(aAg premopy Aq sutured e wor) ‘“ZIgI JO JVA\ SULINP S9d10J $9}e]S pou, 0} JopModuns j1odsues} 0} pasN a19M SITY} AAT] SUTBI] UOSEM PapseNnr) ‘speOr[Tet JO YIOMJOU SUIMOIS JO ayids ul Ysinqs}ig se jsoM Ie} se JopMod [ney 0} Oger [HUN pasn a1aM ‘ssoy punod-Sz OSI ploy 0} paustsap AT[eIoadsa ‘suOsSeA LSO}SIUOD SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 129 (WHOLE VOLUME) SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION IN THE UNITED STAPES SERVICE (WITH 52 PLATES) By BERKELEY R. LEWIS (PUBLICATION 4254) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION AUGUST 14, 1956 THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. FOREWORD Thousands of volumes have been written concerning the tactics, engagements, campaigns, and personnel of our American armies. In determining the outcome of our many battles of the past, the weapons we used played a part second in importance only to morale. Yet the student of military history has available but meager information on the military characteristics and performance of these tools. A number of excellent works have been prepared in recent years cataloging the small arms employed in the United States service in the early days as to models, fabricators, and dimensional details. However, when questions arose as to effective range, accuracy, am- munition, rate of fire, and allied subjects, little could be determined without extensive research. Such fragmentary data as were readily available were likely to be found inaccurate, incomplete, or misleading. During 1944 and 1945, while a member of the Historical Section, Office of Chief of Ordnance, my attention was brought forcibly to this lack of information. The section, in addition to its routine duties, was the clearinghouse for all questions submitted to Ordnance on obsolete materiel. Many of those comparatively simple inquiries caused us considerable trouble, as there was no definite place to look for any specific item. Fortunately we were able to find most of the answers, but it involved a lot of digging. It appeared desirable to assemble in one place all the pertinent in- formation that could be located on the neglected phases of our small- arms history. I decided to try to forget what little I knew on this subject and to start with a clean slate. To avoid controversy and to get as nearly accurate a story as possible, contemporary source ma- terial was used for the most part. Where conjecture enters the picture, that fact has been clearly indicated. In some cases calibers or model dates are at variance with previously published data. Gov- ernment documents themselves do not always agree, but in general the descriptions used are those employed officially at the time the arm was in service. That should come close enough. The plan was to supplement existing works rather than to amplify them. Starting from scratch, so to speak, I simply looked wherever I thought there might be some information, noted what I found, and then looked again. I had some good tips and a lot of luck. Much of iii iv SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 the data found was fragmentary or appeared contradictory, but grad- ually the blank spaces began to fill in and finally the material became so extensive that assembling the notes was the next task. It then became apparent that hearsay (often wrong) gradually tends by repe- tition to become the accepted story. A new search for older records was in order. Who first did what was of primary interest. It was evident that it would be helpful to minimize contradiction and uncer- tainty by building up a general background with a résumé of the early history of firearms and ammunition. As information on ammunition had been the hardest to find, this subject was given the most emphasis in the search for facts. The result is the presentation for the first time of much detailed material on that topic. The task of finding such data was simplified in a large measure by having access to the excellent military library of Col. Calvin Goddard, U.S.A. To him I am also greatly indebted for guidance and extensive counsel in the preparation of this volume. I am grateful to the late Dr. Douglas Southall Freeman for his encouragement in undertaking this compiling job. J. M. Standish, of Berkeley, Calif., and Maj. Walter D. Kramer, Ordnance Corps, U.S.A., were particularly helpful in supplying data and photographs of specimens, and in consultation. I also wish to acknowledge the assist- ance of the following persons, who provided specimens for illustration, supplied source material, or made possible access to essential records: Miss A. B. Bland, Office of Chief of Ordnance (retired) Richard T. Brady, Baltimore, Md. Commander W. A. Burke, Jr., U.S.N.R. Albert H. Foster, Jr., New York City (deceased) Paul B. Foster, New Haven, Conn. Claud E. Fuller, Chattanooga, Tenn. it.:Col;'G. P: Grant, Ord. Corps, ‘U.S.A. Joseph K. Hunt, E. I. duPont de Nemours & Co. W. S. Kirk, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. (deceased) Dr. Joseph R. Mayer, Rochester, N. Y. Col. Lawrence C. Leonard, Ord. Corps, U.S.A. (retired) Langhorne D. Lewis, Chief Eng. Small Arms Div. Frankford Arsenal (deceased ) Col. George A. Miller, Jr., Ord. Corps, U.S.A. Platt Monfort, Huntington, N. Y. Philip Medicus, New York City James L. Mitchell, Atlanta, Ga. Bert D. Munhall, H. P. White Co., Bel Air, Md. S. H. P. Pell, Fort Ticonderoga Museum, N. Y. (deceased) Edwin R. Pugsley, New Haven, Conn. Lt. Col. J. J. Reen, Alexandria, Va. Edgar Russell, Jr., Washington, D. C. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS Vv Raymond L. J. Riling, Philadelphia, Pa. L. D. Satterlee, Detroit, Mich. (deceased) George Stansfield, National Archives, Washington, D. C. Richard D. Steuart, Baltimore, Md. (deceased) Henry M. Stewart, Wynnewood, Pa. Frank Wheeler, Osborne, Kans. The wash drawings of various types of gunlocks were made by two former enlisted men of the Ordnance Corps, Sgts. Robert W. Bollin and Herbert P. McClure. The drawings of cartridge boxes were made by Robert L. Miller and H. Charles McBarron, Jr. Many types of cartridges were identified solely through the records of Brig. Gen. John Pitman, who fought in the Civil War, later gradu- ated from West Point, and was assigned to the Ordnance Department. He made a lifelong study of arms and ammunition, recorded his notes methodically, and left his 16 volumes of detailed information to the West Point Library. Without his efforts there would have been many more gaps in the present work. If my work enables others interested in American military history and firearms to find the answers to some of their questions a little more easily, I shall consider myself well repaid. It has been necessary to condense some of the descriptive material and large areas of uncer- tainty are left. To those readers who remain alert but still uninformed, I offer my sincere apologies. BERKELEY R. 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Be} i. Wiis Aig irvaiy AF i ort ie by 4 ait eit) bat y hy! CONTENTS Cuapter I: Firearms and ammunition: Background.................. Ts: GoapowdeninivAmericayy Cee tain dc cbc he stae ee bas sees we III: Firearms in the service of the United States.............. VII: Check lists of ammunition used officially................. PAP PRIDICES cic & ciaiale sieicis aia o mrsiniaievepetlats 616 nua lela s Wtelal aie) are stalelataigiexevors|s!e, unare 1. Digest of United States cartridge patents, Bartlett and Gallatin. . Digest of English cartridge patents, Bartlett and Gallatin........ Digest of French cartridge patents, Bartlett and Gallatin........ American arms makers of the Colonial period, C. W. Sawyer... Summary statement of purchases and fabrications, 1861-1866... Quarterly returns of Ordnance stores, 1865...........ceeeeeeee United States “Army. regulations, 1770. i'eisd sisealSpes.b-0 o 010.-c:00 re United States: Army regulations, T8040). 6. secs ese c cece sds eee Handbook’ forjiniantry,! WOE oi ocd Sule au sie ss Sivtatee selene Se seake Reswlations: for MitlibiasnDOsOr are osiers aie sc. clele oe ow Giese acas wee wows Be Gadd ATS AANA NT OO2s re staves are imelste'ecteusie sitiaeisieveisinserers ce weteeaniee.d VEG ot fons Cale ns Costs a 2 IBIBETOGRAD ERY: 2 stercrsve: ster tore ae oa ae aa anole e eiale Sele ecieieuslonelemrersctert Vii LIST OF NUMBERED TABLES Page 1. Composition of gunpowder in various countries................0008 26 2. Imports of gunpowder and saltpeter during the American Revolution. 26 Bee Sa DOW GER fiat lS TT SOA ayia ia os elie a Qietal a meena amie Glebera siabetaly 34 4. Piobert's table‘ot French arms in use 10) 1836... 2 5 .ceccen cine se cmee 142 CoS EICISH ASIMall-ATt \CATtHICIBeS. TOO 8). cs. ioaccieioeta cision & itis wie.e sie cheieus 144 6. Rifled small arms used in the armies of different countries, 1850..... 152 7. Rifled small arms and ammunition used in the armies of different COMMS PLO SON cies cae cals occ.cia e's ate ameter eee eneion se Selee tents esis 153 8. Cartridge specifications—1861 Ordnance Manual................... 189 6: (British siall-arins ammuniHOd, IS50....cccc cesses sec tees caste 199 10. Principal dimensions of French small arms and their ammunition.... 201 Mile CALLED CNCMCCK SEY hein a ic. ol sae saris stacaeioiete micvsitis emttsre ic ete Mat eaiete sleials 219 Vili ‘ CHAPTER [| FIREARMS AND AMMUNITION: BACKGROUND Since the first recorded history of man, warfare has played a prominent part in the stories handed down to us. As the cause backed by the more effective weapons usually prevailed, a study of the evolu- tion of arms is basic to an understanding of history. In England, before the introduction of gunpowder, the longbow was the individual soldier’s arm. Under favorable circumstances it was more effective than the first muskets. Its rate of fire—12 shots per minute’—was many times that of any muzzle-loading gun, whereas at I1-score (220) yards more than one miss in 12 shots was considered disgraceful. At that distance the sheaf arrow would penetrate a I-inch deal (pine) board.? A fair average velocity of an arrow was 135 feet per second; its striking force was only about 25 foot-pounds.* At one time adult English males were required to own bows and to practice regularly at a range (for flight arrows) not less than 11-score yards.* The bow was then to the English yeoman what the rifle later became to the American backwoodsman. Even as recently as the American Revolution, the bow was still considered by many a valuable weapon. In 1776, Benjamin Franklin wrote to Charles Lee, then fortifying the port of New York: ... but I still wish that pikes could be introduced and I would add bows and arrows. These were good weapons, not lightly laid aside: Because a man may shoot as truly with a bow as with a common musket. He can discharge four arrows in the time of charging and discharging one bullet. His object is not taken from his view by the smoke of his own side. A flight of arrows, seen coming upon them terrifies and disturbs the enemies attention to their business. An arrow striking in any part of a man puts him hors-du-combat till it is extracted. Bows and arrows are more easily provided everywhere than muskets and ammunition.® The crossbow (arboleste, arbalest, arbalete, arblast) was of ancient origin; a Yale expedition recovered from a battle site of A.D. 256 typical iron-tipped crossbow projectiles protruding from remnants of Roman bronze-scale armor. The maximum effective range of the 2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 military crossbow was 200 paces, its point-blank range 40 to 60 yards.® Though the weapon played an important part in the conquests of Mexico and Peru by Cortez and Pizarro, at the end of the sixteenth century it had been almost completely abandoned. However, as late as 1627 the English still had crossbowmen in their army.” At the end of the eighteenth century extensive crossbow experiments were con- ducted at Amecy, France. Records of these show that quarrels fired almost horizontally attained 400 paces, the least 260, and the average about 320 (the pace used was equivalent to 18 to 20 inches).® Al- though a powerful weapon, the crossbow’s ballistics were funda- mentally bad, as its string (up to 3-inch diameter) weighed about as much as the projectile and hence absorbed half the available energy. Its rate of fire was only about one shot per minute, but when its bolt struck it was deadly. The first firearms in Europe were probably made at the beginning of the fourteenth century, as writers of about 1290 describing in detail weapons in current use did not mention firearms.? Ibn Nason ben Bia, of Grenada, said that guns were introduced into Spain by the Moors and used there in 1305 at the siege of Ronde; also that in 1331 balls of iron were fired.1° The former date is contested but is probably about right. Other authors appear to be mistaken in ascribing much earlier dates to the first use of firearms in Spain. For example, Condé in his “History of the Moors in Spain” said that in 1118 they used artillery against Zaragossa and in 1132 made a 4-pound-caliber culverin, named “Salamonica.” These and similar statements are based on misunderstandings or poor translations. In the days of the first firearms, names of various types of mechanical war-engines long in use were applied additionally to the new weapons, so that often a single noun designated two or more entirely different objects. In the Zaragossa instance inspection of the Spanish text shows that the machine threw balls with fire (incendiaries), not by means of fire.** Cannons were made in Italy around 1312; they were stone-throw- ing mortars known as vases de fer from:their shape.1? The town rec- ords of Ghent contain several entries which indicate that guns and powder were exported to England in 1314.1* The records of the Re- public of Florence show that in 1326 it ordered several metal cannon, including balls for them, for defense.’* The first use of firearms in battle recorded by contemporary writers was at Metz, in 1324, as described in Praillon’s “Chronique de Metz,” written in 1326.15 He used the terms “serpantine et cannon, ... collevrine . . . poldre’ in a manner difficult to interpret as referring to other than artillery using gunpowder. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 3 In 1327 Edward III used “crakeys of war” (cannon) in his in- vasion of Scotland, as described in 1375 by Archdeacon Barbour of Aberdeen.*® During the fourteenth century, cavalry was armed with small culverins (collevrine, couleuvrine), short cannon, lengthened to the rear by an iron stock. The pieces were directed by the left hand.** These first hand-firearms were crude iron or copper tubes, fired by applying a live coal to a touchhole.1® This was a shallow cup at the top of the breech, whence a small hole led downward into the powder chamber. Having filled this depression with powder, the gunner ap- plied a flame, which passed down the vent, firing the charge—usually. Most of the trouble experienced with firearms during the succeeding 500 years was caused by faults in this ignition system. During those five centuries the gunner could expect at least one “misfire” in ten shots.?® In 1364 pistols were first made at Pistoja, Italy. They had span- long barrels (about 9 inches) and were then known as “bombardelles.” The use of the modern name—said to be from the place of their first manufacture—dates from early in the sixteenth century, when these weapons had barrels up to 25 inches long and a knob-ended stock with but little drop.2° In 1544 such weapons were used in the French cavalry.21 It has been said also that the name originated from the caliber, it being the same size as the coin “pistole.” * In 1373 guns were common enough for Chaucer to write, “Swift as a pillet out of a gonne,/When fire is in the pouder ronne.” Hand cannon were brought to England by Edward IV, when he landed at Ravenspur in 1471 with 300 Flemings so armed. This weapon, 44 feet long and weighing 60 to 75 pounds, was carried by two men and fired from a rest, using balls of four or five to the pound. Difficult to load and uncertain in range and accuracy, it was inferior to the crossbow, then still in use.22 These early hand cannon were fired by a hot wire in- serted into the touchhole. Though sure, this means of ignition was by no means handy for field use, as a fire had to be kept burning close by.24 Later, the weight of the hand cannon was reduced by making it shorter. The breech of the resulting arm terminated in a handle for the right hand ; ignition was by means of a match applied by the left. It was used for sieges and to defend important places. After this the hand cannon was made somewhat lighter and enclosed in a wooden stock, the butt being applied to the shoulder or breast in firing, the right hand holding the match. As it was still very heavy the muzzle was supported by a crotched stick placed in the ground. The extreme 4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 range of this piece was 200 to 300 yards, the effective range only about 50 yards.”® Early in the fifteenth century ** the Spanish invented the match- lock," to make loading safer and to give steadier aim while applying the match. They added a cover to the pan or bassinet (which had been moved to the side of the barrel) to protect the priming powder from wind and rain. The matchlock trigger mechanism—the first applied to a firearm—was simply that of a crossbow with a match holder added. (Pl. 1a.) The first military application of this new invention was known as the arquebus *® (harquebus, hagbut, haken- buchse). It had a straight stock patterned after that of a crossbow. The haquebus was an arquebus with a curved stock. These weapons were probably inferior to the longbow on the battlefield.2? The arque- bus succeeded hand cannons or culverins in field service, restricting their use to sieges. With these earliest firearms, it was customary to use a wooden wad or sabot to confine the powder and give more time for the gas pressure to develop. It was necessary to use a strong iron rod with a mallet or other heavy instrument to seat the charge properly.*° The first military use of the matchlock musket was in 1414, at Arras.** The Swiss used the arquebus in 1476, the English in 1485, when half the Yeomen of the Guard, then first established, were armed with it.°? In 1510 France adopted a ball of 16 to the pound,** the largest shot without a muzzle support.** The petronel (petrinal, poitrinal), introduced in 1449,*° was a lighter arquebus (weight about 16 pounds) having a curved butt with a broad base. It was fired against the breast, which is the origin of its name. The petronel was used in cavalry and infantry sizes. The caliver was originally a heavy, large-bore arquebus; the term was sometimes used later for most any old-fashioned musket. A contemporary stated, “Tt is supposed by many that the weapon called commonly a caliver, is another thing than a harquebus, whereas in troath it is not but onely a harquebus, saving that it is of a greater circuit or bullet than the other is of, wherefore the Frenchmen doeth call it a ‘peece de calibre’, which is as much as to say, a peece of bigger circuite.” °° About 1521 the mousquet ** (moschetto, muschite, musquet, mus- ket), with double the charge and caliber of the arquebus, was intro- duced in Spain and used that year at the siege of Rhege. As it was 6 or 7 feet long and at first weighed up to 60 pounds, a rest was necessary for firing and was usually carried by the mousqueteer.*® His attendant followed with the arm. This piece was very slow in loading, not only by reason of its unwieldiness but because powder, priming, and ball were carried separately, and time was required to WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 5 prepare and adjust the match.*® The Spanish Army standardized them in 1565. In 1573 the mousquet began to replace the small-bore arquebus in France, but some of the latter remained in use until 1635. It had greater range and effect than the later (eighteenth and nineteenth century) flintlock muskets.*t The Swedish Army retained some of these early muskets in service until 1811.47 The term musket was later used to mean a fusil, a lighter version of the musket used after flint ignition was adopted.** The carbine (carabine) ** was originally a short caliver of large bore; the blunderbuss (thunderbus, dundre busse) still shorter and larger and equipped with a bell-muzzle. A variety of blunderbuss was known as a “dragon,” its users “dra- goneers”’ (later dragoons). The musketoon was derived from a short- barreled petronel, which had been introduced for cavalry use about 1480. In 1559, the musketoon was first used in the French cavalry, and in 1626 it replaced the carbine.*® Some of these terms meant different things at different times and places. At about the end of the fifteenth century the wheel-lock,** the first mechanical device to. displace the smoldering match, was invented, probably in Germany. (PI. 1b.) The oldest known specimen, dated 1509, is in an English collection; another was made in 1517, at Nuremberg.” The snaphaunce, or “Spanish” lock,** was invented at about the same time as the wheel-lock. (Pl. 3a.) It was probably introduced to the Dutch from Spain, and made an early appearance in Scotland. Considerably more complicated and costly than match- locks, the wheel-lock and snaphaunce saw more sporting than military use. At the beginning of the seventeenth century, the lock a la Miquelet *° began to predominate in the Mediterranean area (pl. 3b), and the flintlock had about reached its final form (pl. 4a). In fact, by that time flintlock muskets were in the hands of the Indians in North America.®° It is generally thought that the flintlock first appeared sometime during the first two decades of the seventeenth century ** ; however, the Musée d’Artillerie in Paris has one dated prior to 1550. A large series of flint gunlocks has been recovered from the sites of Iroquois villages, destroyed in 1687 by the French under the Marquis de Denonville. These locks seem to date from 1620 to 1680.5? In about the year 1630, the flintlock musket, or fusil, was introduced into France and adopted by the French Army in a royal ordinance dated February 6, 1670. An ordinance of October 24, 1670, established 29 companies of grenadiers of 70 fusiliers each. On February 4, 1670, the first regiment entirely armed with the fusil was authorized. The Carrignan regiment was so equipped in 1676 and saw service with 6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 them in America. At first the fusil displaced only a part of the mousquets. By 1692 they were on a 50-50 basis for general service, and in 1699 the mousquet was officially declared obsolete.®* In about 1677 the British adopted the new weapon, all Europe was using it by 1707,"* and for the next 140 years it continued as the principal infantry weapon, without major improvements. There were several transition types of locks between the wheel-lock and later forms. One (pl. 4b) was known as the “Baltic” or “Cour- land” lock; another (pl. 5a) was used in Holland. As pyrites is very friable, it often fell apart at the crucial moment. To remedy this embarrassing condition, some wheel- and snaphaunce locks were made with two cocks. Combinations of types are also found—matchlock wheel-lock, or matchlock flintlock. True double locks (with two pans) were made for multi-barrel guns. The first recorded organized target practices with firearms were at Nuremberg in 1429 and at Augsburg in 1430. In 1450 shooting prizes were established in Switzerland, and by 1525 there were many associations encouraging marksmanship in France. About 1515 the “Knights of the Arquebus” was organized in Flanders.°® About 1539 the 33d Statute of Henry VIII legalized the possession and use of hand-guns for target practice. Provided alway, and be it enacted, etc., that it shall be lawful, from hence- forth, to all gentlemen yeomen, and servingmen of every lord, spiritual and temporal, and of all knights, esquires, and gentlemen, and to all the inhabitants of cities, boroughs, and market towns, of this Realm of England, to shoot with any hand-gun, demihake, or hagbut, at any butt or bank of earth, only in places convenient for the same; so that every such hand-gun, etc., be of the several lengths aforesaid, and not under. And that it shall be lawful, to every of the said lord and lords, knights, esquires, and gentlemen, and the inhabitants of every city, borough, and market town, to have and keep in every one of their houses such hand-gun or hand-guns, of the length of one whole yard, etc., and not under, to the intent to use and shoot in the same, at a butt or bank of earth only, as is above said, whereby they and every of them, by the exercise thereof, in form above said, may the better aid and assist to the defence of this realm, when need shall require, etc. The plug bayonet was first made about 1640, traditionally at Bayonne. This was simply a blade with a tapered cylindrical base or tang, which was inserted in the muzzle of the gun. In 1678 Philip Russel of England invented a screw-attached bayonet, which could be left attached while loading and firing. First use of this in battle was made by the Swedes, firing with fixed bayonets.°* By 1703 France had abandoned pikes and musquets for infantry, which was then all equipped with the flintlock fusil and bayonet.*” WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 7 The oldest rifles extant are of German origin, dating from the end of the fifteenth century, though the idea may have originated in Italy, then the home of some of the world’s best armorers of that or any other period. In 1498 grooved barrels were used in Leipzig, and by 1520 Augustin Kutter (or Koster) of Nuremberg had become cele- brated for his so-called “rose” or “‘star-grooved” barrels having spiral form.°® The story has been oft repeated that rifle grooves were originally straight and intended simply to provide space for the ac- cumulation of fouling in order to reduce loading friction. It continues to the effect that it was accidentally found that a twist gave more accurate shooting. There is no doubt that a grooved bore allowed use of a tighter-fitting ball, but since there existed some crossbows equipped with spiral grooves to spin the quarrel,®® it does not seem likely that this effect would have been so soon forgotten. In 1635 the first English patent for rifling gun barrels was issued to Arnold Rotsipen.®© For many years after its introduction the rifle was purely a sporting arm. It was not until 1631 that the Landgrave of Hesse armed three companies of chasseurs with that weapon. In 1645 Elector Maximilian of Bavaria equipped three light-infantry regiments with rifles, intend- ing to employ them in the minor operations of war. Frederick William of Prussia, in 1674, distributed a few riflemen among his infantry companies. Some years later Frederick the Great added a specially trained rifle company to each infantry battalion. About 1674 Louis XIV armed some cavalry squadrons with carabines rayées.*+ But it was nearly 200 years later before the rifle became the predominant infantry weapon. In a tract read before the Royal Society in 1746,°? Benjamin Robbins observed that “. . . the degree of spirality, the number of threads, or the depth of the channels, is not regulated by any invariable rule, but differs according to the country where the work is performed and the caprice of the artificer.” He then proceeded to discuss loading: . . . but in some parts of Germany and Switzerland an improvement is made by cutting a piece of very thin leather or fustian [a coarse, twilled material] in a circular shape, somewhat larger than the bore; this being greased on one side, is laid upon the muzzle with its greasy part downwards, and the bullet being placed upon it, it is then forced down the barrel with it. The riflings should for this purpose be shallow, and the bullets not too large. As this mode of loading took up a good deal of time, the rifled barrels made in England (for I do not remember to have seen any foreign rifles so constructed) are contrived to be charged at the breech, where the piece is made larger, and the powder and bullet are put in through an opening in the side of the barrel, which, when the piece is loaded, is fitted up with a screw.®% 8 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 This statement indicates that the patch, instead of being an American invention, was no doubt introduced to America by Swiss or German gunsmiths along with the rifle. Brought to America about 1650-1700, the rifle was soon adapted to the conditions of the new land, retaining the best features of its central European prototype but acquiring distinctly new character- istics. Powder charge and barrel length were increased to obtain better performance, and bores were made smaller to conserve lead. The result was the first type of rifle with which a skilled marksman could be sure of hitting the target at 200 to 300 yards range. Use of these weapons (at first made for the most part in Pennsylvania, but known as “Kentucky” rifles) was restricted almost entirely to frontiersmen. During the Revolutionary War those used by the United States Army were mostly supplied by their private owners, volunteering for serv- ice. Such rifle troops, recruited in the backwoods, did magnificent work upon several occasions then and during the 1812 War as well. Indeed, in 1804 the United States adopted a rifle for army use and began to manufacture it at Harpers Ferry Armory. This, however, was more nearly a copy of the original German rifle, had most of its faults, and lacked the advantages of the “Kentucky.” The 1804 model employed a heavy charge (100 grains of rifle powder) but fired it in a short, large-bore barrel, not too carefully rifled with deep grooves. The result was inferior accuracy, accompanied by a fearful recoil. The weapon was, even so, far superior in range and accuracy to the smooth-bore musket, the principal United States arm at that time. The old military rifle was never employed by troops generally and was unsuited for such use. During the Peninsular War, British riflemen were supplied with balls of two sizes, the smaller intended for quick loading.®* Baker, who made these rifles, says in his work published in 1825, “I have found 200 yards the greatest range I could fire at with any certainty. I have fired very well at 300 when the wind has been calm. At 400 and 500, I have sometimes struck the object, though I have found it to vary much.” The earlier “Ferguson” rifle was tried briefly during the American Revoluntionary War, but apparently interest in it died with its designer, at Kings Mountain. The 2-grooved rifle, employing a belted ball—a Spanish invention of 1725—was standardized for the British Army in 1836 as the “Brunswick” rifle. It would not perform even tolerably well at ranges much greater than 300 yards.® At various times, oval bores have interested arms makers. Writing in 1808, Colonel Beaufoy said: ° While enlarging on rifles with grooves, let us not pass over a very old inven- tion (though quite obsolete in our time), which is the method of making a plain- WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 9 barreled gun possess the advantage of the rifle, yet not be liable to detection unless more minutely examined than common inspection leads us to expect... . These barrels are loaded in the usual way, except that the ball should be suffi- ciently large to fill up the whole of the indentation; and it is said that such as are accustomed to these pieces will far outstrip anything that can be done with the common smooth-surfaced cylindrical barrel. It would be an improvement, though, instead of using a spherical ball with these pieces, if it were rather of an oblong shape. Other forms were used. The hexagon bore, perfected by Whit- worth, could be given a very rapid twist without stripping the pro- jectile. Whitworth used a twist as great as one turn per inch, though he found that one in 20 inches gave the best performance.* New ideas in weapons are rare. In 1521 an all-steel, 2-shot, re- volving, wheel-lock, rifled pistol was made in Italy. Some of the earliest cannon were loaded at the breech, and in 1540 Henry II of France applied the breech-loading idea for cannon to an arquebus, opened by a hinged block.*® Arms operating on the revolver principle have been made for centuries. A matchlock revolver in the Tower of London was made about 1550. There were various early flintlock types, but they did not start to become practical until the first part of the 19th century. In 1818, Artemus Wheeler of Boston patented a flintlock revolver in the United States, and that same year his asso- ciate, E. H. Collier, took out a British patent on essentially the same system and in 1821 registered a patent for a percussion type in Eng- land. Devisme of Paris patented a 7-shot percussion revolver in 1822 ; Hermann of Liége followed, then Mariette, Colt, and a host of others. In the 1840’s good metallic-cartridge revolvers were produced in France. Two general types of revolver action were used at first. In that predominant in America, the hammer had to be “cocked” with the thumb for each shot and was released by pressure on the trigger. In Europe another type was popular, in which there was no provision for external cocking of the hammer ; a continuous pull on the trigger first forced the hammer back, then released it. This action was used in America for many of the “pepperbox” revolvers but not to any extent for the military or belt types. A revolver that operated by one or the other of these systems was known as a “single-action” gun. Later, both types of mechanism were incorporated in the same re- volver, which was then described as . . . “double action (a combina- tionof) ... firing from the trigger (and firing from) . . . full cock, either method being available as preferred.” °° The arquebusier carried a flask of ordinary powder, a bag of bullets, and a small case for priming powder. Soldiers were served one pound of common powder for loading and a quarter of a pound of Io SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 fine for priming.”° About 1550 the bandolier (bandeleer, bandileer, bandaléer) came into use in parts of Europe to carry charges, avoid- ing the danger inherent in loading with loose powder in the presence of a burning match."* To it were hung several little cases of wood, covered with leather, each containing a charge of powder. (The cases were not expendable.) Balls and priming powder were still carried separately. During the time of Charles I an official document listed accoutrements as follows: “...a new bandalier, carrying twelve charges, a primer, a priming wire, bullet bag, and a strap or belt two inches broad, 2s, 6d.” 7? (See pl. 2.) With use of the cartridge, the cartridge box replaced the bandolier.7* These changes resulted in three times the former rate of fire—infantry could now fire two rounds per minute.”* “Bags of linen or paper” for cannon charges were mentioned in 1560,"° and in 1590, Sir John Smythe spoke not only of cartridges, but of composite cartridges for small arms—‘‘. . . cartages with which [musketeers] charge their peeces both with powder and ball at one time.” "© Soldiers then carried 20 to 40 paper cartridges in a leather pocket. In the time of Charles II of England, Sir James Turner spoke of horsemen using cartridges carried in a “patron”—an early term for a horseman’s cartridge box.”7 In 1620 the army of Gustavus Adolphus was the first to standardize the use of measured powder charges in paper packets. His musketeers each carried 12 cartridges with the bullets attached.7* From about 1683, use of the cartridge was general by most infantry, but it was not officially adopted by France till 1702.7? Other weapons, such as rifles and pistols, con- tinued to be loaded with flask and loose ball. Indeed most reserve ammunition and that used by militia and volunteers were of that type. In 1781 the Prussians used a funnel-shaped touchhole, to be self- priming from the main charge. The idea had been tried earlier in the century in Nuremberg by Hautch.*° Eventually, as powder became better in quality and granular in structure instead of mealed, it was possible to dispense with the priming flask, as sufficient powder passed from the barrel through the touchhole into the pan to assure ignition. Part of the main charge was then used to fill the pan. Fulminates were described in France in 1785 to 1787, and some had been discovered in other countries as much as two centuries earlier.6t Pepys mentions fulminate under the date November 11, 1663: “Something made of gold, which they call in chymistry Aurum fulminans, a grain, I think he said [a German scientist with whom he was talking], of it put into a silver spoon and fired, will give a blow like a musquett, and strike a hole through the spoon. . .” There are WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS II several vague references to earlier use of detonating locks (pl. 5b), but until 1807 these substances were little used in firearms.** In that year Le Page made a fulminate lock, and Forsyth soon after patented a percussion system in England (demonstrated by him some years before) which used a detonating mixture containing potassium chlorate.®? A few years later (in 1814) an American, Shaw, made the first true percussion caps, using mercury fulminate in an iron cap. Later copper and pewter were successively employed.** About 1820 Deboubert invented the exterior nipple and Blanchard of Paris made percussion caps with fulminate, in about the forms which continued in use for the succeeding 50 years.** Though some breech-loading and repeating arms were made in the flintlock and earlier periods, development of successful weapons of these types was greatly handicapped until metallic ammunition be- came available. Many of the early percussion breech-loaders were French; several used metallic cartridges. The Pottet and Pauly were made in the 1820’s, the Robert in 1831. The Perrin le Page, Montigny, Lefaucheax, and others followed. In 1826 Cazalat made a cartridge of special interest as the first to be drawn from a single sheet of metal and to contain a center-fire primer. In 1834 Robert introduced an annulus at the base of a metallic cartridge for fulminate—the first rim-fire ignition. In 1846, Houllier invented the pinfire cartridge, the first “gas-tight” ammunition, in which a metal cap was placed in a wad at the base of the cartridge tube, and fired by a pin which pro- jected through both cartridge and breech.** Flobert invented a ball with a charge of fulminate in its base, constituting both priming and propellant. (See Appendix 3.) The Smith and Wesson patent of 1856 used the same principle.*? In 1819 the United States Army adopted Hall’s breech-loading flint- lock rifle, which Thornton and Hall had patented in 1811. In 1834 the percussion version was standardized as a carbine. Then followed a series of percussion breech-loading actions, all more or less unsatis- factory from lack of obturation (gas seal at the breech) until me- tallic ammunition became available. In the early days arrowlike projectiles—somewhat like crossbow quarrels—were often fired from muskets. These continued in use for some time. In 1588, Sir Francis Drake added a postscript to a return of the powder aboard his squadron, “Forget not the 500 muskets, and at least 1000 arrows.” A short time after, the Privy Council ordered him to be supplied with “muskittes 200 ; arrows for the said muskittes with tamkines for eche, 1000.” 88 These may have been fire-arrows, for use against sail and rigging. I2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Buckshot, “swan drops,” and small shot were in use in Italy about the middle of the 16th century. Later a shot industry was established in Paris, and then in England. In 1669 it was stated that wing shoot- ing had then been known in Italy for about 80 years.®® In 1920 Gustavus Adolphus introduced grape shot.®°° In 1672 Geisler used shells filled with musket balls fixed with pitch at the siege of Lille. The Shrapnel shell, perfected later, was a revival of the same idea. The first explosive shells (1678) were fired by concussion on impact.®* Most later types were fired by a powder-train fuze. The principal disadvantage of the flintlock was the slow lock time, as an appreciable delay occurred between the fall of the cock and pow- der ignition. In 1703 loading of the French musket was done in 26 counts, hardly conducive to rapidity of fire.°*? Smooth-bore arms were improved only slightly after the French model of 1777, and most of them used a round ball of caliber 0.69 inch, or 18 to the pound, though they differed in detail in the various armies.®* The loose-fitting round ball fired from the typical smooth-bore musket was capable of only the most erratic flight. During its course down the barrel it bounced from side to side, finally leaving the bore with a spin imparted by its last contact. This point could not be determined, and so an unpre- dictable error was introduced. As a result volley musket fire was ineffective at much greater ranges than 150 yards, and a person could be considered safe from aimed fire at 300 yards. The British “Brown Bess” musket (about the poorest) °* had a range not much over 125 yards, with poor accuracy at any range. The ball had always been made undersized because of the difficulty in loading a tight-fitting one in a fouled barrel. During the first part of the nineteenth century much thought was given to means for remedying this situation. There were two general approaches to the problem; the ball could be loaded from the breech (a practice not highly regarded by the military) or some means could be provided for upsetting the ball (enlarging to fit the bore) after loading from the muzzle. In 1729 it had been found that good results could be had with rifles firing oblong elliptical projectiles,®° and in 1742 Robbins pointed out the superiority of oval over elongated bullets. Great difficulty of loading—ordinarily by means of an iron ramrod and a mallet—pre- vented extensive military application of these observations until 1828, when Captain Delvigne adapted the oval ball successfully to military service.°* His projectile was upset so as to fill the bore by ramming it against the rim of a powder chamber of less than bore diameter. Many variations and modifications followed. These improvements in muzzle-loading rifle balls may be classified in three main groups. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 13 In the first, the ball was simply inserted and the attempt was made to preserve its original shape (as the Minié). In the second, the ball was uniformly disfigured before firing, during the ramming operation (as the Thouvenin). The third group, in which the balls were patched, had little military use, being confined almost entirely to American sporting rifles. To avoid the unfavorable results brought about by the disfiguring of the ball in ramming, Delvigne put a cup-shaped head on the rammer and grooved out the central portion of the ball, filling it with grease to reduce loading friction. This was the inception of the grooves that later became universal on pointed balls. Meanwhile Colonel Pontchara had added a wooden sabot to prevent the ball being driven into the chamber, thus crushing and compressing the powder (fig. 1). Then Colonel Thouvenin removed the sabot and Fic. 1.—Pontchara system. Fic. 2.—Thouvenin system. used a steel post, or tige, in the center of the chamber, around which the powder charge was placed (fig. 2). The ball entered freely and rested on top of the post, where it was upset by a heavy ramrod. This system had the disadvantage that the chamber a tige was hard to clean. A modified Delvigne ball, with multiple grooves instead of a single large one, was developed. Combinations of these various types were tried in European armies.%” In 1823 Captain Norton designed a hollow-base cylindro-conoidal bullet, which expanded on firing and sealed the bore.®* Later, in 1836, Greener inserted a conical pewter wedge in a cavity at the base of a round ball. The expanding gases forced part of the bullet into the grooves. In 1841, he submitted to the British Board of Ord- 14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 nance an oblong bullet having a conical iron plug in a hole at its base. Both types were fired successfully but were rejected for service.®® In 1851 Minié accomplished the same thing by using a sheet-iron cup (fig. 3). It was soon discovered that with a cavity of suitable size and shape, the wedge was not necessary. The Wilkinson system used a flat-based bullet and obtained the desired expansion by deep grooves Fic. 3.—Minié system. Fic, 4.—Wilkinson system. cut in the cylindrical parts?°° (fig. 4). During the American Civil War most services were using some modification of these methods. The gradual improvement in gunpowder, both as to power and to consistency of performance, played a part of great importance in the evolution of firearms. Without the development of a dependable propellant, the increased knowledge of ballistics and the improved techniques in construction of firearms could have resulted in com- paratively little actual progress. NOTES (See Bibliography for full literature citations) 1. The long bow: United Service Journ., Sept. 1932. 2. The sheaf (war) arrow had barbs; the flight arrow was plain. 3. Pope, Saxton P., A study of bows and arrows. 4. Deane, J., Manual of the history and science of firearms. Hereafter cited as Deane. 5. McKee, Thomas H., The gun book. Hereafter cited as McKee. 6. de Bellay, William, Instructions for the wars. 7. Scoffern, John, Projectile weapons of war. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 15 8. Deane. 9. Piobert, G., Traité d’artillerie. Hereafter cited as Piobert. 10. Ibid. TI jn ener Dalas. con ifuegolane 12. Their tapered bore was to accommodate stones of varying sizes, for which the powder charge was in proportion. Later, bombards combined a cylindrical bore with a tapered chamber. These used manufactured shot, which permitted closer fit and gave greater accuracy. 13. Van Gelder and Schlatter, History of the explosive industry in America. Hereafter cited as Hist. Expl. Ind. 14. McKee. 15. Hugenin, J. F., Les chroniques de la Ville de Metz. 16. Barbour, John, The life and acts of the most victorious conqueror Robert Bruce, King of Scotland. 17. Boutell, Charles, Arms and armour. Hereafter cited as Boutell. 18. Greener, W. W., Gunnery in 1858. Hereafter cited as Greener, 1858. 19. McKee. 20. Deane. 21. Piobert, 22. Boutell. 23. Daniel, Gabriel, Histoire de France. 24. McKee. 25. Benton, J. G., Ordnance and gunnery, U.S.M.A. Hereafter cited as Benton. 26. Duane, William, Military dictionary. Hereafter cited as Duane, 27. Both matchlock mechanism and the fine-mealed powder used in it as prim- ing were known as serpentine. 28. From the Italian arca bouza, meaning “bow with hole.” 29. Duane. 30. Piobert. 31. Busk, Hans, The rifle and how to use it. 32. Deane. 33. Piobert. 34. According to Piobert, this was reduced to 19 per pound, when cartridges came into use, to allow for the paper covering. 35. Piobert. 36. Barwick, Humfrey, Discourse concerning the force and effect of all manual weapons of fire, London, 1591. 37. The mousquet was the name for the male sparrow hawk, smallest of fal- cons. The firearm given this name had about I-inch bore, using eight balls to the pound. At the end of the sixteenth century the Spanish were still using 10 balls per pound. Walhausen, Art militaire. 38. Piobert. 39. Ibid. 40. Ibid. 41. Boutell. 42. Piobert. 43. From the Italian focile, meaning flint. Fossil has the same root. 44. The name appears to have originated in the word karib, Moorish for cav- alry, the arm first using this weapon. 45. Piobert. ” 16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 46. In the wheel-lock a grooved steel wheel, actuated by a powerful spring, spun through half a revolution against a piece of alloy composed of iron and antimony (later pyrites was used). The contact took place at the bottom of the panful of priming powder. The action was much like that of a modern ciga- rette lighter—sometimes it did not work either. 47. Boutell. 48. In the snaphaunce lock a piece of pyrites was snapped down against a roughened piece of steel, throwing sparks into the priming pan. The pan was uncovered by the forward motion of the cock (the clamp holding the pyrites), just as in the wheel-lock. 49. In the Miquelet lock, flint was used and the pan cover became part of the steel against which the flint struck, The trigger retracted a pin which had pro- jected through a hole in the lockplate, holding the cock back. The same mecha- nism had been used in the wheel-lock. In the Spanish form of the Miquelet lock, the external main-spring bore against a projection at the rear of the cock, push- ing upward. In the Italian form (pl. 3b) the spring pressed downward on the front side of the cock. The typical Spanish spring action may be seen on the later fulminate lock illustrated on plate 5b. 50. Mayer, Joseph R., Flintlocks of the Iroquois. Hereafter cited as Flint- locks of the Iroquois. 51. Lenk, Torsten, Flintlaset dess uppkomst och utveckling. 52. Flintlocks of the Iroquois. 53. Margerand, J.. Armement et equipment de l’infanterie Frangaise. 54. Ibid. 55. Deane. 56. Deane. 57. Piobert. 58. Deane. 59. Pridham, C. H. B. Superiority of fire. 60. Grose, Francis, Military antiquities. Hereafter cited as Grose. 61. Busk, Hans, Handbook for Hythe. Hereafter cited as Busk. 62. Robbins, Benjamin, Of the nature and advantages of rifled barrel pieces. 63. Evidently the ancestor of the “Ferguson” breechloader. 64. The difficulty of loading the rifle was the great argument used against it by the armies, which insisted on retaining the smooth-bore musket solely on the grounds of its more rapid rate of fire. With typical inconsistency repeating arms were later rejected because they would shoot too fast. Unless it was spon- sored by top authority, intermediate officialdom has always had a ready excuse for resisting change. 65. Busk. 66. Beaufoy, Henry, Scloppetaria. 67. Whitworth, Joseph, Gnus and steel. 68. Deane. 69. Blanch, H. J., A century of guns. Hereafter cited as Blanch. 70. Robbins, Benjamin, New principles of gunnery. 71. Boutell. 72. Grose. 73. Knight, Edward H., Mechanical dictionary. Hereafter cited as Knight. 74. Piobert. 75. Whitehorn, P., Certain waies for the ordering of souldiers in battelray. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS LF . Smythe, John, Certain discourses . . . concerning divers weapons. . Grose. . Deane. . Piobert. . Deane. . Jackson, Herbert S., European hand firearms. . Ibid. Doubt has been expressed as to the date shown on one of these locks, the thought being that in the process of restoring the piece, the date was fresh- ened and “1820” changed to “1720.” See Breuil, F. W., and Healey, Sumner, Two explanations of the percussion lock marked ‘Seville 1720’. Stock and Steel, Marshalltown, Iowa, vol. 1, No. 5, June 1923. 83 Jackson, Herbert S. 84. Benton. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. gl. 92. 93. 04. 95. 96. 97. 098. 99. Deane. Blanch. Knight. Acts of the Privy Council, New Series, XVI, 25. Solatio Romano, Cesare, Excellenza della Caccia. Deane. Ibid. Benton. Schon, J., Das Gezogene Infanterie-Gewehr. Busk. Benton. Ibid. Schon, op. cit. Fuller, J. F. C., Armament and history. Greener, 1858. 100. Mordecai, Alfred, Military commission to Europe in 1855 and 1856. Here- after cited as Mil. Comm. to Europe. ror. Benton. ‘ Hi) shi pale 5 7 gh deli ‘the vm he bplact step, | + @ TTI Ts. twig Ts ’ ie ' , . PTY eta Oishi ' i i A i Lee ae ee Ee, OF ll Ny, : i mM) fi i i r ( io , t ae | | r a hewn \ P| } x ' wT 1 ey a i fi " : a : i , 7 et Po of ‘ Ff , / dk } . i i \ ji } ‘ ‘i f } y i j j i , j f i 4 f ‘ i } i } ie ; f i i - y i bi f r ‘ i ‘ i i ? fh a ‘ | ' ne i i lige, ‘ h Lier 1 ; i i i (ae ERY } Ly i : ey, ei f i f r \ ; ! i Y a t A a) / it » Ly a ay : i ' I ‘ \ } | f ye bial i i eee / a ye TO hen an pee ‘ CHAPTER IIT GUNPOWDER IN AMERICA The employment of gunpowder in Europe revolutionized warfare and had a profound effect on most human institutions. As the great equalizer, gunpowder was a major factor in the decay of feudalism. It certainly played a large part in the expansion of the European nations into the rest of the world. As nitre, or saltpeter, is the essence of gunpowder, and appears to have been unknown before the thir- teenth century, the gunpowder story really begins at about that time. Incendiary mixtures and fireworks in general appear to have origi- nated, at some remote date, in India or China. Their principal in- gredients were sulphur, pitch, and naphtha. As early as 413 B.C. Greek fire and similar compounds were used at the siege of Syracuse ; about 350 B.C. a special incendiary for naval use was recommended by Aeneas.* In the seventh century the Greeks invented a new species of in- cendiary, known as “sea fire.” The nature of this mixture remained a state secret for some 500 years. A combination of sulphur, quicklime, and oil, made into lumps, was discharged from flexible tubes by pressure of water, which also served to ignite the mixture. Western authors were ignorant of the manner of using sea fire and did not even know its name. About 1200 it seems to have gone out of use.” Greek fire was used as late as 1571, when the Venetians poured it onto the heads of the Turks. The English employed “wildfire’— their version of Greek fire—in the Crusades. Similar compositions are still employed in warfare, but no longer under their original names, which have passed into history. Roger Bacon is credited * with discovering the mixture known as gunpowder—saltpeter, sulphur, and charcoal—about 1248, while ex- perimenting with somewhat similar combustible and incendiary formu- las which did not have explosive qualities. Bacon said, “For sounds like thunder and flashes like lightning, may be made in the air, and they may be rendered more horrible than those of Nature herself. A small quantity of matter, properly manufactured, and not larger than the human thumb, may be made to produce a horrible noise ; and this may be done many ways, by which a city or an army may be destroyed, 19 20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 as was the case when Gideon and his men broke their pitchers [Bacon’s italics] and exhibited their lamps, fire issuing out of them with great force and noise, destroying an infinite number of the army of the Midianites.” ® There is no evidence that Bacon proposed the use of gunpowder as a propellant ; this seems to have been first described scientifically in Europe about 1320,° by the German monk Berthold Schwartz.’ By that date, however, cannon had been listed in inventories of sev- eral European cities and states. The development of black powder may be divided roughly into three periods: 1250 to 1450, 1450 to 1700, and 1700 to about 1886, when the introduction of smokeless powder ended its long career. The first powder made was ground and mixed by hand in small batches (fig. 5). With acceptance for military purposes in the fourteenth century came the need for production on a larger scale. As first used in firearms, gunpowder was known as serpentine; it was all of fine grain but varied widely in composition. This first form was simply a physical mixture of the finely ground ingredients ; being of different specific gravities they shook down and separated when transported and had to be remixed before use. If packed too tightly this powder would not ignite. Contemporary instructions cautioned, “Thrust the poudre home faire and softly.” Stamp mills, operated by waterpower, were in use from an early date; one was operating at Augsburg, Germany, in 1340.2 Such a mill is shown in figure 6. These mills consisted essentially of wooden beams about 4 inches square shod with bronze at the lower end; a simple mechanism raised them; then they fell by gravity. These ground and mixed the materials in a row of bowls hollowed out of an oak log. The bowls were charged with about 20 pounds of mixture, moistened with water, urine, or vinegar. The resulting cake was then pulverized, providing a well-integrated mixture. It was found that if the cake were broken into small fragments the burning rate varied with their size and ignition was more certain. The size first used was that of a grain or corn of wheat, but soon different sizes were used for pistol, musket, or cannon. The powder cake was broken up while still slightly moist, and the pieces were forced through holes in a stretched hide. The grains resulting were then passed over a horsehair sieve to remove the fine particles which were reprocessed. These grains were known as “corn” powder to distinguish them from the earlier form of “meal” powder, which was retained in use only for priming and for pyrotechnics. Between 1450 and 1700 both composition and grain size varied. Fic, 5.—Manufacture of powder in the 17th century. (Travaux de Mars, Paris, 1685.) 22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 Different formulas and sizes were used for the various types of weapons, according to the strength of each. About 1540 it was ob- served that the coarser-grained powder was better suited to cannon, because it developed lower pressure during combustion. By 1700 the mixing time had been increased from 6 to 24 hours, thus improving the incorporation of the ingredients. Changes in the process of manufacturing gunpowder were few and infrequent, as tradition has always played a prominent part in the industry. During the eighteenth century screw presses were introduced to increase the powder density. The resulting “cake” was broken by hand, then “corned” (granulated), dried, and “dusted.” Dusting applied a thin coating of “mealed” (finely ground) powder, which reduced friction in loading and helped preserve the grains by making them more moisture resistant. From 1700 to 1886 the composition was rather well standardized (see table 1) ; the size of the grain alone varied.® During this period most powders were relatively effective, the propor- tions of their ingredients approaching the ideal under the yet to be expounded atomic theory.?° During their Revolution of the 1790’s the French introduced the drum or barrel system of powder manufacture. Here the materials were ground separately in revolving iron drums by the impact of free-rolling bronze balls, then combined in a copper drum. Corning was performed in a perforated wooden drum. Mills built on this general principle were in use in the United States until the end of the nineteenth century. During most of the early history of the United States there were two general classes of small-arms ammunition, fixed and loose. Fixed ammunition was that in which the powder charge or the charge and ball were wrapped in a paper container. This type was ordinarily supplied for smooth-bore muskets. At first the priming was of a finer- grained powder than the propellant and was carried in a small horn. Later the basic charge of large-grained powder was increased by eight to ten grains, this extra amount to be used for priming. Loose ammunition included powder, carried in a flask or horn, and balls, carried in a pouch along with patches, if used. Also included in this category as military stores were the imported ingredients of powder—sulphur and saltpeter—and pig lead. Loose ammunition was issued for rifles and for nonstandard smooth-bore arms. From the date of the first settlement in the United States the ques- tion of a powder supply was ever a critical one. Since for many years thereafter no known deposits of saltpeter existed in the Colonies, it became necessary to establish “nitriaries,” or saltpeter sheds, in which , Frankfurt, 1676.) imienowicz S imir Fic. 6.—Details of water-power stamp mill. (Geschutz Feuerwerck, Cas 24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 vegetable and animal refuse was collected and mixed with lime and water. When decomposition was complete the heaps were leached with water, and saltpeter crystalized from the liquor obtained as shown in figure 7. In 1675, the first powder mill in the United States was established at Milton, Mass.1! Before and during the Revolutionary War saltpeter presented a most serious supply problem. The New York Committee of Safety published a pamphlet?” in which the manufacture of this chemical was described and encouraged. After detailing the necessary steps in the process, an attempt was made to make it seem attractive by adding the note, “Country Gentlemen (exclusive of the public good) will find an agreeable and profitable amusement in erecting works of this kind.” The method given in the same publication for making gunpowder required the proportions: Saltpeter, 75.2; sulphur, 11.3 ; and charcoal, 13.5 percent. During the war all the provinces but Delaware took action to en- courage the manufacture of gunpowder, and numerous mills were established, yet it still remained necessary to import large quantities of this precious substance." During this period most of the saltpeter imported found its way into gunpowder, producing about 700,000 additional pounds. If this estimate is correct, the total powder available can be summarized as follows (in pounds) : Gavhandsat-start of war .enemen ou eles Cee Oct e er aire nese eves 80,000 Made\tronr home productSic ccs ccs coe eee aie e erescte 115,000 Made from imported ‘saltpeten snc). he cas see nee race cele ee 700,000 Wer ported sc i)seiSieis tice dic Ae ee eee So eee en ee eerste 1,454,210 Totaly ooo: Ree eS ee Roe Eero eiaiateiele 2,349,210 Thus, about a third of the powder available was produced in the United States, but less than 10 percent of the total supply would have been accessible without the aid of French shipping. Though powder procurement was a major problem throughout the war period, manu- facture was sufficiently well organized toward its end to meet nearly all domestic peacetime requirements. A report to the Committee of Safety of Pennsylvania, dated June 3, 1776, outlines the progress made on powder mills authorized by the Continental Congress and gives a good description of the type mill in use: 74 Sir: Agreeable to your directions, I have been around to the Powder mills as mentioned in the list delivered to me, and find them in the following State, viz: Doctor Robert Harris’s on Cromb Creek, about three miles from Chester, Sc SASSI Ao SS SSS WSS SSS SSS sss ares imienowicz. ) Fic. 7.—Purifying saltpeter, 15th century. (S 26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 TABLE 1.—Composition of Gunpowder in Various Countries 1 Charcoal Year Country Saltpeter Sulphur (percent) L250) Ainoists England 41.2 29.4 29.4 T2388 ceca. France 50.0 25.0 25.0 EA SOc ete England 66.6 228 L1.3 TISOOs eis England 50.0 33.3 16.7 EGOS she wish s Sweden 66.6 16.7 16.7 EGOS 2 stole Germany 52.2 26.1 207 TOAT sa sie 1s Denmark 68.3 23.2 85 POSO Use): France 75.6 13.6 10.8 DO Olea England 71.4 14.3 14.3 BOOZ. 5 sees Sweden 73.0 17.0 10.0 EZAZ Pee England 75.0 12.5 12.5 BPEOR yeh United States 75.2 EY:3 13.5 (military) TOT OR. sere England 75.0 10.0 15.0 TOMO pyee ere France 75.0 9.5 15.5 TOLO/ seers United States 75.0 9.0 16.0 LOLs er Sweden 75.0 9.0 16.0 TOLOMe eee Poland 80.0 8.0 12.0 TOLO!2 SO Italy 76.5 11.5 11.5 TOO Meee Russia 70.0 11.5 18.5 ESO's: 5 sn\eys(e Austria 75.5 11.3 13.2 (military) TOGO. 0ss'e's China 75.7 9.9 14.4 TSOO Wace. England 76.5 9.0 14.5 (military) ESGONA ere England 74.0 11.9 13.5 (sporting ) TOOORSE RE France 75.5 Tiles 13.2 (military ) TGs a2 Prussia 3G 10.7 15.6 T8OG. sass Russia 80.0 8.7 1 TOGO,» ss Spain 75.5 ie! 13.2 LOGOR as:o8 5 Sweden 76.5 10.5 13.0 TSGOMSesis,. United States 75.0 12.5 12.5 (cannon) TOOOM ue or United States 76.0 14.0 10.0 (military ) 1From Hime, 1904; Busk, 1860; Deane, 1810; and Van Gelder and Schlatter, 1927. TABLE 2.—Imports of Gunpowder and Saltpeter during the American Revolution Province Importing Pounds Saltpeter Pounds Powder Massachusetts: 1. dure cesicstereet o< ace etait ee 21,750 193,980 New Hampshire. ii nce etaae ss esc griee ass Mea cae 138,200 Connecticuty: 4. 2. b. Fett one ase Beis 6 41,500 90,480 node. Istarnd (oi. ves.) Sade eene dei Sane das nec cere 48,000 ew Y Graces Sie, tal out oan ee aR ares ate ero at ec 53,300 INIEW. JELSE Mt Cee ie reins isc 0:5 ANS Ae Dn 48,000 56,000 Beansy lwariia toe wae 'sets sss Meee ales a eee 394,000 604,975 IW ET AGE o(c RMAREy SAIN air CRE II REED eas SOE, saben) Waban is 170,725 CRE ea eat el AWN 0d avails SPM ns heltahtee ih marae tale 62,000 North Garolinaiit. ui, Sad. dtic cas eeitretin ote ss 12,845 Santi Garolina 0. e aig aus. «dhe merae tee alt oh iy uae 23,705 MOLAISIe & decieic'e « Che teats 2 te ee Le 478,250 1,454,210 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 27 began Work about the 23rd ult. The Dimensions of the Mill House, 30 ft. by 20 ft., Head of Water about 2} ft., Fall about 6 ft., Water Wheel 12 ft. The Shaft that Works (eighty Stampers of 2} by 3} Inches, and eleven ft. Length) is thirty-two ft. long, five Mortars made of Two Inch Plank, about five foot each, one Stamper and Mortar for preparing Sulphur. Drying House 20 ft. by 15 ft. neither floor’d nor plastered. He has received one Ton of Salt Petre and five Hundred wt. of Sulphur, or thereabouts, expected to deliver one Ton of Powder on the first Inst., and the same Quantity Weekly. The Sides of the Mill House, and the Gable Ends of that and the Drying House being enclosed with boards not sufficiently seasoned, are very open and must have a bad effect on the Powder, yet the Doctor is of a different opinion. ... Other mills were inspected as follows: “On French Creek, about four miles above Moore Hall, Messrs. Cowperswaite and Biddle Proprietors . . . Capacity two Tons per Week . . . above the last, Thomas Heinberger Proprietor, capacity $ Ton per week . . . Lower Milford Township, Bucks County, on Swamp Creek, Henry Huber, Proprietor . . . capacity indefinite.” Another document indicates that sabotage was an ever-present thought in the period as well as during later wars: *° French Creek, March 10, 1777. Sir: Iam sorry to inform you of the unhappy Explotion of Blowing up the Continel Powder Mill this Morning About 10 A clock, Which Wee are very suspities has been Don by Mr. Peck or his Men, as they have yoused Several odd Expressions, and they had Gon Sum Distants from it at the Time it Hapned and Runn to the next neighbors house and Did not come back till Wee Sent a Gard for them. Mr. Peck Seem to Say at first, that all his Men Where Killed; Secondly he Said that he had Seen the Men Going to the Graining House; That & Sum other Resons Give me Som Reson to think have Sum Knowledge of it. The first Day of the instand, Col. Peter Grubb Was at the Powder Mill, Sumwhat in Drink; he Damned the Powder Mill, and told Col. Dewese Let us Blow it to Hell, Which I though Was a very odd Expression when Col. Dewese told me; and Several others heard him use the Exprestion; We have Got the Men and Mr. Peck under Gard, till firther orders from the Counsyl. So I remain Your Friend & Humble Servant Peter DE Haven To Col. Joun Butt or the Hon’ble Council of Safety, Philadelphia By favour Capt. Bopty. About 1800 the powder industry began to assume national impor- tance. Most mills were small—a ton a week was considered large capacity. The 1810 census lists over 200 mills in 16 States ; the largest produced 125 tons of powder annually. Maryland was first in total production: Nearly all her output came from three mills near Baltimore. The most important of these was the 28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 Bellona Powder Mills (later Laflin & Rand), owned by James Batty (later spelled Beatty). Other Baltimore firms were the Aetna Gun- powder Co. and the Baltimore Gunpowder Manufacturing Co. Pennsylvania was second in production, followed by Delaware, where E. Irené duPont de Nemours had started in business on the Brandywine, near Wilmington (pl. 6). By 1804 his powder, in packages impressed with the figure of an eagle, was already celebrated for its excellence. Early in that year Dupont patented a machine for granulating gunpowder. In a poem, “The Foresters,” written during his pedestrian tour in America in 1804, Alexander Wilson, the Scot- tish ornithologist, speaks of the woodsman in the wilds of Pennsyl- vania, admiring his powder. He said it left no stain on paper when burned. From foaming Brandywine’s rough shores it came, To sportsmen dear its merits and its name; Dupont’s best Eagle, matchless for its power, Strong, swift and fatal as the bird it bore. In about 1809 a large gunpowder mill was established near Rich- mond, Va., by Brown, Page, & Co. James Tweddel had a powder manufactory on the Brandywine at that time, and Schott and Mande- ville were manufacturers, near Frankford, Pa.*® During the War of 1812 saltpeter was obtained from deposits in limestone caves, Kentucky alone producing over 400,000 pounds. Manufacture was still carried out in stamp and barrel mills ; improve- ments were limited mainly to purification of the ingredients. In 1812 the Schaghticoke Powder Mills were built, at the request of President Madison, at Schaghticoke, N. Y. He was concerned lest the British invade the eastern seaboard, where most powder manufacture was concentrated. Considerable information on powder during that war is contained in an official document, parts of which follows: ** Contractor’s Description : Dura- Date Name Quantity of Powder Price tion 1812 Oct. 9g....E. I. Dupont De N. & Co. 200,000 Cannon & Mus. 58/100 12 Mo. “ “e 79 “cc “c Oct. 10....Whelen & Rogers 200,000 Nov. 26....George Beidlemen & Co. 62,000 TR ey 60/100 s 1813 Feb. 26....E. I. Dupont De N. & Co. 500,000 #} Can. 4 Mus. 56/100 18 Mo. Mar. 1....Whelen& Rogers 500,000 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 29 I8I5 Feb. 4....Randolph Ross (Richmond ) 200,000 Total Contract $110,000. Feb. 15....Charles Munns & McClean 6,000 5 ¢ 3,600. CALLENDER IRVINE, Com’y General The extensive Orange Powder Works of Daniel Rogers, near Newburgh, N. Y., went into operation about 1815, and were capable of making 250,000 to 500,000 pounds of powder annually. The plant occupied 27 buildings in the various operations.*® In 1818, gunpowder was being made at Chelmsford (Lowell), Mass., by Moses Hale. Four years later the mills of Tileston, Whipple, and Hale were on a large scale, with a stamping mill of 40 pestles, capable of making 3,000 to 4,000 25-pound casks per year. Their product was known as “Boston Gunpowder.” 7° For about 20 years following the War of 1812 the Army was small and the large stocks of powder and ammunition in storage provided all that was needed, though it was over-age. Prior to 1836 gunpowder was considered unfit for musket-ball-cartridge ammunition if more than three years old, or even for blank cartridges after five years. Fine-grained powder of that age was classified as cannon powder for artillery blank exercise. Finally, large quantities of powder were condemned as unserviceable and either destroyed or returned to the mill for extraction of the saltpeter. After installing a better system of manufacture, it was thought that powder would “last good and serviceable for fifty years if prop- erly stored.” The basis of the improvement in the process was purifi- cation of the saltpeter to eliminate the hygroscopic (moisture attract- ing) salts usually present. Pressed or glazed powder was much more stable in storage than that made from mill cake. From 1822 to 1835 no small-arms ammunition or powder was made or purchased by the Ordnance Department. (Indeed, 100 years could be added to these dates without materially changing the truth of the statement.) Deterioration and reduction of stocks finally caused some concern and Congress ordered a complete inventory of Ordnance stores.2° Extracts from this report follow: INVENTORY OF UNITED STATES ORDNANCE STORES AT END OF 1834 Serviceable Flint: Musket, 115,132; Rifle, 18,671; Pistol, 565 Powder (lb.): Musket, 11,498; Rifle, 4,174; Mealed, 127; Refined Nitre, 111}; 30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Pulverized Brimstone, 143} Bullets (lb.) : Musket, 47,1154; Rifle, 594; Buckshot, 987 Cartridges: Musket Ball, 660,404; do. Blank, 140,916; do. Buck, 11,156; do. Buck & Ball, 73,571; Rifle, 25,085; Pistol, 45,940; Carbine, 9,600 Paper, Musket Cartridge (lb.) : 654 Unserviceable Rifle Powder (lb.): 94 Cartridges: Musket Ball, 65,874; Rifle, 6,750; Wall Piece, 508; Blank, 9,576; Cartridge Paper, 25 lb. Musket Bullets (1b.): 44 The supplies on hand were considered dangerously low, and so in 1837 and 1838 orders for powder were placed with several mills and steps were taken to provide better powder-testing facilities. Powder had been tested, at first, by firing balls into a series of wooden boards and observing the penetration. On August 28, 1776, Congress passed a resolution requiring that “gunpowder be approved by public inspectors as to its quickness in firing, strength, dryness, and other necessary qualities. Mark each keg approved with the letters U.S.A.” *+ Later, various spring-restrained testers were de- veloped, and finally the mortier éprouvette came into general use. With this, a fixed charge was fired in a special mortar at a fixed angle; the distance that the standard projectile was thrown gave a measure of the relative strength of the powder used. The Ordnance Regulations of 1839 give detailed instructions for testing and in- specting powder : Art. 125. Inspection of Gunpowder. Gunpowder is ordinarilly packed in bar- rels containing one hundred pounds. The magazines in which it is kept shall be frequently aired in dry weather. Art. 126. Gunpowder in the magazines giving a proof range by the established eprouvette, less than one hundred and eighty yards, shall not be used in the service charges; but shall be separated from that of higher range, and be legibly marked; to be used for firing salutes and for blank cartridge practice. That which gives a range less than one hundred and fifty yards shall be considered unserviceable. Art. 127. All gun powder before being received for the United States shall be subjected to inspection and proof by an ordnance officer; the powder shall be free from dust, the grains firm, and when fired in small quantities (say about ten grains) on a copper plate, shall leave no spots or foulness. Each cask shall be tried, with two charges by the established eprouvette; when the variation in the range exceeds twenty yards, a third charge shall be resorted to, and if the medium range of any one cask be less than two hundred and twenty five yards it shall be rejected. The medium range of the whole quantity, received at any one time, shall be at least two hundred and fifty yards. Art. 128. The inspecting officer shall cause each cask to be marked in the following manner, viz. on one end the place and year of fabrication, and de- WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 31 scription of powder; on the other end the proof-range and date of proof, tak- ing care to leave space for dates of subsequent proofs... . Art. 130. Standard powder for the reception proof of all kinds of firearms, whether manufactured at the National Armories, foundries, or by contract, shall be of such quality as to give a range of not less than two hundred and fifty yards by the regulation eprouvette. This mode of testing powder was not accurate, as there were too many variable factors involved. In the 1830’s the Ordnance Depart- ment procured 17 new identical éprouvette mortars. When these were tested, with the standard 25-pound ball and 1-ounce charges of powder taken from a single lot, each gave a different range. The distance to which the ball was thrown varied from 274 to 312 yards.” Years before, in 1742, Benjamin Robbins had made the first scien- tific approach to the problem of powder testing, when he invented the ballistic pendulum. In 1839, in the search for a more accurate basis for measuring powder strength, Ordnance proposed the con- struction of one of these devices for use in experiments essential to the advancement of the science of gunnery as well as to test gun- powder. Work on such a pendulum was begun in 1842, at the Wash- ington Arsenal, on the plan of those erected some time before at Metz, France. E. I. Dupont & Co., of Delaware, had obtained for Ordnance a description of this French installation, with drawings.** During 1843 and 1844 powders in use in the service were tested at Washington.