SMITHSONTAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 “EVERY MAN IS A VALUABLE MEMBER OF SOCIETY WHO, BY HIS OBSERVATIONS, RESEARCHES, AND EXPERIMENTS, PROCURES KNOWLEDGE FOR MEN’’—JAMES SMITHSON (Pustication 4418) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION 1960 THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. ADVERTISEMENT The Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections series contains, since the suspension in 1916 of the Smithsonian Contributions to Knowledge, all the publications issued directly by the Institution except the An- nual Report and occasional publications of a special nature. As the name of the series implies, its scope is not limited, and the volumes thus far issued relate to nearly every branch of science. Papers in the fields of biology, geology, anthropology, and astrophysics have predominated. LEONARD CARMICHAEL, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution. (iii) a Hil 7 a ii 7 ; i" A is ; ' n , és } - i] ‘1 “ie va : ne Ua en ten Aiea ca eee ae ete Di eta inti iM vie sy pr Ar ge fd) alee , , ay " fines 4 i in ‘ if 1 i} 7) if i q 1 a | aM bow vis i it Veale nat Pe Ne Bi hind Vy ; y fy | ¥ ’ j . 4) 4 My ¥ a wy ] : \! ' mt 10 a H Ray ! ive P . a: toe : : _ 6) i / Fy t ¥ = ' 2 i ~~ \ i j a vi % TL eae rre Ah oy CONTENTS . Jupp, Nem M. Pueblo del Arroyo, Chaco Canyon, New Mexico. 222 pp., 55 pls., 45 figs. June 26, 1959. (Publ. 4346.) . Swnopcrass, R. E. Evolution of arthropod mechanisms. 77 pp., 24 figs. Nov. 28, 1958. (Publ. 4347.) . Assot, C. G. Long-range weather forecasting. 19 pp., II figs. Feb. 16, 1959. (Publ. 4352.) . Wermore, ALEXANDER. Birds of the Pleistocene in North Amer- ica. 24 pp. Jan. 15, 1959. (Publ. 4353.) . CAHALANE, Victor H. A biological survey of Katmai National Monument. 246 pp., 12 pls., 4 figs. Aug. 20, 1959. (Publ. 4376.) (v) i Py ih ay Wen hea Pia | Ae ae i ah ee Pana Ta Peat: i Hes ‘ : ap} te ee As ah ith ‘a ie : : a i r ‘ A on Ln f : : ‘ ; el Cn my CASojouyyy Uvoiiaury Jo neaing yo ASOJINOD “LEVI ‘Hopepulyy 10j1\ Aq ydersojoy ) ‘yey Nos of} Woy OXOATW Jap O[geang jo Surm yynos oy p—1 aLVIg pray nf ee, 3 van «he SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 138, NO. 1 Published under a Grant from the Hational Geographic Soctetp EORBPOMDEL ARROYO CACO CANYON NEW MEXICO (Wir 55 PLates) By NEIL M. JUDD Associate in Anthropology, U. S. National Museum Smithsonian Institution (PuBLICATION 4346) CITY OF WASHINGTON PUBLISHED BY THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION JUNE 26, 1959 SMITHSONIAN yyy 2 6 1959 INSTITUTION THE LORD BALTIMORE PRESS, INC. BALTIMORE, MD., U. S. A. cy ss 6) FOREWORD This is the fourth of several articles reporting the findings of the National Geographic Society’s Pueblo Bonito Expeditions. Previous numbers are: 1. Dating Pueblo Bonito and other ruins of the Southwest, by A. E. Douglass. Nat. Geogr. Soc. Contr. Techn. Pap., Pueblo Bonito Ser., No. 1, 1935. 2. The geology of Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, in relation to the life and remains of the prehistoric peoples of Pueblo Bonito, by Kirk Bryan. Smith- sonian Misc. Coll., vol. 122, No. 7, 1954. 3. The material culture of Pueblo Bonito, by Neil M. Judd, with Appendix: Canid remains from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, by Glover M. Allen. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 124, 1954. Subsequent reports, it is expected, will examine the remarkable ceramic complex of Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, skeletal remains from the two ruins, the growth and decline of Pueblo Bonito, and certain small-house sites in the Chaco Canyon area. The manner in which the Pueblo Bonito Expeditions came about was related in the third report, cited above. Therein I also recalled my deep personal obligation to the officers of the National Geographic Society and to the Society’s Committee on Research, which had invited me to lead its 1920 reconnaissance of Chaco Canyon and, later, its investigations at Pueblo Bonito, 1921-27. In my report to the Committee in November 1920, I recognized Pueblo Bonito as the Chaco Canyon ruin most likely to contribute additional knowledge of Pueblo civilization at its height, and I recommended Pueblo del Arroyo for joint investigation because its proximity made this possible and because a low mound on the west side of the ruin and fragmen- tary walls exposed by caving of the arroyo bank were thought to rep- resent an earlier, underlying structure. Correlative expeditions in 1923, 1928, and 1929, under leadership of Dr. Andrew E. Douglass, director of Steward Observatory, Uni- versity of Arizona, were prompted by our desire to learn the age of Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo and were eminently successful. These several expeditions were conducted under the authority of permits from the Department of the Interior, and all collections re- sulting from the excavations were presented to the United States National Museum. At the request of the National Geographic Society, my services for the annual fieldwork were lent by the Smithsonian Institution. iil iv SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Our studies at Pueblo del Arroyo were begun early. in the summer of 1923 and were continued intermittently during the following three seasons as workmen could be spared from the larger undertaking at Pueblo Bonito. Karl Ruppert, a University of Arizona graduate in anthropology and my principal assistant during the 1921-26 seasons, was placed in full charge. His excavation notes and a preliminary report submitted late in 1926 form the basis of the present volume, but they have been augmented by my own memoranda and by such data as have resulted from study of the collections since their receipt and restoration at the National Museum. Mr. Ruppert, who has gained well-merited recognition since 1930 for his researches among ruined cities of the ancient Maya in Yucatan and Chiapas, has not seen the present monograph prior to publication and is not responsible for any errors or omissions herein. For our program at Pueblo del Arroyo Mr. Ruppert and I had the advice and cooperation of the same staff that served so competently at Pueblo Bonito. The work of excavation was performed by our crew of Zuni and Navaho Indians. Oscar B. Walsh, C. E., prepared the ground plans, and O. C. (‘‘Pete”) Havens, of Gallup, N. Mex., took most of the field photographs. Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., and Monroe Amsden in 1925 sorted and analyzed vast quantities of pot- sherds from excavated rooms and exploratory tests at both Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, and some of their results are intro- duced in the following pages. During the summer of 1926 Henry B. Roberts assembled the information presented in Appendixes B, C, and D. Plates illustrating specimens are by Bates Littlehales, staff photographer of the National Geographic Magazine, and the text figures are from the pen of William Baake. Those showing archi- tectural details were prepared by Harold E. MacEwen from Mr. Rup- pert’s field sketches. The chore of cleaning and restoring specimens in the collection was in large part performed at the U. S. National Museum by temporary workers provided in 1938 by the Federal relief agencies. As heretofore, my coworkers at the National Museum have gen- erously aided by identifying materials from the excavations: Rocks and minerals, by John B. Reeside, E. P. Henderson, and George S. Switzer; mammals, by David H. Johnson and H. W. Setzer ; birds, by A. Wetmore and Herbert Friedmann; shells, by Harald A. Reh- der; wood, by William N. Watkins; botanical remains, by C. V. Morton. My wife, Anne MacKay Judd, as always, has been of im- measurable assistance throughout; Mrs. Pearl Stello has typed the NOD LE PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD Vv final manuscript. Miss Anna O. Shepard, of the Historical Division, Carnegie Institution of Washington, examined our sherd collections in connection with her study of prehistoric pigments and tempering substances, and all archeologists have benefited from her observations, since published. Mere words cannot adequately convey my sense of obligation to the officers and staff of the National Geographic Society for their unfailing interest and support throughout the years of the Pueblo Bonito Expeditions and subsequently. Without their active coopera- tion and encouragement this volume might have been still further delayed. It is a pleasure also to acknowledge my indebtedness to the Penrose Fund of the American Philosophical Society for a grant-in-aid that provided for preparation of the architectural drawings herein and for the typing of my manuscript. Neit M. Jupp U. S. National Museum, Smithsonian Institution Washington, D. C. December 28, 1950. pica ite my ee ny co si | os ie - ee ali ee Ave cE ssaroeahitlh aot eae ane “atte ilans Lisl 9 iit pide ois bistevsebicha bret i “t ey i of ea iho al we bia each adh is aa dvs yaaa KL oind iy ay an a i rit es ‘ a i pincdnen Any olthionnenadiy xin inate , at rr ey il Ga shy ses BA dt ts lt Tee ii ale Bah Ys, ae Rh nL mh gon ch aan eye Heel pig bre Tree’ Ca te A Re ee Rae Te en er tk Pe haloes " “thes oped tos Gi oy ei Ha ie , i i MP ri Ae i iby Md enn | ce ae Le ee eT ae eh Pig en Tee ae ra if Pe aL: a? hy) ert may he tee: ay’? CORUNA, Mager iNOW SUM id olan ales cn i Hl . Webiateat ‘sn Mead Neds ye yo Seeatig.: Phils perry 0 ae i LAL Ue 4 : ae hapa ‘uy aan eRe abn Th Maes ve ase ot Ne i . ime e ‘ren ical aban inn 7) al . oe , i i bag Nechaitiun’s iitey Ae +i iwi Gal oe, a= ie bee nay | : ue ‘bien: ae uel iy! Patan fare 4 a Lid er ong igh gL ; yi Mi. ‘carr ake ito ca ex He oi TO) ae eee ee in ha | on im aeokte a eNs. eae a a Aiea ee ae vivid, ist Thee a Bite | Miva Hh RO Rc ie een! hors) ee ch Be ks eS eta ie : | op ee is fe Pay chia aa Gy Rhee Sie Shatin Sl ghaaHlee att ear on Wik ' ; a \ Poeun | ° ae RT AG aly bali: iy vat i bal came ia) De Peed | bi ; - he wei “shrinks, an tah me he ehea ae, Ho nu a ire Maat Gia ka . es ry i'% , } : F ' hap Tite ise | silvers, | iis, pak ia ald Wig ae ae en vitwand Beer) op NE aarti thne tae Ssh Ay ee MIE RE Ba ei eae bata i bial sd Oa Hee ere Healey. Wy Al ic he Beal or ee doh) OANA, iit sd Nee fu jhe "i Dasma i na ee ar } ‘ re i a ene ons shad ‘anal ah wa ah iy en y Rune ek ay ) a ne ; 7 LA § ‘ pis iy | P) ie yo } ae hay 4 y var i } ; iy A te : t Day q) i AN Vx fl , j : Kivas CONTENTS eee eee eee eee eee eee eee eres eseseeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeseseeeesee DE LEG IVa Mayrieie ace carsioais wyccib tal a aichavaa tye cauahedeince due Korea etna biemaaeee ene GOmeSiOnsy UF oe ape charerasdiole ctafele ets ateiate Riso Rh cee othe HAE solace tants BIDUORLAPIY, Are < is cles omiereld weelets oreo eie a siao deine SG cata pe ae Sshioe Appendix A: Size and provenience of objects illustrated........... Appendix B: Table of room dimensions, by Henry B. Roberts..... Appendix C: Table of room fixtures and fittings, by Henry B. ROUGE ES ate cath rete tes ae yey rel Svat Het ein) elias sue a es aaa poicee itemesal ad or elate ato Appendix D: Partial list of wall repairs, by Henry B. Roberts..... Index cee eee eee eer eee ree eee eeeseeeseeerereeeeeeeeeee eres eeeseteseee Vii in , ; aga i i, mT 1 et a AR he LeMP Vg! fh, PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, GHACO CANYON, NEW MEXICO By NEIL M. JUDD Associate in Anthropology, U. S. National Museum Smithsonian Institution (WITH 55 PLATES) I. INTRODUCTION “A few hundred yards further down the canyon,” wrote Lt. James H. Simpson in his journal (1850, p. 81), “we fell in with another pueblo in ruins, called by the guide Pueblo del Arroyo.” Simpson was a topographical engineer attached to the command of Col. John M. Washington on a military reconnaissance of the Navaho country in the late summer of 1849. The troops left Santa Fe on August 16 by way of Santo Domingo and Jemez and Io days later camped about a mile from Pueblo Pintado, a conspicuous ruin at the head of Chaco Canyon. The following day, August 27, camp was made about 2 miles west of Pueblo Wejegi and within sight of that noble landmark, Fajada Butte, or Mesa Fachada as Simpson recorded the name. Next morn- ing Colonel Washington led his troops out of the canyon at this point and continued westward after giving Simpson permission to examine other ruins reported to be even larger than Wejegi and Pintado. For the day’s adventure the lieutenant was accompanied by R. H. Kern, the artist, a Mexican guide by name of Carravahal, and seven mem- bers of the New Mexico militia. The ruins of Una Vida, Hungo Pavie, Chettro Kettle, and Pueblo Bonito provided so much of interest that the sun was already low on the western horizon when Lieuten- ant Simpson and his companions came finally to Pueblo del Arroyo. After only a cursory examination the party hurried on, hoping to overtake the main command before dark. The day before, while interrogating the expedition’s several guides about the origin of Pueblo Pintado, Simpson concluded that Carrava- hal was better informed on the subject than either of the Indians. From what was written of him I infer the Mexican was a talkative SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS, VOL. 138, NO. 1, 1959 2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 individual and entirely uninhibited. He had ready names for 8 of the Io ruins visited, and 5 are Mexican names. Some may have been inspirations of the moment, but others surely were familiar to Mexi- can traders and militiamen previously drawn to Chaco Canyon by its Navaho population. It was from a former soldier or merchant, no doubt, that Josiah Gregg learned of these same ruins and ventured a notation in which Pueblo Pintado is mistakenly called Pueblo Bonito (Gregg, 1845, p. 284). Although Gregg’s reference is the older, Simpson’s descriptions are based on first-hand knowledge. For this reason I prefer to retain the names he recorded at the time. Nowhere in his journal does Simpson mention an arroyo in Chaco Canyon, but at least the beginnings of one were present on August 28, 1849. Otherwise Carravahal would not have been so quick in desig- nating the subject of this study “pueblo of the arroyo.” In our second and third reports (Bryan, 1954; Judd, 1954) data are presented in support of the belief that what Carravahal saw was, in fact, a succession of shallow pools, some few of which may have been joined by caving of the bank between. Conditions tending toward such an intermittent channel are pictured by our older Navaho neigh- bors, reminiscing on the scenes of their boyhood. As these elders describe it, Chaco Canyon was a green paradise as late as Simpson’s time. Perennial grasses, willows, and cottonwoods still flourished ; drinking water could be had anywhere with a little digging ; occasional pines grew in the rincons and on the mesas above. Within 28 years, however, all this was to be changed and the valley transformed into a wasteland. Within 28 years floodwaters were to carve a steep- walled gully that lowered the water table beyond reach of surface vegetation. Unwatered, the native ground cover would wither and die, erosion would accelerate, and Chaco Canyon once again would lose its major attraction as a place for human habitation. When W. H. Jackson, noted photographer of the Hayden Surveys, journeyed this way in the spring of 1877 he camped at the only water in sight, a mud hole in the stream channel about 250 yards west of Pueblo del Arroyo (Jackson, 1878, p. 446). A stone’s throw south- east of the pueblo he measured the depth of the channel as 16 feet and remarked that this was about twice that of an older, inactive course nearer the ruin (ibid., p. 443). This older course may well be the arroyo Simpson saw 28 years earlier. In that case Jackson’s “old arroyo” is the one that gave our ruin its name, and the main channel had been deepened 8 feet, and probably more, between 1849 and 1877. The floodwaters that carved this “old arroyo” had also exposed McEl Crees i Mesa Verde = ShipRock / GALLUP Fic. 1—M — a= PUEBLO DEL ARROYO : / 60 STATUTE MILES ns Fic. 1.—Map of northwestern New Mexico showing location of Pueblo del Arroyo. ii! NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 3 a buried wall south of the ruin—a long, straight masonry wall not visible on the surface. Below that wall “and extending out into the main arroyo to a depth of 14 feet . . ., is an undulating stratum of broken pottery, flint-clippings, and small bones firmly embedded in a coarse gravelly deposit,” the bottom of a prehistoric arroyo. Here then, was a succession of three watercourses: one formed in the un- known past, refilled and covered over, a second that presumably began shortly before 1850, and a third and deeper course that had developed out of the second and within a quarter century. The keen- eyed Jackson missed very little! In 1924 Kirk Bryan, studying the geological history of Chaco Canyon in connection with our Pueblo Bonito investigations, chanced upon a new exposure of the prehistoric arroyo discovered by Jackson and plotted its course up and down the valley a distance of approxi- mately 5 miles. Potsherds collected on the bed of this buried channel fixed its existence as more or less contemporary with the decline of Pueblo Bonito. Indeed, as Bryan (1954, p. 47) points out, develop- ment of that ancient arroyo was undoubtedly a primary reason for abandonment of Pueblo Bonito, Pueblo del Arroyo, and other Chaco Canyon villages in the eleventh and twelfth centuries. Late in the winter of 1887-88 Victor Mindeleff visited Chaco Can- yon in connection with his study of Pueblo architecture, but his mono- graph (Mindeleff, 1891) includes no reference to Pueblo del Arroyo. Nevertheless, he took a number of photographs, and some of them we are privileged to publish herein through the courtesy of the Bureau of American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Evidence of pre- vious digging by unknown persons, and holes broken through walls, are to be seen in Mindeleff’s photographs (pl. 15). In 1920, the year of the National Geographic Society’s recon- naissance of Chaco Canyon, there stood near the southeast corner of Pueblo del Arroyo an L-shaped building sometimes identified as “the store’ and, again, as “the hotel.” It was built in 1897 or 1898 as a boardinghouse for personnel of the Hyde Exploring (or Explora- tion) Expeditions and later served as guest house. A smaller, rec- tangular building occupying a comparable location at the northeast corner of the ruin, and since removed, had been a bunkhouse for the Expeditions’ freighters and riders. Organized in 1896 for exploration of Pueblo Bonito and other prehistoric ruins, the Hyde Expeditions found themselves in the Indian trading business two years later when they undertook to supply their Navaho workmen with foodstuffs and clothing. The 4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 trade flourished and by 1gor a dozen stores were in operation throughout the area and the expeditions’ wagons were “encountered on every road in the Chaco region, hauling merchandise from the railroad to the interior and returning laden with blankets woven. by the Navajos, wool and hides.” (Holsinger, MS., p. 70.) Headquarters of the Hyde Expeditions were in Chaco Canyon until 1900 or 1901 when they were transferred to Thoreau, on the Santa Fe Railway. Richard Wetherill was field manager of the company, and his residence still stands, a few feet from the southwest corner of Pueblo Bonito. The large room adjoining the residence on the west was his store or trading post. Wetherill was killed in 1910 at the mouth of Rincon del Camino, a mile west of Pueblo Bonito, and thereafter his Chaco Canyon holdings passed to a succession of owners and lessees. In 1920 and 1921 the old Wetherill homestead and buildings were leased by Edward Sargent, of Chama, N. Mex., who grazed several flocks of sheep in the Chaco country each winter.t His herders were provisioned from a supply depot in charge of Ed Doonan, who lived in the one-time “hotel.” Mr. Doonan’s predecessors had cleared and roofed several rooms in the nearby ruin for storage and for other purposes (pl. 3, upper). Gus Griffin maintained a small store here during the mid-1920’s. Our investigations at Pueblo del Arroyo were begun in 1923 and continued during the three following summers. Work started along the outer south side (pl. 2, upper). We removed the blown sand and earth and dumped the rocks not needed for reconstruction purposes into the arroyo in hope of checking its further encroachment. An entirely unexpected discovery during these initial activities was a series of small, secondary rooms improvised between eight but- tresses built to brace the leaning south wall. These small rooms and their fittings differ so markedly from those comprising the pueblo proper I defer further consideration of them for a later chapter wherein all extramural structures are discussed together. These external accretions, and much within the village, do not really belong in Chaco Canyon ; they indicate, rather, the presence of peoples from the north, from beyond the San Juan River. Pueblo del Arroyo itself is too Chacoan to be considered of foreign inspiration or construction but there can be no doubt that the cultural pattern of 1Mr. Sargent’s generous offer of May 6, 1921, to allow the staff of the National Geographic Society’s Pueblo Bonito Expedition to occupy the former Wetherill buildings was thwarted by cancellation and transfer of his lease. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 5 its builders came to be dominated, if not supplanted, by that of immi- grants from the San Juan country. The same infiltration was appar- ent also at Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954). While our explorations at Pueblo Bonito were in progress we com- monly referred to one phase of these northern influences as “the Chaco-San Juan” because, on pottery in particular, it appeared to be an adaptation of San Juan techniques and designs to Chaco practices in the manufacture of earthenware vessels. Although the initial blend- ing probably represented no more than appropriation of ideas carried by traders traveling to or from the San Juan, whole families and even groups of families migrated to Chaco Canyon later, sometime during the eleventh century. Northern influences are particularly evident at Pueblo del Arroyo. The pottery we recovered there is in large measure characteristic of that area in southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado drained by the McElmo and Mancos Valleys. The dominant wares at Pueblo del Arroyo, therefore, if not imported from the north, were made locally by potters who had learned their craft along the Mancos and the McElImo. In a recent study that includes this very region, Deric O’Bryan (1950, p. 103) dates the Mancos Mesa Phase at about A.D. 900-1050 and the McEImo Phase at about 1050-1150. These approximations, and especially the latter, agree closely with our tree-ring data. Derived as they are from annual growth rings of trees felled for construction purposes, tree-ring dates from a given building provide an approximation of the age of that building. How- ever, such dates are not always to be taken at face value because tim- bers were often salvaged from abandoned houses and reused. The labor of felling a tree with stone axes and transporting its trunk by manpower to the building site explains why old logs should have been reclaimed whenever possible. Nevertheless, there must be significance in the fact that the 31 datable timbers we recovered at Pueblo del Arroyo were all cut between A.D. 1052 and 1103 (Douglass, 1935, p. 51). Smiley (1951, p. 19) extends the bracket to 1117. Ten timbers from the middle section of the village show a range of from 1052 to 1090. Evidences of alteration and reconstruction are more numerous here than elsewhere. Changes in Kiva E, it is inter- esting to note, necessitated a new north wall in Room 46 but left one of the original ceiling beams undisturbed. That beam, dated 1072, was propped up, at the time the change was made, with another log cut 20 years earlier. In the south wing, where 17 beams gave cutting dates between 1067+ x and 1103, it is noteworthy that 11 were felled 6 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 during four years, 1100-1103. Five timbers from the unexcavated north wing bear dates of 1065, 1075, IIOI, I101+2, and 1117. Our 31 tree-ring dates suggest, therefore, that Pueblo del Arroyo was built when the Mancos-McElmo culture flourished north of the San Juan. That carriers of this culture came to dwell in Pueblo del Arroyo is proved both by the predominance of their characteristic pottery and by the presence of an adjacent, uncompleted McElmo Tower. No Chaco group could have made that pottery, and none would have undertaken construction of a building so foreign to its established architecture as a triple-walled tower. In general the masonry of Pueblo del Arroyo corresponds with Type III at Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1927b, p. 562; 1954, p. 19). There are, however, marked divergences here and there. Some walls appear to have been built of second-hand materials; some exhibit more or less banding with dressed blocks of friable sandstone while others may include sections composed of selected laminate sandstone in the manner of Bonitian Type IV. Although Pueblo Bonito archi- tecture is reflected in the construction of Pueblo del Arroyo the reflection is blurred and imperfect. As a whole, Pueblo del Arroyo masonry impresses one, to quote Ruppert, “as being the product of many individuals each of whom built according to his personal pref- erences but with left-over materials, the choice building stones having been utilized elsewhere.” In ground plan Pueblo del Arroyo consists of a block of massed rooms with eastward extensions at each end and the extensions con- nected by a semicircular series of one-story structures enclosing a court (fig. 2). The outer west wall of the pueblo is 268 feet long. The block of rooms comprising the south wing measures 75 feet north and south by 131 feet east and west, and portions of fourth- story walls still stand. A corresponding wing on the north is a trifle shorter but wider. The area occupied by the building and its court is thus slightly more than 1 acres. While both wings were rectangular blocks of rooms standing three or four stories high, the massed structures between the wings were terraced down from the higher west side to a single story overlooking the court. Ground-floor rooms, being dark and poorly ventilated, were utilized primarily for storage; those in the upper stories, for resi- dential purposes. In the pages that follow, the letters B, C, and D will indicate rooms in the second, third, and fourth stories, respectively. We estimate 120 secular rooms on the ground floor of Pueblo del Arroyo and these, together with 86 known second-story and 64 known See mal) te 2 ' Fic. 2.—Ground Uh sas S Sie] PUEBLO DEL ARROYO 1 ' ' 60 40 20 SCALE IN FEET Fic. 2—Ground plan of Pueblo del Arroyo. (From the original survey by Oscar B. Walsh.) | NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD Wi third-story rooms and 14 suggested by surviving fourth-story walls, would give a total of 284 for the village as a whole. On the basis of three rooms and five individuals per family, we estimate a maxi- mum population of 475. Of those comprising the pueblo proper, we excavated 44 ground- floor rooms and 7 kivas. Fourteen rooms, 11, 17, 18, 19, 22, 33, 38, A2, 45, 48, 49, 50, 52, and 53, were numbered but not excavated. These and all unnumbered rooms were purposely left for the future. Our final season, that of 1926, was devoted entirely to structures beyond the west wall—structures to be considered in chapter TV. Our descriptive text will not cover all excavated rooms, but available data on those omitted are given at the end of this volume. Here, too, if not in the text, we will identify rooms previously opened by unknown persons. In the village as originally constructed there was only one outside door as far as I know, that in the west wall of Room 24, and this had been sealed early. If a gateway once opened into the court from the east, as Holsinger thought (MS., p. 51), it was not disclosed by our corner-searching. Pueblo del Arroyo, therefore, was a walled town, and the only conceivable reason for a walled town in Chaco Canyon was fear of aggression. The same fears were felt at nearby Pueblo Bonito where the town’s defenses had been strengthened repeatedly as the years passed. Recurrent enemy attacks and discontent caused by a dwindling food supply are two understandable motives for the decline and disruption of Pueblo del Arroyo. IT. RESIDENTIAL QUARTERS In the pages that follow I shall describe a number of rooms that seem significant for one reason or another. Some are former dwell- ings, some had served for storage, some are of interest from the architectural point of view, and some because of what we found in them. To avoid the monotony of repetition, dimensions and room fittings are listed in Appendixes B and C. With the exception of Rooms 1-7 which are intrusives and, as such, will be reserved for Chapter IV, Pueblo del Arroyo dwellings show a surprising uniformity in size. This, despite the disparity between Room 35, the smallest, measuring 8 feet by 12 feet 8 inches, and Room 55, which is 13 feet 2 inches wide by 25 feet 9 inches long. The average of those we excavated, 44 in number, is about 11 by 134 feet. Room § stands at the extreme southwestern corner of the pueblo as originally planned, that is, before Kiva B and its associated rooms were added. A few years prior to my 1920 visit, to approximate time by the amount of blown sand that had settled within its walls, the west half of the second-story room had been cleared by treasure hunters. They had broken a hole through the southwest corner of its floor (pl. 4, B) and thus gained access to the lower room which they found in an excellent state of preservation and relatively free from accumulated rubbish. If the original inhabitants abandoned anything here, the record has been lost for we recovered nothing but a single bone bead and part of an awl. A door in the north wall of this lower room, 8A, connects with Room 16 and thence with 24 and 25. The lintel of that door consists of eight pine poles about 3 inches in diameter; 4 inches below them and 5 inches back from the wall face, a single secondary lintel pole had served to support a doorslab or curtain. On the west, flush with the northwest corner and 6 feet above the floor, a ventilator admitted fresh air from the outside. At the east end of the room our treasure hunters had forced their way through an apparently sealed door only to be dissuaded from going farther by ceiling-high debris in Room 9A. The same intruders had also pried a number of stones out of the south wall revealing two pine logs, 6 inches in diameter, laid in horizontally as longitudinal tie beams or stays completely enclosed by the masonry. We learned subsequently that this method of strengthening walls was 8 NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 9 in common use at Pueblo del Arroyo. Except for the hole broken through from above, the ceiling of 8A was intact. Rooms 8B-I and B-II, For some undiscovered reason the room over 8A had been divided into two unequal parts by a masonry par- tition (pl. 4, B). The eastern part, 8B-I, is the larger of the two, and its south wall is 4 inches longer than the north. The partition, 8 inches thick and composed of irregular blocks of sandstone strengthened by two built-in pine posts, left 8B-II completely isolated except for a possible hatchway to the third story. That the partition was a late introduction is suggested by the presence of two south doors in 8B-I, both giving access to the flat roof of Kiva B. The westernmost of these two may have replaced the other when a shallow, adobe-rimmed fire- place was built directly below its east jamb. When we uncovered it the fireplace was still filled with wood ash, and plaster below the door- sill was dark with soot. An unusual feature of this particular hearth was the presence of two citcular depressions, each about 5 inches in diameter and an inch deep, at the northeast and northwest corners, presumably as pot rests. Precautionary measures against the possi- bility of fire are evidenced by an unusually thick adobe flooring about the fireplace and over the underlying layers of bark and split cedar. Between the north door, which had been closed with masonry, and the northeast corner two sandstone slabs had been embedded in the floor and rimmed with adobe mud to create a shallow basin somewhat resembling those designed for grinding meal (pl. 4, A). But in this instance the basin abuts the wall, and its floor slabs show no evidence of grinding. Through the east wall a T-shaped door that formerly opened into Room 9B-III had been partly blocked to leave a 12-inch- deep recess on the 8B-I side. Smoke-stained plaster still adhered to all four walls of 8B-I. The room had been abandoned and a-small amount of sandy debris had collected before its ceiling collapsed. Broken ceiling poles, split-cedar shakes, and 5-inch-thick chunks of adobe flooring provide clues to construction. Some of the poles were slightly charred but destruc- tion by fire is not indicated. In and under this wreckage we found pieces of tanned but unidentifiable skins, yucca-fiber cord, a drilled bone awl, a small quantity of human hair, and fragments of two sandals, one plaited (fig. 3) and the other woven. This latter, appar- ently of apocynum fiber, bears a design in color on the upper surface and, on the sole, a raised pattern produced by knotted threads. It is of a type commonly attributed to an earlier civilization than that represented by Pueblo del Arroyo. Io SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 On the floor in the southeast corner we found a piece of se- lenite an inch and a half long and a cube of lead ore, both unworked. Elsewhere in the room were a couple of ham- merstones, half a mano, a handful of potsherds, a door- slab that had been briefly used as a metate (shown leaning against the wall in plate 4, A), and part of a _ sandstone- iS abraded plank 7 inches wide, 4 LESS y inches thick, and about 2 feet long. The doorslab, at least, appeared to have fallen from the third-story room. Room 9A, adjoining Number 8 on the east, is noteworthy for its exceptional length. Originally 111 feet long, it was subsequently reduced to 58 feet 3 inches upon installation of the partitions creating Rooms 10 and 11. The reduced room measures 5 feet to inches wide at the east end; 6 feet, at the west. Since we cleared only the west end of it, Room 11 may be divided by a possible third partition. Whatever the idea behind it, Room 9 as originally planned was an architectural mistake, a fact its builders soon discovered. Its south wall began to settle outward even while under construction and, in an effort to correct the error, eight low external buttresses were hastily erected. Less than a foot of constructional debris—stone spalls and mortar droppings—had collected on the surface when those buttresses were installed. That the wall was leaning even before it reached ceil- ing height is obvious from the fact that the partitions setting off Rooms 10 and 11 are 5 inches wider at the top than at floor level. The north wall likewise leaned southward but to a lesser degree (pl. 5, right). Blown sand and debris of occupation filled 9A almost to its ceiling. Beneath and among this debris we found such typical tools and dis- cards as pieces of worked wood, bone, shell, and stone, 3 sandstone disks or jar covers, 11 hammerstones, Io manos, 1,357 miscellaneous potsherds for study, and fragments of a willow screen. On the floor close in the northwest corner lay a handful of turquoise and shell chips from some jeweler’s workbench. Fic. 3.—Sandal fragment from Room 8B-I. (Drawn by Hashime Murayama.) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD II At the west end of the room we came upon the partially disarticu- lated skeleton of an adult male (U.S.N.M. No. 327141). The skull had been crushed and some of the long bones thrown to one side. The left half of the upper jaw was recovered several feet farther east, about midway of the room and a foot above its floor. To our surprise that fragment was the remainder of an upper jaw (field No. 89) we had found 6 weeks earlier among broken masonry a foot and a half above floor level in the middle of Room 3. Thirty-three inches of solid masonry separates the two rooms. Doors connect 9A with Room 15 on the north, Room 8 on the west, and Room 1 on the south. The latter, like Room 3, is one of several rude dwellings built against the outer south wall of the pueblo some years after its completion, and the connecting doorway came still later. The west door, which we restored, is believed to have been blocked with masonry, perhaps at the time the adult male was buried, for the treasure hunters who broke through from 8A had destroyed most of the frame in their enthusiasm. A clay-lined hearth lies in the middle of the floor, 24 feet 3 inches from its east end. Absence of facing stones from an irregular area about 15 feet from the northeast corner suggests an intended north door to connect with Room 13. The missing stones were not present in the debris below, so we brought in others and refaced the area as a security measure. Rooms 9g, 10, and 11 resulted from the partitioning of an excep- tionally long room. Their second stories include, not three, but six rooms, and each of the five masonry walls separating them rests upon paired beams at second-story floor level rather than upon first-story stonework. Three of the six rooms overlie most of 9A and have been designated, beginning with the easternmost, 9B-I, 9B-II, and gB-III. Figure 4 illustrates the relationship of the group. Neither the east nor the west wall of Room 10A supports a second-story partition. Rooms 9B-I to 9B-III connect with those adjoining on the north but not with each other. All three had been lived in, for smoke- stained plaster still adheres to their walls. The floors of 9B-I and 9B II had collapsed under the weight of masonry fallen from above, but a remnant survived in the southeast corner of gB-II and here we found a number of discards, some of them partially embedded in the adobe flooring: the reworked handle of a dipper (U.S.N.M. 334678), 2 bone awls (No. 334906), a clay figurine (fig. 37, a), 2 re- worked pieces of wooden tablets (pl. 38, 1; No. 334702), a scrap of cotton cloth (No. 334715), and a bit of kaolin. The very diversity of these items suggests that they were among household rubbish dumped CusTeAA “@ JeosCQ Aq AdAINS JRUISIIO 94} WOIY) ‘solIOJs puoosss pue jsIy ‘II-g sWOOY Jo ayyoid pue ued 100, J—+b ‘ong LDS ac ie aac Rie rae | St OL s 0 4223 Uy 2IB25 B8 SSG I2 NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD Hs upon a rain-soaked pavement and pressed into it by the overburden. Also present was part of a sandstone mano that had been used in preparing azurite pellets for blue paint. Portions of third-story walls still stand here, and it is barely pos- sible there was once a fourth story. Room 9B-III is best preserved of the three. Perhaps because its supporting poles were not firmly seated, the floor next to the east wall had settled 4 inches at one time, causing an unevenness that was corrected by spreading a new layer of mud upon the old, thus bring- ing the east third up to level. A rectangular door opened into Room 15B, and another, this one T-shaped, connected with 8B-I, next on the west. A second T-shaped door gave access to the roof of Room 1B. The lower part of this latter door once extended to the floor, but subsequently the sill was raised to a height of 18 inches and then, for someone’s convenience, an adobe step, 24 inches wide, 3 inches high, and with an 8-inch tread, was built immediately below. Between this doorstep and the southwest corner of the room is a semicircular fireplace, rimmed with adobe mud. Opposite, abutting the north wall, partially sunk into the floor and extending out into the room 33 inches, is a double receptacle—two shallow basins, one before the other, and separated by a 2-inch-thick adobe partition. The southernmost basin, paved with an oval sandstone slab, is enclosed on three sides by an adobe rim, 5 inches thick and 4 inches high, bearing imprints of juniper splints and inch-thick poles. This double basin, the fireplace against the south wall, and the smoke-blackened plaster unite in identifying Room gB-IIT as family living quarters. A sandstone metate, 16 inches long and 15 inches wide, lay upon the floor in the northeast quarter. While clearing the room we also noted 2 worn hammerstones, a modified flint flake, 4 worked sticks and part of a spindle shaft, a scrap of mammal skin, part of a blue macaw feather, and an unidentifiable quill with a bit of yucca cord attached. Because the floor of gB-III is part of the original ceiling of Room 9A and in an excellent state of preservation (pl. 5, left), it seems desirable to examine it closely since it illustrates the predom- inant method of ceiling construction at Pueblo del Arroyo. When the builders had raised the first-story walls to the height desired, in this instance 7 feet above the floor, they placed paired beams in position across the width of the room. The surviving beams average 8 inches in diameter, and the spacing between pairs averages I4 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 49 inches. These beams were laid directly upon the sandstone-and- mud masonry without use of wall plates. Next, paired poles about 3 inches in diameter at the butt were laid upon the beams and at right angles to them, that is, lengthwise of the room. Since such poles are plainly visible in any ceiling construction seen from below, I prefer to describe them as “ceiling poles.” In this particular instance they average about 7 feet long and their diameters decrease from 3 to between I and 2 inches at the lesser end. To equalize this difference the builders placed each pair butt to tip and the pairs about 6 inches apart. At the west end of the room the poles are tenoned several inches into the masonry. Immediately upon the ceiling poles and at right angles to them is a layer of juniper splints, each piece being about 2 feet long and from 1 to 2 inches wide. Like the poles supporting them, many of these splints have an end built into the stonework, ample proof that wall construction proceeded as the several parts of the ceiling were being brought together. To hold the layer in place, single splints were laid crosswise over it at intervals corresponding to the paired ceiling poles beneath and were lashed tightly to the latter with yucca-leaf thongs. Then followed a layer of juniper bark and, finally, about 5 inches of adobe mud, packed and smoothed on top. Thus, the western part of the ceiling of Room 9A became the floor of 9B-III. Excluding the 8-inch supporting beams, the whole assemblage here is 10 inches thick, an approximate average. Upper rooms are usually a trifle larger than those directly be- neath. gB-III, for example, is about 10 inches wider than 9A owing to the presence of two floor-level ledges or offsets that average, respectively, 4 inches wide on the north and 6 inches wide on the south. Apparently the layers of cedar splints and bark overlying the ceiling poles so concealed the face of the lower wall that the masons were not always able to keep its upward extension in alignment—if they wished to do so. Less frequently an upper wall overhangs the lower by an inch or two. There may be offsets at the ends of a room as well as at the sides. Two 8-inch logs rest upon the second-floor offsets and carry the weight of the east wall of 9gB-III. The masonry comes down on both sides completely to conceal the two logs. Similarly, paired timbers supported the other four second-story partitions in this room series. Like those employed in ceiling construction, wall-supporting beams usually extend entirely through the masonry on either side of a room and end flush with the opposite wall face. It seems likely each log NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 15 was measured for correct length before being positioned. Rarely is there any excess. One exception: an extra 13 inches on one of the logs under the east end of 9B-I extended through the north side and was hidden in the wall between Rooms 12B and 13B. A flint chip was often used to draw a ring around a log—a line to which the builders then hewed with their stone axes. More surprising still, the ax cuts were customarily erased with sandstone abraders. Timbers supporting these second-story partitions provided tree-ring dates that help fix the time when Pueblo del Arroyo was building. Several beams had decayed, and in one instance the annual growth rings were of such uniform thickness they could not be read, but six others gave the following cutting dates: A.D. 1097+ x, 1100 (two), IIOI, 1102, and 1103. With steel-ax-hewn logs from the Smith Lake region south of Crownpoint, we replaced the rotted beams under the partition between gB-1 and 9B-II and rebuilt the wall above (pl. 5, left). Room 10A, as previously stated, came into being when two parti- tions were introduced into an abnormally long room, the original 9A. Like the latter, 10A was utilized for a time as living quarters, for there is a slab-lined fireplace in the middle east half of the floor and the wall plaster is sooted from fires that once burned in it. The lining slabs stand upon an earlier floor 7 inches lower and the space between is packed with adobe spalls and sand. A remodeled doorway of more than usual interest pierces the south wall 7 feet 4 inches from the southeast corner. As we interpret its puzzling features, the opening was originally 25 inches high, 184 inches wide at the lintels, and 20 inches wide at the sill which remains 17 inches above the later floor. Presumably after construction of Room 7 this opening was neatly closed from the outside with stonework match- ing the exterior masonry but leaving a 24-inch-deep recess, full height in Room 10A. Then a larger, substitute doorway was cut through above, giving access to the roof of Room 7, and two of the former lintel poles were repositioned to serve, together with the sill of the recess, as steps to the substitute opening with its sill at a height of 4 feet 4 inches (fig. 5). Under household debris in the northeast quarter of 10oA, between 2 and 6 inches above the floor, we recovered the disarticulated skeleton of an adult male (U.S.N.M. No. 327139). Like that in Room 9A, its skull had been crushed and there was no accompanying burial furniture. From the waste surrounding the Room 1a skeleton we recovered 447 miscellaneous potsherds, 7 manos, 14 hammers, and a few lesser artifacts. 16 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 With two and possibly three stories above them, Rooms 9 and Io normally would have been utilized for storage. But both had been plastered and provided with fireplaces, fixtures not typical of store- rooms, and their walls are still smoke blackened. Although dark and ill ventilated, the fact that these two had been lived in reminds one of an observation recorded by Mindeleff (1891, p. 103), namely, that the Hopi formerly moved from the upper stories to ground-floor rooms each fall in order to economize on fuel consumption during the winter. 2nd story floor offset Scale in Feet 0 2 4 [ aA er ee E Front elevation W N Cross section S ec cee eee _— Fic. 5.—Remodeled south doorway of Room 10A. Room 11A was not excavated. We merely cleared a narrow strip at the west end in order to note floor level and wall relationships. In this limited area, however, we unearthed the skeleton of an adoles- cent (field No. 154), sex not determined, three bone awls (U.S.N.M. No. 334890), and a bone scraper (pl. 37, s). Here, as with the two adults buried in Rooms 9g and Io, there was no recognizable burial offering. Rooms 12-24. Adjoining Rooms & to 11 on the north, a series of paired rooms extends lengthwise of the south wing. With the possible exception of the easternmost, which we did not explore, each pair has a connecting doorway ; in addition, the two pairs at the west end of the series also connect with rooms both north and south. Ceiling height varies from 6 feet 1 inch in Room 13 to 6 feet Io inches in Room 16, and averages 6 feet 5 inches. There were no subfloor walls. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 17, The masonry of this group is among the best in the village but is rather mixed as to type. Laminate sandstone predominates but there is wide use, in some walls more than in others, of dressed blocks of friable sandstone. Chinking with small chips is at a minimum. The uniformity of first-story rooms was largely repeated in those of the second and third stories. Many of the upper walls had fallen, in whole or in part, but the quantity of fallen masonry does not, in my opinion, indicate a fourth story for the entire group. We excavated g of the 12 ground-floor rooms in this series. None had been utilized as a dwelling ; none had plastered walls; one only, Room 20, boasted a fireplace and that is an 11-inch-square box built into the east end of an oval depression, 5 feet 4 inches long by 57 inches wide by 11 inches deep, burned but containing no ash, and subsequently floored over except for the 11-inch-square box men- tioned. Only one room, 24, had been provided with a ventilator and that in the west, or outer, wall 5 feet 10 inches above the floor. It apparently was short-lived for it had been neatly sealed from the out- side with matching masonry. A T-shaped door in the same wall had likewise been blocked but with no attempt toward disguising. Parts of crushed ceilings were present in Rooms 12, 16, 20, and 23. The customary sequence of beams, poles, juniper shakes, bark, and adobe mud was varied only in Room 20, where the bark had been omitted. At the east end of this room the ceiling had settled but with- out destroying a corner hatchway (pl. 6, A). Opposite, at the west end, about 4 feet of ceiling remained intact, forming an open space beneath. Pot hunters had discovered this hollow and from it had cut a hole into Room 12—damage that we repaired. The hatchway in the southeast corner measured 25 by 37 inches; its western end was formed by the eastern main beam, 37 inches from the wall, and its northern margin by one of the ceiling poles. On the east the opening was bordered by two pine poles about 4 feet long. Since their square-cut ends abutted the south wall instead of being tenoned into it, and were not supported from below (we propped them for the photograph), the two poles must have been held in place solely by the weight of the 5-inch layer of adobe flooring that covered the north half of them. Similar hatchways doubtless were far more common at Pueblo del Arroyo than our data indicate. One probably connected the first and second stories of Room 21 whose surroundings are identical with those of 20. Room 20 was largely filled with blown sand that apparently had been carried in purposefully and dumped through the second-story 18 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 hatchway. Other than a hatful of miscellaneous potsherds, no arti- facts were present. But on the floor and under the sand lay the skeleton of a puppy. A youth of 15 or 16 had died on his sleeping mat in the middle of Room 13A. Before decomposition was complete vandals had entered the room, kicked the right pelvis to one side, and thrown the left leg against the south wall, 4 feet away (pl. 13, A). Shortly thereafter sand began to accumulate in the southwest corner, doubtless washed in through a hole in the ceiling, and as the pile grew it spread across the floor to fill the body cavity of the skeleton and half cover the skull. Under the torso a mat of plaited rushes had left its imprint in the adobe floor ; the form of a coiled basket 43 inches in diameter was pre- served in the sand near the skull; at the left of the body and parallel- ing it was the partial impression of a long, unidentifiable object made of willows and reeds. Floor sweepings, including wood ashes and a small quantity of potsherds, had been dumped through the north door until they formed a considerable pile. Subsequently wall masonry and flooring had crashed through from above, half filling the lower room. From among this wreckage we recovered a single artifact, a crude sandstone disk 4 inches in diameter. Parts of an adult female skeleton were scattered among fallen masonry or debris of reconstruction throughout the eastern half of Room 21A and from 2 to 3 feet above the floor. Room 15 was of particular interest to us because of its diversified contents, mostly fallen from the second story. These are: Plate Figures 2 bowls, ss csceeenee ne ie oe, tea cee ela es wa: Oe 22 d-f 10h tie) old PRA ny ene GOT TODIn eke co Oe OO emer 28 f ZAC) | ER inenchr ics BORA O a OIE ROTO Beto ain aCe cre one 30 a,b toe 24 f Aieylindrical vases seis seis cars ees esate de eta: { Ee AS Bley (24d 01 all 00>. cin Ca i Arh are 24 j 2" SEOCUUAAMS iatesaravelesstatcinys Gia atamte DW Iolate ws Meee tacks 29 g,h TRCOVUUCA LCM UM OL. solar soyenck tetaoloteseleletaus eer ySieksarrsioyote teks 32 d In addition to the vessels, we unearthed two small hammerstones, three worked flakes (U.S.N.M. No. 334792), part of a shell pendant (Conus interruptus Brod.) from the west coast of Mexico (No. 334734), 406 tabulated potsherds of which 8.9 percent were Chaco- San Juan, and fragments of two human femurs (field No. 118). Room 16 lies north of 8 and west of 15. Its ceiling, though broken, was a typical one: two pine beams across the width of the room, their ends firmly seated in the north and south walls 6 feet 10 inches above INO: of PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD 19 the floor; 16 selected pine poles lying east-west upon the beams; at right angles to the poles, a layer of juniper shakes, then juniper bark and, finally, a layer of adobe mud to provide a floor for the room above. When the second- and third-story west walls gave way, much of their stonework crashed through the second-story floor into the lower room and forced to one side a squared pine timber that may have propped a previously cracked beam. That timber is unique in Southwestern archeology as far as I know. It measures 5 feet 10% inches long by 84 inches wide by 54 inches thick and thus closely approximates the ax-hewn railway crossties of 50 years ago. Indeed, more than one camp visitor mistook it for a crosstie before attention was directed to its stone-ax-cut ends and sandstone-abraded sides (pl. 39). As found, the timber leaned against the south wall in a way that brought its lower end near, but not directly under, the break in the western ceiling beam (pls. 7, A; 8, A). Although our initial thought was of a prop for a beam already cracked and sagging in the middle, there was no imprint of the squared end in the adobe floor and we observed no stone identifiable as a pedestal. Actually, the lower end was 14 inches above the floor, completely surrounded and weighted down by the broken masonry and debris fallen from above. Neverthe- less, our initial guess may have been correct, for in length the timber is just a foot less than the height of the beam-end seatings. The only other items found in the wreckage of Room 16 were parts of a decayed willow screen, five sections of peeled willows each 14 inches in length, flint cut and broken at both ends (pl. 38, a), pieces of yucca-fiber cord, and a number of adult human bones. The screen, originally about 28 by 37 inches, consisted of dressed willows sewed together at intervals of 44 inches (pl. 7, B). Above the broken second-story floor we collected part of a spindle shaft; part of a squared and abraded pine plank 24 inches wide by 13 inches thick and still 32 inches long; and what appears to be a section cut from a bow made of mountain mahogany (pl. 38, d). Smoothed with fine-grained sandstone, the piece is 20 inches long and % inch in diameter at the rounded butt. Here minute nicks left by a flint flake show how the shaft was girdled preparatory to breaking. An irregularity at the opposite end has been smoothed but there is no bowstring nock. Room 23, like 15 next on the south, was practically empty when its ceiling collapsed under weight of masonry fallen from above. Indeed, at the west end of the room ceiling poles and their overlying layer of 20 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 split juniper still stood, pressed flat against the wall as our examina- tion began. Blown sand had accumulated among and upon the broken timbers and fragments of adobe flooring. In this mixture, clearly fallen from one of the upper stories, were five remarkable sandstone tablets and several other artifacts. The five tablets are remarkable for their uniform thinness (average, 3 inch) and for the perfection of their workmanship. Four are shown on plate 42, d-g; the fifth, more shattered than the others, was not photographed. All are rectangular (average 15;'5 by 87% inches) and of very fine-grained calcareous sandstone (or siltstone) ; all were broken in falling. Two are slightly discolored by smoke and one bears the stain of twilled matting. The opposite side of this latter tablet is as clean as its companions. With these five tablets was one of dark gray carboniferous lime- stone, discoidal in shape and weighing 74 pounds in its present frag- mentary condition (pl. 42,7). A sixth rectangular tablet (pl. 42, 7), from adjoining Room 27, is made of this same slaty rock which is not known to occur between the Zuii uplift, in the Fort Wingate sec- tion of New Mexico, and Durango, Colo., an air-line distance in either case of over 50 miles from Pueblo del Arroyo. These seven stone tablets evidence skill and boundless patience. They were reduced to their present form solely through abrasion. None exhibits any mark that might suggest a clue to its original use. Since those of sandstone, especially, were too fragile for any con- ceivable utilitarian purpose, it is our guess that all seven were em- ployed in ritualistic observances of the unnamed clan that occupied the suite of rooms connecting with Room 23. Our surmise is strengthened by the number of other unusual stone and earthenware artifacts recovered from these same rooms—arti- facts not to be confused with ordinary culinary utensils. As is well known, Pueblo Indians still store the ceremonial paraphernalia peculiar to each society in dark, interior rooms of the house recognized as the ancestral home of that society. Fewkes (1904, pp. 104-106) reports the use of painted slabs on Hopi altars and the finding of similar slabs in prehistoric ruins; Morris (1919, p. 24) describes polished slabs from Aztec Ruin that seem entirely comparable to those before us. Of our seven, however, only one (pl. 42, d) bears any trace of paint and that is a yellow wash applied to one side only. It is noteworthy that although 13 pottery vessels were recovered from Room 15, adjoining, none was found in the wreckage of Room 23. However, in addition to the tablets described above, we un- NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 21 earthed half a sandstone doorslab on which yellow, then red, ocher had been ground for paint; a sandal-shaped tablet (pl. 42, h); a grooved stone ax made from a quartzite cobble, flat on one side, still pitted by the hammerstone with which it was shaped, but spalled at the bit through carelessness (pl. 41, b) ; a sandstone jar cover and parts of three others; a plug of sandy clay, burned but still friable, for a storage jar whose orifice was exactly 3 inches in diameter (pl. 40, w) ; a single white flint arrowhead (field No. 112) ; two crude handstones for smoothing adobe floors; an unfinished metate (U.S.N.M. No. 334856) ; a couple of manos and two metates that are much narrower than those characteristic of Chaco Canyon. The smaller of these two milling stones measured 134 inches long by 14 inches thick, by 6 inches wide at one end and 7 inches at the other. Its mano groove was 104 inches long, 44 inches wide, and 54 inch deep. The second metate measured 16 inches long, 1 inch thick, 6 inches wide at one end and 104 at the other. We left these in the room where found and, with them, a “lap stone” 14 by 94 inches by 14 inches thick. Tool marks and worn areas on the sides of this specimen identify it as a sort of portable work table. Our observations in this series of ground-floor rooms, I2 to 24, suggest they were utilized primarily for storage. None had plastered walls ; only one, Room 20, was provided with a fireplace and this was plainly of later introduction. The north doors in Rooms 12 and 16 still preserved secondary lintels for support of doorslabs. A youth had died on the floor of Room 13; an adult female apparently had been buried on a partial fill in Room 21 since her scattered skeleton was found from 2 to 3 feet above the floor. A third interment may have been made in front of the partially blocked south door in Room 24 because here we found a number of miscellaneous human bones. Other bones, perhaps from the same skeleton, were recovered in Room 16 and parts of two femurs in the fill of Room 15. Despite the presence of these burials, shallowly covered with house- hold rubbish and debris of reconstruction, families continued to oc- cupy the rooms above. Practically all the artifacts we retrieved from this section of the ruin clearly had fallen from upper rooms. Except- ing the intentional fill in Room 20, relatively little blown sand had collected in these ground-floor rooms prior to collapse of their ceil- ings. In only one room, 24, were evidences of burning conspicuous, and here fallen wall material and blown sand together measured 33 inches in depth before the conflagration left charred timbers and a blackened east wall. A layer of burned wood, building stones, and adobe flooring on the outer west side of Rooms 8 and 16 and about 22 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 2 feet above their floor levels is doubtless wreckage from the same conflagration. Reference to the ground plan (fig. 2) will show that my considera- tion of this series of paired rooms as a unit has no real significance. A more logical grouping would have joined the three western pairs with the four rooms adjoining on the north, for all 10 are connected by doors and these doors are repeated not only in the second story but, where walls still stand, in the third story also. Presence of Kiva C prohibited north doorways in the first and second stories of Rooms 20 and 21. Room 27, in construction at least, is representative of the best at Pueblo del Arroyo. It included three, probably four, stories and each superposed room, like that at ground level, connected with rooms adjoining on the east, west, and south. The north wall for each story was blank. We feel reasonably confident of a fourth tier because much of the third was still intact and the quantity of fallen masonry was such that it filled the basement room and came to door level in the second story. Many of the broken beams and ceiling-pole frag- ments in this debris had been charred to some extent but not enough to warrant belief that the place had been destroyed by fire. After having been in use for an unknown length of time, both east and west first-story doors were carefully blocked. The first was sealed from Room 27 in such manner as to leave a recess on the Room 28 side; the second was closed from Room 26 to leave a 15-inch-deep recess in 27. Thereafter the only entrance to this room, excepting a possible hatchway of which we saw no evidence, was the south door leading to Room 23 and thence to 15 and 9. Each of these basement rooms was equally dark and poorly ventilated ; no ray of sunlight ever pierced their enclosing walls. It seems unlikely that any one of the four was ever used for anything but storage. Pueblo del Arroyo families lived in the second, third, and fourth stories. Here the stone walls were invariably plastered and, although it may have weathered from exposed surfaces, plaster is usually to be seen in corners even now. The outermost room in any unit was the living room, lightest of all. The occupying family, or families, in accord with deep-rooted Pueblo custom, doubtless folded their sleep- ing mats and blankets when not in use and stacked them at one side; their extra clothing, together with dried herbs and other foodstuffs, hung from suspended shelves in the inner rooms. Cooking utensils and jars of precious water were ranged along the walls, safe from careless feet. A hearth was usually present and mills for the grinding of maize. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 23 While removing the constructional debris that completely filled the first story of Room 27 we came upon the following earthenware vessels: Plate Figures AADOWHS iereteasuisierasiaidiaitenis, a cieh ate Matra mene { a i 24 c Ta bind=shapedubowlemeta icc tiene ener 2 h 20 a RB ladlestand fragments! ! bi once pew wees be eke +5 6 eh TEAOFIHC) olor mea Aaah eit EUAN oR WE ON 2 28 g 30 c- OOS) ars rotel aoain cysts erste tis cabutacrskein a are meee PNET 31 a 32 b BASE CO TALS Sateen etic a ties em aiahonee acdt ye eee lela ae 20 d-e Tastniallecouedssaraswrs wa Acioisse teckel ye mere taiehete rs 2 Z BV COnnusated (POlSeics.cinceicisle ne aces ck csn iacaaiete 33 g-t PiDULUMCALEG, VESSELS EIA sky eee wheel OW ears, A Blas We og 35 a,b PeStial SCCM Media ceiateiecoNs.aiursts Byetenes Novena savas dee 29 b All were broken except the little bird-shaped bowl which was found close in the southwest corner. The jumble of building materials was so complete we could not separate it into its successive levels. Most of the broken vessels were recovered between 2 and 3 feet above the floor. In addition to the pottery there were recovered from the Room 27 fill the double paint mortar seen in plate 41, k, a rectangular slate tablet (pl. 42, 7), a stone disk 13 inches in diameter (U.S.N.M. No. 334807), a piece of turquoise squared for mosaic (No. 334741), an antler wedge fragment (No. 334934), and, left in the room, a sand- stone tablet measuring 7 by 15 by # inches, 11 cobblestones, 3 manos, 1 hammerstone, 6 small rubbing stones, 6 smoothing stones averaging 3 by 6 by 4 inches, and 191 tabulated potsherds. A glance at the illustrations will show the character of this earthen- ware assemblage. It is surprising to find only four bowls in the lot and each larger than the Pueblo Bonito average. Fragments of the two representations of bifurcated baskets and those of the threefold, red- ware ladle were recovered about 2 feet above the floor. None of these three items was designed for everyday use and yet their fragments were intermingled with those of water jars and corrugated pots. The polished slate tablet (pl. 42, 7) and the double paint mortar (pl. 41, k), the latter found intact in the southwest corner 3 feet above the floor, likewise may have been connected with activities not purely domestic. Paints were indispensable in the preparation of prayer sticks and altar paraphernalia, and red paint is still a necessity in completing the individual toilet, male or female. Our Zufii work- 24 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 men coveted every scrap of red ocher not wanted. for the collections and forthwith made a rouge to brighten cheek or brow. Our notes on excavation of Room 27 report, also, the finding of divers other artifacts: a sandstone disk 13 inches in diameter by $ inch thick (U.S.N.M. No. 334807), a bit of turquoise squared for inlay, the fragment of an antler wedge (No. 334934), 6 well-worked rectangular smoothing stones (average 6 by 3 by 4 inches) and as many smaller ones, a crude hammerstone, 3 manos, part of a sand- stone tablet measuring 15 by 7 by # inches, and 11 rather large, waterworn cobbles. Most of these items were left in the room after completion of our examination. Room 28 is a large room, almost 250 square feet in floor area. Its north and east walls are blank. South and west doors once gave access to adjoining rooms but the west door eventually was blocked from Room 27, leaving in Room 28 an 18-inch-deep recess, 26 inches wide by 44 inches high. Three large pine beams supported the ceiling and the floor of the room above. These were not strong enough, however, for occupants of the second story had propped each beam with a sturdy post. The second-story east and north walls, fallen long ago, had been firmly bonded with those of the south and west. A possible third- story east wall, or, more likely a buttress, is suggested at the south- east corner where there had been union with the outer third-story masonry of Rooms 21 and 22. There was no corresponding union at the northwest corner. Hence, if Room 28 lacked a third story the inhabitants of 22C and 27C stepped out upon its flat roof and utilized it as an open-air living room. Collapsing masonry had crashed down, filling Room 28 to a point above its second-story floor level, a total of 9 feet. In this fill we encountered a layer of charred wood sloping from ceiling height in the southwest corner to half that in the northeast quarter. Above that layer were several feet of broken stonework and blown sand. Below it and chiefly throughout the northen half of the room was a dump from which we recovered 18 hammerstones, 3 smoothing stones, 9 manos and parts of 8 others, a copper bell (U.S.N.M. No. 334763), part of an obsidian blade (pl. 40, 1), and 8 restorable earthenware vessels, including : Plate Figures 22 2 OOS 9.3.2 earch: deci arene area ke veh nae mee oes { zi 23 a PeMItCher’ LEAS HAs avs iche cto cese ero aerate eke 28 J Bs OMA Ti trys cle oe Micst ote tes iar ste Risk ter ol aPN RANTES REL: 31 d,e d PVATE 2 Upper: Beginning excavations, outer south side of Pueblo del Arroyo. The second wheel- barrow is loading in Room 7. Jackson's “old arroyo” at left. (Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1923.) Lower: Rooms 1 to 7 after excavation. In the left foreground, the unnumbered room east «- . / . . . . avai ~ ee . of 7. Lighter areas in the original walls identity Expedition repairs. (Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1925.) PrArEs3 Upper: The unnumbered second-story room at the northeast corner of the south wing had been roofed and utilized for storage. Chicken yard at left. (Photograph by Charles Martin, 1920.) Lower: Northeast corner of the south wing, showing 1925 repairs. Salvaged stones for wall repair piled at left. (Photographed by O. C. Havens, 1925.) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 25 Room 32 adjoins 28 on the north and is almost exactly the same size. Its three east-west ceiling beams had also been propped in the middle by posts. In this case, however, the holes in which the posts were seated had been lined with pieces of sandstone slabs. Traces of adobe plaster persist on the north wall, not on the others. A north ventilator 4 feet 8 inches above the floor opens into Room 35 and a similar one in the second story, now blocked, formerly opened into 35B. We detected no positive indication of a third story. The only known means of access to Room 32A was the door in its west wall. That door led into Room 31 and thence into 30 and 29. Either or all of these four rooms might have been provided with a ceiling hatchway but neither connects with the rooms adjoining on the north and south. The north and south walls of all four are doorless, a condition repeated in the second story and, where present, in the third also. Here was another isolated block of rooms! There is a north-wall ventilator in 32A. North ventilators are to be seen, also, in 30B, 31B, and 32B, although the last named had been sealed. Room 29A has a west ventilator but none in the north wall. The artifacts we recovered from the wreckage of Room 28 gave evidence of domestic activities pursued in the room or rooms above and this was equally true of our finds in 32. Here we unearthed 5 metates and parts of 4 others, 2 whole manos and 2 fragments, 2 smoothing stones, 6 hammers, a single small polishing stone, and a rather large piece of obsidian. We left all these in the room. One of the metates, measuring 21 by 16 inches, had a mano trough on each side. A number of lesser artifacts will be presented in chapter V but I cannot resist directing attention at this time to the broken obsidian blade illustrated as figure n, plate 40. The lower half of it was found in Room 32, the tip in 28, and no door connects the two. Unlike those in the south wing, rooms of the central section evi- dence repeated alteration and revision of the basic plan. In none of the rooms heretofore described were subfloor walls disclosed by our testing, while in those next to be considered substitution and replace- ment occurred frequently. For example, the floor of Room 34 is 18 inches lower than that of 30, next on the south (fig. 6), and its three beams lay lengthwise of the room rather than across its shorter dimension. Kiva D was built in a former dwelling, thus blocking doors to Rooms 35, 39, and 40. Plastered walls identify Rooms 36 and 37 as living quarters occupying part of the site originally in- tended for a kiva. Sometime after its east door was closed, Room 39A became a neighborhood dump. Approximately 4 feet of household waste and 26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 : blown sand had collected here before the upper walls gave way. From this mix- ture of sand and sweepings we recovered a number of bone and stone implements, 3rd floor offset, Ewall Shell ornaments and frag- cua Yi ments of ornaments, 2 tabu- 3rd floor offset, N wall lar metates, 5 manos, 2 thin sandstone slabs with chipped edges, a discoidal stone I1 inches in diameter by 3 inches thick, pecked on one side but rough on the other, and to restorable earthenware vessels. In ac- cord with my instructions, the larger stone implements were left in the room. --- Room 4o is one of four adjoining dwellings on the ros fs site of a kiva that appar- 0 eae mn fee 12 ently was never completed. Room 40’s_ smoke-stained Fic. 6.—Profile showing difference in floor Walls had been plastered at levels in adjoining Rooms 30 and 34. least twice. Four large north-south beams at a height of 7 feet 4 inches carried 29 ceiling poles. The west ends of these poles instead of being tenoned in the masonry had rested upon the westernmost beam, seated close against the wall. Below the poles two anciently repaired areas suggest that the ceiling timbers of the room next on the west had been removed before construction of Kiva D. Both dressed and undressed blocks of sandstone went into the work of repair. There were two clay-lined fireplaces in Room 40, one in the north- east corner and the other against the south wall. An irregular, clay- lined bin in the southeast corner, over 3 feet square and Io inches deep, was filled with wood ashes. Between this feature and the north- east fireplace is a clay-lined hole, somewhat irregular but about 8 inches in diameter by 16 inches deep. Its size and depth suggest the seating of a former beam prop. Room 40 ceased to function as a dwelling when a young man was __2nd floor offset NOSE PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 27 buried on the floor in the southwest corner. Thereafter all doors not previously blocked were sealed with coarse stonework. The body lay on its right side, face to the west, and legs flexed (pl. 12, A). Two pieces of split cedar a couple of feet long lay just beyond the head and longer slabs at the back, with irregular blocks of sandstone piled on top. The presence of these sandstone blocks is unusual, in our Chaco Canyon experience. A few casual spalls were under the body but the larger pieces had been placed to surround it, although hap- hazardly. As burial offerings a bowl and a pitcher had been placed beyond the head and outside the encircling stones. These two vessels may be seen to better advantage on plate 24, figures d, e. Blown sand and debris of occupation had been carried in to complete the interment. In this debris, or covered by it, were 3 large tabular metates, 3 smoothing stones, a sandstone disk, 5 hammerstones, and 3,883 miscellaneous potsherds for analysis after all recognizable dupli- cates had been put aside. Alone on the floor in the northeast corner of the room was the occipital bone of an infant. An earlier floor at a depth of 13 inches is that of a Chaco-type kiva that appears to have been abandoned even before it was well started. Our test trenches did not disclose the bench curve, but the end of a typical subfloor ventilator duct, 17 inches wide by 26 inches deep, masonry lined and clay floored, lies 26 inches from the middle of the south wall. A foot beyond is the accompanying fireplace, 20 inches in diameter, clay lined, and filled with ashes. I am sure I am correct in the recollection that every Chaco Canyon kiva we cleared, whether it represented the beginning of construction or abandonment after long use, had a fireplace filled with wood ash. The ventilator duct of the razed kiva passes under the south wall of Room 4o at a point 8 feet 5 inches from its southwest corner, continues 4 feet 8 inches into Room 36, and then turns abruptly to the east. From the north wall to the abrupt angle the duct had been roofed with small poles overlain by thin sandstone slabs. Presumably, the kiva plans were discarded at this stage for, reduced to a width of 13 inches and a depth of 20, the unfinished duct was crossed by the east wall foundation and we discovered no extension of it in Room 37. Furthermore, four larger poles, each about 6 feet long, had been laid across the covered duct between the abrupt angle and the north wall as though to provide additional support for a sandstone-and-adobe pavement, 56 inches wide and 9g inches thick, that crosses Room 36 in a northwest-southeast direction and underlies its north, east, and west walls. The south edge of this “pavement” was left unfinished, 28 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 or had been razed, 44 feet from the east wall of the room and 2 feet 10 inches from the south. A similar feature appeared in Room 40, immediately underlying the floor. In this case, however, the pavement, 5 inches thick instead of 9, and 5 feet 2 inches wide at the west, abuts the middle west-wall masonry above its foundation and extends thence eastward about 13 feet where it ends, somewhat irregularly, with a width of 4 feet 5 inches. Neither here nor in Room 36 did we locate the perimeter of the intended kiva nor did we discover the significance of the over- lying “pavements.” Room 41, adjoining 40 on the east, had undergone repeated altera- tion. East and west across the middle of it is a series of demolished mealing bins, apparently 3 in number (pl. 11, A). Both the metates and the slabstones that once enclosed them had been removed by the former occupants. At the west end of the series a rectangular, slab- lined basin measuring 16 by 27 inches by 6 inches deep was identified by our Zufii workmen as a receptacle for ground meal, while an oval, clay-lined, and ash-filled depression adjoining the easternmost bin was described as a place for live coals to provide warmth for those at the mills. Another clay-lined depression nearby, 18 inches in di- ameter, was ash free although reddened by fire. There had once been a doorway through each of the four walls but, for some reason, each had been wholly or partially blocked. The original north door, 5 feet 8 inches from the northwest corner of the room, clearly was closed in consequence of the construction of Kiva J, for a substitute was soon provided. This latter has its sill 30 inches above the floor, a height that necessitated an assist of some sort. The sill is 14 inches deep and, from it, four built-in steps gave access to the court at the kiva roof level (fig. 7). The first step rises 15 inches to an 11-inch tread; the second step has a 12-inch riser and a depth of 104 inches. At this level both jambs had been torn out and replaced with a new masonry facing that ex- tends northward an additional 14 inches to enclose the third step. This latter has a 17-inch-high riser that slopes to the rear and reduces its tread to 9 inches. The fourth step, only 6 inches high, reached the Kiva J roof. A second blocked north-wall opening measures 45 inches wide by 28 inches high with a sill 31 inches above the floor. The dimensions suggest a former cupboard or recess. Large, unworked pieces of sandstone had gone into the closing of it. A curious and quite incomprehensible figure, composed of more or NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 29 less parallel lines with crosswise or lengthwise hatching, had been scratched into the wall plaster between the sealed recess and the stepped door. It is a less impressive example of Chaco Canyon art than the sandal figure on the north wall of Room 44 (pl. 14, B). Room 41 had not long been vacated, if at all, when its ceiling col- lapsed. Some of the timbers were partially burned, especially those Kiva J North elevation Cross section Scale in Feet Fic. 7—North-wall steps leading from Room 41, on the left, to roof of Kiva J. in the northeast quarter, and among them blown sand had subsquently collected. Between and beneath the charred timbers we recovered a miscellany of artifacts, including 5 bone awls and part of a scraper made from the shoulder blade of, apparently, an elk, 2 arrowheads, a tubular bone bead, a stone ax (pl. 41, d), 7 stone jar covers, 3 small sandstone tablets at least one of which had been used in the manu- facture of beads, a large turquoise pendant, burned and broken (fig. 8), 8 stone hammers, half a beaver’s incisor (Castor canadensis) with a knifelike edge, and 2 large tabular metates each with its asso- ciated mano or hand stone. If the reader can mentally substitute 30 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 steel implements for those of bone and stone, this varied assortment is just what one might see in the living room of a present-day Pueblo home. Room 43 lies between 44, a ground-floor dwelling, and two store- rooms, 42 and 45. The four clearly comprised a family suite. We made no observations in the two storerooms, but someone, prior to Mindeleff’s 1887 visit, had done a little prospecting here (pl. 15, b) and thrown the excavated material, including a single human femur, upon the accumulation in Room 43B. Fic. 8.—Turquoise pendant from Room 41. Although Room 43 is not an unusually large room, two pairs of beams, Io to II inches in diameter, were installed to carry the weight of its ceiling. But these proved insufficient. The south beam in the northern pair had to be braced at both ends and a 6-inch post was placed under the east end of the south beam in the other pair. Mud applied to the walls when the room was last plastered filled the angles behind these three posts and curved out on their sides. A door connecting with Room 44 measures 4 feet 8 inches high, sill to lintel poles. Although the sill is only 17 inches above the floor, a height not at all out of the ordinary, it must have handicapped some elderly member of the household, for a block of sandstone had been embedded in the floor below to provide a 10-inch step (pl. 8, B). NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 31 West doors connect with the two storerooms, 42 and 45. Both doors had been equipped with a second set of lintels and secondary jambs having an outward batter for retention of doorslabs. Ruppert’s sketch, reproduced as figure 9, leaves further description unnecessary. It is unusual to find, in the same wall, doors as unequal in size as these two. Three feet of windblown sand, earth, and floor sweepings had gathered in Room 43 before its ceiling fell. From that accumulation we removed a number of bone awls and shell beads, numerous chips Scale in Feet Fic. 9—Doors connecting Room 43 with storerooms 42 and 45. of flint, chert, and obsidian, pumpkin seeds and pinyon nuts, metate and mano fragments, a sandstone slab with white paint, and 11 ham- merstones all but one of which were of either flint or silicified wood. Two metates as well as other utensils had fallen from the second story. Upon the sand and earth were the broken beams, poles, and juniper splints of the ceiling and, above them, shattered masonry from the upper walls. That the ceiling remained intact for some time after abandonment of the room is further established by the presence of several mouse and rat skeletons, and quantities of droppings, in the lower 8 inches of the fill. Room 44 held our attention for several reasons: It was a first-story room that had been lived in and altered at least twice during occu- pancy ; its ceiling was partly intact and a built-in stairway led to the roof level of Kiva F. Finally, neighbors had dumped in a lot of house- hold trash, and trash piles are often archeologically rewarding. The ceiling was of customary local construction: First, two great pine logs laid east-west, then pine poles, juniper splints, bark, and 32 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 adobe mud. In this case, however, a thin layer of adobe was spread directly upon the splints; next came the bark and, upon that, more adobe mud. Although the second-story east wall had fallen and broken through, much of the second-story floor remained intact. Sometime after its completion, however, four of its secondary supporting poles had been cut off to allow for a small hatchway, 12 by 17 inches, in the southeast corner. The opening was not a complete success, how- ever, for it had subsequently been closed with a couple of sticks and a layer of reeds and then sealed by three successive floor surfaces, each from 4 to 3 inch thick. Reconstruction in the ground-floor room was evidenced by the fact that the two main beams, each 114 inches in diameter, were only 5 feet 2 inches above the floor. Despite their size, both beams had required bracing to help support the weight they carried. The south beam, now with a fairly fresh-looking crack, was propped at the east end only while its companion had been braced at both ends by 8-inch posts set close against the walls. At least one of these posts stands upon a sandstone slab 4 feet 4 inches below the floor or 94 feet beneath the beams. Since finished masonry of the south wall continues to a point 9 feet 3 inches below the beams, there to rest upon a single course of foundation stones, it seems likely the three props were in- stalled at the time of, or shortly following, initial construction of the room. The latest pavement in Room 44 was only 5 feet 2 inches below the principal beams but test holes revealed earlier floors at depths of 17 and 324 inches. If any architectural features are associated with the lowermost floor they were not disclosed by our limited testing to that depth. For reasons not immediately apparent, that lower floor had been abandoned, and windblown sand and waste from the village dump had been carried in and spread upon it. Then the fill itself was covered by a layer of adobe mud, creating a new surface 154 inches above the older at the west side of the room and 2 inches higher at the east side. On this second floor, which is somewhat uneven, exploratory trenches discovered a built-in stairway, a circular, slab-lined fireplace, and two puzzling fixtures: a masonry “bin” in the southeast corner and a neatly walled trench under the north side of the room. The bin, finished on the outside only, is 44 inches square by 17 inches high. It had been filled with sand and debris of reconstruction (among which we found three discarded hammerstones, fragments of three dressed sandstone slabs, and miscellaneous late potsherds) and even- tually was concealed by the third and final floor. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD 33 The second fixture, a “trench” of small-stone masonry with concave end and sides 18 inches apart, underlying the north wall 5 feet 4 inches from its northwest corner, seems less puzzling in retrospect than at the time we exposed it. The concave end is only Io inches from the north wall, but north-wall masonry extends down between the sides of the structure for a like distance while the sides themselves con- tinue an additional 12 inches, a total of 22, to a point 64 inches below the earlier floor, that at a depth of 324 inches. This “trench” can only be the end of the subfloor ventilator tunnel connected with the partially razed kiva beneath Room 47B. If my surmise is correct, the vertical shaft that formerly stood upon the tun- nel end was razed and both the present north wall of Room 44 and the subfloor at a depth of 17 inches were introduced at the same time. Therefore, the lower floor, that at 324 inches, is probably the original, and the original north wall of 44 was probably torn out when the kiva was built in 47A. Similarly, a 3-inch-deep concavity in the middle of the east wall must mark a former door, closed and plastered over when Kiva F was built. Intrusion of Kiva F into the house group fronting Room 44 not only blocked the former east door but prompted the opening of a sub- stitute. This substitute, 32 inches north of the old one, is 26 inches wide and 35 inches high; its lintels are on a level with the ceiling poles and its sill is 4 feet 2 inches above the contemporary floor. To enter and leave by this elevated door, four steps were provided. They are part of a block of solid masonry, 47 inches wide and extending out into the room 52 inches (pl. 9, A). This masonry block abuts an earlier coat of plaster on the north and east walls. The four steps, repeatedly resurfaced, led to the doorsill 50 inches above the floor ; thence, five more steps continued through the door and a 28-inch-long passageway to the roof level of Kiva F. That passageway, of masonry finished on the inside only, is the same width as the door, 26 inches, and abuts the outer east wall of Room 44. The jambs of this elevated door are 27 inches wide, and the decayed remains of their associated lintel poles lie 35 inches above the door- sill. We could trace these remains only 15 inches, the outer face of the wall having fallen. Since two 8-inch-high steps were built within the door we assume the missing lintels were raised 8 to 12 inches above their fellows to allow an equal headway. A glance at Ruppert’s drawing of this door (fig. 10) and the flight of steps leading to and through it shows that the architects of Pueblo del Arroyo were not bound by inflexible rules. To them a stairway 34 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 was not so much an expression of their art as a means toward an end. It mattered little that the 10 steps varied in height from 6 to 15 inches and in depth from 11 to 14. An average for the Io risers is 8.5 inches ; for the 9 treads, 11.8 inches. After this stairway had served its purpose for a time, some circum- stance brought about further alterations. Debris from the village dump was again carried in and spread throughout the room in a layer varying from 15 inches at the foot of the stairway, the height of the Floor level Ist subfloor _ Front elevation Side elevation Scale in Feet 0 2 4 6 [Ee aa rT] Fic. 10.—Built-in stairway leading from Room 44, on the left, to roof of Kiva F. bottom step, to 17 inches against the west wal]. Then a new floor was laid upon the debris, covering the masonry-walled bin in the south- east corner and rounding off with a fresh coat of wall plaster. But this third and final floor forced alterations at the west door. Here the original floor was 184 inches below the doorsill; the second floor reduced that height to 3 inches, a fact that offered no obstacle to passage. However, when 17 inches of waste was brought in and a third floor laid, remodeling of the door was unavoidable. The change was made from Room 43 by raising the doorsill 14 inches but leaving 10 inches of the old one bare on the opposite side. The final floor in Room 44, therefore, is on a level with the remodeled sill of the west door. Despite its lowered ceiling, Room 44 was still habitable. Elimina- tion of the southeast corner bin allowed more space, but the middle of the floor was again occupied by a fireplace, this one nearly square NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 35 instead of circular and lined with sandstone slabs that stood up un- evenly a couple of inches. In the north wall at the convenient height of 47 inches, a small recess was provided, a neatly plastered repository whose lower corners are rounded while those above are squared. Five inches east of this pocket is the figure of a sandal, drawn by some former resident upon the brown plaster with a bit of kaolin (pl. 14, B)): A hole torn through the south wall is of recent origin, as evidenced by marks of a steel pick upon the stones. Nearby, the name “C, F. Jones” carved in the adobe plaster may identify the wielder of that pick. As double insurance against oblivion the name was repeated on the west end of the south beam, together with the indistinct date, 18—. To save the north beam at least temporarily we sawed off its decayed east end and propped the remainder with an 8-inch post at the outer corner of the stairway. Eventually the occupants of Room 44A moved out and their home became a dumping place for neighborhood rubbish. From this we salvaged a number of discarded artifacts, some of which are illus- trated hereinafter, and several restorable pieces of pottery. Among these latter none is more intriguing to an archeologist of the south- western United States than the bowl illustrated in plate 25. It is a brown bowl with polished black interior ornamented with a linear design in matte paint and is more fully described in chapter VI. Another interesting find from Room 44 is the incomplete skeleton of a macaw, one of those gorgeous red-blue-and-yellow parrots (Ara macao) from tropical Mexico and south. The skeleton is espe- cially interesting to me because the sternal apparatus had been frac- tured by a blow and subsequently healed. Presumably the bird had bitten a careless finger somewhere on the long trail to Chaco Canyon, or after arrival there, and had been felled by a stick in angry hands with the result more fully described on page 127. Foodstuffs represented among the household rubbish include deer and antelope bones, pumpkin rind, stems, and seeds (C. pepo), pinyon nuts, shells of the canyon walnut (Juglans major), seeds of prickly pear (Opuntia sp.) and, most surprising of all, seven scales of the Rio Grande gar (Lepisosteus tristoechus?; U.S.N.M. No. 334958). In the second-story room, 44B, plaster still adhered to all four walls when we bared them. At least three of the four doors originally provided for 44B had later been blocked, including one of T shape overlooking Kiva D. Room 46 is of interest chiefly in connection with its neighbor, 47. 26 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 As represented on figure 2, both are portions of former structures partially razed to satisfy ceremonial requirements. The original Room 47 was commandeered first and a kiva was built inside it. Eventually this ceremonial chamber was replaced by Kiva E. Room 46 likewise was appropriated, although only the north half of it was actually required. Since the remainder of this former house was thus rendered useless for all practical purposes it was abandoned and half filled with debris of demolition. However, a section of ceil- ing at the south end was left in place. The beam supporting it, 10 inches in diameter, lies 8 feet I inch above its contemporary floor, and each end is propped by a post close against the wall. We dug down and found the base of the western post resting upon a sandstone slab 4% inches below the floor. The reuse of salvaged timbers is proved once more by the fact that this original south beam is dated A. D. 1070 while the post bracing it was felled 18 years earlier. Sometime later, as though to utilize that ceiling remnant, a new north wall was built in upon the fill together with an accompanying floor 3 feet 8 inches below the old ceiling poles. Five of these latter were tenoned in the new wall but the other eight were cut off a few inches short. The space beneath, low and cramped as it must have been, was suitable only for storage and this is the purpose to which it had been put. We noted many pumpkin seeds and pinyon nuts on the floor and, at the west end, a pile of soft white sandstone of the sort sometimes used to whiten wall plaster. Access to this improvised storage place was by means of a 19-by-22-inch hatchway 2 feet from the southeast corner. This feature obviously belonged to the original room since the lone ceiling pole supporting its north edge, while tenoned into the new north wall, had been severed 2 feet from the south. The new north wall not only abutted the upper 4 feet of the plas- tered first-story masonry but rose to block two doors in the second story, 46B. One of these two was T-shaped and had formerly opened into Room 47B, next on the east. In figure 2, therefore, the indicated north wall of Room 46 is really at the second-story level and so, too, is that of Room 47. Room 47 had been subjected to earlier and even more extensive alterations than its neighbor. Its smoke-blackened walls testify to occupancy as a dwelling and the presence of an open hearth. After an unknown interval the room had been preempted by some priestly group that wished to erect a kiva on the site. The kiva was built and then it, in turn, had been abandoned and partially razed. What re- NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 37 mained was filled with the debris of demolition and other waste; a new floor was spread upon that fill, and a new north wall was built in to complete a remodeled, second-story house. It is this later, second- story wall that is represented on our ground plan of Pueblo del Arroyo (fig. 2). We found the remodeled, second-story room an intriguing one. In the first place, its north wall, which still stands to a height of 44 feet, was erected upon a shallow foundation that rests directly upon the first-story fill. Secondly, that wall abuts from both sides the plastered remnant of a former north-south wall, 25 inches thick, that had stood upon paired g-inch beams at second-story floor level and thus formed two narrow but unequal compartments in the space we are describing as Room 47B. The western compartment measured 44 inches wide at the north end; the eastern, 5 feet 8 inches. Masonry walls built upon paired beams bridging a room below were no novelty at Pueblo del Arroyo but, in the present instance, it is clear that the original north-end support of the two logs had been withdrawn, for here the pair had settled 10 inches under the weight of the masonry they formerly carried. It was this settling, no doubt, that brought about removal of their masonry wall and union of the space on either side. The beams were left in place but the wall was entirely razed except a veneering at each side of the paired beams and a plastered remnant abutted by the built-in north wall. The near end of this remnant, broken in line with abutting stonework on either side, had been muddied over when the north wall was last plastered. Instead of hiding the paired logs under an all-over floor, the builders adzed down their upper surfaces and covered their sunken north ends with a single layer of 1-inch slab fragments and a coating of adobe mud. Although the intervening portion had been flattened on top, the ends of the pair as embedded in the north and south walls retain their full circumference. At the south, where no evidence of reconstruction is to be seen, the pair rests upon the second-story floor offset and extends through the masonry to terminate, square cut and abraded, flush with the face of the north wall in Room 44B. The two beams and the veneering at their sides remained as a minor obstacle in reconstructed Room 47B, for the rebuilt floor, spread upon the debris fill of the room beneath, was at two levels. That east of the two logs lay 5 inches below the second-story floor offset, and the western portion about 3 inches lower. Here the built-in north wall abuts a blocked T-shaped door that once gave access to 38 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Room 46B. In the corner below this blocked door is a masonry-lined bin, unburned but ash filled (fig. 11). In the larger, east half of the room blocked east and south doors are to be seen, the latter only 5 inches from the one-time partition. Below it is a g-inch-deep fireplace, its east and west sides of slabs and its north side of clay, with two burned sandstone firedogs lying on the bottom (pl. 9, B). A second rectangular fireplace abuts the Scale in Feet 0 2 4 6 Fic. 11.