. Lizard with a terete, long, verticillate tail with sharp scales, five¬ toed clawed feet. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 43. The same Szard. Gron. mus. 2. p. 80. n. 57. Lizard with a tail a bit longer than the body, very smooth scales. Raj. quadr. 264. Common lizard , black spotted belly Seb. mus. 2. t. 79. f. 4. Lesser spotted indigenous lizard. 8 Raj. quadr. 264. Green lizard Aldr. quadr. 634. Green lizard Seb. mus. 2. t. 4. f. 4. 5. Green lizard. Lives in Europe and India In southern Europe it differs by its green color. The Indian one is more beautifully colored. The thigh is marked below with a line of hard dots, as is the case for L. ameiva. 16. Lizard with a verticillate, rather long tail, body with two yellow lines on both sides. Lives in Mauritania. E. Brander. The body is barely longer than a finger, dusky above, yellowish below. Dorsal algira page 204 Seps angulata chamae- leon Salaman- dra page 205 1 3 scales are carinate and more pointed. A yellow line delineates the back on both sides and another distinguishes the abdomen on both sides from the sides. 17. Lizard with a long, verticillate tail, a lateral, curved back suture, squared scales. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 293. Lizard with a verticillate tail, subpentadactyl feet24, squared scales. It lives in southern areas. Short feet, distant, suited for running. Flat abdomen. 18. Lizard with a long, hexagonal tail; carinate, pointed scales. It lives in America. Rolander. Small, with a dark back. All its scales, with the exception of the abdominal ones, are pointed, very carinate. Naked head, with various raised wrinkles. To the rear, where the neck scales begin, it is truncated and attached as it were. Beneath its throat are two large, rounded scales. The tail is 1 1/2 times longer than the body, hexagonal, very angular. * * * Tail terete and imbricate, longer than the body. 19. Lizard with a short, terete, incurved tail, with two and three toes joined together. Amoen. acad. ^ . p. 290, 501 .The same lizard. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 45. The same lizard. Gron. mus. 2. p. 76. n. 50. Chamaeleon. Olear. mus. 9. t. 8. f. 3. Chamaeleon. Bellon. itin. I. 2. c. 60. Chamaeleon. Best. mus. 1. 12. Chamaeleon. Valent, mus. I. 3. c. 31. Chamaeleon. Kircher. mus. 275. t. 293. f. 44. Chamaeleon. Jonst. quadr. t. 79. Chamaeleon. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 82. /. 3. 4. 5. & t. 83. f. 5. Aldr. quadr. 670. Chamaeleon. It lives in Africa and Asia. Chamaeleon anatomy. Hasselq. iter. 297. It differs at the top by being flat and carinate. It slowly swells and shrinks its body. The eyes are covered, very brilliant, with a naked , golden pupil. Its gait is slow, with opposed, anomalous feet and with tail raised above. The tongue is lumbriciform, very long, and catches flies. It changes colors in warm places and is awake by night. 20. Lizard with a terete, short tail, stubby toes, and a naked, porous body Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 131 . Lizard with a smooth, short tail, unarmed feet. Front feet are four-toed, hind feet five-toed. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 45. The same lizard. 1 4 Matth. diosc. 274. f. 274. Salamander. Gesn. quadr. 80. Salamander. Aldr. quadr. 641. Land salamander. Jonst. quadr. t. 77. f. 1 0. Olear. mus. t. 8. f. 4. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 1 2. f. 5. Raj. quadr. 173. Land salamander Lives in Europe. The body is naked, without scales, perforated with pores. It was said in antiquity that it lived in fire, but Barlholinus has experimented on this. It exudes an oil from its pores that is used as a depilatory. Gecko 21 . Lizard with a terete, average tail; imbricate toes; body warty. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 133. 292. Lizard with a smooth, average tail, five-toed feet. Toes crested and imbricate; body warty. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 46. The same. Hasselqv. iter. 306. Gecko lizard with a smooth, average tail, crested feet, with lamellae longitudinally. Gron. mus. 2. p. 78. n. 53. Salamander. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 168. f. 2-8. Bont. jav. 57. Indian salamander. Lives in the Indies, often even in homes. It exudes poison onto its food from its feet (or through its urine?).25 Hasselqv. Tame; uses a house as a place of refuge. Stincus 26 22. Lizard with a terete, average tail, compressed at its tip; with marginate, stubby toes. Gron. mus. 2. p. 76. n. 49. Scincus. Seb. mus. 2. p. 112. 1. 105. 1. 3. Best. mus. 1. 12. f. 1. Olear. mus. 9. t. 8. f. 1 . Raj. quadr. 271. Scincus. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 294. Hasselqv. act. ups. 1 750. p. 30. - - - itin. 309. n. 58. Lives in mountainous areas of Libya, Egypt, and Arabia Petraea 27 The body is sold as an aphrodisiac.28 hispida 23. Lizard with a terete average tail, triple-spined at tip. Mus.Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 44. The same lizard. page 206 Seb. mus. 1. 1. 109. f. 6. f. 83. f. 1.2. It lives in South America orbicula¬ ris 24. Lizard with a terete, short tail, trunk subglobular and spiny above. Seb. mus. 1 . p. 134. t. 83. f. 1.2. Orbicular spiny lizard Hernand. mex. 327, 328. Orbicular lizard Raj. quadr. 263. Orbicular lizard Lives in Mexico. 1 5 vulgaris 25. Lizard with a terete, average tail; four-toed front feet; feet stubby. Faun. svec. 254. Lizard with unarmed feet, four-toed hands29 five-toed rear feet; livid body; dark double dorsal line. Raj. quadr. 264. Common lizard. Lives in Europe. Its larva is beneath the water. aquatica 26. Lizard with a moderately terete, average tail; stubby, split feet; front feet four¬ toed. Gron. mus. 2. p. 78. n. 52.Scaleless salamander, moderately terete tail. Gesn. ovip. 31. Aquatic lizard Seb. mus. 2. p. 15. 1. 12. f. 7. Ceylon salamander. It lives in fresh and stagnant bodies of water in Europe. Whether this is a distinct species of a larva of the previous one 1 am not yet fully clear. **** Those whose tail is terete, imbricate, longer than the body. Basili- scus 27. Lizard with a terete, long tail; radial dorsal fin; crested occiput. Seb. mus. 1 . 1. 1 00. f. 1 . Lives in South America. Igvana 30 28. Lizard with a terete, long tail; a dorsal, dentate suture; a denticular gular crest. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 123. 287. Lizard with a terete tail; five-toed feet; longitudinal dorsal crest; a hanging, anteriorly dentate appendage on the throat. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 43. The same. Gron. mus. 2. p. 82. n. 60. Igvana. Maregr. bras. 236. f. 236. page 207 Jonst. quadr. t. 77. f. 5. Jacob, mus. t. 4. Olearmus. t. 6. f. 1. Yvana. 31 Bont. jav. 56. t. 56. Leguan lizard Maregr. bras. 236. Senembi or Igvana Nieremb. nat. 271. t. 271. Owed. amer. 1. 13. c. 3. Rhed. exper. 100. 1. 101. Igvane. Worm. mus. 313. Sloan, jam. 2. p. 333. Raj. quadr. 265. Senembi lizard and Igvana. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 95. f. 1.2. 96 .f. 97. f. 3. 98. U. Clus. exot. 1 1 6. Yvana. Catesb. car. 2. p. 64. t. 64? Lives in the Indies. It is captured by means of a noose. Its flesh is tastiest of all, but is harmful to those with syphilis. Calotes 29. Lizard with a terete, long tail. Anterior back and posterior head dentate. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 289. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 44. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 95. f. 3. 4. t. 93. f. 2 Lives in Asia: Ceylon. The body is blue with pointed scales; keeled below. Dorsal spines lamellate. Agama 30. Lizard with a terete, long tail. The dorsal neck and posterior head are prickly. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 288. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 44. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 107. f. 1. 2. 3. Lives in America. Body color pallid. Abdomen lightly striated. 32 Umbra 31 . Lizard with a terete, long tail; nape slightly crested; occiput callous; back keeled33. Lives in southern regions. A deep fold beneath the throat. Body color clouded. page 208 Plica 32. Lizard with a terete, long tail; a callous occiput; eyelids lacking skin above; neck laterally warty and plicate below. Lives in the Indies. The body is scarcely longer than a finger, not counting the tail. In my specimen it is covered everywhere with conical scales (like shagreen). The occiput is callous and the eyebrows are subcrenate, lacking skin above, with a membranous scar, divided transversely into three parts by a distinct furrow.34 Behind the ears, towards the sides of the head and neck, are two spiny warts. The neck has a double fold below. The dorsal suture has largish scales, almost crenate anteriorly A wrinkle, raised up from the neck over the arms, runs in each direction and bends in the middle of the trunk. The tail is smooth, covered with tiny spots, and is just noticeably verticillate, and longer than twice the body. The toes are long, scabby below, with fairly pointed scales. The claws are compressed. marmorata 33. Lizard with a long, terete tail; throat somewhat crested, anteriorly dentate; back smooth. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 129. 288. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 43. Seb. mus. 2. t. 76. f. 4. Lives in Spain. Body compressed; tail striped. bullaris 34. Lizard with a terete, long tail, with a pouch on the throat. Catesb. car. 2. t. 66. Green Jamaican lizard. Lives in Jamaica. Small, with a green body; beneath the throat is a red globe which is vesicular and retractable. 1 7 strumosa 35. Lizard with a terete, long tail, a gibbous, forward -thrust chest. Seb. mus. 2. t. 20. f. 4. Mexican strumose salamander. Lives in South America. The chest, or sternum, projects forward into a blunt dagger shape. Teguixin 36. Lizard with a terete, long tail; a lateral folded suture. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 1 28. Lizard with a terete, long tail; five-toed feet; no crest; plicate abdomen. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 45. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 96. f. 1 . Lives in the Indies. The neck has a triple fold below. page 209 aurata 37. Lizard with a terete, long tail; glabrous rounded scales; darkish sides. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 294. Lizard with a smooth tail; five-toed feet; rounded, very smooth, grayish scales; darkish sides. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 46. Barbarian lizard. Gron. mus. 2. p. 75. n. 48.Scincus? Seb. mus. 1 . t. 89. f. 3. Aldr. quadr. 660. Cypriot scincoid lizard. It lives in the English Isle of Jersey and on Cyprus. In life, it shines most beautifully with a gold color. The body is smooth, almost fat. The ears are concave. punctata 38. Lizard with a terete, long tail; with two yellow lines on the back, with interspersed black dots. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 46.The same lizard. Seb. mus. 2. t. 9. f. 9. Lives in Asia. Two yellowish lines enclose the back and distinguish it from the sides. lemni- scata 39. Lizard with a terete, long tail; with eight striped35 lines on the back Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 47.The same lizard. Seb. mus. 1 t. 92. f. 4. Lives in Guinea. 36 Very similar to Lacerta agilis. fasdata 40. Lizard with a terete, longish tail; back brown, with five yellowish lines. Catesb. car. 2. t. 67. Blue-tailed lizard. Lives in Carolina. lineata 41 . Lizard with a terete, long tail, four-toed front feet; body with four yellow lines. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 46. Lizard with a terete, long tail; feet split and minimally clawed. Front feet are four-toed, hind feet five-toed. Seb. mus. 2. t. 41. 1. 6. Lesser lemniscate Ceylonese lizard. Lives in Ceylon. Chald- des 42. Lizard with a terete, long tail; three-toed feet. Syst. nat. 36. n. 7. The same lizard. page 210 angvina 38 Column. Ecphr. 1. p. 35.t. XXXVI. Seps, chalcid lizard or chalcides37. Aldr. quadr. 638. Chalcidic lizard. Lives in southern Europe and Africa. Midway between the lizards and the snakes, but equipped with ears. 43. Lizard with a tail somewhat stiff at its end; striped body39; pinniform feet. Seb. mus. 2. t. 68. f. 6. 7. A serpentiform worm out of Africa. Lives on the Cape of Good Hope. It has not been seen by me. 106. RAN A. Body tetrapod, naked, tailless. Pipa 1. Frog with stubby, four-toothed front feet, clawed rear feet. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 49. The same frog. Gron. mus. 2. p. 84. n. 64. Seb. mus. 1. p. 121. t. 77. f. 1-4.Toad or American pipa.40 Vincent, pip. 1726. t. 62. Surinam aquatic toad. Bradl. nat. t. 22. f. 1. Surinam frog. Vallisn. nat. 1 . t. 41 . /. 6. Lives in Surinam. It hatches its young by laying them on its back. Bufo 2. Frog with a dark and pale, warty, swollen body. Fn. svec. 253. Frog with split, four-toed front feet; rear feet palmate, six-toed41 ; fairly short thumb. It. oe/. 142. Gesn. pise. 807. Rubeta or phrynum 42 Jonst. quadr. Bradl. nat. t. 21 . f. 2. Raj. quadr. 252. Toad or rubeta. It lives in shady, wooded, stony areas of Europe, especially in Ukrainia. It is eaten by the buteo falcon. Gesn. pise. 807. The warts exude a milky substance and are poisonous if drunk, touched, or inhaled. It delights in Cotula, Actaea, Stachys foetida ,43 It is viviparous, with, so they say, the male acting as midwife. It lures insects into its mouth through bewitchment. It is nocturnal and a digger. The front feet in most species of Ranae are split and four-toed. The rear feet are five-toed and palmate, less frequently indistinctly six-toed41. page 211 Rubeta 3. Frog with a warty body; obtuse anus; dotted with black below. Syst. Nat. 37. n. 5. Frog with split, four-toed front feet; subpalmate rear feet; anus dotted below. It. Wgot. 261. Lives in Europe. gibbosa 4. Frog with an ovate-convex body; a longitudinal ash-gray dentate stripe; split feet. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 286.Frog with four-toed split front feet; six-toed 41 split rear feet; thumb a bit wide and very short. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 48. The same frog. Lives in remote areas. variega- ta 5. Frog with a warty body; a white abdomen spotted with black; a gular fold. Lives in remote areas. It is similar to toads but is small, black, and is everywhere rough above with dots. Below, it is variegated with white and black. The feet are stubby, the front feet split and four-toed, the rear feet five-toed and palmate. A transverse wrinkle under the neck. ventrico- sa 6. Frog with a semi-ovate mouth, fairly projecting throat. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 48. The same frog. Lives in the Indies. marina 7. Frog with gibbose shoulder blades; bumpy rear end. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 76. f. 1 . Largest marine frog. Lives in America. Front feet split, four-toed. Rear feet somewhat split and five-toed. typhonia 8. Frog with ovate ear lobes. Lives in America, calling by night with the foul sound of the crow as it grows light. Rolander. The back has four longitudinal wrinkles, raised dots, and black spots. The feet are stubby, front feet four-toed and split, rear feet five-toed and palmate. The toes are narrow, the second being the longest, but lacking rounded claws. ocellata 9. Frog with ocellate ears and stubby feet. Brown, jam. 466. t. 41. f. 4.The largest, compressed, mottled frog. Are the penises of frogs the warts on the thumb of the front foot? 44 For in the turtles the penis is at the loins by the thighs, in serpents it is at the anus. Frogs' eggs are naked. page 212 Lives in America. At the ears there is an occellate spot on each side. Front feet four-toed and split; rear feet five-toed, subpalmate. cornuta 10. Frog with conical eyelids. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 48. The same frog. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 72. f. 1,2. Horned toad or spiny Virginia [toad]. Lives in Virginia and is hideous in appearance. margina- ta 1 1 . Frog with marginate sides, a smooth body, and split rear feet. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 47. Frog with marginate sides. Lives in the Indies. paradoxa 12. Frog with femur obliquely striated posteriorly. Mus. Ad. Fr. 2.p ... Syst. nat. 36. n. 2. Lizard with a double tail; front feet four-toed and split; rear feet 20 five-toed and palmate. Abdomen swollen. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 49. Fish frog. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 78. f. all. Merian. surin. 71. t. 71. Lives in Surinam. tempora- ria 13. Frog with a flatish, sub-angular back. Faun. svec. 250. Frog, front feet four-toed and split, rear feet five-toed and palmate. The thumb is rather long. It.. oel. 154. Occasional frog. Gesn. ovip. 46. Harmless aquatic frog. Aldr. ovip. 89. Frog. Jonst. quadr. t. 75 f. 5, 6, 7, 8. Raj. quadr. 247. Aquatic frog. Bradl. natur. t.2'\.f.'\. It lives in Europe. It is aquatic in the spring but terrestrial in the summer. It lives on gnats and is eaten by ducks and herons. Even when its heart has been removed, it leaps. esculen- ta 14. Frog with an angular body; back transversely gibbous; abdomen marginate. Roes. ran. 51 .t. 13. Green aquatic frog. It lives in springs in Europe. Green, with three yellow lines, the middle one running from the mouth to the anus. The back is divided transversely with a hump. Rear feet palmate.The male has rounded, inflated ears. Very often it predicts rain with its evening song. page 213 Hyla 15. Frog with a transversely gibbous angular back; abdomen crossed with a curved band on the groin. Gesn. pise. 809. Gibbous frog. 4,5, Lives in Europe. From a distance its croaking imitates the sound of bells. arborea 16. Frog with a smooth body. Beneath it is tuberculate with contiguous dots. Feet split, with roundish wide claws. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 135. Frog with split feet, roundish claws, and smooth, posteriorly angulate body. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 47. The same frog. Gron.. mus. 2. p. 84. n. 63. Frog. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 73. f. 3. Slender Brasilian frog. Seb. mus. 2. t. 78. f. 5. Red American frog. Gesn.. pise. 808. Green, small frog. 8 Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 285. Frog with split feet; front feet four-toed, rear feet five¬ toed. Knees are tuberose below. Lives beneath the leaves of trees in Europe and America, calling flies into its jaws. boans 17. Frog with a smooth body; contiguous dots below. Feet palmate, rear feet five-toed, front feet four-toed with roundish, wide claws. 21 Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 285. Frog with four-toed front feet, rear feet five-toed and palmate. Tips of the claws roundish. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 47.The same frog. Seb. mus. ^.t.7^.f. 3, 4. Surinam frog. Lives in America. It is very similar to the tree frog but all the feet are palmate and the body is large and white, even possessing milky white spots. And these things are enough to distinguish it as a species. Oviparous aquatic frogs undergo metamorphosis. page 214 II. SERPENTES45 Mouth breathing. No feet or fins.46 107. CROTALUS. Abdominal scutes. Subabdominal scutes and scales. Rattle at the end of its tail. Scutes and small scutes. 192. horridus. 167-23: 2. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 39 Cf Bradl. natur. t. 9. f. 1 Seb. mus. 2. t. 95 f. 1 . Lives in America Very venomous; its antidote is Senega ; it is eaten by pigs; it calls down birds and squirrels from the trees into its jaws. 195. Dryinus 165-30. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 297. Cf Lives in America. A few off-white, yellowish spots. 1 96. Durissus. 1 72-21 : 3. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 500. Cf Kalm. act. Stockh. 1 752. p. 31 0 & 1 753: p. 52, 1 85. Gron. mus. 2. p. 70. n. 45. Crotalophorus 174-22:3. Lives in America. Varied with white and yellow, black rhomboidal spots with white ones in a disc pattern 47 108. BOA. Abdominal scutes. Subcaudal scutes (lacking a rattle). 276. scytale. 250-26. Gron. mus. 2. p. 55. n. 10. Scheuch. sacr. t. 737. f. 1 . Lives in America. Color undulate in white and black. The scales of the head are larger. page 215 280. canina. 203-77. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 39. t. 3. Seb. mus. 2. t. 96. f. 2. t. 81 . f. 1. Lives in the trees of America. Green with intermittent white stripes. 22 Worshipped by the Americans. Rolander. 299. Hipnale. 179-120. Seb. mus. 2. t. 34. f. 2. Lives in Asia. Varied with a gray-yellowish color. 300. Constri¬ ctor. 240-60. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 497. 1. 17. f. 3. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 38. Gron. mus. 2. p. 69. n. 43. Cenchris 248-60 Seb. mus. 2. t. 98. f. 1 t. 99. f. 1 ,2. M00.fi. tIOl.f 1. 1 104. f 1. 1. t. 53. /. 1. t. 36. /. 5. 1 62./. 2,1. Lives in the Indies. 319. murina. 254-65. Gron. mus. 2. p. 70. n. 44. Coluber 254-69. Seb. mus. 2. t 29. /. 1 . Lives in America. Reddish with rounded spots above. 322. cenchria. 265-57. Lives in Surinam. Yellowish, with white spots, gray in the iris. 345. Orophias. 281-64. Mus. De Geer. Lives... Face of the constrictor, but dark. 375. Enydris. 270-105. Mus. De Geer. Lives in America. Variegated with a gray color. The lower teeth are long. 418. Hortula- na 290-128. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 37. Seb. mus. 2. t. 84. /. 1. t. 74. f. 1 page 216 Lives in America. Pale, with livid, wedge-shaped spots. Head 48with golden-yellow splotches resembling a garden.49 109. COLUBER. Abdominal scutes. Subcaudal scales. 140. Vipera. 118-22. Hasselqv. Act. Ups. 1750. p. 24. 50 Cf [Hasselqv.] itin. 314. n. 60. 23 Lives in Egypt. Very short, gibbous head, minute scales. The sort of this viper for sale is Egyptian, not Berus. 51 153. Atropos 52 1 31-22. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 p. 22. t. 13. f. 1 C7 Lives in America. Hoary, dark eyes with a white iris. 160. Leberis. cf 110-50. Lives in Canada. Kalm. Bands [with] black lines.53 161. Lutrix. 134-27. Lives in the Indes. Back and abdomen yellow; sides tending to blue. 162. Calama- rius. 140-22. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 23. t. 6 f. 3. Lives in America. Livid with dark bands and linear punctations; below, dark-tessellated. 170. Constri¬ ctor 130-40. Lives in Canada. Kalm. The lowest apex of its jaw is three-cornered. It approaches men, twisting itself around their feet, but it is harmless. 174. Ammo- Cf dytes. 142-32. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 506. n. 25. Bellon. itin. 203. Druinus. Aldr. serp. 169. Ammodytes. The horned viper, Hasselqv. Act. Ups., 1750, p. 27. is a coluber fabricated by the craft of the Arabs, who pierced its head with the claws of a small bird and then inserted them there. page 217 Lives in the Orient. Nose terminated in a raised wart. 175. Cerastes. 150-25. Hasselqv. Act. Ups. , 1750. p. 27. [see footnote on p. 216] 50 [Hasselqv.] iter. 315. n. 61. Horned Coluber. Bellon. itin. 203. Lives in the Orient. All the scales of its head are small and rounded. A soft tooth emerges from its upper eyelid. 177. plicatilis. 131-46. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 301. n. 26. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 23. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 57. f. 5. Lives in Ternate.54 Livid, with dark sides; beneath , a triple row of dark dots. 178. Domicel- la. 179. Alidras. 180. buccatus. 181. angula- tus. 183. Berus. Cf page 218. 184. Chersea. Cf 189. caeruleus. 190. albus. 192. aspis. Cf 193. Typhlus. 118-60. Amoen. acad. I.p. 117. n. 5. Seb. mus. 1 . White with darkish bands coming together below. 121-58. Mus. De Geer. Lives in the Indies. Totally white. 107-72. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 29. 1. 19. f. 3 Lives in the Indies. Dark with white bands. White head: two dark spots on top of its head and a triangle over its nostrils. 120-60. Mus. Ad. Fr. I.p. 23. 1. 15. f. 1. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 119. n. 7. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 1 2. 1. 3. Lives in Asia. Gray-brown with dark bands. 146-39. Faun. svec. 260. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 1 13. n. 1 Aldr. serp. 115, 116. Lives in Europe. 150-34. Faun. svec. 261. L. Act. stockh. 1749. p. 246. t. 6. Aldr. serp. 197. Rusty colored asp. Lives in the lowlands of Sweden; very venomous and its bite is frequently fatal in Sweden. Is it sufficiently different from the asp, even though it is smaller in our lands? 165-24. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 303. n. 31. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 13. f. 3. Lives in America. Bluish-white scales on either side; below, white. 170-20. Mus.Ad.Fr. I.p. 24. 1. 14. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. White, without spots. 146-46. French "aspice" Lives in France. Reddish, with dark alternate spots flowing together into a band. Like Chersea, but larger. 140-53. Mus. De Geer. Lives in the Indies. Bluish. 25 201. Lebeti- C? nus 155-46. Hasselqvist. Lives in the Orient. Somewhat cloudy; dark dots below. 202. melano- cephaLs. 140-62. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 24. t. 15. f. 2. Lives in America. Dark, very smooth, black head. 204. Cobella. 150-54. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 117. n. 14. p. 302. n. 28. p. 496. n. 14. Gron. mus. 2. p. 65. n. 32. Seb. mus. 2. t. 2. f. 6. Lives in America, very common. The subcaudal scutes of the colubers are counted longitudinally, or as pairs even though they are alternate, although two may present the appearance of a scute beneath the abdomen.55 page 219 Ash gray, with scattered oblique white lines; oblique, lead-colored spots behind each eye. 207. Reginae. 137-70. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 24. t. 13. f. 3. Lives in America. Dark abdomen variegated with white and black. 212. severus. cf 170-42. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1,. p. 25. f. 8. f. 1. Seb. mus. 2. t. 54. f. 4. Lives in Asia. Ash-gray with white bands. Ash-gray band between the eyes and behind the nostrils. 216. Aurora. 179-37. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 25. 1. 19. f. 1. Seb. mus. 2. t. 78. f. 3. Lives in America. Livid, yellow back. 217. Sipedon. 144-73. Kalm. Lives in North America. Dark. 218. maurus. 152-66. Lives in Algeria. E. Brander. Body dark above with two dorsal Ones. Dark-black below. From the dorsal lines to the abdomen, on each side, many black bands. 219. slolatus. a 143-76. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 26. t. 22. f. 1. Seb. mus. 2, t. 9. f. 1. Lives in America. Gray, with two white stripes. 26 220. vittatus. Scutes on both sides with a black dot. 142-78. Amoen.acad. I.p. 30. n. 27. MuS. Ad. Fr. p. 26. t. 18. f. 2. Gron. mus. 2. p. 65. n. 31. Coluber 155-62. Seb. mus. 2. t. 45. f. 5. t. 60. f. 2, 3. Lives in America. Scutes with a dark margin. White stripe, dentate, beneath the tail. Serpents of our country hibernate and in the early spring shed their skin, that is to say, their “old age." page 220 221. miBaris 162-59. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 27. Lives in the Indies. Dark; white spot on the scales. White below. 227. rhombea- tus 157-70. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 27. t. 24. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Bluish with black spots, blue rhomboids in the middle. 229. cyaneus. 119-110. Amoen.acad. 1. p. 493. n. 10. Seb. mus. 2. t. 43. /. 2. Lives in America Intensely blue, with the appearance of Ah [a]etulla. Green below. 230. Natrix. 170-60. Faun. svec. 259. It. gotl. 146. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 116. n. 3. Gron. mus. 2. p. 63. n. 27. Lives in Europe; bears young in dung heaps. Black with a white spot on each side toward the neck. 233. Aescula - pii. 190-43. Amoen. Acad. 1 . p. 497. n. 15. Mus. Ad. Fr. I.p. 29. 1. 11. /. 2. Gron. mus. 2. p. 59. n. 18. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 18. f. 4. Lives in the Indies. White and black bands divided by a line or a white ring. 234. agilis. 184-50. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 304. n. 33. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 27. t. 21. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Dark and white bands. 235. lacteus. a 203-32. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 28. f.18. /. 1. Lives in the Indies. 27 244. aulicus. White with double dark-black spots.Top of the head dark-black with a white, longitudinal line. 184-60. Mus. Ad. Ft. 1. p. 29. t. 12. f. 2. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 91. f. 5. Lives in America. Serpents often swallow down prey twice as thick as their neck, on account of their expandable, unarticulated jaws. page 221 Gray, with bifurcated white bands on the side. Top of head white. 246. monilis. 164-82. Mus. De Geer. Lives in America. Annulate body, a necklace [monile] of 3 white dots on the neck. 252. pallidus. 156-96. Amoen. AcadA. p. 494. n. 11. Mus. Ad. Ft. 1 . p. 31 . t. 7. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Pale , with scattered gray spots and dark dots. Double, interrupted, blackish lateral small 56 lines. 252. lineatus. 169-84. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 30. 1. 12. f. 1. L 20. £1. Seb. mus. 2. t. 12. f. 3. Lives in Asia. Bluish, with 4 dark linear stripes. 253. Naja. cf 193-60. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 30. t. 21. 1. 1. Seb. mus. 2. t. 90. f. 1,2. /. 85. f. 1. f. 89. f. 1 , 2, 3, 4. t. 97. f. 1 , 2, 3. 