** The results obtained were highly significant, as this was a period of transition in United States small arms: No. 1. Musket and rifle powder made in 1837, by Dupont’s mills near Wilmington, Del., had a composition of 76 parts saltpeter, 14 charcoal, and 10 sulphur. The manufacturing process involved 3 hours in a dust barrel and 1 hour under heavy rollers, running on a charge of 50 pounds. The powder was not pressed, but it was glazed. No. 2. Powder made in 1837, by Garesché, at Eden Park, near Wilmington, had a composition of 76 percent saltpeter, 13.7 charcoal, and 10.3 sulphur. This was mixed in dust barrels, incorporated with light rollers, pressed, and glazed. No. 3. Powder made in 1837, by Loomises, Hazard, & Co., Enfield, Conn., had a composition of 76-15-9. It was processed under heavy rollers for 16 hours, running on a charge of 300 pounds. Part of the cake was pressed and the final product was glazed. No. 4. Powder made in 1837, by Masters, Swift, & Co., Schaghti- coke, N. Y., had a composition of 75-15-10. The process involved 48 hours in rolling barrels, with a 200-pound charge. It was then pressed and glazed. 32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 No. 5. Dupont’s made a special powder of their usual composition, for these tests. This was processed in dust barrels for 4 hours 45 minutes under heavy rollers, then 6 hours in a pounding mill. It was then pressed very hard and glazed. Grains when broken fractured in the manner of a piece of slate. Products of other American mills making cannon powders were tested. These were: Sumaneytown, Pa.; Bussard’s Mills, near Wash- ington, which operated around 1824 to 1828; and some old, soft, unglazed powder, made during the War of 1812. Samples of British powder captured in 1813 and of a similar type produced in 1839 were tried. Both were from the Waltham Abbey Mill, England. A soft, unglazed and unpressed French powder was also tested. Powder No. 5 (Dupont’s) represented the exact opposite of the French powder, having extreme hardness and density of grain, while the latter was very light and soft. The tests indicated that the best domestic product was Dupont’s (No. 1). The most satisfactory manu- facturing process involved the use of cylinder mills and heavy rollers. The essential operations were: Separate pulverization of the materials, their incorporation by the cylinder mills alone, and formation into thick cakes under moderate pressure. Chlorides in the saltpeter varied from I part in 141 (No. 4) to 1 in 41,000 (No. 1). Products of mills other than Dupont’s had at least ten times as much of this impurity. These tests determined that while the highest velocity with low- density powder was obtained with large grains, the opposite was the case with dense powders. During the Mexican War, though saltpeter was produced from deposits in the limestone caves of Virginia, Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky, nearly all that used in the United States came from India. The nitrous earth of that country yielded about one-fifth of its weight in saltpeter, while caves in the United States produced only about 10 pounds per bushel of earth. Artificial nitre beds yielded annually, at best, only about one-fourth pound per bushel. As the war require- ments were not excessive, the cheaper imported saltpeter was used for most powder production. | In the 3-year period ending June 30, 1849, the Government pur- chased 978,354 pounds of musket and rifle powder, 458,666 pounds of saltpeter, and 100,000 pounds of sulphur. It was noted that with this purchase of raw materials there existed in storage enough to make 45,000 barrels (4,500,000 pounds) of powder.*® Actual tests of Mexican War period powder showed it considerably better than the specifications. Cannon powder gave éprouvette ranges of from 280 to 300 yards, and small-grained powder 300 to 320 yards. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 33 Musket and rifle powder was much coarser grained than the specifica- tions, as the following figures indicate: TESTS OF MEXICAN WAR POWDER Number of Grains in Ten Grains Troy Type Powder By Actual Count By Specifications CEYTITIOT a RASA SS A ROE InN I OCe aioe 150 150 INMISKEES cai eien carte es lett ae aie techs eee ae eer 1,100 2,000 to 2,500 RIE EM tal arene cree eilere: sicrenars neamiowmann ware aleielertons 6,000 12,000 to 15,000 SOLENT a My stare wietevair ea ols caserets, eoatectiecles's PROOO!N i © (ye. Gublsgy!' ImpAtece ee When the Civil War commenced most powder manufacture was concentrated in the North. Confederate ordnance officials realized the importance of the problem and took immediate steps to establish powder mills and secure a satisfactory supply of the essential raw ma- terials. The Confederate “Nitre and Mining Bureau” obtained salt- peter from caves and undertook an extensive program to produce nitrate from waste materials, neglecting no obvious sources. The Bureau’s activities were the theme of a number of ribald poems com- posed in both South and North during the war. The principal Confederate mill was built at Augusta, Ga. Others were in operation at Nashville (the Sycamore Powder Mills) and Manchester, Tenn.; New Orleans, La.; Marshall, Tex.; and Peters- burg, Va. The last was moved successively to Columbia, S. C.; Rich- mond, Va.; and Raleigh, N. C. The product of the Augusta mills was considered of excellent quality ; 2,750,000 pounds of powder were made there during the war.*° During the same period the supply of saltpeter in the North was limited. Importation from the normal source of supply—the East Indies—was complicated and expensive. It came via Great Britain, where deflation of United States currency—the pound was quoted at $13—did not help a situation already difficult. In 1863 the shortage was alleviated by conversion of Chilean nitrate of soda. The principal mills in the North are listed in the following official correspondence. FRANKFORD ARSENAL, Bridesburg, Pa. January 2, 1864. GENERAL: I have the honor to transmit, hereto annexed, the report called for by your letter of the 31st ultimo on the subject of powder mills, requiring the name, location, and capacity of each. Respectfully, your obedient servant, te ie (Seat UE, General G. D. Ramsey, Brevet Major Chief of Ordnance, Washington, D. C. Name and location of different powder mills and their capacity for furnishing powder. (Kind of mill: Wheel mill.) JOLIOJUT poos A139 A poos A19A BUIOS PopusWWIOIII SUON, PepuswiWIo0saI 9UON JOLIOJU SeM }eYy} YONY IOLIOJUT OWIOS ‘POOs BIOS JOLI9jUyT poe pee) JOLIOjUT Ree poos A139 A. 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PRPYPMaA IT JO eweN 34 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 35 The three largest of these mills were: Dupont’s Powder Mills, the Hazard Powder Co., and the Oriental Powder Co. A brief sketch of each of these follows: DUPONT’S POWDER MILLS About 1804 the Duponts established a powder business near Wilmington, Del., where they introduced the latest French methods of manufacture with special emphasis on purity of ingredients. Dur- ing the War of 1812 they held several contracts with the Government, while in the course of the Mexican War their mills reached a produc- tion rate of over 10,000 pounds of powder a day, on a 24-hour schedule. In 1848 they made over 400,000 pounds. During the Crimean War large sales were made to both England and Russia. The firm expanded and at the time of the Civil War, had five complete plants—four on the Brandywine and one in Luzerne County, Pa.—with a combined daily capacity of 17,500 pounds of military powder.?’ Plate 7 gives a good idea of the appearance of a typical powder mill of that date. HAZARD POWDER COMPANY In 1843 the Hazard Powder Co. was organized when Col. Augus- tus G. Hazard bought into the original firm. This had been established under the name Loomis & Denslow at what later became Hazardville, Conn. During the transition the firm was known as Loomises, Haz- ard & Co. During the Crimean War the company furnished 10,000 barrels of powder to the British, and when the Civil War began it was a large concern, with a plant over a mile in length and half a mile in breadth. Hazard supplied great quantities of powder to the Union forces, though during 1862 production was delayed for three months by a serious explosion involving over 150 tons of powder. During this period, the company made over a million dollars worth of powder annually, at a rate of 12,500 pounds per day.”8 ORIENTAL POWDER COMPANY Shortly before the Civil War this company was known as the Gorham Powder Manufactory. Located at South Windham, Maine, the Oriental Powder Co. produced powder for the Union at a rate of 6,500 pounds per day.?° The various manufacturers of sporting gunpowder packaged their product in tin cans holding from one-fourth to one pound. In many 36 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 instances such cans were made in a shape convenient for use as a powder flask. Several such powder containers are shown on plate 8. During the Civil War the following quantities of powder were purchased by the United States Government : °° Type Pounds Cost Cannon Powder! sti fewer tices Poentaat antes sh 9,540,603 $2,323,527.49 Mortar’ powder (Posi ck ae to Ma eal ide eee 7,428,142 1,923,675.63 Musket’and*rifle powder. 20500252. 0 sce. s00 ce 8,834,551 2,202,075.32 Mealed powder? T2101 So. S3722ee INS RAE 358,820 80,207.80 Adl ptheruty pes 42s fsehatiice tacit os sine dale 250,940 73,017.15 OLAS voratteretR Oe RSE. este oe aee 26,422,065 $6,602,503.39 A typical Government order for powder was that given to John E. Bickford, agent for the Union Powder Works at Dover, N. H. ORDNANCE OFFice, Washington, August 24, 1861 Sir: Please to furnish this department with seven hundred (700) barrels of cannon powder, and three hundred (300) barrels of musket powder. The cannon powder should be of the kind known as No. 5 grain, samples of which will be sent to you as soon as they can be prepared. The density should be at least 1.75; and the price will be 18 cents per pound, delivered at Watertown, Massachusetts arsenal, unless otherwise directed. It should be packed in white-oak barrels, covered with hickory or cedar hoops, divested of bark. Each barrel should contain 100 pounds. It will be inspected, as far as practicable, according to the rules laid down in the Ordnance Manual. Respectfully, your obedient servant Jas. W. RiPley Brevet Brigadier General The earliest American records show that gunpowder was ever one of the most important articles of commerce. In colonial times, scarcity, and control over its sale, coupled with the great demand, caused the price—or barter value—to be extremely high. It is recorded that in 1650 the Indians would pay the equivalent of $43 a pound for pow- der.** The price paid in Europe during that period was $1.26.°? In succeeding years the price trend was downward, except during periods of war. In 1804 imported and domestic powder cost 40 cents a pound; by 1806 it was reduced to 36 cents. During the War of 1812, it went from 44 to 58, 60, and 72 cents. By 1832 prices were down to 16 and 20 cents for blasting and sporting grades.** The average price of all powder purchased during the Civil War by the United States Government was 244 cents a pound.*4 When the first European colonists came to what is now the United States, the making of gunpowder was already becoming somewhat standardized. Further improvements were yet to come, but the great WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 37 emphasis had shifted from obtaining a reliable propellant to perfecting firearms. During the next 150 years the rifle reached a high level of performance, though flintlock ignition and military muskets in general were little changed. NOTES (See Bibliography for full literature citations.) 1. Hime, H. W. L., Gunpowder and ammunition. Hereafter cited as Hime. 2. Ibid. 3. Gunpowder probably came to Europe through Spain, where Bacon visited. There is a treatise on gunpowder in the Escorial collection, written in 1249. (Caseri, Bibl. Arab. Hispan., vol. 2.) 4. Hime. 5. Bacon, Roger, Epistles of the secrets of arts, Ch. 6. 6. Greener, 1858. 7. His name was Berthold Anklitzen; he was called “Berthold the Black” (Schwartz). 8. Barthelot, Revue des Deux Mondes, Aug. 15, 1891, p. 817, as quoted by Hime. 9. There were exceptions, such as blasting powder. 10. Hist. Expl. Ind. 11. Ibid. 12, Essays upon the making of salt-petre and gunpowder, printed by Samuel Loudon, New York, 1776. 13. Stephenson, O. W. Supply of gunpowder in 1776. 14. Pennsylvania Archives, Ist ser. Iv. 15. Pennsylvania Archives, Ist ser. v. 16. Census, Report of manufactures, Washington, 1810. 17. Ord. MSS, Memorandum of existing contracts for gunpowder with the Commissary-General; National Archives, Washington. 18. Bishop, History of American manufactures, vol. 2, Philadelphia, 1868. Hereafter cited as Hist. Amer. Mfr. 19. Ibid. 20. House Doc. 44, 24th Congress, Ist Session; State and condition of ord- nance, arms, and accoutrements to close of 1834; Jan. 5, 1836. 21. Thien and Corbin, Legislative history of the General Staff of the Army. Hereafter cited as Leg. Hist. 22. House Doc. 186, 24th Congress, 2d Session, 1837. 23. Senate Doc. 229, 26th Congress, 2d Session, 1841. 24. Mordecai, Alfred, Report of experiments on gunpowder, Washington Arsenal, 1843 and 1844. Hereafter cited as Rep. Exp. Gunpowder. 25. Ordnance Reports, 1812-1878, vol. 2, Washington, 1878. Hereafter cited as Ord. Rep. 26. Ord. Rep., vol. 4, p. 992. 27. Hist. Expl. Ind. 28. Hist. Am. Mfr., vol. 3. 29. Hist. Expl. Ind. 30. Ord. Dept., Summary statement of purchases and fabrications, Jan. 1, 38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 1861, to June 30, 1866, Ord. Office, Washington, 1866 (Appendix E). Hereafter cited as Sum. St. Purch. & Fab. 31. Netherlands: Reports of committees of the States General on the affairs of New Netherlands, 1650. 32. Proceedings of the Assembly, New Netherland, x1x, 1645. 33. Ex. Doc. 308, 22d Congress, Ist Session, Prices of gunpowder in the United States. 34. Sum. St. Purch. & Fab. CHAPTER III FIREARMS IN THE SERVICE OF THE UNITED: STATES When the first settlers came to North America they brought with them the types of weapons then in use in Europe (pl. ga, b). From the earliest days of the colonies firearms were at a premium, and most of them came from across the water, from England, France, Sweden, Spain, and Holland. There were local gunsmiths, but they were en- gaged principally in the repair of arms and the rebuilding of the precious weapons damaged beyond repair, by combining parts from two or more. Those who made new guns usually imported the locks, which could be purchased in Europe for less than the manufacturing cost in America. In most of the colonies importation of complete firearms or of ammunition was restricted by law. The object was to keep weapons out of the hands of the Indians, but that the laws were more broken than observed is indicated by a part of Governor William Bradford’s account written in 1628, in which he said, “The Indians are full of pieces all over, both fauling peeces, muskets, pistols, etc. They have also their moulds to make shotte of all sorts, as musket bullets, pistol bullets, swane and gose shote and of smaller sorts; yea some have seen them have their scruplats to make scrupins.” It is usually quite difficult to identify a seventeenth- or eighteenth- century military-type firearm as made in America unless its history is positively known or its stock made of a wood typically American. Some few, indeed, were marked by their makers, but as restrictions on gunmaking discouraged this practice, these are rare pieces. During the first half of the eighteenth century the “Pennsylvania” or “Kentucky” rifle began to appear and soon became the chosen weapon of the frontiersman, who depended upon its accuracy for both food and protection. In 1738 Hugh Orr, a young Scotchman who had been educated as a gunsmith and locksmith, opened a shop at Bridgewater, Mass. At first he made scythes and other edge tools and implements, but in 1748 he made 500 stands of arms for the Province of Massachusetts Bay. They were deposited in Castle William and were said to have 39 40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 been nearly all carried off by the British when they evacuated the town of Boston. Orr was later employed in manufacturing a number of stands of arms and was a partner in a foundry for casting cannon. The muskets made by him in 1748 are believed to be the first official military arms made in this country. His son, Robert Orr, was later (1804) master armorer at Springfield Armory. Hugh Orr died in 1798, at the age of 82.1 As early as 1740 gun manufacture was carried on in Albany, N. Y. Gun stocks were then made by Vander Poel, proprietor of a sawmill on Beavers Creek. Muskets and rifles were made in considerable quantity in Albany for the Indian trade, of which the town was a principal center. The stocks were of wild cherry, red maple, and occa- sionally black walnut from Pennsylvania. The armorers at Albany were employed by the Government during the Revolutionary War.? At the start of the war the only military arms of any consequence in the hands of the colonists were the muskets left from the earlier wars with the French and Indians (pl. 9c). Of these, the British “Brown Bess” musket * varied considerably in caliber, 0.75 to 0.80, whereas the French muskets, often called the “Charleville” from the name of one of their manufacturing arsenals (analagous to Springfield) stamped on the lockplate, were caliber 0.69 or 0.70. At first the British caliber predominated ; in 1775 Congress prescribed that the bore of the service musket be three-fourths of an inch. Later, however, as French arms became available in larger quantities, the correspond- ing caliber 0.69 was adopted.* During the war anything that would shoot was pressed into service, and consequently a great variety of fowling pieces and muskets of varying ages was used. The business of procuring arms and ammunition was conducted by a “Secret Com- mittee” of Congress and by the “Board of War.” The committee at first consisted of six men, “Messrs. Washington, Schuyler, Mifflin, Deane, Morris, and S. Adams.” In 1776, Mr. W. Livingston was added, and later, the committee had nine members, including Franklin and others.® In September 1775 Congress empowered the Secret Committee to contract for the importation of “10,000 stands of arms and 20,000 good plain double bridle musket locks . . .” ® On November 4, 1775, Congress recommended to the several as- semblies or conventions of the Colonies that they “set and keep their gunsmiths at work to manufacture good firelocks with bayonets ; each firelock to be made with a good bridle lock, three quarters of an inch bore—barrel to be three feet eight inches in length, the bayonet to be eighteen inches in the blade, with a steel ramrod, the upper loop thereof to be trumpet-mouthed.” 7 Soon thereafter it became necessary WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 4I to acquire arms wherever they could be found. Some were seized from Tories, and on January 21, 1776, an order was issued from GHQ at Cambridge requiring “the Colonel or Commanding Officer of each regiment . . . to buy up such arms as are wanted—if possible with bayonets but not to refuse good firelocks without.” ® On Febru- ary 23, 1776, Congress authorized the Committees of Safety to con- tract for muskets and bayonets for the United States, and by May 23, 1776, a Continental firearms factory existed at Lancaster, Pa., and a gunlock factory at Trenton, N. J.° Sawyer (1910) lists a number of arms makers of the Colonial period (see Appendix 4). Massachusetts —In 1776 there was a gun factory near Sutton, on Mill Brook; and at Leicester, on the Boston Post Road, there was “a famous gunsmith, Thomas Earle, who was supposed to equal any workman in the U. States in that branch of business.” 2° Rhode Island——In Rhode Island muskets were manufactured for several of the militia companies of the Colony as early as 1775 by Stephen Jenks, of North Providence. Small arms were at that time extensively made by several other persons in the Colony.™ Pennsylvania.—Small arms were made at Lancaster, Philadelphia, and elsewhere in Pennsylvania. The general insecurity of the frontier settlements, especially during the French and Indian Wars, together with the Indian trade, rendered firearms a necessity in every house- hold, and created a steady demand for rifles and other weapons. The manufacture also received a great impulse during the Revolution, when export of military stores from England was prohibited. A letter written from Philadelphia to a member of Parliament soon after the Proclamation was received in 1774, informed him that the Act would be of no avail, as there were enough gunsmiths in the Province to make 100,000 stands of arms within a year at 28 shillings apiece, if needed, and that a manufactory of gunpowder had already been established. In 1776 the Committee of Safety established a Provincial gunlock manufactory in Cherry Street, Philadelphia, with Peter De Haven as principal gunsmith. In November 1776 the Council fixed the price to be paid to gunsmiths for good gun barrels delivered to the lock manu- factory, at 24 shillings apiece.2 In April 1778 the factory was in operation at Hummelstown, near Harrisburg, still under De Haven, as contracting superintendent. Later that year he recommended its removal to French Creek or Philadelphia. Brass gun mountings were made by Lewis Prahl, and Lewis Birnie erected a furnace and mill for file cutting in connection with the lock factory. Contracts were let at Lancaster and York for muskets made in accordance with the 42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 specifications of the Continental Congress ; the price, with bayonet and steel ramrod, was £4 5s. (Pennsylvania currency). It was found difficult to make contracts at that price, as the gunsmiths preferred to make rifles, for which there was a lively market. Muskets were also made at Carlisle and in Bedford, where there was but one regular gunsmith.** There were two boring mills for gun barrels near Lan- caster in 1786, and the borough contained seven gunsmiths. Washing- ton County had three gunsmiths ; one, John Kerlin, contracted to make muskets at £4 5s. each.?* Maryland.—Maryland, in common with the other United Colonies, gave general encouragement to arms manufacture during the disputes with Great Britain. In August 1775 a Committee of the Maryland Convention considered the establishment of arms manufacturing in the Province. The Committee decided to contract with gunsmiths for arms and reported 12 gunsmith shops in the Province, three in Balti- more, one in Georgetown, four in Fredericktown, two in Hagerstown, and one in Jerusalem. It was estimated that each could produce in one month “20 substantial muskets ([with barrels] 42 inches in length, ? inch clear in the bore, 4 inch in diameter at the breech [ ?] and ~ of an inch at the muzzle), with steel rammers, and bayonets 20 inches long, including the stock.” They planned to have 240 muskets furnished monthly at about £5 each. There were also some gunsmiths on the Eastern Shore, and the Committee thought that the number would probably be increased by the encouragement given. Rifles were also reported available if necessary (recommended to be 3 feet 4 inches in [barrel] length and 4-inch bore), and would cost about £5 each. Swords and tomahawks, they believed, might also be made in the province. The word “Maryland” was to be stamped on the gun barrels.> I. Behr’s name appears on some muskets marked “Baltimore Town” and “Maryland.” Persons were accordingly appointed in Frederick and other towns to make contracts for muskets, at a price not over $10.66 each. The specifications were “good substantial proved muskets, 34 feet in the barrel # inch bore, with good double bridle locks, black walnut or maple stocks, and plain strong brass mountings; bayonets with steel blades, 17 inches long; steel ramrods, double screws; priming wires and brushes fitted thereto, with a pair of brass moulds for every 80 muskets to cast 12 bullets on one side, and on the other to cast shot of such size as the musket will chamber three of them.” The Council of Safety inserted an advertisement in the Maryland Gazette on August 31, 1775, offering liberal encouragement to any who would engage in the manufacture of firearms or erect a gunpowder mill near WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 43 Baltimore, or saltpeter works elsewhere, and inviting proposals for that purpose. Isaac Harris was ordered to receive $44 in bills of credit for every proved musket barrel he should deliver according to a sample fur- nished by him. In October, William Whetcroft, of Annapolis, was encouraged by the Council to import in the ensuing spring a sufficient number of workmen to make and deliver every week during the next two years 50 complete muskets, which the public would agree to take at £4 each, common money. In case the differences with Great Britain were brought to a close before that, he would be compensated for his ex- pense and trouble. He was allowed to use imported locks of not less than 7 shillings each, for the first 800 stand. In December the Convention resolved to establish a gunlock factory at Fredericktown or in its vicinity, for which £1,200 were appropri- ated. One dollar (7s. 6d.) was authorized to be paid for each lock. In February 1776, Henry Hollingsworth, at Head of Elk (Elkton), Cecil County, proposed to manufacture arms and was advanced £500, to be repaid in barrels at 20 shillings each and bayonets at 8 shillings. Money was advanced at the time to Elisha Winters for 600 stand of muskets at £4 6s. each. John Yost contracted for muskets at the same price, and for rifles at £4 15s. Priming wires and brushes were made by Christopher Rabreck at Baltimore. Richard Dallam also made guns for the Province, and Robert Read, of Chestertown, sought a contract for making muskets. Samples of gunlocks were presented by one Messersmith who stated he could make ten a week, at $3 each. In August 1776 Elisha Winters, who was making 40 muskets a month, according to contract, proposed to undertake control of the Frederick gunlock factory, which by mismanagement had accom- plished little. In October this supervision of factory was transferred to Winters, but the plant appears to have remained unsuccessful, as it was sold in 1778 by an Act of the Assembly. The principal source of gun barrels seems to have been Henry Hol- lingsworth. There was also a gun factory in Dorchester County, and some were made on the Eastern Shore at £4 5s. each.® Virginia—In March 1775 a committee of the Virginia Convention reported a series of resolutions designed to promote local manufacture of gunpowder, cloth, and other necessities. To provide lead for bullets the Convention in 1776 reprieved a number of convicts and sent them to work in the mines in Fincastle. For small arms Virginia seems to 44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 have depended less on her own resources than on Maryland and some other States. In July 1775 the Convention established the Virginia Public Gun Factory at Fredericksburg to manufacture small arms for equipping the Continental Line regiments from Virginia. Produc- tion started in 1776 under Commissioners Col. Fielding Lewis and Maj. Charles Dick. Work was discontinued in 1783 and tools were transferred to the Virginia Point of Forks State Arsenal and Depot, where repair and parts manufacture continued until about 1803. Another move was then made—to the Virginia Manufactory at Richmond. The Rappahannock Forge or Hunter Iron Works was in operation prior to the Revolution, across the Rappahannock from Falmouth. Small arms were made till 1781 when Tarleton’s raid caused opera- tions to cease. After the peace (1786) Jefferson and Lafayette were commissioned to purchase arms in France for the Virginia Militia. Mr. Jefferson, in a letter written in August 1786 to John Jay, mentioned a valuable improvement that had just been made in the manufacture of muskets in Paris. It had been approved by the Government, which was then establishing a large manufactory to put it in execution. It consisted in “making every part of them so exactly alike that what belongs to any one may be used for any musket in the magazine.” It had then been applied only to the manufacture of locks, but was soon to be extended to all parts of the gun. Jefferson recommended that this principle be considered in connection with the proposed State Manu- factory for arms. This seems to be the origin of the idea later adopted by Eli Whitney, Hall, North, and others for the mass production of arms. A similar system was used by Sir Samuel Bentham in England toward the end of the eighteenth century. Bentham “classed the several operations that have place in the working of materials of every description according to the nature of the operations them- selves . . .” and not according to the trades or handicrafts for which they were used.1’ In 1797 John Clark was commissioned to build the Virginia Manu- factory, a State armory, at Richmond. Construction began in 1801, with George Williamson as mastor armorer. Production began in 1802, and by 1806 muskets, bayonets, rifles, pistols, and swords were being made. Manufacture and repair were carried on until 1843.*® North Carolina—On April 3, 1775, the Convention of North Carolina assembled at New Bern, appointed Commissioners for the districts of Washington, New Bern, Edenton, Halifax, Hillsborough, and Salisbury to direct establishments to manufacture “good and WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 45 sufficient muskets and bayonets.” They were to collect together all available gunsmiths and likely apprentices and employ them at public expense. For each musket with bayonet, made according to the pre- scribed pattern, they were to be paid not to exceed £5. There is little evidence as to how far these measures were successful.!® Besides those muskets made on official contracts with the Commit- tees of Safety of the various States, a few were procured by direct authority of Congress, which on January 2, 1779, resolved that a “Contract is authorized with Penet, Windel & Co. for muskets.” 2° In 1777 a standard form of marking was adopted. On February 24 of that year Congress resolved “that all arms and accoutrements be- longing to the United States be stamped or marked with the words United States: All arms already made to be stamped upon such parts as will receive the impression, and those hereafter to be manufactured to be stamped with the said words on every part composing the stand.” 2 During the war, parts of muskets of British or French origin were salvaged from the battlefield and used in making new arms, or reas- sembled with other used parts to make more or less hybrid weapons, some of which puzzle collectors of a later period. On February 11, 1778, Congress passed a resolution to the effect that ‘all Continental armourers shall be under the direction of the Board of War and Ord- nance and of the Commissary-General of Military Stores .. . see that every method is taken by the armourers to hasten the repair of arms.” 2? Certain small elements of the Continental Army used rifles—usually each rifleman brought his own favorite weapon with the necessary accoutrements. These rifles had from 4 to as many as 16 grooves,” Though in general the rifles in service were personal arms of the civilian “Kentucky” pattern, a number were purchased by the Govern- ment. On April 9, 1777, orders were issued by Congress to the Com- missary-General of Military Stores “to furnish as many rifles, not exceeding 1,000, to be sent to Fort Pitt, as he can procure . . .,” and a few days later to “Colonel Flower, CGMS, . . . purchase 200 rifles and their accoutrements, to be sent to Fort Pitt.’’ ** On December 30, 1776, Congress resolved “that Gen. Schuyler, or the Commander of the Northern Army, be directed to cause an elaboratory to be erected at such place as he shall judge most conveni- ent, to fix all the necessary ammunition for the ensuing campaign.” A tentative choice was made—Brookfield. On April 14, 1777, Con- gress resolved “that the resolution passed the 27th [30] of December 46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 last, for erecting a magazine and laboratory in the town of Brookfield in the State of Massachusetts Bay, be repealed; And that instead thereof, a magazine sufficient to contain 10,000 stands of arms and 200 tons of gunpowder, and a laboratory adjacent thereto, be erected in Springfield in the said State.” What were probably the first really official United States muskets were assembled subsequent to 1777 at the Springfield, Mass., ‘‘Elabo- ratory” *° from contract-made parts (pl. 10a). The first of these, like the first official model made at Springfield in 1795 (pl. 10b), were copied from the standard French musket, but were caliber 0.70. This was officially reduced to caliber 0.69 late in 1778. The parts were made by gunsmiths on Committee of Defense contract and sent to the Depot and Elaboratory at Springfield for assembly and proof. The finished muskets bore the eagle and “US.” Many of the parts also had the contract mark “CT.” The first were probably assembled at Springfield during the year 1778, when operations began. One such musket, dated 1789, was in the collection of Maj. Charles C. Foster.?° The date was stamped across the rear end of the lock plate. Ahead of the cock was a small US below a small spread eagle. The barrel was marked near the breech with a US, CT in oval, and V. Another V was on the barrel tang. This musket was closer to the French M1777 than to the M1763 in design. At the start there were spasmodic attempts to mark lockplates and other parts with serial numbers and US. Serial numbers were not used again until after the War of 1812. Town records in Springfield show that in 1795, after the Spring- field Armory had been authorized to manufacture arms, an inventory was taken of all arms then in storage by the inspector of arms in the Springfield area. Such as conformed to the pattern of the Model 1795 musket and were in good order were stamped by the inspector. Con- forming to the practice then established of marking the date of manu- facture of the new muskets on the butt plate, the old muskets of acceptable pattern but uncertain date of manufacture were then stamped with an “X” on the butt plate. Prior to 1794 there were no recognized types of pistols ; all available large-bore pistols were used—most of them of European origin. In 1776 Congress resolved “that the secret committee be directed to pro- vide as soon as may be, arms . . . for 3,000 horse.” 7 As in the case of the muskets, to be considered authentic, an ““American’” Revo- lutionary War pistol should have definite markings or documentation. After the Revolution an attempt was made to standardize small arms. The Act of 1792, establishing the Militia, required that each WHOLE VOL, SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 47 citizen enrolled supply his own musket, with ammunition to fit. Five years from the date of passage of the act, all muskets used were to be of a caliber suited to 18 balls to the pound. In 1803 a memorial to Congress from the gun manufacturers of the borough of Lancaster, Pa., against the remission of duties upon arms manufactured in foreign countries, stated that manufactories of arms had been established there, and in other parts of the State, at much expense, and 20,000 stand were nearly completed for the Common- wealth of Pennsylvania. Mills for boring gun barrels had been erected, and the locks, and every other part, were made in the best manner. They were confident 20,000 stand of arms could be annually made in the State, and in five years, with continued protection, the business would be fully established. During the War of 1812 the average annual expenditure of muskets from loss or other causes was 90,545 stands. For the next 30 years seven times that number was considered the minimum stock level that should be held in readiness for emergency in Army depots. In peacetime it was assumed that a musket would have a life of 12 years in the regular service or 10 years if in use by State militia,7 The Regulations for National Armories, published in 1816, pre- scribed the manner of marking muskets and bayonets. The name of the manufacturer or of the armory was to be stamped on the lockplate, behind the cock. An eagle with the letters “US” was to be stamped under the pan. The year of fabrication was to be stamped on the tang of the breech plug, and the letters “US” on the tang of the butt plate. The contractor could, if he desired, substitute his name for that of the place of manufacture. Thus we find lockplates stamped Henry, Sutton, Virginia Manufactory, Milbury, Wickham, and so forth. Herein has been the cause for a bit of confusion. For instance, some of the muskets marked Virginia Manufactory were produced under the McRae contracts. Muskets marked New Haven were made by Whitney, or Edwards and Goodrich, trustees of the Eli Whitney estate. Under the 1816 regulations, muskets and bayonets were to be numbered in a new series for each year, the former on the barrel near the breech, the latter on the socket. There were to be 2,400 stands for each subseries. The first made each year was to be marked A, the second Ai, then A2, A3, to Agg. Then the letters B, C, D, etc., were run through similarly until 2,400 muskets had been marked. (The letters J and V were apparently skipped.) The second subseries for that year was formed in like manner but with the addition of a lower- 48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, I29 case “a” under the capital letters, thus: At A2 A3_ | The next used small “b” and so on through the alphabet a second time. Thus the combinations of letters available exceeded the total output antici- pated for any one year. Until 1842 the French-type flintlock musket, with few significant changes, continued the standard arm. During that period the barrels were shortened from about 44 to 42 inches, bayonets being increased in length correspondingly. Other minor changes involved barrel bands and springs, sights and bayonet lugs, external lock parts, stock, and finish. In 1822 a new model was officially recognized (pl. 10c) and another (pl. 10d) in 1840.78 This last was first planned in 1835, when improved models of small arms were being considered, with reduced charges to suit the better grades of powder then becoming available. A manuscript Ordnance Regulation of 1839 refers to the “New Model 1835 Musket,” but further changes were authorized and the later printed version (1840) and subsequent publications all call it the Model 1840. Only patterns of the Model 1835 were made. The standard muskets were made at Springfield and Harpers Ferry Armories and by numerous private contractors.2® Those made by Whitney, on his 1798 contract, were patterned after the Model 1777 French musket. From time to time a few special types were produced. Some of these, known as musketoons, simply had shorter barrels for use by artillerymen or marines. Referring to this type in 1858, Colonel Craig, then Chief of Ordnance, described them as “a short rifle, and inaccurate.” During the period 1840 to 1865 practically all the Model 1840 muskets, and those of earlier dates then in first-class condition, were converted to use percussion caps. At various times the armories made special “rifle caliber’? muskets. Some of these were for use by the cadets at West Point; others were for issue to Indian tribes, in accordance with Government treaties. The “cadet” musket was a light-weight version of the standard arms, whereas the “Indian” type had a sporting stock with pin fastenings. This was cheaper to make and preferred by the Indians. The flintlock cadet musket made in 1830 incorporated several nonstandard parts, including a Damascus-twist barrel made in Belgium. Small produc- tion of these types did not justify special tooling at the Armory. There has been some confusion about the caliber of these cadet arms. Then, as always, the Ordnance Department desired to confine the number of sizes of ammunition to a minimum. When a smaller- bore musket was desired, therefore, the ball selected was the next smaller standard size—that for the rifle, of 32 balls per pound, or WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 49 caliber 0.525. For use in the caliber 0.54 rifle, these were enclosed ina patch. To facilitate loading musket balls were always considerably smaller than the bore diameter. Prior to 1845 the standard difference in diameters of ball and bore (known as windage) was 0.050 inch.*° Thus, a smooth-bore arm to use the caliber 0.525 rifle ball, had a bore of 0.525 plus 0.050, or 0.575 inch. The first United States percussion musket, the Model 1842 (pl. 10e), was the last standard smooth-bore, though special models were made, as that for the Frémont expedition of 1847. Also adopted in 1847 was a series of short, caliber 0.69 musketoons, for use by cavalry, artillery, and sappers.*+ To equip the rifle battalion authorized in 1792, Pennsylvania gun- smiths made a few rifles for the Government under contract. These were typical “Kentucky” rifles, identified only by the inspectors’ marks and the “US” stamped on the barrels or lockplates. Some of the locks were made in England.** One of these contract rifles, made by P, Gonter, is shown in plate 11a. In 1804, when a rifle regiment was authorized, rifle manufacture started at Harpers Ferry Armory (some pattern pieces were dated 1803), continuing intermittently until 1820 (pl. 11b). A new model, introduced in 1814, was made by contract only. This resembled the Model 1804, except that it had a full-length stock, instead of the half stock of the earlier rifle, and an oval patch-box. Ordnance records in the National Archives show that on March 17, 1814, a contract for 2,000 of these was given to Henery Derringer (sic) and that on November 23, 1814, Robert Johnson received a contract for 2,000. Similar rifles made by S. Cogswell are known. These were probably made on a New York State contract. The next model was that of 1819, for which patterns had been made two years earlier. This rifle, made at Harpers Ferry (patterns), and by contract with Starr, Johnson, Deringer, and North, was of a com- pletely new design (pl. 11c) based on that of 1814. In the years fol- lowing the War of 1812 most rifles that the Government issued went to State militia units or to the Indian department. In 1832, when a ranger battalion was organized, its regulations prescribed that the enlisted man should supply his own horse and rifle. The Model 1819 continued the standard rifle until 1841, though it continued in manu- facture till about 1848. The first percussion model, that designated the Model 1841 (pl. 12a), was popularly (and officially by the Con- federate States) known as the Mississippi rifle, as during the Mexican War one of the first units to be armed with it was a regiment of riflemen from that State, commanded by Jefferson Davis. This was the last model to use the round, patched ball. 50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 In 1842 experiments were conducted with caliber 0.69 muskets, altered by shallow rifling to use cylindroconical bullets. In 1853 and 1854 modified Minié bullets were tried in the Model 1841 rifle.®* Intensive tests were then made to determine the optimum caliber for a proposed new series of small arms to use this type bullet, and in 1855 it was decided to standardize the caliber 0.58. Three points were considered in selecting this caliber: (1) It was to be as small as possible to allow the soldier to carry the greatest number of cartridges ; (2) not more than two types were desired, one for the musket and one for the pistol, to avoid confusion; and (3) the bullet should be large enough to give effective expansion into the grooves in firing.** In 1855 the new arms, equipped with the Maynard tape primer, were adopted, including a rifle musket (pl. 12b), rifle, and pistol carbine (pl. 14j). Minié-type bullets were developed also for use in rifled, caliber 0.69 muskets and musketoons (mostly of the models of 1842), and many of the Model 1841 rifles had their barrels reamed up to the new standard caliber 0.58.*° Variations of these arms served through the Civil War (pl. 12c, d), with no great changes, except the omission of the Maynard primer. During that war 1,472,614 Spring- field rifle muskets were made (pl. 13) or purchased, and 1,168,367 rifles and muskets were imported by the United States Government. (Appendix 5.) When the Army adopted the caliber 0.58 for all rifled arms, the Navy decided to retain the larger caliber 0.69. In 1856 Admiral Dahlgren outlined the desired characteristics for a Navy rifled musket. He considered that the lighter ammunition of the smaller caliber embodied no material advantages to the Navy, as the sailor did not have to carry his supply with him in the field as did the soldier. His recommendations were: (1) The piece should not be lighter than the present musket in common use for the army and navy, nor its caliber materially less. (2) This weight of arm and diameter of bore will admit of the greatest weight of ball that has been used. The present French Regulation shot weighs 733 grains—the charge 694 grains. The English shot weighs about 520 grains, and the charge of a cartridge, carefully weighed, gave 734 grains, though this seems to be larger than that mentioned by some writers—2} drs. (3) The shot should not be very acute in front, as such form is more liable to have its apex displaced from the axis of the bore, and hence increase in- accuracy of flight,—but it should be cylindrical at the base and terminating with a conical front which ought rather to be rounded like the English than acute like the French. The latter presents less resistance to the air and to substances which it may enter, but of these abundant properties it may well spare some- thing in order to gain more power of shock, etc. etc. (4) The barrel should be shorter, however, than that of the U. S. smooth WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 5I bored musket, as all length that is not indispensable to accuracy is inconvenient for boat service. The French Delvigne musket has a bore about 334 inches long, which is nearly eight inches shorter than our service musket. (5) With a like weight and length, the barrel may be better fortified with metal about the location of the charge, than that of the common musket, and the alleged superiority of carbonized steel for gun barrels should be considered. (6) The present bayonet, which is the most useless thing in the world except at the end of the musket, may be replaced by another, fashioned like a stout sword or bowie-knife, which will be quite as serviceable for its particular pur- pose and useful in many others besides. The manner of expanding or forcing the ball, the number of grooves, depth, twist, and other details, can only be determined by experiment, as well as the actual development of the general principles which have been noted above to be most conducive to the power of the arm. Until a proper arm can be provided, a substitute may be had by rifling the present musket; and this is contemplated by the Bureau—but such an arrangement should be in force no longer than is required to decide on and obtain the proper arm.°® The caliber 0.69 rifle developed to meet the Navy specifications was made by Whitney and commonly known as the “Whitneyville” or “Plymouth” rifle. It was equipped with a bayonet, unique in the United States service, known as the “Dahlgren.” *” In the United States Army the carbine was usually the firearm issued to mounted troops. Only one muzzle-loading model was made in any quantity—that of 1855. Unlike other models of that year, this was caliber 0.54 and did not incorporate the Maynard tape primer lock in its design. Our first official pistols were caliber 0.69 (pl. 14a). This size was made during a period of about 20 years, though during that time pistols of caliber 0.54 were produced at Harpers Ferry (pl. 14b), and a num- ber were made by private contract in 1808 (pl. 14c). Writing to the Secretary of War on June 10, 1815, Decius Wadsworth, Chief of Ordnance said, “The Caliber of the pistol, for greater simplicity, might be the same as that of the rifle. It is essentially wrong, in my opinion, to give to a pistol the caliber of a musket, which, I am informed has been done in some of those made for the United States Service. The pattern of the pistols made at Harpers Ferry I approve.’ On Janu- ary 8, 1816, the bore was reduced to caliber 0.54 (pl. 14d) by a modification of the Simeon North contract of April 16, 1813.°8 In 1818 Springfield Armory made up some large-bore pistols, but these incorporated barrels and other parts produced several years before (pl. 14e). These pistols were of a size then no longer considered suitable for service use. As the entire production was still in store at the Springfield Armory in the late 1850’s, it appears that they were never used by the Army. They were finally sold as obsolete arms. 52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 During the next 40 years several caliber 0.54 models of different barrel lengths were made ; the models of 1819 (pl. 14f) and 1836 (pl. 14g) were the principal types.*® In 1837 a few Elgin cutlass pistols were purchased by the Navy. The last of the caliber 0.54 pistols were the percussion models of 1842 and 1843. Manufacture of the former (pl. 14h) continued by contract for some time after the official adoption of the Model 1855 pistol carbine, caliber 0.58, which was made only at Springfield (pl. 14j). Ordnance records show that during the Civil War 1,977 smooth-bore “horse pistols” were pur- chased. A comparatively small number of the Model 1843 “box lock” pistols (pl. 141) were purchased in the years 1843 to 1848—mostly for the Navy. A few muzzle-loading repeating arms of the multicharge type were purchased by the Government for use in the Service. During the Revolutionary War a man named John Bolton sold this idea to Con- gress, though it is not known that any of his guns were actually made. On May 3, 1777, Congress approved an order authorizing him to make or alter ‘100 muskets on the construction exhibited by him and called ‘the new improved gun’.” *° The first of this type actually pro- cured appear to be those made during the War of 1812 for the Com- mittee of Defense of Philadelphia, under a patent granted March 23, 1813, to Joseph C. Chambers of West Middleton, Pa. On January 31, 1815, a contract for 100 of these rifles was given to Lewis Ghriskey of Philadelphia.*t In a letter written in 1822 to Secretary of War John C. Calhoun, Lt. Col. George Bomford, then on Ordnance Duty, listed these as “1oo patent rifles” among “purchases made under the Law of 1808, for arming the Militia.” *? In 1862, these were again mentioned in the proceedings of the Franklin Institute: “Mr. Nystrom detailed some experiments made by him in repeating Fire Arms. . . One of the members remarked that a Mr. Chalmers (sic), of West Middleton, Penna., had patented a gun in 1813, on the same principle [ where the barrel was filled with cartridges], which operated success- fully.” 4* These 5-shot rifles used a sliding lock supplied by Ketland ** and had typical “Kentucky” stocks. The specimen illustrated (pl. I5a,c) is marked No. 51. In 1814 the Navy purchased “200 muskets and 20 swivels on Mr. Chambers’ plan of gunnery” subcontracted by Chambers from Tryon & Henry of Philadelphia.*® Pistols were also produced for the Navy—the type is illustrated in Sawyer.*® Swivel guns were made for both Pennsylvania Militia and the Navy. The former were caliber 0.69, but the latter as well as the Navy muskets and pistols corresponded to the British calibers—o.75 for the musket ball. At the date of this writing, no specimens of these swivels are WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 53 known. From Navy correspondence in the National Archives it can be told that they had seven barrels, of musket caliber, each with multiple charges of special ammunition. It is believed that the swivels combined the Chambers sliding lock with a series of charged perfo- rated balls. The sliding lock distributed the initial fire to each barrel, which thereafter worked like a Roman candle. Besides the swivel guns made on contract in Philadelphia, the Navy built a few, of an improved model, at the Charleston (Boston) Navy Yard. These pieces were never used in combat during the War of 1812 but were tested then and later used against the Barbary Coast pirates. On September 22, 1821, a patent was granted to J. Jennings for an improvement of the Chambers gun.*7 Reuben Ellis of New York City in 1828 received an Ordnance contract for 520 rifles for the New York State Militia, “constructed on the principles of Jennings’ repeating firearms with the sliding self-priming lock and the improve- ments therein . . . to receive at least four charges.” *® These were based on the Model 1819 rifle, using parts purchased by Ellis from contractors for that arm (North, Johnson, etc.). The Springfield Armory Museum has one of these, of 4-shot capacity, which appears to have a pistol lock (pl. 15b,d). Another of 10 shots owned by Edwin Pugsley, of the Winchester Repeating Arms Co., has a “North” lock dated 1825. The barrels of these rifles were made under subcontract by R. & J. D. Johnson, who also did the assembling.” About 1860 the Springfield Armory made 1,000 Lindsay double- shot rifle muskets, firing superimposed charges. The first revolving cylinder firearm patented in the United States and the first to be tried by the Services, was that of Capt. Artemus Wheeler of Boston, who was granted a patent on June 10, 1818, for a “gun, to discharge seven or more times.” This arm was demon- strated to the Navy in January 1821. The Navy was not much in- terested, as the Chambers system was still under trial. Finally, a few of two types were purchased at $100 each. Samples of these are in the United States National Museum collection. One is an oversized pepperbox gun or carbine with a 124-inch barrel group (pl. 16b). The other (pl. 16a) has a 4-inch cylinder and a 32-inch barrel. Both are smooth-bore of a size to fit the then-standard half-ounce rifle ball—o.525 inch. They are both seven shot and have hand-rotated cylinders. The system is that from which the more familiar Collier revolver was copied.*° In 1837 various Colt’s revolving arms were tested at West Point. Among these were carbines, rifles, and caliber 0.64 muskets. Though there was a minority opinion to the contrary, the Board reported 54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 that Colt’s arms were not suited to military use. In 1839 Colt again approached various Army officers with regard to an “improved car- bine,” still the 8-shot type but possibly with an external hammer. Several officers were enthusiastic about the arm, and finally, in 1841, 100 carbines were ordered for Army trials, ‘‘some improvement hav- ing in the meantime been made in the construction of the arm.” These were the hammer type, of six shots. Writing to Colt concerning these arms on February 26, 1841, the Chief of Ordnance said, “The carbine to be of rifle caliber, the cylinder with a specified number of boxes [6], to be plainly and substantially finished, the work to correspond as nearly as possible to that of the model arms of the present pattern.” To use the standard rifle ball, which measured 0.525 inch, these carbines must have been caliber 0.52. When delivered the carbines were distributed for trial in lots of 25. Some went to Carlisle Bar- racks, some to Pilatka, Fla., and others to posts in the West. Ap- parently these were smooth bore. Later in 1841, 60 similar but rifled carbines were ordered for the Navy for delivery to a “Naval Force being organized in New York for service in Florida,” where they were used by the Marines. Despite some trouble with them in Florida, the Navy evidently liked the carbines, for on August 28, 1845, they placed another order through Army Ordnance. This contract, for 100 5-shot “boarding pistols” as well as 100 “six-charged” caliber 0.52 carbines, was placed with John Ehlers, trustee and former treasurer of the bankrupt Patent Arms Manufacturing Co. Only 50 of the pistols were available, but the entire order for carbines was delivered. This was the first official Government order for Colt revolvers, which were used by the Navy in California during the Mexican War, along with some of the then-new Model 1847 revolvers. The carbines were still in use in 1853, during the Naval expedition to Japan, being mentioned in a contemporary account of an official ceremony: Officers rigging in undress uniforms and arming mostly with cutlasses and Colt’s six-shooters. ... The column of escort with the Marines in front, a stalwart sailor with the broad pennant; commodore and staff; suite of officers; boxes containing president’s letter, etc.; two men over six feet high, each with pikes upon which American ensigns were fastened, with revolving rifles slung across their shoulders.51 To judge from that description the Navy carbines must have had sling swivels. Some of the specimens now in collections have mixed numbers and bright-finished cylinders obviously not of Paterson Colt manufacture. When Ehlers took charge of the company assets he acquired a considerable number of parts and of unfinished arms. He WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 55 was still advertising the arms for sale in the late 1840’s, presumably having them assembled and finished locally. Since the 1845 Navy order was filled from this residue of factory components, perhaps the carbines with serial numbers mixed and with odd cylinders constituted the arms then delivered. The three orders, one Army and two Navy, were all that the Ordnance Department placed for Colt long arms during the period under discussion. The next were well after the introduction of the new 1855 side-hammer models. All the hammer- type Paterson Colt carbines purchased by the Government were received and inspected by Captain Thornton in New York. He stamped his initials “WAT” in the wood of the stocks.*? From 1858 to 1865 Colt’s revolving rifles and carbines were pur- chased in calibers varying from 0.44 to 0.64 (some of the last being smooth-bore arms firing the standard musket ball and some being rifled for the Navy). During the Civil War the Government pur- chased 4,612 Colt’s revolving rifles,** and several States procured them for use by volunteers. From time to time the armories made a few wallpieces—large- caliber rifles—intended for the defense of frontier posts. They ‘were usually equipped with some form of barrel support, either a swivel or a projection on the stock to hook over a parapet. During the Revolutionary War General Washington ordered a few such weapons, of 2-ounce caliber, for long-range sniping. Prior to 1830 wallpieces were made at Allegheny Arsenal, at Rappahannock Forge, and at Springfield Armory.®* In 1847 Harpers Ferry Armory made “four rifle-guns or wall-pieces”’ for use on the Western frontier. These were of caliber 0.75 bore and were mounted on a tripod stand.®°> Some of the earlier pieces for both Army and Militia use were ordered from makers of civilian rifles. These have the general characteristics of such rifles but tend to follow hardware and stock lines of the Harpers Ferry flintlock rifle, which was often cited as a pattern in contracts. The bell-muzzled blunderbuss was another specialized arm made for and by the Government in small quantities, mostly for the Navy, which accounts for their resemblance to British arms of that period. (The Navy preferred the British “Sea Service” arms throughout the flintlock period, probably because of their brass hardware, and used secondhand and captured small arms extensively.) Some of these were made at Harpers Ferry in carbine or musketoon length (pl. 16c) and in the short-stocked one-hand type (pl. 16d). The latter was for use in rigging or other precarious positions. The former often had a heavy swivel for mounting in the bow of a landing boat. Some 56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 of this type of weapon are found with American locks and (sal- vaged?) British hardware. Such fabrication would have been con- sistent with the small quantities produced, in order to meet Navy specifications for nonstandard arms, but collectors should bear in mind the possibility of recent assembly. With the adoption of Hall’s rifle, breech-loading arms were intro- duced into the United States service. In 1817 the inventor delivered the first of these—1oo in all—under contract. A rifle thought to be of this type has a bronze receiver and Harpers Ferry rifle hardware. In 1819 Hall was employed by the Government to supervise manu- facture of his rifles (pl. 11d) at Harpers Ferry Armory. In 1826 when Armory production of assembled rifles started, Hall began manufacture with complete interchangeability of parts, constituting our first use of this system in a Government establishment. Both Eli Whitney and Simeon North had formerly used the idea in the manufacture of contract arms. For many years students of American firearms have used the term “common” rifle to mean only the Model of 1819. This is incorrect, though the use of the expression began at that time. After adoption of the breechloader, in 1819, that arm was designated “Hall’s rifle.” Any ordinary muzzle-loading United States rifle was thenceforth described officially as a “common” rifle. That this applied equally to the Model 1804 Harpers Ferry and to the Model 1819 contract arms is shown by an official listing of types of weapons, which includes “Common Rifle, half or whole stocked.” °° The term was also applied officially to the M1841 percussion rifle. The first carbines of the Hall type were delivered in 1834. These were made originally as percussion arms, though the method of manu- facture made the substitution of a flintlock rifle receiver a simple matter.°7 A letter written in 1834, from the Ordnance Office to members of Congress who had been furnished Hall’s carbines, re- ferred users of these arms to local hardware stores for a supply of percussion caps, as the Army had none for issue.*® These first carbines were smooth-bore, caliber 0.52. Later some were rifled and others made of caliber 0.64 smooth-bore. Finally, after 1855, some of the smaller size were reamed up to caliber 0.58 and rifled. In 1839, 100 flintlock Jenks carbines were purchased. Troops at Carlisle Barracks received 35 of these for trial, and soon thereafter the remaining 65 were converted to percussion. In the next few years a number of Jenks percussion carbines and rifles were ordered. Several models were used by both Army and Navy. Many other types of breech-loading carbines were purchased in the years before the WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 57 Civil War. The recorded orders (quantities received) were as follows: Date Number Type DESC ia ciscmteistensts 20 Symmes (200 ordered) 1852-59....... 5540 Sharps (various models) TOSS 57s tieratciake 300 Greene TOSOE derciopoeisooses 10 Schroeder TOS eRe enero 270 Merrill, Latrobe, and Thomas TOS ase eioas 400 Maynard (with tape primer) 1857-60....... 1500 Joslyn (“top lever” model) DOSS Mea Ae eee 800 Burnside TSOON Ee ae 300 Smith (rubber cartridge) A few Perry carbines were purchased by the Navy for trial in the late 1850’s—the figures are not available. From time to time promising breech-loading systems were tried. Among these was that of Morse, which was entered in trials in 1857, along with Sharps, Maynard, and other breechloaders. The 1857 Morse was a carbine of caliber 0.54, fitted commercially with extra barrels in caliber 0.50 (rifle) and 16 gauge (shot). The caliber 0.36 Sharps and calibers 0.58 and 0.69 Maynard conversions used in the 1857 trials employed the so-called “mule ear” cartridges. In 1858 a total of 54 caliber 0.69 muskets were converted to the Morse system at Springfield Armory. Samples were made also in calibers 0.54 and 0.58, but these never saw service. The Morse system was actually adopted as the standard method of converting muzzle-loading arms to breechloaders, and plans were made for extensive work at Harpers Ferry Armory, but the uncertainties of the 1860-61 period prevented carrying them out. Morse was about 15 years ahead of his contemporaries with the basic idea for what became the modern center-fire metallic cartridge. The Maynard con- version system (external priming) for muskets, in which a block carrying the cone-seat was hinged at the left side of the breech,*® was not adopted. The breech-loading principle met with fairly consistent resistance from both Army and Navy officials. One board, reporting on the Jenks carbine, expressed the opinion that it was a well-built arm and would be “suitable for service use if converted to a muzzle- loader.” In 1856 Dahlgren said of breechloaders : °° The chief difficulty would be to procure men, who would use without abusing these means, and to preserve the mechanism in good condition; not so much against the casualties of service as the neglect or ill-advised attentions of the store room, so fatal to many of the modern appliances that are consigned to its keeping. It can hardly be said that any important advantage or power can be 58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 derived from loading at the breech, rather than at the muzzle. For there can be no weapon superior in either of these qualities to the American rifle, which belongs to the latter class. The facility and convenience of loading, alone re- mains as the unquestioned peculiar property of charging at the breech. In many cases, this may be desirable, but as a general rule, masses of men can load and fire with the ordinary muzzle-loading muskets so much more rapidly than is consistent with good aim, as to render the practice a notorious and crying evil, which is frequently commented on by the best military writers. Secretary of War John B. Floyd, in his report for 1859, stated of the breechloaders: “These arms commend themselves very strongly for their great range and accuracy of fire at long distances; for the rapidity with which they can be fired; and their exemption from injury by exposure to long continued rains. With the best breech- loading arm, one skillful man would be equal to two, probably three, armed with the ordinary muzzle-loading gun. True policy requires that steps should be taken to introduce these arms gradually into our service, and to this end preparations ought to be made for their manu- facture in the public arsenals.” Again, in 1860, he said: “Immediate steps ought to be taken to arm all our light troops with the most approved of these arms. . . . I think it may be fairly asserted, now, that the highest efficiency of a body of men with firearms can only be secured by putting in their hands the best breech-loading arm. The long habit of using muzzle-loading arms will resist what seems to be so great an innovation and ignorance may condemn; but as certainly as the percussion cap has superseded the flint and steel, so surely will the breech-loading gun drive out of use those that load at the muzzle. For cavalry, the revolver and breech-loader will supersede the saber.” By the beginning of the Civil War, many inventors of breechloaders, of varying merit, were clamoring for Government orders. Though almost any arm that would work was purchased, the outstanding systems of the period—the Henry and Spencer—after being tested in’ 1861 by the Army and the Navy, were rejected by the former. In the letter to the Secretary of War, dated December 9, 1861, the Chief of Ordnance outdid himself in finding objections to these two weapons : Hon. Simon CAMERON, Secretary of War: Str: As directed from the War Department, I have examined the reports upon the Henry and Spencer guns, accompanying the proposition to furnish these arms to the Government, and have also examined the arms. Both of them are magazine arms; that is to say, they have the cartridges for use carried in a magazine attached to or forming part of the arm, and fed out by a spiral spring. They require a special kind of ammunition, which must be primed or have the WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 59 fulminate in itself. The reports heretofore made are favorable so far as the limited trials went, but they do not go farther than to suggest or recommend the procurement of a sufficient number to place in the hands of troops in the field for trial. Indeed, it is impossible, except when arms are defective in principle, to decide with confidence in advance of such practical trials, on their value, or otherwise, as military weapons. I regard the weight of the arms with the loaded magazine as objectionable, and also the requirement of a special ammunition rendering it impossible to use the arms with ordinary cartridges, or with powder and ball. It remains to be shown by practical trial what will be the effect on the cartridges in the magazine, of carrying them on horseback, when they will be exposed to being crushed or marred, possibly to such an extent as to inter- fere with their free passage into the barrel; and whether they will be safe for transportation with the fulminate in the cartridge; also what will be the effect on the spiral spring of long use and exposure in the field. I do not discover any important advantage of these arms over several other breech-loaders, as the rapidity of fire of these latter is sufficiently great for useful purposes with- out the objection to increased weights from the charges in the arm itself, while the multiplication of arms and ammunition of different kinds and patterns and working on different principles is decidedly objectionable, and should, in my opinion, be stopped by the refusal to introduce any more, unless upon the most full and complete evidence of their great superiority. In view of the foregoing, of the very high prices asked for these arms, and of the fact that the Government is already pledged on orders and contracts for nearly 73,000 breech-loading rifles and carbines, to the amount of two and a quarter millions of dollars, I do not consider it advisable to entertain either of the propositions for purchasing these arms. Respectfully your obedient servant, Jas. W. RIPLEy, Brigadier-General Many units, however, outfitted themselves with Henry or Spencer arms at their own expense, as these were obviously far superior to any other weapons then available. The first recorded use of Spencer rifles in action was in June 1863, in the hands of Wilder’s Mounted Infantry at Hoover’s Gap on the Tullahoma campaign.** Spencer carbines were first issued by the Government to the Michigan Cavalry Brigade in January and February 1863 and were used by that unit at the Battle of Gettysburg later that year.°? When the war ended more Spencer carbines had been purchased by the United States Government than any other type of breechloader. (Appendix 5.) The Henry, however, continued to get the “cold shoulder.” Nor did the Army ever warm up to the lever-action rifle, one of America’s greatest contributions to the development of repeating firearms, and later generally accepted throughout the world by practical shooters. During the Civil War a great variety of carbines of many calibers, some using paper, some linen, and others metallic cartridges, saw service. In September 1863, an Ordnance Board attempted to remedy 60 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 that situation, at least in part, by suggesting that seven of the types of carbines in use be chambered for only two types of cartridges.® They also recommended that new-type carbines purchased thereafter should weigh between 6 and 8 pounds (some light ones gave excessive recoil) and use the caliber 0.52 Spencer cartridge. The recommenda- tions of the board were approved by the Secretary of War, with the reservation that an ideal caliber be sought, instead of the caliber 0.52 Spencer, then in production. (The same old story.) By consensus of the board, caliber 0.50 was eventually decided upon as the proper size, but because of the press of orders for arms nothing was standard- ized. Old-type carbines of the original calibers remained in produc- tion for the most part—only the new models were required to be of caliber 0.50, and most of these were delivered too late to see action in the war.®** For use in the Civil War 31 different American-made carbines and several foreign varieties were procured by the United States ; 407,734 of all types were purchased (Appendices 5 and 6). During the 1840’s and 1850’s a few breech-loading pistols (Sharps, Maynard, Perry, Marston, etc.) were tried experimentally, but none was adopted. Revolvers were first used by the Army in the Florida War in 1838, when Colt sold some rifles and a few caliber 0.34 pistols to a commander in the field, General Jessup, for use by the Dragoons. Ordnance returns of that year show 25 revolving pistols on hand. The type was probably similar to the revolver shown on plate 17a. Between 1839 and 1841, there was considerable discussion about a heavier revolver for military use. The Army had been using a half- ounce round ball in a single-shot pistol. The large holster-size Colt revolver shown in plate 17b is caliber 0.52, evidently intended for the round pistol ball. Later (1846) the specification called for a half-ounce conical ball (caliber 0.44), which remained the official bullet shape thereafter. Another large caliber 0.52 Colt revolver now in the Colt collection at Hartford was evidently made after the Paterson period. This was plainly the development model for the Whitneyville-Walker type revolver, made before the ball was changed to conical. It was so described when lent to the 1876 Exposition at Philadelphia. The other differences are covered by the Army-ap- proved changes in settling on the production model—trigger guard, angle of grip, and rammer level.*? A German publication of 1886 ® (long before any so-called Walker controversy) described the early United States Army revolvers as: The “Texas Pistole, Kalibre 34/100, made in 1838” and the “Walker WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 61 pistole, Kalibre 44/100, made in 1839-1842.” It goes on to state that in 1847 General Taylor ordered a thousand Colt pistols which were made by Whitney. Confusion got into this story at an early date! The first Colt pistol order for which I have found the contract was the one placed by the Ordnance Department for the Navy in 1845. In addition to 100 carbines, the order called for “1oo boarding pistols, 5-charged, each $25.00, including appendages.” The contract, dated August 28, 1845, was with John Ehlers, a Patent Arms Company assignee.