—Floor plan of Room 47B with south arc of raised kiva built in 47A. middle of the north wall and between it and the first one is a circular depression, 2 feet in diameter and 5 inches deep, clay lined and ash filled. There were no other fixtures in the rebuilt, second-story room, but fires lighted on the open floor had burned through the adobe in a couple of places to scorch the paired beams of the old partition. Beneath the divided floor was a purposeful fill consisting mostly of constructional waste from razed walls. We put down two test pits, one on either side of the paired logs, to learn what lay concealed. Although somewhat handicapped for working space by the architec- tural features already described, our pits reached the floor of the first- story room and disclosed an interesting sequence in utilization. Room 47A was rectangular, as are most rooms in Pueblo del Arroyo, and it had been long occupied as a dwelling, for its walls were not only plastered but thickly smoke stained. Such use was inter- rupted, however, when the room was appropriated and a circular kiva, NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 39 or ceremonial chamber, built within its four walls. Because the north wall of 47B stands upon a loose fill we made no search for the northern ceiling beam of the original lower room, but that at the south, a magnificent timber 12 inches in diameter, had been chopped off with stone axes, leaving both ends embedded in the masonry. The west stub, which gave us a tree-ring date of A. D. 1066, projects 9 inches from the wall, and a former supporting post still stands beneath it. One of the paired beams in the rebuilt second-story room was felled II years later, a fact that only adds to the tangled history of this section of the ruin. Ceremonial chambers in Chaco Canyon were traditionally cylindri- cal, their domed ceilings of cribbed logs resting on 6 or 8 pilasters equally spaced upon an encircling bench. Hence, when priestly builders set out to construct a cylindrical kiva within the narrow confines of rectangular Room 47A they were forced to compromise between in- grained custom and solid stonework. At the south end of the former dwelling the kiva masonry still stands 9 feet high, to within 14 inches of the second-story floor offset. Its concave face curves evenly to the west, half encompassing the post left standing under the beam end, and then merges with the straight west side of the one-time residence. A greater obstacle intervened on the east side. Here, to realize the diameter previously decided upon, the kiva builders tore out just enough of the old wall facing to allow for construction of the domed ceiling—a section concave both laterally and vertically and with maxi- mum depth of 8 inches at bench level. To support the undisturbed masonry above this concavity three lintel-like poles were laid in hori- zontally 49 inches above the bench and their ends embedded in the kiva stonework. To tie this new stonework to the older, three lesser poles were inserted at right angles to the kiva wall, their outer ends flush with its concave face. Our test pits disclosed a bench, 15 inches wide by 244 inches high, and two masonry pilasters thickly plastered and smoke stained. One pilaster measured 14 inches long; the other, 12. They averaged 20 inches wide by 20 inches high, and each supported four 3-inch poles, side by side, instead of the single pilaster log we expected to find. The four poles rested on top of the stonework with a thick pad of mud above. We removed two and found them to be 29 and 30 inches long, respectively, all embedded in the wall masonry except the portion full length of the pilasters. In the adobe mud above one set of pilaster poles we noted the imprint of a horizontal log, clearly a lower member of the cribbed 40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 ceiling. We noted, also, that the wall facing for a couple of feet above each pilaster had been dislodged—evidence that the ceiling logs had been wrenched free for use elsewhere. A south bench recess between the two pilasters may be presumed. That which was previously de- scribed as a “masonry-lined trench” extending from under the north wall into Room 44 is undoubtedly part of the ventilating system of this Room 47A kiva. When this ceremonial chamber had served its purpose, the north half of it and the north wall of the one-time dwelling in which it stood were both removed to provide space for a larger kiva. This latter and its relation to the whole will be described as I discuss the sequence of events leading up to construction of Kiva E. Room 51 was a two-story house occupied, both upstairs and down, as living quarters. Two east-west beams had spanned the lower room at a height of 8 feet 3 inches ; the ceiling-pole level lay at 9 feet 1 inch and the second-story floor offset, 10 inches higher. All four walls had been plastered and the corners tied. A ceiling of customary local composition is suggested by split-cedar strips in the wreckage. Several features in these two rooms deserve fuller consideration than is possible in Appendixes B and C. First, a rectangular fireplace sunk into the floor in the middle east half of 51A, lined and paved with sandstone slabs, is unusual in that it has attached to the west side of it a semicircular, shelflike appendage 5 inches from front to back and 5 inches above the bottom of the hearth. Its concave side was lined with mud rather than slab fragments. Ventilators do not regularly occur in the ground-floor rooms of Pueblo del Arroyo, but a 12-by-15-inch recess on the west side of 51A may have been such a one although only 40 inches above the floor. The opening had been blocked from Room 50 which remains unexca- vated. An indubitable former ventilator on the east side of 51A, 7 feet 5 inches from its southeast corner, is noteworthy in that it once opened into Room 52B as well as 52A. We judge it to have been 15 inches wide by 174 inches high—rather on the large side; its sill slab lay 8 feet 2 inches above the floor and its wooden lintels a few inches above the ceiling poles of 51A, or approximately at floor level of 52B. Both because the facing masonry hereabout had fallen and because the one-time opening had been closed when Room 52A was abandoned and filled, our examination was not conclusive. Neverthe- less I believe this to have been a local example of the oblique venti- lator we disclosed in Pueblo Bonito and which Mindeleff (1891, p. 207) described as a recurrent feature of old Zufii architecture. ea SA ete See . ES A. Slabs embedded in the floor of Room 8B-I and rimmed with mud provided a shal- low basin. The leaning door slab, slightly used as a metate, was found elsewhere in the room. Ree ee a B. A built-in partition separated Rooms 8B-I and 8B-II (at left). In left foreground, hole broken through into first-floor room. (Photographs by O. C. Havens, 1923.) PLATE 4 (‘€z61 ‘SUDAPHT “9D ‘'O Aq ydeisoj0ygd ) JSOM out WOT] MOT A ‘[-qO Wooy jo Tem NSige) * ddns JURULOT SUT]IOD & pue stuvaq poadeo -9p ‘TTY 94} vAoqy ‘uolednoss0 JO stig -ap pue pues uUMO]q YJIM poel]y sem VO UlooYy 2 7YDIY USNS) Fay (6) ydeisoj,oyd ) ‘TTI Jopun Sulf{loo VO [eul TIO 2) |} J ) Jed pue ye ue Onl At ported -o1 oy} ‘puo 1] WW TI-@6 pur ] SULOOY soqt UMOY-XP-][99}S uo Uuonnaed Mou e ‘sureaq SUI[I9O PedProoap JO Spuls 94} aAoqe ‘aypprut toddn UT “yseo 94} UK ») WOON + 7f{IT 9 ALVIg SzOI ‘suoaeH “9D ‘CQ Aq YydersojoYyd ) “AEMYI}eY I9UIOD ysvayyNos dy} UT s}zenbs ueUTyAIOM (€z61 ‘suaaepy “dD °C Aq Ydessojoy ) YT, “qor wooy jo 100y ay} sJ9pun sajod sso19 pue weag “g ‘qoz wWooy JO JauIOD ysvayyNos ul ABMYOIe_T “WV € A. The west wall of Room 16B had fallen, crashing through the floor and into the room below. B. Part of a willow screen under the broken ceiling of Room 16A, (Photographs by O. C. Havens, 1923.) PLATE 7 / Q ALVId (‘Sz61 ‘susaeHy ‘Dd ‘CE Aq ydeisojou ) (‘€z61 ‘susaey ‘9d ‘CQ Aq Yydessojoyd ) “suuvaq Sulpied 10} sdoid ‘apts 19yj}lo 38 "}I paoesq pey Ayqeumnsoid ‘pue dajs qris YM Yer Wlooy Ul Joop jsva payor AT[eNAeG “q yey} Joquity potends oy} pue Wor WooY Jo sul{Iod UdyOIg sy, CV 6 ALVId (‘S261 ‘susaey{ “D °C Aq sydessojoy ) ‘uotaed A1OJS-puodds JOWUIOF B poytoddns ‘Wwedq SUI[I9D B SuTDRIq ; pey }ey} sSoy posed ys ye ‘pue qZph wooy ut soovidoity “q ysod ‘jYUSII JY “A BATS JO Joo! 0} Whb Wooy WortZ ABPMITEYS “VY — “9 Wis. ay é - sw < a PLATE I0 Upper: Supporting posts built into the south wall of Room 52. (Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1925.) Lower: Ceiling poles roofing the northeast corner of the Kiva C square. At midleft, refilled Room 63 and south face of the north wing. (Photograph by Neil M. Judd, 1926.) B. Blocked east doors and reconstructed mealing bins in Room 55. (Photographs by O. C. Havens, 1925.) PATE IT NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 4!I Doorways connected 51A with rooms adjoining on the north and west. In both cases the lintel poles had decayed and brought about collapse of the overlying masonry—damage we repaired as excava- tions progressed. A former east door, 28 inches wide by 44 feet high, 6 feet 8 inches from the southeast corner of the room and 164 inches above the floor, had been blocked and converted into a recess at a height of 44 inches when Room 52A was filled. A substitute for this latter doorway was provided in the form of a narrow, vertical passage that gave access to the adjoining, second- story room, 52B (pl. 13, B). Since the sill of this substitute is 30 inches above the floor, a step was necessary—in this instance a 10-inch-high masonry platform built against the plastered east wall. Measured on its sill, the passageway is 26 inches wide and 23 inches deep (6 inches less than the thickness of the wall) ; part of its 11 lin- tels were in line with the ceiling poles of 51A, 9 feet 1 inch above the floor, but those on the opposite side are 6 inches higher and at floor level of Room 52B. This 6-inch difference in elevation clearly was intended to facilitate use of the passageway. As a further aid a recessed landing, 23 inches wide by 21 inches deep, was provided 4 feet 8 inches above the doorsill or approximately 27 inches below the floor of 52B. One would expect to find protruding stones or built-in wooden steps between sill and landing but we observed none. The coarser stonework within this narrow passageway and on either side of it at landing level is in marked contrast to that of the original wall and reflects haste or carelessness when alterations were made, presumably in conjunction with the filling of Room 52A. In time this inferior masonry bulged and buckled; the upper south wall, lacking renewed corner ties, settled outwardly and thus explains why the near jamb of the door is 184 inches from the corner at the top but only to inches at the bottom. That portion of the second-story east wall which had not previously fallen collapsed during our excavation of Room 51A. Before this, however, we had noted several constructional features that must be recorded. On the east side, 23 inches above the second-story floor offset and flush with the south wall, was part of a plastered recess or cupboard, 16 inches wide, Io inches deep, and 18 inches high. Its north side had fallen, but lintel-pole sockets survived in the op- posite jamb. Twenty-one inches north of this recess a rather crudely finished corner was to be seen, still 57 inches high. We guessed it to be the south jamb of a second-story door provided at the time this wall was rebuilt. 42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 In the northwest corner of 51A an 18-inch-high section of masonry remained above the second-story floor offset. Embedded in this section were the ends of two parallel logs that, apparently, had once spanned Room 53A to support a partition between 50B and 53B. The two ends, unevenly decayed instead of being square-cut and abraded, con- tinued half a foot beyond the corner and thus into the north wall of 51B. Here, resting directly upon the beam ends, was a horseshoe- shaped piece of stonework, 10 inches high and 14 inches across, open end to the east. Part of a sandstone metate, trough down, covered the south log end and the whole assemblage had been concealed in the masonry where the four second-story rooms met. I surmise that this unique feature was a repository for prayer plumes or other offerings placed there at the time of construction. That the occupants of Room 51A eventually wearied of their re- modeled home and moved elsewhere and that the neighbors promptly appropriated it as a convenient dumping place is evident from the quantities of household rubbish we removed. Among the debris were numbers of broken or discarded artifacts including three large trough metates one of which measured 25 by 12 by 8 inches and had two mano grooves. In addition there were parts of two large, thin metates of the type we ascribe to the Pueblo II culture; 30 manos, 5 of them but little used; fragments of four flat, polished lap stones; a large stone ax, its blade broken; 50 outworn hammerstones ; two discoidal sandstone jar covers, and other objects. We left most of these in the room, but a number of items retained for the national collections will be described in the pages to follow. We should note, also, the skull of a mountain sheep (Ovis canadensis), broken for extraction of the brain, and the butt end of a war club made from the antler of an elk (Cervus canadensis). Only four restorable earthenware vessels were recovered from the debris, but one of these (pl. 31, c) is the largest found during our Chaco Canyon explorations. Room 52B is a second-story house whose east wall has fallen to within 20 inches of its associated floor and whose south wall, of rather crude construction and heavily plastered, is braced by 4 recessed posts. These posts average 5 inches in diameter and stand 114 inches, 47 inches, 7 feet 5 inches, and 11 feet, respectively, from the southeast corner (pl. 10, upper). The first one is based upon a sandstone slab 20 inches below the floor. We did not disturb the other three. Clearly this wall is of secondary construction and for the second story only since, with a 4-inch-wide offset 9 inches below the floor, it rests upon a roughly built, 5-foot-high foundation that abuts both the east and west sides of the first-story room. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 43 In the middle of the east wall, 8 inches above the floor, is the sill of a door that had been closed with masonry. Seven inches in front of that door a block of red cedar, 7 by 12 by 29 inches, stands half embedded in the floor. A test pit to discover the significance of that block revealed only that it stands upon the lower of two east-wall offsets, 8 inches wide and 14 inches below the floor. It is my guess that the cedar block was placed there to serve as a 15-inch-high step to the east door after a new sill had been installed more than a foot above the old one. Z A lesser offset, 5 inches wide, lies at floor level and ends, in line with the lower, 65 feet from the southeast corner. At this point the east-wall foundation abuts a 16-inch-wide wall, its top at the level of the lower offset, that continues across the room in a southwesterly direction. Now only a foot high, this wall rests upon a loose fill of sandstone spalls and adobe, but 25 inches lower and a foot to the south is the concave face of a partially razed kiva, some of its plaster still adhering. We followed this latter to a depth of 7 feet 9 inches and since it is of Type III masonry and apparently without a bench, I judge it to be part of the unfinished ceremonial chamber we found under the northeast quarter of Kiva E—this despite the fact that the two arcs, as exposed in our narrow trenches, do not coincide. I sus- pect a slight error in our bearings on that under Room 52B. Room 55 likewise exhibits a number of alterations that reflect external pressures. Successive doors connecting with the residence next on the east had been sealed before, or coincident with, appropria- tion of that house as a site for Kiva H. Nevertheless, Room 55 ap- parently continued in use, as a mealing room if nothing more. Its walls had been plastered twice and on the second coat some artistically minded member of the family had drawn with white kaolin three out- lines of the left hand and two crude human figures. During our examination of Pueblo del Arroyo we observed only two other in- stances of casual wall decoration, in Rooms 41 and 44. There was no hearth in 55. A length of 26 feet is greater than usual, and three beams rather than the customary two were installed to support the ceiling. Beam seatings are 64 feet above the floor, but an earlier, original floor lies 5 inches lower. The second-story floor offset is 8 feet 7 inches above this earlier floor. The east wall of 55A had known a succession of doorways prior to construction of Kiva H. What I judge to be the oldest is 4 feet 7 inches from the southeast corner, its sill 8 inches above the earlier floor. As first constructed, this door measured 44 feet high and 28 44 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 inches wide, but subsequently a new sill was introduced 13 inches above the old one and the width was reduced to 19 inches when secondary jambs were added to support a doorslab positioned from the former house next on the east. Surplus mud from these altera- tions was smeared over the surrounding masonry and used to round off the new jambs. Still later the reduced opening was itself blocked and the blocking half concealed beneath a second coating of excess mud. Another blocked door is seen in the middle of the east wall, its sill at a height of 39 inches. Irregular stonework below and to the left suggests ancient repairs. Between this sealed doorway and that first described is a puzzling break in the masonry, 44 inches high and plumb as a well-finished jamb. A third former door in the same wall, 5 feet from the northeast corner, gives access to storage space improvised between Kiva H and the old house walls enclosing it. Presumably the door is older than the kiva but, in any case, secondary jambs had been provided for re- tention of a doorslab from Room 55. The successor to these three doorways is at the south end of the east wall, 16 inches from the corner. It is 22 inches wide by 38 inches high and its sill lies 35 inches from the floor. Such a height naturally called for an assist and, however the need may have been met at first, a large block of sandstone, slightly used as a metate, was later leaned against the wall to provide a foot-high, makeshift step. Above, be- tween the jambs, are two built-in masonry steps, each 5 inches high but with treads of 4 and 6 inches, respectively. They were the means of communication between Room 55A and the rooftop of Kiva H at the second-story level. Beginning 4 feet from the south end of the room and paralleling the east wall at a distance of 19 inches is a series of five dismantled mealing bins. All the metates and most of the bin slabs had been removed but their former positions gave the series a total length of 12 feet 8 inches. Young women at their daily grinding knelt in the 19-inch space between the bins and the east wall, for the metate seatings were on that side, their east ends at floor level and their opposite ends a couple of inches lower. These seatings averaged 23 inches in length and their lower edges overhung by 2 or 3 inches the slab-paved floors of their respective meal basins. A hewn pine board, 5 by 25 inches and half an inch thick, had been incorporated in the floor of the northernmost basin. At the opposite end of the series a broad, thin metate of P. I-II type had been included in the slab lining of the south basin. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 45 This prehistoric counterpart of mealing bins in their own homes so intrigued our Zuni workmen they undertook a voluntary restora- tion. The results (pl. 11, B) give the general idea but are inaccurate as to details, and I neglected to make corrections before the season closed. Actually, the five metates are bedded too high. Each should rest with its upper end at floor level and the lower, a couple of inches below ; each should be in an individual compartment walled with slabs on edge, as is the first of the series. Recumbent slab fragments or compacted mud should lie both at the raised end and at the sides between mill and bin walls, and the lower, open end of each mill should be 2 or 3 inches above its own section of a partitioned, slab- and clay-lined trench averaging 13 inches wide. Cornmeal ground on the several metates fell into this segmented trench and was trans- ferred thence to waiting bowls or baskets. Another error I failed to correct concerns the milling stones them- selves. The last occupants of Room 55 had taken their metates with them, leaving only the bin outlines and imprints of the five mills. In their enthusiasm our Zuni gathered the metates nearest at hand but did not differentiate between the troughed P, III variety that really belonged here at Pueblo del Arroyo and those of earlier vintage. Numbers 2 and 3 are of the thin, broad-margined type we found in Chaco Canyon P. I pit houses and in the older section of Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 137), while number 1 has an almost end-to-end mano trough and narrower walls than is typical of local metates. Furthermore, the mills should have been arranged according to their texture, the coarsest at one end of the series and the finest at the other. In addition to the metate seatings there was another noteworthy feature in Room 55—a rectangular, clay-lined depression that abutted the south wall 42 inches from the southwest corner (fig. 12). It measured 38 inches long by 18 inches wide and was constructed upon the earlier floor, at a depth of 5 inches. A single sandstone slab was incorporated in the clay lining of the east side. Two inches beyond the north end of this curious feature is a narrower extension, 4 feet 5 inches long, 144 inches wide at the south end and 12 inches at the opposite end. This extension, an inch shallower than the first section, is paved throughout with sandstone slabs but, for some reason, its south half is lined partly with clay and partly with slab fragments while the other half is lined with clay only. Exploratory tests at the north end of Room §5 revealed not only the earlier floor already mentioned, but also, sunk into it, an 11-inch- wide trench 34 inches deep. Almost but not quite paralleling the north 46 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Scale in Feet 0 4 8 12 Fic. 12.—Floor plan of Room 55. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 47 wall, this trench is floored with a single pine plank 12 feet long, 104 inches wide, and averaging 1 inch in thickness. Adobe mud lining the trench rounds off onto the plank. A contemporary fireplace some- where on the earlier floor is indicated by smoke-stained plaster on its associated walls. Our test also revealed the fact that finished masonry of the east wall continues 17 inches below the earlier floor and, further, that at a depth of 35 inches a I-inch layer of shale lies within the foundation arc of a razed kiva—the only recorded instance at Pueblo del Arroyo of shale under a kiva floor. We discovered no connection between this razed kiva and the plank-paved trench above. Rooms 56-58 appear to be no more than alcoves built to utilize otherwise wasted space following construction of Kiva H. Their sides are of relatively crude stonework abutting the plastered south wall. Despite their shallowness (Room 56 is a mere 32 inches, floor to single E.-W. beam), Rooms 56 and 57 were once connected by a door 30 inches high and 18 inches wide, subsequently blocked to leave a recess in Room 57. The sill is a wooden plank. From Room 56 a stepped doorway led down into ground-floor 55A. Room 58, larger and more angular than the other two, probably was inhabited. Its south and east walls, part of the former dwelling in which Kiva H was built, are tied at the corner and plastered. Smoke stains on the plaster evidence an open hearth. A test hole against the east wall disclosed a well-laid floor at a depth of 58 inches and, 12 inches above it, the sill of a blocked T-shaped door. The lower portion of this door is 33 inches high; 29 inches of the upper part remains. Together, they formed a T-shaped doorway more than 6 feet in height connecting two ground-floor rooms that subsequently were preempted by the priesthood as sites for Kivas H and I. Room 59 is an inexplicable structure at the northwest corner of the square enclosing Kiva G. Two of its three walls, concave and joined, abut the third which is the north side of the enclosing quad- rangle (fig. 18). All three walls were plastered and the plaster rounded off with the adobe floor. The latter had been spread upon a fill of loose sand. We saw no trace of beam or ceiling-pole seatings. The westernmost of the two concave walls rises to a height of 68 inches ; its companion stands 54 inches high. Where the former abuts the north wall it includes a straight section 384 inches long and 414 inches high. In the face of this section, 24 inches above the floor, a single stone projects to form a step, 3 by 8 inches. The top of the section provides a second step, 40 inches long with a 64-inch tread. Following a 2-inch rise the section retreats 14 inches to create what may be a third step, although it looks more like an open shelf, 30 inches 48 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 wide in front, 34 inches wide at the rear, with sides 29 inches high. If a projecting stone step was necessary in the face of the 2-foot-high section below, a similar step would appear equally desirable in the back wall of this upper, shelflike portion. There were no artifacts and no potsherds in the sand filling this queer triangular structure. Rooms 60-61 are closetlike and were built upon the fill at the west side of Kiva G. Their north and east walls consist of salvaged blocks of sandstone and were erected with little thought of stability. An oval fireplace lies against the west side of Room 60. In the southwest corner of 61 a single post hole, 4 inches in diameter and Io inches deep, marks the position of a former ceiling prop. The unroofed space north of these closets provided an outdoor workroom whose pavement, at the same level as the floors in 60 and 61, lies a mere 15 inches above the floor of Kiva E on the west but 11 feet 5 inches above that of Kiva G. An open hearth, 12 inches square and 7 inches deep, lined and paved with fragments of sand- stone slabs, lies 11 feet 8 inches north of Room 60 and 28 inches from the west wall. Room 65 is one of two small structures occupying leftover space following construction of Kiva J. Its north, east, and south walls were constructed almost wholly of large, dressed blocks of friable sandstone and sparsely chinked, while the west wall was built of lamin- ate sandstone and is perhaps superior to the average of Pueblo del Arroyo masonry. This west wall was clearly erected to complete the enclosure of Kiva F, although its builders inexplicably made a corner 1 foot from the previously erected north wall instead of abutting the latter. Adobe plaster neatly rounded that corner before the occupants of Room 65 filled the 12-inch space with their own stonework. There- after all four walls were plastered; the highest, on the south, still stands 6 feet 9 inches with no visible beam or ceiling-pole seatings. Surprisingly, the wall plaster remains unsmoked. Despite its plastered walls, customarily the mark of a dwelling, Room 65 had been utilized for storage purposes. On the floor, ar- ranged along the east half of the north wall, were five Corrugated-coil cooking pots ; seven more stood against the west half of the south wall. Some had been placed on their rims, bottom up. All were crushed as they stood when the ceiling collapsed upon them (pl. 14, A). In the southeast corner, its orifice turned to the wall, was a canteen, the only nonculinary vessel in the room (pl. 28, a). After the accident there was nothing to salvage here but the ceiling timbers. These appear to have been pulled out one by one, leaving only chunks of roofing adobe with impressions of reeds, bark, and NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 49 split cedar. Upon this debris neighboring housewives soon began to dump floor sweepings and kitchen waste. From this rubbish we re- covered six more restorable cooking pots (pl. 33), a number of bone and stone artifacts, beads, paints, pumpkin seeds, and shells of pinyon nuts, charred corncobs, flint and obsidian chips left by a maker of arrowheads, and like discards. Among larger objects we noted but left in the room are: a tabular metate measuring 17 by 14 by 14 inches with a mano trough 14 inches long and 74 inches wide, fragments of 5 other metates, 18 manos and 3 fragments, Io outworn hammer- stones, and 12 fragments of sandstone tablets and door slabs. A broken area on the east side of the floor, caused by the burrowing of a rodent, invited deeper exploration. An earlier, and obviously the original, floor was exposed at a depth of 4 inches and the finished masonry of the north wall continues 3 inches farther, there to rest upon a 7-inch-high foundation. The east-wall foundation rises a couple of inches higher. At a depth of 20 inches, beneath a purposeful fill of constructional debris, we came upon an ash-blackened pavement that antedates Room 65. Opposite, a second test hole against the middle west wall revealed finished masonry extending 3 inches below the original floor and rest- ing upon a 10-inch-high foundation. At the point where it was first exposed that foundation stood upon burned sand and pieces of sand- stone mixed with charcoal and partly filling a large firepit. The foundation apparently bisected the pit, for that portion of it we laid bare measured 37 inches long and 28 inches deep. Its north side, 11 inches thick, passes under the west wall 9 inches below the original floor and 4 feet from the northwest corner. The inside of the pit had been burned to a depth of 14 inches without fusing its half-inch clay lining. Despite the similarity of their stonework, the north wall appears considerably older than the east and south walls, and that on the west side must have followed the north by a short interval since its founda- tion is practically at the same level. The south and east walls abut the west and north, respectively. The better to protect its masonry from further deterioration, Room 65 was partially refilled upon con- clusion of our study. For reasons previously stated, our studies inside the main walls of Pueblo del Arroyo were concluded with the excavation of Room 65. We cleared 44 of the 58 ground-floor rooms numbered on figure 2 and, in addition, 7 kivas and various external accretions to be considered 50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 in chapters I]I and 1V. All pertinent architectural data recorded dur- ing our investigations are presented in Appendixes B and C. Never- theless, before proceeding, a few generalizations seem desirable. Evidences of constructional change, of alteration, of removal and replacement, were encountered most frequently in the middle section, between the north and south wings. The more deeply buried floors and wall remnants lie here. Major changes, as when one or more dwellings were relinquished to permit erection of a ceremonial chamber, would seem to have been forced without regard to domestic considerations. The wishes of kiva groups obviously took precedence. Ceremonialism was a powerful influence here. Despite such evidence, Pueblo del Arroyo was a planned community. Its masonry is predominantly of the variety we called Type III at Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 19) but with generally larger, less carefully selected tablets of laminate sandstone and with less banding. There is good substantial stonework in Pueblo del Arroyo and there is poor stonework. Soft, friable sandstone that absorbs water and readily disintegrates was used almost exclusively in construction of Kivas I and J, for example, and these two have survived the passing centuries less successfully than their neighbors. Some building practices were rather formalized; others were hap- hazard. Foundations, even for a four-story structure, might be a single course of sandstone and mud or several courses. When walls were razed the useful stones were saved, but spalls and chunks of adobe mortar were left where they fell. Replacement walls were built on top of such accumulations without thought of possible settling. Foundations are usually 2 to 6 inches wider than the walls they sup- port, and the differences may be all on one side or more or less equally divided. So, too, with storied walls: each is usually a few inches thinner than that next below. It is my conviction that the builders of Pueblo del Arroyo com- pleted each storied room, both walls and ceiling, as their work ad- vanced. When the desired wall height had been attained, the main beams were positioned, their ends flush with the opposite side of the wall, square cut and abraded. Ceiling poles were laid upon the beams and at right angles to them, often with several inches of the butt tenoned in the wall masonry. Cedar splints, locally preferred in ceil- ings, were next laid upon and at right angles to the poles and were bound to them by yucca-leaf thongs; splint ends were commonly anchored by a course of thicker, heavier stones. Since individual splints, less frequently strips of bark, were sometimes incased an inch or more in the masonry, I reason local masons worked more or less NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 51 blindly while building walls at ceiling level. Hence the possible ir- regularity, or even the absence, of what we called the “floor offset” or ledge. An upper wall was customarily set off, or set back, an inch or more from the face of that below. This setback invariably occurs in line with the adobe surface that completes a floor assemblage and is an almost constant feature of wall interiors but rarely occurs on the outside. An offset may be poorly indicated or wider than normal ; one at the end of a given room may be, but rarely is, several inches higher or lower than those on either side. Whatever the motive behind it, the offset increased the floor dimensions of each upper room over that next below and reduced the thickness of intervening walls. As is clearly illustrated in Ruppert’s sketch of the wall separating Rooms 30 and 34 (fig. 6), floors in adjoining houses are not neces- sarily at the same level, and floor offsets are variable. Posts installed to brace first-story ceilings were invariably set upon base slabs in dug holes. The holes were sometimes, but not always, lined with slab frag- ments on edge; sometimes, but not always, shale was packed between post and slab lining. In large measure, ground-floor rooms were utilized for storage ; residential quarters were on the upper floors. Customarily, storeroom walls were not plastered but those in dwellings were. Also, the prin- cipal living room was usually provided with a fireplace. Eight of the 44 ground-floor rooms we excavated in Pueblo del Arroyo were equipped with fireplaces, and one, number 40, had two hearths, one semicircular and the second rectangular. Three second-story rooms, 8B-1, gB-III, and 47B, likewise had fireplaces, and there can be no doubt that open hearths on upper levels, both indoors and out upon the flat rooftops, were more frequent than our data indicate. If there were a local preference as to hearth shape, it was for the rectangular since we noted 6 of this kind, while 3 were square and only 2 each of oval and semicircular form. Of the 13 fire- places, 5 were lined with adobe mud, 3 were slab lined, 3 masonry lined, and 2 not recorded. The rectangular fireplaces in 8B-I and 47B each contained 2 stone firedogs. Seatings for milling stones were present in Rooms 41 and 55. The first apparently provided for three mills; the second, for five. In both instances the series had been dismantled and metates removed, together with most of the sandstone slabs that had floored and walled the individual bins and meal trench. Because we recovered a number of milling stones from among the wreckage of collapsed walls and ceilings in first-story rooms, there is every reason to believe that those 52 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 mills had been installed, singly or in series, in the dwelling rooms above. A glance at figure 2 will show a positive grouping of certain rooms as, for example, 12-13-20-21, 29-30-31-32, and 42-43-44-45. To some anthropologists this might suggest clan occupancy of the suite, and I am not prepared to argue the point. The first two groups lack external doorways—a fact that means, of course, at least one room in each unit was equipped with a hatchway connecting with the second story. Just such a hatchway was present in the southeast corners of Rooms 20B (pl. 6, A), 44B, and 46B. At Pueblo del Arroyo lateral doorways joining rooms on the same level are usually rectangular or nearly so. Of 73 measured (counting as 2 those examined from opposite sides of the same wall), size varies in width and height from 15 by 19 inches (Room 10) to 44 by 57 inches (Room 40). Average dimensions of 52 ground-floor doors are 25 by 41 inches; only 7 are over 50 inches high. Of 20 second-story doors, the average is 244 by 39 inches and our single intact third- story doorway (Room 23C) measures 26 by 41 inches. Altogether, door size appears largely a matter of chance. In no instance where two or more doors occur in a given room are measure- ments equal. The nearest agreement is seen in Room 41 where two doors, both 26 inches wide, are 48 and 49 inches high, respectively. In Room 27 two 26-inch-wide doorways are 42 and 44 inches high, and in Room 34 two doors also 26 inches wide are 56 and 58 inches high. Occasionally an inverted tabular metate appears as a sill, but the east door of Room 56 was equipped with one of wood. Sill heights varied also and might be changed when the opening was altered or when a new floor was laid. Steps, if needed, might be of masonry, a slab on end, or a mud platform. Recessed stairways pro- viding access from a first-story room to the second-story level adjoin- ing are recorded for Rooms 41, 44, and 55. Storeroom doors were usually equipped with secondary jambs for retention of a doorslab placed from the outside, sometimes with a smaller lintel pole set into the jambs 4 or 5 inches below the main lintels. Mindeleff (1891, p. 182) says such a pole in Hopi houses of the middle 1880’s was for support of a blanket in cold weather. Where secondary lintels oc- curred in Pueblo del Arroyo they were almost always overlain by masonry. Tau-shaped doors, known throughout the Plateau Province from Pueblo II times to the present, have always intrigued Southwestern archeologists. Mindeleff (ibid., p. 191) remarks that those he saw in Hopi towns lacked the symmetry of T-shaped doors in ancient cliff NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 53 dwellings, one jamb being “stepped at a considerably greater height than the other.” Symmetry was the rule at Pueblo del Arroyo although size and sill height varied. We have record of eight such doors, three in first-story walls and five in those of the second story. Four of the total (in 8B-I, 46B, 58A, and 62A) pierce the east wall; three (in gB-II], 10B, and 44B), the south, and one only (24A), the west wall. This latter, subse- quently closed with rude stonework, had once opened to the outside at ground level—the only known passageway in the otherwise blank west wall of Pueblo del Arroyo. In fact, our eight T doors all ap- pear to have been blocked, in whole or in part. That connecting 46B and 47B had been sealed before the secondary north walls were intro- duced on either side. From 8B-I a T-shaped door in the east wall gave access to 9B-III which has a T door in its south wall. A large, irregular opening broken through the south wall of 10B framed what we believe to have been a T-shaped door and we restored it as such. Ventilators occur with less regularity at Pueblo del Arroyo than at Pueblo Bonito. Our notes record 19, Io in ground-floor rooms and g in those of the second story. Again counting as individuals those approached from opposite sides, four appear in the north wall, two in the east, seven in the south, and six in the west. In only three instances (Rooms 25A, 34B, and 35B) are ventilators paired in the same wall. Single examples occur on the east side of Rooms 51 and 65 and in the otherwise blank north walls of 30B, 31B, 32A, and 32B. Ventilators in outside walls were recorded in six rooms only (8, 9B-I, 10B, 24, 25, and 29) but we know from Mindeleff’s photographs that others were present in walls since fallen. As with doorways, ventilators were sometimes blocked and occasionally the blocking was placed from one side of the wall to leave a recess on the opposite side. Mindeleff’s few photographs enable us not only to visualize the ruin as he saw it in 1887 but also to estimate the changes brought about between then and 1920, the year of the National Geographic Society’s reconnaissance of Chaco Canyon. More upper walls were standing in 1887, and second-story ceiling beams could be seen here and there. Five of them protruded from the outermost north wall, immediately above four second-story ventilators, at least two of which had been blocked (pl. 16, B). If those timbers were designed to carry an external balcony, as is possible, it is to be noted that no door appears in the third-story wall then surviving. Ten years earlier Jackson (1878, p. 443) wrote that beams projected through the wall for about 5 feet “along its whole northern face the same as in the Pueblo Hungo Pavie.” Unfortunately passersby in temporary need of firewood have 54 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 since pulled out the five beams Mindeleff photographed and, at the same time, toppled the overlying masonry (pl. 16, A). Despite his implication to the contrary, Jackson probably saw no more than the five projecting second-story beams Mindeleff photo- graphed Io years later. In Mindeleff’s 1887 view (pl. 16, B) first- story beam holes may be seen at ground level and, below them, a sloping accumulation of scattered building stones fallen from the upper third story. Standing masonry at the far right is part of that same north wall, but there were no protruding second-story timbers visible here at the time and Mindeleff’s photograph lacks evidence that the intervening portion had fallen during the preceding decade. Holsinger, who made no mention of the five beams in his 1901 report to the General Land Office, apparently assumed a missing outer tier of rooms when he amended the north-wall statement printed on Jack- son’s plan (fig. 45). With the ruin as a whole in mind, Jackson wrote (1878, p. 443) : “Many of the vigas are still in place and perfectly smooth and straight undressed logs of pine, averaging 10 inches in thickness ; none of the smaller beams or other wood-work now remains.” A ceiling beam spanning what may be Room gB-I or I10B is to be seen at the left in Mindeleff’s general view from the southeast (pl. 1), and the stub of another casts a shadow beneath the open third-story door at the center of the picture. In this same view, near the right margin, is a shadowed pear-shaped mass that looks like two-story masonry. It is ghost masonry, however, because, while it seems to be real enough on the original negative, it does not appear on any other Mindeleff photograph. If not a phantom, the wall fragment would stand near the easternmost, unexcavated kiva fronting the north wing, and here all was rubble in 1887 as in 1920. Since the days of Jackson and Mindeleff not only beams but lintel poles over doorways and ventilators have been wrenched free and used for fuel. Broken door jambs were weakened and their collapse was accelerated as winter snows and summer rains softened the mud that bound the stones together. Jagged holes marking former door- ways in the second-story south walls of Rooms 9 and Io had more than doubled in size between 1887 (pl. 15, a) and the beginning of our investigations in 1923 (pl. 2, upper). Loss of these old beams and lintels has forever erased tree-ring dates that would have added greatly to the history of Pueblo del Arroyo. The extent of that loss may be gaged from what has since been learned. Of many hundred selected logs, large and small, that went into the building of the pueblo, we collected only 45 samples. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 55 These are sections cut from fragments unearthed during the course of our investigations and borings taken from beams still in place. Fourteen contributed nothing because their annual growth rings were so uniform in width they could not be read. The others gave the fol- lowing dates : Field No. Location Cutting date * BOaareselsen Room 12, beam 1102 GO aiete ete HY Sree 1103 OTR marctorae . INA re 1103 or? Vp ea Rae Room 8B-I, beam 1105 Gaerne Room 9B, beam under partition 1101 GORA ess Room 16, east beam 1098 SARE tae Room 9B, beam under partition 1102 SB Meleiohars i < . < 1102 tS Peer Panera ¥ af a a iy 1100 Soe ass RE ‘ - 1092 SOM aeaaeitaa ss oH fe s iy 1100 LOOR OS Room 20, beam 1090 BOD Selected i Yas 1005 TO2R eds ayes Kiva C, pilaster 8 1067 + x TTT er ney save neh Beam, unnumbered room, NE. corner S. wing 1092 + 3 VDA esta rratenn ae Room 39, recent dump (probably from Room 38) 1064 + x TOG eesreeciseter Room 34, beam 1075 +x P26 Sete othe ek: Room 43, “ 1074 T20 pers aes Room 44, north beam 1066 Qian eeree Room 46, south beam 1070 MS 2i pact: “ prop for 131 1052** 11g tea a pre een Room 47, south beam 1066 TSAR eR Room 47B, one of paired beams under N.-S. partition 1077 TAH oeirvoniesnes Log in 2d-story wall, W. side of Court 1074 NG{0 later oe eee Log, W. side of Court, NE. of Kiva I I0QI TAG yesnrsiats Beam from unexcavated room next NE. corner Kiva C 1102 TAT ee ree eka Beam, NE. corner Kiva C square 1103 DAGN eee s te Beam under 2d-story partition, 5th unnumbered room from W. end of N. tier Le / TAQ RE eras Beam, 2d story, same room TIOM==)2 TOSI E ale ties gee Beam, Ist story, same room IIOI TS Qi ticjavs aiclers Beam, unnumbered room N. of Room 53 1065 + x EGA tatatatvets Beam 7 ft. N. of No. 153 1075 * Determinations by Dr. A. E. Douglass (1935) and Terah L. Smiley (1951). --_x means the cutting date was o to 10 years after the date given. + means to add or subtract the number of years indicated. ** means a provisional determination. 