4. f. 94. f. 1 . 1. 1. 44. f. 1. Kaemph. amoen. 565. t. 567. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 305. Lives in eastern India. Sides of the neck widen into a membrane with white spectacle-shaped spots above. Most venomous of all. Antidote is Ophiorhiza ; killed by the mongoose 254. padera. 198-56. Mus. Ad. Fr. 2. p... Lives in the Indies. Many pairs of black spots down its back in a connected small line. The same number, unconnected, on its sides. 258. canus. 1 88-70. Mus. Ad. Fr. I.p. 31. 1. 11. f. 1. Lives in the Indies. 28 Note those armed with a retractable, venomous weapon, marked by the symbol Cf page 222 Hoary, with darkish bands, two snowy dots on the sides. 260. sibilans. 160-100. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 302. n. 30. Seb. mus. 2. f. 52. f. 4. £ 56. f. 4. 1. 1 07. f. 4. Lives in Asia. Bluish, with black stripes, white below. 261. laticauda- tus. 220-42. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 31. /. 16. f. 1. Lives in the Indies. Ash-gray with dark bands. Blunt tail, doubly compressed. 262. Sirtalis.57 150-114. Kalm. Lives in Canada. Three green-bluish stripes on a dark, slender, ribbonlike body. 263. atrox. cf 196-69. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 305. n. 35. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 33. t. 22. f. 2. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 43. f. 5. Lives in Asia. Hoary, with carinate scales. Head depressed, with compressed, angular small scales. 264. Sibon. 180-85. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 304. n. 32. Seb. mus. 1. f. 14. f. 4. Lives in Africa. Rusty-dark, sprinkled with white; below white with dark spots. 265. nebula- tus 185-81. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 32. t. 24. f. 1. Catesb. car. 2. p. 42. t. 42? Lives in America. Clouded with dark and ash-gray; below, varied with white and dark; it climbs legs and constricts. 266. fuSCUS. 149-117. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 32. 1. 17. f. 1. Seb. mus. 2. t. 54. f. 2. 1 71. £ 1. £ 72. /. 1. £87. /.I. page 223 Lives in Asia. Ashy-dark, resembling the Ahaetulla. Behind the eyes an oblong, dark spot. 29 267. Saturni- nus. 147-1 20. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 32. t. 9. f. 1 . Lives in the Indies. Livid, ashy-cloudy. Large eyes. 270. candidus 220-50. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 33. t. 7. f. 1. Lives in the Indies. Whitish with dark bands. 271. niveus. C f 209-62. Mus. De Geer. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 15. f. 1. Lives in Africa. White, without spots. 272. scaber. 228-44. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 36. 1. 10. f. 1. Lives in the Indies. Clouded with dark and black, carinate scales. Top of head with a black spot, bifid to the rear.59 273. carinatus 157-115. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 31 Lives in the Indies. Lead-colored with scales pale at the margin. White below. Carinate back. 275. coralli- Cf nus 193-82. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 33. Seb. mus. 2. t. 17. f. 1. Lives in Asia. Glaucous with three dark bands; scales distant60 pale below with hoary dots. 276. ovivorus. 203-73. Kalm. Pis. bras. 279. Guinpuaguara. Lives in America. 279. exoletus 147-132. Mus. Ad. Fr. I.p. 34. f. 10. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Bluish-ashy, resembles the Ahaetullae. 281. Situla. 236-45. Lives in Egypt. Hasselqv. Gray with two black stripes. The color in serpents varies widely, thus one should never trust in their coloration. page 224 282. triscalis 195-86. Lives in the Indies. Glacous body. Three dark longitudinal dorsal lines joined at the backbone, the middle of which ends above the anus; on each side, a dark line running with the previous two to the tip of the tail; tail 1/5.61 30 285. lemnisca- tus. 250-37. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 118. n. 6. p. 413. n. 9. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 34. f. 14. /. 1 . Seb. mus. 1 . /. 1 0. f. last. 2. t. 76. f. 3. Lives in Asia. White and black bands, often interrupted by two white rings. Body very glabrous. 286. annulatus 190-96. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 120. n. 9. p. 305. n. 34. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 34. 1. 8. f. 2. Seb. mus. 2. t. 38. f. 2. Lives in America. White with alternate dark round spots, everywhere flowing together. 287. Dipsas. cf 152-135. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 302. n. 29. Gron. mus. 2. p. 64. n. 30. Seb. mus. 2. t. 24. f. 3. Lives in America. Bluish with scales whitish at the margin. Tail with a bluish suture below. 290. Pelias. 187-103. Mus. De Geer. Lives in the Indies. Dark behind the eyes and top of the head, the rest doubled with black. Abdomen green with a yellow line on each side. 293. Tyria. 210-83. Lives in Egypt. Hasselqvist. Whitish with a triple longitudinal row of rhomboidal, dark spots. page 225 297. jugularis. 195-102. Lives in Egypt. Hasselqv. Black with a blood-red throat. 299. Petola. 209-90. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 306. n. 36. p. 119. n. 8. p. 495. n. 13. Gron. mus. 2. p. 57. n. 13. Seb. mus. 1. 1. 54. f. 4. Lives in Africa. Lead-colored with testaceous bands. 307. Molurus. 248-59. Mus. De Geer. Lives in India. Very similar to the boa, but the scutes and scales of the head are larger as in colubers. 313. Ahaetulla. 163-150. Amoen. acad. p. 115. n. 2. 314. petolarius. 316. Haje. 323. filiformis. 325. pullatus. page 226 326. hippo- crepis. 328. minervae 337. cine reus 339. viridissi- mus. 3 1 p.495. n 12. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 35. t. 22. f. 3. Cron. mus. 2. p. 61 . n. 24. Seb. mus. 2. f. 82. f. 1. 2. f. 12. f.3. Brad/, natur. t. 9. f. 2. Lives in Asia, America. Green-gold with black scales at its peak; black bands across its eyes. 212-102. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p 35. t. 9. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Dark with white bands; pale below. 207-109. Hasselqv. iter. 317. n. 62. A Coluber with 206 abdominal scutes, 60 caudal scales. Lives in lower Egypt. Very large, dark-black with oblique bands and half-white scales. 165-158. Mus. Ad. Fr. p. 36. t. 17. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Black, very narrow, white below. Head thicker than the body. 217-108. Amoen.acad. 1.p300. n. 25. Mus. Ad. Fr. I.p 35. t. 20. f. 3. Gron. mus. 2. p 56. n. 12. Coluber 215-104. Seb. mus. 2. t. 20. f. 1 . Lives in Asia. Dark black bands with white dots. Snowy white temples with dark black spots. 232-94. Mus. Ad. Fr. I.p 36. t. 16. f. 2. Lives in America. Livid with dark spots. Dark bands between the eyes and a curved band on the occiput. 238-90. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p 36. Lives in the Indies. Glaucous with a dark dorsal stripe. Three dark stripes on the head. 200-137. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 37. Lives in the Indies. Ash-gray with a white, angled abdomen. Scales of the tail rust colored at the margin. 217-122. Mus. Ad. Fr.2, p... Lives in Surinam. Very green with abdominal scutes medially widened. 32 340. mucosus 200-140. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 37. t. 23. f. 1 Lives in the Indies. Bluish head. 344. cenchoa. 220-124. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 306. n. 37. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 16. f. 2,3. Lives in America. Dark with pale spots and snowy-white bands. Head subglobular. 359. mycteri- 192-167. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 28. t. 5. f. 1. Cf zans t. 19. f.2. Gron. mus. 2. p. 59. n. 19. Seb. mus. 2. t. 23. f.2. Catesb. carol. 2. p. 47. t. 47. Lives in America. Snout extended, tetragonal; sides with a pale linear stripe. page 227 385. caeru le¬ ssens. 215-170. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 37. t. 20. f. 2. Lives in the Indies. Bluish Arges. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 103. f. 1. Lives in Africa. Occiput bilobed-gibbous. Body with transverse ocelli distributed in rings62- Not seen by me, nor have the scutes been noted. 110. ANGUIS. Abdominal scales and subcaudat scales. 160. bipes. 100-60. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 21. f. 28. f. 3. Seb. mus. 1 . t. 53. f. 8. t. 86. f. 3. Lives in the Indies. Two very short feet, two-fingered, toward the anus. Pale with a dark dot on each scale. 197. Melea- && 165-32. Seb. mus. 2. t. 21. f. 4. Lives in the Indies. Similar to A. bipes, glaucous with black dots in a multiple, longitudinal row. Colubers not seen by me, described by Cl . Gronovius in Gron. Mus. 165 abdominal. 141 caudal 24. Gron. 41. Seb. 2 1. 98. f. 1. 175 - 136 -- 39. Gron. 38. variegated with rusty-blue and white. 177 - 201 202 203 212 213 135 -- 42. Gron. 39. white with black and white spots. 159 -- 42. Gron. 29. Seb. I.t. 33. f. 6. white-rufous. 142 -- 60. Gron. 36. Seb. 2. t. 35. f. 4. bluish. 153 -- 50. Gran. 34. white, with black lines and spots. 149 -- 63. Gron. 33. white, girdled with black lines. 138 -- 74. Gron. 37. Seb. 2. t. 20. f. 2. blue with black spots. 33 220 160 -- 60. Gron. 28. girdled with white and black lines. 230 - 165 - 74. Gron. 25. Seb. 2. t. 21 . f. 3. white with obscure lines. 234 174 -- 60. Gron. 22. Seb. 2. t. 33. f. 1 . ashy -blue. 240 163 -- 77. Gron. 26. Seb. 2. 1. 1 . f. 9. & t. 9. f. 2. with a black stripe. 260 - 180 - 80. Gron. 20. variegated with white and brown. 266 - 191 - 75. Gron. 1 5. brown with white dots. 298 202 - 96. Gron. 14. with brown spots. 311 189 - 122. Gron. 17. purplish with dark -black spots. 314 - 172 - 142. Gron. 23. blue with a dark-black lateral line. 315 - 190 - 125. Gron. 28. girdled with white and black lines. 342 272 - 70. Gron. 1 1 . Seb. 2. 1. 199. f. 2. clouded. page 228 198. colubri- 180-18. Hasselqv. iter. 320. n. 65. ra Lives in Egypt. Beautifully variegated with pale and dark. 209. Jaculus. 186-23. Hasselqv. iter. 319. n. 64. Lives in Egypt. Abdominal scales a bit wider. 212. maculata 200-1 2. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 21 . t. 21 . f. 3. Gron. mus. 2. p. 53. n. 5. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 100. f. 2. 1.t.53.f.7. Lives in America. Yellow above, with a dorsal stripe and dark linear bands. 214. reticulata 177-37. Gron. mus. 2. p. 54. n. 7. Scheuch. sacr. t. 747. f. 4. Lives in America.! Color of the scales is dark with a white disc. 215. Cerastes 200-15. Hasselqv. Act. Ups. 1750. p. 28 50 [Hasselqv] it[ei]. 320. n. 66. Lives in Egypt, t 237. lumbrica- 230-7. Gron. mus. 2. p. 52. n. 3. Bs. Brown, jam. 460. t. 44. f. 1 . Seb. mus. 1 . p. 1 37. t. 86. f. 2. Lives in America, t Color from yellow from whitish. 250. laticauda 200-50. Mus. Ad. Fr. 2. p. .. Lives in Surinam. Compressed tail, pointed, pale with dark bands. 240-13. Amoen. acad. 1 . p. 296. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 21 . t. 6. f. 2. Gron. mus. 2. n. 14. Anguis 227-14. 253. Scytale 34 Seb. mus. 2. t. 2. 1. 1,2,3, 4. f. 7. f. 4. t. 20. f 3. Lives in the Indies. Whitish, with the margins of the scales everywhere rust colored. Dark bands. page 229 262. Eryx. Gron. mus. 2. p. 35. n. 9. (126-136.) Lives in America (1 have not seen it). Ash-gray with three black lines; bluish below. 270. fragilis. 135-135. Faun. svec. 258. Aldr. serp. 245. Caecilia vulgaris. Lives in Europe. Its extreme fragility is cleverly explicated by Lemery 63 in his dictionary. 111. AMPHISBAENA. Rings on the body and tail. 230. fulgino- sa 200-30. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 295. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 20. Gron. mus. 2. p. 1 . Amphisbaena 209-25. Ray. quadr. 288. Seb. mus. 2. 1. 1 . f. 7. 1. 18. f. 2. t. 22.1.3. t. 73.1.4. t.100.f.3. 1. 1. 88. f. 3. Lives in America. Variegated with white and black. 239. alba. 223-16. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1 . p. 26. t. 4. f. 2. Seb. mus. 2. t. 24. f. 1 . t. 6.1.4. Lives in America. Totally white. 112. CAECILIA. Wrinkles on the trunk and tail. Upper lip with two tentacles. 135. tentacula- 135-0. Amoen. acad. 1. p. 489. t. 17. f. 2. ta Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 19. t. 5. f.2. Gron. mus. 2.n. 1 . p. 52. Lives in America. 350. glutinosa. 340-10. Mus. Ad. Fr. 1. p. 19. t. 4. f. 1 . Lives in the Indies. Dark, with a whitish lateral line. 35 END NOTES 1 . The nature of the Latin is such that Linnaeus may refer either to himself as the author or to God as the "Author", i.e., creator of these animals. The capitalization of "Author" is Linnaeus's. 2. Draco, a genus of SE Asian lizards. 3. Bufo, Salamandra, Gecko are species by Linnaeus' s reckoning, but the forms in general are as we interpret them. 4. Catonians-the lower world. An obscure term, perhaps related to the Greek "kata", "down", and hence these lowly creatures 5. Apparently a referral to cusps or solid teeth. 6. Redi, an Italian scientist, performed experiments on the nature of poisonous creatures. A recent translation and annotation is Francesco Redi on Vipers, by Peter K. Knoefel. 1988. E.J. Brill, Leiden, xvii+86 pp., 2 figs. 7. Linnaeus tells us first that only 10% of all snakes are made venomous. In so doing the creator not only protected humans from excessive poisoning, but also protected the serpents' feelings and existence. Here he adds the fact that humans have been given various natural protections against the poisonous serpents, listing an animal enemy and a plant antidote for three main locales. The enmity of the mongoose to the cobra and the pig to the rattlesnake (cf. Crotalus horridus below) are well known. The mongoose, which Linnaeus described as Viverra ichneumon on p. 43 of the 10th ed. of the Systema Naturae, is today known as Herpestes ichneumon, a species ranging from the Iberian Peninsula through North Africa to Asia Minor. India is home to several species of Herpestes, but not H. ichneumon. Ophiorhiza means, literally, "snake root," and Linnaeus lists it below as an antidote for the bite of the Naja (cobra) (the mongoose is also again mentioned here). Gerth van Wijk, H.L. (1922. A Dictionary of Plant Names . 2 v. M. Nijhoff, The Hague. 1 :918) gives its popular names as "mongoose plant" and Indian snake-root." R. N. Chopra et al. (1956. Glossary of Indian Medicinal Plants . Council of Sci. and Indust. Res., New Delhi, p. 181) as an antidote to snake bite. Polygala senega is an American milkwort and C.F. Millspaugh (1974. American Medicinal Plants. Dover Publ., New York . p. 174-176) lists it as a popular antidote to rattlesnake bite and Linnaeus lists it below as such (Crotalus horridus). The well known antipathy of storks and serpents was frequently commented upon in antiquity. See D. W. Thompson (1966. A Glossary of Greek Birds. Olms, Hildesheim, Germany, p. 223) for possible sources for Linnaeus’s comment. 