®* Only 50 of the revolvers were delivered (on September 10, 1845), perhaps all that were available. No doubt they were of the large commercial pattern “Texas” Paterson type. Specimens would have the inspector’s initials “WAT” stamped on the grips. Writing to the Secretary of War on April 5, 1848, Chief of Ord- nance Talcott said, “Several hundred of Colt’s Carbines and Rifles, and some pistols have been heretofor procured and used in the Florida War; also in 1845, and one thousand Pistols have recently been furnished to the troops in Mexico and a further supply of one thousand more pistols will soon be received from the inventor... . Whoever supposes that placing a Colt’s Pistol in the hands of an ordinary soldier, will make him a ‘Jack Hays’ will be disappointed.” After the thousand “Whitneyville” Army revolvers were obtained in 1847 (pl. 17c), the “Dragoon” revolver remained the standard sidearm and was purchased in quantities through 1861. The design was modified in 1848 (pl. 17d), but the official designation was unchanged—it was still known as the dragoon, or holster revolver. The changes embodied in the arm when Colt started to make it at Hartford came from the inventor rather than the Army, as the follow- ing letter shows: Ordnance Office, Feb. 14, 1848. SAML Cott, Esg., Hartford, Connt. Sir: Captain Thornton reports that the thousand pistols you are now mak- ing differ from the pattern of the first thousand furnished. Such being the case, and as there is nothing in all the letters to you either from the War Department or this office warranting a departure from the first model, it will be necessary, before the inspection of the 1,000 pistols can be permitted to procede, that you present to this office, for inspection and after approval to serve as a guide for the Inspection of the pistols you are now making a pistol with ALL its append- ages exhibiting any alterations you may have made from the first pattern. I am Sir, etc. G. Tatcort, Lt. Col. of Ordnance Approved by Sec. of War on 8 Apr. 1848—agreed to modifications. ° 62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Evidently all the incoming mail had not been read, as there is in the Archives a letter written from Colt to the War Department late in 1847 concerning proposed changes in design of the revolver. Washington, Oct. 4, 1847. Sir: Since making the last thousand of my Patent Repeating Pistols I have made many experiments and have come to the conclusion that some alterations may still be made that will improve the arm for service. Therefore, should it meet your approbation I should like to make the following alterations in the 1000 I am now making for your department. I propose to make the pistols about nine inches in length from the bottom of the chamber to the muzel of the barrel, to make the handle strap and bullet molds of brass in lieu of iron, and to use an iron ram and swab rod in place of the lever atached to the barrel. By these changes the pistols will be reduced in weight about three quarters of a pound and in length to suit the common holsters now in our service. Very Respy Sir Your Obt Servt SAML COLT Hon. Secy of War In another note sent the following day to Captain Thornton, Colt explained the proposed changes but added that if a new-type retaining spring he had devised were effective, the attached rammer would be preferable to a ramrod. He mentioned that the proposed new mold would cast one round and one conical ball. It seems strange that sev- eral months later Thornton and the Ordnance Department should have been unaware of proposed design changes. Starting with the year 1855, orders for “Belt” pistols and “Navy” pistols (pl. 17e) began to be mixed in with the larger types. Perhaps these were the same, but an order dated April 21, 1856, contained “170 Belt pistols and 200 Navy pistols,” the belt item (perhaps the 1849 model) having been changed from “Holster.” The “New Model” Army pistol (pl. 17f) was first purchased in 1861. Besides the Colt a number of other makes of revolvers were pur- chased in smaller quantities. In 1850 a few Wesson revolvers were ordered. The Massachusetts Arms Co. of Chicopee Falls sold the Army 600 Adams belt pistols (caliber 0.36) in 1856. Between 1856 and 1858, 356 North and Savage revolvers were procured, and in 1858, 500 single-action Starrs were ordered. The Ordnance Department condemned the revolver principle as applied to any but sidearms. This attitude was consistent with its objection to repeating arms in general; a typical case was made in a letter written to the Secretary of War in 1861, by the Chief of Ordnance. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 63 ORDNANCE OFFICE, WAR DEPARTMENT Washington, February 6, 1861 Hon. J. Hort, Secretary of War: Sm: I have the honor to acknowledge the reference to this office of a letter of the Hon. S. R. Curtis, in behalf of the Committee on Military Affairs of the House of Representatives, submitting for a report thereon a memorial asking Congress to make an appropriation to secure the purchase or manufacture of revolving firearms, so as to arm our soldiers with them as far as possible, upon which subject I respectfully report: It is not believed that what are called repeating arms are desirable for infantry of the line or riflemen. They are complicated in their mechanism, more liable to get out of order, and more difficult to be repaired than the muzzle-loading musket and rifle of the present model, which are unsurpassed for military purposes. The revolving repeater, by the rapidity with which five or six discharges can be made, then leaves the soldier with an empty weapon, which requires considerable time to replenish even under favorable circumstances, rendering it quite practicable in time of action for a soldier to discharge a muzzle-loading gun seven times in as short a space of time as the same number of discharges could be made from a six-chambered revolver. Excessive rapidity of fire is not the great desideratum for military guns. The soldier can carry only a certain weight of ammunition, which to be used with effect should be expended with deliberation. Revolvers have been known to discharge several of their charges (by accident) at the same time, thus rendering them unfit for troops formed in two ranks, for the reason that the front-rank men would be more in dread of those behind them than of the enemy. Repeating guns are more costly than muzzle-loading guns being neces- sarily heavier. The principle of the repeating arm is suitable for pistols, and should in my opinion be restricted to that weapon, and this is already adopted into our service to as great an extent as is deemed useful. The proviso to the act of 23rd June, 1860, prohibits the purchase of arms of a patented character, and will prevent the purchase of revolving pistols with- out special authority of law, and it would be advisable that such discretionary authority be given in case the demands of the service should render it necessary to purchase such arms. The letter of Hon. Mr. Curtis, with its inclosures is herewith returned, Very respectfully, etc. H. K. Craic Colonel of Ordnance The act that, in 1860, prevented the Ordnance Department from patronizing commercial sources of firearms was typical of American peacetime pinch-penny legislation. Dependent though we have always been in war upon commercial manufacturers, we do our best in time of peace, to discourage them and put them out of business. The basis for such a law was the fact that royalty had to be paid on a patented arm (no one recalled that our patent system was established to encourage and reward inventors), and that United States Armory costs for guns were less in most instances than commercial prices 64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 (which included taxes, insurance, overhead, and a fair profit). Once we were committed to the Civil War, such restrictions were obviously incompatible with the national welfare, and about a dozen makes of American revolvers were purchased, as well as several more-advanced French types. (Appendices 5 and 6.) In the Confederacy all serviceable military arms of flint and per- cussion types were used. In addition to stocks of United States Government weapons in Southern arsenals, many were made during the war, following standard United States or European patterns, and a few distinct types were developed.® The Confederate “Field Manual for the Use of Officers on Ord- nance Duty” lists the official arms of the Confederate States. As sources of official Confederate information are few, the portion of this manual devoted to small arms is reproduced herewith: The C. S. bullet is a cylinder surmounted by a conoid, weighs 550 grains, and has three grooves around the bore to hold the grease for lubricating, and to guide the bullet in its flight, preserving its point foremost. The English bullet (known as the Pritchett bullet) has a perfectly smooth exterior. A conical wedge of box wood is inserted in the cavity of the bore, chiefly to preserve its form in being transported. Charge of powder—The charge of the old smooth bored musket was from one-half to one-third the weight of the projectile. The charge for elongated ex- panding bullets varies from one-tenth to one-seventh the weight of the projectile. DIFFERENT KINDS OF SMALL ARMS The small arms adopted for service are: The rifle musket, model 1855. The rifle musket, model 1842. The rifle, model 1855. The rifle, model 1842, reamed out to .577 inch. No model has yet been adopted for a carbine for the cavalry service; several different patterns are now in the hands of the troops. A repeating pistol is issued to the cavalry. The uniform calibre of .577 inch is adopted in the C. S. service for all rifles and rifle muskets. Rifle musket-—The rifle musket of model 1855 combines in one piece the range and accuracy of the rifle, with the advantages of the smooth bored musket, as regards lightness, quickness of loading, and facility of handling, as a pike. enethuGiebartels orc seeceierracis-) vereels spoke ezasheteieaessiens 40 inches. Meneth of Arm with PayGnel: <2) sipieiciiacie bere cyole slse o0 oi SATs Weisht of barrell: .. 702. ieee cea Ciao stale ope ele he, ores bree 4.25 lbs. Wieieht of: armiconipletes snes Ae4is. sisi cle eins ole'sie ee abiel sf 9.90 “ Weight. 0, projecHlen .occcte cts cicietelclesyepsieeysietel Sissy saayssoie: cf 550 ers. WV EIR TIE OE DOW GED aarche a cateia lttretote ters Aiersianavaratelel sree yet nietctarain's Gare Anittalie velocity ister ee coe s eas c's’ s teinemie ele ee alate aers g60 feet. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 65 Rifle—tThe rifle differs from the rifle musket, in having a shorter and stouter barrel, a sword bayonet and brass mountings. PeeH Stag OL; BALLON laa ye corals chiara, o opel (sre desl Ris iars are ahead 33 inches. Mength Of ariay swith DAYONeEs ..\..6,3.< cc: 02 sic\e'sis se sic. sje ees G2 a Wreichtiotubarseltje. tcloce iciarstgc cise ajc isieie salou clove ests 4.80 lbs. Weighty onarticompleterater a2 ccs comics csles sicleince’s 13. a Charge (projectile and powder) same as rifle musket. heastiall hyelocitys Os. Boe: Fos ataeees « Ree eel econ ens go feet. Enfield rifle—Many are in the C. S. service, obtained by purchase and cap- ture—so called because made after the model of the English government rifle, manufactured at Enfield. It has three grooves. Gall Tea rataveteicyejate io cpscac6 wi ys) syays os sc0%slayalcralacd sustains erevetaiasie's.5 6 .577 inches. Wen eth Ob: Atmel sevccs ¢ orevsvestereisasjore ciel epeieveveleceysieie cs sucrose 30. Bength of arm, with bayonets <6 0 With the change to the percussion system the loading operation became considerably simplified. During the Civil War the loading operation was accomplished in ten counts. The successive commands were: LOAD, HANDLE CAR- TRIDGE, TEAR CARTRIDGE, CHARGE CARTRIDGE, DRAW RAMMER, RAM CARTRIDGE, RETURN RAMMER, CAST ABOUT, PRIME, SHOULDER ARMS. This required 14 motions and firing called for 3 more. For practical purposes the minimum time required to load and fire a percussion muzzle-loader was 15 to 20 seconds, of which about 14 seconds was consumed in loading. As the time spent in loading was lost, reduction of this was a major basis for improving the efficiency of firearms. The first breechloaders were single loading, that is, each cartridge 86 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 had to be inserted manually, requiring on the average 6 motions. With such actions 10 shots per minute could be fired. Allowing aiming time of 1 second per shot, this cut lost time to 5 seconds per shot. In the case of the Spencer, 4 motions were needed, and 15 shots per minute could be delivered. This reduced the time lost to 3 seconds per round. Finally, with the Henry, 20 to 30 rounds per minute could be fired, using only two motions in loading. With this arm for the first time less time was required to load than to aim. In order to evaluate the various arms used by American troops in years past some knowledge of their relative capabilities is necessary. As personal observation is the most reliable source for such data, the student is considerably handicapped, for the passage of time has erased most first-hand information. However, certain printed testi- monials and reports of tests can still be found. NOTES (See Bibliography for full literature citations) 1. Mass. Hist. Coll., vol. 9: 264. 2. Hist. Amer. Mfr. 3. The first matchlock muskets used in the English army during the reign of Elizabeth bore her initial “E”’ on the lock. Then, as in the succeeding 250 years, muskets had a brown finish. English musketeers gave the nickname “Brown Bess” to their weapons for these reasons. However, Lord Cottesloe (The Englishman and his rifle, London, 1945) says that “Bess” is the same word as buss, as used in arquebus, blunderbuss, and the like. 4. On March 19, 1778, Congress authorized “cartridges made with ounce balls . . .” (for the caliber .69 musket). 5. Leg. Hist. 6. to 9. Ibid. 10. Hist. Amer. Mfr. 11. Ibid. 12. Pennsylvania Archives, 1v: 712; Col. Rec. x: 506. 13. Pennsylvania Archives, 1v: 708, 712, 717, 7773; VI: 453, 475, 633. 14. Coxe, View of the United States. 15. Amer. Archives, 5th ser., vols. 1 and 3. 16. American Archives, 4th ser. vols. 3-5; 5th ser., vol. I. 17. Olmstead, Denison, Memoirs. 18. Bruce, Kathleen, Virginia iron manufacture in the slave era, pp. 112-114, Eats 19. Amer. Archives, 4th ser., vols. 1, 3, and 5. 20. Leg. Hist. Pliarne, Penet, & Cie. were French agents for U.S. arms pur- chases. Possibly Penet, Windel, & Co. simply acted as agents for some of these French arms purchased abroad. a1. Ibid. 22. Ibid. 23. Duane. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 87 24. Leg. Hist. 25. American Rifleman, Feb. 15, 1924. 26. Leg. Hist. 27. Senate Doc. 185, 24th Congress, Ist Session, 1836. 28. Ord. Man. 1841. Model dates given are those established by official con- temporary ordnance publications. 29. Under the Act of 1808, for arming the militia. 30. Rep. Exp. Gunpowder. 31. For details of these and other U.S. small arms, refer to: The breechloader in the service, Claud E. Fuller; Springfield shoulder arms, Fuller; U.S. Ord- nance, vols. 1 and 2, Lt. Col. J. E. Hicks; U.S. martial pistols and revolvers, Col. Arcadi Gluckman. 32. MSS. Ordnance contracts, National Archives. 33. Reports of experiments with small arms, Washington, 1856. Hereafter cited as Small Arms, 1856. 34. Ibid. 35. Ord. Man. 1861. 36. Dahlgren, J. A., Boat armament of the U.S. Navy. Hereafter cited as Dahlgren. 37. A “Plymouth” rifle, made at Harpers Ferry in 1854, may be seen in the U.S. National Museum. No doubt it is a pattern arm. 38. MSS. Ord. contracts, National Archives. 39. Ord. Reg. 1841. 40. Leg. Hist. 41. MSS. Ord. contracts, National Archives. 42. Ord. Rep., vol. 1, letter, Jan. 22, 1822. 43. Journ. Franklin Inst., vol. 73, p. 282, 1862. 44. Ketland of London had a branch shop in Philadelphia at the time. 45. Satterlee, C. F., Catalog of firearms. Hereafter cited as Satterlee. 46. Sawyer, C. W., Firearms in American history, pl. 28. 47. Patent Office List No. 3384X. 48. Abstract of existing contracts as of Jan. 7, 1829. National Archives. 49. Hicks, James, U.S. Ordnance, vol. 2. 50. For further details on the Wheeler guns see Captain Wheeler’s revolving guns, by Lt. Col. B. R. Lewis, American Rifleman, Apr. 1953. 51. Spaulding, G. W., Japan and around the world. New York, 1855. 52. For further details about the early Colt arms in the Service, see Sam Colt’s repeating pistol, by Lt. Col. B. R. Lewis, American Rifleman, May and June 1947. 53. Sum. St. Purch. & Fab. 54. Catalog of the arms and accoutrements of the Springfield Armory Museum, 1909. 55. Purchase and fabrication of ordnance stores, Ord. Rep., vol. 2. 56. Ord. Reg. 1834. 57. This is readily detected, as the flint action obstructs the carbine sights. The M1819 Hall’s rifle had offset sights, though the 1817 contract Hall did not. 58. Ord. Rep., vol. 1. 59. Benton. 60. Dahlgren. 61. The War of the Rebellion: A compilation of the official records of the \ 88 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Union and Confederate Armies, Washington, 1880-1901. Hereafter cited as Off. Rec. 62. Satterlee. 63. Several other carbines used were noted as employing “peculiar ammuni- tion, not adapted to interchangeability.” 64. Ord. Memo. No. 5, 1864. 65. Demmin, August, Die Kriegswaffen, Leipzig, 1886. 66. WD letter 1263, Aug. 28, 1845. 67. For details of Confederate arms see Firearms of the Confederacy, by Fuller and Steuart, Huntington, W. Va., 1944. Hereafter cited as Fuller & Steuart. 68. Mil. Comm. to Europe. 69. Senate Doc. 72, 37th Congress, 2d Session, Report of the Commission on Ordnance and Ordnance stores made to the War Dept. 70. Ibid. 71. Fuller & Steuart. 72. Sum. St. Purch. & Fab. 73. Calibers are taken from “Instructions for Quarterly returns of Ordnance and Ord. stores,” Washington, 1863, publ. as Ord. Memo. No. 1. 74. Leg. Hist. 75. Ibid. 76. Duane. 77. Catalog of the Ordnance Exhibit at the Philadelphia Centennial of 1876, Philadelphia, 1876. Hereafter cited as Cat. Ord. Exh. 78. Ord. Reg. 1834. 79. House Doc. 107, 24th Congress, 2d Session, 1837. 80. MSS. Ord. Reg. 1839. National Archives. 81. In his Powder flask book, 1953, Ray Riling describes the Hall flask as a tin combination powder and ball dispenser. 82. Benton. 83. Busk, Hans, The rifle and how to use it. 84. Rules for the order and discipline of the troops, 1779. See Appendix 7. 85. Regulations for the Militia and Volunteers, 1836. See Appendix 1o. 86. Gilham, William, Manual of instructions for the volunteers and militia of the Confederate States. Appendix I1. CHAPTER IV PERFORMANCE OF SMALL ARMS IN THE UNGEDE STATES: SERVICE In comparing the performance of the various types of small arms used in America prior to 1866 a general understanding of the many sources of error in the fire of such weapons is helpful. Most of these errors affect muzzle-loaders and breechloaders alike. Many obvious sources of deviation in firing may be found in the construction of the arm. These troubles may or may not be readily correctible. The errors derived from wrong position of the sight, inexact caliber, imperfect barrel, excessively hard trigger pull, and windage may be remedied. Those arising from such causes as recoil and barrel vibra- tion are more difficult to overcome. These last are especially trouble- some in breechloaders having asymmetrical support of the breech closure. The powder charge is another common source of trouble. Varia- tions in results may derive from inexact measure, difference in granu- lation or in powder quality, deterioration from dampness, variation in ramming, sticking of powder grains along the bore (from fouling or dampness), and accumulation of fouling or dirt. Deviations attributable to the ball may involve inexact weight or caliber, deformation in loading, or instability caused by the center of gravity not being in the geometric center (this may result from lack of symmetry in the mold or air pockets in the lead). Finally, atmospheric conditions beyond the control of the shooter may have a marked effect upon the accuracy of fire. Some of the more noticeable ones are wind, temperature, and air density and humidity. The results are often changed when the sun is in a different position, or when the gun and target are at different levels. When it is realized that all or potentially all these sources of error plagued the soldier who used the smooth-bore musket, it is not hard to understand how that arm got its reputation for almost incredible inaccuracy. Many improvements came about by accident. For example, the French rifled some old muskets which had previously been reamed out to handle a larger ball. That operation had left the wall of the 89 go SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 barrels rather thin, and so when they were worked over for the second time the rifling cuts were made shallower at the muzzle, becoming deeper toward the breech. Much to everyone’s surprise, this method proved to produce more accurate results and was adopted for all French arms. The British “Brown Bess” musket, used extensively by American troops during the Revolutionary War, was about the worst of the lot. Describing it, Busk says: The Brown Bess [was] the very clumsiest and worst contrived of any firelock in the world. It required the largest charge of powder and the heaviest ball of any; yet owing to the absence of every scientific principle in its construction, its weight and windage were the greatest, its range the shortest, and its accuracy the least; at the same time that it was the most costly of any similar arm in use, either in France, Belgium, Prussia, or Austria ... taking a long series of engagements, only one musket ball out of 460 was found to take effect. There was practically no change in the British musket between 1776 and 1812. The first report of “the Association for Promoting the Defense of the Firth of Forth and Scotland in General” in com- menting on target practice, said; “Every fifth or sixth shot is made to take place in a target of three feet diameter at about 100 yards. This with the common battalion firelock, is a high degree of pre- cision... .”* Writing in 1814, Colonel Hanger, a British army officer, said, “A soldier’s musket, if not exceedingly ill-bored (as many are) will strike the figure of a man at 80 yards; it may even at a hundred, but a soldier must be very unfortunate indeed who shall be wounded by a common musket at 150 yards, provided his an- tagonist aims at him; and, as to firing at a man at 200 yards, with a common musket, you may just as well fire at the moon. No man was ever killed by a musket at 200 yards by the person who aimed at him.” Official tests of the Brown Bess show that at “point blank” * range (75 yards, with the barrel held horizontal) the balls struck the ground at distances varying from 116 to 218 yards. At 100 yards there was 4 feet 8 inches vertical and a greater horizontal dispersion. At 200 yards the vertical spread was 9 feet 4 inches, and the hori- zontal so great it could not be determined accurately.* “One went high, and one went low, and where in Hell did the other one go?” In 1650 the length of the French musket barrel was established as 46.8 inches. The ordinance introducing the fusil into French service, in 1670, retained this length, and it was continued until 1763. With the model of 1763, the barrel was shortened to 44.7 inches to facilitate loading by men of average height. This remained standard until 1822, when the barrel length was further reduced to about WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS gI 43 inches.’ One of the major disadvantages of these long muzzle- loaders was that it was next to impossible to load them in the prone position ; hence a soldier made a fine target during the complicated loading process. As a result, he hurried it as much as he could, frequently putting the load in backward or forgetting to remove his ramrod from the barrel before firing. The French conducted the first consistent program of research and development and operations research on small arms. They made numerous experiments to determine the characteristics of their fire- arms and to point out possible lines of development. On the basis of many wars they estimated that out of 10,000 cartridges supplied only one reached the enemy.* The French musket of about 1800 was sighted for 120 meters (131 yards). The official instructions for aiming were as follows: To strike a man in the center of his body, up to 100 meters aim at his chest; 100-140 at the height of his shoulders; 140-180 at the height of his head ; 180-200, at the top of the head-dress; over 200, aim over the head-dress (estimated). Four to five degrees of elevation reaches 600 meters, and to 1,000 at higher angles. But beyond 400 meters, the velocity is too low to make dangerous wounds, and [the effect of fire] uncertain beyond 200. The cavalry musketoon is sighted for 200 meters, but is uncertain at this range. Aim direct up to 70 meters, from 70-160 aim at the height of the knees. As the pistol has a very short effective range, the cavalryman aims directly at the point he expects [hopes ?] to hit.? The number of shots reaching the target, directly or by ricochet, varies with the nature of the ground before the target. If the ball encounters hard and uni- form soil, it will ricochet, preserving a large part of its velocity. If the soil is soft and irregular, but a small part of the balls will preserve either velocity or direction. Against a target two meters high, it may be expected that from Infantry Fire, the balls striking by ricochet on uniform soil will equal 4% of those hitting direct. A table shows the results obtained by firing 100 shots at each of several ranges at a target representing a rank of infantry—1.9 meters high by 32 meters long: ® Range 78.5m 157m 235.5m 314m 392m 471m Direct) hits plus) ricochetsu).5.5 s/<«<:ee'e 75 50 27 20 14 7 Direct hits only (uneven ground)......... 67 38 16 6 3 ei Passing through 1-inch pine board........ 75 50 25 Il 5 1 It is seen that to the third distance, nearly all the balls passed through the pine boards of the target, both direct hits and ricochets. The second distance, near the point-blank range, is a good effective range for the musket. At 400 m. the fire is not effective. A rank of men does not cover half the area of such a target as the above, so that the effect of fire against a firing line should be reduced accordingly.® Q2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 The following table shows the probability of fire with smooth-bore French arms, in terms of the number of balls per hundred fired which strike the target: 1° Size of Target Arm Height Width toom_ 150 200 250 300 400 Infantry musket) jeje cia cielo. 0 ease ove 2m Aya shes BIS PL SG: usa U5 ued 7 Dragoon’ musket) 662 i/scccescs isc 2. m 57M 23.2 11.2 6S eae 5.9 Dragoon wmtsket, 50% (c's\a\ectevereve sisie 1.6m 16.6m 55 43 43 sists 16.3 Musketoon, Gendarmerie ........ 4.) 3. m go 70 Bota heaves aats Musketoon, Artillery ........... 1.78 -57 18.7 3-2 20m 40m 60m t100m PIStollses cic s\stopcie's epeke ss reystels) ereiereseie 1.9m T2169 34 22 10 iPistolMangest error oe clielereeielere seats creat 4m 5m 6m t1o0m From horseback, only 7.3 percent of the pistol shots hit the target. Time to charge, aim, and fire was one half minute. The rate could be increased to three per minute, but at the expense of proper aiming. Examining the table, it is seen that the balls lose most of their effect when the range is increased. At 350 meters, only 4 of the shots reached a target the size of an infantry division. As the ball does not fit the bore tightly, the line of flight on which it leaves does not necessarily correspond with the axis of the bore, inclining to one side or the other, depending on which side was the last struck. The ball also acquires rota- tion from contact with the side of the bore, also depending in direction on the last side struck. This not only reduces velocity, but causes drift in an unpre- dictable direction. Robbins was the first to attribute error to rotation acquired from contact with the side of the bore. In 1817 and 1818 experiments were conducted at Metz to determine the influence of reducing windage on the accuracy of fire. (We got to this in 1846.) It was found that a tighter fit gave less deviation and a little greater velocity. The table shows the number of musket balls striking a 2-meter square per hundred rounds fired: +1 Balls/Lb. Range 10om 125m 150m 175m ZAC RR Be MEET Da CRM 3 ORNS 88 79 65 46 TO (4A DDI) See ee eee) ka 92 83 68 30 7A aki ein HO eee SOR ee Rie eioe 05 85 70 52 203 k(2Oe Dbl) epee perotie ae yuh wekoe rales 50 46 20 14 Te tes tet d aroriales cites eqste siepeeceerd Merpsiaes 68 54 38 21 TR ee ae EGR Oe 77 64 45 26 During the Revolutionary War the British claimed that American riflemen could hit a man wherever they liked at 200 paces. In the official Handbook for Riflemen published in 1813 ?? the instructions for training clearly indicate that the rifles were accurate at con- siderable range. A target 5 feet in diameter was prescribed for recruit training to avoid having new men become discouraged by missing the target. The ranges for this practice were up to 300 yards, at which WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 93 distance a 5-foot target does not look very big. The shooter was to determine the proper load for his rifle and then attach a measure for that exact quantity to his “flask.” Elsewhere the term “horn or flask” was used. (This seems to put the use of flasks about 20 years earlier than had been thought likely.) As a rule of thumb one-fourth to one-fifth the bullet weight (43 to 55 grains) was suggested as a proper charge for 250 to 300 yards, and larger loads for ranges of 500 to 700 yards. The rifleman was to suit his load to the range and habitually loaded from the pouch and flask. The fixed paper cartridge for the rifle (100-grain charge) was used only for service in close order, when firing by command. This was not normal tactics for rifle corps. It was stated that “riflemen must be practiced to load and to fire as they lie on the ground.” Few early records of formal American arms tests exist. In 1826, when the first of the Harpers Ferry Hall’s rifles were issued to troops, trials were conducted to determine the relative rates of fire of the various arms then in use. While the Hall’s rifle was being fired 100 times, the common rifle was fired 43 rounds and the musket but 37. One of the first extensive tests was conducted from March to June 1837, at West Point, N. Y., then a Government arsenal. Rates of fire and penetration of various projectiles were determined. The rate of fire for the flintlock musket was 2.53 shots per minute. Its penetration in white oak (the material used in all this series) with the service load was 1 inch at 100 yards, 0.55 inch at 200, and zero at 300, though a shallow dent was made. Ten shots were fired at each range. The standard buck-and-ball cartridge was fired at the rate of three shots per minute. In nine shots, 16 out of 27 buckshot hit the target at 80 yards. At g yards, the ball penetrated 1.15 inches and the buckshot 0.41 inch, The flintlock muzzle-loading rifle gave a penetration of 0.94 inch at 100 yards, 0.29 at 200, and zero at 300. At the last range the balls rebounded, leaving a 0.2-inch dent. Ten shots were fired at each range. The percussion Hall’s musket with 86-grain charge gave 0.83-inch penetration at 50 yards, 0.34 at 100, 0.07 at 150, and zero at 200. With 110-grain charge (maximum chamber capacity) the penetration at 10 feet was 1.8 inches. Ten shots were fired under each condition. The flintlock Hall’s musket, with 100-grain charge, was fired 10 shots in 2 minutes and gave 1.07 inches penetration at 10 feet. The Hall’s rifle, with 70-grain charge, was fired at the rate of 3.56 shots per minute. Penetration was 0.63 inch at 50 yards, 0.93 at 100, 0.40 at 150, and zero at 200. Colt’s revolving rifles and muskets were also tested. A number of 94. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 these were used during the Florida War. Writing to Samuel Colt, in 1840, First Sergeant P. W. Henry of the Second Dragoons, re- marked upon the performance of the Colt’s rifles in Florida: Although the arms were of an extremely light and fancy make, yet they were found to be durable; and there was not a man in the whole detachment that did not feel himself of five times the force with one of your repeaters than with the common carbine or musket. . . . There being a variety of calibers among them, I found some little trouble at first by getting the balls mixed, and thereby causing some difficulty in loading ... firing at a thick oak plank one hundred yards distant, every ball penetrated about two inches . . . a greater part hit within two inches of the center . . . Each man having two receivers, they were placed in the rifles and discharged in one minute.1* From the reference to the extra cylinder, the rifles just described must have been the first, or ring-trigger, 8-shot type. Soon there- after some of the later, 6-shot, hammer-type carbines were tried. In a letter written to the Secretary of War on November 4, 1841, Captain Mordecai said, in part, concerning tests of these arms: In six different cases two charges from the same receiver went off at once, that the receiver is often carried by the machinery which moves it, beyond the point of coincidence with the barrel and that the machinery is very apt to be obstructed in its action by fragments of the percussion caps, all of which cir- cumstance would be very objectionable and dangerous in action. Captain Sumner, the commanding officer at Carlisle, reports that ‘the first time the Carbines were used by the guard, all the loaded chambers went off at once... . He considers them unsuited for military service. Concerning the similar rifled carbines furnished the Navy in 1841, the following item appeared in the National Intelligencer for Janu- ary II, 1842: The St. Augustine (Fla.) News says that ‘after the return of the Navy ex- pedition from the Everglades, the Marines, who were armed with Colt’s rifles, in discharging their pieces, had five cylinders and two barrels to burst, break- ing the leg of one man,’ A continuing search was being made in the attempt to combine in one arm the accuracy of fire of the rifled barrel with the speed and ease of loading of those loaded either at the breech or with a loose- fitting ball. The first breechloaders did not, when fouled from firing, offer sufficiently solid construction and ease of manipulation. About 1840 the United States Army started to experiment with conical balls. At first it seemed impossible to avoid a loss of velocity because of the great reduction in the weight of the charge necessary in the rifled musket. This was to hold the recoil with the heavier bullet down to that of the musket. With the rifled musket, practice was conducted WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 95 up to 1,000 yards, whereas the smooth-bore percussion musket was effective only to 300 yards in a general action and useless beyond 400. In 1843 and 1844, after installation of our ballistic pendulum, Captain Mordecai made extensive tests at the Washington Arsenal. Though Mordecai was concerned principally with testing powder and cannon, he recorded the first accurate velocity measurements of our small arms as follows: Type Bore Bbl. Net Vel. Arm Lock Model Diam. Length Windage Charge Ft./Sec. Cadet’s Musket ...... Flint old 1830 57 35.5 0.045 70 1690 Common Rifle ....... Perc. 1841 54 32.5 0.015 100 2018 CommonWRiNeS ei ielere leis sere sates eee Botan aerare 70 1755 alls Rat el yee. ss ects Flint 1826 -52 spi o fe) 702 1490 Hallts Carbine esc crer Perc. 1840 (North) .525 23.381 fe) 703 1240 Jenks’ Carbine ...... Perc. 1844 252 24.25 te) 70 1687 1 Chamber included. , 2 Chamber holds 75 grains with the ball. : 3 Normal load 100 grains—7o used to compare with the Jenks’. In the Jenks carbine, nearly the whole force of the charge was exerted on the ball, giving it a velocity equal to that of the ball from the Cadet’s musket, despite the great difference in the lengths of their barrels. In Hall’s arms, the loss of force, by the opening between the chamber and barrel, more than offset the advantage of the tight-fitting ball, so that a given charge gave the ball from a Hall rifle much less velocity than that from the common rifle loaded with patched ball.14 Comparative tests of muskets with varying windage were made. With the regulation flint-musket charge of 130 grains (including 10 of priming) and with a 0.64-inch ball of 397.5 grains (18/Ib.) a velocity of 1,499 feet per second was obtained. With a percussion musket using a 110-grain charge and a 0.65-inch ball of 411.5 grains (17/lb.), 1,508 was indicated. The drop of this ball was 7.7 inches at 80 yards, 23 at 120, and 32 at 150. A test of the then new per- cussion pistol of caliber 0.54 gave a velocity of 947, with 35 grains of powder and a 0.525-inch, 218.5-grain ball (32/lb.) wrapped in its cartridge paper. This ball penetrated 1 inch of pine at 80 yards; this was considered the equivalent of a disabling wound. It was observed that a reduction of windage of 0.01 inch was equivalent to an increase of 10 grains in the powder charge. Based on this observation compressed balls were recommended instead of the cast ones then used, as their greater uniformity would permit a tighter bullet fit. Percussion ignition was proved more efficient than flint, giving 14 to 24 feet per second more velocity, This was tested by fitting a percussion nipple to a flintlock musket, so that the loss of pressure through the flint flashhole would be a constant factor.7® Between 1853 and 1855 extensive tests were made at Harpers Ferry and Springfield Armories to determine the relative merits of 96 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 various types of bullets, rifling, and systems of expanding the ball. One of the conclusions reached was to reduce the diameter of the bore to 0.58 inch, as the elongated bullet in the musket caliber (0.69) was too heavy, and the old rifle caliber (0.54) bullet though good at 200 yards did not hold up well at the longer ranges. It was decided also to make the ball fit the bore snugly without a patch and to achieve the necessary expansion by hollowing the base as this had been found better than using compound balls. No patch or paper was used on the ball ; a wax and tallow coating made loading easy. It was observed that coarse-grained (musket) powder gave better results than rifle powder, providing more regular action on the ball and causing less fouling.*® The series of tests continued, with machine rests used to determine the relative accuracies of various small arms. The caliber 0.69 per- cussion musket was fired with service load at a 30-by-15-foot target. Three out of 25 shots at 300 yards missed this ; the rest made a group with mean vertical and horizontal deviations of 42 and 70 inches, respectively. The same number of shots at 400 yards gave 20 misses (80 percent) ; the few that struck had both vertical and horizontal mean deviations of 51 inches. The regulation rifle, with service charge (70 grains) and spherical ball, was fired at an 8-by-8-foot target. At 200 yards 3 out of 25 shots missed ; the rest had mean vertical and horizontal deviations of 12.1 and 13.2 inches. At 300 yards there were only 6 hits in 25 shots. Those that struck the target had vertical and horizontal deviations of 15.5 and 32 inches. The following were the characteristics of other rifled arms tested: Model 1842 Rifled Musket, with 70 grains of powder and 658 grain, 0.685-inch conical ball. Twenty-five shots were fired at each range. Range Elevation Drift to right Vert. Dev. Hor. Dev. Missed ZOOWMVALGS aia) = segs els 30 minutes 10 inches 8.9 inches 5.8 inches to) 500 yards... 6% < 1 deg. 45’ 54 inches 24.0 inches 17.7 inches o TOOO) yards. cj. 2 icls 4 deg. 45’ 562 inches 27.6 inches 55.2 inches 13 British Model 1851 Enfield Musket, with 60 grains of powder and 530-grain Pritchett ball. Twenty-five shots were fired at each range. Range Vert. Dev. Hor. Dev. Missed ZOO. "VALS aaiseaisrsy | Povelalsterh aver ye) eae tales 7 ~ inches 11.3 inches fe) SOOVVALASK. Kisvevs au, wisicissessheceiouyden ey) ALesiexravereee 20.4 inches 17.6 inches fo) TOOO YardSilecociete wetsiawaios rl, se Sislete yee 42.0 inches 52.8 inches 10 Cavalry Pistol, caliber 0.54, with 8-inch barrel, with 30 grains of powder and 300 grain ball. Twenty-five shots at each range. Range Vert. Dev. Hor. Dev. Missed TOO) VALS. \orarsieien b ccetetstcimaier. PM veheuenetetel ene 6.4 inches 4.3 inches to) ZOO™ VATASs izieisiels eee ee Cl OP pr elatererets 12.0 inches 12.0 inches ° WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 97 The board wished to standardize a single bullet for all arms, but because of the small charge used in the pistol there was not enough expansion of the musket ball, and so a special lighter one had to be used. This was also employed in the cadet musket. The recommenda- tions of the board were: To adopt the caliber of 0.58 for all small arms; to standardize the musket barrel at 40 inches, the musketoon at 26, and the pistol at 10; to adopt rifling with three grooves of decreasing depth, with one turn in 6 feet in the musket and musketoon, and one in 4 in the carbine and pistol; and to enlarge the old rifles to caliber 0.58. On July 5, 1855, the Secretary of War approved the following model designations : 17 0.69 inch rifle-musket, model 1822, altered 0.69 inch rifle-musket, model 1842, altered } 0.58 inch rifle-musket, model 1855, new 0.58 inch rifle, model 1841, altered 2 0.58 inch rifle, model 1855, new 0.58 inch pistol-carbine, model 1855, new. 1 Differs from the original model (1840) as follows: Bore grooved, rear sight similar to that for new musket, Maynard lock, portion of breech cut off and new breech piece with cone seat_added. } 2 Reamed up and re-rifled, with 1855 type rear sight, and bayonet stud. The characteristics of the new arms were determined by firing from rests. Rifle-musket, with 60-grain powder charge and 500-grain bullet. Elevation Range (degrees and Vert. Dev. Horiz. Dev. (yards) No. Shots minutes) (inches) (inches) BOO nace sa ashe yess 50 0-20 4.4 3.4 BOO Mes sieves. chek: 50 0-40 9.0 Gis: AOU ao ets a ciate tes oie 50 I-05 11.2 9.4 BOOR MOE aed cans 50 I-30 17.4 14.4 GOOLE ae era 50 2-00 24.6 13.8 TOOs ste avats- atarevottas 50 2-20 28.8 19.9 OOO eG Tae 53 2-50 37.1 18.9 O00k Kesar xs 84 3-30 52.8 24.8 FOODS Ce reise ans 120 4-15 55.9 25.5 Altered Rifle, with 60-grain powder charge and 500-grain bullet. Elevation Range (degrees and Vert. Dev. Horiz. Dev. (yards) No. Shots minutes) (inches) (inches) 2OOE ss cea eae sec 50 0-25 3.9 27 BOO) teas MERE 50 0-50 7.9 1.0 AOOw a oeyasiseteratys 50 I-10 11.8 II.0 COO Mee tseutielaca 50 I-45 15.0 12.7 GOON ee ew ee ek 50 2-10 18.6 14.4 ZOOM ANS. eet 48 2-35 25.2 16.2 SOOKE ere Serene stares 49 3-00 37.8 17.4 QOOP tea eiseeie as 86 3-40 52.4 20.0 OOO s's, settee tos 120 4-30 58.0 25.2 98 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 Altered Musket, with 70-grain powder charge and 730-grain bullet. Elevation Range (degrees and Vert. Dev. Horiz. Dev. (yards) No. Shots minutes) (inches) (inches) BOOM PAs evotto ee stacs 50 0-30 5.7 5.2 BOO, so ctaio a hae 50 I-00 4.9 4.6 ADO ys ccaetneialecieye 50 I-30 15.6 12.7 SOOk. onth esreete eas 50 I-50 15.6 11.9 GOOse Kaaticletete 50 2-15 24.6 16.0 POOR Sette noi ere he 50 2-50 28.8 15.6 OOP Naverereseieceseters 50 3-15 35.4 27.5 QOO SES: re cistaeeioe 50 4-10 55.2 20.4 LOOO. Sipe ogee wies 50 4-50 61.2 20.4 Pistol-Carbine, with 40-grain powder charge and 450-grain bullet. Range Vert. Dev. Horiz. Dev. (yards) No. Shots (inches) (inches) TOOw Ss dre.is wiasvousce-sionione 50 3.6 Qe QO se eetre see es soe 50 7.6 6.4 ROO ahs ato eerleteits 50 19.9 10.7 AOOvie)s aiscetsticiavias aise 50 30 13.2 OO hayes aicuseereteeeteilenecers 50 32 18.6 GOO NS Heise hres 52 (23 shots hit a target 16 feet high and 24 feet long.) The penetration in I-inch pine boards was as follows, using the same charges as before: Range in Yards Arm 200 600 1000 IAHer ed) Riflews scstasicicie-s rae deisperscsneye se os 54 34 Altered: MiuSkety « aisisieso+s)ersicueusiehs seis 104 64 3 INewsoRifle=Mimsket:. ‘vor sertcraievereteleie II 64 34 Pistol-Garbiney cae. ais.serocle amis ae vor 53 3 3 The heights of points along the trajectories were determined : Height in Inches at Distances in Yards Range sh Arm (yards) 50 75 100 125 150 175 Rifle-MUsket: (sfc siciere eeseiersts 200 14.5 LF 19.3 19.7 16.0 10.0 Altered Musket ........... 200 16.2 18.8 19.7 20.9 17.5 10.4 100 200 250 300 400 500 Harpers Ferry Rifle?...... 500 85 141 145 150 97 ° 1 With 40-grain powder charge and 4o0o-grain bullet. It was found that the highest point on the trajectory of the pistol- carbine at 100-yard range was 12 inches; that of the rifle-musket at 300 yards, 40 inches. A 15-mile wind deflected the ball of the latter arm 6 inches at 200 yards, 3 feet at 500, and 12 feet at 1000. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 99 Initial velocities as determined by the ballistic pendulum were: Mean Powder Bullet Velocity Arm Charge Weight (f/s) Altered HER Rater suai tie. aelees 60 grain 510 grain O14 Altered) i Ba Ritledack bis ni eere 70 740 883 New Rifle-Musket ............. 60 510 963 Smooth-bore Musket ........... 70 740 054 Old /Musketiyt aoe ce. seekial: 110 17/lb. (round) 1500 OldeRin eps Meese ye ei 70 32/lb. (round) 1750 Ger aStele tretacyareraistere 5 ot Nopere'siers 35 32/lb. (round) 947 IPistol=Carbine ys cs oh. o: eee eee 40 468 603 The relative recoils of the various arms was indicated by calculation of the space over which the gun would recoil in one second if free. These figures were as follows: 18 Free Recoil in Powder 1 Second Arm Charge (feet) Altered! ies hi titles vim. eam womens ceo ows 60 6.88 New) kite Miusket: 5 Greener claims that during the Crimean War many Enfield rifles were expanded so much by the “Pritchett” ball used as to loosen all the bands. To remedy this an adjustable band was adopted.*® Some of the British “Brunswick” rifles were used in this country. These had a bore of 0.704 inch and used a spherical belted bullet to fit the 2-groove rifling. Angles of elevation were determined by tests conducted in 1852, as follows: Angle of Elevation Range (degrees and minutes) POOLVALGS cctecas ected hate @:slardetes eberereusis ite Gicuethenereyeze 0-08 BOO Yards aw, Saitievere saree eh oc item wietewistels oleoe ret 0-34 BOO Sy AT Sietis.. Mea cralensicteloie Settle es Srmeuates Meeker te lees 0-54 ADO ATS Ware Pe ae a iertharats Cuedays wletores ey cite erekeleleuevetelaudisescols I-26 ‘ GOO! VARS ears s Weveke eyarets olan aris: sere erasers atenckerel corer ? At 500 yards the shooting was too wild to allow determination of a consistent angle. This rifle was shown to be very inferior in range. Loading was so difficult that a man’s hand became too unsteady for accurate shooting.*” The Whitworth hexagonal-bore rifle was used by the Confederates for long-range sharpshooting. In 1857 this rifle was tested at Hythe (British equivalent of Camp Perry). The power and efficiency of the Whitworth over the Enfield was estimated as 20 to 1. At 1,800 yards (over a mile) it struck the target with force, while the Enfield made no hits at 1,400 yards. At 1,100 yards the Whitworth was on a par with the Enfield at 500. With the same charge (70 grains) it shot a bullet through 33 half-inch elm planks compared with 12 for the Enfield.** A tabulation of these tests follows: *° Elevation Mean (degrees and Radius Arm Yards minutes) (feet) Whitworth antiesrieeeiice ce 500 I-I5 0.37 infielders a eran rr see ska 500 I-32 2.24 Wihitworth! Sao se aece eter te 800 2-20 1.00 enfield kien Wasi eeys praeiorreers 800 2-A5 4.11 Whhstworthiicntecicn si oee am oe 1100 3-45 2.41 Birifiel dee na.deccetsraeeerrevea were 1100 4-12 8.04 Wihitworthienneaeseisc cae coe 1400 5-00 4.62 orfrel dys See etavccasiaiesieve siete 1400 6-20 to 7-00 ~=—_— no hits WihitworthoMeeeiseccilonia ces eae 1800 6-40 11.62 The comparative accuracies of the French musket and a tige rifle were shown by tests conducted at Metz. In these, 15 marksmen fired a total of 60 rounds at each range. Results were as follows: *° WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 105 Musket A Tige Rifle Range Target Size — OO oO (yards) (feet and inches) No. Hits Percent No. Hits Percent TOA RS Sai eee 6-6 by I-10.5 18 30 37 61.7 ATOMS ae cere 6-6 by 4-8.7 21 35 45 75 AG Tits ssteiordd oe 6-6 by 6-6 3) 5 31 51.7 GEG tector solo syarsrs 6-6 by 13-0 He ar 25 41.7 STA avec anietins 6.6 by 19-0 ae mS 14 23.3 The Minié ball was, in turn, superior to the tige. Trials at Washington Arsenal in 1856 gave an idea of the per- formance of an Austrian rifle. The weapon tested was of caliber 0.55, with four grooves of uniform twist. It fired a solid expanding ball of 450 grains, with a charge of 62 grains. The cartridge paper was saturated with grease at the ball end and was loaded with the ball, serving as a patch. Of 23 shots fired at 300 yards range, six missed the target, and the rest formed a group with mean vertical and horizontal deviations of 15.12 and 12.1 inches, respectively. The Belgian calibers 0.69 and 0.71 rifled-muskets were about equal in performance to corresponding United States weapons. In general the Austrian arms were the poorest imported, from workmanship more than from design. In summary, the smooth-bore musket and the rifled carbine, though capable of inflicting a dangerous wound at longer ranges, were in- effectual for aimed fire at much over 150 yards. The maximum practical range of the round-ball rifle was about 300 yards. The rifled-muskets and rifles using the conical ball, however, were sighted for and quite capable of serious target shooting at 600 to 1,000 yards. Then as now, the extreme practical range of the pistol was 50 yards. The rifles, muskets, carbines, and revolvers used by our troops can hardly be considered apart from the ammunition they used. For best results ammunition and weapon have to be developed concurrently. One is useless without the other. The arms, being much more durable, have been passed down to us in more or less good condition, with physical characteristics quite evident on inspection. Ammunition, however, has withstood the ravages of time less successfully. It was expendable. Many types can be envisioned only from the printed descriptions of their manufacture. NOTES (See Bibliography for full literature citations) 1. Panot, L., Aide memoire. Hereafter cited as Panot. 2. Wheeler, H. F. B., and Broadley, A. M., Napoleon and the invasion of England. 106 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 3. The term “point blank” range came into use through an erroneous theory of exterior ballistics. It was thought that the path of a bullet as it leit the muzzle of a gun was perfectly straight for a considerable distance and that as the bullet lost velocity gravity started to act and caused it to fall to earth along a parabolic curve. The point-blank range of a piece was the distance the ball was believed to travel before leaving a straight-line path. The French bullseye being white, point blanc meant “aim at the center.” 4. Deane. 5. Piobert. 6 to 11, Lbid. 12. Duane, William, Handbook for riflemen. 13. Senate Doc. 503, 26th Congress, rst Session, 1839-1840. 14. Rep. Exp. Gunpowder. 15. Ibid. 16. Small arms, 1856. 17 and 18. Ibid. 19. Dahlgren. 20. Ibid. 21. Figure supplied by Sam Feldman, Ballistics Eng. Ordnance Dept. 22. Haven, C. T., and Belden, F. A., A history of the Colt revolver. 23. An English revolver used during the Civil War. 24. Senate Doc. 72, 37th Congress, 2d Session, Report of Commission on ordnance. 25. Annual of Scientific Discovery, 1864. 26. Small arms, 1856. 27. Fuller, Claud E., The breechloader in the Service. 28. Small arms, 1856. 29. Satterlee. 30. This model was the one that used the rubber cartridge. 31. Ord. Memo. No. 5. Proceedings of Ordnance Board convened Sept. 12, 1863, Washington, 1864. 32. For details of many of these see Mordecai, Military commission to Europe in 1855 and 1856. 33. Blanch. 34. The Model 1851 used the Pritchett bullet, made on the Minié principle. 35. Douglas, Howard, Treatise on naval gunnery. 36. Greener, 1858. 37. Gordon, A., Report of experiments with small arms, Enfield, 1852; Lon- don, 1853. 38. Busk. 39. Greener, 1858. 40. Panot. CHAPTER V AMMUNITION The ammunition made by the millions of rounds for use in our muzzle-loading service arms has by now been fired or broken up, with but relatively few exceptions. Here and there specimens are to be seen in museums, in collections, and even still in storage in Govern- ment arsenals.1 Most of them are now unidentified, and surprisingly little knowledge of these once-important cartridges has survived. However, most of the major varieties have quite distinctive charac- teristics, and a combination of description and photographs will help to identify them. During the Revolutionary War the only small arms that approached standardization in the American forces were those of the French and British armies. These were of various models, dating back in many cases to the French and Indian Wars. The cartridges used were similar to French and British types, with similar balls and charges. Identified specimens are rare. The “Brown Bess’ used a ball supposedly standarized at 14 per pound, or caliber 0.688. From examination of 70 bullets found on British campsites ? it appears that they varied from 0.687 to 0.700 inch in diameter, with an average of 0.694. The British charge was 6 drams (or 163 grains). The cartridge tube was tied with string ahead of the bullet and filled with powder, and the end twisted tightly. No contemporary specimen could be found for illustration of the ball cartridge. However, a buckshot round (pl. 231i) appears to answer the general description of the British cartridge. The French load for the “Charleville” musket contained 189 grains of powder and a ball of size 19-to-the-pound. Plate 23a shows a ball cartridge made during the Revolutionary War for use in the French musket. It is made of paper from a public document—the words “of the Confederation” and “Domestick Affairs” can be read on the sides. This cartridge illustrates a general type that remained in use until the middle 1830’s. In this the folded “pigtail” at the rear of the cartridge was either twisted or twisted and then doubled back as was the standard practice at a later date. The bullet end was pasted shut instead of tied. The French cartridge may be distinguished from 107 108 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 the British by its smaller ball. The French-style wrapper had a straight pasted seam ; that of the British was usually cut on a diagonal. In addition to the standard foreign arms, the Continental forces used many different weapons. The Pennsylvania Committee of Safety reported in May 1777 that the following gauges of bullets were then in use: 13, 15, 17, 19, 21, 24, and 30. This represents a range of caliber from 0.54 to 0.73. On October 6, 1777, GHQ at Perkiomy ordered that “Buckshot are to be put into all cartridges which shall hereafter be made.” * From this it appears that the “buck-and-ball” combination became popular with our Army at an early date. Writing in a tactics manual, printed in 1814, Benjamin Moore said that the standard musket cartridge of the period 1812-13 was the buck-and- ball cartridge. Fifty years later this load was still considered of great value for guard duty, Indian fighting, and most any operation in brushy country. Our first official rifle load, that established for the Model 1804 “Harpers Ferry” rifle, remained the same through the flintlock and into the percussion period. In 1810 Duane ® said, “The proof bullet of the United States musket made at Harpers Ferry in Virginia, the barrel of which is 3 feet 83 inches, is one fifteenth of a pound; the service bullet one nineteenth. The Rifle of Harpers Ferry, the barrel of which is 2 feet 10 inches; the proof ball is one twenty eighth of a pound; the service ball one thirty second part of a pound.” The cartridge for the “common rifle” (pl. 27d) contained a patched ball (pl. 27e). This was the characteristic that distinguished the ammuni- tion for the common rifle from that for the Hall’s rifle, which used a bare ball. (See pl. 27g.) The patch, of bladder or similar membrane, was firmly tied to the ball. In a letter written in 1813 the Commissary-General of Ordnance ° said, “Proof charge for the musket is equal to the ball weight (1/18th of a pound). The service charge of powder about one forty-fifth of a pound (157 grains, plus priming). Ratio to proof charge—2$ to 1.” The years following the Revolution brought successive improve- ments in gunpowder and better understanding of ballistics, which together resulted in a series of reductions in powder charge. The musket cartridge used in the War of 1812 (pl. 23b) contained about 160 grains of powder and a ball of size 18-to-the-pound. This com- bination produced a velocity of about 1,440 feet per second but gave excessive recoil. The Army found that after the charge was increased to a certain point further increase caused a reduction in velocity, though the recoil continued to grow greater. The French charge of WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 109 that period (with the same size ball) was 146.5 grains plus priming, or about 158 grains. As in the Revolutionary period, both buck-and- ball and buckshot loads were used in addition to the regular ball. (See pl. 23g,i.) Relatively few standard rifles were in service and they were usually loaded with loose ammunition, that is, with patched ball and powder from a flask. I was unable to find specific references to the loads employed in the caliber 0.69 contract pistols, but I felt a little better about it on seeing a letter written March 31, 1827, by Ordnance Inspector J. Weatherhead to Colonel Bomford, Chief of Ordnance. Weather- head on being assigned to inspect some North’s pistols said that he was familiar with the charges used in the musket, rifle, and pistol of rifle bore, but asked what charge to use where the “pistols differed from the rifle bore, viz 4 an ounce.” At a considerably later date these pistols fired a 65-grain charge (pl. 31a, b). The original load was probably at least 73 grains.” In 18108 the British charge for a similar pistol was 82 grains. The first published tabulation of United States Army cartridges, with powder charges and bullet weights, appeared in the Ordnance Regulations of 1834, as follows: Established Charges for Small Arms Salute or Service Charges Exercise— —— SS FSS SS Charge of No. of No. of No. of Buck Charges of Powder in Charges Balls Shot, 180 to Powder in Nature of Grains, Prim- in One in One the Lb., in Grains, Priming Small Arms ing Included Pound Pound a Charge Included Musket: 214.0020 144 48.61 18 15 120 Common Rifle .... 100 70 32 nt 73 lallis tRatles ee ses 100 70 32 Be 73 Hall’s Carbine (percussion) ... 85 82.35 32 ee 62 PAStolis.5.,csrceahees SI 137.25 32 as 51 These same regulations, in illustrating proper rendering of returns of Ordnance stores, listed : 100,000 musket ball cartridges at $9.47 per M. 10 barrels of powder at 20 cents per pound. 2832 percussion primers for small arms, at I cent each. These primers were for use with Hall’s carbine, introduced in 1834; the first arm with percussion ignition to be adopted in a military service. About 1835, when new arms models were being considered, there were also some changes in cartridge specifications. The most obvious IIO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 of these was a change in folding the paper pigtail. From that date to the end of the paper cartridge period, the folded end of the cartridge was turned forward alongside the powder charge. The accompanying drawing (fig. 16) shows the construction of the principal types of b. BUCK AND BALL c. BUCKSHOT Fic. 16—Ammunition for caliber 0.69 musket. ammunition made in the manner just described. Figure 16a represents the ball cartridge, tied above the ball and choked with the same string between ball and powder. Figure 16b is the buck-and-ball round, containing three buckshot above the round ball with an additional half- hitch between them. Figure 16c shows the buckshot cartridge, con- taining four layers of three buckshot each. Each layer is separated by a half-hitch. Charges in use in 1837 were listed in an official report of tests at West Point, N. Y.® 1837 CARTRIDGES Ball Weight Powder Weight of Total Arm Caliber Diameter (grains) Charge Paper Weight Musket, Flint.. 0.69 0.64 307.5 1441 11.5 553 Rifle, 1817 .... 0.54 0.525 219 100 1 10.0 3322 Hall’s Rifle ... 0.52 0.525 219 78 1 8.4 305.2 8 Hall’s Musket. 0.64 0.64 307.5 1102 10.2 517.7 Hall’s Musket, Percussion .. 0.64 0.64 397.5 86 4 Buck and Ball. 0.64 0.64 397.5&3 buck 144 1 Includes 8-10 grains priming charge. 2Includes 3.4-grain patch. 8 Same load as for Cadet musket. 4The r10-grain charge also used. The above table indicates that the Army did use some of the Model 1834 Hall’s carbines with receivers from the flintlock Hall’s rifles substituted for the percussion-type receivers standard with the car- WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS BPE bines. For years collectors of firearms have doubted the legitimacy of percussion Hall carbines found with flintlock receivers installed. When new powder was purchased in 1837 and 1838, it was found to be greatly superior to the old supply. With stronger powder, charges could be reduced materially. The first record of these new specifications is found in a manuscript for the first Ordnance Manual, prepared in 1839.7° Service Charges for small Arms [1839] Charge of Number of Number of Powder in Charges in Nature of Balls in Grains, Troy One Pound Small Arm One Pound Weight (Avoirdupois) Remarks Musketeer deus 18 130 54 Priming included Musketoon ......... 18 85 80 Priming included Hall’s Carbine— Musket cal. ....... 18 75 93 Percussion lock Hall’s Carbine— RGMes Galle neyeis crete se ne 32 75 93 Percussion lock Efall’ sailed aan s «8 32 100 70 Priming included Common Rifle ...... 32 100 70 Priming included IBIStOMma rie ase ci eiie ctr 32 50 140 Priming included For blank cartridges the above charges of powder shall be reduced one-tenth. In 1841 the Ordnance Manual, as printed, contained an expanded table, as follows: Diameter Powder { Plate Ball No./Lb. Grains ? No.] Musket (Single Ball, Buck & Ball).. 0.64 18 130 M 24a, b CBlanley yates Pe aciefe a eaystrsiaoccs rete ae 117 M 24d (ta Bircle: Shot). side's tase ae Mp. 130 M 24c Mrusketoon (Ball) cecicrsicieins culclelcicieie 0.64 18 85M 24e CBlankaypecesccesentes oe eee ay 77M 24h Palo Carbine (ball voce esa ves ses 0.64 18 75R 25d (Blank) t" ere a8 be 68R as CRaIDy hoe, Be Ae 0.525 32 Wpshire CBlanks) ir 4. Hi Soe 24 eo a 68 R Bat Halich Ride GBall)in jo. pt aa ae 0.525 32 100 R 27g GBlanlke) Wa sucee witha aleve ae Ae 90 R wet Rates GBall py says are cash have usieie lets 0.525 32 100 R 27d GEAR Ver eicite faites tet ds eisai. %4 ny “i 90 R 27e 1 EET #5} MNT: ETT a SAV SER a 0.525 32 50oR 31f CBlanloyiewicuires ce atrssisescicre age se 45R 31g 1 Buckshot 0.3 diameter, 170/Ib. 2Tncludes 6 to 12 grains priming except for Hall’s Carbine (Perc.) Norte: The designations ‘‘M” and “R” after the powder charges indicate musket and rifle powder respectively. During the elaborate tests of gunpowder made at Washington Arsenal in 1843 and 1844, the service loads then in effect were listed. II2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Note that a percussion rifle had been adopted in 1841, and a percussion musket in 1842. STANDARD CARTRIDGES IN 1842 0 a: Powder Weight of Total Arm Caliber Diameter Weight Charge Paper Weight Mausketrie os ctencces sce 0.69 0.64 307.5 130gr. 10.8gr. 538.3 gr. Cadet’s Musket ....... 0.57 0.525 2190 78 8.4 305.2 Musket, Percussion ... 0.69 0.64 307.5 120 10.8 528.3 Rifle, Percussion ...... 0.54 0.525 2191 100 10.0 332.4 Halls Rate sce eo... assie. 0.52 0.525 219 (Same as Cadet) Hall’s Carbine, (Percussion prise elon 0.52 0.525 219 100 10.0 329 Jenks) Carbime % . < .ss: 0.52 0.525 219 70 8.0 207 Pistol, Percussion .... 0.54 0.525 219 35 5.5 259.5 1 Weight of patch 3.4 grains. Though the official tables of 1834 and 1839 showed the 100-grain charge for the Hall rifle, lists of cartridges actually being used in 1837 and 1842 showed the lighter cadet-musket load as that fired in the Hall arm. It was said that the gas leakage at the breech of the Hall was terrific when fired with the regulation load. With an accurate means for measuring velocities, then for the first time available in the United States, it was possible to analyze and compare small-arms ammunition. Captain Mordecai** made an extensive report, excerpts from which follow: Of the proper charge for the percussion musket .. . The cartridge for the flint musket contains 130 grains weight of powder, from which, deducting about 10 grs. for priming, we have 120 grains for the charge which is put into the musket. This charge has always been considered ample in service, and when composed of the best powder, it is quite as much as can be used with comfort to the soldier, in firing the present ball of 18-to-the-pound. The sufficiency of this charge may also be deduced, by analogy, from that of the French flint lock musket, which is the model of ours. When the charge was established at the present standard of 146.5 grs. it was found, by numerous experiments, that the effect of this charge, with the ball of 18-to-the-pound, was equal to that of the former charge of 189 grs., with the old powder ; and the ball of 19-to-the-pound; and this latter change, having been used in all the wars of the revolution, was thought to have been proved sufficient, by long experience. Now, by the experiments with powders from a large number of the French powder works, which led to the adoption of the present standard of proof by means of the musket pendulum, it as found that the mean velocity of the ball, with a charge of 154 gr. (10 grammes), was 1477 feet, which was therefore adopted as the minimum velocity for the proof of musket powder. The propor- tional velocity with a charge of 146.5 grs., would be 1440 feet, considerably below that of 1500 ft. which we have obtained for the same ball, with the charge of 120 grs., of the powder A.4. It may be remarked, here, that some of the French musket powder, although made in the pounding mill, is of not very in- WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 113 ferior force to this powder A.4, as will be seen by the experiments with the sample of powder made at Bouchet, which gives a velocity of 1478 feet with a charge of 120 grs., and would therefore give about 1630 ft. with the charge of 146.5 grs. But we see that, by reducing the size of grain of our musket powder and making it conform more nearly to the English powder, we may obtain, with a charge of 120 grs., a force nearly equal to that of this Bouchet powder, with a charge of 146.5 grs. We may, therefore, regard this charge of 120 ers. as suffi- cient for the musket, with a ball of 18-to-the-pound, having 0.05 in. windage. But we find, from the table of experiments, that by reducing the windage of the ball to 0.04 in. and increasing its weight to 47th of a pound, we may obtain, with the percussion musket, as great a velocity with this heavier ball with a charge of 110 grs. as for the smaller and lighter ball with 120 grs., and this with- out any increase in the force of recoil. Having satisfied myself, by the trials men- tioned in the Journal, that this increase in the diameter of the ball will not impede the service of the arm if the balls are smooth, I propose that the changes above indicated, in the kind of powder, the charge, and the size of the ball, should be adopted in service, and that in order to ensure the uniformity and smoothness of the balls, they should be made by compression, as is now prac- ticed in the British service, and in some others. In this manner, we may obtain, with the charge of 110 grs. in the percussion musket, an initial velocity of about 1500 ft., which is greater than requisite for a musket ball, and leaves sufficient room to allow for deterioration of the powder, or for accidental loss of a small portion in loading, etc. as well as for variations of windage, consequent on the differences permitted in the bores of muskets. As a further evidence of the sufficiency of this charge, we may compare the experiments on the range of the musket with those made in France, with the same ball of 17 to 1 lb. and the old charge of 189 grs., as stated in the Aide Memoire d’Artillerie: French Powder Powder X Charge 189 ers. Charge 110 grs. Abscissa Ordinate Abscissa Ordinate Yds. In. ds. n. 76.6 6.38 80 7-7 120.3 17 120 23 153 28.83 150 32 According to the same authority, an elevation of 33 min. is required for a range of 219 yds., with the charge of 146.5 grs. and the ball of %gth lb.; and I find nearly the same result with the ball of 47th Ib. and the charge of 110 grs., viz.: that an elevation of about 36 min. is required for a range of 200 yards. The range of 500 yds. requires, with this charge, an elevation of less than 33°, and at that distance the ball retains sufficient force to pass through a pine board 1 in. thick, showing that it would inflict a serious wound at a still greater distance. I may add, also, that the charge for the British percussion musket is reduced to 44 drachms, or 123 grs., whilst the ball is 144-to-the-pound, or 480 grs. This charge is therefore smaller, in proportion to the weight of the ball, than that here proposed, in the ratio of 3.73 to 3.93. By the new edition of the Aide Memoire d'Artillerie, I find that a change similar to that which I propose has been adopted in establishing the charge I14 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 of powder and ball for the new percussion musket in the French service. The windage of the ball has been reduced to 0.04 in. and although the bore of the musket is enlarged, so as to receive a ball of %5th pound, or 467 grs., the charge is reduced to 123.5 grs. This charge bears almost exactly the same proportion to the weight of the ball as that which I propose; but the use of pounding-mill powder is continued for the military service in France, notwith- standing its inferior force, in most cases. The force of the charge of 35 gers. in the pistol, is greater than necessary for that arm, and the experiments made on 19th Dec’r, 1844, show, that with 30 grs. of good powder, the pistol ball is propelled with sufficient velocity to inflict a severe wound even at more than 80 yards; but as this charge can be fired with- out inconvenience to the hand, I should not propose less than 30 grs. as the charge for the pistol. Numerous experiments on ranges, made at Washington Arsenal, have shown, that with good powder, the charge of 70 grs. is sufficient for the percussion rifle, even at the distance of 300 to 350 yards, and we might draw the same inference from the velocity which this charge communicates to the ball; but as the charge of 75 grains can be fired with perfect ease, and without stripping the ball, it would be perhaps safer to adopt that charge, in order to provide for accidental loss, deterioration of powder, etc. This charge is considerably greater, in proportion to the weight of the ball, than those lately adopted for the Eng- lish and French service rifles; but it is properly so, because the weight of our rifle ball, being of less than half the weight of either of those, will be more effected by the resistance of the air, and should, therefore, have a greater initial velocity. In order that Hall’s rifle may be effective at long distances, its charge should hardly be less than 100 grs., and the chamber of the rifle ought to be enlarged, to admit that charge, if the arms should be again put in service. Conclusions . For musket powder, I would recommend a reduction of the size of grain, to be regulated by the present standard gauges as follows: All the grains should pass through No. 4 About one-half through No. 5 Nearly one-fourth through No. 6 This would give about 2000 or 2500 grains of powder in Io grs. Troy. For rifle powder, a small reduction may also be made in the size of the grain, by requiring that all the grains pass through No. 6, the other gauges being used according to the present regulation. There would then be about 12,000 or 15,000 grains of powder in Io grs. Troy. For small arms, the following charges are proposed: For the percussion musket, with the proposed musket powder, 110 grs. For the percussion rifle, 75 grs. For the percussion pistol, 30 grs. of rifle powder. For small arms also, especially for the musket, the variation now allowed in the diameter of the bore is, I believe, unnecessarily great. But for these arms, a much more important change is that of reducing the windage, by increasing the diameter of the ball, and to effect this object, with certainty and uniformity, WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS II5 I propose that balls for small arms shall be made by compression, instead of being cast. The 1841 rifle had a reputation for extreme recoil. This can be appreciated on noting that the percussion rifle cartridge of 1842 re- tained the original flintlock charge of 100 grains, thus adding the priming charge to the main load. Instead of 90 grains of mediocre powder, the percussion rifle at first used 100 grains of much improved powder. Probably Mordecai’s recommended charge of 75 grains gave a performance at least equal to that obtained with the original flintlock ammunition, The Hall’s rifle charge, then 78 grains, was no doubt equivalent to that of the older 100-grain cartridge, which included 10 grains for priming. When Mordecai suggested enlarging the Hall’s rifle chamber so as to hold 100 grains, he was talking about a rifle altered to per- cussion. The original flintlock Hall chamber would not take the entire charge of 100 grains. Captain Mordecai’s recommendations were adopted, for the most part, and the resulting new loads for service arms were published in 1840, in the second edition of the Ordnance Manual: CARTRIDGES FOR SMALL ARMS [1849] Charges of Powder Percussion Ratioto Blank Balls No. in No.in Weight Car- Kind Diameter 1 Lb. Weight 1 Lb. of Ball tridge Remarks Misket,’ sieiesls 0.65 17, iy PILO 64 1-4th 75 Musket Powder Musketoon ..... 0.65 / 75 93 1-5th 75 if is Hall’s Carbine .. 0.525 32 75 93 1-3rd 60 Rifle Powder RANG I. Shes cet 0.525 32 30 03 1-3rd 60 K 3 Pistalionasrcsiae de 0.525 32 BONN 263 1-7th 30 ss oi Buckshot are 0.31 in, in diameter; weight about 150 or 155 to 1 Lb. Cartridges are made with single ball, 1 ball and 3 buckshot, or sometimes with 12 buckshot, and they are desig- nated accordingly. Most of the cartridges described in the 1849 Manual are illustrated as indicated. Plate 25 shows the musket ball, buck-and-ball, and buck- shot cartridges in a, b, and c. The corresponding musketoon loads are shown in f, g, and h, and those for the Hall carbine in d and e. Plate 27, h and i, are the rifle ball and blank cartridges. Pistol ball and blank specimens are shown on plate 31, j and k. Item 1 is the 35-grain pistol ball cartridge mentioned by Mordecai as the standard in 1842, when the percussion pistol was first introduced. In 1842 the Army had started to experiment with elongated balls. Some caliber 0.69 muskets were rifled and tried with variously shaped projectiles. Conical-ball loads were also made up for the caliber 116 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 0.54 rifle. After the tests of 1853-55 1° the Army reduced the standard musket caliber to 0.58 inch and adopted the Maynard tape-primer ignition system. The first of the expanding bullets used by our Army employed the Minié principle, incorporating a tapered plug in the base. These plugs were made of wood or of a lead alloy. It was soon discovered that with a cavity of suitable size and shape the wedge was not neces- sary. Most military services of the Civil War period used the same general principles, either direct—gases acting in the bullet cavity—or indirect—upsetting the ball. The United States caliber 0.58 bullet was essentially the French tige bullet with a base cavity added. At first this cavity was made in the shape of a truncated cone, but this was found too weak in the rifle-musket. It was retained for use with reduced charges, as in the pistol-carbine, but for full loads a cone- shaped cavity was used. For a drawing of these bullets see Chapter VI, figure 23. No patch of any kind was used in loading them. In nearly all other service bullets of the period a greased patch of cloth or paper covered the bullet when placed in the bore. Our bullets were lubricated with a mixture of four parts beeswax to one part tallow, applied by dipping.** The report of the Chief of Ordnance for the year ended June 30, 1844, showed that “150,000 tin foil musket cartridges and 50,000 each for rifle and carbine” were purchased. They were tested the following year. Though it appears from correspondence that these cartridges were finally delivered, I do not know of an existing specimen. Professor Shonbein, who discovered guncotton, published his first observations in 1846, patenting the product during that year in the United States. That same year Captain Mordecai tried guncotton as a propellant for small arms, in tests conducted at the Washington Arsenal. He used the standard musket ball (17-to-the-pound) wrapped in cartridge paper with 30 to 60 grains of guncotton. The charge occupied four times the space of the same weight of gun- powder. The 60-grain charges developed a velocity of 1,670 feet per second. The average obtained in firing 48 standard rounds was 1,600. Thus half the weight of propellant produced at least equal velocity with negligible fouling. However, a double charge burst the barrel at the breech, the barrel having been given previously the standard barrel proof: first charge 390 grains with a 15-to-the-pound ball and two wads; second charge 318 grains with the same size ball and no wads. Based on these tests, guncotton was considered unsuited for use in small arms. In Europe an Austrian baron, General Von Lenk, made numerous WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 117 experiments with guncotton but with the main emphasis on its use as an artillery propellant. It was necessary to control the combustion space accurately and to retard the rate of burning. To get the first result in small arms ammunition, Von Lenk attached a small stick to the base of the bullet so as to assure the correct positioning of the charge between breech and bullet. He used a finely braided material in order to retard the rate of burning.