56 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Of these 32 dated timbers 17 were built into the south wing, 5 into the north wing, and Io into the section between. Of those in the first group 6 were felled between 1067 and 1098; 11 between 1100 and 1105. The 10 timbers from the middle section were all cut between 1052 and I1og1I, and of those from the north wing I was cut in 1065, I in 1075, and 3 between 1101 and 1117, the latest recorded tree-ring date for Pueblo del Arroyo (Smiley, 1951, p. 19). Together they suggest the period during which the village was under construction. Tree-ring dates are not always to be taken at face value, however, for timbers in good condition were used again and again. We ob- served a number of instances where both kivas and dwellings at the time of abandonment had been stripped of their ceiling logs for reuse elsewhere. A most illuminating example is in Room 46A where the original south beam, with a cutting date of 1070, had later been propped by part of a log felled in 1052. The beams and door lintels destroyed between 1887 and 1923 would have added substantially to our tree-ring record from Pueblo del Arroyo and might have enabled us to fix the time of occupancy with greater assurance. She B. Skeleton of a dog, on the floor of Kiva F. to on (Photographs by O. C. Havens, 19 PEATE 2 €I aLvid (‘Sz61 ‘susaepy “Dd °C Aq Yydessoj0Y ) (‘€zo1 ‘susaepe “D ‘OE Aq Ydersojoyd ) “qcS wWoOYy A104s “SOUT} I1IOJSIYoId UL Paqinjsip useq -puodsds YIM suToUUOD “1S WOOY JO [TBM jsvo Ul APMIOOG ‘G pey ‘yet wooy jo 100y 94} UO poating ‘yo ew Jo Apog 9yT, “VY eel: ie , o aNd B. Sandal figure chalked on the north wall plaster of Room 44. At left, a small repository. (Photographs by O. C. Havens, 1925.) PLATE 14 : Se ee St ) a, The outer south wall, from the southeast; b, south end of Room 45B(?); c, east tier rooms, south wing. (Photographs by Victor Mindeleff, 1887. Courtesy of Bureau of American Ethnology.) PLATE I5 A. The north wing of Pueblo del Arroyo, from the northeast. (Photograph by Charles Martin, 1920.) B. Northeast corner of north wing, with second-story ceiling beams projecting from outer north wall. (Photograph by Victor Mindeleff, 1887. Courtesy of Bureau of American Ethnology.) PLATE 16 Upper: Lower: ) a Ss PLATE 17 Clearing the court at Pueblo del Arroyo. At center, second- and third-story south walls of Rooms 109-21. (Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1925.) Beginning excavation at third-story floor level, northeast corner of Kiva C square. Salvaged rocks for wall repair piled at lower left. (Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1924.) Clearing Above the Left: Kiva C. wheelbarrow, the open south door of Room > 2 VF 8] (Photogr by aph Havens, G; @} 1924.) South Right: wall and bench re- with K cess, | wall restorations via Ge above the workman. At upper Neil M. stored SaaS K Me B. Southeast quarter of Kiva J showing ventilator, enlarged south bench smoke-stained plaster above. (Photographs by O. C. Havens, 1925.) PLATE 19 and I. hIVAS There are perhaps 17 ceremonial chambers, or kivas, within the walls of Pueblo del Arroyo. All are circular and, in effect, subter- ranean. On our ground plan, figure 2, they appear to have a studied arrangement. One is conspicuously located in the south wing ; two are similarly situated in the north wing; seven crowd the middle portion, and at least six are indicated between the house mass and the arc of one-story rooms enclosing the court on the east. In addition we as- sume the presence of a principal chamber, perhaps a Great Kiva, situated within and at the west side of the court. For this latter we had reserved the designation “A,” but excavation plans for the final year were changed and we made no search for it. Kiva B and three others west of the pueblo are outsiders and will be considered as such in the next chapter. It is now generally accepted that the circular, subterranean cere- monial room of the Pueblos evolved from the Basket Maker pit house wherein were combined family living quarters and space for the ob- servance of family or clan rituals. The Basket Makers are best known from cultural remains they buried in caves throughout the broad drainage area of the San Juan River. Chaco Canyon lies on the south margin of that area, but its prehistoric inhabitants included occupants of at least one Basket Maker village. Here individual dwellings again served for clan and family worship, but community ceremonies were performed in a vast, semisubterranean structure 40 feet in diameter, a forerunner of the Great Kiva (Roberts, 1929, pp. 73-80). The major ruins of Chaco Canyon represent the very summit of communal endeavor in the southwestern United States in prehistoric times. Pueblo del Arroyo is one of those major ruins and the nearest neighbor of Pueblo Bonito. Of the 17 or more kivas in Pueblo del Arroyo we excavated and examined 7. Only one, C, apparently occu- pies space originally set aside by the town planners. With the possible exception of unexcavated A, all are individually enclosed within a quadrangle of masonry walls. That many of these walls represent houses vacated to make way for ceremonial chambers emphasizes the dominant influence of ritual in local affairs. Kivas are still essential in the life of modern Pueblo villages, but since Conquest times when alien pressure forced the change, they have usually been rectangular rather than circular and located inconspicuously among ordinary 57 58 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 dwellings. In consequence, historic kivas may have lost some of their former specialized functions ; several are known to have been deserted as the group responsible for its construction and upkeep gradually declined. During his study of western Pueblo architecture, 1881-88, Victor Mindeleff observed that although the kivas were built by religious societies, none that he entered at Oraibi was then occupied exclusively for religious purposes. Each was used, especially in winter, as a meeting place for members of the society to which it belonged. “The same kiva thus serves asa temple . . . as a council house for the dis- cussion of public affairs . . . as a workshop by the industrious and as a lounging place by the idle.” (Mindeleff, 1891, p. 130.) Parsons (1939, p. 9) confirms Mindeleff’s observation: “Kivas are communal or partly communal buildings, clubhouses used by the men as meeting-place, workshop, or as a place to dance or hold cere- monials.” Titiev, a later student of the Hopi, adds: ‘“‘Kivas are owned by the clans whose members took the initiative in building them. In the event that a kiva has fallen into disuse, its ownership may be transferred to whatever clan is most instrumental in its repair... . Except on special occasions . . . females are barred from the kivas.” ( Titiev, 1944, p. 104.) Every kiva-owning group is the recognized possessor of one or more distinctive rituals, each of which, it is expected, will be per- formed at the appointed time. The entire community benefits. Major ceremonies, usually of 9 days’ duration, are conducted almost wholly in the secrecy of the kiva. Since these rites differ from each other and since each society is at pains to guard its secrets from other groups, one would expect kivas to differ. But the contrary is true. All are very much alike, inside and out. This is particularly true of kivas in prehistoric ruins throughout the San Juan drainage, includ- ing Chaco Canyon. Half a century ago T. Mitchell Prudden examined a number of small-house sites north of the San Juan River and propounded his theory of a dwelling-kiva-burial mound complex as the nucleus, or “unit,” of all Pueblo ruins, irrespective of size (Prudden, 1903, 1914, 1918). He was particularly intrigued by the kivas, and we may para- phrase his description of those he excavated in southwestern Colorado as follows: Small-house kivas are circular, 13 to 21 feet in diameter and wholly subterranean, with an inner encircling bench about 3 feet high from which six masonry pilasters rise flush as roof supports and with shelf- NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 59 like banquettes or recesses between the pilasters; with an under- ground, man-sized passageway leading from the north banquette to a front room in the pueblo and a south banquette much deeper than the other five; with an above-floor ventilator tunnel under the south banquette connecting with an external, vertical air shaft; with a fire- place near the middle of the kiva floor, a deflector to protect the fire from in-rushing air, a sipapu between fireplace and north banquette and, below the latter, one or more niches in the face of the bench. Some years later Kidder (1924, pp. 67-68) pointed out that in- stead of being simple and primitive, as Prudden thought, these small- house kivas are as highly specialized as those of the famous Mesa Verde cliff dwellings, many of which were still inhabited during the twelfth century A. D. (Douglass, 1935, p. 52). A combination smoke- vent—hatchway in the roof, a deep south recess with an above-floor ventilator under it, six masonry pilasters rising flush with the face of the bench and 2 to 3 feet above it, a deflector, fireplace, and sipapu are among the architectural features to be expected in Pueblo III kivas north of the San Juan River. In contrast to this standard, ceremonial rooms in Chaco Canyon ruins generally lack the sipapu and the deep south recess. Ventilator tunnels lie beneath, rather than above, floor level. An above-floor ventilator in Chaco Canyon is invariably evidence of reconstruction. Instead of a deep south recess at bench level or above, Chaco kivas ordinarily have a shallow recess in the bench itself. These and other characteristics will be considered more fully in the following descrip- tions of our Pueblo del Arroyo kivas. Abbreviations used in the descriptions are: d.=deep; dia.=diameter ; h.=high; 1.=long; w.= wide. Kiva C (fig. 13). Average diameter at floor, 25’10”; bench, 29” w. by 22” h.; south recess, 114” d. by 6’ w. in front, 6’ 4” at rear; 8 wood pilasters averaging 17” w. by 26” 1. by 8” h. set back 2-3” from edge of bench; “wainscoting” of poles and grass between pilasters at back of bench; 15”-by-16” opening of subfloor venti- lator tunnel 16” w. by 28” d. is 5’5” from back of recess; oriented S. 1° W., tunnel passes under middle of recess to connect with vertical shaft incorporated in outer kiva wall; shaft intake, 15” by 18”; semicircular fireplace 27” by 35” by 16” d., flat side to south; subfloor vault west of fireplace, 8’ 16” 1. by 46” w. by 184” d., with clay floor, crude masonry lining, and two partitioning walls about 9” h., vault filled with clean sand; north of vault, near pilaster No. 5, single post hole 7” dia. by 9” d.; ceiling burned, timbers salvaged, and kiva thereafter used as neighborhood dump. The facing masonry of the Kiva C main wall and bench includes both dressed friable sandstone and laminate sandstone, the latter pre- 60 _SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 dominating in the bench. Construction apparently began with the bench, since its rubble core was widened to form a foundation for the main wall. The facing of the latter does not extend below the bench surface but rises above it 10 feet 2 inches to court level. Time had left its mark on this masonry, so we rebuilt the upper east side in hope of delaying further disintegration (pl. 18, right). Fic. 13.—Kiva C. On the bench as it encircles the chamber are the remains of eight pilasters, each a squared timber. All the timbers had been burned and three of them completely destroyed, but from their seatings or from dimensions of the sockets they had occupied, we know them to have measured from 154 to 19 inches wide and about 8 inches thick. Each timber came to within 2 or 3 inches of the face of the bench, and its opposite end was socketed in the main wall for a foot or more. Here a varying quantity of slaty coal had been packed about the log as masonry was built up over it. Pilasters are supports for a ceiling of cribbed logs. Kiva C had eight, and the lower course of ceiling logs, in pairs, rested upon NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 61 neighboring pilasters, say 1 and 2, 3 and 4, 5 and 6, 7 and 8. The second course of paired logs joined the ends of those in the first, as 2 and 3, 4 and 5, 6 and 7, 8 and I. Beginning with the fourth or fifth layer, a third log was added, then another and another until, as courses multiplied and height was attained, the cribwork drew toward the center creating a domed ceiling. The uppermost course was bridged by logs laid side by side and covered by cedar splints, bark or grass, and adobe mud. In the middle of this bridged area, flat and 8 or 10 feet square, a rectangular opening was left to serve both as a doorway and a vent for fireplace smoke. In Kiva C the middle of the first pilaster, reading counterclockwise, was 244 inches from the south recess and, center to center, the 8 averaged 9.9 feet apart. At the rear of the bench, next to the kiva wall, post holes about 2 inches in diameter and varying in number from 13 to 15 between pilasters marked the position of a sort of wainscoting. Since the lower members of the cribbed ceiling rested directly upon the pilasters, no more than 8 inches of this wainscoting would have been visible to occupants of the chamber. Presumably grass had been crowded in between posts and wall, as in the case of several kivas excavated at Pueblo Bonito. Such a feature seems quite superfluous since the main wall was invariably plastered before con- struction of the ceiling began. The cribbed ceiling of Kiva C was at least partially destroyed by fire, yet most of the logs were apparently salvable since few had been left on the floor. Although the squared pilaster timbers were con- sumed more or less completely during the conflagation, we recovered from their respective seatings the following sacrificial offerings: Pilaster No. 1: 3 turquoise fragments 30 olivella beads and fragments 27 oblong and figure-8 beads and fragments 9 discoidal beads and fragments Io turquoise fragments I standstone cover 24” diameter by 3" Pilaster No. 2: 12 oblong and figure-8 beads 2 discoidal beads I turquoise pendant fragment Pilaster No. 3: 20 olivella beads and fragments 11 oblong and figure-8 beads 5 discoidal beads 7 abalone shell fragments 1 rib fragment, small deer or an- telope Pilaster No. 4: 2 discoidal beads I turquoise pendant Pilaster No. 5: 18 olivella beads and fragments 26 oblong and figure-8 beads and fragments 6 discoidal beads 5 abalone shell fragments 2 turquoise pendants and fragment 3 turquoise fragments 1 cylindrical shell (?) bead with longitudinal and transverse drilling 62 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Pilaster No. 6: 1 discoidal bead 16 olivella beads and fragments I turquoise pendant fragment 32 oblong and figure-8 beads and _ Pilaster No. 8: fragments 5 olivella beads 9 discoidal beads and fragments 70 oblong and figure-8 beads and 1 Chama bead fragment fragments 2 shell fragments 7 discoidal beads and fragments 4 turquoise pendants and frag- 1 oval shell bead fragment ments 8 discoidal turquoise beads and 7 6 turquoise fragments fragments Pilaster No. 7: 4 turquoise pendants and frag- 13 olivella beads and fragments ments 13 oblong and figure-8 beads and I turquoise tessera fragments 47 turquoise chips Pilaster No. 8 was least burned and the fact that we found in it a number of turquoise beads and tiny chips leads me to the belief that like offerings might have been overlooked among the charcoal and ash of other pilasters. Similarly, the absence of stone covers for all except No. 1 suggests the use of wooden disks. The pilaster furnished a tree-ring date of A. D. 1067+x. The subfloor ventilator tunnel or duct is masonry lined, paved with sandstone slabs, and roofed with poles of uniform diameter, split cedar, and adobe mud. The floor slabs are part of a triangular pave- ment that more than spans the south recess and extends over Io feet toward the middle of the room (fig. 14). A subfloor vault west of the fireplace requires an additional word. Its rather crudely constructed sides apparently were never plastered ; packed clay provided an indefinite floor. Five and one-half inches of clean sand had been spread upon the floor and, upon that sand, two secondary walls were built. The first parallels the west side for part of its length, and the second abuts both the first wall and the east side of the vault. Both walls are about 9 inches high which brings them to within 4 inches of the kiva floor. Excepting a small quantity of wood ash against its east side the vault was filled with clean sand. After destruction, Kiva C served briefly as a neighborhood dump. Ashes were not conspicuous but floor sweepings were present for we recovered a quantity of potsherds, three restorable pieces of pottery and a few other objects. Two unusual ladles (pl. 26, b, c) lay shattered at east bench level but not on the bench; a sherd pottery scraper (U.S.N.M. No. 334672) was found in the fireplace. Of 518 miscellaneous potsherds collected, 1 was of Mesa Verde ware; 121, or 23.4 percent, were Corrugated-coil, and 115, or 22.2 percent, Chaco-San Juan. Antelope, mule deer, and turkey bones were present, NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 63 Scale in Feet 0 4 8 12 EA Seeley SRE ee Ee er eee) CANE erat Ge Ber ee Fic. 14.—South recess and ventilator, Kiva C, with underlying pavement. 64 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 138 as always; also, the incomplete skeleton of a puppy (U.S.N.M. No. 334957) and several bones of a young coyote. Part of the skele- ton of a prairie falcon (Falco mexicanus) lay about a foot above the bench between pilasters 7 and 8. Only three manos, fragments of two metates, and four hammerstones were unearthed—ample evidence that the dump was short-lived. The most puzzling of these finds is a piece of glasslike pumice (U.S.N.M. No. 334800), as light and frothy as seafoam. It lay a few inches above the floor on the east side of the chamber, an obvious discard. As reported elsewhere (Judd, 1954, p. 293), two mineral- ologists identified the substance as rhyolitic pumice having a high silica content, while a third expressed the opinion that it was a frag- ment of perlite or pitchstone altered by fire. Near this specimen was a miniature jar (U.S.N.M. No. 334640), blistered by heat. Broken masonry from second- and third-story rooms had fallen upon this household debris to complete the fill of Kiva C. After concluding our examination we dug an exploratory trench from pilaster No. 1 north to pilaster No. 4. At a depth of 44 inches we came upon an earlier floor or, more likely, a work surface. This abuts the bench foundation, here composed of adobe mud and chance blocks of sandstone, some of which protrude several inches. Where we bared it, the foundation stands out an inch or more from the face of the bench and is unbroken throughout its full height of 44 inches. At the south the foundation does not follow the lines of the recess as one would expect but continues across the front of it. Whether intended or not, no foundation stones protrude at this point. The floor at a depth of 44 inches abuts the bench foundation while another, 3 inches lower, continues under. We were interested to note that this second surface is on the same level as the floor of Room 32. Twenty-two inches deeper, or 5 feet 9 inches below the kiva floor, we came upon a third pavement and, 46 inches from the north end of our trench, an unfinished or partly razed east-west wall 40 inches wide and 7 inches thick, built upon an 8-inch-high foundation. This third pavement does not appear on the north side of the 40-inch wall. From a sandy fill between the second and third pavements we recov- ered a single bone bead and a number of potsherds decorated with late, fine-line hachure. To explore the quadrangle in which Kiva C stands, test pits were dug in the northeast, northwest, and southwest corners. At the northeast the butt of an 8-inch beam extends through from the ad- joining unexcavated room and, on the north side of it, a comparable NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 65 timber crosses the corner at an angle, joining the east wall with the outside of the kiva. Ceiling poles resting upon this beam (pl. 10, lower) might suggest occupancy of the space beneath, but I incline to the belief they were intended merely to level the court. Ceiling poles in pairs were noted repeatedly in excavated rooms, but this is the only instance where we found them trebled. Above the poles, masonry of the north and east walls consists of carefully laid laminate sandstone, while that below is careless and crude in comparison. This lower stonework, like the external wall of the kiva, was made with large quantities of mud and large blocks of unshaped sandstone, some of which at irregular intervals protrude 6 or 7 inches. As exposed in our 6-foot-deep test, the fill of the corner consisted almost wholly of adobe spalls from razed buildings. In this were a few potsherds of late type. The beam from the adjoining room (field No. 146) gave Dr. Douglass a date of A. D. 1102+; that across the corner, 1103. These two are more likely to represent the time of construction than is the No. 8 pilaster log, dated 1067+x. The northwest corner was equally interesting but without the rem- nant of roofing. Both the north and west walls had originally been built of superior, laminate sandstone masonry; they are tied and several layers of plaster still cling to that on the north. But—and here is the interesting fact—sometime after completion the west wall facing had been torn out and replaced with a crude stonework that abuts the plastered north wall. Then a masonry brace, 22 inches wide, was built in against the new corner union to extend diagonally to tie with the outer curve of the kiva. From this diagonal, as from both the reconstructed west wall and the exterior of the kiva, building stones protrude sporadically. Debris of reconstruction filled the angle. A second, shorter ‘brace ties with the west wall about midway of its length. In the southwest corner the exterior wall of Room 21, below its second-story ceiling offset, seems to have been planned and built in the coarser type of stonework noted in the lower northeast and northwest corners. And here also, as in the northwest angle, the original west . wall facing had been replaced. I believe this cruder uneven-stone- work-with-protruding-block technique was intended to be concealed. It invariably occurs on the outside of kivas, and since the space be- tween a kiva and its enclosing walls was always filled to roof level, it seems possible that the reconstruction we have noted on the west side of the Kiva C square was forced by a tradition of concealment. At a depth of 6 feet 5 inches our southwest corner test came upon 66 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 an uneven pavement, overlain by charred timbers and charcoal. This wreckage must have been gathered elsewhere and dumped here, for the degree of smoking on the walls was insufficient to indicate a local fire. The three subfloors in Kiva C and the 4o-inch-wide crosswall ex- posed by our trench at a depth of 5 feet 9 inches remain unexplained. Ona work surface 3 inches above the floor level of Room 32 a 44-inch- high foundation was built for the Kiva C bench. The need for a foundation twice the height of the bench it supports is not apparent unless it be a desire on the part of the builders to lift up their crea- tion, to place it on a higher plane in relation to its surroundings. The flat roof of Kiva C and the filled-in corners of the square formed a courtlike area at the second-story ceiling level, a convenient dooryard for inhabitants of the third-story rooms adjoining. There are no second-story doors facing Kiva C. Kiva E (fig. 15). Average diameter at floor, 144’; bench, 20” w. by 24” h.; south recess, 12” d. by 4’ 3” w. in front, 4’5” at rear; 6 pilasters average 153%” w. by 184” 1. by 7%" h., set back 2-24” from edge of bench; 6’ from back of recess, 13”-by-15” outlet of subfloor ventilator tunnel with 2” overhang on north; tunnel, oriented N. 103° E., masonry lined, slab floored, 2”-dia. roofing poles 193” above floor; ventilator shaft 26” south of recess has 12”-sq. intake; 7” beyond north end of ventilator tunnel is masonry-lined fireplace 22” dia. by 14” d.; ceiling logs and pilaster offerings removed. Both the main wall and bench facing consists almost wholly of laminate sandstone, plastered and replastered. We counted no fewer than 20 successive layers on the front of the bench, the total thick- ness being only 1 inch. An unusual feature of the subfloor ventilator tunnel is that three courses of stonework 54 inches thick overhang the north side of the outlet as though designed to deflect the draft backward. On the bench at fairly uniform intervals are six pilasters each con- sisting of a section of a round log, walled at the sides with small-stone masonry and plastered over. The logs are tenoned into the main wall a foot or more; their forward ends are not covered with masonry but stand free, square cut, smoothed, and plastered. A few logs were countersunk into the bench surface; none was flattened, top and bot- tom, as were those in C. Inasmuch as the Kiva E pilasters are in a better-than-usual condi- tion it seems desirable to record their constructional details, often incomplete elsewhere. The pilasters are numbered counterclockwise NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 67 from the south recess and the distances between are front center to center. Pilaster No. 1: Front center 19” from corner of recess; 19” 1. x 15” w. x 8” h. enclosing 84”-dia. log set back 2” from edge of bench. Hole for sacrificial i" offering in top of log 114” from wall is 14” dia. x 14” d. and grooved around for countersunk stone disk 2” dia. x 4” thick. Disk in place but cup empty. —< 5 ' Seale in Feet 0 4 8 12 —E——e—eEEE—E——E—e— EE ——EEE Es | r= Fic. 15.—Kiva E with outlines of earlier kivas beneath. Pilaster No. 2: 7’6” from No. 1; 19” 1. x 15” w. x 74” h. enclosing 7”-dia. log set back 24” from edge of bench. Offering hole 124” from wall is 14” dia. x 2” d.; cover not found. Pilaster No. 3: 7'4” from No. 2; 184” 1. x 153” w. x 83” h. enclosing 8”-dia. log set back 2” from edge of bench. Offering hole 124” from wall is 14” dia. x 14” d. with 4”-d. groove around top; cover not found. Pilaster No. 4: 7'7” from No. 3; 181” 1. x 16” w. x 64” h. enclosing 84”-dia. log set back 24” from edge of bench. Offering hole 103” from wall is 14” dia. x 2” d., grooved at top; cover not found. Pilaster No. 5: 7’ 4” from No. 4; 184” 1. x 16” w. x 8” h. enclosing log 74” dia. set back 2” from edge of bench. Offering hole 114” from wall is 13” dia. x 2” deep. Pilaster No. 6: 7'4” from No. 5; 174” 1. x 16” w. x 7” h. enclosing log 74” dia. ww set back 24” from edge of bench. Log decayed; offering cup not found. From No. 6 to No. 1, 7’ 2”. Not a single bead or bit of tur- quoise came to light and, since broken masonry above each pilaster evidences removal of the ceiling logs, I would guess the six offerings were salvaged at the same time. Absence of covers, excepting the one of stone, suggests that they too, were reclaimed. The elevation of Kiva E in rela- tion to nearby structures (its floor is only 15 inches below that of Rooms 60-61 [fig. 16]) naturally prompted further inquiry. A test pit in the southeast corner of the enclosing quadrangle revealed part of an earlier kiva, its floor to feet below that of Kiva E. The stone- - “< = aa) iz 4 ; ; 2 work of this earlier chamber seems 5. Ki comparatively rough, but it is plas- oe tered and smoke blackened. The iF 2 customary bench is 12 inches wide 2 Soi73 and 25 inches high and on it, incor- LS 2 3 porated in the foundation of Kiva E, i a eT 2 “Ba we bared one side of a masonry vaestestttt matty abe pilaster 11 inches long and 15 in- ‘e a ches high. This pilaster, which ends x o "& an inch from the face of the bench, Me ea was thickly coated with adobe plas- ter and, embedded on top, were the broken ends of a pair of ceiling logs. Despite discrepancies in bench width and height of pilaster this earlier chamber appears to be part of that previously discovered underneath i Room 47B. ras Following abandonment, the old kiva walls were partially pulled down and a new dwelling was erected, or reconditioned, at the second-story rs ig level. A relic of that later house is eae an adobe pavement, g feet 7 inches eee above the floor of the old kiva, that aie aes Raean R & S ° was cut through upon construction ae ee eed 68 unexcavated 1 sit —_—_! Bene ‘ mt ; H Hen Date H i! ' Hi He coins Fic. 16.—Cross section A-A’ from the McElmo Tower through Kiva E and Kiva G. of Tower NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 69 of Kiva E and the remainder left to support the second-story wall built in to complete the Kiva E square and, at the same time, provide a north side for Room 47B. Where we exposed it, the arc of the old kiva abuts sections of two straight plastered walls the significance of which was not apparent within the narrow limits of our test pit. Part of a second subfloor kiva, perhaps the intended successor to that last described, was unearthed in the northeast quarter of Kiva E, below pilasters 2 and 3. Here, again, was a confusion of foundations, walls, and fragmentary walls. First, immediately under the floor of E, we came upon a 3-foot- long section of curved wall, 15 inches wide, with Type III masonry on its concave face, unplastered but smoke stained. Two feet lower was what we judged to be the main wall of the chamber. It, too, was of Type III but, unlike the upper segment, was 18 inches thick and well plastered. We followed this to a depth of 9 feet 4 inches without finding an associated bench, floor, or identifiable work sur- face. As in the case of the kiva under Room 47B, at least two small poles had been laid in horizontally to bind the facing masonry to whatever lies behind. Both the main wall and the 15-inch-wide section above it had been built against the plastered face and end of a straight wall, constructed of conspicuously large blocks of sandstone and extending in a north- westerly direction. The north end of this construction was partly torn out when the Kiva E bench was built and here, too, underlying the bench and abutting both the straight wall and the kiva curve is a foundationlike fill of sandstone and mud that we uncovered to a depth of 5 feet 3 inches. At the opposite end of this straight wall the convex face of the 3-foot-long section first mentioned is abutted by a comparable length of east-west wall, 12 inches thick and of undetermined height. The angle between the two had been carefully rounded with adobe and replastered to a depth of 20 inches. When uncovered, this angular recess was filled with sandstone spalls and mud; across the top of it lay a hewn plank, 33 inches long by 35 inches wide by 14 inches thick. Clearly this segment of subfloor kiva is part of that underlying Room 52B. In both cases the masonry is Type III and plastered ; in both cases the exposed portion abuts a straight wall that lies at vari- ance with the studied regularity of Pueblo del Arroyo. In both cases the fill is predominately debris of reconstruction. On the west side of Kiva E, slightly underlying the bench below 70 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 pilaster No. 5, is a masonry-lined, ash-filled firebox measuring 164 by 14 inches by 10 inches deep. It belongs to a third kiva, perhaps never completed, that immediately preceded E since its floor is on the same level. Six and one-half inches south of the firebox is the end of a subfloor ventilator duct, 13 inches wide and 15 inches deep, masonry lined and paved with slabs. We made no effort to clear this duct as it passed under the bench of Kiva E, but later unearthed the partially dismantled intake of its connecting shaft. The eastern half of this third predecessor had been completely razed, but sections of its foundation are still to be seen under the Kiva E bench. We traced one section to a depth of 47 inches and, in doing so, laid bare the southeast corner of the dwelling that formerly stood here. Remnants of this earlier kiva also survive outside and to the west. But, to our disappointment, the work of demolition had been extensive. The salvaging of suitable building stone seems to have been the driving motive. In only one place did the main wall hearting extend as much as 40 inches above the bench; what remained of the latter showed a height of 22 inches and a width of 15. The masonry was chiefly of laminate sandstone with sporadic banding, the same as that of the kiva under the northeast quarter. The pilasters, if any, had been demolished without trace. We estimate the floor diameter at 12 feet. A 3-by-4-foot test pit in the northwest corner of the Kiva E quad- rangle shows 32 inches of masonry still standing above the second- story floor level. There is a 2-inch offset on the west side while on the north the second-story wall actually overhangs the first by 2 inches. Upper and lower walls had been plastered. A rotted 8-inch beam on the west side 44 inches from the corner and the decayed ends of poles embedded in the north wall are remains of a former first-story ceiling. In the southwest corner of the square, second-story masonry stands to a height of 58 inches. It bears two coats of plaster: the first plain adobe color and the second, white. Plaster below the floor offset is not whitened. Six feet from the corner a 25-inch-wide wall juts eastward, another relic of the rooms that once stood here. In that wall fragment, 3 feet above the second-floor offset, we noted remains of a log built in horizontally for added strength. The south wall is secondary, crudely constructed, and faced on the Room 46 side only. It abuts blocked second-story doors at each end and, about 4 feet below ceiling level, rests upon debris of occupation with which the space was filled. From the floor two clumsy buttresses NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—-J UDD Fiat brace the outside of the old kiva. The second and wider of the two is 5 feet high and abuts the contemporary ventilator shaft which, pre- sumably, was at least partially erected in advance of the kiva. Kiva owners obviously are persistent builders. Reviewing the re- sults of our several tests here we conclude that the first of the four kivas on this site is that in the southeast corner, 10 feet below the Fic. 17,—Kiva F with arc of earlier kiva beneath. floor of Kiva E. This was followed by a larger chamber, represented by the segments under the northeast quarter of E and under Room 52B. In time this second chamber was replaced by a third after the two rooms east of 48 and 49 had been razed to make way. Then it, too, was abandoned, perhaps even before completion, in favor of Kiva E. Kiva E, therefore, was built where four dwellings formerly stood after three earlier kivas had, in succession, occupied portions of the same site. Kiva F (fig. 17). Average diameter at floor, 15’; bench, 19” w. by 19” h. from latest floor; south recess, 19” d. by 4'5” w. in front, 5’ at rear; no shelf at back; 6 pilasters of 72 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 squared cedar average 9%” w. by 16” 1. by 73” h., set back 3” from front of bench; subfloor ventilator tunnel 12” w. by 24%” d. ends with 12”-sq. outlet 5'9” from back of recess; tunnel, oriented N.14° W., with lintel poles 174” above its floor, had been filled, floored over, and replaced by lateral ventilator, 12” w. by 15” h., through middle of south recess to connect with vertical shaft of subfloor tunnel; shaft intake 13” sq.; crude masonry deflector, 34” 1. by 10” w. by 15” h., built over north end of subfloor tunnel with rock fill beneath; 2’ beyond deflector is fireplace 26” sq. by 14” d., upper 4” lined with masonry, offset on south side 5” d. by 5” h.; vault west of fireplace on 2d subfloor, 56” by 27” by 9$” d. Kiva F, like E, was built where dwellings formerly stood. Its masonry is generally of Type II] and its highest standing wall, on the west where a stairway comes up from Room 44, rises 64 feet above the bench. An uncommon feature is that the main wall was finished first and the bench then built against it. The customary south recess extends to the main wall, the full width of the bench, without the narrow shelf at the back. Upon the bench are six pilasters, each a section of stone-ax-hewn red cedar resting upon a masonry base an inch thick. Each section is socketed in the kiva wall, and its front end lies about 3 inches from ‘the edge of the bench. Instead of being enclosed at the sides with small-stone masonry, as were those in Kiva E, these pilaster logs stand exposed except for a thin coating of adobe mud. At the sides suc- cessive layers of bench plaster round up to the lower edges of the logs but no farther. Each log had been provided with a cuplike reposi- tory, grooved around the top for a 4-inch-thick discoidal cover ; each repository had been emptied, and its cover reclaimed, when the ceiling timbers were withdrawn. To present the details we again number the pilasters counterclockwise from the south recess and measure the dis- tances between from center to center of the forward end. Pilaster No. 1: 23” from recess; 16” 1. x 10” w. x 8” h.; repository, 74” from Kiva walliis) 2” dias xs1! id: Pilaster’ No. 2:,7'7” from No. 1; 167 I. 'x 10” w. x 74" h.; repasitory, 73. from wall, 2” dia. x 1” d. Pilaster No. 3: 7'8” from No. 2, 16” 1. x 10” w. x 734” h.; repository, 7” from wall, 2” dia. x 14” d. Pilaster No. 4: 7'7” from No. 3, 16” 1. x 94” w. x 7” h.; repository, 7” from wall, 13” dia. x 14” d. Pilaster No. 5: 7'84” from No. 4, 164” 1. x 84” w. x 74” h.; repository, 4” from wall, 13” dia. x 14” d. Pilaster No. 6: 7’9” from No. 5, 164” 1. x 103” w. x 7” h.; repository 53” from wall,:2” dia. x1” d. From) No.6 to: No, 1:7’ 87. The bench abuts the kiva wall and the south recess interrupts the bench for its full width. Five feet nine inches from the back wall is NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 73 the end of a subfloor ventilator duct or tunnel 12 inches wide by 244 inches deep; its lintel poles, 174 inches above its floor, are over- lain with sandstone slabs covered with adobe mud. The duct lies N.14° W. and passes under the middle of the south recess and 39 inches beyond to connect with its vertical air shaft, 13 inches square at the intake. At its north end the duct is blocked by a barrier of ir- regular sandstone blocks introduced as foundation for a rather crudely constructed masonry deflector built upon the walls of the duct and its 12-inch-square outlet. This deflector is associated with a ventilator outlet that had been cut through the back of the recess, 3 inches above its floor, and directly above the subfloor duct, to connect with the same vertical shaft. Two feet beyond the deflector is an unusual fireplace, 26 inches square by 14 inches deep. The lower Io inches of it is lined with slabs on edge ; the remainder, with masonry. A second unusual feature is a steplike projection on the south side with a 5-inch tread and a 5-inch riser to the kiva floor. A broken area beside the deflector revealed three earlier floors at a depth of 3, 4, and 54 inches, respectively. The deflector stands upon the first subfloor, that at a depth of 3 inches. On the floor next below, we came upon one of those puzzling sunken vaults that often occur on the west side of Chaco kivas. This one measures 27 by 56 inches and 94 inches deep; its clay lining rounds off neatly with its associ- ated floor. The vault is puzzling because, like many of its kind, it was filled with clean sand and concealed beneath a 1-inch-thick adobe pavement laid throughout the chamber. It was the existence of this overlying pavement that compelled us to represent the vault as sub- floor on figure 17. When excavating for the vault its builders cut through a clay-lined, ash-filled fireplace 23 inches in diameter, a feature of the third sub- floor. Five inches lower was a second and smaller fireplace. We be- lieve both to have belonged, successively, to an earlier kiva whose wall, razed to within a few inches of its accompanying floor, immediately underlies the Kiva F bench. The masonry of this earlier chamber is of carefully selected laminate sandstone and is plastered. From the short section of it exposed by our trench we estimate the diameter at nearly 18 feet, a figure exceed- ing that of Kiva F itself. Therefore, unless our observations are in error, the western arc of that earlier kiva must flatten sharply against the outside east wall of Room 44. We have assumed the east wall of 44 to be one of those originally laid down by the village plan- 74. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 ners. Its opposite was razed by the builders of Kiva F but, in their effort to use as much as possible of the old wall, the line of its west face was preserved in the kiva masonry above the east corner of the south recess and, again, near pilaster No. 3. With substantial walls standing on the west and north of Kiva F, its required enclosure was completed by erecting new wails on the east and south. The latter brought into being the long narrow room, 62; the former is clearly an improvisation. As stated above, all ceiling timbers and all pilaster offerings had been removed from Kiva F. During this operation chunks of roofing adobe collected almost bench high. Thereafter the empty chamber briefly became a depository for neighborhood rubbish. From this trash pile we recovered a number of interesting artifacts, some of which will be described in another chapter. In addition there were two dog skeletons, one lying on the floor at the east side (pl. 12, B) and the other (field No. A-485), about a foot and a half higher. Else- where in the fill were the incomplete skeleton of a young dog (field No. A-486), several jack rabbit bones, and one bone identified as that of a bobcat. Of 1,729 potsherds tabulated by Amsden and Roberts, 8 were of Mesa Verde type and 301, Chaco-San Juan. Kiva G (fig. 18). Average diameter at floor, 184’; bench 27” w. by 26” h.; south recess 12” d., 6' 2” w. in front, 6’7” w. at rear; 6 pilaster logs averaging 8%” dia. exposed 211”, sided with masonry to average 19” w. by 234” |. by 9” h., set back 2-3” from face of bench; repositories empty ; subfloor ventilator duct 74’ north of recess is 16” w. by 33” d., stripped of lintels 27” above floor, filled, and floored over; duct at angle of S. 2° E. continues 39” beyond recess to connect with ventilator shaft having 15”-by-19” intake; in recess directly over subfloor duct a 16”-w. by 15”-h. above-floor ventilator outlet cut through to connect with same vertical shaft; associated masonry deflector, 5'2” 1. by 10” w. by 14” h., with concave side to south, stands upon subfloor ventilator duct 5’ north of recess; masonry- lined, plastered fireplace 32” by 37” by 28” d., 24’ beyond deflector is divided by slabs on end, has 5-inch-deep steplike offset on each side. Among those we examined at Pueblo del Arroyo, Kiva G is ex- ceeded in diameter only by C. Its masonry, predominately laminate sandstone, stands to a height of 54 feet above the bench on the west side, 5 feet 2 inches on the south. On the east side the bench masonry ends, without foundation, 5 inches below the floor. Both bench and main wall have been plastered repeatedly. Six pilasters are present and, like those in Kiva FE, each consists of a round log enclosed at the sides by small-stone masonry and heavily plastered. Unlike those in E, however, the masonry siding NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD 75 extends beyond the end of the log, leaving a hollow to be filled with mud at plastering time. Each log was provided with a shallow hole for a sacrificial offering but the holes were not rabbetted for covers. All six repositories had been emptied. Reading counterclockwise from the south recess, pilaster dimensions and details are as follows: Pilaster No. 1: 22” from recess, 22” 1. x 19” w. x 9” h. Log, 9” dia., extends 18” from wall; repository, 5” from wall, 2” dia. x 1” d. Fic. 18.—Kiva G. Pilaster No. 2: 9’ 4” from No. 1; 244” 1. x 19” w. x 7” h. Log, 84” dia., extends 23”; repository, 64” from wall, 2” dia. x 1” d. Log decayed and siding fallen. Pilaster No. 3: 9’ 6” from No. 2; 24” 1. x 164” w. x 10” h. Log, 8” dia., extends 22”; repository, 54” from wall, 2” dia. x 1” d. Siding had fallen. Pilaster No. 4: 9'6” from No. 3; 223” 1. x 184” w. x 9” h. Log, 9” dia., extends 204”; repository, 34” from wall, 2” dia. x 14” d. Pilaster No. 5: 9'6” from No. 4; 24” 1. x 20” w. x 93” h. Log wholly decayed but was 84” dia. and extended 22”. 76 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Pilaster No. 6: 9'5” from No. 5; 23” 1. x 20” w. x 84” h. Log, 93” dia, extends 22”; repository, 44” from wall, 2” dia. x 1” d. This pilaster was best preserved of the 6; on its front, 11 coats of plaster totaled 1” thick. From front center to center of No. 1, 9/4”. The south recess is 12 inches deep, leaving a 17-inch shelf between it and the main wall. Seven feet six inches from that wall is the north end of a subfloor ventilator duct that measures 16 inches wide and 33 inches deep; it is oriented N. 2° W. and its masonry sides rise to within 6 inches of the kiva floor. Most of the lintel poles had been removed and the duct filled and floored over. Among the fill was a pile of irregular chunks of sandstone, as in Kiva F, providing a foundation for a block of masonry built upon the sides of the duct. That masonry block is a 14-inch-high deflector, rather crudely put together with salvaged building stones, slightly curved lengthwise and the concave side toward the recess. The deflector is the accompani- ment of an above-floor ventilator whose outlet, 16 inches wide, had been cut through the back of the recess at floor level to make connec- tions with the vertical shaft belonging to the subfloor ventilator. Secondary jambs 5 inches inside the opening were designed to support a door slab, now missing. Repairs above the shelf are doubtless inci- dent to construction of the above-floor ventilator tunnel and its air- shaft connections (pl. 19, A). Two and one-half feet beyond the deflector is an exceptionally large kiva fireplace, 32 by 37 inches and 28 inches deep. It is floored with clay, lined with masonry, and plastered. On the east side width is increased by a steplike offset 3 inches wide and 5 inches deep. Op- posite, on the west side is another, likewise 5 inches deep but with a 4-inch tread. After considerable use the fireplace had been divided lengthwise by slabs on end and, subsequently, the eastern half was divided, its northern part continuing in use as an ash receptacle while the remainder was filled with rock and sand. The change in ventilating systems was made when the floor lay 13 inches lower, for the deflector stands upon this latter. Beneath is a 3-inch layer of whitish clay and then a fill of adobe and wind- blown sand. On the east side, at least, the foundationless bench masonry was begun upon that sand and adobe fill. Although its ceiling timbers had been salvaged and its pilaster re- positories emptied, Kiva G did not become an accepted community dump. Among the fallen stonework within its walls we found only I broken metate, 4 manos, a few lesser artifacts and scraps. Of 1,362 miscellaneous potsherds tabulated, 46, or 3.4 percent, were of Mesa Verde ware. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD Th We attempted no exploratory tests within the Kiva G quadrangle but our observations nearby suggest earlier utilization of the site. For example, earlier structures underlie Kiva E, to the west, and the floor of Kiva G lies 8 feet below that of E. Kiva H (fig. 19). Average diameter at floor, 15’; bench, average 114” w. by 20” h.; no pilasters; south recess in main wall 33” d. by 73’ at rear; recess in bench 20” d. by 4’ 8” at rear, sides curve in from outer width of 7’ 3”; subfloor ventilator outlet 50” north of bench recess is 17” on south, 15” on west, 23” on north; east side opens into masonry-lined duct 21” d., oriented S. 37° E. leading to vertical shaft outside east wall of enclosing quadrangle; 4” north of ventilator outlet is slab- lined, clay-floored fireplace 30” dia. by 4” d. Kiva H, 15 feet in diameter, was built inside a former dwelling that measured 17 feet 8 inches wide and 25 feet 5 inches long. The kiva masonry abuts three sides of the old house and, perhaps in con- sequence of a miscalculation, it was necessary to incorporate the middle 4 feet of the straight north wall in the kiva curve. Opposite, at the south end of the appropriated house, otherwise waste space was filled with debris of reconstruction and three small second-story chambers built upon it. One of these, Room 56, became a vestibule for a stairway leading up from Room 55. The bench in Kiva H is 20 inches high and varies in width from Io to 13 inches. Its masonry, like that of the main wall, is chiefly of laminate sandstone, but soft friable sandstone predominates at the south side and in the south recess. The bench foundation protrudes 5 inches. Successive coats of smoke-blackened bench plaster total 2 inches. At the northwest the kiva wall stands 6 feet above its bench and that doubtless is close to the original height. Here, a foot or more above the bench, two small poles had been tenoned into the wall, tying it to the older stonework. Lacking pilasters, the chamber neces- sarily had a flat ceiling supported by logs reaching across from side to side. Kiva H is unique among those we examined at Pueblo del Arroyo in that both bench and main wall are recessed at the south. The main wall is set back 33 inches at bench level creating a recess 74 feet wide at the rear. The masonry of the bench curves in gradually on either side to form a lesser recess and leave a 20-inch-wide shelf at the back of it. Four feet two inches north of the bench recess is the outlet of a subfloor ventilator tunnel. The outlet is irregular, measuring 15 inches on the west, 23 inches on the north, and 17 inches on the south; it is masonry lined, 21 inches deep, and floored with adobe. A large sand- 78 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS — VOL. 138 stone slab, 16 by 18 inches and an inch thick, has been set up against the north side of the opening, 5 inches above its floor. From the open east side of the outlet a tunnel extends southeast, its north wall ad \ Scale in Feet 1 0 4 8 12 1 Fic. 19—Kiva H. oriented N. 37° W., to pass under the bench and kiva wall at the corner of the south recess. Here the tunnel is 19 inches wide but this width had been reduced by two 2-inch posts, 8 inches apart, standing on the tunnel floor and rising 13 inches above the floor of the kiva, their upper ends embedded in the bench masonry and plastered over. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 79 Back of the posts was a single lintel pole with a flat slab resting upon it. Outside the kiva the ventilator tunnel continues, its south side razed for some reason, passing under the east wall of the former dwelling. The tunnel had been cut through the foundation of the wall directly beneath a blocked T-shaped door and large lintels with improvised stonework inserted to support the masonry above. The vertical shaft of the ventilator was built against the east side of this blocked door. In the middle of the kiva floor a slab-lined fireplace 30 inches in diameter partly overlies an earlier one measuring 27 by 33 inches and 2 feet deep, lined with sandstone slabs and filled with ashes and sand. The portion beyond the later, circular fireplace had been floored over. Our only exploratory pits hereabout were two: in the southeast corner of the former dwelling to expose the ventilator tunnel pre- viously described and in the northwest corner where smoke-smudged plaster still adheres to both walls and where, 45 inches below the second-story floor level, we came upon a solid mass of rock and mud. We found Kiva H filled chiefly with fallen masonry and the ever- present blown sand. There were no artifacts here but, at bench level and a foot from the south recess, we unearthed a shattered adult skull and, on the north side half a foot above the bench, parts of a child’s skeleton (field Nos. 465, 466). Kiva I (fig. 20). Average diameter at floor, 14’ 10”; bench, 18” w. by 28” h.; no pilasters; south recess, 18” d. on west, 6” d. on east, 44’ w. at rear; subfloor ventilator duct 14” w. by 25” d. with 14”-by-17” outlet 5’ from back of recess, continues 3’ 4” south to connect with 12”-sq. vertical air shaft; duct filled, floored over, and replaced by above-floor ventilator cut through back of recess 2” above floor; outlet, 12” w. by 17” h. to lintels, provided with 3” secondary jambs 3” inside opening; tunnel oriented S. 4° W., connects with shaft of older duct; 12” from subfloor ventilator outlet, fireplace 33” by 43” and 12” d., clay floor, masonry lined and plastered; kiva fill, debris of reconstruction to bench height, debris of occupation above. Kiva I stands within the quadrangle adjoining H on the east. Its walls, built predominantly of friable sandstone, had weathered to such an extent we refilled the room after excavation, the better to preserve what remained. Because more laminate sandstone was utilized in the bench masonry, it is somewhat better preserved. As in Kiva H, there are no pilasters. The south recess continues to the main wall, without the customary narrow shelf at the back of it. An unusual feature at this point is that from a width of 18 inches most of the way around the bench narrows 8o SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 down to 6 inches at the east side of the recess, Five feet north of the recess we came upon the 14-by-17-inch outlet of a subfloor ventilator duct, 14 inches wide and 25 inches deep, that continues under the south wall 3 feet 4 inches to its vertical air shaft. The duct had been stripped of its lintel poles, filled, and floored over, as were those in Kivas F and G. Scull Scale in Feet 4 8 BiGs 20—— Kava) 0. Replacing that described above, a lateral ventilator was cut through the rear wall of the recess 2 inches above its floor. The opening is 12 inches wide by 17 inches to its lintels. On the left, 3 inches inside, is a 3-inch secondary jamb for retention of a slab door; its opposite was lost with collapse of the stonework. The tunnel connects with the vertical shaft of the earlier, subfloor system. This shaft is a foot square and near the top of it we found a spalled sandstone disk, 15 inches in diameter by 3 inches thick, that may have been the shaft cover. There can be no doubt that Kiva I, after abandonment, was utilized as a neighborhood dump. Debris of reconstruction filled the lower NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 81 part, household rubbish the upper. Upon this accumulation and about 2 feet above the north bench, an uneven pavement of limited extent and a 10-inch-deep firebox evidence temporary occupancy. The fire- box is exceptional for its shape and size. It measures 44 feet wide as it abuts the kiva wall and has an intruding 22-by-18-inch angle in the southwest corner (fig. 21). Three sandstone firedogs were standing among the ashes in the southeastern extension. Ww E Scale in Feet 0 + 8 A a aS eR eee Fic. 21.—Intrusive fireplace on Kiva I fill. A number of artifacts and discards were recovered from the fill of Kiva I, including the two stone axes shown in plate 41, f, h. Near the floor we uncovered the skeleton of a dog and part of another, skull missing (field No. 487). Elsewhere we found the skull of a badger (Taxidea taxus; field No. A-582) and several feet away, the mandible. Part of an infant’s skeleton lay among debris of reconstruction 6 feet from the south wall and about 15 inches above the floor. Among miscellaneous bird bones recovered were those of the raven (Corvus corax), a rarity in local trash piles. An exploratory trench in the northeast corner of the enclosing square showed the rude, unplastered stonework characteristic of such corners. Two small poles tied the east side to the kiva curve. A beam lying close against the north wall, with one end seated upon the east 82 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 side of the square, supported a fragment of coarse masonry that is possibly part of the foundation of a later second-story wall erected above. In the northwest corner of the square we unearthed a puzzle. The northern 4 feet 11 inches of the west wall ends in a distinct vertical line, like a neatly finished corner, that continues below our 6-foot- deep pit and had once extended above two g-inch beam holes near the present irregular top of the wall. This section is composed of rela- tively small laminate sandstone blocks, obviously selected with a view to uniformity of size. The remainder of the west wall to its union with the kiva curve is made up of larger, often undressed blocks and is capped with small-stone masonry similar to that in the northern part. There is nothing to indicate the original height of this capping, but presumably it equaled that adjoining, which still stands a foot above the two beam holes. In either case, after the capping was laid, it and the coarser stonework below were twice plastered—first natural clay and then a whitened coat—and each, in turn, was extended over the two layers previously applied on the superior masonry of the northern 4 feet 11 inches. Larger blocks of dressed sandstone, with small chips between, predominate in the lower north wall (fig. 39). Debris of reconstruction and blown sand filled the corner. On that fill and built against the original north wall is the 20-inch-high founda- tion of a secondary north wall—a foundation that rests upon the irregular top of the superior west-wall masonry and had once con- tinued westwardly above the roof level of Kiva H. Presumably this foundation had also extended the other way to join with the fragment above the northeast corner of the square. As for the two 9-inch beam holes, it is obvious they mark the posi- tions of timbers that once roofed either Kiva H or the room in which it was built. Had they extended eastwardly, a possibility in view of the finished masonry in the northwest corner, we must suppose a for- mer dwelling here, one razed upon construction of Kiva I. This sup- position seems implausible for two reasons: (1) In the northeast corner of the enclosing square both walls are roughly faced, and (2) the distance, 23 feet, from east to west exceeds the length of timbers customarily used by the builders of Pueblo del Arroyo. Like its neighbor on the west, Kiva I lacked pilasters as bases for a cribbed ceiling. Its roof, therefore, necessarily rested on beams bridging the above-bench diameter of 17 feet 10 inches. Kiva J (fig. 22). Average diameter at floor, 118”; bench, 8” w. by 23” h.; no pilasters; south recess altered; subfloor ventilator duct 12” w. by 18” d. extends north 45” from NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 83 Scale in Feet Fic. 22.—Kiva J. 84 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 back of recess at angle of N.21° W., masonry lined, clay floored; filled, floored over, and replaced by lateral ventilator opening 13” w. by 16” h. and 23” above floor of recess; 7” within opening, it is reduced to 10” w. by 83” h., and floor raised 11”; was cut through solid masonry S.24° E. to reach vertical shaft of subfloor ventilator, 12”-sq. intake; fireplace, 15” w. by 31” N.-S. by 11” d., 5” from end of subfloor duct. Briefly used as a dump. Smallest of the seven we examined in Pueblo del Arroyo, Kiva J occupies about two-thirds of a former rectangular dwelling while Rooms 64 and 65 crowd the remainder. The main wall, which still Fic. 24.—Bowl fragment from Room 309, inside and outside. stands to an average height of 7 feet above the bench, is composed of large blocks of dressed, friable sandstone with casual chinking be- tween. There are no pilasters; no narrow shelf at the rear of the south recess. We counted 19 coats of smoke-smudged plaster on the upper wall, a total of 14 inches, all being the natural yellowish brown of Chaco adobe except the second, which had been whitened. In contrast to that of the main wall, the bench masonry is pre- dominantly of laminate sandstone. Its rubble core ties with that of the main wall; its facing extends 4 inches below the kiva floor without foundation. An additional bond, a pole 25 feet long, had been em- bedded in the stonework on the east side just below bench level. Here, NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 85 in the southeast quarter, part of the original bench has been removed to create an abnormally wide recess (pl. 19, B). There can be no reason for this enlargement other than planned alterations that were never completed. Incompleteness is evident from the rough, unplastered stonework at the back and east end. It is my guess that the original recess was about 44 feet wide while its en- larged successor is more than twice that. The usual narrow shelf at the back of the recess is lacking here, as in Kiva I. The Kiva J bench, ptealleell i I ce “i [ oy et of fh x mM pn) Fic. 25.—Bowl fragment, black-on-red. without pilasters, is 8 inches wide. We found only one narrower bench and that is in the par- tially razed kiva underlying Room 64 wherein the indicated bench width was 3 inches; height, 20. Three feet nine inches from the south wall of Kiva J is the end of a subfloor ventilator duct 12 inches wide by 18 inches deep ; oriented N. 21° W., it had been stripped of its lintel 5. 36 wfiniature poles, filled, and floored over. From the back pot. of the recess the duct passes under the kiva wall and apparently bends to the southeast to meet its vertical air shaft in the corner of the former dwelling. An above-floor ventilating system supplanted the one described above. The new outlet, 13 inches wide by 16 inches high, was cut through the wall of the recess 28 inches from its west side and 2} 86 G27 Resonator. SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 inches above its floor. Seven inches inside the open- ing, however, dimensions are reduced to 10 by 84 inches and floor height increases to nearly 4 as the tunnel continues, more directly than its predecessor, toward the shaft in the southeast corner. Half a foot beyond the north end of the subfloor ventilator duct is a fireplace, 31 inches long by 15 inches wide and 11 inches deep. Its shape is unusual and so, too, the manner of construction. Both ends are concave and lined with masonry, while the sides are of slabs that project a couple of inches above the floor. Slab fragments partition off 5 inches at the north end. Like most of the others, Kiva J had in time been abandoned and thereafter used as a convenient dump- ing place for rubbish. Abandonment evidently fol- lowed shortly after initiation of intended alterations to the bench and south recess, for these proposed changes were never completed and all roofing tim- bers had been carefully removed and carried away. Chunks of dried mud from the roof were allowed to lie where they fell and upon them windblown sand and household sweepings gradually accumulated. From among this waste we recovered a number of discarded artifacts, a cupful of charred corn, and three large sandstone slabs, presumably doors, which we left in the kiva. Largest of the three, with rounded ends and abraded edges, measured 27 by 214 by 14 inches ; the second measured 24 by 15 by I inches; the third and smallest, 14 by Io inches, had seen limited service as a metate despite a thickness of only 4 inch. Under the debris, on the floor in the north- east quarter, was a fragment of a large copper bell (U.S.N.M. No. 334766). A long-used dump would have produced a larger proportion of wornout stone implements and other evidence of household activities. A recessed stairway (fig. 7) once led up out of Room 41 to the roof of Kiva J. Kiva B is described in the next chapter, together with its associated rooms, but we may note here, for comparative purposes, that it was enclosed by walls NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 87 built especially for the purpose; that it had an above-floor ventilator and a narrow, encircling bench with a shallow south recess but no pilasters. The bench lacks masonry except in the south recess. SUMMARY In these eight kivas, including B, one finds similarities and dissimi- larities. All eight are circular in floor plan and masonry lined— cylinders of masonry sunk into a quadrangle of straight walls re- claimed from appropriated dwellings or purposely erected to produce a subterranean effect. All eight are provided with the traditional bench encircling the floor, but four of those benches bear low pilasters for sup- port of ceiling timbers and four do not. All eight have a centrally lo- cated fireplace, and two once had subfloor vaults west of the fireplace, subsequently filled and floored over. The seven kivas within the main walls of Pueblo del Arroyo were originally equipped with subfloor ventilating systems although four of these were later converted into ventilators opening above floor level. Kiva B alone was furnished with an above-floor ventilator at time of construction, but B is not a typical Chaco Canyon kiva. The masonry of B is quite non- Chaco in appearance ; like that of its associated rooms, it consists of sal- vaged rocks carelessly put together. The Kiva B bench is of earth, left in place when the pit was dug; its only stonework is that lining the south recess. In contrast, most of the seven kivas we excavated inside the pueblo were walled with laminate sandstone intermittently banded. For 5 Fic. 28.—Object of cedar, use these seven, diameter at floor level Bnknown, 88 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 varies from 11 feet 8 inches to 25 feet 10 inches ; bench width varies from 8 to 2g inches. Bench masonry invariably ex- cells that of the main wall. In two instances, C and J, the rubble foundation of the bench merged with that of the wall above. In relation to its surround- ings, each of the eight kivas occupied a simulated subter- ranean position whatever its actual elevation. The five grouped at the west side of the court, Kivas F to J, were so constructed as to bring their roofs at the second-story level, while E and unexcavated D lie a story higher. Kiva C also was purposely raised until its flat roof provided a dooryard for occupants of third-story houses adjoining. Each of the eight kivas, in- cluding B, has a south recess in its encircling bench but these recesses vary in width and depth. In three instances, F, I, and J, the recess extends the Fic. 30.—Tablet used in making ornaments. A. Bowl and jar fragments of Transitional ware. B. Sherds bearing typical Solid-type designs. PLATE 20 STE: cf “Sf /, A COLUSLESILSL t Alle . , “ Ym a4 B. Sherds illustrating straight-line hachure in styles 4, B, and C. PLATE 2I PLATE 22.—Bowls from Room 14 (a), Kiva F (b), Room 28 (c), Room 15 (d-f), and Room 27 (g-1). PLATE 23.—Bowls from Rooms 28 (a), 43 (b), 32 (c-f), and 39 (g-/). i] i i PLATE 24.—Bowls from Rooms 44 (a, b) and 27 (c); bowl and pitcher from burial in Room 40 (d, e), and miscellaneous vessels (f-/). trom St v me lz c 20.—Three eccentri —Ladles and fragments from various rooms. Ag » Me aus 4 i oa ba ; v > r — ~ \ ; i ei PLATE 37.—U pper, comblike implements of bone (a-e), and Jower, bone awls (f-o), pin Ne I i bull roarer (q), antler punch (7), and scraper (s). ba comes PO PLATE 38.—Objects and implements of wood, antler, and cedar bark. B: PLAte 39.—Hewn pine timber from Room 16 showing abraded sides and stone-ax cut end. PLATE 40.—Upper, arrowheads and knives (a-n) ; center, jar covers (o-r) ; lower, abraders (s-u), discoidal stone (v), and a clay stopper for a jar (w). ’ PLATE 41.—Upper, stone axes (a-h), and lower, paint mortars (1-k). PLATE 42.—Sandstone tablets with spalled edges (a-c), polished sand- stone tablets (d-g), a sandal stone (/), ground and polished slate tab- lets (1-7). (ozO1 ‘UIyIeyY softeyD Aq ydesrsojoyd) ‘JsaMyIou dy} WIOIy OAOIIY Jap O[qeng—EF aLvIg ; 4 en 5 ies. « Bee SI Pron Ms ede a a. : knee : fe om Coat SE ek : A. Pueblo del Arroyo from the west, Jackson’s “old arroyo” at the right; in the shadowed bank at left, above a sunlit spot at the bottom, wide-spreading silt strata and a wall fragment that proved to be part of a McEImo Tower. B. Jackson’s “old arroyo” carried away the south side of the Kiva B enclosure but left part of its west wall (above the standing figure). (Photographs by Neil M. Judd, 1923.) PLATE 44 PLATE 45 Upper: At left center constructional debris fills an angle formed by the Kiva B enclosure and remains of a single wall extending westward from the southwest corner of the ruin. (Photograph by O. C. Havens, 1923.) Lower: Kiva B abuts the pueblo at its outer southwest corner. The paired ends of Room 8A ceiling beams show at either side of a jutting rooftop abutment. (Photograph by Neil M. Judd, 1926.) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 137 on both sides in the shaping of turquoise and shell ornaments.° A block of coarse red sandstone from the fill in Kiva “c” had been used for the sharpening of bone awls before it was burned and broken (pl. 40, s). Ina similar way doorsills here and there and even exposed blocks in house walls were occasionally appropriated for whetting bone awls or stone axes. A succession of X’s incised on the smoothly rubbed face of a sand- stone building block (U.S.N.M. No. 334872) from the razed north enclosing wall of Kiva “d,’ west of Room 48, might have originated in the casual sharpening of a bone awl. So, too, the crosshatching on a fragment of friable yellow sandstone (fig. 38). The inhabitants of Pueblo del Arroyo were not given to the embellishment of house walls, but it seems quite within reason that an occasional individual, assigned the tedium of pointing a bone awl, might have been momentarily inspired to elaborate the permanent record of his industry. Figure 31 illustrates the two largest of six delicate little abraders, all broken, found in Room 26 together with the tablet described above (fig. 30). All six are of exceptionally fine-grained sandstone; four are planoconvex in cross section and the other two are flat with edges beveled on one side. The six average only 49 inch thick at the butt end ; none exhibits any perceptible concavity owing to attrition. I have no idea what these fragile implements were used for, but the Zufi man who found them, a spare-time jeweler, called them “files” for shaping turquoise and other ornaments. We have three fragments of abraders that may be likened to saws, two of siltstone and one of medium-coarse sandstone. The latter is the Roman-nosed end of a 4-inch-thick blade with V-shaped cutting edge (U.S.N.M. No. 334812). The larger of the two siltstone frag- ments, 3 inches long, 2 inches wide, § inch in maximum thickness, likewise has a knifelike edge with longitudinal striations on both sides (No. 334810). Knives at Pueblo del Arroyo were made from chalcedony, obsidian, and similar glassy rocks. Our examples include the two on plate 4o, m, n, and five fragments. One of these latter (fig. 32) is of more than usual interest because, following the initial flaking, the blade was abraded on both sides and subsequently rechipped in part along each edge. Evidence that household sweepings were sometimes dumped in two or more places is confirmed by a broken blade (pl. 40, ») whose 6 Listed elsewhere (Judd, 1954, p. 379, fig. 18) inadvertently as from Room 26, Pueblo Bonito, rather than from Room 26, Pueblo del Arroyo. 138 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 tip was recovered in Room 28 and the butt in Room 32. There is no opening in the first-story wall separating these two rooms. Flakes struck from suitable rocks and, if necessary, sharpened by chipping likewise served as knives (pl. 40, k, 1). Arrowheads from Pueblo del Arroyo are preponderantly of one type, that notched at right angles to the long axis, but may be divided into two subgroups: those with straight or slightly concave base (pl. 40, h, i, 7) and those with slightly convex base (pl. 40, c, f, g). There may be no significance in this division, but our collection in- cludes 14 in the first group, 16 in the second. Length varies from 41 to 14 inches; all are side notched and thus agree with the dominant type from the later sections of Pueblo Bonito. In addition there are three small barbed points from which the stem is missing (pl. 40, a,b). Only two arrowheads were found in the South Annex, in Room 4 and the long room east of Kiva B, and both belong to our first subgroup (pl. 40, e, 1). Of five points recovered among the ruined structures west of the pueblo, two belong to our first subgroup, two to the second, and one is barbed. The tip of a green argillite blade, rubbed to a velvety smoothness and with edges saw cut to simulate chipping (fig. 33), is more likely to have seen service in some ritual rather than in warfare or hunting. Found in the milling room, 55, a fact that contributes nothing, the fragment nevertheless is reminiscent of a statement by Cabeza de Vaca, namely, that somewhere on his incredible journey across north- ern Mexico in the early sixteenth century, unidentified Indians gave one of his companions “five emeralds, shaped as arrowpoints, which arrows they use in their feasts and dances” (Bandelier, 1905, p. 156). Drills are four in number, three of chalcedony and one of jasper. Two are reworked fragments of arrowheads and a third is part of a broken blade that, despite a width of % inch, nevertheless had been renotched for hafting (U.S.N.M. No. 334794). Scrapers.—During seven seasons’ research at Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo, we found only one chipped end scraper and that in Kiva J, Pueblo del Arroyo (U.S.N.M. No. 334796). From the same ruin we recovered only seven flakes chipped as side scrapers. Two are shown on plate 40, R, I. Hoes.—Figure 34 illustrates what I prefer to call a hoe although it is clearly a reworked tcamahia, a type of prehistoric celtlike implement featured on certain Hopi altars (Fewkes, 1900, p. 982; 1909, p. 39)- Our specimen, of dark-gray limestone, has been made from a tcamahia by narrowing the upper third with a stone hammer and then abrading NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 139 the rough edges. Attached to the end of a straight wooden handle, it would provide a very serviceable scuffle hoe. Part of a second hoe blade, of the same gray limestone but wider and with a squarer cutting edge, was recovered from Room 54 (U.S.N.M. No. 334818), and the battered remnant of a third ex- ample lay among floor sweepings in Room 62 (No. 334819). This latter is of the fawn-colored laminiferous shale favored for hoes by P. II-III peoples of the Four Corners area. I prefer to call these implements hoes rather than tcamahias be- cause examples in the National Museum (Nos. 35397A, 303258) and elsewhere provide convincing evidence that they are successors to the equally efficient mountain-sheep-horn hoes of the Basket Makers. That some of these prehistoric blades eventually found a place in modern Hopi rituals is not to be questioned, but midway, in early P. III times, they were still hoes although perhaps only hand hoes or trowels. The three from Pueblo del Arroyo, two of them fragments, were all imported and all had been reworked. Jar covers——Of 20 typical jar covers brought to Washington for the national collections, a majority is discoidal. They vary in diameter from 24 to 8§ inches. All but two are of sandstone; all were made by spalling off the edges of a thin tablet and then by abrading the sides and perimeter. Four are reworked fragments of thin, smooth, fine-grained sandstone tablets at least one of which had been sandal shaped. One cover, 64 inches in diameter by 3 inch thick and made from a section of a sandstone concretion, was found in Kiva B and had seen secondary use in preparation of yellow paint (U.S.N.M. No. 334839). Traces of red paint remain on two other specimens. A small squared cover (pl. 40, r) from Kiva “b” was shaped from a slab of mottled slate that could have originated in the San Juan Mountains.?. The same mountainous area is also given as the most likely source of the calcareous siltstone from which was made a small discoidal jar cover found in Room 24 (U.S.N.M. No. 334833). Discoidal——A single discoidal stone that, in shape and workman- ship, is indistinguishable from the well-known Chunkee stones of the southeastern United States was described on page 104 (pl. 40, v). Paints and paint mortars —We unearthed only one piece of red paint worth cataloging—a columnar bit of reddle 134; inches long and rubbed at both ends (U.S.N.M. No. 334782)—but we noted from time to time stones on which paints had been prepared. In addition to the three jar covers mentioned above, we retained two manos and 7 Report of John B. Reeside, Jr., U. S. Geological Survey. I40 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 a mano fragment stained, respectively, with red, green, and blue paint. A bricklike block of fine-grained rock from Room 41, smoothed on all six sides (No. 334824), is coated with a black liquid that may be carbon paint for pottery decoration. “The black material appears to be organic matter [since it] can be driven off by heating to red heat, leaving a brownish residue.’ Kaolin provided a chalklike white paint and a surface coating for pottery. The three cakes of prepared kaolin shown on plate 36, B, were molded in the body portion of a broken pitcher, as we know from the identical concavity on their bottoms. Found in the southeast corner of Room 51, the three cakes clearly were made by pouring a thick kaolin solution into the container and allowing it to harden. At Zuni, toward the close of the nineteenth century, a surface slip for earthenware vessels was prepared in much the same way. “A white clay is dissolved in water,’ writes Mrs. Stevenson (1904, p. 375), “and then made into cones which are dried in the sun. When required for use these cones are rubbed to powder on a stone, again mixed with water, and applied in the liquid state . . . with a rabbit- skin mop.” A smaller cake of kaolin, gouged out on top, was found in the fill of Room 47 (U.S.N.M. No. 334786). Two paint mortars, both of unusually fine-grained sandstone, are illustrated on plate 41, i, k. The first has no trace of paint in its 4-inch-deep basin, but on the second, k, red paint had been ground in the square compartment, black paint in the other. Each basin has a maximum depth of 7% inch. This double mortar was among a num- ber of unusual artifacts recovered in Room 27 among the wreckage of an upper story. In the adjoining room, 23, we found half of a sandstone doorslab (U.S.N.M. No. 334849) on which yellow and red ochers had, in turn, been ground and liquidized. The third specimen (pl. 41, 7), with a secondary depression in the middle of the grinding surface, is of reddish sandstone and bears traces of black paint. It comes from Kiva D, Pueblo Bonito, and is shown here merely for comparison. Whitewash, while not a paint in the same sense as the pigments mentioned above, was in local use as we know from traces of it here and there, and I believe the light-gray, chalky sandstone (U.S.N.M. No. 334877) piled in the southwest corner of Room 46B was white- wash stored against future need. Our Zufi workmen reported a de- 8 Report of E. P. Henderson, associate curator of mineralogy and petrology, U. S. National Museum. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD I4I posit of it in a shallow cave high up on the south side of the canyon, overlooking Casa Rinconada. Pestles—Of five pestlelike specimens in the collection none bears any suggestion of paint. One (U.S.N.M. No. 334861) is of friable sandstone and more or less discoidal ; another (No. 334814), likewise of friable sandstone, is cone shaped. A third specimen (No. 334772) is of the soft, fine-textured, light-colored sandstone used as white- wash, while the remaining two (Nos. 334771, 334862) are parts of hard cobbles doubtless brought to Chaco Canyon from some northern riverbed. In each case the grinding surface lies at a slight angle to the long axis. Axes and mauls.—We recovered eight stone axes and ax frag- ments, all made from waterworn cobbles. Only three (pl. 41, a, d, f) retain their cutting edges. One, c, was never finished; one, e, was merely notched for hafting. Another, f, made from an oval cobble of weathered arkosic sandstone and notched transversely across the poll, is too light in weight, 84 ounces, to have been of real service in timber work. The last two specimens in the series originally had the interrupted, or three-quarter, groove of southern axes, but in both cases the groove was subsequently continued all the way around. The smaller of these two (pl. 41, g) last saw use as a maul or clubhead, but its companion, fractured by a single unfortunate blow, was carried to Kiva I for the reshaping that never came. Hematite cylinders——Two specimens come from Kiva “‘c” and from Room 4, respectively. The former (U.S.N.M. No. 334781), 4 inch in diameter by 13%; inches long, was found at the north end of a pole imprint paralleling the west margin of the kiva’s Chaco-like subfloor vault. The second example (No. 334780), longer than normal (23 inches), is oval in cross section and varies in maximum diameter from % inch at one end to 3 at the other. It is possible this cylinder was never finished since longitudinal abrading facets remain upon its surface. Stone tablets—Five remarkable sandstone tablets, together with a number of other unusual artifacts, were found in Room 23. All are of exceptionally fine-grained calcareous sandstone; all were shattered when the ceilings and upper walls crashed through into the lower room. The more broken of the five (U.S.N.M. No. 334845) measures 144 by 8 by 4 inches; the others are shown on plate 42, d-g. First of these four bears on the opposite face traces of yellow paint, apparently ground and mixed there. The second (the red line and enclosed area at upper left are ingrained) and fourth tablets are slightly discolored I42 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 by smoke on the unphotographed side; the third, as will be noted, is stained by twilled matting. The V-mark on this third specimen and the scratch above are scars from the excavator’s pick. A sixth tablet from Room 23, of slate rather than sandstone and discoidal instead of rectangular, may be seen on plate 42,1. Despite a degree of polish, striations left by the abrader remain on both faces and around the circumference. Thickness varies from a maximum of Z inch at the center to about 3%; inch at the edge, the reduction being from both faces. A rectangular slate tablet, abraded to a thickness of £ inch at the edge and 2 inch at the middle, was among the diversi- fied objects hurled into Room 27 by collapse of its ceiling (pl. 42, 7). Tablets made from comparatively thin slabs of sandstone by spalling back the edges and leaving the natural cleavage planes on either side often served to close doorways or ventilator openings (pl. 51, lower). However, narrow tablets such as plate 42, a, b, from Room 65, a store- room, clearly were intended for some other purpose. Sandal-shaped tablet —Only one (pl. 42, h) was found in Room 23 with the five thin sandstone tablets described above and other arti- facts. From the size of this lone example, 144 inches long by 73 inches maximum width, we may assume that it probably served as an altar piece in some unknown ritual. A sandal-shaped specimen carved from wood and painted is considered on page 131 (fig. 29). The well-worn fallacy that sandal-shaped tablets were forms or patterns used by the prehistoric Pueblo Indians when weaving their footgear apparently originated with a quotation from Frank Hamilton Cushing published by Dr. J. F. Snyder (1899, p. 8) in his short article on the Cliff Dweller “sandal last.” Snyder’s almost forgotten paper was prompted by a “baked clay” impression of a decorated sandal in the M. C. Long collection from Butler Wash, southeastern Utah. This rare specimen, now fortunately preserved in the Museum of Northern Arizona, has more recently been described by John C. McGregor (1948, pp. 24-28). Effigy—A carving that may represent the head of a mountain lion (fig. 35) was found in the sandy-earth fill of Room 64. It is of yellow friable sandstone and its nose was broken away so long ago there is no perceptible difference in color between the fractured area and that adjoining. Eyes are not indicated. The neck, apparently de- signed to be socketed, preserves on its uneven base pittings of the shaping hammer. Mountain lion, “hunter god of the north” (Cushing, 1883, p. 25), is invariably carved from rock of a yellow color; carvings of other NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 143 colors identify lesser gods associated with the other five directions. In 1897 Fewkes (1900, p. 980) saw a mountain-lion effigy on the altar of the Antelope Society at the Walpi Snake ceremony; Mrs. Stevenson (1904, p. 245) reported a “cougar of cream-yellow sand- stone” among the animal representations on the altar of the Eagle Down Fraternity at Zuni. A mountain-lion figure is kept close at hand in a Zufi household and is fed every day while a man is deer hunting (Parsons, 1939, p. 304). Again (ibid., p. 480), “there is always the greatest reluctance to remove a fetish, which is sometimes left behind, but looked after, in an otherwise abandoned house.” Room 64 had been vacated and abandoned, since we detected an appreciable amount of floor sweepings in its 4-feet-deep sandy fill. The “lion” head was found in this fill together with a large tabular metate, fragments of a smaller troughed metate, four manos, part of a turkey skeleton, miscellaneous flint and obsidian chippings, 700 pot- sherds, and like discards. Pipe.—An inch-long fragment from Room 55 is our sole evidence that stone pipes were known at Pueblo del Arroyo (U.S.N.M. No. 334687). It is of polished steatite and of the “cigar-holder” type familiar throughout the Chumash area of California. Miscellaneous stone—A fragment of glassy, vesicular slag (U.S.N.M. No. 334800), recovered near floor level on the east side of Kiva C, was described in connection with comparable material from Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 293, pl. 70, fig. b). It is 4 by 23 by 14 inches in size and floats. Mineralogists disagree as to its origin, but doubt that it was a consequence of the fire that destroyed Kiva C. OBJECTS MADE OF CLAY Jar stopper—A stopper for a jar with a 3-inch orifice was found in the southeast corner of Room 23 (pl. 40, w). It is made of sandy clay and is unfired, although exposure to an open fire has burned and blackened it somewhat. Pipe.—In addition to the steatite fragment noted above, we have part of a tubular clay pipe (fig. 44). This latter, however, bears a Pueblo I-like punctate decoration, and flakes of mica glisten on its gray, lumpy surface; it is the only artifact, besides a small quantity of late potsherds, found in Kiva “a,” west of the ruin. Figurines —Three earthenware figurines of molded clay, hard but apparently unfired, are represented in figure 37, a-c. The first was among half a dozen miscellaneous objects pressed by weight of the overburden into the softened adobe floor in the southeast quarter of 144 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Room 9B-II. In shape and execution it is strikingly like a small effigy from Ruin A, Marsh Pass, illustrated by Kidder and Guernsey (1919, p. 143, fig. 62, b). Squares of charcoal represent eyes on the next two. Figure 37, c, largest of the three, was found among the rubble filling Kiva “b.” An unillustrated fragment of fired clay, pos- sibly the upper part of a figurine (U.S.N.M. No. 334682), is molded after the manner of figure 37, b, but lacks any representation of facial features. The fourth figure (fig. 37, d), of yellowish-gray sandstone rather than clay, is included here merely for convenience in presentation. It is from Kiva I and featureless. A very similar specimen, carved from juniper, measures 24 inches long, } inch in maximum width, and 75 inch thick from foot to neck (U.S.N.M. No. 334701). Above the neck the head tapers from both front and back to a thickness of 3s inch at the top. As with that of sandstone, there is nothing about this juniper carving to identify it with the figurines except shape. Fragments of zoomorphic vessels will be considered under pottery. Vij POTPEERY Our knowledge of Pueblo del Arroyo pottery derives from studies made at Pueblo Bonito. Here, four years after inauguration of our explorations and two years after beginning work at Pueblo del Arroyo, I called in Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr., and the late Monroe Amsden and delegated to them the colossal task of analyzing the sherd collec- tions from both ruins. Two yard-square columnar cuts through 12 feet of previously undisturbed household rubbish under the West Court at Pueblo Bonito revealed the local pottery types and their sequence. Practically all black-on-white potsherds from the lower 8 feet of Test II, to limit these remarks, were types Amsden and Roberts called “the Transitional” (because it looked to be a transition between pre- Pueblo and Early Pueblo wares) and a decadent variation, “the De- generate Transitional.” However, in the upper 50 inches of that same test there were 43 fragments (3.1 percent of all black-on-white sherds from the 12-foot-deep cut) ornamented with straight-line hatching and 31 fragments (2.3 percent) of a type designated “the Chaco-San Juan” Basing their classification on ornamentation, shape, and surface finish, Roberts and Amsden separated our Pueblo Bonito potsherds into 2I categories. However, in my earlier reference to their findings (Judd, 1954), I focussed attention upon eight types only: Transi- tional, Early Hachure, Solid, and Plain-banded culinary as repre- sentatives of the Old Bonitians, the founders of Pueblo Bonito; Late Hachure, Chaco-San Juan, Mesa Verde, and Corrugated-coil culinary ware as equally representative of the Late Bonitians. Since no frag- ment of Early Hachure was recovered below the upper 50 inches of that 12-foot-deep rubbish pile I erred in placing it with Old Bonitian types. I erred also in giving Mesa Verde ware the weight of a local type rather than identifying it as a late and limited import. I should have recognized the Degenerate Transitional for what it truly is, an important derivative of Transitional and a long-lived product of the older portion of the population. Paraphrasing Roberts’s field notes, our Transitional black-on-white (pl. 20, A) was at first thickly slipped and well polished prior to ornamentation. Later, scrapers and hand-smoothing gradually re- placed polishing stones; slips became thinner and thinner and finally 145 146 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 were omitted altogether on bowl exteriors. Ladles were of the half- gourd type, pitchers were rather squat and wide mouthed, ollas were round bottomed, tall and egg shaped, with a low neck and often with a bulge between neck and shoulder. Bowls were deep, approaching the hemispherical, with rounded bottoms, and direct, tapering rims. Bowl, pitcher, and jar lips were ringed with a black line in which there was an appropriately located line break. This interruption, some- times referred to as “the spirit path,” is rarely overlooked even today. Ruth Bunzel writes (1929, p. 69): “The Zuni potter who closes the circle or ‘road’ around her pot feels that her own life road will end, and she will die.” Decoration, in iron oxide paint, was generally banded in bowls, zoned on pitchers and ollas. Design elements, in either curvilinear or rectilinear composition, included stepped lines and triangles, inter- locking whorls, squiggled hachure, and ticked lines often running past corners. Degenerate was merely an uninspired outgrowth of the Transitional, with the same forms and finish, and the same decorative designs carelessly accomplished. Together, Transitional and Degen- erate Transitional were not only the principal pottery products of the Old Bonitians but the predominant ware of Pueblo Bonito. The Solid (pl. 20, B) first appeared as a contemporary of the De- generate Transitional, with like shapes and surface treatment but with new ventures in embellishment. Its designs, mainly precursors of Early Hachure, favored broad, heavy lines and pennantlike elements, usually in an all-over pattern and sometimes balanced with Early Hachure figures. Indeed, the Solid was a bridge between the Degen- erate Transitional and Hachure A, but its popularity was relatively brief. Production had ceased before introduction of Hachure C. The famed hachured pottery of Pueblo Bonito, sherds of which were not found below the upper 4 feet of the old subcourt debris heap, developed in three stages (pl. 21, B). At first composing lines were widely spaced and often heavier than their frames (A). Subse- quently this practice was reversed and framing lines became the heavier (B). Bowls continued round bottomed with direct, tapering rim and black-painted lip; ladles of the half-gourd form persisted but the bowl-and-handle type began to appear ; pitchers developed smaller bodies and longer necks, with an emphasized line break inside the neck, An initial preference for curvilinear designs gave way before the rectilinear ; shaded tips and filled-in corners and solid elements shad- owing the hachured figures were favored successively. Hachure B, NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 147 with its heavy frames and lighter composing lines on a white or cream-colored slip, has long been recognized as the most distinctive of Chaco Canyon types. Next to the Transitional Degenerate group it was the most abundant variety at Pueblo Bonito. Hachure C, identified by its finer composing lines and more expert brushwork, was a late creation in the occupancy of the village. New vessel forms were introduced, and the cylindrical vase, presumably created during Hachure B times, reached perfection in the Hachure C period. Pitchers with absurdly small bodies and very long necks were another outstanding shape. Ladles were entirely of the bowl-and- handle form. Hachure C differs from its predecessors not only in its superior brushwork and its thinner, closer composing lines, but also in the complete absence of shaded tips and solid elements in its design composition. These several black-on-white pottery types, from the Transitional to Hachure C, have certain features in common. They are thin-walled and hard, with preponderantly sherd-tempered pastes blue-gray to dirty white in color, hand smoothed and slip washed, decorated with a mineral paint and fired in a reducing temperature. Rims are direct and tapering and invariably painted black. This black-painted lip, with a line break usually emphasized, is one of the diagnostics of Chaco Canyon pottery. In doubtful cases I have identified iron oxide paint by the simple magnetic test proposed by Colton (1953, p. 21). Our controversial Chaco-San Juan variety (pl. 21, A) was so named because it appeared to combine certain Chaco techniques of manufacture with decorative designs more at home north of the Rio San Juan. Like Hachures A-C it was not represented in the lower 8 feet of Tests I and II but did occur in the overlying 4 feet. While some vessels were left unslipped on the outside, most exteriors were surfaced with a conspicuous yellowish- or grayish-white slip and stone polished. Bowls predominate in this group, and bowl interiors are usually decorated with a repetition of the same unit, banded and framed as on proto-Mesa Verde ware (Kidder, 1924, p. 67). Bowl exteriors remain plain except, perhaps, for a belt of watered slip around the upper half and a smear of slip paint across the bottom. Unlike local black-on-white types, however, the Chaco-San Juan was decorated with organic paint, a northern trait. Shape provides another tie with the north. Chaco-San Juan bowls are shallower than local types with straighter sides, flatter bottoms, and rounded lips that are boldly ticked and provided with a line break 148 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 that is not only emphasized but often overemphasized. Jars tend to be squat and, like large bowls, are normally equipped with downraking handles ; pitchers have small bodies and high, cylindrical necks as do those of Hachure C. Pitchers and jars usually have concave bases. The flat-bottomed, slope-sided mug, a proto-Mesa Verde form, was introduced during this period. Irrespective of shape, Chaco-San Juan vessels have thicker walls than do their Chaco counterparts. Several years ago, to compare Pueblo Bonito pigments and tempers with those in La Plata Valley pottery, Miss Anna O. Shepard ex- amined all sherds from two of our stratigraphic tests (II and IV) together with representative lots selected by type. Her observations have since been published (Shepard, 1939, p. 280; see also Judd, 1954, pp. 181-183, 236-238) but leave us with an intriguing problem, the presence of sanidine basalt as a tempering agent. This igneous rock, not known to occur in the Chaco country, was found as inclu- sions in the sherd temper of our three hachured varieties (A to C) but not in that of earlier mineral-paint types (Degenerate and Solid). It also appeared secondarily in the organic-paint, Chaco-San Juan group, a type predominantly sherd tempered but sometimes with bits of quartz, feldspar, or other rock added. In contrast, sanidine basalt appeared as a direct, primary temper in much of the culinary ware, the proportion varying from about a quarter of the pot fragments from the lower 8 feet of Test II to half of those from the upper 4 feet. Since sanidine basalt occurs as a primary temper in Pueblo Bonito culinary wares and secondarily in both mineral- and organic-paint black-on-white types, Miss Shepard reasons that the Bonitians prob- ably imported their cooking pots from the Chuska Mountains, 50 air- line miles to the west, the nearest recorded source of the rock and an area wherein sanidine basalt was the customary temper for pottery. With one exception, the pre-Pueblo, the 21 pottery types Roberts and Amsden named at Pueblo Bonito are also represented at Pueblo del Arroyo. Outwardly there are no visible differences in sherds from the two ruins, and the data Miss Shepard obtained from our Pueblo Bonito collections should also apply to those from Pueblo del Arroyo. The latter ruin is the younger of the two, however, and consequently fewer early-type sherds were found in it. After eliminating all recognizable duplicates, Amsden and Roberts tabulated 203,188 potsherds from Pueblo Bonito and 77,405 from Pueblo del Arroyo. Among these the eight categories I selected to NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD I49 distinguish between the older and later elements in the Bonito popula- tion occur at the two sites in the following proportions: Pottery type Pueblo Bonito Pueblo del Arroyo eDratisitional et actns eka te ote taratene oretoron ta saan 5.6 0.1 ID ESETerAateli a Mure ylcjaeuele elle aus eiciatene tet atolatctaisiactstsraterets 37 0.4 SO liate sea ak hart aie e caba hare Aas nle cateetieiees Wome tas 5.0 1.8 Platnebandeds ctesinc crea teinsiei ere wie renee pier aia ls ers avert 14.7 0.4 at lvaach trey a setayeranyrarcieverstelevasiereverereictereistet roils 7.6 4.5 atenlta cht ec se cavpaveteve Nevers en avereveteveroretaleysnetela)e cris 1683 37 Chaco=SamJaany see ee ele olds seers crelale tye take 6.6 8.6 Gorsucatedacotly caradac Nols ste seen settle gions 33.5 54.7 The number of restorable earthenware vessels (118) recovered during our excavations at Pueblo del Arroyo is surprisingly large in comparison with other classes of artifacts. Some had been broken and discarded with floor sweepings; others had fallen with collapse of upper stories. Only three were complete when found. Thirty-three came from six ground-floor rooms wherein household waste was present in quantities justifying the designation “dump.” Fourteen restorable vessels were recovered from Room 15, 26 from Room 27, and most, if not all, had been in the second story and were shattered when its floor gave way. Twelve corrugated pots stored on the floor of one-story Room 65 were crushed when the roof caved in; six more, in fragments, were tossed in later with sweepings from nearby homes. For comparative purposes these diverse utensils are most satis- factorily considered according to shape. Bowls.