Tet TT 1 Da I alt IN A AE TORT RE Sa a noe ame me te er nn aT IAT ea i : aE halite naif spon ape gpetomencbeierpe tab netes Set f Sa Se oP oe Wie Ahir es oe oe ran" bi line . SMITHSONIAN MISCELLANEOUS COLLECTIONS VOLUME 86 (WHOLE VOLUME) SMITHSONIAN METEOROLOGICAL TAX DLS [BASED ON GUYOT’S METEOROLOGICAL AND PHYSICAL TABLES] FIFTH REVISED EDITION (Corrected to January, 1931) ZRBE-INCRE SEE WO Are , =) 8° 162 oO: I5f = Dt 24” = 1.600 O7 = 047 BP ra S67 Taste 20. Time into arc. oS sn) age: ae Example: Change 8" 17™ 1°647 into arc. From the table, gh =i 120 Wis —_ 4 5, Te = PS 0.64 = 9.60 By moving the decimal point, .007 = 0.10 Taq. 5) aes, TasLe 21. Days into decimals of a year and angle. The table gives for the beginning of each day the corresponding decimal of the year to five places. Thus, at the epoch represented by the beginning of the 15th day, the decimal of the year that has elapsed since January 1.0 is computed from the fraction The corresponding value in angle 14 365.25, ls, obtained by multiplying this fraction by 360°, is given to the nearest minute. CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGLE. XXV Two additional columns serve to enter the table with the day of the month either of the common or the bissextile year as the argument, and may be used also for converting the day of the month to the day of the year, and vice versa. Example: To find the number of days and the decimal of a year between Febru- ary 12 and August 27 in a bissextile year. Aug. 27: Day of year = 240; decimal of a year = 0.65435 Feb. I2: “é ae “é — 43; ae oe ae = 0.11499 Interval in days = 197; interval in decimal of a year = 0.53936 The decimal of the year corresponding to the interval 197 days may also be taken from the table by entering with the argument 198. Taste 22. Hours, minutes and seconds into decimals of a day. TABLE 22. The tabular values are given to six decimals. Example: Convert 5" 24™ 23°4 to the decimal of a day: 52 = 09208333 24" = 016667 23° = 266 By interpolation, or by moving the decimal for 4° 0.4 = 5 01225271 Taste 23. Decimals of a day into hours, minutes and seconds. TABLE 23 Example: Convert 01225271 to hours, minutes and seconds: 0.22 day = 45 48™ + 28™ 48° = 5" 16™ 48° ©0052 ‘day =.7, 12) 4 17:28 = 720128 0.000071 day = 6:05 + 009 = 6.14 5 24 23-4 Taste 24. Minutes and seconds into decimals of an hour. TABLE 24 The tabular values are given to six decimals. Example: Convert 34™ 28°7 to decimals of an hour. 34™ = 0"566667 BO Me Ziel Sie Sie oak 0.574639 XXVi INTRODUCTION. Taste 25. Local mean time at apparent noon. This table gives the local mean time! that should be shown by a clock when the center of the sun crosses the meridian, on the Ist, 8th, 16th, and 24th days of each month. The table is useful in correcting a clock by means of a sundial or noon mark. Example: To find the correct local mean time when the sun crosses the meridian on December 15, 1891. The table gives for December 16, 11" 56™. By interpolating, it is seen that the change to December 15 would be only one-half minute; the correct clock time is therefore 4 minutes before 12 o'clock noon. TasLe 26. Sidereal time into mean solar time. Taste 27. Mean solar time into sidereal time. According to Newcomb, the length of the tropical year is 365.24220 mean solar days,” whence 365.24220 solar days = 366.24220 sidereal days. Any interval of mean time may therefore be changed into sidereal time by increasing it by its part, and any interval of sidereal time may I 365.24220 be changed into mean time by diminishing it by its part. 366.24220 Table 26 gives the quantities to be subtracted from the hours, minutes and seconds of a sidereal interval to obtain the corresponding mean time interval, and Table 27 gives the quantities to be added to the hours, min- utes and seconds of a mean time interval to obtain the corresponding side- veal interval. The correction for seconds is sensibly the same for either a sidereal or a mean time interval and is therefore given but once, thus form- ing a part of each table. Examples: Change 14” 25™ 3652 sidereal time into mean solar time. Given sidereal time 14° 257 9362 Correction for 14" ee alt Bina = — 4.10 aG.2 = — .10 #2. 20O1 = 2 eee Corresponding mean time = 14 2a olay 1 Derived from the equation of time for Washington apparent noon for the year 1899. See the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 1899, pages 377-84. 2 The length of the tropical year is not absolutely constant. The value here given is for the year 1900. Its decrease in 100 years is about 0.5s. (See the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac 1918, page xvi.) CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF WEIGHT. XXVil 2. Change 13" 37™ 2287 mean solar time into sidereal time. Given mean time = ie aie Correction for 13" =e) | 8.13 BF = + 6.08 22 = + 0.06 sou LALO ate 2 enes Corresponding sidereal time = DIM BOLE aTEO CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF WEIGHT. TABLE 28. Taste 28. Conversion of avoirdupois pounds and ounces into kilograms. The comparisons of July, 1893, made by the International Bureau of Weights and Measures between the Imperial standard pound and the “kilogram prototype”’ resulted in the relation: I pound avoirdupois = 453.592 427 7 grams. For the conversion of pounds, Table 28 gives the argument for every tenth of a pound up to 9.9, and the tabular conversion values to ten-thou- sandths of a kilogram. For the conversion of ounces, the argument is given for every tenth of an ounce up to 15.9, and the tabular values to ten-thousandths of a kilo- gram. TABLE 29. Taste 29. Conversion of kilograms into avoirdupois pounds and ounces. From the above relation between the pound and the kilogram, 1 kilogram = 2.204622 avoirdupois pounds. = 35.274 avoirdupois ounces. | The table gives the value to thousandths of a pound of every tenth of a kilogram up to 9.9; the values of tenths of a kilogram in ounces to four decimals; and the values of hundredths of a kilogram in pounds and ounces to three and two decimals respectively. Taste 30. Conversion of grains into grams. TABLES 30, 31. TaBLe 31. Conversion of grams into grains. From the above relation between the pound and the kilogram, I gram = 15.432356 grains. I grain = 0.06479892 gram. TaBLe 30 gives to ten-thousandths of a gram the value of every grain from 1 to 99, and also the conversion of tenths and hundredths of a grain for convenience in interpolating. XXVIII INTRODUCTION. TaBLe 31 gives to hundredths of a grain the value of every tenth of a gram from 0.1 to 9.9, and the value of every gram from 1 to 99. The values of hundredths and thousandths of a gram are added as an aid to interpolation. WIND TABLES. CONVERSION OF VELOCITIES. TaBLe 32. Synoptic conversion of velocities. This table, contained on a single page, converts miles per hour into meters per second, feet per second and kilometers per hour. The argument, miles per hour, is given for every half unit from 0 to 78. Tabular values are given to one decimal. For the rapid interconversion of velocities, when extreme pre- cision is not required, this table has proved of marked convenience and utility. TaBLe 33. Conversion of miles per hour into feet per second. | The argument is given for every unit up to 149 and the tabular values are given to one decimal. TaBLe 34. Conversion of feet per second into miles per hour. The argument is given for every unit up to 199 and the tabular values are given to one decimal. TaBLe 35. Conversion of meters per second into miles per hour. The argument is given for every tenth of a meter per second up to 60 meters per second, and the tabular values are given to one decimal. TaBLe 36. Conversion of miles per hour into meters per second. The argument is given for every unit up to 149, and the tabular values are given to two decimals. TaBLe 37. Conversion of meters per second into kilometers per hour. The argument is given for every tenth of a meter per second up to 60 meters per second, and the tabular values are given to one decimal. TaBLe 38. Conversion of kilometers per hour into meters per second. The argument is given for every unit up to 200, and the tabular values are given to two decimals. Tas_e 39. Scale of velocity equivalents of the so-called Beaufort scale of wind. The personal observation of the estimated force of the wind on an arbi- trary scale is a method that belongs to the simplest meteorological records and is widely practiced. Although anemometers are used at meteorological obser- vatories, the majority of observers are still dependent upon estimates based largely upon their own judgment, and so reliable can such estimates be made that for many purposes they abundantly answer the needs of meteorology as well as of climatology. A great variety of such arbitrary scales have been adopted by different Observers, but the one that has come into the most general use and received 1From Hand-Book of Meteorological Tables. By H. A. Hazen. Washington, 1888. WIND TABLES. XXix the greatest definiteness of application is the duodecimal scale introduced into the British navy by Admiral Beaufort about 1800. Table 39 is taken from the Observer’s Handbook of the Meteorological Office, London, edition of 1917, and the Marine Observer’s Handbook of Meteorology, edition of 1930. The velocity equivalents in meters per second and miles per hour are based on extensive observational data collected by Dr. G. C. Simpson and first published by the Meteorological Office in 1906. Several other sets of equivalents have been published in different countries. For a history of this subject see “ Rept. roth Meeting International Meteoro- logical Committee,” Rome, 1913, Appendix VII (London, 1914), and a paper by G. C. Simpson on “ The velocity equivalents of the Beaufort scale,’’ Pro- fessional Notes No. 44, Air Ministry, Meteorological Office, London, 1926. Simpson points out that the Beaufort scale has been used by sailors for many generations to describe the effect of the air in motion on ships and their rigging, and upon the sea. With change in the rig of ships there still remains the effect of wind upon the surface of the sea, and to this has been added the effect upon objects on land. Finally, it became desirable to interpret wind force on the Beaufort scale in terms of wind velocity as measured by the anemometer. For this purpose experiments with the anemometer both on land and on sea were made. The results showed considerable discrepancies in the velocity equivalents of winds indicated by different numbers on the Beaufort scale, but Simpson attributes these discrepancies to differences in anemometer exposures during the tests. For example, the Meteorological Office equivalents represent velocities mea- sured by an anemometer not less than ro meters above the ground level, while the Deutsche Seewarte equivalents represent velocities measured by ane- mometers as ordinarily exposed. Simpson proposed a scale of equivalents about midway between those determined by the Meteorological Office and by the Seewarte, respectively, and this compromise scale was adopted by the Commission for Synoptic Weather Information of the International Meteorological Organization at its meeting in Zurich in 1926, with the proviso that the velocity equivalents correspond on land with the wind speed at a height of approximately 6 meters above a level surface. Since, however, the International Commission for Air Navigation has taken as the surface wind that measured at a height of ro to 15 meters above the ground, it has seemed best in these tables to continue to adhere to the British Meteorological Office equivalents, which are based on the equation 7 =0.836V B®, where B is the Beaufort number representing the wind force, and V is the velocity equivalent in meters per second. The velocity equivalents adopted by the Commission for Synoptic Weather Information, referred to above, expressed in statute miles per hour, correspond very closely to the values in Table 39 expressed in nautical miles (knots) per hour. XXX INTRODUCTION. In the Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, volume xxx, No. 132, October, 1904, Prof. A. Lawrence Rotch has described an instrument for obtaining the true direction and velocity of the wind at sea aboard a moving vessel. If a line 4 5 represents the wind due to the motion of a steamer in an opposite direction, and 4 C the direction of the wind rela- tive to the vessel as shown by the drift of its smoke, then, by measuring the angle D B A that the true wind makes with the vessel—which is easily done by watching the wave crests as they approach it—we obtain the third side, B C, of the triangle. This represents, in direction and also in length, on the scale used in setting off the speed of the ship, the true direction of the wind relative to the vessel and also its true velocity. The method fails when the wind direction coincides with the ship’s course and becomes inaccurate when the angle between them is small. GRADIENT WINDS. When the motions of the atmosphere attain a state of complete equilib- rium of flow under definite systems of pressure gradients, the winds blow across the isobars at small angles of inclination depending upon the retard- ing effects of friction. At the surface of the earth friction is considerable and the angle across the isobars is often great. In the free air, however, the friction is small, and for some purposes may be disregarded entirely. Un- der an assumption of complete equilibrium of motion and frictionless flow the winds will blow exactly parallel to the isobars—that is, perpendicular to the gradient which produces and sustains the motion. Such winds are called gradient winds. The anomalous condition of flow of terrestrial winds per- pendicular to the moving force is the result of the modifications of atmospheric motions due to the deflective influence of the earth’s rotation, and to that other influence due to the inertia reaction of matter when it is constrained to move in a curved path, and commonly called centrifugal force. The equations for gradient wind motions have long been known to meteorologists from the work of Ferrel and others, and may be written in the following form: For Cyclones V= ane sin? ¢ + - asin | (1) For Anticyclones Varlosing - ome sin? 1g — AFI (2) In C. G. S. Units, V=velocity of the gradient wind in centimeters per second; r=radius of curvature of isobars in centimeters; AP=pressure gradient in dynes per square centimeter per centimeter; p= density of air in grams per cubic centimeter; »=angular velocity of the earth’s rotation WIND TABLES. XXX1 per second = = , and ¢@ = latitude. In the Northern Hemisphere the 164 winds gyrate counterclockwise in cyclones and clockwise in anticyclones. These gyrations are in the reversed direction each to each in the Southern Hemisphere. ; 3 3 A In equation (2) the values of V are imaginary for values of Ble greater pr ; Be Ne ; NIP than w?sin?¢. The equality — = w?sin?¢, or r = ———— defines and pr pw? sin? d fixes an isobar with minimum curvature in anticyciones. Winds cannot flow parallel to the isobars within this critical isobar. For this isobar the : : : : i AP gradient wind has its maximum value V, = ————_. For the same gra- pw sing dient and for an isobar with the same curvature in a cyclone the gradient velocity is V; = V, (V2 —1) =0.414 V,. When the isobars are parallel straight lines, a condition very often closely realized in nature, r= «and the gradient winds have the value given by either (1) or (2) after squaring, namely, NP i Vea s = ee = ae = — Vs pw sing 2 For practical units equation (1) becomes 5 bere: d (1) Units of pressure. mete ek ; ae eae sin? @ + Tora 07292 sin 6| (I) (Millibars) V=R AeA ents i Se 07292 sin ‘| (II) (Millimeters) 1.6946 Rpd 4 genera sin? @+ — .26252 sin 6 | (III) (Inches) V = velocities in meters per second in (I) and (II) and in miles per hour in (III). R = radius of curvature of isobar (wind path) in kilometers in (1) and (II) and in miles in (III). The gradient is to be deduced from isobars drawn for pressure inter- eve 5 : vals of 1 millibar in (1), 1 millimeter in (II) and = inch in (III); d, is the perpendicular distance between isobars (as above defined) in kilometers in (1) and (II), and in miles in (IIT). p = density of air = grams per cubic centimeter in all cases. XXXIi INTRODUCTION. Units of Also pressure. rope 18.806 ee ae (IV) eal (VII) (Millibars) Vem | eBay and Ree Ty eerere) pdsin¢ pd sin” > 0.4552 ae 590) 4 pdsing Me pd sin’ a Radius of critical curvature and velocities of gradient winds for frictionless motion in Highs and Lows. TaBLe 40.) English Measures. TABLES 40, 41. TaBLe 41. Metric Measures. These tables give the radius of curvature of the critical isobar in anti-— cyclones, computed from the equation AP. R, ae 9 s 2 ’ pw sin« d the velocity of the wind on this isobar, computed from the equation V = AP. B “pw sin ¢’ the velocity of the wind on a straight isobar, computed from the equation INP I = ———— == Ve and 2 pw sin ¢ ae the velocity of the wind in a cyclone having the same gradient as the anti- cyclone, and on an isobar having a radius of curvature equal to R,, com- puted from the equation Vi ore Table 40, English measures, gives values of R,, in miles, and of V,° High, V,, and V Low, in miles per hour. The side argument is the latitude for 10°, and at 5° intervals from 20° to 9o°, inclusive. The top argument, d, is the perpendicular distance in miles between isobars drawn for pressure : Lae: ; : intervals of — inch. For values of d one tenth as great as given in the IO heading of the table the values of R,, V. High, V,, and V Low are increased tenfold. Table 41, metric measures, gives values of R, in kilometers, and of V. High, V,, and V Low, in meters per second. The side argument is the same as in Table 4o. The top argument, d, is the perpendicular distance in kilometers between isobars drawn for pressure intervals of 1 millimeter. For values of d one tenth as great as given in the heading of the table the values of R,, V, High, V,, and V Low are increased tenfold. TEMPERATURE TABLES. XXxXiil TEMPERATURE TABLES. REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL. TaBLe 42. English Measures. TaBLe 43. Metric Measures. These tables give for different altitudes and for different uniform rates of decrease of temperature with altitude, the amount in hundredths of a degree Fahrenheit and Centigrade, which must be added to observed tem- peratures in order to reduce them to sea level. The rate of decrease of temperature with altitude varies from one region to another, and in the same region varies according to the season and the meteorological conditions; being in general greater in warm latitudes than in cold ones, greater in summer than in winter, and greater in areas of falling pressure than in areas of rising pressure. For continental plateau regions, the reduction often becomes fictitious or illusory. The use of the tables therefore requires experience and judgment in selecting the rate of decrease of temperature to be used. Much experimental work is now in progress with kites and balloons to determine average vertical gradients. It must be remembered that the tables here given are not tables giving the data as recently determined for various elevations. The tables are given in order to facilitate the reduction of temperature either upward or downward in special investigations, but the reduction is not ordinarily applied to meteorological observations. The tables, 42 and 43, are computed for rates of temperature change ranging from 1° Fahrenheit in 200 feet to 1° Fahrenheit in 900 feet, and from 1° Centigrade in 100 meters to 1° Centigrade in 500 meters; and for altitudes up to 5000 feet and 3000 meters respectively. Example, Table 42. Observed temperature at an elevation of 2,500 feet, 52°5 F. Reduction to sea level for an assumed decrease in tem- perature of 1° F. for every 300 feet, + 8:3 Temperature reduced to sea level, 60:8 F, Example, Table 43. Observed temperature at an elevation of 500 meters, 1225 1G Reduction to sea level for an assumed decrease in tempera- ture of 1° C. for every 200 meters, + 295 Temperature reduced to sea level, 15:0 C. BAROMETRICAL TABLES. REDUCTION TO A STANDARD TEMPERATURE OF OBSERVATIONS MADE WITH MERCURIAL BAROMETERS HAVING BRASS SCALES. The indicated height of the mercurial column in a barometer varies not only with changes of atmospheric pressure, but also with variations of the temperature of the mercury and of the scale. It is evident therefore that if 3 XXXIV INTRODUCTION. the height of the barometric column is to be a true relative measure of atmospheric pressure, the observed readings must be reduced to the values they would have if the mercury and scale were maintained at a constant standard temperature. This reduction is known as the reduction for tem- perature, and combines both the correction for the expansion of the mercury and that for the expansion of the scale, on the assumption that the attached thermometer gives the temperature both of the mercury and of the scale. The freezing point is universally adopted as the standard temperature of the mercury, to which all readings are to be reduced. The temperature to which the scale is reduced is the normal or standard temperature of the adopted standard of length. For English scales, which depend upon the English yard, this is 62° Fahrenheit. For metric scales, which depend upon the meter, it is 0° Centigrade. As thus reduced, observations made with English and metric barometers become perfectly comparable when con- verted by the ordinary tables of linear conversion, viz: inches to milli- meters and millimeters to inches (see Tables 9, 10), for these conversions refer to the meter at G° Centigrade and the English yard at 62° Fahrenheit. Prof. C. F. Marvin in the Monthly Weather Review for July, 1898, has pointed out the necessity of caution in conversion of metric and English barometer readings: Example: Attached thermometer, 2524 C. Barometer reading, 762.15 mm. If the temperature is converted to Fahrenheit = 77:7 and the reading to 30.006 in., the temperature correction according to table 44 would be — 0.133 inch and the reduced reading 29.873. This would be erroneous. The correct conversion is found by taking the correction corresponding to 25.4 C. and 762 mm., 1.e., — 3.15 mm., which givesa corrected reading of 759 mm., and converted into inches gives 29.882 which is the correct result. Professor Marvin further remarks that circumstances sometimes arise in which a Centigrade thermometer may be used to determine the tem- perature of an English barometer, or a Fahrenheit attached thermometer may be used with a metric scale. In all such cases the temperature must be brought into the same system of units as the observed scale reading before corrections can be applied, and the observed reading must then be cor- rected for temperature before any conversion can be made. With aneroid barometers corrections for temperature and instrumental error must be determined for each instrument. The general formula for reducing mercurial barometers with brass scales to the standard temperature is m (t —T)-—Il(t—-@) —T+mt—-T) BAROMETRICAL TABLES, XXXV in which C = Correction for temperature. B = Observed height of the barometric column. t = Temperature of the attached thermometer. T = Standard temperature of the mercury. m = Coefficient of expansion of mercury. l = Coefficient of linear expansion of brass. 6 = Standard temperature of the scale. The accepted determination of the coefficient of expansion of mercury is that given by Broch’s reduction of Regnault’s experiments, viz: m (for 1° C.) = 10 ® (181792 + 0.175¢ + 0.035116¢?). As a sufficiently accurate approximation, the intermediate value m = 0.0001818 has been adopted uniformly for all temperatures in conformity with the usage of the International Meteorological Tables. Various specimens of brass scales made of alloys of different com- position show differences in their coefficients of expansion amounting to eight and sometimes ten per cent. of the total amount. The Smithsonian Tables prepared by Prof. Guyot were computed with the average value 1 (for 1° C.) = 0.0000188; for the sake of uniformity with the International Meteorological Tables, the value Ll = 0.0000184 has been used in the present volume. For any individual scale, either value may easily be in error by four per cent. A small portion of the tables has been independently computed, but the larger part of the values have been copied from the International Meteoro- logical Tables, one inaccuracy having been found and corrected. Taste 44. Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature — English measures. For the English barometer the formula for reducing observed readings to a standard temperature becomes m (t — 32°) — 1 (¢ — 62°) Sei eer eas") in which B = Observed height of the barometer in English inches. t = Temperature of attached thermometer in degrees Fahrenheit. 3 | 0.0001818 se O.OOOIOI 0.0000184 X : ™~s I O.0000102 XXXVI INTRODUCTION. The combined reduction of the mercury to the freezing point and of the scale to 62° Fahrenheit brings the point of no correction to approxi- mately 28°5 Fahrenheit. For temperatures above 28.5 Fahrenheit, the cor- rection is subtractive, and for temperatures below 28°5 Fahrenheit, the correction is additive, as indicated by the signs (+) and (—) inserted throughout the table. The table gives the corrections for every half degree Fahrenheit from 0° to 100°. The limits of pressure are 19 and 31.6 inches, the corrections being computed for every half inch from 19 to 24 inches, and for every two- tenths of an inch from 24 to 31.6 inches. Example: Observed height of barometer = 29.143 Attached thermometer, 54.5 F. Reduction for temperature = — 0.068 Barometric reading corrected for temperature = 29.075 TABLE 45. Taste 45. Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature — Metric measures. For the metric barometer the formula for reducing observed readings to the standard temperature, 0° C., becomes (m — lt Oe) eve in which C and B are expressed in millimeters and ¢ in Centigrade degrees. m = 0.0001818; J = 0.0000184. In the table, the limits adopted for the pressure are 440 and 795 milli- meters, the intervals being 10 millimeters between 440 and 600 millimeters, and 5 millimeters between 600 and 795 millimeters. The limits adopted for the temperature are 0° and + 35.8, the inter- vals being 0:5 and 1-0 from 440 to 560 millimeters, and 0:2 from 560 to 795 millimeters. For temperatures above 0° Centigrade the correction is negative, and hence is to be subtracted from the observed readings. _ For temperatures below 0° Centigrade the correction is positive, and from o° C. down to — 20° C. the numerical values thereof, for ordinary baro- metric work, do not materially differ from the values for the correspond- ing temperatures above 0° C. Thus the correction for — 9° C. is numeri- cally the same as for + 9° C. and is taken from the table. In physical work of extreme precision, the numerical values given for positive temperatures may be used for temperatures below 0° C. by applying to them the follow- ing corrections: BAROMETRICAL TABLES. XXXVili Corrections to be applied to the tabular values of Table 45 in order to use them when the temperature of the attached thermometer is below 0° Centigrade. PRESSURE IN MILLIMETERS. Temper- Example: Observed height of barometer, 763.17™™: Temperature of the attached thermometer, — 12° C. Numerical value of the reduction for + 12° C. = 1.50 Correction for temperature below o° C. =-+ O01 Reduction for — 12° C. = + 1.51 Observed height of barometer = 763.17 Barometer corrected for temperature = 764.68 Taste 46. Reduction of the mercurial column in U-shaped manometers with brass scales to standard temperature. English measures. This is in reality an extension of Table 44 to the small differences in height of the mercurial columns as determined with a U-shaped manometer and is used especially in the calibration of instruments for upper-air investi- gations. Since the corrections are directly proportional to the observed height of the mercurial column, they have been obtained by multiplying corrections given in Table 44 by the appropriate decimal. They have been computed for each inch of pressure from I inch to 20 inches, inclusive, and for intervals of temperature of 2 degrees, from 0° to 100° Fahrenheit. XXXVIli INTRODUCTION. Example: Observed heights of the mercury in the manometer tubes (in.), +6.258 and — 4.375. Difference in height of the two columns 10.633 Attached thermometer, 72°4 F. Correction for temperature — .042 Manometer reading corrected for temperature 10.591 For temperatures above 28°5 Fahrenheit, the correction is subtractive, and for temperatures below 28°5 Fahrenheit, the correction is additive, as indicated by the signs (+) and (—) inserted throughout the table. Taste 47. Reduction of the mercurial column in U-shaped manometers with brass scales to standard temperature. Metric measures. This table is an extension of Table 45 to the small differences in height of the mercurial columns as determined with a U-shaped manometer. The values have been obtained from the corrections given in that table by the same process as those given in Table 46 were obtained from Table 44. Example: Observed heights of the mercury in the manometer tubes (mm.), +121.5 and —86.7. Difference in height of the two columns 208.2 Attached thermometer, 18°4 C. Correction for temperature — 0.6 Manometer reading corrected for temperature 207.6 For temperatures above 0° C. the correction is negative, and hence is to be subtracted from the observed readings. For negative temperatures see the explanation of Table 45. REDUCTION OF THE MERCURIAL BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY. TABLES 48, 49, 50. The mercurial barometer does not directly measure the atmospheric pressure. The latter is proportional to the weight of the mercurial column, and also to its height after certain corrections have been applied. Since the height of the barometric column is easily measured, by common consent the pressures are expressed in terms of this corrected height. The observed height of the barometer changes with the temperature of the mercury as already shown, and also with the variations in the value of gravity, as well as with the pressure. Therefore, to obtain a height that shall be a true relative measure of the atmospheric pressure, the observed height of the mercurial column must not only be reduced to what its height would be if at a standard temperature, but also to what it would be at a standard value of gravity. BAROMETRICAL TABLES. FOCI As stated on page xxii, the standard value of gravity adopted is 980.665 dynes. At the time of its adoption this value was assumed to apply for “latitude 45° and sea-level’ on the basis of the absolute determination of g at the International Bureau by Defforges, 1887-1890 (Procés-Verbaux, Comité Inter. d. Poids et Mesures, 1887, pp. 27-28, 86; 1891, p. 135). More recent determinations,’ based upon numerous measurements in all parts of the world, and assuming a certain ideal figure for the earth, give for the mean value of g at latitude 45° and sea level the value 980.621 dynes. This differs from the standard value by 0.044 dyne. Departures of this magnitude from the mean sea-level gravity of a given latitude are frequently encountered, and in some cases surpassed. They are attributed to topography and isostatic compensation, and to gravity anomalies. For example, according to Bowie,’ at Pikes Peak, Colo., the correction for topography and compensation is +0.187 dyne, while the gravity anomaly ? is +0.021 dyne, giving a total gravity departure of +0.208 dyne. Also, at Seattle, Wash., from the mean of measurements at two stations, the cor- rection for topography and compensation is —0.019 dyne* and the grav- ity anomaly is —0.093 dyne,” giving a total gravity departure of —o.112 dyne. The gravity departure at Pikes Peak is sufficient to cause the barom- eter to read 0.004 inch or 0.10 mm. low, while the departure at Seattle is sufficient to cause the barometer to read 0.003 inch or 0.09 mm. high, as compared with what the readings would have been with gravity at normal intensity for the latitudes of the respective stations. From the foregoing it is evident that the value of local gravity, gi, at the observing station must be determined before the barometer reading can be accurately reduced to standard gravity. In many cases, and espe- cially at sea, it is not practicable to measure g:. In the United States its value may frequently be determined with sufficient accuracy in the follow- ing manner: (1) Compute gy, mean gravity at sea level for the latitude of the station, from the equation ° J¢ = 978.039 (1 +0.005294 sin® ¢—0.000007 sin? 2¢), = 980.621 (I —0.002640 cos 2¢+ 0.000007 cos? 2¢$) (2) Correct gg for altitude by the equation 7 c (dynes) = —0.0003086 h (meters), or c (dynes) = —0.000094 h (feet), 1 Investigations of gravity and isostasy, by William Bowie. U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publication No. 40, 1917, p. 134. 2 Op. cit., p. 50. 3 ©p. citnp SO: A Opuactt. pss: 5 Op. cit., p. 59. 6 Bowie, op. cit., p. 134. 7 Bowie, op. cit., p. 93. al INTRODUCTION. where /: is the altitude of the station above sea level. (3) Correct gy fer gravity anomaly.! (4) Finally, gg is to be corrected for topography and isostatic com- pensation.” Example: To determine the value of local gravity, gi, at the Weather Bureau Office, Atlanta, Ga., latitude 33° 45’ N., longitude 84° 23’ W., height of barometer above sea level, 1218 feet. From Table g0, mean sea level gravity for lat- itude 33° 45/ == O70 O2Te dynes: Correction for height of barometer ( —0.000094 X 1218) =) Os mets Correction for gravity anomaly, = =!) 010235 7 Correction for topography and compensation =} O.014 = Local gravity at Weather Bureau Office, Atlanta, Ga. = 979.508 dynes. Having determined gi, the reduction of barometer readings to stan- dard gravity is easily and accurately accomplished by multiplying by the ratio gi/go, or by applying a correction to the barometer reading, other- wise corrected, derived from the expression ae With gig» the correction is to be added. In general, sufficient accuracy will be attained by computing the gravity correction for a station once for all from the equation C=B, (gi=9o) | 0 in which B, is the normal station barometer pressure, and C is expressed in the same units as Bn. TABLE 48 gives corrections to reduce barometer readings to standard grav- ity. The top argument is the barometer reading. The side argument is the difference, gi—go, for each tenth of a dyne up to 4.0 dynes. The relation is a linear function of both g:—go and B, and for barometer readings Io or 100 times greater than those given in the argument the correction may be obtained by removing the decimal point in the tabulated values one or two places, respectively, to the right. The correction obtained will be expressed in the same units as the barometer reading to be corrected. Example 1. The barometer reading corrected for temperature is 29.647 inches, and the local value of gravity is 978.08. The difference, gi—go, = —2.585. From the table, the correction for a barometer reading of 20 inches =— 0.0527 in. the correction for a barometer reading of 9 inches ='— 0.0227 ine the correction for a barometer reading of 0.65 inches =— 0.0017 in. Correction for a barometer reading of 29.65 inches =— 0.078 in. Corrected barometer reading = 29.647 in. —0.078 in. =) 205500 geal: 1JIn most cases the gravity anomaly may be obtained from Bowie’s paper, op. cit., figure IT. 2 In some cases this correction may be obtained from Bowie’s paper, op. cit., pp. 50-52, but in many cases, and especially in mountainous districts, it must be separately computed for each station. BAROMETRICAL TABLES, xli Example 2. The barometer reading reduced to 0° C. is 637.42 mm., and the local value of gravity is 981.51. The difference, gi—go=+0.845. From the table, the correction for a barometer reading of 600 mm. =+ 0.517 mm. the correction for a barometer reading of 30 mm. =+ 0.026 mm. the correction for a barometer reading of = 7 mm. =+ 0.006 mm. Correction for a barometer reading of 637.4 mm. ea 0.55 mm. Corrected barometer reading =637.42+0.55 = +637.97. mm. In the case of barometer readings made at sea, and also at some land stations, it is not practicable to determine local gravity with greater ac- curacy than it can be computed from the equations for variations with lati- tude and altitude given above. The reduction to standard gravity, accord- ingly, consists of two parts—a correction for altitude, and a correction from the computed sea-level gravity for the latitude of the station to stan- dard gravity. The first part of the correction, or the correction for altitude, may be computed once for all from the expression c= —0.0003086 h By (inetric measures), or c= —0.000094 hh B, (English measures), and is usually combined with the reduction of the barometer to sea level or to some other reference plane. The second part has heretofore consisted of a correction for the difference between the mean value of gravity for the latitude of the station and for latitude 45°; and, in accordance with the equation given above, it may be derived from the expression ( — 0.002640 cos 2 6+ 0.000007 cos? 2 6) B where ¢ is the latitude of the station, and B is the barometer reading. The value of the ratio 28° 7 — CS se a) = —o0.000045. Therefore, Jo 980.665 the expression for the gravity correction becomes ( —0.00264 cos 2 ¢+0.000007 cos” 2 ¢—0.000045) B Taste 49 (English measures) gives the corrections in thousandths of an inch for every degree of latitude and for each inch of barometric pres- sure from 19 to 30 inches, to reduce barometer readings to standard gravity, computed from the equation C = ( —0.00264 cos 2 6+ 0.000007 cos? 2 ¢—0.000045) B TaBLe 50 (metric measures) gives the same corrections in hundredths of a millimeter for each 20 millimeters barometric pressure from 520 to 780 millimeters. Example: Barometric reading (corrected for temperature) at latitude Garros, = 27.434 inches Correction to standard gravity, Table 49, = 0.043 inches Barometer reduced to standard gravity, =—=27477 IimMenes The adoption of this new value for standard gravity may require a slight correction to old barometric records in order to make the entire series of read- ings homogeneous. The amount of this correction will be the difference be- tween the gravity correction computed by these new tables and by the old tables. xlii INTRODUCTION. Example: Seattle, Wash., Lat. 47° 38’ N., Long. 122° 20’ W., height of barometer above sea level 125 feet, normal station barometer 29.89 inches. g¢ (Table go) = 980.859 dynes. Correction for height ( —0.000094 x 125) = 012 as Correction for topography and compensation == | ZOO) Ma Correction for gravity anomaly ‘rei 1 OO Bs euats Value of local gravity 980.735 dynes. Correction to reduce barometer readings to standard gravity, 980.735 — 980.665 980.665 records = 0.002 in. —0.007 in. = —0.005 in. For correcting back records of readings at sea, or at any place where the value of local gravity cannot be determined, the correction is equal to 980.599 — 980.665, _ B,= +0.002 inch. Old correction, +0.007 ; correction to old the ratio — 0.000067 6. The corrections are as follows: 980.665 Barometer reading. Correction. From 8 to 22 inches —0.OO1 in. From 23 to 32 inches — 0.002 in. From 380 to 520 mm. —0.03 mm. From 530 to 670 mm. —0.04 mm. From 680 to 820 mm. —0.05 mm. REDUCTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO SEA LEVEL. Tables 51 to 63 inclusive, “‘ Determinations of Heights by the Barometer,” may be used for reducing barometric readings to sea level, provided the mean temperature and vapor pressure of the atmosphere between the observing station and sea level are known. see. Example: (English Measures); “p. xine Barometer at upper station corrected for temperature = 22 'Gleaitie Mean temperature of air column, 6, = 35 On Latitude of station, 4, = enO| Altitude of station above mean sea level, Z, =6220it: The equation for computing the altitude Z is given on p. xlvii. This equation is simplified after justifiable approximations to the form (in English it rae) 62583.6( log 29 Sle g 29) = B eB Z oes | 0.002039(8—50°) +0.378-— + (y+) + a |, where the terms are as defined on pp. xliv to xlvi, inclusive. Calling the terms in the bracket (a), (b), (c) and (d), respectively, to compute By we have : from Table 52 with Z=6320 feet and 6=35°0 F., Z (a) =—194 from Table 54 with Z=6320 feet and average humidity, 2Z(b)='+ 16 from Table 53 with Z=6320 feet and ¢=44° 16’, ZC) = sae tO- from Table 55 with Z=6320 feet and h)»=o, ZG) ee Z[ (a) + (b) + (c) + (d)]= = —160) BAROMETRICAL TABLES. xiii Then since Z=6320 feet we have 62583.6 (10g 8 —log an = 6320+ 160= 6480. From Table 51 for 6=23.61 in., we have 62583.6 log 3 = 6420, hence 29-9 Bo 62583.6 log = 6420—6480= — 60. Referring to Table 51 for the value of: By) corresponding to this, we find By=29.966 in. See “ Example: (Metric Measures),” p. lii. Let, the barometric reading (reduced to 0° C.), B=655-7 mm., the mean temperature of the air column, P=1273 C., the mean vapor pressure of the air column, e=Oninine, the latitude, o—=a2e the altitude of the station, Z=1379) meters. The equation for computing Z is simplified to the closely approximate form (from p. 1; for metric units) 18400 (tog i —log a = 0 Z +2) Z—Z | 0.003670-+0.378-— + (y+n) + | where the terms are as defined on pp. oa Again calling the terms in the bracket (a), (b), (c) and (d), respectively, to compute By we have: trom lable 50, with Z=1379 m. and 6=1273 C., Z(@)y = 62 from Table 60, with Z=1379 m. and e=g mm., ZD) a7. from lable! 62, with Z=1379 m. and ¢=32°, ZC ee from Table 63, with Z=1379 m. and h)=0, Za). =O Z[(a)+(b)+(c)+(4@)], =74 Since Z=1379 m., we have 760 Le B 18400 (tog —log =) = 1379—74=1305. From Table 56 for B=655.7 mm., we have 18400 log 2° = 1179, hence 18400 log me = 1179—1305= — 120. 0 Referring to Table 56 for the value of By corresponding to this, we find by 772-1. tom. There are no difficulties connected with the use of these tables to reduce barometric readings to sea level, but serious difficulties are often encountered in attempting to determine @ and ¢ from observations at the elevated station only (see pp. xxxiii and Ixxi1). 1 Indicated values for latitude and gravity correction apply only to mercurial ba- rometers. For the case of aneroid barometers the 7 is omitted (see pp. xlviii and xlix). xliv INTRODUCTION. TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS, AND CONVERSIONS INVOLVING GEOPOTENTIAL. THE HYPSOMETRIC FORMULA AND ITS CONSTANTS. The fundamental formula for reducing the barometer to sea level and for determining heights by the barometer is the original formula of Laplace, amplified into the following form — I Jo—Ji ht+ho Po 1) Z=K (1400 (— +) (1-258 (: =) Po, (1) tegae) I —0.378; Jo : R ve p or, where g;, the value of local gravity is unknown, (2) Z=K (1+46) (+. )a +k cos 2 6B cos*2 6+C)(14 =) log 22 TO; 37107 R p in which h = Height of the upper station. h, = Height of the lower station. Z=h — hg. pb = Atmospheric pressure at the upper station. pb, = Atmospheric pressure at the lower station. R = Mean radius of the earth. 6 = Mean temperature of the air column between the alti- tudes h and hg. e = Mean pressure of aqueous vapor in the air column. = Mean barometric pressure of the air column. = Latitude of the stations. = Barometric constant. = Coefficient of the expansion of air. k and k’ = Constants depending on the figure of the earth. 