‘* During the Civil War the United States Army purchased 1,000 of these cartridges in caliber 0.58 for trial. They were listed in Ordnance Memorandum No. I. In 1864 Major Laidley ** mentioned the Von Lenk ammunition. He said that the 1,000 rounds ordered were for use in the Springfield musket and were to be loaded by dropping into the barrel by their own weight. He stated that the 22-grain charge of guncotton with the 448-grain ball on a stick gave the same velocity as our 520-grain ball with 60 grains of gunpowder. One of the Von Lenk cartridges is shown on plate 37a. During the course of the Civil War certain combustible envelope cartridges, made with a covering of some nitrated material, were sometimes also termed “guncotton” cartridges. The type to which the name was properly applied was the Von Lenk, the term “com- bustible” being more appropriate for those that used such material simply as a covering for the conventional gunpowder. The Barlow cartridge (pl. 37b) consisted of a bullet attached to a tightly rolled coil of nitrated paper. It, too, was strictly speaking a guncotton cartridge (or nitrocellulose) as contrasted to gunpowder. Though the Barlow cartridge is listed in the Frankford collection along with other United States military specimens, no specific reference has been found to indicate service use. It may have been for trial only. The paper used is a dark purple, almost black. With the new arms adopted in 1855 came a new type of cartridge. In this the powder was contained in a separate cylindrical case made of heavy rocket paper (about like light cardboard). This case was rolled in a piece of cartridge paper and filled with powder ; then the whole thing was placed on another piece of paper with a bullet and rolled again. This stiffer construction resulted in much less damage in the field after issue to the troops. At about the start of the Civil War—the exact date is not known—the old system was reinstated, perhaps because it was simpler. Cartridge specifications in 1856 were as follows: Ball Ball Powder Arm Caliber Diameter Weight Charge Altered Musket! . 2072.6... 0.69 0.685 730 er. 70 gr. Rifle & Rifle-musket........ 0.58 0.5775 500 60 GadetaMiuusketme- soca ss cae 0.58 0.5775 450 40 Pistol=carbine. o.c.5'5.62.e0 waa 0.58 0.5775 450 40 118 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 In the course of service trials the Army found that the light 4o- grain charge for the cadet musket did not upset the ball sufficiently, and so the charge for that arm was increased to 50 grains. That for the pistol-carbine was left at 40, which was considered the maximum that could be fired without discomfort to the soldier. Apparently not many caliber 0.58 cartridges were made following the specifications of 1856, or if made they were all expended, as no specimens could be found for illustration. However, the same type of construction was used in cartridges for the caliber 0.69 rifled musket and musketoon during the Civil War, probably because the heavy bullet required a more substantial wrapping. Plates 26a, b, and 251 show the rifled-musket cartridges in ball, buckshot, and blank loads. Plate 26c shows the musketoon ball cartridge with the first-type ball, employing a wooden plug. Item e shows the later ball without a base plug. The buckshot cartridge for the musketoon is shown in plate 25). After the United States Army contracted to manufacture breech- loading arms on the Morse principle, a few rifles and muskets were converted to that system at the Springfield Armory. Only a few specimens were made in calibers 0.54 and 0.58, but the caliber 0.69 muskets were produced in quantity sufficient for trials. While they were being made a contract was given to the Muzzy Rifle and Gun Manufacturing Co., Worcester, Mass., for 10,000 caliber 0.69 Morse cartridges. A sample gun was sent them for use in testing cartridges. The Morse cartridge made by Muzzy evidently had a cast-brass case about 14 inches long by 0.72 of an inch in diameter. Some of them were loaded with buckshot. I have been unable to locate one of these specimens, but judged from the construction of the caliber 0.69 Morse musket the cartridge must have had a very thin wall for a casting, as a part of the bolt face projected into the chamber, behind the ex- tractor hook, and left little clearance. A letter referring to the Morse ammunition follows: U. S. Armory, Springfield, April 22, 1859 Co.. H. K. Crate, U.S.A. Ordnance Dept., Washington, D. C. Sr: We forward by express this day, two boxes to your address, containing two (2) Muskets, Model 1822, altered in conformity to the latest orders received for the alteration to Morse patent. Also 200 cartridges charged with Powder and Buck shot, to wit: 70 Grains of powder & 12 Buck Shot. The tools for cast- ing the Cartridge cases, and the quantity of Powder & Shot having been pre- pared according to the directions of Mr. Morse. We hope to forward two WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS IIgQ altered rifles, each .54 and .58 by the 15th proximo. I deem it to be proper for me to state, that in consequence of the change of model, we shall be compelled to fabricate new tools, to considerable extent—and we think with the best econ- omy that we can use it will, if the present method of alteration is adhered to, cost about $1200 to prepare the models & tools—and after that we shall not be able to make the alteration for 2000 only—at less cost than $5.00 a musket. I remain, with the highest respect Your Obt. Servt. JAMES S. WHITNEY Supt. One sample caliber 0.58 Morse musket was made and issued to Harpers Ferry Armory. Three were made in caliber 0.54, but they were never issued from Springfield Armory, and in 1877 they were transferred from store to the Armory Museum. Frankford Arsenal made some Morse ammunition in 1860, in calibers 0.54, 0.58, and perhaps 0.69. These were the relatively familiar Morse type, tinned, and with flanged heads and rubber bases. What they were used for is a mystery ; perhaps they were just to familiarize the Arsenal per- sonnel with the manufacture of metallic cartridges, the Morse being one of the first to contain its own primer. The caliber 0.58 ammuni- tion was said to have been made for the Navy, but the only Morse gun recorded in that size was the one sent to Harpers Ferry as a model. It was expected that Morse rifles would be manufactured there, but the war changed the plans. (See pl. 39a, b, for Morse car- tridges as made at Frankford.) In the United States beginning about 1845 considerable attention was given to the development of breech-loading small arms. The main objective was to produce a suitable arm for mounted troops, one that would be safe and easier to manipulate in the saddle than existing carbines or musketoons, which were loaded with separate or swivel ramrods. The type of cartridge used with the older weapons required too many motions for loading and firing. Breech-loading systems had been known and experimented with for years, but it was not until the perfection of the metallic cartridge that they really became effective. The expansion of this type of cartridge on firing, to form a perfect gas seal at the breech, was the solution to the major problem of the breechloader. In the first efforts to effect this solution paper-case ammunition and linen-case ammunition were tried. Though some of the arms using this sort of cartridge were very ingenious and gave good results, they were not perfect. The best known and most popular among these was the well-made Sharps, first used in the early 1850’s with I20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 paper cartridges, which in its final form was generally acknowledged the best of the weapons using linen cartridges. The gas check in this arm was an expanding metal ring in the breech block, which worked effectively. The linen cartridge used in the Sharps rifles and carbines is shown on plate 36b. The original Army-type Sharps cartridge was made of paper, like that for the musket except that the paper was tied to the base of the bullet. (See pl. 30h, j,k.) The Confederate Sharps used a similar load (pl. 32f). During the Civil War paper Sharps cartridges were made that had a thin piece of tissue paper pasted over the end of a fairly heavy paper tube (pl. 301). The flame from the percussion cap perforated the thin paper readily. When paper am- munition with a pigtail on the end was used, the sharp edge of the rising breech block cut this off, exposing the powder. A number of other linen cartridges for carbines were used in the Army: Starr, Perry, Gibbs, and Union or Cosmopolitan. The Navy Jenks carbine had a linen cartridge, though loaded from a flask when originally introduced. The Starr and Union types are shown on plate 36a,c; the others are unknown except for generalities. The Sharps, Starr, and Union cartridges can be distinguished easily by their characteristic bullets. That for the Sharps had a tying groove around its base. The Starr bullet had a ridge at the base. The Union bullet was smooth, with a ring of short longitudinal serrations around its base at the point where it entered the case. A cartridge believed to be for the Jenks carbine is shown on plate 36d. It fits the bore and chamber as to diameter, but is much reduced as to load. As the arm was originally made for flask loading, the small top opening in the breech would not permit entrance of a fixed cartridge longer than this one. Perhaps this linen type was used in the Jenks arms altered by the Merrill system, in which the plunger filled more of the chamber than in the original system. The Merrill patent, issued July 20, 1858, and reissued in 1861 included: “Claim— Converting what is known as the ‘Jenks-gun’ from a loose powder and ball loader to a cartridge loader, by closing up the opening through which that gun was loaded, cutting away and opening out in rear of the barrel so as to load at the rear end of the bore, and allowing the lever, toggle and piston to come far enough back to admit a cartridge to be dropped in behind the bore, and thence run up into the chamber, as set forth.” A Navy report of tests of this arm in 1858, indicated that the cartridges supplied were reasonably waterproof. As the linen Gibbs cartridge was used interchangeably with the paper cartridge for that arm, it is assumed that they both had the WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS I21I same dimensions. However, this might be incorrect. The Gibbs chamber had a straight cylindrical section of the same diameter as the cartridge—o.58 inch (see fig. 17a). Ahead of this was a conical section. The breech block protruded into the chamber so as to leave only 0.6 inch clear, pressing some of the charge back into the recessed breech and forcing some forward. With the paper cartridge this could be done without much difficulty, but a linen case may have had to be made shorter, possibly with a rounded base. Linen cartridges for the Colt’s Army and Navy revolvers were used in the Service at one time.’® (See pl. 36f, g.) ines Bava wes) u ) a) Ze} ne eae a SREP aa as ay 5 ST lal a. GIBBS b. JENKS “i | ee) © @ te 2 | a Gee a LER AM Ca Pa c. JOSLYN d. LINDNER Fic. 17.—Carbine chambers. Many of the early breech-loading systems were ineffective and were tolerated only in the emergency of war. The Jenks, Union, Gibbs, Merrill, Greene, Model 1859 Joslyn,17 and Lindner carbines at one time used paper ammunition. The Merrill, Union, and Gibbs types are shown on plate 36, 1, m, n; the Greene on plate 30a—e. The others are unknown in detail. However, a description of the respective chambers may help to identify these cartridges, should specimens be found. The Jenks chamber had dimensions as shown in figure 17b. The Joslyn chamber is shown in c and that for the Lindner in d. The Lindner was loaded from the front; the general proportions of its cartridge would be about the same as those of the more familiar metallic Burnside type, minus the grease ring at the mouth of the case. The Lindner system was used by several European armies. The cartridges for those arms were characterized by a cavity in the base, I22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 in which a percussion (musket size) cap was placed, in a reversed position. When loading it was removed and placed on the nipple.* Wrapped foil, or foil and paper, cartridges were quite successful in sealing the breech. Those made of foil and paper under Poultney’s patent (assigned to him by Crispin, the inventor) were used in large quantities in the Burnside, Gallager, Smith, and Maynard carbines. These types are shown on plate 39g,n, and plate 4ob,n. An earlier Smith cartridge had a case of India rubber, with a cardboard wad in the base (pl. 4og-j). It was claimed that these could be reloaded a dozen or more times.*8 Another metal and paper cartridge was the Jackson, made for Gallager and similar weapons, which consisted of a tinned-iron tube covered with paper (pl. 39p). A few cartridges are found that are made of foil soldered at the seam and soldered to a foil or heavier metal base (pls. 390, 401). They resemble the Poultney product minus the paper. Colt made a series of soldered-foil revolver cartridges, attached to the bullet by cement (pl. 38q). This type was patented by Colt and Eley in London in June 1855.1° It was advertised but never marketed to any extent in the United States. The large group of skin-, membrane-, or waterproof paper-covered cartridges introduced during the Civil War had little to commend them but their convenience and a certain amount of resistance to moisture. They added nothing to the efficiency of the breechloaders but had considerable value for use in revolvers. These cartridges may be classified in several general types. Probably the commonest variety was that made by D. C. Sage & Co. They were made under two Hotchkiss patents, the first described as “Waterproof Skin Cartridges” and the second as “Seamless Skin Cartridges.” The first (pl. 38c) was made with two strips of mem- brane wound spirally in opposite directions. The second (pl. 38d) used a I-piece membrane as the name indicates. Plate 38z, aa, bb, shows other Sage cartridges. Being quite fragile, they were packed five or six in a 2-piece wooden container, with grooves to fit each cartridge. Navy revolver size cost $18 per thousand. Johnston and Dow’s cartridges looked very much like the second- type Sage product (pl. 37g-j), but their paper covering was con- siderably more substantial. Though they came loose-packed in a paper wrapper, they were seldom broken, while four out of six Sage speci- mens are now found damaged when the box is opened. Colt’s first skin cartridges used a tough membrane to form a cartridge case very similar to the older paper types, as shown in plate 381. Though quite durable it is likely that such cartridges would WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 123 leave an objectionable residue in the chamber. Colt then tried a thinner material much like that used by Sage. The more commonly seen Colt’s combustible type were made from nitrated paper, with a pasted seam at edge and base. They came in wooden boxes much like that previously described. (See pl. 38e.) Haye’s cartridges were standard in the British service for use with Colt’s revolvers. The skin-covered cartridge was enclosed in a paper tube, which was torn off by means of a tape before loading. They came in brown-paper bundles of 18, each bundle in a waterproof bag of paper and rubber. As sold commercially in the United States they were packed six in a small carton, labeled “Broux’ Cartridges.” (See pl. 38j.) Stonehenge ”° said: Skin cartridges invented by Capt. M. Hayes, RN, are particularly serviceable with all rifles, which, like this [Prince breech-loading percussion rifle] require the percussion fire to perforate the envelope of the powder. They consist merely of the charge confined to the base of the ball by a fine animal membrane and kept in the cartouche box in a cover of cartridge paper, which is readily torn off by means of a piece of red tape attached to it. Gunpowder thus confined will keep for a long time and the additional expense is so trifling as to be scarcely worth a moment’s consideration to the sportsman. They are manufactured and sold by Messrs. Brough and Moll, London. The Hazard Powder Co.’s cartridges, made under the Doremus and Budd patents, used clear collodian to cover the pressed powder charge. Their appearance was characteristic. (See pl. 37k-p.) Bartholow’s cartridges were quite distinctive also. A shellac-coated cylinder of pressed powder was fastened to a bullet with a strip of silk fabric, also shellaced. (See pl. 37q-w.) Packages of combustible cartridges are found occasionally, the maker or patentee of which is not identified on the label. Such a cartridge is shown on plate 38w; its package is illustrated on plate sor. Though this cartridge seems to have a unique feature, which must have been patentable, most unidentified packages contain cartridges that appear to be infringements of the Hotchkiss patents. This no doubt explains the reluctance of the maker to put his name and address on the label. In addition to the manufacturers named, it is known that Robert Chadwick made packaged ammunition for the Navy Colt and other Service arms. Relatively small quantities of revolver ammunition were made at Government arsenals. A package from Watervliet Arsenal is shown on plate 50g, the cartridges on plate 38h, y. I24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 When the Civil War began Army regulations listed the types of ammunition and associated stores then on hand. An extract follows: ARMY REGULATIONS—I861 Powder, Ammunition for Small Arms, etc., and Materials: Musket buck and ball cartridges for percussion arms Musket buck and ball cartridges for flint lock arms Rifle ball cartridges for percussion arms Pistol do. Musketoon ball cartridges, percussion Pistol ball cartridges, flint Musket blank cartridges Rifle blank cartridges Cartridges for Colt’s pistol Musket balls, pressed, for proving muskets Musket balls, pressed Rifle do. Buckshot Laboratory paper, viz: No. 1 (musket cartridge) No. 2 (wrapping) No. 3 (blank cartridge) Wrapping paper, No. 2, waxed Percussion caps for small arms Percussion caps for Colt’s pistols Percussion primers for Maynard’s lock The Ordnance Manual of 1861 listed the official cartridge specifica- tions then in effect as follows: Ball Weight Powder Wrapper # Diameter Grains Grains Color Musket (Expanding ball, 1842).... 0.685 730 TOM MG Mes eee (Round ball, 1842) ....... 0.65 412 110 Green CBuckshot) ves 's 445 cr ntaieis ote« wad Sah 110 Red (Expanding ball, 1855).... 0.577 500 5) 0 MARR AW (Blank, "i855 eo sccacie ox. sae wae Gor PUTIN cere (‘Gadety Nhs 28 ys trciiacoe 0.577 450 50 Red Carbine, Sharps. ces ac’s shiv's seh ecie.e 0.56 475 50 ballnauneaee Garbine=pistolice. jcc eciaal cette se 0.577 450 40 Blue Revolyér (Army). oss hs ee 0.46 216 BOUT hv see GNaty) Oiieae ke echt 0.39 145 17 Blue The cartridge usually associated with the Civil War was that for the Model 1855 caliber 0.58 rifle and rifle-musket, which fired a caliber 0.577 ‘“Minié” ball. During most of the war this cartridge was issued and used with another of very nearly the same external appearance. This second type was made up with the Williams 7? WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 125 bullet, which was designed to remove powder fouling from the bore of a rifle, a most worthwhile objective in black-powder days. The bullet had a coned zinc washer held to its base by a lead disc and plug (pl. 28d-g). On firing, pressure drove the disc into the bullet, flattening the zinc washer and forcing its edges out against the surface of the bore. Tests of the bullet proved its performance up to the inventor’s claims and in December 1861 three million were ordered. Thereafter, until late in the War, one or more Williams cartridges was put in every package of ammunition for the caliber 0.58 rifle. Ordnance inventories list some in caliber 0.69 also, but I have never seen other indications of the use of that size.2? Plate 28c,d, shows the usual caliber 0.577 cartridge (for the caliber 0.58 arms) and one with the Type II Williams bullet. The regular bullet is considerably longer and has a sharper point. The space between base of bullet and washer can be felt through the paper. With these characteristics in mind, the two can be distinguished readily. Another Williams bullet was used earlier in the war. Plate 28¢ shows this cartridge, which can be identified only by examination of the bullet, in which the base assembly of disc and washer is changed. Some of the Williams cartridges were made with red- or blue-stained paper for identifica- tion when important. or example, the Union (coffee-mill) machine gun used the Williams bullet exclusively. Apparently the bore-clean- ing load was discontinued because the troops were prejudiced against it. They said it damaged the bore, though extensive firing tests did not so indicate. A study of reports of the official tests of the Williams bullets and manuscript notes on them by Master Armorer Allin of Springfield Armory shows that the bullets were highly effective in accomplishing their purpose and were also at least as accurate as the standard type. Smaller calibers were tried experimentally in 1865 (pl. 43n, 0). The regular cartridge for the caliber 0.58 rifle was also used in several other Civil War arms. Among them were the Lindsay 2-shot rifle and the first version of the Billinghurst and Requa “Battery gun.” Another special load for the service rifle contained the ‘‘Shaler” sectional bullet. This was intended to provide for the rifle what the old buck-and-ball load did for the smooth-bore musket. However, the Shaler bullet ?* was designed to retain a little more velocity than did the buckshot of the older cartridge. The Shaler cartridge (pl. 28g) was distinctive in appearance. The bullet nose was exposed, and the powder end of the case was closed by a paper disc with a string attached. To load, the string was pulled, opening the end of the cartridge. The powder was poured down the barrel ; then the 3-piece 126 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 ball was inserted still covered by the cartridge paper. As with the Williams bullets, parts of the Shaler projectiles can usually be found mingled with other Civil War battlefield souvenirs. Some time after the war, the Shaler bullet was mentioned in official correspondence : 7 National Armory, August 13, 1878 Respectfully returned to the Chief of Ordnance, The efforts that have been made, heretofore, to render the rifle more effective by substituting multiple or buck shot for a single projectile, for short distances, have not been successful. The “Shaler sectional bullet” tried during the late war, in the rifle musket, was of this class, but did not meet with favor when tried in the field. I am not prepared to say that Captain Wright’s cartridge con- taining three round balls may not under certain circumstances be effective, and if there is any way in which they can be tested in service in the rifle and car- bine, I would recommend that a number be issued for this purpose. The changes proposed, of increasing the weight of the revolver and reducing the number of chambers in the cylinder to enable it to carry the same cartridge as the rifle and carbine, seem to me to be objectionable and not warranted by the good to be obtained. The revolver being intended for hand to hand combat, should, in my opinion, not have long range unless this can be obtained without sacrificing lightness, and without reducing its number of charges. The pistol and unexpended cartridges will be returned to the Ordnance Office by express today.?® J. G. BENTON Lieutenant-Colonel Ordnance, Commanding While the Civil War was in progress the claim was made in the North that the Confederates were using explosive bullets, certainly a shocking accusation. After the war a Congressional Committee cleared the South of this charge, and the whole affair was dismissed as wartime propaganda. Explosive bullets were really used during the war, but by the North as well as the South. European observers were so impressed by the performance of such ammunition that a convention held at St. Petersburg in 1868 outlawed the use of explosive filler in projectiles weighing less than 400 grams. The United States did not subscribe. Several years before the Civil War Delvigne Jacobs and others in Europe described explosive projectiles for use in big-game hunting and against ammunition wagons and similar military materiel.2’ In 1862, in a text used to instruct West Point cadets, Benton ** said: Percussion bullets may be made by placing a small quantity of percussion powder, enclosed in a copper envelope, in the point of an ordinary rifle-musket bullet, or by casting the bullet around a small iron tube, which is afterward filled with powder and surmounted with a common percussion cap. The impact of the bullet against a substance no harder than wood [or bone] is found to WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 127 ignite the percussion charge or cap and produce an effective explosion. These projectiles an be used to blow up caissons and boxes containing ammunition, at very long distances. With projectiles of the first class mentioned, General Jacobs of the British Army blew up caissons at 2,000 yards (pl. 28c). An Ameri- can modification of the same idea, patented by Mead, substituted a copper caliber 0.22 rim-fire cartridge case for the plain tube (pl. 28a). Some retained their normal rim priming and black powder charge. Others were completely filled with priming compound. The Union Army tried at least three different types of explosive rifle balls. One, the ‘“‘Lossing,” *® was of the second type described by Benton. I have not been able to find a specimen. The Gardiner explosive bullet (pl. 29f), patented in 1863,°° was of a different design. A copper vessel, like a miniature bottle, was cast into the bullet with its neck opening at the bullet’s base. The cavity was filled with powder, and the neck was plugged with slow-burning powder. On firing of the rifle the powder in the base of the bullet was ignited, and when it had burned through to the inside the bullet exploded. This was timed to occur 14 seconds after firing.*1 It ap- pears that while in flight this bullet had a tracer effect—probably the first on record—but its possibilities went unnoticed for 40 or 50 years. The Gardiner bullet can be recognized by the nozzlelike projection at the base, communicating with the interior. Some are now con- siderably corroded around the fuze hole from deterioration of the powder within.*? Ordnance records show that a total of “33,350 Gard[i]ner’s explosive bullets or musket shells . . .” were issued to troops. They were used in calibers 0.54, 0.58, and 0.69. The caliber 0.54 bullet weighed 363 grains, the caliber 0.58 451 grains. This bullet, as used by Federal troops, was made up in a distinctive car- tridge, having the smooth front portion of the ball protruding from a pasted paper cylinder that lacks the familiar pigtail of standard Service ammunition. (See pl. 29d.) It is recorded in the Medical and Surgical History of the Civil War that some 10,000 rounds of this ammunition were captured and soon thereafter used against Union troops. This incident led to the story that the Confederates never made such bullets, but only used some they had captured. H. E. Hayden wrote to Jefferson Davis on Sep- tember 15, 1879, in an effort to pin this story down. He wrote, in part 28 I wrote you as to whether the Confederacy had ever authorized the use of explosive or poisoned rifle balls as charged by Lossing. U. S. Medical reports contain no records and the archives at Washington contain no evidence of Con- 128 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 federate use of such missiles. Records in the Adjutant General’s office show that the U. S. did purchase 110,000 rounds of the Gardiner musket shell; that 35,000 rounds were issued to the U. S. Armies; that 10,000 rounds of these were aban- doned in Virginia and that 10,000 rounds were used at Gettysburg (note: Gardiner bullets have been found on the Gettysburg battlefield). I secured from the U.S. Ordnance Bureau 12 Gardiner Musket Shell, the pattern of which I note. General E. L. Dana, USA, informed me that the Confederate troops did fire explosive balls at his command, and his ordnance officer told me they were cartridges lost the day before. If Mr. Davis replied, I was unable to find his answer. However, the Confederate Government did make and use such ammunition. In his memoirs Grant said,** ““The enemy used in their defense (Vicksburg) explosive musket balls no doubt thinking that, bursting over our men in the trenches, they would do some execution; but I do not remember a single case where a man was injured by a piece of one of these shells. Where they were hit and the ball exploded, the wound was terrible. In these cases a solid ball would have hit as well. Their use is barbarous because they produce increased suffering without any increased advantage to those using them.” Sworn testimony of several Confederate officers gives certain details : Lt. Beverly Kennon, CSN—‘I also had shells made for the muskets and Mis- sissippi rifles—September 19, 1862.” 35 Commander Minor—‘“Lieutenant Kennon ordered the manufacture of 100,000 rounds of musket shells at 15 cents apiece, of which 39,000 rounds are now at the Naval Laboratory at Atlanta, Ga. Many were lost in New Orleans. They were of no use in the Navy and a dangerous projectile, and many exploded in the operation of ramming. Their sole value lay in the components of lead and fulminate of mercury. As Ordnance Officer I would not authorize their use at any time.” 86 Commodore Preble—“C.S. sharpshooters used explosive balls. Dr. Burton has one. A conical ball, pointed and charged with fulminate.” $7 Some of the CSA explosive ammunition has finally been identified. It appears to be an attempt to copy the Gardiner bullet, leaving out the copper insert. The projecting tube at the base is also omitted. Its lack would very likely cause a considerable number of muzzle bursts in firing the round. It is possible, of course, that this bullet was earlier than the Gardiner and that the latter was a refinement ; this is suggested by the fact that they were in manufacture a year before the Gardiner patent date and that some were presumed to have been captured at New Orleans. The specimens identified are caliber 0.577. (See pl. 29 for cartridges and bullets.) It is evident from the testimony that caliber 0.69 was also made, and it is likely that the bullet mentioned by Lieutenant Kennon as for the Mississippi WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 129 rifle was caliber 0.54. The fulminate in the cavity has caused de- terioration of the lead in most specimens examined. This caused the thin base of the ball to expand and crack (pl. 29j). Some cartridges show swelling through the paper, with small tears and a visible ridge at the junction of ball and powder charge. The package (pl. 47h) was marked “cal. .577 Enfield” in ink. This variation from the CSA regulation that required caliber and place and date of manufacture to be marked on each package was no doubt to avoid publicity. The identification was by the special string used in tying. This consisted of two colored strands, one purplish, the other brown. Details of the paper, caps, and method of wrapping suggest Richmond Arsenal as the probable place of manufacture. Another odd projectile used in the Civil War was that patented by Mefford.** This was a subcaliber bullet for use in caliber 0.69 arms. The bullet (pl. 26h) was of about caliber 0.50 size, smooth, and attached by a peg to a hard wood sabot. The latter was a loose fit in the smooth-bore musket. The sabot had spiral grooves along its sides, supposedly to cause rotation in flight. A buck and ball load, having three buckshot separated by thin wads from a Mefford pro- jectile, is also known (pl.26g). What these were for is a puzzler. Until the buck-and-ball load turned up, it was believed the Mefford ball was for target practice at reduced ranges. The buck throws that consideration out. Mefford also had a patent for a subcaliber artillery projectile, which he described as for “high velocity” to obtain pene- tration of earthworks and other fortifications. Perhaps this applied, also, to his musket cartridge, but again the buck combination does not seem right. The powder charges and bullets used in the Colt Army and Navy size revolvers varied greatly. Most of the cartridges are difficult to distinguish without breaking them up and weighing the components. However, the type of bullet used serves to date the caliber 0.44 specimens fairly closely (pl. 36,0). The Model 1847 “Walker” Army revolver was designed to use either a round 146-grain (48-to-the-pound) ball or a 4-ounce conical ball loaded with loose powder from a flask. However, the round ball was not made up into cartridges. The standard cartridge con- tained an elongated ball (cast by the issue mold) of 218 grains (32-to-the-pound) and 14 drams (40 grains) of rifle powder. The ball was of the “Picket” shape popular in those days. As its widest point was at its base, this ball proved nearly impossible to load so that its axis would be in the center of the bore. When the Navy revolver was introduced, in 1851, a new bullet 130 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 shape came with it. This had a short “heel” section next to the base of less than chamber diameter so that it could be started into the cylinder easily and accurately. The same shape was adopted for the caliber 0.44 size bullet. Dragoon revolver cartridges are shown in plate 36p, q,r With the new Army model, in 1860, came another bullet improve- ment. This had grease grooves added. The original “Navy” load was three-quarter dram (20 grains) of powder with an 81-grain (86-to- the-pound) round ball or a 140-grain (50-per-pound) conical ball. The 1860 Army model used at first a powder charge of 25 grains and either a 146-grain round ball or a 212-grain conical ball. Plate 36s shows a very similar cartridge, with 216-grain bullet. Plate 361 shows a Navy cartridge of about 1862, having slightly different weights of components than had the original load mentioned, though the dif- ference in appearance would not be distinguishable. Very little material on the subject of Confederate arms and am- munition has been available for study. Part of an official publication *® is reproduced below: Ammunition for Small Arms now used in the C. S. Service vor Diameter of ball of ball Charges ARMS Calibre grains inches grains Beletaiyrihe ti vashras ag seit sete s aes ae be 70 738 675 80 IMassissinpt: rifle: A; fae vie eie)e Rib crclahm axe shaielaicts 54 470 525 70 RUT eL ma SKE: rcveusVevereversrenerenior st siencuntexctais es erete .69 738 ec 80 Bee TT OEE Pe iat ahaa andes pleted ownshc lolatee 58 500 .562 75 German tiflessscccdilecpicw alveticis Heeb sttelete .69 738 die 80 Binfield (rile io octets cis etotmaiis Sa oe ensishels 57 540 .502 70 Smooth bore musket) (ball) tence seco si 69 400 .650 100 8 + (buck and ball).... .69 bi ae U 110 English smooth bore musket...........- 75 480 sat 110 lallsicarbinelie cr aevoicietercerctereletereinterereiete 54 228 ae 60 Merrill Garpitle ac c.at cis cisteisicraictevetaeretete lave 56 430 eh 50 Shatp stearpitie 0.0) 20R6', tate oereete ists eee 52 480 ay 60 Burnside’s/carhbine (.)eo seein oselsceel 56 385 wits 75 Colt’s revolving carbine BYTE ey Soy RRA .50 420 hee 60 celeb einai id ih lanl tinea GA oat ity EAN he 44 250 oe 35 Maynard's carbine Be TUE iether late reece -SE 345 Wie 55 ye eet eas Rae £37 156 bby 25 Coltisiaetay MStolysieci clasts le cieiyetispetite 44 250 mas 30 Srey MEILVIV SS in) scares econeys eieye sce mies esrersieere 33 145 aes 17 Hlorseman’s pistol faust. it eee oe 54 228 Ki 30 Bullets for the military service are made by pressure. One press is capable of making 3,000 bullets in an hour. Some are also cast in moulds, and afterwards swaged in a die to the proper size and shape. Cartridges—The cartridge is composed of the bullet and the cylinder which contains the powder. The cylinder is now attached to the bullet without a wrapper or twine, by being compressed in an incision, by machinery, in its base. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 131 Pistol cartridges—The powder cylinder of Colt’s cartridge is made of com- bustible paper (prepared after the manner of gun cotton) ; it is attached to the base of the ball by gum, and is inserted in the piece entire. Percussion caps——The cap for small arms is made of copper; it is very slightly conical, with a rim at the open end for convenience in handling. The caps are formed by a machine which cuts a star or blank from the sheet and transfers it to a die in which the cap is shaped by means of a punch. For use in Boughton’s machine, the copper is first cut into strips, from which the blanks are cut and the caps formed; Wright’s machine cuts the blanks from the whole sheet and forms the cap. The first machine makes 2,196 caps, the second, 2,314 caps, from a sheet of the size above mentioned. Each machine can make about 5,000 caps an hour. The powder with which the caps are charged, consists of fulminate of mer- cury, mixed with half its weight of saltpetre. Each cap contains half a grain of percussion powder, which is protected from moisture by a drop of varnish. The C.S. bullet is a cylinder surmounted by a conoid, weighs 550 grains, and has three grooves around the bore to hold the grease for lubricating and to guide the bullet in its flight, preserving its point foremost. The English bullet (known as the Pritchett bullet) has a perfectly smooth exterior. A conical wedge of boxwood is inserted in the cavity of the bore, chiefly to preserve its form in being transported. Charge of powder—The charge of the old smooth-bored musket was from one-half to one-third the weight of the projectile. The charge for the elongated bullets varies from one-tenth to one-seventh the weight of the projectile. The cartridge cylinder is attached to the bullet without a wrapper or twine by being compressed in an incision, in its base. Items k to 0 on plate 33 illustrate the type of cartridge mentioned in the last paragraph. This was developed at the Richmond Arsenal by F. J. Gardner.*? As most Confederate ammunition was made in the old conventional manner, it is a fair guess that shortage of machinery caused the Gardner method to be abandoned. A number of Confederate cartridges are shown on plates 32 and 33. For the most part these were made in the same manner as the standard United States Army ammunition of that period. For this reason positive identification of specimens is difficult unless they are from labeled packages, as are those illustrated. There are recognizable minor differences which serve to distinguish some of these from United States types. Color and texture of paper, type of string, length of pigtail, and other details differ. Inasmuch as such variations are not well depicted by photography, a physical comparison is necessary for certainty. During the Civil War a great impetus was given to the invention of improved, or in some cases simply different, types of firearms. With the urgent need for weapons, a “screwball” inventor could get an order for at least a few hundred of his proposed arms. The outstand- 132 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 ing feature of many of these was their ingenuity in evading patent claims of other systems. However, much real progress resulted, even though obsolete weapons of all sorts had to be retained in service. As a step in the direction of more effective breechloaders, arms were made that used metal-cased ammunition but that required an external ignition system. The best known of this type were the Burn- side, Maynard, and Gallager carbines. Tinned Burnside cartridges (pl. 391) were made at Frankford Arsenal in 1861 and later. Some silver-plated cases were tried. The usual form was that shown on plate 39j, with a brass case. The swelled portion at the case mouth contained lubricant. An earlier variety had a longer case (pl. 39h). The brass cartridges for Gallager’s carbine were the same shape as the Poultney-patent cartridges for that arm. (See pl. 39q,r.) A variant form had a paper lining inside the case. With these types of action, the flame from the cap had to penetrate a comparatively long channel to reach the powder, causing a considerable percentage of ignition failures from fouled vents. Otherwise these cartridges per- formed their function of sealing the breech quite well. Maynard cartridges were made from brass tubes soldered to per- forated brass discs. (See pl. 40c-f.) Maynard submitted a modifica- tion of this cartridge for 1866 Army tests, in which, by adding a fulminate pellet between the bottom of the case and a copper cover, he achieved a self-contained cartridge (pl. 433). The next great step in improvement was the combination of all cartridge elements in one case. The incorporation of the primer into the cartridge reduced the number of motions required in firing and greatly increased the efficiency of firearms. In some types the priming composition was introduced into the folded rim of the head by swirl- ing, as in the Smith & Wesson, Spencer, and other so-called rimfire cartridges. In the pinfire cartridges a primed cap was placed inside the case; a short stiff wire in contact with the cap projected outside, to be struck by the hammer. Plate 41d-f shows pinfire revolver cartridges used in personal arms. Both g-mm. and 7-mm. cartridges were sup- plied by the Army and listed as official types.*? The 12-mm. nomi- nal size of pinfire revolver ammunition applied only to the case diame- ter, or chamber size. The bullet and the revolver barrel of most of them measured only 11 mm. Center-fire cartridges were primed either externally or internally. This kind of ammunition did not become established in the United WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 133 States until after 1865, but two different French types were used in Civil War revolvers. Both were inside primed. The Perrin cartridge (pl. 41g) had a slight rim for positioning. The inside anvil was H-shaped. The Rafael cartridge (pl. 41h) had a straight case, posi- tioned only by the front of the chamber which was not prominent. This no doubt tended to cause misfires. The anvil was a double H. Both of these cartridges, like the 12-mm. pinfire, had bullets of only II mm., the bore diameter, but were called 12 mm. A few Smith carbines were made to use the copper Crispin cartridge (pl. 40op-s). This had a flange near the center of the case that acted as a gas check and contained the priming composition. Actions adapted to this type of ammunition had chambers opening at about the center. A good description of the American rimfire cartridges of the Civil War years is found in the report on the Paris Exhibition of 1867.*% The report quotes a paper read by Captain O’Hea before the Society of Arts, of London: The American is a simple, metallic cartridge, consisting of four parts, namely, the shell, the fulminate, the charge of gunpowder, and the bullet. The shell is formed from one piece of soft copper—is without joining or welding of any kind, being punched or plugged from the solid metal by machinery, and is, as nearly as possible, of equal thickness throughout, for the purpose of equal expan- sion. The means of ignition is in the shell, round the rim at the base, and when loaded with the charge of gunpowder, this shell is made to grip the projectile so as to unite it with the gunpowder and fulminate in one compact body. The projectile is solid, and composed altogether of lead. In addition to the small number of its component parts, this cartridge has much to recommend it. It is impervious to moisture, and may even be used after immersion in water. It is gas-tight, for the shell expanding with the combustion of the charge, combined with the resistance offered by the initial movement of the bullet, completely seals the breech, and thus effectually prevents the escape of gas breechwards. It has the additional advantage, that the copper shell can be reformed and reloaded after the contents have been discharged. The original shape of this cartridge case was cylindrical, with a projection at the base for the fulminate, and to help the extraction of the expanded shell; but some modifications have been brought into use with particular arms, among which may be mentioned the invention of General Roberts. The peculiarity of this cartridge is, that the cylindrical por- tion of it, which is larger than the bore of the arm, extends into the barrel but a short distance, when the diameter of the chamber, as well as of the shell, lessens slightly, until the latter joins the bullet. This facilitates the extraction of the expanded shell, causes more even expansion, and enables the cartridge to contain a somewhat increased charge of powder. The “Peabody,” “Cochran,” and ‘““Hammond,” rifles, . . . are the only Ameri- can breech-loaders I have seen using a metallic cartridge, with a charge of fifty- five or sixty grains of powder. However, this fault in the American cartridge could easilly be rectified. Another peculiarity of American arms using the 134 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 metallic cartridge is, that the diameter across the base of the projectile used is always greater than that of the bore of the rifle, measuring from land to land, or the raised portion of the rifling. Polygonal rifles, such as the Whitworth, are not used in the United States, consequently the bullet is forced to take the grooving as it passes through the barrel. This has its advantages. It is impossible the bullet can strip, avoid tak- ing, or leaving the grooves, and I have seldom heard of fractures. In concluding his remarks on cartridges, Captain O’Hea said: In the metallic [cartridge], there appear to me in addition to the great essen- tial of a sufficient charge of powder for the diameter and length of the bore and weight of projectile, five other requisites for ensuring a favourable result, or return, in the use of metallic cartridges. 1st—that the shell or case be made of such description, or substance, as will ensure its expanding, or contracting, but not fracturing. 2nd—that the shell be formed of one piece, if of soft metal, and of one fold, if of harder or medium metal, and that it be gas-tight, limited as to power of and space for expansion. 3rd—that the expansion of different metals being unequal, the insertion, in any part of the shell, or any foreign piece of metal, or even of a distinct piece of metal of the same kind, be avoided, as tending to weaken or fracture it, and increase the cost of manufacture; the fulminate ought also to be placed some- where on the inner surface at the base of the shell no matter how that surface may be modelled. 4th—that the shell grip the bullet, so that the cartridge may be impervious to moisture, and that the expansion of the shell may be compul- sory, or inevitable on the expulsion of the bullet. 5th—that the base of the projectile be of such diameter that it is not only forced to take the grooves as it enters the rifled portion of the barrel, but that all chance of gas escape round the bullet is impossible, and that the latter contains no foreign substance or body that would make it liable to fracture on being driven into the bore, or make the manufacture of it complicated or difficult under any circumstances. These requisites, with the exception of a “sufficient charge of powder”—a defect easily remedied—are all combined in the American cartridge, already referred to. Most cartridge collections contain many unidentified rimfire speci- mens. In studying the rimfire ammunition of the Civil War period the first thing that strikes one is the great number of apparent con- tradictions in the evidence available. The breechloaders involved usually had a chamber a little larger and a bore a little smaller than the projectile. The caliber of the bore was used in referring to the arm, and often the bullet diameter was used in describing the car- tridge. Thus a certain amount of confusion was to be expected, such as “Caliber 46/100 cartridge for caliber 44/100 Army revolver.” When a cartridge was listed as for the “caliber 0.58 Colt’s rifle,” it was uncertain whether the caliber 0.56 revolving rifle or the caliber 0.58 single-shot rifle-musket was intended. This sort of thing carried over into the rimfire class of weapons. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 135 Several of the breech-loading systems used during the Civil War were tried on a small scale a few years before. In many instances the first type used a paper cartridge and the later version a rimfire. The Joslyn carbine is an example of this. With other systems, as the Starr carbine, the change to metallic ammunition was made during the war. Thus the same caliber weapon might be listed as caliber 0.54 or caliber 0.56, depending upon the type of ammunition. In the early 1860’s there was as yet no attempt to standardize rim- fire ammunition as to sizes. It had been customary for the Army to order ammunition with the weapons. Therefore, to insure getting the future replacement business, arms manufacturers usually managed to adapt their weapon to some special cartridge, different in at least some small particular from other makes. Toward the end of the war an attempt was made to reduce the number of different cartridges in use, and this succeeded to a certain extent, as will be detailed later. Even after this partial standardization, arms manufacturers continued to label their ammunition “For use ONLY in . . . arms.” That prac- tice further complicated the work of the individual who tries to un- ravel the story. Most of the different types of carbines of the Civil War did have distinctive ammunition at one time or another. Some would work with several different loads, which did not really fit the chamber properly, but could be fired. Ordnance Memorandum 1 ** contains a list of carbines in use in 1863, together with a tabulation of their ammunition. The rimfire types mentioned are as follows: Diameter Diameter Diameter Arm and Type of Bore of Chamber of Ball Ballardisn Carbine Mirs64e ice. sek 0.42 0.42 0.44 Ballard’s Garbine (OFMest.. feces ees oe 0.54 0.56 0.56 Ballandiswritie). tei: atewst wae. . 0.44 0.46 0.45 Ball’s and Palmer’s Carbine.......... 0.41 0.44 0.44 Menrys: Carpine 2]. ..3.0se.6 6 sis seve ace 0.44 0.46 0.46 1 TenGys: HRife ree ORG We 0.42 0.44 0.44 WOhMsSon StiGarbines! co lel.. i Seine. era’ cts 0.44 0.46 0.45 WoslynisiCarbiner caesar es dcsskicce tc 0.54 0.56 0.54 Remington’s Carbine, M1864......... 0.42 0.44 0.43 Sharps and Hankins’ Carbine......... 0.52 0.56 0.54 Shazps, and elanicins’) Rifles, 0s: sea Mors sane 0.55 Spencer’s Carbine and Rifle.......... 0.52 0.564 0.55 2 Stanns }Garbine NG Mew eee eee 0.52 0.57 0.56 Warner's Carbine, M1863............ 0.50 0.52 0.515 1 Repeating. 12 shots. Can also be used in Starr’s new model carbine. 8 Unidentified carbine. For some of the systems, as the Sharps and Hankins, the carbine cartridge had a slightly smaller ball and a little less powder charge 136 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 than did the rifle, presumably to reduce the recoil with the lighter carbine. Most of the Ball and Palmer carbines were made in 1865, and these later models were caliber 0.50 and used the 56/50 Spencer cartridge. That there was a distinction between a Henry carbine and a rifle was news to me. The usual Henry rifle had a 24-inch barrel. However, L. D. Satterlee has heard of a Model 1865 Henry with an 18-inch barrel. This was intended for use by mounted troops and was adapted to carrying in a saddle holster. One of the first Service records of firing of rimfire weapons is contained in Navy test reports of 1862. The Henry cartridges as recorded at that date (pl. 41m) contained the following components : Ball—216 grains, powder—25 grains, tallow—2 grains, case—5o grains, fulminate—2 grains, Total—295 grains. The cartridge most used during the war had a pointed bullet (pl. 41n). In 1862 the charge of the Spencer cartridge was 34 grains. Brand’s patent breech-loading musket was tested also. It employed a rimfire cartridge with a 37-grain case containing 38 grains of powder and either a caliber 0.54 497-grain conical ball or a 459-grain round ball. Buck-and-ball loads were tried. The following year (1863) two new Allen & Brand arms were tested, calibers 0.54 and 0.58. The latter used a cartridge weighing 501 grains. The former had a case weighing 62.9 grains, ball 473.4, and powder 38.4 grains, a total of 574.7. There is a record of the Eleventh Massachusetts Volunteer Regiment receiving 30,000 Allen & Brand cartridges and 111 of the caliber 0.54 muskets in 1863. This is one of the unidentified types. An Ordnance board, convening on September 24, 1863,*> recom- mended changes to reduce the number of types of ammunition re- quired for carbines. There had been a great variation in the relation- ships of powder charges to bullets, some loads being comparatively weak. The board suggested that a minimum charge be established at one-tenth the weight of the ball. They also recommended that Sharps, Gibbs, Starr, Spencer, Joslyn, Sharps and Hankins, and Ballard carbines all be made with bores of 0.52 inch. The first three were to use the Sharps paper or linen cartridge, the last four to use the copper Spencer cartridge. No changes were recommended in the cases of several carbines “using peculiar cartridges not adapted to inter- changeability.” Rather than standardize on an existing type of ammunition, the Secretary of War asked the individual members of the board to express their opinions as to an ideal caliber. Lt. Colonel Hagner suggested caliber 0.44, mentioning that the WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 137 State of Massachusetts had ordered Spencer carbines in that caliber (pl. 42j). Major Dyer recommended caliber 0.50, but as most of the carbines in service exceeded this he would agree to acceptance of caliber 0.52. Major Laidley suggested caliber 0.50. He stated that a larger ball was too short for its diameter to give good results, while a smaller one would be too long, causing sticking in the chamber and increased manufacturing costs. He tabulated several carbine bullets and cases then in use, as follows: Balls: Diameter Length Weight SHARDS cnc asine sanere eesle 6 0.54 inch 1.0 inch 456 grains Istinna ls Seno Hee Gude 0.55 “ {8Oy iii 380 “ [Poultney type] May nandi ene coxtony ie) sicraisvers Gelso) rkoy 335i, 3 Sharps and Hankins....... Ose LOS) es Aoz ae Wiliams Ball). Sci25 3.0.4 0.45 “ TS a 41g) ff New Proposed ............ O50; a 195, 400 “ Cases: Shanpsvandublankintsi aceite eee erellerisre © alee Tel 5): Gala ee Ae eee eel sear e veces T4657) Captain Benton recommended caliber 0.44. Captain Benét suggested caliber 0.50, with a bullet not over 400 grains and about 1 inch in length. Captain Crispin recommended caliber 0.44 with a 50-grain charge and a 320-grain bullet. Captain Balch recommended caliber 0.50 and mentioned that at that time—October 9, 1863—there remained in service only about 3,000 carbines using paper ammunition. General Ramsey preferred caliber 0.44 and mentioned use of three 140-grain balls in one cartridge (a perennial idea). His letter follows: ORDNANCE OFFICE, WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, October 20, 1863 Hon. E. M. Sranton, Secretary of War: Sir: In presenting herewith the individual opinions of the officers consti- tuting the Ordnance Board for the subject of the best caliber for the bore of small arms to use the copper cartridge, I beg leave to avail myself of the occa- sion to express my own preference in favor of the caliber .44, and for the reason that, in addition to effectiveness of its elongated projectile, a cartridge con- taining three spherical balls, weighing 140 grains each, could be introduced, and which would prove most effective up to the distance of at least 150 yards. The weight of the entire cartridge need not exceed 540 grains. Firing on horseback, and often at speed, does not present the best elements for accurate firing, and I am of opinion that the introduction of the buckshot cartridge, as suggested, would prove a valuable auxiliary to the elongated ball. 138 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 As these cartridges would only be used under favorable circumstances, the additional weight imposed would be of no great matter. Respectfully, etc. Geo. D. Ramsay, Brigadier-General, Chief of Ordnance On November 24, 1863, Springfield Armory was directed to make 12,000 cartridges each for the Joslyn, Sharps & Hankins, and Ballard carbines, 2,000 of each type to be of the following powder capacities: 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, and 60 grains. Six carbines of each type were to be purchased, one to be chambered for each cartridge size. The caliber was first designated 0.50 but was almost immediately changed to 0.44. Some of this series are shown in plate 43. Drawing of copper cartridge cases had not developed far enough so that high-capacity cases could be made without great difficulty. As the war would not ‘wait for longer caliber 0.44 cases to be worked out, the Ordnance Department decided to stick with the caliber 0.50 for the time being. In the fall of 1864 the 56/50 (caliber 0.50) car- tridge was designed at Springfield. A letter written on November 11, 1864, authorized the Spencer factory to change their model accord- ingly. The new 56/50 cartridge was used in Spencer carbines made by both Spencer and Burnside. No Spencer rifles were chambered for it during the war. All the Spencer rifles and all the carbines before the new 1865 model used the original 56/56 (No. 56) cartridge. These arms all had caliber 0.52 barrels—the original Spencers used Sharps barrels, with six grooves. The new model used the 3-groove Springfield rifling system, but after the war Spencer returned to the 6 grooves formerly used. Postwar commercial models used the 56/52 cartridge, which was interchangeable with the 56/50. The Govern- ment did not purchase the new 56/52 size, as large stocks of the 56/50s were left from the war. With the new caliber 0.50 cartridges available, orders for new-model carbines of various makes specified its use. To avoid delays in much- needed production, old-type carbines continued to be made in the original calibers. Some of the new models, such as the Ball and the Palmer, failed to get into production in time to be much of a factor in the war. Where only minor rechambering was involved, certain carbines were altered to fit the new 56/50 ammunition. Warner carbines were reamed out slightly and others, such as the Starr and Ballard, were able to use the new ammunition without change, though it did not fit perfectly. Most of the rimfire cartridges used in official Civil War arms are WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 139 illustrated on plate 41. Figure p is the caliber 0.45 cartridge for the Ballard rifle. Figures k, 1, 0, and n are caliber 0.44 types, for the Howard rifle (also fits the Ballard), Ballard carbine (also fits other carbines), Ball or Palmer carbines, and Henry rifle respectively. Figure q shows the caliber 0.46 cartridge for the Remington carbine. Figure s is the 56/50 cartridge for Spencer and other arms, and u, v, w, and x are some of the variations of the older 56/56 Spencer. Figure y shows the caliber 0.54, “No. 56” cartridge for the Joslyn arms. The Sharps and Hankins cartridge is represented by figures z, aa, and bb. Figure t shows the No. 56 Ballard cartridge. This and the Sharps and Hankins types shown (there were others) both had linen patches on the base of the bullets, the patch coming flush with the mouth of the case when the bullet was seated. One variety of Sharps and Hankins bullet had a round post in the middle of its base to center the patch, which had a corresponding hole. Several smaller rimfire cartridges were used in personal arms. Among them were the calibers 0.22 and 0.32 Smith and Wesson revolvers and the caliber 0.44 Hammond pistol. These are shown on plate 41a, b,i. The Prescott caliber 0.38 Navy revolver (pl. 41c), used unofficially, fired a cartridge similar to the No. 62 Allen rifle cartridge. The uncertainty of supply of metallic cartridges brought about the use of auxiliary chambers for emergency loading with loose powder and ball. Examples of these for the Hammond pistol and for the 12-mm. Lefaucheux revolver are shown in plate 42h. The machine guns used in the Civil War were of two types as to ammunition. Some fired the regulation or other paper cartridges in a reloadable chamber. Others had special cartridges. The gun most used was that known as the “Union repeating rifle gun” or the “coffee- mill gun.” These hopper-fed guns handled a special caliber 0.58 rifle cartridge with little apparent difficulty. The cartridge used a reduced load and lighter bullet of the Williams type, shown in plate 42b. The Rafael gun employed a nonstandard paper cartridge, with a 93-grain charge. No specimens are known to have survived. The Billinghurst and Requa “battery gun” as first constructed used paper ammunition, but it failed to function well. Later models employed a special brass cartridge with separate percussion cap igni- tion (pl. 42c) and worked well with that system. The cartridges were held in a long metal strip made like a piano hinge. An iron cartridge found on a Civil War battlefield may be the type I40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 used in the first Gatling guns, which were fired experimentally during the War. It answers the general description of the Gatling cartridge (pl. 42a). The ignition was external, the case being built up in a manner similar to that used in the Maynard ammunition—a tube with a perforated head attached by soldering. Plate 42 illustrates a number of special cartridges used in machine guns or other patent arms during the Civil War. The 1-inch rimfire Gatling cartridge (pl. 42d) was made at Frankford Arsenal in 1865 for tests of new guns in that caliber. A few Gatlings in caliber 0.58 rimfire (pl. 42f) were also tried. The brass Cofer cartridge with nipple (shown on pl. 42g) was patented in the Confederate States on August 12, 1861. It was used in a specially designed split-cylinder revolver. Items i, j,k, and 1 show ammunition types used in various front-loading and other revolvers designed to evade the S&W patent on rimfire cartridges. These arms were carried by many individuals as personal weapons, though the ammunition was not listed in Govern- ment stores. Plate 43 shows several cartridge types used in trial or experimental arms. The Meigs cartridge (pl. 43m) is center-primed by an internal method, upsetting a small cup in the base. The Maynard “mule-ear”’ specimen (42h) was a caliber 0.58 version of the larger cartridge of the 1857 trials (42c). This was submitted about 1863. Later (1866) Maynard improved this type by incorporating a primer in the base and covering it with a large saucerlike disc (42g, j). A similar modi- fication was presented for the M1865 Maynard carbine (421). Late in the war, Springfield Armory began development of experimental cartridges in calibers 0.50 and 0.44, as previously mentioned. Some of these, in various bullet and powder weights, are shown in plate 42p-w. The arms for the Williams-bullet cartridges in plate 42n, 0, are unknown. This may have been the item mentioned in connection with the standardization attempt in 1863. FOREIGN CARTRIDGES USED IN THE UNITED STATES During the wars with England, cartridges were made in the United States to fit English weapons in use by United States troops. Large quantities of foreign small arms were purchased abroad by both North and South during the Civil War. Some cartridges were obtained with the arms and large additional quantities were made in America. A table published in 1803 ** lists English cartridges of about the specifications in use during the Revolutionary War: WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS I4I Weight of Ball Proof Service Powder Bore — —_——_ Charge Arm Diameter oz. dr gr. oz. dr. gr. dr. Wall piece oo.) cscs 0.98 2 8 8 2 5 7 10 Musquet™s .o.icureieins 0.76 I 6 EI5 I I 12 6 Garbines..sees ess 0.61 oO 14 13 oO 12 II 4 Pistol (common) .... 0.58 (0) 8 15 oO 7 4.5 3 Pistol (carbine) ..... 0.66 (a) 14 13 0 12 II 3 7-barrel gun .. 2.2.35. irs ~ A 1.5 Additional information was given by Duane 4? in 1810. He men- tioned that French musket-ball cartridges were capped with flannel. His tabulation, reproduced below, indicates that the English ammuni- tion was packed in barrels or kegs, unlike the American custom of packing in tinplate-lined boxes. Powder <-s ##H'"1 Arm Drams Grains Balls/Lb. Caliber No./Bbl. WViallliePiece heat ae ui ee 10 273 63 0.89 1400 Mirsquet ois ck oo. os ate 6 163 144 0.68 2100 Carbitie ey cons c.0s aes 4 109 20 0.60 2853 Carbine-Pistol ........ 3 82 20 0.60 4400 Common Pistol ....... 3 82 34 0.51 2000 1 7eDArreliGunSieeis oe + 14 4! 464 0.46 1000 2 1 Half barrel. 2In kegs. Musquet Charges— Powder Total Cartridge Arm oz. dr. gr. oz. dr. gr. MUSHY ten oa cncreae se 6 i I 9 II TSS STAM inte 5\u/ers.nce sv ote cise < 7 10 I Fi 2 2e1C TN oc ee a 6 13 I 6 4 BO GCCHN aie ere, on, ciate als Ae 10 104 I 12 oO MU EOHEN becclave dierelt aig sietsiniei ae - 7 43 I 6 (a) Piobert *® lists the French arms from the Model 1822 through the remainder of the flintlock types. He also tabulates the other com- parable European arms. Many of those he describes were later con- verted to percussion and sold in America during the 1860's. Busk *® says that the service charge for the Enfield, as adopted by England in 1853, was 24 drams (or rather more than 68 grains) of fine-grained powder. The weight of the ball was 530 grains, its diameter 0.568 inch. The bullet size was later reduced to 0.550 inch to facilitate loading. The British Service ammunition in 1854, as reported by Scoffern,®° was as follows: Model 1842 percussion musket, caliber .753, with 30-inch barrel; Spherical bullet of 490 grains (144/lb.) ; 44 drams of FG powder, cartridge reversed in loading. Effective range 200 yards. Two rounds per minute. VOL. 129 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 142 a eee Co’é eeee 6990 VLL gr'Z ore 1Z'0f 9zZ'0 ¢ O9'0 Sg'01 16°01 ZZZ1 £11 Orby Liv gzZ0 639°0 S£V gZe 6g9'0 o£9°0 uspamMg axeG vlLZ1 Lz'81 Se 99 If 1g gece 98 erg 9g°f1 O£'I fo'7 bos LQ°4 g6S"0 €£9'0 Sgz S6e gZS°0 zv9'0 (2zgt) (zzgtW) swuIepusy AI[BACD S]OIstd 10°f £3°2 £o'z £9'01 Zvi cv'6 604°0 6g9°0 6020 LL gg LeL g6°Sz Z6'91 I€"0€ 60270 9£Z'0 6020 Loz vI‘O1 OI'Ol GZS1 Z1'91 ZV'v1 voor LAA of ey 6040 g£Z‘0 gzZ‘0 LIV gev gby 6790 ZS9°0 6990 BISSHYy eissniz pueljoH Ly'v2 bbe 99 99 18 18 98 98 g6've 06°g¢ £o'v v's 99°61 zg €z £Z9°0 €Z9°0 S6e Soe zro'0 zvg'0 (zzg1W) (6zgtW) Arjearg ALI (8 SuooJOASN “SO°OE yyBuUa] “639° Joqi[eO “JYSIOM suIeSG :UOOJaYSNUI axeG JoyJOUe SI D194], ¢ *gz'9 ‘qystem “OPES Jo1ieg :uoojoysnu ueliysny Areas zYSI] JOyJOUR st IL z “ZhE yysIoMm “ZOS* taqi[eD :[ojsId pue uoojysnu 105 [eq YsI[suq It (spunod pure ‘sute1s ‘sayout ur soiyMUeNn()) QO€QI NI GSN NI SWUV HONGYd JO ATAVL S.Laadold—P aATav IQ’z trz oS'z crz AA, A ‘uly jo 319M ZI $o°6 evo1 ZO'II SOG” “a OSs SS eee JO UasueyT 639°0 60Z'0 6390 6r9'0 699°0 eo ee eee ee eee “a10q jo Jaques 5/94Std 60°Z 90'S Irs ce-Z Ser eeee SES ASS ULE, jo WSO If"0f Sr've os'gI z O1'gt Seine” See Se asee TO a suory 6g9°0 639°0 60Z'0 6g9'0 : 699'0 were reece sece “210g Jo Jaque) suoojaysnpy 03°6 66°8 z6°Z 026 S901 os ACRE Gb 0 5, jo SIO gor gS'bI oS'VI1 06°61 QZEL sestss sess yau0keg Jo yySuaT or by of ty AA 6o'hr CLeCp. ts eee ese ToITeE JO yysue7y 60270 6020 6040 602'0 0940 eS ss ees SOG JO) Jeqijes) LIV ZIV ZIV ZIV EQP poe se Tet. a SIa AN. 6r9'0 6r9'0 649'0 6r9'0 IgQ'O “ccc rests este Jo JayaweIq assay ureds e1leaeg elisny puelsuq SJOYSNT Q£gI 40 SWAV NVadOuNT YAHLO *99°O 3q4SIOM ‘I'gI YBa] “Jouokeq YIM FAM ce ce cece Se ee ee ee By Se Sour LT ur ‘Ig 99 gol ZV Zvi =**surutid ssoy_,, * = 1g zl zgl ZQl octets UBT :aSpraqey 1eAy 98 4S ev fp sarees gr /sosieyD Tespiayie; Ie) 1 £a°fg oss ,o0o'eZ 1 £9°SZ eeee eee eee eee eee sere oe yysuaT [210], ZZ o£'Z 1z'6 or'6 eee ener oe eee eee eee TSO MM [e210 J, £9°6z €z'ge gr'or ZQ'eV eevee ee ee oe ey Jorseg jo yysusT £Z9°0 £290 639°0 639'0 eevee sere eeee eee eeee ‘10g jo Jaqyey ces C6e c6e cee oeee Dee ee ee OH S| jo WSIO A zrvg'0 zrg'0 zVvQ'0 zrg'o eee oe oe eeeeee Ted jo JoyswWeIG (Szgrw) (2zgtW) (2zgtW) (2zg1q) sulIepusr uooseiqg Inose}OA Aqjuejuy WS syaysnyL WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 143 Carbine: same ammunition as musket. Model 1851 rifled musket, caliber .702, with 39-inch barrel: Minié ball of 606 grains and 0.690 diameter, 2 drams FG powder, cartridge reversed in loading. Sights to 1,000 yards. Model 1853 Enfield rifled musket, caliber .577, with 39-inch barrel: Pritchett ball of 530 grains (without cup), diameter 0.567, 24 drams FG powder. Artillery carbine, Model 1853: Same, except 2 drams FG powder. Rifled Model 1842 (for Navy): Minié ball of 848 grains and 3 drams FG powder. Several of the cartridges mentioned are shown on plate 34. Figure b is the cartridge for the caliber 0.702, M1835 musket, as altered in 1851. Figure d is the round for the sea service musket, M1842, and i, j, and k show Enfield M1853 rounds. Captain Hawes, writing on ammunition in 1859,°! described the method of using these cartridges. In loading those cartridges in which the bullets were reversed, the soldier tore open the powder end, poured the powder down the barrel, then inserted the ball base downward, still encased in the paper. When it was in the barrel a distance equal to its length, he broke off the protruding remnants of the cartridge paper and rammed the bullet on down. Note that in the blank cartridge part of the powder was encased in a separate piece of paper to simulate a bullet. With this the soldier went through the same motions in loading as he would have with ball ammunition. An official English publication of 1860 °* tabulated their service loads as follows: VOL. 129 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS 144 IOJZ ISO} 10} zgaoxa ‘aABOUOD pus aUO pue “Ysno1Y} pedisrd s[oy eB *(QOIAIDG BIG) Yous O0O‘r Sururezu0o sivf au0}s ur ‘ATo}eIedas JUS SWaVNaAa Fapregre ener eee eee eeee eeee oSZ 009 i=} re oof't oor Szg 00S mete Cea Szg oof ~ as eeee eeee eee eee eeee eee $Zg ooZ c eeee eree ere ene eeere eree Be SLg ood re. eee eee eee eee eee oSZ 009 a a ae eeee eee eee eeee eeee S28 ooZ FeO ea sas eve $28 ooZ eeee eevee 74°) ooZ picuse sts cee owe eee evee coor $z9 00s aca eeee ooZ ogS eeee eeee OOO‘! 00g an seee eeee ooZ og eeee eeee $28 ooZ £0 STR 48 eevee Sz9 oos eeee eeee Sz9 oos Sa O g O08! Oof'r eee eee eee eee $zg oos megs eeee eee eee 0g6'1 00g‘t eee eee BO eeGe oO) 0S PS =95 8D op Sb tee oe de tS seed = Fe ae Ba gu 20 ah fe me 8 90 ta Qu. Qu. Qu. Bo wer i) oR ag mee BE 3 3 8 RF MB Nc 5 —— Ne, sree eF——_" BIAIIG 9S xog jerieg = perseg ¢ ‘oy ‘saseg ‘sjalieg ut pexoed (a[pung ev ut us}) SesplszAe_D Jo Jequinny OOgI ‘SHOdIULUVD WAV-TIVWS HSILI¥a—S alav |, Sg: Sg 6S sayouy seyouy IoWIIO, JO 1ajaMILIG *xOAUOD 91 YOIYM ‘98plsz1ed Zurpeoj-yoooig sdieqg pue yuelq qyiM ‘sayour XIS JO YISue] UJOJIUN & Jo ‘poomxoO JO VpeUl 91e SIOWIOT POOM—'z% ALON aie ynq ‘saseo [eUOTjOas S,[[aq UI 410 ‘seseo paur[-teddoo ur paxoed jou vie sdej—! ALON 0g9° 089° bZ9° 089° 039° o19° SS: yINg jo s9j0uIeIG, EVI Gri co $1 $VI oz ger or $£1 ger or 8 punog ® 0} sqya][Ng jo toquinyy raz EP t1 fz oer eer eee ee eee eeeeeee aoueUupIO, ‘soysnyy eeeee ee a woururosd ‘yoysnyL sreerees (Qnty Sjaseg) auiqieg evccce CHW BI1I0}OIA) auiqiey) ~eleiuievelere (210q PSN) euIqied) soeeees* (arog auIqied) suIqied s**zyojowWVIGg MON (ESI) WASNPL OA tte eeeeeeeeeeeeoees oui g r9jsBoURT] eseisie.eiehelaieieleis 2 OT CSGS) OBR AL TNIV eeee ong (£5gt) ont omg = (18gt) ont st *30IAIaG Bag (zZhgl) JASN PY te eeeeeeeeeeeeersurie [Je JOF yULL ANGIULAV) 40 AWALVN WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 145 SMALL-ARM CARTRIDGES Number of Cartridges (tenina Bundle) packed in Barrels, Cases, &c. wn » = x£ = ie 3 Barrel Sea Service eg S wo x NATURE OF CARTRIDGE og PS o o ro) oe Be oO n_. bo ¢ < E 5 ps ees Remarks & 50 & a @ O38 Pistol (Musket b 1 5g ae 3 . 9 ain istol (Musket bore)?... 2% 143 .680 700 75) = Balls lined with a fus- Pistol (Carbine bore)?... 2 20 .610 800 1,000 tian patch for Coast- Guard Service Pistol (Percussion)? ... 2 34 -511 Met gener 2400 1 The ‘‘formers” the same as Carbine M.B. and C.B. 2 The “former” .5 of an inch in diameter. In Europe between 1830 and 1860 small arms and ammunition development was intensive. The distinctive feature of many of the cartridges was the bullet used. In 1860 Busk ** identified most of those which had extensive use, as well as a few novel types. (See fig. 18.) 146 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 C7 Ch