—Our 27 black-on-white bowls vary in diameter from 5 to 134 inches and in depth from 2 to 74 inches. Averages are 10¢ and 42 inches, respectively. Nearly half are listed in our Chaco-San Juan classification although several fall short of the Roberts-Amsden speci- fications for that group. Brown-with-polished-black-interior and black-on-red bowls were few in number. Sherds of foreign wares were still fewer. Figures a, b, plate 47, show two restored bowls from Room 5, one of the casual structures abutting the outer south side of the pueblo. Both are ornamented with vegetal paint; both are Chaco-San Juan types. The first, apparently hand smoothed, has a rounded rim that is irregularly ticked. In contrast, the second (U.S.N.M. No. 334620), with its flattened, undecorated rim, is stone polished inside and out. In shape at least the bowl interred with the Room 40 burial (pl. 24, d) is Chacoan, but its dark-gray pigment is organic; as is that on the accompanying Chaco-San Juan pitcher (pl. 24, e). I50 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Among 14 vessels recovered in Room 15 are 3 black-on-white bowls (pl. 22, d-f). One of these, e, a Chaco-San Juan creation, presumably had been broken before collapse of the ceiling, since a third of its fragments were not present. The other two, d, f, are local products and bear characteristic Solid and Hachure B designs in iron oxide paint. Four bowls, all of Chaco Canyon manufacture, came from Room 27, noteworthy for the number of its earthenware vessels. Three are decorated with iron oxide pigment: two in the familiar Hachure B style (pl. 22, g, h,) and one, i, in Solid. Despite its blackened lip, the first of these three, reflects northern influence through its better-than- usual external finish and parallel brush lines pendent # of an inch on opposite sides. Finger-grip handles 25 and 14 inches wide, respec- tively, will be seen in h and i. Those on the former are cupped on the under side. The fourth Room 27 bowl is brown-with-polished black-interior (pl. 24, c). In Room 32, in addition to the stone artifacts enumerated on page 25, we found four restorable bowls. Three are Chaco Canyon types (pl. 23, c, e, f) ; the fourth, a Chaco-San Juan. This latter (pl. 23, d), although ornamented with organic paint, has the wide-sloping sides and blackened lip of Chaco bowls. Furthermore, the rim is thinner and the lip less rounded than in more typical Chaco-San Juan vessels. Strap handles, pressed in at the middle and fused to the vessel wall, were attached 14 inches below the rim. The three Chaco Canyon bowls from Room 32 are decorated with mineral paint and in three different but contemporaneous styles: Hachure A (pl. 23, e), Degenerate Transitional, f, and Hachure B, c. On the first of these, three parallel 4-inch-thick rolls of clay, pressed in at the middle, form double-loop handles. The pigment employed on f is largely of a reddish hue—the result either of some peculiarity of the mineral, improper preparation, or carelessness in firing. Room 39 was one of those utilized as a dumping place. In the 4 feet of blown sand and floor sweepings that had accumulated before the ceiling fell we found a number of stone artifacts and 10 restorable earthenware vessels, including 6 bowls. Three of these latter (pl. 23, g-i) are decorated with mineral paint in Solid style. Their rim edges are painted black, but only on the smallest is a line break positively identifiable. The other three, j-l, fall in our Chaco-San Juan classifica- tion, although k, in design composition and surface treatment, more nearly approaches Classic Mesa Verde ware. Organic paint was used on all three. The lip of j, although somewhat flattened, is blackened NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD I51 after Chaco Canyon custom while the other two have rounded rims, ticked at short intervals. Among the 1,256 miscellaneous potsherds tabulated from Room 39 is a bowl fragment decorated inside and out with dissimilar, rec- tilinear Hachure B designs (fig. 24). The design on the inside was less carefully drawn and with thinner paint. Paired holes, perhaps for a carrying cord, were punched through while the clay was still plastic. Two fine Hachure B pitchers from Room 39 are shown on plate 28, 1, R. Room 43 was another dumping place from which we removed an assortment of stone implements but only two restorable pieces of pottery, both bowls. One of these is the small black-on-white porringer seen on plate 23, b. In typical Chaco-San Juan style it is slipped inside and for half an inch below the outside rim, decorated with organic paint and carefully burnished over the decoration. The rounded, slightly-incurved rim was ticked, and some of the paint was allowed to run down irregularly over the slip band. Three conical, unper- forated lugs segment the upper outside wall. Our second Room 43 bowl is that on plate 54—black-on-red inside and thick red-on-creamy-white outside. It was an import from the Houck area, east-central Arizona (Roberts, 1932, p. 112). Morris (1917, p. 179) found a companion bowl in Aztec Ruin. Trade in pottery and in the materials for pottery manufacturing, and gifts from visiting friends are age-old Pueblo customs. Architecturally, Room 44 was one of the most interesting in the pueblo. It had three successive occupancy levels, the last two sepa- rated from their predecessors by purposeful fills of sand and house- hold rubbish. Discarded artifacts and potsherds were collected from each fill but only one restorable vessel, the pitcher shown on plate 28, h. Three bowls recovered above the third and final floor in Room 44 merit comparison. One is a typical Chaco-San Juan specimen—dark- gray organic paint, flattened rim closely ticked, and a band of thin slip outside (pl. 24, a). A companion piece, b, has the characteristic Chaco finish and tapered rim but without the traditional black rim- line. On one side, pressed so close as to leave no opening behind, is a pair of luglike strap loops, more decorative than useful. On either side of these loops there remains an inch-wide smear of thin, black, nonmetalic paint—the only trace of pigment on this particular speci- men. The bottom is much flatter than on the average Chaco bowl. Drilled holes evidence ancient repairs. A third bowl from late debris in Room 44 is illustrated on plate 25. 152 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 It is brown with glossy black interior, stone polished inside and out. It is slightly flattened on the bottom and has a rounded rim. Our prime interest, however, is in its ornamentation—a linear design in matte paint that is typologically much older than the surroundings in which the fragments were found. We do not know just when and where this peculiar watery sort of pigment was first employed, but 800 years or more after Pueblo del Arroyo fell into ruin Maria and Julian Martinez of San Ildefonso pueblo rediscovered the secret of its preparation (Guthe, 1925, p. 24). Our bowl had been broken while in use, repaired, and again broken. We recovered its fragments from four separate rooms—the major portion from 44, lesser sections from 39, 43, and 47. Five ceiling timbers from these four dwellings gave cutting dates between A. D. 1066 and 1086. Fragments of similar vessels were unearthed during our explorations at Pueblo Bonito. Because there were three successive floors in Room 44, each over- lain by household debris, it is instructive to note the results of our sherd analysis. After eliminating all recognizable duplicates, Roberts and Amsden tabulated 969 miscellaneous fragments from the lowest fill and of these 17 were Chaco-San Juan types and 664 Corrugated- coil culinary ware. Of 2,326 sherds from the second fill, between the second and third floors, 46 were Chaco-San Juan and 1,486 Corru- gated-coil ; of 2,820 sherds in the late fill above the third and last floor, 226 were Chaco-San Juan and 1,580 were Corrugated-coil. The mak- ers of these two wares obviously were increasing in numbers or pro- ductivity during the years Room 44 was occupied. Five more bowls may be cited: four of Chaco-San Juan type (pls. 22, a-c; 23, a) and the fifth a small local specimen with Hachure B curvilinear design (pl. 23, c). The large bowl (pl. 22, b) is the only restorable earthenware vessel recovered from Kiva F, a Chaco-type ceremonial structure that had been remodeled to meet northern re- quirements and thereafter was stripped of its timbers and briefly utilized as a repository for neighborhood rubbish. In connection with this remodeling and subsequent abandonment, it is pertinent to note that we collected from the Kiva F rubbish 1,729 miscellaneous pot- sherds among which Roberts and Amsden counted 301 of Chaco-San Juan type and 8 of Classic Mesa Verde. Part of an oval, flat-bottomed brown bow! with black interior, stone polished inside and out, was recovered west of Pueblo del Arroyo, outside Rooms 42-49 (U.S.N.M. No. 334677). Pepper (1909, p. 211) reports a similar but slightly larger bowl, with corrugated exterior, from Room 33, Pueblo Bonito. oom 3. ) NX eplace, I r ner cor st thwe oO! _N A 3. Room < r ot ne cor est outhw Ss lator, OG (Photographs by enti \ and screen ¢ e B. Fir 1923. ) avells, H E AG LATE P ih A a oy? Ime an a? 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(ioeed) PLATE 51 Upper: Excavations west of Pueblo del Arroyo revealed the foundations of a triple-walled McEImo Tower. Lower: Fireplace, screen, and covered south ventilator in Kiva “b.” (Photographs by Neil M. Judd, 1926.) * EWEN G7 A. A mass of rubble built over two rude walls between Kivas “c’ and “d” provides an unsolved puzzle. 3. Mr. Ruppert examines stratified accumulations against the outer west wall of Pueblo del Arroyo. (Photographs by Neil M. Judd, 1926.) c PLATE 52 WHA 1 | ata a A = Keefe TAS hs showing Jackson’s PLATE 53.—Three Hyde Expedition photograp “old arroyo” and what is believed to be part of the silt-covered Pueblo del Arroyo trash pile. (Courtesy of Dr. Harry L. Shapiro and the American Museum of Natural History.) PLATE 53 NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 153 Figure 25 shows an “eagle” as part of the black-painted ornamen- tation on the brick-red floor of a bowl sherd from south of the Little Colorado River, perhaps the Petrified Forest area. The fragment is slipped inside and out; externally, a distinct red slip wash comes well down over a cream-colored slip that covers the flattened bottom and lower sides. Coarsely ground sherd temper is visible in the blue-gray paste. Ladles.—Four of the five ladles recovered from the wreckage in Room 27 are shown on plate 27. Figure b is a hollow-handled, Chaco- San Juan type decorated with organic paint and a careless outside rim band of white slip. Five dots appear on the lip above the handle, and six more lie on the lip opposite; between the two groups is an- other lot of five. The lip opposite this latter group has been worn away, erasing its balancing series of dots. Three of the Room 27 ladles are of the old P. II half-gourd form: one dark brown with polished black interior (pl. 27, f) and two smaller examples ornamented with mineral paint in Transitional style, g,h. A fifth Room 27 ladle, if it can be so termed, is the 3-bowl crea- tion shown on plate 26, a. It is of a reddish-brown ware, slipped and stone polished but unevenly modeled and undecorated. The handle, flattened above and below, expands to either side beneath each bowl; the bowl lips are flattened and unpainted. A hollow-handled ladle and two ladle bowls were restored from fragments found in the trash above the latest floor in Room 44 (pl. 27, a,c, d). Four holes in a downcurving arc were punched through one side of the handle of c and two on the opposite side. A horizontal ring is missing from the handle end. This specimen and one of the bowls, d, are finished and decorated in Chaco-San Juan style, while the second bowl, a, follows Chaco Canyon practices. A black-on-red ladle with hollow handle from Room 32 (pl. 27, e) is ornamented with mineral paint, including the black line around the lip. In restoring this specimen we replaced the handle ring. Largest scoop-type ladle in the collection was recovered in Room 39 (pl. 27, 7). Its full-length design and black rimline are in mineral paint. In contrast, a miniature (pl. 27, 7) found among late debris at the east end of the Kiva “d” enclosure, and likewise decorated in mineral paint, lacks the rimline. Part of an unusual Chaco-San Juan ladle handle, solid throughout, white slipped and beautifully polished (fig. 23), was recovered from the same rubbish heap; also, the end of a white-slipped, longitudinally perforated handle that could be mis- taken for a pipe mouthpiece were it not for the holes punched through the upper side (U.S.N.M. No. 334677). 154 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Two other ladle handles, both stone polished and bearing organic paint, may be noted. One (U.S.N.M. No. 334562) is solid, 53 inches long by % inch wide and $ inch thick, with two tail-like appendages curled up over the distal end and four holes punched through verti- cally. The second fragment (No. 334678) measures 3§ inches long by 2% inches wide by # inch thick and thus recalls the broad handles on certain ladlelike vessels from Pueblo Bonito (Judd, 1954, p. 202). Irregularities on this second piece, top and bottom, have been abraded away and so, too, the broken end. A bold checkerboard in black or- ganic paint enlivens the upper surface. Found in Room 9B-II, the fragment presumably served as a toy. Two perfectly absurd ladles were recovered in fragments at bench level on the east side of Kiva C (pl. 26, b, c). Both are decorated with iron oxide paint in Hachure B style. Their original length may only be surmised, but we have restored no more than I inch on the longer and less than that on the under side of the second. Considering their similarity in other particulars, I assume the two were originally of equal length or nearly so. The handle alone on c is 143 inches. Pitchers—We have only seven specimens to represent all the pitchers made and used at Pueblo del Arroyo. Five are of local manu- facture, the other two are Chaco-San Juan types, decorated with or- ganic paint. One of these latter (pl. 28, 7) is slipped and stone pol- ished ; its rim, mostly restored, has three broad ticks above the handle. In our restoration we have allowed a concave base. The second Chaco- San Juan pitcher, an offering with the Room 4o burial (pl. 24, e), is less carefully finished but it has the customary concavity on the bottom. Our five Chaco Canyon pitchers, each cupped on the bottom, are ornamented with mineral paint but in as many different styles. The two from Room 39 (pl. 28, 1, k) are alike in shape and decoration but the design on one is zoned while that on the second is in an all-over pattern. On each the handle is concave transversely. Figures f, g, plate 28, are later types, both in form and finish. The work of a tyro, h, was found in the southeast corner of Room 44, in the 17-inch accumulation separating the second and third floors. Squash pots.—So called because, as Morris (1939, p. 144) suggests, the form obviously originated in a pumpkin or squash from which the stem had been cut away, leaving a hollow vessel with a slightly de- pressed, rimless opening. “Seed jar” is a synonym frequent in archeo- logical literature. In B.M. III times squash pots were commonly used over the fire; from P. I onward they were nonculinary and custom- arily decorated. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 155 Our Pueblo del Arroyo collection includes five black-on-white squash pots, or seed jars, and four of redware. They vary in diameter from 35 to 113 inches. The two largest (pl. 29, d, e), both from Room 27, are of Chaco-San Juan type and ornamented with organic paint. On the first, surface finish is noticeably inferior to that of the second, but its basal concavity is four times as deep. The other three black-on-white specimens, a-c, were decorated with mineral paint al- though the design on a is barely traceable. Both a and c were provided with flat bottoms, but the base of b is deeply cupped. Of four redware seed jars (pl. 20, f-i) the first three were treated with a thin red slip and stone polished; horizontal striae left by the polishing stone show clearly. The first is flattened on the bottom, the next two rounded. Figure 7 was both slipped and carefully smoothed, but it lacks the visible toolmarks and the luster of the other three. Under its slip the paste is dark gray all the way through. The vessel is plainly overfired; its bold, black pigment has not been identified. As to color, the first, f, and third, h, are a reddish brown; g and i are of a brighter, livelier red. The first, browner below the waist, wears above its middle a design in thin brownish-black pigment, pre- sumably iron manganese, applied before polishing.® One might find the ancestor of these nine vessels among the seed jars Roberts (1930) recovered from Pueblo I ruins in the Piedra district of southwestern Colorado or among those described by Mor- ris (1939, p. 161) from La Plata Valley, 50 miles farther west. After P. I times, squash pots lost their popularity along the La Plata, and redware was “almost absent” in Early P. III (Morris, ibid., pp. 206, 212). “Kiva jar’ is a term proposed by Kidder (1924, p. 62) for a spe- cial form of earthenware vessel, examples of which had previously been found in San Juan area kivas. Because their shape is similar, kiva jars and squash pots are obviously close relatives, but instead of the depressed rimless mouth of the latter, the kiva jar is provided with a flange for support of a discoidal cover and a rim that rises outside and above the flange. Kiva jars are customarily attributed to the proto-Mesa Verde and Classic Mesa Verde cultures. At Pueblo del Arroyo we recovered only one fragment of a kiva jar, a ;?;-inch-thick white-coated but unslipped, coarsely sherd-tem- pered piece decorated outside above flange level with a curvilinear 9I must admit my lack of success in matching the burnished surfaces of these and other redware vessels with Ridgway’s standard colors. All seem to fall in his orange-red series, tones i and k (Ridgway, 1912). 156 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 design in iron oxide paint (U.S.N.M. No. 334680a). The remaining are of that design represents a circle at least 2 inches in diameter, and the rim must have stood a bit higher. Pepper (1920, p. 124, fig. 48, b) illustrates a low-rimmed kiva jar from Room 32, Pueblo Bonito. Canteens.—Five specimens are before us, no two alike (pl. 28, a-e). Diameter varies from 6 to 8} inches; height, from 5 to 63. Loop handles high on the shoulder for a carrying cord occur on four speci- mens ; knobbed handles on the fifth. Plate 28, c, of Chaco-San Juan surface treatment and decoration, was restored from fragments recovered in Rooms 2 and 3 south of the pueblo. It has the low, squat profile, the concave base, and the triangular scroll design common to northern canteens. The others are all ornamented with iron oxide paint. Plate 28, a, one of three unbroken vessels in the entire collection, found on its side, orifice close in the southeast corner of Room 65, bears a Degenerate Transi- tional pattern; Hachure B appears on b and e, however indistinctly in the latter case. Each has a concave bottom except d, which is somewhat flattened. Cylindrical vases——In contrast to the numbers unearthed at Pueblo Bonito, only one black-on-white cylindrical vase is known from Pueblo del Arroyo (pl. 24, f). It leans a bit to one side; its simple Hachure B ornamentation is divided into two zones by a plain band occupied by four upturned loop handles. In addition to that just described three redware vases were restored from fragments found in Room 15 (pl. 55). Each is flat bottomed with a basal diameter about half that at the rim. Each is coated with a thin red slip that was stone polished to the point of lustrousness, inside and out on the first (left figure), and to a less degree on the inside of the other two. Longitudinal channels left by the polishing stone remain visible upon the outer surfaces of all three, encircling striae within. None of the vases is decorated; none has handles or perforations for suspension cords. The first, 6 inches in diameter at the rim and 34 inches on the bot- tom, has a height of 94 inches. The bottoms of the next two have been restored but their indicated heights are 104 and Io inches, re- spectively; their rim diameters, 6$ and 64 inches. Spalled surfaces and leftover sherds show pastes varying from gray in limited areas to reddish all the way through. On the basis of two small fragments submitted, Miss Anna O. Shepard reports a sherd temper with “a no- ticeable preponderance of white paste particles” plus “a scattering of well rounded quartz grains.” NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 157 Despite a predominantly sherd temper our three redware vases from Room 15 are unique in Chaco Canyon. In surface treatment if not in color the two associated squash pots (pl. 29, g, 4) are identical with these vases. Origin of the five remains unknown. What may be the fragment of a vertical-walled vase, white slip washed inside and out but unpainted, was found in the general dig- ging. Its rim is thinned from the outside and the lip rounded; indi- cated inside diameter is about 54 inches. The unusual feature of this fragment is that its exterior had been horizontally incised at 4-inch intervals with an awl or like pointed tool prior to being whitened. Paste is uniformly light gray throughout; sherd, quartz grains, and dark rock particles are visible as temper. Water jars or ollas, 15 in number (including two unrestored frag- ments) vary in maximum diameter from 63 to 19? inches. Height, bottom to base of neck, varies from about 64 to 184 inches. In each case where the bottom is intact it is concave. Of six necks present and measurable, height of five is 14 inches; of the sixth, 13. Rims, usually with a slight flare, range from 2} to 9} inches in over-all diameter. The largest orifice occurs on an olla foreign to Chaco Canyon (pl. 31, a). Comparatively small mouths and short necks identify this group as vessels for transporting or storing water. Omitting one of the un- restored specimens (neck and shoulder only), 2 of our 15 ollas are provided with lugs for lifting or for embellishment, 2 have hori- zontal strap handles at or below maximum diameter, 3 are equipped with inset fingerholds, and 7 have no handles at all. Their indi- viduality in other respects is readily apparent from the illustrations. Two water jars from Room 15 differ in size and decoration but both were provided with inset handles just below greatest diameter (pl. 30, a, b). Both bear zoned ornamentation in iron oxide paint, but that on the first is in Degenerate Transitional while that on the second is in contemporary Hachure B. Neither neck was recovered; the broken edges were not tooled. As restored, the bottom of this latter was left concave but within an erroneously flattened area. Six Room 27 jars provide an even more interesting comparison (pls. 30, c-f; 31, a; 32, b). All were recovered between 2 and 3 feet above the floor, clearly fallen from the second story. All were deco- rated with iron oxide paint except figure e, plate 30, which is stone polished over a design in nonmetallic pigment. When painting this vessel, the potter first outlined the checkerboard frames and indi- vidual negative squares ; the dotting and filling-in followed. The base 158 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 is concave. Strap handles immediately below maximum diameter were pressed tightly against the wall for more than half their length, leaving protuberant ends. Figure a, plate 31, is unquestionably a stranger to Chaco Canyon. It is slightly indented on the bottom, but its sloping shoulder, wide mouth, and outflaring rim are not to be seen on any other jar in the collection. Its design, in iron oxide pigment on a well-smoothed sur- face, is reminiscent of that on a bowl from Room 266 at Pueblo Bonito and I would guess the two came from the same distant but still unknown village. Two hornlike lugs below the rim, their pointed ends turned counterclockwise and touching the neck, were finger lifts more decorative than useful. Broader lugs (pl. 30, d), cupped on the under side, seem more practical as handles. Among the restorable vessels recovered from household rubbish in Room 28, or perhaps fallen from the second story, are the two great ollas shown on plate 31, d, e. Both were decorated with mineral paint, the first in a rusty-brown Degenerate Transitional pattern on an un- slipped, hand-smoothed surface; the second in a Transitional design over a highly polished gray slip. Inset handles or finger grips appear on the first ; no handle of any sort on the second. In our restorations we erred—to judge from other ollas in the collection—in making both bottoms round instead of concave. The neck of figure e, plate 31, had been broken out and the irregularities abraded away to leave a 10}-inch orifice. So altered, the vessel was still serviceable for storage purposes. Two other ollas from Room 28 were found to be incomplete when unpacked in the Museum laboratory: (a) our smallest, 6} inches in diameter, upper third missing, concave base, decoration an unsure Hachure B or C over a polished slip (U.S.N.M. No. 334563), and (b) the neck-and-shoulder fragment mentioned above (No. 334566), with a bold Hachure B design. A restored water jar from Room 51 (pl. 31, c) is a colossus among Chaco Canyon pottery. In size, 19? inches in greatest diameter by 18 inches in height from concave bottom to base of neck, it surpasses every other jar revealed by our excavations. The maker of that enormous vessel must have been proud of her creation but, once finished, it was not often moved. It lacks handles; it is bulky even when empty; it would barely pass through existing doorways. In our restoration we merely suggested the cylindrical neck which very likely was between 2 and 3 inches high. A second Room 51 olla, likewise with neck missing, is shown on plate 31, b. Its ornamentation, in a brownish-black pigment, is in a NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 159 fine-lined, boldly framed, over-all rectilinear hachure I would classify as C. The design is carried well down the side, an apparent char- acteristic of late hatching. Handles are heavy straps, slightly indented, placed below maximum diameter and carrying an appropriate portion of the decoration. In restoring this specimen we have again erred in providing it with a flat, rather than a cupped, base. The design on figure a, plate 32, is a composite that does not look Chacoan although the pigment is an iron oxide over a lightly slipped, well-smoothed surface that is decidedly local. The fragments were recovered from Rooms 43 and 44. It is a curious fact that, while we recovered 13 restorable water jars at Pueblo del Arroyo, only 4 were unearthed at Pueblo Bonito, residence of a much larger population. Culinary ware.—The 25 cook pots recovered at Pueblo del Arroyo are shown on plates 32, 33, 34, 47. All have been restored: 2 from Room 3, abutting the outside south wall of the pueblo, 3 from Room 27, 1 each from Rooms 15 and 64, and 18 from Room 65. As a group they average 3 inches larger, both in diameter and height, than 29 like vessels we exhumed at Pueblo Bonito and their rimflare is more evident. One-story Room 65 obviously was last used for storage, since 12 pots were ranged along its walls, 5 on the north side and 7 on the south (pl. 14, A). Several stood upright; others, bottom up. All were crushed when the ceiling fell in and then, after still useful timbers had been salvaged, the resultant depression became a neighborhood dump. From this rubbish we collected fragments of six more cook pots. These 18 Room 65 vessels differ appreciably in shape and size, as will readily be seen from the illustrations and from the measure- ments given in Appendix A. Those standing on the floor (pl. 34, a-/) vary in maximum diameter from 9? to 144 inches; in height, from 10% to 17 inches; and in over-all diameter at the mouth, from 7% to 11% inches. In contrast, the six recovered from the overlying house- hold debris (pl. 33, a-f) vary from 7% to 123 inches in diameter, from 8% to 15 inches in height, and from 5 to 124 inches in rim diameter. The third vessel in this second group (pl. 33, c), with its shortened rim and plain base, had been rubbed over before its corrugations were entirely dry. This is also true, but less noticeably, of one of those from the floor (pl. 34, d). A companion pot, plate 34, a, had been smoothed with a moist hand until its coiling was half obliterated. Where they occur, handles on these 18 pots likewise differ. Solid, 160 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 downturned lugs or finger grips occur 24 inches below the lip on opposite sides of figure k, plate 34. Similar grips, somewhat flatter, lie 13 inches below the lip of b. On one side of da small solid lug, its end turned to the right, lies 24 inches below the lip, while on the opposite side of the neck is a wider finger grip, punched through from above. The solid loop handles on figure e, attached by the riveting process, and slightly indented, are unique in this collection. Again, one of the six pots from the overlying trash pile (pl. 33, e) has a pair of conical nodes, + inch long and an inch apart, positioned 14 inches below the rim on one side of the neck with nothing opposite by way of balance. Clearly these were only decorative. The large pot with unusually wide mouth and throat (pl. 33, f) looks to me more P. II than P. III. It would be instructive to learn whether these two lots differ in tempering materials as much as they do in size and outward appear- ance. Lacking the means for thorough analysis, I have depended upon a 10X lens. With this I recognize grains of rounded quartz sand in both lots and angular bits of crushed rock. Undoubtedly our Pueblo del Arroyo pots were variously tempered as were those at Pueblo Bonito where Miss Shepard (1939, p. 280) found sanidine basalt, directly or indirectly, in a noteworthy proportion of culinary ware. It is her belief that the presence of this unusual rock in Chaco Canyon pottery is evidence of trade from the Bennett Peak district, 50 miles to the west, where corrugated ware was a speciality and where sanidine basalt was the customary temper. Temper is the most important diagnostic in analyzing corrugated pottery. Structural variations such as coil width, depth of corruga- tions, embellishment, and presence or absence of handles seem to me more indicative of potter preference—and perhaps only a fleeting preference at time of manufacture—than of established practices that may measure cultural or time advances. With few exceptions our 25 corrugated pots, irrespective of size and shape, would have been equally at home in almost any other Pueblo III ruin throughout the San Juan country. Only the tall vessel with plain body and broad, smoothed-over coils on neck and shoulder and downturned lug finger grips high on the sides (pl. 34, k), seems out of place in this assemblage. With this exception and per- haps the two next to follow, every cook pot in the collection comes between the extremes of what Morris (1939, p. 196) regards as the “standard” early P. III corrugated jar. The squatter, more globular of the Room 65 pots (pl. 34, e) and the lone example from Room 15 (pl. 32, d), each with high, rounded NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 161 shoulder, constricted orifice, sharply recurved rim, and manipulated coiling far superior to that on any of the others, are superb examples of the prehistoric potter’s art. Both are probably to be identified in point of time with the Mesa Verde phase of Pueblo III culture. A small, coarsely coiled vessel from Room 27 (U.S.N.M. No. 334647) was not included in the foregoing review because it did not seem to belong. It is not sooted; has never been on a fire. Its globular body and flaring rim suggest affinity with the two squat vessels from Rooms 15 and 65 considered in the previous paragraph. Its coiling is counterclockwise; thumb or finger indentations are infrequent; coils are uneven and curled at the outer edge as though formed by a dragging finger on a too-firm paste. A strip of clay, now missing, had been pressed handlewise flat against the topmost coil. Overfiring is evident. A final corrugated specimen is the redware vessel seen on plate 32, c, restored from fragments gathered from floor sweepings dumped into Room 39. Its neck had been broken while in use and the irregu- larities leveled by abrasion. Coils average six to the inch and were smoothed by scraping. Feather box (?).—We have no pigeonhole into which to fit the rec- tangular vessel seen on plate 24, j. Its slaty-gray slip is decorated with vegetal paint and stone polished over all. Its bottom is flat and its sides slant upward and inward to a flat-rimmed, rectangular opening that averages 23 by 4 inches. At either side of this opening paired holes an inch apart, punched through from the under side, presumably were the means for securing a cover. The vessel obviously was a receptacle for treasured objects, perhaps feathers. It has the feel of a Classic Mesa Verde piece. Bird-shaped bowl—The small, bird-shaped container with iron oxide pigment in a Degenerate design (pl. 24, h) is the only one of its kind in the collection. A tau-shaped opening occupies almost the entire back ; the ornamentation overlies a thin white wash; the concave bottom is not slipped. The vessel was found in the southwest corner of Room 27 about 3 feet above the floor and among wreckage of the second story. The tail from a similar vessel, decorated in Hachure B, was re- covered from a pile of late rubbish outside the west wall of the pueblo, opposite Rooms 42-49. Here, also, was a second bird-shaped bowl fragment—a flat, tail-like piece painted above and below with brown- ish-black pigment and polished. It is 13 inches long by 1} inches wide by 4 inch thick— too long and too thin to be a bowl handle. 162 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 In this same late rubbish west of the pueblo we found two frag- ments of a redware double bowl, one half black inside and the other red. It was burnished inside and out but otherwise undecorated. Bits of pulverized sherd, numerous white particles, and quartz sand grains in the paste are visible under a 10X lens. In surface finish also the fragments parallel the three redware vases from Room 15 (p. 156). Figurine fragments.—F¥rom the late rubbish pile outside and west of Rooms 42-49 we recovered seven fragments from six earthern- ware figurines of human form and what may be the leg of a bear effigy (pl. 36, A). This latter, with a broad toeless foot and short shin, is twice ringed about in iron oxide paint over a thin white slip. Two other fragments are also mineral painted, front and back. They are the shoulders of, apparently, a single figurine despite the fact that one piece is a little smoother than the other. Both are of a gray paste, thinly slip washed, and well fired; the arm stubs are solid. Of the five remaining fragments—two small feet tooled between toes, a head fragment preserving the left ear and cheek, a braceletted right forearm, with hand cupped to rest upon a rounded knee, and a lower left leg—all but the latter are decorated with a brown to dull- black pigment that does not respond to my magnet. All but two are stone polished. The last fragment, flatfooted and its toes lightly indi- cated by incising, is from a figure seated with knees elevated and calf free from thigh; the knee is unslipped where a cupped hand had rested. The foregoing eight figurine fragments were all found in late household debris outside of the pueblo. Within the ruin we recovered only one comparable sherd (U.S.N.M. No. 334675) and that from rubbish dumped into Room 4o. It is the 2}-inch-long fragment of a doubled right leg from a figure seated or squatting with heel against buttocks. The shin rises with a slight outward bend; the calf is pressed close against the thigh and the right hand is spread across just above the knee—a rather awkward position. Breakage occurred at the wrist, above the ankle, and at the union of thigh and torso. The broken ends have been partially abraded. Among random sherds is a short left hind leg with broad rounded toe, vertically striped outside, at the rear, and underneath—the only fragment of a cloven-footed figurine in the collection (U.S.N.M. No. 334680a). Earthenware effigies of bifurcated baskets—Two restored speci- mens (pl. 35) found among second-story wreckage a couple of feet above the floor in Room 27, were briefly considered in my description NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 163 of comparable objects from Pueblo Bonito. Both have the vertical incurve, front and back, that appears to be a characteristic of Chaco Canyon bifurcated baskets and their earthenware representations. Both are thinly slipped, presumably sherd tempered, and ornamented with iron oxide paint. The larger was hand smoothed and the smaller, stone polished. On each effigy the rim is painted black and is surmounted by a transverse loop attached inside at the rear. Each has been pressed in along the median line until the inner walls, front and back, almost meet ; on figures b, b’, plate 35, this pressure has caused an open crack vertically in the upper half of the inside front wall. The larger of the two is hollow legged, the smaller is not. Both are equipped on the back with horizontally perforated lugs representing tumpline attachments. A fragment that may be part of a larger basket effigy with a still more complex superstructure (U.S.N.M. No. 334677) was recovered from late rubbish at the east end of the Kiva “d” enclosure. As I interpret it, the fragment represents two loops, one rising above the other, arching across the rear width of the basket cavity. The loops are solid, 3g inch in diameter and molded together at the back; they are slip washed except between their feet and where they were pressed and firmed together. A single black line adorns the face of the lower loop. Modeling at the rear is less finished, and a slight flare at the bottom of each leg suggests a basket with upcurving sides. My tentative identification is prompted by a similar but smaller and previously undescribed fragment from the east refuse mound at Pueblo Bonito (U.S.N.M. No. 336065). This latter sherd consists of what I judge to be part of the right front rim of a basket effigy with a solid 3-inch roll molded to the inside and arching low across, and outside, the vertical groove that is a peculiarity of Chaco Canyon bifurcated baskets and their effigies. Part of a second and higher loop stands behind the first and is molded to it; the black rim line of the basket is continued across the base of the lower loop. There can be no doubt that the double loops of this second fragment were attached to the front rim of a basket effigy— the only instance of the kind that has come to my attention. In every other case the arching super- structure, if any, was molded to the inner rear wall of the effigy. Miniature earthenware vessels such as that represented by figure 26 are made by modern Hopi potters, according to Katharine Bartlett (1934, p. 53), and left at clay pits as offerings to the spirits resident there. Our example, found in household rubbish, is fired but undec- orated ; a height and diameter of # inch explain its want of symmetry. 164 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL, 138 The neck was added from the outside; there are no toolmarks visible within the ;°;-inch orifice. A second miniature, larger and more successfully modeled, lay among debris of occupation near floor level in Kiva C (U.S.N.M. No. 334640). It is a bit lopsided, cupped on the bottom and un- decorated. Measuring 13 inches in diameter by 13 inches high, the piece was burned and blistered by the fire that gutted the kiva fol- lowing removal of its ceiling timbers. Our third and final miniature (pl. 24, g) portrays a vessel with wide shoulder, low neck, and flaring rim. It is flat bottomed, thinly slip washed outside and within the rim, and ornamented by a black rimline and eight encircling lines on neck and shoulder. Spindle whorl—Half of an earthenware spindle whorl, 25 inches in diameter by 3%; inch thick, has a black-painted periphery and a half- inch-wide circle in Hachure B on each side (No. 334666). Worked potsherds—Among a small quantity of potsherds with abraded edges, eight are identifiable from the angle of wear as smoothers employed in pottery manufacture and one as a possible toy, the ring-ended fragment of a small Chaco-San Juan ladle handle, round and solid, worn off at both extremes. Four sherds are discoidal, 4 to 21 inches in diameter. Of these four the two largest are frag- ments of black-on-red bowls, their edges on the concave side flattened by abrasion. Three smaller sherd disks from rubbish thrown over the west wall outside Room 48, one each of Hachure A and B and Early Black-on-red, are less discoidal and quite unabraded on the sides (U.S.N.M. No. 334662). RECAPITULATION AND COMMENT Roberts and Amsden, who conducted our pottery analyses, based their study upon the stratigraphy of two yard-square tests cut through 12 feet of previously undisturbed household sweepings underlying the West Court at Pueblo Bonito. With the exception of a few Pueblo I sherds all black-on-white fragments found in the lower 8 feet of that rubbish belonged in three stylistic groups: Transitional, Degenerate Transitional, and Solid. In the overlying 4 feet of that same stratified debris, however, in addition to sherds of the three groups just men- tioned there were fragments of straight-line hatching and of Chaco- San Juan. Sherds of Corrugated-coil culinary ware were also re- covered from the upper 4 feet but only those of Plain-banded cook pots below that depth. Clearly two distinct pottery assemblages separated at the 8-foot level. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 165 The several pottery types identified with Pueblo Bonito occur also at Pueblo del Arroyo, although not in the same proportions. There were fewer sherds of Transitional, Degenerate, Solid, and Plain- banded culinary and more of the later types. The Chaco-San Juan was especially conspicuous both from excavated rooms and from the mound area west of the ruin, including remains of the McElmo Tower. If not the predominant local type, it was nearly so. Of 77,405 sherds tabulated by Amsden and Roberts 6,614, or more than 8 per- cent, were Chaco-San Juan. No other black-on-white variety rated half as high. Only Corrugated-coil culinary fragments were present in greater number. Sherds of Classic Mesa Verde ware provide evidence of time and trade. After eliminating all recognizable duplicates Roberts and Ams- den counted 930 such sherds at Pueblo Bonito but only 58 from Pueblo del Arroyo. Of these latter all but two were found in house- hold waste that had been dumped into Kivas F, G, and J, each of which had been altered during occupancy to conform with northern tradition. These divers data suggest that the inhabitants of Pueblo del Arroyo were closer, socially and economically, to the more recent portion of the population of Pueblo Bonito than they were to the older portion, and that Pueblo del Arroyo was first of the two villages to be vacated. The latest recorded bracket of tree-ring dates for the Mesa Verde cliff dwellings is A. D. 1019 to 1274; for Pueblo Bonito, 807+ to 1130 (Smiley, 1951, pp. 19, 22). Trade from the Mesa Verde came to Chaco Canyon late and continued at Pueblo Bonito after Pueblo del Arroyo had been abandoned. The black-on-white pottery of Chaco Canyon has long been praised for its superior qualities. Kidder, first to analyze those qualities, pointed to “its very white, almost paper-white, slip and the unusually fine lines of its black decoration” (Kidder, 1924, p. 52). The tapered or rounded rim, the black-painted lip, and the line break were other conspicuous characteristics. The apparent conflict in form and decora- tion that puzzled Kidder at Pueblo Bonito is readily explained by the presence of P. II and P. III peoples as joint occupants. Chaco Canyon black-on-white ware, from the Transitional to Ha- chure C, is generally hand smoothed, sherd tempered, and decorated with iron oxide paint. Some individual vessels are whiter and smoother than companion pieces, some are harder, some exhibit a coarser temper than others and even grains of sand or rock mixed with the ground sherd. Equal firing temperatures were not always 166 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 realized, hence pastes and surfaces vary in color. These dissimilari- ties are the natural consequence of a freehand process in which indi- vidual potters followed accepted but flexible processes. Shapes changed from time to time, but our several pottery types distinguish successive fancies in painted ornamentation rather than in form. Some of these fancies were short lived, others persisted for generations. They were at the same time sequential and contemporary. Present-day potters likewise have their preferences (Guthe, 1925, p. 78; Chapman, 1936, p. 15). Our Chaco-San Juan group offers a different challenge. Like the local black-on-white series it is sherd tempered but is decorated with an organic rather than a mineral paint and polished over the decora- tion. From the first it appeared to embody Chaco techniques and northern designs, components that were sometimes elusive. Occasion- ally the decoration was done in mineral paint while designs and sur- face treatment followed northern custom. As recorded by Roberts, Chaco-San Juan bowls have straighter sides than local bowls and thicker rims, variously ticked. Bowls, pre- dominating in our collection, are usually unslipped or partially slipped outside but carry an interior, banded decoration framed above and below. Jars are globular with downraking handles and zoned ornamen- tation on body and neck. Pitchers have small bodies and long necks. Both pitchers and jars are indented on the bottom; mugs, which first appeared with the Chaco-San Juan, are flat based and slope sided. Ladles are all of the bowl-and-handle variety. In shape, finish, and painted design our Chaco-San Juan group most nearly approaches the “‘proto-Mesa Verde” as initially described by Kidder (1924, p. 67). Decoration favors a repetition of such well- known elements as the fret, the interlocking key, stepped figures, and checkerboard—sometimes balanced by other units having the heavy, widely spaced type of Mesa Verde hatching. Together, the proto- Mesa Verde and our Chaco-San Juan equally foreshadow true Mesa Verde. Gladwin (1945, p. 149) regarded our Chaco-San Juan type as a “blending of Chaco designs and the Kayenta techniques of paint- ing and polishing . . . from the region between Toadlena and Ship- rock,” but a northern affinity seems more likely to me. Proto-Mesa Verde black-on-white is the pottery of Prudden’s “unit type” structures (Prudden, 1903; Kidder, 1924, pp. 65-68). The mesas and valleys where those structures occur is likewise the home both of Mancos and McElmo black-on-white—names that appear repeatedly in the literature, the former more than the latter. NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD 167 Mancos black-on-white was first described by Martin (1936, pp. 80-94) following researches at Lowry Ruin, southwestern Colorado. He described it as a chalky-white to gray ware, generally unslipped and unpolished. Bowls were flat, or sometimes round-bottomed, with direct rims and banded interior decoration including frets, solid or hatched figures, pendent triangles, and pendent lines reducing in length toward the left. Jars were globular with square shoulders, downraking handles and zoned decoration ; ladles were of the bowl- and-handle form. Mancos, a sherd-tempered ware, was decorated with iron oxide paint. McElmo, on the other hand, was a carbon-paint type but also sherd tempered. Colton and Hargrave (1937, p. 230) closely follow Martin but misread him in recognizing Mancos black-on-white rather than McElmo as synonymous with the proto-Mesa Verde. Mancos black- on-white is widely distributed throughout the San Juan country and beyond. It was the dominant type at Lowry Ruin (Martin, 1936, p- 94) and at the Turner-Look Site, 15 miles northwest of Cisco, Grand County, Utah (Wormington, 1955, p. 74). It occurred re- peatedly, sometimes preponderantly, at small-house sites in Mancos Canyon, southwest of Mesa Verde National Park (Reed, 1944). From a 3-room house plus kiva identified as Unit 1, Site 13, on Alkali Ridge, southeastern Utah, Brew (1946, p. 199) reported “the black-on- white sherds were mixed Pueblo II (Mancos black-on-white) and Pueblo III (Mesa Verde and McEImo black-on-white) types with the latter predominating.” Again, summarizing the subject for Alkali Ridge, Brew wrote (ibid., p. 285): “The Mancos was technically advanced and had begun to show Mesa Verde features. The Mesa Verde was for the most part of the kind that could be called McElmo.” Nearly all who have written of Mancos black-on-white have re- marked its close affinity with McElmo black-on-white and the “Chaco- like” qualities of both. During his initial work at Lowry Ruin Martin was perplexed by this resemblance and “sometimes found it difficult to decide whether a sherd was Mancos black-on-white . . . or Chacoan’’ (Martin, 1936, p. 112). Reed, after balancing his own observations against those of other students, concluded (MS., p. 127): “There seem to be fairly definite indications that a distinct form of carbon-paint pottery, deco- rated in what I have referred to as ‘McElmo style’ occurs with Mancos black-on-white as well as with Mesa Verde black-on-white . and that it may appear late in the occupation of Mancos sites.” Nevertheless, Reed failed to convince himself of the reality of a 168 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 McElmo black-on-white bridge between the mineral-paint Mancos variety and the carbon-paint Mesa Verde. The transition between these two latter “evidently was a rapid but irregular process” (ibid., p:EIS)s Deric O’Bryan also has made a thorough analysis of the Mancos and McElmo phases and balanced one against the other. He recog- nizes distinctive qualities in each, the first culturally P. II and dated about goo to 1050; the second, P. III and about 1050 to 1150 (O’Bryan, 1950). Each phase has its own peculiar pottery, differing not only in character of the pigment used, but also in surface treat- ment and choice of design elements. Chaco Canyon influences were particularly evident on Mancos Phase pottery according to O’Bryan (ibid., p. 108) ; McEImo black-on-white, although often present on Mancos sites, was more akin to Mesa Verde black-on-white. Mancos sites are legion north of the Rio San Juan but O’Bryan knows of no pure McElmo site (ibid., p. 109). This Mancos-McElmo association is not accepted by all workers in the field. Lancaster and Pinkley (1954) question O’Bryan’s Mesa Verde dating and his postulated McElmo phase because at Site 16, in a P. II cultural level with a terminal date near A. D. 1100, some 44 percent of the pottery was Mancos black-on-white, yet no sherd either of Mesa Verde or Corrugated-coil was present. Reed (1944, p. 51) also doubts the reality of the McElmo; sees no need for an intermediate ware between Mancos and true Mesa Verde. That there was a merging along the Mancos-McEIlmo line is perhaps substanti- ated by Miss Shepard (1939, p. 254), who points out that the mineral paint of P. II potters throughout La Plata Valley was being gradually replaced in Early P. III and then, quickly, was entirely superseded by reintroduction of organic paint. I have cited these several authors because it is my belief that many of our Pueblo del Arroyo black-on-white vessels are really “Mancos” and that our abundant Chaco-San Juan type is essentially “McElmo” ; hence the “‘Chaco-like” quality various investigators have seen in pot- tery north of the Rio San Juan. The producers of Mancos ware are the older, but if they drifted south and arrived in Chaco Canyon first, they were soon followed by the McElmo strain. Migration or ex- change of ideas was southward, in my opinion, rather than the reverse. These thoughts find support in the recorded observations of other students. In the Pagosa-Piedra region in 1922 Jeancon and Roberts (1924, p. 214) first noted marked similarities to Chaco ceramics and architecture. Roberts (1930, p. 18; 1932, pp. 12-13) later emphasized PLATE 54.