94° — Jo. Jo Jo = Standard value of gravity = 980.665 dynes. g, = Local value of gravity. a Nene G = Constant, — the ratio The pressures ~, and p are computed from the height of the column of é ee . ; mercury at the two stations; the ratio 3 of the barometric heights may be substituted for the ratio a if B, and B are reduced to the values that would be measured at the same temperature and under the same relative value of gravity. The correction of the observed barometric heights for instrumental temperature is always separately made, but the correction for the variation of gravity with altitude is generally introduced into the formula itself. If B,, B represent the barometric heights corrected for temperature only, we have the equation B48) TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS. xlv u being a constant depending on the variation of gravity with altitude 2 uf \R = 0.0000003 }, and Po | oe Bs Zi log 3 ar log (1 +4): A UZ. 3 ; Since Zz isa very small fraction, we may write n BZ\ — pZ BLN EZ, Nap. log (1 + = qe and log (1 +42) = 2 a, M being the modulus of common logarithms. By substituting for Z its approximate value Z = K log = we have Zi K B 1 ( Ke) = 4 ] “o og I+ p M log =. With these substitutions the barometric formula becomes (1) SN rsteeege) hc Sete re LL wap) Veg Be (: + R M) log 3 0) (@) Z= K (1+ 06)/ =) x )a +kcos2¢—k' cos*2¢+C) (1+ R I ee = 0.378; wk Bo, (1 a R M) log B As a further simplification we shall put a= 0.3785, y = kcos2¢ — k’ cos?2¢+C and y= ae and write for the second form, (2), the formula — Z= KO +0) (— 3) +n (14 +25") (1 + 1) loge. Values of the constants. — The barometric constant K is a complex quantity defined by the equation A >< Bi RK B,, is the normal barometric height of Laplace, 760 mm. A is the density of mercury at the temperature of melting ice. The value adopted by the Internationa! Meteorological Committee, and which has been employed in previous editions of these tables is A = 13.5956. The xlvi INTRODUCTION. most probable value, taking into account the recently determined relation between the liter and the cubic decimeter,! is as already stated, A = 13.5951 and this value is here adopted. 6 is the density of dry air at o°C under the pressure of a column of mercury B, and under standard gravity. The value adopted by the In- ternational Bureau of Weights and Measures for air under the above con- ditions and free from CO, is 6 =0.0012928 grams per cubic centimeter.’ This is in close agreement with the value (8=0.00129278) used in pre- vious editions of these tables. For air containing 4 parts in 10000 of CO, it gives a density of 0.00129307, and for air containing 3 parts in 10000 of CO,, the proportion adopted by Hann,? it gives a density of 0.00129301. Therefore, the value adopted for the density of air containing an.average amount of CO, is 6 = 0.0012930 M (Modulus of common logarithms) = 0.4342945. These numbers give for the value of the barometric constant K = 18400 meters. For the remaining constants, the following values have been used: a = 0.00367 for 1° Centigrade. (International Bureau of Weights and Measures: Travaux et Mémoires, t. I, p. A. 54.) Y =k cos 2 — k' cos* 26 + C = 0.002640 cos 24 — 0.000007 cos? 26 + 0.000045 R = 6367324 meters. (A. R. Clarke: Geodesy, 8°, Oxford, 1880.) wKM : : Na ass ee 0.002396. (Ferrel: Report Chief Signal Officer, 1885, pt. 2, pp. 17 and 393.) TABLES 51, 52, 53, 54, 55. THE DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. TaBLes 51,52,53, 54,55. English Measures. Since a barometric determination of the height will rarely be made at a place where g; is known, the discussion which follows will be confined to the second form of the barometric formula developed in the preceding sec- tion (see page xlv). For convenience in computing heights it is arranged in the following form: Z = K (log B, — log B)| (1 + a@) (Qe) (1+ kcos2¢ — k’ cos?2¢+C) (1+7) Z+2h, (x al Par a ) 1 Comptes Rendus, Quatriéme Conférence Générale Poids et Mesures, 1907, pp. 60-61. 2 Leduc, A. La masse du litre d’air dans les conditions normales. Comite international des poids et mesures. Travaux et mémoires, T. 16, 1917. 3 Lehrbuch der Meteorologie, dritte Auflage, 1915, s. 5. TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS. xlvii in which K (log B, — log B) is an approximate value of Z and the factors in the brackets are correction factors depending respectively on the air temperature, the humidity, the variation of gravity with latitude, the variation of gravity with altitude in its effect on the weight of mercury in the barometer, and the variation of gravity with altitude in its effect on the weight of the air. With the constants already given, the formula becomes in English measures: Z (feet) = 60368! (log B, —log B) | [1+ 0.002039 (@ — 32°)] (1+ 8B) (I + 0.002640 cos 2 ¢ — 0.000007 cos?2¢ + 0.000045) (1 + a é 42 Sal In order to make the temperature correction as small as possible for average air temperatures, 50° F. will be taken as the temperature at which the correction factor is zero. This is accomplished by the following trans- formation: I + 0.002039 (@ — 32°) = [1 + 0.002039 (@ — 50°)][1 + 0.0010195 X 36°]. The second factor of this expression combines with the constant, and gives 60368 (I + 0.0010195 X 36°) = 62583.6. The first approximate value of Z is therefore 62583.6 (log B, — log B). In order further to increase the utility of the tables, we shall make a further substitution for log B, — log B, and write 62583.6 (log B,— log B) = 62583.6 (iog “39 — log =e). Taste 51 contains values of the expression 29.9 6 == 62583.6 log B for values of B varying by intervals of 0.01 inch from 12.00 inches to 30.90 inches. The first approximate value of Z is then obtained by subtracting the tabular value corresponding to B, from the tabular value corresponding to B (B and B, being the barometric readings observed and corrected for temperature at the upper and lower stations respectively). TasLe 52 gives the temperature correction Z X 0.002039 ( 8 — 50°). 1 In accordance with the relation between the meter and the foot given on p. xxiii, this constant should be 60367. (See Table 14.) xl vili INTRODUCTION. The side argument is the mean temperature of the air column (@) given for intervals of 1° from 0° to 100° F. The top argument is the approximate difference of altitude Z obtained from Table 51. For temperatures above 50° F., the correction is to be added, and for temperatures below 50° F., the correction is to be subtracted. It will be observed that the correction is a linear function of Z, and hence, for exam- ple, the value for Z = 1740 is the sum of the corrections in the columns headed 1000, 700, and 40. In general, accurate altitudes cannot be obtained unless the tempera- ture used is freed from diurnal variation. Tas_e 53 gives the correction for gravity, and for the effect of the vari- ation of gravity with altitude on the weight of the mercury. When alti- tudes are determined with aneroid barometers the second factor does not enter the formula. In this case the effect of the latitude factor can be ob-. tained by taking the difference between the tabular value for the given lati- tude and the tabular value for latitude 45° 29’. The side argument is the latitude of the station given for intervals of 2°. The top argument is the approximate difference of height Z. Taste 54 gives the correction for the average humidity of the air at different temperatures. In evaluating the humidity factor as a function of the air temperature, the tables given by Prof. Ferrel have been adopted (Meteorological researches. Partii.— Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea level. Report, U.S. Coast Survey, 1881. Appendix 10.) These tables by interpolation, and by extrapolation below 0° F., give the following values for B: For Fahrenheit temperatures, | 6 | B 0 B 6 B 6 B ea F. Es fae —20° 0.00008 LOw 0.00104 36° 0.00267 62° 0.00724 — 0 .00020 12 | .OOIII 38 .00293 64 .00762 —I2 .0003 2 14 .oo1r8 40 .003 22 66 .0o801 — 8 .00044 16 .001 26 42 .00353 68 .00839 18 .00134 44 .00386 70 .00877 — 6 0.00050 20 .0O143 46 .00421 WE .00914 — 4 .00056 22 .0O153 48 .00458 — 2 .0006 2 2 .00163 50 .004.96 76 0.00990 ° .00068 26 .OO174 2 .00534 80 .01065 | 2 .00075 28 .00187 54 .00572 84 -OI1I4I 4 .0008 2 30 .00203 56 .0oO 10 88 OL2T 6 .00089 2 .00222 58 .00648 92 .01293 | 8 .00096 34 .00243 60 .00686 96 -01369 This correction could have been incorporated with the temperature factor in Table 52, but it is given separately in order that the magnitude of the correction may be apparent, and in order that, when the actual hu- TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS. xlix midity is observed, the correction may be computed if desired, by the ex- pression e Vs (0.378 4) where e is the mean pressure of vapor in the air column, and b the mean barometric pressure. The side argument is the mean temperature of the air column, varying by intervals of 2° from — 20° F. to 96° F., except near the extremities of the table where the interval is 4°. The top argument is the approximate differ- ence of altitude Z. Taste 55 gives the correction for the variation of gravity with altitude in its effect on the weight of the air. The side argument is the approximate difference of altitude Z, and the top argument is the elevation of the lower station ho. The corrections given by Tables 53, 54, and 55 are all additive. Example: Let the barometric pressure observed, and corrected for temperature, at the upper and lower stations be, respectively, B = 23.61 and B, = 29.97. Let the mean temperature of the air column be 35° F., and the latitude 44° 16’. To determine the difference of height. Feet. Table 51, argument 23.61, gives 6420 Table 51, “i 20.07. ia = 164) Approximate difference of height (Z) = 6484 Table 52, with Z = 6484 and 6 = 35° F., gives — 198 Table 53, with Z = 6300 and ¢ = 44°, gives + 16 Table 54, with Z = 6300 and 0 = 35° F., gives + 16 Table 55, with Z = 6300 and h, =0, gives _ + 2 Final difference of height (Z) = 6320 If in this example the barometric readings be observed with aneroid barometers, the correction to be obtained from Table 53 will be simply the portion due to the latitude factor, and this will be obtained by subtracting the tabular value for 45° 29’ from that for 44°, the top argument being Z = 6300. This gives 16 — 15 =I. TABLES 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 61, 62, 63. Metric and Dynamic Measures. The barometric formula developed on page xlvi is, in metric and dyna- mic units, 4 1 INTRODUCTION. Z (meters) = 18400 (log B,—log B) Rant 0.00367 6 C.) (1+ 0.3785) (1 + 0.002640 cos 2 ¢—0.000007 cos? 2 ¢ + 0.000045) (I + 0.00239) (1 i Laine 2B) 6 367 324 The approximate value of Z (the difference of height of the upper and lower station) is given by the factor 18400 (log B, — log B). This expres- sion is computed by means of two entries of a table whose argument is the barometric pressure. In order that the two entries may result at once in an approximate value of the elevation of the upper and lower stations, a trans- formation is made, which gives the following identities: 760 760 18400 (log B, — log B) = 18400 (10g Bas log B ) Metric measures, 1013.3 _ 1, 1013.3 B og B, ) —Dynamic and 18400 (log B, — log B) = 18400 (tog measures. TaBLe 56 gives values of the expression 18400 log a for values of B varying by intervals of I mm. from 300 mm. to 779 mm. The first approxi- mate value of Z is then obtained by subtracting the tabular value corre- sponding to B, from the tabular value corresponding to B (B and B, being the barometric readings observed and reduced to 0° C. at the upper and lower stations respectively). The first entry of Table 56 with the argu- ment B gives an approximate value of the elevation of the upper station above sea level, and the second entry with the argument B, gives an ap- proximate value of the elevation of the lower station. for values of : : LOS: Tas_e 57 gives values of the expression 18400 log - 3 B varying by intervals of I mb. from 0 mb. to 1049 mb. The approximate value of Z is then obtained by subtracting the tabular value corresponding to B, from the tabular value corresponding to B (B and B, being the baro- metric readings observed and reduced to 0° C. at the upper and lower sta- tions respectively). The first entry of Table 57 with the argument B gives an approximate value of the elevation of the upper station above sea level, and the second entry with the argument B, gives an approximate value of the elevation of the lower station. Taste 58 gives the temperature correction factor, @ = 0.003679, for each tenth of a degree centigrade, from 0° C. to 50.9° C. To find the cor- rection corresponding to any mean temperature of the air column, @, mul- tiply the approximate altitude as determined from Table 56 or 57 by the value of a obtained from this table, and add the result if @ is above 0° C.; subtract, if below 0° C. TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS. li Attention is called to the fact that the formula is linear with respect to 6, and hence that the correction, for example, for 59-8 C. equals the cor- rection for 50.8 plus the correction for 9° or .186 + .033 = .2109, and is to be added. Taste 59 is an amplification of Table 58 and gives the temperature correction 0.00367 8 X Z. The side argument is the approximate difference of elevation Z and the top argument is the mean temperature of the air column. The values of Z vary by intervals of 100 m. from 100 to 4000 meters and the tempera- ture varies by intervals of 1° from 1° C. to 10° C. with additional columns for 20°, 30°, and 4o° C. This formula also is linear with respect to 6, and hence the correction, for example, for 27° equals the correction for 20° plus the correction for 7°. When the table is used for temperatures below 0° C. the tabular correction must be subtracted from, instead of added to, the approximate value of Z. Taste 60(pp. 148 and 149) gives the correction for humidity resulting e b XZ= BZ. Page 148 gives the value of 0.378 : multiplied by 10000. The side argu- from the factor 0.378 ment is the mean pressure of aqueous vapor, e, which serves to repre- sent the mean state of humidity of the air between the two stations. =1(e,+e,) (e, and e, being the vapor pressures observed at the two sta- tions) has been written at the head of the table, but the value to be as- signed to ¢ is in reality left to the observer, independently of all hypothesis. The top argument is the mean barometric pressure 7 (B + B,). The vapor pressure varies by millimeters from I to 40, and the mean barometric pressure varies by intervals of 20 mm. from 500 mm. to 760 mm. e i’ multiplied by The tabular values represent the humidity factor B, or 0.378 10000. e Page 149 gives the correction for humidity, with Z and 10000 X 0.378 j (derived from page 148) as arguments. The approximate difference of altitude is given by intervals of 100 meters from 100 to 4000 meters, with additional lines for 5000, 6000, and 7000 meters. The values of 10000 8 vary by intervals of 25 from 25 to 300. The tabular values are given in tenths of meters to facilitate and increase the accuracy of interpolation. Taste 61. Humidity correction: Value of E (eae It has been 2 \0.00367 found advantageous to express the humidity term, 6 Z, as a correction to the temperature term, a @ Z. Let aA@Z=£Z ; then, os © 208785 — @ ~ '0:00367 lii INTRODUCTION, For convenience in computing, the tabulated values of A@ are for I (0.3785 2 oe spectively, in mm. on p. 150 and in mb. on p. 151. Instead of computing A 6 from the mean of the values of B and e at the upper and lower stations it is computed for each station separately, and the sum of the two deter- minations is added to @. Tasie 62 gives the correction for gravity, and for the effect of the variation of gravity with altitude on the weight of the mercurial column. When altitudes are determined with aneroid barometers the latter factor does not enter the formula. In this case the effect of the latitude factor can be obtained by subtracting the tabular value for latitude 45° 29’ from the tabular value for the latitude in question. The side argument is the approximate difference of elevation Z varying by intervals of 100 meters from 100 to 4000, and by 500 meters from 4000 to 7000. The top argument is the latitude, varying by intervals of 5° from © to. 755" Tas.e 63 gives the correction for the variation of gravity with altitude in its effect on the weight of the air. The side argument is the same as in Table 62; the top argument is the height of the lower station, varying by intervals of 200 meters from 0 to 2000, with additional columns for 2500, 3000 and 4000 meters. The corrections given in Table 62 and Table 63 apply to the approxi- mate heights computed from metric or dynamic measures by the use of Tables 56 to 61, inclusive, and are additive. }. The side and top arguments are air and vapor pressures, re- Example: (Metric Measures.) Let the barometric reading (reduced to 0° C.) at the upper station be 655.7 mm.; at the lower station, 772.4 mm. Let the mean tempera- ture of the air column be @ =12-3 C., the mean vapor pressure e = ° g mm. and the latitude ¢ = 32. Table 56, with argument 655.7, gives 1179 meters. (ableson =. a. Teds ee — 129 - Approximate value of Z = 1308 Table 59, with Z = 1308 and 6 = 12°3 C, gives 59 Table 60, with e = 9 mm. and Z = 1370, gives 7 Table 62, with Z = 1370 and @ = 32°, gives 5 Table 63, with Z = 1370 and h, = 0, gives oO Corrected value of Z = 1379 meters. Example: (Dynamic Measures.) Let the barometer reading (reduced to 0° C.) at the upper station be 448.6 mb.; at the lower station, 1000.3 mb. Let the vapor pres- GEOPOTENTIAL: DYNAMIC HEIGHTS hii sure at the upper station be 2.4 mb.; at the lower station 7.3 mb. Let the mean temperature of the air column be 0=5°8 C. and the latitude 6=39° 25’ N. Table 57, with argument 448.6, gives 6511 meters. Table 57, with argument 1000.3, gives 104 Approximate value of Z 6407 meters. Table 61, with arguments 449 and 2.4 gives AO=0.3 Table 61, with arguments 1000 and 7.3 gives A§=0.4 Table 58, with 02=5°8+0°7=6°5, and Z=6407 gives 6407 X 0.024 = 154 Table 62 with Z=6561 and $= 39° 25’, gives 19 Table 63 with 7 =6561 and h)=0, gives 7 Corrected value of Z =6587 meters. GEOPOTENTIAL: DYNAMIC HEIGHTS. In accordance with the “ Reglement ” + of the Commission Internationale de la Haute Atmosphere adopted at the meeting held in London in April, 1925, heights in all forms and publications of the International Commission are to be measured as “‘ geopotentials ” in “‘ dynamic meters ”’ above sea level. The geopotential or gravity potential of a point is defined numerically as the value of the potential energy relative to sea level of a unit-mass situated at the point. The application of geopotential as a measure of height becomes more evident when it is seen that surfaces of equal geopotential are identical with horizontal or level surfaces, and due to the geographical variation of gravity, they are not surfaces equally distant from sea level. In this regard it may be emphasized that energy is involved in displacing a mass of air from one position to another in which the potential energy of the mass is different, whereas the displacement of air may take place along horizontal or equi- geopotential surfaces without the gain or expenditure of potential energy once the air is in a state of uniform motion. The latter statement, on the contrary, does not hold for surfaces of equal geometric height above sea level. For the purposes of dynamical meteorology, in making comparisons of vertical positions, certain advantages are derived by defining the height of points above sea level in terms of geopotential. Heights measured in this way 1A fuller account of this Réglement may be found in the Avant-Propos of the Com- mission Internationale de la Haute Atmosphére, Comptes Rendus des Jours Internation- aux 1923, published in 1927. This may be had on application to the Secretary of this Commission, c/o the Royal Meteorological Society, London. liv INTRODUCTION. are called “ dynamic heights,” after Prof. V. Bjerknes,’ and indicate relative potential energies of unit-mass. Thus, points of equal “ dynamic height” lie in horizontal or geopotential surfaces. The geopotential of a point, from the definition, is equal to the work done in lifting a unit-mass from sea level to the point, and is defined precisely by the expression ; h (1) Qr=— | gdh ° where g=acceleration of gravity and h= geometric height of the point above sea level. The dimensions of geopotential in the absolute system are /?/t?. Follow- ing the proposal of Prof. Bjerknes,' the unit of dynamic height is called the “ dynamic meter ” and has the magnitude 10 m/sec? where g is measured in m/sec?, and h in meters. The unit is chosen with this magnitude for convenience, since a change in elevation of one meter geometric height produces a change in dynamic height of approximately 98 per cent of one ‘‘ dynamic meter,” 7. e., within the range of the majority of present atmospheric observations, CALCULATION OF DYNAMIC HEIGHTS. Equation (1) may be solved by substituting in it Helmert’s * equation for the decrease of acceleration of gravity with height: (2) g= — (g ¢—0.000003086 h) where g¢ = acceleration of gravity below given point at sea level, in m/sec’. g= acceleration of gravity at point whose elevation is h above sea level. h= geometric height in meters, above sea level. The minus sign is used because gravity is directed downwards and heights are measured upwards positively. Equation (1) becomes: I (3) Ha= a where Ha=dynamic height, in dynamic meters. h | (g¢—90.000003086 hh) dh 1 The claim for the use of geopotential in measuring heights was set forth by Prof. V. Bjerknes and his collaborators in Vol. I of Dynamical Meteorology and Hydrography, published in English in 1910 by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The terms “dynamic height” and “dynamic meter” were therein proposed. *Helmert: Uber die Reduction der auf der physischen Erdoberflache beobachteten Schweerebeschleunigungen auf ein gemeinsames Niveau, Zweite Mitteilung. Sitzungsbe- richte der Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin, 1903, p. 650. GEOPOTENTIAL: DYNAMIC HEIGHTS lv Te. : : : The factor to substituted in eq. (1) to convert to units of dynamic height in dynamic meters (10 m/sec’). Integrating (3), we obtain (4) Hqa= £¢ h—1.543 x LOM? For a first approximation, we may neglect the term in h? and take Jo =9.8 m/sec’, whence (5) Hqa=0.98 h, approximately, and (6) h=1.02 Ha, approximately. Geometric heights (i) may be expressed in terms of dynamic heights (Ha) by a convenient approximate relationship. Substituting (6) in the h* term of (4) we obtain (7) yas Hat+-21.543(1.02)2- 107 - H2 I¢ I which is simplified for computation by taking 9.8062 as gg in the second term, this being the mean value at latitude 45° and sea level. Thus (7) becomes (8) h= = Ha+1.637 x 10H; approximately. @ We are indebted to Prof. V. Bjerknes and his collaborators for the above formulation, and for tables 64, 65, 67 and 68, which are copied directly from their “ Dynamical Meteorology and Hydrography.” * DESCRIPTION AND USE OF TABLES 64 TO 68 INCLUSIVE. The purpose of these tables is to convert from geometric heights to dynamic heights and vice versa. Tables 64, 65, and 66 are used to convert geometric meters to dynamic meters. Tables 66, 67, and 68 are used to convert dynamic meters to geometric meters. TaBLe 64. Heights reduced from meters to dynamic meters, the accelera- tion of gravity at sea level being 9.80. This table, computed by means of equation (4) above, makes possible the reduction of geometric heights to dynamic heights, the acceleration of gravity at sea level being 9.80 m/sec?. In this table the side argument is geo- metric height above sea level by intervals of 1000 m., and the top argument is geometric height by intervals of too m. The proportionality table at the foot of the main table makes it possible to obtain dynamic heights correspond- ing to any integral number of geometric meters from 0 to 30,000. 1 Bjerknes, V., and colleagues, Carnegie Inst, Washington, I9gIo. lvi INTRODUCTION. TaBLe 65. Corrections to Table 64 for values of the acceleration of grav- ity at sea level different from 9.80. This table is computed from a modification of equation (4) arranged to give the increments of dynamic height corresponding. to changes in gy from 9.80 m/sec®. This form is Ha=(0.980 h—1.543 x 107 h?) + Ee h the latter factor being the increment. Corrections obtained from this table are applied to values obtained from Table 64 for stations whose latitude is such that gg differs from 9.80 m/sec’. The side argument here is geometric height by intervals of 1000 m. and the top argument is gy, the acceleration of gravity at sea level. Interpolations must be made for geometric heights which are not in even km. and for values of gg which lie between the values given at the top. Tasce 66. Normal value of the acceleration of gravity at sea level. This table has been computed by means of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey Formula J¢= 9.80621 (1 —0.002640 cos 2 ¢+4-0.000007 cos? 2 $) where g= normal value of acceleration of gravity in m/sec? at latitude ¢ at sea level. and ¢= latitude in degrees. The side argument is latitude by intervals of 10°, and the top argument is latitude by unit degrees from 0 to 9. Thus the value of gg may be obtained for every degree of latitude. For stations whose latitude cannot be expressed in whole degrees, interpolations may be made for fractional parts of degrees, or reference may be made to Table go. Taste 67. Heights reduced from dynamic meters to geometric meters, the acceleration of gravity being 9.80. This table, computed by means of equation (8) converts dynamic heights to geometric heights, where gg =9.80 m/sec”. The side argument is dynamic height by intervals of 1000 dynamic meters and the top argument is dynamic height by intervals of 100 dynamic meters. A proportionality table is added as in Table 64. TasLe 68. Corrections to Table 67 for values of the acceleration of grav- ity at sea level different from 9.80. This table is computed from a modification of equation (8). The modi- fied form employed is es 10 S Loans 9.80 — 44 (8a) i (Se Hat 1.637 X 10 Hi) + eka TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS lvii Table 67 represents values obtained from the expression within the parentheses and Table 68 represents values computed from the latter factor, taking 0.98 gs as equal to 9.60 for a close approximation of the denominator. This table thus gives increments of geometric height which are applied as corrections to values obtained from Table 67 for stations whose acceleration of gravity at sea level differs from 9.80. The side argument is dynamic height by intervals of 1000 dynamic meters and the top argument is gg, accel- eration of gravity, by intervals of 0.01 m/sec.* Interpolations must be made for dynamic heights which are not in even thousands and for values of g@ lying between those given at the top. Taste 69. Difference of height corresponding to a change of 0.1 inch in the barometer—English measures. If we differentiate the barometric formula, page xlvii, we shall obtain, neglecting insensible quantities, dZ = — 26281 = ( +-0,002039(—32°) ) (1+ 8), in which B represents the mean pressure of the air column dZ. Putting dB=0.1 inch, 2628.1 dZ=— B (1 +0.002039 (432°) )(1+8). The second member, taken positively, expresses the height of a column of air in feet corresponding to a tenth of an inch in the barometer under standard gravity. Since the last factor (1+), as given on page xlviii, is a function of the temperature, the function has only two variables and admits of convenient tabulation Table 69, containing values of dZ for short intervals of the arguments B and 6, has been taken from the Report of the U. S. Coast Survey, 1881, Appendix 10,—Barometric hypsometry and reduction of the barometer to sea level, by Wm. Ferrel. The temperature argument is given for every 5° from 30° F. to 85° F., and the pressure argument for every 0.2 inch from 22.0 to 30.8 inches. This table may be used in computing small differences of altitude, and, up to a thousand feet or more, very approximate results may be obtained. 1 Due to the use of a slightly different value for the coefficient of expansion, Prof. Ferrel’s formula, upon which the table is computed, is 2628.4 dZ=—~>p (: -+ 0.002034 (@—32")) (1 ++ B). lvill INTRODUCTION. Example: Mean pressure at Augusta, October, 1891, 29.94; temperature, 60.8 F. Mean pressure at Atlanta, October, 1891, 28.97; temperature, 59°4 Mean pressure of air column B = 29.455; @ = 60.1 Entering the table with 29.455 and 60-1 as arguments, we take out 94.95 as the difference of elevation corresponding to a tenth of an inch dif- ference of pressure. Multiplying this value by the number of tenths of inches difference in the observed pressures, viz. 97, we obtain the difference of elevation 921 feet. TABLE 70. ~ Taste 70. Difference of height corresponding to a change of one millimeter in the barometer — Metric measures. This table has been computed by converting Table 69 into metric units. The temperature argument is given for every 2° from — 2° C. to + 36° C.; the pressure argument is given for 10-mm. intervals from 760 to 560 mm. TABLE 71. Tasce 71. Babinet’s formula for determining heights by the barometer. Babinet’s formula for computing differences of altitude 1 represents the formula of Laplace quite accurately for differences of altitude up to 1000 meters, and within one per cent for much greater altitudes. As it has been quite widely disseminated among travelers and engineers, and is of con- venient application, the formula is here given in English and metric meas- ures. It might seem desirable to alter the figures given by Babinet so as to conform to the newer values of the barometrical constants now adopted; but this change would increase the resulting altitudes by less than one-half of one per cent without enhancing their reliability to a corresponding degree, on account of the outstanding uncertainty of the assumed mean temperature of the air. The formula is, in English measures, vA tp +t— 64°] Bo— B. Z (feet) = 52494 [ [eae Bot B’ and in metric measures, Z (meters) = 16000 [ ae 2 (+8) se es 1000 Bot B’ in which Z is the difference of elevation between a lower and an upper station at which the barometric pressures corrected for all sources of in- strumental error are B, and B, and the observed air temperatures are ft, and ¢, respectively. For ready computation the formula is written B.— B Z-CXB Tp 1 Comptes Rendus, Paris, 1850, vol. xxx., page 309. TABLES FOR DETERMINING HEIGHTS. lix and the factor C, computed both in English and metric measures, has been kindly furnished by the late Prof. Cleveland Abbe. The argument is 1 (t+ t) given for every 5° Fahrenheit between 10° and 100° F., and for every 2° Centigrade between — 10° and 36° Centigrade. In using the table, it should be borne in mind that on account of the uncertainty in the assumed temperature, the last two figures in the value of C are uncertain, and are here given only for the sake of convenience of interpolation. Consequently one should not attach to the resulting altitudes a greater degree of confidence than is warranted by the accuracy of the temperatures and the formula. The table shows that the numerical factor changes by about one per cent of its value for every change of five degrees Fahrenheit in the mean temperature of the stratum of air between the upper and lower stations, therefore the computed difference of altitude will have an uncertainty of one per cent ‘f the assumed temperature of the air is in doubt by 5°F. With these precautions the observer may properly estimate the reliability of his altitudes whether computed by Babinet’s formula or by more elaborate tables. Example: Let the barometric pressure observed and corrected for temperature at the upper and lower stations be, respectively, B = 635 mm. and B, = 730mm. Let the temperatures be, respectively, t= rs ve, tp = 20, C. To find the approximate difference of height. ° ° With} (tp, + 4 = ae = 17:5 C., the table in metric measures gives ee Be B aa 95 ¢ — 7120. meters: pins ex The approximate difference of height = 17120 X ae = IIgI.5 meters. 5 THERMOMETRICAL MEASUREMENT OF HEIGHTS BY OBSERVATION OF THE TEMPERATURE OF THE BOILING POINT OF WATER. When water is heated in the open air, the elastic force of its vapor gradually increases, until it becomes equal to the incumbent weight of the atmosphere. Then, the pressure of the atmosphere being overcome, the steam escapes rapidly in large bubbles and the water boils. The tempera- ture at which water boils in the open air thus depends upon the weight of the atmospheric column above it, and under a less barometric pressure the water will boil at a lower temperature than under a greater pressure. Now, as the weight of the atmosphere decreases with the elevation, it is obvious that, in ascending a mountain, the higher the station where an observation is made, the lower will be the temperature of the boiling point. The difference of elevation between two places therefore can be de- lx INTRODUCTION. duced trom the temperature of boiling water observed at each station. It is only necessary to find the barometric pressures which correspond to those temperatures, and from these to compute the difference of height by the tables given herein for computing heights from barometric observations. From the above, it may be seen that the heights determined by means of the temperature of boiling water are less reliable than those deduced from barometric observations. Both derive the difference of altitude from the difference of atmospheric pressure. But the temperature of boiling water is a less accurate measurement of the atmospheric pressure than is the height of the barometer. In the present state of thermometry it would hardly be safe, indeed, to rely, in the most favorable circumstances, upon quantities so small as hundredths of a degree, even when the thermometer has been constructed with the utmost care; moreover, the quality of the glass of the instrument, the form and substance of the vessel containing the | water, the purity of the water itself, the position at which the bulb of the thermometer is placed, whether in the current of the steam or in the water, — all these circumstances cause no inconsiderable variations to take place in the indications of thermometers observed under the same atmospheric pressure. Owing to these various causes, an observation of the boiling point, differing by one-tenth of a degree from the true temperature, ought to be still admitted as a good one. Now, as the tables show, an error of one-tenth of a degree Centigrade in the temperature of boiling water would cause an error of 2 millimeters in the barometric pressure, or of from 70 to 80 feet in the final result, while with a good barometer the error of pressure will hardly ever exceed one-tenth of a miliimeter, making a difference of 3 feet in altitude. Notwithstanding these imperfections, the hypsometric thermometer is of the greatest utility to travellers and explorers in rough countries, on account of its being more conveniently transported and much less liable to accidents than the mercurial barometer. A suitable form for it, designed by Regnault (Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Tome xiv, p. 202), consists of an accurate thermometer with long degrees, subdivided into tenths. For observation the bulb is placed about 2 or 3 centimeters above the surface of the water, in the steam arising from distilled water in a cylin- drical vessel, the water being made to boil by a spirit-lamp. TABLES 72, 73. Barometric pressures at standard gravity corresponding to the temperature of boiling water. Taste 72. English Measures. Taste 73. Metric Measures. Table 72 is copied directly from Table 75. The argument is the tem- perature of boiling water for every tenth of a degree from 185°0 to 214°9 Fahrenheit. The tabular values are given to the nearest 0.001 inch. HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. lxi Table 73 is copied directly from Table 77. The argument is given for every tenth of a degree from 80-0 to 100-9 C. The tabular values are given to the nearest 0.01 mm. HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. PRESSURE OF SATURATED AQUEOUS VAPOR. In former editions of these tables the values of aqueous vapor pressures at temperatures between — 29° and 100° C. were based upon Broch’s re- duction of the classic observations of Regnault. (Travaux et Mémoires du Bureau international des Poids et Mesures, t. I, p. A 19-39). In these computations the same continuous mathematical function was employed to calculate the values of vapor pressure both above and below the point of change of state on freezing. This resulted in a systematic disagreement between observed and computed vapor pressures below the freezing point, and confirmed the inference from the laws of diffusion following from the kinetic theory of gases, namely, that the pressure of the vapor is different ac- cording as it is in contact with its liquid or its solid. Seeking to remove the uncertainty of the values of vapor pressures at temperatures below freezing, Marvin (Annual Report Chief Signal Officer, 1891, Appendix No. 10) made direct experimental determinations thereof, in the course of which the specimens of water were cooled to temperatures of from — 10° to — 12° C. while still retaining the liquid state, thus af- fording opportunity for measurements of vapor pressure over ice and over water at various temperatures below the freezing point. The results of these investigations, confirmed by similar independent studies by Juhlin, were printed in the third revised edition of these tables. Since 1907, especially, several extended series ! of entirely new deter- minations, together covering the whole range of temperature from — 70° C. to + 374° C., have been made*at the Physikalische-Technischen Reich- sanstalt. Because of the elaborate instrumental means available and the extreme effort to eliminate all possible errors these results may be presumed to represent the most accurate series of experimental values of this impor- tant physical datum available to science. Hitherto no satisfactory mathematical equation has been offered ade- quate to give computed values of vapor pressures with an order of preci- sion comparable to the systematic self consistency of the observations 1 Scheel, Karl und Heuse, Wilhelm. Bestimmung des Sattigungsdrucks von Wasser- dampf unter 0°. Annalen der Physik, 1909, 29: 723-737. Bestimmung des Sattigungsdrucks von Wasserdampf zwischen 0° und + 50°. Annalen der Physik, 1910, 31: 715-736. Holborn, L. und Henning, F. Uber das Platinthermometer und den Sattigungsdruck des Wasserdampfes zwischen 50 und 200°. Annalen der Physik, 1908, 26: 833-883. Holborn, L. und Baumann, A. Uber den Sattigungsdruck des Wasserdampfes oberhall. 200°. Annalen der Physik, 1910, 31: 945-970. Ixi1 INTRODUCTION. themselves. This is particularly the case with the more recent data over the whole range of temperature from 0° to the critical temperature at about 374° Centigrade. Two remedies have been utilized to overcome this diff- culty. First, the employment of separate equations of interpolation ad- justed to fit the observations accurately over a short range of temperature, 0° to 100° for example, as in the case of Broch’s computations. (It has al- ready been mentioned that theory requires the function for vapor pressures over ice to differ from the one for pressures over water, so that the values for ice offer no difficulty.) The second remedy sometimes employed con- sists in fitting any reasonably accurate equation as closely as possible to the observations. The differences between the observed and computed values are then charted and a smooth curve drawn by hand through the points thus located. This method has been employed notably by Henning! and others, using an empirical equation proposed by Thiesen. For the purpose of these tables Marvin has found it possible from among a multitude of equations to develop a modification of the theo- retical equation of Van der Waals which fits the whole range of observa- tions much better than any hitherto offered and with an order of preci- sion quite comparable to the data itself. In fact, the equation serves to disclose inconsistencies in the observations, more particularly between 50° and 80° C., which seem to suggest the need for further experimental de- termination of values possibly over the range between 0° and 100°. Although it is not difficult to show, as Cederberg ? has done, that the simple form of general theoretical equation for all vapors developed by Van der Waals is inadequate to represent experiments on water vapor with sufficient accuracy for practical requirements, nevertheless a somewhat simple elaboration of its single constant suffices to remove this limitation in a very satisfactory manner. The resulting equation is: (1) log e = log — [A — bX + mX?—-nX? + sx“ Clima ly T— 453. r , where X = a The quantity within the square brackets in this equation replaces a single term of the Van der Waals equation which was regarded by him as a con- stant. In Van der Waals’s original equation 7 and @ are respectively the critical pressure and temperature (absolute). In the present state of phy- sical science, and from the very nature of the data, these quantities cannot be evaluated exactly. Moreover it is unnecessary to do so for the mere pur- pose of accurately fitting a mathematical curve to the observational data, 1 Annalen der Physik, 1907, 22: 609-630. 2 Cederberg, Ivar W. Uber eine exakte Dampfdruckberechnungsmethode. Physik. Zeitschr. xv : 697, 1914; Uber die Temperaturabhangigkeit einiger physikalischen Eigen- schaften des Wassers in seinen vershiedenen Aggregatzustanden. Physik. Zeitschr. xv: 824, 1914. HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. xiii because the same result is attained by simply passing the curve through a point more accurately known and as near as may be to the critical point. This is equivalent to defining 7 and 6 by an “equation of condition.” Another “ equation of condition ” fixes the pressure at the boiling point which by definition must be 760 mm. From the considerations given on page xv computations are greatly facilitated by taking all temperatures on the approxi- mate absolute scale represented by T=273 Xt”. A careful preliminary analysis of the observational data in the vicin- ity of the critical temperature resulted in assigning values to 6 and 7m as follows : 6=643°, log. =5.1959000 It is emphasized here again that these data do not represent critical tem- perature conditions, but simply a convenient point on the pressure curve slightly below the critical temperature, the value of which is fixed with considerable accuracy by the observational data. The value of the constant A was fixed by the equation of condition, e=760 mm. when T=373 (X=—8). The remaining constants (b, m, n, s) are computed by the method of least squares. The results are as follows: A= 37472172 b= .00295944 M = .0004191398 N= .0000001829924 $= .0000000824 3516 The number of significant figures in the constants is obviously greater than the accuracy of the data justifies, but is justified to facilitate compu- tation and to secure accuracy in the interpolation of values which should themselves be as accurate as the data. Observations of the pressure of aqueous vapor over ice have not been as numerous as those over water. Among the observations which have been used in recent times for the development of formulas to express the values of vapor pressures over ice there may be mentioned those of K. Scheel and W. Heuse ? at the Physikalisch-Technischen Reichsanstalt at Charlottenburg, those of W. Nernst ? at the Physikalisch-Chemischen Institut of the University of Berlin, and those of S. Weber ® at the Physical Laboratory of the Uni- 1 Scheel,) Ke) and’ Hieuse, We, op. cit., pi ix. 2Nernst, W. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellshaft, vol. 11 no. 15, p. 313, Aug. 15, 1900. Nernst, W. Kinetische Theorie fester KOrper; Vortrage uber die kinetische Theorie der Materie und der Elektrizitat. B. G. Teubner. 