Fic. 18.—Bullets used in Europe, 1850-1860. (Busk.) See opposite page for explanation. a Gil 147 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS WHOLE VOL. ‘yoT[NG sjoosueyy urezdey ‘yoq[n s Aria, ureydezy ‘JOT[NG [eUIsSIIO ssUSIAlOq “AUOXeS Ul paydope Apjua.eI Jorn wp eu JO S9AOOIS JY} OUI passdiduiod ussq SurAey Joie ‘oures sy, ‘y][NG pojutod ]90}s s.joisstuey ureydey ‘yI[NG Yormsunig poiyeq ‘Jo][NG peAosdull s sustAjod “ysiueqd a> [BGs BOSer TEM ‘dnd UOT pouUl} YIM ‘OIUTP, 94} JO UOT}eOYIpoW Uspeg Alo -[H1IY Yyoueryz oy} Jo ‘soIsstmey ureyded Aq pojusaul Sind ‘URILIOUY ‘JoT[NG Jo}seoueT ‘Ilat[sesiog oy} Aq pasn Aj1sWIIOF JoT[NG "PTING PeoLpUypAS sYIOAMITY MA *JoyJNG [euosexsy s YAOMPY AMA “JapeOTYyIIe1q [eUOSe}IO SpreYyIY Ad]isoA\ JOF JoT[NG «PAI, UeTIOUTy *SQUUDIUIA OP SInasseyy 94} Aq Pasn jay[nq pozutod-[92}¢ “(90 “0 JO UOT}eOYIpow) preny jewodwy youery ay} Aq ae ae "QIUIP, 94} JO UOT}eOYyIpow ueW[OdeaNy ‘QIUITY 24} JO UOTeOYyIpow Ystueds “OBll 26144 YsainqusypyxI9yY JO} JoT[NG ‘dnd jnNoyWM ‘stUIyY JO UOTeYIpow YyIueI.T “JOpeOTYyIIIIg URISIMION IOF Jor[NgG ‘yoy[NG nesseny "y211Nq YySinquep[O ‘JoT[NG uelreaeg ‘JoT[NG ueloAoUePT ‘UOI}SOdUIOD dAISO[GxS JY} SB [JAM se Jop -Mod JO dsIeYyd oY} SulUIe}UOD (SPIO “JL) JoT]Nq ystueds “Olt 2614 10} Joy[NG uoxes "(Z ON) J2][Nq uoxes “(1 ON) J3]]Nq uoxes ‘OBIT SsUBIATIG 10} JoT[Nq ueIssnig ‘Opts 264 SuludANOYT, 1OF JoT[Nq uveissnig ‘dnd uot yyM ‘QIUIV_ JO UOIyeoyIpow uerissnig ‘uns I[pseU UeIssnIg dy} YYM poasn Jong ‘PING sqeynN Jofeyy "PING JostoquiajsIn AA SSIMS ‘JoT[NG [elapay ssIMsS *(uoH9IS) Jo][Nq IsIp Ss zayonNog ‘JaT[NG uelsjsny ‘Olt 2614 ueIssny oy} JOF JoT[NG ‘[Pys pue yaqjnq s,qooef ‘JaPeoTYyIee1q SPUlIg JO} psonposjur ATjeursiso yang ‘(apis oy} ye UMOYS st ‘pasn A] IOUIIOF dnd 34}) (Uorpes) Bnjd poomxoq YM ‘playug uorle[nsay ‘(uoKpes) ppyuy yeyor4g ‘Iiol[sesiog oy} Aq paydope (j4se]) JorNG "sueIUIpPIeS oy} Aq poydope (3se]) JoT[NG “AljueyUI UeIsjag Aq posn joyng ‘UsWOYII uelsjeaq Aq posn jol[ng “QIUT. 84} JO VOR EO gIPOW *(U0T}D9S) Ja[SSaN JUeUsjNeIT Aq poWeaut Joy[ng ‘preny [elsadwy youery ay} Aq posn Ajjeursr1410 yoT[ng ‘dno wort YAN “JaqINg gIUTPY TeUsTIO *‘SXACNOZ PUL SSUUSIUIA 9p SInasseyD 94} Aq pasn szaq[ng ‘Wajshs Ss eIeyUOg UO passaiduo0d ‘sues ay} JO U01}D9S “uIa}SsAs S$ IUSIAJIC UO ‘Jatteq 9Y} Ur ‘passaidurod ‘oures dy} JO UOT}IaS ‘T[eq Jeorsteyds Areurpsio ue Jo uonI0SG ‘snjd Uspoom YUM psy TJPYS eli uotssnoied po}esuoja [euIsiio suoJION urezdes eA <4 wg! 148 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 The United States Army at one time considered using the Nessler bullet (item 7) in the caliber 0.69 rifled musket. It was just as ac- curate as the heavy conical ball then in use (pl. 26e) and gave much less recoil. In 1859 Wilcox ** published a book on rifles which included illus- trations of many different types of bullets then in use (see pl. 51). His tabulation of the characteristics of many of these bullets follows: 7p) eg She BALLS x Oo SOLID HOLLOW Q | Lis Pe No oe) © Wedge Wedge & G grains grains grains grains ft Lorens AMASEFIAs sae 500 450 Pes seo OLR AY BS Baden s..c chet soe sais EGOmy COun Se a4. Bavaria’ osc... 675 ree omt it (OO Ae ts Belgium ...... FEO crete see O2ZEY AS 8G Peeters AAW ly ctom iets DONS. Seah Soe d WO Lorens Dessau ves scien 463 oes ae ge An Bngtand 4 Sesicsisie ae Roy (ors) Eirances jose sie 2B YA ere Beh (OON 74 6 SMITE S2itaie adage 494 aan perl MS Hanover: 62/2. 418 het cee MARE ES Hesse Duchy.. ... wate (CAI (Soy QS Peeters Hesse Electoral ... 608 AL 16 Holland) 0.36. 404 aie Se ODN SHO Mecklenburg .. 442 ats Sorat) MRO Sc Na@ssatt. 5. ccas 722 abs P56 MOOG) (aa Gi Ball podnood. abe hollow Norway . 42... 772 if 6 Oldenburg ie). aar 4, Ba Bia ia Prussian os eee. « 490 oS aie, EGR co 3 "Dy Balt eeieiec 451 te ere Oise ary Mic TENG (Breet ee teres 705 cio ee OR ES eA Russiay eee 772 Ss Siete gu Kai ae Sas Sear 705 pate Snir ee Ball Uy Laeptars ste aia! e's) hollow sien) he Sardinia) 2<./a 530 BAL iS ink _ TWIST OF GR’VES WN ADA: SPECIES OF RIFLES Tige carbine and rifle- musket Rifle-musket Tige carbine Tige carbine Rifle-musket Same as Austria Enfield rifle Tige carbine Rifle-musket Tige carbine Rifle-musket Rifle-musket with cham- ber Tige carbine, rifle-musket adopted 1853 Tige carbine Tige carbine Carbine without tige, and hollow ball since 1853 Carbine with tige and chamber Tige carbine and the two- grooved rifle Tige carbine with tron- conic chamber Needle breech-loader Rifle-musket Two-grooved rifle Tige carbine Rifle-musket Chambered rifle, Bersag- lieri WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 149 ty Ry eves 700 se ars MOS! WAR ITS Rifle-musket with tige S Ween ec icin 402 ae Ns SOEs i ar 3.4. Tige carbine with cham- Peeters 8 ber Bialt? Mkg SRSA ‘ites he 2.076 16-6 © Rifle-musket Switzerland ... 257 ata 4 fate |WO2 1° 3 Federal rifle 4 2 3. Chasseur rifle Peeters S patie ee eer est 447 ..- 60 4 4 10 Rifle-musket United States.. ... 500 ... 60 3 6... Rifle-musket and rifle Wurtemberg .. ... athe ... 92 12 2 10 Carbine system Wild The caliber of 18-to-the-pound was generally used on the continent of Europe before the adoption of the rifle system. Russia.—Russia’s musket caliber was 18-to-the-pound, and the usual ammunition for the smooth-bore musket was the round ball, but in the 1850’s much use was made of the Belgian projectile known as the “Nessler” ball. This was of cylindrospherical form, the cylinder being very short. The ball was hollow at the base to make it expand and had a projecting point in the bottom of the cavity. Its weight was 464 grains. Use of this ball in the smooth-bore musket was said to give an effective range of 300 to 400 yards—at least double that of the spherical ball. The cartridges for both types were made in the usual way, and the ball was dipped in melted tallow. The ball was inserted in the musket with the paper in which it was wrapped. Many of their percussion muskets were rifled by cutting in them four wide grooves, as in the United States arms. The ball used for these altered arms was of cylindroconical form, also on the Belgian system, and with three grooves on the cylindrical part. Its weight was 755 grains. A similar ball was tried at Harpers Ferry Armory but was not adopted. Several other rifles were also used, patterned after those of other countries. One was like the British Brunswick rifle, except that its bullet of 787 grains was ogival, having two projections to fit into the grooves, instead of the belted round ball used with unsatisfactory results in England. Experience in the Crimea indicated the effective- ness of these heavy rifle balls at very great ranges—there was one record of a man being killed at 1,500 yards from the nearest Russian lines by a rifle ball.°° Percussion caps used by the Russians were of the same size as those used in the United States and in nearly all European countries. They were manufactured near St. Petersburg with Belgian-made machinery. Prussia.—Altered flintlock and percussion muskets in Prussia were the same caliber as those of the United States (0.69) and used car- tridges made in a similar manner. The rifle was constructed on the “tige”’ system and was sighted to 700 paces (600 yards). I50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 Austria.—Smooth-bore caliber 0.70 muskets were altered to per- cussion with a special tube-primer (pl. 46p). Noncommissioned Austrian officers and certain men of each unit had rifles of musket caliber (0.70) made on the Delvigne principle. In the 1850’s new muskets and rifles were adopted, both of caliber 0.55. In these the cone and cap were substituted for the tube-lock (Consol) system. Muskets were fitted with two kinds of rear sights—250 yards and 1000 paces (800 yards). The latter were for sharpshooters and NCOs. The rifle was also made in two types; that for sharpshooters and NCOs had a “‘tige” in the breechpin and was sighted to 1,200 paces (1,000 yards). The other type had no tige. The same projectile was used for all these arms. It was the “Wilkinson” ball, tried by the British at Enfield in 1852. Cylindro- ogival with two deep grooves in the cylindrical part and no base cavity, it weighed 450 grains. The powder charge was 62 grains and the cartridge was the same for rifle or musket. The powder case was of thin cardboard with a covering of thin cartridge paper, folded over one end of the case. The point of the ball was inserted in the open end of the cylinder and the whole again enveloped in thin paper. The part around the ball was greased and was inserted with the ball in loading. The altered musket of the former caliber (0.70) used a ball of the same design, weighing 680 grains, with a charge of 55 grains.°® France——\n the 1850’s most of the French percussion muskets (new or altered from flintlock) were reamed out to caliber 0.708, carrying a I-ounce round ball. It later became difficult to rifle these arms for the new elongated balls generally adopted. This was done, in some instances, by adding a tige to the breechpin and cutting four wide and shallow grooves in the barrel; such guns were sighted up to 800 meters. The balls weighed 720 grains and the powder charge 70 grains. The musketoon a tige used 46 grains of powder. The Imperial Guard used a rifled musket, but without tige. This arm employed a cylindroconical ball with a cavity at the base, but without an expanding cup. The Minié ball as used in the late 1850’s had two grooves in the cylindrical part and an iron cup in the base. It weighed 604 grains and was loaded covered with the greased cartridge paper.®*” England.—In the 20 years prior to the Civil War in America, the system of small arms for the British Army was greatly changed. In 1840 the only rifled arms in use were the “Brunswick” rifles, which WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS I51 fired a round belted ball.°* A rifle-musket was adopted in 1851, retaining the old 0.702 caliber. The ball, on the Minié principle, weighed 680 grains; it had an iron cup in the base but no expanding wedge. In 1852 extensive trials were held in order to find a lighter arm. As a result the Enfield musket was adopted for general use. The bore was 0.577 inch, with three grooves, and the powder charge was 68 grains, the same as its predecessor, but the ball weighed only 530 grains. A similar rifle was adopted, differing but little from the musket and using identical ammunition. A carbine used 55 grains of powder and a “Sapper’s” carbine was developed on the Lancaster system, with elliptical bore. Colt’s and Deane and Adam’s revolvers were purchased extensively for the cavalry.°® Belgium.—In the 1850’s the rifled arms used in the Belgian Army were the rifled musket, with the Minié or the Timmerhans ball, and the carabine a tige, both similar to French arms of that period. The Timmerhans ball was cylindro-ogival and grooved, with a bell-shaped cavity in the base into which a point projected from the bottom of the cavity.© The Mordecai Report on the Commission to Europe * included a tabulation of the principle arms and ammunition in use on the Con- tinent, in England, and in the United States. As it contains much information on these arms, the table is reproduced herewith: The Mordecai Report included drawings of many of the military cartridges of the 1850’s. These were assembled in convenient form by Wilcox ® and are reproduced on plate 52. They give a good idea of the variation in small-arms ammunition as to shape of ball and method of forming the cartridge. Figures 1 to 7 represent cartridges in which ball and powder were in direct contact. The type shown in figure 8 maintained physical sepa- ration within the case by a sabot between ball and powder. Figures g to 11 show powder and ball separated by tying between. The re- mainder illustrated had separate cases for the powder within the outer wrapper. Figure 1 represents the cartridge for the Belgian tige carbine. In this the paper was rolled around the ball and tied around the bottom groove of the bullet. The case was closed by twisting the paper. Figure 2 is the Hanover cartridge, much like the last, except the case was closed by a double fold. Figures 3 and 4 are for the tige rifle-muskets of Mecklenburg and Oldenburg. In these the case was made around a cone-shaped former. The small end was glued shut, the case filled with powder, and the ball inserted and tied. 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OSQI ‘SIMINNOD INAYAIIIG JO SAINUV AHL NI Gash NOWINOWWY GNV SWUV TIVWS daTaIu—Z aTdv TL "**(pasoqye) Geysnm peyry spabacna0den Sanpeeyaer ne (pesayqe) ‘Opry (9531) “oysnu-apry SHLVLS GaLIN() ee ad ee eeeee opis SU1peoy-yooo1g AVMUON See e eee eeeeceee renee array ANVTUAZLIMS “ore (a8H yoysnar) “Opry ANOXVS tee e eee eeeeeereeeee outer VINIGaVS °° guiqieo AtaqIzIe «Od (S581) oP Gk (€Sgr) ‘oysnu-apis preyug sees (ISgr) “eysnu sul NIVLIUG Lvauy “*Sapiey jued sep ‘og ***(grgi) ‘a3Iy e oUIqeies s29 9931) & JoySNU papIy FONVUT eoeereraee 231} YIM ‘og ereeeeeee (4982) ‘og sseees (PSer) Yaysnu-spny VIdLsAYy eee eeeseseeees aooid TleM ce MO SIIRE OTT ececeoe ON 3TPP2N vissaud ** opll yormsunig VISSAY Wav 40 NOILVNOISAG 153 154 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 munition was loaded intact and broken by ramming against the tige in the chamber. Figure 5 is a Saxony cartridge. Figures 6 and 7 are rounds for the Norwegian and the Swedish breech-loading mus- kets. The cartridge for the Prussian breech-loading needlegun is shown by figure 8. Figures 9 and 10 are for Bavarian arms and figure 11 is the cartridge for the Austrian Consol carbine. This round usually had the cap or percussion tube attached to it by a wire or string. Figures 12 and 13 are for the French tige carbine and the rifled musket. The British Enfield cartridge is shown in figure 14 and another type in figure 24. In the last, powder and ball were enclosed in small paper bags made from pulp in the proper sizes. Figures 15 to 19 are cartridges for Austrian, Baden, Belgian, Dessau, and Nassau muskets respectively. Figure 20 is for the Russian tige carbine, and 21 is for the Sardinian carbine. Figure 22 represents the cartridge used by the Swiss chasseurs. Figure 23 is for the Prussian rifle-musket. It had a row of perforations in the paper to facilitate breaking off in loading. One of the few double-ball loads used in Europe was the Danish cartridge shown in figure 25. Figure 31 is a United States specimen. During the course of the Civil War both sides in the struggle purchased just about any serviceable foreign arms they could get. Naturally the ammunition supply problem must have reached an all-time high in our Service. A few of the commoner foreign car- tridges used in the United States in the 1860’s are shown on plates 33 to 35. Plate 32g—m shows the round used for the Whitworth sharp- shooter’s rifle used in the South with outstanding success. Cylindrical and hexagonal bullets were used interchangeably in the hexagon barrel. Both types are shown. The cartridge case is a tube of quite stiff cardboard. Plate 35a, j,h,{, shows cartridges for the French, Belgian, and calibers 0.70 and 0.71 Austrian arms—the French speci- men was for a smooth-bore gun. These large foreign rifle-musket cartridges are quite distinct from the American ammunition of that size, in that they are made in the old or commoner manner. Our caliber 0.69 rounds for rifles were almost all made like the example shown on plate 26a, with the inner cardboard cylinder for the powder. In differentiating between nearly similar rounds of paper ammuni- tion it is comparatively simple to obtain approximate ball diameter without opening a cartridge. The majority of specimens have a total thickness of paper of 0.010 to 0.011 inch. By measuring outside diameter with a micrometer and subtracting an arbitrary ten thou- sandths, very close to the actual ball diameter will be obtained. One WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 155 can be quite positive in distinguishing the caliber 0.64 from the 0.65 balls, which will serve to date the United States cartridge to some extent. The less handling of these old specimens the better. Unrolling the brittle paper to obtain detailed information will likely ruin the car- tridge. Slight steaming first helps to avoid this damage. Large capsules of the sort used by veterinary surgeons or the plastic tubes now used for prescriptions by pharmacists are quite convenient for use as containers. The cartridges may then be handled and examined without much chance for damage. An ideal container can be tailored to fit using thin sheet plastic to form a box. Supply and issue.—In the early publications of the United States Army, there were few instructions governing supply and issue of ammunition. The regulations published in 1814 (Appendix 8) pre- scribed that each company should make a return to the quartermaster of the number of cartridges deficient, the supply to be replenished with as little lost time as possible. Thirty rounds per man were to accompany the troops in the ammunition wagons, and a reserve of one-fourth this number was allotted to each infantry unit. Non- commissioned officers were instructed to examine cartridge boxes before putting them away, to assure that no ammunition had been left in them. Each brigade was to have an ammunition wagon con- taining 20,000 cartridges, for issue only on orders of the brigade commander. The officer in charge of the brigade ammunition wagon was authorized to replenish his supply either by requisition on the field commissary or by use of detailed personnel to make up ammuni- tion from the necessary materials. Army regulations of 1821 provided that cartridges were to be made in the field by the troops for their own use. The regulations of 1825 said, “Service ammunition, issued to troops, will be charged against them, and, to prevent waste or injury, the boxes will be inspected twice a day, and particularly at evening roll-call, when the number and condition of the cartridges will be ascertained, and if necessary (near an enemy) others supplied. Each man will be made to pay for the rounds expended without orders or not in the way of duty, or which may be damaged by his neglect. Ammunition will be frequently sunned.” The passage just quoted illustrates very well the manner in which the Army swings from wartime abundance to peacetime scarcity. After the War of 1812 there were enormous (for those days) stocks of ammunition on hand. For years thereafter it was next to impos- 156 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 sible to get any money out of Congress for purchasing new ammuni- tion. The old stocks were retained as reserve and for current con- sumption till they were obsolete and greatly deteriorated. On January 1, 1818, the Army had on hand over 8,000,000 small- arms cartridges, 253,000 pounds of lead, 1,750,000 flints, 416,000 pounds of sulfur, 380,000 pounds of saltpeter, and 1,174,000 pounds of gunpowder.® In 1826, an inventory of military stores in the immediate charge of the Ordnance Department was taken.** It showed the following items on hand. 10,504 batrels powder: @ $20:00.4.0S7 2. 8 A SOR eo eke 210,000 621-046) poutids initrer(DsiOe si bi.6 ere ihre eigen le cer teeiea oe ae eras 55,075 307 Addy POUNGS SUIPHAE AG. Seine cia ays 2:0 tie wisidiss eidiale Moshe Swann cleats < Shook 11,92 6,540,000) musicet\ cartridges (@ 26 i2.4,00 ok k hate eke dew eee tee ee tee 130,980 S534 O00 finttsmieire ti. 2. Nive & osteo eat orate eae Rae eas Maen we naa 26,500 TO7AGO CANNONGASTGIGZES, | \o.)s,- sis 'cc aia. aiclabucicrslew hace eich oaeled shee Siete 20,490 SL Wi PARRA EC HA geese oc © Sal's ichace ent Ais ahi wm fa aula ales aicnen euonatitatone oye sale 4,457 B8otons lead DuST 20s ie tae oa ale ere RTE ae ec ele tees teres ones 45,000 63,183 rounds, scrapnel (sic), case and grape shot @ 7o0¢.......... 43,528 TZ tons loose Shape’ w i Canmister SHOt sci afepsisiet> hess clon icic eae oleae 29,500 $579,033 From 1822 to 1837 it appears that no small-arms ammunition was procured. During the year ended September 30, 1838, 2,300,000 ball cartridges and 225,000 pounds of powder were made or purchased. The following year 100,000 pounds of powder and 800,000 ball car- tridges were obtained. During the next several years the greatest annual procurement was 1,000,000, and the largest issue 930,000 ball cartridges.*° When the Mexican War started purchases rose rapidly. In 1847 the Army bought 298,000 pounds of powder and over 13,- 000,000 small-arms cartridges, with some 3,000,000 percussion caps. (The predominant arm was still the flintlock.) Issued to the troops that year were 12,950,000 cartridges and over a million caps. In 1848 over 4,000,000 cartridges and 14,000,000 caps were purchased or manufactured. The year following, with the war ended, cartridge production dropped to some 120,000 but over 8,000,000 caps were procured. Then, except for new types being introduced and used in relatively small quantities, supply of ammunition again stagnated until the Civil War was imminent. In the many thousands of volumes written on the Civil War in- formation concerning ammunition supply is almost entirely lacking. Yet an outstanding job must have been done, study of which might well have profited us immensely in later years. WHOLE VOL, SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 157 The principal types of cartridges purchased in the North, as listed in Ordnance publications, were: Type or Arm Caliber No. Purchased Ballardveachine see's okies 2 Ballard ‘rifle \. 42, .54 3,527,450 Burnside scathing bye ee lee 54 21,819,200 Remingtonwcarpine vs see eerle « 42 4,257,000 Merrill's, Carbine, 6 cicc /siale arcu lcers 54 5,502,750 lenny carbine, 2k 38 ts locas sa ee .42 (.44) 4,610,400 Gallager carbine | ..0:...50. 8 Bese: ae TT 8,204,023 Cosmopolitan carbine ........... 50 6,300,000 Maynard carbine’. se escese ec. .50 2,157,000 Gvothercarbines.% 0s. obo. oe 450; 1.52," 545257. 3,072,176 Sharps Tileneeee. Ses 52 16,306,508 Smithivearbine Les 1 acd lasiabs 50 13,861,500 SPEMCOR Sfle ss Nos. 0d.3 se ctore coke ore 56, .52 58,238,924 Starricacbine ei bue ls at ones 54 6,860,000 | SO (5) ORE MEERA) Se eer eRe SEN Ser Ya 58 (& .577) 46,409,514 Bick ec Ballack otacmisaiics sieciac .69 6,021,220 Round balls Es este aay eee 54, .69 2,735,180 PHStOlges. aeeed e saU BE 54, .58 26,225,930 (Also cal. .36 and .44 revolver cartridges in large quantities) Complicated though the small-arms ammunition situation appeared, it was simplified for purposes of supply by grouping the various weapons. This was done as follows, as to ammunition: Class Arm Ammunition TePRIHeSTars CALDINeSee se cleeiecleeie oeinieer Breechloading—Special cartridges BaMratlen CalanGAav aan wee sc niciaerse noes cee WES: Bude Ca lM NCB fay seis IR ales ea Selene WES: A Ritternical ise 7iwer. SBincve Ale weed Foreign—(use #3) Sep Ihle 4 Calbe OO iar ature caer vehevekéatare Hise WS: GUPARC EAC Ale OO cies Mtavers: steteiere valde tale ates Foreign—(use #5) FiarINAT@ A GAL aOR ishe Meet ee verdes note ait: Foreign—special cartridge CoP EtG eat cal IG 2 Oe Re Foreign—special cartridge OsMiisket se Call eOOne waste crores tice sie ele (round ball), U.S. EO VS K eta, Cale OO me crclacpiror oic.s crecroiie ve (Buck & ball), U.S. Et. Musket, Cal: .60, 270, 6. -7Tscc.00.0 ss Foreign—(use #9 and #10) Pon Mausker, Cale 7240 v7 Ouse cacis sey ces Foreign—(use special cal. .73) Thus about two-thirds of the arms could be supplied with five (underlined) principal types of ammunition. This was still pretty bad, as three additional types were needed for some 600,000 other arms of foreign origin, besides those for the breechloaders. Really tremendous quantities of ammunition were requisitioned from day to day and the orders filled. Requests for supplies had to 158 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 be explicit to avoid confusion, as is shown in the case of one typical small telegraphic order : Louisville, October 28, 1861. Send me 600,000 Colt’s rifle cartridges. GENERAL SHERMAN. Colt’s rifles used calibers 0.44, 0.56, and 0.58 cartridges. There is no record of what General Sherman received—perhaps the man who made the shipment knew what his troops were using. A routine consignment of ammunition was apt to be quite varied in composition as a sample will illustrate : 100,000 Enfield cartridges, calibre .577—100,000 blank cartridges—3,o00 friction primers—100,000 percussion caps—40,000 Mississippi rifle cartridges—400,000 elongated ball cartridges, calibre .69—40,000 Burnside cartridges—100,000 elon- gated. ball cartridges, calibre .715. The following correspondence serves to illustrate a typical problem. Early in 1861 New York State made arrangements to acquire British Enfield rifles for State troops. Soon ammunition supply became a matter for serious consideration, as indicated by the letter quoted. Ripley’s comments indicated a lack of conception of the probable scope of the War. Soon after his letter was written, United States agents were scouring Europe for serviceable weapons. GENERAL HEADQUARTERS, STATE NEw YorRK ADJUTANT GENERAL'S OFFICE Albany, June 14, 1861 THE CHIEF OF THE ORDNANCE DEPARTMENT Washington, D. C.: Sir: I beg to inform you that the authorities of this State have ordered the purchase and manufacture of 20,000 Enfield rifles and muskets, some of which have been received from England, and with which one regiment of volunteers have already been armed. The issue of this arm will be made from time to time to the troops of this State, and as the supply of the proper kind of ammuni- tion is important, I inquired of the commanding officer at Watervliet whether it could be fabricated by him, and he said it could not. I ought to say that the caliber of the arms already received is .57, and that 100,000 rounds have been furnished to the regiment having the arms; but to continue the preparation of this ammunition and send it forward to regiments in the field is what can hardly be expected from this State. I therefore respectfully ask whether the Ordnance Department will undertake to furnish this ammunition as it does in other cases. It is to be regretted that the caliber is .57, but that was the only arm that could be purchased ready made. Those to be fabricated will be .58, so that the ordinary ammunition can be used. An early reply by telegraph is respectfully asked. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant J. Merepiru Reap, JR. Adjutant-General WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 159 ORDNANCE OFFICE, WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, June 17, 1861. Hon. StIMon CAMERON, Secretary of War: Sir: Before answering the inclosed letter from Adjt. Gen. J. M. Read, of New York, I must submit it to you for instructions, with the following remarks: One of the greatest evils that can befall the military service is the introduction of arms of different kinds and calibers, requiring varieties of ammunition. It inevitably produces confusion and embarrassment, both in the use and the prepa- ration of cartridges. All the troops called into the United States service can be furnished by the Government with good, strong, servicable arms, suitable for the ammunition which we have the means of preparing at our arsenals. None other should be allowed, and where the States can not furnish arms of the United States calibers, requisitions for as many of them as are necessary to arm troops mustered into Government service should be made on United States arsenals. It is very important, in my opinion, that the issue of fancy arms to United States troops should be prohibited, and that those now in the hands of such troops should be exchanged for others of the regular kind and caliber. Respectfully, your obedient servant, Jas. W. RIPLey Lieutenant-Colonel of Ordnance HEADQUARTERS ARMY Washington, June 17, 1861 The General-in-Chief approves the views of the colonel of ordnance within expressed. E. D. TowNsEND Assistant Adjutant-General Approved: Stmon CAMERON Secretary of War Ignition—For about the first 60 years of its existence the United States Army depended entirely upon flintlock ignition for firing its small arms. During an additional 25 years the flint system was used with reserve arms—almost to the date of adoption of breech-loading cartridge arms as the standard, in 1866. Many of our flints were imported from Europe; in fact the largest part of all we ever purchased came from overseas. Some few were made in this country, though the flint-knapping industry never became well established here. On July 4, 1776, Congress passed a measure to provide flints for the Army,*’ which stated in part, “The Board of War is empowered to employ ... persons .. . to manufacture flints for the Continent.” The last official description of Army flints was printed in the 1849 edition of the Ordnance Manual, as follows: Flints—The best flints are translucent, with a smooth surface, of a uniform light yellow or brown color, and slightly conchoidal fracture. They are generally obtained from England or France. 160 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 The parts of a flint are: the edge or bevel, the back, the sides, the face, slightly convex, and the bed, or lower face, slightly concave; in using the flint, the bevel is placed uppermost. There are three sizes for military service; musket, rifle and pistol, flints. A good musket flint will last for more than 50 fires. Flints are issued to the troops in the proportion of 1 flint to 20 rounds. Musket Rifle Pistol OO —_—_——A| Dimensions Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Minimum Maximum Whole length ........ 1.20 1.50 0.97 1.20 0.93 1.10 Wadthdety.i4. be ah 1.08 1.13 0.79 0.88 0.83 0.92 , Thickness at the back.. 0.26 0.33 0.20 0.29 0.21 0.27 Length of the bevel... 0.39 0.55 0.41 0.71 0.30 0.42 The rifle and the musketoon take the same flint. In the inspection of flints, first verify their dimensions with a gauge, giving the maximum and minimum dimensions; see that the bevel is free from spots and irregularities of surface, that the face and bed are nearly parallel, and have not too great a curvature. Compared to the flints used in sporting weapons, those made for muskets and military pistols seem unduly large and clumsy. Some of the common sizes are shown on plate 44. Benton ® made the state- ment that British (yellow) flints were good for 15 rounds, whereas American (black) flints could be used for as many as 60 shots. In 1834 experiments were conducted in England to test the per- cussion principle. First 6,000 rounds were fired from a flintlock musket at the rate of 32 minutes 3 seconds per 100 rounds. There were, in all, 922 misfires, or one in every 64 rounds. Then 6,000 rounds were fired under similar conditions in a percussion musket, at a rate of 30 minutes 24 seconds per 100 rounds. In that case there were but 36 misfires, or one in 166 rounds. On the basis of those tests the British changed to the percussion system. The change per- mitted reduction of the service charge for the musket from 6 to 44 drams, 14 having been allowed formerly for priming and waste.®® The Hall carbine, first United States Army percussion arm, adopted in 1834, used Shaw’s caps. These were purchased from commercial sources exclusively until 1845, when Washington and Watervliet Arsenals set up machinery to make caps under the Shaw patents. Meanwhile, in 1842, the percussion system received the official blessing for all small arms, though some flintlocks continued to be made for a few years thereafter. Mordecai “° tested the relative efficiency of flint and percussion ignition. He found that the percussion system gave from 14 to 24 feet per second increased velocity over the flint type of ignition. To assure a fair test he had nipples placed in the breechplugs of flintlock arms, leaving the original flashhole open so that the same amount of pressure would escape thence in each case. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 161 In 1845 the Maynard tapelock was used in converting flint muskets to percussion. The roll of tape primers came wrapped in paper, as shown on plate 44d; the tape is illustrated by k. During the Civil War Maynard primers were packed in round tin cans. Dr. Maynard’s description of his primer was as follows: 7 The detonating material of the ‘Maynard Primer’ is in the form of little lozenges, each about one-sixth of an inch wide and one-thirtieth of an inch thick. These lozenges are enclosed between two narrow strips of strong paper cemented together and rendered waterproof and incombustible. The single strip thus formed is a little less than one-fourth of an inch wide, is very stiff and firm, and contains four of these lozenges (each of which is a charge) in every inch of its length; the charges forming projections, of their own shape, on one side, having considerable and equal spaces between them; the other side of the strip being one flat and even surface. One of these strips, containing fifty or more or less charges, is coiled up and placed in a magazine in the lock, and is fed out by the action of the lock, one charge at each time the hammer is raised. When the hammer descends it cuts off and fires the charge fed out upon the vent (or nipple, if one is used) of the gun, thus igniting the powder of the cartridge within the barrel. The United States Army standardized the Maynard primer lock in 1855 and continued its use until about 1860. The Massachusetts Arms Co., of Chicopee Falls, Mass., had purchased the exclusive rights to apply the Maynard system of priming to sporting arms. Other patented priming systems were tried by the Army; some of them were used extensively. The “Sharps’ primes’ or pellets, used on Sharps carbines and rifles, were little discs of copper containing the priming mixture. The mechanism threw one of these discs be- tween the nipple and the hammer during the fall of the latter. A tube of these primers is shown on plate 44e. The first Sharps carbines equipped with this mechanism were of the model with slanting breech- block. (Some early Sharps arms had Maynard primer locks.) These first Sharps primers came in brass tubes packed in small tin boxes, as shown on plate 44h. It was said ** that this ignition plan worked very well when away from the action of the wind, but that if the wind were brisk the disc was blown away with consequent misfire. Ward’s patent primer was tried by the Army in 1856. This used a Maynard primer tape but carried the roll of primers in a special hammer. Some Gedney patent locks were tried also. In 1859, 5,000 converted muskets were equipped with Butterfield primers. The Butterfield system used a disc similar to the Sharps, but they were inserted from below rather than from above. Lawrence’s primer, an improvement on the Sharps patent, was tried in 1857 and continued 162 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 in use on the Sharps arms for several years.’* In this the detonating mixture was completely enclosed in copper. The Sharps type had foil on one side. During the Civil War two general types of percussion caps were used, besides the tape and disc primers. The ordinary musket cap (pl. 44,0) came in cans of 100, 250, or 500. Packets of paper car- tridges or other externally primed ammunition usually contained a roll of caps (pl. 44a,b,c). Revolver caps were the other, much smaller, type in use. (See pl. 44n.) They also came in bulk, in cans of 100, 250, or 500, and in paper packets (pl. 44f) as well. Some difficulty was experienced because there were minor varia- tions in nipple sizes in the various makes of revolvers. Several sizes and types of revolver caps were used commercially. This caused trouble in the Army, as indicated by the correspondence that follows: New York ARSENAL, July 5, 1862 Bric. GEN. J. W. RIPLey, Chief of the Ordnance Department, Washington City: GENERAL: I have made some experiments with percussion caps and revolving pistols and have reached the following conclusions, viz: First, a cap suitable for Colt’s pistol does not suit either Savage’s or Starr’s, because the main spring is too weak to explode it. Second, a cap suitable for Savage’s or Starr’s pistol does not suit Colt’s, because the hammer drives it in pieces, a fragment often lodges in front of the cock, and renders the arm useless after the first fire. On this account our spies carry two pistols, and have had to depend on the second for safety for the reason above stated. Therefore, I am compelled to have two qualities made, one for Colt’s answering in thickness of copper to Eley’s double waterproof, and the other for Savage’s and Starr’s to Eley’s metal lined. I am, sir, very respectfully, your obedient servant, R. H. K. WHITELEY, Major of Ordnance ORDNANCE OFFICE, WAR DEPARTMENT, Washington, July 12, 1862 May. W. A. THoRNTON, United States Arsenal, West Troy, N. Y.: Str: I inclose herewith a copy of a letter received from Major Whiteley on the subject of percussion caps for revolvers. The suggestions are of great importance, and you will please see that all revolvers made for this Department are suited to fire the same caps as Colt’s army pistols. Respectfully, etc. Jas. W. RIPLEy, Brigadier-General Nearly all Civil War period locks were of the percussion class (except for self-contained ammunition, of course). Some flintlocks WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 163 were used for lack of more modern arms. A few Austrian arms were imported which used the Consol ignition system. This was a flintlock conversion in which an iron seat replaced the pan. A groove in this contained the primer, held in place by a cover corresponding to the lower part of the original flint battery. The percussion-type hammer struck the top of the cover, firing the primer. The priming itself was contained in a tiny copper tube, crimped at the ends. This tube had a copper wire attached to one end, by which it was handled (pl. 44p). Most of the Austrian muskets we purchased had been converted a second time, to the usual percussion system. These Austrian arms are occasionally mentioned in official correspondence as “Boker” muskets or rifles. H. Boker & Co. were the New York agents who handled the Austrian deals. To understand how the early ammunition was made and used it is necessary to know something of the manufacturing processes involved. Originally a large proportion of the cartridges were made in the field ; later full-time arsenals or private contractors did the work. NOTES (See Bibliography for full literature citations) 1. As recently as in 1942, Civil War ammunition was found at Benicia Arsenal, California. 2. Calver, William L., Consider the Revolutionary bullet. 3. Leg: Hist. 4. Ibid. 5. Op. cit. 6. Ord. Rep., Vol. I, Letter Mar. 12, 1813, Col. Decius Wadsworth to the Secretary of War. 7. Percussion load of 65 grains plus 8 grains of priming. 8. Duane. g. Sen. Doc. 15, 25th Congress, 1st Session, 1837. 10. Ord. Records, National Archives. 11. Mordecai, 1845. 12. Small Arms, 1856. 13. Benton. 14. Ibid. 15. Ord. Rep., vol. 3, Letter, Sept. 20, 1864, from Maj. T. T. S. Laidley to Brig. Gen. A. B. Dyer, Chief of Ordnance. 16. Ord. Memo. No. 1. 17. House Doc. 72, 37th Congress, 2d Session. 17a. Thierbach, M., Die geschichtliche Entwickelung der Handfeuerwaffen. 18. Stonehenge, J. H. W. The shotgun and sporting rifle. Hereafter cited as Stonehenge. 19. Knight. 20. Op. cit. 104 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 21. Certain types of ammunition, likely to be mistaken for others of about the same proportions, were bundled in colored paper for positive identification. 22. Pamphlet, The William bullet, 1862; bound in “Pamphlets Descriptive of Inventions of Ordnance, etc.,” Ord. Libr. Washington. 23. The parts of Williams bullets can be found in most collections of Civil War battlefield relics. 24. Reuben Shaler’s patent, Aug. 12, 1862. 25. Ord. Rep., vol. 4, 2d indorsement of report from Captain Wright to Ord- nance Office, referred to National Armory. 26. The sample Colt revolver, altered to use five 45/70 cartridges, was actually fired with no serious effects, despite legend to the contrary. It was intended to use the carbine cartridge, but was tried with that for the rifle to test its safety. During these tests, work was begun on a few pistols intended to be used for firing Captain Wright’s “buckshot” loads in the 45/70 case. The project was discouraged officially, so these pistols were never finished and the parts were later sold as junk. They had smooth-bored barrels and were made from rifle parts, adapted to a pistol stock. These should not be confused with the M1868 pistol, which used the .50-45 cadet cartridge. Only a few were made; specimens may be seen in the Springfield Armory collection. 27. Greener, 1858. 28. Ob. cit. 29. Ord. Rep., vol. 3, p. 1008. 30. Samuel Gardiner, Jr., patented Nov. 23, 1863. 31. Knight. 32. For additional details on explosive bullets see: Lewis, B. R., in Ordnance, May-June 1954. 33. Rowland, Dunbar, Jefferson Davis, constitutionalist, vol. 8, p. 413. 34. Grant, U. S., Personal memoirs, p. 538, New York, 1885. 35. Records of the Union and Confederate navies, ser. 2, vol. 1, p. 521. 36. Ibid, p. 776. 37. Ibid., vol. 16, p. 89. 38. David M. Mefford patent, January 28, 1862. 39. CSA; The field manual for the use of officers on Ordnance duty, Rich- mond, 1862. 40. CSA Ordnance Manual, Charleston, 1863. 41. Ord. Memo. No. 14, Washington, 1873. 42. Ord. Memo. No. 1, Washington, 1865. 43. Valentine, W. J., and Norton, Charles B., Report to the Government of the United States on the munitions of war exhibited at the Paris Universal Exhibition, 1867. 44. Op. cit. 45. Ord. Mem. No. 5, Washington, 1864. 46. Adye, R. W., The bombardier and pocket gunner. 47. Op. cit. 48. Op. cit. 49. Op. cit. 50. Op. cit. 51. Hawes, Arthur B., Rifle ammunition, etc. 52. British War Dept.; Treatise on ammunition, London, 1860. 53. Op. cit. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 165 54. Wilcox, C. M., Rifles and rifle practice. 55. Mordecai, 1860. 56. Schon, T., Das gezogene Infanterie-Gewehr. 57. Ibid. 58. Senate Dec. 229, 26th Congress, 2d Session; Report of board of officers, 1841. 59. Busk. 60. Schon. 61. Mordecai, 1860. 62. Op. cit. 63. Ord. Rep. vol. 1. 64. Ibid. 65. Ibid. 66. Sum. St. Ord. Purch. 1866 (see Appendix V). 67. Leg. Hist. 68. Op. cit. 69. Blanch. 70. Mordecai, 1845. 71. The Maynard system of firearms, pamphlet, Washington, 1862. . Stonehenge. . Benton. CHAPTER VI AMMUNITION MANUFACTURE In the early days of our Army, small-arms ammunition was for the most part made up by the troops themselves and issued simply as powder, cartridge paper, and lead. Often the components were loaded into the musket directly from the flask (or horn) and bullet pouch. This was particularly true in the case of riflemen. Committees of Safety purchased paper cartridges from time to time, but most fixed ammunition was made from Government materials by contract, on a piece-work basis. In Philadelphia during 1781 the Commissary-Gen- eral of Ordnance paid contractors for musket cartridges at the rate of 5 cents apiece.? The official arsenals and armories have traditionally been the centers of ammunition procurement. There were a number of them in 1788, when a report to Congress listed “depositories of Ordnance, arms, and ammunition of the United States: Providence, R. I.; Springfield, Mass. ; Mohawk River; West Point on Hudson’s River ; Charleston, S. C.; New London and Manchester, Va. ; and Philadelphia. Principal arsenals are: Springfield, West Point, and Philadelphia.” 2 The Act of April 2, 1794, authorized “three or four arsenals, either or both Springfield and Carlisle to be counted at the discretion of the Presi- dent.” That year Springfield and Harpers Ferry Armories were designated as two of these.’ In 1812 Col. Decius Wadsworth (Commissary-General of Ordnance from July 2, 1812, to February 8, 1815) wrote the Secretary of War that “in the making of musket cartridges, children of 12 or 14 years of age can be employed as usefully or even more so than men. . . .”’ + Army regulations published in 1814 (see Appendix 8) provided for three laboratories or arsenals. ‘‘At these workshops shall be... prepared all kinds of ammunition for garrison and field service.” Frankford Arsenal was authorized in 1816. By 1830 it had grown to be a large establishment, as indicated by a contemporary newspaper cut, figure 19. Army regulations in 1831 provided that cartridges were to be made by the troops and in 1825 that “blank cartridges will be made up in paper of a colour different from that used for service ammunition.” 167 168 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 During 1825 the St. Louis Arsenal was authorized to supply troops on the western frontier.’ In 1836 another was set up at Fayetteville, N. C.° In the annual report of the Chief of Ordnance to the Secretary of War in 1841 Frankford Arsenal was mentioned as “well situated for supplying arms and ammunition to the country from the Chesa- peake to the Delaware; the vicinity of the principal powder works in the United States [Du Pont] makes this arsenal the principal depot of gunpowder and of the materials for its manufacture.” 7 Frankford Arsenal gained in importance and eventually became the center of Government ammunition development and manufacture. United States? Arsenal, mear Bridesburgh, Pa. Fic. 19—Frankford Arsenal in 1830. (Hutchinson: Saturday Evening Post.) In 1845 machinery for making percussion caps under Shaw’s patent was installed at Frankford and Watervliet Arsenals.? In 1846 ma- chines were set up at Frankford for making lead balls by compression at the rate of 40,000 per 10-hour day. Similar machines were made for the St. Louis and Watervliet Arsenals.® Several large commercial establishments made percussion caps. Part of the manufacturing process was described as follows: The American Flask and Cap Company have machinery for filling percussion caps with fulminating powder and also an arrangement for counting caps that is somewhat peculiar. A little girl holds in her hand a perforated plate, which she thrusts in the heap of caps before her, each hole being just large enough to admit a single cap, and slight sifting motion causes the apertures to be filled. There are one hundred holes in the plate, and consequently when the plate is full the exact number is known. There is also a false bottom to the counter, which being pulled out allows the caps to fall into a long trough, from which WHOLE VOL, SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 169 they are easily slid into paper boxes. About one hundred tons of copper are annually converted in Percussion Caps in this establishment.1° During the Civil War the Government plants could not meet the demands for ammunition. Many State arsenals were in operation, supplying both State and Federal troops. A typical example was the arsenal at Indianapolis, established April 27, 1861, by direction of the Governor of Indiana. This arsenal was to make ammunition for the regiments of the State, there being no cartridges on hand or obtainable. After getting into operation the arsenal made large ship- ments to United States troops. One order, shipped to Tennessee in May 1862, contained the following cartridges: 921,000 rifle, elongated ball, with caps, cal. .69 908,000 rifle, cal. .577 221,000 rifle, cal. .54 21,000 buck and ball, with caps, cal. .69 63,000 buck, no caps, cal. .69 52,000 Colt’s rifle, with caps, cal. .54 159,000 Mississippi rifle, no caps, cal. .54 57,000 Colt’s rifle, no caps, cal. .54 30,000 Sharpe’s [sic] carbine 601,000 musket round balls, cal. .69 This shipment weighed 320,000 pounds and required 3,033 packing boxes.** It is plain that ammunition supply was no small matter. Materials were a problem, even cartridge paper. Perhaps there were paper-gathering campaigns in those days, too. In 1862 Maj. Gen. Hindman wrote from Arkansas: “As illustrating the pitiable scarcity of material in the country, the fact may be stated that it was found necessary to use public documents of the State Library for cartridge paper.” 7? This practice, born of necessity, had prevailed during the Revolutionary War as well. (See pl. 23a.) In 1864 defects in paper cartridges were mentioned in a letter from the Chief of Ordnance to one of the arsenals: ORDNANCE OFFICE War Department Washington, D. C., April 6, 1864 Sm: I enclose herewith, for your information, official copies of two reports received at this office in relation to the defects in the small-arm ammunition furnished from the ———————— Arsenal. As this is a matter of the utmost importance, and a defect which has already brought discredit on the Department, you will be pleased to give the matter your early attention. You will have a thorough inspection made of all ammunition on hand, and all lots in which the charge falls below the standard will, so far as in your judgment is practical, be broken up and made over. 170 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, I29 An accurate report will be made to this office of the date of manufacture and kind of such unserviceable ammunition, and of the amount of each kind which you may find necessary to break up. From and after the date of the reception of this circular the charge for the .574 or .58 calibre ball will be 65 grains, and every precaution will be taken to see that full weight is given, to secure which every cartridge must be care- fully gauged ‘or weighed before packing. Hereafter, in order to insure greater care, persons employed in filling car- tridges will be paid by the day. Respectfully, your obedient servant, Gro. D. RAMSAY Brig. General, Chief of Ordnance To the Commanding Officer Arsenal. Prior to 1864 the Army had purchased most of its special metallic or patented types of cartridges from commercial sources. In the cases of many of the carbines, bought in relatively small numbers for trial, the order for cartridges was included in that for the arms them- selves. During the war it became desirable to start production of metallic cartridges at Frankford Arsenal.1* Chief of Ordnance Ramsey outlined the plans in a letter to the Secretary of War: *5 Manufacture of Copper Cartridge Cases—Major Laidley, commanding Frank- ford Arsenal was directed October 3, 1863, to prepare plans and estimates for a rolling mill and buildings of sufficient capacity to manufacture 20,000,000 copper cases for the self-priming cartridges; 3,000,000 friction tubes or cannon primers, and 259,000,000 percussion caps per annum. These instructions were subse- quently modified so as to increase the number of cartridge cases to 100,000,000, and the number of caps to 450,000,000. Major Laidley forwarded the revised plan and estimate May 21, 1864. The elevations have not as yet been fully decided upon. Major Laidley’s capacity at present for manufacturing these articles is as follows: Friction tubes, 2,500,000 per annum; percussion caps, 115,000,000 per annum; copper cases, expects in one week from date to manufacture 10,000 per day; ina month 25,000 per day, and, as soon thereafter as the necessary machinery can be procured, 100,000 per day, or 31,000,000 per annum, which will be the limit when the new shops are erected. During the course of the war the United States purchased or made over 208,000,000 carbine cartridges, of which more than 75 percent were obtained from commercial sources. The Spencer type was the commonest in use, the number from all sources exceeding 58,000,000. It should be remembered, however, that this cartridge was the nearest approach to a “standard” item for carbines, used during the last year of the war in at least six different types of weapons. The Burnside cartridge was a poor second in quantity obtained, with some 21,- WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 171 000,000 rounds, followed by the Sharps, Smith, and others. (See Appendix 5.) Prominent among the commercial cartridges used were several patented types. Some, such as the Poultney, were adaptable to several different arms, the patent covering only methods of manufacture. Others, such as the Maynard, were for a specific weapon. Poultney’s patent covered a method of manufacturing a cartridge case by rolling a sheet of brass foil upon a mandril with a sheet of paper. The base was then crimped over, leaving a small opening through which the flame from the percussion cap passed. This type cartridge was made for the Maynard, Smith, Gallager, and Burnside carbines. The Maynard cartridge, used in Civil War carbines of that name, was one of many types patented by the dentist-inventor. It comprised a brass tube with a perforated brass disc soldered to the base end to form a case, which was loaded with powder and ball. These cases could be reloaded many times, if desired. The Jackson patent cartridge resembled the Poultney superficially but was made from a tinned-iron tube covered with paper. Its only extensive use was in the Gallager carbine. The paper has a brownish color (shellac?) and a magnet gives a positive check. The Smith cartridges were used only in the carbines and rifles of that name. The first type had a case made of rubber ; later a Poultney cartridge was used in its place. Near the end of the war some of the Crispin copper cartridges were used in Smith carbines. These had priming compound in a center rim. Several other patents were involved in the manufacture of the many different combustible or skin cartridges for revolvers. Most of these incorporated some method of compressing powder, then coating it with a waterproof substance. The Doremus and Budd patents (car- tridges made by the Hazard Powder Co.) first involved a membrane wrapped spirally around a truncated cone of pressed powder. Later a coating of collodion was employed. Under the Bartholow patent the powder was mixed with shellac and the final product coated with the same material. The bullet was attached by a strip of silk cloth. The Johnston and Dow patent cartridge was made of combustible paper filled with powder and coated to protect it from moisture. The Hotchkiss type (used in the Sage ammunition) was not much different. Hayes’ patent (British) consisted of a cardboard tube in which a 172 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 combustible cartridge was placed. A tearing strip was provided to facilitate removal of the covering. These were made in the United States as the “Broux” cartridges, under Storm’s patent. Foil cartridges were made for Colt revolvers. In 1863 there was a separate Colt factory in Hartford for the manufacture of metallic foil ammunition, “a contrivance invented by Colonel Colt that always insures ‘dry powder’ to the possessor.” 76 Several of the types just enumerated were made for calibers larger than the revolvers: Colt’s rifles, Sharps’ carbine, calibers 0.54, 0.58, and 0.69 muskets, and so forth. Some carbines and rifles used cartridges made with tubes of linen. Others used plain paper tubes, pasted together. Most of the rimfire ammunition made during the war was based on the Smith and Wesson patent of April 17, 1860. Though some Spencer cartridges were made at Frankford Arsenal, the great bulk of these and other rimfire types were purchased from commercial sources. At that time the technique of drawing brass or copper car- tridge cases was just being developed. Many of the cartridges made carried no head-stamp for identification; hence they are somewhat difficult to attribute to a definite manufacturer. Several of the leading producers did, however, mark some of their products. Among these were: Crittenden & Tibbals, South Coventry, Conn. (mark CT) ; Fitch & Van Vechten, New York City (mark FVV or FVV & Co.) ; Jacob Goldmark, New York City (mark JG or JG); C. D. Leet, Springfield, Mass. (mark CDL); and Sage Ammunition Works (D. C. Sage Co., Sage & Company), Middletown, Conn. (mark SAW). (See pl. 42.) Other manufacturers such as the New Haven Arms Co., New Haven, Conn.; Sharps and Hankins, Philadelphia, Pa.; and Spencer Repeating Rifle Company, Boston, Mass., did not mark their ammunition, except on the package label. As records of payments to groups of individuals indicate that cartridges were made during the Revolutionary and 1812 Wars under many small contracts, it follows that specifications for cartridge manu- facture must have been issued. A copy of such instructions has not been found, but existing specimens of the ammunition indicate that the procedure differed from that used at a later date principally in the manner of closing the ends of the tube. Both French and British types were used, the ultimate type combining features of both. It appears that in the French cartridge the tube was formed on a round stick of ball diameter ; then one end, which protruded slightly, was pasted and folded over flat, afterward having the appearance of the common envelope fold. The straight longitudinal seam was also WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 173 pasted. The ball was then dropped in, the charge placed on top, and the tube pinched together above the powder. The open end was next bent at right angles close to the powder and the base of the cartridge was struck smartly on the table. Then the folded part was refolded lengthwise, about one-quarter the width from each side. Finally the resulting pigtail was bent back at right angles and left parallel to the cartridge. a Fic. 20.—Cartridge paper, 1776. The British style of cartridge had the ball end tied off and the other end simply twisted. The method of manufacture was stated in a pamphlet adopted as official by Massachusetts Bay in 1776." As this system was no doubt that followed during the Revolutionary War for making cartridges in the British manner, it is quoted, as follows: VII, the best method of making cartridges seems to be that used in the Army. It is this: Take the soft brown paper called whitish brown, or wrapping paper, and cut it into pieces of the form represented in Plate 1 [fig. 20], which is of these dimensions; the side ab measures about six inches, be about five and a half, and cd about two inches. A piece of wood about six inches long is to be made round so as to fit exactly the size of the ball; this is called a former: make one end of it hollow to receive a part of the ball: lay the former upon 174 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 the straight edge be (as represented by the dotted lines) with its hollow end about an inch from the side ab; roll the paper around the former; then with the ball press in the corner of the paper so as to cover the hollow end of the former; and keeping fast the ball, roll on until the paper is all wrapped round the former; having before taken a piece of twine and fastened its two ends to something that cannot easily be moved, and so far apart as to leave it slack, you are now to take with the twine a single turn around the paper, below the ball; then running in the end of your fore finger till it touches the ball, pull upon the string that it may girt the paper, and by turning round the former with one hand you will presently form a neck below the ball; which being afterwards tied with a piece of coarse thread will secure the ball from slipping out; then with- drawing the former, the cartridge is ready to be charged with powder; in doing which you must put in the more because part of it is to be taken for priming: having properly filled the cartridge, twist the top, and the work is done. The size of the paper above described will serve for an ounce ball: if your ball be less, the paper may be somewhat smaller. One thing should be remembered, that if the cartridge exactly fits your firelock when the barrel is perfectly clean, it will be too large, and difficult to be rammed down, when it becomes foul by firing; and ’tis dangerous firing when the ball is not rammed well home; for this therefore you are to make allowance. Sometime between 1816 and 1839 the method of making cartridges was changed. The former date was that of the manufacture of the most recent available specimen made in the old manner. The latter was the date of the earliest Ordnance manuscript describing cartridge manufacture in the more familiar way. It is likely that this change actually occurred about 1835, when better powders were responsible for bringing about a general study and revision of small-arms designs and loads. Several grades of paper were used for cartridges. The 1839 (manu- script) Ordnance Manual ™ listed under “Ammunition and Materials for Ammunition” the following: Laboratory Paper No. 1 (Musket Cartridge) No. 2 (Wrappers for do.) No. 3 (Blank Cartridge) No. 4 (Rocket and Port Fire) No. 5 (Field Ammunition) No. 6 (Cannon Cartridge) The first published instructions for United States cartridge manu- facture were in the Ordnance Manual of 1841. Except for the Hall carbine, the arms involved were all flintlock. WHOLE VOL, SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 175 CARTRIDGES FOR SMALL ARMS BALLS CHARGES OF POWDER 4s Sirf ED Ee bi “ 2 se SH ox og KIND E 22 22 gs “4,0 REMARKS < 3 © 3 bel SE A aon Bot) eae a” In. grains grains Maiskety a i5/5 < Mel tiererel esate selsteerels 0.64 18 130 54 1-3d 117 i Musket Mirskefoor | ie s.si.:5 cortices ve cevessioveve's 0.64 18 85 82 2-g9ths 779 powder Hall’s carbine, musket calibre.. 0.64 18 75 93 1-5th 68 Do. rifle calibre .... 0.525 32 75 93 1-3d 68 : Pall si ritle woe se lenient caters 0.525 32 100 70} ths go} Rifle Gommonyrifleysacseerlee cae cole 0.525 32 100 70 a9 go | Powder Bistaltetti me eva ce eias er ore 0.525 32 50 140 2-9ths 45 These charges include priming, about 6 gr. to 12 gr., for all the arms except the carbine which has a percussion lock. Buckshot are 0.3 in. in diameter ; weight about 170 to 1 Ib. Cartridges are made either with single ball, 1 ball and 3 buckshot, or some- times with 12 buckshot, and they are designated accordingly. Making Balls 6 Men required to each kettle; 2 to cast the balls, 1 to extract and roll, and 3 to trim them. TooLs AND UTENSILS. I Iron kettle, fixed in a furnace as before described— 2 iron ladles, 0.10 in. thick, 3.5 in. diameter, with a lip on the left side and a handle 18 in. long a little bent—1 bench, of 4 in. plank—6 moulds, (brass,) with double rows for 6 or 8 balls on each side, or for 8 balls and 15 buckshot; placed on the bench—1 mallet—1 double ball-gauge; the diameter of one ring is 0.002 in. greater, that of the other 0.0015 less, than the true calibre of the ball—3 nippers; one arm is bent and fixed in the bench, the other is about 5 in. longer and has a wooden handle; the jaws are of steel, two inches wide, tempered and ground sharp; they may be so formed as to cut the gate according to the spherical surface of the ball. Under the jaws of the nippers is a hole in the bench, through which the balls fall into bores placed to receive them— 1 rolling barrel, 2 feet long and 1 foot diameter, made of hard thick staves, with but little bilge, and hooped with iron; it has a small scuttle in the bilge, with hinges and a hasp and staple; the barrel has a gudgeon in each head, and is turned by a crank in a frame to which a hopper may be attached. Instead of the rolling barrel, 2 strong canvass bags may be used; they should be 5 feet long and 16 in. in diameter, suspended horizontally by 4 cords attached to the joists of the building—1 screen, (sheet iron,) the holes of which are of the diam- eter of the largest calibre gauge; it is supported by gudgeons which turn in a frame, or in the tops of two stakes driven in the ground. To CAST THE BALLS. Weigh the lead; fill the kettle and cover it; as the lead melts’ add more, until it comes within 3 inches of the edge of the kettle; then cover it with a layer of powdered charcoal 1 in. thick; push the heat until paper in contact with the lead is inflamed by it; this requires from 1 to 2 hours. Immerse the ladle and fill it about $ full of lead covered with charcoal, which is kept back with a piece of wood, in running the lead; fill all the moulds on 176 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 one side, then turn them and fill the other side; the first castings are thrown back into the kettle, being imperfect from the moulds being cold; the diameter of some of the balls is verified from time to time, with the gauges; the moulds must be carefully cleaned when it is perceived that the lead sticks to them, and if any moulds give imperfect balls, they must be filled with copper. Extract the balls and trim them; in cutting, the ball should be gently pressed with the left fore-finger against the nippers, the gate being placed between the jaws. To SMOOTH THE BALLS. Put 100 lbs. of them into the rolling barrel, and roll them for 3 minutes; or 50 lbs. into a bag and shake it five minutes; then run them through the screen, putting in 50 lbs. at a time; those which remain on the screen are re-cast. With the above force 30,000 to 35,000 musket balls are made in I1 or 12 hours. With proper care in observing the instructions, 100 lbs. of lead will give from 96 to 98 lbs. of balls. Packinc. Balls are packed in boxes made of 1 in. boards, 9 in. square inside and 6 in. deep, containing 100 lbs. of balls or buckshot; they should be marked on end end with the weight and kind of balls, the place and date of fabrication; the top is fastened with six 2 inch screws, and the boxes must be hooped for transportation. Making Cartridges SHEETS TRAPEZOIDS Sw DIMENSIONS OF PAPER FOR = 3 3 = ai Soe CARTRIDGES 5 v ‘O s S S38 4 as) i 4 n Pa In, In. In. In. In. Single ball, or ball and buckshot... 16.5 13 4.33 5.25 3 12 Musket { Blank Sais taia sete es aoe wVeleleee elelneneels 20 I5 4 4.75 2.75 20 ra Mbuckshoty. secs sitele cme e oieistejen, clare 16.5 13 5o5 5 3 9 Bralligs eer Ape A ccetsleihel ae atoetiatals shel 16.5 13 4 4.25 2.25 16 Rifle eee Daleks ti tcieispeten havea oleteraretensretekenes™ 20 4 3 4.25 2.25 30 : Bal ae pee nets eusnciata pvores acisvatereue ateveretere’s 16.5 13 3-3 4.25 2.25 20 Pistol Blanka ised oislare wate clare oreleate ae 20 15 2.5 4.25 2.25 36 To CUT THE PAPER. I Cutter, I assistant. Implements. 1 Cutting board, 30 in. square—t pattern, of hard wood or iron, of the dimensions of each of the papers—1 rule, of hard wood, 33 in. long, 1.5 in. wide and 0.5 in. thick, to cut by—2 laboratory (shoe) knives—z2 sand stones, for sharpening knives on. The paper is first cut into strips of a width equal to the length of a trapezoid, and then into trapezoids, by means of the patterns; cut about 12 sheets at a time. To MAKE THE CYLINDERS, I Master; 10 men to roll the cylinders; 1 to fill them, 4 to fold, 4 to bundle.. Boys from 12 to 18 years of age may be advan- tageously employed. Implements and utensils, for each workman for making cylinders: 2 boxes for the empty cylinders, made of 4 in. boards; interior dimensions, 20 in. long, 8 in. wide, and 5 in. high, without a cover; they are placed upon the sides, facing each side of the cartridge table which is furnished with brackets to receive them, and also with a small enclosure or locker for balls, at the right hand of each WHOLE VOL, SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS Lure workman—tI spool of thread, turning on a vertical iron spindle fixed in the table near the shot locker; 1 lb. of thread is required for 10,000 single ball musket cartridges, being 84 inches to a cartridge—1 choking string, made by twisting together 4 or 5 cartridge threads; fastened to the edge of the table, at the right hand of the workman—1 pair of scissors, to cut the thread—1 former, cylindrical, of hard wood, of the same diameter as the ball; one end convex, the other concave, to receive 4 of the ball; length 6 or 7 inches. Take the paper in the left hand, the former in the right; lay the paper on the table, with the side perpendicular to the bases towards the workman, the broad end to the left; place the former with its convex end at the broad end of the paper; turn it so as to envelop it with the paper, then with the left hand laid flat upon the paper, roll all the paper upon the former; seize it with the left hand, and with the choking string in the right hand, take one turn around the cylinder at about half an inch from the end, to which distance the end of the former is withdrawn; hold the former firmly in the left hand, and draw gently upon the choking string, pressing at the same time, with the left fore-finger, upon the projecting end of the cylinder, thus folding it neatly down upon the end of the former. Having choked the cylinder, carry it to the right side, and with the twine in the right hand, take two turns and a half hitch firmly around the part that has been choked ; withdraw the former and introduce the ball, following it to the end of the cylinder with the former reversed; raise the whole again, and with the same. thread, (which is never cut until the cartridge is finished,) take two half hitches just upon the upper side of the ball, between it and the concave end of the former; the operation is expedited by rolling the ball placed in the concave end of the former and choking the paper over it. Cut the thread and place the cartridge in the box which stands fronting the workman. For ball and buckshot cartridges. Roll and choke the paper, put in 3 buck- shot, follow them with the former, and take a half hitch of thread over them; then insert the ball as before. Buckshot cartridges have 4 tiers of 3 buckshot each, inserted like the first, with a half hitch between them, and finishing with a double hitch. Figure 21 shows the method of cartridge manufacture just de- scribed. Diagrams 1 to 4 illustrate rolling and choking the cylinder and securing the ball. Diagrams 5 to 8 show the method of folding, described in the paragraphs that follow. For common rifles, the ball is prepared by being enveloped in a square piece of fine muslin, or of soft thin leather, or of bladder, tied over it and leaving a projecting end about 4 in. long, which, after being trimmed with scissors, and the whole saturated with tallow, is introduced into the paper cylinder which is choked over it and fastened by two turns and a double hitch. Cylinders for blank cartridges are made by folding down the paper over the concave end of the charger, touching the fold with a little paste, and pressing it on a ball imbedded in the table for that purpose. To FILL THE CYLINDERS. I Man to fill, 4 to fold, 4 to bundle. Implements and utensils. I Large copper pan for powder. 1 Charger for each kind of cartridge, made of thin copper, with a handle at the top. 178 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 1.ROLLING CYLINDER 3.FASTENING CHOKE (2 TURNS & HALF HITCH) ee =< 4.BALL INSERTED & SECURED S.POWDER ADDED. PINCHED (2 HALF HITCHES) 6.END BENT 90° 7.SIDES FOLDED IN 8.COMPLETED Fic, 21.—Cartridge manufacture, 1840 Ordnance Manual. MUSKET MUSKETOON RIFLE CARBINE PISTOL DIMENSIONS OF | ————_ OX" SFO CHARGERS Ball Blank Ball Blank Ball Blank Ball Blank Ball Blank In. In. In. In. In. In. In. In. Tar) ie Wiameter EOD) Unrere sevens 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 0.5 bottom ... 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7 a7 ee Oey, 0.7 0.7 0:7, Lary 18 COT hel aria aes 1:48 | 1.3 Teg) kee Teal CEeT Tr) 105 0.8) 0.7 1 Funnel, copper, of the following interior dimensions: In. Diameter of funnel{ UROGOF ver rstestertrs 08 Diameter, Of; PIPE ss Ts LencthyOl Dipen mista. ois <'66 gsterechisiasiasss 0 a stheake 1.25 The funnel has a ring handle 0.6 in. diameter. A charger, for filling cartridges much more expeditiously, is made by attach- ing to a large brass funnel two charging cylinders which communicate with one discharging pipe at the lower end. These cylinders are alternately filled and emptied by a reciprocating motion of the funnel pipe. The bundling operation was also changed so as to include percussion caps, and to conform to the new cartridge dimensions brought about by reduction of the charge through omitting the priming. A new section was added on packing cartridges. Bunpitnc. Put a wrapper in the folding box and place in it 2 tiers of 5 cartridges each, parallel to each other and to the short sides of the wrapper, the balls alternating; wrap the cartridges, whilst in the folding box, by folding the paper over them; tie them, first in the direction of the length, then of the breadth, with a bit of twine fastened in a single flat knot. A package of 12 percussion caps is placed in each bundle of 10 cartridges, at the end of the bundle. The case for the caps is made like a cylinder for a rifle cartridge; it is choked at one end and tied; when the caps are inserted it is folded like a cartridge. Dimensions of bundles of Percussion Cartridges Length KIND OF CARTRIDGE (height of cartridge) Breadth Thickness In. In. In. Ball. 422. 42 Ree eee 2.6 ar 1.35 Nitaskeepail face Buckand, balls sara 2.90 3.1 1.35 Buckshot wccmeae sets - Si 3.1 1.35 Blamlcradsfouwansa weer 1.83 Spi 1.35 Ball bciwade ten aacseetee 2.5 at 135 Musketoon ne Buck and shally y .fccsh 2.18 a 1.35 he WV Back shots toa sce se ce 2.43 3.1 1:35 Blanie), SHRM Ric cee 1.39 3.1 1.35 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 181 Ride oe Balle eee ee ate eis tee Gy 2.6 1.15 es Blanks Saye ae 1.9 2.6 1.15 Hall’s Carbine .. J Ball... te. eet 2 2.6 1.15 Blanlore acta: cia 'eleayowns 1.58 2.6 1.15 Pistoll orc. Ballo tacsoajon eeeee ee wee S19 09 os 09 oZ BIB Si tee +152) ths oheas sisre nkes* ee) * I OPMOU FOODIE U.) osr oos ofZ CNS Or, MOTO Ci ROS Ca ORCL CCIE JURE sa TPA bred SZZS° SZZS° Sg9° SUBSE Sede Pepe osehyeenelseceyeeliaielehe zeieks IaOUIeICy gs° gs° gs° 69° SUT ons * she's'es sees . eee eee aiqieg SSgr ZSg1 SSgr zrgi ‘OBR ‘YSN ‘OB jo Way jo pury pue yopeg pue YSN JoysnyL PYSNL Sy SSS AINV1d TIVd ONIGNVdX4 aANCIYLUVO AO GNI SUAP 10M 40f Sabpi4qany TVONVW FOINVNGYO IQZI—SNOILVOIAINddS AIMIULAVI—'Q AAV] I9gO SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 as to be convenient for use, and at the same time as well protected as possible from the effects of the weather, etc. Cartridges made of paper or flannel, or some other woollen goods, are in general use; the former for small arms, and the latter for artillery. 58. To make the cylinders for blank cartridges, the paper is cut in the form represented in fig. 15, with a pattern. The former is a cylinder of hard wood of the same diameter as the ball, concave at one end and convex at the other. The paper is laid on a table with the side perpendicular to the bases next the workman, the broad end to the left, the former laid on it with the concave end half an inch from the broad edge of the paper, and enveloped in it once. The right hand is then laid flat on the former, and all the paper rolled on it. The projecting end of the paper is now neatly folded down into the concavity of the former, pasted and pressed on a ball imbedded in the table for the purpose. Instead of being pasted, these cylinders may be closed by choking with a string tied to the table, and having at the other end a stick by which to hold it. The convex end of the former is placed to the left, and after the paper is rolled on, the former is taken in the left hand, and a turn made around it with the choking string, half an inch from the end of the paper. While the string is drawn tight with the right hand, the former is held in the left, with the forefinger resting on the end of the cylinder, folding it neatly down upon the end of the former. The choke is then firmly tied with twine. [Text figures 15, 16, 17 are included in our figure 25.] 59. For ball cartridges the cylinders are made and choked as above, and the choke tied without cutting the twine. The former is then withdrawn, the ball inserted, and followed by the concave end of the former. Two half-hitches are made just above the ball, and the twine cut off. For ball and buckshot cartridges make the cylinder as before, insert three buckshot, fasten them with a half-hitch, and insert and secure the ball as before. For buckshot cartridges make the cylinder as before, insert four tiers of three buckshot each, as at first, making a half-hitch between the tiers, and ending with a double hitch. 60. To fill the cartridges the cylinders are placed upright in a box, and the charge poured into each from a conical charger of the appropriate size; the mouths of the cylinders are now folded down on the powder by two rectangular folds, and the cartridges bundled in packages of ten. For this a folding-box is necessary ; it is made with but two vertical sides, at a distance from each other equal to five diameters of the ball and two diameters high. Put a wrapper in the folding-box, and place in it two tiers of five cartridges each, parallel to each other and to the short sides of the wrapper, the balls alternating; wrap the cartridges while in the folding-box, by folding the paper over them, and tie them. A package of twelve percussion caps is placed in each bundle of ten cartridges. The bundles are marked with the number and kind of cartridge. 61. The cartridges for elongated projectiles differ so much from those used with the spherical bullet that a separate description is necessary. Each cartridge is made of three pieces of paper—the larger piece or cartridge proper (see fig. 16, No. 1) is made of what is known as cartridge paper, but it should not be too strong; the second piece (No. 2) is made of the same or stronger paper, and the third (No. 3) is made of the stoutest rocket paper. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS I9I Before enveloping the balls in the cartridges, their cylindrical parts should be covered with a melted composition of one part beeswax and three parts tallow; it should be applied hot, in which case the superfluous part would run off. Care should be taken to remove all the grease from the bottom of the ball, lest by coming in contact with the bottom of the case it penetrate the paper and injure the powder. 62. The sticks on which the cartridges are rolled are made of the same diameter as the bore of the piece; the dimensions given are for the U. S. musket or rifle of 0.58 bore. The piece of stiff paper, No. 3, is laid upon No. 2, as shown in the dotted line of the figure; the stick is laid down on the side a, b, c, the end being at b, and the paper rolled around it; the projecting end is then folded down and pasted. After the cylinder thus made is dry, it is again put on the stick; the stick is then taken in the left hand and laid upon the outer wrapper, the end not far from the middle of the wrapper (the oblique edge of the wrapper turned from the workman, the longer vertical edge toward his left hand), and snugly rolled up. The ball is then inserted in the open end of the cartridge, the base resting on the cylinder case, the paper neatly choked around the point of the ball, and fastened by tying with cartridge thread. The stick is then withdrawn, sixty grains of powder poured into the case, and the mouth of the cartridge is “pinched” or folded in the usual way. The cartridge is shown in fig. 17. 63. To use this cartridge, tear the fold and pour out the powder; then seize the ball end firmly between the thumb and forefinger of the right hand, and strike the cylinder a smart blow across the muzzle of the piece; this breaks the cartridge and exposes the bottom of the ball; a slight pressure of the thumb and forefinger forces the ball into the bore clear of all cartridge paper. In striking the cartridge the cylinder should be held square across, or at right angles to the muzzle; otherwise, a blow given in an oblique direction would only bend the cartridge without breaking it. The Confederate Ordnance Manual *? was practically a copy ot the 1861 edition of the United States Ordnance Manual. The part pertaining to ammunition was identical. Other manuals were pub- lished in the South, however. One of these, the Field Manual,?* mentions briefly an entirely new scheme of cartridge fabrication. How to make Cartridges When the cylinder of paper is not attached to the ball by the pressure of machinery closing the annulus around the base of the ball, as is usually done in the C. S. service, cartridges should be made with thin wrappers. The first, or inner paper envelope, is made by rolling with the hand the paper around a cylindrical mould, generally of wood, with a conical cavity at one end, to fit the cone of the ball. Besides this paper, a little rectangle of paste-board is also rolled, and the paper projecting beyond, pressed into the hollow of the mould, thus making a cylinder in which to receive the powder. The ball is then placed against the mould, the point of the cone in the hollow of the mould, and a third wrapper of thin, strong paper, in shape of a trapezoid, rolled and pasted around ball and powder. The cartridge is terminated by a compressed fold at the end with the powder, and tied with twine below the ball. The outer wrapper is then I92 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 Fic. 25.—Cartridge paper, CSA. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 193 lubricated around the ball, with a mixture of two parts of bleached wax and one of tallow. Buckshot cartridges have 4 tiers of 3 buckshot each, inserted like the first, with a half hitch between them, and finishing with a double hitch. A footnote in the Confederate Ordnance Manual refers to this new type cartridge as follows: “A method of attaching the paper cartridge directly to the ball has recently been invented by F. J. Gardner, and is used in the Confederate Laboratory at Richmond.” General Pitman noted that William Watson, former master armorer at Fayetteville, told him such cartridges were made at Fayetteville as well as at Richmond, and were known as “Fowler” cartridges. I have been unable to run down the Fowler connection. Federal records call this type “inserted paper” cartridge. Specimens of this construc- tion are shown on plate 33. Battlefield specimens of the Gardner bullets are often called “two-piece” bullets, the circumferential slit in the base making them resemble two parts of one of the composite (Shaler) bullets swaged together by firing. The second-type construction, described in the Field Manual in some detail, resembles the British Enfield system of manufacture. Most of the European paper cartridges used during the Civil War in the United States varied only in details from the American types. In general, the envelope was made by rolling paper around a cylindri- cal former, usually made of wood. The only differences were in the manner of closing or tying the cartridge or in the use of a second case placed inside the first to separate ball and powder and to strengthen the cartridge mechanically. There were two general classes of cartridges. In the first the ball was placed in the same container as the powder. The case was tied with string either around or above the ball and the powder was closed off either by twisting the paper or by a double fold. In the second class the powder and ball were separated. One means of doing this was that used in the Prussian needlegun cartridge in which a pressed paper sabot, made to fit the ball at one end, con- tained fulminate priming mixture at the other. Some cartridges were tied between ball and powder. Others were made with a cardboard cylinder under the wrapping paper. The projecting end of this cylinder was pasted and bent shut so as to close one end. The ball was placed next to this closed end and another piece of paper rolled around the whole. The British Enfield cartridge differed somewhat from most others 194 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 in its construction. Busk ** describes the official British procedure for manufacturing ammunition : The result of hundreds of thousands of experiments at Hythe and elsewhere proves, as Colonel Wilford assures us, that “the auxiliary to expansion, derived from the wooden plug, gives vastly increased accuracy at long ranges, when compared with the Pritchett bullet.’ This remark, of course, applies only to the Enfield bullet, for both upon Jacob’s and Whitworth’s principles, the an- nihilation or reduction to a minimum of windage, being attained, as previously observed, by mechanical fit, any adventitious aid like that derivable from the plug, is, with either of these rifles, wholly superfluous. General Hay it was, who proposed the substitution of a box-wood plug of conoidal form, for the small iron-cup, and there is no doubt but that it fully answers the purpose intended by its ingenious inventor, and that its utility is plainly manifest at all ranges beyond 700 or 800. These plugs are formed in a machine, of the character of a lathe, of rather complicated aspect, which turns them out at the rate of 10,000 a-day, at the cost of about Id. per 100. Before being fitted into the bullet, they are coated by immersion, with a thin film of wax. Each bullet before being plugged is examined, and if any defect appear, it is rejected. If not, the plug is pushed evenly into the cavity at its base. The bullets are now gauged by means of a ring, one thousandth of an inch larger than the bullet. They are then arranged in trays, so that the apex of each, alone is visible; should the slightest defect be perceptible in any one, that bul- let is summarily rejected. The rest are removed to another room to be made up into cartridges. As this manufacture very properly constitutes an important part of the course of instruction taught at Hythe, I will describe the process. The paper principally used, is that known as “White fine,” the size of the sheets is 29 in. by 1093, the reams weigh 13 lbs., and the price is about Il. 6s. A few sheets from each ream, are examined as to toughness, regularity of tex- ture, smoothness of surface. The external covering of each cartridge is of a stouter quality. These sheets are 25 in. by 19 in. The reams weigh 45 lbs. and cost 1/. 5s. 6d. each. The twine for tying the cartridges is that known as “3-ply,” and cost about 1s. 8d. per Ib. Great care must be taken that, whatever the paper used, it may not increase the diameter of the bullet, when the cartridge is completed, more than 9 thou- sandths of an inch. The implements requisite are three tin patterns of the shape and dimensions shown in the woodcuts opposite, and, in addition, a former, represented in the margin [figs. 26, 27] :— A plug, a pair of strong scissors, knife, piece of catgut, choking pin, fixed to the table, a tray for the bullets, a box for the finished cartridges, a steel gauge through which each cartridge should pass easily. Having cut the paper according to the size and patterns shown at the preced- ing page, for cartridges for the long or short rifles, the next step is to 1. Form the powder-case.—For this purpose roll the stiff paper, pattern No. 1, tightly about 2} times round the “former” or “mandrel” which is to be laid on the side opposite the acute angle, or a,B, with its base coincident with the broader side, or A,D; then place the “inner envelope” paper, pattern No. 2, on the top of the stiff paper, with the side opposite the acute angle, or A,B, of the former about 2 of an inch from the acute angle, or cp of the latter, and WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 195 roll said envelope tightly on the stiff paper and mandrel; after which slightly twist the end that overlaps about % of an inch, or a,c, and fold it into the hollow at the base of the mandrel, making use of the point of the “former,” to close the PATTERNS FOR CARTRIDGE PAPERS. 6TIFF PAPER. INNER ENVELOPE, ewww ececcace & ort Neo to OUTER PATTERN. 1.95in; A U an Geese Safin: a aaa I er eee ea a Ae Fic. 27.—Cartridge former, British. 3. Charge the powder-case-——Place a small tin funnel into the mouth of the powder-case and pour 24 drachms of powder (or a less quantity, according to the arm used) into it; remove the funnel, being careful that none of the powder escapes between the inner and outer envelopes; and secure the charge, by squeezing the tops of the two envelopes close to the stiff paper of the powder- case, and giving them a slight twist with a pressure inwards, lay the ends on the side of the cartridge. The three slits, shown in the outer envelope, are made to facilitate its detach- ment from the bullet when fired. 4. Lubricate the cartridge—The cartridge being completed, dip the base, up to the shoulder of the bullet, in a mixture composed of 11 parts of beeswax and I part of petroleum, or mineral oil. Formerly, a mixture of 5 parts wax and 1 of tallow was used. It was kept WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 197 at an uniform temperature of 230° Fah. For private use, an ordinary glue-pot will answer perfectly the purpose of the more cumbersome apparatus necessarily employed at Woolwich. To those who object to the trouble of making up their own ammunition, the information may be of service, that perfectly waterproof cartridges of the exact Government gauge, are purchaseable at Anthony’s (37, Broad Street, Birming- ham). They are sold in boxes, containing 1000 ball cartridges, for 70s., or 1000 blank for 45s. Fic. 28.—Enfield, model 1853 cartridge. The figure in the margin, represents the longitudinal section of a regulation cartridge, and shows the relative position of the ball and the powder. Of late, a very ingenious form of blank cartridge has been devised, with a view to obviate the necessity of teaching the soldier to practise a different system of loading at one time, from that which he has to adopt when on actual service. The old plan was, to bite off the end of the paper bag, to empty the powder down the barrel, and ram the bag itself home upon the charge. With the new blank ammunition, which externally resembles the ball cartridge, the soldier has to go through precisely the same motions, that he would have to perform were he firing in earnest. The cartridges in question, are made in the form of bags from pulp, one fitting into the other. The inner bag has a hollow at the base, the other is a plain cylinder with a flat base. The part, containing the imitation bullet, is lubricated externally; into the upper part of this case, the mock bullet, formed of powder, encased in a small muslin bag, is inserted at the top, where the leaden bullet would otherwise be. At the junction—for the sake of distinction—a purple paper band, half an inch wide is pasted. This muslin bullet is twisted off and treated precisely in the same manner as its more deadly prototype. One great advantage of this kind of blank ammunition is, that owing to the lubrication, the interior of the barrel is not fouled or rendered unfit for subse- quent ball practice. The following table shows the charges, diameters of the bullets, &c., of the principal small arm cartridges now in use. 198 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 SMALL-ARM CARTRIDGES No. of Diameter Charge Bullets toa Diameter ° Nature of Cartridges Pound of Bullet “Former” Drachms Inches Inches Blane tor all anmsan esse eiciee 3.50 Sie ihe 65 Lancaster elliptic rifle........... 2.50 .10 28 65 Rifle musket (pattern 1853)..... 2.50 13.50 55 472 a 3 (sea service 1853).. 2.50 13.50 568 5 Carbine (carbine bore) ......... 2.50 20. .610 59 Pistol (Gnusket bore)’ .. 2%... 6. 2.50 14.50 .680 : See (sg on a I Pe eet 2%, 20. 610 Most earlier British rifle ammunition was made in a manner similar to that for the Model 1853 (Enfield) rifle-musket, just described. Hawes ** lists the dimensions of paper for making the common British types (see table, p. 199). French and American practices in cartridge making were similar. An official French publication of 1850 ** gives the details of cartridge manufacture, complete quotation of which would scarcely be worth while (see table, p. 201). A few items mentioned will be summarized briefly. The ball and powder for charging small arms were put together in a paper envelope. These cartridges were then wrapped in packets, each containing a roll of percussion caps. There were two general types of cartridges, the infantry (round ball) for smooth-bore arms and the elongated ball for rifled arms. For the dragoon musket, musketoon, and pistol the soldier discarded a part of the powder to reduce the charge conveniently. Balls of all kinds were tested by a gauge having two holes, which differed in diameter by 0.2 mm. The height of the trapezoid for a cartridge was twice the height of the powder charge plus three times the diameter of the ball. The height of the charge was about 5 mm. per gram (0.01275 inch per grain). The long base of the trapezoid was 24 times the circumference of the ball. The short base was half the long. The paper rectangle for wrapping caps was the same as that required for two trapezoids. The packet was made from a rectangle three times the last. The mandril for forming cartridges was about 0.6 mm. (0.023 inch) less in diameter than the ball to be used. In inspecting small-arms ammunition, the French examined one packet in 100. The length, breadth, and height of the packet had to be within 4, 2, and 2 mm. (0.157, 0.078, and 0.078 inch) of the standard, respectively. The string was checked to see that it was well tied. The total weight had to be within prescribed limits. All 10 cartridges had to enter a gauging cylinder. The cartridges were then opened and all charges weighed. The total weight had to fall within WHOLE VOL. TABLE 9.—BRITISH SMALL-ARMS AMMUNITION, 1859 DIMENSIONS OF PAPER, &C. FOR SMALL-ARM CARTRIDGES DESCRIPTION OF CARTRIDGE Blank for Rifle Musket (1842) Rifle Musket (1851) Rifle Musket (1853) Musket (Ordnance) ... Carbine (Victoria) M.B. Musket (Common) Artillery Carbine (1853) Lan- caster Rifle Paget’s Rifle Carbine all armsicios 4. 1st Cinder 4 2nd Inside... { 3rd Outside... 1st Colinder 4 2nd Inside.... 3rd Outside... 1st Cylinder... 2nd Inside.... 3rd Outside... eeeee 1st Cylinder... 2nd Inside.... 3rd Outside... 1st Cylinder.. 2nd Inside.... 3rd Outside... 1st Cylinder.. 2nd Inside.... 3rd Outside... Carbine (Carbine bore).. Carbine (M.B.) Pistol (M.B.) Pistol (C.B.) Pistol percussion ee ey j SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS Forming Paper — SS vu © Ae Z a n = a a Description S a £ cc) S ° hel °o oF ‘ A 66 «: erg) Tas ot! ae RTRs ous Number ON AuRWH He CuarpTer VII CHECK EIsts OF, AMMUNITION USED OFFICIALLY The only extensive listing of United States small-arms ammunition made with official authorization was that compiled in 1876 by Lt. Henry Metcalfe. Part of the Ordnance Department display at the International Exposition held that year in Philadelphia was a large collection of cartridges that had been assembled and mounted at Frankford Arsenal. Even at that time, when much first-hand informa- tion was still available and many types were still on hand in Govern- ment arsenals, it was evidently impossible to find specimens made before 1845. The catalog of the Frankford Arsenal collection is reproduced herewith, as it contains much information not available from any other source: INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 1876 SMALL-ARM AMMUNITION No. 1. Cabinet of small-arm ammunition, prepared at Frankford Arsenal, Pennsylvania FIRST DRAWER PAPER AMMUNITION, NOT FIXED Bullet Name of Arm Bore Powder ————__,, Diameter Weight Grains Inch Grains Round ball for United States musket, 1842............ Smooth 110 .69 412 Buck and ball for United States musket, 1842.......... do 110 .69 435 Buckshot for Wnited musket, 1842.05.05 ccc ccc cls le se do 110 .69 300 Round ball for United States rifle, 1840............... Rifle 75 -54 220 Round ball for United States pistol, 1842..........+..- do 60 54 200 Round) ball for “Savage? belt’ pistolic sc. e666 else © do 65 .50 200 Blankefor samskepyQciec,. ers erere che, e/a: ckayercleiers levee 6'evsle/ ere do 60 -58 atere Elongated ball for United States musket, 1842 (Melford Smooth 110 -69 420 sub cal). Elongated ball for Austrian rifle musket............... Rifle 75 “71 685 Elongated ball for Belgian, &c, rifle musket............ do 70 -70 765 Elongated ball for United States rifle musket, 1842..... do 80 .69 730 do do 80 68 640 Elongated ball for Springfield rifle musket, 1863........ do 60 58 480 Elongated ball for Springfield and Enfield.............. do 60 577 495 do do 50 577) 530 Elongated ball for Springfield and Enfield, Williams, rst. do 65 57 565 Elongated ball for Springfield and Enfield, Williams, 2d. do 60 57 465 Elongated ball for Springfield and Enfield, English..... do 60 -568 530 206 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS Elongated ball for United States rifle, 1840............ do 60 do do 60 Elongated ball for Green B, Li. rifles. cc cjcccie ccc cesses do 70 Elongated ball for United States pistol, “ey ae Seve talstaxcusrariere do 30 Elongated ball for United States pistol carbine........ A do 40 Elongated ball for Colt’s, &c., army revolver........... do 25 Elongated ball for Colt’s navy revolver...........-.00% do 15 SECOND DRAWER PAPER AMMUNITION, FIXED Name of Arm Powder Grains Merrut'sstor rifle muskets cr Gd2s GCs 0c sjoicieie oie oie clersioue aleivfetelectereiets ere OO Merritis: for smusketoon ste. casio cients ao o eres Oioie.o ereloteteaie cele c sleterese Blorave 50 Merritis| for sSprineheld! rifle musket: 2 (oc «/sjstv1s)01s1e #10) oleic ef ee eus,errysieie © #10 50 Merrit:s for Merritis) riflescs tise wesc ete ce ese wlottoicic teietereretncle cet + 50 iMiercritsy foraiMerritisn Carbine: tes «caus, oid nisheie herons siele istelesa siereueplitiets astanaie 40 Merrit’s for Merrit’s carbine, United States make..............--e0:% 40 Sharps (for Sharps rifle, cals {s4isca. oe cee. aides fatbloy erat Mepetsrevetererore ae ea ee 60 Sharps for, Sharps rifle) cal, 45.0060. +.s. sieyetalenc ders ctexalevereroeiexetekaterets 70 Sharps) tor ‘Sharps riflewical can scrsterce le choles wie loo eioree wera, eee ciate oie ore 45 Sharps for Sharps carbine......... stalolbiedaienaievev exe wiieteiaveleteia’ske Rowe iain edexe 55 Colt?s\for Colt’s) revolving Ties,<)s o\s cis ws 0.0 ats e clelaie'e oreiayeicicinieroe navereys, oleic 45 ColtistforsColtsirevolving pistol carbine’ cients o = aie teleteterersletstereelelarcle «\ctette 20 Colts tors Colts revolver, atnny srcicrescvehieveis @ a ois. clehesersverevever aja eis: ole.e:e/avelers ty) Colt’s for Colt’s revolver, navy........-.. shel oletalecelciotehate tore tehotetehaveie: caterers 12 NAVASENEEVOlV ety NAV Vi orci alors trees oeTeceieye oye cueacdisvaloiensjera esaftie (aveve e afeaalerenens 10 Inserted paper for Springfield rifle musket, Bee sta ates aaa oetorerate 55 balls sridled ecccicrerevecscierterais whalee- © eiauclererets wich oaver che tavesel yar ete loves ever oflaneueyekeubac ote 40 Chadwick’s for Mississippi rifle, &c..... Rroisieteleiaheielalatelointoreisinisicisictetsiatere 50 Gardener’s shell for Springfield rifle musket, &c............c0eceeeene 60 Rebel inserted paper for Enfield rifle musket, &c............0eeeeeeee 70 Shaler’s three-bullet, for Springfield rifle musket, &c............2.000- 55 Gun, cotton, paper: Johnson & Dow’s combustible paper for Springfield rifle musket, &c. 60 Johnson & Dow’s combustible paper for Enfield rifle musket....... 60 Johnson & Dow’s combustible paper for Sharps carbine........... 50 Johnson & Dow’s combustible paper for army revolver............ 25 Johnson & Dow’s combustible paper for navy revolver............ 17 Minensand paper tot, Hat ps (Car DINE ciel clolers/elelcla clais'esicleie/elslelelcleisielsisisiste 60 [Linen and ypaper for Stars 1S (CALTDINE aetetelesctetelato alvielers ee) ois) seis) cese) se) sie/oels 50 Winenuana paper! Lor | WmionnCattridPe wae cicicicicierete erevels node sioieyereraisisyeleiels > 40 THIRD DRAWER TRANSITION, FIXED Name of Arm Description Powder Grains Hazard compressed for R. M., 1842...... : Collodion varnish 70 Hazard compressed Sp. R. M., &c........ do 60 Hazard compressed Sp. Williams ball...... do 60 Hazard compressed Colt’s rifle......... atete do 55 Hazard compressed United States rifle, DOA a weneyeletarctsversteisseieicroratelevaielsrers wleeialeys do 70 Hazard compressed Sharps carbine........ do 50 Hazard compressed army revolver......... do 25 Hazard compressed navy revolver......... do 21 Hayes compressed for rifle............... Skin wrapped 60 Hayes compressed army revolver......... do 22 Hayes compressed navy revolver......... 6 do 17 Hotchkiss compressed for army revolver... do 22 Hotchkiss compressed for navy revolver... do 17 Hotchkiss compressed Requa battery..... : do 65 VOL. 129 +54 570 52 455 54 410 54 410 -58 450 44 205 -36 150 Bullet — Diameter Weight Inch Grains -69 720 69 715 58 455 +56 425 -56 420 -56 420 °55 465 47 260 41 170 -52 450 .56 490 +44 260 -44 260 -36 135 36 150 58 475 +54 395 +54 420 -58 450 +577 500 -58 610 -58 500 +574 480 52 445 +44 240 -36 150 52 450 +54 430 “54 390 Bullet | Diameter Weight Inch Grains 69 745 577 490 57 465 53 480 “54 450 -52 450 +44 210 -36 140 54 410 “44 205 36 150 44 210 -36 150 +54 390 No. 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 Ior 102 103 104 105 106 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 207 Hotchkiss compressed Savage navy revolver ..... ih: MeGraterar. erties. Le do 10 -36 150 Bartholow’s compressed for S. B. musket, LOAM: ees ahs syateka a enalenehesatal tie etvtenelaelt c Silk and shellac 65 .69 500 Bartholow’s compressed R. musket, 1842.. do 70 .69 750 Bartholow’s compressed Sp. R. musket.... do 65 -58 490 Bartholow’s compressed army revolver..... do 20 -44 260 Bartholow’s compressed navy revolver..... do 14 -36 140 Smith’s rubber for Smith’s carbine....... Rubber case 40 -50 380 Poultney’s foil for Smith’s carbine........ Foil inside of paper 40 +50 380 Poultney’s foil for Smith’s carbine........ do 40 -50 380 Poultney’s foil for Smith’s carbine, small Chamber, s'efercrve tate checelareatele oteltior a: stele do 40 +50 380 Poultney’s foil for Burnside carbine...... do 40 54 370 Poultney’s foil for Maynard’s carbine.... do 40 -50 330 Poultney’s foil for Gallagher’s rifle and car- DULLe Ay, SHevN NPA oie, cP OIS Sw otslatetera die .ctahe do 60 .50 440 Soldered foil, Gallagher’s carbine......... Foil soldered 60 -50 410 Jackson’s tin, &c., Gallagher’s carbine.... Paper-over-tin 55 -50 430 Gallagher’s brass, Gallagher’s carbine..... Brass, lined with paper 60 .50 435 Gallagher’s brass, Gallagher’s carbine..... Brass 60 -50 435 Burnside for Burnside carbine........... do 48 -54 380 Maynard for Maynard carbine........... do 40 -50 340 Berdan, sporting;, T8650. Wesie steele sicte , Paper, brass base 6 “55 aete Gun-cottons Austrian’ oniccnien«sieeaseeeinnic Woven on stick 26 .58 526 Gun-cotton, Austrian, with button........ do 20 +53 410 Barlow gun-cotton paper...........ee000. Charge, rolled paper 40 57, 540 FOURTH DRAWER RIM PRIMED AND MISCELLANEOUS Section I.—Catiser, ”.50, SERVICE Musket Size Description Poultney (Crispin) foil. Brass foil with iron base, and separate brass pocket inserted, clinching the reinforcing wad. Ord. Mem. No, 14, plate xlviii. Poultney (Crispin) foil. Zinc foil, with iron base and separate brass pocket inserted, not clinching the reinforcing wad. Poultney (Crispin) foil. Brass foil with brass base in one piece with the pocket, which is impressed. Hotchkiss solid head. Pocket like Martin, but pressed up from solid base, inclosing small anvil of various patterns. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate liv. Hotchkiss solid head reloader. Pocket and Berdan return anvil pressed up from solid base. Remington (Martin base). Service as made by Remington in 1872 for use in his arm on trial in the field. F. A. Am. No. 173. Remington, 1874. Reinforcing cap on ring of binders board around pocket. F. A. Am. No. 337. Winchester (Milbank primer). Thick-folded flange. The primer is a flanged percussion cap in- serted in a pocket without anvil. F. A. Am. No. 291. Reported on April 29, 1873. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxv. United States Cartridge Company. Solid head inside primed. Priming in an inside pocket pressed up from the solid metal of the base, the walls of the pocket subsequently closed down upon the priming forming the anvil; cast bullet. F. A. Am. No. 106. Reported on August 8, 1870. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate Ivi. United States Cartridge Company. Solid head outside primed as priming in a closed copper cap- sule inserted in a shallow outside pocket without anvil. F. A. Am. No. 281, Reported on Janu- ary 8 and February 4, 1873. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate lix. United States Cartridge Company. Solid head outside primed as furnished on order for 2,000,000 of November 24, 1873, differs from last in the base being convex and thicker, and the bullet longer and more deeply cannelured. Priming capsules perforated with two vents. F. A. Am. No. 388. Reported on (inspection) January 7, 1874, et seq. Union Cartridge Company (Martin base). F. A. Am. No. 174. Tested November 2, 1871. Berdan, early form. Brass case, folded flange, shallow outside pocket. The burr of the vent form- ing the anvil. Date unknown. Union Cartridge Company (Berdan), as furnished on order for 2,500,000, of April 2, and Novem- ber 24, 1873. Reinforce ring and return nipple anvil of the Berdan system. F. A. Am. No. 296. Reported on (inspection) August 4, 1873, et seq. Section II.—MtscetLanreous CENTER PRIMED MuSKET AND CARBINE CARTRIDGES ” Berdan. Early form for ”.57 caliber. Inserted outside pocket containing a disk-shaped capsule of priming and side teat; patented 1866. Ord. Mem. No, 14, plate xxxix C. 107 108 109 110 Tit Ii2 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 208 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Berdan. Early form for ”.57 caliber. Impressed shallow outside pocket and cap. The burr of the vent forming the anvil made after seeing the impressed pocket of ‘“‘Benet’’ cartridge at Frankford Arsenal. Berdan. Early form for ".44 caliber. Impressed shallow cup, closed with primed disk, the burr of the vent forming the” anvil (1867). Berdan, as made by the Union Cartridge Company, for Russian Government ”.42 caliber; charge, 77 grains; bullet, 375 grains. Brass bottle-shaped case, re-enforcing ring, and return anvil pocket F. A. Am. No. 40 and 159. Reported on (Small-arms, class 6), January 4, February 2, and Feb- ruary 22, 1870, also tested by Small-Arms Caliber Board as No. 32 of their report. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxix X. Berdan, as made by the Union Cartridge Company for Ward-Burton, ”.45 caliber; charge, 85 grains; bullet, 400 grains. Berdan base and priming. F. A. Am. No. 175. Reported on (gun and ammunition) by Board at Frankford Arsenal, November 27, 1871. Berdan, as made by Union Cartridge Company for Ernest’s ”.45 caliber rifle; charge, 52 grains; bullet, 290 grains. F. A. Am. No, 211. Rifle failed utterly; no report. Mead’s explosive bullet cartridge, ”.50 caliber. General service dimensions. Berdan case. Charge stated to be 70 grains. Bullet with copper capsules in front. Fired in Gatling gun 1874. Mead’s patent, December 10, 1872. F. A. Am. No. 345. Remington make, cup anvil for navy carbine, model 1868. Thin tin cap vents not retinned. Cast bullet confused with Frankford Arsenal ammunition (No. 451) for same arm. F. A, Am. No. 125. Reported on November 15, 1870. United States Cartridge Company, Solid head front lubricant as proposed to be made for the navy like their army cartridge in all respects except length of case (2.35 inches). Space in front of bullet filled with lubricant. F. A. Am. No. 286. Tested April 11, 1873. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate Ix. Winchester solid head, ”.45 caliber, bottle-shaped, very thick, solid base and flange, outside pocket and cap with cruciform anvil, 1874. F. A. Am. No. 339. Morse’s arch anvil, made for navy, 1860. Patented 1858. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate i. Bolt anvil, unknown, cap perforating an India-rubber base like Morse’s. Williams rifle, center-fire, disk anvil, crimped into flange; Williams bullet. Covered pocket paper case with metallic base and outside pocket for cap and anvil, the cap and entire base protected by a metallic cover that forms the flange. ” Section IIJ.—Rim-FirE Musket AND CaRBINE CARTRIDGES, VARIOUS MAKES. ILLUSTRATIVE Description ".58 caliber for Allen alteration of Springfield rifle musket, straight case, rim-fire; charge 60 grains musket powder. Bullet, 500 grains, made at National Armory, 1865. ".50 caliber, straight case, rim fire; charge 60 grains musket powder; bullet, 400 grains. Made at National Armory 186s. ”’.50 caliber, bottle-shaped case, rim fire; case .58 inch diameter, charge 65 grains; bullet, 480 grains. Made at National Armory, May 1866. Experimental. "45 caliber, straight case, rim fire; case .5o0 inch diameter, charge 65 grains; bullet, 480 grains. Made at National Armory, May, 1866. Colonel Laidley’s Experimental. ”.45 caliber, bottle-shaped case, rim fire; case .54 inch diameter, charge 70 grains; bullet, 480 grains. Made at National Armory, May, 1866. Colonel Laidley’s Experimental. "44 caliber, straight case, rim fire; charge, 45 grains; bullet, 500 grains. Made at National Armory, 1865-66. Colonel Laidley’ s Experimental No, 2. "44 caliber, bottle-shaped case, rim fire; charge, 45 grains; bullet, 350 grains. Made at National Armory, 1865-’66. Colonel Laidley’s Beneriticntal No. 4. "44 caliber, bottle-shaped case, rim fire; charge, 4o grains; bullet, 300 grains. Made at National Armory, 1865-66. Colonel Laidley’s Experimental No. 5. "".44 caliber, bottle-shaped case, rim fire; charge, 4o grains; bullet, 350 grains. Made at National Armory, 1865-’66. Colonel Laidley’s Experimental No. 6. "44 caliber, bottle-shaped case, rim fire; charge, 40 grains; bullet, 300 grains. Made at National Armory, 1865-’66. Colonel Laidley’s Experimental No. 6 bis. "50 caliber, straight case, rim fire; charge, 55 grains; bullet, 500 grains. Made at National Ar- mory, 1865-66. Colonel Laidley’s Experimental No. 8. Spencer carbine, as made at Frankford Arsenal, 1865-’66; charge, 40 grains; bullet, 450 grains. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate iv. Spencer carbine, as made by Leet & Co., 1865; charge, 40 grains; bullet, 395 grains. F. A. Am. No. 99. Tested April 14, 1870. Spencer carbine, &c., as made by Smith & Wesson, 1865, for various arms; charge, 40 grains; bul- let, 440 grains. Sharp & Hankins carbine by Leet & Co., 1865; charge, 55 grains; bullet, 460 grains. Ballard’s carbine, &c., caliber ”.44, as made by Smith & Wesson, for various small caliber carbines, 1865; charge, 25 grains; bullet, 205 grains. Henry carbine, caliber ’.44, as made by Henry Rifle Company, 1864; charge, 30 grains; bullet, 210 grains. 155 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 174 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 209 Section IV.—Pistot CARTRIDGES BY VARIOUS MAKERS Inside cap bolt anvil, single arch, ”.44 caliber. Inside cap bolt anvil, double arch, ”.44 caliber. Outside cap, solid base, ”.44 caliber. Outside cap, center flanged, ”.36 caliber. Outside cap, front flanged ”.30 caliber, front lubricant. Outside cap, square case, ”.36 caliber, nipple exposed. Teat primed, ”.44 caliber, spheroidal base; cylindrical teat; front flanged; front lubricant. Teat primed, ”.36 caliber, spheroidal base; flattened teat; front flanged; front lubricant; made by National Arms Company, New York, 1860. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate Ixiii, fig. 3. Teat primed, ”.36 caliber; flat base; flattened teat; front flanged; front iubricant. Rim primed, ”.40 caliber; without flange; concave base; front lubricant. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate lxii, fig. 5. Rim primed, ”.30 caliber; front flanged; concave base; front lubricant. Rim primed, ”.24 caliber; without flange; solid base; front lubricant; Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate Ixii, fig. 6. Rim primed, ”.30 caliber; center flanged; spheroidal frustum base. Description ’.57; parts and stages of manufactures, showing sealed front cavity ” English Boxer Snyder, caliber in bullet, &c. English Boxer Snyder, caliber ”.50; paper and foil. English Boxer Henry, caliber ”.45; long case, foil and paper. English Boxer Henry, caliber ”.45; long case, foil only. English Boxer Henry, caliber ”.45; bottle-shaped case; foil powder, 85) grains; musket bullet hard- ened, 484 grains. F. A. Am. No. 275, used by Small-Arms Caliber Board 1872. No. 51 of their Report. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xlix. English Boxer Henry, caliber ”.45; bottle-shaped case; foil shortened as made by Eley. F. A. Am. No. 285. French chassepot, paper; caliber circa ”.45; powder, 74 grains; rifle-bullet, lead, 388 grains. F. A. Am. No. 332. French mitrailleuse, pasteboard, with metal base; caliber circa ”.50; powder, 180 grains; com- pressed in 6 short cylinders; bullet, lead, 750 grains, F. A. Am. No. 333. Prussian needle gun, paper; cylinder choked in front of bullet; powder, 74 grains; rifle bullet, egg- shaped, 325 grains, in sabot; primed on base. F. A. Am. No. 282. Prussian needle gun; explosive bullet substantially like above, but bullet charged and explosible by blow from front; powder, 70 grains; rifle bullet, 431 grains, charged. F. A. Am, No. 330. Prussian new metallic; solid base flange in advance of bottom powder. Bullet, patched, 438 grains, F. A. Am. No. 331. Russian, made in Russia; phosphor-bronze case; Berdan’s return pocket anvil; powder, circa 80 grains; musket bullet circa, 375 grains, patched. Lubricant at first a disk on base. Russian, made in United States, by Union Cartridge Company, of Bridgeport, Conn. Brass, caliber, ” 42; bullet, lead, 373 grains, patched; powder, musket, 77 grains. Lubricant disk on base and dipped. F. A. Am. Nos. 40 and 159. Reported on January 4 and February 2 and 22, 1870. Austrian ‘‘Werndl,” copper annular anvil in outside pocket; caliber, circa ".42; powder, circa 65 grains; musket bullet, cast-lead, 318 grains. F. A. Am. No. 277. Fired by Small-Arms Caliber Board 1872, and No. 53 of their report. Dutch Beaumont rifle musket, caliber ”.45; brass solid head, pocket cap and anvil priming; anvil with case to push out the old cap in reloading; powder, 68 grains; musket bullet, 337 grains. F. A. Am. No. 247. Fired Small-Arms Caliber Board 1872, No. 31 of their report. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate Ivii. Dutch carbine, caliber ”.45; brass, folded head with re-enforcing ring; priming like last; powder, 50 grains; musket bullet, 337 grains. F. A. Am. No. 248. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate lviii. Swiss ‘“‘Vetterlin,’” ”.41 caliber; case copper, rim primed; powder, 60 grains; musket bullet cast lead, 312 grains. F. A. Am. No. 276. Fired by Small-Arms Caliber Board 1872, No. 52 of their report. Berdan sporting, for shot; return pocket anvil, priming brass. Made by United States Cartridge Company. Eley sporting, for shot; pocket and anvil cap primed; pasteboard, with metal base No. 12. Eley sporting, for shot; pocket and anvil cap primed; pasteboard, with metal base No. 20. Eley sporting, for shot; Lefaucheux priming; pasteboard, with metal base No. 10. Leet sporting, for shot; pocket and anvil cap primed; pasteboard, re-enforced with foil near metallic base. Lefaucheux pistol cartridges, 3 calibers. ” a ” ” As drawer 6 contained only variations in amount and make of powder, items 175 to 244 inclusive are omitted. 275 276 210 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 SEVENTH DRAWER MODIFICATION IN BULLET AND LUBRICANT [C. F. metallic, caliber ”.50] Description Bullet used in most bar anvil ammunition and up to 1868. F. A. Am. No. 58. Experimental bullet with cannelures deepened to .04 inch to hold more lubricant, 1867. F. A. Ball No. 59. Experimental bullet with cannelures deepened to .045 inch to hold more lubricant, 1867. F. A. Ball No 60. Bullet determined by Lieutenant Stockton’s experiments and used in service from March, 1868, to July, 1870. F. A. Am. No. 1. Experimental, a disk of lubricant with wad under the bullet added to the usual lubrication in the cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 73. Experimental, a disk of lubricant with wad under the bullet substituted for the usual lubrication in the cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 14. Experimental front lubrication case, projecting on the front of bullet, space filled up with lubri- cant in addition to that in the cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 20. Ord. Mem, No. 14, plate 1xi. Experimental star patch of bank-note paper, covering the base and cylindrical surface of the bul- let; lubricant in cannelures. F. A. Am. No, 2. Experimental star patch of bank-note paper, covering the base and cylindrical surface of the bullet and inclosing a disk of lubricant on the base of the bullet in addition to that in the can- nelures. F. A. Am. No. 3. Experimental star patch of bank-note paper, covering the base and cylindrical surface of the bullet; a disk of lubricant in paper capsule applied to the base of the bullet outside of the patch, F, A. Am. No. 4. Experimental wrapped patch of bank-note paper, covering the cylindrical portion of the bullet and folded down on the base lubrication in cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 5. Experimental wrapped patch of bank-note paper, covering the cylindrical portion of the bullet and folded down on a disk of lubricant applied to the base in addition to that in the cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 6. Experimental wrapped patch of bank-note paper, covering the cylindrical portion of the bullet and folded down on the base; a disk of lubricant on base outside of patch. F. A, Am. No. 7. Experimental; the diameter of the bullet reduced by .oos inch. F. A. Am. No. 24. Experimental; the bullet hardened by addition of one-twelfth tin. F. A. Am. No, 21. Experimental bullet, smooth, with lubricant in disk on base; wrapped patch. F. A. Am. No. 12, Experimental bullet, smooth ellipsoidal front, with lubricant in disk on base; wrapped patch. F. A. Am. No. 203. Experimental bullet, smooth, hardened with one-twelfth tin, patched and lubricated with disk of wax and wads like the earlier Martini Henry. F. A. Am. No. 15. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét) instead of three ordinary ones. F. A. Am, No. 61. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét) like last, but lightened 40 grains by cavity in base. F. A. Ball No. 62. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét), lengthened to 24 calibers; weight pre- served at 450 grains by cavity in base. F. A. Am. No. 18. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét) like last, but hardened with one-twelfth tin. F. A. Am. No. to. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét), lengthened to 2} calibers; weight pre- served at 450 grains by cavity in base. F. A. Am. No. 23. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét) like last, but hardened with one-twelfth tiny) F.-A. VAm:. No; 127. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét), lengthened to 2} calibers; diameter re- duced by .or inch; weight preserved at 450 grains by cavity in base. F. A. Am. No. 28. Experimental bullet, with two broad cannelures (Benét) like last, but hardened with one-twelfth tin. F. A. Am. No, 29. Experimental sectional bullet (Farley); front of bullet doweled into rear; lubricant between sections. F. A. Am. No. 16. Experimental sectional bullet; (Farley); rear of bullet doweled in front; lubricant between sec- tions. F. A. Am. No. 17. Experimental bullet; a conoidal frustum on a reduced conical frustum, flushed with lubricant. F. A, Am, No. 25. Experimental bullet; a conoidal frustum on a reduced conical frustum, 1.1 inches long, flushed with lubricant. F. A. Am. Nos. 104 and 105. Experimental bullet; imitation of Swiss ‘‘Federal’’ bullet; weight same as service lubrication in cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 26. Service bullet resembling that of service ammunition, but diameter in front of front cannelure made equal to the general diameter, the reduction to be effected by the crimping of the case. Used in service ammunition from July 21, 1870. F. A. Am, No. 111. 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 to 310 324 325 326 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 2II Experimental, Robert’s bullet; blunt ellipsoidal front, broad shallow cannelure, and cavity in the base; lubrication in cannelure. F. A. Am. No. 66. Experimental; Dimmick’s bullet No. 1; frustum of a conoid on frustum of a cone. F. A. Am. No. 126. Experimental, Dimmick’s bullet No. 2; frustum of a cone on a cylinder; two cannelures. F. A. Am, Nos. 134 and 135. Experimental, Dimmick’s bullet No. 3; frustum of cone on a cylinder; two cannelures; shallow- dished cavity in base. F. A. Am. No. 138. Experimental, Week’s bullet No. 1; conoidal frustum on cylinder; three bearing rings; lubri- cation by greased patch wrapped. F. A. Am. No. 157. Experimental, Week’s bullet No. 2; conoidal frustum on cylinder; two bearing rings; lubri- cation by circular greased patch. F. A. Am. No. 158. Experimental, Week’s bullet; smooth conoidal frustum on cylinder; lubrication by circular greased patch. F. A. Am. No. 160. Experimental carbine, reduced from rifle musket, 450 grains to 430 grains, by conical cavity in base. F. A. Am. No. 177. Experimental carbine, reduced from rifle musket, 450 grains to 415 grains, by conical cavity in base. Fired with various charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 178, 181, and 186. Experimental carbine, reduced from rifle musket, 450 grains to 400 grains, by conical cavity in base. Fired with various charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 179, 182, and 187. Experimental carbine, reduced from rifle musket, 450 grains to 385 grains, by conical cavity in base. Fired with various charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 180, 183, and 188. Experimental carbine, reduced from rifle musket, 450 grains to 415 grains, by making the front ellipsoidal. Fired with two different charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 190 and 192. Experimental carbine, reduced from rifle musket, 450 grams to 430 grains, by making the front ellipsoidal. Fired with two different charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 189 and 191. The latter with 55-grain charge was adopted as service carbine cartridge 1872. Experimental, Hubbell’s adaptation of the Prussian needle-gun bullet and sabot to metallic case. Fired with slight modifications in three forms. F. A. Am. Nos. 244, 245, and 246. Experimental, gas-check bullet; substantially like service ”.50 caliber, but made to lap outside the mouth of case. F. A. Am. No. 287. } vacant EIGHTH DRAWER DISK AND BAR ANVILS Description Center swell base copper disk anvil; two vents; short case; charge, 4o grains; bullet, 450 grains. Frankford Arsenal, 1865; experimental. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate v. Iron disk anvil, chamfered and crimped into flange; slot vent. Springfield, 1867. Broad bar anvil, iron chamfered and crimped into flange; slot vent. Springfield, 1867. Martin straight bar re-enforced; tinned iron with re-enforced copper cup held in by indents. Spring- field, 1867. Ord. Mem, No. 14, plate xiii. Martin straight bar; tinned iron held by indents, as made for service at Frankford Arsenal, from October, 1866, to March, 1868. F. A. Am. No. 133. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate x. Copper bar anvil; chamfered ends held by re-entrant fold. Springfield, 1870, Record No, 115. Copper disk anvil, plain square edge, held in by indents, Frankford Arsenal, August, 1871. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxi A. Copper disk anvil in re-enforcing cup, both held by indents. Frankford Arsenal, February, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xl. Record No. —. Copper disk anvil; chamfered, held in by re-entrant fold. Frankford Arsenal. October, 1871. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxi D. Record No. 199. Copper disk anvil, expanding, held in by indents; has re-entrant fold underneath. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxi C. Frankford Arsenal, 1871. Record No. 197. Copper disk anvil, expanding, held in by knurl all around; has fold underneath. Frankford Ar- senal, October, 1871. Record No. 2or. Copper disk anvil, corrugated, held in by knurl all around; case with corrugated base. Frankford Arsenal, 1871. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxii. Record No. —. Covered base anvil, primed outside of base, priming covered by a flat cap embracing flange. Frank- ford Arsenal, February, 1872. Record No. —. Needle or disk and bolt anvil, priming; in case of bullet; disk held in by flange and supporting axial bolt extending almost to priming; bolt pointed like a firing-pin. Frankford Arsenal, for Lieutenant Corliss. Reported on February 16, 1871. Ord. Mem, No. 14, plate xxxiii. Record No. 136, Needle or disk and bolt anvil, like last, but bolt squared in front like a winding arbor. Frank- ford Arsenal. Record No. 137. Martin pocket short-bar anvil, held in by re-entrant folded pocket; flange re-enforced by ring in- side (original Martin). Springfield. F. A. Am. No. 202. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xliii. 327 328 329 330 331 332 333 334 335 336 337 338 339 340 341 342 343 344 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 353 354 355 356 357 358 358 bis 359 360 212 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Martin pocket, without re-enforcing ring, anvil tin or copper. Springfield Armory, 1869. F. A. Am. No. 118. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xx. Martin pocket in brass. Springfield, 1869. F. A. Am. No. 117. Martin pocket with re-entrant fold above flange. Springfield, 1870. F. A. Am. No. 113. Martin pocket with re-entrant fold and double, and double indented anvil made for service at Frank- ford Arsenal, November and December, 1871. F. A. Am. No. 176. Ord. Mem. No. 15, plate xxii. Martin pocket, re-enforced with solder in flange. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Record No. —. Martin pocket, closed down without anvil. Frankford Arsenal, 1873. Record No. —. CAP PRIMED CASES Vacant. Vacant. Benét narrow pocket saddle anvil in small cap, short case; bullet No. 57. Frankford Arsenal, 1866. Benét wide-pocket saddle anvil in large cap, short case; bullet No. 57. Frankford Arsenal, 1866. Solid nipple head; iron nipple in pocket in solid brass base of case; short case. Frankford Arse- nal, 1865, record No. —. Crispin foil and papers pocket pressed in brass cup attached to base of foil and paper case; dif- ferent thicknesses of foil tried. Frankford Arsenal, 1867. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xvii. Laidley arch anvil; inside cap iron anvil reaching to bullet. Springfield, 1865. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate vii. Laidley capped bar; inside cap on an arched bar held in by indents. Springfield, 1866. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate viii. Star cap-receiver; inside cap and anvil, contained in a star-shaped pocketed receiving plate. Frankford Arsenal, 1866. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate vi. Cup-cap receiver; inside cap and anvil, contained in a pocket of re-enforcing cup at bottom of case. Frankford Arsenal, February, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xlix. Re-enforced pocket case; re-enforcing ring clinched in by pressing back the pocket outside cap spear-head anvil. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxviii A; record No. —. Plate flanged; brass base plate, held on by a separate clinched pocket; on side cap and spear-head anvil. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xlii. Plate flanged; brass base plate, held on by a solid inside pocket; clinched outside; outside cap and spear head anvil. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1872. Record No. —. Wrapped metal; soldered into pocketed base cup; outside cap and spear-head anvil. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate 1. Front ignition; wrapped metal, soldered into base cap, with pocket reaching nearly to bullet; outside cap and bolt anvil. Frankford Arsenal. 1872. Record No. 292. Front ignition case pocketed, for cap and spear-head anvil; the pocket prolonged in a small tube nearly to the bullet. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxiv. Treadwell cube anvil; case re-enforced with inside ring, pocketed for outside cap containing cu- bical anvil. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxviii B. Treadwell cube anvil case, re-enforced, with solder pocketed for outside cap, containing cubieal anvil. Treadwell spherical anvil case, re-enforced, with solder in flange, pocketed for outside cap con- taining spherical anvil. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xliv. Cast base, wrapped metal, with soft metal base, cast on, pocketed for outside cap and circular anvil. Frankford Arsenal, February, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 15, plate lii. Berdan base; base of case pocketed and re-enforced in Berdan style, with his return pocket, anvil, and caps. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Record No. —. Berdan anvil, wrapped metal; base cup pocketed, with Berdan return anvil, re-enforcing ring re- placed by the wrapped metal and solder. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Record No. 251. CUP ANVILS Tinned cup anvil; straight case; tinned cup held in by the crimps or indents. Frankford Arsenal. Service from March, 1868, to September, 1869. F. A. Am. No, 1. Tinned cup anvil; cylindrical-throated case; tinned cup held in by two crimps or indents. Frankford Arsenal. Service from September, 1869, to August, 1870. F. A. Am. No. 11. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xiv. Side vent cup anvil; cup without vent holes, but with sides; flutes leading from priming held in by indents. Frankford Arsenal, 1868. Copper cup anvil; copper cup substituted for tin, held in by two crimps or indents, Frankford Arsenal. Service from August, 1870, to November, 1871. Record No. 112. Cups for last of various vents and material; experimental. Frankford Arsenal, December, 1870 Record No. 127. Corrugated base copper cup anvil; annular depression near edge of base. Springfield and Frank- ford, October, 1870. F. A. Am. No. 1183. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxvii. Double crimped copper cup anvil; crimp in front of cup extended all around. Frankford Arsenal, October, 1870. Record No. 119. 361 362 363 364 365 366 367 368 369 370 371 372 373 374 375 376 377 378 379 380 381 382 383 393 394 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 213 Corrugated base and double crimp, combining the peculiarities of the last two. Frankford Arsenal, October, 1870. Record No. 170. Corrugated base with knurl instead of crimp in front of cup. Springfield and Frankford, Novem- ber, 1870. Record No. 121. Reduced case copper cup anvil; held in by reducing the diameter of the whole case in front of it by .o2 inch. Frankford Arsenal, December, 1870. F. A. Am. No. 128. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate Xxix. Reduced case copper cup anvil; held in by reducing the diameter of the whole case in front of it by .o1 inch. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1871. Record No. 132. Shallow cup; copper cup reduced in depth by .o5 inch. Frankford Arsenal. Service from Decem- ber, 1871. Record No. 184. Solder re-enforce to copper cup anvil; solder run into flange; annular corrugation in base to make a trough for it. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1872. Record No. —. Martin re-entrant fold, with copper cup anvil, and their re-enforcing cup between anvil and case. Springfield, January, 1872. Record No. 200. oe head copper cup anvil. Frankford Arsenal, 1868. Record No. 170. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate lv. Double case copper cup anvil, reaching to base of bullet. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxx. Cone cup anvil; re-enforcing ring inside of flange. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxvi A. Record No. —. Cone cup anvil; re-enforcing cup and perforated base. Frankford Arsenal, January, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxxvii. Outside cup case itself the anvil; priming inside covered by a flanged cup. Frankford Arsenal, 1872. Record No. —. Concave base copper cup held against a concave base; base to yield in firing. Frankford Arsenal, June, 1872. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xxviii. Treadwell open base; double cup as made for No. 301. Moore’s collar flange; plain unflanged case inclosed in a flanged collar. Frankford Arsenal, 1874. Record No. 349. Solid head Berdan teat anvil; priming for Arsenal, July, 1874. Record No. 346. Vacant. Remington B. L. pistol; cup anvil; caliber ”.50. Remington B. L. pistol, Martin pocket; caliber ”.50. Colt’s revolver, Martin pocket; caliber ”.44. Smith & Wesson revolver; Martin pocket; caliber ”.44. Colt’s revolver, Franklin’s front extraction cap anvil; caliber ”.44. Frankford Arsenal, Novem- ber, 1868. Ord. Mem. No. 14, plate xviii. Colt’s Navy, cup anvil. ” ”.45 caliber. Frankford Arsenal, 1873. Record ’ ”.45 caliber, rifle; brass case. Made at Frankford ” NINTH DRAWER MODIFICATIONS IN CALIBER.—REDUCTIONS [”.45 caliber] Description Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 400-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.6 inches. F. A. Am. No. 148. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 400-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.5 inches. F. A. Am. No. 149. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 70-grain charge, 4oo-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.4 inches F. A. Am. No. 150. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 420-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.6 inches. F. A. Am. No. 151. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 420-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.5 inches. F. A. Am. No. 152. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 70-grain charge, 420-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.4 inches. F. A. Am. No. 153. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 440-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.6 inches. F. A. Am. No. 154. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 440-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.5 inches. F. A. Am. No. 155. Reported on January 6 and June 21, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 70-grain charge, 440-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.4 inches. F. A. Am. No. 156. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 425-grain bullet, smooth-patched and dipped; inserted .4 inch. F. A. Am. No. 204. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 425-grain bullet, smooth-patched and dipped; inserted .5 inch. F. A. Am, No. 205. Reported on June 21, 1872. 395 396 397 398 399 400 401 402 403 404 422 to 427 428 214 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Martini-Henry imitation, Martin base, with re-enforce ring, hardened bullet; patch and wad to resemble Henry ammunition made at Springfield Armory, and reported on from there. Sectional bullet, hardened front; lead base to drive up the Schenkle sabot. F. A. Am. No. 289. Failed entirely. Bottle-shaped case, short lap, 75-grain charge, 440-grain bullet, cannelured; inserted .2 inch. Lubrication base wad and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 217. Reported on June 21, 1872. No. 26 of report of Small-Arms Caliber Board. Bottle-shaped case, short lap, 75-grain charge, 425-grain bullet, smooth; inserted .15 inch; lubri- cation base wad and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 218. Reported on June 21, 1872, No. 28 of report of Small-Arms Caliber Board. Bottle-shaped case, short lap, 75-grain charge, long Laidley bullet, 485 grains, cannelured; in- serted .15 inch; lubrication base wad and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 219. No. 29 of report of Small-Arms Caliber Board. Bottle-shaped case, long lap, same as last, but lap of case on bullet increased from .15 inch to .45 inch. F. A. Am. No. 220. No. 30 of report of Small-Arms Caliber Board. Vacant. Vacant. Straight case, charges 60, 70, 75, and 80 grains; bullet, 400 grains; four cannelures, one exposed; length, 2.78 inches; same for all charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 258 to 262, inclusive. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 39 to 43, inclusive, of its report. Straight case, charge 70 grains; bullet, 400 grains; four cannelures; all covered; length, 2.68 inches. F. A. Am. No. 266. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and No. 47 of its report. Straight case; same as last, but case shortened .18 inch, making length 2.5 inches. F. A, Am. No. 269. No. 50 of Small-Arms Caliber Board report. Straight case, hardened, 405 grain bullet, 70 grain dense musket powder; lubricant in cannelures, case 2.1 inches long lapping .61 inch on the bullet made at Springfield, and recommended by Small-Arms Caliber Board, No. 58 of its report. F. A. Am. No. 280. Straight case; substantially like last, but made by machinery at Frankford Arsenal, after adop- tion by War Department. F. A. Am. No. 294. [”.42 caliber] Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 350-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.6 inches. F. A. Am. No. 139. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 350-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.5 inches. F. A. Am. No. 140. Reported on January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 70-grain charge, 350-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.4 inches. F. A. Am. No. 141. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 370-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.6 inches. F. A. Am. No. 142. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 370-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.5 inches. F. A. Am. No. 143. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 70-grain charge, 370-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.4 inches. F. A. Am. No. 144. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 385-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge 2.6 inches. F. A. Am. No. 145. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottled-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 385-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.5 inches F. A. Am. No. 146. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 70-grain charge, 385-grain bullet, cannelured; length of cartridge, 2.4 inches. F. A. Am. No. 147. Reported on April 22, 1871, and January 6, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 350-grain bullet, smooth patched; inserted .4 inch. Lubri- cation base disk and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 206. Tested March and April, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 350-grain bullet, smooth patched; inserted .5 inch. Lubri- cation base disk and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 207. Tested March and April, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 370-grain bullet, smooth patched; inserted .4 inch. Lubri- cation base disk and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 209. Tested March and April, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 370-grain bullet, smooth patched; inserted .5 inch. Lubri- cation base disk and dipped. F. A. Am. No. 210. Tested March and April, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, ratchet bullet, 373 grains. Lubricated in ratchet cannelures. F. A. Am. No 169. Tested June, 1871. } vacant Straight case, 70, 75, and 80-grain charges, 370-grain bullet, with four shallow cannelures; one ex- posed; same exterior (3.1 inches long) for all charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 239, 240, and 241. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 20, 21, and 22 of its report. 429 430 431 432 433 434 435 448 449 452 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 215 Straight case, 60, 65, 70, 75, and 8o0-grain charges, 365-grain bullet, with four deep (.02 inch) cannelures; one exposed; same exterior (3.1 inches long) for all charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 242, 252, 253, 254, 255, and 257. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 23, 33, 34, 35, 36, and 38 of its report. Straight case, 65-grain charge, 365-grain bullet, with four deep cannelures, all covered by case. Length, 3 inches. F. A. Am. No. 267. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and is No. 48 of its report. Straight case, 65, 70, 75-grain charges, 365-grain bullet, four deep cannelures, all covered; case shortened. Total length, 2.8 inches; same for all charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 268, 278, and 279. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 49, 54, and 55 of its report. [’.40 caliber] Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, 350-grain bullet; smooth patched; base disk of lubricant and thick felt wad; parts made at Springfield Armory. F. A. Am. No. 171. Reported on October 28, 1871, on Form, Class 6. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, 350-grain bullet; smooth patched; base disk of lubricant and thin felt wad, to increase powder space. Parts made at Springfield Armory. F. A. Am. No. 172. Reported on October 28, 1871, on Form, Class 6. Bottle-shaped case, 75-grain charge, like No. 432, except that the case is re-enforced by a ring in- side the flange. Parts made at Springfield Armory. F. A. Am. No. 193. Reported on January 4, 1872. Bottle-shaped case, 80-grain charge, otherwise like last. F. A. Am. No. 194. Reported on Janu- ary 4, 1872. Vacant. Vacant. Vacant. Straight case, charges 80, 75, 70, and 6§ grains, 350-grain bullet, smooth greased patch; total length (same for all charges), 3.28 inches. F. A. Am. Nos. 221 to 228, inclusive. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 2 to 9, inclusive, of its report. Straight case, 80-grain charge, 400-grain bullet, with seven cannelures; lubrication in cannelures. F. A. Am. No. 229. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and is No. 10 of its report. Straight case, 75, 70, and 65-grain charges, 350-grain bullet, with four cannelures; lubrication in cannelures; length the same for all charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 230, 231, and 232. Made at Spring- field Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 11, 12, and 13 of its report. Straight case, 70, 65, and 6o-grain charges, 350-grain bullet, with five shallow (0.1 inch) can- nelures; lubrication in cannelures; length the same for all charges. F. A. Am. Nos. 235, 236, and 237, and when dipped Nos. 233 and 234. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 14 to 18, inclusive, of its report. Straight case, 65-grain charge, 340-grain bullet, with five deep (.02 inch) cannelures, three of which are covered by the case; lubrication in cannelures. F. A. Am. Nos. 238 and 263. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and represents Nos. 19 and 44 of its report. Straight case, like last, but bullet inserted until four cannelures are covered by case. For Small- Arms Caliber Board, and is No. 45 of its report. Straight case, like last, but bullet inserted until all five of the cannelures are covered by the case, making the total length of cartridge 3 inches. F. A. Am. No. 265. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and is No. 46 of its report. Straight case, 7o-grain charge, very light bullet (290 grains), smooth greased patch. F. A. Am. No. 243. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and is No. 24 of its report. Straight case, 65 and 7o-grain charges, hardened bullet, 340 grains, one-twelfth tin, five deep cannelures, covered by case; length same for both charges; lubrication in cannelures. F. A. Am. Nos. 283, and 284. Made at Springfield Armory for Small-Arms Caliber Board, and rep- resents Nos. 59 and 60 of its report. Vacant. Vacant. TENTH DRAWER SERVICE AMMUNITION AND STAGES OF MANUFACTURE Description ”.s0 caliber musket, 70 grain charge, 450-grain bullet; case, 143 grains; shallow copper cup anvil as made for service from January, 1872, to December 29, 1873. Letter of Chief of Ordnance, stopping manufacture. F, A. Am. No. 184. ” 80 caliber cadet musket, 45-grain charge, 385-grain bullet; case shortened to 1.33 inches; made originally for the short-chambered Remington navy carbine, model 1868. F. A. Am. No. 100. Reported on November 15, 1870, &c. ”.50 caliber carbine, 55-grain charge, 430-grain bullet, wtih ellipsoidal front; adopted January, 1872. F. A. Am. 191. Reported on December 28, 1871. 453 454 455 456 457 458 459 460 461 462 463 464 465 466 467 216 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 ”.50 caliber pistol (Remington B. L.), 25-grain charge, 300-grain bullet; made for Army Reming- ton B. L. pistol after July, 1871, and a nearly similar one for navy. F. A. Am. No. 168. Reported on June 12, 1871. ”.50 caliber blank musket, charge 70 or 80 grains; case 1.5 inches long; closed with tar composi- tion and later with shellac. F. A. Am. Nos. 22 and 334. ”.50 caliber blank Gatling, charge 100 grains, case 2.25 inches long. Compressed and closed with varnish. F. A. Am. No. 335. ".45 caliber rifle, charge 70 grains; bullet, 405 grains hardened. The cartridge adopted by Small- Arms Caliber Board as made of Frankford Arsenal, 1874. F. A. Am. No. 347. ”.45-caliber carbine, charge 55 grains; bullet, 405 grains, hardened. Made at Frankford Arsenal from September, 1873. F. A. Am. No. 348. Reported on August 20, 1873. ".45 caliber pistol (Colt), charge 30 grains; bullet, 250 grains; made at Frankford Arsenal from September, 1873. F. A. Am. No. 320. Reported on September 15, 1873. ae caliber blank rifle and carbine. 45 caliber revolver blank. ” 44 caliber pistol (Smith & Wesson), charge 30 grains; bullet, 225 grains; made at Frankford Arsenal from August, 1871. F. A. Am. No. 165. Reported on July 13 and 14, 1871. ".44 caliber blank pistol (Smith & Wesson), charge 40 grains. Musket powder for all small-arm cartridges. Light ‘Oriental’? for ”.50 caliber; dense “Hazard,” &c. for ”.45 caliber. Lead bar for bullets of all cartridges except the ”.45 caliber rifle and carbine. Alloy bar for bullets: Tin, 1; lead, 16. For bullets of ”.45 caliber. Japan wax. Generally used for lubrication of bullets. Bayberry wax, 8 parts; graphite; 1 part. Preferred for lubrication of bullets when bayberry wax obtainable. ” Most of the collection is still retained at Frankford, preserved and remounted through the efforts of Col. George A. Miller, Jr. Un- fortunately many of the specimens originally in drawers 1 to 3 (the older types) were destroyed or damaged during the years following the original display. Those remaining of this group have been re- arranged to fill two frames and have been renumbered. The rest have the original numbers still assigned to them. I have attempted to correlate the present numbers with those of the original catalog, as closely as is practicable without a detailed examination of the specimens. Where doubt exists, the specimen is either incomplete or badly damaged. PAPER AND TRANSITION CARTRIDGES, FRANKFORD COLLECTION Present Number Old Number Present Number Old Number AOAC SES Sch. EMR et 15 ORS ceeee 60 BO Npsate: Harve ree ae in als 5 G2 ek iene crete ators 51 SORITIAM Fotis? ae Pag. 32 Gai ARS me oe 65 FL rite cree octets 20 OA Nat Or aeite Ree ren ae 64 OTRAS, VeReRAE ahs Bate 22 G5 cite Se ete ables coors opts 48 Ee COPA GEIS RRO BIOTIC 4 OOo ae corns 40 Ve i eo RES RP a ee 35 OZ oteresote: Aeylarstosetesers 69 AB hyeibas sushuistentatolsGeiels I OSs vette seen seth 74 BOC oe Saale Sa 5S COM Se hs eee 66 PAP Oa Ane PCIE DE CCN Ok 42 7 Oraiayatetoro cistern aie Siete rote 67 BO vasa aul Sah aave aes 25 VA Behe er RO Coa PO SI Or 38 JOR Ses eosin ke aisahie © 9 TP seotats, degins autehadte nee 36 AO atl pee ceaaser caters 10 (Ee INIA Ata 47 ANTES, Ne Sores are 13 7 Weak ee Hise MRA 61 AD ra (omic agatateveverss onto II PG a sytcleg Stenahare nual gpa et ehens 2 TABI. cree secant ne 14 POEs atet Reha Ne SRR 50 WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 217 AGEs ccials aie ble sletare 23 Tcaseide tiesto hetes 78 AGS Ura erheia equine 24 AOA ie Wirecieys ehevateRekens eee ? A terlyins ciel oseetaits 17, SOs taaretniva sneer eee 81 BB oe eae cic ievevee are ate 20 One e ache teen cree 79 AQ Seas Aiedies tees 3 SPLOT HAO CKO ne 80 BO re Bonne ch cles 19 OBE oh ccltgine speterabeiie bers 75 Give ctelsieiclaystaysiaveteiore stats 16 (Type I) BAI iaiayagevsmenarenstereterers QI G2 e tera eels sete sist 12 to A SR on ee EE it 88 ES haleys satahiereiers ofan’ 52 SOc ties Nae te eee 87 ES ivciivoust ote lel tolessathe/ eet Si 2 ST ieroeic scavaetevekeous tetas 86 Biers tee amretetons Bravevetaw 90 SB aan events 84 ST a iicternsatoerthinicive inate 30 SO ee est een ne 85 DO Birte Aelopeteie eave ciate c 55 GOL. Seige da hettens de 82 SOirae Nod reeaaiel eae ace 57 OURS AS ts sales noni 83 COE cet oalaeaiarastsraane 58 To assist the student of early ammunition in using the foregoing compilation a few observations will be made to correct errors or clarify ambiguities in the Metcalfe catalog. The bullet diameters listed for the first three drawers are in most instances the nominal bore diameters of the arms involved; these were usually of different sizes than the bullets. The grains of powder charges and of bullets are the specification weights. Few specimens will be found in which the components have these exact weights. Even in one box or lot fairly wide variations occur, as much as five grains difference being common. Item 4 should read “rifle, 1841.” Item 5 lists a 60-grain pistol cartridge for the Model 1842 pistol. Such a load was in use only prior to 1834 and was probably intended for the Models 1819 and 1827 pistols. Item 6 describes a 65-grain load for a “caliber .50 Savage belt pistol.” The load mentioned corresponds to that used in the Harpers Ferry and Model 1808 Contract pistols, but in that case the ball should have been caliber 0.525. In any event, the “Savage” must have been in error. The only Savage arm that took a special load was the caliber 0.36 Navy revolver. The “Melford” subcaliber cartridge of item 8 should read “Mefford.” The charges for types I and II Williams cartridges, items 16 and 17, are reversed. They should read 60 and 65 grains respectively. The type I was used through most of the war, but the type IT came in 1864, the same year that the standard powder charge was changed from 60 to 65 grains. The “Merrit” arms listed in items 26 to 31 inclusive should read “Merrill.” I saw the original specimen, which was a Merrill carbine 218 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 ee?8 was written with tails at top 664 99 cE: cartridge, labeled in ink. The letter and bottom which could easily have been taken for a Items 41 and 45 mention “inserted paper” cartridges. These were made under the Gardner patent at Richmond and other Confederate arsenals. In this process the paper was inserted into a slit in the base of the bullet. The slit was then crimped down to hold the paper fast. “Chadwick’s cartridge, item 43, has not been identified by me, nor has any other reference to it been found. Some sizes of combustible cartridges made by Robert Chadwick are known. Item 44 should read “Gardiner.” This was an explosive bullet. Item 46 refers to the Shaler 3-piece “sectional bullet.” Of the cartridges listed under the subheading “Gun-cotton, paper” (after item 46), only items 89, 90, and gt are really composed of guncotton or other nitrocellulose. The rest should be classed as “combustible envelope” cartridges as the propellant is gunpowder. Items 47 to 51 should read “Johnston & Dow’s.” The revolver cartridge described under item 137 is for the French Perrin revolver; that listed as item 138 is for the French Rafael revolver. Both were used in the Civil War. For convenience in identifying specimens of United States am- munition of the period when the muzzle-loader predominated, I have compiled a check list that shows the essential characteristics of the various types, many of which have been illustrated. This list has been made as complete as possible, using information believed to be reliable. Data are either from official sources or from identified specimens. In some cases only fragmentary information was available. At some later date many gaps can no doubt be filled as those interested find additional specimens for analysis. 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SBS 268 100 “V “A ase) pouUL, 93°S GT #29 3g j BRO oe ret ses ater es OU esi, Ing) Ghee sale sp1000y “p10 ‘asea stQ ST (,,22°0 Moge sequen) Eg; "ert gOSNIN “AH aso 69°0 8G SAdiL TVIOddS—Sa@OdIuLUVD GANIVLNOO-ATaGS UZ> ‘op ‘op 16T = OST 4 Q t qq wirttrtt ttt t eurqeg (Z)u0oTM = OS'0 GBS wZF UBUItd ‘aeBeyTeD ques aq AM 0ST j é é gio cette ttt ourqueg (g)uotun = 0s"0 18% beg “op pau «= —Johnston and Dow, Oct. 1, 1861. Case of gun cotton, which may be coated with collodion. (No drawing. ) 33,429.—R. C. English, Oct. 8, 1861. Rubber cise with metal Metallic, tapered, with bushing at base. 33,481.—J. P. Gillespie, Oct 15, 1861. nipple at base, and internal points to hold bullet. 33,611.—W. Mont Storm, Oct. 29, 1561. Case made of intestines, conuted with gutta percha varnish. (No drawing. ) 33,805.—R: White, Nov. 26, 1861. Refssued Feb. 8, 1870. No. 300, Metallic, separate loose internal tube in front of bullet serves is gas check between cylinder and barrel of re- volver. Base cup has plugs and small central aper- ture, und is reinforced by external disk with larger aperture, which contains cap. 34,061.—Jolnston and Dow, Jian. 7, 1862. Case of gun-cotton, counted with collodion. (No drawing. ) Hotchkiss, Feb. 11, 1862. Layers of gut, wound spirally in opposite directions. Case of gut, with metal base, having tangential nipple for cap. 34,615.—A. Shannon, March 4, 1862, Case sections by perforated wads. 34,713.—E. C. Dunning, March 18, 1862. 33,393. of gut, divided into Like McEvoy, 31,815. Powder pressed in Powder may aeake upon pin, or into base of bullet. aus to be be in layers of varying combustibility, so necelerating. (No drawing.) 34,744.—Doremus and Budd, Murch 25, 1862. Same as preceding, coated with collodion. (No drawing.) 34,806.—B. L. Budd, March 25, 1862. Reissued April 2, 1872. No. 4,843. Shot placed in mold, ind tallow or wax cast over them. Cartridge may have end wads. 34,854.—S. W. Wood, April 1, 1862. Drawn metal shell, tapered. 34.987.—C. Sharps, April 15, 1862. | Drawn metal shell, with thick base containing fulminate and pin. Case couted with col- : lodion. (No drawing.) 35,699.—J. C. Mayberry, June 24, 1862. Paper case, turned in at base over disk having projecting pin. 35,872.—W. H. Elliot, July 15, 1862. Reissued Sept. 23, 1873. No. 5,577. Copper shell, bullet pitched with fabric. 35,878.—H. Kellogg, July 15, 1862. Reissued March 27, 1877. No. 7,569. Metallic shell, with rear projecting teat 1o be cut off by breech-block in loading. Interior of shell varnished with collodion. 35,949.—E. O. Potter, July 22, 1862, Pressed powder, coated with collodion; united to bullet by belt of collodion. 36,066.—R. Bartholow, Aug. 5, 1862. Collodion mixed with gun- powder and molded into cartridge. (No drawing.) 36,108. —W. R. Pomeroy, Aug. 5, 1862. Outside paper tube pulls off from inside paper case, instead of being torn off. 37,481.—C. RK. Alsop, Jan, 27, 1863. Case of gutorrubber. Wad over shot held in by shellac. 37,491.—L. B. Bruen, Jan 27, 1863. Shot case of muslin or paper dipped in collodion, with wads cemented to ends. 38,322.—W. E. Moore, April 28, 1563. Metallic shell tapered to Dus, and having weak points to be ruptured by ex- osion. 38,414.—E. K. Root, May 5, 1863. Metallic. turned in over shot. 39,109.—W. Bakewell, July 7, 1863. Shell polygonal in cross sec- tion, with round base und nipple. 39,823.—Edw. Maynard, Sept. 8, 1863. Cap attached to metallic shell by ap arm or cord. Front end of shell 233 234 SMITHSONIAN 39,869.—J. H. Vickers, Sept. 8, 1863. Ontside tube, as thick as the. flange, npplied loosely over front of metallic car ridge, 39,915.—A. Hall, Sept. 15, 1863. Metallic shell, closed next to bullet, and slightly attached thereto, so as to accom- pany bullet a short dixtunee when fired. 40,082.—W.. H. Dibble, Sept. 29, 1863 Hollow projectile extended to form shell, covered with gut, und may be rifled ex- ternally. 4,111.—Edw. Maynard, Sept. 29, 1863. Tongues at front end of Metallic shell turned in over wad. 40,112.—Edw. Maynard, Sept. 29, 1863. Metallic, with cord or wire attached, to extract shell when fired. 40,490.—W. W. Marston, Nov. 3, 1803. Metallic, with separate teat extending through base. Fulminate varnished, 40,761 —O. D. Lull, Dee. 1, 1863. Metallic, Craciform patch turned over base of shell. 40,978.—S. Crispin, Dec. 15, 1863. Shell of thin wrapped sheet- metal, or sheet metal and paper, turned over metal disk at base, 40,988.—Rodman and Crispin, Dec. 15, 1863. Shell of wrapped sheet-metil, with base crimped in and reinforced. 41,183.—D. Williamson, Jun. 5, 1864. Metallic. Flat teat for ful- minate at base, 41,590.—E. G. Allen, Feb. 16, 1864. Metallic. powder and ball. 41,684.—G. Conover, Feb, 23,1804. Metallic. Small supplemen- tary charge ut rear to throw out shell. 42,329.—S. Crispin, April 12, 1864. Thin metal and paper rolled together, und reinforced at base, 42,388.—Edw. Maynard, April 19, 184. Cuprshaped metal wad between powder and shot. 42,666.—Johnston and Dow, May 10, 1864. Fulminate between flanged tube and base cup. 42,667.—Johnston and Dow, May 10, 1864. preceding cartridge. 42.665.—Johnston and Dow, May 10, 1864. Case of paper satur- ated with paraffine, wax, glue, or oil. (No drawing.) 42,515 —C. J. Bergen, May 17, 1864. Double metallic shell, with channelx between tubes to ignite powder at front end, 43,851.—J. C. Howe, Aug. 16, 1864. Copper shell. Perforated diaphram between fulminate and powder. Grooves in shell to engage extractor. 4H,660.