—Bowl from the Houck district, east-central Arizona. Upper: exterior; lower: interior. (Kodachrome by Willard R. Culver.) (TOATND “YY PIPTEM Aq otosysepoy ) ¢ ‘Cy WOOW WOT, SOSPA IIPMPot dIIY [ caw tinee NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 169 this fact and suggested a migration from southwestern Colorado to Chaco Canyon in “fairly early times.” Miss Dutton (1938, p. 94) echoes this possibility in concluding her monograph on Leyit Kin, a small-house ruin in Chaco Canyon. It was a combination of Chaco features at Lowry Ruin that prompted Martin’s work there (Martin, 1936, p. 22). Reed (1944, p- 49), adopting Mera’s type designations, regarded Chaco 2 and Chaco 3 sherds from Site 1, Mancos Canyon, as twelfth-century in- trusives. O’Bryan (1950, p. 108) recognized a “predominantly Chaco influence” upon the culture of Mancos Mesa between A. D. goo and 1050. Morris (1939) repeatedly mentions Chaco-like and pure Chaco pottery in La Plata Valley and accepts both varieties as con- temporaneous with “non-Chaco”’ (ibid., p. 205). Morris (ibid., p. 53) observed that sherds from Building I, Site 39, “clearly belong to the Chaco complex” but conform more closely to sherds from the lower level of the West Pueblo at Aztec than to those from the great houses of Chaco Canyon. Morris quotes Kidder (1924, p. 56) to the effect that “Aztec ruin is architecturally a perfect ex- ample of a Chaco pueblo” and then points out that the “pottery made and used by the builders of the Aztec ruin is more Chacoesque than Chaco. . . . It is representative of the black-on-white ensemble that was in general use north of the river at the time when the best wares of the Chaco center were being made, and I believe is the result of local expression of the generalized Chaco urge far more than of direct influence from the Chaco itself” (Morris, 1939, p. 205). In form and decoration many of the vessels Morris (1915, 1919) exhumed at Aztec are indistinguishable from those we collected at Pueblo del Arroyo. This is equally true of Chaco-like pottery from Lowry Ruin and elsewhere. Martin’s descriptive text and illustrations of Mancos and McElmo black-on-white vessels (Martin, 1936, 1938; Martin and Willis, 1940) are equally applicable to specimens herein reported under our several designations. Martin’s data do not always distinguish clearly between Mancos and McElmo and I am not sure they can. Some of his illustrations, by the definition, look more McElmo than Mancos and vice versa. The ancestry of the brilliant Chaco Canyon culture has intrigued every archeologist who has studied it. Kidder directed attention to the wide distribution of Chaco-like pottery beyond the San Juan—pottery that “‘may indicate a northwestern spread or a northwestern origin of the Chaco culture” (Kidder, 1924, p. 56). Morris (1939, p. 204) seems in complete agreement. 170 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Morris seems to answer all those who see a northward spread of Chaco Canyon culture and, at the same time, to summarize his own thoughts on the subject when he wrote (ibid., p. 204): “The Chaco- like remains north of the San Juan, both architectural and ceramic, are so widespread and so numerous that I consider it untenable to view them wholly as an extension of or a backwash from, the Chaco Canyon center. . . . The most Chaco-like of the vessels from the north country, which seem so significant when viewed singly or selec- tively grouped, become far less so when viewed as the minor com- ponent that they are of the totality of wares among which they occur.” My own field experiences in southwestern Colorado and south- eastern Utah are too far removed to be useful in this study, but memory of them finds me in complete accord with Morris and Kidder if not, indeed, a bit more certain than they that the cradle of Chaco culture lies among the P. I and P. II remains north of the Rio San Juan. Nevertheless, I must leave to others the task of bringing to- gether the data that will substantiate or refute this conviction. All elements of design indicated for the mineral-paint Mancos and for the organic-paint McElmo wares will be found on Pueblo del Arroyo vessels illustrated herein. Florence M. Hawley, perhaps the first after Kidder to essay a de- tailed description of Chaco Canyon pottery, divided the whole into types and undertook to name each on the basis of its internal and ex- ternal features. From the east refuse mound at Chettro Kettle she described (1936) “Escavada Black on White,’ “Gallup Black on White,” and “Chaco Black on White.” These, together with “Puerco Black on White” and ‘Red Mesa Black on White’—all sherd-tem- per, iron-paint varieties—were subsequently reported from Be 50-51, a small P. II-P. III house on the south side of Chaco Canyon, op- posite Pueblo Bonito (Hawley, 1937; Kluckhohn and Reiter, 1939, table 2). Gladwin (1945, p. 118), than whom none has studied south- western pottery more intensively, doubted that anyone could distin- guish between these five types, and I find myself equally helpless. Other published descriptions (Hawley, 1936, 1939; Colton and Har- grave, 1937) reveal no basic type differences that I detect except, perhaps, in paste color, surface finish, and design—features in which no two vessels are precisely alike. Summarizing her study of pottery from Tseh So (the Be 50-51 of Kluckhohn and Reiter, 1939), Miss Hawley (1937, p. 86) remarked upon the prevalence of McElmo black-on-white and its evidence of trade from the Mesa Verde country. McElmo black-on-white and our NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 171 Chaco-San Juan group are identical as far as I can determine. Both are carbon-paint types and predominantly sherd tempered; both are synonymous with proto-Mesa Verde, the precursor of true Mesa Verde. The great Chaco villages were at point of eclipse when true Mesa Verde pottery began to appear in Chaco Canyon. Our sherd collec- tions from local small-house sites such as Tseh So indicated that some were earlier, some later, than the great houses in their heyday. Only a handful of Mesa Verde sherds was recovered at Pueblo del Arroyo where the Chaco-San Juan, or McElmo, was the dominant black-on- white type. VII. CONCLUSIONS Despite the reconstruction so evident in the middle section, between its north and south wings, Pueblo del Arroyo appears to have been a relatively short-lived settlement. There is no associated external trash pile now visible, and if the rubbish layer seen in the Hyde Expedition photographs (pl. 53, A-C) marks the position of such a pile, it was a modest accumulation soon buried under 2 to 3 feet of water-borne silt. The recorded bracket of tree-ring dates from Pueblo del Arroyo, A. D. 1052-1117, falls within the last half of a similar bracket from Pueblo Bonito, A. D. 807-1130. Architecture and ceramics further evidence a contemporaneity with Pueblo Bonito and prove that the inhabitants of Pueblo del Arroyo were more in tune with the Late Bonitians than with their P. IT neighbors, the Old Bonitians. It is not beyond reason that Pueblo del Arroyo was built by a group migrant from the larger village, less than 300 yards distant. The builders of Pueblo del Arroyo, trained to the Chaco tradition, were not long in sole possession, if I read the signs correctly. They moved on, or part of them did, and the bearers of a slightly different culture came in to take their place. It is barely possible that the out- ward movement was spurred by annual floodwaters and the mud they carried—recurrent deposits welcomed on farmland but not satisfac- torily diverted from the pueblo by a 2-foot-high, east-west masonry wall. The twelfth-century arroyo south of the old wall carved its 16-foot-deep channel somewhat later. Partial abandonment of the original village and resettlement by an alien people are indicated by changes in the pottery complex and in architecture. A cruder, non-Chaco type of masonry was introduced in the construction of Rooms 1-7 and elsewhere. Kiva B, associated with Rooms 1-7, was equipped with an above-floor ventilator, a north- ern trait. The seven kivas we cleared within the pueblo proper were all built with Chaco-type subfloor ventilating systems, but in four cases, Kivas F, G, I, and J, alterations followed and above-floor venti- lators were substituted. Wall repairs and new walls in this area exhibit stonework of inferior quality. Unused rooms and kivas became dumps for household rubbish and in this a dozen or more burials were made, all but three of which had subsequently been distributed and widely scattered. Although an established custom in contemporary P. III 172 NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 173 communities to the northward, intramural burial was not a recognized practice of the high Chaco culture. West of Pueblo del Arroyo, on a silt stratum 6 inches above the base of its west-wall masonry, are the remains of a triple-walled tower over 73 feet in diameter. This is a type of structure well known along McElImo Creek, in southwestern Colorado, but we never ex- pected to find one in Chaco Canyon. Our McElmo Tower had been outlined and its walls begun ; then the unfinished stonework was pulled down and the rocks salvaged for use elsewhere. Potsherds recovered from this wreckage were preponderantly of a variety we called the Chaco-San Juan—an organic-paint variety in marked contrast to the several mineral-paint types native to Chaco Canyon. As a new pottery type the Chaco-San Juan made its appearance at nearby Pueblo Bonito comparatively late, after the village had at- tained its majority in growth and prestige. Pueblo Bonito’s famed hachured ware was in every household before Chaco-San Juan frag- ments began to accumulate in local trash piles, and this seems equally true of Pueblo del Arroyo. In my opinion most of our Chaco-San Juan pottery is identical with what others have called “proto-Mesa Verde” or “McElmo.” Both in Chaco Canyon and beyond the Rio San Juan the McElmo (or proto- Mesa Verde) is frequently found in association with another type, the sherd-tempered, mineral-painted “Mancos,” Together, Mancos and McEIlmo account for much of the “Chaco-like” quality archeologists see in pottery from ruins outside the Chaco area. Morris, who has unquestionably given more thought to this re- semblance than anyone else, was repeatedly reminded of Chaco Can- yon, and especially by occasional vessels that appeared to be trade pieces from it, while exploring La Plata Valley. He regarded as con- temporaneous the pure Chaco, the Chaco-like, and the non-Chaco pottery he exhumed there (Morris, 1939, p. 205) but warned against confusing the pure Chaco and the Chaco-like. Recalling his explorations of 20 years before, Morris wrote “‘the largest great house at Aztec Ruin National Monument is a Chaco structure in every detail, and the pottery made by its builders is dis- tinctly Chaco-like.” But, after a period of abandonment, “makers of Mesa Verde pottery took over’ (Morris, ibid., p. 39). Again (ibid., p. 205) “pottery made and used by the builders of the Aztec ruin is more Chacoesque than Chaco.” Illustrations in his earlier reports (1915, 1919) show that the Aztec vessels Morris regarded as Chaco- esque or Chaco-like include what we, at Pueblo del Arroyo, would classify as Chaco-San Juan. 174 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Speculating upon the ancestry of the distinctive Chaco and Mesa Verde wares, Morris (1939, p. 204) thought it “altogether possible that both grew out of the same general substratum, and that this sub- stratum was as much indigenous to the country north of the San Juan as it was to any other.” This premise has much in its favor. Prudden was perhaps first to point out that certain distinctive qualities in pot- tery from ruins north of the San Juan seem ancestral either to the Chaco, the Mesa Verde, or both. The ubiquitous Mancos ware, usually described as Pueblo II, is widely distributed throughout the San Juan country and has within it elements that foreshadow both Mesa Verde and Chaco. The content and the relative ages of the Mesa Verde and Chaco high cultures have been fairly well explored, but there is a deal of digging yet to be done in what Morris calls the substratum from which they emerged. In 1921 and 1922 Jeancon and Roberts dis- covered and partially excavated a small ruin near the famous Piedra Parada, in Archuleta County, Colorado (Jeancon, 1922; Jeancon and Roberts, 1923-1924). That ruin may not be the only one of its kind thereabout, but I know of no other. Its architecture and ceramics are so indisputably Chaco-like as to warrant belief that the structure housed colonists from Chaco Canyon, a hundred miles or more to the south. With this ruin in mind but referring more specifically to pot- tery from southeastern Utah and southwestern Colorado, Kidder (1924, p. 56) suggested the possibility of “a northwestern spread or a northwestern origin of the Chaco culture.” In shape, technique, and design many of the Chaco-made vessels from Pueblo del Arroyo are duplicated from P. II levels on Alkali Ridge, southeastern Utah (Brew, 1946), and our organic-paint Chaco- San Juan type is abundantly represented in the U. S. National Museum by P. III sherds from Far View House, Mesa Verde Na- tional Park (U.S.N.M. No. 298851), and from Pipe Shrine House (No. 326398). By type alone, pottery from Pueblo del Arroyo unites the Pueblo II culture complex with that of Pueblo ITI. After 40 years experience in Southwestern archeology and with the question of origins still unresolved, Morris (1939, p. 202) be- lieved that the “lead-up” to full Chaco ware, at least along the La Plata, came “through an intermediate stage directly from Pueblo II.” My own feeling in the matter, based primarily upon our Chaco Can- yon collections, is that there was no intermediate stage. At Pueblo Bonito full-blown Chaco ware is Pueblo II plus the hachured types, and Pueblo del Arroyo reflects Pueblo Bonito. Our iron-painted NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 175 varieties, Transitional, Degenerate, and Solid, have their counterparts in almost every P. II ruin throughout the San Juan country. I see no halfway point. The older portion of Pueblo Bonito is a typical Pueblo II settle- ment—an arc of masonry dwellings with storerooms at the rear, sunken kivas in front, and a communal trash pile beyond. Throughout occupancy Old Bonito did not change its style of architecture, and its pottery, despite successive vogues in ornamentation, continued to be thin and hard with hand-smoothed surfaces, paper-white slips, and night-black designs in iron-oxide paint. Throughout, bowls remained deep with rounded bottoms, thinned rims, and blackened lips; jars remained squat and globular ; ladles, of the half-gourd form. Favored elements of design included interlocking whorls, bat-wing figures and stepped triangles, checkerboard, wide-line rectilinear scrolls, and cur- vilinear designs with squiggled hatching and filled-in corners. The old settlement was a P. II town with no urge for change. After Old Bonitian rubbish had piled up to a depth of 8 feet, new vessel shapes and new designs suddenly appeared. Rectilinear compositions in boldly bordered, straight-line hachure replaced some of the older patterns. Then came the Chaco-San Juan variety with its velvet-smooth finish and proto-Mesa Verde type of decoration, The descriptive characteristics of “pure Chaco” given by Morris (1939, p. 205) and by Kidder (1924, p. 52) were formulated after careful study primarily of sherds picked up from the surface at Pueblo Bonito. We have since learned that this village in its prime was inhabited by two peoples, one more laggard culturally than the other. The La Plata sherds Morris illustrates (ibid., pls. 287, 288) as pure Chaco black-on-white might, with a few exceptions, have come directly from the Old Bonitian trash pile under the West Court at Pueblo Bonito. The few exceptions are fragments of Early Hachure, alone or combined with Solid. Since Old Bonitian pottery is well represented at Pueblo del Arroyo we know that its makers were still active. They did not reside here, but they lived less than a quarter-mile distant. However, the domi- nant black-on-white pottery at Pueblo del Arroyo was our Chaco-San Juan type, an organic-paint variety that seems identical with McElmo black-on-white, a prominent Early P. III ware north of the Rio San Juan. The predominance of this type, plus remains of the unfinished McElmo Tower, intramural burials, altered Chaco-type kivas, and other factors identify Pueblo del Arroyo as a Chaco village brought under control of migrants from the north after relatively brief oc- 176 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 cupancy by its builders. Obviously some of the original settlers con- tinued to reside in the village, for their characteristic pottery con- tinued to accumulate in local rubbish piles and to be intermixed with fragments of pottery introduced by the immigrants. Abandonment of Pueblo del Arroyo by its builders, or at least part of them, was deliberate and orderly. In general, only a small amount of blown sand had collected on the floors we cleared. Some roofing timbers had been salvaged for reuse; charred ceiling poles and beam fragments were noted here and there and the pilaster logs in Kiva C had been burned, but we found no evidence of a major conflagration. The east wall of Room 24 was reddened by fire above a 33-inch ac- cumulation of blown sand and fallen masonry, and the sandy fill in Room 25 was likewise scorched. To me the evidence indicates that it was a proto-Mesa Verde group, stepping out boldly from a Mancos-type P. II status north of the San Juan River, that migrated to Chaco Canyon, joined the inhabitants of Pueblo Bonito and occupied partially abandoned Pueblo del Arroyo. True Mesa Verde pottery made its appearance later, just as Pueblo del Arroyo was about to be vacated a second time and shortly before the final exodus began at Pueblo Bonito. BIBLIOGRAPHY ALLEN, GLoverR M. 1954. Canid remains from Pueblo Bonito and Pueblo del Arroyo. In The material culture of Pueblo Bonito, by Neil M. Judd. Smithsonian Misc. 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Prehistoric stone implements of northeastern Arizona. Pap. Peabody Mus. Amer. Archaeol. and Ethnol., Harvard Univ., vol. 34. Rep. Awatovi Exped., No. 6. WorMINcTon, H. M. 1955. A reappraisal of the Fremont culture: With a summary of the archaeology of the Northern Periphery. Proc. No. 1, Denver Mus. Nat. Hist. APPENDIX. A SIZE AND PROVENIENCE OF OBJECTS ILLUSTRATED PLATES Diameter (D) or Height or length x width thickness A Field U.S.N.M. Plate Inches Cm. Inches Cm. Provenience No. No. 22, 0 11 (D) 27.9 43 11.4 14 96 334604 b 12% (D) 327 54 13.3 Kiva F 573 334612 c 10} (D) 27.3 4 10.1 28 192 334622 d 103 (D) 26.9 44 10.7 15 129 334596 e 13s (D) 33-3 64 16.5 15 612 334613 f 113&13$(D) 29.2 & 34.2 6% 17.4 15 613 334614 g 134 (D) 34.2 6 15.2 27 144 334594 h isi&103(D) 40&27.3 74 18.4 27 142 334593 i 12 (D) 30.4 5 127 27 143 334597 23,4 54 (D) 13.9 23 6.6 28 616 334616 b 5 (D) 12.7 2 5.0 43 287 334607 c 52 (D) 14.6 24 Cy/ 32 186 334621 d 12Z) (1D) 30.4 5 12:7 32 614 334615 e 134 (D) 34.2 64 15.8 32 184 334592 f 124 (D) 31.7 43 11.4 32 185 334595 g 10 (D) 25.4 43 11.4 39 396 334598 h 9 (D) 22.8 34 8.8 39 403 334600 a 10 (D) 25.4 43 10.7 39 394 334599 j 9% (D) 25.0 4g 12.3 39 397 334609 k 6% (D) 17.1 3% 7.9 39 404 334611 l 10 (D) 25.4 4t8 12.2 30 402 334610 24, a 8} (D) 22.2 33 9.2 44 428 334606 b 103 (D) 27.3 43 11.4 44 429 334602 c 103 (D) 26.6 4 10.1 27 164 334603 d 93 (D) 24.1 24 6.9 40 445 334601 e 5% (D) 14.6 64 16.5 40 444 334571 f 3% (D) 8.8 Os 23.1 15 126 334575 g 2$ (D) 6.0 14 3.8 44 423 334639 h 54 X 33 13.0 X 9.5 1} 4.4 27 123 334636 i 5 (D) 12.7 54 13.3 27 168 334647 I 64 x 54 16.5 X 13.9 5 12.7 15 147 334578 25 11g (D) 28.8 43 Il. 39,43,44,47 574 334618 26, a 134 x 22 34.2 x 6.9 14 3.8 27 165 334630 b 13% X 33 35.2x 8.5 14 3.8 Kiva C 173 334025 G 173 x 34 45.0 x 8.2 I 25 Kiva C 174 334626 27,a 44 10.7 13 4.1 44 424 334628 b 9x43 22.8 x 11.4 13 4.4 27 158 334623 (Continued) 183 184 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 PLAT ES—continued Diameter (D) or Height or length x width thickness —— Field U.S.N.M. Plate Inches Cm. Inches Cm. Provenience No. No. BNE 73x 34 19.6x 8.8 14 3.8 44 426 334624 d 4i x15 10.7 x 3.8 44 425 334627 e O3 X 44 24.1 X 10.7 1} 4.4 32 187 334629 f 6§ x 34 16.8 x 7.9 14 3.8 27 163 334031 9g 38 X 25 9.8 x 5.3 4 1.9 27 156 334633 h 38x 1 9.8 x 4.7 3 1.9 27 157 334634 i 10 x 44 25.4X 11.4 If 4.7 30 4o1 334632 j 2x its 6.3 X 3.9 3 1.9 W.of Room 49 606 334635 28, a 63 (D) 17.1 54 13.3 65 557 334588 b 6 (D) 15.2 53 13.9 51 532 3345890 c 8} (D) 20.9 54 13.3 2,3 95 334587 d 63 (D) 17.1 7 177 28 624 334565 e 6 (D) 15.2 5 12.7 44 427 334590 f 44 (D) 10.1 53 13.9 15 128 334573 9g 5 (D) I27, 78 18.0 27 145 334568 h 53 (D) 14.6 7% 18.0 44 288 334569 1 6 (D) 15.2 8 20.3 39 400 334570 I 5 (D) 12.7 6§ 16.8 28 629 334574 k 53 (D) 13.9 63 17.1 39 395 334572 20, a 8 (D) 20.3 44 12.0 51 531 334579 b 34 (D) 8.8 1% 4.7 27 122 334586 c 8 (D) 20.6 43 12.0 46 533 334580 d 113 (D) 29.8 64 16.5 27 155 334584 e 113 (D) 28.8 6 152 27 148 334585 f 8§ (D) 20.6 58 13.0 44 633 334582 g 9 (D) 22.8 516 13.8 15 634 334583 h 7% (D) 18.7 44 10.7 15 634 404484 a 83 (D) 21.2 675 16.0 44 632 334581 30, a 154 (D) 39.3 12} 31.7 15 626 334560 b 133 (D) 34.9 113 29.2 15 627 334561 c 14 (D) 35.5 14 35.5 27 146 334551 d 144 (D) 36.1 143 37-4 27 159 334552 e 123 (D) 32.3 12} 32.3 27 160 334554 f 15 (D) 38.1 13% 34.9 27 161 334555 3I,a 14¢ (D) 37.4 144 36.1 27 162 334553 b 134 (D) 33.6 11g 20.5 51 620 334558 c 193 (D) 50.1 18 45.7 51 621 334559 d r7(D) 43.1 181 46.3 28 618 334550 e 174 (D) 45.0 15 38.1 28 619 334557 32, a 103 (D) 26.6 74 19.0 43, 44 628 334562 b of (D) 230i 83 21.2 27 623 334564 c 9 (D) 22.8 67s 16.0 30 636 334507 d 164 (D) 41.2 15 38.1 15 127 334646 e 11 (D) 27.9 134 33.6 64 637 334648 33, a 9 (D) 22.8 oF 24.7 65 404485 (Continued) NO. Plate 33, 0 34) 35; 36, 37; ~ RTO SFOQOHO AD TAs FOE AS Ss =e ~RH> = SOQ HOA OAH GTR loo PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD PLATES—continued Diameter (D) or length x width Inches 8% (D) 78 (D) 124 (D) 114 (D) 123 (D) 154 (D) 132 (D) 14 (D) 9% (D) 14 (D) 134 (D) 133 (D) 133 (D) 13% (D) 14; (D) 133 (D) 124 (D) 103 (D) 12 (D) 10} (D) 3x1 4X1% 53 (D) 1%x té 2itxi¢ Igx% 3x1 2hx3 Tits x I 5x 53 X15 4xté 4ie x4 43 x15 275 x4 23 x 3 45x43 4g x% 84x i 2X14 I (D) x 3% 52x Ii% ts—4 (D) $ (D) x 10} Cm, 22.5 19.3 31.1 28.5 32.3 38.7 34.2 35-5 24.7 35-5 33.6 34.2 34.9 34-9 30.1 34.2 31.1 26.6 30.4 27.8 7.0 X 3.8 10.1 X.4.7 13.0 Al 253 5.3x 2.8 4.7 X 2.2 4.4% 2.5 730K 0.9 28.7 X 2.5 12.7 x22 13.0 x 3.8 lopat oe 167) 11.5 x 0.6 12.0 x 3.8 Vee ie) 6.0 x 1.9 Ab Teo 10.4 X 2.2 PRINS (0/9) PAIL eS hi 2.5X9.5 13.6 x 3.0 0.7—1.2 sy x25 7 Height or thickness Inches Cm. II 27.9 8% 22.5 143 37.4 138 33-3 I5 38.1 164 41.9 15 38.1 16 40.6 103 2773 133 34.9 144 30.1 15} 39.3 133 34.2 17 43.1 16 40.6 163 42.5 144 36.1 134 33.6 15 38.1 II 27.9 8% 20.6 4 23.4 2 5.0 (Continued) Provenience 27 W. of Room 49 SI 47 47 Kiva G 27 W. of Room 29 41 Kiva F Kiva I SI Kiva G 55 Kiva G 9 Misc. 4I 44 subfl. Kiva F ii II 16 9 B-Iil Field No. U.S.N.M. No. 404490 404486 404487 404489 404488 334643 334642 334644 334649 334650 334651 334652 334653 334654 334655 334656 334657 334658 334659 334660 334638 334637 334676 334879 334931 334931 334931 334934 334931 334923 334880 334885 334895 334884 334910 334884 334880 334897 334883 334924 334936 334948 334937 334692 334603 186 Plat As foal e€ SS SS eR Say = 3 3 rét FSF QO HAA QA SpE Syst SS Scent ey 5 IS) SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS PLATES—continued Diameter (D) or Height or length x width thickness Inches Cm. Inches Cm. Provenience 2 (D) x 113 1.5 x 29.8 9 B-III % (D) x20 22 aS Ow 16B 204 x 13 51x 4.1 3 1.9 9 44 x1f 11.4 X 4.7 lig 3.9 65 7k x 23 18.0 x 6.6 2h 5.3 51 7 (D) 7.7, 44 44x13 10.4 X 4.4 4 0.6 9 B-II 54x13 13.9 x 3.8 4 0.6 24 32x24 81.2 x 5.7 13 3.4 16B 5’ 103 x 84 179.7 X 21.5 53 13.9 16 $x TO xX 1.5 44 Ij; x 1d 2.6x1.7 36 té x 3 2.3 X 0.9 44 té x is 2.3X1.4 40 téx4 2.3X1.2 4 t8 x % 2.32.2 Kiva F 175 x4 2.6 x 1.2 44 1g x i 3.4X1.4 30 Ix} Po. ie E. of Kiva B Iiix4 2.8 x 1.2 Kiva I 13x13 3.4 x 3.8 15 1§ X 25 3-4X 5.3 65 38 x Its G.2x3.3 36 33x lis 9.5 x 3.6 28, 32 4% (D) Thea 16 0.7 41 34 X 375 Se x77 4 0.6 23 44 (D) 11.4 4 0.6 51 32 x 34 8.5 x 8.2 4 0.6 Kiva “‘b” 53 x 33 14.6 x 9.5 13 4.1 Kiva “c” 2i6 x2 5.8 x 5.0 I 2.5 12 2is x 1f 5.8 x47 4 1.7 Misc. 2% (D) Ee 13 4.1 Kiva B 31 (D) 8.2 23 6.9 23 5k x 28 13.0 x 6.6 13 4.4 63 4 x 32 15.5 X85 2 5.0 23 74 x 33 19.0 x 8.5 23 6.9 2 6x 33 15.2 X 8.5 2 5.0 AI 5x 3t 127, 27.0 14 21 5I 4x2t 10.1 X 5.7 1} 2.8 Kiva I Bbx2 TiO 5.0 13 4.1 W.of Room 49 44 x 24 TOF 57; 2} 57 Kiva I x5 16.5 x 12.7 1} 2.8 Misc. 7x6 Mfg f >.8 Me 2 5.0 Kiva D, Bonito 138 x 62 B4O-x PZT 14 3.8 27 (Continued) VOL. 138 U.S.N.M. No. 334693 334690 334689 334955 334955 334708 334699 334604 334709 334710 334799 334799 334799 334799 334799 334799 334799 334799 334799 334799 334792 334792 334790 334788 334831 334834 334835 334836 334874 334815 334816 334859 334688 334866 334867 334863 334865 334869 334864 334870 334868 334821 335921 334822 NO. I 47, oh Ga (Ss) So SO es Yeh) an a 55, @ Figure 3 8 23 24 25 20 37, @ PLATES—concluded Diameter (D) or length x width Inches 124 x6 15a 75 13X7% 14} x 93 16x8 14 x 8 14% x 9% 143 x 73 125 (D) 124x7 83 (D) z (D) 113 (D) 10} (D) EE i(D) 34—6 (D) 3—63 (D) 34—64 (D) Cm. 30.7 x 15.2 40.0 x 18.4 33.0 x 19.0 BUA MAT 40.6 x 20.3 CV ye aere 37.4 X 24.1 36.8 x 19.6 30.7 31.7 X 17.7 21.5 21.5 29.2 26.0 27.9 8.2—15.2 7.6—16.8 8.8—15.8 Height or thickness Inches Cm. 4 1.2 I 2c 8 5 g 0.9 a 0.6 Fs 0.9 3 0.9 ts 0.7 z 2.2 3 15 4 8.8 34 8.8 134 33.6 II 27.9 43 12.0 94 24.1 101 26.0 10 25.4 TEXT FIGURES Diameter (D) or length x width Inches 4x 34 23 x 23 4x I$ 31 x 216 43 X 23 ¢ (D) té (D) x 818 5g X18 Iie X 13 1 3 34X15 1%x% 2% x 23 2(D) x18 Cm. 10:1 x62 6.9 x 6.6 10.1 x 3.8 8.2x 6.1 11.4 x 6.3 1.0 T7022 ESC Aer TI 5 20.9x 88 8.8 x LI 6.5 X 0.9 4.1 X 4.4 BAIS 16.8 x 7.4 8.2 x 8.5 18 x 6.6 5x28 3.0'x2 8.2 x 4.4 4.7 X 2.2 7.3.x 6.9 1.9 x 4.1 Height or thickness Inches Cm. 4 0.6 3 1.9 ; 1.9 4 0.6 is 0.7 $ 0.3 aoe 32 0.2 4 1.2 3 7.6 23 5.3 16 Tau 4 1) zi 1.9 3 0.9 14 3.8 PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD Provenience 65 65 43 Provenience 8 B-I AI W. of Room 49 39 Misc. 51 55 40 64 26 26 Kiva “b” Kiva I 55 Keivaieae Field No. 3 516 505 403 345 452 316 579 132 130 130 134 451 552 575 329 55 539 602 492 454 604 3345764 334577 U.S.N.M. No. 334713 334745 334677 334600a 334680a 334680 334707 334700 334607 334829 334811 334811 334789 334797 334817 334876 334955 334683 334684 334685 334802 334873 334686 APPENDIX 1B TABLE OF ROOM DIMENSIONS, PUEBLO DEL ARROYO By HENRY B. ROBERTS (e = estimated.) Ceiling Room No. North East South West height i 8’ 9” Chan ig 8 4” 6! 6” 6’ 0” B 9’ 0” 6! 2” Soe Bg 5/0” eé 2 Gh Tate 6’ 2" 8’ seh 5! 9” 4 Tet B reg a Giz" Sit? Bub 5'0” e 3 o's” GLa" Sia" (ho 0 4’ 10” 4 8’ 10” 6’ 0” 9’ 0” Sea ia te 5 8 2” Til 8’ 6” Tae 50" € 6 Ss. 50" a 3% be? 50" e 77 8’ 2" Io’ 6” 8! GY to’ 0” 6! al 81 153. 5’ 10" 15/2" a 8’ 4” B-I gar 6.67 9 7’ 6.4” 8'0” e B-II 6/2" 6’ 4” 5 10” 6' 4” 8.0" ~~ c ny One 6'0” e ey (te rout Boe te 9 58’ ate i! Io” 58’ ae 6’ 0” He 8” B-I 15 4” 7” 15/3” Ss i al 8! 4” C-I US 3 7 O" 7e i5/3° e 7 An es 80” e B-II 16’ Gh 6’ Te te! Te7 0” Gf 0” so34 Bu e@ C-II 107 € 7 6" ‘ve ER 0 ie 7B € 80” e B-III 15’ 8” 7 0" 15’0" 678" S34" C-III 15/8” e 7b ce 15°07 Ve GF Bre 8'0" e 10 15/9) 5° 9” 15/8” 5/9” 7, oO" B 16’ 4” Gate 16’ 4” 617" 85” G 16’ 6” e 6'9” e 16’ 6” e wig! SOC I1A SA OMe 6’0” e 340% € 5/9” FAO ne B 19’ 8” 6’ 4” 19’ 8” 6’ 5” 8’ 4” Ec TO, ve 6’ 10” e 198” e 611 80” e 12 15/6” O20 Ta 9’ 0” (oi aol! B a oi oe 15’ 6” 8’ 11” 8’ 0” Cc i577" € 9’ 4” 1S OY 8 11" e 8’ 0” e 1A wall supported by a first-story ceiling beam divided the second story of Room 8 into 8B-I and 8B-II; this partition apparently did not extend into the third story. Similarly, the second story of Room 9 was separated into three chambers by walls resting each upon paired logs, but in these instances the logs were set above the second-story floor level and the partitions continued into the upper rooms. Originally, Room 9 was approximately 110 feet long, but after its south wall settled outward, extramural buttresses (later joined _to form Rooms 1-7) were erected, and inner partitions resulted in Rooms 10 and 11. The second- and third-story partitions of these two rooms rested upon paired beams placed just above the second-story floor and slightly to one side of their ground-floor counterparts. ‘‘Ceil- ing height” is floor to secondary poles above main beams. Letters B, C, and D indicate second, third, and fourth stories. (Continued ) 188 NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 189 TABLE OF ROOM DIMENSIONS, PUEBLO DEL ARROYO —continued Room No. North East South West oa 13 15/7” 9! 4” 15) 6” oes 6’ 9” B iy he cae 156" Sir” 8’ 0” Toe O15" 15’ 6” 9’ 0” Sipe ae 14 15/6” Our 15’ 8” Siuitar GPG B Tbe 6” 9’ me Te Te 9’ Te g st G Tome Onze 102” é O12 7e 80" e 15 153) 8’ 9” 15’ 4” 9! 2” 7 4c B 15/ RY Q’ Te 15’ o]e 9’ 2" bets 6” € 15/9” e Oun %e SUE Gi2ie 8’ 0” e 16 15 2” Cue He ag 8’ 10” FG B 15 6” 9! 6” Taso 7” S407 c TOL, 10’ 0” 15/5" @€ TOM Tea e 80" eé 172 6'3” ¢ 16’0” e 6: 3/4. é 15 10° € a OMe B 6’9” e 160” e 6'9” e 151i e@ SHOE G Ye We 16°23") -@ a alinke ley Oi So” Ve D a6" € 16’ 4” e ZuGie te 16 2°" ¢ 7'0" eé 18 9’0” e 15’ 10" ¢ 9’o” e rs 0” € HGH C2 B 9’ 6” e 1510” e G6lt 15/9” 8'0” e C 9’ 10” € TO“Omue 9’ 10” e iy ae Cg 80” e D 10’0” e 16'2” e LOMO 16 16’1" e 2 Or € 19 190” @e ora” é 18’6” e 9’ 0” e 70" é@ B 19.7" \é of2"'e 1G € ONT He 8’ 0” e ( 19’ 9” 8’ ait 10’ Io” 9’ 0” 8’ 0” D 19’ 10” é 9'0” e 19’ 10” € 9’ 0” e Zao" -e 20 T5027 Site 15/8” of 3” 6’ 10 B vise 6” 9! ah icy it 0’ Be 8 2 c ESO O69 € TOG te O54 ¢ 8’ e 21 5G 9’ 0” 15’ 6” 87" 6’ 10 B 15! 64 Q’ 0” 15/ 6” Q’ 0” 8! 0” ‘C 15) 6" te 9'0” e 15) 07 .e 9’ 0” e 86” e 22 16'9” e 86” e 16'6” e 83" e FOr ee B 16’ 9” 8’ 6” 16’ 6” 33" 8’ 0” e C 16’9” e 8’ 10” € 16'6” e Se A So” é€ 23 re” Ae Qo’ Ae Te Bi 9’ By Gf Bt B uy Sart iY Se 8 9” c rs’ 5, é Ong e 155” ¢é O10" Ee SO Ne 24 TS A" 8’ 8” 15/0 8’ 10” Gait B 15’ 8” 8’ 8” 15’ 4" 8' 10” 8’ 0” C 15/8” e 9’ 0” e TS Ane G2 re. 850! Fe 25 St Io” 15’ hte ted Tate 15’ 50 a ae! B 10’ 0” 157% TO 3 1 USE 8’0” e ? Rooms 17, 18, 19, 22, 33 to 53 in the western tier, and those elsewhere indicated by dotted lines (fig. 2) remain unexcavated. Fourth-story masonry is still to be seen in the unnum- bered rooms south of 17-19 and in the four rooms north of 17-18. The quantity of fallen stonework removed suggests fourth stories also for Rooms 26, 27, and 30; low fourth-story apartments are seemingly represented in the three south rooms of the easternmost tier in the north wing. (Continued) Igo SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM DIMENSIONS, PUEBLO DEL ARROYO —continued Room No. North East South West ae rr TOA") .€ Toe ae 10'5” @€ 157 ce 8'0” e 26 Sart TH! Ou” 15/9” Ge B cola 15’ 10” os” 16’ 0” 8’ 0” (e O13 5e 1OGT ave o 3” é nO 2h G 8’ 0” e D Oscme 16127 e obs (are 16'4” e 7'@" -€ 27 10’ 8” ca 84 10’ 4” 13°10" 6’ 10” B 10’ 6” TSar” 10’ 4” 16’ 0” 8’ 0” e Cc 10’ 10” e Tey aU (2 10’ 10” e TO O4ne 80” e D Tee ewe TE: TE ve 112" @ 160” e FAO ee 28 75.3" 16’ 7” ey Ih 16’ 4” GW inn B 15’ 8” 16/7” 15%" 16’ 6” 8’ 0” Ec 150 we 1609" é TSO Ae 16'6” e 80” e 29 93" 15/1” 8" 9” 15'0" 7, OR B 9’ 10” rae 9’ 4” ust (0) 80” e c 10'2” ¢ 15/11" e 98” e 15’ 0" -¢ 80” e 30 8’ 9” 1575” Sai! 1 7a B 9’ 0” Tigy. (Oi G2! Teo 8’ 10” 5 9’ 4” e 159” e 916% ve ESA ye 8'0” e D 9°65 2 15) 11” e 98” e 15 8" e Oe 31 10’ 10” iS OF TOUGe 15’ 6” 6’ 8” B 10’ 10” 15/9” 10’ 10” 15’ 6” 8’ 0” C 10’ 10” e 16’0” e 10’ 10” € 15'9” e 8’0” e 32 1563" 16’ 4” 15/6” 15'7”" 67” B 15/ Gh: t6’ 4” 15’ 9” 15’ pis ey 0” 33 OO". e T1167 ,<é 8’ 9” e T1’3"s-2 7 Ole B 9’ 0” Tr 6” 8’ 9” Er, 8’ 0” e G 0’ 6” e TT Soe G37 FIG © 8’ 0” e 34 1205 9’ 4” 1204" 18 hi OF) 8):2% B i270; 9’ 4” 12’ 8” Tes Sy” Cc F2"O" Ve 9’ 10” e 12' 8". e TO ce 80" e 35 12’ 8” 81” 12°97" 9’ 4” 8’ 0” B 12°3" 8’ 0” bl i Se" € L286) we 80” e 12’ au e a 8 - e 36 173" ror We 18’ 4” 8’ 10” 8’ 6” B 18" 3” of 4” 18" 4” ee 87” e 37 TA” 8' 8” 21' 0” 85” pane B 210. 9’ 0” 212" 90% Sia ave 38 Siri 10’0” e 8’ 9” e 10’9” e HOLME B 9’ 2” e 10'0” e OL” e 10'9” e 80” e 'e G6" é@ 10’ 2” e Ouse 10’ 10” e 8’ 0” e 39 Tene oy 4 12’ 5” TO"2” 8’ 9” B 12) 8” TOs" 12°97” LOU2 4 So! Ee 40 EOak” pie 18’ 0” 14’ 6” 8’ 0” B 18’ 0” 12’ 8” £830 14’ 8” 87" e 4I 21’ 8” 1200" Pitas Lah! ian Gu3e (Continued ) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD IOI TABLE OF ROOM DIMENSIONS, PUEBLO DEL ARROYO —continued Ceiling Room No. North East South West height 4I B 21’ re 13’ Q” 22! 0” ney Be 8’ 7h e 42 8’ Vie e uel! 2” e o’ 7 e 134 Bf Gf 0” e B 9’ Bud 1g}! gt 9’ Be 13/ 2 8’ oO” e@ (e on 8” e 13’ 4" e 9’ 10” e isl! 2” e 8’ 0” e , ” , “” , ” ’ ” / n” 43 122 15’ 10 12’ 4 15/10 88 B 12’ 6” 16’ 2" 12’ 8” 15! Gp 8’ o” e 44 t2’ Gu 16’ Ov 12’ 6” 16’ Qo” 5/ Io” B te 0” 15! to” Hey 0” 15’ Io” 7p o” e 45 8' 6” e 12 '600e 8'8” e 12) 8! e oi Oua eC B 9’ gu T2’ 6” 9’ Bu T2’ Ss! Si of e (G ro 9” e I2! ge e ro GY e 12’ 9” e 8’ ray e 46 12’ 2" 6/ 5” at tol 9” me 8” 3 rete B 13h 0” 7! 2" 12’ 8” g 5” 8! 0” e 47 B 3 12’ 11” g’ Bh 134 (orld Gi): Ae vit Qo” e 48 8' 6” e 100” e 86" e 10’ 0” FOr we B 8’ 10” 10’ 0” 8' 10” 10’ 0” 8’ 0” e (G; QZ 02 10'2” é O12" ¢€ 10’ 07 V2 80” e 49 fel 9” e 16! of e 0’ 0” e 16! Ae e GH 0” e B 0’ 2" e 16’ 7) Qo’ a 16’ Gn bey o” e Cc 9’ 6 e 16’ (oy e 9’ 9” e t6' 6" e 8’ o” e 50 Q’ Oo! e Tr’ Ce e 9’ 0” e Ir’ Se e of (oi e B 9’ Ae e I 1 fouls e 9’ 4” Tin fells e@ 8’ 0” e G 9’ 10” e it sO) (2 9’ 10” e Tie LOM Ae ShOlume 51 I2’ 2" ils Io” 12’ Aw 16’ Tee 9’ (oy B T2’ Ae 16’ 5 t2’ ye rfisy, TE” fel o” e 52 B 4 13’ 4” 10’ Tice nf 1 10’ 2" 6’ 0” e 53 9’ 0” e 23% On e roy 0” e 23’ 9” Gh 0” e B 9’ 6” e 23! Ane e 9’ 6” e 231 Tee g’ o” e c 9’ 10” e 220AU Ve 9’ 10” e 2a wTitewe 80” e 54 12’ Al 16’ ay T2’ Ad 16’ 2" Sf 9” B TA Ne 10. OF «2 12’6” e MOMS ne GAGu we 55 13) 2" 25 OM 12’ SY 26/ Gy ohh 2" B 137A” e 26'0”" e 1217/0 ve 26' 10” e 8'0” e 56 BY 0” 20 6” 2! 9” By An 3' AG 57 ay Aw 3) Tie ay 9” sy Tie 58 rel vik 4’ we Re wa 4’ Bee 59 Q’ o” 8’ BM SE Si! oe 6’ 0” e 80” SW 60 gy (ayt/ 6' o” ay gf 6/ 2" 61 Bu oft 5/ 9” 34 9” SY Whe 62 iG}! 9” 4! 2" 17’ 9” al! Ay We 7h 63 6’ 10” Bi Te WE Be 31 nia 7 0” e 7 64 Off Aw Q’ 2’ 7 Gu CoV/ Te Gf o” e 65 ae bela 8’ TI 7 vie Qo’ Bt 7h o” e 8 Room 47B, at the second-story level, overlies the partly razed walls of a kiva. 4 Like 47B, Room 52B is a second-story chamber above its debris-filled first story. (Continued) Ig2 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM DIMENSIONS, BU EREO DEL ARROYO —concluded CEREMONIAL ROOMS Diameter at Width of Height of Number of Ceiling Kiva fioor bench bench pilasters height B Er, 6: nO 2' 10” fe) 7' 9” cc 25’ 10” 9 1’ 10” 8 10’ 0” D (Unexcavated ) E 14’ 6” i’ Q” 2! o” 6 7" 0” F Tal 23% fo 7" 6 Q’ 1” G rr 6” 2' che 2’ 2” 6 g Y pad H 15'0” a” re o of a I 14’ 10” Te 2’ 4" o y Mo 11' 8” 8” Ere re) aa STRUCTURES WEST OF PUEBLO DEL ARROYO Diameter at Width of Height of Number of Ceiling Kiva floor bench bench pilasters height a 12° 6” 6” Tro" o woe b re 6” 2' re) 7,0" eé c or ie rey 2 oO 8’0” e d 15' 3” ? ? ? ver € GREAT TOWER 5 Maximum diameter 73’ 3”. Diameter of inner room 33’. 5 The Great Tower had been almost wholly razed before abandonment of Pueblo del Arroyo; but little remained of its inner room, and the highest wall, on the east, stood only 35”. No data exist on which to estimate the ceiling heights of its incorporated chambers. Room 2B Doorway : Fireplace : Hatchway : Ceiling : Doorway : Hatchway : Ceiling : Fireplace: Ventilator : Screen: Doorways: APPENDIX C TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS By HENRY B. ROBERTS Door broken through N. wall 4’ 2” from NE. corner 5” above floor, 20” w. x 36” h. x 33” across sill. Stone lined, 11” w. x 17” E.-W. x 8” d., 3'3” from N. door and 3/2” from W. wall. Two thin, slightly worn metates on edge form fire screen, 16” h. x 27” 1.; 8” S. of fireplace; E. edge of first slab is on a line with the E. end of fireplace. Small irregular hole had been broken through S. wall back of screen as ventilator. Entrance was through a hatchway the exact position of which is unknown. Single N.-S. beam; 5 secondary E.-W. beams and smaller poles. In E. wall, south jamb 3'4” from NE. corner. In SW. corner, probably 16” w. Single N.-S. beam supported E.-W. lesser beams and poles. Ends of lesser beams rested on log embedded longitudinally in W. wall. In NW. corner, 54” from N. wall and 6” from W., 13” w. x 20” N.-S. x 14” d.; basin lined with small stone slabs, S. end rounded and plastered. In S. wall flush with W., 64” w. x 19” h., sill 6” above floor; connects with outside shaft, 13” 1. x 6” w. x 15” d., covered with inverted metate, 22” 1. x 18” w. x 4” th, through which an oval opening 74” x 12” had been cut. Stone slab 21” N. of ventilator, 18” E.-W. x 25” h.; E. end supported on S. side by two upright stones embedded in floor, on N. side by discarded metate; total length of screen 24” E.-W. (a) E. door, 17” w. x 23” h. x 14” across sill, 9” from SE. corner, and 20” above floor was (Continued) 193 194 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 4 Wall niche: Ceiling : Doorways: Wall niche: Blocked beam hole: Mealing bin: Fireplace: Doorways: Blocked beam hole: Fireplace : Floor basins: Doorways: continued : provided with secondary jambs for doorslab from Room 5 and rounded adobe step 5” w. x 20” N.-S.; (b) S. door, 19” w. x 24” h., 14” from SE. corner and 14” above floor. In N. wall, 6” from NW. corner, 3’ 3” above floor, 22” w. x 13” h. x 144” d., plastered. Single N.-S. beam socketed in N. wall; S. end supported by 3”-dia. post 11” from S. wall and 3’ 9” from W. (a) Blocked E. door, 22” w. x 104” across sill, 4'2” from NE. corner and 29” above floor; (b) W. door (see E. door, Room 4). In E. wall, 10” from NE. corner, 3’ 44” above floor, 33" w. x 4” h. x 5” d., plastered. N. wall, 3’ 10” from NE. corner, 4’ 7” above floor, 11” dia. Abutting S. wall 18” from SW. corner, slab sides embedded in floor. Bin contained an ungrooved metate 8” w. x 19” L., set in clay with its E. end 2” below floor level and its W. end 53” above. Accompanying mano 4 woexsg lec ts" th: Fan-shaped in E. end of room, 26” N.-S. x 18” x 10” d., slab sides, clay floor. (a) Blocked S. door, 9” from SW. corner, 16” above floor, 15” w., jambs 17” h. to top of broken wall; (b) blocked W. door, 3’ 10” from NW. corner, 28” above floor, 23” w. x 144” h. to top of broken wall. N. wall, 4’8” above floor and 34” from NW. corner. In NE. corner, 17” w. x 22” 1.x 7” d., abut- ting N. wall 4” from E., sides of masonry and slabs on end. (a) S. side of fireplace forms N. side of semi- eircular ‘basin, 0” w. x 14” E-W. x 3" dd, clay lined and slab floored; (b) semicircular basin 14" w. = 17” E.-W. x 2” d; lies 287 from E. wall and 26” from N., flattened side to’'S: (a) Blocked N. door, 21” w. x 32” h., 6” from NE. corner, sill height 20”. Above this blocked door is an open one, sill 5’ 14” from floor, that probably opened from Room 10 to roof of 7. (Continued) NOD I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD 195 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS Room 8 8 B-I 8 B-II Fireplaces: Ceiling: Doorways: Ventilator : Ceiling : Doorways: Fireplace: Floor basin: Ceiling: Doorway : Doorways: Ceiling: continued (a) Clay-lined, 9” from W. wall and 4’ 4" from N., 20” dia. x 8” d.; (b) abutting W. wall 21” from S., 14” x 18” N.-S. x 6" d. Single beam socket, N. wall, about 11” dia. (a) N. wall 6'6” from NE. corner, 144” above floor, 28” w. x 3'8” h. x 29” across sill; 8 lintel poles; single, secondary lintel 4” below is recessed 5”; (b) E. door, 18” from NE. corner and 32” above floor, 18” w. x 36” h. x 32” across sill. W. wall abutting N., 6’ above floor, 11” w. x 12” h. x 35” across sill. Intact except for hole broken through SW. corner. Four N.-S. beams support 6 pairs of E.-W. poles, split cedar above. (a) N. wall flush with W. 31” above floor, 25” w. x 38” h., blocked, leaving plastered recess 15” d.; (b) E. door T-shaped, upper portion 29” from NE. corner, 26” w. x Gut Vay with secondary jambs 34” w. on N. and 54” w. on S.; lower part, 20” above floor, 17 Wax 13” h., blocked to leave recess 12” GES (((e)) sa S. wall, 25” from SE. corner and 7” above floor, 20” w. x 32” h. x 26” across sill; (d) second S. door, 13” from W. wall 19” w., with broken sill 13” above floor. Against S. wall 12” from SE. corner, 14” N.-S. x 24” x 14” d., rimmed with adobe; at its NE. and NW. corners shallow basins, 5” dia., as pot rests. Against N. wall 37” from NE. corner slab- floored, adobe-rimmed basin, 10” w. x 20” lL. x 14” d. Fragments of roofing clay 5” th. show im- prints of split cedar shakes. Possible E. door flush with S. wall. (a) N. wall, 11'5” from NW. corner, 25” above floor, 20” w. x 29” h., 26” across sill ; (b) W. wall, 20” from NW. corner, 23” above floor (see E. door Room Sac) S. wall, 5’7” from SW. corner, 18” above floor, 17” w. x 33” h. x 33” across sill (see N. door, Room 1). 153’ at W. end intact. Paired N.-S. beams 8” dia., pairs average 4’ 1” apart; on beams. (Continued) 196 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 9 9 B-I 9 B-II 9 B-III Fireplace: Doorways: Ventilator : Wall supports : Doorways: Wall supports: Doorways: Fireplace: Floor basins: continued ; paired E.-W. poles averaging 3” dia. x 7’ long, pairs 6” apart and butt to tip. Above poles, a layer of split cedar extending N.-S., tenoned into side walls and secured by long cedar splints laid at intervals directly above the E.-W. poles and bound to them by yucca strips; next, a layer of juniper bark and then 5” of adobe mud as flooring for second- story room. 24' 3” from E. wall and 3’ from N., 11” w. x 18” E.-W. x 2” d., clay lined. (a) Blocked N. door, 6’ 10” from NE. corner, 25” w. x 3’ 3” h.; (b) S..door, ro’ from SW. corner, measurements not determinable. S. wall 8” from SE. corner, 5’ 3” above floor offset, 11” w. x 103” h. x 26” across sill. E. and W. walls stand on paired logs built into N. and S. walls at floor level. (a) N. wall 75” from NE. corner, 23” w. x 26” across sill; (b) S. door 8’ 4” from SE. corner 19” w. E. and W. walls supported as in 9B-I. (a) N. wall 6’ 7” from NE. corner, 31” above ficor, 26" wi x 3'2”" h. x 27” across sill S lintel poles; 2” below main lintels, recessed 434” to support door slab; (b) in W. wall T-shaped door, upper part 26” from NW. corner (see E. door Room 8B-I); (c) in S. wall T-shaped door 6’ 5” from SE. corner, upper part 29” w. x 27” h. to broken top; lower part 20” w. x 32” h., sill at floor. Lower 18” blocked forming new sill and con- cealing 3” offset in W. jamb 8” above origi- nal sill. Below rebuilt door, an adobe step Sow: xi 24" E-W. x 3” h. Semicircular, against S. wall 25” from SW. corner; inside measurements 17” x 16”; raised adobe rim 6” w. x 5” h. Against N. wall 3'1” from NW. corner, 10” w. x 33” N.