8. Linnaeus uses three different terms for sorts of scales and plates. In order best to reproduce the effect of the original, the following renditions are used consistently throughout without regard to their actual correspondence with the animal's appearance: squama= scale, scutum= scute, scu- tellum = a small scute. All, of course, are synonyms for the epidermal scales. 9 Reading the non-Latin "e caudatum" as a single word. 10. Figure 4 in in plate 3 of Grew looks more like Eretmochelys if judged by pattern and apparent overlapping scutes. 36 11. Cf. Pliny, Naturalis Historiae 9.12.35. In an 1832 issue of a Key West, Florida newspaper mention was made of a dealer seeking to buy 500 lbs. of loggerhead turtle shell, which for lack of any other known use for the shell, we speculate was to be used for arches. 12. This reference cited by Catesby is Rochefort, C6sar de (Charles de) 1658. Histoire naturelle et morale des lies Antilles de l'Am6rique. Roterdam. Arnould Leers. In the copy we saw, the accent in I'Amdrique is over the "q", an obvious error. 13. Reading "anterioribus" for the obvious typographical error "a terioribus”. 14. Linnaeus frequently changes from "lacertus" to "lacerta" when speaking of the lizard. The terms here are treated as interchangeable. 15. A confusion of Pliny, Historiae Naturalis. 8.36.88f, which first speaks of the ichneumon/mon¬ goose and then of the crocodile. 16. This is reference to the book of Job in the Bible. Leviathan is a term which today is usually thought of as referring to a whale, but also something monstrous, actually a sea monster in biblical and other older writings. The verses in Job, although perhaps often referable to whales, also comment about teeth, scales, etc., things that would be applicable to a crocodilian. Most likely that would be the Nile crocodile, a known man eater well-known to early European travelers in Africa. Today we recognize Lacerta crocodilus as Caiman crocodilus of Middle and South America. 17. This tale stems from Pliny, Historiae Naturalis 8.38.93, who ascribes this behavior to a diminutive race of men called the Tentyritae. 18. Linnaeus’ s term "amboinensis" might be interpreted as referral to the Amboin Islands in Indonesia. In the present case, however, the reference is to the amboin tree of India and adjacent areas, hence in these trees (this lizard is now known as the agamid Lyriocephalus scutatus, endemic to Sri Lanka). 19. This ambiguous statement about scales perhaps is due to the peculiar scale arrangement on this lizard. The body has large tubercular scales and small scales on the back, with the tubercular ones tending to form six rows. 20. Today we know this to be the salamander, Triturus vulgaris. 21. Delos is a Greek island. Of herpetological interest is that Apollo was bom there and a famous statue of him depicts him killing a lizard. Kitchell has visited the island and says that it literally swarms with lizards. 22. Emending the printed, non-word, "inaebuale" to read "inaequale". 23. Reading "quadratis” for the non-Latin "quadiatis." 24. Subpentatdactyl means fewer than five toes, but meaning is not clear. He could be saying that some feet have fewer than five toes, or perhaps that some toes are decidedly shorter than others. 37 25. The parenthetical expression is Linnaeus’s. 26. Typographical error. The name should be scincus, which was what Gronovius used in 1754. Linnaeus repeated this error in the 12th ed. of the Systema., but Gmelin's version in the 13th ed. shows scincus. 27. Not "Rocky Arabia" as in the translation of the 13th ed. of Syst. Nat. by Wm. Turton, but rather the area of Arabia surrounding Petra. The term is an ancient one. 28. The fact is from Pliny, Historiae Naturalis. 8.38.91 f who specified it as a male aphrodisiac. 29. Linnaeus abandons his more usual "palma" for forefeet here in favor of "manus", "hand.” 30. "U” and "V " are often used interchangeably in Latin. In this case Linnaeus clearly wanted to use "V”. See further discussion under Lacerta igvana in the list of current names appended. 31 . This and following names reflect variations on "Igvana." 32. "Striatum" could mean keeled or striped, but the abdominal scales of this species are not actually keeled, nor is the pattern striped. Perhaps some wrinkling due to preservation gave the appearance of striations, hence this choice of interpretation. 33. Here we interpret that "striatus" means keeled, but we must wonder if Linnaeus perhaps meant "striped" in reference to the crossbands of the dorsum. 34. Grammatically, either the eyebrows or the scar (a raised superciliary area) can be what is divided. But the term "transversely" in the description appears to be inaccurate and certainly a single furrow could not divide something into three parts. Dr. George Zug has examined Plica plica and Plica umbra for us and states, "The upper eyelid and brow ridge are large and in preservation folded, likely because of size. Brow consists of 2-3 rows of large superciliary scales forming a distinct ledge. The eyelid is covered with numerous small scales and usually bears longitudinal folds (probably due to tissue contraction and sinking of eyeball during preservation hardening). The first furrow (longitudinal [anter-posterior axis] inpocketing) lies immediately beneath the brow ridge internal/ventral juncture with the eyelid; the second furrow extends along the middle of the eyelid. The two furrows form thus three folds". 35. Here "striatus" clearly means striped because that is the color pattern of this lizard. 36. He probably meant Guiana. The species herein described is Cnemidophorus lemniscatus, a South American lizard. 37. In ancient Greek writings Seps was a venomous serpent, but also the term came to be applied to the serpentiform lizards that we know as Chalcides. The term chalcidian could be interpreted as the term applied to chalcid wasps, but in this case Linnaeus probably refers to Chalcis, a city on the Greek island of Euboia. 38. The use of "v" instead of "u” in this name raises a question of Linnaeus's intent. Compare to Igvana as discussed in endnotes 28, 29. In this case we interpret that the "v" is intended as a "u" because "angvina" has no meaning, whereas "anguina" is derived from the Latin "anguis" for snake, and most certainly this species is snakelike in appearance. 38 39. "Striato" here can mean both striped and keeled, for both appearances apply to this species. 40. Pipa is a Dutch term for a Carib indian group that lives in the Guianas. 41 . Linnaeus apparently mistakes the metatarsal spade for a digit. 42. Rubeta is a Latin term for a kind of toad, and phryne is a Greek word for toad. 43. Various plants. 44. In many male anurans the base of the thumb of males is much larger than in females, and is used in gripping the female during amplexus. Anurans have no intromittent structure resembling a penis (except for a very few that have a taillike appendage), thus Linnaeus may have thought the sperms were conveyed via the thumbs which are the only parts of the male anatomy directly contacting the female. 45. The numbering format that Linnaeus used for the snakes differs from that of the turtles, lizards, frogs, and toads. The number given before the species name represents the total of the ventral and subcaudal scutes added together, and the next set of numbers represents the ventral and subcaudal counts separately. But the reader may notice that sometimes the v + sc count does not equal the total first given: that is because when total counts are the same (e.g., on p. 217 for buccatus and angulatus, Linnaeus added one to the second species listed. Linnaeus's counts often were erroneus, thus readers are advised to seek more information from other sources, a very important one of which is Andersson (1899. Bihang till K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar. Band 24 Afd. IV. No. 6: 1-35). 46. A footnote on page 221 calls attention to the male symbol, which in this case is used to denote presence "of a retractable, venomous weapon." In light of modern knowledge Linnaeus erred in ascribing venomous properties to some snakes, but also failed to note that some, e.g., Couber haje=Naja haje , are venomous. But, of course, the herpetological world is discovering that some snake species that have been presumed to be harmless are in fact capable of delivering a poisonous bite. 47 The Latin could be better; even in the translation of the 13th edition the rendition could be improved. What Linnaeus is trying to say is that the dark rhomboidal spots are fringed with small white scales 48. Emending the senseless "put" to "caput." 49. The text is sound; the sense is apparently that the splotches resemble an enclosed garden. The translation of the 13th edition reads, "resembling a flower-pot", but the translation is dubious and the sense obscure. 50. The actual date of publication is 1751. 51 . A referral to the snakes that are sold being the Egyptian species, not the European species Coluber berus. 52. Greek mythology lists three fates: Clotho wove the thread of life into a tapestry that represented all of existence; Lachesis measured each individual thread, and Atropos was the fate 39 who cut the lite thread. Clotho and Lachesis, the remaining fates, appear as serpents in the 13th edition. 53. This species has never been effectively determined to date. Klauber (1948. Copeia 1948: 11-12) gave a liberal translation of "bands consisting of black lines" and discussed both pattern and scutellation as a basis for his suggestion that the animal might be Storeria sp. 54. An island in the Moluccas of the East Indies. 55. Subcaudal scutes usually occur in slightly staggered pairs and are counted as pairs, but occasionally the subcaudals may not be divided and are thus similar to the ventral scutes. 56. Linnaeus uses the diminuitive form of line. Did he mean short or did he mean narrow? 57. This species has considerable interest for North American herpetologists because it represents one of the most studied and common of North American species. Klauber (1948. Copeia 1948, p. 8-10) discussed the error that had been made in applying the name to the common garter snake, whereas it really described the Eastern Ribbon Snake that we know as Thamnophis sauritus. The problem has been rectified by official suppression via the ICZN. 58. Correcting the "s" to T. 59. The grammar is such that either the spot or the top of the head may be bifid, but of course we know from actual specimens the spot is what is divided. 60. Probably meaning that the scales were well-separated from each other. This phenomenon could perhaps be attributed to the animal containing an undigested food item in the digestive tract. 61 . Tail 1/5 probably means tail is 1/5 the total length. 62. Argus (the name of the 13th edition) is a figure of Greek mythology notable for his one hundred eyes. 63. L6mery, Nicolas 1716. Dictionaire, ou Traitd universe I des Drogues simples. Pharmacopde universelle. Several editions subsequently published. 40 The Aging of a Signature, from 1728 to 1765 (third line) and later. CURRENT NAMES FOR LINNAEUS'S HERPETOLOGICAL SPECIES IN SYSTEMA NATURAE X by Harold A. Dundee The following list gives Linnaeus’s original assignment and the name and source for its first use as utilized currently in systematic herpetology. Identification of Linnaeus's species has not been easy for herpetologists because his descriptions often were sparse, inaccurate, or specimens have not been located or had tags jumbled. Major sources of information on the type specimens are those of L.G. Andersson, 1899. Catalogue of Linnaean Type-specimens of Snakes in the Royal Museum in Stockholm. Bihang till Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapakademien Handlingar. 24, pt. 4 (6)1-35 ; LOnnberg, E. 1896. Linnean type specimens of birds, reptiles, batrachians and fishes in the zoological museum of the R. University in Upsala. Bih. till Svensk. Vet. Akad. Handl. 22(4)1:1-45. The Royal Museum is where most of Linnaeus' types were stored. Andersson noted flaws in Linnaeus's descriptions, problems in labeling of specimens, etc. The following listing is given sequentially by page as the names appear in thelOth edition of Systema Naturae. Also, because Linnaean localities often were wrong, the area(s) of major distribution is/are given [the ranges listed are for the whole species, but note that the specimens] used by Linnaeus may represent but one of the subspecies and thus might have a more restricted distribution]. The geographic designation "Indiis" seems to apply almost exclusively to South America, not to the West Indies as one might interpret. I have disputed several names in use and cite the Code and ICZN in reference to interpretation. These refer to International Commission of Zoological Nomenclature. 1985. International Code of Zoological Nomenclature, 3rd ed. International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature, London. Sources for names and distributions include: Catalogue of American Amphibians and Reptiles (a continually issued publication by the Society for the Study of Amphibians and Reptiles); Peters and Orejas-Miranda 1970 The Neotropical Squamata I. Snakes (plus addenda by P.E. Vanzolini) ; Peters and Donoso-Barros 1970 The Neotropical Squamata. II. Lizards and Amphisbaenians (plus addenda by P.E. Vanzolini); Welch 1982 Herpetology of Africa; Welch 1983 Herpetology of Europe and Southwest Asia Welch 1988 Snakes of the Orient ; Frost 1985 Amphibian Species of the World ; Mertens and Wermuth1960 Die Amphibien und Reptilien Europas; Villa, Wilson, and Johnson 1988 Middle American Herpetology; and various recent publications in journals. 197 Testudo mydas. Chelonia mydas Schweigger 1812. Konigsberg. Arch. Naturgesch. Math.: 291 . Most warmer oceanic regions. Testudo caretta. Caretta caretta Stejneger 1902. Ann. Rpt. U.S.N.M. for 1902:715. Most warmer oceanic regions. 198 Testudo orbicularis. Emys orbicularis Blanford 1876. Zool. 2:308. (See under T. lutaria.). Testudo scabra. Melanochelys trijuga Gray 1869. Proc. Zool. Soc. London:187. India and Ceylon to Burma. Ldnnberg (1896. Bih. Sven. Vet. -Akad. Handl. 22[4]:34) said that "the specimen is quite young, dried and in a very bad condition" and cannot be identified with certainty Boulenger (1899. Cat. Chel. Brit. Mus.:l 18) said it may be Nicoria trijuga. 4 2 Testudo lutarla. Emys orbicularis Blanford 1876. Zool. & Geol. in Acct. Jour. Persian Boundary Comm. 2:308. Europe, N. Africa, western Asia. Testudo graeca. Testudo graeca Linnaeus. Northern Africa to southwestern Europe and western Asia. Testudo Carolina. Terrapene c. Carolina Bell 1825. Zool. J. 2:309. Eastern U.S.A. and Mexico. Testudo carlnata. Terrapene Carolina. See under T. Carolina above. 