3 Weber, S. Communications from the Physical Laboratory at the University of Leiden, no. 150; p. 37. , lxiv INTRODUCTION. versity of Leiden. M. Thiesen,! making use of the data of Scheel and Heuse, has developed a formula for vapor pressures over ice. This is given by the equation, (2) logio €=10810 Co + 9.632( 1 — 0.00035 ft) + where €o=4.5785 and T=273++4, the vapor pressures, e, being in millimeters and temperatures, ¢, in degrees Centigrade. For convenience in computing this equation, for metric units it may be written (3) logi9 ¢=0.66072 + Se) For English units the equation becomes 9.69193 — 0.00187289 ft, 459-44 hh e= vapor pressure in millimeters. €,= vapor pressure in inches. t=degrees Centigrade. t;= degrees Fahrenheit. (4) logio €1= 1.255888 + ( ) (t;— 32) Although the Scheel and Heuse observations extended down to —67°9 C., the pressure readings between —60° C. and that temperature were not very accurate, being discarded by Thiesen? in obtaining the constants in equation Gyr Nernst has made determinations of vapor pressure down to at least — 50° C., good agreement being found with Scheel and Heuse’s measurements. By making use of accurate determinations of the heat of vaporization of ice at o: C., and attributing the deviations of water vapor from the gas laws to the existence of double water molecules ? Nernst with the collaboration of H. Levy has found for the vapor pressure over ice the formula 2011. (5) logip c= — 7 Z +1.75 logip T—0.00210 T+6.5343, where e€=vapor pressure in mm. of mercury and T= 273.09+¢ t= degrees Centigrade. This formula has been checked by the accurate determinations of Weber the results of whose observations show good agreement with the values 1 Thiesen, M. Die Dampfspannung tiber Eis. (Mitteilung aus der Physikalisch— Technischen Reichsanstalt.) Annalen der Physik, vol. 29, p. 1057, 1900. 2 Weber, S. Loc. cit., pp. 50-52. Knudson, M, Annalen der Physik. Vierte Folge, Band 44, p. 536, 1914. HYGROMETRICAL TABLES Ixv calculated therefrom between the highest temperature at which he made observations, —22.75° C., and —96° C. Below the latter temperature the agreement does not appear so good. Comparisons between Weber’s data and the values calculated by means of Thiesen’s formula indicate that the latter formula most probably gives values which are slightly too high above — 40° C., and slightly too low below that temperature. Nernst * has also developed a more complicated formula than (5), making use of Pollitzer’s quantum-formula for the specific heat of ice. The agree- ment with Weber’s data in this case is not quite as good on the whole as in the case of equation (5), and therefore it is not given here. More recently, E. W. Washburn ? has developed a formula for the vapor pressure over ice, making use of Scheel and Heuse’s, and Weber’s observa- tional data. Tables computed on the basis of this formula have been published in the Monthly Weather Review ? and in the International Critical Tables.* Formula (5) gives slightly better agreement with the Weber data than does the last formula referred to. Further determinations are necessary to settle the question as to the most representative equation, especially within the range of temperatures between 0°C. and —20° C. Some work has been done by Holborn, Scheel, and Henning * to correct the values of Scheel and Heuse between 0° C. and — 50° C. Table 76 has been computed by means of Thiesen’s formula (3), from 0° C. to —49°5 C. inclusive, and by means of Nernst’s formula (5), from —50° C. to —70° C. inclusive. The vapor pressures in the tables here given are expressed in standard manometric units. TABLE 74. Taste 74. Pressure of aqueous vapor over ice. English measures. The pressure, computed by equation (4) above, are given to 0.00001 inch for each degree of temperature from —60° to —15°, for each half degree from —15 to +0°, and for each tenth of a degree from +0°%0 to +32°0. TABLE 75. Taste 75. Pressure of aqueous vapor over water. English measures. This table has been computed by converting Table 77 into English units. The temperature argument is given for every o°1 from 32°0 to 214-9 F, The vapor pressures are to 0.0001 inch from 32°0 to 130°9 F., and to 0.001 inch from 130°0 to 214°9 F. 1 Nernst, W. Verhandlungen der Deutschen Physikalischen Gesellshaft, vol. 12, p. 568, Toro. 2 Washburn, E. W. Monthly Weather Review, vol. 52, p. 488, 1924. 3 International Critical Tables, vol. III, p. 210, McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1928. 4Holborn, L., Scheel, K., and Henning, F. “ Warmetabellen der Physikalisch- Technischen Reichsanstalt,” Braunschweig, 1919. 5 Ixvi INTRODUCTION ; TABLE 76. TasLe 76. Pressure of aqueous vapor over ice. Metric measures. The pressures, given to the nearest 0.0001 mm., are computed by Nernst’s Formula (5), above, for each degree of temperature from —70° to —50° inclusive, and by Thiesen’s Formula (3), above, for each half degree from —49:5 to —35° inclusive, and each tenth of a degree from —36°0 to +0°0. TABLE 77. TaBLeE 77. Pressure of aqueous vapor over water. Metric measures. The pressures, computed by equation (1) above, are given for each tenth of a degree to 0.001 mm. from o%0 to 59°9, and to 0.01 mm. from 50:0 to 100°9. They are given for each degree to 0.1 mm. from 100° to 189°, and in millimeters from 190° to 374°. ; ; TABLE 78. Taste 78. Pressure of aqueous vapor over ice. Dynamic measures. The pressures given in Table 78, in millibars, have been obtained by multiplying the pressures given in Table 76, in millimeters, by 1.333224, the value of one millimeter in millibars (see page xxi1). The values are given for each tenth of a degree between — 70° C. and 0° C., inclusive. It may be noted as in the case of Table 76 that the values between temperatures —50° C. and — 70° C. inclusive have been obtained by means of the Nernst Formula for the vapor pressure over ice (equation (5), p. lxiv), whereas the values between —50° C. and 0° C. have been obtained by means of the Thiesen Formula (equation (3), p. Ixiv). Over the range of temperatures between —50° C. and —36° C., the values for tenths of degrees have been obtained by linear interpolation between whole degrees and half degrees. ‘ TABLE 79. TasLe 79. Pressure of aqueous vapor over water. Dynamic measures. Similarly, the vapor pressures in Table 79, in millibars, have been ob- tained by multiplying the pressures given in Table 77 by 1.333224, and are given for each tenth of a degree between 0° C. and 44°9 C., inclusive. TABLES 80, 81. Taste 80. Weight of a cubic foot of saturated aqueous vapor. English mea- sures. Taste 81. Weight of a cubic meter of saturated aqueous vapor. Metric measures. For many years it has been customary to assume that the specific gravity of water vapor relative to dry air is a constant whose theoretical value computed from the accurately known densities of its constituent gases is 0.6221. Direct experimental determinations of the specific volume of dry saturated steam (as yet but few observations are available at moderate temperatures) show conclusively (1) that this theoretical specific gravity is true only for saturated vapor at very low temperatures or when the vapor is in a very attenuated state of partial saturation; (2) that at increasingly higher temperatures the specific gravity is increasingly greater than 0.6221. These assertions are in accord with the values of weight per cubic foot of HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. Ixvil water vapor tabulated by Marks & Davis ' from the most recent determina- tions of the specific volume of water vapor. However, owing to the paucity of data, and its inaccuracy for the range of atmospheric temperatures and conditions, the values derived from densities given by Marks and Davis between 10° and 50° are probably too low and require revision. The basis on which this assertion is made is the generalization that the theoretical value 0.6221 is probably a minimum specific gravity towards which actual values asymptotically tend at low temperature and low relative humidity in the meteorological sense, or high super heats in the steam engineering sense. This generalization affords a very helpful “control” in harmonizing and combining experimental determinations of specific volume. It was thus employed in a recomputation, from the original experimental data on speci- fic volumes, of the accompanying table of specific gravities, d, of saturated water vapor. ie Ge) d Te (Gs) d — 60 0.6226 60 0.6273 50 0.6227 70 0.6283 40 0.6229 80 0.6296 30 0.6230 go 0.6311 20 0.6232 100 0.6329 tO) 0.6235 110 0.6351 EO 0.6238 120 ©).637'7. + 10 0.6241 130 0.6408 20 0.6246 140 0.6446 30 0.6251 150 0.6491 40 0.6257 160 0.6545 50 0.6264 170 0.6609 180 0.6687 The weight of a cubic meter of saturated vapor is given by the expression d-s e ate felt 760. 8 is the weight of a cubic meter of dry air (free from carbonic acid) at temperature 0° C., and pressure of 760 millimeters of mercury of standard density under standard gravity: 8 = 1.2928 kg. (Bureau International des Poids et Mesures: Travaux et M émotres, tel py A 54.) d is the density of aqueous vapor relative to dry air: d = 0.6221. While, as stated above, there is reason for believing that this value is too low, for atmospheric temperatures the error is less than one per cent. For practical work in meteorology and at moderate temperatures, it seems best to retain the theoretical value until the actual value has been determined 1 Marks, Lionel S., and Davis, Harvey N. Tables and diagrams of the thermal properties of saturated and superheated steam. New York, 1909. Ixvill INTRODUCTION. with greater accuracy. For all important calculations except those at low temperatures the values of d in the Table on page Ixvii should be employed. e is the pressure of saturated aqueous vapor at temperature ¢, taken from Tables 76 and 77. a is the coefficient of expansion of air for C? : a=0.003670. t is the temperature in Centigrade degrees. Whence we have W (grams) =! 1.05821 Xx z 1 +0.003670 TABLE 81 is computed from this formula and gives the weight of satu- rated vapor in grams ina cubic meter for dew-points from —7o0° to +40°9 C., the intervals from —35° to 40°9 C., being of1 C. The tabular values are given to three decimals for temperatures above —41°5, and to four decimal places for temperatures below —41?5. The weight W, of a cubic foot of saturated vapor is obtained by convert- ing the foregoing constants into English measures. The weight of a cubic foot of dry air at temperature 32° F. and at a pressure of 760 mm. or 29.921 inches is 1292.78 X 15.43235 : =I O4.OAs (3.280833) 304-94 6; (grains) = We have therefore, ; . = 8,d C4 eas , Soe aS W, (grains) = 29.921 Ta) a 11.7459 I +0.002039 (ti — 32°) The temperature ¢; is expressed in degrees Fahrenheit; the vapor pressure ¢,, expressed in inches, is obtained from Tables 74 and 75. TABLE 80 gives the weight of saturated aqueous vapor in grains per cubic foot for dew-points given to every degree from —30° to +20°, to each half degree from +20° to +70°, and for every 0°2 from 70°o0 to 119-8 F., the values being computed to the thousandth of a grain. REDUCTION OF OBSERVATIONS WITH THE PSYCHROMETER AND DETERMINATION OF RELATIVE HUMIDITY. The psychrometric formula derived by Maxwell, Stefan, August, Reg- nault and others is, in its simplest form, e=e’—AB(t-?’), in which ¢= Air temperature. t'= Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer. e= Pressure of aqueous vapor in the air. e’= Vapor pressure, saturated, at temperature ?’. B= Barometric pressure. A=A quantity which, for the same instrument and for certain conditions, is a constant, or a function depending in a small measure on ?’. 1 The latest adopted value of 5 = 1.2928 makes this factor 1.05822, and in a few cases, especially at high temperatures, increases WW” by 0.001 over the values given in Tables 81 and 8o. 2564.95 with 6 = 1.2928. 311.7461 with 6 = 1.2928. HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. Ixix All pressures are expressed in heights of mercurial column under stan- dard gravity. The important advance made since the time of Regnault consists in recognizing that the value of A differs materially according to whether the wet-bulb is in quiet or moving air. This was experimentally demonstrated by the distinguished Italian physicist, Belli, in 1830, and was well known to Espy, who always used a whirled psychrometer. The latter describes his practice as follows: ‘“‘When experimenting to ascertain the dew-point by means of the wet-bulb, I-always swung both thermometers moderately in the air, having first ascertained that a moderate movement produced the same depression as a rapid one.” The principles and methods of these two pioneers in accurate psychrom- etry have now come to be adopted in the standard practice of meteorolo- gists, and psychrometric tables are adapted to the use of a whirled or ven- tilated instrument. The factor A depends in theory upon the size and shape of the ther- mometer bulb, largeness of stem and velocity of ventilation, and different formule and tables would accordingly be required for different instruments. But by using a ventilating velocity of three meters or more per second, the differences in the results given by different instruments vanish, and the same tables can be adapted to any kind of a thermometer and to all changes of velocity above that which gives sensibly the greatest depression of the wet-bulb temperature; and with this arrangement there is no necessity to measure or estimate the velocity in each case further than to be certain that it does not fall below the assigned limit. The formula and tables here given for obtaining the vapor pressure and dew-point from observations of the whirled or ventilated psychrom- eter are those deduced by Prof. Wm. Ferrel (Annual Report Chief Signal Officer, 1886, Appendix 24) from a discussion of a large number of observations. Taking the psychrometric formula in metric units, pressures being expressed in millimeters and temperatures in centigrade degrees, Prof. Ferrel derived for A the value A =0.000656 (1 + 0.0019 ?’). In this expression for A, the factor depending on f¢’ arises from a similar term in the expression for the latent heat of water, and the theoretical value of the coefficient of ¢/ is 0.00115. Since it would require a very small change in the method of observing to cause the difference between the theoretical value and that obtained from the experiments, Prof. Ferrel adopted the theoretical coefficient 0.00115 and then recomputed the observations, ob- taining therefrom the final value A = 0.000660 (1 + 0.00115 2’). Ixx INTRODUCTION. With this value the psychrometric formula in metric measures becomes e=e’—0.000660 5 (t—t’) (1+0.001T5 #’). Expressed in English measures, the formula is e= e' —0.000367 B(t—t’) [1 +0.00064(t' — 32°) ] t’ — 32 = e’ —0,000367 B(t—t’) (: “+ 4%) 1570 in which e= Vapor pressure in inches. e’= Pressure of saturated aqueous vapor at temperature 0’. t= Temperature of the air in Fahrenheit degrees. t’= Temperature of the wet-bulb thermometer in Fahrenheit degrees B= Barometric pressure in inches. TABLE 82. TaBLe 82. eduction of Psychrometric Observations—English measures, Values of e=e' —0.000367 B(t—t') (: + i % Loy This table provides for computing the vapor pressure, e, from obser- vations of ventilated wet- and dry-bulb Fahrenheit thermometers. From the vapor pressure thus computed the dew-point and relative humidity of the atmosphere may be obtained. The tabular values of the vapor pressure, e, are computed for degree intervals of ¢’ from —20° to +110° F, Below +10° the interval for t—?#' is O° 2, and above 10° the interval is 1°. Corrections for barometric pressure. The computation has been made for B=30.0 inches, but at the bottom, and usually, also, at the top of each page of the table is given a correction, AexAB, computed for B=29.0 inches or AB=1 inch, and for the value of ?’ indicated. The correction is a linear function of AB. For atmospheric pressures less than 30.0 inches, it is to be added to the tabular values of e, while for atmospheric pressures greater than 30.0 inches it is to be subtracted. The values of e are given to 0.0001 inch for t’ less than 10°, and to 0.001 inch for ¢’ greater than 10°. Examples: 1, Given, =8423 >) 1’ =6627, and (230100) inches) With —oo-7, and ¢—?’/=17°6 as arguments, Table 82 gives for e the value 0.462 inch. On page 182, for t—t’=0°o it is seen that a vapor pres- ure of 0.462 inch corresponds to a temperature #’=t=57°, which is the saturation, or dew-point temperature for the data given. Given, 1=34°5; t'=20:4> B=22.3 inches). “With. =20:7eand t—t’=5°1 as arguments, Table 82 gives for e the value 0.104. AB =30.0—22.3=7.7, and AexAB=00018 X7:7— 0-014 Correct value of e = 6.118 inch to HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. Ixxi For ¢—t/=0°0 a vapor pressure of 0.118 inch corresponds to a tem- perature ¢t/=t=23° (see page 182), which is the saturation or dew- point temperature for the data given. Taste 83. Relative humidity—Temperature Fahrenheit. The table gives the vapor pressure corresponding to air temperatures from —30° to +120° at degree intervals (side argument) and for percen- tages of saturation at 10 per cent intervals (top argument). It is computed from the formula e=e,Xrelative humidity, where e; is the saturation vapor pressure at the given air temperature. Below a temperature of 20° the values of e are given to 0.0001 inch; above 20° they are given to 0,001 inch. Examples: 1. In dew-point example 1, above, the computed vapor pressure 1s 0.462 inch. Entering Table 83 with air temperature 84°3 as side argument, we obtain vapor pressure 0.356 inch = relative humidity 30 and 3 . mu : hae ‘“c “ go ee 0.462 inch—0.356 inch=o0.106 inch= a= 9 therefore, vapor pressure -—- 0.462 inch with t=84°3 F. SiuheS i 39 2. In dew-point example 2, above, the computed vapor pressure is 0.118 inch. Entering Table 83 with air temperature 34°5 as side argument, we obtain, vapor pressure 0.100 inch =relative humidity 50 and 2 = - “cs ce go 0.118 inch—o.100 inch=o0.018 inch= aa 9 therefore, vapor pressure a 0.118 inch with t=34°5 F. = 59 Taste 84. Reduction of Psychrometric Observations—Metric measures. Values of e=e' —0.000660 B(t—?') (1+0.00115 t’) This table provides for computing the vapor pressure from observations of ventilated wet- and dry-bulb Centigrade thermometers. From the vapor pressure thus computed the dew-point and relative humidity of the at- mosphere may be obtained. | The tabular values of the vapor pressure, e, are computed for degree intervals of ¢’ from —30° to +45° C. Below —5?o the interval for ¢—?’ is 0-1, and above —5:0 the interval is 1°, Ixxil INTRODUCTION. Corrections for barometric pressure. The computation has been made for B=760 mm. but on each page of the table is given a correction, AexAB, computed for B=660, or AP=100 mm., and for the values of t’ indicated. The correction is a linear function of AS. For atmospheric pressures less than 760 mm. it is to be added to the tabular values of e, while for atmospheric pressures greater than 760 mm. it is to be subtracted. The values of e are given to 0.001 mm. for f¢’ less than —5-o0, and to 0.01 mm. for ¢’ greater than —5°o. Example: Given, t=10:54 Ci; #=822 C, and B—740. mm: Wiathet—S-3 and t—t’=2°1 as arguments, Table 84 gives for e the value 7.15 mm. AB= 760—740 100 Corrected value of ¢ = 7.18 iim: For t—t'/=o a vapor pressure of 7.18 mm. corresponds to a tempera- ture t/=t=6°3 C., which is the saturation, or dew-point tempera- ture for the data given. =O2, AexAB—014 02 =O). i ; TABLE 85. TaBLe 85. [relative humidity—Temperature Centigrade. This table gives the vapor pressure corresponding to air temperatures from —45° C. to +55° C. at degree intervals (side argument) and for per- centage of saturation at 10 per cent intervals (top argument). It is com- puted from the same formula as Table 83, namely, e=e, X relative humidity. Below a temperature of +5°0 the values of e are given to 0.01 mm.; above 5:0 they are given to 0.1 mm. Example: In the dew-point example given above, the computed vapor pressure is 7.18 mm. Entering Table 85 with air temperature 10.4 as side ar- gument, we obtain vapor pressure 6.6 mm. =relative humidity 70 and “e 6é 60 7.18—6.6=0.58 mm. a ae therefore, vapor pressure 7 Ao ave WHE — Ord Gt — - =". 76 TABLE 66. Taste 86. ate of decrease of vapor pressure with altitude for mountain stations. From hygrometric observations made at various mountain stations on the Himalayas, Mount Ararat, Teneriffe, and the Alps, Dr. J. Hann (Lehrbuch der Meteorologie Dritte Auflage, S. 230) has deduced the fol- lowing empirical formula showing the average relation between the vapor REDUCTION OF SNOWFALL MEASUREMENTS. Ixxiil pressure €, at a lower station and e the vapor pressure at another station at an altitude / meters above it: Pash He = [Q 6320, Co This is of course an average relation for all times and places from which the actual rate of decrease of vapor pressure in any individual case may widely differ. : yet: Table 86 gives the values of the ratio a for values of h from 200 to ‘Oo 6000 meters. An additional column gives the equivalent values of h in feet. REDUCTION OF SNOWFALL MEASUREMENT. The determination of the water equivalent of snowfall has usually been made by one of two methods: (a) by dividing the depth of snow by an ar- bitrary factor ranging from 8 to 16 for snow of different degrees of com- pactness; (b) by melting the snow and measuring the depth of the resulting water. The first of these methods has always been recognized as incapable of giving reliable results, and the second, although much more accurate, is still open to objection. After extended experience in the trial of both these methods, it has been found that the most accurate and most convenient measurement is that of weighing the collected snow, and then converting the weight into depth in inches. The method is equally applicable whether the snow as it falls is caught in the gage, or a section of the fallen snow is taken by collecting it in an inverted gage. TaBLe 87. Depth of water corresponding to the weight of a cylindrical snow core, 2.0655 inches in diameter. This table is prepared for convenience in making surveys of the snow layer on the ground, particularly in the western mountain sections of the country. The weighing method is the only one found to be practicable. Present Weather Bureau practice is to take out a sample by means of a special tube, whose diameter, 2.655 inches, has been selected by reason of convenience in manipulation and simplicity in relation to the pound. Table 87 gives the depth of water in inches and hundredths corresponding to given weights. The argument is given in hundredths of a pound from 0.01 pound to 2.99 pounds. Taste 88. Depth of water corresponding to the weight of snow (or rain) col- lected in an &-inch gage. The table gives the depth to hundredths of an inch, corresponding to the weight of snow or rain collected in a gage having a circular collecting mouth 8 inches in diameter — this being the standard size of gage used throughout the United States. Ixxiv INTRODUCTION. The argument is given in hundredths of a pound from 0.01 pound to 90.99 pound. When the weight of the collected snow or rain is one pound or more, the depth corresponding to even pounds may be obtained from the equivalent of one pound given in the heading of the table. Example: The weight of the snow collected in a gage having a circular collecting mouth 8 inches in diameter is 3.48 pounds. Find the correspond- ing depth of water. A weight of 3 lbs. corresponds to a depth of water of 0.5507 X 3, equals 1.65 in. A weight of 0.48 Ibs. corresponds to a depth of water of 0.26 A 6 wee 3.48 ‘6 6 “6 66 ‘6 1.91 a TaBLe 89. Quantity of rainfall corresponding to given depths. TABLE 89. This table gives for different depths of rainfail in inches over an acre the total quantity of water expressed in cubic inches, cubic feet, gallons, and tons. (See Henry, A. J. “Quantity of Rainfall corresponding to Given Depths.’ Monthly Weather Review, 1898, 26: 408-09.) GEODEDICAE, TABEES: Taste 90. Value of apparent gravity on the earth at sea level.} TABLE 90. The value of apparent gravity on the earth at sea level is given for every twenty minutes of latitude from 5° to 86°, and for degree intervals near the equator and the poles. [t is computed to 0.001 dyne from the equa- tion ” £4 = 978.039 (1 + 0.005294 sin? ¢ — 0.000007 sin? 2 ¢) 980.621 (I — 0.002640 cos 2 @ + 0.000007 cos? 2 f) in which gy is the value of the gravity at latitude ¢. The second form of the equation is the more convenient for the com- putation. TABLE 91. TasLe 91. Relative acceleration of gravity at sea level at different latitudes. The formula adopted for the variation with latitude of apparent gravity at sea level is that of the U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, given above. &o £ 45° The table gives the values of the ratio to six decimals for every 10’ of latitude from the equator to the pole. 1 Gravity is here considered in terms of force (expressed in dynes) that is exerted on a mass of one gram rather than its numerical equivalent, acceleration (expressed in cen- timeters and seconds), for which there is no convenient expression. 2 See Bowie, William, Investigations of Gravity and Isostasy. U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey, Special Publication No. 40, 1917, page 134. GEODETICAL TABLES. Ixxv LENGTH OF A DEGREE OF THE MERIDIAN AND OF ANY PARALLEL. The dimensions of the earth used in computing lengths of the meridian and of parallels of latitude are those of Clarke’s spheroid of 1866.1 This spheroid undoubtedly represents very closely the true size and shape of the earth, and is the one to which nearly all geodetic work in the United States is now referred. The values of the constants are as follows: a, semi-major axis = 20926062 feet; log a = 7.3206875. b, semi-minor axis = 20855121 feet; log b = 7.3192127. 9 a Pa: b? OQ < 2 \o e= =— = 0.00676866 ; log e?= 7.8305030 — IO. a~ With these values for the figure of the earth, the formula for comput- ing any portion of a quadrant of the meridian is Meridional distance in feet = [5.5618284] A@ (in degrees), — [5.0269880] cos 2 ¢ sin Ag, + [2.0528] cos 4 ¢ sin 2 Ad, in which 2¢ = ¢2 + gi, Ad = o2 — G13 1, 2 =end latitudes of arc. For the length of 1 degree, the formula becomes: 1 degree of the meridian, in feet = 364609.9 — 1857.1 cos 2 ¢ + 3.94 cos4¢. The length of the parallel is given by the equation I degree of the parallel at latitude ¢, in feet = 365538.48 cos @ — 310.17 cos 3 ¢ + 0.39 cos 5¢. Taste 92. Length of one degree of the meridian at different latitudes. This gives for every degree of latitude the length of one degree of the meridian in statute miles to three decimals, in meters to one decimal, and in geographic miles to three decimals — the geographic mile being here de- fined to be one minute of arcon the equator. The values in meters are com- puted from the relation: 1 meter = 39.3700 inches. The tabular values rep- resent the length of an arc of one degree, the middle of which is situated at the corresponding latitude. For example, the length of an arc of one degree of the meridian, whose end latitudes are 29° 30’ and 30° 30’, is 68.879 statute miles. TaBLeE 93. Length of one degree of the parallel at different latitudes. This table is similar to Table 92. 1 Comparisons of Standards of Length, made at the Ordnance Survey Office, South- ampton, England, by Capt. A. R. Clarke, R. E., 1866. Ixxvi INTRODUCTION. TABLE 94. Tasce 94. Duration of sunshine at different latitudes for different values of the sun's declination. Let Z be the zenith, and NAH the hori- zon of a place in the northern hemi- sphere. P the pole; QEQ’ the celestial equator; RR’ the parallel described by the sun on any given day; S the position of the sun when its upper limb appears on the horizon; PN the latitude of the place, ¢. ST the sun’s declination, 6. PS the sun’s polar distance, 90° — 6. ZS the sun’s zenith distance, z. ZPS the hour angle of the sun from meridian, ¢. ry the mean horizontal refraction = 34’ approximately. s the mean solar semi-diameter = 16’ i z2=90 +7r+s =90° 50’ In the spherical traingle ZP.S, the hour angle ZPS may be computed from the values of the three known sides by the formula sin § (ZS + PZ — PS) sin § (ZS + PS — PZ) Sil EAsinve.: ja eaiee OS eee cos ¢ cos 6 sin 3 ZN or sin tole The hour angle ¢, converted into mean solar time and multiplied by 2 is the duration of sunshine. Table 94 has been computed for this volume by Prof. Wm. Libbey, Jr. It is a table of double entry with arguments 6 and ¢. For north latitudes northerly declination is considered positive and southerly declination as negative. The table may be used for south latitudes by considering south- erly declination as positive and northerly declination as negative. The top argument is the latitude, given for every 5° from 0° to 40°, for every 2° from 40° to 60°, and for every degree from 60° to 80°. The side argument is the sun’s declination for every 20’ from S 23° 27 to 2350277, The duration of sunshine is given in hours and minutes. To find the duration of sunshine for a given day at a place whose lati- tude is known, find the declination of the sun at mean noon for that day in the Nautical Almanac, and enter the table with the latitude and declina- tion as arguments. ! GEODETICAL TABLES. Ixxvu Example: To find the duration of sunshine, May 18, 1892, in latitude 49° 30’ North. From the Nautical Almanac, =19° 43’ N., at Greenwich apparent noon. From the table, with 6=19° 43’ N. and ¢=49° 30’, the duration of sunshine is found to be 15” 31”. Taste 95. Declination of the sun for the year 1899, at Greenwich apparent noon. This table is an auxiliary to Table 94, and gives the declination of the sun for every third day of the year 1899. These declinations may be used as approximate values for the corresponding dates of other years when the exact declination cannot readily be obtained. Thus, in the preceding ex- ample, the declination for May 18, 1892, may be taken as approximately the same as that for the same date in 1899, viz. 19° 34’. THE DURATION OF TWILIGHT. A review of the literature | indicates that from an early date astronomi- cal twilight has been considered to end in the evening and begin in the morn- ing when the true position of the sun’s center is 18° below the horizon. At this time stars of the sixth magnitude are visible near the zenith, and gen- erally there is no trace on the horizon of the twilight glow. It also appears that civil twilight ends in the evening and begins in the morning when the true position of the sun’s center is 6° below the horizon. At this time stars and planets of the first magnitude are just visible. In the evening the first purple light has just disappeared, and darkness compels the suspension of outdoor work unless artificial lighting is provided. In the morning the first purple light is beginning to be visible, and the illu- mination is sufficient for the resumption of outdoor occupations. Some confusion has arisen in the computation of tables of the duration of both astronomical and civil twilight, due to the fact that in some in- stances the time of sunrise or sunset has been considered to be that instant when the center of the sun is on the true horizon; in others, when its center appears to be on the true horizon; and in still others when the upper limb of the sun appears to coincide with the true horizon. In the United States this latter is regarded as defining the time of sunrise and sunset. In the tables here presented the duration of astronomical twilight is the interval between sunrise or sunset, according to this latter definition, and the instant the true position of the sun’s center is 18° below the horizon. Likewise, the duration of civil twilight is the interval from sunrise or sun- set to the instant the true position of the sun’s center is 6° below the hori- zon. 1 Kimball, Herbert H. “‘ Duration and Intensity of Twilight,”” Monthly Weather Review 1916, 44: 614-620. Ixxvill INTRODUCTION. The computations may be made from the equation sin a — sin @ sin 6 cos t = cos @ COS 6 where ¢ is the sun’s hour angle from the meridian, a is the sun’s altitude, considered minus below the horizon, 6 is the solar declination, and ¢ is the latitude of the place of observation. The solar declinations employed are those given in the American Ephemeris and Nautical Almanac, 1899, pp. 377-384, Solar Ephemeris for Washington. The atmospheric refraction with the sun on the horizon has been as- sumed to be 34’, and 16’ has been allowed for the sun’s semi-diameter, so that at the instant of sunrise or sunset, as defined above, the true position of the sun’s center is about 50’ below the horizon. The difference between this value of ¢ and its value with the sun 6° and 18° below the horizon gives, respectively, the duration of civil and astronomical twilight. The computations have been simplified by the use of Ball’s Altitude Tables,! from which the value of ¢ has been determined for true altitudes of the sun of — 50’, — 6°, and — 18°. TaBLe 96. Duration of astronomical twilight. TABLE 96. The duration of astronomical twilight is given to the nearest minute for the Ist, 11th, and 21st day of each month for north latitudes, 0°, 10°, 20°, 25°, and at 2° intervals from 30° to 50°, inclusive. The absence of data for latitude 50° from June 1 to July 11, inclusive, indicates that between these dates at this latitude astronomical twilight continues throughout the night. TaBLe 97. Duration of civil twilight. TABLE 97. The duration of civil twilight is given to the nearest minute for the Ist, 11th and 21st day of each month for north latitudes 0°, 10°, 20°, 25°, and at 2° intervals from 30° to 50°, inclusive. RELATIVE INTENSITY OF SOLAR RADIATION AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. TABLE 98. TasBLeE 98. Mean intensity for 24 hours of solar radiation on a horizontal surface at the top of the atmosphere. This table is that of Prof. Wm. Ferrel, published in the Annual Report of the Chief Signal Officer, 1885, Part 2, p. 427, and computed from formule and constants given in Chapter II of the above publication, pages 75 to 82. It gives the mean intensity, J, for 24 hours of solar radiation received by a horizontal surface at the top of the atmosphere, in terms of the mean solar 1 Ball, Frederick. Altitude Tables for lat. 31° to 60°. London, 1907; [same] for lat. 0° to 30°, London, 1910. GEODETICAL TABLES. xxix constant A,, for each tenth parallel of latitude of the northern hemisphere, and for the first and sixteenth day of each month; also the values of the solar constant A in terms of Ag, and the longitude of the sun for the given dates. TaB_e 98. Relative amounts of solar radiation received on a horizontal surface during the year at different latitudes. The second column of this table is obtained from the last line of Table 98 by multiplying by 1440, the number of minutes in 24 hours. It therefore gives the average daily amount of radiation that would be re- ceived from the sun on a horizontal surface at the surface of the earth if none were absorbed or scattered by the atmosphere, expressed in terms of the mean solar constant. The following columns give similar data, excert that the atmospheric transmission coefficient is assumed to be 0.9, 0.8, 0.7 and 0.6, respectively, and have been computed by utilizing Angot’s work (Recherches théoretiques sur la distribution de la chaleur a la surface du globe, par M. Alfred Angot, Annales du Bureau Central Météorologique de France, Année 1883. v. 1. B 121-B 169), which leads to practically the same values as Ferrel’s when expressed in the same units. The vertical argument of the table is for 10° intervals of latitude from the equator to the north pole, inclusive. TABLE 100. Air mass, m, corresponding to different zenith distances of the sun. For homogenous rays, the intensity of solar energy after passing through an air mass, m, is expressed by the equation I = I, a”, where I, is the in- tensity before absorption, a is the atmospheric transmission coefficient, or the proportion of the energy transmitted by unit air mass, and m is the air mass passed through. If we take for unit air mass the atmospheric mass passed through by the rays when the sun is in the zenith, then for zenith distances of the sun less than 80° the air mass is nearly proportional to the secant of the sun’s zenith distance. In general, the secant gives air masses that are too high by an increasing amount as the zenith distance of the sun increases. The equation by which air masses are sometimes computed is _ atmospheric refraction ri Kesin Z where Z is the sun’s zenith distance and K is a constant. The uncertain factor in this equation is the atmospheric refraction. Table 100 gives values of m computed by Bemporad (Rend. Acc. Lincei., Roma, Ser. 5, V. 16, 2 Sem. 1907, pp. 66-71) from the above formula, using for K the value 587'36. The argument is for each degree of Z from 20° to 89°, with values of m added for Z = 0°, 10°, and 15°. The values of m are given to two decimal places. Ixxx INTRODUCTION. Taste 101. Relative illumination intensities. TABLE 101. The table gives illumination intensities in foot-candles for zenithal sun, sky at sunset, sky at end of civil twilight, zenithal full moon, quarter moon, and starlight, and the ratio of these intensities to the illumination from the zenithal full moon. For the sources of the data see Kimball, Herbert H., ‘“ Duration and Intensity of Twilight,” Monthly Weather Review, 1916, 44: 614-620. MISCELLVANEOUSTBABLES: WEIGHT IN GRAMS OF A CUBIC CENTIMETER OF AIR. The following tables (102 to 107) give the factors for computing the weight of a cubic centimeter of air at different temperatures, humidities and pressures. ___0.0012930 [2a =) ~ 1+0.00367 ¢ 760 in which 6 is the weight of a cubic centimeter of air expressed in grams, under the standard value of gravity (g=980.665 ) B is the atmospheric pressure in millimeters, under standard grav- ity ; e is the pressure of aqueous vapor in millimeters, under standard gravity ; t is the temperature in Centigrade degrees. For dry atmospheric air (containing 0.0004 of its weight of carbonic acid) at a pressure of 760 mm. and temperature o° C., the absolute density, or the weight of one cubic centimeter, is 0.0012930 gram. See p. xlvi. The weight of a cubic centimeter may also be written as follows: a 0.001 2930 (ae 4) ~ I1+0.002039(t—32°) \ 29.921 where 8 is defined as before, but B and ¢ are expressed in inches and ¢ in Fahrenheit degrees. Thus by the use of tables based on these two formule, lines of equal atmospheric density may be drawn for the whole world, no matter whether the original observations are in English or metric measures. ENGLISH MEASURES. TABLES 102, 103, 104. Taste 102. Temperature Term. This table gives the values and logarithms of the expression 0.001 2930 1 +0.002039 (t—32° ) for values of ¢ extending from —45° F. to +140° F., the intervals between oO FHeandi110° 2. bemg-t. The tabular values are given to five significant figures. 81, 29.921 — MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. Ixxxi Taste103. Term for humidity, auxiliary to Table 102. h _ B-—0.378e 20.921 29.921 TABLE 103gives values of 0.378 e to three decimal places as an aid to the use of Table 104. The argument is the dew-point given for every degree from —60° F. to +140° F. The second column gives the corresponding values of the vapor pressure (¢) derived from Tables 74 and 75. Taste 104. Humidity and pressure term. h B—0.378e BOOZE ~ 20:92 of h extending from 10.0 to 31.7 inches. The logarithms are given to five significant figures and the corresponding numbers to four decimals. TABLE 104 gives values and logarithms of for values Example: The air temperature is 68° F., the pressure is 29.36 inches and the dew- point 51° F. Find the logarithm of the density. Table 102, for t=68° F., gives 7.08085 — 10 Table 103, for dew-point 51°, gives 0.378 e=0.142 inch, Table 104, for h= B—0.378 e=29.36—0.14= 29.22, gives 9.9894I—I10 30 Logarithm of density = 7.07050—10 METRIC MEASURES. Taste 105. Jemperature term. This table gives values and logarithms of the expression 0.001 2930 I + 0.00367 ¢ for values of t extending from — 34°C. to +69° C. The tabular values are given to five significant figures. 8t, 760 — Taste 106. Term for humidity; auxiliary to Table 107. Taste 107. Humidity and pressure terms. ot = axe site. Table 106 gives the values of 0.378 e to hundredths of a millimeter for dew-points extending from —50° C. to +60° C. Above —25° C. the interval is one degree. The values of the vapor pressure, e, corresponding to these dew-points, given in the second column,’are taken from tables 76 and 77. h _ B—0.378e Too. OE for values of h extending from 300 to 799 mm. The atmospheric pressure B is the barometer reading corrected for gravity and 0.378 e is the term for humidity obtained from Table 106. The logarithms are given to five signif- icant figures and the corresponding numbers to four decimal places. 6 Table 107 gives values and logarithms of Ixxxil INTRODUCTION. TABLE 108. TaBLeE 108. Atmospheric water-vapor lines in the visible spectrum. Table 108, prepared by the Astrophysical Observatory at Washington, gives a summary of lines in St. John’s (1928) revision of Rowland’s “ Pre- liminary Table of Solar Spectrum Wave Lengths,” recorded as of atmospheric water vapor origin. There are more than 400 such lines in Rowland’s table, but an abridgment is here made as follows: Only lines of intensity “1” or greater are here separately given, but the total number and average intensity of the fainter lines lying between these are inserted. The scale of intensities is such that a line of intensity “I” is “ just clearly visible” on Rowland’s map; the H and K lines are of intensity, 1,000; D, (the sodium line of greater wave length), 20; C., 4o. “ Lines more and more difficult to see ” are distinguished by 0, —1, —2, and —3. TABLE 109. Taste 109. Atmospheric water-vapor bands in the infra-red spectrum. ee The values of Table rog relate to the transmission of energy in the minima of various water-vapor bands, when there is I cm. of precipitable water in the path through the air. For other amounts of water-vapor, the depths of these minima may be taken as equal to a°, where a is the coefficient taken from the third column of Table 109 and 6 is the amount of precipitable water in cm. in the path. For average conditions in the transmission of radia- tion through the atmosphere, 8 may be determined by the modification of Hann’s formula §=2.0e sec. Z, where e is the vapor pressure in cms. as determined by wet and dry thermometers and Z is the angle which the path makes with the vertical. For the use of the transmissions observed in such bands for the inverse process of determining the amount of water-vapor in the atmosphere, see Fowle, Astrophysical Journal, 35, p. 149, 19123; 37, p- 359, 1913. TABLE 110. TasL—E110. Zransmission percentages of radiation through moist air. The values of Table t10 will be of use when the transmission of energy through the atmosphere containing a known amount of water-vapor is under consideration. An approximate value for the energy transmitted may be had if the amount of energy from the source between the wave- lengths of the first column is known and is multiplied by the corresponding transmission coefficients of the subsequent columns of the table. The table is compiled from Fowle, “ Water-vapor Transparency,” Smithsonian Mis- cellaneous Collections, 68, No. 8, 1917; see also, Fowle, “ The Transparency of Aqueous Vapor,” Astrophysical Journal, 42, p. 394, 1915. TABLE 111. Taste111. Zhe spectral distribution of solar radiation and its transmission by the atmosphere. The measured relative intensity of radiation at a given wave length depends not only upon the source, but also upon the prismatic dispersion. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. Ixxxill Usually, a dispersion coefficient is used to reduce the intensities to what they would have been had the dispersion been the same at all wave lengths, but in Table 111 it is that of the ultra-violet glass prism employed by the Astro- physical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution in making Solar radia- tion measurements. Column 1 gives the deviation from , in minutes of arc at which the energy was measured. Column 2 gives the corresponding wave length. Column 3 gives transmission coefficients, da,, for pure dry air at 760 mm. pressure, with the sun in the zenith. They have been computed by means of Rayleigh’s equation as modified by King.* Fowle’s* values of ay); the transmission coefficient for that amount of atmospheric water vapor which if precipitated would produce a layer of water one centimeter thick, have been employed to compute the transmission of solar radiation through moist air. Column 5 gives what Abbot ® considers the most reliable value for the relative energy outside the atmosphere, ¢@,, at the wave lengths corre- sponding to the deviations of Column 1. The data in the upper part of Columns 6, 7, and 8 have been computed by means of the factors shown in their respective headings. They give the energy distribution with the sun in the zenith and atmospheric pressure of 760 mm., column 6 with no moisture present, and columns 7 and 8 with sufficient mois- ture to produce a layer of water 1.0 cm. and 2.0 cm. thick, respectively, if precipitated. Fowle * has shown that for average conditions the precipitable water in the atmosphere above a given place may be approximately determined from the = equation w=2.3 € 1022000 , where e is the surface water vapor pressure in centimeters and /h: is the altitude of the place above sea level, in meters. The Aerological Division of the U. S. Weather Bureau is developing equations that more accurately express the relation between surface vapor pressure and the water-vapor content of the atmosphere, utilizing for this purpose its valuable accumulation of free-air data. Its results, which are approaching completion, will probably be published in the Monthly Weather Review during the current year. Similarly, the data in the upper part of columns 9 and 10 have been computed for the sun at zenith distances 60 and 70.7 degrees, and the moisture content of the atmosphere equivalent to I.0 cm., and 3.0 cm., of precipitable water, respectively. 1 King, Louis Vessot. On the scattering and the absorption of light in gaseous media with applications to the intensity of sky radiation. Phil. Trans. Roy. Soc., London, A. 212, P. 375, 1919. 2 Fowle, F. E. Water vapor transparency to low-temperature radiation. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 68, no. 8, 1917. 3 Abbot, C. G., and others. The distribution of energy in the spectrum of the sun and stars. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 74, no. 7, 1923. 4Fowle, F. E. Atmospheric transparency for radiation. Monthly Weather Review, vol. 42, pp. 2-4, 1914. Ixxxiv INTRODUCTION. These computations take account of the depletions of solar radiation by scattering only. We now proceed to compute the energy in the total solar spectrum after passing through dust-free air containing the amounts of at- mospheric moisture specified, and with the sun at the distances from the zenith indicated. The wave lengths given in column 2 do not cover the entire range of wave lengths included in the solar spectrum. It is therefore necessary to apply a correction to the measured energy so as to include the energy not Aur Mass. m. (Pressure-760 cm) Curves (9) fo (5) 2 for values of Ww indicated Atmospheric Transmission 8 | a s = S 8 Q x S SO x XX S. S He TA FIGurE I. measured. Abbot’st method of determining these corrections has been followed in computing the corrections for u. v. (ultra-violet) and i. r. (infra- red) energy not measured, which are given in the lower part of Table 111. The absorption by water vapor in the great water vapor bands in the infra- red (w. v. absorption) had been computed by the method developed by Fowle.* Finally, Fowle has computed for this table the absorption by the permanent gases of the atmosphere. The relative energy in different parts of the solar spectrum may now be determined by summing up the energies at different wave lengths, giving 1 Abbot, C. G. Smithsonian Solar Researches. Gerland’s Beitrage zur Geophysik, Bd. XVI, Heft 4, pp. 344-353, 1927. 2 Fowle, F. E. Water vapor transparency to low-temperature radiation. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 68, no. 8, 1917. MISCELLANEOUS TABLES. Ixxxv double weight to those 10’ in deviation apart. It will be noted that the summa- tion includes the following spectral bands, namely, below 0.346p, between 0.346 and 0.405, between 0.405 and 0.704p, and above 0.704; or the short-wave ultra violet, the long-wave ultra violet, the visible radiation, and the infra-red radiation. The percentage of the energy included in each of these sections to the total energy is given, and the percentage of the total to the total before it enters the atmosphere, or the atmospheric transmission corresponding to the conditions as specified, is also given. By means of computations such as are given in Table 111 the curves of Figure 1, showing the depletion by scattering in passing through dry air, curve I, and through air containing different amounts of moisture, curves 2 to 8, and the depletion by both scattering and absorption, curves 9-15, have been constructed. The ordinates give atmospheric transmission ; the abscissas, air masses, m, corresponding to zenith distances of the sun 0°, 60°, 70.7°, and 75.7°. The values for m less than I represent depletions at elevations above sea level. For a more complete description of this figure see the Monthly Weather Review, 55: 167, 1927, and 56: 394, 1928, and 58: 43, 1930. Abbot’s correction for u. v. radiation below 0.346, which is not mea- sured, includes the radiation absorbed at these wave lengths by an average amount of atmospheric ozone, but does not take account of variations in the ozone content of the atmosphere. Fowle* has shown that the absorption by ozone in the visible spectrum varies in amount with both time and place, and that it causes a depletion of solar radiation by about 0.2 to 0.4 per cent of the solar constant. This depletion has not been included in “Absorption by perma- nent gases,” near the bottom of Table 112. The values of atmospheric trans- mission in the last line of the table are therefore too high by from 0.2 to 0.4 per cent, more or less, depending upon the ozone absorption in the visible spectrum, and disregarding the possible error, probably small in amount. due to variations in the ozone absorption in the ultra-violet. Example of the use of Figure 1. The atmospheric pressure is 76.0 cm., the water vapor pressure 0.87 cm., the zenith distance of the sun is 60° (m= 2.0), and the elevation of the station is only slightly above sea level. The —h precipitable water = 2.3 x 0.87 x Io 220° =2.0 cm. From Figure 1 the trans- mission read from curve 11, for m=2, is 0.653. , 4 TABLE 112, Taste 112. International meteorological symbols. The information under this heading has been compiled for the present edition by the librarian of the United States Weather Bureau, and repre- sents current practice in the use of the symbols approved by the Interna- tional Meteorological Organization. For further information on the sub- 1 Fowle, F. E. Atmospheric ozone: Its relation to some solar and terrestrial phe- nomena. Smithsonian Misc. Coll., vol. 81, No. 11, 1920. Ixxxvi INTRODUCTION. ject of meteorological symbols, see Monthly Weather Review (Wash., D. C.), May, 1916, pp. 265-274. Taste 113. Jnternational Cloud Classification. In the “‘ International Atlas of Clouds and of State of the Sky, Abridged edition for the use of Observers, Paris, 1930,” the Commission of the Inter- national Meteorological Committee for the Study of Clouds has proposed a classification of clouds under Families A, B, C, and D, Forms a, b, and c, and Genera I to 10 inclusive. But since the definitions of most of these latter differ but little from those given in the International Cloud Atlas, 2d edition, Paris. 1910, and since the new Atlas has not yet been generally accepted, the well known definitions of the older Atlas are adhered to in Table 113. TaBLteE114. Beaufort weather notation. This table has been revised in the library of the United States Weather Bureau, and represents the current practice of American and British ob- servers in the use of the Beaufort letters. Taste115. Juternational code for horizontal visibility. The code for horizontal visibility is used by a large number of Nations and was adopted by the International Commission for Air Navigation. Reference: Convention relating to the Regulation of Aerial Navigation dated October 13, 1919; corrected text of May 1929. The seat of the Commission and of its permanent Secretariat has been fixed at No. 20 Avenue Kléber, Paris. Taste116. List of meteorological stations. This list has been extensively revised, mainly by large additions for the continents of South America, Asia, and Africa. It includes stations for which data appear in the “ Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922 (published 1929), which were selected to represent, as far as available data permitted, the meteorology of all land areas of the globe, on the basis of two, or in some cases three, stations for each ten-degree square of latitude and longitude. Many additional stations are included for some countries, and especially for the United States. No attempt has been made in this edition of the Smithsonian Tables to indicate the “ order” of the several stations, according to the definitions adopted at the Vienna Congress of 1873; as, owing to the present wide- spread use of self-recording instruments, the old distinction between first and second order stations has lost much of its importance. Several stations included in the list are no longer in operation. Data concerning the locations and altitudes of these stations are still valuable, in view of the frequent use made of their records in meteorological and cli- matological studies. In general, the established English spellings of geographical names in foreign countries have been followed. Where no English name was established, native orthography has been followed. d THERMOMETRICAL TABLES Conversion of thermometric scales — Approximate Absolute, Centigrade, Fahrenheit, and Reau- TIVE SCANCS RET Vel We Couetiet nie Gomi Ry oe hota ELH ee Sp ye gclis RACES ol bahbrenneitescale to:Centigrade oe ee) sw ee ww) ABER 2 Gentiemde scale to’ Fahrenhert )% Mee cs in. aoe os a. TABLE Centigrade scale to Fahrenheit, near the boiling point of CISD Met hae chug N al rE at cts Bates Oh et Len AEN. Differences Fahrenheit to differences Centigrade . . . . TABLE 5 Differences Centigrade to differences Fahrenheit te) | ee ABE SG Correction for the temperature of the emergent mercurial column of thermometers — Correction for Fahrenheit thermometers MOE yen chit ol ad det tN AU SES, Correction for Centigrade thermometers Pe Ny ns yee bk ee BENG TABLE 1. APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE, CENTIGRADE, FAHRENHEIT, AND REAUMUR SCALES. Conversion Formule for Approximate Absolute (4.A),Centigrade (C), Fahrenheit (fF), and Reaumur (R) Scales. A.A =3/9 (F— 32) +273 =C+ 273 =5/4R+ 273 R 3= E32) (st t+ 244) F =0/5C-+32 =0/4R+32 =0/5 (A.A — 273) +32 = 2C(1 7 a)+# R=4/9 (F — 32) =4/5C = 4/5 (A.A — 273) PROPORTIONAL PARTS. Cal : Mean et : 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 F 1.8 3.6 5-4 TE oc 10.8 12.6 14.4 10.2 R 8 1.6 2.4 252 4.0 4.8 5.6 6.4 Ee Ee I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 yi , t Sa are an (foe OM Tie Beco a 3.88* 4.44” 5.00% “LY | R 44* oti TEGO aay 2.22" 2.66* Sails Busi 4.00* - I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 AA : 125 2.50 Be75 5.00 6.25 7.50 8.75 10.00 ETD F 2.25 4.50 6.75 g.00 11.25 13.50 Ti5e/75 18.00 20.25 | * These last figures repeated indefinitely. AWA.| Co. Ry WR |AeAC| (Che |) ES Re ALAS en ean ee (375°| to2° | 2215-6 | 81:6 1350 | 77° | 170.6 61.6]325° 2s araiceO maaan 374 | or 213.8 | 80.8 | 349 76 168.8 60.8 f 324 51 123.8 | 40.8 | 373 || LOO 212.0 | 80.0 | 348 75 167.0 60.0} 323 50 | 122.0 | 40.0 | 372 99 210.2 79.2 347 74 165.2 59.24 322 AQ® | T2032 39.2 371 98 208.4 | 78.4 | 346 73 163.4 58.4]) 321 48 118.4 | 38.4 370 07 206.6 | 77.6 | 345 72 161.6 57-64320 47 116.6 | 37.6 | 369 | 96 204.8 | 76.8 | 344 71 159.8 56.8] 310 46 | 114.8 | 36.8 | 368 | 95 203.0 | 76.0 | 343 70 158.0 56.0] 318 45 113.0 | 36.0 367 | 94 201.2 Tse 342 | 69 156.2 55-2 Suz 44 Tis 2 2522 366 | 93 199-4 | 74-4 | 341 68 154.4 54-4} 316 43 | 109.4 | 34.4 365 2 197.0 73.6 | 340 67 152.6 53-0] 315 42 107.6 33.6 364] of 195.8 | 72.8 | 339 66 150.8 52.8] 314 41 105.8 | 32.8 363 go 194.0 | 72.0 | 338 65 149.0 52.0] 313 40 104.0 | 32.0 362 890 LO 2-20 a7 2a 37 64 147.2 51.2] 312 30 TODs20|) ee 301 88 190.4 | 70.4 ] 336 63 145.4 50.4] 311 38 100.4 | 30.4 360 87 188.6 | 69.6 }335 62 143.6 49.6} 310 37 98.6 | 29.6 359 | 86 186.8 | 68.8 | 334 61 141.8 48.8] 309 36 96.8 | 28.8 358 85 185.0 | 68.0 | 333 60 140.0 48.0} 308 35 95.0 | 28.0 | 357 84 LO2.2 0 10/722 332 590 138.2 47.2] 307 34 93-2 27.2 ) 331 58 136.4 | 46.4] 306 33 QI.4 | 20.4 355 82 179-6 | 65.6 1330 | 57 134.6 45.61305 32 89.6 | 25.6 354 81 177-8 | 64.8 Bo 56 132.8 44.8] 304 31 87.8 24.8 353 80 176.0 | 64.0 328 55 131.0 44.0} 303 30 86.0 24.0 352 79 Te 7As2ie | MOse 20s 27 54 129.2 43-2] 302 20 84.2 2252 351 78 172.4 | 62:4 {| 326 53 127.4 42.4] 301 28 82.4 | 22.4 350 Td 170.6 | 61.6 | 325 52 125.6 41.6 }300 OT 80.6 21.6 A.A.| C. F. R. {A.A.| C. Es R. |A.A.| C. F. R. SMITHSONIAN TABLES, TABLE 4 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE, CENTIGRADE, FAHRENHEIT, AND REAUMUR SCALES. 285 284 283 282 281 280 279 278 277 276 moo whan ans Dur 90 HO bhRHOADR LHOWO HwPen ° —23 — 9.4 24 rt) 25 13.0 BXo) ||) aes} D7 i erOe6 —28 | —18.4 2 20.2 30 22.0 31 23.8 2 25.0 | n oo | aN Soe DAoonFt —63 —81.4 64 83.2 65 85.0 66 86.8 67 88.6 | © ° > S} NS b ~sI a Ke) on oo —18.4 19.2 20.0 20.8 nd H a NSO nN ON AEBS HAwonfl bo NN SMITHSONIAN TABLES, TABLE 1 APPROXIMATE ABSOLUTE, CENTICRADE, FAHRENHEIT, AND REAUMUR SCALES. |A.A. Cc. F. Cc. | F. R. jA.A.) C. F. R. | ee SY ae | eee) — 150° —123° | —189°4 =—173° | —270:4| —138:4 | 50° | —222° | —360-4 | —1784 | 149 124 IQI.2 174 281.2] 139.2] 40 224 371.2] 179.2 | | 148 125 193.0 175 283.0| 140.0] 48 225 373-0 | 180.0} | 147 126 194.8 176 284.8 140.8] 47 226 374.8 | 180.8 | 146 127 190.6 177, 286.6] 141.6] 46 ‘227 376.6 | 181.6 1145 |—128 | —198.4 —178 | —288.4 | —142.4] 45 | —228 | —378.4 | —182.4 | | 144 129 200.2 179 290.2] 143.2] 44 229 380.2 | 183.2 | 143 130 202.0 180 292.0! 144.0] 43 230 382.0] 184.0]} | 142 131 203.8 181 293.8| 144.8] 42 231 383.8 | 184.8 | I41 132 205.6 182 295.0] 145.6] 41 232 385.6 | 185.6 —183 | —297.4 | —146.4] 40 | —233 | —387.4 | —186.4 184 209.2 147.2] 39 224) {| 350.2.) \t87<2 185 301.0| 148.0] 38 235 3901.0| 188.0 186 302.8} 148.8] 37 236 392.8 | 188.8 |] 187 304.6 | 149.6] 36 237 394.6 | 189.6 140 | —133. | —207.4 1139 | 134 | 209.2 3381350 e2rt.o | 137 136 212.8 | 136 137 214.6 135 |—138 | —216.4 —188 | —306.4 | —150.4 | 35 | —238 | —396.4 | —190.4 | 134 139 218.2 189 308.2 I5I.2] 34 220) || §305:25| ielox.2 133 140 220.0 | 190 310.0), “152-011 133 240 400.0} 192.0} 132 I4I 221.8 | IQI 311.8 152.8 B 241 401.8 | 192.8 (pair 142 223.6 192 21320) 15530) fest 242 403.6 | 193.6 130 |—143 | —225.4 = LOS | —154-4]| 30 | —243 | —405.4 | —194.4 129 144 227F2 i 194 Cena 244 407.2 | 1095.2 128 145 229.C 127 140 230.8 | 126 147 232.6 196 156.8] 27 246 410.8 | 196.8 315-4 317-2 195 319.0] 156.0} 28 245 409.0] 196.0 320.8 1Q7 22216) |) 5720) 20 247 412.6] 197.6} 125 |—148 | —234.4 | —198 | —324.4 | —158.4] 25 | —248 | —414.4 | —198.4 124 I49 236.2 | 199 326.2] 150.2] 24 249 416.2 IgQ.2 123 I50 238.0 | 200 328.0] 160.0} 23 250 418.0 | 200.0 122 I5I 239.8 201 329.8 160.8 | 22 251 419.8 | 200.8 | 121 152 241.6 | 202 331.6 161.6] 21 252 421.6 | 201.6} 120 |—153 | —243.4 —203 | —333-4 | —162.4] 20: | —253 | —423.4 | —202.4 | 11g 154 245.2 204 B22) |) LOsk2iIeTO 254 A252) 2o282 118 155 247.0 205 337.0| 164.0] 18 255 4270)" 204-0 117 156 248.8 206 338.8 | 164.8] 17 256 428.8 | 204.8 116 157 250.6 207 340.6 165.6} 16 257 430.6 | 205.6 (5 | —158 | —252.4 —208 | —342.4 | —166.4] 15 | —258 | —432.4 | —206.4 114 150 254.2 209 344.2 167.2] 14 259 434.2 | 207.2 | 113 160 250.0 210 346.0] 168.0] 13 2600 436.0] 208.0 112 161 257.8 211 347.8 | 168.8] 12 201 437.8 | 208.8 Iil 162 259.6 AA: 349.6| 169.6] 11 262 439.6 | 209.6 | WO | —163 | —261.4 | —213 | —351.4| —170.4] 10 | —263 | —441.4 | —210.4 109g 164 263.2 214 R532) ates 264 443.2 21 T.2 108 165 265.0 215 BiG Onl a7i21O 205 a) AAS.ONlle 22kO | 107 166 266.8 216 350.8 | 172.8 206 | 446.8) 212.8 | 100 167 268.6 | 217 358.6 | 173.6 267 | 448.6] 213.6 105 |—168 | —270.4 104 169 22.2) 219 362.2 | 175.2 209 AS 2.20 2uye2 103 I70 274.0 220 364.0 176.0 270 454.0 | 216.0 102 I7I 275.8 221 365.8] 176.8 ari 455-8 | 216.8 IOI 172 277.6 222 367.6 | 177.6 BD A57.0)|| 21746 9 8 7 6 —218 | —360.4 | —174.4 5 | —268 | —450.4 | —214.4 4 3 2 I 0 1100 | —173 | —279-4 —273 | —459-4 | —218.4 A.A.) C. F. —223 | —369.4 | —178.4 SMITHSONIAN TABLES, FAHRENHEIT SCALE TO CENTIGRADE. TABLE 2. +54°78 54.22 53-67 53.11 52.56 +52.00 51.44 50.89 59-33 49.78 +49.22 48.67 48.11 47.56 47.00 +46.44 45.89 45-33 44.78 44.22 +43.67 43.11 42.56 42.00 41.44 3 | +40.89 40.33 39-78 39.22 38.67 +38.11 37-56 37-00 36.44 35-89 +35-33 34.78 34.22 33-67 Sev +32.56 32.00 31.44 30.89 39-33 +29.78 29.22 28.67 28.11 27.56 +27.00 +26.72 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. ———— Ssa—_e—erree—ee———eS Oe | Se | | +54°83 | +54°89 54-28] 54.33 53-72} 53-78 93-17} 53-22 52.61] 52.67 +52.06 | +52.11 51.50] 51.56 99-94} $1.00 59.39] 50.44 49.83] 49.89 149.28 | +49.33 48.72| 48.78 48.17| 48.22 47.61] 47.67 47.06] 47.11 +46.50| +46.56 45-94] 46.00 45-39| 45-44 44.83| 44.89 44.28] 44.33 +43.72 | +43.78 43-17] 43.22 42.61] 42.67 42.06] 42.11 41.50] 41.56 +40.94 | +41.00, 40.39| 40.44 39-83 | 39.89 39.28] 39.33 38.72| 38.78 +38.17 | +38.22 37-61] 37.67 27.00) 37.01 36.50| 36.56 35-94} 36.00 +35-39 | +35-44 34-83| 34-89 34-28] 34.33 33-72] 33-78 33-17 33-22 +32.61 | +32.67 32.06| 32.11 31.50| 31.56 30.94] 31.00 39-39} 30-44 +29.83 | +29.89 29.28} 29.33 28.72| 28.78 28217) ||) 28-22 27.61] 27.67 +27.06 | +27.11 aif 8 TABLE 2. “0 1 2 3 5 6 ae 8 9 Cc: C. c c: c: Cc: Cc: C. C. Cc. +26°67 | +26°72 | +26°78 | +26°83 | +26°89 | +26°94 | +27°00 | +27°06 | +27°11 | +27°17 26.11} 26.17]} 26.22] 26.28] 26.33] 26.39] 26.44] 26.50]| 26.56] 26.61 25.56| 25.61] 25.67] 25.72 j 25.83| 25.89] 25.94] 26.00] 26.06 25.00} 25.06] 25.11] 25.17 25.28| 25.33] 25.39] 25-44] 25.50) 24.44] 24.50] 24.56] 24.61 24.72| 24.78} 24.83] 24.89] 24.94) +23.89 | +23.94 | +24.00 | +24.06 +24.17 | +24.22 | +24.28 | +24.33 | +24.39 23°33)|23-39)|) (23-44 |b23250 23/6%)||) 23.0711) §23572)| 23579) |eo-03 22.78] (22.83)|) 22.89] 22.94 PROD || PREIOC|| Arai) weho)|| oie 7%s) 22°22)|) 22:28 | 22533) 22-39 22.50)| 22°56\|| 22:61) 22:67) 22:72 21.67) 21.72)| 21.78)| 21-83 21.94] 22.00] 22.06] 22.11] 22.17 21.11 | +21.17 | +21.22 | +21.28 +21.39 | +21.44 | +21.50] +21.56| +21.61 20.56] 20.61| 20.67] 20.72 20.83} 20.89] 20.94] 21.00] 21.06 20.00] 20.06] 20.11} 20.17 20.28] 20.33] 20.39] 20.44] 20.50 19.44] 19.50] 19.56] 19.61 19.72] 19.78] 19.83] 19.89} 19.94 i 18.89] 18.94] 19.00] 19.06 19.17| 19.22] 19.28] 19.33] 19.39 +18.33 | +18.39 | +18.44 | +18.50 +18.61 | +18.67 | +18.72 | +18.78 | +18.83 |} 17.78| 17.83] 17.89] 17.94 18.06| 18.11} 18.17] 18.22] 18.28 1722251) GL7.29)| 17.33) L739 17.50] 17.56| 17.61) 17.67] 17.72; 16.67] 16.72] 16.78] 16.83 16.94| 17.00] 17.06] 17.11] 17.17 16.11] 16.17| 16,22] 16.28 16.39] 16.44] 16.50] 16.56] 16.61 +15.56| +15.61 | +15.67 | +15.72 +15.83 | +15.89 | +15.94 | +16.00 | +16.06 15.00] 15.06] 15.11] 15.17 15.28| 15.33] 15.39] 15.44] 15.50 14.44] 14.50] 14.56] 14.61 14.72! 14.78] 14.83] 14.89] 14.94 13.89] 13.94] 14.00] 14.06 T4617)| 14.22)|| 14:28) 314538) ||5 04539 13533)| 13239)|| 13:44'|| 13350 13°61)|) 13.67/17 13-72) |(oales 78) sels .03 +12.78 | +12.83 | +12.89 | +12.94 +13.06 | $13.11 | +13.17 | +13.22 | + 13.28 12:22) 912,28), 12533)|) 12:36 12550)|) 12556) 12:61) 12267) t2.72 T.07)|) lie 7 2) Lie7S |e o8 TT.94) || -£2.00)|" -12:06)|)) 12.01)|| 12.17 DLW) leat 7. |e 22 eel 2S T1539) TE.44)| “41-50)|) (11.56). PE. 61 10.56] 10.61] 10.67] 10.72 10.83] 10.89] 10.94] I1.00] 11.06 +10.00 | 4-10.06 | + 10.11 | +10.17 +10. 28 | +10.33 | +10.39 | +10.44 | +10.50 9-44] 9.50] 9.56] 9.61 9-72] 9-78] 9.83] 9-89] 9.94) 8.89 8.94 9.00 9.06 9.17 9.22 9.28 9.33 9.39 8.33 8.39 8.44 8.50 8.61 8.67 8.72 8.78 8.53 7.78 7.83 7.89 7.94 8.06 8.11 8.17 8.22 8.28 + 7.22|+ 7.28|+ 7-33|+ 7-39 + 7.50|+ 7.56|+ 7.61|-+ 7.67|+ 7.72 6.67 6.72 6.7 6.83 6.94 7.00 7.06 7.11 Feleg 6.11 6.17 6.22 6.28 6.39 6.44; 6.50] 6.56) 6.61) 5.56 5.61 5.67 5-72 5.83 5.89 5-94 6.00 6.06 5.00 5.06 5.11 5.17 5-28 5.33 5-39 5.44 5-50 + 4.44|+ 4.50|+ 4.56] + 4.61 + 4.72|+ 4.78} + 4.83|+ 4.89]+ 4-94 3.89 3-94 4.00 4.06 4.17 4.22 4.28 4.33 4.39 3-33] 3:39] 3-44] 3-50 3-61) 3.67). 3272/1) 3-78) 93-93 2.78 2.83 2.89 2.94 3.06 3501 Souty7/ 3522 3.28 2.22 2.28 2.33 2.39 2.50 2.56 2.61 2.67 2.72 + 1.67}+ 1.72|}+ 1.78]+ 1.83 + 1.94]+ 2.00]}+ 2.06|+ 2.11}+ 2.17 + r.mr|]+ 1.17]}+ 1.22|/+ 1.28 + 1.39|+ 1.44]+ 1.50]+ 1.56|/+ 1.61 + 0.56|+ 0.61}+ 0.67|/+ 0.72 + 0.83|+ 0.89}+ 0.94] + 1.00}+ 1.06 0.00}+ 0.06]-+ 0o.11}]+ 0.17 + 0.28]+ 0.33]+ 0.39]+ 0.44] + 9.50| — 0.56|— 0.50|— 0.44|— 0.39 — 0.28|— 0.22|— 0.17]— 0.11 |— 0.06 +30 |-- 1.11]|— 1.06]— 1.00]— 0.94 — 0.83]— 0.78}-— 0.72|— 0.67|— 0.61 | .O a] 2 5 6 a 8 | 9 } = qt FAHRENHEIT SCALE TO CENTIGRADE. GMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 2. FAHRENHEIT SCALE TO CENTIGRADE. ze e il real — 0°72|— 0°67|— o°61 1.28 : Tol7 1.83 : 1.72 2.28 2.83 3-39 3-94 4.50 5.06 5.61 6.17 6.72 7.28 7-83 8.39 — 9.00{— 8.94 9.56] 9.50 10.11} 10.06 10.67| 10.61 Tilee2 2) | neko —11.78|—11.72 12.33)|)) 12,28 12.89] 12.83 13.44) 13-39 14.00] 13.94 ~—14.56|—14.50 15.21] 15.06 15.67; 15.61 1O222)|) ss l6ete7 LOs79i| eLOs72 UGS || series —18.22 | —18.28 18.78| 18.83 19.33] IC 39 19.89! 19.94 20.44) 20.50 —21.v0 | ~21.06 21.56] 21.61 22 eile ee 22. ty71 22 OTA) 2257/2 22522123528 —23.78 | —23.83 24.33] 24.39 24.89] 24.94 25.44] 25.50 26.00} 26.06 —26.56 | —26.61 Dipole 2 i7ioile/ DOWN Siar 28.22} 28.28 28.78| 28.83 Bauruaonian Tasies. TABLE 2. FAHRENHEIT SCALE TO CENTIGRADE. 29°06 | —29° 11 29.50] 29.56| 29.61] 29.67 30.06] 30.11} 30.17 30.61| 30.67] 30.72 31.17 | 31-22) 31.25 —31.72 | —31.78 | —31.83 32.28 32.33] 32.39 32.83] 32.89] 32.94 33-39} 33-44] 33-50 33-94] 34.00] 34.06 —34.50 | —34.56 | —34.61 35.06| 35-11] 35.17 35-61] 35-67] 35-72 36.17| 36.22| 36.28 36.72| 36.78] 36.83 —37.28 | —37-33 | —37-39 37-83} 37-89| 37-94 38.39] 38.44] 38.50 38.94| 39.00] 39.06 39-50] 39-56] 39.61 —40.06 | —40.11 | —40.17 40.61} 40.67] 40.72 ATo07)|\P 41.225 4r.28 Ale72)| A179) |" Atos A2-28)| -4.2533)\" 42°39 —42.83 | —42.89 | —42.94 43-39] 43-44} 43-50 43-94] 44.00] 44.06 44.50] 44.55] 44.61 45.06] 45.11] 45.17 —45.61 | —45.67 | —45.72 46.17| 46.22] 46.28 46.72| 46.78] 46.83 47.28] 47.33] 47-39% 47.83| 47-89] 47.94 —48.39 | —48.44 | —48.50 48.94] 49.00] 49.06 49.50] 49.56] 49.61 50.06] 50.11] 50.17 50.61] 50.67] 50.72 51.17 | —51.22 | —51.28 5.72) 5ia7Oilse5l-03 52.28} 52.33] 52.39 52.83] 52.89] 52.94 53-39} 53-44] 53-5° —53-94 | —54.00 | —54.06 54.50] 54.56] 54.61 55.00] 55-11] 55-17 55.61] 55-67] 55-72 56.17] 56.22] 56.28 —56.72 | —56.78 | —56.83 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. FAHRENHEIT SCALE TO CENTIGCRADE. CG —56.72 57.28 57.83 58.39 58.94 —59.50 60.06 60.61 61.17 61.72 —62.28 62.83 63.39 63.94 64.50 65.61 66.17 67.28 | —67.83 68.94 69.50 70.06 —70.61 7 ey 71.72 72.28 72.83 S259 73-94 74-59 75.00 75.61 —76.17 76.72 77.28 77-83 78-39 —78.04 79-59 80.06 80.61 81.17 —81.72 82.28 82.83 83.39 83.04 —84.50 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. —65.06 | 66.72 | | —67.89 | 68.39 | C —56.78 57-33 57-80 58.44 59.00 — 59-56 60.11 60.67 61.22 61.78 = O23) 62.89 63.44 64.00 64.56 —65.11 | 65.67 66.22 66.78 | 67.33 | 68.44 69.00 69.56 70.11 —70.07 FRO 71.78 72-33 72.89 | —73-44 | 74-00 | 74.56 | 75.0 75-67 | —76.22 | 76.78 | 77-33 | 77-89 | 78.44 | 79-56 | 80.11 | 80.67 | 81.22 —81.78 82.33 82.89 83.44 84.00 —84.56 “e2 TABLE 2. TABLE 3. CENTIGRADE SCALE TO FAHRENHEIT. 1 3 4 5 -6 7 Ee Fo Ei F. Es Fa Fe Ee LF +140°18|+140°36 +140:54|+140.72]+140.90|+141-08/+141°26|+141.44/+141-62 138.20 138.38) 138.56] 138.74] 138.92] 139.10] 139.28] 139.46] 139.64] 139.82 136.40] 136.58] 136.76] 136.94) 137.12] 137.30] 137.48] 137.06] 137.84] 138.02 134.60] 134.78] 134.96] 135.14] 135.32] 135.50] 135.68] 135.86) 136.04] 136.22 132.80] 132.98] 133.16] 133.34] 133-52] 133-70] 133.88] 134.06] 134.24] 134.42 +131.00)+131.18/-+131.36|/+131.54|+131.72|+131.90| +132.08/+132.26/+132.44|+132.62 129.20] 129.38} 129.56) 129.74 : : 130.28] 130.46] 130.64| 130.82 127.40| 127.58] 127.76] 127.94 : 28. 128.48] 128.66} 128.84] 129.02 125.60] 125.78] 125.96] 126.14 : 26. 126.68] 126.86] 127.04] 127.22 123.80] 123.98} 124.16] 124.34) : : 124.88} 125.06] 125.24] 125.42 +122.00|+122.18/+122.36|+122.54|/+122.72]+122.90|+123.08|+123.26/+123.44|+123.62 120.20] 120.38] 120.56] 120.74] 120.92] 121.10] 121.28} 121.46] 121.64] 121.82 118.40] 118.58} 118.76) 118.94] 119.12] 119.30) 119.48) 119.66) 119.84] 120.02 116.60] 116.78) 116.96} 117.14| 117.32] 117.50| 117.68) 117.86] 118.04) 118.22 114.80} 114.98) a 115.34, 115.52] 115.70| 115.88] 116.06] 116.24] 116.42 +113.00 bo hee ae 13.54/+113.72]|+113.90|+114.08/+114.26/+114.44|+114.62 | TII.20| 111.38] 111.56] 111.74] 111.92] 112.10] 112.28} 112.46) 112.64] 112.82 I09.40| 109.58} 109.76] 109.94) 110.12] 110.30] 110.48) 110.66) 110.84] 111.02 107.60] 107.78) 107.96} 108.14] 108.32] 108.50) 108.68) 108.86] 109.04] 109.22 105.98 100.16 106.34] 106.52] 106.70] 106.88) 107.06} 107.24) 107.42 +104.18 ie oroer ed rene +104.90|+105.08 +105.26|+105.44 +105 .62 102.38] 102.56] 102.74) 102.92] 103.10) 103.28] 103.46] 103.64] 103.82 100.40) 100.58 100.76) 100.94 IO01.30| 101.48} rI01.66} 101.84] 102.02 98.60} 98.78 98.96) 99.14 : 99.50, 99.68} 99.86] 100.04} 100.22 96.80} 96.98! 97.16) 97.34 : 97-70| 97.88} 98.06] 98.24] 98.42 g5.00/+ 95.18/+ 95.36/+ 95.54/+ 95. 95.90|+ 96.08)+ 96.26/+ 96.44|/+ 96.62 93-20} 93-38 93-50 93-74) 93- 04.10] 94.28) 94.46] 94.64) 94.82 91.40} 91.58) 91-76) 91.94 ; 92.30] 92.48) 92.66] 092.84] 93.02 89.60] 89.78} 89.96) 90.14] 90. 90.50| 90.68) 90.86} 91.04] 91.22 87.80} 87.98) 88.16) 88.34 ag 88.70] 88.88) 89.06; 89.24] 89.42 86.18|+ 86.36+ 86.54 ‘ 86.90|+ 87.08|+ 87.26/+ 87.44|+ 87.62 84.38] 84.56) 84.74 : 85.10| 85.28] 85.46) 85.64] 85.82 82.58} 82.76; 82.94 , 83.30] 83.48} 83.66) 83.84} 84.02 80.78) 80.96) 81.14 32] 81.50) 81.68) 81.86] 82.04] 82.22 78.98} 79.16] 79.34 : 79.70| 79.88} 80.06] 80.24] 80.42 aL 77.90\+ 78.08/+ 78.26/+ 78.44/+ 78.62 76.10| 76.28) 76.46 76.64] 76.82 74.30| 74.48) 74.66) 74.84) 75.02 72.50| 72.08) 72.86) 73.04) 73.22 70.70| 70:86) 7.00) “7u.24) 71-42 77-18|+ 77.30|+ 77.54 75-38| 75-560} 75-74 73-58| 73-76] 73-94 71 {O|) a 7lOOl 72ace! 69.98} 70.16} 70.34 sawwNIN Onfun Mw HOn wb NN NN 68.18\+ 68.36/+ 68.54 66.38) 66.56) 66.74 64.58) 64.76) 64.94 62.7 62.96) 63.14 60.98] 61.16) 61.34 — 68.90/+ 69.08 + 69.26|+ 69.44)+ 69.62 67.10] 67.28} 67.46] 67.64; 67.82 65.30] 65.48] 65.66} 65.84] 66.02 63.50] 63.68} 63.86] 64.04; 64.22 61.70} 61.88} 62.06] 62.24] 62.42 NANDAA HW OCO maw Hon NO NN NN 59.18|/+ 59.36|/+ 59.54 59-90) 60.08)}+ 60.26|+ 60.44/4 60.62 57.30) 57-50) 57574 58.10] 58.28) 58.46| 58.64) 58.82 55-58 55.76] 55-94 56.30) 56.48) 56.66} 56.84) 57.02 53-78 53-06| 54-14 54.50, 54.08) 54.86) 55.04) 55.22 51.98] 52.16} 52.34 52.70] 52.88] 53.06] 53.24) 53-42 nur 10 om NN + 50.18/+ 50.36/+ 50.54 50.90\+ 51.08/+ 51.26/+ 51.44|+ 51.62 1 2 3 : 5 6 of 8 9 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. Io Es +51.26 +48.74 : ; +40.46 40.94| : 3 47.66 45.14 5 Bi, 45.86 43-34 . . 44.06 41.54 : .08| 42.26 +39-74| . 40.28) +40.46 37.94 : 38.48} 38.66 30.14 . 36.68} 36.86 34-34 . 88] 35.06 32.54 : : 33.20 +31.46 z 92) +30-74 29.06 Q. .12| 28.94 27.86 : oe e fale 26.06 : . 25.34 24.26) : P 23.54 +. He 4H HN NY +22.46| 20.66 18.86 17.00 15.20) 4 to H © | +21.74| 19.04 18.14 16.34] 14.54 ans F -12.92) +12.74| 11.66) : .12| 10.94] 9.86) : .32\ Q.14| 8.06 : | 5 2| 7.34 2G 6.08 .72| 5-54 4.46) 4.28 2.66) 2.48 0.86) 0.68 0.94) Tata) 2.74 2.92 NY NHN HD aS eS we th -aAWO NIULW NNNN ND + Se eS I 9 7 5 Be Bi oO. 8 6. NNN N ND co Db OG AL b&b O OO p _N 3-74) 1.94) 0.14) 1.66) 3.46 4.54] — 4.72 5.26 6.34 6.52 7.06) 8.14) 8.32 P 8.86 9.94| 10.12 10.66) 11.74| 11.92 12.46] oS ° aS = to ° UL On WHONW dKSHBwWHO COOn nv ND —13.54| —13.72 —14.26 Sn 4 ee 52 16.06| D7otd |e k7-32 17.86 18.94| 19.12 19.66 20.74| 20.92 21.46 | —22.54| —22.72 —23.26 24.34) 24.52 25.00) 26.14| 26.32 26.86 27.94| 28.12 28.66 29.74| 20.92 30.46) —31.54| —31-72 —32.26| 33-34) 33-52 . 34.06 35-14| 35-32 35-86 30.94 Bate 37-66 38.74| 38.92 39-40) —40.54| —40.72 3 4 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 7 II TABLE 3. CENTIGRADE SCALE TO FAHRENHEIT. 40.00 41.80) 43.60) 45.40, 47.20) 49.00) 50.80) 52.60} 54-40 56.20 58.00 59.80) 61.60 63.40) 65.20, 67.00, 68.80) 70.60 72.40! 74.20] 76.00 77.80) 79.60) 81.40 83.20 85.00, 86.80, 88.60) 90.40 92.20 94.00 95.80! 97-60) 99-40) 101.20) 106.60, 108.40) 110.20 —112.00 113.80 115.60) 117.40) I1g.20 —121.00 122.80 124.60 126.40 128.20 —130.00 0 1 2 so | 6 af F. || F, F. F. F, — 40.18/— 40.36/— 40.54/— 40:72I— 40.90 — 41.08/— 4.26 41.98 | 42.16) 42.34| 42.521 42.70; 42.88} 43.06 43-78; 43.06, 44.14) 44.32] 44.50) 44.68) 44.86) 45-58] 45-76] 45.94) 46.12] 46.30) 46.48) 46.66 47.38] 47-56} 47.74] 47-92] 48.10) 48.28) 48.46 — 49.18/— 49.36/— 49.54|— 49.72I— 49.90/— 50.08/— 50.26} 50.98] 51.16} 51.34] 51.52) 51-70] 51.88) 52.06 52.78] 52.96) 53-14] 53.32] 53-50} 53-08) 53.86 54-58} 54-76] 54.04) 55-12f 55.30} 55-48) 55.66) 56.38) 56.56] 56.74) 56.92] 57.10) 57.28) 57.46 — §8.18/— 58.36/— 58.54|— 58.72I— 58.90/— 59.08|— 59.26] 59-98} 60.16] 60.34) 60.521 60.70| 60.88) 61.06] 61.78} 61.96} 62.14] 62.32f 62.50) 62.68) 62.86) 63.58] 63.76) 63.94] 64.12] 64.30) 64.48) 64.66) 65.38] 65.56] 65.74] 65.92 66.10) 66.28) 66.46 — 67.18|— 67.36/— 67.54/— 67.72|— 67.90|— 68.08)/— 68.26 68.98} 69.16] 69.34] 609.52] 609.70) 69.88] 70.06 70.78} 70.96] 71.14| 71.32] 71.50} 71.68) 71.86 72.58\) | 72.70) “72:04 M73 all 72%Zol) 173.45). 973.00 74.38) 74.56] 74-74] 74.92f 75.10] 75-28] 75.46 — 76.18|— 76.36/— 76.54|— 76.72I— 76.90|— 77.08|— 77.26 77-98} 78.16, 78.34) 78.528 78.70} 78.88) 79.06] 79.78| 79.96| 80.14] 80.32f 80.50] 80.68) 80.86 81.58} 81.76] 81.94) 82.12] 82.30) 82.48) 82.66 83.38] 83.56) 83.74] 83.92] 84.10) 84.28] 84.46 — 85.18/— 85.36/— 85.54\— 85.72[— 85.90/— 86.08/— 86.26 86.98} 87.16) 87.34} 87.52) 87.70) 87.88) 88.06] 88.78} 88.96] 89.14] 89.32) 80.50] 89.68) 80.86 90.58] 90.76} 90.94) O1.12f o1.30) 91.48] 91.66 92.38] 92.56] 92.74] 92.92] 93.10] 93.28]. 93.46 — 94.18/— 94.36/— 94-54/—- 94.72I— 94.90/— 95.08/— 95.26] 95-98) 96.16] 96.34) 96.52 96.70) 96.88} 97.06 97-78, 97-96} 98.14; 98.321 98.50, 98.68 98.86) 99.58 99.76) 99.94) 100.12 100.30) 100.48 100.66) I01.38| 101.56] 101.74) 101.92] 102.10] 102.28] 102.46] 103.18 —103.36 —103.54|—103.72—103.90| 104.08 —104.26} 104.98] 105.16] 105.34] 105.52] 105.70] 105.88] 106.06] 106.78 | 106.96) 107.14| 107.324 107.50] 107.68} 107.86] 108.58) 108.76) 108.94) 109.12) 109.30) 109.48) 109.66) 110.38] 110.56] I10.74| 110.92] III.Io| I11.28) II1.46) —I1I2.18)—112.36 —112.54|-112.72 —II2.90 Wt eee eon 113.98} I14.16| 114.34] 114.52) 114.70] 114.88] 115.06] 115.78} 115.96} 116.14; 116.32] 116.50| 116.68) 116.86) 117.58| 117.76] 117.94) 118.12] 118.30] 118.48] 118.66) 119.38 119.56) IIg.74| 119.92] 120.10) 120.28] 120.46} ~121.18/—121.36 —121.54)—121.72}—-121.90|—122.08 — 122.26) 122-98|| 1123.16) \L23%a4 52] 123.70] 123.88| 124.00) 124.78} 124.96| 125.14 -32] 125.50] 125.68) 125.86] 126.58] 126.76) 126.94| 12] 127.30] 127.48] 127.66) 128.38 128.56] 128.74| Q2} 129.10) 129.28) 129.40) | | | —130.18 —130.36|—130.54|—130.72 —130.90|—131.08|—131.26 1 2 3 | =o 6 =i, 8 F. 41.44 43.24] 45.04 46.84 48.64) 50-44 52.24| 54-04) 55-84 57-64) — $9.44 61.24 63.04 64.84| 66.64 68.44 70.24) 72.04| 73-84 75-64 — 77-44 79.24| 81.04 82.84 84.64 — 86.44) 88.24) 90.04 | 91.84 93.64 97-24 99-04, 100.84) 102.64 ~104.44|—104.62 106.24) 108.04, 109.84! III.64 113.44) 115.24| 117.04] 118.84]! 120.64| —132.44| 124.24 126.04 127.84 129.64 131.44 8 95-44|— —113.62 | 9 F. | 41.62 43.42 45.22) | 47.02 48.82 50.62. 52.42 54.22! 56.02) 57-82! 59.62 | 61.42 63.22| 65.02 66.82 68.62 70.42 Tie 2)D 74.02! | 75.82 77.62 79-42 81.22 83.02 84.82 86.62 88.42) 90.22) 92.02) 93.82! 95.62\ 97-42| 99.22 IOI.02 102.82 106.42 108.22 I10.02 111.82! } 115.42| I17.22| I1g.02| 120.82! —122.62) 124.42) 126.22 128.02! 129.82 —131.62 9 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 4, CENTIGRADE SCALE TO FAHRENHEIT — Near the Boiling Point. TABLE 5. DIFFERENCES FAHRENHEIT TO DIFFERENCES CENTIGRADE. | Fahren- | heit. ° WO ON DW PWNS TABLE 6. 1°62 3.42 5.22 7.02 8.82 10.62 12.42 14.22 ; 16.02 17.64 | 17.82 0 if 2 3 4 5 6 TH 8 S meanness |pRee ee ILE Ale eee kee a AI ey SMITHSONIAN TABLES. ° 13 CORRECTION FOR THE TEMPERATURE OF THE EMERCENT MERCURIAL COLUMN OF THERMOMETERS. T = t — 0.000086 n(t’ — t) — Fahrenheit temperatures. T =t—o0.000155 n(t’ — t) — Centigrade temperatures. T = Corrected temperature. t = Observed temperature. ’ = Mean temperature of the glass stem and emergent mercury column. n = Length of mercury in the emergent stem in scale degrees. When #’ is { Bueher subtracted. ’ lower than ¢ the numerical correction is to be added. TABLE 7. CORRECTION FOR FAHRENHEIT THERMOMETERS. Values of 0.000086 n(t’ — #) 10 13 on 99900 OPN Tene DW we Om 09900 bhwWWwWwW hd Wo - co OTORS WW nv ae 9920 mon. Ann TABLE 8. CORRECTION FOR CENTIGRADE THERMOMETERS. Values of 0.000155 u(t’ — t) s Se @ OSOOEOTO mn & oS BWW NH oo oO aD Nn 0 Ons On J & RWW bo Ann W SMITHSONIAN TABLES. CONVERSIONS INVOLVING LINEAR Inches into millimeters Millimeters into inches Barometric inches (mercury) into millibars Barometric millimeters (mercury) into millibars . Feet into meters Meters into feet Miles into kilometers Kilometers into miles Interconversion of nautical and statute miles Continental measures of length with their metric and English equivalents MEASURES. TABLE TABLE ‘TABLE TABLE ‘TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE 14 15 16 17 TABLE 9. INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch = 25.40005 nm. Inches. .00 Ol mm, mim. 0.00 0.00 0.25 0.10 2.54 2.79 0.20 5.08 5-33 0.30 7.62 7.87 0.40 10.16 | 10.41 0.50 12.70 12.95 0.60 15.24 | 15.49 0.70 I77O: ||| pLS:03 0.80 20.32 | 20.57 0.90 22.86 | 23.11 1.00 25.40 | 25.65 1.10 27.94 | 28.19 1.20 30.48 | 30.73 1.30 33.029] 33°27 1.40 }| 35.56 | 35.81 1.50 38.10 | 38.35 1.60 40.64 | 40.59 1.70 43.18 | 43.43 1.80 45-72 | 45.97 1.90 48.26 | 48.51 2.00 50.80 | 51.05 2.10 53-34 | 53-59 2.20 55.88 | 56.13 2.30 58.42 | 58.67 2.40 60.96 | 61.21 2.50 | 63.50 | 63.75 2.60 66.04 | 66.29 2.70 68.58 | 68.83 2.80 alee N2is |) me 7a 7) 2.90 73.66 | 73.91 3.00 | 76.20 | 76.45 3-10 | 78.74 | 78.99 3:20, 81.28 | 81.53 3.30 83.82 | 84.07 3.40 86.36 | 86.61 3.50 88.90 | 89.15 3.60 91.44 | 91.69 3-70 | 93.98 | 94.23 3.80 96.52 | 96.77 3-90 ]| 99.06 | 99.31 4.00 | 101.60 | 101.85 4.10 | 104.14 | 104.39 4.20 | 106.68 | 106.93 4.30 | 109.22 | 109.47 4.40 |III.76 | 112.01 4.50 | 114.30 | 114.55 4.60 | 116.84 | 117.09 4.70 | 119.38 | 119.63 4.80" | 121.92") 122.17 4.90 | 124.46 | 124.71 5.00 [127.00 | 127.25 Proportional Parts, Ae mm, .02 mim. 0.51 3-05 5:59 8.13 10.67 T3221 15-75 18.29 20.53 23-37 25.91 28.45 39-99 33-53 36.07 38.61 41.15 43-69 46.23 48.77 51.31 53-35 56.39 58.93 61.47 64.01 66.55 69.09 71.63 74-17 76.71 79-25 81.79 84.33 86.87 89.41 91.95 94-49 97-03, 99-57 102.11 104.65 107.19 109.73 T1227 114.81 117.35 119.89 122.43 124.97 127.51 0.001 0.025 mm. 1.02 3.56 6.10 8.64 I1.18 13.72 16.26 18.80 21.34 23.88 26.42 28.96 31.50 34-04 36.58 39.12 41.66 44.20 46.74 49.28 51.82 54.36 56.90 59-44 61.98 64.52 67.06 69.60 72.14 74.68 77 22 79-76 82.30 84.84 87.38 89.92 92.46 95.00 97-54 100.08 102.62 105.16 107.70 110.24 112.78 115.32 117.86 120.40 122.94 125.48 128.02 0.003 0.004 0.005 0.076 .0.102 0.127 .05 | .06 mm, mm, 27) 152 3.81 4.06 6.35 6.60 8.89 9.14 11.43 | 11.68 13:97 \|et4.22 16.51 | 16.76 19.05 | 19.30 21.59 | 21.84 24.13 | 24.38 26.67 | 26.92 29.21 | 29.46 ieee | eI.) oz On Oaon 36.83 | 37.08 39-37 | 39.62 41.91 | 42.16 44.45 | 44-70 46.99 | 47.24 49.53 | 49.78 52.07 | 52.32 54.61 | 54.86 57:15 | 57-40 59.69 | 59.94 62.23 | 62.48 64.77 | 65.02 67.31 | 67.56 69.85 | 70.10 72.39 | 72.64 74.93 | 75-18 77-47 | 77-72 80.01 | 80.26 82.55 | 82.80 85.09 | 85.34 87.63 | 87.88 90.17 | 90.42 92.71 | 92.96 95-25 | 95-59 97-79 | 98.04 100.33 | 100.58 102.87 | 103.12 105.41 | 105.66 107.95 | 108.20 110.49 | 110.74 113.03, | 113.28 115.57 | 115.82 118.11 | 118.36 120.65 | 120.90 123.19 | 123.44 125.73 | 125.98 128.27 | 128.52 0,006 0.152 mm. 1.78 4.32 6.86 9.40 11.94 (14.48 17.02 19.56 22.10 24.64 27.18 29.72 32.26 34.80 37-34 39.88 42.42 44.96 47.50 50.04 52.58 55.12 57.06 60.20 62.74 65.28 67.82 70.36 72.90 75-44 77-98 80.52 83.06 85.60 88.14 90.68 93.22 95-76 98.30 100.84 103.38 105.92 108.46 III.00 113.54 116.08 118.62 121.16 123.70 126.24 128.78 0.007 0.178 .08 .09 mm, mm. 2.03 2.29 4.57 | 4.83 7-11 7-37 9.65 9.91 12.19 | 12.45 14.73 | 14.99 D727 | 75S 19.81 | 20.07 22.350) 022°01 24.89 | 25.15 27.43 | 27.69 | 29.97 | 39.23 32.51 | 32-77 35-05 | 35:31 37-59 | 37-85 | 40.13 | 40.39 | 42.67 | 42.93 45.21 | 45.47 47.75 | 48.01 50.29 | 50.55 52.83 | 53.09 55-37 55-63 57.91 | 58.17 60.45 | 60.71 62.99 | 63.25 65.53 | 65.79 68.07 | 68.33 70.61 | 70.87 73-15 | 73-41 75-69 | 75-95 78.23 | 78.49 |] 80.77 | 81.03 83.31 | 83.57 85.85 | 86.11 88.39 | 88.65 90.93 | 91.19 93-47 | 93-73 96.01 | 96.27 98.55 | 98.81 |f IOI.09 | 101.35 103.63, | 103.89 106.17 | 106.43 108.71 | 108.97 TMD 5 Pe SIT 113.79 | 114.05 116.33 | 116.59 118.87 | 119.13 L2RAL 121267; 123.95 | 124.21 126.49 | 126.75 129.03 | 129.29 0.008 0,009 0,203. 0,229 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 16 INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch = 25.40005 mm. TABLE Q. .06 .07 SMITHSONIAN TABLES- Inches. .Ol .02 5.00 | 127.00 | 127.25 | 127.51 5.10 | 129.54 | 129.79 | 130.05 5.20 | 132.08 | 132.33 | 132.59 5.30 | 134.62 | 134.87 | 135.13 5.40 | 137-16 | 137-41 137-67 5.50 | 139.70 | 139.95 | 140.21 5.60 | 142.24 | 142.49 | 142.75 5-70 } 144.78 | 145.03 | 145.29 5.80 | 147.32 | 147.57 | 147-83 5.90 | 149.86 | 150.11 | 150.37 6.00 | 152.40 | 152.66 | 152.91 6.10 | 154.94 | 155-19 | 155-45 6.20 | 157.48 | 157-73 | 157-99 6.30 | 160.02 | 160.27 | 160.53 6.40 | 162.56 | 162.81 | 163.07 6.50 | 165.10] 165.35 | 165.61 6.60 | 167.64 | 167.89 | 168.15 6.70 | 170.18 | 170.43 | 170.69 6.80 }] 172.72 | 172.97 | 173-23 6.90 | 175.26 | 175-51 | 175-77 7.00 | 177.80 | 178.05 | 178.31 | 7.10 | 180.34 | 180.59 | 180.85 | 7.20 | 182.88 | 183.13 | 183.39 7.30 | 185.42 | 185.67 | 185.93 7.40 | 187.96 | 188.21 | 188.47 7.50 | 190.50 | 190.75 | I9I.O1 7-60 | 193-04 | 193.29 | 193.55 7.70 | 195.58 | 195.83 | 196.09 7.80 | 198.12 | 198.37 | 198.63 7.90 | 200.66 | 200.91 | 201.17 8.00 | 203.20 | 203.45 | 203.71 8.10 | 205.74 | 205.99 | 206.25 8.20 | 208.28 | 208.53 | 208.79 8.30 | 210.82 | 211.07 | 211.33 8.40 | 213.36 | 213.61 | 213.87 8.50 | 215.90 | 216.15 | 216.41 8.60 | 218.44 | 218.69 | 218.95 8.70 | 220.98 | 221.23 | 221.49 8.80 } 223.52 | 223.77 | 224.03 8.90 | 226.06 | 226.31 | 226.57 9.00 | 228.60 | 228.85 | 229.11 9.10 | 231.14 | 231.39 | 231.65 9.20 | 233.68 | 233.93 | 234.19 9.30 | 236.22 | 236.47 | 236.73 9.40 | 238.76 | 239.01 | 239.27 9.50 | 241.30 | 241.55 | 241.81 9.60 | 243.84 | 244.09 | 244.35 9.70 | 246.38 | 246.63 | 246.89 9.80 | 248.92 | 249.17 | 249.43 9.90 | 251.46 | 251.71 | 251.97 10.00 | 254.00 | 254.25 | 254.51 Proportional Parts. TE tein mm. 0.025 mm, 1270 130.30 132.84 135.38 137292 140.46 143.00 145-54 148.08 150.62 153.16 155-70 158.24 160.78 163.32 165.86 168.40 170.94 173.48 176.02 178.56 181.10 183.64 186.18 188.72 191.26 193.80 196.34 198.88 201.42 203.96 206.50 209.04 211.58 214.12 216.66 219.20 | 2 22a 224.25 226.82 229.36 231.90 234.44 236.98 239.52 242.06 244.60 247.14 249.68 252.22 254.76 0.002 0.051 mm. 128,52 131.06 133.60 136.14 138.68 141.22 143.76 146.30 148.84 151.38 153.92 156.46 159.00 161.54 164.08 166.62 169.16 171.70 174.24 176.78 179.32 181.86 184.40 186.94 189.48 192.02 194.56 197.10 199.64 202.18 mm, 128.78 131.32 133.86 136.40 138.94 141.48 144.02 146.56 149.10 151.64 154.18 156.72 159.26 161.80 164.34 166.88 169.42 171.96 174.50 177.04 179.58 182.12 184.66 187.20 189.74 192.28 194.82 197.36 199.90 202.44 204.98 207.52 210.06 212.60 215.14 217.68 220.22 222.76 225.30 227.84 128.27 130.81 133-35 135-89 135.43 140.97 143.51 146.05 148.59 151.13 153-67 156.21 158.75 161.29 163.83 166.37 168.91 171.45 173-99 176.53 179.07 181.61 184.15 186.69 189.23 191.77 194.31 196.85 199-39 201.93 204.47 207.01 209.55 212.09 214.63 QUT, 219.71 222.25 224.79 3 | 227.33 229.87 232.41 234-95 237-49 240.03 242.57 245.11 247.65 250.19 252.73 255-27 204.72 207.26 209.80 212.34 214.88 217.42 219.96 222.50 225.04. 227.58 230.28 232.92 235.46 238.00 240.54 243.08 245.62 248.16 250.70 253-24 255.78 230.12 232.66 235.20 237-74 240.28 242.82 245.36 247.90 250.44 252.98 255-52 0.006 0.152 0.003 0.076 0.004 0.102 0.005 0.127 0.007 0.178 17 mm. 129.03 131.57 134.11 136.65 139.19 141.73 144.27 146.81 149-35 151.89 154.43 156.97 159.51 162.05 164.59 167.13 169.67 172.21 174.75 177-29 179.83 182.37 184.91 187.45 189.99 192.53 195-07 197.61 200.15 202.69 205.23 207-77 210.31 212.85 215-39 217.93 220.47 223.01 225.55 228.09 230.63 233-17 235.71 238.25 240.79 243-33 245.87 248.41 250.95 253-49 256.03 | 256.29 0.008 0.203 mm. 129.29 131.83 134.37 136.91 139-45 141.99 144.53 |k 147.07 149.61 152.15 154.69 157-23 |f 159-77 162.31 164.85 167.39 169.93 172.47 175.01 177-55 180.09 182.63 185.17 187.71 190.25 192.79 195-33 197.87 200.41 202.95 205-49 208.03 210.57 213.11 215.65 218.19 220.73 223.27, 225.81 228.35 230.89 233-43 235-97 238.51 241.05 243.59 246.13 248.67 251.21 253-75 0.009 0.229 TABLE Q. INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch = 25.40005 mm. Inches. mm. . 254.25 | 254.51 | 254.76 256.79 | 257-05 | 257-30 | 257.56 7.81 | 258.06 259-33 | 259-59 | 259.84 | 260. 10 ; 260.60 261.87 | 262.1, | 262.38 | 262.64 : 263.14 264.41 264.65 264.92 | 265.18 .43 | 265.68 266.95 | 267.21 | 267.46 | 267.72 ; 268.22 269.49 | 269.75 | 270.00 | 270.26 : 270.76 272.03 | 272.29 | 272.54 | 272.80 ; 273.30 274.57 | 274.93 | 275.08 | 275-34 -59 | 275-84 27S 27 a7 Liije O2Me7coo : 278.38 mm 279.65 | 279.91 | 280.16 | 280.42 : 280.92 282.19 | 282.45 | 282.70 | 282.96 , 283.46 284.73 | 284.99 | 285.24 | 285.50 : 286.00 287.27 | 287.53 | 287.78 | 288.04 | 288. 288.54 289.81 | 290.07 | 290.32 | 290.58 ; 291.08 292.35 | 292.61 | 292.86 | 293.12 : 293.62 294.89 | 295.15 | 295.40 | 295.66 5. 296.16 297.43 | 297.69 | 297.94 | 298.20 . 298.70 299.97 | 300.23 | 300.48 | 300.74 : 301.24 302.51 | 302.77 | 303.02 | 303.28 : 303.78 305.05 | 305.31 | 305.56 | 305.82 ; 306.32 307.59 | 307.85 | 308.10 | 308.36 : 308.86 310.13 | 310.39 | 310.64 | 310.90 : 311.40 312.67 | 312.93 | 313.18 | 313.44 ; 313.94 215.21) | 305-47) | 305. 