-S. divided by 2”-w. clay partition; N: part 9” w.x 17” 1.x.2” d., has stone disk 7” dia. embedded in its floor; S. basin, 11” w. x 12” 1. x 3” d., floored with stone slab 7” w. x 9”1. Part of an adobe rim 5” w. x 4” h. remains at SE. quarter. (Continued ) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—J UDD 197 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 9B-III Floor repairs: 10 I0B rds} 12B Doorways: Fireplace: Doorways: Ventilator: Wall supports: Doorway: Doorway: Ceiling : Doorways: continued Extending 5’ 10” from E. wall a second layer of adobe 4” thick levels sunken area in floor. (a) In E. wall 11” from SE. corner and 24” above floor, 15” w. x 19” h. x 14” across sill; (b) door through S. wall 7’ 4” from SE, corner and 17” above floor, 20” w. at bottom, 183” w. at top x 25” h., blocked from Room 7 to leave 24”-deep recess in Room 10, Appar- ent steps: 18” above sill and recessed 5” from wall face, a small pole crosses the opening ; a second pole parallels the first 3” higher and 10” from wall face. Main lintels 25” above sill with first one recessed 20” ; 7” of masonry upon lintels. Directly above this blocked door is another (c), its W. jamb being a continua- tion of that below. This upper door, recessed 13”, is 22” w. x 37” h. x 17” across sill; lat- ter is 35” above that of lower blocked door or 4’ 4” above floor of room. 233” from N. wall and 5’ 44” from | en id sq. x 7” d., lined with 4 slabs. Bottom of fire- place is an earlier floor. (a) Blocked N. door 6’ 10” from NE. corner, 25” w. x 35” h.; (b) in S. walla door, which we restored as T-shaped, 4'11” from SE. corner, 27” w. x 31” h. x 25” across sill, lower part 4’9” from SE. corner is 21” w. X 17” h., sill 13” above floor offset. S. wall, 5” from SW. corner, 10” w. x 12” h. x 26” across sill, E. and W. walls supported on paired beams as in Room 9 B-I. Excavated W. end only. N. wall 8'9” from NE. corner, 18” above floor offset ; 24” w. x 3’5” h. N. wall 6’ 9” from NE. corner at floor level, 240 iW. & 3/6” hi Poles upon cross beams, split cedar layer bound to poles by strips of cedar tied with yucca-leaf thongs; layers of cedar bark and mud. (a) N. wall 6’ 10” from NE. corner and 19” above floor, 25” w. x 26” across sill; (b) blocked S. door 6'7” from SE. corner and 24” above floor, 25” w. x 37” h. (Continued) 198 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 13 13B 14 14B 15 I5B 16 106B 17 18 19 19 B 19C Doorway: Doorways: Doorway: Doorways: Doorways: Doorways: Doorways: Ceiling : Doorways: Doorways: continued N. wall 6’ 7” from NE. corner and 12” above floor, 26” w. x 3’6” h. x 26” across sill. (a) N. wall 6’10” from NW. corner, ap- proximately 24” w. x 28” across sill; (b) blocked S. door 6’ 8” from SW. corner and 21” above floor, 25” w. x 3’ 5” h. N. wall, 6'11” from NE. corner and 8” above floor, 24” w. x 3’ 10” h. (a) N. wall, 6'9” from NE. corner, 20” above floor offset, 25” w. x 3'6” h. x 26” across sill; (b) S. wall 7’3” from SE. cor- ner, 18” above floor, 25” w. x 26” across sill. (a) N. wall 6’ 4” from NE. corner and 6” above floor, 27”w. x 3' 7” h. x 27” across sill, lower 5” blocked to form recess 9” d.; (b) S. wall 27” from SE. corner and 22” above floor, 21” w. at bottom, 17” w. at top x 30” h. x 27” across sill. (a) N. wall 6'2” from NE. corner, 25” w. x 25” h. x 25” across sill; (b) in S. wall (see N. door Room 9 B-111). (a) N. wall 6’ 6” from NE. corner, 5” above floor, 26” w. x 3’ 11” h., blocked to leave 8”-d. recess; single secondary lintel 4” below main lintels and 4” from face of wall; (b) in S. wall 6’5” from SE. corner and 6” above floor, 28” w. x 3'9” h. x 29” across sill (see N. door, Room 8). I’. half intact. Two N.-S. beams 6’ 10” above floor; 16 E.-W. ceiling poles; split cedar, bark, and adobe. (a) N. door 6'9” from NE. corner, 25” w., lower 13” blocked to form plastered recess 9” d.; (b) blocked door in S. wall (see N. door, Room 8 B-I). Unexcavated. Unexcavated. Unexcavated. Unexcavated. (a) Blocked E, door, 38” from SE. corner, 20” above floor, 28” w.; (b) in S. wall, 9’ 2” from SE. corner and 20” above floor, 26” w., provided with secondary jambs to support door slab. (Continued) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 199 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 20 20B 21 22 22B 23 23B AWG 24 24B Doorway: Ceiling : Hatchway: Fireplace: Doorway: Doorway : Doorways: Doorways: Doorways: Doorway: Doorways: Ventilator : Doorways: continued S. wall 7’ from SE. corner and 7” above floor, 23” w. x 3'7”h. (see N. door, Room ¥2)¢ 4 at W. end intact. N.-S. beams overlain with ceiling poles, split cedar, and 5”-layer of mud (bark omitted). In SE. corner, 25” w. x 37” E.-W. Oval depression in floor, 4’9” w. x 5/4” E.-W. x 11” d., 17” from N. wall and 5’ 2” from E., clay lined ; subsequently floored over except for 11”-square firebox left at east end. S. wall 7’ from SE. corner and 18” above floor offset, 25” w. x 26” across sill. S. wall 6'7” from SE. corner and 9” above floor (see N. door, Room 13). Unexcavated. (a) N. wall (see S. door, Room 28 B) ; (b) S. wall (see N. door, Room 14 B). (a) N. wall 4'8” from NE. corner and 6” above floor, 26” w. x 3'7” h. x 27” across sill; (b) S. wall 6’ 4” from SE. corner and 11” above floor (see N. door, Room 15). (a) N. wall 6’ 10” from NE. corner and 32” above floor offset, 26” w. x 36” h. x 25” across sill, lower 12” blocked; (b) in S. wall 6'7” from SE. corner and 31” above floor offset (see N. door, Room 15 B). N. wall 8’ 10” from NE. corner and 19” above floor offset, 26” w. x 3'5” h. x 24” across sill. (a) N. wall 9’9” from NE. corner and 5” above floor, 27” w. x 3'10” h.; (b) S. door 6’9” from SE. corner and 5” above floor (see N. door, Room 16). In W. wall T- shaped door sealed with large rough sand- stone blocks; upper part, 33” w. x 28” h,, abuts S. wall; lower part, 5” from SW. corner, approximately 19” w. x 13” h. with sili about 28” above floor. W. wall flush with NW. corner, 5’ 10” above floor, 11” w. x 12” h., blocked from outside. (a) N. wall 7’ 3” from NE. corner and 31” above floor offset, 26” w. x 37” h. x 27” across sill, lower 9” blocked; (b) S. door 74” from SE. corner, 31” above floor offset, lower 10” blocked (see N. door, Room 16 B). (Continued) 200 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 25 25B 26 26B 26 C 27 27B 276 28 Doorways: Ventilators: Doorways: Doorways: Doorways : Doorway: Doorways: Doorways: Doorways: Doorways: continued (a) E. wall 6'7” from NE. corner and 6” above floor, 25” w. x 4’h. x 30” across sill; (b) in S. wall 39” from SE. corner, 4” above floor, 29” w. x 49” h. (see N. door, Room 24). W. wall: (a) flush with N. wall, 5’ 10” above floor,’ 12” w. x It” hesii(b)iis” from SW: corner, 5'6” above floor, 10” w. x 144” h. (a) E. wall 6’ 10” from NE. corner, 25” w.; (b) in S. wall 10” from SE. corner and 31” above floor offset (see N. door, Room 24 B) ; (c) in W. wall 30” from NW. corner and apparently at floor offset, 17” w. x 20” across sill. (a) Blocked E. door 7’ from NE. corner and 8” above floor, 26” w. x 3'9” h.; (b) in W. wall, 6’ 10” from NW. corner and 6” above floor (see E. door, Room 25). (a) E. wall 7’ 2” from NE. corner, 20” above floor offset, 23” w. x 3'11” h. x 28” across sill; (b) W. wall 6’ 10” from NW. corner (see E. door, Room 25 B). FE. wall, 25” w. (see W. door, Room 27 C). (a) Blocked E. door 7’ 10” from NE. corner and 6” above floor, 26” w. x 3'6” h.; (b) S. wall 4'6” from SE. corner and 6” above floor (see N. door, Room 23); (c) W. wall 7’ from NW. corner and 8” above floor, blocked from Room 26 to form recess 26” w. ee tN ebb edit Cab (a) E. wall 7’ 3” from NE. corner, 24” above floor offset, 24” w. x 4’ h. x 25” across sill; (b) S. wall 20” from SW. corner, 19” above floor offset, 24” w. x 3' 4” h. x 25” across sill, lower 11” blocked (see N. door, Room 23'B)=.(e) in’ W. wall, 74” trom SW. corner, 23” above floor offset (see E. door, Room 26 8B). (a) E. door 6’ 2” from SE. corner; (b) S. door flush with W. wall, 26” w. x 3'5” h. x 24” across sill (see N. door, Room 23C); (c) in W. wall 7'2” from NW. corner, 25” w. (a) S. wall 6’ 6” from SW. corner, 9” above floor, 247 w.' x 3/10" h...x 26” across ‘sill; (Continued ) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 201 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 28 28 B 29 29 B 30 30B 30B 30 C 3I Post holes: Doorways: Doorway: Ventilator: Doorway: Doorways: Doorways: Ventilator : Ceiling : Doorway : Doorways: continued (b) W. door 7’ from NW. corner and 8” above floor, 26” w. x 3/8” h., blocked from Room 27 to form recess 18” d. in Room 28 (see E. door, Room 27). (a) Hole, 63” dia. x 14” d., 7’ 10” from NW. corner and 8'3” from NE.; (b) 6” dia. x 15” d., 10'5” from NE. corner and 10’ 3” from NW.; (c) 74” dia. x 10” d., 145” from NW. and 14’ 10” from NE. corners. Posts in these holes supported primary E.-W. beams. (a) S. wall 6’11” from SE. corner, 20” above floor offset, 24” w. x 3'9”h. x 26” across sill; (b) W. wall 19” above floor off- set, 25” w. x 3’ 11” h. x 27” across sill (see E. door, Room 27 B). E. wall 6’ 4” from NE. corner and 12” above floor, 27” w. x 3'5” h. x 31” across sill. W. wall flush with S., 5'5” above floor, 10” wi x o” hy E. wall 6'3” from NE. corner, 29” above floor offset 24” w. x 35” h. x 26” across sill. (a) E. wall 6'5” from NE. corner and 3” above floor, 26” w. x 3’ 5” h. x 27” across sill; (b) W. wall 6’6” from NW. corner and 9” above floor, 27” w. x 3’9” h. x 31” across sill (see E. door, Room 29). (a) E. door 6'3” from NE. corner, 22” above floor offset, 25” w. x 3'6” h. x 27” across sill; (b) in W. wall 6’ 7” from NW. corner and 28” above floor offset, 23” w. x 37” h. x 27” across sill (see E. door, Room 29 B). In N. wall flush with W., 6’ 2” above floor offset, 12” w. x 10” h., blocked to form recess 133” deep. At ceiling offset, beam from Room 34B ex- tends through N. wall 39”, partly embedded in E. wall. In middle E. wall. (a) E. door 6’6” from NE. corner and 94” above floor, 27” w. x 3'6” h. x 27” across sill; (b) in W. wall 6'5” from NW. corner and 103” above floor, 27” w. x 3'7” h. x 27” across sill (see E. door, Room 30). (Continued) 202 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 31B anc 32 32B 33 34 34B 35 Doorways: Ventilator; Doorway: Doorway: Ventilator : Post holes: Doorway : Ventilator : Doorways: Ceiling : Doorways: Ventilators : Doorways: continued (a) E. wall 6'7” from NE. corner, 24” above floor offset, 25” w. x 3'7” h. x 25” across sill; (b) W. wall (see E. door, Room 30B). N. wall, 3’ 10” from NW. corner, 6’ above floor offset, 10” w. x 12” h., blocked to leave recess 13” d. In middle W. wall. In W. wall 6’ 8” from NW. corner and 12” above floor, 26” w. x 3’ 8” h. x 27” across sill (see E. door, Room 31). N. wall 11” from NW. corner, 4’ 8” above floor, Siw. x7” ‘h, Under primary E.-W. beams: (a) 7” dia. x 13” d., 78” from NW. and 8' 9” from NE. corners: (b) 6” dia. x: 11” d., ‘10’ 4” from NW. and 10’ 11” from NE. corners; (c) 8” dia. x 12” d., 14'1” from NW. corner and 14’ 10” from NE. Holes lined with slab frag- ments on edge. W. wall 6’ 10” from NW. corner, 27” above floor offset (see E. door, Room 31 B). Blocked ventilator in N. wall 8” from NW. corner, 6’ 2” above floor, 12” w. x 13” h. (to top broken wall) x 32” across sill. Unexcavated. (a) E. wall 3’ 3” from SE. corner, 18” above flags). 267 w. x4’ 8" bh. x 27” across, sil: (b) W. wall 32” from SW. corner and 15” above floor, 26” w. x 4'9” h. 3 primary E.-W. beams (2 paired at S. end) ; post next E. wall under N. beam; 2 posts next W. wall. (a) E. wall 4’ 1” from NE. corner, 14” above floor offset, 26” w. x 42” (to top broken wall) x 26” across sill; (b) in W. wall, 3’ 11" from SW. corner, 25” w. In S. wall: (a) 13” from SE. corner and 5/1” above floor offset, blocked to form re- cess 0” w. x 12” h. x 18” d.: (b) 8” isom SW. corner, 5’1” above floor offset, blocked to form recess 12” w. x 12” d. (a) Blocked N. door, 4’ 5” from NW. corner, 5” above floor, 25” w.; (b) in W. wall 3’ 8” from SW. corner, 11” above floor (see E. door, Room 34). " (Continued) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 203 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 35 35 B 36 36B 37 37 B 38 39 40 Ceiling : Doorway: Ventilators: Doorways: Floors: Ceiling : Doorway : Doorways: Ventilator : Doorway : Doorways: Posts: Doorways: Wall repairs: Fireplaces : continued Single E.-W. beam. In middle E. wall, 26” w. In S. wall: (a) 12” from SE. corner and 5’ above floor offset, 12” w. x 12” h., blocked to form recess 7” d.; (b) 12” from SW. corner and 5’ 11” above floor, 9” w. x 14”h. (a) Blocked N. door 8’ from NW. corner and 12” above floor, 27” w. x 4’ 4” h.; (b) in E. wall 37” from NE. corner, 15” above floor, 21” w. x 38” h. x 26” across sill. Earlier floor at depth of 6”; at depth of 9”, a roughly laid stone pavement. 3 primary N.-S. beams, average 9” dia. W. wall 3’ 4” from SW. corner, 26” w. x 25” across sill. (a) N. wall 9'9” from NW. corner, 21” above floor, 28” w. x 37” h., lower 18” blocked; (b) in W. wall 2’ 10” from SW. corner, 22” above floor, 25” w. x 36” h. (see E. door, Room 36). In S. wall 21” from SW. corner and 6’ above floor, 7” w. x 13” h., blocked. Blocked N. door, 9’11” from NW. corner, 22” above floor offset, 25” w. Unexcavated. (a) Blocked E. door, 7’ from SE. corner and 15” above floor (to top broken wall), 28” w. x 4’ h.; (b) in W. wall, 27” from SW. corner, 94” above floor, 27” w. x 3/11” h. x 26” across sill. Against W. wall under beams. (a) N. door 5’3” from NE. corner and 27” above floor, 3’ 8” w. at sill, 34” w. at top x 4'9" h, lower 3'7” blocked; (b) E. door 5’ 3” from SE. corner, 18” above floor, 29” w. x 3/11” h., lower 31” blocked; (c) blocked S. door 7’10” from SW. corner, 20” above floor, 27” w. x 4/9" h. (see N. door, Room 36); (d) blocked W. door 5’ 10” from SW. corner, 12” above floor, 38” w. x 3'7” h. Two areas show ancient repairs, W. wall at beam height: (a) 3’9” and (b) 7’6” from SW. corner. (a) Semicircular, adobe lined, 5’5” from SW. corner, 13” w. x 19” E.-W. x 8" d.,, (Continued ) 204 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 40 40B 41 Ceiling: Post hole: Doorway: Doorways: Wall niche(?): Fireplace: Mealing bins: continued underlies S. wall 4”; (b) adobe lined, 4” from N. wall and 6” from E., 28” E.-W. x 30” x 6” d. In SE. corner 6” from E. wall and 25” from S., an irregular clay-lined de- pression, 38” x 39” E.-W. x 10” d., slightly burned and ash filled. Four large N.-S. beams, one of them against W. wall to support ends of 29 overlying ceil- ing poles, socketed in E. wall only. Clay lined, 8” dia. x 16” d., 23” from E. wall and 4’ 6” from N. Blocked W. door 6’ 4” from SW. corner, sill at floor offset, is 25” w. for lower 19” at which point N. jamb has 5” offset, increasing width to 30”; a second offset, 4” w., occurs in N. jamb 28” above sill; total height, 3’ 6” to top broken wall. (a) Blocked N. door 5’8” from NW. cor- ner, 12” above floor, 26” w. at sill, 23” w. at top, x 4’ h.; (b) open door, N. wall 3’ 11” from NE. corner, 30” above floor, 23” w. x 5’ h. (to top broken wall), has 4 built-in steps leading to roof of Kiva J. At level of second step, 2'3” above sill, both jambs were torn out and replaced with new masonry; (c) door in E. wall 8’1” from SE. corner, 18” above floor, 25” w. x 3’ 3” h. x 28” across sill, lower 28” blocked; (d) in S. wall 9’7” from SW. corner and 4” above floor, 29” w. x 4’ 4" h., lower 27” blocked; (e) in W. wall, 5’ 2” from SW. corner, 8” above floor, 28” w. x 4’1”" h. x 29” across sill, blocked to height of 6”, recessed 3” and then roughly blocked 18” higher. Coarsely blocked opening, N. wall, 9’ 2” from NE. corner and 31” above floor, 3’ 9” w. x 28” h. to lintel poles. 18” dia., 38” from E. wall and 4’ 4” from N., shallow, clay lined, and slightly burned. Stripped foundation trench, 19” w. x 6’ 3” E.-W. x 5” d., W. end 37” from N. wall of room, E. end 3'5” from N. and 5’ from E. wall. Adjoining E. end of trench, slabs on edge form clay-lined basin, 13” w., filled with ash and charcoal; at W. end of trench, slabs (Continued ) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 205 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 41 41B 42 43 44 Doorways: Doorways: Ceiling : Subfloor : Doorways: Ceiling : continued on edge project 5” above floor to form bin 16” w. x 23” E.-W. x 6” d., slab on E. side projects 12” and extends 10” to N. (a) N. wall 10'3” from NW. corner, 10” above floor offset, 26” w.; (b) in S. wall 9g’ 10” from SW. corner, 21” above floor offset, 25” w. (see N. door, Room 37 B). Unexcavated. (a) E. wall 7’ from NE. corner, 17” above floor, 27” w. x 4’ 8” h. x 28” across sill, lower 14” blocked; stone on edge in floor forms step, 15” w. x 10” h. x 34” d.; (b) door in W. wall, 4'7” from SW. corner, 14” above floor, 25” w. x 3'9” h., lower 15” blocked to provide new sill 29” above floor with plas- tered secondary jambs set in 9” from wall face reducing door width to 14”; (c) sec- ond W. door, flush with N. wall and 21” above floor, 25” w. x 29” h. to lintels; sec- ondary jambs and new lintels reduced door to 16" wexi22 hh. 2 pairs E.-W. primary beams, 10-11” dia. with overlying poles, split cedar, etc. Posts, 5-6” dia., stood next walls under both ends of S. beam in N. pair, under E. end of S. beam in S. pair. Earlier, less even floor at depth of 3”. (a) In E. wall 17” from NE. corner and 35” above floor, 26” w. x 35” h. to lintels at level of ceiling poles. In NE. corner, block of masonry 38” w. x 3/11” N.-S. has 3 steps on W. side leading to sill; their average rise and tread are 10” and 11” respectively; a 4th step lies below floor level. From sill of door 5 built-in steps lead to roof of Kiva F. (b) In W. wall 7’ from SW. corner, sill at floor level, 27” w. x 30” h., lower 14” blocked from Room 43 forming recess 10” d. in 44 (see E, door, Room 43). Largely intact. 2 E.-W. beams, average 114” dia., plus secondary logs, layer of split cedar, 4” of adobe, then cedar bark, and 3” of adobe as floor of Room 44B. Posts, 8” dia., next walls under both ends of N. beam and under E. end of S. beam stand on slabs 4’ 4” below floor. (Continued ) 206 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 44 Hatchway : Painting: Wall niche: Fireplace: Floors: 44B Doorways: 45 46 Ceiling: Hatchway: continued In ceiling, 22” from S. wall and 5” from E., 12 we 7) EW On N. wall, white drawing of sandal, 73” 1. x 32” w., for right foot, notch on side. In N. wall 63” from NW. corner and 3! 11” above floor, 6” w. x 24” h. x 44” d., plas- tered; bottom corners rounded, upper corners squared. Slab-lined 9’ 4” from SW. corner of room and 10'6” from SE. corner, 20” w. x 22” E.-W. x 7” d. (a) At depth of 18” (17” at W. end), un- even floor. On it, in SE. corner, unplastered masonry bin 45” w. x 47” E.-W. x 17” d, filled with sand and debris of reconstruction. Semicircular end of ventilator duct from Room 47 subfloor kiva 5’ 4” from NW. cor- ner. Slab-lined fireplace 32” dia. x 13” d. is 21” from E. wall and 32” from masonry bin. Bottom step of NE. masonry stairway on this floor. (b) At additional depth of 154” a sec- ond subfloor, probably the original, overlain by debris of occupation and sand. From this floor to ceiling beams is 7’ 104”. (a) Blocked N. door 5’ 4” from NW. corner at floor level, 27” w. x 28” across sill; (b) E. wall 7’ 2” from SE. corner at floor level, 26” w. x 27” across sill, lower 6” blocked and recessed 8”; (c) in S. wall, blocked T-shaped door 5'10” from SW. corner, sill 15” above floor, lower portion is 20” w. x 13” h.; off- sets of 12” on W. jamb and 8” on E.; upper part 3/4” w. x 15” h. to top broken wall. Unexcavated. Reclaimed portion of room sacrificed to Kiva E. A single 10”’-dia. E.-W. beam; 13 ceiling poles of which only 5 are tenoned in N. wall; on poles, a layer of split cedar. Purposeful fill on original floor 8’ 1” below beam leaves 3/8” clearance. Posts against walls under beam ends stand on slabs 44” below original floor. In SE. corner against S. wall, 24” from E., 19” w. x 24” N.-S. (Continued) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 207 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— continued Room 46B Doorways: (a) Blocked T-shaped door in E. wall, sill at floor level, abutted by N. wall; S. jamb of lower section 12” from NE. corner is 3’ h.; from 114”-w. offset S. jamb of upper part rises 18” to broken top of wall. (b) Blocked W. door 24” above floor, S. jamb 18” from NW. corner, also abutted by built-in N. wall. 47 Part of former dwelling that made way for Kiva E and was filled ceiling high. 47B Doorways: (a) Blocked E. door 29” from SE. corner, 11” above floor offset, 19” w.; (b) in S. wall, blocked door 5’ 8” from SW. corner, 24” w. x 30” h.; (c) in W. wall, blocked T-shaped door flush with NW. corner; lower part 6” above floor offset, 15” w. x 30” h.; from 10” w. offset upper part is 20” h. Floor : Two masonry-enclosed N.-S. beams as former wall support rest upon floor offset 3’ 5” from SW. corner and 3'8” from NW. corner. Beams adzed on top; floor sunken 5” on E. side, 10” on W. Fireplaces : (a) Against blocked S. door, 10” E.-W. x 12” x 9” d., partly slab lined and plastered, contained 2 stone firedogs; (b) 3/6” from NE. corner, 14” E.-W. x 19” x 4” d., slab floored and clay lined; (c) probable hearth 5’ from E. wall and 37” from S., 23” dia. eS GL. Bin: Abutting NW. corner, 17” E.-W. x 22” x 9” d.; E. and S. sides of plastered masonry. Ash filled but unburned. 48 Unexcavated. 49 Unexcavated. 50 Unexcavated. 5I Doorways: (a) N. wall 4’8” from NW. corner, 25” above floor, 25” w. x 38” h. lower 12” blocked; (b) E. door 6’ 8” from SE. corner, 16” above floor, 28” w. x 4'7” h., lower 28” blocked; (c) E. wall 10” from SE. corner and 30” above floor, recessed door connecting with Room 52B is 26” w. x 6’ 7” h. x 23” across sill; has 11 small lintel poles, those on W. at ceiling-pole height and those on E. side 6” higher. Below sill, 10” (Continued) 208 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 5I 51B 52 52B 53 54 55 Ventilator : Wall niche: Fireplace: Doorway: Repository : Doorways: Timber: Doorways: Ventilator : Recess: Subfloors: Doorways: continued from S. wall, is platform step 31” N.-S. x 35” x 10” h. (d) Door in W. wall 5’ 8” from SW. corner and 17” above floor is 26” w. x ato? th: In E. wall 7’ 4” from SE. corner and 8’ 2’ above floor, 15” w. x 17” h., blocked. In W. wall 8” from SW. corner and 3' 4” above floor, 12” w. x 1534” h. x 74" d 35” from E. wall and 6’ from N., 14” E.-W. x 26” x 14” d., lined and floored with slabs. Probable E. door, 37” from SE. corner. In NW. corner at junction of 4 walls, two beams supporting S. wall of Room 53B ex- tend 6” east of corner. Built in upon their extended ends is a semicircular bit of ma- sonry 14” |. x 10” h., open to E. and partly covered by an inverted, broken metate. Unexcavated. (a) Blocked E. door 38” from SE. corner and 8” above floor, 29” w. In floor at SW. corner, a masonry-lined vestibule 24” N.-S. x 21” x 27” d., connects with door leading down to Room 51 A. Roughly hewn cedar timber 12” w. x 29” I. x 7" th., one end half buried in floor 7” W. of E. door. Unexcavated. (a) Blocked N. door 5’1” from NW. cor- ner, 15” above floor, 26” w. x 38” h.; (b) in E. wall 34” from SE. corner, 14” above floor, 29” w. x 3/6” h., lower 14” blocked; sec- ondary lintels with 2” masonry fill above; (c) in S. wall 5’ from SW. corner and 25” above floor (see N. door, Room 51); (d) in W. wall 33” from SW. corner, 9” above floor, 28” w. x 3'7” h., lower 12” blocked. In W. wall 25” from NW. corner, 5’ 5” above floor, 114” w. x 8” h. Blocked FECESS W. wall, uy 1” from SW. corner, 35” above floor, 12” w. x 31” h. Earlier floors at depths of 14” and 44”. In E. wall: (a) 5'1” from NE. corner, 24” above floor, 20” w. x 31” h. x 27” across sill, with secondary jambs to support a door slab; (b) blocked E. door 11'2” from NE. cor- (Continued) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 209 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS — Room 55 55B 56 Wall drawings: Floor depressions: Mealing bins: Subfloor : Doorway: Doorways: continued ner, 3'3” above floor, 23” w. x 34” to top broken wall; (c) another blocked E. door, 4 7” from SE, corner, 3” above floor, 28” w. x 46" h., reduced to 19” w. x 3'5” h. by sec- ondary jambs and 13” of masonry on old sill then wholly blocked and plastered over; (d) open E. door 16” from SE. corner and 35” above floor, 22” w. x 38” h., with two built-in steps; (e) in W. wall 9’ 4” from SW. corner, 3” above floor, 28” w. x 5’ h., lower 18” blocked (see E. door, Room 54). On S. wall plaster, 2 human figures and 3 left hands drawn with white chalk. Against S. wall, 3'6” from SW. corner, 18” E.-W. x 38” x 5” d., clay lined with upright slab on S. half of E. side; 2” N. of this depression is a second, 14” E.-W., 4’5” x 4” d., slab lined and floored; N. half is 12” w. and not slab lined Parallelling E. side of room at 19”, 4! from S. wall; over-all width 36” x 12’8” N.-S. Room floor higher on E. side; metate seat- ings, 23” w., slope down from floor level 5” to edge of meal trench. Latter is 13” w. x 6” d., its bottom 3” below lower edge of metate seatings. Trench lined and floored with slab fragments bedded in mud; S. end closed by tabular metate on edge 27” I. and standing 7” above room floor. Embedded in trench floor at N. end is dressed pine plank 5” w. x 25” 1. x 4” th. All framing and most of flooring slabs removed when bins were dis- mantled. Earlier floor 5” below; on it a trench 11” w. x 34” d. crosses N. end of room and is floored with a single plank 104” w. x 12’ 1. x 1” th. N. wall 5’8” from NE. corner, sill at floor level, 21” w. x 38” h. (to top broken wall), lower 6” blocked leaving an 8”’-deep recess, then blocked an additional 9” leaving an 11”- deep recess, then blocked to broken top of wall, (a) Blocked E. door 15” from SE. corner has wooden sill 53” above floor, 18” w. x 30” h.; (b) in W. wall 16” from SW. cor- (Continued ) 210 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— Room 56 57 58 60 61 62 63 64 Post: Doorway: Doorways: Subfloor : Fireplace: Posthole: Doorways: Doorway: Fireplace: Slab: Subfloor : Doorways: continued ; ner, 24” w. x 22” h. (see door, SE. corner Room 55). 21” from NE. corner and 4” from N. wall is 3’-dia. post, present height 16”. In W. wall 17” from SW. corner and 6” above floor, 15” w. x 27” h., blocked to form 7"-deep recess (see E. door, Room 56). An apparently open room built, like 56 and 57, on fill following construction of Kiva H. (a) Blocked T-shaped door in E. wall 12” above floor; lower section, 4'7” from SE. corner, is 26” w. x 33” h.; upper part 41” w. xizo? Jh: In SE. corner, earlier floor at depth of 4’ 10”. Open work space. Against W. wall 30” from SW. corner, oval, 12” E.-W. x 23” x 8” d. In open space 11’ 8” N. of Room 60 and 28” from W. wall is a slab-lined fireplace, 12” square by 7” d. Open work space. In SW. corner 8” from S. wall and 7” from W., 4” dia., x 10” d. (a) In E. wall blocked T-shaped door 30” above floor, lower section 14” from SE. cor- ner is 21” w. x 28” h.; jambs of upper por- tion, 24” h., are offset 9” on S. and 6” on N. Lower part provided with lintels and blocked to leave 12”-deep recess in which, against N. jamb and 13” above sill, is an opening 6” w. x 5” h.; upper part recessed an addi- tional 64”, blocked and plastered. (b) In S. wall 5'3” from SE. corner (see N. door, Room 40). Blocked E. door 13’ 3” from NE. corner and 21” above floor, 27” w. Masonry lined and floored with clay, 23” from E. wall and 6’9” from S., 30” N.-S. >a i AGES aire ac Set on edge in floor 12’ 8” from N. wall and 26” from E., sandstone slab 15” E.-W. ex- tends 7” above floor and 12” below. Earlier floor at depth of 16”. (a) Blocked E. door 3’ from NE. corner and 18” above floor, 21” w. x 3'4” h.; (b) blocked W. door is 4'6” from NW. corner and 21” above floor, 17” w. x 29” h. (Continued ) NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 211 TABLE OF ROOM FIXTURES AND FITTINGS— concluded Room 64 Recess: In W. wall against SW. corner 3’ 10” above floor, wall recess 15” w. x 54” h. at S. and 3%” h. at N. x 10” d., with slab sill protrud- mig i. 65 Doorway: Blocked E. door (see W. door, Room 64). Recess : In E. wall 4’ from NE. corner and 4’ 4” above floor, 7” w. x 9” h., neatly blocked and plastered over. Does not show in Room 64. Subfloor : Earlier floor at depth of 4”. APPENDIX D PARTIAL ‘LIST OF WALL) REPAIRS AT “PUEBLO: DEE ARROYO MADE BY THE NATIONAL GEOGRAPHIC SOCIETY’S PUEBLO BONITO EXPEDITION By HENRY B. ROBERTS Room Description oA N. wall: Replaced lintels N. door, repaired upper jambs and 3 sq. ft. above; 6-sq.ft. patch 15 ft. from NE. corner. S. door: Replaced 2 lintels, repaired upper W. jamb and 1 ft. above, also sill and 10 inches below. W. door into Room 8: Replaced lintels, repaired jambs and 1 ft. above. 9B-I Outer S. side: Ventilator jambs; minor patches at floor level, re- placed door lintels and surrounding 20 sq. ft. above Room 5. 9B-II_ E. wall: Rebuilt part of wall on new supporting beams. Outer S. side: 3-sq.-ft. patch in middle and repairs at floor level above Rooms 3-4. 10B N. floor offset, entire length: Placed new beams under E. wall and rebuilt upper 2 ft. S. door: Repaired as T-shaped, with outside patching about door and at floor level above Room 6-7. 1B N. floor offset and 35 sq. ft. above door: Replaced 2 beams supporting E. wall and rebuilt 3 ft above. Outer S. side: 3-sq.-ft. patch at W. end and rebuilt top 2 ft. of wall. 1z2A N. wall: Patched recent hole broken through upper W. end. B E. wall: 2-sq.-ft. patch. 18B W. side: 30 sq. ft. along and below floor offset; beam reset. G W. side: Along floor offset for 10 ft. —B Unnumbered room next N. of 18, E. door: Upper jambs and 3 lintels. W. door: Small patch on S. jamb. C N. wall: 3-sq.-ft. patch; floor offset and 12 sq. ft. above. 1I9B Middle S. wall: 6-sq.-ft. patch; 2 beam holes repaired. (G S. door: Sill, E. jamb, lintels and 3 sq. ft. above. Minor repairs along floor offset. 23B N. door: Upper jambs, lintels, and 5 sq. ft. above to third story floor offset. 26B W. door: Jambs, lintels, and 4 sq. ft. above. 27B W. door: Floor offset to sill, both jambs repaired, 5 new lintels, and 6 sq. ft. above. S. door: New lintels and upper 6 inches of jambs. 28B W. wall: 2 sq. ft. at middle of floor offset; new door lintels and patch above. c W. wall: 6-sq.-ft. patch floor level to door sill. (Continued) 212 NO. I PUEBLO DEL ARROYO, NEW MEXICO—JUDD 213 PARTIAL LIST OF WALL REPAIRS—concluded E. door: N. jamb, upper half S. jamb, lintels, and 9 sq. ft. above. W. door: Lower jambs, sill, 4-sq.-ft. patch above. W. door: Upper S. jamb, 1 new lintel pole. E. door: Repaired about lintels, new sill, lower jambs. N. wall: 16-sq.-ft. patch. S. wall: Patches around ventilators, beam holes, and along floor offset. W. door: New sill, lower jambs repaired; 16-sq.-ft. patch S. of door. W. wall: Upper 3 ft. rebuilt. W. wall: Beam holes repaired. W. wall: Floor offset and 36-sq.-ft. patch above. E. wall: Minor patches along floor offset, rebuilt 2 ft. of wall above offset. W. door: Minor patches on jambs. E. door: Jambs and stairs repaired. S. wall: Patched recent hole broken near W. end. W. wall: 9-sq.-ft. patch, ceiling poles reset. W. wall: 16 sq. ft. repaired, beams reset. W. wall: 2 ft. rebuilt; new lintels over opening into Room 51. E. half of wall built up about 3 ft. N. side: New wall facing to and above Kivas H and I. S. side: New ventilator lintels and various patches, second and third stories. Refaced outer E. wall of unnumbered NE. corner room, S. wing, second story and part of third. 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Su A ey, Supt eae RUC NC i oar ee eee ta BAS Aare ts § (4: re ae Wb wii) Croat ae iy ye ME Lh ROME i tea MAT MAE. WARN ate: SN a ri ASSN Yul, ay Osi Ne Hath: uma! Gaal A yen e dy) re as ar Bae Tutt SIMA NNR UL Smee ats Seach a 4) ms af f ete Rage" PEA 2 ray me be iy TAA Palio Mas heh 8 gad Sa ¥ ‘eg me fit Ri, buy Ui ME . ‘ om My Pe NRE TAM Ph Sahil, : . . Hic Ae I Mealy ; 4 a an a ve Ay (i i ‘] ae" 4D ay . D Me eae ‘ 1% ss a Seah ia ih we ria Whe ais ee eer ee Tk i ean Mba ea ich fn TRE Ca Tue Le re moma iL ni we ib A, mE ATION wait fy! | SARE Nh NN Nea I RAUL Ren ate de Al Dieting INDEX Abalone shell fragments, 61 Abraders, 15, 29, 116, 128, 136, 137; pl. 40 Adobe, 48, 129 Alkali Ridge, Utah, 135, 167, 174 Allen, Glover M., 127 Altar piece (?), 131 Alterations, 5, 10, II, 13, 15, 25, 28, 31, 32, 34, 36, 37, 41, 43, 44, 50, 65, 68, 69, 70, 72, 77, 82, 84, 86 American Philosophical Society, v Amsden, Monroe, iv, 118, 119, 145, 148, 149, 152, 164, 165 Antelope bones, 62 Antler implements, 23, 24, 133, 134; pls. 37, 38 Apocynum fiber, 9, 123, 124 Architecture, 6, III, 172, 175 Chaco-like, 168, 170, 174 Argillite blade, 138 Arrow fragment, 130 Arrowheads, 21, 29, 104, 118, 138; pl. 4o Arrows, 130 “Arrowshaft smoothers,” 136 Awls, 11, 16, 29, 104, 106, 118, 132; pl. 37 Axes, 15, 21, 20, 42, 81, 136, 137, 141; pl. 41 Aztec Ruin, 20, 106, 123, 133, 134, I5I, 169, 173 pottery, 169, 173 Azurite pellets, 13 Baake, William, iv Badger skull, 81 “Bad Lands,” Escavada Wash, 135 Balcony, 53 Bark (See Cedar bark) Bartlett, Katharine, 136, 163 Basket Makers, 57, 139 Basketry, 128 Baskets, 18, 128, 162, 163 bifurcated, effigies of, 23, 128, 162, 163; Pp. 35 Beads, 8, 31, 40, 62, 124 Beams, 5, 13, 14, 15, 24, 25, 26, 30, 32, 35, 36, 37, 40, 43, 53, 54, 55, 56, 64, 65, 82, 128 posts under, 19, 24, 25, 30, 32, 35, 36, 39, 51, 98, 129 reused, 5, 36, 40, 56, 68, 86, 92, 176 Bear effigy, 162 Beaver tooth, 29 Bins on floor, 26, 32, 38, 100 Blades, 24, 25, 137, 138, 139 Blankets, 123, 124, 126 “Boards,” 10, 19, 27, 44, 47, 69, 129 Bobcat, 74 Bone “beads,” 118, 134 Bone implements, 29, 49, 104, 106, 118, 119, 131-134; pl. 37 Bones, animal, 29, 35, 42, 62, 64, 74, 81, 126, 127; pl. 12 bird, 35, 62, 64, 81, 118, 123, 126, 132 human, 18, 19, 21, 27, 29, 30, 105, 108 (See also under Skeletons.) Bowls, 18, 23, 24, 27, 35, 105, 147, 149- 153, 161, 166, 167, 175; pls. 22, 23, 24, 25, 54 fragments, I5I1 152, 161, 162, 164; pls. 20, 21 Bows, fragments, 19, 130 Brew, J. O., 135, 167 Bryan, Kirk, 3, 120 Building waste, 10, 21, 32, 36, 37, 38, 43, 49, 50, 65, 74, 77, 79, 80, 82, 86, 92, 98, 108, 109, 110 Bull roarer, 133; pl. 37 Bunzel, Ruth, 146 Bureau of American Ethnology, 3 Buttresses, 4, 10, 24, 65, 70, 96, 98, 103 Cockleburs, 125 Calcite, 125 Canteens, 24, 48, 156; pl. 28 Canyon walnut, 35 Carravahal, 1, 2 Cedar bark, 14, 17, 19, 31, 48, 61, 116, 129, 131 215 216 Cedar block, 43 Cedar objects, 130, 131 Cedar shakes, 14, 19, 40, 61, 62, 98, 116, 128, 129 Ceiling poles, 9, 14, 19, 22, 26, 32, 65, 128 Ceilings, 8, 9, 14, 16, 17, 18, 31, 36, 40, 50, 98, 101, 120, 131, 141, 150, 159; pls. 5, 7, 8 Chacoan bowl, 149; pl. 24 Chaco arroyo, 2. (See Jackson’s “old arroyo.” ) prehistoric, 3, 120, 172 “Chaco Black on White” pottery, 170 Chaco Canyon, I, 2, 3 Chaco Canyon ruins: Bes1, 95, 170 Chettro Kettle, 1, 170 Hungo Pavie, I, 53 Leyit Kin, 169 Pueblo Pintado, 1, 2 seh Son 170,071 Una Vida, 1 Wijegi, 1 Chaco-like architecture, 168, 170, 174 Chaco-San Juan type organic paint, 174, 175 Chaco sherds, 113, 175 Chalcedony, 137, 138 Chama bead fragment, 62 Chert, 31, 49, 104 Chips, chert, flint, obsidian, 31, 49 sandstone, 101 turquoise, 10, 62, 125 Cistern, modern, 122 Clay objects, 11, 21, 117, 143, 144; pl. 40 Claystone, 124 Clothing, 11, 123 Clubhead, 42, 134, 141 Cobblestones, 23, 24 Colton, Harold S., 147, 167 Cooking pots. (See Culinary ware.) Copper bell, 24, 86, 125 Copper sheet, 125 Cord, yucca, 9, 19, 123, 127, 131 Corncobs, 49, 86, 125 Corrugated-coil pottery. Pottery.) Cotton cloth, 11, 123 (See under SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Coyote bones, 64, 105, 126, 127 Culinary wares, 159-161; pls. 32, 33, 34. (See also under Pottery.) Cupboard. (See Wall niche.) Cushing, Frank H., 142 Daggers (?), 106, 132 Dice, bone, 134 Digging stick, oak, 129 Dipper handle, reworked, 11 Discoidal sherds, 104, 164 Discoidal stone, 26, 104, 139; pl. 40 Dogbane fiber, 123, 124 Dog bones, 18, 64, 74, 81, 126, 127; pl. 12 Doonan, Ed, 4 Doorjamb, 9, 28, 33, 41, 53, 54 Doors, sealed, 7, 8, 9, II, 15, 17, 22, 24, 25, 28, 30, 31, 33, 35, 36, 38, 41, 44, 47, 52, 53, 54, 100, 101 lack of, 25, 48, 114 secondary jambs, 31, 44, 52, 76, 100 secondary lintels, 8, 21, 31, 52 T-shaped, 9, 13, 17, 35; 36, 37, 47; 52, 53, 79 Door slab, 10, 21, 44, 49, 100, 140; pl. 4 Dooryard, 66, 88, 91 Douglass, E. A., iii, 65 Drills, 138 Dutton, Bertha, 107, 169 Effigies, 119, 128, 142, 143, 144, 162, 163 Elk antler implement, 42, 134; pls. 37, 38 “Feather box,” 18, 161 Feathers, 13, 127, 161 Feldspar, 148 Fewkes, J. W., 20, 109, 143 Figurines, 11, 142, 143, 144, 162; pl. 36 “Files,” sandstone, 89, 137 Fire, evidence of, 9, 21, 22, 24, 20, 60, 66, 119, 176 Firedogs, 38, 51, 81, 112, 114, 207 Fireplace, 9, II, 13, 15, 16, 17, 21, 26, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 47, 48, 49, 66, 72, 100; pls. 9, 46, 49, 51 Fireplace screens, 100, 131; pls. 7, 19, 46, 51 Fish, 35, 127, 128, 132 NOW Fixtures and fittings, Appendix C, 193- 211 Flakers, 104, 133 Flakes, 13, 15, 18, 31, 49, 104, 138 Flint, 13, 18, 31, 49, 104, 128, 129, 130, 132, 135 Floor basins, 9, 13, 28, 38, 45 Floor plan, 38, 46, 86 Floors, 9, I1, 13, 14,'15, 17, 19, 20, 25, 26, 32, 36, 37, 50, 51, 98, 100, 128, 129 Foodstuffs, 35, 123, 125, 127 Footgear, 142 Friedmann, Herbert, iv Fruits, native, 123 Galena, 125 Gar, Rio Grande, 35, 127, 128 Gladwin, Harold S., 166, 170 Grasses, native, 125 Great Kiva, 57, 102, 112 Gregg, Josiah, 2 Griffin, Gus, 4 Ground plan, fig. 2 (opp. p. 6) Ground squirrels, 125 Guernsey, S. J., 144 Hair, human, 9 Hammers, 138 Hammerstones, 15, 31, 42, 134, 135 Hargrave, L. L., 167 Hatchway, 17, 18, 32, 36, 100; pl. 6 Havens, O. C., iv Hawley, Florence M., 170 Hayden Surveys, 2 Hearth. (See Fireplace.) Hematite cylinder, 116, 141 Henderson, E. P., iv, 140 Hibben, F. C., 107 Hodge, F. W., 134 Hoes, 138, 139 Holmes, W. H., 100, 111 Holmes’s triple-walled tower, 111, 112 Holsinger, S. J., 7, 54, 120, 122 Hopi, 16, 20, 52, 106, 126, 138, 139, 163 Household rubbish, 8, 10, 11, 18, 21, 24, 25, 27, 33, 34, 35, 38, 42, 40, 80, 86, 92, 103, 104, 123, 149, 150, 151 Human-effigy vessels, 119 Huntington, Ellsworth, 120, 122 INDEX 7, Hyde Exploring Expeditions, 3, 4, 120, 122) 172; photographs, 122, 172; pl. 53 Implements, bone, 106, 118, 132-134; pl. 37 stone, 26, 106, 134-141; pl. 41 wood, 130; pl. 38 Indian corn, 125 Indian dog, 127 Interior, Department of the, iii Jack rabbit bones, 74, 126, 134 Jackson; W.. \H.,) 2,3) .53, 54, O1;' Foo, III, 120 Jackson’s “Old Arroyo,” 2, 102, 110, 120, 121, 122; pls. 2, 44, 53 Jackson’s plan of Pueblo del Arroyo, 121 Jar covers, 10, 21, 20, 42, 139; pl. 4o Jars, 21, 22, 23, 64, 1660; 167,:175)3;pls. 20, 29, 30, 31, 32 Jar stopper, 21, 143; pl. 40 Jeancon, J. A., 168, 174 Johnson, David H., iv Judd, Anne M., iv Juniper objects, 144 Kaolin, 11, 35, 43, 124, 140; pl. 36 Kern, R. H., 1 Kidder, A. V., 50, 92, IIT, \330;°135, 144, 155, 165, 166, 169, 170, 174, 175 Kivas, 57-95, 102-104, 112-117; pls. Io, 17, 18, 19, 44, 45, 49, 50 benches, 39, 59, 60, 62, 64, 68, 70, 72, 74, 76, 77, 79, 84, 85, 87, 88, 2,102), 103, TE2) LIA arr ceilings, 39, 61, 77, 82, 89, 92, 103 Chaco-like, 141 Chaco type, 27, 39, 59, 90, OI, 93, 175 deflectors, 66, 73, 76, 90, 100, 114 fireplaces, 27, 59, 73, 76, 79, 81, 86, 87, 90, 103, I12, 114; pls. 9, 46, 49, 51 pilasters, 30, 60, 61, 66, 68, 70, 72, 74, 75, 87, 80, 90, 93 razed, 25, 27, 33, 36, 40, 43, 47, 68, 69, 70, 73, 80, OI, 93, 112, I14, 116 218 Kivas— Continued. shale (slate), use of, 60, 93 sipapu, lack of, 59, 93, 103 Small-house type, 58, 59, 89, 92 vaults, 62, 73, 87, OI, 115, 116; pl. 50 ventilators, 27, 50, 62, 66, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 79, 80, 85, 87, 90, 91, 0293, 05,103, 192): 113) T14 6172; pls. 19, 46, 49, 50, 51 Knives, 89, 104, 129, 130, 137; pl. 40 Lancaster, J. A., 135, 168 La Plata Valley, 93, 155, 168, 169, 173, 174, 175 “Lap stones,” 21, 42 Lead ore, 10 Ledges. (See Walls, offsets.) Leyit Kin village, 107, 169 Lignite, 104, 124 Limestone, 20, 138 Lintel poles, 8, 15, 30, 31, 33, 41, 128 Lintels, 8, 52, 54, 120, 195-1908 “Lion” head, 143 Littlehales, Bates, iv Long, M. C., collection, 142 Lowry Ruin, 167, 169 Macaw bones, 35, 126, 127 MacEwen, Harold E., iv Maize, 125 Mammal skin, tanned, 9, 13, 123, 124 Manolike stone, 105 Manos, 15, 25, 26, 42, 114, 135, 136, 143 Martin, Paul S., 92, 93, 167, 160 Martinez, Maria and Julian, 152 Masonry, 6, II, 17, 37, 41, 42, 48, 50, 64, 69, 82, 96, 98, 118, 129, 172 Matting, 18, 20, 142 Mauls, 119, 141 McEImo Tower, 6, 68, 99, 109, 110, III, TU2ZTI4, 1G, 117; 165,173,175 >. pls. 44, 51 McGregor, J. C., 142 Mealing bins, 28, 44, 45, 100 Mera, H. P., 169 Mesa Fachada, 1 Mesa Verde, 50, 112, 135, 155, 161, 165, 167, 174 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Metates, 13, 21, 25, 31, 107, 135; pl. 4 Chaco type, 106, 136 non-Chaco, 21, 100, 106, 113, 135 slab used as, 10, 21, 86 tabular, 26, 27, 29, 42, 44, 49, 114, 135, 136, 143 thick, 42, 135, 143 unfinished, 21 Metate seatings, 44, 45, 51, 106, 107, 209 Metcalf, Henry, 131 Metcalf, James K., 131 Mica, 143 Milling stone. (See Metates.) Mindeleff, V., 3, 16, 30, 40, 52, 54, 58 photographs, 3; pl. 15 Mop, rabbit skin, 40 Morris, Earl H., 20, 93, 106, 112, 131, 133, 134, 136, 151, 154, 155, 160, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175 Mortars, 125; pl. 41 Morton, C. V., iv Mountain-lion effigy, 143 Mountain sheep horn hoes, 139 Mountain sheep skull, 42 Mule deer bones, 62, 126, 132 Museum of Comparative Zoology, 127 Museum of Northern Arizona, 142 National Geographic Society, iii, v, 3, 4, 53 Navaho workmen, iv Non-Chaco type masonry, 172 O’Bryan, Deric, 5, 135, 136, 168, 169 Obsidian, 24, 25, 31, 49, 80, 137 Olivella beads, 61, 62, 124 Ollas, pl. 31 Ornaments, 124, 137. (See also under Beads, Bone, Turquoise, Shell.) Osage orange wood, 130 P. I remains, 45, 154, 155, 170 P. I-II type metate, 44, 45, 106 P. II remains, 93, 153, 160, 165, 167, 168, 170, 174, 175, 176 P. II-III peoples, 106, 139 P. TIT remains, 93, 111;°133}) 155, 160; 165, 167, 168, 170, 172, 174, 175 Painted stone tablet, 20 Painted wood, 131 NO. I INDEX Paint mortars, 23, 139, 140; pl. 41 Paint palettes, stones used as, 13, 20, 21, 31, 104, 136, 139, I4I Paints, 20, 21, 23, 31, 49, 104, 136, 139, 140. Parrot skeleton, 35 Parsons, Elsie C., 58, 126, 130, 143 Paste, 157 “Pavement,” stone, 27, 28 Pecos pueblo, 134 Pendants, 29, 61, 62, 106, 124, 125 Pepper, G, H., 107, 128, 134, 136, 152, 156 Perlite fragment, 64 Pestles, 141 Pilasters. (See under Kivas.) Pine, 9, 19, 31, 44, 47, 129 Pinkley, Jean M., 168 “Pins,” 132 Pinyon nuts, 31, 35, 36, 49, 125 Pipes, 113, 117, 143 Pitchers, 27, 147, 154, 166; pls. 24, 28 Pitchstone fragment, 64 Plain-banded pottery, 145, 140, 164, 165 Planks. (See “Boards.’’) Plants, native, 125 Plaster, 25, 35, 66, 98 Polishing stone, 25 Post holes, 25, 26, 48, 51 Posts. (See Beams.) Potatoes, wild, 125 Pot rest, 9, 131 Pots, cooking. (See Culinary ware.) Potsherds. (See Sherds, under Pot- tery.) Potsherds as chinking, 101, 107 Pottery, 5, 145-176; pls. 20-35, 47, 54, 55 Bifurcated basket effigies, 23, 128, 162-163; pl. 35 Black-on-red, 85, 149, 151, 153, 164 Black-on-white : Chaco, 165, 169, 170, 173, 174, 175 “Chaco-like,” 167, 168, 160, 170, 173, 174 Chaco-San Juan, 5, 62, 74, 104, 108, 118, 145, 147, 148, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 165, 219 Pottery—C ontinued. Black-on-white—Continued. 166, 168, 171, 173, 174, 175; pl. 21 Degenerate, 146, 149, 161, 165, 175 Degenerate Transitional, 145, 146, 149, 150, 164 Early Hachure, 145, 146, 140, 175 “Escavada,” 170 “Gallup,” 170 Hachure A, 146, 147, 148, 150, 164; pl. 21 Hachure B, 146, 147, 148, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, 157, 158, 161, 164; pl. 21 Hachure C, 146, 147, 148, 165; pl. 21 Late Bonitian, 104, 108, 145 Late Hachure, 64, 116, 110, 145, 149 Mancos, 5, 93, 135, 136, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 173, 174 McElmo, 5, 93, 166, 167, 168, 169, 170, 171, 173, 175 Mesa Verde, 62, 74, 76, 118, 145, 152, 165, 166, 167, 168, 171, 173, 174, 176 “Non-Chaco,” 158, 160, 160, 173 “Old Bonitian,” 104, 119, 145, 175 proto-Mesa Verde, 147, 148, 155, 166, 171, 173, 175 “Puerco,” 170 “Red Mesa,” 170 Solid, 145, 146, 149, 150, 164, 165, 175; pl. 20 Transitional, 105, 145, 146, 147, 149, 153, 158, 164, 165, 175; pl. 20 Bowls, 149-153, 166, 167, 175; pls. 22-25, 54 bird-shaped, 23, 161 Houck, 151; pl. 54 matte paint, 35, 152 Petrified Forest (?), 153 Brown-with-polished-black- interior, 149, 150, 152, 153; pl. 25 220 Pottery—Continued. Canteens, 156; pl. 28 Classification, 145 Culinary wares, 148, 159-161, 164, 165; pls. 32-34 Corrugated-coil, 18, 23, 48, 40, 104, 105, 119, 145, 149, 152, 160, 165; pls. 32-34 Plain-banded, 145, 149, 164, 165 Cylindrical vases, 147, 156-157, 162 Effigies, 23, 119, 128, 162, 163; pl. 35 Feather box (?), 161 Jars, 154-150, 166, 167, 175; pls. 29-31 “Kiva jar,” 155, 156 Ladles, 23, 62, 153-154, 166, 167, T7515) Diss 20, 27 Miniatures, 64, 119, 163-164 Mug, 148, 166 Ollas (water jars), 157-159; pls. 30, 31 Paints, matte, 35, 152 mineral, I19, 147, 148, 150, 153-159, 161-163, 165-168, 170, 173, 175 organic, 105, 147, 148, 149, 150, ThE, 153, 154), 155, 161, 167, 168, 170, 171,173, 174, 175 Paste, 147, 148, 157, 160 Pitchers, 27, 148, 151, 154, 166; pls. 24, 28 Red ware, 23, I19, 155, 156, 157, 161; pl. 55 Sherds, 18, 27, 62, 74, 76, 104, 107, 119; pls. 20, 21 Sherd scraper, 62 Squash pots, 154-155, 157 Vases, 18, 147, 156, 157, 162; pl. 55 Worked sherds, 11, 104, 119, 164 Prairie falcon skeleton, 64, 146 Prickly-pear seeds, 35, 125 Prudden, T. M., 58, 50, 80, 166, 174 Pueblo Tf) Il, ld; GSee Pid,:10, TIT.) Pueblo Bonito, iii, iv, 1, 3-7, 57, 120, 136, 145, 146, 147, 148, 156, 165, 172, 173, 175 Pueblo Bonito Expeditions, iii SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Pueblo del Arroyo, 2; pls. 1, 2, 3 defenses, 7 investigation of, iv, 4, 7, 49, 54, 109 population, 7 size, 6, 7 vandalism, 8, 11, 17, 18, 30, 35, 54 Pumice, rhyolitic, 64 Pumpkin, 31, 35, 36, 40, 125 Punch, antler, 134; pl. 37 Quartz, 148, 157 Quill fragment, 13, 127 Rabbit bones, 132 Raven bones, 81 Red claystone pendant, 106, 124 Red ocher, 24 Red paint, 139 Red sandstone block, 137 Reed, Erik K., 167, 168, 169 Reeds, use of, 32, 48 Reeside, John B., iv, 139 Rehder, Harald A., iv Repairs, 26, 44; Appendix D, 212-213; pl. 2 Residential quarters, 8-56 Resonator, 130 Rio Grande gar, 35 Roberts, F. H. H. Jr., iv, 92, 106, 107, 118, 119, 145, 148, 149, 152, 155, 164, 165, 166, 168, 174 Roberts, Henry B., iv Partial List of Wall Repairs, Ap- pendix D, 212-213 Table of Room Dimensions, Pueblo Del Arroyo, Appendix B, 188-192 Table of Room Fixtures and Fit- tings, Appendix C, 193-211 Room dimensions, 8; Appendix B, 188- 192 Ruppert, Karl, iv, 6, 31, 33, 51, 109 Sandals, 9, 10, 119, 124, 131, 142; pl. 14 Sandal-shaped tablets, 21, 24, 131, 142; pl. 42 Sandstone block, incised, 119, 137 Sandstone concretion, 104, 106 Sandstone disks, 18, 23, 24, 27, 80, 119. (See also Jar covers.) NO. I Sandstone “files,” 89, 137 Sandstone slabs, 26, 35, 36, 42, 45, 86, 100, 103, 106, I10, 114 Sandstone tablets, 20, 23, 24, 29, II0, 119, 131, 141, 142; pl. 42 San Juan country, influence from, 4-6, 95, 96, 107, 132, 165, 166, 168, 160, 170) 172)174,.475,.170 Sargent, Edward, 4 Schulman, Albert, 111 Scrapers, bone, 16, 29, 133; pl. 37 sherd, 62, 164 stone, 138 wood, 130 Screens. (See Fireplace screens.) Seed jars. (See Squash pots, under Pottery.) Seeds, 125 Selenite, 10, 125 Setback. (See Walls, offsets.) Setzer, H. W., iv Shale (slate), 47, 51, 60, 93 Shapiro, H. L., 122 Shell ornaments, 18, 26, 31, 124, 137 Shepard, Anna O., v, 148, 156, 160, 168 Shingles. (See Cedar shakes.) Siltstone, 20, 136, 137, 139 Simpson, Lt. James H., 1, 2 Sipapu, lack of. (See under Kivas.) Skeletons, animal, 18, 31, 64, 74, 81, 127)- pl. 12 bird, 35, 64, 127, 143 human, 11,15, 16, 18, 21, 27, 70, 81, 108, 119, 123; pls. 12, 13 Slate tablet, 23, 142 Smiley, T. L., 5, 55, 56, 112, 165 Smoothing stones, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 105 Snyder, J. F., 142 Spindle shaft, 13, 19, 129 Spindlewhorl, 164 Spruce fragment, 129 Stairways, 32, 33, 52, 72, 77, 86 Steatite, 143 Stello, Pearl, iv Stephen, A. M., 126 Steps, 13, 15, 28, 29, 30, 33, 41, 44, 47, 52, 100, IOI Stevenson, Matilda Coxe, 140, 143 INDEX 221 Stone implements, 10, 26, 49, 106, 128, 134, 136, 137, 138, 139; pl. 41 Stones, building, 108, 118 milling, 45 polishing, 145 smoothing, 21, 23, 24, 25, 27, 105 Storerooms, 6, 21, 22, 30, 36, 44, 48, 51, 123, 175 Switzer, George S., iv Tablets. (See Sandstone tablets.) Tcamahia, 91, 138, 139 Test pits, 38, 43, 64, 68, 69, 70, 79, 82 Timbers, 14, 15, 19, 20, 31, 36, 65, 74, 76, 82, 87, 92, 98, 112, I19, 129 unique, 19, 129 Titiev, Mischa, 58 Tools. (See Implements.) Towers, 108, 100, III, 112, 113, 173 Tree-ring dates, 5, 6, 15, 39, 55, 56, 62, 65, 112, 152, 165, 168, 172 Trowels, 139 Turkey bones, 62, 126, 127, 132, 143 Turkey feathers, 126 Turner-Look Site, 167 Turquoise, 10, 23, 24, 20, 61, 62, 68, 125 United States National Museum, iii, iv, 127, 130, 131, 130, 140, 174 Van Cleave, P. F., 135 Ventilators, 8, 17, 25, 40, 53; pls. 10, 46, 49, 50, 51. (See also under Kivas.) Vivian, Gordon R., 111 Wall drawings, 28, 35, 43 Wall niche, 28, 35, 41, 98, 101 Wall repairs, 26, 203, 212, 213 Walls. (See Chapters II, III, IV; also Alterations, Masonry, Store- rooms.) beams under, II, 14, 15, 36, 37, 42 81 built-in braces, 8, 39, 67, 69, 70, 77, 81, 84, 98 built-in posts, 9, 42 lack of, 24, 47, 48 offsets, 14, 40, 42, 43, 51, 70 outlying, 3, I19, 120, 122, 172 partitions, 9, 10, 15, 38, 42 222 SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOL. 138 Wall supports, 37, 42 Wood ash, 100, 112, 114, 117 Walnut, canyon, 35 Woodbury, R. B:, 107, 136 Walsh, Oscar B., iv, 99 Wood objects, 13, 128-131, 135, 142; Washington, Col. John M., 1 pls. 38, 39 Watkins, William N., iv, 130 Wood tablet, 11, 142 Wetherill, Richard, 4 Wetmore, A., iv, 127 Whitewash, 36, 70, 82, 84, 140 Willow objects, 116, 130, 131; pl. 38 Zufi workmen, iv, 23, 28, 45, 107, 133, Willow screen, 10, 19, 131; pl. 7 140 Yucca fiber, 9, 19, 123, 126, 127, 129, 131, 197 RO amp LOM rons ac tl cet’ ter Coen ym : an Bat el pee me hee why 7 ie ia eh oy v vin iF aL it neh : Br 2] i : Pru A vy ty : 1a ve : : ae oan ; ' yl ir . if 7 Mr al ry Pe is at an me an \ ny ; a i a inl i i : it ih . ae Pan wh i fh We 7 4h ia ‘a a Vy 7 ip ; vi ani eater - fi ioe a, ae ” a ms ay nee peat ‘ te Vie iS ’ rr “ne i; my: 5 an 5) ies ih me oF as ‘ ie qa e nf ne i 7 ae Ae om ee) fi _ i : o i a Oe q ’ wine x 4 a oer 1? aah - | eee a ou. ; 7 : (eae vis mA uM 1A‘. : Min WY ya te : Ty / My | Le et ve je : a an iy Pare Veal PNG A ie i : ny i he i - eR et oe aN n'y, nan a - at ee a a | — | ‘J LY 7 4h i) Bar eg pies Aviritoy 7 a 7 7 any et eo Bian : n a) a >> 7 a tay or no a ne ah i uy ! a Pe . 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