199 Testudo geometrlca Psammnobates geometricus Fitzinger 1843. Syst. rept.:29. South Africa. Testudo pusllla. Testudo g. graeca Mertens 1946. Senckenbergiana 27:112. Southern Europe, northern Africa. Testudo serpentina. Chelydra s. serpentina Schweigger 1812. Kbnigsberg. Arch. Naturgesch. Math. 1:292. Eastern North America to northwestern South America. Draco volans Draco volans. Linnaeus. Malay Peninsula to the Philippine Ids. 200 Lacerta crocodllus Caiman crocodilus. Andersson 1900. Bih. Kung. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26(1 ):5. Southern Mexico to northern Argentina. Lacerta caudlverbera. ? Boulenger 1887. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 1:236 thought this to be a mythical species of gecko. Lacerta superclliosa. Uranoscodon superciliosa Kaup 1825. Isis von Oken 16:590. Northeastern South America. 201 Lacerta scutata. Lyriocephalus scutatus Kelaart 1852. Prod. Faun. Zeyl.:l 66. Sri Lanka. Lacerta monitor. An invalid and rejected name. 1959. Opinion 540. Opin. and dec. rend, by ICZN. 20:79. Lacerta principalis. ? Anolis carolinensis. Boulenger 1885. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 2:43. U.S.A. The application of Anolis carolinensis is credited to Baird 1859. Rept. boundary. U.S. Mex. bound, surv. under Comm. Lt. Col. W.H. Emory :1 2, but the name was originally proposed as Anolius carolinensis Voigt 1832. Cuvier's Thierreich 2:71. Lbnnberg (1896. Linnean type- specimens of birds, reptiles, batrachians and fishes in the Zoological Museum of the R. University of Upsala. K. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22[4]:1 :1 -45) said that the specimen was in bad condition and although it resembles members of the Anolis carolinensis group, it is not A. carolinensis. Also, he believed that the name L. principalis was probably based on a composite of several species of Anolis. Savage and Guyer (1991. J. Herpetol. 25:365) believe that the status of the name would require reexamination of the type and that it is a potential threat to a currently recognized species as a senior synonym. Lacerta blcarlnatus. Neusticurus bicarinatus. Dum6ril and Bibron 1839. Erp. G6n. 5:64. Northern South America. Lacerta palustrls. Triturus vulgaris Dunn 1918. Bull. M.C.Z. 62:452. Europe and western Asia. 202 Lacerta cordylus. Cordylus cordylus Fitzsimons 1943. Liz. So. Africa:455. Kenya, Zimbabwe, and Angola to Namibia and Republic of South Africa. Lacerta stelllo. Agama stellio. Boulenger 1885. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 1:368. Africa, Orient. Lacerta maurltanlca. Tarentola mauritanica. Gray 1845. Cat. Spec. Liz. British Mus.: 164. Canary Islands, western Mediterranean to Greece and northern Africa. Lacerta azurea. Uracentron azureum. Kaup 1826. Isis von Oken 19:88. Guianas and northern Brasil. Lacerta turcica. Hemidactylus turcicus. Boettger 1876. Ber. Offenbach Ver. Naturk. 15/16:57. Mediterranean to Red Sea areas, eastward to northwestern India, south to Kenya. Widespread as introduction to southeastern U.S.A., Mexico, and Cuba. Lacerta amelva. Ameiva ameiva. Cockerell 1893 J. Inst. Jamaica 1:310. Panama, tropical South America, Trinidad, and Tobago. 203 Lacerta agllls. Lacerta agilis. Linnaeus. Europe to central Asia. Lacerta alglra. Psammodromus algirus. Boulenger 1887. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 3:50. SW Europe and northwestern Africa. 204 Lacerta seps. Tetradactylus seps. Boulenger 1887. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 3:124. South Africa. Lacerta angutata. Alopoglossus angulata. Hoogmoed 1973. Biogeographica 4: 216. Guianas and amazonian regions of South America. Lacerta chamaeleon. Chamaeieo chamaeleon. Stejneger 1936. Copeia 1936:136. Portugal to North Africa, east to western Asia. Lacerta salamandra. Salmandra salamandra. Lbnnberg 1896. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22(4):10. Europe, northwestern Africa, and western Asia. 205 Lacerta gecko. Gecko gecko. Smith 1935. Fauna British India. Rept. & Amph. II: Sauria: 111. Northeastern India to southern China, southward to Malay Peninsula and East Indies. Lacerta stincus. Scincus scincus. Loveridge 1936. Field Mus. Nat. Hist. Zool. Ser. 22(1 ) :72. N. Africa. Lacerta hlspida. Agama hispida. Gray 1845. Cat. Spec. Liz. in Coll. British Mus. :257. Tanzania to Zimbabwe and Namibia southward. 206 Lacerta orbicularis. Phrynosoma orbiculare. Wiegmann 1828. Isis von Oken :367. Mexico Lacerta vulgaris. Triturus vulgaris. Dunn 1918. Bull. M.C.Z. 62:452. Europe and western Asia. Lacerta aquatlca. Triturus vulgaris. Dunn 1918. Bull. M.C.Z. 62:452. Europe and western Asia. Lacerta baslliscus. Basiliscus basiliscus. Wagler 1830. Nat. Syst. Amph.:148. Northwest South America to southern Central America. Lacerta igvana. Iguana iguana. Van Denburgh 1898. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 1898(1897) 49:461. Mexico to southern Brasil and Paraguay. Frost and Collins (1988. Herpetol. Rev. 19:74) noted that Linnaeus used Lacerta igvana and that his usage elsewhere on the page of vulgaris, aquatica, and pre-Linnaean names such as Yvana, Igvana, Leguan indicated that use of a "v" rather than a "u" in igvana was not as romanized "u". They therefore interpreted that the correct specific epithet is igvana. Lonnberg (1896. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22[4]1:9) also had suggested that "we have no right to abolish the old Linnean name." However, in light of the lack of usage of igvana they indicated that they would petition the International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature for conservation of the spelling iguana. I have not seen evidence of that petition in print as yet. 207 Lacerta calotes. Calotes calotes. Lbnnberg 1896. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22(4):15. India, Sri Lanka. 44 Lacerta agama. Agama agama. Andersson 1900. Bih. Kung. Svensk Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22(4) :1 5. Africa. Lacerta umbra. Plica umbra. O’Shaughnessy 1881. Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond. 1881:245. Northern South America. 208 Lacerta plica. Plica plica. Gray 1831. Synop. Species Class Rept. In Griffith. Cuvier's animal kingdom 9:41. Northern South America. Lacerta marmorata. Polychrus marmorata. Merrem 1820. Tent. Syst. Amphib. :48. Amazon Basin; Venezuela. Lacerta bullarls. Savage and Guyer (1991. J. Herpetol. 25:365) indicated that Stimson and Underwood(1983. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 40:17-19) said that the name was based on the colored figure (pi. 66) and description of Lacerta viridis jamaicensis in Catesby 's (1743. The Natural History of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands, v. 2.) pre-Linnean work and thus considered this name to be a senior synonym of Anolis garmani Stejneger 1899(Amer. Natur. 33:601). Savage and Guyer noted that no one had adopted that proposal and because A. bullaris had not been used as a valid name for any species in this century the Jamaican species should be properly called Norops garmani (Stejneger) (= Anolis garmani). Lacerta strumosa. Anolis lineatus Daudin 1802. Hist. Nat. Rept. 4:66., pi. 58, fig. 1. Curagao. Savage and Guyer (1991. J. Herpetol. 25:365) reviewed the nomenclatural history and indicated that Linnaeus's name, L. strumosa, had priority but that because it had not been used for 175 years and because of current Code rules the name would be suppressed Lacerta tegulxin. Tupinambis teguixin. Boulenger 1885. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 2:335. Guianas to Uruguay and northern Argentina. 209 Lacerta punctata. Lygosoma punctatum. Boulenger 1887. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 3:310. Asia. Lacerta lemnlscata. Cnemidophorus lemniscatus. Dum6ril and Bibron 1839. Erp. G6n. 5:123. Central America to northern South America. Lacerta fasclata. Eumeces fasciatus. Cope 1875. Bull. U.S.N.M. (1):45. Eastern U.S.A. Lacerta llneata. Gymnophthalmus lineatus. Andersson 1900. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 26(1 ):1 6. Dutch Leeward Islands and Surinam. Lacerta chalcldes. Chalcides chalcides. Mertens and L. Muller 1940. Abh. senckenburg. Naturf. Ges. 451 :58. Western Mediterranean region except for northwestern Africa. 210 Lacerta angvlna. [Chamaesaura]anguina. Schneider 1801. Hist. Amph. 2:210. South Africa. Schneider actually used the trivial name anguinea and subsequent authors used anguina., sometimes crediting Schneider with that usage. The 12th ed. of Systema Naturae also used L. angvina, but the 13th Gmelin edition used L. anguina. In this situation I believe that the "v" represents a "u" because angvina has no meaning whereas anguina is derived from anguis (from the Latin meaning a snake and indeed this species is snakelike in appearance). C.D.Sherborn (1899. An index to the generic and trivial names of animals described by Linnaeus in the 10th and 12th editions of his Systema Naturae. Manchester Museum Handbooks, pub. 25. Dulau & Co., London and J.E. Cornish, Manchester) listed under Lacerta, angvina, but under trivial names showed anguineus. Compare this name usage to the comments on Lacerta igvana (p. 206). The Principle of Priority in the Code would require use of Chamaesaura angvina, but because angvina has not been used for over 50 years it should be suppressed under articles 23b and 79c of the Code. Rana plpa. Pipa pipa. Barbour 1923. Proc. New Eng. Z6ol. Club 9:3. Far northern South America. Rana bufo. [Bufo bufo.] Cuvier 1817. R6g. Anim. Ed. 1. 2:94. Northwest Africa, Europe to Lake Baikal, the Caucasus, and Iran. 21 1 Rana rubeta. Bufo bufo. see Rana bufo above. Rana glbbosa. Breviceps gibbosus. Merrem 1820. Tent. Syst. Amphib. :178. South Africa. Rana varlegata. Bombina variegata. Mertens and L. Muller 1928. Abh. senckenberg. Naturl. Ges. 41 :16. Central and southern Europe to central Asia Rana ventrlcosa. Bufo bufo. See Rana bufo on p. 210. Rana marina. Bufo marinus. Schneider 1799. Hist. Amph. 1:219. Southern Texas to northern South America. Widely introduced in Australia, some Pacific islands, Florida, Caribbean islands, etc. Rana typhonia. Bufo typhonius. Schneider 1799. Hist. Amph. 1:207. South America. Rana ocellata. Leptodactylus ocellatus. Girard 1853. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila.:420. South America east of the Andes. 212 Rana cornuta. Ceratophrys cornuta. Schlegel 1837. Abteil. neuer Oder unvollst. bek.- Amphib. pi. 10. Northern South America east of the Andes. Rana marginata. ? Lonnberg (Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22[4]1:35) said, "can impossibly be identified, (sic)." Rana paradoxa. Pseudis paradoxus. Wagler 1830. Nat. Syst. Amph.:203. Northern South America east of the Andes to northern Argentina. Rana temporaria. Rana temporaria (part) Linnaeus, Rana arvalis. Nilsson 1842. Skandin. Faun., 3 Amfib.:92. Most of Europe. Rana esculenta. Rana esculenta Linnaeus. England and Sweden to Italy, Sicily, and the Ukraine. 213 Rana hyla. Hyla arborea. Cuvier 1817. R6g. Anim. Ed. 1. 2:94. Northwestern Africa, central Europe to the Caucasus and Turkey. Rana arborea. See Rana hyla above. Rana boans. Hyla boans. Daudin 1803. Hist. Nat. Rept. 8:64. Panama and northern South America. 214 Crotalus horrldus. Crotalus horridus Linnaeus. Eastern U.S. in forested regions. Crotalus dryinas. Crotalus durissus. Hoge 1966 (1965). Mem. Inst. Butantan 32:142. Northeastern Mexico to northern Argentina, but in South America, east of Andes in savanna regions and apparently absent from the Amazon basin. Crotalus durissus. Crotalus durissus Linnaeus. See C. dryinas above. Boa scytale. Anilius scytale. Oken 1816. Leh. Naturgesch. 3:283. Guianas, northern Brasil, and Amazon drainage of Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. 215 Boa canina. Corallus caninus. Boulenger 1893. Cat. Sn. in British Mus. 1:102. Amazon Basin and the Guianas of South America. Boa hypnale. Corallus caninus.. see above. Boa constrictor. Boa constrictor Linnaeus. Mexico to Argentina, and Dominica and St. Lucia in the Antilles. 46 Boa murina. Eunectes murinus. Gray 1831. Syn. Species of Class Rept. 9:96. In: E. Griffith. The Animal Kingdom. ...by Baron Cuvier. Boa cenchria. Epicrates cenchria. Wagler 1830. Nat. Syst. Amph. :38. Costa Rica to Argentina, and Trinidad and Tobago. Boa orophlas. Boa constrictor orophias Linnaeus. Peters and Orejas-Miranda 1970. Bull. U.S.N.M. (297):37. St. Lucia in the Antilles. Boa enydrls. Corallus enydris. Forcart 1951. Herpetologica 7:197. Nicaragua to Peru; Windward Islands. Boa hortulana. Corallus enhydris. See B. enhydris above. 216 Coluber vlpera. Cerastes vipera. Boulenger 1891. Trans. Zool. Soc. London 13:155. Sahara Desert . Coluber atropos. Bids atropos. Gunther 1858. Cat. Colubrine Sn. in Coll. British Mus.:268. Zimbabwe to South Africa. Coluber leberls. ?? Store ria sp. See Klauber 1948. Copeia 1948:11-12. Coluber lutrlx. Duberria lutrix. Loveridge 1929. Bull. U.S.N.M. (151) :28. Ethiopia and Zaire to Republic of South Africa. Coluber calamarlus. Oligodon calalmarius. Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet. -Akad. Handl. 24(6) :8-9. Sri Lanka. Coluber constrictor. Coluber constrictor. Linnaeus. U.S.A. and northern Mexico. Coluber ammodytes. Vipera ammodytes. Sonnini and Latreille 1801. Hist. Nat. Rept. 3:306. Southwestern Europe and western Asia. 217 Coluber cerastes. Cerastes cerastes. Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet. -Akad. Handl. 24(6) :29. Sahara Desert to Arabian Peninsula and the Middle East. Coluber pllcatllls. Pseudoeryx plicatilis. Fitzinger 1826. Neue Class. Rept. :55. Colombia and the Guianas to northern Argentina. Coluber domlcella. Liophis poecilogyrus. Dixon 1980. Cont. Biol, and Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. (31):7. Amazonian Ecuador and Brasil to Argentina. Coluber alldras?? Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet. -Akad. Handl. 24(6):34 could not identify the Linnaean type, but said that the specimen matches a completely discolored Helicops angulatus, from which it differed by having 21 scale rows rather than 19. Andersson concluded that C. alidras is a synonym of Coluber angulatus Linnaeus. Coluber buccatus. Homalopsis buccata. Merrem 1790. Betr. z. Naturgesch. fasc. 2:36. India to Indochina and Indonesia.. Coluber angulatus. Helicops angulatus. Wagler 1830. Nat. Syst. Amph. :1 71. Northern South America and Trinidad. Coluber berus. Vipera berus. Daudin 1803. Hist. Nat. Rept. 6:89. Europe to north and middle Asia. 218 Coluber chersea. Vipera berus. Daudin 1803. Hist. Nat. Rept. 6:89. See Coluber berus page 217. Coluber coeruleus. ????? Coluber albus. Brachyorrhus [albus]. Agassiz 1848. Nomencl. Zool. Universalis. Soloduri, Jent and Gassman . The original spelling of the generic name was given by Kuhl (1826 in Schlegel, Bull.Sci. Nat. G6ol. (Paris): 236 as Brachyorrhos but was emended by Agassiz 1847. Nomencl. Zool. Index Univ.:51 and 1848 2nd ed.:147. Indonesia. Coluber aspls. Vipera aspis. Merrem 1820. Tent. Syst. Amph. :151. Southern Europe. Coluber typhlus. Liophis typhlus. Dixon 1980. Cont. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. (31):16. Northern South America east o< Andes to northern Argentina Coluber lebetlnus. Vipera lebetina. Daudin 1803. Hist. Nat. Rept. 6:137. Northwestern Africa, Greek islands, western and middle Asia. Coluber melanocephalus. [Tantilla ] melanocephala. Cope 1861. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 13:74. Honduras to northern Argentina. Coluber cobella. Liophis cobella. Jan 1866. Icon. G6n. Ophid. livr. I6:pl. 5. Northern South America east of the Andes. 219 Coluber reglnae. Leimadophis reginae. Amaral 1935. Mem. Inst. Butantan 9:238. Northern South America east of the Andes. Coluber severus. Xenodon severus. Fitzinger 1826. Neue Class. Rept. :57. Amazonian South America. Coluber aurora. Lamprophis aurora. Smith 1849. Illus. Zool. So. Africa Rpt. App.:19. South Africa. Coluber slpedon. Nerodia sipedon. Baird and Girard 1853. Cat. N.A. Rept. I. Serp.:38. Eastern U.S.A. and extreme southern Canada. Coluber maurus. Natrix maura. Lindholm 1929. Zool. Anz. 81:81. Southwestern Europe and northwestern Africa. Coluber stolatus. Amphiesma stolata. Dum6ril, Bibron, and Dum6ril 1854. Erp. G6n. 7:727. Pakistan to southeastern China and Indochina. Coluber vlttatus. Xenochrophis vittata. Malnate and Minton 1965. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 117:22. Indonesia. 220 Coluber mlllarls. Liophis miliaris. Muller 1927. Abh. senckenberg. Naturt. Ges. 40:259-304. Brasil from Amazonas state to Argentina. Coluber rhombeaius. Psamnophylax rhombeatus. Gunther 1858. Cat. Colubrine Sn. in Coll. British Mus.:31. Southern Africa. Coluber cyaneus. ?? Coluber natrix. Natrix natrix. Stejneger 1907. Bull. U.S.N.M. (58):263. Europe to Turkey and Iran and western China; northwestern Africa. Coluber aesculapll. Erythrolamprus aesculapii. Dumeril, Bibron, and Dumeril. 1854. Erp. G6n. 7:845. Coluber agllls. Erythrolamprus aesculapii. See Coluber aesculapii above. Coluber lacteus. [Homoroselaps lacteus]. Smith and Smith 1983. Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 33:73. South Africa. Coluber aullcus. Lycodon aulicus. Boie 1827. Isis von Oken 20:551. Pakistan to Nepal, India, and Sri Lanka 221 Coluber monllls. ?? Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Swensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24(6):34 indicated that of four snakes at the Royal Museum in Stockholm called C. monilis, one agrees completely with Linnaeus' s description and it probably was Linnaeus's type. He said the animal is a Homalopsis buccata. Coluber pallidus. Thamnodynastes pallidus. Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Svensk. Vet.- Akad. Handl. 24(6):17. Northern South America. 48 Coluber llneatus. Liophis lineatus. Dixon 1980. Cont. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. (31 ):29. Panama. Coluber naja. Naja naja. Sworder 1922. Singapore Nat. (2):71. Iran and southern Russia to southern China, the Philippines, and Indonesia. Coluber padera ?? Andersson 1899 Bih. Kung. Swensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24(6):29 stated that the type could not be identified, but that another specimen from the Museum Drottingholmense and now at the Royal Museum in Stockholm was labeled Coluber padera and is identical with Linnaeus's Coluber canus (=Pseudaspis canus). Coluber canus. Pseudaspis cana. Cope 1864. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 16:168. Kenya and Angola southward in Africa. 222 Coluber slbllans. Psamnophis sibilans. Boie 1827. Isis von Oken 20:547. Africa. Coluber latlcaudatus. Laticauda laticauda. Stejneger 1907. Bull. U.S.N.M. (58):402. Warm seas from Bay of Bengal and Sri Lanka to Australia, Melanesia and Polynesia to Japan. Coluber slrtalls. Thamnophis sirtalis. Garman 1892. Bull. Essex Inst. 24:104. Klauber(l948 Copeia 1948:9) pointed out that the description really was for T. sauritus. That application has been officially suppressed. Much of North America and northern M6xico. Coluber atrox. Bothrops atrox. Lichtenstein 1856. Nomencl. Rept. et Amph. Mus. Zool. Ber. :35. Northern Bolivia and northern Brasil to Colombia and Venezuela east of the Andes. Coluber slbon. Sibon nebulata. Fitzinger 1826. Neue Class. Rept. :31. Southern Mexico into northern South America. Coluber nebulatus. Sibon nebulata. See Coluber sibon above. Coluber fuscus. Chironius fuscus. Amaral 1929. Mem. Inst. Butanatan 4:161 . Panama to Peru, the Guianas and central Brasil. 223 Coluber saturnlnus. Chironius fuscus. See Coluber fuscus above. Coluber candldus. Bungarus candidus. Cantor 1847. Cat. Rept. Malay Pen. :1 13. Thailand to Java. Coluber niveus. Najahaje. Merrem 1820. Tent. Syst. Amph. :1 48. Much of Africa. Coluber scaber. Dasypeltis scabra. Gunther 1858. Cat. Colubrine Sn. Coll. British Mus. .142. Egypt to Gambia and the Cape of South Africa. Many authors over the years have used D. scabra, but equally many have used D. scaber. In 1952 Gans and Loveridge submitted an application to ICZN to validate the use of Dasypeltis and also requested placement of the trivial name scaber on the Official List of Specific Trivial Names in Zoology (Bull. Zool. Nomencl. 6:347-348). In 1956 that application was approved by the ICZN-Opinion 387 (Bull. Zooi. Nomencl. 12:241). Unfortunately Gans, in his doctoral dissertation on Dasypeltis (Ann. Mus. Royal du Congo Beige, ser. 8 Scien. Zool. 74:1-237.), used the name Dasypeltis scabra. His synonymy listed 58 uses of scaber and 60 of scabra. Apparently since that time everyone has used scabra. Gans (personal comm.) does not recall why he did not follow the opinion rendered in his favor. The name should be Dasypeltis scaber. I base this interpretation on Article 31 (b)(i) of the Code which says that where the author of a species-group name did not indicate where he regarded it as a noun or as an adjective and where it may be regarded as either and evidence of usage is not decisive, it is to be treated as a noun in apposition to the name of its genus; its spelling is not changed if it is combined with a generic name of a different gender. What rulings will be made in the forthcoming 4th ed. of the Code regarding agreement in gender of genus and species was not clearly established at the 1990 ICZN meeting. Coluber carlnatus. Chironius carinatus. Fitzinger 1826. Neue Class. Rept.:3l Central America and tropical South America; Guadalupe, St. Vincent Isl. .Trinidad. Coluber coralllnus. Liophis triscalis. Boulenger 1894. Cat. Sn. British Mus. 2:129. Caribbean South America and Curagao. Coluber ovlvorus. ??Elaphe vulpina. See Klauber 1948. Copeia 1948:12. North central North America. Coluber exolitus. Chironius exoletus. Hoge, Romano, and Cordeiro 1976/77. Mem. Inst. Butantan 40/41 :41 . Western Amazon Basin in Peru and Brasil. Coluber sltula. Elaphe situla. Mertens 1923. Senckenbergiana 5:208. Southern Italy and major Mediterranean islands into southwestern Asia. 224 Coluber triscalis. Liophis triscalis. See Coluber corallinus on p. 223. Coluber lemnlscatus. Micrurus lemniscatus. Beebe 1919. Zoologica (NV) 2:216. Trinidad, Venezuela to the Guianas and the Amazon Basin. Coluber annulatus. Leptodeira annulata. Fitzinger 1843. Syst. Rept. :27. M6xico to Argentina. Coluber dlpsas. ?? Coluber pellas. Chrysopelea pelias. Andersson 1899. Bih. Rung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24(6) :35. Malaysia to Borneo and Java. Coluber tyria ?? Andersson 1899. Bih. Rung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24(6):30 stated that the type apparently no longer exists. Boulenger 1893. Cat. Sn. British Mus. 1:407 put ? C. tyria as a synonym of Zamenis nummifer, but such could only have been a guess from the limited description given by Linnaeus. 225 Coluber jugularls. Coluber jugularis. Linnaeus. Southeastern Europe and western Asia. Coluber petola. [ Oxyrhopus ] petola. Ldnnberg Bih. Rung. Svensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 22(4) :7. Mexico to Ecuador, eastward in northern South America. Coluber molurus. Python molurus. Gray 1842. Zool. Misc.:4. Pakistan to Java. Coluber ahaetulla. Leptophis ahaetulla. Bell 1825. Zool. J. 2:328. Clarified by Stejneger 1933. Copeia 1933:202. Southern Mexico to Ecuador and central Argentina east of the Andes. Coluber petolarius. [Oxyrhopus] petola. See Coluber petola above. Coluber haje. Naja haje. See Coluber niveus on p. 223. Coluber filiformis. Unidentifiable. See Oliver 1948. Bull. A. M. N. H. 92:169. Coluber pullatus. Spilotes pullatus. Wagler 1830. Nat. Syst. Amph.:179. Southern Mexico to Argentina. 226 Coluber hlppocrepls. Coluber hippocrepis. Linnaeus. Southwestern Europe to north¬ western Africa. Coluber mlnervae. Liophis lineatus. Dixon 1980. Cont. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Publ. Mus. (31 ):1 0. Panama; South America west of Andes to northern Argentina. Coluber cinereus. Liophis cobella ?? Dixon 1980. Cont. Biol. Geol. Milwaukee Pub. Mus. (31 ):6. See Coluber cobella on p. 218. Coluber viridissimus., Philodryas viridissimus. Boulenger 1896. Cat. Sn. British Mus. 3:129. Southern Venezuela and the Guianas to Argentina. Coluber mucosus. Ptyas mucosus. Cope 1860. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila. 12:563. Pakistan to Taiwan and Java. Coluber cenchoa. Imantodes cenchoa. Dum6ril 1853. M6m. Acad. Sci. Paris 23:507. Southern Mexico to Bolivia and Paraguay. 50 Coluber mycterlzans. Ahaetulla mycterizans. Stejneger 1933. Copeia 1933:203 said that although assigned to that name earlier, confusion of the identity of five specimens invalidates early usage. Thailand to Java. 227 Coluber caerulescens. ?? Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Swensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24(6) :26 stated that only one of the original five specimens labeled C. caerulescens remains and it "is a Herpetodryas fuscusf', whose scalation differed greatly from Linnaeus' s description. Coluber arges ?? In Syst. Nat. XII, Linnaeus changes to argus . The description, based on a figure from Seba's Thesaurus, says, among other things, no scales noted. Boulenger 1893 Cat. Sn. British Mus. 1 :82 regarded C. argus as a mythical creature. Anguls blpes. Scelotes bipes. Gray 1845. Cat. Spec. Liz. British Mus. :123. South Africa. Anguls meleagrls. Acontias meleagris. Merrem 1820. Tent. Syst. Amph.:89. South Africa. 228 Anguls colubrlna. Eryx colubrinus. Flower 1933. Proc. Zool. Soc. London 1933:804. Egypt to Kenya and Niger. Anguls jaculus. Eryx jaculus. Daudin 1803. Hist. Nat. Rept. 7:251. Southwestern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa. Anguls maculata. Cylindrophis maculatus. Boulenger 1893. Cat. Sn. British Mus. 1:136. Sri Lanka. Anguls reticulata. Typhlops reticulatus. Dum6ril and Bibron. Erp. G6n. 6:282. Tropical South America east of the Andes. Anguls cerastes. Eryx jaculus. see Anguis jaculus above. Anguls lumbrlcalls. Typhlops lumbricalis. Oppel 1811. Ordn., Fam. Gatt. Rept. :55. Cuba, Hispaniola, Bahamas, and introduced into Florida and Guyana. Anguls latlcauda. ?? Andersson 1899. Bih. Kung. Swensk. Vet.-Akad. Handl. 24(6):32 indicated that the type was no longer to be found. Anguls scytale. Anilius scytale. Oken 1816. Lehr. Naturgesch. :283. Venezuela to Peru, the Guianas, and northern Brasil. 229 Anguls eryx. ? Anguis fragilis (part) according to Boulenger 1885. Cat. Liz. British Mus. 2:86. See A. fragilis below. Anguls fragilis. Anguis fragilis. Linnaeus. Europe to the Caucasus and Iran; northwestern Africa. Amphlsbaena fulglnosa. Linnaeus. Panama and northern South America. Amphlbaena alba. Linnaeus. Panama; Trinidad; northern South America east of Andes, south to northern Paraguay. Caecllla tentaculata. Caecilia tentaculata (part). Linnaeus. Panama ; northern South America east of Andes to central Brasil. Caecllla tentaculata. Caecilia gracilis (part). Shaw 1802. Gen. Zool. or Syst. Nat. Hist. 3, pt. 2:597-598. Guianas and Peru; probably also the Amazon Basin. Caecllla glutlnosa. Ichthyophis glutinosus. Cantor 1847. J. Asiatic Soc. Bengal, Calcutta. 16:1059. Sri Lanka. INDEX TO SCIENTIFIC NAMES (GENERA AND SPECIES) USED IN SYSTEMA NATURAE ED. X AND IN CURRENT USE. Page listings refer to page of Systema Naturae. aesculapii, Coluber . 220 agama, Lacerta . 207 agilis, Coluber . 220 agilis, Lacerta . 203 ahaetulla, Coluber . 225 alba, Amphisbaena . 229 albus, Coluber . 218 algira, Lacerta . 203 alidras, Coluber . 217 ameiva, Lacerta . 202 ammodytes, Coluber . 216 Amphisbaena . 229 alba . 229 fulginosa . 229 Anguis . 227 bipes . 227 cerastes . 228 colubrina . 228 eryx . 229 fragilis . 229 jaculus . 228 laticauda . 228 lumbricalis . 228 maculata . 228 meleagris . 227 reticulata . 228 scytale . 228 angulata, Lacerta . 204 angulatus, Coluber . 217 angvina, Lacerta . 204 annulatus, Coluber . 224 aquatica, Lacerta . 206 arborea, Rana . 213 arges, Coluber . 226 aspis, Coluber . 218 atropos, Coluber . 216 atrox, Coluber . 222 aulicus, Coluber . 220 aurata, Lacerta . 209 aurora, Coluber . 219 azurea, Lacerta . 202 basiliscus, Lacerta . 206 berus, Coluber . 217 bicarinata, Lacerta . 201 bipes, Anguis . 227 Boa . 214 canina . 215 cenchria . 215 constrictor . 215 enydris . 215 orophias . . 215 scytale . 214 boans, Rana . 213 buccatus, Coluber . 217 bufo, Rana . 210 bullaris, Lacerta . 208 Caecilia . 229 glutinosa . 229 tentaculata . 229 caerulescens, Coluber . 227 caeruleus, Coluber . 218 calamarius, Coluber . 216 calotes, Lacerta . 207 candidus, Coluber . 223 canina, Boa . 215 canus, Coluber . 221 caretta, Testudo . 197 carinata, Testudo . 198 carinatus, Coluber . 223 Carolina, Testudo . 198 caudiverbera, Lacerta . 200 cenchoa, Coluber . 226 cenchria, Boa . 215 cerastes, Anguis . 228 cerastes, Coluber . 217 chalcides, Lacerta . 209 chamaeleon, Lacerta . 204 chersea, Coluber . 218 cinereus, Coluber . 226 cobella, Coluber . 218 Coluber . 216 aesculapii . 220 agilis . 220 ahaetulla . 225 albus . 218 alidras . 217 ammodytes . 216 angulatus . 217 annulatus . 224 arges . 227 aspis . 218 atropos . 216 atrox . 222 aulicus . 220 aurora . 219 berus . 217 buccatus . 217 caerulescens . 227 caeruleus . 218 calamarius . 216 hipnale . 215 hortulana . 215 murina . 215 Coluber cenchoa . 226 cerastes . 217 chersea . 218 cinereus . 226 cobella . 218 constrictor . 216 corallinus . 223 cyaneus . 220 dipsas . 224 domicella . 217 exoletus . 223 filiformis . 225 fuscus . 222 haje . 225 hippocrepis . 226 jugularis . 225 lacteus . 220 laticaudatus . 222 leberus . 216 lebetinus . 218 lemniscatus . 224 lineatus . 221 lutrix . 216 maurus . 219 melanocephalus . 218 miliarius . 220 minervae . 226 molurus . 225 monilis . 221 mucosus . 226 mycterizans . 226 naja . 221 natrix . 220 nebulatus . 222 niveus . 223 ovivorus . 223 padera . 221 pallidus . 221 pelias . 224 petola . 225 petolarius . 