—E. K. Root, Oct. 11, 1864. Metallic, Fulminate in ra- dil slots of short cylinder, or between sectors. 44,692.—C. E. Sneider,Oct. 11, 1864. Thin metal shell, crimped around bullet. Cap in base of bullet, flred by pin, 45,079.—E. K. Root, Nov. 15, 1864. Cylindricial anvil surrounded by fulmitiate in projecting teat, 45,210.—C. E. Sneider, Noy. 22. 1864. Case of paper or metal. having external metal cap secured by bayonet fasten- ings. 45,292.—W H. Wills, Noy. 20, 1864. Metallic. base. 45,319.—J. M. Cooper, Dec. 6, 1864 Base of shell extended to form nipple. 45,420.—Edw. Maynard, Dec. 13, 1864. Metallic, with annular paper wad in base to support fulminate tube and ex- tracting cord. 45,666.—T. Yates, Dec. 27, 1864. Internal tube contains fulmi- nate near base of projectile, and spring valve for clos- ing vent. 45,830.—S. Jackson, Jan. 10, 1865. fabric case. s 46,034.—H. C. Spaniding, Jan. 24, 1865. Metallic. nally with collodion. 46,292 —H. Berdan, Feb. 7, 1865. Coiled paper case, with metal base cup. The case and projectile made to fit rifling. 47,317.—D. M. Metford, April 18, 1865, Light wooden tube con- tains shot and powder, and has a time fuse and bind- ing cord, 7,688.—E. Allen, May 16, 1865. © Reissued May, 1877. No. 7,647 Prass shell with steel base brazed inside. Front of shell screw-threaded or roughened internally, 48,536 —W. (. Dodge, July 4, 1865. Reissued July 13. 1869. No. 3,48. Metallic. Coated with tin or electroplated in- ternally. 48,820.—E. Martin, July 1S, 1865. closed in glass cup. 49,237.—S. Crixpin, Ang. 8, 1865. surrounding tube. 50,536.—T. J. Powers, Oct. 17, 1865. Reissued Sept 14, 1869. No 3.638, Separate metallic shells for powder and shot. Shot case is bent from a blank of star form, and enters slightly into powder case, ,592.—Jackson and Pusey, Oct.24, 1865. Metallie disk in base of shell has fulminate in central aperture. 51,243.—W. Tibbals, Nov. 28, 1865. Internal anvil with nipple rests loosely against perforated base of shell, 51.324.—T. T. S. Laidley, Dec. 5, 1865. Sheet-metal anvil, as wide as internal diameter of she)l. has legs extending for- ward against bullet. §2,370.—J. W. Smith, Jan. 30, 1866. Piper case. of wire gauze. §2.818.—H. Berdan, Feb. 27, 1866. Cavity for fulminate in base of pin extending back from bullet. 53,168.—A. Moffatt, March 13, 1866. Reixsued July 19, 1870, Nos. 4,075, 4,076. Disk anvil of metal, pasteboard, or pressed powder. Has fulminate at center and around rim. 53,388.—H. Berdan, March 2), 1966. Outside cap sunk below surface of head of shell. Wad between Primer for base of Serew-cap on Shell inelosed in paper or Coated inter- Concave base. Fulminate in- Fulminate in annular recess Internal tube MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS .73,877.—J. F. Cranston, Jan. 28, 1868, VOL. 129 53,490.—W. H. Risley, March 27, 1866, Metallic tube (or charger) hae central diaphragm to separate powder and shot charges, which are held in hy end wads. The wada nie forced out by dingonal pin or string, to pour charge into muzzle of gun. 53,601.—T. L. Sturtevant, Murch 27, 1866. Cap on pin inserted nut side. Base of charge-chnamber made conical. 64,038.—T. L. Sturtevant, April 17, 1866. Pin fire. Shoulder on pin server tis valve to close vent. 55,283.—A.S. Binke, June 5, 1866. Fulminate between base cup nnd shell proper. The shell is expanded into recess in cup when fired, to secure the two together. 65.552.—T. L. Sturtevant, June 12, 1866. Charge-chamber hax trumpet shaped breech. Nipple screwed into side of shell. 55,676.--T. T. S. Laidley, June 19, 1866. Anvil of sheet metal diametrically ncrose Internal buse of shell, secured by reducing shell in front of anvil. 58.80.—G. A. Fitch. Oct. 16. 1866. Fulminate in front of pin ex- tending from bullet to base of shell, or between two pins, Quick and slow burning powder to make accel- erating charge. ' 59,044.—Edw. Maynard. Oct. #3, 1866. Shell soldered to perfora- ted disk at baxe, with fulminate in perforation covered by metal cap. 60,814.—O. F. Winchester, Jan. 1, 1867. Rubber washer between metal tube and base cup, Fulininate in recess at base of tube. 61,225.—Edw. Maynard. Jan. 15, 1867. tuchuble base cup. 62,283.—I. M. Milbank. Feb. 19, 1867. Reissued Aug. 6, 1867. No 2.716. Metallic. with internal reinforce at base, De- tachnble priming tube extends into center of charge. 62,468.—A. J. Bergen, Feb, 26, 1867. Tubular shell tarned over edge of primed base, 62,467.—A. J. Bergen, Feb. 26, 1867. cess in bake. 65,774.—D. Smith, June 1}. 1867. Anvil secured by turning down bats ena annular projection from head over edge of any J. F. Cranston, Sept. 17, 1867, Legs of U-shaped anvil rest against annular internal projection of shell. 69.707.—J. Rupertos, Oct. 8, 1867, Bullet perforated longitudin- ally. Powder in front of bullet flred through the per- foration, and expels bullet left behind at preeeding discharge, 70,612.—J. Rider, Nov. 5, 1867. shell. 72,982.—T. Cullen, Jan 7, 1868. Paper ease turned in at rear. and secured between internal washer and external cup by nipple screwed through both. 73,739 -IL. Meigs, Jr.. Jan. 28, 1868 Concave slotted disk of tinned iron bas recess for fulminate in concave side: this ix put into copper shell from front, and expanded by pressure to form anvil, Fulminate inside of de- External cap fits into re- 68,960). Steel buse screwed into copper External recess in) per- forated base contains fulminate, which ix covered by disk secured by crimping meu over the edges. 75,019.—W. O. Howard, March 3, 1868. = Shot in tube of fabric stittvned by coating of parailine. This may be used in common inetallic shell. 78.337.—W. Tibbals, May 26,1868. Metallic disk anvil secured in flange by drawing down the shell after anvil is putin. 78.953.—R. J. Gauling. June 16, 1868. Cap between base of shell and internal perforated cup, or reinforce. 81.058.—B. Burton, Aug. 11, 1868. Priming disks of fabric coated With phosphorux and chlorate potash, separated by washer, are placed at base of bullet, wud fired by pin projecting from base, 8$1.478—J. F. Cranston, Aug. 25,1868. Aunular crimp to retain nnvil. 82.587.—H. Berdan, Sept. 29, 1868. Reissued Aug. 1, 1871. No 4.491. Internal reinforce cup fits loosely into shell, but tightly around turned in portion of head, Patehed bullet. Exterior priming cap §3,434.—Abraham & Bayliss. Oct. 7, 1868. Shell has longitudinal nnd diagonal incisions, May be lined with thin metal, 85,482.—W. Schmitz, Dee. 29, 1868. Cylinder of rolled paper drilled ont to hold explosive compound it one end, and hollowed to fit bullet at the other end, all covered with varnished paper. (No drawing.) 87,125.—W. Tibbals, Feb. 23, 1869. Coneave perforated dixk an- vil put into shell from front, and flattened down over tulminate to enter flange. §7,297.—B. S. Roberts, Feb. 23, 1869. Anvil secured as in pre- ceding case, and shell afterward taperea. 87,352.—J. V. Meigs,March 2, 1869. Fulminate surrounds or crosses depressed portion in base of shell, making in- dented portion serve as anvil. 87,735.—J. R. Vun Vechten, March 9, 1869. Fulminate between sheets of paper, secured between shell and internal reinforce by shellac. 87,990.—G. H Todd, March 16, 1869. cap and firing-pin. 88,191.—E. Martin, March 23, 1869. Priming cup struck up from buse of shell, which may be reinforced. 88,202.—W. F. Parker, March 23, 1869. Idase recessed nuround hend of cap. 88,948.—A. B. Ely, April 13, 1869—Cuases molded from pyroxyline. (No drawing.) Tube in base contains WHOLE VOL. $9,563.—G. H. Daw, May 4, 1889. Tube of sheet-metal rolled up and soldered at edges, with rear end crimped into base rap Wad of pulp in base. 90,607.—W.. Tibbuls, May 25, 1849. Internul reinforce for buse of shell, 90,951.—J. V. Meigs, June 8, 1869. Fulminate in bar anvil over groove in base. 91,278.—D. Smith, June 15, 1869. Annulus in center of base turned down over external primer, 91,865.—W. Richards, June 22, 1869. Priming chamber extends inward from base, and is expanded over internal rein- force. Separate head and base wad may be attached in same way. 91,818,-—-E. M. Boxer, June 29, 1869. Rearend of tube turned in between wad and base disk, and secured by priming tube acting as a rivet. Edges of cap rest on shoulder on anvil 92,136.—D. Williamson, June 29, 1869. Rear teat softened. 92,795.—J. J. Chaudun, July 20, 1869. Anvil serves as pin for removing the enap. 93,545.—I. M. Milbank, Aug. 10, 1869. Internal cup, which serves as reinforce and anvil, is soldered to base, or secured by varnish. 93,546.—I. M. Milbank, Aus. 10, 1865. Buse strengthened by solder run in around priming tube, 4,210.—B. B. Hotchkiss, Ang. 31, 1869. Solid flange, rounded interior corner. Base recessed for eap. 96,373.—F. Wohlgemuth, Noy, 2, 1869. Metallie base cup screwed into or upon tube. 97,537.—Logan and Eldridge, Dec. 7, 1869. g#roove in metallie base piece. 97,615.—Depew and Slhateher, Dec. 7, 1869, Brass or copper tube With steel base, and with lining of metal heavier at base than outside tube. 97,653.—C. W. Limeaster, Dec. 7, 1869. Paper ease, heavy at base, with external metal reinforce suid flange; enp- shaped wad at one or both ends of shot charge to pre- vent scattering. 97,843.—R. Whit , Dee. 14, 1869. Fulminate paste mixed with paste “f dissolved india rubber. 98.278.—Leet umd Hotchkiss, Dec, 28, 1869, Internal eap; tube which contains cap and anvil ix surrounded by coiled or conipressed payfer, 93,439.—W. H. Smith, Dec. 28, 1869. Reeess around nipple has oreninEs into chamber surrounding nipple inside of shell. 98,995.—S. Newhouse, Jan. 18. 1870. Anvil serves as pin for re- movingeap. Front of priming chamber has diagonal perforations. 99,073.—E. Gomez, Jan, 25, 1870. Explosive material between layers of paper wound on pin extending back from bullet, and bound with fine wire. 99,079.—E. Gomez, Jan. 25, 1870. Quick burning fuse wound spirally around pin extending back from bullet. Spiral side vent nets as rocket to give rotury motion to cart- ridge in smooth bore gun. 99,528.—F. E, Boyd, Feb. §, 1870. washer, and nipple screwed therein, or steel, 99,666.—E. Gomez, Feb. 8, 1870. Metallic. Explosive material between layers of paper rolled up to leave recess in front, which receives projection at base of bullet. 99,721.—W. If. Smith, Feb. §, 1870. Pin flre. Radial opening in base closed by screw. 102,051.—O. Schevenell, April 19, 1870. Case made of stiuves of wood, glued together, having end disks, glued on, Staves are uneven at ends, to break apart when struck by ramrod. 102,109.—A. N. C. Gavard, April 19, 1870. Steel tube, rolled with an oblique joint and unsoldered, turned into annular £roove in copper base plug. 102,675.—R. J. Gatling, May 3, 1870. feat surrounded by solder. 102,954.—C. E. Sneider, May 10, 1870. flanged metallic base cup. 103,079.—T. J. Powers, May 17, 1870. Pasteboard tube, turned in over base wad of wound paper. 104,912.—N. G. Whitmore, June 28, 1870. Transverse passage through baxe for insertion of flat primers. 105,348.—E. Martin, July 12, 1870. Steel or iron base, Shell 3 filled in around internal projection with graphite. 108,543.—D. E. Williams, Oct. 18, 1870. Reissued July 3, 1877. No, 7.783, Pasteboard case, metallic base Conical chamber formed by winding triangular piece of paper upon itself, leaving space for cap at center, 109,931 —W.1. Page, Dee. 6, 1870. Shell corrugated, with Shell crimped into Metallic tube, with hend, Washer of brass Soild rim baving internal Pasteboard case, with Front end turned in behind bullet, so as to be flred out of gun. | 131,018.—I. M. Milbank, Sept. 3, 1872. Fulminate in annular rear projection. 110,264.—R. R. Moffatt, Dee 20, 1870. Paper case treated with oxidized carbolic acid dixsolved in wood spirits, so ax to be combustible. Metallic base, 110,265.—R. Ro Motfatt, Dee. 20, 1870. Fulminate poeket hax roughened faces or corrugations. 110,383.—R. = Mollatt, Dee. 20,1870. Shot ease made combus- tible. 110,8$1.—R. White, Jan. 10, 1871. Double paper case with me- tallic base, Case torn apart by explosion, and one purt serves asx patch for ball. 111,377.—S. W. Paine, Jan. 31, 1871. Shot case of fint staves hinged together at rear. Binding disks of muslin be- tween Jayers of shot. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS : 131,017.—I. M. Milbank, Sept. 3, 1872. ' 131,104.—A. D. Laws, Sept. 3, 1872. 235 131,866.—E. Martin, Feb. 14, 1871. Head of shell folded down to secure anvil. Reinforcing cup may be held by crimp- ing shell above it. 112,305.—R. White, Feb. 28, 1871. Cap and shell tongued and grooved one into the other. 113,634.—S. Crispin, April 11, 1871. Base disk having priming chamber is soldered to base cup. Tube of metal, pa- er, or muslin. 113,677.—C, W. Lovett, Jr., April 11, 1871. SHot inclosed in coll consisting of two or more spirals of wire, surrounded by cuse of pe ver or muslin, Powdered chalk or tripoll mixed with shot, 115,498.—I. M. Milbank, May 30, 1871. Bullet inclosed in case of wood, having front seraping edge. Slow und quick burning powder separated by paper diaphragm. 115,548.—C. S. Wells, Muy. 30, 1871. hin inetal lap jointed out- side shell, lined with pauper pulp, aud having internal metal reinforce. 115,892.—T. J. Powers, June 13, 1871. over flange of shell, 116,°94.—T. J. Powers, June 20, 1871. Metallic; flanged priming eup in base. 116,105.—W. S. Smoot, June 20, 1871. Projection at base of shell parses through washer, and is riveted thereto. 116,640.—C. E. Sneider, July 4, 1871. Separate puper cups con- tain powder und shot. The two cases may be in metal shell, or joined by metal or pnper band. 117,173.—A. ©. Hobbs, July 18, 1871, Solid dixk and anvil cup secured to base ofshell by metallic washer. 117,388.—J. S. Crary, July 25,1871. Internal concentric shell di- vides powder into two portions, One portion or charge is quick and the other slow burning powder, 119,357.—A. C. Hobbs, Sept. 26, 1871. Blank curtridge. Rubber disk in base to receive blow of hummer. Bullet may be of woud or bone, 120,323.—G. R. Pierce, Oct, 24, 1871. Closing cup is placed in re- cess in base over cap. Anvil secured by iiside hut or washer, and serves us pin to remove cap. 120,338.—W. S. Smoot, Oct 24, 1871. Buse reinforced by disk of cold lend pressed into flange. " 120,403.—G. R. Stetson, Oct. 31, 1871. Bullet swaged after being : duced in shell, 120,529.—. Zauyne, Oct. 31, 1871. Portion of the metal of the shell swaged down over edges of wnvil. 120,625.—J. W. Cochran, Nov. 7, 1871. Reinforce cup held in by slightly indenting the shell, 120,630.—C. F. and J, E. De Dartein, Nov. 7, 1871. Cup at for- ward end of shell, to form gus-check between cylinder nnd barrel of revolver. 120,990.—H. Metcalfe, Noy. 14,1871. Shell lias recess in base, staailer than flattened end of bullet, so that bullet will not explode next cartridge in magazine 121,606.—Forehband and Wadsworth, Dee. 5, 1571. with metallic head. 121,808.—A. Puyne, Dec. 12, 1871. Metal from inside of shell punched down to form reinforce to head. 122,399.—]. M. Milbank, Jan. 2, 1572. Shell of zinc, soldered to base disk. ; 122,504.—C. S. Wells, Jan. 2, 1872. Paper tube inside of thin metal shell, which is soldered to bise disk. 123,351.—I. M. Milbank, Feb. 6, 1872. Annular tlunge soldered to outside of shell, and reinforcing washersoldered in- side. Bullet in wooden case, living outside groove for lubricant, 123,352.—I. M. Milbank, Feb. 6, 1872. Paper case waterproofed with soluble glass, reduced at rear end to enter metu- lic buse cup. The soluble gluss forms u cement to hold cup and tube together. 123,622.—G. H. Dupee, Feb. 13, 1872. Base of shell thickened, and has annular groove in front of Mange, which is of same diameter us body of shell. 125,830.—I. M. Milbank, April 16, 1872. _Dovetuiled projection at base of shell secures flanged disk and conttins ful- : minute, 126,058.--W. W. Hubbell, April 23, 1872. sabot of paper mache. 127,308.—J. W. Cochran, Muy 28, 1872. Wad of pressed cork, rolled in powdered graphite, placed ut base of bullet. 130,679.—N. G. Whitmore, Aug. 20, 1872. Shell has metallic base cup with external recess, which contains chambered disk or cup to expand laterally on the explosion of the cap. 131,016.—I. M. Milbank, Sept. 3, 1872. Annular flange retnined by swellin shell, Lubricating rings around bullet in front of wooden snbot. External metal cup turned Pauper euse, Bullet in a case or Metallic base flange or cup secured by priming cup riveted through head. Base has circular flunged edge, and is secured to shell by hollow teat, noulur corrugations in tube of shot cartridge to retain wad. 131,189.—C. E. Sneider, Sept. 10, 1872. Strips or wires pass nuround top und bottom wads of shot cartridge inside shell. 132,227.—S. W. Wvod, Oct. 15, 1872. Shell enst of ductile metal and then drawn to shape. 134,0Hi8—P. Gitlird, Dec. 17, 1872. Shell has epring valve open- ing inwardly and is charged with compressed air or liquefied gus. 134,368.—De W. C. Farrington, Dec. $1, 1872. Lubricant nround front of bullet, with shell turned in over the same. 236 136,130.—B. Burton, Feb. 25,1873. Rounded base, with groove in front of flange, which is of same diameter us body of shell. 136,1€8.—I. M. Milbank, Feb. 24, 1873. Shell of tinned sheet iron, rolled upand the edges soldered together, End of tuhe turned ont to form Nange, and base cup soldered n. i 136.336.—S. W. Payne, Feb, 25,1873. Reissued Nov, 10, 1874. No. 6130, Shot cartridge made of divided shell of sheet metil bound together by thread. E 136,468.—W., H. Tooth, Mareh 4, 1873. Shell of fusible metal, or ot intkhimmable metal Tead and tin, or tin, zine, and bismuth. (No drawing.) 138,679.—Mott and Gardiner, May 6, 1873. Insulated wire.ex- tending from rubber disk in base of shell nearly to ful- minate in base of bullet, so that cartridge may be fired by electricity. 140,144.—T. T. S_ Laidley, June 24, 1873. Powder pressed into shell, Longitudinal passage through center of pow- * der. 142.924.—Logan and Hart, Sept. 16. 1873.0 Brass shell. Base east or formed in dies, 1H44,010.—S. W. Wood, Oct. 28, deposition, 1H4,011.—S. W. Wood, Oct. 28, 1873. Paper case covered with | Metal, electro deposited thereon, 144,012.—S. W. Wood, Oct. 28, 1873. Hard metal base or shell, Soe or briass,) electroplated with niekel or other metal, 145.467.—A. B. Kay, March 10, 1874. Shot citrtridge. exible material turned in at front ovep wad, 151,121.—Hart and Logan, May 19, 1874. Ring surrounding pri- mer. 151,327.—C. Weldon, May 26. 1874. strong puper, separated by shell. 151,396.—E. Jones, May 26, 1874. Paper case, reinforce, and base, held together by metallic base ring. 152,425.—W. S. Smoot, June 23, 1874. Internal cup pressed down over base wad. Where cup extends whole length of , tnbe, outer shell may be of zine. 155,$41.—J. Orentt, Oct. 13, 1874. Annular groove in reinforce between ecnp and shell, to serve as gas check. 157,793.—J. W. Cochran, Dee. 15, 1874. Paper shot case attached | to double coneave wad, closed by front wad. The whole inelosed in shell. | 157,916.—B. B. Hotchkiss, Dec 22, 1874. Base disk has projee- tion which passes through shell, and is riveted down inside, May have additional rivets or screws. 155,4H.—B. B. Hotchkiss, Jan. 5, 1875. Tube of tinned iron turned in at base, reinforced with one, two, or more cups, and solid base disk, all riveted together. The inside cup is pressed in over perforation, and is pressed | back by the explosion, forming gus check, H 159.665.—M. M. E. Gauthey, Feb. 9, 1875. Lap seamed shell, turned in at base between reinforce cups. 159,883.—T. Rh. Bayliss, Feb. 16, 1875. Shell drawn mouth for- ward through dies, by which metal at base is increased in thickness, 160,263.—DeW. C. Farrington, March 2, 1875. turned over end of shell. 160.763.—F. W. Freund, March 16, 1875. Steel shell, with thick base, which may serew into tube, or form part of the same. 161.514.—N. ©. Hunting, March 30, 1875. Sheet metal tube, open at both ends. Base disk has rubber disk and nipple ; passing through it. 162,901.— E J. Collett, May 4, 1875. Shell divided by disks, hav- ing flanges or wings to support the disks and divide the charge, so that successive portions may be ignited. Pin from base of cartridge ignites fulminate at base of bullet. 163,154.—R. Fk. Cook, May 11, 1875. Outer open ended shell sur- rounds bullet and patch, and extends over inner head- | ed shell which contains charge. In loading, the inner | 1873. Shell formed by electro- ; Shell of Shot in two or more tubes of wads, all inclosed in} Metal of projectile shell pushes the bullet out of the case into the grooves of the barrel. 163,181.—J. H. Gill, May 11,1875. Shell has slot across bottom | of priming cup, with an anvil across this slot. | 16-4,894.—B. } Wilson, June 22, 1575. Metallic shell having pa- per lining. 169,806.—G. E. Hurt, Nov. 9, 1875. Base piece riveted down on both sides of the head of shell. 169,807 —G. FE. Hart, Noy. 9, 1875. Shell turned into annular re- cess inside of base cap, and secured by a ring above. Anvil of nickel, or other non-corrodible metal. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS | 178,055.—A Hall, May 30, 1876. Paper case. VOL. 129 ' 170,648.—G. Smith, Nov. 30, 1875. Metallic shell, with pnste- board inner case, Conenvo-convex metallic disks in tube, the front one of which extends into tube and car- ries it out of shell when cartridge is flred. _ 172,382.—L. W. Broadwell, Jan 18, 1876. Tube rolled from thin metal blink, widest ut rear, so as to give double thick- ness to base of curtridge. Base cup strengthened b internal und external disks, and a coiled stripof metal. 172,446.—A. B. & R. A. Kay, Jun, 18, 1876. Perforated or woven metal wad in front of shot. | 172,714.—L. T. De Froidville, Jan, 25, 1876, Case of tin foll, Layer of grense behind bullet, covered by metal wad placed between two paper wads, 173,538.—A. Hall, Feb. 15, 1876. Paper shell, with metallic head. ? Sheet metal anvil diametrically across tube, held by _ spurs nt each end. 175,293.—J. Merwin, March 28, 1876. Conical recess in base, | 175,400.—T. Wilkinson, March 28, 1876. Perforated shot strung on wires between two wads. Diametrical anvil, surrounded by socket tube in one piece with anvil, in- side case, all covered by metallic base cup. 3 178,683.--W. S. Smoot. June 13, 1876. Bar anvil secured into priming pocket by pressing down and expunding the ends of nnvil. 178,698.—S. W. Woud, June 13, 1876. Paper tube, with rear end turned in between wads. Metallic buse cup, having internal screw-threaded projection, serewed into wads. May have metallic disk between paper base wads. 179,634.—R. White, July 4, 1876. Intended to explode by pressure instead of u blow. Shell turned in uround projection on bullet. A small charge of powder between bullet and shell blows the two apart at the proper time. 180,510.—Welsh and Evuns, Aug. 1, 1876. Tube open at both ends passed over front of flanged base plug, having conical powder chamber. % 180,840.—H. C. Bull, Aug. 8, 1876. Perforated tube extending from base of shell through powder to base of bullet. 181,356.—I. M. Milbank, Aug. 22,1676. Shell drawn from blank of zinc, coated on one or both sides with tin. 181,977.—J. P. Pieri, Sept. 5, 1876. Shell of metal foil and gutta erchn rolled up and vulcanized, 185,548..-J. Kinney, Dee. 19, 1876. Points or protuberances inside shell to retain wads in shot cartridge. 186, 220,—J. P. White, Jan. 16, 1877. Anvil small enough to re- ceive smallest gun cap. Cup of any size retained on unvil by perforated cover placed over it. 186,391.--J. P. White, Jan. 16, 1877. Concavyo-couvex wads, on one or both ends of shot charge. ' 186,460 —H. Buffington, Jan. 23,1877. Tubular sliding anvil hav- ing head at each end passed through perforation in base of shell. 159.069.-—A. B. Smith, April 3, 1877. Paper case, wooden base wad. Metal base cup fastened to case by bayonet eatch operating on pin passing through base «and wad. 189,417.—H. H. Barnard. April 10, 1877. Divided tube tur shot held together Py short pieces of thread wound there- on, all inclosed in paper case. 190,190.—B. L Budd, May 1, 1877. Shell has internal screw thread to retain wads above and below shot. 190,208.—J. II. Gill, May 1, 1877. Copper shell, cylindrical at front and rear, fluted in middle. Dome-shaped anvil with three or more legs. 191,243.—I. Kinney, May 29, 1877. cup screwed thereon. 191,430.—B. B. Hotehkiss, May 29, 1877. Base of shell turned in and then turned out to form flunge. 192,676.—J. H. Bullard, July 3, 1877. Brass body, lined with copper held in by rim projecting into flange. 193,612.—T. T. S. Laidley, July 31, 1877. Hole punched through closed end of tube; projection on cup-shaped head pressed down through hole and rive down inside. Triangular prismatic anvil. 193,658.—]3. LB. Hotchkiss, July 31, 1877. Brass shell with exter- nal reinforce and: disk, and internal reinforce having projection passing through base to secure all together. 193,856.—l. Davis, Aug. 7, 1877. Shell in seciions passing over front and rear of dividing plugs which carry cones and ercussion caps, to make an accelerating charge. 197,823.--J. H. Bullard, Dee. 4, 1877. Brass shell with copper lining thickened at base, and having fulminate pocaet between the two. 199,717.—Jones & Marston, Jan. 29, 1878. The flange projects to the rear beyond the base, und may be made polygonal. The flange is bent out of shape by blow of hummer when fired, so as to engage with an extractor. Paper tube with metul base WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 237 DIGEST OP CARTRIDGES SHOWN IN AMERICAN “BATENTS: POR FIRE-ARMS. (SEE ILLUSTRATIONS, PLATE 9.) 1.422.—B. F. Smith, Dee. 5, 1839. (Muzzle Loader.) Paper cise. Wad or disk above powder contains fulminate, which is fired by a needle. 1461—Ikuband Day, Dee, 31, 1839. (Breech Loader.) Shell in the nature of false breech, to be loaded and capped and packed in cartridge box. When loaded with shot meutwad is put over the shot. When loaded with ball the bullet may be patched. Minesinger, Feb. 27, 1849. (Breech Loader.) Shell like the preceding, but made with a taper for easy re- moyil from the breech, and having a parabolic powder chaunber, 11.191.—E. Lindner, June 27, 1854. Nodeseription. 11,935 —G. F.& A. H. Palmie, Oct. 24, ISH. (Breech Loader.) No description. 12.567. —A. T. Watson, March 20,1855. (Magazine Gun.) Series of rabber or paper cased cartridges connected by rub- ber cord passing through bullet and powder. 13.474. —J. Swyney, Aug. 21, 1855. (Mayazine Gun.) Base of projectile filled with powder and seeured by cover of fabric. 1.477.--IL. Genhart, June 27, 1857. (Revolver.) Thin metal shell having priming tube extending well into powder. 2 348.—E. Claude. Dee. 31, 1848s) (Revolver.) No deseription. 2b414.—Win. Mont Storm. June 14, 1859. (Breech Loader.) Stem or stick extending back from base of bullet to stiffen cartridge, Case of pauper or fabric. 4730. —Gallager and Gladding, July 12, 1859. (Breech Loader.) Case of paper or wood, or metallic shell, or wood or paper banded with metal, Pin fire. 30.714.—J. Boynton, Nov. 27, 1860) (Breech Loader.) Stem ex- tending back from projectile carries fulminuate in hol- low end, s2.s97.—W. Palmer, July 23,1861. (Breeeh Loader.) Case of pa- Tallow in front of bullet, in front part of case. 6.139.—D, wer. $6,551.—B.S. Roberts, Sept. 23,1862 (Breech Loader.) Flange ou upper portion of metallic shell. $8.o71.—M. Moses, Sept 30, 1862. (Breech Loader) Metallie charge chainber which forms reinforce for a pistol, 10.151.—. TL. Wiechimian, Sept. 29, 1863. (Breeeh Louder.) Me- tallic shell, nicked at its front end. Rear end covered by piece of bladder Blank cartridge may be made. of paper, filled with powder and hair, which is covered by paper wad. 40,572.—Morgenstern and Morwitz, Nov. 10, 1863. (Breech Load- er.) Paper case, entirely covering bullet. Cap be- tween base wads, 40,992.—J. W. Cochran, Dec, 22, 1863. (Breech Londer.) No de- scription. i Le eee 46,131.—F. D. Newbury, Jan. 31, 1865. (Revolver.) Metallic shell. Internal disk anvil having notched edges. 50,125.—C. Howard, Sept. 26, 1865. (Breech Loader.) Metallic. 57,269.—J. H. Selwyn, Aug. .14, 1866. (Breech Loader.) Metal- lic. Spheroido-conicul base. One form has semi-circu- Jar depression in base, containing fulminate, which is covered by metallic disk. Another form has inverted pertorated cup in base, Shells may have longitudinal ribs. 58,525.—D. Williamson, Oct. 2, 1866. (Breech Loader.) Metallic cartridge. 62,465.—A. J Bergen, Feb. 26, 1867. (Breech Loader.) Conyex base with projecting teat. 72,803.—L. Conroy, Dec. 31, 1867. (Breech Loader.) Packing ring outside of shell. Tube extending from fulminate to forward end of powder; or shell may have smaller inside tube, fluted or not, to carry flash of the explosion of the fulminate to front end of powder. 74,594.—S. S. Rembert, Feb. 18, 1868. (Breech Loader.) Nipple or pin extending across cise, to explode cap on oppo- site side. 74,888.—C. Callaghan, Feb. 25, 1868. (Breech Loader.) Shell of thin sheet metal, with cone screwed in at side. 81,283.—J. Merlett, Aug. 18, 1868. (Breech Loader.) No descrip- tion. 86,091.—L. A. Merriam, Jan, 19. 1869. (Breech Louder.) Inter- nal cup in base of shell. Anvil secured by pressing metal of shel) upon it. 86,971.—J. 13. Conklin, Feb. 16, 1869. (Breech Loader.) Anvil is wu pin extending back from bullet Fulminate in a teat extending from base of shell. 97,780.—F. A. Le Mat, Dec. 14, 1669. (Revolver.) Shell secured to neck of bullet. Slugs back of bullet ure sectors of wu cylinder. 105,093.—J. Kratfert, Nov. 1, 1870. (Magazine Gun.) Metallic tube screwed upon cast-iron head: Priming tube pro- jects into powder to near base of bullet. Head has lateral groove, and a projecting pin to show position of cartridge in gun. 112,763.—W. C. Dodge, March 14, 1871. (Breech Loader.) Nip- ple inclosed in, and lower than, priming cup. Metul- lie or paper tube and metallic base cup. 147,567 —I. M. Milbank, Feb. 17, 1864. (I3reech Loader.) Pow- der in shell divided by wad of paper or other yielding mivterin, 238 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—AMERICAN. PLATE 4 MARY REY TLIO 6 I, 815. MW. 3BR, G47. M ROR | a” No. 51258. Not hel. No. #4730 SSS No. 307th. (fue (SN | * M No 56971. {2S v7 No. 12.567. Y, ¢ s 4 ROD : SS LIZA WA N NS €) Y Y @e ey NN _WNsy Saw et LISSLISIE SS G= 5,570 | 1827 5,708. 1828 137 1831 139 183] 6,196 1831 6,611, 1834 1839 1839 1840 9,129 1841 10.364 18442. VL.657 1847 \ 11,994 1S47 12.613. 1849 | 12.645, 1849 | 2,920) 1850 14,227 1852 1 1852 Ind 1852 L376 1,300 17 1.447 1 149 LSTO IS53 2178 313 IS . 1 Woven wire. APPENDIX 2 DIGESTIOF CARTRIDGES (for Small -AArms) ee Nee Ed TN DEIN Li ASIN PRIOR TO JANUARY 1, 1877. v & Dp S A ° 2 Perforated base of metal, wood, or paper mache, | on which the paper case is wound. Buse is made to fit tapered breech. ide meshes to allow shot to seat- ter. May be inclosed in paper case. H 1 In two parts, so that powder may break off from. shot. ; .. Tube containing fulminate 1 Projectilt a cyjinder of Jead cut in twelve pi . The cap is secured in recess in frout of projectile | : until taken out for use. 1 projects from base | 'Cartridge carries cap in its base, 5 Cup of wood or lead at base, bored to receive sec- ‘tion of priming tube. 1 Ball attached to cartridge by muslin envelope, 1 Inner case spiral wire, outer case paper. 1 Case of cardboard. Base of cardboard, wood, or metil containing metallic cap or fulminate in recess, 15 Charge in hase of ball, or in small paper box at- tached 1o balk. Charge may be fulminate. or powder ane fulminate. Non-inflaimmiable paper case, 15 Case of combustible paper or cloth, Tip of cart- ridge impregnated with fulminate, or miuay be | capped. Charge may be gun cotton, 1! Powder in projectile closed in by perforated metal | phate. 15 Cap secured between pastebourd wads wt rear of eurtridge. 15, Fulminate in ring at base, with needle extending through cartridge ; or fulminiate ininterior. Per- forauted tube extending beyond cartridge. 15 Cap in pasteboard wad at base of bullet. ) paaper, lubricated, 15 Charge of molded explosive agent in paper case 1. Tin foil covering, With needle im side to break case | when rammed, Incombustible wads. 1 Paper case, with fulminate in coniendl recess it i base. 1 Shell of copper. ) paper, 2 Base ring of soft metal, Which expands on firing. ' Has tail for drawing out. One form of shell is | / of soft metal punebed up with bullet. ! o> Powder in projectile. 5 Sole leather base, paper cise, 2 Reces~ to fit over pipple in breech of gun. Made thin, to break and permit escape of powder, | 2 Powder and fulminate at pointed end of acorn: | shaped cause. H Wooden wad in rear, to be driven out by next cartridge. coated with flock. k in front part, to burst when ramined, | has recess in rear to contain charge, sion tube extends from rear end of cart Case of End of shell may be closed) with idee. 15 No description given in patent. j attached, filled with fulminate, .. Has tribe Japer cup 2: Linen envelope for powder and ball, ght Detxe, 2 Wooden wad surrounded with fibrous packing, left in gun when fired. 2 Perforated self-priming metal base, 2 Weak in parts, to permit escape of powder when’ ramied. Gores or metal ring at tailend. Wads pressed from tloid pulp, 424 47% 90 1.065 1,147 17H 1,954 2,089 D297 2,351 2,487 2/952 =4 337 780 1,66 | Plate. DESCRIPTION. Date, S54 Disk in powder carries tc Projectile contuins charge. fulminate, Cork disk closes rear, and is left behind when flred | by needle. Isd4) 2! Percussion made up with cartridge. Is34]15) Paper case. Is54) 2) False breech-piece to contain charge, 184 \14) Percussion patch attached to projection on buller, 1S4 TsH| ..) Same its 2,089, 1854. 1844) 2) Powder in front, bullet behind serves as gas-check. and is flred by next cartridge. IsH 2] Case of paper or thin sheet copper, having per- forated bottom covered with gauze, Felt clean- ing wads connected by rivet. ISH) ..) Wad carries fulminate, Paper case, with end closed by thin paper, Ind] 3) Tang on bullet carries cleaning wad. Case of var- nished paper, Is44/..)Thin veneer in end of case, which bursts when rummed, 3' Pointed rear end carries cap. ..| Case of fusible alloy: (zine, lead, and bismuth.) -|Paper tube. Elastic wad between ballet and | powder, 1859/2.) Case of gun-cotton paper, to be consumed on tir ing. 1955) ..) Cause of paper, two sheets, with waterproof mix- ture between, ) Cause of oiled paper. covercd with flock. Dase tears off, -. Case of waterproof paper, 3: Central needle ignites fulminate between powder wud ball. Base withdrawn by firing needle. Ring in 1953) ..|Case of paper and metal, self lubricating. 1855) 3 Case of thin paper, Charge, gun-cotton, 1855)..)Capattached by wire which tears cartidge when | removed, 15’ Bullet inclosed in folds of paper Disk of paper | attached to base, and a waa behind this disk is left behind when fired, 1855 1855)... Cloth made of floss-silk, hot calendered, for eart- | ridge cases, 1855) 3!Charge in recess of bullet, covered with disk of | gratia percha. 5/1895) 3 Case of metalbor paper, Lubricating beltof oiled | tow or leather. 1855/15 Paper case, Bullet of iron partly covered with lead, 3 Metallic cause, closed by paper base. 3 Case of metal foil, cemented to bullet. outer case and tape to draw out shell. bricating. 3 Paper case. .. Self lubricating. ! metal. 3 Projecting tube contains fulminate, 3 Same as Burnside cartridge. 3 Mouth covered with thin paper. Disk of calico | packed in hollow wooden wad attiched to rear. .. Sheet gutta percha or muslin case, .. Paper case, Felt cylinder attached to bullet. 3 Metallic shell, burred down over base of bullet. Shank on bullet may serve as anvil. Mouth cov- ered with paper. May have Self lu- Case of metal, or paper and 1856, 3 Tissue paper or gun-cotton in base of cartridge to | cover perforsted wad, 1856... Case of metal tubing, which may be weakened by |. eid, 247 248 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Siena (et = Se gia(3 aan Z s DESCRIPTION. . g {3 a C) eoU) Dies xs 2 |\8 = Description. 1,819] 1836] 3] Bullet contai re = SS ————— 2,059 | 1836 Seamless pins charge und priming. 2,954 ty oe ie! n | 'y . 2.03/1ase| 3 pee net or ‘omane for case, may be covered 1860} 6 Eapenicnte ; pine of metal, earthenware, wood, 3,8 : ere . ’ . ry ae tube of copper or glass attached to 3,140} 1860} .. Tesered pat aBeM smaller than bore, to ex- 351/1357] 4] Paper case oF red. ne: Fulminate in tube attached to base aie leet 2 ee een LOaE OF sheet metal, with metal base, 622) L357 R Sais ‘ il and paper, | 4] Paper ease atuached vo bullet by easting or pree-|| $4) Ht] --| Sate of aluminium, st ongttudinaly ° oa cha lined with paper, aed ae as No description given. 1,396|1861]..| Rim on exuse holds it atriaaale while charge is eeates minute made up with cartridge for need] pushed through by ramrod. 1,357/1857/18) Metallic shell, which may be split to Sees 1,738) 1861) 5) Firing-pin in solid base of cartridge. > 630/1837| 4 Sete Lead disk in base. ex- ae 1861] -. Paper case stopped with cork. 2,8 5 exible. Two parts held together by p: , , 1861| 5| Cup in pressed paper wad. 1383/1858} 4) Wads gummed eel paper case Ohor 2,453 1861/15] Case Ol panic: lubricant held in by wad aes lrase Site eet i wid bits || 2,601) 1861! .. Eaper on cuse treated with ucid and covered with x --| Shell of lead and collodion. isi 1838 4 Shell lasibasdior Ea ita vem or pressed. 2,731) 1861] ..| Flange projects fromrear. Tail on flange carries : ¥ ing attached to cartridge by stru cap. \ at muzzle in loading, and ie pained peace 2,832! 1861] ..| Charge of powder separated by perforuted disks. sapliece Sheet metal wads covered with flock.” i ‘ Accelerating. 935/1858)..]Thimble shaped cups for powder and ball, gum- (Sea al eee rer clOln con ted wii pasa Cos case: med together, and may be made up with Eat 107 1862/15] Metallic case, with cap or wafer inside. in outer case. Cy 432] 1862] ..| Metallic euse covered with collodion, t ih Mee Biaae of sheet gutta percha, 507 | 1862] -. ee purtially cut, so as to tear readily in charg- F $58 EXpiansi i allic ng. ; can sible head in metallic case. (Mor se, Ameri- 679] 1862) .. Powder pressed into cakes, nd covered with col- 1,172) 1858) 4] Metallic—bottle-necked. 743] 1862] 5 Meanie chell, hun 3060/1858) ..| Metallic ring to secure i rites 2 s shell, rim fire. : oat base: percussion cap at center 789| 1862] 4| F lenge projects from rear. Tail on flange carries 1321/1858} 4]/Case of paper, gutta perch 2 spe) both ends, (tor sane lei eels auen atll 1,544/1862|..| For needle gun, Thick case contaitis powder, thin shown in drawing.) ’ gun case for shot, Mouth fastened by metallic ring. 1497/1858) 4] Recess in base of case filled with lubricant 1,655) 1862). | Mov nbie) peremeston) (abe) insericclsiy careaaae 1911/1853) .. | Metallic cartridge. : 1] 1.7811 1362 nes enue ro - used. i 2'095| 1853} 4) Metal or gutte percha struck up by ’ 24 in & xe of pressed powder, with cavity therein, 2, 149 1833 | 4 ee or metallic thimble at ae. sa 1,763 | 1862 won tobulleriby 3K. 2,213 | 1853, 4) To load same 1,321, of 1858. C ‘tai ; PAS Fe ane P b eae | « id is removed peranmcliiectnee, fied powder, | 1,828 | 1862] 15 zanion Badiene in interior, or small perforation in 2246/1858! 4) Case of two fabrics, one weaker than tb slyse2! 3 lliGhelaaris rN oe | . | “burst tinder HeeenuTeon nliaceds n the other, to|| 1,985]/1362| 5 ee alte La CauDeIeE up or reduced in thick- 2444 1355 ..| Case of sheeyrubber, Cap fits in hole in cartridge, || 2 349]1862| 6] Copper shell with central aperture. SETI Pete lite er a ees eerie 2,351 |1862| 6] Metallic, rim fire 2,619 /1858) 4) Cartridges have metallic capsule. 3'173| 1se2 ren fabri ¢ . shinersier : 2,609 | 1393] ..| Case of paper made waterproof by soup and alum sbi ial bet ieee: rEnennbanrman cee anil): 3,466] 1862| ..| Powder divided by perforated di i Hikes ps » : a treb k 3, Zhe. y perforated disks, Accelerating. 114/1859! 4] Lubricated wad behind projectile attached to case 406|1863}..| Steel case. Front part of paper or silk attnched mies vores to draw it out. by cement 207 | 1859} 4) Metallic. : Shell of spur Yi Ceres en 23611859] 4] Metallie base-cap contiining felt wad. a He Fe SENET nd eae reieeie piano oo 372) 1859) 4 Pas cies much as rubber. ik 1'738| 1963! 6| Pin has enlargement which serves as gas-check, ie is00 as ee ees hearg-s oa to ignite it at center. | an See cure with drew metiul buse-cup, : 5 < é $ < . ‘ 86: q e n e » ype oar 374/1859|../ la compartmentS separated by disks. Acceler- ci sage motitl, Hh WARDEN erect ine mave. Pola ating. 1,971| 1863] ..] Compressed powder in metallic sl 1,132) 1859 Wire cloth or perforated metal shell dipped in|! 9'972 ee 6 Piper ae uowed in Eve voaiter! eet gutta-percha, : 2,120/1863}..| Fuliminate in metallic flange with annuler cap. 1,175] 1359!..| Tapered, with cap at end, so that capping gun re-|| 2346) 1863] ..| Case nipped in groove in bullet. - leases powder. } ; 2,597|1863| 6| Metallic base has internal recess for cp. 1,255 1859] ..|Caxe waterproof and inflaminable, varnished out- |! 2.840) 1863! ..| Membrane chemically treated for case. side or inside. , 2,870) 1863| 6] Paper case nipped in bullet. ..|Chalk, soapstone, plumbago, &c., as lubricant. 3,159/1863|..| Percussion pateh fixed in dixk fastened in base of 15| Paper case nipped in bullet. Metal shell tor shot || cise, cartridge. \ | 337/1864|..| Compressed powder in flexible sheet-metal case. ” 59| 4|Charge pushed through into muzzle by ramrod. 469/1864| 6| Metallic. 2,033] 1859] 4] Lubricating wad at rear of bullet. | 752| 1864/15] Metal cup in back end of cartridge. 2,12 - .| Shot cartridge; has concave wad, perforated or not.!) 1,389] 1864|..| Paper case, with perforated metallic base. 2,183 | 18- 5| Metallic shell with nipple. 1,760/1864|..|Cup in bullet in which end of case is inserted, or 2,263] 1S 5|Cap at rear placed on anvil. bullet may contain charge. 2,375) 1859|..| Paper made combustible by mineral salt. |) 1,774) 1864} 6| Metallic. Fulminate in projecting tube, perfor 2,400 | 1859} 5| Cardboard case. , : ated at several points in the powder, 2,657 | 1859) 5| Paper case, closed by gum. Ring on outside of || 1,953] 1864|..| Flanged rim to carry cap. powder end bursts paper when applied to gun. |) 2,059] 1864] ..| Copper shell. May be ignited by cap on neck. 2.791/1859| ..|Case of collodion formed on a mitndrel. 2,349] 1864} &| Cup fixed inside case. 285! 1860| 5|Separate powder and shot cartridges. Breech || 9,602 1864) 6/Caxe of wire, wrapped or lined with paper, and ug to adapt gun for use as muzzle loader. attached to front wad. 339/18960| 5|Case made of wound paper, or molded from pulp. |; 2,623/ 1864] 6] Metallic. Wood and paper wid in base, 491 | 1880! ..|Gartridge lubricated with paraffine. 2,759] 1864) ..| Case of fabric, covered with collodion. Powder 3661/1860! 6|Case of wood, with “cap’’ of paper, leather, or damped with nitro-glycerine. thin metal. 2,777| 1864| 6) Plug of ol 2 art powder cantains cap, or per- 634]1860| ..| Percussion tube extending from side. forated disks of leather hold it. 661 /1360| 5| Paper and metal, rolled up and cemented. 2,892| 1864] 6| Case of cartridge paper, with metal bottom. 694 | 1860) ..| Paper case having cross wires. Cast-steel shell for revolvers. | s99|1860! 5| Pin fire. Has wad in base, which isexpanded into}; 2,907/1864| 6 Rubber ring on base serves as gas-check. recess in breech-bolt on firing. 2,951| 1864| 6] Anvil in case at right angles. Guide-pin projects 954/186)! 3| Back end coated with composition of phosphorus, |" at side. : antimony, and emery. |) 3,001] 1864] ..| Metallic, or with paper base. 1,018 1860) 5 Rear part metal, containing priming and powder. | 3,026) 1864! 6 Metallic shells rifled to fit rifling in gun. | Front part poner containing shot. 3,196| 1864| 6| Base of felt, with aperture clused by thin disks of 1,056 | 1860! 5| Fulininate tube inside of metallic shell. puper. 1,163 /1860| 5| Thin metal disk attached to wad. 188] 1965| 6| Combustible case with priming inside. 1,295 | 1860! ..|Case waterproofed by collodion. _ 263) 1865) 6| Cap imbedded in powder. Case of lapped paper, 1,570/ 1860! 5| Wad of soft woven fabric. ' unpusted. 1,574| 1860! 5| Powder in front of ball. Paper case. : 3090/1865) 6| Fulminaute may be nround ball. 1,603] 1960! .. [Silt case. | 368] 1865/16) Fulminite inside combustible case. ae 5! Metal plug screwed into base. Shot surrounded | 4211865) 6 Enasiaee ine pas of bullet incased in metal; y ni ; 2,533 1960 | by fabric. WHOLE VOL. TOS: 18 Soo 932 LAG 1,259 1,300 1,308 13.0: 1,356! 1865 1436 16 1.750 1S65 1.885) 1865 1s! 1s65 2.03800 S65 | 2,345, 1865 2435 1St5 ' 2 1865 2/1865 2.628) 1865 2,709 = lan 2,908) 1865, H | 2.081 1865 317s Isto 3.151 ! S24 US). . 284 1305 4B ISH6 HA TSsb6 i S20) 1866! B55} IS"6 SH4 1S86 SSO. ISG JWT. 1St i; ) on a former. VOlG TS56 2126 1860). 24 1866 ' 21965 1866, 2 Is8i6 i] i 2.287 1866 2.203 Sut we PS86 b26 1806 25s) TN6H - Isa. > Iso) \ 2 1sut! Description. Cap in case at right ang ae de of shell, fired by pin from opposite side, entral fire, having pin extending from side to Show that the piece ix loaded, Cap held in perforated disk of pasteboard, which is blown out on firing by powder behind it. , Projectile Snvil, \¢ apatanvil on rear of bullet. . prea base; paper in front contains shot. isk of zlaxs, wood, or compressed paper inside | the Inbe serves as anvil, Gun-cotion roving wound on tube of cardboard ; PeSe- eae Portion of suime inside the tube. j Metallic base has recess or projection to engage extractor, Alin dey Detachable base contiins exp and striker, Falminate in hollow in base, held by pasted dia- | phragm. -.) Metallic base brazed to tubular part. x0 | Tapered shell, } +.) Paper case with pastebourd cup for fulminate. i Menulic. with nipple for eap. + Metallic base with nipple. | uk Metallic or paper shell, with beveled end. +.) Shell has external pin to indicate when piece is | loaded, | Projectile carries bursting charge in tbe project- ing from its rear, jax two or more projections, the rear one of hard ; alloy. ase of fabric which has been “ gun-cottonized,” Pp on nipple in recess in rear portion of cart- | ridge. {Paper ease, metullie base with cup for eap and anvil, Cause coated with collodion. Sheet metal, with or without projection around bullet, ‘Tron bullet, tinned, carries powder in cavity which ix closed by metallic cap. Wads in case coated with chemieals which ex- plode when forced into contact. 7) Cap in base of projectile, .. Cap contains anvil, tubular in form, or bent like “ i letter N. . Filled in between eap and ease with wiex, rubber, ' or varnish, Base wad lias fulminate, and earries case ont of sun when fired. 1 7 Wuluad ¢ incentral annular rim. Lining tube of metal, paper, or ekistic substance. “alse breech, yin cardboard or metal disk, to shell. ) Metallic. Aunular trough for percussion in base. | Metallic, coated with tin or alloy to prevent oxid- | ation. §, Coiled sheet metal, or metal and waxed paper, or ) Metal waxed and coated with graphite. 1 Fhiuttened metallie shell; anvil crimped in. ..) Powder and shot in thin paper case, gummed into | shell. >} Cap some distance inside of shell, to avoid explo- | ston except by flring-pin. S| Metallic, with reinforce and lead thimble, Si Metallie lining, paper tube, s! Wooden sabot, having rubber ring. Gun-cotton behind sabot to blow it out when fired. !Gun-cotton cloth in tube, or made up in wads, aobel tB case in metallic base cup; anvil tubular or | Nexhaped, 8 Anvil formed in two or more parts. § Case of thin metal or paper, covered with copper by clectro-deposition, or may be copper deposited May have longitudinal corrugi- Bullet soldered tions S Bottom of case made of rubber for gas check. _. Skin or other combustible material for case. _.| Projectile has pin extending backward, which ear- ries fulm 5 8 Metallic tube, held in base ring by base plug. Tubular ease and cup-shaped base struck up by ches, S Wad remains behind on firing, and is expelled by next fir 5 _. Shot charge inelosed in paper, gun-cottonized. S Paper or composition ring around projectile. In- -cheek. Two recesses in base to receive extractor. No deseription. Inner perforated reinforce, with fulminate be- twe vishell, May bave coiled paper tube tes shell. . metallic disk anvil, S Splitanetal tube attached to bullet, covered with paper, or paper case, or metallic shell with base cup. S Metallic base, linen case. es, base of cap resting on | 3 | 3,358 | 3,425 Y 17 a go 189 240 | 251 so 1,590 1,658 1,604 1,806 1,835 1,873 2,167 2,168 2,277 2,318 2,409 2,431 2,560 2,054) 1867). 2,923] 1867 |) 3,127 3,187 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS & la 186] §! 1806) & 1866} & 1866) 8& 1866) .. 1866) 8 1866) .. 1806) 8 1866| § 1866) .. 1866) § 1866) 8& 1866) .. 18u6| 9 1866)... 1867 1867) .. 1807). 1807! .. 1867) .. 1807! 9 IS67).. 1867) 9 1867). 1887 |.. 1867/10 249 DESCRIPTION. Paper wad in baee of copper «bell holds Lent wire which serves as anvil, Case of linen, varnixhed, with metal disk base, carrying coiled tube reinforce, Charge of compressed powder, "(For needle-gan.) Bake recessed for extractor. Shell struck up by dies. ° Anvil of powder and starch, compress d, : Pauper or fubric caxe, enp between wads of felt and pasteboord at buse, Rearend conenve, Longitudinal strips of metal in case xecure it to metallic base, einen wire inside, to explode enp at base of bullet. Paxstebonrd case, with base wad, inclosed in metnl Duse cup. Base cast tapering, having annular grooyer into which tube ix crimped. Paper case, having lubricated base wads ecurrying enp and anvil, Separate anvil. Annular wad for cleaning gun, Powder around axial stem which serves aa anvil. Paper or pasteboard flange at base of came, Modiflention of No. 114, 1859. .| Metallic, with base cup held in’ by corrugation. Space between cup and tube filled in with plaster, Cartridge ineaxed jn indian rnbber. .| Shell of two strips of metal, or one cruciform seheet, struck up. Shell rifled to fit bore, made of metal und paper or cloth or of foil and paper, with separate Waterproof powder cause, Brass shell lined with paper. Projectile extended to form cartridge case, Plunger moves in tube in powder to explode frl- minate, Spring at rear end of shell to throw it outaftter firing. Paper caxe, with rubber Washer at base, Fulminate, in ammular space between central pin and case, 9) Case of pressed cloth steeped in alum; end closed by wad, perforations covered by oiled tissue pa- wr. = 167]... | Parallel tubes of paperand metal, having solid metal base and anvil. 1867} 9) Soldered tube fastened to head, 1867) 9} Pastebourd case, with priming between paste- board ovads, 1867|..) Anvil in form of star, the points extending into case, 1867] 9) Case of paper or metal with metallic head, 5} 1867| 9) Packing ring outside shell to prevent windage Fulnminiate tube inside, 1867] ..) Case of v able parchment, 1867]..|Solid metal base plug, having groove into which case ix crimped sid packed with pulp. 1807} 9) Firing pin inside protecting tnbe and wad. 1867]..| Two or more qualities of gun cotton for charge. 1967)..| Base of rubber, or metal with rubber wrapper, 1867) ..| Expelled with projectile. 1867] 9) Fulminate surrounded by plug of wood or paper to prevent corrosion of brass shell. 1867] 9|Shell of thin sheets of brass and paper, or paper with 2 porcelain anvil and copper cap. May be in the form of a serew, 1867]..) Rubber case, vuleanized or not, 5) 1807) ..| Shot cartridge coated with collodion. 1867| #/ Conical base chamber formed by paper wad. 1867} 9! Metallic tube screwed to metal base to form shell. 1867| 9|Chamber for fulminate in center of head. 1807]... | Metallic, covered with rubber or leather. 1867| 9} Linen case, with cap in pasteboard wad, or metal- lie tube with rubber base. 1867| 9) Metallic shell, with sheet-metal bridge anvil. 1867] ..| Base cup and anyilecast in one piece; secured to tube by expanding tube into grooves in cup, 1867| 9| Metallic tube, or foil and paper case, or two split tubes, one over the other, breaking joints. Ful- minate between disks. Wads covered with thin metal, 1867|..| Partx of shell tinned to prevent corrosion, 1867|..|Shell in one piece, of copper or alloy. 1807|..| Axbestus packed between wads 1867| 9) Shell of brass, covered or lined with paper. 1867} 9| Case of paper; inside cone, screwed in. 1867| 9| Friction primers of virious forms, ignited by needle, 1867|..| Paper case made waterproof by wax, stearine, &e. 1867/10] Baxe strengthened by additional wrap of metal. Gas-check or valve in_ bare. 1867} 9} Base has internal projection opposite center of cnp anvil, 1867|..|Cuse of paper or cloth, entirely combustible, .| Fulminate between layers of pastebear. 0) Thread of gun-cotton passes through powder, Gun-cotton, compressed and rendered waterproof. Cup anvil secured by indentation in shell, 250 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 i oe | . ga3 g || z | & | Descuiption. 6 = 2) Description, , | Be 21/8 & | 2 : : . vate 10) Baxe held to tube by plug of paper, or by solder, 1,184) 1869, 11 Vemcorausaaes powder charges, 3324] Sti7 | of False breech of steel used as cartridge. 1,247] 186) ..|Tube with cup) hollow rim for extractor to en- SSSA) 1867/10! Metal plug, in sections, screwed together, in base guge internally. May have outer reinforce tube 34 “| eased of metalic shell, open at both ende, 3517, 1867/10) Fulminate in base of bullet. 1,379/1869)..|Inner and outer case, one of cloth the other metal, 3¢ 7| 1867) +» | Shells of tin, reduced to any thiekness by clectro- attached together by varnish, Pie BP ll aegis wae ad 1,490) 1809/11) Base strengthened by solder melted in, aks 867°...) Same as 1.757, 1867. 1,530} 1860) 11| Bast strengthened by.solder. Front of ehell bored eri Is65 10) Anvil ix a concave phute, made thin at the edges, ont to receive bullet, Varnished tin foil. over 40) 186810) Shell of wound brass foil, Cartridge fred by frie- priner, perforated. a : tion primer, 1,47) suo] ..| Perforated disk of sheet brass or copper over cap, Te Iss]... | Socket of anvil bent to M-xhape. holds cotled tube of metal, or metal und paper. < SH SUS 10) Solder inside rim. Reinforee cup inside shell. 2,071] 1869)11)Case of paper, with metal thimble at base, and AI) Usbs!10) Metallic. Cap held ins place by wad of pressed rubber wad between. Wire from front wad we _ cardboard or pressed ycun-powder, curries out paper care when fired. )Es6s) 10) Foil combined with paper, Wads covered with foil, || 2,076] 1809)11|Metallic base enp, Tube made from diagonally IStis | Case made of paper in layers, with fulminate in cut sheet, and hax inside and outside reinforce. Re ee | hole in base, covered by layer of rubber 2,107) 1869) ..| Prout end of case slit, 80 as to compress on bullet. Sol Is6s!..| Metal or metal and paper, Shells corrugated or || 2,257] 180)|11] Drawn with solid head. May have internal rein- an fluted longitudinally, oblique, or helically. force. obs, 1868/10) Thin metalshell, with rim around bullet, and paste-|| 2,399] 1869/11]Cap poeket impressed in base, nae board wad in base, 1su9/11| Joint around hat-eup secured by metallic rim. #0) 1s6s)..) Tube contains fulminate. Shells eiscuroninied inside or out, 11S Isus 10 Solid tlange on shell, Wad rests against inside 1869}11| External primer sunk in base of solid shell. ; ‘ shoulder. 189] ..| Cleaning-wad larger than bore of gun, Zinc shell, HIs0 ists) ..) Metallic, varnished inside. Lining of glue and with tron base and rubber wad, | sawdust around plug at base, Disk of lead over) | 2.747) 1869/12) Fulminate in roll of explosive paper, | fulminate. 162} 1869/ ../ Open end of shot cartridge turned in over wad. j ists 10) Brass shell, Bullet his paper patch. 1809) ..| Shaped like truncated cone, with lateral channel jIsts)..) Nipple on interior of base-plug, fixer by serew into smaller biuse, ‘ | | Within a tube reaching to center of powder, 5/1869) 12) Turned-in end of shell forms anvil. Is6s10) Perforated metal base, external ap, 1869] 12] Anvil riveted in base cavity. Base strengthened Iss 10) Cylinder projecting into powder contains a needle by solder, ps | | and gas-check. 18u9}..| Anvil and cap made in solid piece. Let 1shs) 2.) Metal base chamber, with shoulder, to receive an- 1869] ..|Tnternat tube through powder, with cap at base. aoe ; vil and fulminate, 1pg9|..| Tin shell, riveted to iron base. Bonnet has lining Lent IS6s; 10, Metallic, with open base turned into double eap. of brass, to protect tin, Lov0) Isis’ ..1 Base has internal cap for fulminate, 3,641]1S69|..| Anvil and cap solid, 2.0091 DScs 10) Metallic shell reinforced, with meu disk between || 3,763] 1809] ..| Anvil and eap solid, i reinforce and shell, 45] 1870] 12) Steel tube, lapped or soldered, Copper base. 21> Isis 10) Pubminate in base of projectile, 116) 1870/12) Shell has parts cut away in front, to enable it to 2.033 sts 2. Steel tube having central perforation surrounded be reduced in size. L | _ by groove forming nipple, 144) 1870}12) Cap and anvil in one piece, or anvil enlarged. 2.085 TGs 10) Metallic base secured to shank by straps, Tube 353/1870/12)Cap between two disks at base, Tube burred : of coiled metul; rubber washer passed over part over tliese disks. of case 453) 1870] ..| Recess around eap in base of metallic shell. 2.01 Isés 10 Paper tube. Base wad of felt held between star }| 1,283/1870}12] Base of felt or pulp riveted to metallic shell. ' shaped pieces of fabric. pasted to tube, 1,445] 1870]... | Plame ducts of compressed powder, or pasteboard, 2.062 TS6s) 2.) Struck up from tin, tloys, or lead. surrounded by churge. 2077 Isis... Budler flexibly connected to shell. 1,635] 1870]..|Metallic. Large wad at rear of bullet. 2008 sss 10) Paper case, with vulesnized rubber packing round || 1,652/1870}..|Bullet surronnded by rifled ferrule. Socket or cup. hinge of elastic or plastic material. Sheet metal tube with base-eup soldered thereto, 1,658 | 1870}12| Opening at one side foreap. Opening opposite for Internal eup struck wp in base, with edges turned pin to eject cap. i | over Lo form or secure anvil. 1,745] 1870/12) Front part miiteeoeenie part cylindrical. 2.712) Intis 10) Case double, Compressed paper in base. 1,829} 1570]... | Shot cartridge, with front part of cane: pardally MW Ista). | Rim fire. seyered, so as to go with shot when fired, > sts 11) Cap serves as rivet to hold solid disk base to tube, || 2,286|1870)12| Metallic. Nipple at rear. | o wojection on base forms rivet. 2,611] 1870) 12| Case wholly of paper—metallic anvil, Iss / 11) Fabrice or metal case, 2,675) 1870) 12| Shoulder forward of base of shell. Reinforce sold- IShS) UL) Metallic. ered to shell. 2) ists...| Closed end of tube raised into neck, carrying felt |} 2,769) 1870)12)/No description, wad. 2,593| 1870] ..| Tube of wood or paper covered with cloth. 2596/1868) 11) Paper case. 2,907/1870|..| Tube of gut, closed by rubber disk. 3,433] Is6s!..| Case of paper or metal with wad and metallic || 3,019] 1870/12|/ Shell riveted down at rear of base ring. thimble in base. 3,257 | 1570) 12) Blank cartridge. Plug with central elastic pad, 3,512 1868) ..| Metallie disk at base carries cap covered with thin || 3,373/1870|..| Metallic butt, and xylonite tube, or base of hide, sheet of brass or copper. horn, &c., cemented to tube, 3,709! 1868|..| Cylindrical powder chamber clased on conical an- || 3,376) 1870)12|Same as 1,829,1870. vil. Annular ribs on inside of enp or head. 409|1871]12| Accelerating. Case formed like a thimble with 3,981/ 186811] Cap secured in shell by pressing down metal over shoulders. ; cap after it is inserted. 608|1871}12)Cuse molded from pulp. 3,987 1S6S/11) Flange extends backward parallel with sides of 639|1871]12| Metallic shell, to which bullet is flexibly connected. shell. y 766) 1871) 12/Shell has udditional disk of metal on base, ss 1s69/11/ Lubricating wads between bullet and powder. || 1,098/1871]..|Inner surface of shell has raised ridges, or metal- | Boxer shell. lic ring or coil, to prevent leading of bore. 1)38/ 1869) 11) Thin copper, wrapped in paper to prevent uncoil-|| 1,180) 1871) ..|Tube of wood, covered with paper or fabric. ing. Pasteboard wad contains anvil and cap.|| 1,425/1571)..|Base of soft metal, east in soapstone mold. Stear- i Bullet held by xhort paper tubes. ine for gus-check and lubricant, 166 1860/11] Coiled shell, flnted at front to reduce diameter. 1,572] 1871] 12| Drawn shell with solid flange: Base may be sep- 462) 1869/11) Hollow cylindrical wads partly surround shot to urite. prevent scattering. 1,718/1871}12) Annular space xround hub of solid metal shell. 591!1869/11) Metallic cup in front of paper base. Annular coil}| 1,811|1871/12/Cuse of paper—base cup metal. I of inetal inside case has one end in this cup. 2,007| 1871|.. | Tinned metallic shells, 622 1860/11] Double metallic concave washer at base serves as|| 2,283) 1871/12} Sheet metal shell, with strengthening base. Ful- flange for extracting shell. minate hardened by sand or glass. 624 1569). .| In one piece, with internal thimble or ring. 2,359| 1871|13| Tube of coiled metal or paper—solid head. $25 1889 ..| Friction primer in base, operated by pulling a|| 2,454/1871|..| Metallic case attached to, und fired with bullet. | string or turning a disk. 3,318|1871|..|Strap attached to cartridge to show that gun is 893 1860/11) Wire attached to wad in rear of bullet, terminating loaded, in twist in paper case at rear end. 21|1872/13|To contain compressed air or liquefied gas. 938 1869°11) Base wad strengthened by metal thimble. Wad 343| 1872|13| Tube has endwise play in base-plece, | carries tube extending into powder. 895| 1872/13) Shot inclosed in spirally wound wires. 1,02) 1869 11) Wire extending back into cap serves as anvil. 1,697| 1872] ..|Cap or tip formed of glue and varnished. 1,062 1869! ..| Coil of thin metal forms shell, one end of coil serv-|| 1,825] 1872|13)Conicnl base, _ ; dea ing asclipto hold all together. Vurnished in-|| 2,228/ 1872 13) Tube ant wastes separate parts. Tube inten to retain wads. side, or lined with waxed paper. WHOLE VOL. DESCRIPTION. No. 2,34 1872 13K stic disk at rear to prevent explosion in maga- ne, WS72 13 Metallic, reinforced or not, with separate base screwed or riveted to ribe Case of sheet metal preferably tin plate, with Wroughi-iron base, the whole couted with tin, Solid head having depression which engages pro- Jeeniou on tabubur body, Cap echsonber closed by plug which serews into base-plate, Base cup pertormted to allow tube to expand into holes Cap chamber formed inawwad by pressure. Has greased pastebourd bulleteup tor librieation, Case of gold-beaters skin dipped in collodion. Hollow cylindrical cartridge, to pass over rifled central rod, shell extends forward over bullet, Puhninate in recessed wad at rear of projectile. Base dined with a fibrous mirterial, to retain heat. Shells of iron, steel, copper, brass, &e.. nickels plated. Pastebourd, pulp. or lass. Cor ve fnee forword of thiuge. Electro-deposited shell electrosphuted with old, 1 silver. nickel. &e S50 STS 1s Tobe of inetd bent and seamed, and washer. Base of hody tapers. Separcte head riveted to tube, 3,065 3.156 Is72 13 3,195 IsTz 3.4 INTL 13 SOO UST 1S oan oS skin, urested with water: Metillic base 194, S74 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 251 t I ' { ! ' i l¢ |g i} Pee! DESCHIF TION. a a | ea 654 1874 13) TLead of shell thickened, 8031874... Drawn from thin metal, Portion of the metal | imade to reinforce buse by the action of dies, .. (Cases, wads and sibots made from asbestus paper, 13{ Skin or gut treated with collodion, 413) Cause of flexible material, .. |) Solid flange, metalic, .. {Case of metal foil and cnoutchoue, 3.129 Is74. | Loner and external surfaces of metal shell made | ‘ concentric, BAM ISTE 13) Metailic shells with longitudinal ribs aud grooves, 22-174 73 Shell has two external reinforeing cups. WSs 1sT4 14) Paper case—metulic head having radial corrugit- | Hons, 4,073 1874 18) Metallic tube, covered with rubber. 54 Annular groove in reinforce cup. Is7a... Steel phates coated with tin, copper, or nickel drawn up into cartridge shells, or steel shells fronted With tin or eleetro-phuted after being vu from blanks. _.' Shot inclosed in metallic ease or woolen bag. . Cap in eccentric recess in base of cartridge, Shell has ree ut rear for nipple and cap. Metallic ibe shit to allow exprunsion, ae Ista W Voy cartridge. Projectile contiins charge. 240-1ST6 Shel turned in aud then turned out to form ' Nanee. 2S1G S76 1 Metallic shell, or paper tube with met Internal tube with slot in the end ¢ from eap well into the powder, ullic base. ‘s fire Nore—Wobere no phate is designated i will be understood that the cartridge is not illustrated in the patent, 252 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 12. , fi F'B. Brock Del WHOLE VOL. F'8. Brock Det. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 253 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 2 341 —J853. F123 —SB58. AM) ] 7] | 4 A N ~~ aN HERE TRL S BSSSSS X 254 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE: 3. 218) — 19854. 2530 1854 ALS 1855 HOO 1659. 2204—18350 001856 PSST TAOS == == oneteee FRB Brock Del WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 255 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 4. 533 S858 Sn IE x rl Y) 6221857 a J 1D : my L3RLIAEBSE 2OBFNBSI. SZZZZ FB Brock Del. 129 VOL. PLATE 3. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. 256 SOS "s are SOCK 4% 4 f " , H h 6 v4, “4 a ‘ Ny : “ 4 = We <2 Wn oy > . 4 ‘ : i n \ 4 df’. re! s 3 f i ti i Yj ‘ a " . h ‘ ISH 1 1 ‘ re is q SS eS) ee Be _ > ee a ee oe 2 q ~_ . ~ . sel, Oe | IBA A yy ]] \ yf \\ 7 N QZZZZZZA Xe F R&rock. Del. yi ——————— YA x WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 257 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 6. 2870-1863 i 2364-1 BOF AS SSS SSARARAAS 908-1865 EMAL ESSSSs ~ SSsy Ww FB Brock Del. 258 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 7. LZZANWN = SSS! Ss d ! Lia SSS2 S R\\ Cy WS \ : Wd <>] Ry SRS BABGOS. 7 ee | SL3B5.I-AMBES. : oO 7 = ie yi \ 7 BL64-1BO5 - fs Y ao = ~@G aL» i y —— Fie > WA = = Ny SSS ar e Ege pa Ciba TEE 7A au LIMABCOS GEEZ ey ers KKezzze SESS ge a | SIOFLEOS. .S AS OD a aT EOP WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 259 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE ¥%. Ror 3 sts SF Vs BRS F-18060. Fi we <> F’ It Brock Det 260 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 7. AY NY S4y, 445-186 =| WA Freext SY WSS yer: ie ESSSONS pa SSSA ZZ ZL EEE OD OLN Oy ag BSS iF vs N22 . OSE EE ere RS iN: IN ——--—----- WA) =) WA eee F°R Brock. Del WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 261 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 70. 2009-1868 damm ww FI2ANBEY, Nay % iS =| eZ YA k 20/8 1868. Z by PB Brock. Det 262 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE Z/. 3068-/868. HIHECB rel iN S FB Breck Det WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 263 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE. B 7 13 ae AHL } ie : Ee NS i g\es ES LMT | t f a = os eM aes G “hy Pon , WS 0 ‘ Ss KZ > # B Brock, Dal. 204 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CAKTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATEZ3. ANS \ \ \ N Ne fil 400000002000 ZZ FBSBroch. Det. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 265 CARTRIDGES—ENGLISH. PLATE 44. Gas Wiis Sek, \ LPRIROABSO. Cs) | ___.»> TIF SLY @ &@) £.B. Brock Det Ae EN DixGs3 DIGEST OF CARTRIDGES (For Small Arms) Per lO Neb) NF RAN CE) PUBLISHED PRIOR TO 1878. i 2.025.—Delabonrse, Plate 1. eats it for use to turn a breech-loader into a muzzle- uder. 2.800.—Renette, Plate 1. Case of wood, pusteboard, or metal, mM from which charge is emptied into gun, 3.355.-—Galy-¢ ‘azalat, Platel. Case of leather or parchment. ‘ Priming in depression in base. 3.930.—Pottet, Plate 1. Removable base haus fulminate in pocket or on nipple. 4.411.—Renette, Plate 1. Cartridge for breech-loader ; may be self-primed. 4,636.—Plomdeur, Piate 1. Metallic. from side of base. 4.642.—Jourdan, Plate 1. Cap attached to base of paper case, to be removed and placed on nipple of gun. .—D Est. Plate 1. (See English Patent 6,139, 1831.) i page, Plate 1, Paper tube—metallie base, —Cohin, Plate 1. Priming in teat projecting from base, -Desnyau, Plate 1. Metallic, with nipple at base for cap, —Jarre fils, Plate 1. Shell of iron or copper, with side cup for priming. 7.728.—Charoy, Plate 1. $.061.—Robert, Plate 1. Primed shell of fusible alloy. §.s29.—Beringer, Plate 1. Metallic. May have permanent nipple, or may have a removable base which is screwed in 9.005.—De La Rachee, Plate 1. of cartridge. 10,890.—Guerin, Plate . Cartridge in the nature of a projectile, contains a vial of chemicals which, when the vial is broken in a wound, will exuse the death of the animal. 11.863.--Robertson, Plate 1. Envelope of spirally wound paper. Cap on teat projecting Case of paper or fabric. False breech, serving purpose SECOND SERIES, LAW OF 1844. 76.—Michalon, Plate 2. Ordinary cartridge with cap pro- jecting from base. 106.—Guillemin, Plate 2. Case of paper or fabric. 1,936.—Houllier, Plate 2. Pin fire. Cap in disk at base. per base cup covered with paper or pasteboard. 2.600.—Menage. Plate 2. Paper case. 2.748.—Loron, Plate 2. Metallic or paper tube with wooden base, 3.321.—Bourcier, Plate 2. Flanged shell has nipple screwed in, or placed in an inclined recess in base. 3,00).—Chaudun, Plate 2, Shell of copper, brass, or paper, With base disk of type-metal covered by copper base cup or cups. Cap made waterproof by resin. 3.946.—Palmer, Plate 2. Powder in projectile retained by metallic cup, or powder in piper or wooden cise. 3,952.—Leroy & Mathieu, Plate 2. Paper cause; which may have perforated tube extending into powder. 4,054.—Pottet, Plate 2. Shot cartridge. } 4088.—Lenoir, Plite 2. Paper case, or copper shell with nip- ple screwed in base. 4.839,—Lefauchenx, Plate 2. Copper tnbe, with copper base screwed in. Pin fire. (Addition to patent.) Buse eup and paper tube are joined by internal reinforce or Ting. 4.909,—Beringer, Plate 2. Shetl may be of zine, or may ben lapyointed tube of thin metal. lap jointed to metal base, Cap in perforated wad of pasteboard and metal, in base, or between inside diaphragm of metal and the base of cartridge. 3,445.—Beringer, Plate 2 Metalic tube with metal base cup carrying cap in wad in front of base, and a perforated diaphragm in front of wad to serve as anvil. A modi- fication carries fulminate on projection from base of bullet, and may have a paper case with wad of cnout- chonc in base. 7,724.—Bonrdon, Plate 2. Poper turned in over front wad. Base cup of metal or pasteboard. Cop- Cartridge has a false base which + 8,273.—Marston, Plate 2. (See U. 8. patent 8,956.) 8,290.—Macintosh, Plate 2. Cartridges have commanication through them to carry spark of explosion from front. A number of cartridges placed in a gun are fired in rapid succession by front ignition. igre ec atc t Plate 2. Metallic. or paper tube with metal base. Pin fire. Base of powder chamber may be made conici! by inserting wad with central cavity. 9,054.—Riera, Plate 2, (See English patent 1,123, of 1853.) 9,058.—Gustinne, Plate 2. (See English patent 2,778, of 1853.) 9,241.—Nerdham, Plate 3. Ale English patent 184, of 1852.) 9,255.—Bourcier, Plate 3, Nipple screwed into base from to- side, and contains firing pin and anvil. 9,271.—10,362.—Dnufour, Plate 3. Bee Eng. patent 1,147, of 1854. 9,335.—Gevelot, Plute 6. Crown of paper between two cups jar Uae 9,688.—Boche, Plate 3. Wound paper cnse and wad; metallic base, 19,304.—Perry, Pinte 3 (See English patent 2,313, of 1853.) 10,348.—Francotte, Plate 3. (See U. S.-patent 18,143.) 10,381.—Gastinue, Plate 3. Central aperture for passage of flame from gun cap. 10,446.—Roussel, Piate 3, Fulminate between metallic disks at base of curtridze. 10,452.—Gevelot & Lemuire, Plate 3. Papercuse. Metallic base cup. 10,519.—Guastinne, Plate 3. Fulminate in pocket in base wad. 10,698.—Ganupillat, Plate 3. Primer in base of bullet. 10,831.—Lefauchenx, Plate 3. Cap between bullet and projec- an from shell, or between shell and projection from ullet. 10,879.—Palmer, Plate 3. (See English patent 424, of 1854.) 11,404.--Prelat, Plate 3. Case of paper or metal foil, with wad’ of leather at base. Cap near base of bullet, resting-q8 rod extending from base. 11,478.—Gastinne, Plate3. Paper case with base wad of caout- chouc. 11,514.—Chasseboeuf, Plate 3. Shot cartridge. Base wad of wood or metal. Case slitted in front. 12,100.—Grenn, Plate 3. Paper tube; metallic base cup having nipple for cap. 12,603.—Gevelot, Plate 3. Paper tube and reinforce, metallic base cup. A wad of wound paper surrounds priming pocket, 12,746.—Pottet, Plate 3. Paper case; metallic base disk having pruning tube which screws into concave buse wad. 12,965.—Chiaudun, Plate 3. Shot in wound paper tube, with the ends of the tube turned over end wads. This shot cartridge fits the paper curtridge case, which latter may have disk of cuoutchoucin base. 12,975 — Prince, Plate 3. Paper case, with pocket in base in which cap is placed, and may be held by cement. 13,210.—Needham, Plate 8. Cartridge mude of vulcanized rub- ber, or of puper or metal tubes, with a rubber baee. A metullic cartridge is shown with a projection from one side ‘of the base, 13,666.—Whitworth, Plate 3. (See English patent 1,950, of 1868.) 13,735.—Restell, Plate 3. (See English patent 2,530, of 1854.) 14,490.—Lenoir, Plate 4. Papercase, with base wad of pressed pulp. Falminate in wad at base of bullet, fired by central needle, 14,650.—Boche, Tordenx & Ouarnier, Plate 4. Paper tuabe—me- tullic bage. 14,672.—Vincent, Plate4. Paper case, metallic base cap. May have internal reinforce which forms concave powder chamber. 16,014.—Burnside, Plate 4. (Sev U. S. patent, 14,491.) 15,187.—Maberly, Plate 4. (See English patent 1,191, of 1855.) 16,322.—Ramscar, Plate 4. (See English patent 2,204, of 1855.) 16,674.—Swyney, Plate 4. Charge contained in bullet. 17,034.—Mancenux & Vielllard, Plate 4. Paper case, with extending back to base from bullet. 267 17,332.—Pichon, Plate 4. False breech, to adapt breech-loader He for use as muzzle-loader. 741.—Perrin, Plate 4. Shot are divided into compartments are A longitudinal partitions. 850.— pied Hie! 4. Charge in projectile retained by of metal. Spree alae Bitte 4. Paper case—end twisted, .612.—Pidault, Plate 4. Case may have base of zine, iron, or steel, which carries nipple, {STE —taaucnster, Plate 4. (See U.S. patent, 18,143.) )108.—Houllier, Plate 4. End of tube turned over wad to re- tin shot, 20,153 Peapeleney re . Paper case with metallie base. Cap i uvil Which screws either i ase of cartridwe ; orbase of bullet either into base of cartridge 20,308 —Sehneider, Plated. Metallic, with head serewed on, or paper cause turned into metallic base, or between saa Ro yee snd wad, 20,657.—Restell, Plhite 4. (See English patent 2.630 3 21,593.—Morse, Pate 4. (See U 3. patent, 13105 paar 21,830.—Thomas, Piate 4, Cartridges have ratchet-teeth on one ve side, to enxage with sprockets in miysazine. i! 22,014.—Burnside, Plate 4. (See ULS. patent, 27,791.) 22,099.—Boche, Plate 4. Metallic cup in base, to form a powder chamber whieh is partly conical. Base wad of pauper, esoutchoue, gelatine, or similar substance. Wound paper tube. 22.24.—Gaupillat & Hig. Copper shell, perforated at base, and having cap held in zine interior disk; or with closed head, and U-shaped anvil with its legs secured in flange. 371.—Ouarnicr, Plate 4. 22,2 Paper tube, reinforee, and wad, with copper base cup, A serew entering the base from the side opposite the pin serves as anvil, and to secure the parts together, 22,476, ..Brown, Piuted. (Sec English patent 2,213, of 1858.) 22,630.—Royet, Plate 5. Tron shell, having a nipple, A cart: ridze entirely of paper is also described, 22,765.—Smith, Plate 5. (See English patent 372, of 1859.) 22,319.—Gevelot, Plate 5. Base wad of pressed paper, having . metal ined chiunber tor cap. 23,132.--Rochaz, Plate 5. Paper case with cap in base wad; or projectile contains charge. 23.200.—Roy, Plate 5. Cap in metal lined pocket in base wad. pie ealiie reinforce between wad and paper tube. Pin re. 23,201.—Caron, Plate 5. Selfprimed cartridge, center fire. 23,421.—Chaleyer, Pin passes entirely through base, and serves lo remove cap after firing. 23,439.—Varrlet, Plite 5. Copper base cup has a small external boss of iron, through which pin passes. 23,447.—Gaubert, Plite 5. Metallic. Mas a plug in base in which cap is held against internal anvil. 25,473.—Javelle, Piate 5. Shell of tin or iron. Anyil extends strom base of bullet or shell. 24,014.—Manceanx, Plate 5. (See English patent 2,033, of 1859.) 24,018.—Le Mat, Plate 5. Paper case fastened to bullet in va- rious Ways, Shot cartridge may hive metallic shell. 24,035.—Lejeune-Chaumont, Plite 5. Brass, copper, or steel shell, or case of paper or croutchouc, pice l & Legs, Plate 5. Cap ig wad held in flange of she 24,511.