7.2)| 315-90| 310.23)|)3 10.48 317.75 | 318.01 | 318.26 | 318.52 : 319.02 320.29 | 320.55 | 320.80 | 321.06 : 321.56 322.83 | 323.09 | 323.34 | 323.60 5 324.10 325.37 | 325.63 | 325.88 | 326.14 : 326.64 327.91 | 328.17 | 328.42 | 328.68 : 329.18 330.45 | 330.71 | 330.96 | 331.22 ; 331.72 332-99 | 333-25 | 333-50 | 333-76 | 334.01 | 334.26 335-53 | 335-79 | 336-04 | 336.30 -55 | 336.80 338.07 | 338.33 | 338.58 | 338.84 .09 | 339-34 340.61 | 340.87 | 341.12 | 341.38 .63 | 341.88 343-15 | 343-41 | 343.66 | 343.92 | 344-17 | 344.42 345-69 | 345-95 | 346.20 | 346.46 | 346.71 | 346.96 348.23 | 348.49 | 348.74 | 349.00 | 349.25 | 349.50 359.77 | 351.03 | 351.28 | 351.54 -79 | 352.04 353-31 | 353-57 | 353-82 | 354.08 -33 | 354-58 355.85 | 356.11 | 356.36 | 356.62 ; Cit) 358.39 | 358-65 | 358.90 | 359-16 | 359.41 | 359.66 360.93 | 361.19 | 361.44 | 361.70 : 362.20 363-47 | 363-73 | 363-98 | 364.24 | 364.49 | 364.74 366.01 | 366.27 | 366.52 | 366.78 L 367.28 368.55 | 368.81 | 369.06 | 369.32 : 369.82 371.09 | 371.35 | 371.60 | 371.86 : 372.36 373-63 | 373-89 | 374-14 | 374-40 -65 | 374-90 379.17 | 376.43 | 376.68 | 376.94 -19 | 377-44 378.71 | 378.97 | 379-22 | 379-48 | 379-73 | 379-98 381.25 | 381.51 | 381.76 | 382.02 : 382.52 Inch. 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0,006 0.007 0.008 0.009 Proportional Parts. mm. 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.178 0.203 0.229 BmiTHSONIAN TABLES. 18 TABLE 9. INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch = 25.40005 mm. .02 .03 : : .06 .07 -08 .09 | mm. mm. ; . mim, mm, mm, nim, | 381.25 | 381.51 | 381.76 5 : 382.52 | 382.78 | 383.03 383.79 | 384.05 | 384.30 : ‘ 385.06 | 385.32 | 385.57 83 | 386.33 | 386.59 | 386.84 : .35 | 387.60 | 387.86 | 388.11 3.37 | 388.87 | 389.13 | 389.38 ; : 390.14 | 390.40 | 390.65 391.41 | 391.67 | 391.92 . -43 | 392.68 | 392.94 | 393.19 393-95 | 394-21 | 394.46 . -97 | 395-22 | 395-48 | 395.73 39-649 | 396.75 | 397-00 . -5L | 397.76 | 398.02 | 398.27 399.03 | 399.29 | 399.54 : i 400.30 | 400.56 | 400.81 401.57 | 401.83 | 402.08 4 : 402.84 | 403.10 | 403.35 404.11 | 404.37 | 404.62 .88 -13 | 405.38 | 405.64 | 405.89 406.65 | 406.91 | 407.16 5 ; 407.92 | 408.18 | 408.43 409.19 | 409.45 | 409.70 : : 410.46 | 410.72 | 410.97 A4II.73 | 411.99 | 412.24 : : 413.00 | 413.26 | 413.51 414.27 | 414.53 | 414.78 : : 415.54 | 415.80 | 416.05 416.81 | 417.07 | 417.32 ; : 418.08 | 418.34 | 418.59 419.35 | 419.61 | 419.86 : : 420.62 | 420.88 | 421.13 421.89 | 422.15 | 422.40 : : 423.16 | 423.42 | 423.67 424.43 | 424.69 | 424.94 2 -45 | 425.70 | 425.96 | 426.21 426.97 | 427.23 | 427.48 : ‘ 428.24 | 428.50 | 428.75 429.51 | 429.77 | 430.02 : : 430.78 | 431.04 | 431.29 432.05 | 432.31 | 432.56 . -07 | 433.32 | 433-58 | 433-83 434.59 | 434.85 | 435-10 . -6I | 435.86 | 436.12 | 436.37 437-13 | 437-39 | 437-64 . -15 | 438.40 | 438.66 | 438.91 439.67 | 439-93 | 440.18 : -69 | 440.94 | 441.20 | 441.45 442.21 | 442.47 | 442.72 . -23 | 443.48 | 443.74 | 443.99 444.75 | 445.01 | 445.26 : -77 | 446.02 | 446.28 | 446.53 447.29 | 447.55 | 447-80 . -31 | 448.56 | 448.82 | 449.07 449.83 | 450.09 450.34 : -85 | 451.10 | 451.36 | 451.61 452.37 | 452.63 | 452.88 . -39 | 453-64 | 453-90 | 454-15 454-91 | 455-17 | 455-42 -93 | 456.18 | 456.44 | 456.69 457-45 | 457-71 | 457-96 : -47 | 458.72 | 458.98 | 459.23 459.99 | 460.25 | 460.50 ; : 461.26 | 461.52 | 461.77 462.53 | 462.79 | 463.04 : : 463.80 | 464.06 | 464.31 465.07 | 465.33 | 465.58 : : 466.34 | 466.60 | 466.85 467.61 | 467.87 | 468.12 : : 468.88 | 469.14 | 469.39 470.15 | 470.41 | 470.66 : : 471.42 | 471.68 | 471.93 472.69 | 472.95 | 473.20 . : 473-96 | 474.22 | 474.47 475-23 | 475-49 | 475-74 . . 476.50 | 476.76 | 477.01 477-77 | 478.03 | 478.28 5d -79 | 479-04 | 479.30 | 479.55 480.31 | 480.57 | 480.82 ‘ : 481.58 | 481.84 | 482.09 482.85 | 483.11 | 483.36 : : 484.12 | 484.38 | 484.63 485.39 | 485.65 | 485.90 : ; 486.66 | 486.92 | 487.17 487.93 | 488.19 | 488.44 : : 489.20 | 489.46 | 489.71 490.47 | 490.73 | 490.98 22 -49 | 491.74 | 492.00 | 492.25 493.01 | 493-27 | 493-52 “7 -03 | 494.28 | 494.54 | 494.79 495-55 | 495.81 | 496.06 2 -57 | 496.82 | 497.08 | 497.33 498.09 | 498.35 | 498.60 . -II | 499.36 | 499.62 | 499.87 500.34 | 500.89 | 501.14 : : 501.91 | 502.16 | 502.41 503.18 | 503.43 | 503.68 : : 504.45 | 504.70 | 504.95 505.72 | 505.97 | 506.22 : 3 506.99 | 507.24 | 507.49 508.26 | 508.51 | 508.76 : : 509.53 | 509.78 | 510.03 Inch. 0.001 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005 0,006 0,007 0.008 0.009 Proportional Parts, a mm, 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.178 0.203 0,229 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 19 TABLE SQ. INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch = 25.40005 mm. Inches. .00 Ol mm, mm. mm. mm. . a mm. mm. . + I 20.00 | 508.00 | 508.26 | 508.51 | 508.76 | 509.02 , 509.53 | 509.78 | 510.03 | 510.29 20.10 [510.54 | 510.80] 511.05 | 511.30 | 511.56 : 512.07 | 512.32 | 512.57 | 512.83 20.20 | 513.08 | 513.34 | 513.59 | 513.84 | 514.10 -35 | 514.61 | 514.86 | 515.11 | 515.37 20.30 | 515.62 | 515.88 | 516.13 | 516.38 | 516.64 : 517.15 | 517.40 | 517.65 | 517-91 20.40 | 518.16 | 518.42 | 518.67 | 518.92 | 519.18 : 519.69 | 519.94 | 520.19 | 520.45 20.50 | 520.70 | 520.96 | 521.21 | 521.46 | 521.72 : 522.23 | 522.48 | 522.73 | 522.99 20.60 | 523.24 | 523.50 | 523.75 | 524.00 | 524.26 2 524.77 | 525.02 | 525.27 | 525.53 20.70 | 525.78 | 526.04 | 526.29 | 526.54 | 526.80 : 527.31 | 527.56 | 527.81 | 528.07 20.80 | 528.32 | 528.58 | 528.83 | 529.08 | 529.34 : 529.85 | 530.10 | 530.35 | 530.61 20.90 | 530.86 | 531.12 | 531.37 | 531.62 | 531.88 : 532.39 | 532.64 | 532.89 | 533-15 21.00 | 533-40 | 533-66 | 533-91 | 534-16 | 534-42 | 534.67 | 534.93 | 535-18 | 535.43 | 535-69 21.10 | 535.94 | 536.20 | 536.45 | 536.70 | 536.96 -2I | 537-47 | 537-72 | 537-98 | 538.23 21.20 | 538.48 | 538.74 | 538.99 | 539.24 | 539.50 : 540.01 | 540.26 | 540.51 | 540.77 21.30 | 541.02 | 541.28 | 541.53 | 541.78 | 542.04 | 542. 542.55 | 542.80 | 543.05 | 543.31 21.40 | 543.56 | 543.82 | 544.07 | 544.32 | 544.58 | 544. 545-09 | 545-34 | 545-59 | 545-85 21.50 | 546.10 | 546.36 | 546.61 | 546.86 | 547.12] 547. 547.63 | 547.88 | 548.13 | 548.39 21.60 1548.64 | 548.90 | 549.15 | 549.40 | 549.66 | 549.91 | 550.17 | 550.42 | 550.67 | 550.93 21.70 | 551.18 | 551.44 | 551.69 | 551.94 | 552.20 -45 | 552.71 | 552.96 | 553-21 | 553-47 21.80 | 553-72 | 553-98 | 554.23 | 554.48 | 554-74 -99 | 555-25 | 555-50 | 555-75 | 556.01 21.90 | 556.26 | 556.52 | 556.77 | 557-02 | 557.28 -53 | 557-79 | 558.04 | 558.29 | 558.55 22.00 | 558.80 | 559.06 | 559.31 | 559.56 | 559.82 : 560.03 | 560.58 | 560.83 | 561.09 22.10 | 561.34 | 561.60 | 561.85 | 562.10 | 562.36 : 562.87 | 563.12 | 563.37 | 563.63 22.20 | 563.88 | 564.14 | 564.39 | 564.64 | 564.90 : 565.41 | 565.66 | 565.91 | 566.17 22.30 | 566.42 | 566.68 | 566.93 | 567.18 | 567.44 : 567.95 | 568.20 | 568.45 | 568.71 22.40 | 568.96 | 569.22 | 569.47 | 569.72 | 569.98 -23 | 570.49 | 570.74 | 570.99 | 571-25 22:50) [571-508 577s 7051572: Ol 5 72620 || 572552 : 573-03 | 573-28 | 573-53 | 573-79 22.60 | 574.04 | 574.30 | 574.55 | 574-80 | 575.06 -31 | 575-57 | 575-82 | 576.07 | 576.33 22.70 | 576.58 | 576.84 | §77.09 | 577-34 | 577-60 | 577. 578.11 | 578.36 | 578.61 | 578.87 22.80 | 579.12 | 579.38 | 579.63 | 579.88 | 580.14 | 580. 580.65 | 580.90 | 581.15 | 581.41 22.90 | 581.66 | 581.92 | 582.17 | 582.42 | 582.68 : 583.19 | 583.44 | 583.69 | 583.95 23.00 | 584.20 | 584.46 | 584.71 | 584.96 | 585.22 | 585. 585-73 | 585.98 | 586.23 | 586.49 23-10 | 586.74 | 587.00 | 587.25 | 587.50 | 587.76 3 588.27 | 588.52 | 588.77 | 589.03 23.20 | 589.28 | 589.54 | 589.79 | 590.04 | 590.30 : 590.81 | 591.06 | 591.31 | 591.57 23.30 | 591.82 | 592.08 | 592.33 | 592.58 | 592.84 -09 | 593-35 | 593-60 | 593.85 | 594.11 23.40 1594.36 | 594.62 | 594.87 | 595.12 | 595.38 -63 | 595-89 | 596.14 | 596.39 | 596.65 23.50 | 596.90 | 597.16 | 597.41 | 597.66 | 597.92 -17 | 598.43 | 598.68 | 598.93 | 599.19 23.60 | 599.44 | 599.70 | 599.95 | 600.20 | 600.46 : 600.97 | 601.22 | 601.47 | 601.73 23.70 | 601.98 | 602.24 | 602.49 | 602.74 | 603.00 E 603.51 | 603.76 | 604.01 | 604.27 23.80 | 604.52 | 604.78 | 605.03 | 605.28 | 605.54 | 605. 606.05 | 606.30 | 606.55 | 606.81 23.90 | 607.06 | 607.32 | 607.57 | 607.82 | 608.08 ;. 608.59 | 608.84 | 609.09 | 609.35 24.00 | 609.60 | 609.86 | 610.11 | 610.36 | 610.62 : 611.13 | 611.38 | 611.63 | 611.89 24.10 } 612.14 | 612.40 | 612.65 | 612.90 | 613.16 : 613.67 | 613.92 | 614.17 | 614.43 24.20 | 614.68 | 614.94 | 615.19 | 615.44 | 615.70 : 616.21 | 616.46 | 616.71 | 616.97 24.30 | 617.22 | 617.48 | 617.73 | 617.98 | 618.24 : 618.75 | 619.00 | 619.25 | 619.51 24.40 | 619.76 | 620.02 | 620.27 | 620.52 | 620.78 : 621.29 | 621.54 | 621.79 ; 622.05 | 24.50 | 622.30 | 622.56 | 622.81 | 623.06 | 623.32 : 623.83 | 624.08 | 624.33 | 624.59 24.60 | 624.84 | 625 10 | 625.35 | 625.60 | 625.86 : 626.37 | 626.62 | 626.87 | 627.13 24.70 | 627.38 | 627.64 | 627.89 | 628.14 | 628.40 : 628.91 | 629.16 | 629.41 | 629.67 24.80 | 629.92 | 630.18 | 630.43 | 630.68 | 630.94 : 631.45 | 631.70 | 631.95 | 632.21 24.90 | 632.46 | 632.72 | 632.97 | 633.22 | 633.48 | 633.73 | 633.99 | 634.24 | 634.49 | 634.75 | 25.00 | 635.00 | 635.26 | 635.51 | 635.76 | 636.02 : 636.53 | 636.78 | 637.03 | 637.29 Inch. 0.001 0.002 0,003 0.004 0.005 0.006 0.007 0.008 0.009 Proportional Parts. mm. 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.102 0.127 0.152 0.178 0,203 0,229 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 20 INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch = 25.40005 mm. TABLE 9. Inches. mm. 636.27 638.81 641.35 643.89 646.43 648.97 651.51 654.05 656.59 659.13 661.67 664.21 666.75 669.29 671.83 74-37 676.91 679.45 681.99 684.53 687.07 689.61 692.15 694.69 697.23 699.77 702.31 704.85 797-39 709-93 712.47 715.01 717-55 720.09 722.63 Fay ee fil 730-25 732-79 735-33 737-87 740.41 742.95 745-49 748.03 750-57 Vasu 755-14 | 755-40 | 755-65 757-68 | 757-94 | 758-19 760.22 | 760.48 | 760.73 762.76 | 763.02 | 763.27 0.001 0.002 0,003 0.004 0.005 0.025 0.051 0.076 0.102 0,127 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. Za 0.006 0.152 mm, 636.78 639.32 641.86 644.40 646.94 649.48 65.02 654.56 657.10 659.64 662.18 664.72 667.26 669.80 672.34 674.88 677.42 679.96 682.50 685.04 687.58 690.12 692.66 695.20 697.74 700.28 702.82 705-36 797.90 710.44 712.98 715.52 718.06 720.60 723-14 725.68 728.22 730.76 133-39 735-54 738.38 749.92 743-46 746.00 748.54 751.08 753-62 756.16 758.70 761.24 763.78 0.007 0.178 .08 mm, 637.03 639-57 642.11 644.65 647.19 649.73 654.27 654.81 657-35 659.89 662.43 664.97 667.51 670.05 672.59 675.13 677.67 680.21 682.75 685.29 687.83 690.37 692.91 695-45 697.99 700.53 793-97 705.61 708.15 710.69 713-23 715-77 718.31 720.85 723-39 725-93 728.47 7BTeOr 733-55 736.09 738.63 741.17 743-71 746.25 748.79 751-33 753-87 756.41 758.95 761.49 764.03 0.008 0.203 .09 mm, 637.29 639.83 642.37 644.91 647.45 649.99 652.53 655-07 657.61 660.15 662.69 665.23 667.77 670.31 672.85 675.39 677.93 680.47 683.01 685.55 688.09 690.63 693.17 695.71 698.25 700.79 703-33 705.87 708.41 710.95 713-49 716.03 718.57 Fi2lenan 723.65 726.19 728.73 731.27 733-81 736.35 738.89 741.43 743-97 746.51 749-95 751.59 754-13 756.67 759.21 761.75 764. 29 0.009 0.229 TABLE 9. Proportional Parts. Inch. mm. INCHES INTO MILLIMETERS. I inch — 25.40005 mm. mm, 762.5) 765.05 0.001 0.025 0.002 0.051 -04 mm. 763.02 765.56 768.10 770.64 773.18 775-72 778.26 780.80 783.34 785.88 788.42 790.96 793-59 796.04 798.55 So1.12 803.66 $06.20 808.74 811.28 0.003. 0.094 0.076 0.102 -06 nim, 763.53 766.07 768.61 fof enksy 773-69 776.23 778.77 781.31 783.85 786.39 788.93 791.47 794.01 796.55 799-09 801.63 804.17 806.71 809. 25 811.79 0.005 0.006 0.127. 0.152 0.007 0.178 0.008 0.203 0.009 0.229 SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 10, MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. | Milli- waters: I 2 3 5 6 7 8 9 Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. } Inches. } Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 0 0.0000 | 0.0394] 0.0787 | 0.1181 | 0.1575] 0.1968} 0.2362] 0.2756| 0.3150] 0.3543 10 0.3937 | 0.4331 | 0.4724] 0.5118} 0.5512] 0.5906 | 0.6299 | 0.6693 | 0.7087 | 0.7480 20 0.7874 | 0.8268 | 0.8661 | 0.9055 | 0.9449] 0.9842] 1.0236] 1.0630] 1.1024] 1.1417 30 I.18II] 1.2205] 1.2598] 1.2992] 1.3386] 1.3780] 1.4173 | 1.4567 | 1.4961 | 1.5354 4o 1.5748| 1.6142] 1.6535] 1.6929] 1.7323] 1.7716] 1.8110] 1.8504] 1.8898] 1.9291 50 1.9685 | 2.0079| 2.0472] 2.0866] 2.1260] 2.1654] 2.2047 | 2.2441 | 2.2835] 2.3228 60 2.3622| 2.4016}| 2.4409] 2.4803] 2.5197] 2.5590] 2.5984] 2.6378] 2.6772] 2.7165 70 2.7559 | 2-7953 2.8346] 2.8740] 2.9134] 2.9528] 2.9921 | 3.0315] 3.0709| 3.1102 80 3.1496| 3.1890] 3.2283 | 3.2677] 3.3071] 3.3464] 3.3858] 3.4252 3.4646 3.5039 90 3.5433 | 3-5828| 3.6220] 3.6614] 3.7008] 3.7402] 3.7795| 3.8189] 3.8583 | 3.8976 100 3.9370| 3.9764] 4.0157 4.0551 | 4.0945 4.1338 | 4.1732] 4.2126] 4.2520| 4.2913 IIo 4.3307 | 4.3701 | 4.4094] 4.4488] 4.4882] 4.5276| 4.5669] 4.6063 | 4.6457] 4.6850 120 4.7244| 4.7638] 4.8031] 4.8425] 4.8819] 4.9212] 4.9606] 5.0000] 5.0394} 5.0787 130 | 5.1181} 5.1575 | 5.1968} 5.2362] 5.2756] 5.3150] 5-3543| 5-3937| 5-4331| 5.4724 140 5.5118] 5.5512| 5.5905] 5.6299] 5.6693] 5.7086] 5.7480] 5.7874] 5.8268] 5.8661 150 5.9055| 5-9449] 5.9842] 6.0236] 6.0630] 6.1024] 6.1417] 6.1811] 6.2205 | 6.2598 160 6.2992 | 6.3386 | 6.3779| 6.4173 | 6.4567] 6.4960] 6.5354| 6.5748 | 6.6142] 6.6535 | 170 6.6929 | 6.7323] 6.7716] 6.8110] 6.8504! 6.8898 | 6.9291 | 6.9685 | 7.0079] 7.0472 180 7.0866 | 7.1260 |. 7.1653 | 7.2047] 7.2441] 7.2834 | 7.3228] 7.3622] 7.4016| 7.4409 190 | 7.4803] 7.5197 | 7.5590} 7-5984| 7.6378] 7.6772] 7-7165 | 7-7559| 7-7953| 7.8346 200 7.8740 | 7.9134] 7-9527| 7.9921 | 8.0315] 8.0708} 8.1102] 8.1496} 8.1890] 8.2283 210 8.2677 | 8.3071 | 8.3464 | 8.3858] 8.4252] 8.4646] 8.5039} 8.5433] 8.5827] 8.6220 220 8.6614] 8.7008} 8.7401 | 8.7795 | 8.8189] 8.8582 | 8.8976] 8.9370] 8.9764 | 9.0157 230 9.0551 | 9.0945} 9.1338] 9.1732] 9.2126] 9.2520] 9.2913] 9.3307] 9.3701] 9.4094 240 9.4488 | 9.4882] 9.5275| 9.5669} 9.6063] 9.6456] 9.6850] 9.7244] 9.7638) 9.8031 250 9.8425 | 9.8819] 9.9212] 9.9606 |10.0000 ]10.0394 |10.0787 |10.1181 }10.1575 |10.1968 260 = J 10.2362 |10.2756 | 10.3149 |10.3543 | 10.3937 |10.4330 |10.4724 |10.5118 |10.5512 |10.5905 270 ~=|10.6299 |10.6693 |10.7086 |10.7480 |10.7874 |10.8268 |10.8661 |10.9055 |10.9449 |10.9842 280 = J 1.0236 |1 1.0630 |11.1023 |II.1417 |I1.187 J 11.2204 |11.2598 | 11.2992 |11.3338 |11.3779 290 = JII.4173 |11.4568 |11.4960 |11.5354 |11.5748 |1 1.6142 |11.6535 |11.6929 |11.7323 |11.7716 300 = {11.8110 |11.8504 |11.8897 |1 1.9291 |11.9685 {12.0078 |12.0472 |12.0866 |12.1260 |12.1653 310 = J 12.2047 |12.2441 |12.2834 |12.3228 |12.3622 |12.4016 |12.4409 |12.4803 |12.5197 |12.5590 320 = 12.5984 |12.6378 |12.6771 |12.7165 |12.7559 |12.7952 |12.8346 |12.8740 |12.9134 |12.9527 330 = [12.9921 113.0315 |13.0708 |13.1102 |13.1496 |13.189g0 |13.2283 |13.2677 |13.3071 |13.3464 340 = 113.3858 [13.4252 |13.4645 |13.5039 |13.5433 [13-5826 |13.6220 |13.6614 |13.7008 |13.7401 350 = 13.7795 |13-8189 |13.8582 |13.8976 |13.9370 |13.9764 |14.0157 |14.0551 |14.0945 |14.1338 360 = 114.1732 ]14.2126 |14.2519 |14.2913 |14.3307 |14.3700 |14.4094 |14.4488 |14.4882 |14.5275 370 ‘114.5669 |14.6063 |14.6456 |14 6850 |14.7244 |14.7638 |14.8031 |14.8425 |14.8819 |14.9212 380 {14.9606 |15.0000 |15.0393 |15.0787 |15.1 181 ]15.1574 |15.1968 |15.2362 |15.2756 |15.3149 390 [15.3543 |15-3937 |15-4330 |15-4724 |15-5118 |15-5512 |15.5905 |15.6299 |15.6693 |15.7086 400 115.7480 |15.7874 |15.8267 |15.8661 |15.9055 |15.9448 |15.9842 |16.0236 |16.0630 |16.1023 Tenths of a millimeter. Hundredths of a millimeter. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 10. MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. i, mm. —10:03937 inch: Milli- meters, Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 400 | 15.748 | 15.752 | 15.756| 15.760 | 15.764 | 15.768 | 15.772 | 15.776 4ol 15.787 | 15-791 | 15-795 | 15-799 | 15.803 | 15.807 | 15.811 | 15.815 402 15.827 | 15.831 | 15-835 | 15-839 | 15.842 | 15.846 | 15.850 | 15.854 403 15.866 | 15.870 | 15.874 | 15.878 | 15.882 | 15.886 | 15.890 | 15.894 404 15.905 | 15.909 | 15-913 | 15.917 | 15-921 | 15.925 | 15-929 | 15.933 405 | 15.945 | 15.949 | 15-953 | 15-957 | 15-961 | 15.965 | 15.968 | 15.972 406 15.984 | 15.988 | 15.992 | 15.996 | 16.000 | 16.004 | 16.008 | 16.012 407 16.024 | 16.028 | 16.031 | 16.035 | 16.039 | 16.043 | 16.047 | 16.051 408 16.063 | 16.067 | 16.071 | 16.075 | 16.079 | 16.083 | 16.087 | 16.091 409 | 16.102 | 16.106 | 16.110 | 16.114 | 16.118 | 16.122 | 16.126 | 16.130 AlO | 16.142 | 16.146 | 16.150] 16.154 | 16.157 | 16.161 | 16.165 | 16.169 411 16.181 | 16.185 | 16.189 | 16.193 | 16.197 | 16.201 | 16.205 | 16.209 412 16.220 | 16.224 | 16.228 | 16.232 | 16.236 | 16.240 | 16.244 | 16.248 413 16.260 | 16.264 | 16.268 | 16.272 | 16.276 | 16.279 | 16.283 | 16.287 414 16.299 | 16.303 | 16.307 | 16.311 | 16.315 | 16.319 | 16.323 | 16.327 415 | 16.339 | 16.342 | 16.346 | 16.350 | 16.354] 16.358 | 16.362 | 16.366 416 | 16.378 | 16.382 | 16.386 | 16.390 | 16.394 | 16.398 | 16.402 | 16.405 417 16.417 | 16.421 | 16.425 | 16.429 | 16.433 | 16.437 | 16.441 | 16.445 418 | 16.457 | 16.461 | 16.465 | 16.468 | 16.472 | 16.476 | 16.480 | 16.484 419 | 16.496 | 16.500 | 16.504 | 16.508 | 16.512 | 16.516 | 16.520 | 16.524 420 | 16.535 | 16.539 | 16.543 | 16.547 | 16.551 | 16.555 | 16.559 | 16.563 421 16.575 | 16.579 | 16.583 | 16.587 | 16.591 | 16.594 | 16.598 | 16.602 422 | 16.614] 16.618 | 16.622 | 16.626 | 16.630] 16.634 | 16.638 | 16.642 423 16.654 | 16.657 | 16.661 | 16.665 | 16.669 | 16.673 | 16.677 | 16.681 424 16.693 | 16.697 | 16.701 | 16.705 | 16.709 | 16.713 | 16.717 | 16.720 425 |} 16.732 | 16.736 | 16.740 | 16.744 | 16.748 | 16.752 | 16.756 | 16.760 426 | 16.772 | 16.776 | 16.779 | 16.783 | 16.787 | 16.791 | 16.795 | 16.799 427 16.811 | 16.815 | 16.819 | 16.823 | 16.827 | 16.831 | 16.835 | 16.839 428 16.850 | 16.854 | 16.858 | 16.862 | 16.866 | 16.870 | 16.874 ] 16.878 429 16.890 | 16.894 | 16.898 | 16.902 | 16.905 | 16.909 | 16.913 | 16.917 430 | 16.929 | 16.933 | 16.937 | 16.941 | 16.945 | 16.949 | 16.953 | 16.957 431 16.968 | 16.972 | 16.976 | 16.980 | 16.984 | 16.988 | 16.992 | 16.996 432 17.008 | 17.012 | 17.016 | 17.020 | 17.024 | 17.028 | 17.031 | 17.035 433 17.047 | 17.051 |.17.055 | 17.059 | 17.063 | 17.067 | 17.071 | 17.075 434 17.087 | 17.091 | 17.094 | 17.098 | 17.102] 17.106 | 17.110 | 17.114 435 | 17.126] 17.130] 17.134 | 17.138 | 17.142 | 17.146 | 17.150 | 17.154 436 17.165 || £72169) |' 17-073) (S717 71) L7- LOL pL7-1O5 || 17-199) | 17.198 437 1752054) 72209i|) L7E2T AM Lae kat Li7s2ZOunl 7.224 Nek fe 220i Leaae 438 17.244 | 17.248 | 17.252 | 17.256 | 17.260 | 17.264 | 17.268 | 17.272 439 07,293) 1722071) 17-20 ele 2O5u 0 Le 290n|| 17-303) 276307, | Lob! A440 | 17.323 | 17.327 | 17-331 | 17-335 | 17-339 | 17-342 | 17.346 | 17.350 441 0'75302)| 172306) |) 17237 0N| D7 a7 Aa Lp STON Le 7eGoe || L750) |) 172390 442 17.402 | 17.405 | 17.409 | 17.413 | 17.417 | 17.421 | 17.425 | 17.429 | 443 | 17-441 | 17.445 | 17-449 | 17-453 | 17-457 | 17-461 | 17.465 | 17.468 | 444 17.480 | 17.484 | 17.488 | 17.492 | 17.496 | 17.500 | 17.504 | 17.508 445 | 17.520 | 17.524 | 17.528 | 17.531 ) 17-535 | 17-539 | 17-543 | 17-547 446 | 17.559 | 17-563 | 17-567 | 17.571 | 17-575 | 17-579 | 17-583 | 17-587 | 447 17.598 | 17.602 | 17.606 | 17.610 | 17.614 | 17.618 | 17.622 | 17.626 | 448 17.638 | 17.642 | 17.646 | 17.650 | 17.654 | 17.657 | 17.661 | 17.665 | 449 | 17.677 | 17<68r | 17.685 | 17.689 | 17.693 | 17.697 | 17.701 | 17.705 450 | 17.717 | 17.720 | 17.724 | 17.728 | 17.732 | 17.736 | 17.740 | 17.744 BMITHSONIAN TABLES. 24 TABLE 10, MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm.= 0.03937 inch. Milli- meters, Inches. | Inches. |} Inches. . | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. TAM TN epee 2On | Leg ot 2A. £75732)| 17.730'| 17.740 17.756 | 17.760 | 17.764 17.772 | 17-776 | 17.779 ‘117.795 | 17.799 | 17.803 17.811 | 17.815 | 17.819 17.835 | 17.839 | 17.842 17.850 | 17.854 | 17.858 17.874 | 17.878 | 17.882 17.890 | 17.894 | 17.898 17.913 | 17-917 | 17.921 17.929 | 17-933 | 17-937 17-953 | 17-957 | 17-961 17.968 | 17.972 | 17.976 17.992 | 17.996 | 18.000 18.008 | 18.012 | 18.016 18.031 | 18.035 | 18.039 18.047 | 18.051 | 18.055 18.071 | 18.075 | 18.079 18.087 | 18.091 | 18.094 18.110 | 18.114 | 18.118 18.126 | 18.130 | 18.134 18.150 | 18.154 | 18.157 18.165 | 18.169 | 18.173 18.189 | 18.193 | 18.197 18.205 | 18.209 | 18.213 18.228 | 18.232 | 18.236 18.244 | 18.248 | 18.252 18.268 | 18.272 | 18.276 18.283 | 18.287 | 18.291 18.307 | 18.311 | 18.315 18.323 | 18.327 | 18.331 18.346 | 18.350 | 18.354 18.362 | 18.366 | 18.370 18.386 | 18.390} 18.394 18.402 | 18.405 | 18.409 18.425 | 18.429 | 18.433 18.441 | 18.445 | 18.449 18.465 | 18.468 | 18.472 18.480 | 18.484 | 18.488 18.504 | 18.508 | 18.512 18.520 | 18.524 | 18.528 18.543 | 18.547 | 18.551 18.559 | 18.563 | 18.567 18.583 | 18.587 | 18.591 18.598 | 18.602 | 18.606 18.622 | 18.626 | 18.630 18.638 | 18.642 | 18.646 18.661 | 18.665 | 18.669 18.677 | 18.681 | 18.685 18.701 | 18.705 | 18.709 18.716 | 18.720 | 18.724 18.740 | 18.744 | 18.748 18.756 | 18.760 | 18.764 18.779 | 18.783 | 18.787 18.795 | 18.799 | 18.803 18.819 | 18.823 | 18.827 18.835 | 18.839 | 18.842 18.858 | 18.862 | 18.866 18.874 | 18.878 | 18.882 18.898 | 18.902 | 18.905 18.913 | 18.917 | 18.921 18.937 | 18.941 | 18.945 18.953 | 18.957 | 18.961 18.976 | 18.980 | 18.984 18.992 | 18.996 | 19.000 19.016 | 19.020 | 19.024 19.031 | 19.035 | 19.039 19.055 | 19.059 | 19.063 19.071 | 19.075 | 19.079 19.094 | 19.098 | 19.102 19.110 | 19.114 | 19.118 19.134 | 19.138 | 19.142 |’ 19.150 | 19.154 | 19.157 19.173 | 19.177 | 19.181 19.189 | 19.193 | 19.197 19.213 | 19.216 | 19.220 19.228 | 19.232 | 19.236 19.252 | 19.256 | 19.260 19.268 | 19.272 | 19.276 19.291 | 19.295 | 19.299 19.307 | 19.311 | 19.315 19.331 | 19.335 | 19.339 19.346 | 19.350 | 19.354 19.370 | 19.374 | 19.378 19.386 | 19.390 | 19.394 19.409 | 19.413] 19.417 19.425 | 19.429 | 19.433 19.449 | 19.453 | 19.457 19.465 | 19.465 | 19.472 19.488 | 19.492 | 19.496 19.504 | 19.508 | 19.512 19.528 | 19.531 | 19.535 19.543 | 19-547 | 19-551 19.567 | 19.571 | 19.575 19.583 | 19.587 | 19.591 19.606 | 19.610 | 19.614 19.622 | 19.626 | 19.630 19.646 | 19.650 | 19.654 19.661 | 19.665 | 19.669 19.685 | 19.689 | 19.693 19.701 | 19.705 | 19.709 BMITHSONIAN TABLES. 25 TaBLe 10. MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. == 0.03937 inch. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 19.685 | 19.689 | 19.693 | 19.697 | 19.701 | 19.705 | 19.709 | 19.713 | 19.716 | 19.720 19.724 | 19.728 | 19.732 | 19.736 | 19.740] 19.744 | 19.748 | 19.752 | 19.756 | 19.760 19.764 | 19.768 | 19.772 | 19.776 | 19.779 | 19.783 | 19.787 | 19-791 | 19.795 | 19.799 19.803 | 19.807 | 19.811 | 19.815 | 19.819 | 19.823 | 19.827 | 19.831 | 19.835 | 19.839 | 19.842 | 19.846 | 19.850 | 19.854 | 19.858 | 19.862 | 19.866 | 19.870 | 19.874 | 19.878 19.882 | 19.886 | 19.890 | 19.894 | 19.898 | 19.902 | 19.905 | 19.909 | 19.913 | 19.917 19.921 | 19.925 | 19.929 | 19.933 | 19-937 | 19-941 | 19.945 | 19.949 | 19.953 | 19.957 19.961 | 19.965 | 19.968 | 19.972 | 19.976 | 19.980 | 19.984 | 19.988 | 19.992 | 19.996 |} 20.000 | 20.004 | 20.008 | 20.012 | 20.016 | 20.029 | 20.024 | 20.028 | 20.031 | 20.035 20.039 | 20.043 | 20.047 | 20.051 | 20.055 | 20.059 | 20.063 | 20.067 | 20.071 | 20.075 20.079 | 20.083 | 20.087 | 20.091 | 20.094 | 20.098 | 20.102 | 20.106 | 20.110 | 20.114 20.118 | 20.122 | 20.126 | 20.130 | 20.134 | 20.138 | 20.142 | 20.146 | 20.150 | 20.154 20.157 | 20.161 | 20.165 | 20.169 | 20.173 | 20.177 | 20.181 | 20.185 | 20.189 | 20.193 20.197 | 20.201 | 20.205 | 20.209 | 20.213 | 20.216 | 20.220 | 20.224 | 20.228 | 20.232 20.236 | 20.240 | 20.244 | 20.248 | 20.252 | 20.256 | 20.260 | 20.264 | 20.268 | 20.272 20.276 | 20.279 | 20.283 | 20.287 | 20.291 | 20.295 | 20.299 | 20.303 | 20.307 | 20.311 20.315 | 20.319 | 20.323 | 20.327 | 20.331 | 20.335 | 20.339 | 20.342 | 20.346 | 20.350 20.354 | 20.358 | 20 362 | 20.366 | 20.370 | 20.374 | 20.378 | 20.382 | 20.386 | 20.390 20.394 | 20.398 | 20.402 | 20.405 | 20.409 | 20.413 | 20.417 | 20.421 | 20.425 | 20.429 20.433 | 20.437 | 20.441 | 20.445 | 20.449 | 20.453 | 20.457 | 20.461 | 20.465 | 20.468 20.472 | 20.476 | 20.480 | 20.484 | 20.488 | 20.492 | 20.496 | 20.500 | 20.504 | 20.508 20.512 | 20.516 | 20.520 | 20.524 | 20.528 | 20.531 | 20.535 | 20.539 | 20.543 | 20.547 20.551 | 20.555 | 20.559 | 20.563 | 20.567 | 20.571 | 20.575 | 20.579 | 20.583 | 20.587 20.591 | 20.594 | 20.598 | 20.602 | 20.606 | 20.610 | 20.614 | 20.618 | 20.622 | 20.626 20.630 | 20.634 | 20.638 | 20.642 | 20.646 | 20.650 | 20.654 | 20.657 | 20.661 | 20.665 20.669 | 20.673 | 20.677 | 20.681 | 20.685 | 20.689 | 20.693 | 20.697 | 20.701 | 20.705 20.709 | 20.713 | 20.716 | 20.720 | 20.724 | 20.728 | 20.732 | 20.736 | 20.740 | 20.744 20.748 | 20.752 | 20.756 | 20.760 | 20.764 | 20.768 | 20.772 | 20.776 | 20.779 | 20.783 20.787 | 20.791 | 20.795 | 20.799 | 20.803 | 20.807 | 20.811 | 20.815 | 20.819 | 20.823 20.827 | 20.831 | 20.835 | 20.839 | 20.842 | 20.846 | 20.850 | 20.854 | 20.858 | 20.862 |f 20.866 | 20.870 | 20.874 | 20.878 | 20.882 | 20.886 | 20.890 | 20.894 | 20.898 | 20.902 20.905 | 20.909 | 20.913 | 20.917 | 20.921 | 20.925 | 20.929 | 20.933 | 20.937 | 20.941 20.945 | 20.949 | 20.953 | 20.957 | 20.961 | 20.965 | 20.968 | 20.972 | 20.976 | 20.980 20.984 | 20.988 | 20.992 | 20.996 | 21.000 | 21.004 | 21.008 | 21.012 | 21.016 | 21.020 21.024 | 21.028 | 21.031 | 21.035 | 21.039 | 21.043 | 21.047 | 21.051 | 21.055 | 21.059 21.063 | 21.067 | 21.071 | 21.075 | 21.079 | 21.083 | 21.087 | 21.091 | 21.094 | 21.098 21.102] 21.106 | 2T-L10i| 21.114.) 21-118)| 21-122 |/2T.126)| 20.1201) 2rene4) | 2ronas 21.142 | 21.146 | 21.150 | 21.154 | 21.157 | 21.161 | 21.165 | 21.169 | 21.173 | 21.177 21.181 | 21.185 | 21.189 | 21.193 | 21.197 | 21.201 | 21.205 | 21.209 | 21.213 | 21.216 21.220 | 21.224 | 21.228 | 21.232 | 21.236 | 21.240 | 21.244 | 21.248 | 21.252 | 21.256 21.260 | 21.264 | 21.268 | 21.272 | 21.276 | 21.279 | 21.283 | 21.287 | 21.201 | 21.295 21.299) | 21.303) || 21-307 || 21-31 U|| 21-315, |/20.319)| 21.323 | 21.327 2.33mi 335 21.339 | 21.342 | 21.346 | 21.350 | 21.354 | 21.358 | 21.362 | 21.366 | 21.370 | 21.374 21.378 | 21.382 | 21.386 | 21.390 | 21.394 | 21.398 | 21.402 | 21.405 | 21.409 | 21.413 21.417 | 21.421 | 21.425 | 21.429 | 21.433 | 21.437 | 21.441 | 21.445 | 21.449 | 21.453 21.457 | 21.461 | 21.465 | 21.468 | 21.472 | 21.476 | 21.480 | 21.484 | 21.488 | 21.492 21.496 | 21.500} 21.504 | 21.508 | 21.512 | 21.516 | 21.520 | 21.524 | 21.528 | 21.531 21.535 | 21.539 | 21.543 | 21.547 | 21.551 | 21-555 | 21-559 | 21.563 | 21.567 | 21.571 21.575 | 21.579 | 21.583 | 21.587 | 21.591 | 21.594 | 21.598 | 21.602 | 21.606 | 21.610 21.614 | 21.618 | 21.622 | 21.626 | 21.630 | 21.634 | 21.638 | 21.642 | 21.646 | 21.650 21.654 21.657 | 21.661 21.665 | 21.66g | 21.673 | 21.677 | 21.681 | 21.685 | 21.689 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 26 MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. TABLE 10. Milli- meters. Inches. 21.654 21.693 Me 7g2 Pie Te 21.811 21.850 21.890 21.929 21.968 22.008 22.047 22.087 22.126 22.165 22.205 22.244 22.283 22.323 22.362 22.402 22.441 22.480 22.520 22.559 22.598 22.638 22.677 22.716 22.756 22.795 22.835 22.874 22.913 22.953 22.992 23.031 23.071 23.110 23.150 23.189 23.228 23.268 23-307 23.346 23.386 23.425 23.465 23.504 23.543 23.583 23.622 Inches. 21.657 21.697 21.736 21.776 21.815 21.854 21.894 21.933 21.972 22.012 22.051 22.091 22°00) 22.169 22.209 22.248 22.287 225327, 22.366 22.405 22.445 22.484 22.524 22.563 22.602 22.642 22.681 22.720 22.760 22.799 22.839 22.878 22.917 22.957 22.996 23.035 23.075 23.114 235 53 23.193 23.232 235272 ZB Gist 23.350 23-390 23.429 23.468 23.508 23-547 23.587 23.626 Inches. 21.661 21.701 21.740 21.779 21.819 21.858 21.898 21.937 21.976 22.016 22.055 22.094 22.134 22ei7e 22,213 22.252 22.291 22.331 22.370 22.409 22.449 22.488 22.528 22.567 22.606 22.646 22.685 22.724 22.764 22.803 22.842 22.882 22.921 22.961 23.000 23.039 23.079 23.118 23.157 23.197 23.236 23.276 23.315 23-354 23-394 23-433 23.472 23.512 23.551 23.591 23.630 Inches. 21.665 -705 23-437 23.476 23.516 23-555 23-594 23.634 Inches. 21.669 21.709 21.745 2 7O7 21.827 21.866 21.905 21.945 21.984 22.024 063 102 .142 .ISI .220 NbN NN NY oO NHN YN .260 -299 -339 .378 -417 -457 .496 535 SiS) 614 SO NNN YN NwoNHNN 653 693 Moe 772 -oll NNN NN Ny wv NN N N .850 22.890 22.929 22.968 23.008 047 087 .126 165 -205 NNN NN G2 G2 & 3-244 23.283 221323 23.362 23.402 23.441 23.480 23.520 23-559 23.598 23.638 Inches. 21.681 21.720 21.760 21.799 21.839 Inches. 21.677 21.716 21.756 21.795 21.835 Inches. 21.673 Dra 713 21.752 21.791 21.831 21.870 21.909 21.949 21.988 .028 21.874 21.913 21.953 21.992 22.031 21.878 21.917 21.957 21.996 22.035 Nv N .067 106 22.071 2 BIAG|| 2 2 2 Peto 2.150 2.189 2.228 22.075 22.114 153 .193 2.232 .185 224 NNNN YN NNN NN .268 307 .264 -303 342 | 22.346 382 | 22.386 421 | 22.425 461 | 22.465 500 504 539 -543 .579 | 22-583 .618 .622 272 eile 350 .390 22.429 468 508 -547 .587 .626 2.665 2.705 -744 22.783 22.823 22.862 22.902 22.941 22.980 23.020 No NNN N NNN NN mw NNN N NRHN NN bby bv NN bony NNN 22.657 .661 .697 e7Ol 22.736 | 22.740 -779 .815 | 22.519 NNN LL) 22.77 22.858 22.898 22.937 22.976 23.016 .854 .894 .933 22.972 23.012 tS OK Go 2 G2 .055 .094 134 73 E23 23.059 23.098 23.138 Dalai 23.216 23.051 3.091 3.130 3. 169 3.209 boy NN 23.256 23.295 23-335 23-374 23.413 23.453 23.492 23.531 23.571 23.610 .248 207, Boi .366 3-495 23-445 23.484 23.524 23.503 23.602 252 291 saa .370 .409 23-449 23.488 23.528 23.507 23.606 2H Ge G2 OG Nov w NN G2 G2 Ga Ge 23.642 | 23.646 | 23.650 td XS Oo as oo to XN \o lee Co Bei THSONIAN TABLES. 8 27) TABLE 10, MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. — 0.03937 inch. Milli- meters. 600 601 602 603 604 605 606 607 608 609 610 611 612 613 614 615 616 617 618 619 620 621 622 623 624 625 626 627 628 629 630 631 632 633 634 635 636 637 638 639 640 641 642 643 644 645 646 647 648 649 650 -779 23.819 23.858 23.898 23-937 23.976 24.016 24.055 24.094 24.134 24.173 2A. 273 24.252 24.291 24.331 24.370 24.409 24.449 24.488 24.528 24.567 24.606 24.646 24.685 24.724 24.764 24.803 24.842 24.882 24.921 24.961 25.000 25.039 25-079 25.118 25-157 25-197 25.236 25.276 25.315 NO on Oo on S NHN NN min orion OV HSI OO HNNWL nm onNpRPOO tw Nn \O rer BMITHSONIAN TABLES. . | Inches. 23.626 23.665 23.705 -744 23.783 23.823 23.862 23.902 23.941 23.980 24.020 24.059 24.095 24.138 24.077, 24.216 24.256 24.295 24.335 24.374 24.413 24.453 24.492 24.531 24.571 24.610 24.650 24.689 24.728 24.768 24.807 24.846 24.886 24.925 24.965 25.004 25.043 25.083 25.122 25.161 25.201 25.240 25.279 25.319 25.3598 25.398 25.437 25.476 25.516 25-555 25.594 Inches. 23.630 23.669 23-709 23.748 23.787 23.827 23.866 23.905 23-945 23.984 24.024 24.063 24.102 24.142 24.181 24.220 24.260 24.299 24-339 24.37 24.417 24.457 24.496 24.535 24.575 24.614 24.653 24.693 24.732 24.772 24.811 24.850 24.890 24.929 24.968 25.008 25.047 25.087 25.126 25.165 25.205 25.244 25-283 25.323 25.362 25.402 25.441 25.480 25.520 25-559 25.598 Inches. 23.634 23.673 23-713 23.752 23-791 23.831 23.870 23.909 23-949 23.988 24.028 24.067 24.106 24.146 24.185 24.224 24.264 24.303 24.342 24.382 24.421 24.461 24.500 24.539 24.579 24.618 24.657 24.697 24.736 24.77 24.815 24.854 24.894 24.933 24.972 25.012 25.051 25.091 25.130 25.169 25.209 25.245 25.287 25-327 25.366 25.405 25-445 25.454 25.524 25.563 | 25.602 a S al Bg OQ Isp o wn 2 OHHH hb WD DW Go Go Go AO SI ©. “IC SST O U1 H na ao .| Inches: 23.642 23.681 23.720 23.760 23-799 23.839 23.878 23-917 23-957 23.996 24.035 24.075 24.114 24.153 24.193 24.232 DAD 24.311 24.350 24.390 24.429 24.468 24.508 24.547 24.587 24.626 24.665 24.705 24.744 24.783 24.823 24.862 24.902 24.941 24.980 25.020 25.059 25.098 25.138 25-177 25.216 25.256 25-295 25-335 25-374 25.413 25-453 25.492 25.531 25.571 25.610 Inches. 23.646 23.685 23.724 23.764 23.803 23.842 23.882 23.921 23.961 24.000 24.039 24.079 24.118 24.157 24.197 24.236 24.276 24.315 24.354 24.394 24.433 24.472 24.512 24.551 24.591 24.630 24.669 24.709 24.748 24.787 24.827 24.866 24.905 24.945 24.984 25.024 25.063 25.102 25.142 25.181 25.220 25.260 25-299 25-339 25-37 Prey 25-457 25.496 25-535 25-575 25.614 Inches. 23.650 23.689 23.728 23.768 23.807 23.846 23.886 23.925 23.965 24.004 24.043 24.083 24.122 24.161 24.201 No wHH NH NH Z Inches. 23.653 23.693 2257R2 22K 23.811 23.850 23.890 23.929 23.968 24.008 24.047 24.087 24.126 24.165 24.205 24.244 24.283 24.323 24.362 24.402 24.441 24.480 24.520 24-959) 24.598 24.638 24.677 24.716 24.756 24.795 24.835 24.874 24.913 24.953 24.992 25.031 25-071 25.110 25.150 25.189 25.228 25.268 25.307 25.346 25.386 25.425 25.465 25.504 25-543 25-593 Inches. 23.657 23.697 23.736 23.776 23.815 23.854 23.894 23.933 23.972 24.012 24.051 24.091 24.130 24.169 24.209 24.248 24.287 24.327 24.366 |f 24.405 24.445 24.484 24.524 24.563 24.602 24.642 24.681 24.720 24.760 24.799 24.839 24.878 24.917 24.957 24.996 25.035 25.075 25.114 25. 153 25.193 25.232 BRT 25 a0 k 25.350 25.390 25.429 25.468 25.508 25-547 25.587 I | 25.622 25.626 , TABLE 10, MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. Milli- | 9 : 9 meters. Inches, | Inches, |} Inches. |} Inches. | Inches. |] Inches. | Inches. | Inches. |} Inches. Inches. | 25.591 | 25.594 | 25.598 | 25.602 | 25.606 | 25.610 -614 | 25.618 | 25.622 | 25.626 25.630 | 25.634 | 25.638 | 25.642 | 25.646] 25.650 ; 25-657 | 25.661 | 25.665 25.669 | 25.673 | 25.677 | 25.681 | 25.685 | 25.689 ‘ 25.697 | 25.701 | 25.705 25-709 | 25-713 | 25-716 | 25.720 | 25.724 | 25.728 : 25-736 | 25.740 | 25.744 25.748 | 25.752 | 25.756 | 25.760 | 25.764 | 25.768 b 25.776 | 25.779 | 25.783 25.787 | 25-791 | 25-795 | 25-799 | 25.803 | 25.807 : 25.815 | 25.819 | 25.823 25-827 | 25.831 | 25.835 | 25.839 | 25.842 | 25.846 | 25. 25.854 | 25.858 | 25.862 25.866 | 25.870 | 25.874 | 25.878 | 25.882 | 25.886 é 25.894 | 25.898 | 25.902 || 25.905 | 25.909 | 25.913 | 25.917 | 25.921 | 25.925 -929 | 25.933 | 25.937 | 25.941 25-945 | 25-949 | 25.953 | 25-957 | 25-961 | 25.965 : 25.972 | 25.976 | 25.980 | 25-984 | 25.988 | 25.992 | 25.996 | 26.000 | 26.004 | 26. 26.012 | 26.016 | 26.020 | 26.024 | 26.028 | 26.031 | 26.035 | 26.039 | 26.043 -047 | 26.051 | 26.055 | 26.059 | 26.063 | 26.067 | 26.071 | 26.075 | 26.079 | 26.083 .087 | 26.090 | 26.094 | 26.098 26.102 | 26.106 | 26.110 | 26.114 | 26.118 | 26.122 : 26.130 | 26.134 | 26.138 26.142 | 26.146 | 26.150 | 26.153 | 26.157 | 26.161 | 26. 26.169 | 26.173 | 26.177 26.181 | 26.185 | 26.189 | 26.193 | 26.197 | 26.201 : 26.209 | 26.213 | 26.216 | 26.220 | 26.224 | 26.228 | 26.232 | 26.236 | 26.240 : 26.248 | 26.252 | 26.256 | 26.260 | 26.264 | 26.268 | 26.272 | 26.276 | 26.279 .283 | 26.287 | 26.291 | 26.295 | 26.299 | 26.303 | 26.307 | 26.311 | 26.315 | 26.319 : 26.327 | 26.331 | 26.335 | 26.339 | 26.342 | 26.346 | 26.350 | 26.354 | 26.358 : 26.366 | 26.370 | 26.374 26.378 | 26.382 | 26.386 | 26.390 | 26.394 | 26.398 A 26.405 | 26.409 | 26.413 26.417 | 26.421 | 26.425 | 26.429 | 26.433 | 26.437 : 26.445 | 26.449 | 26.453 26.457 | 26.461 | 26.465 | 26.468 | 26.472 | 26.476 -480 | 26.484 | 26.488 | 26.492 | 26.496 | 26.500 | 26.504 | 26.508 | 26.512 | 26.516 : 26.524 | 26.528 | 26.531 26.535 | 26.539 | 26.543 | 26.547 | 26.551 | 26.555 “5 26.563 | 26.567 | 26.571 26.575 | 26.579 | 26.583 | 26.587 | 26.590] 26.594 -598 | 26.602 | 26.606 | 26.610 26.614 | 26.618 | 26.622 | 26.626 | 26.630 | 26.634 -638 | 26.642 | 26.646 | 26.650 | 26.653 | 26.657 | 26.661 | 26.665 | 26.669 | 26.673 : 26.681 | 26.685 | 26.689 | 26.693 | 26.697 | 26.701 | 26.705 ; 26.709 | 26.713 : 26.720 | 26.724 | 26.728 26.732 | 26.736 | 26.740 | 26.744 | 26.748 | 26.752 : 26.760 | 26.764 | 26.768 26.772 | 26.776 | 26.779 | 26.783 | 26.787 | 26.791 : 26.799 | 26.803 | 26.807 | 26.811 | 26.815 | 26.819 | 26.823 | 26.827 | 26.831 .835 | 26.838 | 26.842 | 26.846 | 26.850 | 26.854 | 26.858 | 26.862 | 26.866 | 26.870 As 26.878 | 26.882 | 26.886 26.890 | 26.894 | 26.898 | 26.902 | 26.905 | 26.909 ; 26.917 | 26.921 | 26.925 | 26.929 | 26.933 | 26.937 | 26.941 | 26.945 | 26.949 : 26.957 | 26.961 | 26.965 26.968 | 26.972 | 26.976 | 26.980 | 26.984 | 26.988 é 26.996 | 27.000 | 27.004 27-008 | 27.012 | 27.016 | 27.020 | 27.024 | 27.028 | 27. 27.035 | 27.039 | 27-043 27-047 | 27.051 | 27.055 | 27.059 | 27.063 | 27.067 | 27.071 | 27.075 | 27.079 | 27.083 27.087 | 27.090 | 27.094 | 27.098 | 27.102 | 27.106 | 27. 270A | 270 To |27atoon 27 M26) (27a S7AEsA 2 7.1e 8 270A 2 .146 ! 27.153 | 272057 || 272 lor 27.165 | 27.169 | 27.173 | 27-177 | 27.181 .185 : 27.193 | 27.197 | 27.201 27.205 | 27.209 | 27.213 | 27.216 | 27.220 | 27.224 .228 | 27.232 | 27.236 | 27.240 DTEQNAN 272A S 272252 1) 272256)| 272200 .264 , 27272 2 qe2hol27e27n9 27.283 | 27.287 |'27.291 | 27.295 | 27.299 | 27.303 | 27.307 | 27.311 | 27.315 | 27-319 27-323 | 27-327 | 27-331 | 27-335 -339 -342 . 27-350 | 27.354 | 27-358 27.362 | 27.366 | 27.370 | 27.374 e302 273 27.390 | 27.394 | 27.398 27.402 | 27.405 | 27.409 | 27.413 -421 | 27.425 | 27.429 | 27.433 | 27-437 | 27.441 | 27.445 | 27.449 | 27.453 -461 | 27.465 | 27.468 | 27.472 | 27.476 | 27.480 | 27.484 | 27.488 | 27.492 1500) 278 27.508 | 27.512 | 27.516 27.520 | 27.524 | 27.528 | 27.531 -539 | 27-543 | 27-547 | 27-551 | 27-555 27.559 27-565 | 27.567 27-57% 579 | 27- 27.587 | 27.590 | 27-594 NNNNN SINS i} “I SmiTMSONIAN TABLES. TaBLeE 10. Milli- meters. 726 28.583 727, 28.622 728 28.661 729 28.701 730 28.740 731 | 28.779 732 28.819 733 28.858 734 28.898 735 28.937 736 28.976 737, 29.016 738 | 29.055 739 29.094 740 29.134 741 29.173 742 29.213 743 29.252 744 745 746 29.370 747 29.409 748 | 29.449 749 BMITHSONIAN TABLES. MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. mm. = 0.03937 inch. I Inches. 27.563 27.602 27.642 27.681 27.720 27.760 27-799 27.839 27.878 27-917 27-957 27.996 28.035 28.075 28.114 28.153 28.193 28.232 28.272 28.311 28.350 28.390 28.429 28.468 28.508 28.547 28.587 28.626 28.665 28.705 28.744 28.783 28.823 28.862 28.902 28.941 28.980 29.020 29-059 29.098 29.138 29.177 29.216 29.256 29.295 29.335 29.374 29.413 29.453 29.492 29.531 Inches. 27.567 27.606 27.646 27.685 2724 27.764 27.803 27.842 27.882 27.921 27.961 28.000 28.039 28.079 28.118 28.157 28.197 28.236 28.276 28.315 28.354 28.394 28.433 28.472 28.512 28.551 28.590 28.630 28.669 28.709 28.748 28.787 28.827 28.866 28.905 28.945 28.984 29.024 29.063 29.102 29.142 29.181 29.220 29.260 29.339 29.37 29.417 29.457 Inches. 27-579 27.618 27.657 27.697 27.736 Inches. 27-575 27.614 27.653 27.693 Ge Inches. 27.571 27.610 27.650 27.689 27.728 27.776 27.815 27.854 27.894 27-933 27.972 28.012 28.051 28.090 28.130 27.768 27.807 27.846 27.886 27.925 27.965 28.004 28.043 28.083 28.1122 28.161 28.201 28.240 28.279 28.319 27772 27.811 27.850 27.890 27.929 27.968 28.008 28.047 28.087 28.126 28.165 28.205 28.244 28.283 28.323 28.169 28.209 28.248 28. 287 28.327 28.366 28.405 28.445 28.484 28.524 28.358 28.398 28.437 28.476 28.516 28.555 28.594 28.634 28.673 28.713 28.362 28.402 28.441 28.480 28.520 28.563 28.602 28.642 28.681 28.720 28.559 28.598 28.638 28.677 28.716 28.756 28.795 28.760 28.799 28.839 28.878 28.917 28.957 28.996 29.035 29.075 29.114 29.153 29.193 29.232 29.272 29.31 28.752 28.791 28.831 28.870 28.909 28.949 | 28.953 28.988 29.028 29.067 29.106 29.146 29.185 29.224 29.264 29.303 ae | 29.342 29.382 29.421 29.461 29.500 29-539 29.350 29.390 29.429 29.468 29.508 29.547 29.543 Inches. 27.583 27.622 27.661 27.701 27.740 27-779 27.819 27.858 27.898 27-937 27.976 28.016 28.055 28.094 28.134 295173 28.213 28.252 28.291 28.331 28.370 28.409 28.449 28.488 28.528 28.567 28.606 28.646 28.685 28.724 28.764 28.803 28.842 28.882 28.921 28.961 29.000 29.039 29.079 29.118 29.157 29.197 29.236 29.276 29.315 29-354 29-394 29.433 29.472 29.512 29-551 Inches. 27.587 27.626 27.665 27.705 27.744 27.783 27.823 27.862 27.902 27.941 27.980 28.020 28.059 28.098 28.138 28.177 28.216 28.256 28.295 28.335 28.374 28.413 28.453 28.492 28.531 28.571 25.610 28.650 28.689 28.728 28.768 28.807 28.846 28.886 23.925 28.965 29.004 29.043 29.053 29.122 29.161 29.201 29.240 29.279 29.319 29.358 29.398 29.437 29.476 29.516 29-555 Inches. 27.590 27.630 27.669 27.709 27.748 27.787 27.827 27.866 27.905 27.945 27.984 28.024 28.063 28.102 28.142 28.181 28.220 28.260 28.299 28.339 28.378 28.417 28.457 28.496 28.535 28.575 28.614 28.653 28.693 28.732 28.772 28.811 28.850 28.890 28.929 28.968 29.008 29.047 29.087 29.126 29.165 29.205 29.244 29.283 29-323 29.362 29.402 29.441 29.480 29.520 29-559 Inches. 27-594 27.634 27.673 } 27 E73 27.752 27.791 27.831 27.870 27-529 27-949 27.988 28.028 28.067 28.106 28.146 28.185 28.224 28.264 28.303 28.342 28.382 28.421 28.461 28.500 28.539 28.579 28.618 28.657 28.697 28.736 28.776 28.815 28.854 28.894 28.933 28.972 29.012 29.051 29.090 29.130 29.169 29.209 29.248 29.287 29.327 29.366 29.405 29.445 29.484 | 29.524 29.563 30 Milli- meters. Inches. 29.528 29.567 29.606 29.646 29.685 29.724 29.764 29.803 29.842 29.882 29.921 29.961 30.000 30.039 30.079 30.118 39.157 30.197 30.236 30.276 30.315 30.354 30.394 30.433 30.472 30.512 39.551 39-599 30.630 30.669 30.709 30.748 30.787 39.827 30.866 30.905 30.945 30.984 31.024 31.063 .102 .142 .18I .220 .260 -299 31.339 31.378 31.417 31.457 31.496 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. Inches. 29.531 29.571 29.610 29.650 29.689 29.728 29.768 29.807 29.846 29.886 29.925 29.965 30.004 39.043 2? 24 30.083 30.122 30.161 30.201 30.240 39-279 30.319 30.358 30.398 30.437 30.476 30.516 39-555 39.594 30.634 30.673 30.713 30.752 39-791 30.831 30.870 39.909 39.949 30.988 31.027 31.067 31.106 31.146 31.185 31.224 31.264 31.303 31.342 31.382 31.421 31.461 31.500 MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. Inches. 29.535 29.575 29.614 29.653 29.693 29.732 29.772 29.811 29.850 29.890 29.929 29.968 30.008 30.047 30.087 30.126 30.165 30.205 30.244 30.283 39.323 30.362 30.402 30.441 30.480 30.520 39-559 30.598 30.638 30.677 30.716 30.756 30-795 30.835 30.874 30-913 39.953 30.992 31.031 31.071 31.110 31.150 31.189 31.228 31.268 31.307 31.346 31.380 31.425 31.465 31.504 Inches. 29-543 29.583 29.622 29.661 29.701 29.740 29-779 29.819 29.858 29.898 29.937 29.976 30.016 39-055 30.094 30.134 30.173 30.213 30.252 30.291 30. 331 30.370 30.409 39.449 30.488 30.528 30.567 30.606 30.646 30.685 30.724 30.764 30.803 30.842 30.882 30.921 30.961 31.000 31.039 31.079 BIourS 31.157 31.197 31.236 31.276 31.315 31.354 31.394 31.433 31.472 31.512 ar Inches. 29-547 29.587 29.626 29.665 29.705 29.744 29.783 29.823 29.862 29.902 29.941 29.980 30.020 39-059 30.098 30.138 30.177 30.216 30.256 30.295 30.335 30.374 30.413 30.453 30.492 30.531 39.571 30.610 30.650 30.689 30.728 30.768 30.807 30.846 30.886 30-925 30.965 31.004 31.043 31.083 Bii22 31.161 31.201 31.240 31.279 31.319 31.358 31.398 31.437 31.476 31.516 Inches. 29.551 29.590 29.630 29.669 29.709 29.748 29.787 29.827 29.866 29.905 29-945 29.984 30.024 30.063 30. 102 30.142 30.181 30.220 30.260 30.299 30.339 30.378 30.417 30-457 30.496 309-535 39.575 30.614 30.653 30.693 30.732 30.772 30.811 30.850 30.890 30.929 30.968 31.008 31.047 31.087 31.126 31.165 31.205 31.244 31.283 31.323 31.362 31.402 31.441 31.480 31.520 Inches. 29.555 29.594 29.634 29.673 29.713 29.752 29.791 29.831 29.870 29.909 29.949 29.988 30.027 30.067 30. 106 30.146 30.185 30.224 30.264 39-303 30.342 30.382 30.421 30.461 30.500 30.539 30.579 30.618 30.657 30-697 30.736 30.776 30.815 30.854 30.894 39-933 30.972 31.012 31.051 31.090 BIO 31.169 31.209 31.248 31.287 31.327 31.366 31.405 31.445 31.484 31.524 TABLE 10. Inches, 29-559 29.598 29.638 29.677 29.716 29.756 29.795 29.835 29.874 29.913 29.953 29.992 30.031 30.071 30.110 30.150 30.189 30.228 30. 