225 plicatilis . 217 pullatus . 225 reginae . 219 rhombeatus . 221 saturninus . 223 scaber . 223 severus . 219 sibilans . 222 Sibon . 222 sipedon . 219 sirtalis . 222 candidus . 223 canus . 221 carinatus . 223 vipera . 216 viridissimus . 226 vittatus . 219 colubrina, Anguis . 228 constrictor, Boa . 215 constrictor, Coluber . 216 corallinus, Coluber . 223 cordylus, lacerta . 202 cornuta, Rana . 212 crocodilus, Lacerta . 200 Crotalus . 214 dryinas . 214 durissus . 214 horridus . 214 cyaneus, Coluber . 220 dipsas, Coluber . 224 domicella, Coluber . 217 Draco . 199 volans . 199 dryinas, Crotalus . 214 durissus, Crotalus . 214 enydris, Boa . 215 eryx, Anguis . 229 esculenta, Rana . 212 exoletus, Coluber . 223 fasciata, Lacerta . 209 filiformis, Coluber . 223 fragilis, Anguis . 229 fulginosa, Amphisbaena . 229 fuscus, Coluber . 222 gecko, Lacerta . 205 geometrica, Testudo . 199 gibbosa, Rana . 211 glutinosa, Caecilia . 229 graeca, Testudo . 198 haje, Coluber . 225 hipnale, Boa . 215 hippocrepis, Coluber . 226 hispida, Lacerta . 205 horridus, Crotalus . 214 hortulana, Boa . 215 hyla, Rana . 213 igvana, Lacerta . 206 jaculus, Anguis . 228 jugularis, Coluber . 225 Lacerta . 200 agama . 207 agilis . 203 algira . 203 ameiva . 202 angulata . 204 angvina . 210 aquatica . 206 53 situla . 223 stolatus . 219 triscalis . 224 typhlus . 218 tyria . 224 calotes . 207 caudiverbera . 200 chalcides . 209 chamaeleon . 204 cordylus . 202 crocodilus . 200 fasciata . 209 gecko . 205 hispida . 205 igvana . 206 lemniscata . 209 lineata . 209 marmorata . 208 mauritanica . 202 monitor . 201 orbicularis . 206 palustris . 201 plica . 208 principalis . 201 punctata . 209 salamandra . 204 scutata . 201 seps . 204 stellio . 202 stincus . 205 strumosa . 208 superciliosa . 200 teguixin . 208 turcica . 202 umbra . 207 vulgaris . 206 lacteus, Coluber . 220 laticauda, Anguis . 208 laticaudatus, Coluber . 222 leberis. Coluber . 216 lebitinus, Coluber . 218 lemniscata, Lacerta . 209 lemniscatus, Coluber . 224 lineata, Lacerta . 209 lineatus, Coluber . 221 lumbricalis, Anguis . 228 lutaria, Testudo . 198 lutrix, Coluber . 216 maculata, Anguis . 228 marginata, Rana . 212 marina, Rana . 21 1 marmorata, Lacerta . 208 mauritanica, Lacerta . 202 maurus, Coluber . 219 melanocephalus, Coluber . 218 meleagris, Anguis . 227 aurata . 209 azurea . 202 basiliscus . 206 bicarinata . 201 bullaris . 208 mycterizans, Coluber . 226 mydas, Testudo . 197 naja, Coluber . 221 natrix, Coluber . 220 nebulatus, Coluber . 223 niveus, Coluber . 223 ocellata, Rana . 211 orbicularis, Lacerta . 206 orbicularis, Testudo . 198 orophias, Boa . 215 ovivorus, Coluber . 223 padera, Coluber . 221 pallidus, Coluber . 221 palustris, Lacerta . 201 paradoxa, Rana . 212 pelias, Coluber . 224 petola, Coluber . 225 petolarius, Coluber . 225 pipa, Rana . 210 plica, Lacerta . 208 plicatilis, Coluber . 217 principalis, Lacerta . 201 pullatus, Coluber . 225 punctata, Lacerta . 209 pusilla, Testudo . 199 Rana . 210 arborea . 213 boans . 213 bufo . 210 cornuta . 212 esculenta . 212 gibbosa . 21 1 hyla . 213 marginata . 212 marina . 21 1 ocellata . 21 1 paradoxa . 210 pipa . 210 rubeta . 21 1 temporaria . 212 typhonia . 21 1 variegata . 21 1 ventricosa . 21 1 reginae, Coluber . 219 reticulata, Anguis . 228 rhombeatus, Coluber . 220 rubeta, Rana . 211 salamandra, Lacerta . 204 saturninus, Coluber . 223 scaber, Coluber . 223 scabra, Testudo . 198 54 miliarius, Coluber . 220 minervae, Coluber . 226 molurus, Coluber . 225 monilis, Coluber . 221 monitor, Lacerta . 221 mucosus, Coluber . 226 murina, Boa . 215 sipedon, Coluber . 219 sirtalis, Coluber . 222 situla, Coluber . 223 stellio, Lacerta . 202 stincus, Lacerta . 205 stolatus, Coluber . 219 strumosa, Lacerta . 208 superciliosa, Lacerta . 200 teguixin, Lacerta . 208 temporaria, Rana . 212 tentaculata, Caecilia . 229 Testudo . 197 caretta . 197 carinata . 197 Carolina . 198 geometrica . 199 graca . 198 lutaria . 198 scutata, Lacerta . 201 scytale, Anguis . 228 seps, Lacerta . 204 serpentina, Testudo . 199 severus, Coluber . 219 sibilans, Coluber . 222 sibon, Coluber . 222 mydas . 197 orbicularis . 198 pusilla . 199 scabra . 199 serpentina . 199 triscalis, Coluber . 224 turcica, Lacerta . 202 typhlus, Coluber . 218 typhonia, Rana . 211 tyria, Coluber . 224 umbra, Lacerta . 227 variegata, Rana . 211 ventricosa, Rana . 211 vipera, Coluber . 216 viridissimus, Coluber . 226 vittatus, Coluber . 219 volans, Draco . 199 vulgaris, Lacerta . 206 The "Methodus" of Linnaeus in the Systems Naturae VII (K.P. Schmidt, 1952, J. Soc. Bibliog. Natur. Hist. 2:373) THE LITERATURE CITED BY LINNAEUS IN THE AMPHIBIAN AND REPTILE SECTION OF SYSTEMA NATURAE X by Harold A. Dundee Although Linnaeus is credited with the scientific names given in the 10th edition of the Systems Naturae, he was not the originator of many of those names. He used many names given by earlier writers. In the species accounts, his format is comparable to our current day "synonymy", usually giving the name used but also including in many cases some pertinent description given by the source cited. For modern systematic treatments, we can ignore those names given by pre- Linnaean authors, but the information may be useful for historical biological studies or to systematists who wish to examine a more detailed description of a Linnaean type-specimen than that given by Linnaeus in the 10th ed. of Systems Naturae. I have attempted to document each citation that Linnaeus used. Identification of the literature cited by Linnaeus has not been an easy task. Although I was able to identify specifically many of the sources to which Linnaeus referred , often by virtue that only one author & title answered to that abbreviation, I frequently could only identify the publication but not the specific edition that Linnaeus may have seen. Many reprintings of older publications were made and the paginations are not necessarily the same as the original. To actually see the various possible editions I would have had to visit many libraries in diverse places, a task that could not be justified in terms of time or cost. But I have seen personally a copy of every item cited by Linnaeus. Major sources for determining titles and editions for the citations that I have identified include: 1985 The British Library General Catalogue of Printed Books to 1975, K.G. Saur, London; 1931 Catalogue General des Livres Imprimes de la Bibliotheque Nationale [France]. Imprimerie Nationale, Paris;1979 National Union Catalog. Pre-1956 Imprints, Mansell Publishing, London and The American Library Association; continuances of the NU Catalog by Library of Congress. Generally speaking, I assume that Linnaeus used the editions in his own library whenever possible; that library is now housed at the Linnean Society in London. The material has all been placed on microfilm at the University of California, Berkeley library from a microfilm at the Library of Congress. A # precedes sources that were pari of Linnaeus's library, but Linnaeus’s edition may not be the same as the one I actually saw. All remaining items are listed in good faith. When in doubt, I list the earliest published version. I have been adamant in condemning authors who cite things that they have not seen but merely saw cited in some other article, thus often perpetuating errors. The citations as given are presented as I saw them on the title pages, thus use of "v" for "u", etc. is presented so that a reader may feel confident that he has the correct reference. Author names given in various catalogs may be anglicized, even though they appear on title pages in Latin or some other native language form. In several cases I have noted errors by Linnaeus when I could examine an original of the source. Occasionally I refer to Heller 1958; this is Heller, J.L. Index auctorum et librorum a Linnaeo (Species Plantarum, 1753) citatorum, pp. 3-60 of an appendix to Species Plantorum, a facsimile of the first edition published in 1959 by the Ray Society. Citations therein that were abbreviated the same as in Systems Naturae X were investigated as much as possible. At the time of his death, Heller had been working for years on 56 "guide to Linnaean zoological literature." A year or so before his death, Heller had asked Alwyne Wheeler, formerly of the British Museum (Natural History), to assist him in finding a publisher for that monograph. Wheeler arranged for this to be done as a joint British Museum and Oxford University Press publication, with Wheeler serving as an editor and also contributing some introductory essays and the Linnaean background. For various reasons the project has been delayed, but Mr. Wheeler graciously supplied me with verifications of several items that I had been unable to see, but I subsequently got to see them for myself. Dr. Kraig Adler also supplied some verifications . From the several pages of Heller manuscript that I have seen, I am well aware that Heller's work is infinitely more extensive than what I am supplying and likely will provide a more accurate idea of which particular editions of publications Linnaeus actually used, but Heller has not supplied publisher names as a final touch to his determinations. I recommend that readers of this report turn to Heller's guide for the "final word" when it ultimately appears. In a symposium report, Heller (1980 Bibliotheca Zoologica Linneana. pp. 240-264 In G. Broberg [ed.] Linnaeus: Progress and Prospects in Linnaean Research. Almquist & Wiskell International, Stockholm and Hunt Institute for Botanical Documentation, Pittsburgh) said on p. 242 of his compilation of documentation of Linnaean cites "....the present version runs to about 400 somewhat messily typed pages, and that it contains bibliographical data with commentary on Linnaeus's citations for about 450 separately titled books, monographs, or dissertations. ...and I think I have run down every single one of Linnaeus's not always accurate references..." An intriguing comment concerning the printing of Species Plantarum perhaps applies to Systema Naturae. W.T. Stearn 1957, in the preface to the Ray Society's 1959 facsimile edition of Species Plantarum, observed that no two copies of the original issue appeared to be typographically identical , a situation that he attributed to poor workmanship by employees of Salvius, the printer, thus individual copies of the original had defects of different nature. In those days no automatic feed of paper to the press existed; as errors in typography were discovered, they were corrected, thus different errors were discovered and altered at different times. Some of the literature examined by me had variations on the title page that differ from listings in major library catalogs; this can probably be attributed to the copy by copy corrections that were made. I have listed the titles and author name spellings as actually seen by me, including the use of "v" that was often used for "u”, and have noted anglicized etc. alternatives as desirable to aid the user in finding such literature in a library catalog. My appreciation is extended to the staffs of the following libraries for assistance in seeing items in their rare book collections: Tulane University; Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge; The University of Oklahoma; Library of Congress; The Natural History Museum, London; McGill University; John Crerar Library of the University of Chicago; The University of Florida. I feel especially indebted to Ms. Gina Douglas of the Linnean Society library in London; she not only gave me access to actual items from Linnaeus' personal library, but also allowed me to view the entire Linnaeus library in its vault at the Linnean Society, certainly an exciting moment for a biologist. #Act. Stockholm See L. Act. Stockholm Aid. aquat. See Aldr. serp. Aid. quad. Misspelled in some places as Aldg. See Aldr. serp. Aldr. serp. Aldrovandus, Ulysses (Aldrovandi, Ulisse) (1599-1668). Opera omnia. Bononiae. Franciscum de Franciscus. 13 v. The Aid. aquat. refers to v. 6, 1613. De piscibus libri v. et de cetis lib. vnus. loannes Cornelius Vtervenvs...Bononiiae. Bellagamban. In the edition examined, p. 57 677 that should show Lacerta crocodilus actually shows a whale! The Aid. quad, refers to v. 9, 1637. De qvadvpedib' digitalis viiviparis libri tres, et De qvadrvpedib' digitatis oviparis libri duo. Bartholomaevs Ambrosinus. Bonon. N. Tebaldinum. Aldr. quad, shows a crocodile sketch. Aldr. serp is v. 10, 1640. Serpentum, et draconum historiae libri duo Bartholomaeus Ambrosinus... opus concinnauit.. Bononiae. The colophon shows 1639. #Amcen. acad. Amoenitates Academicae. vols. I-VII. Stockholm and Leipzig. Dissertations edited by Linnaeus and issued from 1749 onward. Bell, aquat. Bellonius, P. (Peter Belon, Pierre Belon) 1553. De aquatibilibus libri duo, cum ciconibus ad veram ipsorum effigiem, quoad eius fieri potuit, expressis. Carolum Stephanum, Parisiis. ffBellon. Itln. Bellonius, P. (Pierre Belon). 1605. Bellonii Plurimarum.singularium et... rerum in Graecia, Asia....conspectarum observationes. Antverpiae. Many earlier editions exist. However, Heller's manuscript notes show that Linnaeus apparently used an interpretive edition which is listed here under Clus. exot. But Heller indicated that it was a French translation of 1609, which edition I could not find listed in the National Union Catalog, The British Library Catalog, or the French National Library Catalog. Bell. mus. Should be Best. mus. This misprint was noted by John Heller in his manuscript and called to my attention by Alwyne Wheeler, formerly of the British Museum, who is preparing Heller's manuscript for publication. Best. mus. Besleri, Basilvs and Michael Rupertvs Besleri (Hortus and Michael Rupert Besler) 1716. Rariora Mvsei Besleriani que olim. Basilivs et Michael Rupertvs Besleri. collegerunt.... Nuremberg. ItBont. jav. Bontii, Jacobi (Jacobus Bontius) 1658. Historiae naturalis & medicae Indiae Orientalis. Libri Sex. V. Historia animalium. In Gulielmi Pisonis (William Piso). De Indiae utriusque re natural i et medica libri. XIV. Amstelaedami, Elzevirios. Lacertus volans is on p. 59, not p. 57 as given by Linnaeus. #Bradl. natur. Bradley, Richard 1721. A philosophical account of the works of nature. W. Mears, London. E. Brander Erik Brander (1722-1814) who collected specimens mostly from Algiers and the western Mediterranean. It Brown, jam. Browne, Patrick 1756. The civil and natural history of Jamaica in three parts. London, T. Osborne and J. Shipton. Catesby. car. Catesby, Mark 1754. The natural history of Carolina, Florida, and the Bahama Islands. Vol II. London, Benjamin White. Other printings include original printed at expense of the author. #Clus. exot. Clvsii, Carolus Atrebatis (Carolus Clusius=Charles de I’ Escluse) 1605. Aulae Caesareae quondam f ami Haris, Exoticon/m libri decern: quibus, animalium, plantarum...: Item Petri Bellonii observationes, eodem Carolo Clusio interprete, etc. Ex officina Plantiniana Raphelengii. Other versions of this exist. The interior of the copy I examined shows: Petri Bellonii. Cenomani Plumiarum singularium & memorabilium... Carolvs Clvsivs.. #Column. ecphr. Colvmna, Fabio (Savio Columna) (Fabio Colonna). 