—Vigne, Plate 5. Paper case with metallic base. 24,521.—Boche, Plate 5. Bottle-necked cartridge. 000 Sas Plate 5. Metallic base play provided with nipple. 6.3290 Rae Plate 5. (See English patent 285, 1860.) 26,478.—Chaleyer, Plate 5. Base reinforced by perforated base wad of non-oxidable metal, which contains cap in per- foration. 26,901 —Schneider, Plate 5. (No description.) 26,927.--Leme, Plate 5. Paper case with metallic base. charge separated by wads. 26,983.—Marcon, Plate Jartridgze has small piece attached at one side of base, to serve its extractor. 48,064.—Franci, Plate 5. Copper base cup has serrated front. 48,069.—Manceaux, Plate 5. Copper shell. Transverse aper- ture through base wad contains cap and anyil, and is closed by u screw. Shot SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 49,206.—Chaleyer, Pluie 5. Rolled paper tobe, with Internal metallic disk at base containing cap, and external base cup of metal. 50,346.—Gruyelle, Plate 5. Base disk, having flange, anvil, and pin, is held in tube by a bayonet catch, 50,516.—Tdusse, Plate 5, Central tube extending into’ powder. 60,718.—Spencer & Cheney, Plate 5. _Metallic—rim fire. 51,820 —Parent, Plate 5. Tube of paper, or paper and metal foil, or of metal, Cap in base wad, Cap may be plated to prevent oxidation, 51,850.—Lenoir, Plate 6. Paper tube with paper base wad covered by zine dixk, Fulminate at center or in front of powder charge, 52,029.—Gevelot, Plhite 6. Paper tube with metallic base enp and wad, Anvil of pressed powder iurdened by gums or resin. 52,152.—Descoutures, Plate 6 Center flre cartridge. 52,304.—Chiboust, Plate 6 Tube of metal, paper, or paper and metal, with meuillic base cap which enrries nipple or primer, 52,459.—Simarad, Plate 6. Metallic tubes, split longitudinally, nnd placed one inside the other, so 2s to brevk joints, 53,904.—Chandun & Deriviere, Plate 6. Tube of paper or metal with metallic base cup, Base wid of paper hiv a uip- ple screwed therein, 53,182.—Bourry, Plate 6. Case entirely of paper, which is rolled up, dud the end turned in and pressed in a die to form base. Shot tube may be made in same manner, and secured inside main tube, 53,465,—Cassegrain & Paschal, Phite 6. Front of tubo crimped in, 3.844.—Gastinne, Phite 6. (No description.) $4.899.—Tronchon, ‘Plate 6. Paper tube covered with cuout- chouc, Metallic base cup. 55,123.—Hebert, Phaite 6 Cuse of paper or metal, with hinged piece across base to renin eap. 56,057.--Curtis, Plhite 6. Paper case, 56,272.—Parent, Plate 6. (See English fee 1,738, of 1863.) 56,$38.—Ferlet, Plate 6. Convex metallic base wad covers cup. (The French patents from 1864 to 1870, inclusive, ure not yet published.) THIRD SERIES, 91,458.—Appe, Plate 7. (No description.) 91,581.—Savy, Plate 7, Paper case with cap in base and anvil extending back from bullet. 91,632.—De Coster, Plate 7. Paper case with wad of caout- chouc in base. 91,640.—Grellet, Phite 7. 2.—Samain, Phite 7. 91.853.— Wilson, Plate 7. 91,910.— Nouvelle, Piate 7. 2.--Rivoire, Plate 7. Paper case, felt base wad. 92,029.—Fitz Manrice, Plate 7, (See English patent 409, of 1871.) 92,170, —Mancenux, Plate 7. (See English patent 1,811, of 1871.) 92,514.—Wilson, Phite 7. (see U.S. patent 159,883.) 92,630.—Ifervy, Plate 7. Paper case, which may have paper base, or base cup of leather held between disks of metal. 93,102.—Milbank, Plate 7. (See U. S, patents 125,830, 131,016, and 131,017.) 93,299.—Perranud & Malard, Plate 7. metallic base cup. 93,465...Rivolier, Bouniard & Blane, Plate 7, Tube of csout- chouc, with metallic base, having projection passing throuzh the end of tube, and in internal uat or washer. 94,070.—Legrand, Plate 7. Wound paper tube with inetallic buse cup. ' 94,113.—Appe, Plate 7. Two tubes of tin, (edgés not soldered,) one placed within the other. Base wad of paper or metil; or copper shell with external priming pocket. 94,403.—Vian Choate, Plite 7. (No Acacia yy 94,480.—Dervieux, Plate 7, Meusllic shell, with powder charge divided by perforated wads. 95,623.—Rochaz, Plate 7. Metullic, with wad of paper or other substince in base, 97,157.—Broadwell, Plate 7. Tin tubes, one inside the other, held to base by ferrule having turned-in edges. - ., 97,471.—Richiurds, Plite 7, (See English patent 3,195’ of 1872.) Tiin tube of metal expanded into solid head. 97.532.—M-inceaux, Plate 7. (see Enzlish patent 3,914, of 1872.) Projectile contains charge. Metallic. Nipple screwed In. (See English patent 3,019, of 1870.) (No description.) Paper or metal tube with WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 269 CARTRIDGES—FRENCH. PLATE / VUNEE A f Liisi ‘|Cohin, 7839 & 0.6597 Vol. 55 70.69 pl. 7\G \Galy-Cazalat, 126. Jesrryau, 1840. lormmdeur, 7837. fo. 4.636 Vol 43 72399 pl. 24. .1061Vol. 61, 2.44 p13 obertson, 0840. V0.11.563 Vol 560.456 pA 4. 270 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 CARTRIDGES—FRENCH. PLATE 2. Gurllemin, 7545 Chaudun, L554. Na. 106 Vol 1p hip 56. i a Vol. 22 p. 362 pl 23. a (Addition to patent o SS \ Houllier 46 ZULU Seweennand <5 age. oe. V0 PA pA. a NRE OAH MS EM WSS EEX 147 \ A Me R746V00 Opi87pt.37.\% Lefaucheux, /550.\Qeypir-Leclereg, 1033. Mo4.539 Vol] p 4572 €. (Ne £340VOL27 p 251 pol. $0. Bourciver 4547 : L 9 pl 48. Lg, \Leiera. MSG A. 0.3 3R1Vol te pas fpl4 W7 |i #05416 apmangots YING WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 271 CART RIDGRS—ERENGHE opi QtE 3, Nee clhccrn. VARY 4 Vege at bet wey nod tie berry 4d0I4 1906 bod 35,66 Lollet was be a 544 Wel z wrth nse Pubrue Pr TARE 4 Vo. Mae Vol 37 pra es pt 3 189 No 02773 Vol 4627 Sp VS (ees cob SES Pretut Ni MAb Nol 399 31K pA. $3. he Sa Bourcter 1947. de 8M IO 2430-21 ee ————— Francotte, “554 Ve 10.3 Vol 35 pat73 rl 35. SID Duyour 1953. Va 2270 Vol 30 336m 47 pe aang Gastinne, 1958 Citi VEAL Ve. 10.311 Vol 350 R59. 52 Ao 4656 Vod 32 p24opl 39 ee MWO.7Y.. MSS9 1519 Vol 36 70.9 9 7X RI. Gustinne, - T9355. ee ree Chaudun, Ne 16.965 Voi.4.6 72.44 pat. 12. 1, AE SPO i eee [| TV] | | | Reste (ae Woo == l | | Wii pir} : Gaujitlar. 195% ion : Me 1873310 40 G7 pH dd fa 10698 Vol 36 p FB plS7. 272 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—FRENCH, PLATE 4. ue (855. Swyney, 1896) Portalier, 1997. |TAomas, 1858 Ao 1 +70 Vol 5201317 30. '|No 16.574 VOLS 7 72225 p21. )No2015SW 66 72 #31 pt.34. |NG £1830V01 67 p Hebi. 33. a (SSS : l S85 §. 6.20305 Vol 6 6 2383 pl 54, Boche, MEST. 0.22.099 Vol. 70 palpi 14. LIZZ SSS SSS SSS SS eX. J Pichort, 1956. No.1], 332 Vol. 57 pasiplae es ee ees : 6) Ss > > >> Duarnier 4858 0.02371 Vol 70 paso SR. 1855 Weel igs: 21595 Vol. 69 p2.164 7.14. L 54 po 1380. AG. aoe vdault A957. A489 1AVol 6A fea 4856. | Lancaster, | Wo.16. 322 Vol 56 72 360 p22. 25.1N6.19579 Vl 65 2.101, Ler, (537. Vol. 6670477 pl. 16. | WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 273 CARTRIDGES—FRENCH. PLATE J. Royet, | Ve +599.\ Franc, 02.636 Vol.74,72. 20 pl. 4AN6 ( |Wo. Rh. 511 Ol. 74 72 1b poh. a NG48.064-Vol. 5172. 2 pot. 2. ’ PLEX BN 02347301. 72 peropay. Mancecaux 785%. Cevelot. M558. | Greeyelle, “567 1 | Va. 60.346 Vol 5172.26 pol. 3. le Mat M859. CLA ALLLLLLLAEE « Y 24.018 Vol. 73 73 G77. JOUSSE, VLA A ureiae?: 1560. iq 50516VOLS1 po 277024. Roy, N0k37200VOl 72 71.467R.4. OREG 27 Vol. 75 p2.35R7N5O | Spencer¥Cherrey, SI. : p 1050778 Vob.51 70. 80700. 4. Pte 335 Murcoi, 1560. | 026983V0l79 M9 p19. i (GEESE TSS SS SSS SSS SUSSE SS ESS SSE 274 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 CARTRIDGES—FRENCH. PLATE 6. 15el..\ Chaucun$veriviere, 2\Curiis, (%6R.\ Ferlet /§GR. | Simard, M564. No.5R.4.8 GV 00 8170.33 701.5. Laurent, /§6R. No56R7R. Vol. 54 pat pl]. _®& i IN oe lt SIR EES SN ~ i Descoutures. 7567. " Ni.52 152 Vol $172.37 pl. ¥ Cassegra intkPascha ; No.53465 Vol. 5472.7 pol 4. Tronchore, T8OR. No0.54.599VOl 64 p/F pl 6. Gevelot, 1 53. No. 9.335 Vol. 31, pa. 37 pl 6. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 275 CART RIDGES—FRENCH. PLATE 7. Arpt 1871) Fetz-Maurcee, Milbank, _1874.|Manceaux, ISja. ad BA aah ite See ere No 97532 Vols a 4/70. 2. Li» Savy, ”. Na 91551V0l apares. Van Choale 87a. No.94.4.03 Vol. 3.79. 6 7ol. 4. Rochaz. he No. 75.6R3VN.5 po 15 pol. 3. e Wanceaun, 4871. NESS ae averzovol ay ee ay, Sj7. Mo ue saat 2 eee 5, Legrand, 1572. Bibalien sBouniurd¢ Nees 74.070Val. 570 37a. 7. Blane, 871. 6934.65 Vola p13. 1.26. Ef Wilson, M97. | — — “25th 100 Welsore Ma} lela isi BULL Z 7A. WG eee Z ap y oI A= No 7474 Vol 5 p.37pl40 %y ZA Noevelle 15/1. Hervy IS]h NB eee ins Dervr ett, 15372 No IND tik No G63 0VOLA jo Spt 34.1 N No.4. 450V0L. 5 72. pol 1 Aevotre VLA No A Ua Nolé je pl.se. APPENDIX 4 AMERICAN FIREARMS MAKERS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD, AS LisTED BY CHARLES W. SAWYER IN “FIREARMS IN AMERICAN History,” VOL. 1 Virginia: Rapahannock Forge, near Fredericksburg. Pennsylvania: Peter de Haven, Hugh de Haven, Marmaduke Blackwood (locks), Ebenezer Craig (locks), all of Philadelphia; Evans, Walker, and Wil- liams, of Valley Forge; William Antid and John Baker, of Frederick Town- ship; Michael De Rainer and Adam Deterer, of Lancaster; James Chapman of Bucks County; Dunwicke of Chester County; also Gouger, Matthias Keeley, John Kerlin, Kinder, Benjamin Rittenhouse, Benjamin Town, T. Wickham, and John Willis, locations unknown. Vermont: Thomas Hill. Massachusetts: Richard Falley of Westfield; Hugh Orr, and Dike of Bridge- water; “Deacon” Barret of Concord; Thomas Earl of Leicester; Seth Johnson of Old Rutland; Seth Pomeroy of Northampton; Enoch Putman of Granby; Shubabel and Joseph Sever of Framingham; Asa and Andrus Waters of Sutton; Horace White of Springfield; Anos Whittemore of Boston, John Wood of Roxbury ; and Martin Eley, Benjamin Guillam, Beman, Gideon Frost, and Shaw, locations unknown. Rhode Island: Stephen Jenks of North Providence; and Jeremiah Sheffield and George Taft, locations unknown. Connecticut: Ard Welton of Waterbury. New York: Waters of Dutchess County. Maryland: Henry Hollingsworth of Elkton; William Whetcroft of Annapo- lis; Robert Read of Chesterton; and Richard Dallam, Isaac Harris, John Mes- sersmith, Sterewith, Elisha Winters, and John Yost, locations unknown. 276 APPENDIX 5 LS c9 O¢ SL $9 CG GeO FIT YOL‘ST OST'FE SzS‘TS §90°8E OLS‘GE OF GEE 00S‘ 9gs‘9 GB0'TT GEOL TSL‘SE CLS‘S66'T ST6GLO'T GEG‘FEGT OLP‘LGL F66'L0e £60608 COSTS O0OL TLL 608s O¢cL s90'T¢ LOF ‘STE oes's 11G‘G BSE‘S egp‘es £89'FS Cosh oes‘eel eoG'% ILUS S£0'8S GLL'GS Gale 008 SIF FT £63'9 TOETE9 0°6 €€9'6 GOTTT T6S'FL 60619 €T9 OFL GIO'L I9T ‘eee £¢0'06IS soc eec cee s cece ress KG IRTIOU 4809-L98 TOUI-ET sorrsc esse cer ss sss g1BTIOUL 48800-VI8 YOUI-OT sec ere een en sso tees e == -SBIIOUL OsAIN YOUI-OT weet ecto emcee coos 26 eo = FR IOUL OSVIS) YOUI-g tercrrstt sss giey1OUL ULOT[O0D ozUoIq punod-fFZ ters seee sss srozqT MOT dougjop-yury topunod-FZ ste ee eee e ee ee ee ee ees -BIO7]T MOTT aSais youl-g Sioimieleiee sinleleicinie =i ise TUNG eUUUEpONy alfoul- Ge]. 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Sutueay Jay Wau “aprnoyy 241 JO MoOTfoY ays s1ojaq pury pue ‘apy Yat ays yurese yay aq Aews yd0f-asy ayyaeys se oF payoid put ‘au0g -dig ay) ypuredse ying aya jo yey ay3 ang aya sapun suaduy Yr] 2214s IYI ING JYyI JO J>my DYI as0J9q quingy pue sadduy-a10y aya yeasq yay ayy sapan ynf aq fim paend ar ieyr aysieq yony 3 “sapfnoyy yay ayy uO palued yoorauy ayy *Apoq ay3 WOJy INO Pausny Jou Mogia Yaz aya *yBiys ay 03 aor wyed ay} yum ‘apy aqa umop Sursury pury rgd ayy ‘yoeq doy pue yuo ay3 07 auenby ssappnoyy aya ‘paypafoud apray e yeoiq ayi “juresyuod ynoyumM ayy eur uMesp Ajj9q aq) NO pa -UIN} JfII] $90} yd Suede SIYQUT OMI SPIVY 2Y} YUM ‘say siy uodn wag pur aydiesy puey 03 $1 sa1ppoy ayy UONod sty UT "susp sopun saipog v fo aoufog 29 f rygney pur ‘hjaruedy woye, uiede aq ynus ‘payynayur sez sayy Juraq syins223 2Y L, « 59[NT OJON) SUIUALIUOD yoo & YA yung sprsoad Ajayerpawur qpeuy Cen YAL ou ur voy -jiumwod v Zutais01 saoyo Alaaa puy : sadueywno39 AIQUPIOALUN IdqIO aULOJ JO "yy SIA Jo suoNYymbas ayy Aq Aavyooou aq Aeul sv sajna prey wos suoreiaap yony Waoxa $ YyLanuowWoD siy3 Jo enpAl aga fq paasay -qo oq 0) aurdrayip yo suonrndas pur sans aya aq [feuy ‘outu-Ajwaaay puke paspuny uaagy puvynoy ouo ‘qounqy jo Aep eqpitu-Aquaay ay} yo suornjojas ay) ul ‘ssa¥ONOD {q payjtyqryo pue poaosdde ourjdisyip yo sayz ayy yeyy, ‘pinfrssfo Gisoqiny aga bq peygoua aaqianf 31 29 QNV » | C621 ‘zz aunf payeg) “s}oNYyIyey] JO YIesmuoays “WO 3 JO VILITIN 243 Surussa0H pur Sunrndoy oy) Joy OV UejO LOVULXT *L4.279 "NORINOH], SATHVHD—: shay ‘mpfird ‘KW{ NHOL “aepsg hg “syauyyexa aiquyod [Te yaw porns “OXI 9G 0} SUIT] aY3 ane? sIadIVEO JayIO pue jelanas) ye wey) pur $saywig panug ayy jo sdoory, aq qe Ag Posaajqo oq suonrinday Zuraojjoy aya yerpy, ‘F242p40 : duivd a3 JO aotasay 9q3 Ul pue ‘sazaAnDU “tur pur uoivuroy say3 ut Ayrursojrun ue Buronposut 30 ajodand aya 405 Aypersadja ‘sdoory, oy Jo aurydroyiq pue 1pigy ey 29} so[NY ajquiseaur awos aquiojaid 03 souriodunt yojeaas aya yo uw Suispnl SSTYONOD ‘OLL1 Sgouvpy 916% “SSYNOINCD “4 292 293 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS WHOLE VOL. “T9PPHOUY YOT Yd YW YO] 2145 ota aztay Spury ayFu sys dy Surdug aun oWey ay} 32 pub Suret}juod InoujA ‘arqujod se mo; se pury YP oy YWA Yoopary ayy yurg yt “suollow OM] 7 779/241. —42P4Q) “AIX “apy anok Aq uMop puey yy8u aqy Burq uonow yomnb & yy “pz "13Nnq ay) uoda Suoiy w Suejd ‘pueq yar ayy umop Bung "yr *sdo1jow OM TL if: 770/24! 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St MOQID IYSrI 9a SYOF aYI BAOQE YOLIIG 9YI Saziay PuLy Yo] yr se uooy se *413A0991 B 03 APylsq YOorray YI Surdg *uol}oul wUQ j Apoas ayn 7 YUOY 104sT “sSursng age us guoy qova fo uowrfog “aqyjod se yoinb se auop aq 03 aie suoTIOW Suuaplnow pue Zuipeoy ayy usyd {19419303 Mog Yeo pue sayned jjewy & aye ‘ny ae surd aya usym £ afqujod sv yoinb se auop aq 0} ‘aed ayy Sunny 0) aBprayed sy Bulppuey jo suonow ayi ‘suy jenjn aya ut auop aq 03 ‘ued ayy SZawedo pue ‘uonyod Surus -ud ayi 03 UMOp BulwOd ‘49A0da1 Jo Gonow ayy, “YF “N ssappnoyg “yiSi pur -yitI saWUEL WUNIIY “YS. saspliuievd UMOp Wey "yz! "IIWWE MEIC( “YLT pur “yo "proryT “wi6 puke “yg ynoge yr “yal urd mnys "qd “aug "yiS aSpuyers aypurpy “ye *puey yay aya ut Aptayy yoorary ayy Sujdaay ‘war IQs. ay jo voNOW Suoiy v ym paay aya yoeq Surmosys Aq ‘ued ayy uadg ‘p& "YD dy) JO sBaq> oq Aew yum aya yeqy “No pauiny apy ew Moga aga pure ‘payouaj ssaduy ayy ‘[aay aya jo aovz 9yy yuiede puey asi ayy jo qunyy’ ayy Buorjd Ajueyur ‘purus “WO Jo piom Yh ay ur payarp se tworn/fog Surursd ayy 0} donow w3yuq & YM UMOp Ydo[asy ayy Zag ‘pz *avjndipuad -lod yasieq ayy pue ‘pryosd you ing ‘yeaIq yay ayy 03 aJoj2 yoojaay aya Jo ying ay? ‘saka aya YM IySi0y jenba ue 32 aq 03 pury yoy ayy $ Bursdy-soyiyeay aya Suiyonoy aaBug ayy ya ‘407 ay? aAogE ayojo aoa1d ayy aziay ‘uoijow pides e yum ‘puey yoy ayi dn SuiBurq Apury “Ul pue ‘yD0; ayy AO[Iq Pury Iss sq) YM YW YydIed JUSWOW Jey ye: SPALMUT Jatzeq 247 Suruiny pue ‘yjeI1q yay aya asoyaq Ajpoup ‘pury yay ay jo Surdy saewy & qaim yoojazy anoA dn Surmoiyy ‘49A0991 ayy 0} BWOD “Yr ‘SUOTIOW UsaIjIy j pvo7 pup autsy “sSulsty 2g1 us pausofusd sv ‘Suspvo7y puv Sumssg fo uoyounjdxT *19ppnoyg “yay pue “pf raytod ev 03 Apjiewy 2WOT “pz uonyod J9tu10} Sit 01 pueY ys ays Bunyiy Ratan $ Tjamy ay) ye yDofa4y 243 9Z195 pue ‘puey yay aqidn Sung "yt *SUOTIOW INO jf 770/241 ——4epjnoyy “WAXX sapyy nok Xq OMOp 4H Bursug Spuey yo yi YUM YojI1y aya ung ‘ny “1291 9q) 0} jauieq ag) yn SyooF qT aopun sisduy yey aaaya ayy Bung pue ‘saduy-ai0y puke quinyi ayy usamqeq piend ayy ayer ‘puey yds ayy jo uoryjod aya dgunsiyy Apuey 40! pue “]jamF ayy OF JWI) sw, 947 Iv pURYyY Ijaz sy) dn Burddiyy yuiesyuos ynoyim WwWpe [IM I se Mo] se puey ys oys YUM ‘apy ysis ay3 01 UMOP y20[IIy aya Bug pt ragtod oy jo suonow yg OM} oyY1 Se suey oy) “pz put ‘yi *suoljow INOW i SULA —JIboappy “IAXX ‘apy anof Aq umop pury 3ysu ayy Busg “pz “‘pury yay ayy YUM yng ayy Suiziay Ssappnouy e oy Apewy aoaid ayy dn Suug "yr SSUOLOUL OMY, (772th =< d5p/(e76 “AXX "yey yoz ray) Suidaay Syues YI ‘yuRs IVOIT DY1 JO sp¥ay at[7 4eajd 0} se YsiY OF Ss19y JO $2jZZNtW ay) Yues svar ayy pue ‘Ay[eIUOZII oy sadaid aay) Surpjoy yues juz ays $ apy sya ypurede WIE dy) YUM payaid ying ayy “uosy oy 0} ApYamp dur sjurod ajzznw ayy “fpoay ayy ye WH SaAtada1 YoIyM ‘pueYy Yay 243 so wyed ay uo suosy uMmop yey adaid ays Buniay ‘wie 3ysi2 ay3 29pun ydoJa1y ayy Jo yng ayy Suug ‘pz *21nd2j 341 JO UOIOW Yay ayy se awry ayT, “Yl *suonOW OMT, j zuokvg—aFavq9 “AIXX ‘apy anoX &q umop pury yds ayy Bung “pz *2undaj} BYy2 Jo UOIOW yay ay jo uoNyod 3y2 03 Suium0s ‘puey yoy, 242 YWA pua-tang oy) aZIDF pur ‘sappnoyy yay anoX 07 yd0jasy aya Bulag auny suey ays ye 4jay nod Aq 31 2ovjd pue_ro0j aySta anok dn yrry “Yt "SUOTIOW OMT, | 20/242 T—4epinogg "TITXKX 296 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 129 to be nimbly raifed a little, placing the thumb of that hand upon the cock, the fingers open by the plate of the lock, and as quick as poflible cock the piece, by dropping the elbow, and forcing down the cock with the thumb, immediately feizing the firelock with the right band, clofe under the lock ; the piece to be held in this manner perpendicular, oppofite the left fide of the face, the body kept itraight, and as full to tue front as poiible, and the head held up, lookiag well to the right. Take Aim! Fire! A\s before explained. Rear Rank ! Make Ready! One motion. Recover and cock as before directed, at the fame time {tepping about fix inches to the right, fo as to place yourfelf oppefite the interval of the front rank. Take Ata! Lire! As before explained. The recruits being thus far inftruéted, the officer rmfl take twelve men, and placing them in one rank, teach tham to dre/s to the right and left, to do which the foldier muft obferve to feel the man on that fide he drefles to, without crowding him, and to. advance or retire, till he can juft dif- cover the breaft of the fecond man from him, taking care not to ftoop, but to keep his head and body upright. When they can drefs pretty well, they mult be taught to wheel, as follows : To the right—Wheel ! At the word of command the men turn their heads brifkly to the left, except the left hand man. March! The whole ftep off, obferving to feel the hand they wheel to, without crowding ; the right hand man, ferving asa pivet for the reft to turn on, gaing no ground, but turns on his heel ; the officer will march on the flank, and when tae whecling is finifhed, command, Hait ! On which the whole ftop fhort en the foot then forward, brirging up the other foot, and drefling to the right. To the lefi—Wheel ! The whole continue to look to the right, except the nghr hand man, wno lovks to the left. APPENDIX 8 Mixitary LAws AND RULES AND REGULATIONS FOR THE ARMY OF THE UNITED STATES. WASHINGTON, DECEMBER I814 Ordnance Department May 1, 1813 1. Of laboratories There shall be three principal laboratories in the United States, one in the neighborhood of ........ ; one in the neighborhood of ........ ; and one NEAL Sache Fa exeteyer At each of these laboratories, the head of the department will cause to be bought ten acres of land, and have thereon erected work-shops competent to the accomodation of forty workmen, and barracks for the further accomodation of the same, with the necessary magazines and storehouses. The workmen at each of the said laboratories, shall be engaged for a term of service not less than five years, and at the rates prescribed by law, and at each, there shall be one master wheelwright and carriage maker, and one master blacksmith, the whole to be under the direction of the commissary general, or of some one of his officers. It is, however, understood that if workmen cannot be engaged for a term as long as five years, the commissary general may en- gage them for a shorter period. And he is also authorized to employ women and children, at low wages, in all work which can be as well performed by them, as by men; and accounts regularly prepared and certified by him, or by the senior officer of ordnance who shall be present, of the amount of all wages for work done under this regulation, shall be paid by the paymaster, of the district, or his assistant. At these workshops shall be made all gun-carriages, ammunition wagons, travelling forges, and every other apparatus for the artillery, and shall be pre- pared all kinds of ammunition for garrison and field service. 2. Inspection of powder, etc. It will be the duty of the commissary general of ordnance, to call upon the commissary general of purchases, for the names and places of residence of all persons engaged in making powder, cannon, cannon shot, or other ordnance stores, under contract with the United States, and on notice of the time of de- livery of such articles, he will cause the same to be duly proved and inspected. Until thus previously inspected and proved, no ordnance, cannon balls, shells, shot, or powder, shall be received or paid for by any public agent of the United States. 3. Distribution of Ordnance. The orders of general officers for the supply of ordnance, ammunition, car- riages, etc., shall go no farther than to direct the number and caliber of the guns, the quantity and kinds of ammunition, necessary for the service, and to com- mand the preparation and delivery of these, and other enumerated articles, to some officer charged with their conveyance to the camp or garrison of the gen- eral requiring them. The proportion of overplus small arms, for the infantry, may be one fourth of the number of effective troops in the field: these shall be placed in reserve, 297 298 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 at some safe and convenient situation near the army. The proportion of musket catridges for the infantry, shall consist of thirty rounds per man, accompanying the troops in ammunition wagons, and such additional quantities as may be judged requisite, shall be placed in reserve, as provided for small arms in the preceding paragraph. 4. Preservation and safe keeping of ordnance stores, etc. It will be the duty of the commissary general of ordnance to take measures for the completion, reparation, and preservation, of all ordnance, ammunition, artillery carriages, and machines, in the respective fortresses, magazines, and arsenals. eee eee eee wee eee ee eee ewe eee ee eee ree ee eeeeeeeeeeeee ee eeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeseeses 23. Of the Arms and Ammunition, with the Methods of preserving them The preservation of the arms and ammunition is an object that requires the greatest attention. Commanding officers of regiments must be answerable for those of their regiments, and captains for their respective companies. An officer of a company must every morning and evening inspect minutely into the state of the men’s arms, accoutrements and ammunition; and if it shall appear that a soldier has sold, or through carelessness lost or damaged any part of them, he must be confined and punished, and stoppages made of his pay, as hereafter mentioned: For which purpose such officer shall certify to the com- manding officer of the regiment the names of the delinquents, and the losses or damages which shall appear of their arms, ammunition and accoutrements; and the commanding officer, after due examination, shall order stoppages to be made for whatever shall appear to have been sold, lost or damaged as aforesaid. The stoppage to be as follow: For a firelock, sixteen dollars ; a bayonet, two dollars; For a ramrod, one dollar ; a cartridge-box, four dollars; a bayonet belt, one dollar ; a scabbard, two thirds of a dollar; a cartridge, one sixth of a dollar; a flint, one twentieth of a dollar; a gun-worm, one fourth of a dollar; a screw-driver, one twelfth of a dollar; And for arms, accoutrements and ammunition damaged, such sums as the repairs shall cost the States, to be estimated by the brigade conductor, or, when a corps is detached, by such person, as its commanding officer shall appoint for that purpose; provided that such stoppages do not exceed one half of the delinquent’s pay monthly. It is highly essential to the service that the ammunition should be at all times kept complete; for which purpose, as often as it is necessary, a return is to be made by each company of the number of cartridges deficient, to the quarter- master, that he may make out a general one for the regiment, to be signed by the commanding officers of the regiment and brigade, and no time lost in supply- ing the deficiency. The like care is to be taken that all deficiencies of arms and accoutrements are supplied without loss of time. WHOLE VOL. SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 299 All arms, accoutrements and ammunition unfit for service, are to be care- fully preserved, and sent by the commanding officer of each company to the regimental quarter-master, who shall deliver the same to the brigade conductor, they respectively giving receipts for what they receive. The arms, accoutre- ments and ammunition of the sick and others, when delivered up, are to be taken care of in the same manner. Before the cartridge boxes are put in the arm chests, the cartridges must be taken out, to prevent any loss or accident. A conductor shall be appointed to each brigade, who shall have under his immediate care and direction, a travelling forge and five or six armourers, an ammunition waggon, and a waggon with an arm-chest for each battalion, each to hold twenty-five arms, to receive the arms and accoutrements wanting repair, or of the men sick or absent ; and when the arms delivered in by a battalion shall exceed the above number, the surplus shall be sent to the commissary of the mili- tary stores. The brigade conductor shall issue no ammunition but by order of the command- ing officer of the brigade; but may receive and deliver the arms and accoutre- ments of each battalion, by order of its commanding officer. The ammunition waggons shall contain twenty thousand cartridges; and in order to keep the same complete, the conductor shall, as deficiencies arise, apply to the field commissary, or one of his deputies, for a supply, or otherwise for the necessary materials of cartridges, and to the major of brigade for men to make them up under the direction of the conductor; and for this purpose the brigade major shall order out a party of the most careful soldiers. The non-commissioned officers of each company will be provided with gun- worms; and every day, at the noon roll-call of the company, those men who have returned from duty are to bring their arms and have their charges drawn; the first serjeant to receive the powder and ball, and deliver the same to the quarter- master. APPENDIX 9 “MOHEAV AHL AOA AALNIUa *WIHATAGYV TIHL See“ “=~: “TIST “Lonuvy ‘Qa10}0Ls. 8] ap pansee snjd oy a8e3 2] 3a yuauIenoAgp wos ep azou pues suid a] 389 aya a80 Ssapuiae sep Vo10J I 2 Wepfos np asto]S vy Wey Mb oareyyTU auydiosip ke] 89,9 V_—"CNanSanananananmahnmapaDa@=a=@"wTwya—<—¥XsXa—X—X—OOOOOO "SILVLS CALINO JHL JO XWUV AHL NI 1VUINAO INVLOALay ‘ANVOd WVITHA Ad “NOILIGH HLNEN AHL SAKA AO INAIWAAOW ONY ANTTAIIOSIU HL NI SLNAWAAOUdWI NYACOW TAL ‘SaLV.LS GALINA QHL JO FOUOT AUVITMW FHL JO ASN FHL UoOI ‘QANNVW TVOILOVUd GNV UVITINVA V NI NIVIAXA OL CIaNTLINI *GOHLIW IVNOILVY NO Gaannor “ANIIdMIOSIC“ AUWV.LVIIN ao SHIdIONINd LSHA GAL SNINIV.INOD ‘AULNVANI YO WOOT ANVH Vv eee 29 PV “ONTHSNO ‘HL “TEM Jo Areja109g ay} Jo sapio Ag “satis panuryy oy} fo fry 24) sof auydosyy fiyunfuy fo waystis oy) sp poatasqo pun pocsaves aq mm ‘odapopyd fo ounng woyng fq paysyqnd pun pyduoo ,fagunfuy sof yoog puny» 247 “Saadug IVAANAS SIST “Gorey WGI “ELIQ NOLONTHSY AA ‘A01dAO SIVHUINAD LNV.LALAV SSGLVIS GULINA AHL JO AWUV GHL NI ‘XULNVANI JO ANITAIOSIC GHL woi QHAVASIO GN CHAITITA Ga OL SNOILVTNOUE 300 301 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS WHOLE VOL. 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ONT “FEL *(saennd 10) sewn snof ur pvo7 OF 318 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. I29 5 & FIG. 32. FIG. 33. BIBLIOGRAPHY ApyE, R. W. 1803. The bombardier and pocket gunner. London. ANQUETIL, TH. 1854. Notice sur les pistolets tournats et reulants, dit revolvers. Paris. Bacon, RoceEr. 1248. Epistles of the secrets of arts [in Latin]. Barsour, JoHN (Archdeacon of Aberdeen). 1758. The life and acts of the most victorious conqueror Robert Bruce, King of Scotland. Repr. Edinburgh. BARLOWE, (Capt.) W. R. 1872. Notes on ammunition. London. 1874. Treatise on ammunition. London. Barttett, W. A., and GaLiatTin, D. B. 1878. Digest of cartridge patents. Washington. Beauroy, (Col.) Henry. 1808. Scloppetaria. BELpEN, F. A. (See Haven and Belden.) Benton, (Capt.) J. G. 1862. Ordnance and gunnery, U.S.M.A. New York. BisHop, JAMES LEANDER. 1868. History of American manufactures. Philadelphia. Buancu, H. J. 1909. A century of guns. London. BoEHEIM, WENDELLIN VON. 1890. Handbuch der Waffenkunde. 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No. 1, Instructions for quarterly returns of ordnance and ordnance stores, 1865. Ordnance Memo. No. 14, Metallic ammunition, 1870. Ordnance Dept.: Reports on ordnance subjects, Washington, 1837. Ordnance Dept.: Report of experiments with small arms, 1856. Ordnance Dept.: Report of ordnance and ordnance stores, 1862. Ord. Dept.: Pamphlets descriptive of ordnance, etc., collection 12 vol. Ordnance Dept. Summary statement of purchases and fabrication, Jan. 1, 1861, to June 30, 1866. Washington, 1866. Ordnance Dept.: Catalog of the arms and accoutrements of the Springfield Armory Museum, 1909. Ordnance Dept.: Catalog of the ordnance exhibit at the Philadelphia Centennial of 1776, compiled by (Lt.) Metcalf, Philadelphia, 1776. Ordnance Dept.: Reports, 1812-1878, 4 vols., 1878, 1880, 1890. Catalog of the Nunnemacher Collection, 2 vols., Milwaukee Public Library, 1928, Catalog of the U.S. Cartridge Co. collection, 1904. Catalog of the exhibition of the War Department at the Centennial Exposition of the Ohio Valley and Central States, Cincinnati, 1888. Catalog of the West Point Museum collection, West Point, N. Y., 1909. Catalogs of Francis Bannerman Sons, New York. Catalog of a loan exhibition of percussion Colt revolvers and conversions, 1836- 1873, compiled by John E. Parsons, Metropolitan Museum, New York, 1942. War Department collection of records of the Confederate States of America, Ch. IV, Ordnance Bureau, Richmond (Nat. Arch.), 1862. Confederate States of America: Manual of instructions for the volunteers and militia of the Confederate States, compiled by Col. William Gilham, Rich- mond. 1862. CSA: Regulations for the government of the Ordnance Department of the Confederate States of America, Richmond, 1862. CSA: The field manual for the use of the officers on Ordnance duty, Richmond, 1862. CSA: The Ordnance manual for the use of the officers of the Confederate States Army, Charleston, 1863. 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Annual of scientific discovery, 1864. Essays upon the making of saltpetre and gunpowder, printed by Samuel Louden, New York, 1776. Ordnance Department pamphlets: Brand breech-loading arms. Burnside rifles. Cochran breech-loading firearms. Colisher rifles. Greene rifles. Johnson and Dow cartridges. Maynard primer, 1852. Maynard rifles. Merrill rifles. Rafael rifles. Roberts projectiles. Robinson breech-loading firearms. Sharps rifles. Spencer rifles. Terry rifles. Union repeating gun. Williams patent bullet. PERIODICALS A.R.C.A. Quarterly, Topeka, Kans. The American Rifleman, Washington. Antiques Magazine. Arms and the Man, Washington. Army Ordnance (later Ordnance), Washington. The Gun Collector, Madison, Wis. The Gun Report, Akron, Ohio. Hobbies Magazine, Chicago, III. Journal of the American Military Institute, Washington. Journal of the Franklin Institute, Philadelphia. Magazine of Antique Firearms, Athens, Tenn. Military Collector and Historian, Washington. Muzzle Blasts. National Intelligencer, Washington. Stock and Steel. ceo a De ere A a tele. Pe + NA ete irae Cairns ames eld, A ul ANU ELA. aah sankates ES oeeiAy haa he at Eh, SARIN SETA OSEAN ie ie i an tat, third re ar a) a aan war ae. nk "Ae PN lb eet aleiy’iny fl aibriieinys Mew sci my spies oth nay ‘Bieta Sarin Ma, 8, Tannen? Wad! leon tnely i yi. stay) bikefaeaad: aba, pes. pv rit ee |. Pindiaie Pei wily “Re tt loa dpcedhs 7) Finan yeti (niupensc ii, = 3 Peden Fier Peoad di edb vitals whet ii gid iiebilde AINE Ne a 6, UN a a nies Maitark Wihesteiedin | crmalae \ ashhsmohialiamuc wl HAS ae ' nt ibartuiergs, ° Aye Piano aw ney RAL CV ihc Re ll eA ai biol) Hi i Wes as Ses RM OT hile ie, Mima orn nes eidah igen " 4 Mat ai as Mn spt wineghhclarst Hmnay: Uy A DS CL 2 Be, OR MAP acm, Arh: A weie-ane an pi erehaledint pei. Lwin at gy lites OAT Lae wu KADY Reet Wipe i ume oS. asia ieee pli Fah): Ta ¢ Nh ee Maas Live heed nin CL Ae a naelune The fl ee LoL Ther nen ; eg Sela 8 cing: IR 1 WeaaRiheraha: Tihs, b2 Beeyacea, URL AL i linn: anita aaa ineanlOm Et a uw RUA Rey ie Nin ieee oh Ll ve hen Ve eay spe aL, ile yy areal ie We A Red AE a Eas, 0074 Ral eigen = Shetonk 88h gabe oi Aber Whan Rontanes eas 8 tts ot f Ad era vrG ys iy Ft a HOMAys We Ra i Pea W aah Pil Ae i ‘Agape te pave Lay ae “HAN Coe vassolata’l te WE Conitoae: af Wai iad | Chetan elt a ie OE wi |r i» iMinporicae "a 0 May in dyliroiy rier Te el Bt el alice Mee GL Wh sc at Apaliy TC my et Wesel Gah atime ge nal tangy go," harcatutt ill) aya anal rae Sa bielebsisdinasp A; ; F Cie ARAN? AF unt We DAL Hea baa NE sects G8 | coal wit) VRE RGANM SELES 1M: « eh ANA PiVCHAL, (RATS VAT Ns Peek ih nibs atic \ Lannie ad: bey nen NG eG ee he apogee ae yen HA AY he! th Sas a ac PY . Cal, ch Cypreenvnly ped) belandnt tg tone 7 ie). Basapic hela Wir! Raine On: LRT ee whet AD pB: phauaertdiacds oval . aT aCe SER AE ME UA, TUN Naty 8 hl er ee te aiid eh v4 io oe a guy BU a A Ga eG a yl Henan a shane re iyi : Me crvinninad Xs gota! eae NE eat RAOULT i ty es he ON MENR aieseg Ie VU ale ty RRA NH He I my Vip, eter Neto Kisateh ray ihe ol Batic tes A, Oar gre AMER Daa ye Gene WAG Ca ca yee” bie git Me s SE, ae Ay \yatone stole ee ETNA HN ik YS yee’ Ey, sh Wah 5 alle, bat coast Meets wh ip ei ebiacke| hella ikea Bay paisa "Seema a ie hash y tour sullivan anes Mog: Vaden hs JN dtr pant ee ae Seana saga i tal i Agere iia Wl Hed, ‘a std Ags ae ian INDEX Accoutrements, 10, 69-85 ; Appendix 8; pl. 20 manufacturers of, 76. See also under names of manufacturers purchases of, 5, 74 regulations concerning, 74 Adams revolver, 62 cartridge for, 228; pl. 38 Aetna Gunpowder Co., 28 Allen & Brand breechloader, 136 Allin alteration (cartridges), 231 American Flask and Cap Co., 168 American Powder Co., 34 Ames, N. P., accoutrements, 76 knife, rifleman’s, 84; pl. 22 pistol, pl. 14, i Ammunition, 1ff., 107-165 check list, Frankford Arsenal col- lection, 205-218 Lewis, 219-231 classification of, 157 Confederate paper, 224 foreign, 153, 154 used in Civil War, 225 manufacture of, 167-204 purchases of, 156-157; Appendix 5 supply and issue, 155 types, early U.'S., 22 on hand, 1861, 124 See also Ignition Arms, classification of, 68 repeating, 52; pl. 15 Arquebus, 4 Augusta Powder Mill, 33 Austin Powder Co., 34 Austrian musket, 150 Austrian rifle, 163 cartridge for, 225 performance, 105 Auxiliary chamber, Hammond pistol, 139; pl. 41 Lefaucheux revolver, 139; pl. 41 Bacon, Roger (gunpowder), 19, 20 Ball and Palmer carbine cartridges, 135, 136, 139, 230; pl. 41 Ballard carbine cartridges, 135, 139, 157, 230: pl. Ait Ballistic pendulum, 31 Balls, 148; pl. 26 Delvigne, 12 Greener, 13 manufacture of, by compression, 168 Minié, 13; fig. 3 Norton, 13 packing of, 1861, 188 Pontchara, 13; fig. I Thouvenin (a tige), 13; fig. 2 Wilkinson, 14; fig. 4 See also under Ammunition; Bul- lets; Cartridges; Check lists of ammunition Baltic lock, 6; pl. 4 Baltimore Gunpowder Manufacturing Coms28 Bandolier, 10 Barlow guncotton cartridge, 117, 228; pl. 37 Bartholow patent cartridge, 123, 171, 225 ep lan a7, Batty, J. H., & Co., accoutrements, 76 Bayonets, 6, 47 Behr, I., gunsmith, 42 Belgian rifled musket, 151 cartridge for, 130, 148 Bell, J. T. (accoutrements), 76 Bellona Powder Mills, 28, 34 Bennington Powder Co., 34 Bentham, Sir Samuel, 44 Birnie, Lewis (gunlocks), 41 Blakeslee cartridge box for Spencer arms, 82 Blunderbuss, 5 bell-muzzled, Harpers Ferry, 55; pl. 16 Boker, H., and Co. (Austrian arms) 163 Bolton, John, repeating musket, 52 Boston gunpowder, 29 Bowie knives, 84, 85; pl. 22 Boyd, James (accoutrements), 72, 76 329 330 SMITHSONIAN Brand’s patent breechloader, 136 Breechloaders, 11, 56, 57, 58, 66, 118, 136 Brand’s, 136 development of, 119 Hall’s, 56 Jenks, 56, 95, IOI, 120 Joslyn, 57 Maynard, 57, 66 Smith, 57 Spencer, 59 See also Carbines British small arms, 8, 103, 104, 130, 225 cartridges for, 130, 225 Brookfield Elaboratory (1776), 45 Broux’ cartridges, 123, 171 Brown, Page & Co., 28 “Brown Bess” (musket), 40, 90 Brunswick rifle, 8, 67, 104, 150 Buck-and-ball, use in cartridges, 108 Buckfield Mills (gunpowder), 34 Buckshot, 12, I10 Bullet molds, Colt’s, 80 Elallss 75 Bullets, characteristics of (Wilcox), 148, 210 conical, 94, 96, 184 explosive, 126 SAY 127) pls 205.47 Gardiner, 127; pl. 29 Jacobs, 127; pl. 28 Lossing, 127 Mead, 127; pl. 28 lubrication of, 116, 182 Shaler sectional, 125; pl. 28 types, used in Europe, 1830-1860, 145 used in 1860 (Wilcox), 148 used in 1863, 137 Williams bore-cleaning, 125; pls. 28, 43 See also Balls; Buckshot; Check list of ammunition Burnside carbine, 57 accuracy of, 102 purchases of, 157 Bussard’s Mills (gunpowder), 32 Butterfield primer, 161 MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Cadet musket, 48, 95 cartridges for, II0, I12, I17, 120, 223 California Powder Works, 34 Caliver, 4 Camden Mills (gunpowder), 34 Cannon powder, 28, 36 tests of, 30-32 Cannons, early, 2, 3 Cap boxes, 80; fig. 15 Carbines, Burnside, 57, 102, 157 Cosmopolitan (Union carbine), 120, 121, 130, 157, 224; pls.’ 36, 42 Greene, 57 Jenks, 56, 96, IOI, 120 Joslyn, 57 Maynard, 57, 66 Merrill, 67 Merrill, Latrobe, and Thomas, 57 Perry, 57 Sharps, 57, 66 Smith, 57 Symmes, 57 Wheeler, 53; pl. 16 See also Colt Cartridge boxes, 69-76, 78-82; Appen- dix 8 Cartridge check List: ball, 226 carbine, 222 combustible, 227, 228 foil and paper (Poultney’s patent), 226 linen case, 226 musket, 219, 200, 223 musketoon, 220 nonmetallic, 227 pistol, 222 revolver, 224 rifle, 220, 221 rifle-musket, 221 self-contained, 229, 230 separate ignition, metallic, 229 soldered foil, 226 tinned-iron and paper (Jackson’s patent), 226 Cartridges, Adams revolver, 228; pl. 38 Allen and Brand, 136, 230 WHOLE VOL. Cartridges—Continued Allin alteration, 231 Austrian rifle, 163 Ball and Palmer, 135, 136, 1309, 230; pl. 41 Ballard, 135, 139, 157, 230; pl. 41 Bartholow patent, 123, 171, 228; pl. 37 Belgian musket, 130, 148 Brand’s breechloader, 136, 230 British, 130, 225 Broux’, 123, 171 “Brown Bess” (musket), 107; pl. 23 buck-and-ball, 108 buckshot, 108 Burnside carbine, 132, 226, 229; pl. 39 carbine, 208 center-fire, 132; pl. 41 Charleville (musket), 107; pl. 23 check lists of, 205, 219 Cofer revolver, 140, 231; pl. 42 combustible envelope, 177, 122; pls. 37, 38 packing of, 202 Consol (Austrian carbine), 154; fig. II CSA IO 1st v1Ss, TOW: fie, 25) PlSwis233 Enfield rifle, 130, 225 explosive bullet, 126; pls. 28, 29 first use of, 10 foil and paper, 122; pls. 39, 40 foreign, 153, 154 Frankford Arsenal collection, 205 front loading, 140; pl. 43 Gallager carbine, 122, 132, 157, 220; 2205) pl.3G German rifle, 130 Gibbs carbine, 121, 223, 226 guncotton, 116, 117, 228; pl. 37 Hall’s breechloader, 130, 222 Hall’s rifle, 108, 221; pl. 27 Hammond pistol, 139, 230; pl. 41 handling and storage of, 155 Hayes} 123, 171;'227; pl. 38 Henry rifle, 136, 139, 157, 230; pl. 41 Hotchkiss, 122, 171; pl. 38 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 331 Cartridges—Continued Jackson, 122, 171, 226; pl. 39 Jenks breechloader, 129, 223; pl. 36 Joslyn breechloader, 139, 223, 230; pl. 4 Kerr rifle, 225 Lefaucheux revolver, 229 Lindner carbine, 223 Lindsay rifle, 125 linen, 120, 121, 226; pl. 36 manufacture of, 167-203 Maynard breechloader, 122, 130, 132; pls. 40, 43 measurement of, 154 Mefford subcaliber, 129; pl. 26 Meigs, 140, 231; pl. 43 Merrill carbine, 121, 130, 157, 223, 224, 225; pl. 36 Mississippi rifle, 67 Montstorm, 231 musket, 46, 48, 49, 108, 130, 148, 153, 219; pls. 10, 23 cadet 48, I10, I12, 117, 120, 223 rifled, 220, 221 musketoon, III, 220 North and Savage revolver, 62 packing and packaging of, 179, 180, 187, 200 paper, 107, 154, 169 color code for, 124, 167, 189 Gardner, 131, 193 paper and transition, 216 patents for, early, 10 English, 247; Appendix 2 French, 267; Appendix 3 United States, 233; Appen- isc See also Cartridge check list Perrin revolver, 133, 229; pl. 41 pinfire, 10, 132; pl. 41 pistol, 109, 209; pl. 31 Poultney, 122, 171, 226; pls. 39, 40 Prescott revolver, 139, 231; pl. 41 purchases of, 156, 157, 170, 188; Appendix 5 Rafael revolver, 133, 229; pl. 41 332 Cartridges—Continued regulation loads, 109, 110, III, 115, LUZ. 124ceplsiv25e20. 27.031 Remington carbine, 139, 151, 230; pl. 41 Requa machine gun, 125, 227, 229; pl. 42 revolver, 120, 133; pl. 36 rifle, 108, 114, I15, 170, 220, 221; pls. 27, 28 rimfire, 132-134, 136, 138, 139, 172, 208; pls. 41, 43 rubber (Smith), 122, 171, 229; pl. 40 Savage revolver, 224, 227 Schubarth conversion (Gallager and Gladding patent), 231 Shaler sectional bullet, 125; pl. 28 Sharps and Hankins, 135, 139, 230; pl. 41 Smith and Wesson revolver, 139, 172, 231; pl. 41 Smith breechloader, 122, 133, 171, 227, 229; pls. 39, 40 Smith carbine (Crispin), 133, 227; pl. 40 soldered foil, 122; pl. 39 Spencer breechloader, 138, 139, 157, 172, 230; pl. 41 standard, 1842, 112 Storm’s patent, 172 supply and issue of, 155 tin. foil 116,917 2°" ‘pl. 30 types of, British, 130, 141, 144, 225 center-fire, 132; pl. 41 European, 145, 149-151, 154; pls. 33-35 experimental, 140; pl. 43 French, 142 rimfire, 135 Union carbine (Cosmopolitan), 120, 121}\ 130; 224;\"pliva2 Von Lenk guncotton, 116, 228; pl. 37 Warner carbine, 138, 230 Watervliet Arsenal, 123; pls. 38, 50 Whitney revolver, 227 Whitworth rifle, 225 Williams, 221, 223, 231 See also Cartridge check list SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Chadwick, Robert, cartridge, 123, 223 Chambers, Joseph C., repeating arms, 52; pl. 15 Charleville musket cartridges, 107; pl. 23 Check lists, 205-231 ammunition, 205-218 bullet and lubricant, 210 cap-primed cases, 212 cartridges, 208, 209 cup anvils, 212 disk and bar anvils, 211 paper, 205, 206 rim-primed and miscellaneous, 207 Service, and stages of manu- facture, 215 transition, 206 cartridge, 219-231 Clark, Jon (Virginia Manufactory), 44 Cofer revolver cartridge, 140, 231; pl. 42 Coffin, J., Jr. (accoutrements), 76 Cogswell, S. (gunsmith, 1814), 49 Collins and Co. (knife), 84; pl. 22 Colt, Samuel A., 61, 62 carbine, 54, 55, 61, 67, IOI cartridges, 121, 122, 123, 130, 131, 172, 223-228; pls. 36, 38 flask, 80; pl. 18 pistol, 60, 61, 62, 83, 100 revolver, 54, 60, 67, 100; pl. 17 revolving arms tests, 53, 54 rifle, 55, 60, 61, 68, 94 Confederate States of (GSA): cartridges, 130, 131, 188, 191, 224, 225; pls. 32, 33 paper ammunition, 224 America Regulations : Field Manual for Troops on Ordnance Duty, 64 Gilham’s Manual, 314; Ap- pendix, II Consol (Austrian), carbine cartridge, 154; fig. II ignition system, 163 Cosmopolitan cartridge. (See under Cartridges, Union carbine) WHOLE VOL. Crispin cartridge. (See under Car- tridges, Smith carbine) Crossbow, I, 2 Culverins, 3 Dahlgren (Adm. J. A.), bayonet, 51; pl. 22 recommendations for Navy rifled musket, 50 report on tests of various arms (1856), 99 Dallam, Richard (gunsmith), 43 De Haven, Peter (gunsmith, 1776), 27, At Deringer (“Henery,” gunmaker), 49 pistol, pl. 14 rifle, 49; pl. 11 Dick, Charles (Maj.), 44 Dingee, Henry A. (accoutrements), 76 Dingee, R. (powder-flask contract), Dingee, R. & H. A. (accoutrements), Dingee, R., & Sons (accoutrements), Dingee, Robert (accoutrements), 76 Dingee & Pray (accoutrements), 76 Doremus & Budd cartridge, 277 du Pont de Nemours Powder Mills, 28, 34, 35 Elgin cutlass pistol, 52 Ellis, Robert (repeating rifle con- tract), 53 Empire Powder Mills, 34 Enfield (British) cartridges, 194 Enfield musket, 151 Enfield rifle, 103 ammunition for, 130, 225 characteristics of, 96 Enters, Lewis (powder-horn contract), 72 Eprouvette (mortar), 30, 31 Field Manual for Troops on Ordnance Duty (CSA), 64 Firearms, background, 1 classification, 68 kinds, 64 makers of, Colonial period, Ap- pendix 4 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS $33 Firearms—C ontinued marking of, 45, 46, 47, 49 nomenclature, 66 performance tests, 89, 105 procurement, 45-69; Appendix 5 United States Service, 39, 41-45; Appendix 4; Appendix 5 Flasks, powder, 72, 74, 75, 80; fig. I1; pls. 18, 21 Flintlocks, 5, 11, 12, 48; pl. 4 Flints, 159, 202 Frankford Arsenal, 168; fig. 19 ammunition collection, 205-218 Franklin, Benjamin, on crossbow, I French musket, 150 cartridge for, 148, 225 Frontier Mills (Miami Powder Co.), 34 Fulminates, 10, 11 Fusil, 5, 6 Gallager carbine cartridge, 122, 132 157, 226, 229; pl. 39 Gardiner (Samuel, Jr.) explosive bul- let br27-" plo," f Gardner, F. J., inserted paper cartridge (CSA) strstr, 193 Garesche Powder Mills, 31 Gatling, Robert, machine gun, 69 Gedney primer, I61 German rifle cartridge (CSA), 130 Ghriskey, Lewis (gunmaker), 52 Gibbs carbine cartridge, 121, 223, 226 Gilham’s Manual (CSA), 314; Ap- pendix II Gonter, P. (gunsmith), 49 Grape shot, 12 Greene carbine, 57 accuracy of, 102 cartridge for, 223 Guncotton cartridge, 116, 117, 228; pl. 37 Gunlocks. See Locks Gunpowder, 19-38 Boston, 29 composition, 26 (table 1) imports, 26 (table 2) inventory, U. S., 1834, 29 mills, 34, 35 packing, 36 334 Gunpowder—Continued prices, 36 production, 26, 27 purchases, 26, 28, 32, 36 stocks, 24, 29 tests, 30, 33 See also names of powder com- panies Gunsmiths, Appendix 4 Hale, Moses (gunpowder), 29 Hall’s bullet mold, 75 Hall’s carbine, 55, 66 cartridges for, 130, 222 Hall’s musket, 93 Hall’s rifle (breechloader), 56 accoutrements, 72, 74 cartridges for, 108, 221; pl. 27, g performance, 93 Hammond pistol cartridge, 139, 230; pl. 41 Hand cannon, 3 Harpers Ferry Armory, 49 Harquebus, 4 Harris, Isaac (barrelmaker), 43 Hayes cartridge, 123, 171, 227; pl. 38 Hazard Powder Co., 34, 35 cartridges, 123, 171, 227-228; pl. 37 Henry rifle, 59 accuracy of, 102 cartridge for, 136, 139, 157, 230; pl. 41 Hermann revolver, 9 Hicks, A. G. (knife), 84; pl. 22 Hollingsworth, Henry (gunsmith), 43 Holsters, pistol, 75 revolver, 80; pl. 19 Horns, powder, 71, 72; pl. 21, a Hotchkiss cartridge, 122, 171 227,; pl. 38 Hunter Iron Works (Rappahannock Forge), 44 Ignition, 159 Butterfield primer, 161 Consol (Austrian) system, 163 flint, 159, 202 Gedney primer, 161 Lawrence primer, 161 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Ignition—Continued Maynard tape primer, 161 percussion system, 160, 162 percussion vs. flint, 160 Sharps primer, 161 Ward primer, 161 Interchangeability, 44, 56 Jackson cartridge, 122, 171, 226; pl. 39 Jenks breechloader carbine, cartridge for, 120,223; pl. 36 chamber, 121; fig. 17 effectiveness, IOI flintlock, 56 Merrill conversion, I01, 120 percussion, 56, 95 Jenks rifle, 56 Jennings, I., repeating rifle, 53 Johnson, Robert (gunsmith), 49 Johnston & Dow cartridge, 122, 171, 228% pli37 Joslyn breechloader lever” model), 57 cartridge for, 139, 223, 230; pl. 41 chamber, 121; fig. 17 carbine (“top- Kentucky rifle, 8, 39 Kerlin, John (gunsmith), 41 Kerr rifle cartridges, 225 Knife (rifleman’s), 84; pl. 22 Dahlgren bayonet-, 51; pl. 22 Laflin & Rand Powder Mills, 28 Lawrence primer, 161 Lefaucheux revolver cartridge, 229 Le Mat, M., grapeshot pistol, 66 Lewis, Fielding (Col.), 44 Lindner carbine, cartridges, 223 chamber, 121 Lindsay 2-shot rifle, 53 cartridge for, 125 Linen cartridge, 120, 121, 226; pl. 36 Locks, Baltic, 6; pl. 4 flint, 5; pl. 4 match, 4 Miquelet, 5; pl. 3 snaphaunce, 5; pl. 3 wheel, 5; pl. 1 Longbow, I Loomises, Hazard & Co. (gunpow: der), 31 WHOLE VOL. Machine guns, cartridge for, 229, 231 Chambers, 52; pl. 15 Gatling, 69 Rafael, 69 Requa (Billinghurst and Requa), 69 Union (“coffee mill”), 69, 103 Mann cartridge boxes, 82 Manual of arms, 85; Appendix 7; Ap- pendix 10 Manufacture, accoutrements, 76 ammunition, 167-204 muskets, 41, 42, 43 See also under Firearms Mariette revolver, 9 Marking of firearms, 45, 46, 47, 49 Marston pistol, 60 Massachusetts Arms Co. (Adams re- volver), 62 Massachusetts Powder Co., 34 Masters, Swift & Co. (gunpowder), 30 Matchlock, 4 Maynard breechloader carbine, 57, 66 accuracy of, 102 cartridge for, 122, 130, 132, 140, 157; pls. 40, 43 primer, 66, 161 Maynard pistol, 60 Mefford, David M. (subcaliber projec- tile), 129; pl. 26 Meigs cartridge, 140, 231; pl. 43 Merrill, Latrobe, and Thomas carbine, 57 Merrill carbine, 67 cartridges for I2I, 130, 157, 223, 224, 225; pl. 36 Metcalf, Henry (Lt.), 205 Miami Powder Co. (Frontier Mills), 34 Minié system, 14 Miquelet lock, 5; pl. 3 Mississippi rifle, 67 cartridge for, 130 Montstorm cartridge, 231 Mordecai cartridges, 151, 154 Mordecai report on musket and rifle charges, I12, 114 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 335 Morse, George A., breechloader car- bine, 57 cartridge for, 118, 119, 229; pl. 39 Mortier eprouvette, 30 Mousquet, 4, 5 Musketoon, 5, 50, 97 cartridges for, 111, 220 Muskets, 4, 5, 152 Austrian, 150 Belgian, 151 Brand’s breechloading, 136 British, 90, 103, 150 “Brown Bess,” 40, 90 cadet, 48 cartridges for, 46, 48, 49, 108, 130, 148, 153; pl. 10. See also Check lists of ammunition Charleville, 40 Enfield, 151 French, 90, 91, 92 loading and firing of, 85 manufacture of. See under Fire- arms procurement of. See under Fire- arms Prussian, 149 repeating, 52 rifled, 50; pl. 12 accuracy of, 97, 98, 99, 103 Belgian, 151 cartridge for, 220, 221 French, 150 recoil of, 99 trajectory of, 98 Russian, 149 tests of. See Small Arms Wheeler, 53; pl. 16 See also Firearms in the United States Service Muzzy Rifle & Gun Manufacturing Co. (Morse cartridge), 118 Performance of Nitre and Mining Bureau (CSA), 33 North, Simeon (gunsmith and con- tractor), 49 North & Savage revolver, 62 cartridge for, 224 336 Orange Powder Works, 29, 34 Ordance arsenals, 167 Oriental Powder Co., 34, 35 Orr, Hugh (gunsmith), 39 Orr, Robert (gunsmith), 40 Patents, early, 10 British, 247; Appendix 2 French, 267; Appendix 3 United States, 233; Appendix 1 Penet, Windel & Co. (muskets), 45 Percussion caps, 160, 162, 202 Percussion lock, 11, 160, 162 Performance of small arms in the United States, 89-106 Perrin revolver cartridge, 133, 229; pl. 41 Perry carbine, 57 Perry pistol, 60 Petronel, 4 Pistol-carbine, model 1855, 50; pl. 14 cartridge for, 223 Pistols, 3, 46, 51, 52, 60; pl. 14 accuracy of, 96 Adams belt, 62 Ames, model 1843, pl. 14 boxlock, 52; pl. 14 caliber of, 51 cartridges for, 130, 222, 223 Chambers repeating, 52 Deringer, pl. 14 Elgin cutlass, 52 holster for, 80 Marston, 60 Maynard, 60 percussion, 52 Perry, 60 Sharps, 60 Springfield, 51, 52; pl. 14 Pitman, John (Brig. Gen.), v Pittman, John V. (accoutrements), 76 Plymouth or Whitneyville rifle, 51 Pontchara system, 13 Pouch, rifle, 74, 76; fig. I1 Poultney cartridge, 122, 171, 226; pls. 39, 40 Powder flasks, 72, 74, 76, 80; fig. 11; pls. 18, 21 Powder horns, 71, 72; pl. 21 Powder mills, 27-35 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 129 Prahl, Lewis (gun furniture), 41 Prescott revolver cartridge, 139, 231; pl. 41, c Primers, 159-161, 202 Butterfield, 161 Consol (Austrian), 163 flint, 159, 202 Gedney, 161 Lawrence, I61 Maynard tape, 161 Sharps, 161 Ward, 161 Proof charge, 108 Prussian musket, 149 Purchases, accoutrements, 45, 74 ammunition, 156, 157 firearms, 45-69; Appendix 5 Rabeck, Christopher sories), 43 Rafael machine gun, 69 cartridge for, 139 performance of, 103 Rafael revolver cartridge, 133, 229; pl. 41 Rappahannock Forge (Hunter Iron Works), 44 Read, Robert (gunsmith), 43 Recoil, 99 Regulations. See United States Army Regulations Remington carbine cartridge, 139, 151, 230; pl. 41 Repeating arms. See Bolton, Cham- bers, Colt, Jennings, Lindsay, Wheeler Requa (Billinghurst and Requa) ma- chine gun, 69 cartridge for, 125, 227, 229; pl. 42 Revolvers : Adams, 62 cartridges for, 133, 139, 140, 172, 224, 227, 220, 231; pls. 41, 42 Collier, 9 Colt, 54, 60, 67, 100; pl. 27 Devisme, 9 effectiveness of, 100, 101 Hermann, 9 Mariette, 9 North and Savage, 62 (gun acces- WHOLE VOL. Revolvers—C ontinued Savage, 217 Star single-action, 62 Wesson, 62 Wheeler, 9, 53; pl. 16 Rifle pouch, 65; fig. 11 Rifles, 7, 8, 11,°45,40, 50, 565! pls.11, I2 accuracy of, 92 Austrian, 163 British, 8, 9, 67, 103, 104, 150, I51 cartridges for, 108, 114, 115, 170, 220) 22Tsnpls. 27,28 common, 56, 95 Deringer, 49; pl. 11 Henry, 59, 102 Jenks, 56 Jennings, 53 Kentucky, 8, 39 Lindsay 2-shot, 53 Mississippi, 67 percussion, 49, 56; pl. 12 Plymouth or Whitneyville, 51 purchases of. See under Fire- arms in the United States Serv- ice Spencer, 59 tests of, 92-105 Whitneyville or Plymouth, 51 Whitworth, 9, 104 Robbins, Benjamin, ballistic pendulum, 31 bullet design, 12 loading rifles, 7 Russian small arms, 149 Sage, D. C., & Co. (ammunition works), Hotchkiss patent cartridge, P22 171, 227) pl3ss Saltpeter, 22, 24-26, 31, 32, 33 Savage revolver, 62, 217 cartridge for, 224, 227 Schaghticoke Powder Mills, 28, 34 Schott & Mandeville (gunspowder), 28 Schubarth conversion cartridge (Gal- lager and Gladding patent), 231 Schwartz, Berthold (gunpowder), 20 Shaler sectional bullet, 125; pl. 28 SMALL ARMS AND AMMUNITION—LEWIS 337 Sharps & Hankins cartridge, 135, 1309, 230; pl. 41 Sharps arms, accuracy of, 101 ammunition for, I19, 130, 157, 224, 225, 220; 231 pls.!36, 32) 36/43 Sharps carbine, 57, 66 Sharps pistol, 60 Sharps primer, 161 Shonbein (guncotton), 116 Shot, first use of, 12 Shrapnel shell, 12 Smith & Wesson revolver cartridge, 130, 172) 237 eepl an Smith breechloader carbine (rubber cartridge), 57 cartridges for, Crispin, 133, 227; pl. 40 foil and paper, 122; pl. 39 purchase of, 157 rubber, 122, 171, 229; pl. 40 Snaphaunce lock, 5; pl. 3 Spencer breechloader carbine, 59 cartridges for, 138, 157, 172, 230; pl. 41 performance of, 103 Spencer rifle, 59 Springfield Armory, pl. 13 Springfield Elaboratory, 46 Stamp mills, 20, 23 Starr (gunmaker and contractor), 49 carbine cartridge, 120, 157, 226, 230:; pl. 36; a revolver, single action, 62 Storms, C. S. (accoutrements), 76 Storm’s patent cartridge, 172 Supply and issue of ammunition, 155, 156 Swivel gun (Chambers), 52 Sycamore Powder Mills, 33 Symmes carbine, 57 ¢ Target practice, firearms, 6 longbow, I See also Performance of small arms in the United States Serv- ice Thornton, Capt. (ordnance inspector), 55 Thouvenin system, 13 338 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS Tileston, Whipple & Hale (gunpow- der), 29 Tweddel, James (gunpowder), 28 Union carbine (Cosmopolitan) car- tridge, 120, I2I, 130, 157, 224; pls. 36, 42 Union machine gun (“coffee mill”), 69, 103 Union Powder Works, 34, 36 United States Army Regulations, Ap- pendix 7; Appendix 8 infantry (Handbook for), Ap- pendix 9 militia, Appendix 10 Van der Poel (gunmaker), 40 Velocity measurements, 95, 90 Virginia Manufactory (George Wil- liamson), 44 Virginia Point of Forks State Arsenal, 44 Virginia Public Gun Factory, 43 Von Lenk (Gen.) guncotton cartridge, 116, 117, 228; pl. 37 Wallpieces, 55 VOL. 129 Warner carbine cartridge, 138, 230 Watervliet Arsenal cartridges, 123; pls. 38, h, y, 50 Wesson revolver, 62 Wheeler, Artemas, revolving cylinder firearms, 9, 53; pl. 16 Wheel-lock, 5, 6; pl. 1 Whetcroft, William (gunsmith), 43 Whitney revolver cartridge, 227 Whitneyville or Plymouth rifle, 51 Whitworth rifle, 9, 104 cartridge for, 225 Wilcox (C. M.), bullets, 148 Wilkinson system, 14 Williams, Orlando S. (accoutrements), 76 Williams bore-cleaning bullet, 125; pls. 28, 43 cartridge for, 221, 223, 231 packaging of, 200 Williamson, George (Virginia Manu- factory), 44 Windage, 49 effect of reduction of, 95 Winters, Elisha (gunsmith), 43 Yost, John (gunsmith), 43 Sx. 6 * 5 \ J i 4 i PA PR eT ST iat i ay ay i el iel Five Say ‘ ai oli 5 i @ f i ‘ | ' ‘ ; n j f ; i te f f ie ie {ie it 2 ii ; , | = } < i ez r ‘ i . i va io i va are, in it i i A i i a : ) i + * a ne i i a t t oe f vf] f ‘7 ‘ i ‘om i 14 i Pas rn » i | } ee N it Sia a) mal ry, pe ty ta stg henley “ene ) ree Seanihtraete Nae wih Da) Me ? Uh vumaadieg cilia ce ee. Pus Oro Virierdinl oe Coin y! en met, th i'd sd Mi vi EU awanza, ig dane! (nisin Le hy | \t "ec aaa cipal: han jonas “a | Bhan hia Babin ia ais, wit. Wy Yoleben Li ie th Malic YA AOR ad ae aie de, At FNS andy, ¢ Chia ti aNtiind ) Ngan) ‘iter sho ‘ln Ph atc. ae, et pris rea i ere gua huey wate File HM “ 4 hae ‘pl a | ‘ : RIES We aa ee oS ; ¢ Pili iar Cie ORNS eh, hae v; a ee meee D etahi we the WA Ga y ony yD tia Plate 1.—CoLoNIAL FIREARMS: a, Matchlock; b, wheel-lock. Goodnight sculp* LO é Neate OL ULF Match th fio C4 Musheloerwe Pub *r Apris7 86 ly SBogpe Plate 2—A MUSKETEER. Plate 3—COLONIAL FIREARMS: a, Snaphaunce lock; b, miquelet lock. Plate 4—CoLoNIAL FIREARMS: a, Flint “dog” lock; b, Baltic lock. Plate 5.—TRANSITION IGNITION TYPES: a, Flintlock; b, magazine percussion lock. (0D Jog Nq Asayinoy) ‘Jaq ‘U0} -SUILUJIAA Jeau auIMApURIg 94} UO “OD ® ssnouloN ap og nq “] ‘YAO THUW YdMOd LSYIY—'9 240) (oD) WOoOg nq Asojin07) ‘sOSQI IY} Ul STTIW WAGMOd ANIMAAGNWYG LNOg 1 aH] —Z aD] d ZooNIN BIEN we | Qamnlicty a Le N at i Yi (GE RIFLE POW, A ae & RAND POWDER C0, “LY XORIS. ee i Plate 8.—FIvE CAN FLASKS of sporting-type powder. (J. M. 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FOL SHUNG MAGLIR a t= ee Y fi KE BARR ail POLISHING BAYCNETS,___ PLANING MACHINE. SS == 3.—MUSKET MANUFACTURE AT SPRINGFIELD ArMory. (Harpers Weekly, September 21, 1861.) ~ [= ~ n Ln “~ Plate 14——UNITED STATES SINGLE-SHOT PISTOLS: a, Contract, model 1808, caliber 0.69, by North; b. Harpers Ferry, model 1806, caliber 0.54; c, contract, model 1808, caliber 0.54, by Henry; d, contract, model 1816, caliber 0.54, by North; e, Springfield, model 1818, caliber 0.69 (H. M. Stewart coll.) ; f, contract, model 18109, caliber 0.54, by North; g, contract, model 1836, caliber 0.54, by Johnson; h, contract, model 1842, caliber 0.54, by Aston; 7, contract, model 1843, caliber 0.54, by Ames; /, Springfield pistol-carbine, model 1855, caliber 0.58. "9O] SITA JO [leyap ‘p YO] SJaquieys Jo [rejap ‘2 ! (wimasnyy Atowsy pjaysurids) 7S'o Joqies ‘ssuruuef-sy[yq “q ‘PSO Joqijes ‘siaqumieyy ‘vp :SaMIN LOHSILIAW—SI 39jD/g “(qeursi10 oy} you st Sutids uazzi SAIN EN °S “)) aurqses JapuryAd sapaay Ay ‘ } 94?) 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Plate 20—Accoutrements (half size except as noted): a, Brush and picker for flintlock musket (4 size); b, screwdriver, scourer, and lead for flintlock rifle; c, scourers for muskets and model 1841 rifle; d, tompions for muskets and rifles; ¢, Civil War rifle tool set (worm, scourer, screwdriver- sight wrench, pin punch, screwdriver-nipple wrench, spring vice) ; f, bayo- net adapter for model 1841 rifle. Plate 21.—UNITED STATES RIFLE FLASKS AND HORN (0.4 size): a, Powder horn, Allegheny Arsenal, 1820-30; b, Navy copper flask for Jenks rifle, by Ames, 1846; c, undated brass flask, 1820-30; d, copper flask, by Dingee, 1832; e, copper flask, by Ames, 1846; f, copper flask, by Batty, 1853. Plate 22—ACCOUTREMENTS: TOMAHAWKS AND KNIVES: a, Military. toma- hawk, 18th-19th century; b, trade tomahawk, 18th century; c, A. G. Hicks rifleman’s knife, 1830-40; d, N. P. Ames rifleman’s knife, 1849; e, Collins rifleman’s knife, 1850-60; f, Dahlgren bowie-bayonet, 1863. Plate 23.—CARTRIDGES FOR FLINTLOCK MUSKETS: 4a, Ball, French type, 1780; b, ball, French type, 1812; c, ball, French type, 1820-30; d, blank, French type, 1812 (blue paper) ; e, round ball, caliber 0.64, used in a, b, and c; f, round ball, caliber 0.70, used in British musket; g, buckshot, British type, 1812-20; h, X-ray of g, showing 9 shot in 3 tiers 1, buckshot, British type, 1780-1812; j, X-ray of 1, showing 6 shot distributed through powder; k, blank, British type, 1812-20. Plate 24.—Cartridges for flintlock muskets and musketoons, models 1822 and 1840, | as of 1840: a, Ball, musket; b, buck and ball, musket; c, buckshot, musket; d, blank or \ exercise, musket ; e, ball, musketoon; f, buck and ball, musketoon; g, buckshot, muske- toon; h, blank, musketoon. Plate 25.—CARTRIDGES FOR PERCUSSION MUSKETS, MUSKETOON, AND HALL’s CARBINE OF MUSKET CALIBER (0.64): a. Ball, musket, model 1842 (1861 Ordnance Manual) ; b, buck and ball, same; c, buckshot, same; d, ball, Hall’s carbine (1841 Ordnance Manual); e, buck and ball, same; f, ball, musketoon, model 1847 (1849 Ordnance Manual) ; g, buck and ball, same; h, buckshot, same; 1, blank, musket, model 1842 (1861 Ordnance Manual); /, buckshot, musketoon (1861 Ordnance Manual). Plate 26—CARTRIDGES FOR RIFLED MUSKETS AND MUSKETOONS: a, Ball, rifled musket (1861 Ordnance Manual) ; b, buckshot, same; c, ball, rifled musketoon (1861 Ordnance Manual) ; d, conical bullet with wooden plug used in a; e, later bullet, no plug, 725 grains; f, Mefford subcaliber, ball; g, Mefford subcaliber, buck and ball; h, Mefford projectile, with wooden sabot; 1, ball, rifled musket, Merrill conversion (?). Plate 27—CARTRIDGES FOR CALIBER 0.54 RIFLES AND HALL's RIFLES: 4, Buck and ball, French style, 1812-30; b, Buckshot, British style, 1812-30; c, X-ray of b, showing shot distributed through powder; d, ball, models 1804 and 1819 flint rifles; e, blank for same and patched ball; f, buckshot, British style, perhaps for cadet musket; g, ball, model 1819 Hall’s rifle and bare ball used; h, ball, model 1841 percussion rifle (1849 Ordnance Manual) ; i, blank, same; j, ball, caliber 0.52 Hall’s carbine (1849 Ordnance Manual). Plate 28—CARTRIDGES FOR CALIBERS 0.54 AND 0.58 RIFLES: a, Elongated ball, caliber 0.54 rifle, 570-grain bullet above; b, same, 455-grain bullet above; c. Minié-type ball, caliber 0.58 rifle, bullet above; d, corresponding William’s-bullet cartridge, 465-grain bullet above; e, same, for pistol-carbine or Union machine gun; f, same, for rifle, red paper, 565-grain type II Wms bullet below; g, same, blue paper, 565-grain type I Wms bullet below; 4, Shaler’s sectional bullet, with five variants of bullet. Plate 29.—EXPLOSIVE-BULLET CARTRIDGES FOR RIFLES: a, Experimental bullets with copper nose insert; b, explosive bullet for foreign musket; c, Jacobs explosive bullet; d, Gardiner explosive, -caliber 0.58; ¢, Gardiner, caliber 0.50; f, Gardiner; g, variant Gardiner; h, explosive shell (CSA?), caliber 0.69 i, CSA explosive, caliber 0.577; J, same, damaged by deteriorating bullet; &, bullet from j; /, bullets from A and 1; m, explosive bullet, CSA, caliber 0.54, and base of /. Plate 30—SHARPS AND GREENE RIFLE AND CARBINE CARTRIDGES : a, Greene rifle, caliber 0.54; b, Greene carbine, caliber 0.54; c, X-ray of b, showing position of bullet; d, bul- let from a; e, Greene carbine, caliber 0.44 f, X-ray of-e, showing William’s patent bullet; g, tube of Sharps pellet primers; A, early Sharps paper, carbine, and bullet; i, commercial Sharps paper, blue base; j, Sharps rifle, 1858; k, Sharps carbine, 1858; I, Sharps carbine, 1861, and bullet; m, Sharps carbine, unknown origin. Plate 31.—PISTOL AND PISTOL-CARBINE CARTRIDGES: a, Ball, caliber 0.69, converted pistol; b, blank, caliber 0.69, British type, 1810-20; c, ball, caliber 0.54, model 1816-27 pistols ; d, blanks, caliber 0.54, Harpers Ferry pistol, 1810-20; c, blank caliber 0.54, 1820-34; f, ball, caliber 0.54, for model 1819-36 pistols (1841 Ordnance Manual); g, blank, same; h, blank, same (1839 Ordnance Manual) ; 1, ball, caliber 0.54, percussion, 1842; J, ball, same (1849 Ordnance Manual); k, blank, same; I, ball, caliber 0.58, pistol-carbine ; m, elongated bullet for /; 1, William’s patent bullet, for pistol-carbine ; o, William’s bullet from 1. Plate 32—CONFEDERATE-MADE AND PURCHASED CARTRIDGES: a, Caliber 0.44 for Colt’s revolver, Richmond Laboratory ; b, caliber 0.56 for Merrill carbine; c, caliber 0.58 for caliber 0.56 Colt’s rifle, Selma Arsenal’: d, caliber 0.37 for Maynard carbine; e, bullets from Sharps and Kerr rifles ; f, caliber 0.52 Sharps rifle; g, caliber 0.45 Whitworth rifle (hexagonal bullet), 45/85: h, same (cylindrical bullet) ; 1, same, 45/70; j, same, 45/60; k, hexagonal Whitworth bullet, bare and in case; /, patched hexagonal and cylindrical Whitworth bullets; m, package of 10 caliber 0.45 Whitworth bullets. Plate 33.—CONFEDERATE-MADE CARTRIDGES: a, Ball, caliber 0.69 musket, Selma Arse- nal; b, same, Richmond Arsenal, 1863; c, same, Augusta Arsenal, 1863; d, buck and ball, caliber 0.69 musket, Richmond Arsenal; ¢e, same, New Orleans Arsenal; f, buck- shot, caliber 0.69 musket, New Orleans Arsenal; g, buck and ball, same; h, ball and buckshot from g, bullet from 1, solid base; 7, ball, caliber 0.54 rifle, salmon paper ; 7, ball, caliber 0.577 rifle, Macon Arsenal; k, ball, inserted paper, caliber 0.69 musket; /, ball, inserted paper, caliber 0.64 Hall’s carbine (?); m, ball, inserted paper, caliber 0.577 rifle; , ball, inserted paper, caliber 0.54 (incomplete) ; 0, ball inserted paper, caliber 0.45, unknown origin. Plate 34.—BRITISH SERVICE CARTRIDGES, 1835-1865: a, Ball, carbine, caliber 0.62; b, ball for Minié musket, model 1835-51, caliber 0.702; c, X-ray showing position of cylindrical ball; d, ball, Sea Service musket, model 1842, caliber 0.731 (yellow paper) ; e, ball, pistol, caliber 0.75; f, ball, pistol, caliber 0.62; g, ball, Whitworth, caliber 0.45; h, X-ray of g, showing stick and wads; i, ball, Enfield rifle, model 1853; 7, same (con- tract Ludlum) ; k, same (contract Eley) ; /, bullets, Minié type, with wood plugs, cali- bers 0.577 and 0.731. Plate 35.—CARTRIDGES FOR FOREIGN ARMS USED IN THE Unitep STATES: a, French conical ball for model 1842-63 rifled musket, ealiber 0.71; b, French ball for converted musket, caliber 0.70, center fire; c, X-ray of b, showing inserted primer in base; d, French buckshot, caliber 0.70, center fire; e, X-ray of d, showing details, and ball from a; f, Austrian ball for rifled musket, caliber 0.71; g, bullets for f and 7; h, Aus- trian ball for rifled musket, caliber 0.70; i, American-made for caliber 0.577 Enfield rifle; j, Belgian ball for rifled musket, caliber 0.70. Plate 36.—PAPER AND LINEN CARTRIDGES FOR CARBINES AND REVOLVERS: a, Starr car- bine, caliber 0.54, linen and bullet; b, Sharps carbine, caliber 0.52, linen and bullet; c, Union carbine, caliber 0.50, linen and bullet; d, Jenks carbine, caliber 0.50, linen (Merrill’s alteration?) ; ce, unknown, caliber 0.50, linen (Perry ?); f, Colt Army revolver, caliber 0.44, linen; y, Colt Navy revolver, caliber 0.36, linen; h, Colt Navy revolver, blank, paper; 7, Colt Navy revolver, caliber 0.36, paper, 150-grain bullet; j, Colt Army revolver, caliber 0.44, paper, 212-grain bullet; k, bullet from /; /, Mer- rill carbine, caliber 0.56, paper ; +, Gibbs carbine, caliber 0.54, paper, », Union carbine, caliber 0.50, paper; 0, bullets for Colt’s Walker, Dragoon, and Army revolvers; p, Colt Dragoon revolver, 232-grain bullet (yellow paper) ; g, same, 212-grain bullet; r, same, blank; s, Colt Army revolver, shellac over paper; t, Colt Navy revolver, shellac over paper. % Aa hg SSS Plate 37—CoMBUSTIBLE CARTRIDGES: a, Von Lenk’s gun-cotton, caliber 0.58; b, Bar- low’s patent, nitrated paper, caliber 0.54; c, Colt’s caliber 0.56 rifle; d, same, as made at Selma Arsenal, CSA; e, Hayes’s patent, caliber 0.54 rifle, minus cover; f, (?) Haz- ard’s caliber 0.64 musket (round ball) ; g, Johnston and Dow’s caliber 0.46 revolver ; h, J&D caliber 0.52 Sharps; i, J&D caliber 0.574 Enfield; 7, J&D caliber 0.58 rifle; k, Hazard’s caliber 0.69 rifled musket; /, Hazard’s caliber 0.58 rifle; m, Hazard’s cali- ber 0.56 Colt’s rifle; », Hazard’s caliber 0.54 rifle; 0, Hazard’s caliber 0.52 Sharps carbine; ~, Hazard’s caliber 0.52 Hall’s carbine; q, Bartholow’s caliber 0.69 rifled musket ; r, Bartholow’s caliber 0.69 rifled musketoon; s, Bartholow’s caliber 0.58 rifle; f, Bartholow’s caliber 0.54 rifle; u, Bartholow’s caliber 0.44 revolver; v, Bartholow’s caliber 0.36 revolver ; w, Bartholow’s caliber 0.31 revolver. Plate 38.—COMBUSTIBLE CARTRIDGES: a, Colt’s combustible envelope, caliber 0.44; b, Johnston and Dow’s, caliber 0.46; c, Sage waterproof, caliber 0.44; d, Sage seam- less, caliber 0.44; c, Colt's paper combustible, caliber 0.44; f, Bartholow’s caliber 0.44; yg, Hazard's, caliber 0.44; h, Watervliet Arsenal, caliber 0.44; 1, Colt’s skin, caliber 0.44; J, Hayes’s, caliber 0.44; k, Eley combustible envelope, caliber 0.44 Colt; 1, Eley combustible, caliber 0.442 Adams; m, same, removed from case; 1, Eley, caliber 0.443 Webley, removed from case; 0, same, in case; fp, Eley foil, caliber 0.442 Adams; q, Eley foil, caliber 0.44 Colt’s; r, Eley foil, caliber 0.44 Colt; s, Eley foil, caliber 0.36 Colt; ¢t, Eley combustible, caliber 0.36 Colt; u, Eley combustible, caliber 0.36 Adams; v. Hazard’s, caliber 0.36; w, explosive tip, caliber 0.36, with tip element above; x, Remington, caliber 0.36; y, Watervliet, caliber 0.36; s, Sage seamless, cali- ber 0.36; aa, Sage Whitney, caliber 0.36; bb, Sage Savage, caliber 0.36. Plate 39.—METALLIC CARTRIDGES (miscellaneous types, external priming): a, Morse, caliber 0.58; b, Morse, caliber 0.54; c. Morse, caliber 0.50, CSA carbine; d. Morse, caliber 0.48; e, section of b, rubber disk below; f, bases of a and d; yg, Poultney’s patent, caliber 0.54 Burnside; 4, Burnside, caliber 0.54, first model; 7, Burnside, cali- ber 0.54 Frankford Arsenal, tinned; j, Burnside, caliber 0.54; k, Burnside, caliber 0.54 dished base; /, Gallager bullets, m, Poultney’s patent, caliber 0.50 Gallager, diagonal seam; #1, same, straight seam; o, soldered foil, Gallager; p, Jackson’s patent, Gallager, tinned iron case; q, brass case, Gallager ; r, same, paper lined, bullet above. Plate g0—MISCELLANEOUS CARBINE AND RIFLE CARTRIDGES: a, Poultney’s patent, caliber 0.50 Maynard carbine, diagonal seam; ), same, straight seam; c, brass case, caliber 0.50 Maynard, pointed bullet; d¢, same, flat-nosed bullet; c, same, tinned case, Frankford Arsenal; f, same, light bullet and reduced charge; y, rubber case, Smith carbine, caliber 0.56; /1, same, caliber 0.52; 1, same, caliber 0.50; 7, same, caliber 0.48, bullets above; k&, heavy paper case, Smith, caliber 0.48; /, soldered foil case, Smith, caliber 0.52; m, Poultney’s patent, Smith, caliber 0.52 diagonal seam; 1, same, variant seam; 0, same, variant; p, Crispin patent, Smith rifle, caliber 0.50; g, same, carbine; r, same, caliber 0.50 variant; s, same, caliber 0.44. ce bb ad y Plate 4i.—PIN- AND RIM-FIRE METALLIC CARTRIDGES: a, S&W revolver, caliber 0.22; b, S&W revolver, caliber 0.32; c, Prescott Navy revolver, caliber 0.38; d, 12 mm. pin-fire revolver, C. D. Leet: c, same, French manufacture; f, same, Houllier & Blanchard; g, 11 mm. Perrin revolver, inside-primed, anvil shown above; /, 12 mm. Rafael revolver, inside-primed, anvil above; 1, Hammond pistol, caliber 0.44; 7, Spencer rifle, caliber 0.44; #, Howard and Ballard rifles, caliber 0.44; /, Ballard carbine, cali- ber 0.44, by S&W; am, Henry, caliber 0.44, flat; 1, same, pointed bullet, New Haven Arms Co.; 0, Ball & Palmer and Ballard, caliber 0.44; p, Ballard rifle, caliber 0.45; gq, Remington carbine, caliber 0.46; r, Ball carbine, caliber 0.50; s, Spencer carbine, caliber 0.50; t, Ballard carbine, caliber 0.54, “Old Model”; u, Spencer, caliber 0.56 by Crittenden & Tibbals; v, same, by Frankford Arsenal; w, same by S&W; x, same, by Spencer “Navy & Infantry size”; y, Joslyn carbine, caliber 0.54; z, Sharps & Hankins rifle, caliber 0.55; aa, same, variant; Db, same, carbine; cc, Allin conversion, caliber 0.58 Springfield. PLATE 42.—METALLIC CARTRIDGES FOR MACHINE GUNS AND PATENT ARMS: 4a, Un- known, caliber 0.80, believed first Gatling gun; b, steel chamber, Union machine gun, with special Williams-bullet-reduced-load cartridge; c, Billinghurst & Requa battery gun and bullet; d, rim-fire Gatling gun, caliber 1 inch; e, (center) Volcanic, caliber 0.41, pistol, showing primer in base; f, rim-fire Gatling gun, caliber 0.58; gy, Cofer (CSA), caliber 0.38 revolver ; h, steel auxiliary chambers for 12-mm. pin-fire revolver and for caliber 0.44 Hammond pistol; 1, front-loading revolver, caliber 0.28, cup primer ; j, same, caliber 0.30, Milbank primer; k, same, caliber 0.30, teat-fire; /, Allen lip-fire, caliber 0.30, revolver ; m, described by Pitman as Union carbine but seems variant Gal- lager; », same as last, another variant; 0, head stamps found on rim-fire cartridges of Civil War period: CDL (C. D. Leet), FVV&C (Fitch, Van Vechten & Co.), 58CAL, soCAL, J. G. (Julius Goldmark), J. G, SAW (Sage Ammunition Works), C.T.M.Co. (Crittenden, Tibbals Manufacturing Co.). Plate 43.—TRIAL AND EXPERIMENTAL CARTRIDGES: a, Morse carbine, caliber 0.54, 1857 trials; b, Maynard conversion, caliber 0.69, 1857 trials; c, same: d, Sharps rifle, cali- ber 0.38, 1857 trials: c, same, a civilian model variant, caliber c.36; f, Gallager & Gladding patent, caliber 0.61, for Schubarth caliber 0.58 conversion, 1860. trials; y, Maynard self-primed (1866) for converted rifle, caliber 0.58; 1, Maynard conversion, caliber 0.58, same system as c; 1, Maynard self-primed, caliber 0.50, same system as g/; j, priming covers for g and i; k, wrapped case, center-fire, caliber 0.50, FA1865; I, Meigs patent conversion, caliber 0.58, 1863 (?); m, Montstorm, caliber 0.61, con- version for caliber 0.58 rifle, 1860 trials; n, caliber 0.42 disk anvil, Williams bullet; 0, same, caliber 0.45: p. caliber 0.50, disk anvil, FA1865; q, bullet from 1 above, disk anvil from p; 7, Springfield 1865 series, rim-fire, 0.50-60-400; s, same, 0.44-40-350; t, same, 0.44-40-300; 1, same, 0.44-40-300; 7, Same, 0.44-45-350; aw, same, 0.44-45-500. a ot 500 '€ TIN FOIL PRIMERS » ¢ Patented June 28, 1803. tern, a Pio aly, SEQ, HE Plate 44.—IGNiTION (full size except 9, he, joke la heOy saSIZO) eee Packet of 10 caps for Maynard carbine; b, packet of 12 caps for caliber 0.58 rifle; c, packet of 12 caps for caliber 0.69 rifled musket; d, packet of tape primers, M1855; e, tube, pellets for Sharps carbine; f, packet of 8 caps for revolver; g, can of Sharps primers ; h, same, foil-lined: i, musket flint; 7, can of Sharps primers, C. 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EEE EqqqqreqcccRE cldddadddaddadlguyguy TUM liddddid ddd uidddduyuuguyy yeas ugiie de gedddddddidddddddddddapatapajpiagdaii Ve Widddeddcccddadaadacdadaddddidddtdaddataaanaiddaga — 4 = q = [== - == : ‘ ——— KXound Ball == i Bad G A = === i 2 Cans |S ; ae Sa J atmerican : == ——- ———- hla EEE EPOCH. We Adeddedhddd WLLL ZEEE: LHLLLL ZED a Vissdacndadaaiididiaiictacccscccueaaaadadddddddaddda a NSMUOTH BORE SMOOTH BORE | When the last shock of the Ball takes place on the upper side of the bore. rotation trom below upward takes place Lact shock of Ball on the lower vide. rotation thom above. Mesh Smooth hore WZ eeeaadddaiasnalde a > (3 ‘4 } Conreal” Beckaith So Ri ‘ Needle breach loading Musket Arrow Ball a Oval Bal <. . E Sem, E Le, BS ? ¢ : Ball for Breech Wang-ot SS Yoaching Vucket c < pe Avetrian t ” ' } xo Mangrot Charrins Hollow Sian” , f Rarer < ab bd Steel fw Point Charvins vith Brus : & : & Le Diablo, ailied Jiater i J V Star Ball 4, Zine or Leadniies _Debrigne Ruecran Pucrvan Gantlarohe Brera Spanind ‘ayes oints of Zune orlead Lancers i} Charnn Debrignes 2 Ringe he . : In et Sit sett of the proce or tine of fire =I —- Le = Tryegtor Beckwith? Mame Eng * With reference to the new (lindro-conic Balle, itmay be remarked ; that the cavity heing subjected to the acaon of the Gas evolved - / bv the tflamation of the Powder. should be in proportion to the force of ewspanstan. it nat. the Ball will be frequently torn. In ; Prep a las changing the form of the varity the posttion of the center of yrevite changes, Thus it it necessary that the hollow of the ball should represents most of the Balls / have « depth proportional to the lenyth of the ball and to the turce, and that the (viindiveul part may be sufficienth epan- f nF s y ; eg : now musetn Lurope. an ' Pruchette with ded. These conditions hase a direct tntluence on the range and accuracy. The grooves around the cylindrical pert of elongated halls P Enfield Rifle . d “ have yreat influence on the accuracy atlong ranges, they tend constanth to keep the port tn the right direction Whether bells are many that have been expert - holloa or solid. the number of grooves should varv with ther waght and length As. to the form prefiramy it gin to these mented with. Oo Ae farm Ctindro Comr Sections of different Barrels loaded are also given &e. <¢ y; Mis < eas § ; i ; Contor of qrecity_in the center 4s RSS - YZ s Seas: 2a, = ——_ : ie qrivity near the pont Mangeot Conter of gravity near the rear _Z - Mbptical Bere ‘ ae x ‘int / x Deane \ } i Si! angeot shee, | SAN HR HWE | 2 Grooves Vangeot Peters Balle Charvin. Belg” ~e With Wad ‘ a Adams Balls Maries \ Throws Plate 51—Bu.tets, 1850-1860, Wilcox (Mangeot). \ a — ae 1 rb a 7) uw ac < c o =| 2 Q = =] = i ” = z < z fo) 77) x |= = 77) 3 9088 01421 5172