268 30.307 30.346 30.386 30.425 30.465 30.504 309.543 30.583 30.622 30.661 30.701 30.740 39-779 30.819 30.858 30.898 39-937 30.976 31.016 31.055 31.094 31.134 31.173 31.213 31.252 31.291 31.331 31-370 31.409 31.449 31.488 31.527 TaBLe 10. MILLIMETERS INTOINCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. meters. Milli- .0 A | rs | ‘3 | 4 Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | 31.496 | 31.500 | 31.504 | 31.508 | 31.512 | 31.516 | 31.520 | 31.524 | 31.527 | 31.531 31.535 | 31-539 | 31-543 | 31-547 | 31-551 | 31-555 | 31-559 | 31-563 | 31.567 | 31.571 31.575 | 31-579 | 31-583 | 31-587 | 31-590 | 31.594 | 31.598 | 31.602 | 31.606 | 31.610 31.614 | 31.618 $6221 |'2i020 31.634 | 31.638 | 31.642 | 31.646 | 31.650 31.653 | 31.657 .661 | 31.665 31.673 | 31.677 | 31.681 | 31.685 | 31-689 31.693 | 31.697 | 31.701 ATO \) Gill 21.703) 3i- 706) 21-720 | 21.724 hee 726 2TG782)) 2167.30) || 3l74O -744 | 31-748 | 31.752 | 31-756 | 31.760 | 31.764 | 31.768 |f 31.772 | 31-776 | 31-779 | 31-783 | 31-787 | 31-791 | 31-795 | 31-799 | 31.803 | 31.807 31.811 | 31.815 | 31.819 POD 20 |hoile 31.831 | 31.835 | 31.839 | 31.842 | 31.846 31.850 | 31.854 .858 .862 | 31. 31.870 | 31.874 | 31.878 | 31.882 | 31.886 PD Ne) oO .890 | 31.894 31-933 31.972 32.012 32.051 \O Oo to 31.909 | 31.913 | 31.917 | 31.921 | 31.925 31-949 | 31.953 | 31-957 | 31.961 | 31.965 31.988 | 31.992 | 31.996 | 32.000 | 32.004 32.027 | 32.031 | 32.035 | 32.039 | 32.043 32.067 | 32.071 | 32.075 | 32.079 | 32.083 \O Oo NI NNHHH OO ne. Or G2 G2 G2 Ge GI NN HHH Oo I OG G2 G2 GO) 2 nN oO Oo ° 32.106 sLIO!|/3250 0A) sotrrsissoee -146 sf50:) 32.1531 32157) |ie2uror .185 .189 | 32.193 -197 | 32.201 .224 3228) |'3212232 .236 | 32.240 .264 -268))| 325272 .276 | 32.279 -130 .169 .209 .248 G2 G2 G2 G2 Go NNNNN G2 Bo G2 Go GH NNNNN G2 G2 G2 Go G NNN N .287 327 366 .405 445 303 1307 ||| 22.3 11 -315 | 32.319 342 32.350 | 32.354 | 32.358 .382 | 32.386 | 32.390 394 421 | 32.425 | 32.429 | 32.433 .461 | 32.465 | 32.468 | 32.472 .500 | 32.504 | 32.508 | 32.512 -539 | 32-543 | 32-547 | 32-551 -579 | 32-583 | 32.587 | 32.590 .618 | 32.622 | 32.626 | 32.630 .657 | 32.661 | 32.665 | 32.669 G2 G2 Sh oO» NS G2 Ga G2 G2 GO N NNN NO G2 2 G2 G2 OD NO HH ND ND > i a CO & G2 G2 G2 G2 GO NNN Nw G2 Gs G2 G2 2 Nw NN YN .697 .7OI | 32.705 | 32.709 32.744 | 32.748 32.783 | 32.787 32.823 | 32.827 32.862 | 32.866 32.902 | 32.905 32.941 | 32.945 32.980 | 32.984 33.020 | 33.024 33-059 | 33-003 33.008 | 33.102 33-138 | 33-142 33-177 | 33-181 2352 16)\)332220 33-260 | G2 G2 G2 G2 Go G2 G2 G2 G) G2 YN NN G2 G2 G2 G2 OD OOO NNN G2 Go Go G2 OD Ne) a on GO» G2 La Ga OD PENNY G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 OW NNN OH) WW bo Ho oO Oo ps Ww 2 2 G2 Go G G2 OD DW 1 GW GD GO G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 G2 Ye oe O2 Ge G2 O92 G2) G) G2 Lo ¢ G2 G2 GG Oo Ga Ge Go Oo Oo Go G2 G2 Ge OG G2 G2 G2 GO G2 G2 G2 G2 OD G2 G2 G2 G2 DW & ZO & to Nn NS 33-299 33°339 33-37 33-417 33-457 33-496 | 33-500 G2 G2 Go OR G2 O» ¢ HW CSI) OOn HW Oo GH OD G2 G2 G2 G2 2) G2 OG) G2 2 DH G2 G2 Go Oo G2 G2 G2 G2 OG G2 2 G2 G2 G2 Ww Oo o oO Ss G2 G2 G2 O WwW Oo - OV wm Oe w oo w > SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 10, MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. Milli- meters. Inches. | Inches. . | Inches. ; . | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 33-464 | 33-468 | 33-472 | 33-476 | 33.- 33-492 | 33-496 33-504 | 33-508 | 33. 33-516 | 33- 33. . 33-531 | 33-535 33-543 | 33-547 | 33- 33-555 | 33: -567 | 33-571 | 33-575 33-583 | 33-587 | 33- 33-594 | 33-598 | 33- . 33-610 | 33-614 33.622 | 33.626 . : 33.650 | 33.653 33-689 | 33-693 33-728 | 33-732 33-768 | 33-772 33.807 | 33.811 33-846 | 33.850 33.661 | 33.665 33-701 | 33-795 33-740 | 33-744 33-779 | 33-783 33.819 | 33.823 O G2 G2 Go G2 PH GG oO ° Oe OG G2 G2 G2 Oo Go & ow oO es) oO MUIaIIA]T lea) iy 2 33.886 | 33.890 33-898 | 33-902 33-925 | 33-929 aeen Se 33.964 33-968 33-979 | 33-990 | 33- -95 B20 34.004 | 34.00 34.016 | 34.020 . 34.043 | 34.047 34-055 | 34-059 . 34-083 | 34.087 34.694 | 34.098 : 34.122 | 34.126 34.134 | 34.138 4. 34.161 | 34.165 34-173 | 34-177 : 34.201 | 34.205 34.213 | 34.216 4.22: 34.240 | 34.244 34.252 | 34.256 . 34.279 | 34.283 34.291 | 34.295 4. 34-319 | 34-323 34-331 | 34-335 . 34.358 | 34.362 34-370 | 34.374 .38 34-398 | 34.402 34.409 | 34.413 33 | 34-437 | 34-441 34-449 | 34.453 34-476 | 34.480 34.488 | 34.492 34.516 | 34.520 34-527 | 34-531 34-555 | 34-559 34-567 | 34.571 | 34. 34-594 | 34-598 34.606 | 34.610 .618 34.634 | 34.638 34.646 | 34.650 34.673 | 34-677 34.685 | 34.689 34-713 | 34-716 34-724 | 34.728 34-752 | 34-756 34.764 | 34.768 34-791 | 34-795 34-803 | 34.807 34.831 | 34-835 34.842 | 34.846 3 ; 34-870 | 34.874 34.882 | 34.886 .89¢ ‘ 34.909 | 34.913 34-921 | 34.925 34. 4.937 34-949 | 34-953 34-961 | 34.964 -97 34.988 | 34.992 35.000 | 35.004 : 35.027 | 35.031 35-039 | 35-043 : 35.067 | 35.071 35-079 | 35.083 4 35.106 | 35.110 35-118 | 35.122 “a 35-146 | 35.150 35-157 | 35-161 : Bos 35.185 | 35.189 35-197 | 35-201 : 35.224 | 35.228 35.236 | 35.240 ‘ 35.264 | 35.268 35-276 | 35.279 : 35-303 | 35-307 35-315 | 35-319 : 35-342 | 35-346 35-354 | 35-358 : 35-382 | 35-386 35-394 | 35-398 .405 35-421 | 35.425 35-433 | 35-437 ; 35.461 | 35.464 oD Y ~s SS oO» a2 Co oe bv 33.858 | 33.862 ue > 0 ee os > 2 © ley = ree NI QV OV WIO20 On tN & Go - Co HH HH G2 G2 Go Go Od SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 33 TABLE 10. 900 gol go2 993 904 905 g06 907 go08 909 910 gII gi2 Or3 914 915 916 917 g18 919 920 921 922 923 924 925 926 927 928 929 930 931 949 950 meters. Inches, 35-433 35-472 35-512 35-551 35-590 BMITHSONIAN TABLES. MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. I 9D Inches. | Inches. 35-437 | 35-44! 35-476 | 35.480 35-516 | 35.520 35-555 | 35-559 35-594 | 35-598 35-634 | 35-638 35-673 | 35-677 35-713 | 35-716 35-752 | 35-756 35-791 | 35-795 35-831 | 35-835 35-870 | 35.874 35-909 | 35-913 35-949 | 35-953 35-988 | 35.992 36.027 | 36.031 36.067 | 36.071 36.106 | 36.110 36.146 | 36.150 36.185 | 36.189 36.224 | 36.228 36.264 | 36.268 36.303 | 36.307 36.342 | 36.346 36.382 | 36.386 36.421 | 36.425 36.461 | 36.464 36.500 | 36.504 36.539 | 36.543 36.579 | 36.583 36.618 | 36.622 36.657 | 36.661 36.697 | 36.701 36.736 | 36.740 36.776 | 36.779 36.815 | 36.819 36.854 | 36.858 36.894 | 36.898 36.933 | 36.937 36.972 | 36.976 37.012 | 37.016 37-051 | 37-055 37-090 | 37.094 37-139 | 37-134 37-169 | 37-173 37.208 | 37.212 37-248 | 37.252 37-287 | 37.291 37-327 | 37-331 37.366 | 37.370 37-405 | 37-409 35-445 35-484 35-524 35-563 35.602 35-642 35.681 35.720 35-760 35-799 839 .878 567 anon Oo WD & GW Oo Inches. Inches. 35-449 35.488 35-527 35-567 35.606 35-646 35.685 35-724 35-764 35.803 35.842 35.882 35.921 35.961 36.000 36.039 36.079 36.118 36.157 36.197 36.236 36.276 G2 DW GH OD G2 G2 G2 Go Go ~I Co “NI No) & on G2 G2 Go G2 Go .024 .063 102 .142 ISI x OG) G2 G2 Go G2 5220 .260 .299 +339 37 DH WD % W Pat SININ™N Ww Ss! a — NI Ge rs Inches. 35-453 35-492 35-531 35-571 35.610 35.650 35-689 35-728 35.768 35.807 35-846 35.886 35-925 35-964 36.004 36.043 36.083 36.122 36. 161 36.201 36.240 36.279 36.319 36.358 36.398 36.437 36.476 36.516 36.555 36.594 36.634 36.673 36.713 3 | 36.752 36.791 36.831 36.870 36.909 36.949 36.988 37.027 37.067 37.106 37.146 .185 Oo “I .224 .264 -303 342 -382 2 G2 G2 G2 G2 Nsw WwW x & NO _ Inches. 35-457 35-496 35-535 35-575 35-614 35-653 35-693 35-732 35-772 35.511 35.850 35-890 35-929 35.968 36.008 36.047 36.087 36.126 36.165 36.205 36.244 36.283 36.323 36.362 36.402 36.441 36.480 36.520 36.559 36.595 36.638 36.677 36.716 36.756 36.795 36.835 36.874 36.913 36.953 36.992 37.031 By Onl B27 RLLO 37.150 37.189 37.228 37.268 . | Inches. 35-464 35-504 35-543 35-583 35.622 35.661 35-701 35-740 35-779 35-819 35.858 35-898 35-937 35-976 36.016 36.055 36.094 36.124 30.173 36.213 36.252 36.291 36.331 36.370 36.409 36.449 36.488 36.527 36.567 36.606 36.646 36.685 36.724 36.764 36.803 36.842 36.882 36.921 36.961 37.000 37-939 37-979 37.118 37-157 37-197 37-236 37.276 37-315 37-354 37-394 37-433 Inches. 35-468 || 35-508 35-547 35-587 35-626 35.665 35-795 35-744 | 35-783 35.823 35.862 35.902 35-941 35.980 36.020 36.059 36.098 36.138 36.177 36.216 | 36.256 36.295 36.335 36.374 36.413 36.453 36.492 36.531 36.571 36.610 36.650 36.689 36.728 36.768 36.807 36.846 36.886 36.925 36.964 37.004 37-043 37.083 37.122 37.161 37-201 37.240 37-279 37-319 37-358 37-398 37-437 Milli- meters. 996 997 998 999 1000 995 . SMITHSDNIAN TABLES. . | Inches. 37-405 37-445 37-484 37-524 37-563 37.602 37-642 37.681 37-720 37-760 37-799 37-839 37.878 37-917 37-957 37-996 38.035 38.075 38.114 38.153 38.193 38.232 38.272 38.311 38.350 38.390 38.429 38.468 38.508 38.547 38.587 38.626 38.665 38.705 38.744 38.783 38.823 38.862 38.901 38.941 38.980 39.020 39-059 39.098 39-138 39-177 39.216 39.256 39-295 39-335 39-374 MILLIMETERS INTO INCHES. I mm. = 0.03937 inch. Inches. 37-409 37-449 37-488 37-527 37-567 37.606 37.646 37-685 37-724 37-764 37-803 37.842 37.882 37-921 37.961 38.000 38.039 38.079 38.118 38.157 38.197 38.236 38.27 38.315 38.354 38.394 38.433 38.472 38.512 38.551 38.590 38.630 38.669 38.709 38.748 38.787 38.827 38.866 38.905 38.945 38.984 39-024 39-063 39.102 39.142 39.181 39.220 39.260 39-299 39-339 39.378 Inches. 37-413 37-453 37-492 37-531 37-571 37.610 37.650 37.689 37-728 37-768 37.807 37.846 37.886 37-925 37-964 38.004 38.043 38.083 38.122 38.161 38.201 38.240 38.279 38.319 38.358 38.398 38.437 38.476 38.516 38.555 38.594 38.634 38.673 38.713 38.752 38.791 38.831 38.870 38.909 38.949 38.988 39-027 39-067 39.106 39.146 39.185 39.224 39.264 39-393 39-342 39.382 Inches. 37-417 37-457 37-496 37-535 37-575 37-614 37-653 37-693 37-732 37-772 37.811 37-850 37.890 | 31-929 37-968 38.008 38.047 38.087 38.126 38.165 38.205 38.244 38.283 38.323 38.362 38. 401 38.441 38.480 38.520 38.559 38.598 38.638 38.677 38.716 38.756 38.795 38.835 38.874 38.913 38.953 38.992 39-031 39.071 39.110 39.150 39.189 39.228 39.268 39-397 39-346 39.386 Inches, 7.421 7.461 37-599 37-539 37-579 o o 5 3 37-894 37-933 37-972 38.012 38.051 38.090 38.130 38. 169 38.209 38.248 38.287 38.327 38.366 38.405 38.445 38.484 38.524 38.563 38.602 38.642 38.681 38.720 38.760 . | Inches. 37-429 37-468 37.508 37-547 37-587 TABLE 10. Inches. 37-433 37-472 Vids 37-551 37-599 37.630 37-669 37-709 37-748 37-787 37.827 37.566 37-995 37-945 37-984 38.024 38.063 38.102 38.142 38.181 38.220 38.260 38.299 38.339 38.378 38.417 38.457 38.496 38.535 38.575 38.614 38.653 38.693 38.732 38.772 38.811 38.850 38.890 | 2 38.929 38.968 39.008 39-047 39.087 39.126 39.165 39.205 39.244 39.283 39-323 39-362 39.401 ee Inches. 2 G2 G2 Ge Go 35 TABLE 11. BAROMETRIC INCHES (MERCURY) INTO MILLIBARS. I inch = 33.86395 mb. Inches nNOoOmnnwo nent O moomoo oo monw man COOn nd NIWBOMNN mn af oOo com H nan SMITHSONIAN TABLES, BAROMETRIC INCHES (MERCURY ) INTO MILLIBARS. t inch = 33-86395 mb. TaBLE 11. Inches. 2-9 27.6 | 27.7 | 27.8 | 24729 28.0 28.1 | 28,2 28.3 28.4 | 28.5 | 28.6 28.7 28.8 28.9 29.0 29.1 29.2 20-3 29.4 1, 29.5 991-5 | 991-9 994-9 | 995-3 998.3 | 998.6 1 TOOI.7 | 1002.0 1005.1 | 1005.4 1008.5 | 1008.8 IO11.9 | 1012.2 1022.0 | 1022.4 1025.4 | 1025.7 1028.8 | 1029.1 1032.2 | 1032-5 1035.6 | 1035-9 1038.9 | 1039-3 1042.3 | 1042.7 1045.7 | 1046.1 1049.1 | 1049-5 1052.5 | 1052.8 1055.9 | 1056.2 1059.3 | 1059-0 1062.7 | 1063.0 1006.0 | 1066.4 m QO = O° on Ur UL coum nN wounds 4 ° H O° ao unr = ° | ro15.6 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 12. BAROMETRIC MILLIMETERS (MERCURY) INTO MILLIBARS. | mm. = 1.33322387 mb. ~ Milli- piatares 1 2 3 A 5 6 7 8 9 |/}—— ee ee | | mb. mb. mb. mb. mb. mb. mb. mb. mb. 0 Pe eres 2.7) arAcO 5-3 On SO 0.6 10.7 12.0 | Io 14.7 16.0 Tee 18.7 20.0 ZTE Sa 2207 24.0 25.3 | 20 28:0: || 20.3" |] 63027) 32-01) 233 smilie s4ey all eas 0.0) legis 38.7 | 3° |e 4.8 42.7 44.0 45-3 46.7 48.0 49.3 50.7 52.0 | | 40 BAL 56.0 S763 58.7 60.0 61.3 62.7 64.0 | 65.3 | / 50 68.0 69.3 70.7 72.0 133 74.7 76.0 Tie 78.7 60 81.3 82.7 84.0 85.3 86.7 88.0 80.3 90.7 92.0 | 70 04-7 96.0 07-3 98.7 }| 100.0 | I0I.3 | 102.7 | 104.0 | 105.3 80 TOS-0. | 109.3) | LLOW7 || HT2:0) | 1Es.s) ||P rr4s 7h | eTLOlO nent 7 pe paleern On go 121.3 | 122.7 | 124.0 | 125.3 | 126.7 | 128:0 | 120.3 || 130.7 | 132.0 | | 100 13407, || 13 6'0) | 8137-3) || 387A Olo | Aa see. 7 TAAL Om eeAGes | Ilo 148.0 | 140:3 | 150.7 | 152:0%] 153-3, | 154-7) || 150.04) 157230 S877 | 120 161.3 | 1Q2.7 | 164.0 | 165.3 | 106:7" | 168.0" | s16o18 9170-76 |\eaye0 | 130 LAST ML OLOn | 177est | ML 7S. 7a) TSO |e Lotesunl elo 2: 184.0 | 185.3 | I40 188.0 | 189.3 | 190.7 192.0 | 103.3 | 104.7 196.0 | 197.3 | 198.7 150 201.3 | 202.7 | 204.0 | 205.3 | 206.6 | 208.0 | 209.3 | 210.6 | 212.0 160 204.6) || 216to! | 217-3" |9 2186) |) 220:0, | 22773) 22210) ean On eo 25<3 170 228.0 | 220.3 | 230.6 | 232.0 | 233.3 | 234.6 | 236.0 | 237.3 | 238.6 180 241.3 | 242.6 | 244.0 245.3 | 246.6 | 248.0 | 240.3 250.0 252.0 190 254.6 | 256.0 | 257.3 | 25810) || 260:0) || 267.3" || 262:6:9|)) 204.08 ||P 26523 | | | | 200 268.0, | 260.3) | 270.6 || 272:0 || 273.3 | 274.6) || 276.0 | 277.3 278.6 210 281.3 | 282.6 | 284.0 | 285.3 | 286.6 | 288.0 | 289.3 | 290.6 | 292.0 | 220 294.6 | 296.0 | 297.3 | 298.6 | 300.0 | 301.3 | 302.6 | 304.0 | 305.3 | 230 308.0) || 9300.3) | 31£0:0) |) 3:12:0) 9/3133) 1) 34:08 |) 3i00:0) | Sanz ae oT Son! 240 329.3. || 1422.0 | 324.0. | 1325-3, 132016. |. 328:07 | 1320.35 33000l|aa32.0 250 334-6 | 336.0 | 337-3 | 338.6 | 340.0 | 341.3 | 342.6 | 344.0 | 345.3 | 260 348.0 | 349.3 | 350.6 | 352.0 | 353-3 | 354.6 | 356.0 | 357.3 | 358.0 | 270 365.3 || 362.6.-|| 364.0; || 365-3 | 30616 |) 368:0 | 360.3 ||) 370:0. ||" 372707) 280 374.6 | 376.0 | 377.3 | 378.6 | 380.0 | 381.3 | 382.6 | 384.0 | 385.3 | 290 388.0 | 389.3 | 390.6 | 392.0 | 303-3 | 394.0 | 396.0 | 397.3 | 398.6 | | 300 401.3 | 402.6 | 404.0 | 405.3 ] 406.6 | 408.0 | 409.3 | 410.6 | 412.0 | 310 414.6 | 416.0 | 417.3 | 418.6 | 420.0 | 421.3 422.6 | 424.0 | 425.3 | 320 428.0 | 429.3 | 430.6 | 432.0 | 433.3 | 434.6 | 436.0 |- 437.3 | 438.6 | 330 441.3 | 442.6 | 444.0 | 445.3 [| 446.0 | 448.0 | 449.3 | 450.6 | 452.0 340 | 454.6 | 456.0 | 457-3 | 458.6 | 460.0 | 461.3 | 462.6 | 464.0 | 465.3 | 350 | 468.0 | 469.3 | 470.6 | 472.0 | 473-3 | 474.6 | 476.0 | 477.3 | 478.6 3600 | 481.3 | 482.6 | 484.0 | 485.3 ] 480.6 | 488.0 | 489.3 | 490.6 | 492.0 | 370 | 494.6 | 496.0 | 497.3 | 498.6 | 500.0 | 501.3 | 502.6 | 504.0 | 505.3 | 380 | 508.0 | 500.3''| 510.6 | 512.0 ]/ 513.3 | 524:6 | 526.0 | 517-3 |) 518:6 390 521.3) |) 52220) | 52420! 1525-3) 1520-0) |9528.08)) 52023 |) 540.0N eS 3erom| | | 400 534.6 | 536.0 | 537-3 | 538.6 | 540.0 | 541.3 | 542.6 | 544.0 | 545.3 | | 410 548.0 | 549.3 | 550.6 | 552.0 | 553-3 | 554.6 | 556.0 | 557.3 | 558.6 420 561.3 | 562.6 | 564.0 | 565.3 | 5606.6 | 568.0 | 569.3 | 570.6 | 572.0 | 430 574-6 | 576.0 | 577-3 | 578.6 | 580.0 | 581.3 | 582.6 | 584.0 | 585.3 | Pee | 588.0 | 589-3 | 590.6 | 592.0 | 503-3 | 504.6 | 596.0 | 597.3 | 598.6 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TaBLeE 12. BAROMETRIC MILLIMETERS (MERCURY) INTO MILLIBARS. | mm. = 1.33322387 mb. 5 lee a: || aan Milli- Be | meters, oO 1 2 3 | mb. mb. mb, mb. mb. mb. mb, mb. | mb. mb. | | 450 600.0 | 601.3 | 602.6 | 604.0 | 605.3 | 606.6} 608.0] 609.3} 610.6 611.9 | | 460 613.3 | 614.6] 615.9 | 617.3] 618.6] 619.9 | 621.3] 622.6 623.9 | 625.3 | 470 626.6 | 627.9 | 629.3 | 630.6} 631.9 | 633.3 | 634.6] 635.9] 637.3 638.6 480 639.9 | 641.3 | 642.6 | 643.9 | 645.3] 646.6] 647.9] 640.3 650.6 | 651.9 | 490 | 653.3] 654.6] 655.9 659.9 | 661.3} 662.6] 663.9] 665.3 | 500 666.6 | 667.9 | 669.3 | 670.6] 671.9] 673.3) 674.6] 675.9| 677.3 678.6 | 510 679-9 | 681.3 | 682.6} 683.9) 685.3] 686.6 | 687.9] 689.3] 690.6] 691.9 520 693-3 | 694.6} 695.9 | 697.3| 608.6} 699.9 | 701.3 l7o220) |b 703-9) I 7oceat 530 700.6 | 707.9] 709.3| 710.6 | 3 | ¢ 7 Ti7ie) || LOO} 540 ALO-OM 72E-3n|) 22-0) |) 23-0) | 71 720.6 | 727-9| 729.3| 730.6] 731.9 | “I H H oO ~I H W w ~ H - OV “I 4 Wn oO 738-6 | 730:9 | 741-3 | 742.6] 743.9 | 745.3 | 550 733-3 | 734-6] 735-9} 737-3 560 746.6 | 747-9] 749-3} 750-6] 751-9] 753-3| 754-6] 755-9] 757.3| 758.6 570 759-9 | 761.3 | 762.6) 763.9] 7 66.6 | 767.9] 769.3| 770.6] 771.9 580 773-3 | 774-6| 775-9| 777-3| 778-6} 779.9] 781.3] 782.6| 783.9] 785.3 590 | 786.6} 787.9 | 780.3) 790.6| 791.9] 703.3| 794-6] 795-9| 797.3| 798.6 , 600 799.9 | 801.3 | 802.6| 803.9 | 805.3] 806.6| 807.9] 809.3) 810.6] 811.9 610 813.3 | 814.6} 815.9} 817.3) 818.6] 8109.9] 821.3 | 822.6] 823.09 825.3 | 620 826.6 | 827.9 | 829.3] 830.6] 831.9] 833.3] 834.6! 835.9] 837.3 | 838.6 | 630 8390.9 | 841.3 | 842.6} 843.9} 84 846.6 | 847.9] 849.3] 850.6] 851.9 640 853-3 | 854.6] 855.9 | 857.3| 858.6] 859.9 | 861.3] 862.6] 863.9 | 865.3 | 650 866.6 | 867.9 | 869.3 870.6] 871.9] 873.3 | 874.6] 875.9] 877.3 878.6| | 660 879.9 | 881.3 | 882.6] 883.9} 88 886.6 | 887.9 | 889.3] 890.6| 8o1.9/| | 670 893-3 | 894.6} 895.9] 807.3] 898.6] 899.9] 901.3 902.6] -903.9| 005.3 | 680 906.6'| 907.9] 909.3| 910.6] 911.9] 913.3] 914.6| 915.9] 917.3| 0918.6/| | 690 919.9 | 921.3] 922.6] 923.9] 925.3] 926.6] 927.9] 929.3] 930.6 | 931.9 | | 700 933-3 | 934-6] 935:9| 937-3} 938-6] 939.9] 941-3| 942.6] 943.9| 045.3 | 710 J 946.6 | 947.9] 949.3 | 950.6) 951.9] 953-3| 954-6] 955-9] 957-3} 958.6 | 720 959-90 | 961.3 | 962.6) 963.9) 065.3} 966.6) 967.9 | 969.3 970.6 | 971.9 979-9 | 981.3} 982.6} 983.9 | 985.3 | 993-3 | 994-0} 995.9 997-3 | 998.6 1006.6 | 1007.9 | 1009.3 | 1010.6 | rorr.9 | IOIQ.9 | 1021.2 | 1022.0 | 1023.9 | 1025.2 | 1033.2 | 1034.6 | 1035.9 | 1037.2 | 1038.6! 1046.6 | 1047.9 | 1049.2 | 1050.6 | 1051.9 | 1059.9 | 1061.2 | 1062.6 | 1063.9 | 1005.2 | | 730 973-3 | 974-6] 975-9| 977-3] 978.6 | 740 ]| 986.6] 987.9] 989.3) 990.6] 991.9 750 999.9 | 100I.3 | 1002.6 | 1003.9 | 1005.3 760 | 1013.3 | 1014.6 | 1015.9 | 1017.2 | 1018.6 | 770 { 1026.6 | 1027.9 | 1029.2 | 1030.6 | 1031.9 | 780 | 1039.9 | T041.2 | 1042.6 | 1043.9 | 1045.2 | 790 | 1053.2 | 1054.6 | 1055.9 | 1057.2 | 1058.6 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 39 TABLE 13. Feet. 0 0.000 10 3.048 20 6.096 39 9.144 40 | 12.192 50 | 15.240 60 | 18.288 70 | 21.336 80 | 24.384 gO | 27.432 0 {00 30.48 200 | 60.96 300 91.44 400 | 121.92 500 | 152.40 600 | 182.88 700 | 213.36 800 | 243.84 900 | 274.32 1000 | 304.80 1100 | 335.28 1200 | 365.76 1300 | 396.24 1400 | 426.72 1500 | 457.20 1600 | 487.68 1700 | 518.16 1800 | 548.64 | I900 |579.12 2000 | 609.60 2100 | 640.08 2200 | 670.56 2300 | 701.04 2400 | 731.52 2500 | 762.00 2600 | 792.48 2700 | 822.96 2800 | 853.44 2900 | 853.92 3000 | 914.40 3100 | 944.88 3200 | 975.36 3300 [1005.84 3400 1036.32 3500 1066.80 3600 |1097.28 3700 [1127.76 3800 4158.24 3900 {1188.72 4000 ]r219.20 SMITHBONIAN T/ BLES. FEET INTO METERS. 1 foot —0.3048006 meter. m. 0.305 |, 0.610 3-353 | 3-658 6.401 | 6.706 9-449 | 9-754 12.497 | 12.802 15.545 | 15.850 18.593 | 18.898 21.641 | 21.946 24.689 | 24.994 27.737 | 28.042 10 20 33-53 | 36.58 64.01 | 67.06 94-49] 97-54 124.97 | 128.02 155-45 | 158.50 185.93 | 188.98 216.41 | 219.46 246.89 | 249.94 277.37 | 280.42 307.85 | 310.90 335.33 | 341.38 368.81 | 371.86 399-29 | 402.34 429.77 | 432.82 460.25 | 463.30 499-73 | 493-7 521.21 | 524.26 551.69 | 554.74 582.17 | 585.22 612.65 | 615.70 643.13 | 646.18 673.61 | 676.66 704.09 | 707.14 734-57 | 737-62 765.05 | 768.10 795-53 | 798.58 826.01 | 829.06 856.49 | 859.54 886.97 | 890.02 917.45 | 920.50 947-93 | 950.98 978.41 | 981.46 1008.89 |IOTT.94 1039.37 |1042.42 1069.85 |1U72.90 1100.33 {1103.38 1130.81 |1133.86 I 161.29 |1164.34 1IQI.77 |L194.82 1222.25 |1225.30 m. 0.914 3-962 7.010 10.058 13.106 16.154 19.202 22.250 25.298 28.346 30 39.62 70.10 100.58 131.06 161.54 192.02 222.50 252.98 283.46 313-94 344-42 374-90 405.35 435.86 466.34 496.82 527-31 557-79 588.27 618.75 649.23 679.71 710.19 740.67 Tif ieaale 801.63 832.11 862.59 893-07 923-55 954-03 984.51 1014.99 1045-47 1075.95 1106.43 1136.91 L567.30 1197.87 1228.35 42.67 73-15 103.63 134.11 164.59 195-07 225-55 256.03 286.51 316.99 347-47 377-95 408.43 435.91 469.39 499.57 539-35 560.83 59T.31 621.79 652.27 682.75 Tsligy rel 743-71 774-19 804.67 835.15 865.63 896.11 926.59 | 957.07 957.55 |1018.03 1048.51 | |1078.99 1109.47 /1139.95 |I170.43 /1200.91 | 1231.39 40 45-72 76.20 106.68 137.16 167.64 198.12 228.60 259.08 259.56 320.04 350.52 381.00 411.48 441.96 472.44 502.92 533-40 563.88 594.36 624.84 655.32 685.50 716.28 746.76 777-24 807.72 $38.20 868.68 899. 16 929.64 960. 12 990.60 |}, 1021.08 1051.56 1082.04 1112.52 1143.00 1173.48 1203.96 1234.44 m. 1.829 4.877 7-925 10.973 14.021 17.069 20.117 23.165 26.213 29.261 60 1207.01 1237.49 m. Dated 5.182 8.230 11.278 14.326 17.374 20.422 23.470 26.518 29.566 To? OO 79 51.82 82.30 TDS 143.26 173-74 204.22 224.70 265.18 295.66 326.14 350.62 387.10 417.58 448.06 478.54 509.02 539-50 569.98 600.46 630.94 661.42 691.90 722.38 752.86 783-34 $13.82 $44.30 74.78 905.26 935-74 966.22 996.70 1027.18 1057.66 1088.14 1118.62 1149.10 1179.58 1210.06 1240.54 m. 2.438 5.486 8.534 11.552 14.630 17.678 20.726 23-774 26.822 29.870 80 54.86 55.34 115.82 146.30 176.78 207.26 237-74 268.22 298.70 329.18 359-67 390.14 420.62 451.10 481.58 512.07 542.55 973-93 603.51 633-99 664.47 694.95 725.43 755-91 786.39 816.87 847.35 877.83 908.31 938.79 969. 27 999-75 1030.23 1060.71 IOQI.19 TD TO, 1152.15 1182.63 1213.11 1243.59 2.743 5:79 8.839 11.887 14.935 17.983 21.031 || 24.079 27.127 30-175 90 97-91 88.39 118.87 149.35 179.83 210.31 240.79 27a 301.75 332.23 362.71 393-19 423.67 454.15 454.63 515.11 545-59 576.07 606.55 637.03 667.51 697.99 728.47 758.95 789.43 819.91 850.39 | 880.87 QI1.35 | 941.83 | 972.31 | 1002.79 1033.27 1063.75 | 1094.23 1124.71 |} 1155.19 1185.67 1216.15 1246.63 |j TABLE 13. FEET INTO METERS. 1 foot = 0.3048006 meter. 1222.3 | 1225.3 | 1228.3 | 1231.4 | 1234.4 37. 1243.6 | 1246.6 1252.7 | 1255.8 | 1258.8 | 1261.9 | 1264.9 3 L277 Aas | a27777ek 1283.2 | 1286.3 | 1289.3 | 1292.4 | 1295.4 d 1304.5 | 1307.6 1313.7 | 1316.7 | 1319.8 | 1322.8 | 1325.9 ; 1335.0 | 1338.1 1344.2 | 1347.2 | 1350.3 | 1353-3 | 1356.4 ee 1365.5 | 1368.6 1374.7 | 1377-7 | 1380.7 | 1383.8 | 1386.8 : 1396.0 | 1399.0 1405.1 | 1408.2 | 1411.2 | 1414.3 | 1417.3 3 1426.5 | 1429.5 1435.6 | 1438.7 | 1441.7 | 1444.8 | 1447.8 : 1456.9 | 1460.0 1466.1 | 1469.1 | 1472.2 | 1475.2 | 1478.3 3 1487.4 | 1490.5 1496.6 | 1499.6 | 1502.7 | 1505.7 | 1508.8 : 1517.9 | 1521.0 1527.1 | 1530.1 | 1533.1 | 1536.2 | 1539.2 d 1548.4 | 1551.4 1557-5 | 1560.6 | 1563.6 | 1566.7 | 1569.7 é 1578.9 | 1581.9 | 1588.0 | 1597.1 | 1594.1 | 1597.2 | 1600.2 : 1609.3 | 1612.4 | 1618.5 | 1621.5] 1624.6 | 1627.6 | 1630.7 : 1639.8 | 1642.9 1649.0 | 1652.0 | 1655.1 | 1658.1 | 1661.2 A. 1670.3 | 1673.4 | 1679.5 | 1682.5 | 1685.5 | 1688.6 | 1691.6 , 1700.8 | 1703.8 1709.9 | 1713.0 | 1716.0 | 1719.1 | 1722.1 : 1731.3 | 1734-3 1740.4 | 1743.5 | 1746.5 | 1749.6 | 1752.6 : 1761.7 | 1764.8 1770.9 | 1773-9 | 1777.0 | 1780.0 | 1783.1 ; 1792.2 | 1795.3 1801.4 | 1804.4 | 1807.5 | 1810.5 | 1813.6 | 1816.6 1822.7 | 1825.8 1831.9 | 1834.9 | 1837.9 | 1841.0] 1844.0 | 1847.1 1853.2 | 1856.2 1862.3 | 1865.4 | 1868.4 | 1871.5 | 1874.5 | 1877.6 1883.7 | 1886.7 1892.8 | 1895.9 | 1898.9 | I902.0 | 1905.0 | 1908.1 1914.1 | 1917.2 1923.3 | 1926.3 | 1929.4 | 1932.4] 1935.5 | 1938.5 1944.6 | 1947-7 1953.8 | 1956.8 | 1959.9 | 1962.9 | 1966.0 | 1969.0 1975.1 | 1978.2 1984.3 | 1987.3 | 1990.3 | 1993.4 | 1996.4 | 1999.5 2005.6 | 2008.6 2014.7 | 2017.8 | 2020.8 | 2023.9 | 2026.9 | 2030.0 2036.1 | 2039.1 2045.2 | 2048.3 | 2051.3 | 2054.4 | 2057.4 | 2060.5 2066.5 | 2069.6 2075.7 | 2078.7 | 2081.8 | 2084.8 | 2087.9 | 2090.9 2097.0 | 2100.1 2106.2 | 2109.2 | 2112.3 | 2115.3 | 2118.4 | 2121.4 2127.5 | 2130.6 2136.7 | 2139.7 | 2142.7 | 2145.8 | 2148.8 | 2151.9 2158.0 | 2161.0 | 2167.1 | 2170.2 | 2173.2 | 2176.3 | 2179.3 | 2182.4 2188.5 | 2191.5 2197.6 | 2200.7 | 2203.7 | 2206.8 | 2209.8 | 2212.9 2218.9 | 2222.0 2228.1 | 2231.1 | 2234.2 | 2237.2 | 2240.3 | 2243.3 2249.4 | 2252.5 2258.6 | 2261.6 | 2264.7 | 2267.7 | 2270.8 | 2273.8 2279.9 | 2283.0 2289.1 | 2292.1 | 2295.1 | 2298.2 | 2301.2 | 2304.3 2310.4 | 2313.4 2310.5 | 2322.6 | 2325.6 | 2328.7 | 2331.7 | 2334.8 2340.9 | 2343.9 2350.0 | 2353.1 | 2356.1 | 2359.2 | 2362.2 | 2365.3 -3 | 2371.3 | 2374-4 2380.5 | 2383.5 | 2386.6 | 2389.6 | 2392.7 | 2395.7 2401.8 | 2404.9 2411.0 | 2414.0 | 2417.1 | 2420.1 | 2423.2 | 2426.2 2432.3 | 2435.4 2441.5 | 2444.5 | 2447.5 | 2450.6 | 2453.6 | 2456.7 2462.8 | 2465.8 2471.9 | 2475.0 | 2478.0 | 2481.1 | 2484.1 | 2487.2 2493.3 | 2496.3 2502.4 | 2505.5 | 2508.5 | 2511.6 | 2514.6 | 2517.7 2523.7 | 2526.8 2532.9 | 2535.9 | 2539.0 | 2542.0 | 2545.1 | 2548.1 2554.2 | 2557-3 2563.4 | 2566.4 | 2569.5 | 2572.5 | 2575.6 | 2578.6 2584.7 | 2587.8 2593-9 | 2596.9 | 2599.9 | 2603.0 | 2606.0 | 2609.1 2615.2 | 2618.2 2624.3 | 2627.4 | 2630.4 | 2633.5 | 2636.5 | 2639.6 2645.7 | 2648.7 2654.8 | 2657.9 | 2660.9 | 2664.0 | 2667.0 | 2670.1 2676.1 | 2679.2 2685.3 | 2688.3 | 2691.4 | 2694.4 | 2697.5 | 2700.5 2706.6 | 2709.7 2715.8 | 2718.8 | 2721.9 | 2724.9 | 2728.0 | 2731.0 2737.1 | 2740.2 2746.3 | 2749.3 | 2752.3 | 2755-4 | 2758.4 | 2761.5 2767.6 | 2770.6 4. A. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. AI TaBLe 14. METERS INTO FEET. I meter —39.3700 inches = 3.280833 feet. 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140 150 Meters. a | | | [115.48 1148.29 [181.10 [213.91 1246.72 1279.52 L302238 1345.14 1377-95 [410.76 1443-57 1479.37 1509.18 {541.99 1574.80 1607.61 1640.42 1085.96 1118.76 TI51.57 1184.38 1217.19 1250.00 1282.81 1315.61 1348.42 1381.23 1414.04 1446.85 1479.66 1512.46 1545-27 1578.08 1610.89 1643.70 170.60 203.41 236.22 269.03 301.54 334-64 367.45 400.26 433-07 465.88 498.69 531.49 564.30 597.11 629.92 662.73 695.54 728.34 761.15 793-96 826.77 859.58 892.39 925.19 958.00 990.81 1023.62 1056.43 1089.24 1122.04 1154.85 1187.66 1220.47 1253.28 1286.09 1318.89 1351.70 1384.51 1417.32 1450.13 1482.94 1515.74 1548.55 1581.36 1614.17 1646.98 1322.18 1354.98 1387.79 1420.60 1453.41 1486.22 1519.03 1551.83 1584.64 1617.45 1650.26 II61.41 1194.22 1227.03 1259.54 1292.65 1325.46 1358.26 1391.07 1423.88 1456.69 1489.50 1522.31 1555-11 1597.92 1620.73 1459.97 1492.78 1525.59 1559.40 1591.20 1624.01 1003.93 1036.74 1069.55 1102.36 1135.17 1167.98 1200.78 1233.59 1266.40 1299.21 1332.02 1364.83 1397-63 1430.44 1463.25 1496.06 1528.87 1561.68 1594.48 1627.29 1660.10 1007.22 1040.02 1072.83 1105.64 1138.45 1171.26 1204.07 1236.87 1269.68 1302.49 IOIO.50 1043.30 1076.11 1109.92 LI41.73 1174.54 1207.35 1240.15 1272.96 1305-77 1335.30 |1338.58 1368.11 1400.92 1433-72 1466.53 1499.34 1532.15 1564.96 1597-77 1630.57 1663.38 1371.39 1404.20 1437.00 1469.81 1502.62 1535-43 1568.24 1601.05 1633-85 1660.66 1177.82 | 1210.63 1243.44. 1276.24 1309.05 | 1341.86 1374.67 | 1407.48 1440.29 1473.09 | 1505.90 1538.71 1571.52 1604.33 1637.14. 1669.94 BwitHecNiAH TABLES TABLE 14, METERS INTO FEET. I meter = 39.3700 inches = 3 280833 feet. Meters. 10 20 30 Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet: Feet. Feet. Feet. Feet. 1640.4| 1673.2] 1706.0] 1738.8] 1771.6] 1804.5 | 1837.3] 1870.1] 1902.9] 1935.7 1968.5 | 2001.3 | 2034.1 | 2066.9] 2099.7] 2132.5] 2165.3 | 2198.2] 2231.0| 2263.8 2296.6] 2329.4] 2362.2] 2395.0] 2427.8] 2460.6] 2493.4] 2526.2] 2559.0| 2591.9 2624.7| 2657.5| 2690.3] 2723.1] 2755-9| 2788.7 | 2821.5 | 2854.3] 2887.1 | 2919.9 2952.7| 2985.6] 3018.4] 3051.2] 3084.0] 3116.8] 3149.6] 3182.4] 3215.2] 3248.0 3280.8 | 3313-6] 3346.4] 3379-3| 3412-1] 3444.9] 3477-7] 3510.5 | 3543-3] 3576-1 3608.9 | 3641.7 | 3674.5 | 3797-3] 3740-1] 3773.0| 3805.8] 3838.6] 3871.4] 3904.2 3937-0| 3969.8) 4002.6] 4035.4} 4068.2] 4101.0] 4133.8| 4166.7| 4199.5 4232.3 | 4265.1] 4297.9| 4330.7 | 4363-5] 4396.3| 4429.1 | 4461.9| 4494.7 | 4527.5 | 4560.4 | 4593-2| 4626.0] 4658.8} 4691.6] 4724.4] 4757.2| 4790.0] 4822.8] 4855.6] 4888.4 | 4921.2] 4954.1 | 4986.9] 5019.7] 5052.5] 5085.3] 5118.1] 5150.9] 5183.7] 5216.5 5249.3 | 5282.1] 5314.9] 5347-8] 5380.6] 5413.4] 5446.2] 5479.0] 5511.8] 5544.6 | 5577-4| 5610.2| 5643.0] 5675.8) 5708.6] 5741.5 | 5774-3] 5807-1 | 5839.9} 5872.7 | 5905.5] 5938.3| 5971-1 | 6003.9] 6036.7| 6069.5 | 6102.3 | 6135.2 | 6168.0] 6200.8 6233.6| 6266.4| 6299.2 | 6332.0] 6364.8] 6397.6] 6430.4 | 6463.2 | 6496.0] 6528.9 | 6561.7| 6594.5 | 6627.3 | 6660.1 | 6692.9| 6725.7 | 6758.5 | 6791.3 | 6824.1 | 6856.9 6889.7 | 6922.6| 6955.4| 6988.2] 7021.0| 7053.8 | 7086.6] 7119.4| 7152.2] 7185.0 7217.8 | 7250.6 | 7283.4 | 7316.3] 7349.1} 7381.9] 7414.7 | 7447-5| 7480.3 | 7513-1 | 7545-9| 7578.7 | 7611.5 | 7644.3| 7677.1| 7710.0| 7742.8] 7775.6| 7808.4 | 7841.2 | 7874.0| 7906.8 | 7939.6| 7972.4| 8005.2] 8038.0] 8070.8} 8103.7 | 8136.5 | 8169.3 8202.1 | 8234.9] 8267.7| 8300.5} 8333.3] $366.1 | 8398.9] 8431.7| 8464.5 | 8497.4 8530.2 | 8563.0] 8595.8 | 8628.6] 8661.4| 8694.2 | 8727.0] 8759.8| 8792.6] 8825.4) 8858.2 | 8891.1} 8923.9] 8956.7| 8989.5} 9022.3 | 9055.1 | 9087.9} 9120.7 | 9153-5 9186.3 | 9219.1} 9251.9| 9284.8| 9317.6] 9350.4] 9383.2} 9416.0] 9448.8] 9481.6 9514.4| 9547-2| 9580.0] 9612.8] 9645.6] 9678.5 | 9711.3] 9744-1] 9776.9| 9809.7 9842.5 | 9875.3| 9908.1] 9940.9] 9973.7 |[0006.5 }10039.3 |10072.2 |I0105.0 |10137.8 10170.6 |10203.4 |10236.2 |10269.0 |10301.8 ]10334.6 |10367.4 |10400.2 |10433.0 |10465.9 10498.7 |10531.5 |10564.3 |10597.1 |10629.9 |10662.7 |10695.5 |10728.3 |10761.1 |10793.9 10826.7 |10859.6 |10892.4 |10925.2 |10958.0 |10990.8 |1 1023.6 |11056.4 | 1089.2 |I1122.0 1154.8 |11187.6 |11220.4 |11253.3 |11286.1 |11318.9 |11351.7 |11384.5 |11417.3 |11450.1 11482.9 |LI515.7 |11548.5 |11581.3 JI 1614.1 |1 1647.0 |11679.8 |11712.6 |11745.4 |11778.2 TI8T1.0 |11843.8 |11876.6 |1 1909.4 |11942.2 |L1975.0 |12007.8 |12040.7 |12073.5 |12106.3 I2171.9 |12204.7 |12237.5 |12270.3 |12303.1 |12335.9 |12368.7 |I 2401.5 |12434.4 12500.0 |12532.8 |12565.6 |12598.4 ]12631.2 |12664.0 |12696.8 |12729.6 |12762.4 12828.1 |12860.9 |12893.7 |12926.5 ]12959.3 |12992.1 |13024.9 |13057.7 |13090.5 13156.1 |13188.9 |13221.8 |13254.6 |13287.4 |13320.2 113353.0 113385.8 |13418.6 13484.2 |13517.0 |13549.8 |13582.6 |1 3615.5 |13648.3 |I3681.1 |13713.9 |13746.7 13812.3 |13845.1 |13877.9 |13910.7 |13943.5 |13976.3 |14009.2 |14042.0 |14074.8 14140.4 |14173.2 |14206.0 |14238.8 |14271.6 |14304.4 |14337.2 |14370.0 |14402.9 14468.5 |14501.3 |14534.1 |14566.9 |14599.7 |14632.5 |14665.3 |14698.1 |14730.9 14796.6 |14829.4 |14862.2 |14895.0 |14927.8 |14960.6 |14993.4 |15026.2 |15059.0 15 124.6 |15157.4 |15190.3 |15223.1 |15255-9 |15288.7 |15321.5 |15354.3 |15387.1 15452.7 |15485.5 |15518.3 |15551.1 J15584.0 |15616.8 |15649.6 |15682.4 |15715.2 15780.8 |15813.6 |15846.4 |15879.2 ]15912.0 |15944.8 |15977.7 |16010.5 |16043.3 16108.9 |16141.7 |16174.5 |16207.3 |16240.1 |16272.9 |16305.7 |16338.5 |16371.4 16437.0 ee. 16535.-4 |16568.2 |16601.0 |16633.8 | 16666.6)16699.4 | Tenths of a meter, 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 : 0.7 0.8 0.9 eet. 0.328 0.656 0.984 1.312 1.640 2.297. 2.625 2.953 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 9 43 TABLE 15. MILES INTO KILOMETERS. I mile = 1.609347 kilometers. Miles. 4 5 6 a 8 | 9 km km km km. km km 0 6 8 10 II 13 14 10 23 24 26 27 29 31 20 oo 40 42 43 45 47 30 55 56 58 60 61 63 40 71 72 74 76 WE 79 50 87 89 Fe) 92 93 95 60 103 105 106 108 109 III 70 119 121 122 124 126 127 80 135 137 138 140 142 143 go 151 153 154 156 158 159 100 167 169 T7T 172 174 175 110 183 185 187 188 190 192 120 200 201 203 204 206 208 130 216 217 219 220 222 224 140 222 233 235 237 238 240 150 248 249 251 253 254 256 160 264 266 267 269 270 272 170 280 282 283 285 286 288 180 296 298 299 301 303 304 190 312 314 315 317 319 320 200 328, |. 330 | 332) 333 | 335. | "338 210 344 |} 346 |. 348 | 349 | 351 | 352 220 360 362 364 365 367 369 230 377 | 378 || 380) |) (380 11383 ges 240 393 | 394 | 396 | 398 | 399 | 401 250 409 410 412 414 415 417 260 418 420 422 423 425 426 428 430 431 433 270 435 | 436 | 438 | 439 | 441 | 443 | 444 | 446 | 447 | 449 280 451 452 | 454 | 455 | 457 | 459 | 460 | 462 | 463 | 465 290 467° -|" 468 |! “470. | 472 1/473, 475 1,476. |) AT | AsO ease 300 483 | 484 | 486 | 488 | 489 | 491 492 | 494 | 496 | 497 310 499. | 501 502) 5/504.) 5051050751) 500 510) eS l2ea eats 320 515 517 518 520 521 523 525 526 528 529 330 531 533° ae 53 530. 9530: e549 Tends 542 544 | 546 340 547 549 550 552 55470) 555 Say 558 560 562 350 563 | 565 | 566 | 568 | 570 | 571 | 573 | 575 | 576 | 578 360 579 | 581 | 583 | 584 |. 586 | 587 | 589 | 591 | 592-594 370 595 597 599 600 602 604 605 607 608 610 380 612 613 615 616 618 620 621 623 624 626 390 628 629 631 632 634 636 637 639 641 642 400 644 | 645 647 649 | 650 | 652 653 655 657 658 410 660 661 663 665 666 668 669 671 673 74 420 676 678 679 681 682 | ~684 686 687 689 690 430 692 | 694 | 695 | 697 | 698 | 700 | 702 | 703 | 705 706 440 708 710 711 713 715 716 718 719 721 723 450 724 726 727 729 731 732 734 735 737 739 460 740 742 744 745 747 748 750 752 753 755 I 470 756 758 760 761 763 764 ,| 766 768 769 771 480 712 TTA Oe ao ae TO leo 782 784 | 785 | 787 490 789 | 790 | 792 | 793 | 795 | 797 798 | 800 | 801 803 500 805 806 808 809 SII 813 814 816 818 819 822 824 $26 $27 829 830 832 83 835 838 840 842 843 845 847 848 850 851 855 856 858 859 861 863 864 866 867 871 872 874 875 877 879 880 882 884 887 888 S90 892 893 895 896 898 goo 510 821 520 837 530 853 540 869 550 | 885 BMiTHSONIAN T ABLES. MILES INTO KILOMETERS. TABLE 15. SMITHEONIAN TABLES. km. 890 906 922 938 954 970 987 1003 1019 1035 IO51 1067 1083 I099 III5 II3I 1147 1164 1180 1196 1212 1226 | 1228 1242 | 1244 1259 | 1260 1275 1276 I29QI | 1292 1307 1308 1222)))|)aia2H) 1339 | 1341 TOM con Se LSS 1387 | 1389 1403 | I 405 141g | 1421 1436 | 1437 1452 1453 1468 | 1469 1484 1485 1500 | 1502 1516 1518 1532 | 1534 1548 | 1550 1564 | 1566 1580 | 1582 1596 | 1598 1613 1614 Miles. 6000 7000 8000 9000 10000 km. 9656 11265 12875 14484 16093 45 Miles. 11000 12000 13000 14000 15000 1313 1329 1345 1362 1378 1394 1410 1426 1442 1458 1474 1490 1506 1522 1539 1555 1571 1587 1603 1619 km. 17703 19312 20922 22531 24140 km. 896 gi2 929 945 g61 977 993 1009 1025 1041 1057 1073 1090 T106 1122 1138 T154 1170 1186 1202 1218 1234 1250 1267 1283 1299 1315 1331 1347 1363 1379 1395 I4II 1427 1444 1460 1476 1492 1508 1524 1540 1556 1572 1588 1605 1621 Miles. 16000 17000 18000 19000 20000 km. 27359 28968 30578 32187 TABLE 16. KILOMETERS INTO MILES. 1 kilometer = 0.621370 mile. 2 3 4 5 | 6 7 8 9 | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. |[ 0 0.0 0.6 Ta? 1.9 2.5 ui Be, 4.3 5.0 5.6 10 6.2 6.8 7.5 8.1 8.7 9.3 9.9 10.6 T-2 Te 20 12.4 13.0 L377 14.3 14.9 15.5 16.2 16.8 17.4 18.0 30 18.6 19.3 19.9 20.5 2Terr QE, 22.4 23.0 23.6 24.2 40 24.9 25.5 26.1 26.7 2753 28.0 28.6 29.2 29.8 30.4 50 BT. Ter 3253 22.9) 33: 34.2 2A Ou 3 5-4. 26:00 3657 60 eyiosl eye) || etsoGy | etenae 30:8) 40l4a| 4 Onl A r.Ou | 2s em le AztO 70 43:5 | 44.0 | 44.7 | 45:4\| 46.0] 46.6 | 47:2 47-85) RASS) lost 80 49.7 50.3 51.0 51.6 52.2 52.8 53.4 54.1 54.7 55-3 go 5529) |) 50:5 57.2 57.0 || 59-4] 59-0) 50:7 60.3 60.9 | 61.5 100 62.1 62.8 63.4 64.0 64.6 | 65.2 65.9 66.5 67.1 67.7 I1o 68.4 69.0 69.6 70.2 70.8 71.5 aT OT 7203 73-9 120 74.6 75.2 75.8 76.4 TOM Teper] 78.3 78.9 79.5 80.2 130 80.8 81.4 82.0 82.6 83.3 83.9 84.5 85.1 85.7 86.4 140 87.0 | 787.6 || 88.2] 88:9 | 89.5 | 90:1 | 60.7 || 91.3))| (92.0) s92!6 150 93.2 93.8 | 94.4 | 95.1 95-7 | 96.3 96.9 97.6 98.2 98.8 160 99.4 | 100.0 | I00.7 | Ior.3 | 101.9 | 102.5 | 103.1 | 103.8 | 104.4 | 105.0 170 105-014) 10653. | 106.9) ||) 10725) || 108.1, 1) 108.75 ||| 109.49) a1 10.01 4110.6 a erie 1S0 DUES a LI25 a) Ti3 0 | rres7 | Tr4 sa eTs.0 | TT5sOn ern. 2s erro a eniad Igo LIS. TES.7 || TIG.3 |} F1959 | 12055 |p127.2 |, 127.8 |)122°4 4 123-00) oat 200 [24-3 | 124.9 | 125.5 |) 126.1 | 126.8 1127.4 || 128.05) 128.61)! 129.27)|)126:9 210 130.5) | ISTsb | 13127 |, 132.4) || 13350) 13376. 13Al2n | ers Ar Salers 5.50913 oan 220 136.7 "| 137-3 |) 137-9 |) 138.6 ||| 13912. |9139.8 1) 140.4) |r4tor seraie7 Aes 230 142.9 | 143.5 | 144.2 | 144.8 | 145.4 | 146.0 | 146.6 | 147.3 | 147.9 | 148.5 240 T49.0 |)-149:8 9] 150.4 | 151-0 || 150.6 | 152.2) 1 152.9) |) 15355 a 154en i 15Ae7 250 155-3..| 156.0 1156.6 | 157:2 | 157-8 | 158.4 | 159.0 | 159.7 || 160.390 160:9 260 161.6 | 162.2 | 162.8 | 163.4 | 164.0 | 164.7 | 165.3 | 165.9 | 166.5 | 167.1 270 167.8 | 168,47) 169.0 || 169.6 || 170.3) 1) 170:9 || 5071.5 |) 172.0 zoe Nzaed 280 L740 WAL GW 175.21) 175-.04| £70.50) 17 7b i 7e7, | E7Sss allel 79s Omni 7O10 290 190.2 | 180;8 9 181-4 || T8251 |) 182-7 I) 18353) | 183%9)) |) 184550) 85.2855 300 186.4 | 187.0 | 187.7 | 188.3 | 188.9 | 189.5 | I90.1 | 190.8 | 191.4 | [92.0 310 192.6) 4 19352 |) 1939 ||) 194.5 |) 195-1 |) 195.7, || 196:4. |197.0 4] 197.61) 19832 320 198.8 | 199.5 | 200.1 | 200.7 | 201.3 | 201.9 | 202.6 | 203.2 | 203.8 | 204.4 330 205.1 | 205.7 | 206.3 | 206.9 | 207.5 | 208.2 | 208.8 | 209.4 | 210.0 | 210.6 340 211.3 | 211.9 | 212.5 | 213.1 | 213.8 | 214.4 | 215.0 | 215.6 | 216.2 | 216.9 350 217.5 | 218.1-)\ 218.7 "| 219.3, |°220.0: 1'220:6 || 221.2 4) 227.8 12225 | |Fa23tr 360 223.7 || 224-3) | 224.9 || 225.6 | 226:2 | 226.8 ||| 227.44 228.0 |11228:7 aie 22078 370 22059) 230.5.) G22 al ge 22-S5l) 2327491 233.01 232:001| 22453 al noc Oullooces 380 236.1 | 236.7 | 237.4 | 238.0 | 238.6 | 239.2 | 239.8 | 240.5 | 241.1 | 241.7 390 242.3 | 243.0 | 243.6 | 244.2 | 244.8 | 245.4 | 246.1 | 246.7 | 247.3 | 247.9 400 243.5 © |; 24932 4) 24919 250. Aulle251-Of 25157 1 (1252:3) (1252-9) 1253-5 alee oda 410 254.8 | 255.4 | 256.0 | 256.6 | 257.2 | 257.9 | 258.5 | 259.1 | 259.7 | 260.4 420 261.0 | 261.6 | 262.2 | 262.8 | 263.5 | 264.1 | 264.7 | 265.3 | 265.9 | 266.6 430 2672 |, 267.3 |) 265:4.u\" 269,01 260.7, 11/2701.) 270/90) | 27055) 272: 2 eens 440 273-4 |-274:0) | 27406" (5275.31) 275-9))| 270-5 || 277-0) | 27.7.8 || 279: 4un| 27010 450 279.6 | 280.2 | 280.9 | 281.5 | 282.1 } 282.7 | 283.3 | 284.0: | 284.6") 285% 460 285.8 | 286.5 | 287.1 | 287.7 | 288.3 | 288.9 |+289.6 | 290.2 | 290.8 | 291.4 470 292.0 | 292.7 | 293.3 | 293.9 | 294.5 | 295.2 | 295.8 | 296.4 | 297.0 | 297.6 480 298.3 | 298.9 | 299.5 | 300.1 | 300.7 | 301.4 | 302.0 | 302.6 | 303.2 | 303.8 490 304.5 | 305.1 | 305.7 | 306.3 | 307.0 | 307.6 | 308.2 | 308.8 | 309.4 | 310.1 500 31027" || SI1.3, | SuI-O le sl2-5ee3h3s2 jhoI3-o | Sid Al pet5-Omlecs- 7am lea toss 510 316.9 | 317-5. | 318.1 || 318:8. |)319:4 || 320.0: |'320.61|-327.2) lea 2r.omsooas 520 323-1 323-7. | 324.451) 325.0) 1325-6] 32652) 1 326.38. |) 327.5 ll eezoatemes 28.7 530 329-3 | 329.9 | 330.6 | 331.2 | 331.8 | 332.4 | 333-1 | 333-7 | 334-3 | 334.9 549 | 335-5 | 336.2 | 336.8 | 337-4 | 338.0 | 338.6 | 339.3 339-9 | 340.5 | 341.1 BMITHBONIAN TABLES. pb a TABLE 16. KILOMETERS INTO MILES. Kilo- meters, Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. | Miles. ile-. | Miles. 342.4 | 343-0 | 343.6 | 344.2 | 344.9 | 345.5 | 346. -7 | 347-3 348.6 | 349.2 | 349.8 | 350.5 | 352.1 | 351.7 -3 | 352.9 | 353-6 354-8 | 355-4 | 356.0 | 356.7 -3 | 357-9 | 358. 59.2 | 359.8 361.0 | 361.6 | 362.3 | 362.9 : 364.1 : 365. 366.0 367.2 | 367.9 | 368.5 | 369.1 : 370.3 5 : 372.2 373-4 | 374-1 | 374-7 | 375-3 -9 | 376.6 . 8 | 378.4 379-7 | 380.3 | 380.9 | 381.5 : 382.8 ; 4 384.6 385.9 | 386.5 | 387.1 | 387.7 ; 389.0 : ; 390.8 392-1 | 392-7 | 393-3 | 393-9 4. 395.2 : : 397-1 398-3 | 398.9 | 399.5 | 400.2 8 | 401.4 . 6 | 403.3 404.5 | 405.1 | 405.8 | 406.4 5 407.6 ; : 409.5 410.7 | 411.3 | 412.0 | 412.6 ‘ 413.8 : : 415.7 416.9 | 417.6 | 418.2 | 418.8 : 420.0 ; : 421.9 423.2 | 423.8 | 424.4 | 425.0 : 426.3 26. : 428.1 429.4 | 430.0 | 430.6 | 431.2 : 432.5 : : 434.3 435-6 | 436.2 | 436.8 | 437.4 ; 438.7 3 : 440.6 441.8 | 442.4 | 443.0 | 443.7 -3 | 444.9 -I | 446.8 448.0 | 448.6 | 449.3 | 449.9 : 451.1 3 : 453-0 454.2 | 454.8 | 455.5 | 456.1 -7 | 457-3 | 457- 6 | 459.2 460.4 | 461.1 | 461.7 | 462.3 ‘ 463.5 : : 465.4 466.6 | 467.3 | 467.9 | 468.5 s 469.8 3 i 471.6 472.9 | 473-5 | 474.1 | 474.7 -3 | 476.0 : -2 | 477.8 479-1 | 479.7 | 480.3 | 480.9 2 482.2 : 83. 484.0 485.3 | 485.9 | 486.5 | 487.2 ; 488.4 : " 490. 3 491.5 | 492.1 | 492.7 | 493.4 -O | 494.6 . -9 | 496.5 497-7 | 498.3 | 499.0 | 499.6 -2 | 500.8 . -I | 502.7 503-9 | 504.6 | 505.2 | 505.8 : 507.0 ; : 508.9 510.1 | 510.8 | 511.4 | 512.0 : 533 : ‘ 515.1 BIOLAY 5 L720) 517260 52S:2 : 519.5 y : 521.3 522.6 | 523.2 | 523.8 | 524.4 : 525-7 ; : 527.5 528.8 | 529.4 | 530.0 | 530.6 ‘ 531.9 : : 533-8 535-0 | 535-6 | 536.2 | 536.9 é 538.1 : 3 540.0 541.2 | 541.8 | 542.5 | 543.1 ‘ 544.3 : : 546.2 547-4 | 548.0 | 548.7 | 549.3 9 | 550.5 . 8 | 552.4 553-6 | 554-3 | 554-9 | 555-5 -I | 556.7 . 0 | 558.6 559-9 | 560.5 | 561.1 | 561.7 ‘ 563.0 : 3 564.8 566.1 | 566.7 | 567.3 | 567.9 d 569.2 : ; 571.0 972-3 | 572-9 | 573-5 | 574-1 : 575-4 . . 577-3 578.5 | 579.1 | 579.7 | 580.4 ; 581.6 s : 583.5 584.7 | 585.3 | 586.0 | 586.6 : 587.8 ; : 589.7 590.9 | 591-5 | 592.2 | 592.8 -4 | 594.0 . -3 | 595-9 597-1 | 597-8 | 598.4 | 599.0 : 600.2 | 600. ; 602. I 603.4 | 604.0 | 604.6 | 605.2 : 606.5 ‘ , 608.3 609.6 | 610.2 | 610.8 | 611.4 : 612.7 j “ 614.5 615.8 | 616.4 | 617.0 | 617.6 : 618.9 : : 620.7 622.0 | 622.6 | 623.2 | 623.9 : 625.1 : : 627.0 km. Miles. km. Miles. km, Miles. km. Miles. 1000 | 621.4 6000 | 3728.2} 11000 | 6835.1} 16000} 9941.9 2000 | 1242.7] 7000 | 4349.6} 12000 | 7456.4] 17000} 10563.3 3000 | 1864.1 8000 | 4971.0} 13000 | 8077.8} 18000 | 11184.7 4000 | 2485.5 9000 | 5592.3 | 14000 | 8699.2} 19000 | 11806.0 5000 | 3106.8} 10000 | 6213.7] 15000 | 9320.5 | 20000 | 12427.4 SmiTHSOWIAN TABLES. 47 TABLE 17. INTERCONVERSION OF NAUTICAL AND STATUTE MILES. I nautical mile* — 6080.20 feet. Nautical Miles. Statute Miles. Statute Miles. Nautical Miles. 0.8684 1.7368 2.6052 3-4736 1.1516 2.3031 3-4547 4.6062 4.3420 5.2104 6.0787 6.9471 7-8155 5-7578 6.9093 8.0609 g.2124 10.3640 O OI HDI HWY oo WO ON DS BW NL =o * As defined by the United States Coast Survey. TABLE 18, CONTINENTAL MEASURES OF LENGTH WITH THEIR METRIC AND ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. The asterisk (*) indicates that the measure is obsolete or seldom used. Measure, Metric Equivalent. English Equivalent. El (Netherlands) . | 3.2808 feet. Fathom, Swedish = 6 feet : 5.8445 ‘ Foot, Austrian* : T0270) tee old French* 3,22 1.0657 Russian 302 I Rheinlandisch or Rhenish (Prussia*, ns Denmark, Norway*). -0297 Swedish* : 0.9741 Spanish* = ¥% vara : sf 0.9140 *Klafter, Wiener (Vienna) : < 6.2221 *Line, old French = on foot 0.22558 cm. 0.0888 inch. Mile, Austrian post* = 24000 feet 7.58594 km. 4.714 statute miles. German sea Swedish = 36000 feet Norwegian = 36000 feet Netherlands (mijl) Prussian (law of 1868) Danish Palm, Netherlands *Rode, Danish | *Ruthe, Prussian, Norwegian Sagene (Russian) | *Toise, old French = 6 feet *Vara, Spanish Mexican Werst, or versta (Russian) = 500 sashjene . SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 48 1.852 oS TeL5OSt ss a 10.69 ‘ 11.2986 I 7.500 7-5324 O.1 3.7662 . 3.7662 2.1336 1.9490 0.8359 0.8380 1.0668 km. 6.642 i 7.02 oe ©:02 TAS me 4.660 es 4.6804 ‘f 0.3281 feet. T253500 oe T2535 Omens 7 ¢ 6.3943 2.7424 2.7493 3-500 CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF TIME AND ANGLE. Arc into time Time into arc Days into decimals of a year and angle Hours, minutes and seconds into decimals of a day Decimals of a day into hours, minutes and seconds Minutes and seconds into decimals of an hour Local mean time at apparent noon Sidereal time into mean solar time Mean solar time into sidereal time, %. =. = «6 « >» « < TABLE Ig TABLE 20 TABLE 21 TABLE 22 TABLE 23 TABLE 24 TABLE 25 TABLE 26 TABLE 27 TABLE 19, ARC INTO TIME. Dd DLOAN COLO 300| 20 off CHIC ODWDDMDDNDDDMMHO OWWOOO ODDO MOB HIP WwW YON HN HH Ad CPO DWN Of|O = a — | | | J | ESSE SMITHSONIAN TABLES, 354] 23 36 355] 23 4o 356) 23 44 357| 23 48 358] 23 52 354) 23 56 360} 24 o Of WwW wb H oO on oO / ims. f 7/7 s eee C}o0 Of OO} 0.000 T}o) 4 I | 0.067 2iKOpno 2) (0.133 2 | O12) 3)|/0:200 4| 016 4 | 0.267 | 5] 0 20 5 | 02333 6]024} 6] 0.400 71028 7 | 0.467 8] 032 8 | 0.533 9|036] 9] 0.600 | $0]}040] 10] 0.667 | elon 16} 1 4] 16] 1.067 O| 1 20] 20 1.333 21| 1 24] 21] 1.400 22) 28822) |bieAG7 2332) (231.533 24| 136] 24] 1.600 25/1 40} 25] 1.667 26/1 44] 26) 1.733 27 | 1 49: || 2715500 28} 152] 28] 1.867 29] 156] 29| 1.933 30] 2 0] 30 | 2.000 31|2 41 31] 2.067 B22 Ol een E2atos 32212) 112 211025200 34| 216] 34] 2.267 35/2720) 739) 25322 36| 2 24] 36] 2.400 37| 2 28] 37 | 2.467 38 | 2 32] 38] 2.533 39 | 2 36 46/3 4 A713. 