16??. Minus cognitarum stirpium aliqvot AC etiam rariorum . Romae. Guilielmum Facciotum. The earliest edition was 1606; I could not read the date on the Readex microprint card seen. #Edw. av. Edwards, George 1743-1751 . A natural history of uncommon birds and of some other rare and undescribed animals, quadrupeds, reptiles, fishes, insects, etc. ..in 7 parts, v. 1. London. Under the same cover of the copy I saw is a French translation dated 1 755 and done by M.D.de la S.R. 58 #Faun. Svec., Fan. Svec. Linnaei, Caroli 1746. Fauna Svecica sistens animalia Sveciae regni..... Stockholmiae, Laurenti Salvii. #Fevlll. peruv. Feuill6, Louis 1714. Journal des obsen/ations physiques, mathematiques et botaniques...faites...sur les cdtes orientates de I'Amerique Mdridionale... tome Premiere. Paris, Pierre Giffart. The Mv" in the reference to Lacerta Caudiverbera is definite, but Heller (1958) indicated Few (ill) for Species plantarum and indeed we confirm it; and in Systema naturae XIII the cite is given as "Feuill.". Thus the poor workmanship of the printer seems doubly bad. The illlustration on p. 319 is labeled "Salamandre Aquatique" and looks like a gecko with much expanded toe pads. #Gesn. ovlp. Gesneri, (Gessner), Conr. (Conrad) 1586. Historiae animalium liber II. quiest de quadrupedibus oviparis. Roberti Cambieri Francofvrdi. Details dealing with Crocodilus and Lacerta aquatica appear on the same pages of this edition as cited by Linnaeus. The original work was published in 1551-1558. Gesn. quad. = Gesn. ovip. A mere statement of “quad" could refer to the first part of the title, but the clue is that these animals are oviparous, which eliminates referrals to the other four books of Historia animalium. #Grew mus. Grew, Nehemiah 1681. Musaeum Regalis Societatis; or A catalogue of and description of the natural and artificial rarities belonging to the Royal Society and preserved at Gresham Colledge (sic); . 2 V. Rawlins, London. #Gron. mus. Gronovii, Larentii Theodorii ( Gronovius, Laurentius Theodorus) 1754. Museum ichthyologicum sistens piscium etc. 2 v. Lugduni Batavorum, Theodorum Haak. #Hassel. Iter. Hasselquists, Frederic (Frederick Hasselquist) 1757. Iter Palaestinum eller rsa til Heliga Landet fdrrittad if in ir 1749 til 1752... Stockholm, Lars Salvii. Hasselqv. Frederic Hasselquists’ collection. He was a student of Linnaeus who collected in Egypt and Palestine. # Hasselqv. Act. Ups. This refers to Hasselquists in a journal Acta Societatis Regiae Scientarum Upsaliensis (Kongliga Vetenskaps-Societeten). Acta. Heller, in the 1959 appendix to the facsimile print of Species Plantarum , listed in the journal title "Societas” and that name also appears in the Union List of Serials, a title page before me clearly reads as I have cited. ItHernand. Mex. Hernandez, Francisco 1651. (1648) . Rerum medicarum Novae Hispaniae thesaurus, seu plantarum, animalium, mineralium mexicanorum historiae . Romae, Vitalis Mascardi. In this citation, Linnaeus on p. 206 referred to Lacertus orbicularis, but the statement seen in Hernandez says "lacerto orbiculare." Hit. gotl. Linnaei, Carl 1747. Wistgdta Resa. Lars Salvii, Stockholm. This identifies Coluber Natrix that is mentioned on p. 220 of the Systema naturae X, but 1745. Olinska och GothlSnska resa.... by Linnaeus does not contain mention of Natrix. Heller (1958) claimed that It. gotl. and It. oel refer to the Olindska (see It. oel.). Linnaeus was inconsistent in use of abbreviation; on. p 271 for Pleuronectes maximus he used It. gottl. #lt. oel. Linnaei, Carl 1745. Olindska och GothlSnska resa.... Stockholm och Upsala, Gottfried Kiesemetter. This is supposed to be the same as It. gotl. according to Heller 1958. But Systema Naturae X refers to Bufo bufo as It. oel. 142 and Rana temporaria as It. oel 154. I definitely found that the Olindska, not the Wistgdta, to contain the referral to these species. #lt.Wgot. Linnaei, Carl 1747. Wistgdta resa . Stockholm, Lars Salvii. In checking for Bufo rubeta on p. 61 , the version I saw mentions a Rana and speaks of it at length. For plants, Heller (1958) identified It. W-gdth as the source for a Ruppia on p. 86; I found that correct. tt Jacob, mus. Jacobaeo, Oligero (Jacobaeus, Oligerus [Holger]) 1696. Musium regium, seu catalogus rerum tarn naturalium, quam artificialium , etc. Hafniae, Joachim Schmetgen. Linnaeus 59 says that Iguana is t. 4, but in the edition examined the illustration in t. VIII, f. 4. Linnaeus did not mention Jacobaeus' Chamaeleon but note that text p. 9 says Chamaeleon is VIII fig. 4, but the plate and text do not correspond. Linnaeus's own copy, which I personally examined, shows the date as 1698, but someone has encircled the last two T 's of the Roman numeral date. I do not know the basis for the date change, but the note of submission from Jacobaeo is dated 13 May 1695. Presumably some librarian determined that it took but one year from submission of manuscript to publication and detected an error in printing the date. #Jonst. quad. Jonstonus, Joannes (Jon Johnstone). 1657. Historiae naturalis. de quadrupedibus libri. VI. V. 1 De quadrupedibus. Amstelolami.J. Jacobi Fil, Schipper. #Kaemph. amoen. Kaempfer, Engelbert 1712. Amoenitatum exoticarum politico-physico- medicarum asciculi V, quibus... Lemgoviae, H.W. Meyeri. Kalm. Pehr Kalm, a Swede, collected in Sweden; he also wrote an account of his travels in North America and of travels in Sweden. But simple reference to Kalm refers only to his collection. #Kafm. act. Stockh. This refers to a dissertation by Kalm in Act. Stockholm. See L. Act. Stockh. Klrcher Mus. Bonanni, A P Phillippo (Buonanni, F. ) 1709 (1710). Musaeum Kircherianum; sive musaeum A P. Athnnasio Kirchero in Collegio Romano... Romae, Georgii Plachi caelaturam profitensis & characterum fuforiam prope S. Marcum. #L. Act. Stockholm. This refers to a Linnaeus dissertation in a Swedish journal that is listed in various ways, the more typical being Kungliga Svenska Vetenskapsacademien Handlingar, Kongliga Swenska Vetenskapsacademien. and Swenska Wetenskaps Academiens Handlingar, etc. An actual cover of the journal shows Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps Acaademiens Handlingar. The printer was Lars Salvius , who did Systema Naturae X. The Union List of Serials states that through 1756 this was Swenska Wetenskaps Academi, but the cover pages I have seen show clearly Svenska Vetenskaps Academien (two words, notVetenskapsacademien)on separate lines. In answer to my query to the Royal Swedish Academy of Science, Christer Wijkstrdm, the librarian of the Center for Science and History confirmed that it had many minor title variations in early years but recommended that for the first 50 volumes the most common way to cite is Kongl. Swenska Wetenskaps Academiens Handlingar. Leviathan Jobl. This is a referral to the Bible, book of Job. #Marcgr. bras. Marcgravi, Georgi de Liebstad.(Marggravius, Christian). In Pisonis, Guilielmi De medicina Brasiliense libri IV. ...e t Georgi Marcgravi 1648. Historiae rervm natvralivm Brasiliae. Libr. octo. qvorum sextus de quadrupedibus & serpentibus. Lugduni Batavorum. #Matth. dlosc. Matthioli, Petri Andreae (Mattioli, Matthaeolus, Matthiolus). This refers to Matthioli's commentary on the old Greek herbal of Dioscorides. The earliest edition apparently was 1554. Commentarii in Libros Sex Pedacii Discoridis ...[with the Latin text of Dioscorides by J. Ruellis]. Venetiis.Vinc Valgris. Many versions of Matthioli's commentary were published, but Linnaeus was known to own a 1570 edition (fide J.L. Heller 1976. Linnaeus on sumptuous books. Taxon 25:33-52.). Dioscorides of Anazarba in Cilicia , in the first century A.D., wrote the original herbal. An English translation published by Hafner Publishing Co., Inc., New York says that the original herbal was five books. The Hafner edition has an index from Saracen's Latin Index from a 1598 edition of the herbal (Saracenus, Janus Antonio [Sarrasin, Jean Antoine] Pedacii Dioscorides Anazarbaei. Francofurti, A. Wecheli et. al.). The version that I saw indicated that the herbal was illustrated by a Bryzantine in A.D. 512, was translated into English by John Goodyer A.D. 1655, edited and first printed by R.T. Gunther. Linnaeus referred to Lacerta salamandra as page 274, figure on 274 in the dioscus. The Saracen index refers to book 2, 67. In the Hafner edition, item 67 of book 2 shows Salamandra terrestris. Item 69 is Saura, which is lizards. 60 Merian sur. Meriam (sic), Mario Sibyllam. (Merian, Mario Sibilla or Mario Sybilla ) 1705. Dissertatio de generatione et metamorphosibus insectorum Surinamensium: in qua . His adjunguntur bufonis, lacerti, sepentes, aranea... .Amstelodami.Geraldum Valk. The figure for Rana paradoxa is on p. 71 as cited but no plate number 71 as cited by Linnaeus. Merian surln. Same as Merian sur. It Mus. Ad. Fr. Linnao, Car. (Linnaeus) 1754. Museum S:ae R:ae M:tis Adolphi Friderici Regis.. ..in quo animalia rariora. Tom. I. Holmiae, Typography Regia. Mus. De Geer Refers to the collection of Carl de Geer, a German entomologist. #Nieremb. Nat. Nierembergii, Joannis Evsebii (Juan Eusebio Nieremberg) 1635. Historia naturae, maxime peregrinae, libris XVI distincta . Antverpiae. #Olear. mus. Olearium , Adam (Olearius) 1674. Gottorffische Kunst-Kammer vorinnen Allerhand ungemeine Sachen, So theiis die Natur..... Schlesswig, Gottfriedt Schulkens . National Union Catalog says G. Schultzen but Alwyne Wheeler 1980.The sources of Linnaeus' knowledge of fishes. In G. Broberg (ed.) Linnaeus: progress and prospects in Linnaean research. Almquist and Wiksell, Stockholm, says Schulkens. But the old style German lettering that appears to be "Iz" actually is a form that represents ”ss", thus I interpret the publisher as "Schussens". I found the statement "Auff Gotfriedt Schussens Kosten" to be interesting; it literally means "At the cost of Gottfriedt Schussens." The work was first published in 1666 (Gottorffische Kunst-Kammer..... Schlesswig. Johan Holwein), but according to Wheeler the 1674 edition contains the most accurate references, albeit some are in error. The British Library Catalog erroneously shows "Kunst-Cammer." #Osb. iter. Osbeck, Per 1757. Dagbok dfwer en Ostindisk resa Aren 1750- 1751, 1752... Lor. Ludv. Grefing, Stockholm. Ovied. amer. Oviedo y Valdes, Gongalo Fernandez de 1547. Coronica delas Indias. La hystoria general de Las Indias agora nueuaamente impressa corregida emendada. Primera Parte.. Usually filed under Fernandez de Oviedo y Valdes. This edition describes in Libro 13, chapter 3 a lizard, and an illustration on the third page of text of that account it pictures a lizard with a long, serrated dorsal crest, but the name "iguana" does not appear. #Pis. bras. Piso, Willem (Guiliemi Pisonis). See Marcg. bras. But Piso’s part actually is 1658. ..See Bont. jav. for details of the 1658 work. #Raj. quad. Raio, Joanne (John Ray) 1693. Synopsis methodica animalium quadrupedum et serpentini generis. S. Smith and B. Walford, Londini. London. #Rhed. Exp. Redi, Francisci 1675. Experimenta circa resdiversas naturales, speciatim i lias , quae ex Indiis adferentur.... Amstelodami, A. Frisii. Roes. ran. Roesel von Rosenhof, Avgvstvs lohannes (August Johann ) 1758. Historia natvralis ranarvm nostrativm.... Norimbergae, l.l. Fleischmanni. Rolander Daniel Rolander, a pupil of Linnaeus’s who collected in Surinam. Scheuch. sacr. Schevchzer, Joh. Jacob (Johannes Jacob Scheuchzer) 1731-35. Kupfer=Bibel/ In welcher Die PHYSICA SACRA, Oder Geheiligte NaturWissenschafft.. .Augspurg (sic) und Ulm, C. U. Wagner. This comprises 4 volumes, bound in 6 (parts 3 and 4 each divided into two parts). The reference to Boa scytale appears in vol. 4 but Scheuchzer called it Serpens Surinanmensis further on in the text. Vol. 4 is 1735. But note that apparently the same work is listed in the National Union Catalog as "Physica sacra, iconibvs aeneis Ulus, procurante & sumtus suppediante Johanne Andrea Pfeffel. Avgvstae Vindelicon/m, 1731-1735. " This latter probably is the Latin version, presumably issued simultaneously. 61 Seb. mus. Seba, Albertus 1734-1735. Locupletissimi rerum naturalium thesauri accurata et descriptio, iconibus artificiosissimus expressio, per universam physices historiam. Tomus I, II Amstelaedami. Janssonio-Waesbergios, & J. Wetstenium, & Gul. Smith. . #Sloan jam. Sloane, Sir Hans 1725. Natural history of Jamaica. A voyage to the islands Madera, Barbada, Nieves, St. Christophers and Jamaica, with the natural history of the herbs and trees, four- footed beasts, fishes, birds, insects, reptiles.... Vol. 2. London, British Museum. #Syst. nat. As in Lacerta agilis 36 n. 6 and Lacerta Chalcides 36 n. 7 are 6th and 7th eds., respectively, with 36 referring to page number. But in the Pisces section of the Xth Linnaeus would say, e g., Syst. nat. 6. p. 47. The 6th ed. was published in 1748 by Goddef. Kiesewetter, Stockholm. The 7th, also 1748, is a repeat of the 6th but with German, instead of Swedish, names. Linnaeus' s cite for Lacerta agilis in the 10th ed. is not the wording that appears in the 6th. In 6th it reads, "Lacerta cauda verticillata tereti, pedibus pentadactylis unguicularis Fn1352 Lacertus." #Tournef. Itln. Tournefort, Joseph Pitton de 1717. Relation d'un voyage du Levant, fait par ordre du roy contenant I'histoire ancienne et moderne de plusieurs ties de Archipel de Constantinople.... Paris. I have seen a 1727 printing by A. Lyon, Bruyset, 3 v. It speaks on p. 372- 373 of lizards, and in the figure facing 373 is "Lezard appelle Kosloedilos", which appears to be the reference to Tournefort that Linnaeus gives on p. 202 of the Systema for Lacerta stellio — "Lacerta coslordilos dicta". Heller (1958) indicated that some of Linnaeus' plant references fit the Paris edition, some the Lyon edition, and others do not seem to fit any edition. Valent, mus. Valentini, D. Michael Bernhard 1704. Museum museorum.oder vollstSndige schau-buhne.... Franckfurt am Mayn.J. D. Sunners. National Union Catalog says J.D. Zunner. XValllsn. nat. Vallisneri, Antonio (Vallisnieri, Antonio )1733. Opere fisico-mediche stampate e manoscritte del kavalier Antonio Vallisnieri . Tomo primo. Venezia , Sebastiano Coleti # Vincent. pip. Vincent; Levinus 1725. Descriptio pipae, seu bufonis aquatici surinamonsis. . .Harlemi Batavorum. Worm. mus. Worm, Olao (Ole) 1655. Museum wormianum seu historia rerum rariorum, tarn naturalium, quam artificialium, tarn domesticanum, quam exoticarum, quae . Lugduni Batavorum. 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