8} 473-133 48| 3 12] 48] 3.200 49| 316] 49] 3.267 50] 3 20] 50] 3.333 | 51] 3 24] 51| 3-400| 52| 3 28 53| 332] 53| 3-533 | 5413 36] 54 | 3.600 55] 3 40] 55] 3.667 56] 344] 56| 3-733 57| 3 48] 57| 3-800 58] 352] 58] 3-867 _59] 3 56] 59] 3-933 | 60] 4 0} 60} 4.000 HOO°0 Ow 3 OONADT fLwWNH™ NNR ee a On ol mn BHRARBRW WWWNHD n Hundredths of a Sec- ond of Time. s. 0.00 .I0 .20 .30 .40 0.50 .60 -70 .8O .go WOD00 DM WDHOONN NNAAG Dunn 15 |] 4l 30 | 42 45 | 43 Oo} 44 15) 1) 45 30 | 46 45 | 47 o | 48 15 } 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 TIME INTO ARC. Hours into Arc. HOOO°O O&» ° WON aD HHH — NN BH H jes on 10 30 II 45 12 oO 13 15 14 30 H OV mn PRPHPHPW WOWWNN ° 3-75 5-25 6.75 8.25 9-75 11.25 12.75 14.25 0.90 2.40 3-90 5.40 6.90 8.40 9.90 11.40 12.90 14.40 O000 OM MWHOONN NNDADDN Dunuw eal O° 10.05 11.55 13.05 14.55 4l Io 15 42 | 10 30 43 | 10 45 Wi |) sae 45a) |p ces AGM 1 n3O 47 | II 45 48 120 49 | 12 15 50)5|) 12580 51 I2 45 A) || 303) SS Loo DAL oso 55 | 13 45 56 TAS O 57 lA aon 58 | 14 30 | 59 | 14 45 60 | 15 oO .08 .09 1.20 1.35 2.70 2.85 4.20 4.35 57 5.55 7-20 7-35 8.70 8.85 10.20 | 10.35 11.70 | 11.85 1352002235 14.70 | 14.85 TABLE 20. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 21. DAYS Decimal of a Year. 0.00000 .00274 .00548 .00821 0.01095 -01369 -01643 -O1QI6 .02190 0.02464 .02738 .O3Z011 .03285 03559 0.03833 .O4107 .04381 .04654 .04928 0.05202 05476 -05749 .06023 .06297 0.06571 .06845 .O7118 .07392 .07 666 0.07940 .08214 .08487 .08761 .09035 0.09309 .09582 098 56 .10130 -10404 .10678 . 10951 eu T225 -11499 -11773 . 12047 12320 -12594 -12868 .13142 0.13415 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. INTO DECIMALS Day of Month. | Common | Bissextile Year, Year, OF A YEAR .15880 . 16153 .16427 .16701 16975 .17248 .17522 -17796 .18070 18344 . 18617 .18891 - 19165 -19439 -19713 .19986 . 20260 -20534 .20808 . 21081 -21355 .21629 .21903 e227 .22459 .22724 .22998 223272 -23546 .23819 .24093 24367 » 24641 -24914 .25188 .25462 .25736 .26010 .26283 26557 .26831 0.27105 AND ANGLE. Day of Month. Common | Bissextile Year. Year. 21 22 23 24. 25 WO ONAN BRWNHH H ° TABLE 21. DAYS INTO DECIMALS OF A YEAR AND ANGLE. Day of Month. Day of Month. Decimal Common | Bissextile ; s Common | Bissextile Year. ear. Year. Year. 0.27379 | 98°34/| Agr. 11 | Apr. 10 : 147°51) May 31 | May 30 | .27652 : 148 50 | June 1 31 | .27926 : 149 49 2 fnew .28200 3 150 48 3 2 0.28474 : I5I 47 .28747 : 152 46 .2902I : 153 45 -29295 : i -42904 | 154 45 -29569 -432 155 44 0.29843 4: 156 43 -30116 ; 157 42 - 30390 4d 158 41 30664 ; 159 40 30938 : 160 39 0.31211 0.44901 | 161 39 31485 -45175 | 162 38 -31759 ; -45448 | 163 37 - 32033 -45722 | 164 36 -32307 -45996 | 165 35 0.32580 oO 0.46270 | 166 «32854 3 tC | .46543 | 167 33128 .46817 | 168 -33402 -47091 | 169 - 33676 -47365 | 170 0.33949 0.47639 | 171 -34223 -47912 | 172 -34497 -48186 | 173 34771 -48460 | 174 35044 -48734 | 175 0.35318 0.49008 | 176 -35592 8 49281 | 177 -35866 49555 | 178 .36140 .49829 | 179 -36413 .50103 | 180 0. 36687 | 0.50376 | 181 .36961 | 50650 | 182 37235 | 1: .50924 | 183 -37509 51198 | 184 ©37782 .51472 | 185 0.38056 0.51745 | 186 -38330 .52019 | 187 . 38604 .52293 | 188 .38877 .52567 | 189 -39151 ‘ .52841 | 190 0.39425 0.53114 | I9I -39699 -53388 | 192 39973 53662 | 193 -40246 -53936 | 194 -40520 -54209 0.40794 0.54483 QM WHSONIAN TABLES. Do TABLE 21. DAYS INTO DECIMALS OF A Decimal of a Year. 0.54757 .55031 -55305 55578 0.55852 -56126 . 56400 56674 -56947 0.57221 -57495 -57769 .58042 -58316 0.58590 58864 -59138 -594TI -59685 0.59959 .60233 .60507 .60780 .61054 0.61328 .61602 .61875 .62149 .62423 0.62697 .62971 .63244 .63518 -63792 0.64066 64339 -64613 .64887 .65161 0.65435 .65708 .65982 .66256 .66530 0.66804 .67077 -67351 .67625 .67899 0.68172 BMITHEONIAN TABLES Angle. Common Year. 197° 8/| July 20 LOS) 7, 21 199 6 22 200815 23 201 4 24 202 3 25 203 12 26 204 I yi 205 I 28 206 29 206 59 30 207 58 31 208 57 | Aug. I 209 56 2 210 55 3 211 55 4 212 54 5 213 53 6 214 52 7 215 51 8 216 50 9 217 49 10 218 49 II 219 48 12 220 47 13 221 46 14 222 45 15 223 44 16 224 43 17 225 43 18 226 42 19 2272 AN 20 228 40 21 229 39 22 230 38 23 231 37 24 232 36 25 233 36 26 234 35 27 235 34 28 236 33 29 237 32 30 238 31 31 239 30 | Sept. 1 240 30 2 241 29 3 242 28 4 243 27 5 244 26 6 245 25 7 Day of Month. Bissextile Year. Aug. Sept. July 19 20 21 22 a eH Day of Year. 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 291 292 293 294 295 296 297 298 |, 299 | 300 ! 54 YEAR AND ANGLE. Decimal of a Year. 0.68446 .68720 -68994 .69268 0.69541 .69815 -70089 - 70363 - 70637 0.70910 -71184 -71458 A7732 -72005 0.72279 °72553 -72827 -73101 »73374 0.73648 «73922 -74196 -74470 -74743 0.75017 -75291 75565 -75838 -76112 0.76386 .76660 -76934 077207, -77481 0.77755 - 78029 -78303 -78576 -78850 0.79124 -79398 -79671 -79945 -50219 0.80493 .80767 .51040 -81314 .81588 0.81862 Angle. 247 248 249 250 251 252 253 254 255 256 257 258 259 260 261 262 263 264 265 266 267 268 269 270 271 272 273 274 274 275 276 277 278 279 280 281 282 283 284 285 286 287 288 289 290 2g 292 293 294 Common Year. Oct. 9 = Day of Month, Bissextile Year. Oct. 246° 24’| Sept. 8} Sept. 7 Io i I2 13 14 15 16 18 | 19 20 NN Noe & ° OO CONIIMD NHPWDND H = NNN N NY HD OOND ANLW DAYS INTO DECIMALS OF A Decimal of a Year. 0.82136 .82409 .82683 82957 0.83231 83504 83778 .84052 .84326 0.84600 .84873 .85147 .85421 85695 0.85969 .86242 .86516 .86790 .87064 0.87337 .87611 .87885 .88159 88433 0.88706 .88980 .89254 .89528 .89802 0.90075 -90349 .90623 -90897 -91170 0.91444 .91718 -91992 .92266 92539 0.92813 .93087 .93361 -93634 -93908 0.94182 -94456 -94730 -95003 -95277 0.95551 OHNNHW BAAN D OW) Day of Month. Common Year ear. Bissextile Y SOnNI NOI fBWH — YEAR Decimal 0.98289 -98563 .98836 -99IIO -99354 0.99658 -99932 SmITHSOMIAN TABLES a9 TABLE 21, AND ANGLE. Angle. 345 346 347 348 349 350 351 352 : 353 354 355 356 48 357 47 358 46 359 45 344°58 Day of Month. Bissextile Year. Common Year. ) Dec. 17 | Dec. *6| 18 17a) 18 | Conversion for Minutes. | TABLE 22. HOURS, MINUTES AND SECONDS Day. 0.041 66 Cn NOW PWN — INTO DECIMALS OF A DAY. 0.208 333 .250 000 | 458 333 -500 000 -541 667 | 2222 583 333 0.625 000 .666 667 | .708 333 | -750 000 791 667 0.833 333 .875 000 .916 667 -958 333. | I.000 000 | 7 .083 333 .125 000 | .166 667 0.003 472 .004 167 .004 861 005 556 .006 250 0.006 944 .007 639 008 333 .009 028 .009 722 0.010 417 .OIT III .O1T 806 .OT2 500 .O13 194 0.013 889 .O14 583 .O15 278 .O15 972 .O16 667 0.017 361 .018 056 .O18 750 019 444 .020 139 0.020 833 0.021 528 .022 222 .022 917 .023 611 0.024 305 .025 000 .025 694 .026 389 .027 083 0.027 77 .028 472 .029 167 .029 861 .030 5506 0,031 250 .03I 944 .032 639 033 333 .034 028 0.034 722 035 417 .036 III .036 806 037 500 0.038 194 .038 889 -039 583 .040 278 .040 972 0.041 667 0.000 OI2 .000 023 .000 035 .000 046 0.000 058 .000 069 .000 OSI .000 093 .000 104 0.000 116 .000 127 .000 139 .000 150 .000 162 0.000 174 .000 185 .000 197 .000 208 «O00 220 0.000 231 .000 243 .000 255 .000 266 .000 278 0.000 289 .000 301 .000 313 .000 324 .000 336 0.000 347 Day. 0.000 359 .000 370 .000 382 000 394 0.000 405 .000 417 £000 428 .000 440 .000 451 0.000 463 .000 475 .000 486 .000 498 000 509 0.000 521 000 532 .000 544 .000 556 .000 567 0.000 579 .000 590 .000 602 | .000 613 | .000 625 0.000 637 .000 648 .000 660 .000 671 .000 683 .000 694 TABLE 23. DECIMALS OF A DAY INTO HOURS, MINUTES AND SECONDS. 0.01 -O2 .03 .O4 0.05 .06 .O7 .08 d h, I I I I 2 2 4 7 g Hundredths of a Day. m. 14 28 43 OF 12 26 4o 3D 9 24 48 12 36 © 24 I2 Ten Thousandths of a Day, Millionths of a Bay. d. 0.00000! 2 3 4 eee ee ch 8 9 0.000010 20 30 40 0.000050 60 70 So 90 sec. 0.09 Oxley] 0.26 0.35 0.43 0.52 0.60 0.69 0.78 0.86 ev73 2.59 3.46 22 5.18 6.05 6.91 7-78 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. O OND HWH — MINUTES AND SECONDS TABLE 24, INTO DECIMALS OF AN HOUR. Decimals of an hour, 0.016 667 033 333 .050 000 .066 667 0.083 333 .100 000 -116 667 2222 -133 333 .150 000 0.166 667 -183 333 -200 00O .216 667 0.250 000 .266 667 .283 333 -300 OOO 316 667 -333 333 -350 000 .366 667 .383 333 -400 000 .416 667 433 333 -450 000 .466 667 483 333 0.500 000 Decimals of |} an hour. 0.516 667 533 333 550 O0O .566 667 0.583 333 .600 000 .616 667 633 333 .650 000 0.666 667 683 333 -700 000 -716 667 -733 333 -750 000 -766 667 -783 333 .800 000 816 667 0.833 333 .550 000 .866 667 883 333 -9OO 000 0.916 667 -933 333 +950 000 .966 667 983 333 1.000 000 n oO oO WO ON DW LWH — Decimals of an hour. Sec. 0.000 278 000 556 .000 833 .OOI III 0.001 389 .OOI 667 .OOI 944 .002 222 .002 500 OW Ww 0.002 77 003 056 -003 333 .003 611 .003 889 0.004 167 004 444 .004 722 .005 000 .005 278 0.005 556 .005 833 .006 III .006 389 .006 667 0.006 944 .007 222 .007 500 .007 778 .008 056 0.008 333 D&O Ww Decimals of an hour. 0.008 611 .008 889 .009 167 009 444 0.009 722 .O10 000 .O10 278 .O10 556 O10 833 O.OII III -OII 389 .OII 667 .OII 944 .O12 222 0.012 500 O12 77 .O13 056 O13 333 .O13 611 0.013 889 .O14 167 O14 444 .O14 722 .O15 000 0.015 278 .O15 556 O15 833 .O16 III .016 389 0.016 667 TABLE 25. BMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 26. TABLE 27. SIDEREAL TIME INTO MEAN MEAN SOLAR TIME INTO SOLAR TIME. SIDEREAL TIME. The tabular values are to be subtracted The tabular values are to be added to a from a sidereal time interval. mean solar time interval. : : Reduc- Reduc- Reduct Reduction t . Hrs.| to. Hrs. | Sidereal Min. | £10" t0 | min,| on to Mean Time. Time. Time. De |e s. h, m. ‘Ss I Oo 9.83 I I 5.09 2 | Oo 19.66 2 2 5.26 3 | O 29.49 3 3 5-42 4 | O 39.32 4 4 5-59 5 | 0 49.15 73 5 5 5-75 6 | 0 58.98 .9O 6 6 5-91 vA I 8.81 06 7 Ti 6.08 8 | I 18.64 23 8 8 6.24 9 | I 28.47 39 9 9 6.41 10 | 1 38.30 55 10 10 6.57 II I 48.13 72 II II 6.74 12 I 57-95 .88 12 12 6.90 TZ ae) 77S .04, 13 13 7.06 TAN | 9217260 S21 14 14 Pe 5 e227 eA 37 | 150 227-85 eho -39 TOO 2) 937227 54 16) 25372709 )1) 16 .56 17, 2 47.10 70 17 | 2R47.500 1 1L7 a2) 18 | 2 56.93 86 18 | 2 57.42 18 .89 LO} 4) 36276 03 KOy |S ye27e elo .05 20 | 3 16.59 20] 3 17.13 | 20 v2 20 || 3 *26.42 21, |" 3 20:908 |) 25 38 22a 2025 22a 23655455 222 -54 23 | 3 46.08 230s 4 O47 Om E23 wi 24 | 3 55-91 24} 3 56.56 | 24 87 25 9.04 26 9.20 27 9.36 28 9.53 29 9.69 30 9.86 Reduction for Seconds—sidereal or mean solar. The tabular values are to be ee from a apa time interval. added to a mean solar Sidereal or 9 Mean Time. s Ss. s. 0 0.00 0.02 10 03 05 20 .05 .08 30 .08 II 40 GT a13 50 0.14 0.16 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. * Subtract o.14 from a sidereal time interval. CONVERSION OF MEASURES OF WEIGHT. Conversion of avoirdupois pounds and ounces into kilograms . TABLE 28 Conversion of kilograms into avoirdupois pounds and ounces . TABLE 29 Gonversioniol Srainsimto; grams ins a. 1. S$ 2 TABLE 30 Conversion of grams into'grains 4) 2s ke. ek es | TABLE) 3 10 TABLE 28. AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS AND OUNCES INTO KILOGRAMS. I avoirdupois pound = 0.4535924 kilogram. I avoirdupois ounce = 0.0283495 kilogram. 3 5 | 6 7 8 9 kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. | 0 0.0000 | 0.0454 | 0.0907 | 0.1361 | 0.1814 | 0.2268 | 0.2722 | 0.3175 | 0.3629 | 0.4082 I 0.4536 | 0.4990 | 0.5443 | 0.5897 | 0.6350 | 0.6804 | 0.7257 | 0.7711 | 0.8165 | 0.8618 2 0.9072 | 0.9525 | 0.9979 | 1.0433 | 1.0886 | 1.1340 | 1.1793 | 1.2247 | 1.2701 | 1.3154 3 1.3608 | 1.4061 | 1.4515 | 1.4969 | 1.5422 | 1.5876 | 1.6329 | 1.6783 | 1.7237 | 1.7690 4 1.8144 | 1.8597 | 1.9051 | 1.9504 | 1.9958 | 2.0412 | 2.0865 | 2.1319 | 2.1772 | 2.2226 5 2.2680 | 2.3133 | 2.3587 | 2.4040 | 2.4494 | 2.4948 | 2.5401 | 2.5855 | 2.6308 | 2.6762 6 2.7216 | 2.7669 | 2.8123 | 2.8576 | 2.9030 | 2.9484 | 2.9937 | 3.0391 | 3.0844 | 3.1298 7 13-1751 | 3.2205 | 3.2659 | 3.3112 | 3.3566 | 3.4019 | 3.4473 | 3-4927 | 3.5380 | 3.5834 8 | 3.6287 | 3.6741 | 3.7195 | 3.7648 | 3.8102 | 3.8555 | 3.9009 | 3-9463 | 3.9916 | 4.0370 9 4.0823 | 4.1277 | 4.1731 | 4.2184 | 4.2638 | 4.3091 | 4.3545 | 4.3998 | 4.4452 | 4.4906 0 JA 2 ES A 5 | 6 7 | 8 | 9 kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. kg. 0 0.0000 | 0.0028 | 0.0057 | 0.0085 | 0.0113 | 0.0142 | 0.0170 | 0.0198 | 0.0227 | 0.0255 I .0283 | .0312| .0340| .0369] .0397] .0425| .0454]| .0482] .O510] .0539 2 .0567| .0595| .0624| .0652| .o680] .0709] .0737| .0765| .0794| .0822 3 .0850| .0879| .0907| .0936| .0964] .0992] .I102I1}| .1049] .1077| .1106 4 .1134\) “41162 | “.LIOI| .1219)) 41247). 1276)|| 9.1304) 21332) R030 re seg 5 0.1417 | 0.1446 | 0.1474 | 0.1503 | 0.1531 | 0.1559 | 0.1588 | 0.1616 | 0.1644 | 0.1673 6 .1701 | .1729| .1758| .1786} .1814] .1843] .1871| .1899| .1928| .1956 7 .1984| .2013| .2041| .2070] .2098] .2126| .2155] .2183] .22II| .2240 8 .2268| .2296| .2325| .2353] .2381] .2410| .2438|] .2466] .2495] .2523 9 -2551 | .2580|| .2608|| .2637) .2665 | .2603)|) .2722'| .2750| .2778)|\ 1.2807 10 0.2835 | 0.2863 | 0.2892 | 0.2920 | 0.2948 | 0.2977 | 0.3005 | 0.3033 | 0.3062 | 0.3090 Tn 53118 | 23147.| | <3175)|) 63203)| .3232 1) 32001) 23289) 23317, = 3345 eeoedd 12 -3402| .3430] .3459] 3487] -3515]| -3544] -3572|] -3600] .3629|] .3657 13 3685 | .3714] .3742] -3770] -3799| -3827| .3856| .3884] .3912] .2941 | 14 -3969| .3997| .4026| .4054|] .4082] .41II| .4139] .4167| .4196] .4224! 15 .4252| .4281| .4309] .4337] -4366] .4394] .4423] .4451] 4479] .4508 |] SMITHSONIAN TABLES, 60 TABLE 29, KILOGRAMS INTO AVOIRDUPOIS POUNDS AND OUNCES. 1 kilogram = 2.204622 avoirdupois pounds. Kilograms, d 0.1 0.2 0.3 5 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 . | Av. Ibs. | Av. Ibs. | Av. Ibs. - Ibs. | Av. Ibs. | Av. Ibs. | Av. Ibs. | Av. Ibs. | Av. Ibs. | 0.220] 0.441 | 0.661 : 1.102] 1.323] 1.543] 1.764] 1.984] 2.425 | 2.646] 2.866 : 3-307 | 3-527] 3-748] 3.968] 4.189 4.630] 4.850] 5.071 : 5.512| 5.7321]. 5-952] 6.173 6.303) 6.834] 7-055| 7-275] 7- 7-716 | 7.937] 8.157| 8.378] 8.598 9.039] 9.259} 9.480 : 9.921 | 10.141 | 10.362 | 10.582 | 10.803 11.244 | 11.464 | 11.684 : 12.125 | 12.346 | 12.566 | 12.787 | 13.007 13.448 | 13.669 | 13.889 : 14.330 | 14.551 | 14.771 | 14.991 | 15.212 15.653 | 15.873 | 16.094 F 16.535 | 16.755 | 16.976 | 17.196 | 17.417 17.857 | 18.078 | 18.298 : 18.739 | 18.960 | 19.180 | 19.401 | 19.621 20.062 | 20.283 | 20.503 -723 | 20.944 | 21.164 | 21.385 21.605 | 21.826 0 I 2 3 4 5 6 ih 8 9 Hundredths of a Kilogram into Decimals of a Pound and Ounces, Tenths of a Kilogram into Ounces. kg. |Av.lbs. Oz. kg. |Av. Ibs. Oz. 0.01 0.35 0.06 | 0.132 = 2.12 0.71 .07 154 = 2.47 | 1.06 .08 -176 2.82 | 1.41 +09 198 3.17 1.76 10 -220 3.53 toi wd ded tou tl TABLE SO. GRAINS INTO GRAMS. I grain — 0.06479892 gram. Grains. Ibe 2 | 3 | | | grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. grams. 0.0648 | 0.1296 | 0.1944 | 0.2592 | 0.3240 | 0.3888 | 0.4536 | 0.5184 | 0.5832 0.7128 | 0.7776 | 0.8424 | 0.9072 | 0.9720 | 1.0368 1.1016 | 1.1664 Te232 1.3608 | 1.4256 | 1.4904 | 1.5552] 1.6200 | 1.6848 | 1.7496 | 1.8144 | 1.8792 2.0088 | 2.0736 | 2.1384 | 2.2032 | 2.2680 | 2.3328 | 2.3976 | 2.4624 | 2.5272 2.6568 | 2.7216 | 2.7864 | 2.8512 | 2.9160 | 2.9808 | 3.0455 | 3.1103 | 3.1751 3-3047 | 3.3695 | 3-4343 | 3-4991 | 3.5639 | 3.6287 | 3.6935 | 3.7583 | 3-8231 3.8879 | 3-9527 | 4.0175 | 4.0823 | 4.1471 | 4.2119 | 4.2767 | 4.3415 | 4.4063 | 4.4711 4.5359 | 4.6007 | 4.6655 | 4.7303 | 4.7951 | 4.8599 | 4.9247 | 4.9895 | 5.0543 | 5.1191 5-1839 | 5-2487 | 5.3135 | 5-3783 | 5-4431 | 5-5079 | 5-5727 | 5-6375 | 5.7023 | 5.7671 5.8319 | 5.8967 | 5.9615 | 6.0263 | 6.0911 | 6.1559 | 6.2207 | 6.2855 | 6.3503 } 6.4151 Tenths of a Grain. Hundredths of a Grain. Grain. am. in: | gram. 0.6 ; - 0.0006 .0013 .0019 .0026 0032 SMITHSONIAN TABLES, 61 TABLE 31. GRAMS INTO CRAINS. I gram = 15.432356 grains. Bali 2 se eee Grains. | Grains. | Grains. | Grains. | Grains. Grains. | Grains. | Grains, | Graius, 0.00 1.54 3.09 4.63 6.17 9.26] 10.80] 12.35] 13.89 15.43 | 16.98] 18.52} 20.06] 21.61 24,69)|)) 26.24) 2757811) 29532 30.86 | 32.41 . 35-49 | 37-04 40.12] 41.67] 43.21] 44.75 46.30] 47.84 38 | 50.93 | 52.47 55-56| 57.10] 58.64] 60.19 61.73 | 63.27 . 66.36 | 67.90 70.99 | 72-53] 74-08] 75.62 77.16| 78.71 ; 81.79 : 86.42 | 87.96] 89.51 | 91.05 92.59] 94.14| 95. 97.22 5 101.85 | 103.40 | 104.94 | 106.48 108.03 | 109.57 : 112.66 : 117.29 | 118.83 | 120.37 | 121.92 | 123.46 | 125.00 : 128.09 ; 132.72 | 134.26 | 135.80 | 137.35 138.89 | 140.43 ; 143.52 : 148.15 | 149.69 | 151.24 | 152.78 Pose | | 3 | sa ee a ea ae . | Grains. | Grains. | Grains. | Grains. ins. | Grains. ins. | Grains. 15.43| 30.86] 46.30} 61.73 : 92.59 3 123.46 169.76| 185.19} 200.62] 216.05 : 246.92 : 277.78 324.08] 339-51 | 354-94] 370.38 : 401.24 . 432.11 478.40 | 493.84 | 509.27 | 524.70 -13| 555-56 .00] 586.43 632.73 | 648.16 | 663.59 | 679.02 -46 | 709.89 -32| 740.75 787.05 | 802.48 | 817.91 | 833.35 : 864.21 895.08 941.37 | 956.81 | 972.24 | 987.67 -10 1018.54 |1033. 97 1049.40 1095.70 |III1.13 |1126.56 |I 141.99 .43 |I1172.86 |1188.29 |1203.72 1250.02 |1265.45 |1280.89 |1296.32 -75 |1327.18 |1342.61 |1358.05 1419.78 |1435.21 |1450.64 07 |1481.51 |1496.94 |1512.37 WO MONINDATARWNHHO Grain. am, Grain, gram, 0.926 q 0.015 1.080 s 2031 1.235 . 2046 1.389 : .062 1.543 : :077 62 WIND TABLES. SPaOpLcrconversionOrmelocities . .-5 =: . « «= . » . » TABLEZ32 Mulesspetsiouriatonficee per SECONd «4. ~~ . .. » = « + TLABLE32 ectsper-second mtouiules per hour 1). 0. 2. 1. . « « Jp) TAREE IY iMetersspet-second imtoimilesper hours: % - . . . =~ . . “DABLE 325 Milessper, nour intOdmcters per Second.) . « 2. =. . 2 =» DABLEN36 Mictersi per second into-kilometets,per hour . . . . +: . . TABLE 37 Kalometers per-hour into meters per}second . . . . ..: . Taser 38 Scale of velocity equivalents of the so-called Beaufort scale of Se MPR Re. us iin | a a 8) SABES Radius of critical curvature and velocities of gradient winds for frictionless motion in Highs and Lows. inelisipineastces (yn poe se ee Se ts | a el ARAB SAO WUCiGiCeIMeASULES Siar Atay enie lets oe. 6 si ass vey ac oe? ABLE UAT TABLE 32. SYNOPTIC CONVERSION OF VELOCITIES, Miles per hour into meters per second, feet per second and kilometers per hour. Miles | Meters Feet | Kilome-} Miles | Meters Feet | Kilome- Meters Feet Kilome- per per per ters per per per per ters per per per ters per hour. | second. | second. | hour. hour, | second. | second, | hour, . | second, | second. hour. |-———— — — Soe oe 0.0 0.0 0.0 , 26.0 | 11.6 | 38.1 : : 23-27 OSs Os sy 0.5 : 0.7 ; 26.5 11.8 | 38.9 : ‘ 23.5) 7.7201 |) 0465 1.0 ; 1.5 : 27.0 12.1 | 39.6 : : 227 AN TisaeloorS 1.5 : 2.2 : 27.50 | e122 |e Aos3 : : 23.9 | 78.5 | 86.1 2.0 ; 2.9 : 23:07) 12:5. Aa : 2A 79:25) 86:9 2.5 ; Buy : 28.5 TOV Ao : : QAEA 7.9! OM Rouen 3.0 : 4.4 ; 29.0 | 13.0 | 42.5 : 3 24.6 | 80.7 | 88.5 3.5 : put i 29.5 13.2 | 43.3 ; : 24.8 | 81.4 | 89.3 4.0 ; 5.9 ; 30.0 13.4 | 44.0 : : 25.011 sO2sIal OOM 4.5 : 6.6 E : ey (oy || A) ‘ : 25.3 | 82.9 | 90.9 5.0 : To i ‘ 13.9 | 45-5 : d 25.5 | 83.6 | 91.7 5.5 . 8.1 : BTS 14.1 | 46.2 ! ; 25.7 ||| 84-3) || 92.5 6.0 : 8.8 : 3 14.3 : : ‘ AES | telsple |), Cepss 6.5 9.5 } : 14.5 2 : : 85.8 | 94.1 7.0 10.3 : d 14.8 2 : : 86.5 | 95.0 75 II.0 : mie 15.0 23 : : 87.3 | 95.8 8.0 15.2 : : 60. : 88.0 | 96.6 8.5 15.4 6 : : : 88.7 | 97.4 9.0 15.6 : : i : 89.5 | 98.2 9.5 15.9 . , : : 90.2 | 99.0 10.0 16.1 : : : : 90.9 | 99.8 10.5 16.3 3. Bs : : gl.7 | 100.6 II.0 16. 3 : : 28. 92.4 | 101.4 11.5 O321 |) 102%2 12.0 93-9 | 103.0 12.5 94.6 | 103.8 13.0 95.3 | 104.6 13.5 g6.1 | 105.4 14.0 96.8 | 106.2 97-5 | 107.0 98.3 | 107.8 99.0 | 108.6 99-7 | 109.4 100.5 | 110.2 MONG) || 10711 0) 101.9 | 111.8 HONUMKRO DAL HO MAR KHON AwHOMAL OV & 102.7 | 112.7 103.4 | 113.5 104.1 | 114.3 104.9 | 115.1 105.6 | 115.9 106.3 | 116.7 woud O WONNNNN Oo COONS BR OO Oo ¢ 9 LOFT 4) 117-5 107.8 | 118.3 108.5 | 119.1 109.3 | 119.9 110.0 | 120.7 110.7 | 121.5 GET 5) |r 22%3 ELD. eleeer 112.9 | 123.9 ETS 7 | L247 114.4 | 125.5 a sa OO OMHHPHH AIIIAA DAAAUUNU UARDAAL OWN Lond ODON HOA DOKK AD OWHKRAD eS ORS. Or BWW WW OGG) OO % II ANE YS OKRD DIANA BY NH HERION OANOWN OC 02 W OW WW OW WW SHHAD O Mo Hy STO HWU STOR NAD COMmmnm SIN NN SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 64 TABLE 33. MILES PER HOUR INTO FEET PER SECOND. 1 mile per hour = feet per second. Miles per hour. Feet per/Feet per|/Feet per|/Feet per|/Feet per|Feet per|/Feet per Beet wes Feet PUSS Feet per sec. sec. sec. sec. sec sec, sec. se Sec: 8.8 10.3 11.7 13.2 23.5 24.9 26.4 27.9 38.1 39.6 41.1 42.5 52.80) 54-3.) 55.7 |) 5702 67.5 68.9 70.4 71.9 82.1 83.6 85.1 86.5 96.8 | 98.3 | 99.7 | 101.2 Lit-5) ||P 2E2-9) | 144 errs 126.1 ||) 127-6. |' 129.1 \rz015 140.8 | 142.3 | 143.7 | 145.2 0.0 1.5 2.9 4. a 14.7 16.1 17.6 29.3 30.8 32.3 44.0 | 45.5 | 46.9 58.7 60.1 61.6 on \o DE oo 0 FOMNOS NAonn Olds StS Go) {ao NO FAsS 76.8 88.0 89.5 90.9 102.7 | 104.1} 105.6 TM7o3 | LOL On| alZ2O13 1232: OM 13355) elaAso Ss Se Wh Own SQ HY30 NAOKnNM OnMorn 146.7 | 148.1 | 149.6 TOTS T6229)8 |) Lone E76:014| 17725 07829 190.7 | 192.1 | 193.6 205.3 | 206.8 | 208.3 155-5 | 156.9 | 158.4 | 159.9 E7O.L | /L71.0. || 272.1 Aes 184.8 | 186.3 | 187.7 | 189.2 199.5 | 200.9 | 202.4 | 203.9 214.1 | 215.6 | 217.1 | 218.5 mH ORNTIN TaBLe 34. FEET PER SECOND INTO MILES PER HOUR. 1 foot per second = 1 miles per hour. Miles Miles | Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles -| per hr.| per hr.; per hr.| per hr.| per hr.| per hr.| per hr.| per hr. per hr. 0.7 1.4 : Da 3.4 4.1 4.8 7-5 8.2 ; 9.5 10.2 10.9 11.6 14.3 15.0 : 16.4 17.0 7 18.4 21a 21.8 : 23.2 23.9 24.5 25.2 28.0 28.6 ag 30.0 30.7 31.4 34.8 35-5 36. 36.8 37.5 38.2 A126)| 42:3 . 43-6 | 44.3 | 45.0 48.4 49.1 : 50.5 51.1 55.2 55-9 : P 58.0 62.0 62.7 P A. 64.8 68.9 69.5 ; 3 71.6 15-7) cO:4 . . 78.4 82.5 83.2 : ; 85.2 89.3 | 90.0 : : 92.0 96.1 | 96.8 A : 98.9 103.0 | 103.6 ; y 105.7 109.8 | 110.5 : : 112.5 TIG{6) |) E1753 é : 119.3 123.4 | 124.1 : é 126.1 130.2 | 130.9 ‘ d 133.0 BMITHSONIAN TABLES, TABLE 35. METERS PER SECOND INTO MILES PER HOUR. I meter per second = 2.236932 miles per hour. Meters per Renonae 0.0 0.1 | 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles per hr.| per hr.| per hr.| per hr.| per hr.| per hr. | per hr.} per hr. 0 0.0 0.2 0.4 0.7 0.9 Te Ta 1.6 I 22 2.5 2.7 2.9 3.1 3.4 3.6 3.8 2 4.5 Angi 4.9 5.1 5.4 5.6 5.8 6.0 3 6.7 6.9 Te 7.4 7.6 7.8 8.1 8.3 4 8.9 9.2 9.4 9.6 9.8 10.1 10.3 10.5 5 Te 11.4 11.6 11.9 1251 T2e3 12.5 12.8 6 13.4 13.6 13.9 14.1 14.3 14.5 14.8 15.0 7 15.7 15.9 16.1 16.3 16.6 16.8 17.0 W7e2 8 L729 18.1 18.3 18.6 18.8 19.0 19.2 19.5 9 20.1 20.4 20.6 20.8 21.0 DTr3 21.5 2Ta7, 10 22.4 22.6 22.8 23.0 2253 23.5 23.7 23.9 II 24.6 24.8 25.1 2553 25.5 25:17 25-9 26.2 12 26.8 27.0 2753 275 277 28.0 28.2 28.4 13 29.1 29.3 29.5 29.8 30.0 30.2 30.4 30.6 14 31.3 2155 Seon se 2tOM| e252 gorih MW eoLGP | “ee ye) 15 33-6 | 33-8 | 34.0 | 34.2 | 34.4 | 34-7 | 34-9 | 35.1 16 35.8 36.0 36.2 36.5 36.7 36.9 37.1 37.4 17 38.0 | 38-3 | 385 | 38.7 | 38.9 | 39.1 | 39.4 | 39.6 18 40.3 40.5 40.7 40.9 41.2 41.4 41.6 41.8 19 42.5 | 42.7 | 43.0 | 43.2 | 43-4 | 43.6 | 43.8 | 44.1 20 44.7 | 45.0 | 45.2 | 45.4 | 45.6 | 45.9 | 46.1 | 46.3 21 47.0 | 47.2 | 47.4 | 47.6 | 47.9 | 48.1 | 48.3 | 48.5 22 49.2 49-4 | 49.7 49.9 50.1 50.3 50.6 50.8 23 Biles 51.7 51.9 52.1 52:3 52.6 52.8 53.0 24 53°7.| (53-9) 54-1 |) 254-40) 54:6 | 154.891 955:0010155-3 25 55.9 56.1 56.4 56.6 56.8 57.0 5753 57.5 26 58.2 58.4 58.6 58.8 59.1 59.3 59.5 59.7 27, 60.4 60.6 60.8 61.1 61.3 61.5 61.7 62.0 28 622679 62:08) eeG2ar 63.3 | 63.5 63.8 | 64.0 | 64.2 29 64.9 65.1 65.3 65.5 65.8 66.0 66.2 66.4 30 67.1 67.3 67.6 67.8 68.0 68.2 68.5 68.7 31 69.3 69.6 69.8 70.0 70.2 70.5 7Ous 70.9 32 71.6 71.8 72.0 72.3 72.5 TQ 7 72.9 7B 0 33 73:87 |\ 74:0 | “74-3. | FADS) 7427 ||| 974-9 75-2 | oe 34 70-1) | 70.35) 79:5.) 27 027 4 7720 77-201 a 7A Nl 730 35 7223 172-5) 7507 17 90m a9: 2a 7934 alee 920m e799 36 80.5 80.8 SI.0 81.2 81.4 81.6 81.9 82.1 37 82.8 83.0 83.2 83.4 83.7 84.0 84.1 $4.3 38 85.0 85.2 85.5 85.7 $5.9 86.1 86.3 86.6 39 87.2 87.5 87.7 87.9 838.1 88.4 88.6 88.8 40 89.5 | 89.7 89.9 | 90.2 90.4 90.6 | 90.8 | 91.0 AI 91.7 91.9 92.2 92.4 92.6 92.8 93.1 93-3 42 94.0 | 94.2 | 94.4 | 94.6 | 94.8 | 95.1 | 95-3 | 95.5 43 96.2 | 96.4 | 96.6 | 96.9 | 97.1 | 97.3 | 97-5 | 97.8 44 98.4 | 98.7 | 98.9 | 99.1 | 99.3 | 99.5 | 99.8 | 100.0 Miles per hr. 1.8 4.0 6.3 8.5 10.7 13.0 15.2 17.4 19.7 21.9 80.1 82.3 84.6 86.8 89.0 91.3 93-5 95-7 98.0 100, 2 Miles per hr. 24.4 33-3 35.6 40.0 42.3 44.5 46.8 49.0 Hie 53-5 507, 57-9 60.2 62.4 91.5 93-7 SMITHSONIAN TABLES TasBLe 35. METERS PER SECOND INTO MILES PER HOUR, Meters per second. Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles Miles per hr.| per hr.| per hr.} per hr. .| per hr.| per hr. | per hr.| per hr. 100.7 | 100.9 | IOI.I | I01.3 IOI.8 | 102.0 | 102.2 | 102.5 1O2:Q) || LOS || 190343" ||) T03"6 104.0 | 104.2 | 104.5 | 104.7 105.1 | 105.4 | 105.6 | 105.8 106.3 | 106.5 | 106.7 | 106.9 107.4 } 107.6 | 107.8 | 108.0 108.5 | 108.7 | 108.9 | 109.2 109.6 | 109.8 | 110.1 |} I10.3 MIKO RY/ || SmtECe) || ame GOK LS en2s Ceca ss al eLIO.s ESOP RLS. 2 errseAu Toto LIAS IAs eTrALS sir. S 115.2 | 115.4 | 115.7 | 115.9 116.3 | 116.6 | 116.8 | 117.0 RT feAon || eh Ie7a7ae|| lst. Oy |p Lilonk LLISIO | LLOso) |e LLQsO) |) L1IO,2 DION LIQLO) | 12Onr) || r2094. I201O 7 EL2I On el2tes te L2T.5 A21GQ) | PL2200 | T22NA T2256 122 °On | l23.su let 2ge5\ || leas T2422 | 124-4 | 124.6 |) 12428 M5 esy L255 lee 527) L20:0 126.4 | 126.6 | 126.8 | 127.1 T27e5 | E27290 | el25.On | 25:2 128260) | E2829) |PT295r 112973) 129:7))|/130:0) |(P130:2) (130.4) ugvonG)y |] arsyesie || aeeheaey |) Grete 132-01) | 13222 sa 235 a 13257 MGSat | 133-4) | l33.6n | l33c6 TABLE 36. MILES PER HOUR INTO METERS PER SECOND. I mile per hour = 0.4470409 meters per second. Miles per hour. meters meters | meters meters meters meters meters meters | meters meters per sec, | per sec. | per sec. | per sec. | per sec, | per sec. per sec. | per sec. | per sec. | per sec. 0.00 | 0.45 0.89 1.34 1.79 2.24 2.68 Sy) 3.58 4.02 4.47 4.92 5.36 5.81 6.26 6.71 ley 7.60 8.05 8.49 8.94 9.39 O:537 | e1O:26. (FO273, Itt... |P1r.62. | 12:07 *| 1282) 12-06 13.41 | 13.86 | 14.31 | 14.75 | 15.20 | 15.65 | 16.09 | 16.54 | 16.99 | 17.43 17.88 | 18.33 | 18.78 | 19.22 | 19.67 | 20.12 | 20.56 | 21.01 | 21.46 | 21.90 22.35 | 22.80 | 23.25 | 23.69 | 24.14 | 24.59 | 25.03 | 25.48 | 25.93 | 26.37 26.82 | 27.27 | 27.72 | 28.16 | 28.61 | 29.06 | 29.50 | 29.95 | 30.40 | 30.85 31.29 | 31-74 | 32.19 | 32.63 | 33.08 | 33-53 | 33-98 | 34.42 | 34.87 | 35.32 35-76 | 36.21 | 36.66 | 37.10 | 37.55 | 38.00 | 38.44 | 38.89 | 39.34 | 39-79 40.23 | 40.68 | 41.13 | 41.57 | 42.02 | 42.47 | 42.92 | 43.36 | 43.81 | 44.26 44.70 | 45.15 | 45.60 | 46.04 | 46.49 | 46.94 | 47.39 | 47.83 | 48.28 | 48.73 49.17 | 49.62 | 50.07 | 50.54 | 50.96 | 51.41 | 51.86 | 52.30 | 52.75 | 53.20 53-64 | 54.09 | 54-54 | 54.98 | 55.43 | 55.88 | 56.33 | 56.77 | 57-22 | 57.67 58.12 | 58.56 | 59.01 | 59.46 | 59.90 | 60.35 | 60.80 | 61.24 | 61.69 | 62.14 | 62.59 | 63.03 | 63.48 | 63.93 | 64.37 | 64.82 | 65.27 | 65.72 | 66.16 | 66.61 GmiTHSONIAN TABLES. 67 TABLE 37. METERS PER SECOND INTO KILOMETERS PER HOUR, I meter per second = 3.6 kilometers per hour. Meters per second, km. full and by— Top gallant J sails. | Topsails, jib, &c. ) That to which | she could just carry in chase, | full and by Reefed up- ? per top- sails and courses Lower top- | sails and courses. That with which she could scarcely bear lower maintop- sail and reefed foresail. That which would reduce her to storm stay-sails. That which no canvas could withstand. Specification for use on land Limits of velocity Miles per hour Nautical (knots) Statute Meters per sec. Calm, smoke rises vertically. Direction of wind shown by smoke drift, but not by wind vanes. Wind felt on face; leaves rustle; ordi- nary vane moved by wind. Leaves and small twigs in constant motion; wind extends light flag. Raises dust and loose paper; small branches are moved. Small trees in leaf begin to sway; crested wavelets form on inland waters. Large branches in motion; whistling heard in telegraph wires; umbrellas used with difficulty. Whole trees in mo- tion; inconvenience felt when walking against wind. Breaks twigs off trees; generally impedes progress. Slight structural dam- age occurs (chimney pots and slate removed). Seldom experienced inland; trees up- rooted; considerable structural damage occurs. Very rarely experi- enced, accompanied by wide-spread damage. Above 65 Less than 1 Less than 1 1 to 3 1 to 3 7 to 10 11 to 16 | 13 to 18 17 to 21 | 19 to 24 28 to 33 39 to 46 41 to 47 | 47 to 54 56 to 65 | 64 to 75 Above 75 Less than 0.4 0.4 to 1.5 5:5.to 7.9 8.0 to 10.7 10.8 to 13.8 13.9 to 17.1 17.2 to 20.7 20.8 to 24.4 24.5 to 28.4 28.5 to 33.5 Above 33.5 1 A full-rigged ship of 1874. SMITHSONIAN TABLES 70 TABLE 40. RADIUS OF CRITICAL CURVATURE AND VELOCITIES OF CRADIENT WINDS FOR FRICTIONLESS MOTION IN A/GHS AND LOWS. ENGLISH MEASURES. R; = radius of critical curvature in miles. V- High = maximum speed in miles per hour on isobar of critical curvature. Vs = speed along straight line isobars = 0.5 Vc. V Low = speed in Low along isobar of curvature Rc. V Low = 0.4142 Ve. The table is computed for a density of the air, p = .co1o, which represents the conditions in the free air at an elevation of, roughly, one mile. Values for any other density can be readily found by dividing each or any of the tabulated values by the ratio of the densities, as, for ex- oe ae O10 ample, for surface conditions divide by 1.2 = and so on. } .OOT2 d (miles) 100 125 200 250. R. 8160 | 6530 4080 | 3260 Vc High | 372] 208 186 Vs 186 | 149 93.0 V Low E54) 123 77.0 WwW Oo CHOW no R, 2100 | 1680 | | 1050 Vc High} 189] 151 | 04.4 Vs | 94-4] 75-5 | | 54.0] 47-2 Viwicows 1075216225 39.1 No bn - COOnn - Aana mn Leal Hew MO COW OWnrInN Site dase.” anometis ie | 1380 | II00 688 Ves chyleens35|n22 : 70.4 Vs 70.74, | OTe T : 38.2 V Low | 63.3] 50.6 lear16 i. 984 | 787 492 Vc High | 129] 103 : .8| 64.5 5 64.5 | 51.6 Vow | 5355 | 42.8 R, 747 | 598 Vc High | 112] 90.0 Vs 56.3 | 45.0 V Low | 46.6 | 37.3 R, | 595| 476 V, High | 100} 80.3 | Vs Os 218402) | V Low | 41.6] 33-3 492 | 393 91.3 | 73.0 45.6 | 36.5 BONES One 419 | 335 84.3 | 67.4 42.1 | 33.7 34-9 | 27.9 366 | 293 78.8 | 63.0 39-4 | 31.5 B270n 20.8 NM” On WN OO~ Cae Gs ace ay gatelamisce te NIW DAMN NO CO we mew H HW Rep dw an “Ib S paecy wm oo mm Cm Oo om oO Wnwt nun by unr OnNdnK W CODW oo wn Cond no - Ny bond ieee TSS COND COHN CPO00 WAKO OFAN S Wn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MWS) GOCD USCA SIATSGA WES OS CIO ES SEE bh OND N OH + 328 | 262 74-5 | 59.06 37-3 | 29.8 30.9 | 24.7 299 | 240 Tier 25 oO BESO I) Points 20) 5 || OZ | nH oO Hw ~sI con NO ON x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . HROD NO MW OO HO ANWH WOH Hb Rw OHH Ww PO WW IWDO OrRNO 2000 |;nNPO OCONWO SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 40. : RADIUS OF CRITICAL GURVATURE AND VELOCITIES OF GRADIENT WINDS FOR FRICTIONLESS MOTION IN A/GHS AND LOWS. ENGLISH MEASURES. d (miles) 100 125 150 175 200 | ) ° SHES to nN ~ mm ow w rw wt Of nO An O DW DAO | nw Od ara COP mwnrr 0 wn H sa CNS » \O HNO w Aw Oo ow NO bwoH OHNN He OW H'o © H aS uo™ lal J wns H So ESS Or oo OOH OHH oom Seek 2 CoH MH N H OH Ww oc mor~r- te Dri O aD “IW AN Kw HHwW Nw ~~ Now oN N DAW N HH ono Ww to w a cS Q R, V. High Vs V Low ° Srp fw pb mn oy i} An bv Cont cou un nN & - oN om Hh on - mn Rew me R&D > o mn mn w NW OD sry ae . Orr Om H to = ae a WO ub wow « — e) Ooo eee esren On no MmMntett OFNDO b WY Re V. High Vs V Low OV 4 SS Cont oA fe ctor A ae Brvnotft DF oo nN Ww An wv we RW me HW — u e 3 -#uro0 ut Un Ww H Co OW “I nN & | wo & mW Aad H~ ££ OR R, | V- High | Vs V Low On nen mun ° Nw He wW An 9 | | let WH WO <0! Sion We) lor CO w TABLE 41. < RADIUS OF CRITICAL CURVATURE AND VELOCITIES OF GRADIENT WINDS FOR FRICTIONLESS MOTION IN A/GHS AND LOWS. Metric MEASURES. Re = radius of critical curvature in kilometers. Vc High = maximum speed in meters per second on isobar of critical curvature. Vs = speed along straight line isobars = 0.5 Vc. V Low = speed in Low along isobar of curvature Rp. V Low = 0.4142 Ve. The remarks in heading of Table 40 relative to the density of the air apply equally to Table qr. d(kilometers) | | 100 |125 150/175 200 | 250 | 300 | 400 | 500 600 800 | | es | cute 8330 | 6660 | 5550 | 4760 | 4160 | 3330 | 2780 | 2080 | 1670 | 1390 | 1040 | Ve Highs!) 1os)|:Sasanin7on2nkOOn2) |) S270 42a es) || e205 siete tel er 7 10 | 13.2 | V §2.7 | 42.2 | 35.1 30.1) 20.4 |\2x,0 | 17.6 | 13.2] T0160 |) 828.) nosa| Ve Low |°43'55) | 34:0): 20na 22459)" 2000) || 1754") 1455) | sto70 BET Fas 5-5 Re ; 2140 | 1710 | 1430 | 1220] 1070 857 714 536 429 357 | 268 Ve Bligh | soasi| 42. 85 s5nOn sons 5205701 Shean T7218) |) ra eANleLOsy SO) |) On eee] Neha W || Berocey |) 1G. I anetaZL I ato yay) 8.9 On7, 5-4 4.4 a4 Va Wow 2262357 37a eran 7 ieee ONl) titer E 8.9 7 5.6 4.4 ae eee ae _1400 | 1120 | 936} 802] 702 562 468 351 28% ||| 23454 E75 V; High | 43.3 | 34.6 | 28.8 | 24.7 20501173" | 34 4 \etO98) | Ne Oeil ere eel | 21.6 17-3 | 14.4) 12.4 10.8 8.6 Tiere el 4.4 3510) 2am Vo Lows ir7-.9) 4h eres on|itos 25850 Tie 6.0 4.5 3.6 Be On| ee 2a a 1003 | 802 | 669)| 573] 501 401 334 251 200) F167 | 125 | Ve High | 36.6 | 29.3 | 24.4 | 20.9| 18.3 | 14.6 | 12.2 9.1 7213 6.1 Ane Vs 58.3 | 14.6)| 12..2)| 10.4 2 TAS Or AO: |) egOml e320 253 | Va, Low, | 152.2))012-0) Storms Sealey 108) (OnOg 5d 3480 Pa sHOn Mee sci men SM)THSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 41. RADIUS OF CRITICAL CURVATURE AND VELOCITIES OF GRADIENT WINDS FOR FRICTIONLESS MOTION IN H/GHS AND LOWS Metric MEASURES. => n tH oO » E 5 pet 4 mS S | 800 mMta H oO ™~ So N N lal 1a a a aH Hm tO oO ata H mOo0r COROICORTO ESINROR AMHH \o ‘© SOE NEO, araH a ata Mm HOM” om (oO to ee See es HINA NRO OO LAA) ere ee HH ™~ ON onwon Ol) ee HINA N Re ™~ nO aa 0 + yn + 100 AO Lal HOO”) oO © 1900 0 NIND D Olaicrar Naot oS m~O MO ‘Oo HO +0 NOOO ™ LES SN = nN - Ho tos Hm RO RLOIGY ase ere + AH wt O° mt ON eH OO Gteess ~ nN Ont He OV st in > 3 : Q SKS eUa HMDA AAT™ t+ 1 HOO tM mo ©) + i ° wy + I~ 4 NO + SO 00 0 I~CO st eH COM: Q + éO eR OF HAO Ww al LOTIONS a + min a~o Oo HOt st mo +t eo tA HO (100 125 | 150 175 | 200 250 300 400 | 500 | 600 Att +O 0% ~oavto SMITHSONIAN TABLES. REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL. Pied mMeaSunesin.. a cic) duals Soy tas" 8 8. @\ ie, eo, ws oe) LABLE2 MEtiGinedslibece 0 s't. brace le ete he's Vessels se ABERYS TABLE 42. REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL. ENGLISH MEASURES. Rate of | DIFFERENCES BETWEEN TEE TEMPERATURE AT ANY ALTITUDE decrease AND AT SEA LEVEL. oe ALTITUDE IN FEET. 1°F, for every | 100 200 300 400 | 500 600 700 800 | 900 }/1000; 2000 | 3000 | 4000/5000 Feet.]| F F F. Ee Es Ea Fi Ea F. F. F. Ee F. Fe 200 | 0250] 1200] 1°50] 2200] 2950] 3°00] 3°50] 4200 | 4250] 5°00 | 10°00 | 15°00 | 20°00] 25°00 205 | 0.49| 0.98 | 1.46] 1.95 | 2.44] 2.93 | 3.41] 3.90] 4.39] 4.88| 9.76] 14.63 | 19.51 | 24.39 210 [0.48] 0.95 | 1.43| I.90| 2.38| 2.86 | 3.33 | 3-81] 4.29] 4.76| 9.52] 14.29] 19.05] 23.81 215 10.47 | 0.93 | 1.40] 1.86] 2.33] 2.79} 3.26] 3.72] 4.19] 4.65} 9.30] 13.95 | 18.60) 23.26 220 }| 0.45 | 0.91 | 1.36] 1.82] 2.27] 2.73 | 3.18] 3.64] 4.09] 4.55] 9-09| 13.63 | 18.18] 22.72 230 | 0.43 | 0.87| 1.30| 1.74] 2.17 | 2.61 | 3.04 | 3.48] 3.911 4.35] 8-70] 13.04] 17.39| 21.74 240 | 0.42 | 0.83| 1.25] 1.67| 2.08] 2.50| 2.92] 3.33] 3.75}4.17| 8-33] 12.50| 16.67| 20.83 250 |0.40| 0.80] 1.20] 1.60] 2.00] 2.40| 2.80| 3.20] 3.60] 4.00] 8.00} 12.00] 16.00] 20.00 260 }0.38| 0.77| 1.15 | 1.54| 1.92] 2.31 | 2.69] 3.08] 3.46] 3.85| 7-69] 11.54] 15.38] 19.23 270 | 0.37| 0.74| 1.11 | 1.48] 1.85 | 2.22 | 2.59] 2.96 | 3.3313.70| 7-41] 11.11 | 14.81| 18,52 280 | 0.36| 0.71 | 1.07| 1.43] 1.79] 2.14| 2.50] 2.86 | 3.211 3.57] 7-14] 10.71 | 14.29] 17.86 290 | 0.34| 0.69 | 1.03 | 1.38] 1.73 | 2.07| 2.41 | 2.76] 3.10] 3.45| 6.90] 10.34| 13.79] 17.24 300 | 0.33| 0.67| 1.00| 1.33 | 1.67 | 2.00] 2.33 | 2.67 | 3.00] 3.33 | 6.67] 10.00] 13.33] 16.67 310 |0.32| 0.65 | 0.97| 1.29| 1.61 | 1.94] 2.26] 2.58 | 2.90] 3.23} 6.45] 9.68] 12.90] 16.13 320 | 0.31] 0.62] 0.94] 1.25] 1.56] 1.87 | 2.19] 2.50| 2.811 3.12| 6.25] 9.37] 12.50| 15.62 340 | 0.29| 0.59| 0.88] 1.18] 1.47] 1.76| 2.06} 2.35] 2.65] 2.94] 5-88] 8.82] 11.76] 14.71 360 | 0.28| 0.56] 0.83 | 1.11] 1.39] 1.67 | 1.94] 2.22] 2.50] 2.78| 5-56] 8.33] 11.11] 13.89 380 | 0.26| 0.53 | 0.79| 1.05] 1.32] 1.58 | 1.84] 2.10| 2.37] 2.63} 5.26] 7.89] 10.53] 13.16] 400 | 0.25 | 0.50| 0.75 | I.00| 1.25] 1.50] 1.75] 2.00] 2.25] 2.50] 5-00] 7.50] 10.00] 12.50 420 | 0.24| 0.48] 0.71 | 0.95] 1.19] 1.43 | 1.67 | 1.90} 2.14] 2.38 | 4.76| 7.14] 9.52| 11.90 440 | 0.23] 0.45 | 0.68| 0.91 | 1.14| 1.36] 1.59] 1.82 | 2.05 2.27 4.55 6.82] 9.09] 11.36 460 | 0.22 | 0.43] 0.65 | 0.87] I.09| 1.30] 1.52] 1.74] 1.96] 2.17] 4-35| 6.52] 8.70] 10.87 480 }| 0.21 | 0.42| 0.62] 0.83] I.04] 1.25 | 1.46] 1.67] 1.87] 2.08] 4-17] 6.25] 8.33] 10.42 500 | 0.20] 0.40] 0.60] 0.80} 1.00] 1.20] 1.40] 1.60] 1.80] 2.00| 4-00] 6.00] 8.00] I0.00 520 ]0.19| 0.38| 0.58| 0.77] 0.96| 1.15 | 1.35 | 1.54| 1.73] 1.92| 3-85| 5.77| 7.69| 9.62 540 | 0.19] 0.37 | 0.56] 0.74| 0.93} I-11 | 1.30] 1.48] 1.67] 1.85] 3.70} 5.56] 7.41] 9.26) 560 [0.18] 0.36] 0.54] 0.71] 0.89] 1.07] 1.25] 1.43] 1.61] 1.79| 3.57| 5.36] 7.14] 8.93 580 [0.17] 0.34] 0.52] 0.69] 0.86] 1.03 | 1.21] 1.38] 1.55] 1.72] 3-45] 5.17] 6.90] 8.62 600 } 0.17 | 0.33 | 0.50] 0.67 | 0.83 | 1.00] 1.17] 1.33] 1.50] 1.67] 3-33] 5.00| 6.67| 8.33 620 ] 0.16] 0.32] 0.48 | 0.65 | 0.81 | 0.97 | 1.13] 1.29] 1.45] 1.61} 3.23] 4.84] 6.45] 8.06 650 |0.15| 0.31 | 0.46] 0.62] 0.77] 0.92] 1.08] 1.23] 1.38] 1.54| 3.08] 4.62] 6.15| 7.69 700 | 0.14] 0.29| 0.43 | 0.57| 0.71 | 0.86] I.00| 1.14] 1.29] 1.43| 2.86] 4.29] 5.71] 7.14 750 | 0.13 | 0.27 | 0.40] 0.53 | 0.67 | 0.80] 0.93 | 1.07] 1.20] 1.33] 2.67] 4.00] 5.33| 6.67 800 | 0.12 | 0.25 | 0.37 | 0.50| 0.62 | 0.75 | 0.87] 1.00] 1.12] 1.25| 2.50| 3.75] 5.00] 6.25 850 [0.12] 0.24] 0.35 | 0.47] 0.59| 0.71 | 0.82 | 0.94 | 1.06 18) 2.35) 93-53)\. 14.7 ueroo 900 | 0.11 | 0.22] 0.33 | 0.44] 0.56] 0.67 | 0.78 | 0.89] 1.00 Holl) 2.22] 3.33] 4.44] 5.56 | Tabular values are to be added to the observed temperature to obtain | the temperature at sea level. BMITHSONIAN TABLES = di 6 TABLE 43. REDUCTION OF TEMPERATURE TO SEA LEVEL. METRIC MEASURES. —— Rate of DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE TEMPERATURE AT ANY ALTITUDE pecreae AND AT SEA LEVEL. ature. ALTITUDE IN METERS. 126 100 | 200 | 300 | 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 | 1000 | 2000 | 3000 i e N_____ 1200 | 2%00 | 3-00 | 4°00 | 5:00 | 6°00 | 7°00 | 8200 | 9200 | 10200 | 20°00 | 30°00 |f 0.98 | 1.96 | 2.94 | 3.92 | 4.90 | 5.88 | 6.86 | 7.84 | 8.82 | 9.80] 19.61 | 29.41 0.96 | I.92 | 2.88 | 3.85 | 4.81 | 5.77 | 6.73 | 7.69 | 8.65 | 9.62 | 19.23 | 28.85 0.94 | 1.89 | 2.83 | 3.77 | 4.72 | 5.66 | 6.60 | 7.55 | 8.49 | 9.43 | 18.87 | 28.30]| 0.93 | 1.85 | 2.78 | 3.70 | 4.63 | 5.56 | 6.48 | 7.41 | 8.33 | 9.26] 18.52 | 27.78 O.91 | 1.82 | 2.73 | 3.64 | 4.55 | 5.45 | 6.36 | 7.27 | 8.18 ] 9.09 | 18.18 | 27.27 0.87 | 1.74 | 2.61 | 3.48 | 4.35 | 5.22 | 6.09 | 6.96 | 7.83 | 8.70] 17.39 | 26.09 O83. |=1.07, |) 2:50 93-33, |) 4-17 | 5.00 | 5-93 | 6.67 | 7:50 | 8.33 | 16:67 |'25.00 0.80 | 1.60 | 2.40 | 3.20 | 4.00 | 4.80 | 5.60 | 6.40 | 7.20 | 8.00] 16.00 | 24.00 O77 | 1-54. | 2.30 ||| 3.08 43-05" | 4:62 |. 5.38 | 6.15 | 6.92 | 7:69 | 15.38)|'23,08 OA T-AS |) 2:22) 12596 | 3.70) || 42444 5.19 | 5:93 | 6:66] 7-41 | 14281 | 22:22 On 7a We AQ eat Aue 2rOOM ies. 577 452001 55,00) | 5:70 o| O:4 3h i) 7504s | 14s20)-21e43 @:69 5-38 ||" 2:07 | 2:76") 3.45, || 4.14) 4583 | 5.52 | 6.21 | 6.90.1 13.79 ||20,69 Ol67 Wet3s 2100/1) 22673533 14:00) 14-67) ||'5.33 |, 6.00: |) 6.67 | 13.33)| 20.00 0.65 | 1.29 | 1.94 | 2.58 | 3.23 | 3-87 | 4.52 | 5.16 | 5.81 | 6.45 | 12.90| 19.35 O62 nee o sy teO7 ul 2s5On es. T2n 75) 4537/5100) | 5.62) f, 6:25) | 12e50) ours 0.59 | 1.18 | 1.76 | 2.35 | 2.94 | 3.53 | 4.12 | 4.70 | 5.29 | 5.88] 11.76 | 17.65 || OSG |e lek Cele O7l 2522021785 seaaNl| aro) 424A 5.000) 5.50) )iie rr LOso7all C5 a0 eOS, | E-5G0 (02-10) 2003.) 3.06) | 3,68 | 4521 |) 4.740) 5.26 | 10,53 la ZO 0.50 | I.00 | I.50 | 2.00 | 2.50 | 3.00 | 3.50 | 4.00 | 4.50 | 5.00] 10.00] 15.00 Or Sm POLO 5 ee L-4 sail PaGON |e 25 392200) |) 35338 2280-4520) I AL 9.52 | 14.29 G45 10:98 | 1-36] 1.82 | 2.27 |-2:73 | 3.18 | 3.64 | 4:09 | 4.55 9-09] 13.64 OAs aS7. | 1.300) e740) 217) |-2-60 ||. 3:04 | 3.48. | 3:91 |).4235' || .8:70)| 13-04 CAP HOss net 250 lai G7. 192-05) 2-50. I) 2.92) 3-33" | 3-75, | 14.1771, 9:33: 12-50 0.40 | 0.80 | 1.20 | 1.60 | 2.00 | 2.40 | 2.80 | 3.20 | 3.60 | 4.00| 8.00] 12.00 O35 | Ong | tal5. |i. 54) |et-92s\|' 2:35 |) 2:69 | 3.08 | 3:46.) 3.85 | 7-69 | 21.54 ORT OA lek lel oleASu | leO5. |) 22225 2550) || 2:96) 93.338) 3-70) 7-4 en OsZOn On TeleleO7. | eA enka ZO 2o04) | 25ro || 2:86) |) 2.20 wa 557 7A Long ©:345|/0:.69)||" 1-63) |) 1.38: |) 1.72) |\"2:07, | 2:41 | 2.761 | 3:10 | 3.45 |) 6.90) 10:34 O62) |POLO74\ei. OO) L330) 167) |) 200/112. 33" ||| 2,67: 1.3.00) P3533 | 6.67 | o:00n OPS Fa NO102 4) O.G4)) | 1525 |) 1-56.) 1.87 | 2.19, | 2.50.) 2-91 Ff 3-12)|, 6325 19:37 0.29 | 0.59 | 0.88 | 1.18 | 1.47 | 1.76 | 2.06 | 2.35 | 2.65 | 2.94] 5.88] 8.82 O28), 01567 |'O.93) | I-18 |) 1-39 | F.67, | 1:94 | 2:22 | 2:50 |. 2:78| 5.56} 8!33 yoni O154: | POr7git e065 Me 1.32) 1:58.) 1:84! 12710). 2:37 |) 2.63) |) 5.261) 769 O25 O50 | tOV75 a lIeOO MN L-25 |e 1.50) |) Ty) |) 2:00) 1122250112550) 5-00) 7.50 @:24|0143) (0:71, 1|O:95, |) E19) 91.43 | 1.67 | 1.90 | 2-14) 2.38 || 42761) Fora O23 (0:45 (50:68) Osh | 1.04) 1.36 || 1.59) | 1.82 | 2.05 | 2.27) 4.55 |) 6:32 @122)) "0:13" |) 10!655 01871, 1.09) ||| 1.30 | I-52:| 1:74. |) 1-96 |) 2-17) 4635)| 6:52 0.21 | 0342) |-0162 | 0.83 | 1.04 | 1.25 | 1.46 | 1.67 | 1.87] 2.08 | 4.17 | 6.25 0.20 | 0.40 | 0.60 | 0.80 | I.00 | 1.20 | 1.40 | 1.60 | 1.80 | 2.00] 4.00] 6.00 — Tabular values are to be added to the observed temperature to obtain the temperature at sea level. Bm ITHSONIAN TABLES. 77 REDUCTION OF BAROMETER READINGS TO STANDARD UNITS Reduction of the barometer to standard temperature— eis he tMeaSUnES pee a ue 4 PEE el isis) woos, st ew) oa ABEE AA Methicamersuncs! Png. “ous ra cs 5 5. Sol PABEEDAS Reduction of the mercurial column to standard temperature. (For U-shaped manometers with brass scales.) inetishimacasnesi fo. Wa, ells ee. ce ie) 8) ea ABLE AO NieEniCmimeaSMneCun tree Gh ett ee Lice eS ce Se Ba Reduction of the mercurial barometer to standard gravity. Direct reduction from local to standard gravity . . . . TABLE 48 Reduction through variation with latitude— Emelishimeasurestin 4s +. | se se DABEE AQ Nietrict measures Waetal Gees ck Ss.) ler ay oe DABEBPSO TABLE 44, REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. WO OM AAADAMT nNSRY OnONO NAoNowW onmo RAS 6 a 0 BMITHBONIAN TABLES. ENGLISH MEASURES. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. 19.5 | 20.0 | 20.5 1044 +043 .042 +0.041 -O40 .050 .049 +049 .048 +0.047 .046 +045 -044 -043 +0.042 .O41 .040 +039 .038 +0.038 6 -033 +0.032 .031 .030 .030 .029 -037 .036 -035 -034 052 O51 .050 +049 +0.048 -047 .046 045 .044 +0.043 .042 .O41 .040 .039 +0.038 .038 .037 .036 035 21:0) 921.5) | 22.0) 52275 053 -052 O51 .050 +0.049 .048 ae 046 -045 +0.044 +043 .042 -O41 -040 +0.039 -038 .038 037 .036 +0.033 |+-0.034 }-0.035 .032 .031 .030 .029 .033 .032 .031 .030 .034 1033 .032 .031 +0.028 |+-0.028 |4-0.029 |+-0.036 -027 .026 -025 .024 +0.023 -023 .022 -O2I .020 ‘oI -O17 .O16 .O15 O14 .013 .O12 .OIl .028 .027 .026 .025 .028 .027 .026 -025 .029 .028 .027 .026 +0.024 }}+-0.024 |+0.025 .023 .022 .021 .020 ‘OI .o18 .O17 .O16 .O14 .013 .OI2 OI .024 .023 .022 .021 ‘019 .o18 .O17 .O16 +0.015 .O14 .O13 .O12 -OII +0.010 |+-0.010 |+-0.010 -009 .008 .007 .006 .009 .008 .008 .007 -O10 .009 .008 .007 .024 .023 .022 .021 1019 .O18 -O17 -O16 -054 +053 6052 O51 +0.050 +049 .048 -047 .046 +0.045 1044 .043 .042 -O41 +0.040 .039 .038 -037 .036 +-0.035 .034 .034 .033 .032 +0.031 -030 -029 .028 .027 2055 054 .053 .052 +0.051 -050 -049 .048 +047 +0.046 -045 .044 +043 .042 +0.041 -040 -039 .038 .037 +0.036 +035 +034 033 .032 +0.031 -030 .029 .028 .027 -057 .056 +055 +054 +0.053 051 -O50 +049 .048 ++0.047 -046 -045 -044 -043 +0.042 .O41 .040 +039 .038 +0.037 .036 035 +034 -033 +-0.032 .031 .030 -029 .028 +0.026 |+-0.026 |+-0.027 -025 .024 023 .022 +0.021 -020 .O19 .018 -O17 .025 .024 .023 .022 +0.021 .020 .O19 .o18 LOL7 +o0.016 |+0.016 |+-0.016 .O15 .OI4 .013 .O12 +0,01I .O10 .009 .008 .007 8o .O15 .O14 .O13 .O12 +0.oI1I -O10 .009 .008 .007 .O15 .O14 .013 .O12 +0.01II .O10 .009 .008 .007 .026 -025 .024 .023 +0.022 .O21 .020 .O19 .O18 +0.017 .O16 -O15 -O14 .O13 +0.012 -OII -O10 -009 .008 23.0 | 23.5 .058 .057 .056 -055 +0.054 +053 -052 .O51 -049 +0.048 -O47 .046 -045 -044 +0.043 -042 O41 .040 .039 +0.038 .037 -036 .035 +034 +0.033 .032 .031 .030 .029 +-0.027 | .026 .025 .024 .023, +-0.022 .O2I .020 019 .O18 +0.017 .O16 .O15 -O14 .O13 +0.012 .OIL .O10 .009 .008 TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. attached HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. | mometer eae 19.5 | 20.0 | 20.5 | 21.0 | 21.5 | 22.0 | 22.5 | 23.0 | 23:5 | | F. Inch. inch. || ineh. |) tuch: Inch. | Inch. | Inch. | Inch. Inch, | | 25°5 [40.005 |+0.006 |+0.006 |+0.006 |-0.006 |4+0.006 |+-0.006 |+0,006 |+0.007 |+0.007 | 26.0 -005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 | .005 .005 006 | 265 .004 -004 .004 .004 .004| .004 .004 004 .005 | |, 2720 -003 -003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 -003,_ | e275 -002 -002 -002; .002 -002 5002) 7.002"! 1) 5002 002 | | 28.0 -+0.001 |+0.001 |+0.001 |+0.001 |+0.00r |+0.001 |+0.001 |+0.001 |+0, 001 | | 28.5 0.000 | 0.000] 0.000] 0.000} 0.000] 0.000} 0.000] 0.000! 0.000 29.0 —0.001 |—0.001 |—0.001 |—0.001 |—0.001 |—0.001 |—o0.001 |—0.001 |—0,001 | 29.5 -002 -002 -002 -002 -002 -002|} .002 -002 .002 | 30.0 .002 .002 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 .003 | 30.5 —0.003 |—0.003 |—0.003 |—0.004 |—0.004 |—0.004 |—0.004 |—0.004 |—0.004 31.0 .004 .004 .004 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 .005 | 21.5) LOG5) | G05, 20054) =005 | 2006;| 006). .006) £006): .ca6" | 320 .006 .006 .006 .006 .007 .007 .007 .007 2007104) 32.5 .0O7 .0O7 .007 .007 .008 .008 .008 | .008| .008 33.0 —o.008 |—0.008 |—0.008 |—0.008 |—0.009 |—0.009 |—0.009 |—0.009 |—0.009 33-5 .009 .009 .009 .009 .O10 .O10 .OIO .O10 .O10 34.0 -O10 .O10 .O10 .O10 .O10 OIL .O1I .OI1 Os | 34.5 -O10 .OII .OIL OI OI! .O12 .O12 .O12 O13 35.0 -OII .O12 .O12 .O12 .O12 .O13 OMe) KON) On 35.5 —0,012 |—0.012 |~0.013 |—0.013 |—0.013 |—0.014 |~0.014 |—0.014 |—0.015 36.0 .O13 .O13 .O14| .O14 .O14 .O15 .O15 .O15 .O16 egass .O14 .O14 .O15 .O15 .O15 .O16 .O16 .O16 TOI; 37.0 -O15 .O15 .016| .o16 .O16 .O17 SOI 7ale es Ole 018 37-5 .O16 -O16 .O17 .O17 .O17 .O18 .0O18| .O19 .O19 38.0 —0.017 |—0.017 |—0.017 |—0.018 |—0.018 |—0.019 |—0.019 |—0.020 |—0.020 | 38.5 (017) -o18i\) ors ©2019) {org |) 020) \.020'| .e2n | loan] 39.0 -o18 .O1g .O19 .020 .020 O21 | 2021 .022 (OD || 39-5 -O19 .020 .020 .O21 .021 .022 #022 | 11.023 .023 40.0 .020 .O21 .O21 .022 .022 .023 022) | ).024 .024 40.5 —0,.02I |—0.022 |—0.022 |—0.023 |—0.023 |—0.024 |—0.024 |—0.025 |—0.025 41.0 .022 .022 .023 .024 .024 .025 -025 .026 .026 | 41.5 .023 .023 .024 .025 .025 .026 .026 .027 .027 42.0 .024 -024 -025 -025 .026 .027 .027 .028] .029 42.5 .025 .025 .026 .026 .027 .028 .028 .029| .030 43.0 —0.025 |—0.026 |—0.027 |—0.027 |—0.028 |—0.029 |—0.029 |—0.030 |—0.031 | 43-5 .026 .027 .028 .028 .029 O20) |" O30 .031 Oe | 44.0 -027 .028 .029 .029 .030 .031 .031 .032 .033 44.5 .028 .029 .030 .030 .031 .032 .032 .033 .034 45.0 .029 .030 .030 -031 O22) /O23 .033| .034 .035 | | 45.5 —0.030 |—0.031 |—0.031 |—0.032 |—0.033 |—0.034 |—0.034 |—0.035 |—0.036 46.0 .031 .031 .032 .033 .034 -03 .035 .036 20247 46.5 5032) he 2O32)1) 033) "2034)) + 1035 5036/||., 2036)! | 2037s .038 47.0 .032 -033 .034 -035 .036 037 £037) |) O38 .039 | 47-5 .033 -034 -035 .036 .037 .038 .038 -039| .040 | | | 48.0 —0.034 |—0.035 |—0.036 |—0.037 |—0.038 |—0.039 |—0.040 |—0.040 |—0.041 | 48.5 1o25 |ueeeOs6llaos7 || 038.039 | | -040/|/) Lod Tl) 204m Bone 49.0 .036 .037 .038 .039 .040 .O41 -042 .042 .043 49-5 .037 .038 .039 .040 .O4I1 .042 -043 .044 .O44 50.0 .038 |, .039 .040 | .O4I .042 043 .044| 0.45 .046 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 8I TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE, ENGLISH MEASURES. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. 19.5 | 20.0 | 20.5 21.0 | 21.5 | 22.0) 22.5) 23.0 | 23.5 Inch. | Inch! |) inch: Inch. | Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch | Inch. 38 —0.039 |—0.040 0.041 |--0.042 |—0.043 |—0.044 |—0.045 \—0.046 —0.047 | .040 -O41 -042 -043 .044 -045 .046 0.47| .048 .040 .O4I .042 -044 -045 .046 -O47 .048 .049 -O41 -042 -043 .044 .046 -047 .048 -049 -050 -042 .043 .044 -045 .047 .048 -049 -050 .O51 |-—0.043 |—0.044 |—0.045 |—0.046 |—0.047 |—0.049 |—0.050 |—0.051 |—0.052 -044 -045 .046 -047 .048 .050 -O51 .052 -053 -045 .046 .047 .048 -049 -O51 -052 -053 .054 .046 .047 .048 -049 .050 -052 -053 -054 .055 -047 .048 | 049 .050 .O51 -053 .054 -055 .056 0.047 |--0.049 |—0.050 |—0.051 |—0.052 |—0,054 |—0.055 |—0.056 |—0.057 .048 .050| .O51 .052 .053 -055 -056 .057 .058 -049 .050 -052 -053 -054 .056 -057 .058 -059 .050 -O51} .053 -054 -055 .057 -058 .059 .060 .O51 .052 -054 1055 -056 .058 -059 .060 .061 —0,052 |—0.053 |—0.055 |—0.056 |—0.057 |—0.059 —0.060 |—0.061 |—0.063 .053 -054 -055 -057 -0558 .060 .061 .062 .064 .054 -055 .056 -058 .059 -061 ‘ .063 .065 -055 .056 .057 -059 .060 .061 : .064 .066 .055 .057 .058 .060 .061 3 : .065 .067 .056 |—0.058 |—0.059 |—0.061 |—0.062 —0.066 |—0.068 .057 .059 .060 : .063 .064 ‘ .067 .069 .058 .060 .O61 A -064 .065 3 .068 .070 .059 .060 .062 é .065 : : .069 .O71 .060 .O61 .063 : .066 : 4 LOFT O72 .061 |—0.062 |—0.064 —0.067 —0.073 .062 .063 .065 ; 0.68 : : ; .074 .062 .064 .066 s .069 A : 3 .075 .063 .065 .007 .068 .070 : : ; .076 .064 .066 .067 : -O71 : : : .077 .065 |—0.067 |-—-0.068 : —0.072 —0.078 .066 .068 .069 : .073 : : .078 .079 .067 .069 .070 3 -074 Z 5 ‘ .O81 .068 .069 -O71 : -O75 ; A x .082 .069 .070 .072 : .076 : : : .083 .069 —0.073 ; —0.077 .070 : .074 : .078 ‘ ‘ .085 . 106), skO7 75.0 1Ol 101 | . 102 | .103 .104| .105 | . 106 -106 | .107 .108 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. 24.2 24.4 24.6 24.8 25.0 25.2 25.4 25.6 25.8 | | Inches | liches |Pornch. Inch. | Inch. Inch. | Inch. | Inch. Inch. —0.103 |—0. 103 |—0.104 |—0. 105 |—0. 106 —o.107 |—0.108 |—o. 108 |—o. 10 od | | J | 9 | 104 BLOAT ea LO5)|9 a LOO LOZ |) 108 . 109 .110 siti). | | » | - 105 -106 | .106 - 107 -108}| .109 .1IO euleIol alae .106 or 108 -108 -109 -I10 EIGTOT Plo? ng .107 .108 MOQ SLO .110 PIT eI ee lard: i—0. 108 |—0. 109 |—O. 110 |—O. III |—O. 112 |—0. 112 |—0. 113 |—0.114 |—0.115 . 109 RHO ||) ciate) ows) Buea Saal SATAN es Tee su | TaN GS .110 Aiport eT nT “114 | 115 | .116 | Sarr) lly, Slater 112 | SIG ee el SIs 5) Mera vez) eels = Et9 S27 | MeN OU neo fe bat Tore .116 RIG 7a eT = LKQ .120 j—O. 113 |—O. 114 |—O.115 |—0.116 |—0.117 |—0.118 |—0.11g |—0.120 |—o. 121 -1I5 STNG |} SteseGey |] | Sieg .118 .119 S1AG)\|| 4 HA .122 116 emi -118 US, “119 | .120 12 | .122 23 7 118 119 .120 a2 ye R122) | e232 .124 PUA eee leLO) .120 -121 122 | 523) .124 -125 26 3 |\—0. 119 |—0.120 I—0. 121 |—6.122 |-0. 123 —0.124 |—0.125 —0.126 |—0.127 .120 ILD |e a22 -124 .125 E22 ET .128 eater -122 | 22 .124 -125 126 | ey .128 020 ie eek 22) eS ee Bale eee) 27a ase .129 .130 .123 .124 SHA || FP catetey | ciedy 128 129 sUgIO) || gi Bit | |\—0.124 |—0.125 |—0.126 |—0.127 |—0.128 |—0. [29 |—0.130 |—0. 131 |—0.133 Wea S eweaot| een LL eT28.1 0030") 213i | -132 | 133 .134 eeeb26 | 126i eaazoile F120)/")- 034 | 132) 20334. 1ZAN gS StH) 29) Veal sO! |) 20S a S| UII 7 aan oasis |) niteye S120) |9) eso “131 |) 7-132 PIS ed ee es 5h eens OF ements 7, | —0.130 |—0.131 —0.132 |—0.133 |—9.134 —0.135 |—0.136 |—0.137 |—0.138 eta iia aaa 2 ae: -134 -135 136 137 -138 9) aa 2 aha sig ||) Sie -136 | 137 .138 .140 141 ak33 -134 ma a1) eek S7 -138| .140 141 .142 .134 alles .136 a7 |) — gilatey || saiiKo)l) lian .142 .143 —0.135 |—0.136 |—0.137 |—OI.39 |—0.140 |—0.141 |—0.142 —0.143 |—0.144 .136 Gis ales LAO) aU4AN || | anA2 -143 -144 -145 ma .138 .140 -I4I .142 .143 -144 -145 .146 .138 .140 .141 .142 -143 -144 -145| -146 .148 .139 .I41 arA2 .143 SA ens SLA6)\)) 7548 -149 |-0.141 |—0.142 |—0.143 |—0.144 |—0.145 |—0.146 |—0.148 |—-0.149 |—0.150 | BAZ) |e aA -144 Ted Sl ees. .148 .149 -150 -151 -143 -144 -145 .146 -147 -149 .150 215 m5 .144 -145 .146 .147 -149 .150 -I51 -152 -153 TAS L4G: S047, -I149| «150 eeiSil 521) 2053 .154 —0.146 |\—0.147 |—0.148 |—0.150 |—0.151 |—0.152 |—0.153 |—0.154 |—0.156 .147 .148 140) Pili eee eye 153 -154 .156 Bales .148 .149 -I51 .152 -153 -154 .156 Star] .158 .149 .150 mi52 -153 -154| -155 LS, .158 .159 ESO HES 2715) 1-L5S -154 -155| -157 .158 .159 . 160 |\—0.15I |—0.153 |—0.154 |—0.155 |—0.156 |—0.158 |—0.159 |—0. 160 |—o. 161 -153 -154 -155 -156 .158 -159 . 160 161 . 163 -154 -155 .156 a5, .159 . 160 161 .162 .164 -155 .156 TS -159 .160 161 .162 .164 .165 .156 .157 158 -160| .161 G2) Nees hOS 165 .166 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 44, REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. Inch. .065 .064 .063 .062 +0.061 -059 .058 .057 .056 +0.055 -054 -052 .O51 .050 +0.049 .048 .046 -045 -044 +0.043 .042 -O4I -039 .038 ONO Y Co OR tS CN ON Ue Cura ac One® AONowM oMo +0.037 .036 .035 .033 -032 +0.031 .030 .029 .027 .026 +0.025 .024 .023 .022 .02G6 +0.0I1y .O1€ .O17 .O16 .O14 +0.013 .O12 -OII -O10 -009 Banrriv@ONiAN TABLES. Inch. +0.067 |+0.067 .066 .065 .064 .062 +0.061 .060 +059 .058 .056 +0.055 054 053 052 .050 +0.049 .048 -047 .046 +044 +0.043 .042 O41 -040 038 +0.037 .036 .035 -034 .032 +0.031 .030 .029 .028 .027 +0.025 .024 .023 .022 .O21 +0.019 .o18 .O17 HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. Inch. -+0,068 |4-0.068 |4-0.069 |4+-0.069 |+-0.070 |+0.070 |+0.071 |+0.071 068 26.0 | 26.2 | 26.4 | 26.6 Inch. 26.8 | 27.0 | 27.2 | 27.4| 27.6 Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. 27.8 Inch. .066 .067 .067 .068 -069 .069 .070 .065 .066 .066 .067 1067 .068 .068 .069 .064 .065 .065 .065 .066 .066 .067 .067 .063 .063 .064 .064 .065 .065 .066 .066 +0.062 |4+-0.062 |+-0.063 |+0.063 }4-0.063 |+-0.064 |+0.064 |4-0.065 .060 .061 .O61 .062 .062 .063 .063 .064 .059 .060 .060 .061 .061 .O61 .062 .062 .058 .058 .059 -059 .060 .060 .O61 .061 .057 -057 -058 .058 +059 -059 .059 .060 +0.056 |4-0.056 |4+-0.056 |4-0.057 |4-0.057 |+-0.058 |+0.058 |+0.059 -054 -055 -055 -056 .056 -056 -057 .057 .053 .054 -054 -054 -055 -055 -056 .056 .052 -052 053 .053 .054 .054 .054 .055 .O51 .O51 .052 .052 052 .053 .053 -053 +0.050 |+-0.050 |+0.050 |+0.05I1 |+0.051 |+0.051 |+0.052 |+0.052 .048 -049 -049 .049 .050 .050 .O51 .O51 .047 -048 -048 .048 .049 -049 .049 .050 .046 .046 -O47 .047 .047 .048 .048 .048 -045 .045 -045 .046 .046 .046 -047 .047 +0.044 |+0.044 |+0.044 |+0.045 |4+0.045 |+-0.045 }4-0.046 |+-0.046 .042 .043 -043 .043 -044 .044 .044 -045 -O41 -O41 -042 .042 .042 .043 .043 .043 .040 -040 .O4I O41 O4I -O41 -042 -042 .039 .039 -039 040 040 .040 .040 .O4I +0.038 |+0.038 |+0.038 |+-0.038 |4+-0.039 |+0.039 |+0.039 |+0.040 -036 .037 .037 .037 .037 .038 .038 .038 .035 035 .036 .036 .036 .036 .037 -037 -034| .034| 034] .035] .035] .035] .035] .036 +033 -033 033 +033 +034 -034 +034 -034 +0.032 |4+-0.032 |4+-0.032 |+-0.032 |+0.032 |+0.033 |+0.033 |+0.033 .030 .031 -031 .031 .031 .031 .032 .032 .029 .029 .030 030 030 .030 -030 .031 .028 .028 .028 .029 .029 .029 .029 .027 .027 .027 .028 .028 .028 .028 +0.026 |+-0.026 |+-0.026 +0.026 |+-0.026 |4-0.027 |+0.027 .024 .024 .025 .025 .025 .025 .026 -023 .023 .023 .024 .024 .024 .024 .022 .022 -022 .023 .023 023 .023 .021 .O2I1 .021 .O21 .021 .022 .022 +0.020 |+0.020 |+0.020 +0.020 |+-0.020 |+0.020 |+-0.02I .o18 .o18 .O19 .O19 .O19 .O19 .o19 .O17 LOL], .O17 .018 .018 .0O18 .O18 .O16 .O16 .O16 .O17 .O17 .O17 .O15 .O15 .O15 .O15 .O15 -O15 +0.014 |+0.014 +0.014 |+-0.014 |+-0.014 |+ 0.014 -O12 .OI2 .O13 .O13 -O13 O13 .OII .OII .OII -O12 -O12 .O12 -O10 .O10 -O10 -OLO}|) | O10 .1I0 .009 .009 .009 -009 .009 TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. ae | 27.4 | 20.6) | 27.8 Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. +0.008 |+0.008 |-+-0.008 |++o. 008 +-0.008 |+-0.008 ,006 : .006 -006 -006 : -007 -007 .005 ; .005 -005 .005 -005 : .005 .004 ; -004 .004 .004 -004 ‘ .004 .003 : .003 .003 .003 .003 3 .003 +0.002 H +0.002 |+0.002 |4-0.002 |+0.002 . +-0.002 0.000 : 0.000 | 0.000] 0.000] 0.000 A 0.000 —0.00I i —0.001 |—0.00I |—0.001 |—0.001 : —0O.001 .002 : .002 .002 -002 .002 . .002 -003 . -003 -003 -003 -003 —0.004 —0.005 .006 ‘| .006 .006 .006 .006 .007 i .007 .007 .007 .007 .008 ‘ .008 .008 .008 .009 3 -009 .009 —O0.OII -O12 O13 -O14 O15 —0O.017 .O18 .O19 .020 .022 —0.023 .024 .025 .026 .028 —0.029 .030 .031 -033 034 —0.035 -036 -037 039 .040 —0.041 .042 -043 +045 .046 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 89 TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. a rE HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. F. Inch, Inch. Inch. 50°5 [-0.052 |—0.052 |—0.052 51.0 .053 -053 -054 51-5 -054] +054 -055 52.0 -055 +055 .056 52.5 .056 -057 -057 53.0 |—0.057 |—0.058 |—0.058 53-5 +059 -059 -059 54.0 -060 .060 .O61 54.5 .O61 .O61 -062 55.0 .062 .063 .063 55.5 --0.063 |—0.064 |—0.064 56.0 .064 .065 .065 56.5 .066 .066 .067 57.0 .067 -067 .068 57-5 .068 .069 .069 58.0 [0.069 |—0.070 |—0.070 58.5 070 .O71 .O71 59.0 072 .072 -073 59-5 :073 -073 074 60.0 .074 -074 .075 60.5 [—0.075 |—90.076 |—0.076 61.0 .076 .077 O77, 61.5 077 .075 .079 62.0 079 -079 .080 62.5 .080 .080] .o81 63.0 --0.081 |—0.082 |—o0.082 63.5 .082 .083 .083 64.0 .083 .084 .085 64.5 .084 .085 .086 65.0 .086 .086 .087 65.5 [-—0.087 |—0.087 | 0.088 66.0 .088 .089 .089 66.5 .089 .0gO .09O 7.0 ogo -OgI -092 67.5 .092 -092 -093 68.0 }-0.093 |—0.093 |—0.094 68.5 -094 -095 095 69.0 .095 .096} .096 69.5 .096 .097 .098 70.0 -097 .098 .099 70.5 }—0.098 |—0.099 |—o. 00 71EO LOO}! LOO) eeTOX 71.5 101 .102 > L102 72.0 .102 E103 -104 72.5 .103 .104 105 73.0 f-o. 104 |—0.105 |—o. 106 73.5 -105 -106 .107 74.0 2107 .107 -108 74.5 .108 -109 . 109 75.0 $109) sk1Ol} oy eh ET SMITHSONIAN TABLES. Inch. —0.053 -054 -055 -056 .058 —0.059 .060 .O61 .062 .064 —0.065 .066 .067 .068 .070 —0.071 .072 .073 -074 .076 —0.077 .078 -079 .080 .082 —0.083 .084 .085 .086 .088 —o0.089 .0gO .OgI -092 +094 —0.095 .096 -097 .098 . 100 .I1OI .102 .103 .104 .106 —0.107 .108 .109 -11LO sLr2 Inch. —0.053 .054 .056 .057 .058 —0.059 .060 .062 .063 .064 —0.065 .066 .068 .069 .070 —0.071 .072 -074 -075 .076 —0.077 -O79 .080 .OSI .082 —0.083 -085 .086 .087 .088 —0.089 OI .092 093 -094 —0.095 097 .098 -099 .100 —oO. IOI .103 .104 .105 .106 —o.108 .109 .110 pelt ELL2 Inch. —0.054 .055 .056 -O57 -058 —0.060 .O61 .062 .063 .064 —0.066 .067 .068 .069 .O71 —0.072 -073 .074 075 .077 —0.078 -079 .080 .082 .083 —0.084 .085 .086 .088 .089 —0.090 .OgI 093 +094 -095 —0.096 -097 -099 - 100 ~LOL .102 LOZ .105 .106 .107 .108 .IIO Tr ~112 pire Inch. —0.054 +055 .056 .058 -059 —0.060 .O61 .063 .064 .065 —0.066 .067 .069 .070 .O71 —0.072 -074 .075 .076 .077 —0.078 .080 OST .082 .083 —o0.085 .086 .087 .088 .09O —0.091 .092 .093 -094 -096 —0.097 .098 -099 IOI .102 =).103 104 105 .107 .108 —o.109 .1IO aT? ap ee 114 Inch. (ys Inch. —0.054 .056 -057 .058 -059 —-0.061 .062 -063 .064 .065 — 0.067 .068 ==aG): -IIO III oLT2 114 115 —o. .062 —o. .106 .107 .108 . 109 —o. UL ~L12 055 056 057 058 060 O61 - IOI 105 III II4 116 Inch. —0.055 .056 .058 -059 .060 —o.061 .063 .064 .065 .066 —0.068 .069 .070 .O71 073 —0,074 -075 .076 .O7 O79 — 0.080 .081 .083 .084 .085 —0.086 .088 .089 .090 .092 —0.093 .098 -O99 .102 103 104 105 soz, .108 ALO .110 E12 “113 .II4 115 R17 go TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. Inch. Inch. | Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. —O, III |—0.112 |—0.113 |—0.114 |—0. 114 |—0. 115 |—0.116 |—0.117 |—o. 118 2) -II3 -1I4 .115 -116 .116 7 .118 -119 pies .114 115 .116 Sey 118 .1I9 119 .120 Sins 115 -116 SLL -118 119 .120 on e122 .116 Lele ely, .118 .119 .120 Lor nD ale .I17 |—0. 118 |—0. 119 |—0. 120 |—0. 120 |—o. 121 122 |—0.123 |—0.124 118 .119 20 Lom Bl22 = 23 p22 124 .125 EIQ} 2820) .t21 SLO eh2S |) 2A 125 | er 26 amor, AEZON i LZ elu B12 SI2A WeT25 i) eo l26) ty 1277S -122 S235 \ ee SOAS eral 2 5 SHAS) || L281 E29 i238 : 7 .126 Bey Soi, : .129 .130 .124 -125 : D7 .128 .129 : : 332 .125 é ; .128 .129 .130 : 2 aka -126 - : .129 .130 Eloi : : .134 125) (ns : .130 131 ae : : ma 5 .129 .130 aa 32 -133 134 13! : 7, -135 : : .138 .136 : , -139 a7 : : .140 .138 : ; -142 et ene & GH Go GH Oo NS DUS Oo -135 .136 -137 .138 . 140 |—o. : 143 -I4I 2 : .144 .142 : : 145 EIAs ee : 147 .148 eee AR Bo bHOO .146 ; : -149 : .150 -148 : : -152 .149 2 : -153 -154 155 mS, -158 .159 .160 -161 .163 .164 -165 -166 168 .169 .170 yal -173 -174 -175 .176 -178 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 12 gt TABLE 44. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES. ptached HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IN INCHES. AA ; ahren- | heit. 129.0 | 29.2 | 29.4 | 29.6 | 29.8 Se ee ee ee eS eee { | | | = 1 Inch. | Inch. 2 Q Inch. Inch. | Inch. | Inch. Inch. | Inch. | +0.073 |+0.074 |+o. ae +0.075 |+0.076 |+0.076 |+0.077 |+0.077 |+0.078 +0.072 |+0.072 : +0. +0.074 |+0.074 |+0.075 |+0.075 |+0.076 |+0.076 1070)" | O71 : : .072 .073 2077/2 .074 -074 -075 .069 .070 : ‘ .O71 FO7/2 .072 .073 -073 -074 .068 .068 ; : .070 .O70 .O71 .O7 1 .072 .072 .067 .067 ; .069 .069| .069! .070 .070 -O71 .065 |+0.066 : +0,.067 +0.068 |+0.068 -+0.069 |+0.069 |+0.070 .064 .065 : ; .066 .066 .067 .067 .068 .068 .063 .063 : : .065 .065 .065 .066 .066 .067 .062| .062 ‘ ‘ .063 .064 .064 .065 .065 .065 .060 .O61 ‘ .062 .062 .063 .063 .064 .064 .059 |+0.059 : +0.061 .061 |+0.062 |4+0.062 .062 |+0.063 £058 .058 : : -059 .060 .060 .O61 .061 .O61 .056 .057 : ; .058 .058 -059 .059 .060 .060 £055 .056 : : -057 -057 .057 .055 .058 .059 .054 .054 : : .055 .056 .056 .057 .057 .057 0.053 |+0.053 +0.054 -054 |+0.055 |+0.055 .056 |+0.056 .051 .052 : ; .053 -053 -053 .054 -054 -055 .050 .050 : ; .O51 -052 .052 .053 .053 .053 .049| .049 : : .050 -050 -O51 .O51 -052 .052 .047| .048 5 : .049 -049 -050 .050 .050 .O51 6,046 .047 : +0.048 |+0.048 |+0.048 |+0.049 .049 +0.049 -045 .045 .046 ' .046 -O47 .047 -047 .047 .048 .044 -044 .044 : -045 -045 046 .046 .046 .046 .042 .043 .043 d .044 -044 .044 .044 .045 .045 O41 OAM O42) in wes .042 .043 .043 .043 .043| .044 .040 |+0.040 -O4O0 : -O4I |+0.041 |+ 0.042 |4+-0.042 |4-0.042 |4+-0.042 .039 -039 -039 : .040 -O40 eyKe) -040 -O41 .O41 -038 -038 ; .038 -039 -039 -039 -039 .O40 .036 .037 s [O27 -037 .038 .038 .038 .038 -035 1035 : .036 .036 .036 .036 5037 .037 .034 .034 |+0. .034 |+-0.035 |+0.035 |4-0.035 |+0.035 |}+-0.036 .032 .033 : -033 -033 -034 .034 -034 .034 .031 .031 : .032 .032 .032 .032 .033, .033 .030 .030 : -030 .031 -031 .031 .031 .032 .029 .029 ‘ .029 .029 .030 .030 -030 .030 .027 .027 |+0. .028 .028 |+0.028 |4-0.028 |+-0.029 |+-0.029 .026 .026 : ‘ .027 £0277, 2027, .027 .027 .025 .025 ‘ : .025 .026 .026 .026 .026 .023 .024 t : .024 .024 .024 .025 .025 .022 .022 : : -023 | .023 | .023 .023 .023 | | O21 .O2T |+0. j O21 +0.022 |+0.022 +0.022 |+0.022 .020 .020 2 : .020 .020 .020 .O21 .O21 -O13)|/ O18 ; : -O19 .O19 .O19 -O19 -O19 .O17 .O17 : : -O17 .O18 .o18 .o18 .o18 .O16 ‘O16N\: : .o16 .O16 -O16 .O16 .O17 O14 -O15 |+0. D3 0,015 |+0.015 |+0.015 |+0.015 |+0.015 SOFS3) ep OLb iar. O12 O14 .OT4 -OI4 O14 -O14 012) “012 : 1012) 012 .O12 .O12 .013 .OI! oll | : : .O1] .O11 O11 .OI! .OI {OO} |) F009) iC : - BMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 45. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE METRIC MEASURES. FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER 670 mm. 675 mm. Attached Ther- 0°0 0°2 0°4 0°6 0°38 0°0 0°2 0°4 0°6 0°83 mometer. mm. | mm. Gs mm, mim 0° 0.00 0.02 0.07 0.09 I UL aS 18 .20 2 22 .24 +29 agit 3 33 *35 -40 42 4 : oI *53 5 0.62 0.64 6 73 75 a, 84 86 8 95 97 9 1.06 1.08 10 1.17 1.19 II 1.28 1.30 12 1.39 1.41 13 1.50 1.52 14 1.61 1.63 15 172 1.74 16 1.83 1.85 7, 1.94 1.96 18 2.04 2.07 19 2.15 2.18 20 2.26 2.29 21 2°34 2.39 22 2.48 2.50 23 2.59 2.61 24 D7 Oi 2472 25 2072 275 2.81 2.83 26 2.83 2.85 2.92 2.94 27 2.94 2.96 3.03 3.05 28 3.05 3-07 3.14 3.16 2 3.16 3.18 3.25 3527 30 3:27 |) 3-29 | 93-32) |) 93:33 3.36 | 3.38 31 3-37 3-40 | 3.42 3-44 3-47 | 3-49 33 3-48 | 3-50 | 3-53 | 3-55 3-57 | 3-60 33 32500 ms Or 3.63 3.66 2:68) |) 357 34 3.70 | 3.72 || 3.74) 3-78 3-79 | 3.81 35 3.81 3.83 3.85 3.87 3.90 | 3.92 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. I1o0 TABLE 45. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. METRIC MEASURES. FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER 680 mm. 685 mm. | Attached Ther- 0°0 0°2 mometer. O° WOON aT fWNHOO N ~ ow NH O NOU Or AL Ww ON HWO CO Y PEW oO = BmMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 45. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. METRIC MEASURES. FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. HEIGUT OF THE BAROMETER HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER 690 mm. 695 mm. Attached Ther- 0°0 0°2 0°4 0°6 mometer. |] | | SS ee) GCG: mm mm mm mm mm. mm. mm. inm, mm. 0° 0.00 | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.07 0.00 || 0.02)!’ 0:05: || "0:07 || N Ta GCG |G a BmMITHSONIAN TABLES. 119 TABLE 45. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. METRIC MEASURES, FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. HEIGHT OF TITE BAROMETER HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER 770 mm. 775 mm. | Attached Ther- mometer. ° WON HDA fWNHOO WH COL. C21G2 G2103.6 wy GG & vr OUWON DN DAnnwW Ow mDIwom Nw WWW OG CO nNDALW ND mn WO MOU On! our FOG) MwWOMmM UWwWOON » 1 NHOUON DANHPHN we 0 MUW O mun w ew 40 OoM oe Ros Cw P PHAGE OOWOO SP WHOD DMD ANH BP PEREY YYHY WwW f REAYY fF REEYY aa ° ww Co b ° SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 120 TABLE 45. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. METRIC MEASURES. FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER IEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER 780 mm. 785 mm. Attached | Ther- : : 0°4 : : : 0°4 mometer. ° WO OIATM AwWnNHOO is Te I. I. I. PHYA PEEWwoH SONNN IAMS bv muw on G2 Go Go G2 & = MUI O BP REROH HOWE RP WH OW DW DANHLW Ww SmMITHSOR AN TALES. TABLE 45. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. METRIC MEASURES. FOR TEMPERATURES ABOVE 0° CENTIGRADE, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER HEIGHT OF THE BAROMETER 790 mm. 795 mm. Attached Ther- 0°0 0°2 0°4 0°0 o°2 0°4 0°6 0°8 mometer. Gs nim. mim, mm, mm, mm, mm, mim, mm. 0° 0.00 | 0.03 0.05 0.00 | 0.03 | 0.05 0.08 | 0.10 I 13 ait 18 13 16 18 21 23 2 .26 .28 a3 26 29 31 34 36 3 39 41 -44 39 42 -44 47 49 4 52 54 -57 52 55 -57 60 62 3 0.64 0.67 0.70 0.65 0.67 0.70 0.73 0.75 6 a7 .80 83 78 .80 .83 .86 .88 7 go -93 95 gI -93 -96 99 | 1.01 8 1.03 1.06 1.08 1.04 1.06 1.09 Eat 1.14 9 1.16 I.19 Weir rate, I.19 1.22 1.24 1227) 10 1.29 Lai 1.34 1.30 1:32 1.35 137, 1.4c IT 1.42 1.44 1.47 1.43 1.45 1.48 I.50 1.53 Te 1.55 1.57 1.60 1.56 1.58 1.61 1.63 1.66 13 1.67 1.70 oye) 1.68 1.71 1.74 1.76 1.79 14 1.80 1.83 1.85 1.81 1.84 1.87 1.89 1.92 15 1.93 1.96 1.98 1.94 1.97 1.99 2.02 2.05 16 2.06")|! 72.09 Dalal 2.07 2aLOM |p 22 2.15 2.18 17 2.19 2.21 2.24 2.20 2:23 2.25 2.28 2.30 18 222 2.34 2527) 2533 2.36 2.38 2.41 2.43 19 2.44 2.47 2.50 2.46 2.49 2.51 2.54 2.56 20 ONT 2.60 2.62 2.59 2.61 2.64 2.67 2.69 21 2.70 273 Bers 2472 2.74 2077, 2.79 2.82 22 2.83 2.85 2.88 2.85 2.87 2490} |i92:92 2.95 23 2.96 2.98 3.01 2.98 3:00) | 93:03 3.05 3.08 24 3.08 Baler S514 3.10 Bag 3.16 3.18 3.21 25 272% 3.24 3.26 3.29 3.31 128 3.26 3.28 3.31 3-34 26 3-34 | 3-37 | 3:39 | 3-42 | 3-44 | 3-36 | 3-39 | 3-41 | 3-44 | 3.46 27 3-47 3-49 3-52 3-54 | 3-57 3-49 3-52 3-54 3-57 3-59 28 3.60 3.62 3.65 3.67 3.70 3.62 3.64 3.67 3.70 N72 29 3-72 | 3-75 | 3:77 | 3-80 | 3-83 | 3-75 | 3-77 | 3-80 | 3.82 | 3.85 30 3-85 | 3-88 | 3-90 | 3-93 | 3-95 | 3-83 | 3.90 | 3.93 | 3.95 | 3-98 31 3.98 4.00 4.03 4.06 4.08 4.00 4.03 4.06 4.08 4.11 32 4.11 4.13 4.16 4.18 4.21 4.13 4.16 4.18 Asam 4.24 33 4.23 4.26 | 4.29 | 4.31 4.34 | 4.26 | 4.29 | 4.31 4.34 4.36 34 4.36 | 4.39 | 4-41 | 4.44 | 4.46] 4.39 | 4.42 | 4.44 | 4.47 | 4. 35 4.49 | 4.51 4-54 | 4.57 4.59 | 4.52 | 4.54 | 4-57 4-59 SMIT 4SCNIAN TABLES. TABLE 46. REDUCTION OF THE MERCURIAL COLUMN TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES Table reconstructed from Table 44 to adapt it to U-shaped manometers with brass scales. i 323 DIFFERENCE IN HEIGHT OF THE TWO COLUMNS, I. E., THE ALGEBRAIC See DIFFERENCE OF THEIR READINGS, IN INCHES. oO —— SEs ier se 1 2 3 4 5S 6 it 8 9 Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. Inch. +0.003|+0.005| +0.008)-+0.010 +0.013)+0.016|+0.018 +0.021|+0.023/+0.026 +0.002|+0.005|+0.007| +0.010| +0.012 +0.015|+0.017 -+-0.019|-++0.022 -002 -004 .007 -009 -OII 013 .O16 .018 0.20 -002 -004 -006 -008 -O10 -O12 O15 -O17 -O19 -002 -004 -006 -008 -009 -OII .013 -O15 .O17 -002 -003 -005 .007 .008 -O10 .O12 -O14 -O15 +0.002|+0.003|+0.005) +0.006| +0.008 +0.009|+0.011/++0.012 +0.014/+0.015 .OOI -003 .004 -005 .007 .008 -009 -OII -O12 -OOI -002 -003 -005 .006 .007 -008 -009 -O10 .OOI .002 -003 -004 .005 -006 -007 008 -009 -OOI -002 -002 -003 -004 -005 -006 -006 -007 -+-0.001|+0.001|}+0.002|-+0.002 +0.003 +0.004 +0.004|-++0.005 -000 -OOI -OOI -002 -002 -002 -003 -003 .004 -000 -OOI -OOI -OOI -OOI .OOI -002 -002 .002 -000 -000 -000 -000 -000 -000 -000 .OOI .OOI -000 -000 -000/ —.00I} —.00I| —.001}| —.oo1| —.oo1] —.oo1 —0.001|—0.001 |—0.001|—0.002|—0.002|—0.002|—0.003 —.OOI -OOI -002 .002 .003 .003 -004 .004 .005 .OOI -OOI -002 .003 .003 -004 .005 .005 .006 .OOI -002 -003 -003 -004 -005 .006 -007 -008 -OOI -002 -003 -004 -005 -006 -007 -008 -009 —0.002/—0.004|—0.005|—0.006|—0.007/—0.009|—0.010 -OOI -003 -004 -006 -007 .008 .O10 -OII -O12 -002 -003 -005 -006 .008 -009 O11 013 -O14 .002 -004 -005 -007 -009 Oli .O12 .O14 .O16 .002 -004 -006 -008 -O10 -O12 -O14 -O16 -018 0.002/—0.004 |—0.006|—0.008| —0.01 1/—0.013|—0.015|—0.017 —0.019 .002 -005 -007 -009 -OII .O14 -O16 .018 .021 -002 -005 -007 -O10 .O12 .O15 O17 .020 -022 .003 -005 -008 -OII 013 -O16 -O19 021 -024 -003 -006 -008 -OII -O14 -O17 -020 -023 -025 —0.003 |—0.006|—0.009|—0.012|—0.01 5| —0.018|—0.021 —0.024|—0.027|—0.030 .003 -006 -O10 013 -O16 -O19 -022 -026 -029 -003 .007 -O10 -O14 -O17 .020 .024 -027 -031 -004 -007 -OII -O14 -018 .021 -025 .028 -032 -004 -007 -OII O15 -O19 .022 -026 .030 -034 —0.004|—0.008 —o.012|—0.016|—0.020/—0.024|—0.027|—0.031 —0.035 004} 008) 012/016] .020}_— .025/ ~—.029} ~— 033] .037 “O04 7) -009) 013) 017-021) 026.030] ~~ .034) « .038 004) .009/ .013} += .018] = .022}_— .027/ _~—.031 .036] .040 5005) 577-009) -O14)) 019) -023)' 028] .032| — .037|| 1042 _0.005|—0.010/—0.014/—0.019|—0.024|—0.029|—0.034|—0.039|—0.043 .005 -O10 -O15 -020 .025 -030 -035 -040 -045 -005 -O10 -O16 .021 -026 -031 -036 -042 -047 -005 -OII -O16 -021 -027 -032 -037 -043 .048 -006 O11 -O17 .022 .028 -033 -039 -044 -050 -—0.006|—0.01 I |—0.017|—0.023|—0.029 —0.034|/—0.040|—0.046|—0.052|/—0.057 -006 .O12 .018 -024 -030 -035 -O41 -047 -053 -006 .O12 .018 -024 .030 -036 -043 -049 -055 -006 013 .O19 -025 -031 .038 -044 -050 -056 -006 .013 .O19 .026 -032 -039 -045 -052 .058 SMITHSONIAN TABLES 14 : 123 TABLE 46. REDUCTION OF THE MERCURIAL COLUMN TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. ENGLISH MEASURES Table reconstructed from Table 44 to adapt it to U-shaped manometers with brass scales. DIFFERENCE IN HEIGHT OF THE TWO COLUMNS, I. E., THE ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENCE OF THEIR READINGS, IN INCHES. 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Aitached thermometer | Fahrenheit mM ° mA HHOOO ° oe ve aaen ts a ° WPtSretee 6 ° ° RRA ° ° COON aAU ABWHH OO 00000 mH HHS ee bd&evHH ° SS o NKHRKLK ° ° ° ° bHbeHH Oe eee See Pepa NT Meme caer Serre ages 0 OCMMMI NADAH AMUEAR HHHOHLH 0 -O 0 -O -O S= vel, el aie — = ° ° Bee ci tI Aen ee pee a) anaes NDNA ar WwW WSQwNNN o HHHHO HAR NHHKH RNHKKbL ° ° AbbhAR ARAHOD HOhHbbHdD ° ADAH AnbpAR PoHdHdd ° erie ee eR oe oe O00 &% oY ° ° bHHHH ° ° DAMN KAnNbpAR APPRpPDH HoHdHHbL ° RHKKbK OOD DH IYUYUAHR AnnbKR bOdOKD AoA Go Go Oo do do ° ° Bhs ee eB ens © © 0 COCO ONININN ° NKKRKKH 9 9 COCO GON NIST DAD ANNA HEROD SHEKHA SS = SS eR = = = Ae O° | ooow CONN SDADADD Annnn RARE HHHODH ° NDANAHD DAunUmn OO Oe me WQwNNN CODD O bea HH =~ = =~ NRNKK aH ° BOAR dwbd&wb Wee tome ten rere ae ARADRER LAOH ° SMITHSONIAN TABLES 126 TABLE 47. REDUCTION OF THE MERCURIAL COLUMN TO STANDARD TEMPERATURE. METRIC MEASURES Table reconstructed from Table 45 to adapt it to U-shaped manometers with brass scales. For temperatures above 0°C., the correction is to be subtracted; for temperatures below, added. DIFFERENCE IN HEIGHT OF THE TWO COLUMNS, I. E., THE ALGEBRAIC DIFFERENCE OF THEIR READINGS (MM.). Attached thermometer 280 |300 |320 |340 420 mm. mm. mm. mm. . : . mm, 0.0 0.0 oO. 0.0 0.0 -O O I I NHHOO § bKEHO o8 5 bw H — bbH bye nN tN ° ° Sec bROObL ° ° ° fos Rae Oe DnnbR SHHHOE ° ° ° ° DAnnho® BAHAHO Meno eo ae DAnnboa bw oO Danna PROSDL ° Oe ae Os ws ee CON AD Anhpd ° VHHOD OCOUUYA AnhAD ° ° ° O00 Ny CODD WH NUAA AhARHS ° © 00 d0%3 ° COD MM UDAKR BHHHO ° MODCDD YNAHHE BHAHOE ° HHODOD NUNAHR BSHHHOE se | © ONT _ ° ° ° ‘ ae HHODO HOODOO DM DWUNAH AAS a] = = = = en en en! NNR OO SY = = = Oe COON DADW NAPWNN ° = ne 3 3 3 4 4 5 5 5 6 6 7 a7 8 8 8 9 9 Oo £9) HHHOO OS mMmMY URHAHH HOO00D OmMoOUNNY He ee O ONDAD BPOGHH = = = +S = = NHR O = = = a — ee fPwwWNN — = = a Rt _— = = eS et = = = a — — OO 00 CONT OF Aun Ww i.) MOODD®M UAAMWAR BONHHH AnnkR BS&BHHH Se ee Oe OO See ee CNINAD UNL W — = = a ey = = = = et oO & Owno NON See ee ee illo lle ila COD MM WAAMH _ ‘oO nN = NN N= nannbR B&wWNH WADA BRROBDH OO PHRRWOW oS eae ln ln il on! He eRe OO OY Oo CONN LO i le | SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 48. CORRECTIONS TO REDUCE BAROMETRIC READINGS TO STANDARD GRAVITY. : ( g:—go) SS 5 G Zo (WITH 8< Qo THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED; WITH gz>Qo IT IS TO BE ADDED.) 0.00010 0.00020 |0.00031 |0.00041 |0.00051 0.00061 |0.00071 |0.00082 |0.00092 |0.00102 00020 | ©0041 | C0061 | C0082] OCOTO2} 00122 | 00143] 00163] o0184] 00204! 00031 | o0061 | o0092| o0122|/ 00153} OC0T84| 00214 | 00245] 00275] 00306) 00041 | 00082} 00122} 00163] 00204) 00245 | 00286 | 00326} 00367} 00408 ©0051 | oo0102] 00153] 00204} 00255) 00306 | 00357] 00408] 00459] OO5IO 0.00061 lSeoras 0.00184 |0.00245 |0.00300 0.00367 |0.00428 0.00489 |0.00551 |0.00612 00071 | 00143| 00214] 00286] 00357] 00428 | 00500} 00571} 00642] 00714 00082 | 00163} 00245] 00326| 00408 | 00489 | 00571 | 00653] 00734 | 00816) 00092 | o0184/| 00275] 00367] 00459) 00551 | 00642] 00734] 00826; oog18 00102 | 00204 00306} 00408} 00510 | 00612 | 00714 | 00816! 00918! O1020) | | [0.00112 0.00224 (0.00337 0.00449 |0.00561 0.00673 |0.00785 0.00897 |0.01010 0.01122 ©0122 00245 00367 | 00489] 00612 | 00734 | 00857 | 00979] OIIOT| o1224 00133 | 00265} 00398) 00530] 00663 | 00795 | 00928 | o1061/ O11g3| 01326) | 00143 | 00286| 00428] 00571} 00714 00857] oc0ggg | o1142| 01285] 01428 ©0153 | 00306] 00459] 00612] 00765 | 00918 | O1071 | 01224] 01377] O1530 0.00163 0.00326 (0.00489 |0.00653 |0.00816 |0.00979 '0.01142 |0.01305 |0.01468 0.01632 00173 | 00347| 00520] 00693 | 00867 | of040 | o1213 | 01387] O1560) 01734 00184 | 00367} 00551} 00734] oo918| o1tor | o1285 | 01468} 01652) 01835 ©0194 | 00387] 00581} 00775| 00969 | o1162 | 01356 | O1550| 01744] 01937 00204 00408) 00612! 00816} o1020 | 0122 01428 | 01632] 01835 | 02039 0.00214 0.00428 0.00642 |0.00857 |0.01071 0.01285 |0.01499 |0.01713 |0.01927 |0.02141 00224 00449] 00673] 00897] o1122] 01346] O1570| 01795] 02019] 02243 00235 | 00469] 00704] 00938] 01173 o1407 | 01642 | 01876| o2111| 02345) 00245 | 00489] 00734| 00979) 0122 01468 | 01713 | 01958 | 02203] 02447) 00255 | ©0510} 00765] O1020] 01275 | 01530] 01785 | 02039 | 02294] 02549 { 0.00265 0.00530 |0.00795 |0.01061 |0.01326 0.01591 |0.01856 |0.02121 |0.02386 |0.02651 00275 | 00551 | 00826) OLIOL| 01377 | 01052 | 01927 | 02203 02478 | 02753 00286 | 00571} 00857| o1142|/ 01428] o1713 | O1999 | 02284] 02570] 02855) 00296 | o0591 | 00887} 01183] 01479] 01774 | 02070 | 02366] 02661] 02958 00306 | 00612} 00918} 01224] O1530] 01835 | ©2141 | 02447 | 02753] 03059 | 0.00316 0.00632 0.00948 |0.01264 |0.01581 |0.01897 |0.02213 (0.02529 (0.02845 |0.03161' 00326 | 00653] 00979) 01305] 01632} o1958| 02284 | 02610| 02937] 03263 00337 | 00673| o1010| 01346| 01683 | 02019 | 02356 | 02692] 03029] 03365 00347 | 00693] of040| 01387] 01734| 02080] 02427 | 02774| 03120] 03467 00357] ©0714} Of071| 01428} 01785) 02141 | 02498] 02855] 03212] 03569 0.00367 |0.00734 |0.01TOI 0.01468 |0.01835 0.02203 0.02570 0.02937 0.03304 |0.03671 00377 | ©0755] O1132| o1509} 01886| 02264 | 02641 | 03018] 03396] 03773 00387 | 00775| o1162| 01550] ©1937| 02325) 02712| 03100] 03487] 03875|| 00398 | 00795| O1193| O1591| O1988| 02386} 02784 | 03182] 03579} 03977 00408 | 00816] 01224] 01632] 02039] 02447] 02855 | 03263} 03671] 04079 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. “27, TABLE 49. REDUCTION OF THE BAROMETER TO STANDARD GRAVITY. ENGLISH MEASURES. FROM LATITUDE 0° TO 45°, THE CORRECTION IS TO BE SUBTRACTED. 21 Inch. | , Inch. Inch, O° 0:05 8 — ). 540 | 560 | 580 | 600 | 620 | 640 | 660 | 680 | 700 | 720 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 60. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. METRIC MEASURES. Correction for Humidity: 10000 3 xX Z. Top argument: Values of 10000 8 obtained from page 148 Side argument: Approximate difference of height (zZ\e Approximat ; B : Difference of Height. 150 175 200 [tind likin fiir. Ito —— eee hetence ant NAONnon EO On ONnONO 24.0 25.5 27.0 28.5 Con G © co SOROR COICO NAOonon 30.0 31.5] 36.8 33-0| 38.5 34-5] 40.3] 46.0 36.0] 42.0 0 Mind oO 37-5| 43.8 39-0] 45.5] 52.0 40.5] 47-3] 54.0 42.0] 49.0] 56.0 : 43-5} 50.8 65.3 45.0} 52.5 67.5 46.5| 54.3] 62.0] 69.8 48.0] 56.0] 64.0] 72.0 49.5] 57.8} 66.0} 74.3 51.0] 59.5| 68.0] 76.5 R2NF MON) 70:0) le 7os6 54.0] 63.0] 72.0] 81.0 55-5] 64.8] 74.0] 83.3 572 ONN OO.) [Ne 7.O:0)lle e545 58.5] 68.3] 78.0] 87.8 a 4. 4. 4. 4. 5 5 a 5 6. 6. 6. 6. 7 a 7 a 8. 8. 8. 8. 9. 9. 9. 9. Curw OmO UW O OM WO CUw 60.0] 70.0} 80.0] 90.0 75.0| 87.5-| 100.0 | 112.5 75-0 | 90.0] 105.0] 120 0] 135.0 87.5 | 105.0] 122.5 | 140.0 | 157.5 SuivHsoniam TABLES. 149 TABLE 61 DETERMINATION OF HEICHTS BY THE BAROMETER. METRIC MEASURES. 3785 Correction for Humidity: Values of 3 (237) 0.00307 Top argument: Values of e. Side argument : Values of 6. Auxiliary to Table 58. ST Sy ey TSS ooo Air Pres- nia ome |A0.55 gt alee eto | a | mm Stop | oy oC: e : ‘ : Cs | aCe 780] 0.0 o.1 O.1 0.2 0.3 O23) 0:4 O25) |, (0.5) a|O:0 760 0 aE < 2 3 3 | 4 5 25 6 740 .O sit a 2m eS “Ay i eA. a5 6 0 720 Re) ok a0 2B | 13g 4 4 “5 6 | 6 700 0) Ee ee? Dan eames 4 4 aS 6 or 680 .O pli | r2 2 | 43 4 4 a5 6 ay 660 Re} aE aD oe I ae 4 a5 aS 6 a7) 640 xe) aL a2 22a |e 4 a5 6 0 “7 620 40) oI a2 Une 4 a5 (| way 5 600 .O oI B Ome ea 4 ac Geez 58 | | | 580 0 ai ne po 4 4 as .O 7d es 560 .O aL a2 3 4 a5 .6 5 Teale 540 0 ae a2 33 4 35 6 7 8 .Q 520 .O aw a2 33 4 ES .O 7 | 8 0 500 xe) aL “2 3 4 as 6 i 8 0 480 I aL 3 3 4 a5 6 8 400 Tan oeeror a2 eee .O 7a eee 440 I ET 12 Atal iaes 6 7 | 420 I a m2 -4 5 .O =f 400 I “0 3 4 5 .6 380 I oi BS 4 5 360 I 0 3 4 6 340 I 2 2 “Aan 320 I Bo Be 5 | 300 I) 2 3 | | 280) 9.282 4 | | 260 ad a2) 7. | 240 al 22 Aya 220 a 2 200 ait = Saul 180 1 = Seal 100 a2 a 140 a2 4 120 a2 4 100 3 ‘5 80 5S) 60 4 40 .6 20 1.3 | 10 2.6 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 150 0 00 60 00 ‘Oo II DAN Ny NHN HN NHRHOO’ TABLE 61. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER DYNAMIC MEASURES. ) Auxiliary to Table 58. e 6 0.00367 0.378 Values of d. Correction for Humidity: Values of 3 argument : Top argument: Values of e. Side VAPOR PRESSURE mb. Oo -DOOOrH HHAN ost t PHHAANA anaaa aa OO} sTwwHww Qoonr eam ae o Cte eine HHA AR a a ee) 299000 A Re O HHH IND DIN WH t+tinw Se & 4 SS & Ss Se Se eS eS EOIU SE Loans sttt Sosa tas 69 69 19°09 9 9 0 0 OD OD NANA N WINO OO NWMMmMHWM Seat tO Nene eens moo oD MD NANA N Sasa moO +t + NANNAAN IN 1M 1N 1N1n SS Siestastess NN ANN NANA AN ica} 4 p n n ia} m4 AY fo oO Ay at > mb. l 0.5 | Tt 1 1Nn 1H 1H 1 909 9D OH OD NANA N Dw on~nno INO O00 OO DeSean NE NE ies st t+ 19 19 1 ON oN ON OD NAN oO ecu tics CU) (OC SUEY SOROS SOOO ISOC COTS SCO ICICI ICON e umtuch hice ene eyrs ass ND0Om & SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 62. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. METRIC MEASURES. Correction for Gravity and Weight of Mercury : z(0.002640 cos 2 — 0.000007 cos? 2h + 0.00244). LATITUDE (9) | leareee | oe Approximate difference of} Deters? Moy) 663/20) 25) 05/6 0s aos nena as ——| ——— Ceaal Pac aa aa SS SS =| |= Meters. Ts |e Veee en ae eM Ds my ems num m. | m | m | Moc iiam: jem: o|amsieim: 100 I I GF eOd Onl (On|) Oat On On ZOal ao OF On| e510 Onl | 200 I I I | I Ta deel I I 1 ONO | On| £On|) 20m] enOnl ao 300 2 2 I Ta ed ex I I Ta eed I Sly Cal Oi il © 400 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 I Ly ex | I | I O7)|/! {OF |Ol|O | 500 Bienes | ee 2a) ta. er cael!) Eee eae | ea ere Om eon Rm 600 3 3 Salers ale | 2 2 2 Deal tou er | I I ° ° ° 700 4 Aa ee sales as eg 2 2 | I I I I el © 800 4 4 Aa eA ea es 3 3 2 2 27 I I || Cc goo Sel Sc Fae Ae iewds | MAS Bate Bt) Sell Sil) 2) eeaDalt sat ale Ol ae {000 5 5 5 5 4 4 4 3 2 2 ogee, I I ° oO II0O 6 6 5 5 5 5 4 4 8 3 2a ge | we oO 1200 6 6 6 6 5 5 5 4 3 3 2 2 | Ges | ROMO 1300 7 A) 0), |) oy |) Ge eu 7 ee] eee I I 1 lank 1400 7 | TPA Tal aon 2051 654 5. | Aa) Sy) oe, | meee Sha ta aaag ee 1500 Sales 7 ” a 6] 6 |e ata ere | 2 2\a| ere eno 1600 Siiies 8 8 7 7 6 5 5 4 3 2 2 Ti |e ° 1700 OF AO WES Sal Soler. Os) Oily Sra ee (ate | oar natn 1800 9 Oil @ || we | & 7 rial © Saleen ee 3 2 I I ° 1900 TO: || LO) 7197) (On) 8 8 Tan 5 Saeed: 3 2 I I ° 2000 LON LON TOME 9 8 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 I I ° 2100 Eis] DL} loro 9 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 2 tele 2200 LE, |) (te ee) LO Te AON Sal 7 Cals ea 3 Ome Teo 2300 2} || aie} Sean |) aar || ae 0 9 8 7 6 5 Ae ea alee I ° 2400 rey Nh sua} |) 1} |) Gea, 4) aed I key |] |] 9} PN ih ig ae Dajte 2500 Teo er eer om er | eeTOn er Ml ears 7 30 5 All 2 «| @ 2600 eee | eet Weary Ih ate) | ney ]] tere Peano) |] 8 6 5 4 3 2 I ° 2700 TAG EAST oes enolic settee eet Ow nO nies 7 5 wa |} 2 I ° 2800 EAA LAyal ection eles eo) lero eo 9| 8 7 6 AW) &} 2 tO 2900 TS (al LS hve pA ees a |e 2st |e O 8 7 6 4 3 2 I ° 3000 TS LS cS oe ron Tre TO 9 7 6 5 2 2 I ° 3100 TOM TOs MoM eecinlerqe eer salons! TOO" On| SalenO 5 Sip 2 1,0 3200 COM! KOM TOM |e Sal erg eis nce eer T 9 8 6 5 4 20) er ° 3300 07 | 7 ee LOn eco eS eta a roe or ro 8 7 5 4 2 I ° 3400 TZ C7 WL eLOM ee Salona Toe Tt STON | aes a 5 4 2 I ° 3500 ime}, Nats), Il aye || erp || ado) |) aezl | Sey I ae) || ado)! ||) 7 5 AWN | ¥3 I I 3600 LOr 1S | Loe |e com els rau e re eto 9 7 5 4 3 I I 3700 LO) ||P LOW LOn |e Liale Om eS eek 4a |e Dan ere 9 7 6 4 8 2 I 3800 LO SLO S| eLO) | erSe | au 7s |ewOy srg ers | eer 9 8 6 Ay |) 9 2 I 3900 oye Ploy Ih canal ates, || arep |) Vaio) |) trey | ess Nie ame 9 8 6 4 3 2 I | 4000 20)" 201/620) TO ar Oe a CeCe eT 2 leTO Mae 6 AS | ees 2 I 4500 2396230) 22) 20 oO TOM || e/a iS i)| isha |e oo 9 7 Sa aS 2 I 5000 250 250 | 2524. ee2e ete Odi || TAg| a t2s|eTO 8 OneA! 2 I 5500 28") 28 | 27 | 264) 2 Qos ota Lom |e On eras err 8 6] 4 2 I 6000 20) 530) | =2o. |e 2Sullo7mias 22 | 20) 17 | 15 | 12 Oi 7a ea 2 I 6500 Sou leseales2 | er | 29 | 27) || 24. ||§22")19.|) 16 |) 135) ro 7 5 3 I i 7000 35. N35) 134 1533030 I 20m 204) 23.\20 Herel) TAR ta) 1S aS algal ee SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 63. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. METRIC MEASURES. o) Z(Z+2h R Correction for the variation of gravity with altitude: Approxi- © ro n [a4 Q oH (ea) = Zz Zi ic ee a be Nn [o4 a S ° — q oO a ee) O _ (ea) q mate difference 3000 4000 1800 |2000| 2500 200,400 600/800 1000 | 1200 | 1400 | 1600 of height. z ae 00 oe meters BM'THEONIAN TABLES. CD Ly TABLE 64. HEIGHTS REDUCED FROM METERS TO DYNAMIC METERS, THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL BEING9Y.80. Height 200 400 | 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 (meters) 29000 28484 | 28582 28000 27513 | 27610 27000 26542 | 26639 26000 25570 | 25667 25000 24598 | 24695 24000 23626 | 23723 23000 22653 | 22750 22000 21680 | 21777 21000 20707 | 20804. 20000 19733 | 19830 19000 18759 | 18856 18000 17785 | 17882 17000 16810 | 16908 16000 15835 | 15933 15000 14860 | 14958 14000 13885 | 13982 13000 12909 | 13007 12000 11933 | 12031 II000 10957 | 11054 10000 9980 | 1007 gooo 9003 | QIOI 8000 8026 | 8123 7000 7048 | 7146 6000 6070 | 6168 5000 5092 | 5190 4000 Arla) 421r 3000 3134 | 3232 2000 2155 | 2253 1000 1176 | 1274 oO 196 294 200 | 300 | 400 |} 500 | 600 700 PROPORTIONALITY TABLE. Meters W gO 80 70 60 50 NNN ee 40 30 20 10 Oo HSH NWS wn ONT Co.o WwwWNN W SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 65. CORRECTIONS TO TABLE 64 FOR VALUES OF THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL DIFFERENT FROM 9.80. 4 ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL. Height (meters) 9:78 | 9:79 | 9:80 | 9.81 | 9.82 29000 SO are 28000 —56 58 27000 aot ea 26000 | —52 —26 25000 OO mao 29 58 28 56 27 34 26 52 25 50 ooo0o°o 24000 —48 —24 23000 —46 2 22000 —44 2 21000 2 —42 2M 20000 —40 —20 24 48 23 46 22 44 21 42 20 40 ooo0o°0 19000 —38 —I19 18000 5¢ —— 20) i's) 17000 —34 ae li7i 16000 ae mC 15000 OO Taal 19 38 18 36 17 34 16 32 15 30 oo0oc°o 14 28 13 26 12 24 II 22 10 20 14000 2 28 —I4 13000 26 —I3 12000 2A le 11000 d 2 22 TI 10000 10) 0 (eIReh (S} (2) 12} 18 16 9000 ili 8000 2 —16 7000 —T4 6000 —I2 5000 —I10 wi OVNI 0o.O ©. 9) O107o OVNI CO\O on 4000 = 3000 aa 2000 on 1000 aa On nNWE CuOLrosoro OF N WL TABLE 66. NORMAL VALUE OF THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL, Gs, M/SEC.? Latitude ° ° ° ° ° (degrees) 1 4 Ss 6 iG 9.8309|9. : 9.8316\9.8318/9.8319|9.8320/9.8 9.8266)9. : 9.8282|9.8287|9.8291/9.8295/9.8 9.8200\9.82 : 9.8222|9.8229 9.8236/9.8242|9.8 g.8116\9. : 9.8142/9.8151/9.8159/9.8168)9.8 g.8026)9. 9. 9.8053 9.8062|9.8071 9.8080/9.8089|9. 8098 9-7941)9. 9.7965 |9-7974|9-7982|9.7991 |9.8000/9.8008 9.7870)9. . 9.7889 9.7896|9-7903 9.7910 9.7918)9.7925 9.7823)9. 9.7834|9-7838|9.7843)9-7848 9. 7853/9.7858 9.7804 /9.7804 9. 9.7806 '9.7808'9.7810 9 9.7812)9. 7 814 9. 7816 &g at 90° = 9.8322 SMITHSONIAN TABLES 16 155 TABLE 67. HEIGHTS REDUCED FROM DYNAMIC METERS TO GEOMETRIC METERS, THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL BEING 9.80. Height ‘ (dynamic | O | 100 | 200 | 300 500 | 600 | 700 | 800 | 900 meters) 729 | 29832 G 347 | 30451 | 30554 | 30657 28803 5 29420 | 29523 | 29626 27773 2 28391 | 28494 | 28597 26744 : 59 | 27362 | 27464 | 27567 25715 26333 | 26435 | 26538 29000 28000 27000 26000 25000 Pet ° ° RN oNHLH nO aN = Oo oO) re tN 24000 24687 25304 | 25407 | 25510 23000 23659 2 d 24276 | 24378 | 24481 22000 5 22631 23248 | 23350 | 23453 21000 21603 2 2 22220 | 22323 | 22425 20000 4 | 20576 21193 | 21295 | 21398 19000 19549 20166 | 20268 | 20371 18000 d 18523 19139 | 19242 | 19344 17000 4 | 17497 18112 | 18215 | 18318 16000 2 16471 17086 | 17189 | 17292 15000 15445 16061 | 16163 | 16266 14.000 d 14420 15035 | 15138 | 15240 13000 13395 d 14010 | 14113 | 14215 12000 R 12371 ‘ 12986 | 13088 | 13190 II000 11347 5 IIQ6I | 12064 | 12166 10000 20 | 10323 10937 | 11040 | III 42 9000 9299 9913 | 10016 } 10118 8000 8276 8890 | 8992] 9095 7000 : 7253 7867 | 7969} 8071 6000 2 6231 6844 | 6946} 7049 5000 5208 5822 | 5924] 6026 4000 4| 4186 4800 | 4902 | 5004 3000 E 3165 3778 | 3880] 3982 2000 2144 2756| 2858] 2961 1000 1123 1735 | 1837] 1939 102 100 ° = ae NN wm ANI C.O es NN NWW W — | rNWLE i OVNI Co\O me oo°o = ee Nb ° = SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 68. CORRECTIONS TO TABLE 67 FOR VALUES OF THE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL DIFFERENT FROM 9.80. ie Height (dynamic meters) 9.76 ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT SEA LEVEL. 9.77 | 9.78 | 9.79 | 9.80 | 9.81 | 9.82 | 9.83 29000 28000 27000 26000 25000 24000 23000 22000 21000 20000 19000 18000 17000 16000 15000 14000 13000 12000 11000 10000 g000 8000 7000 6000 5000 4000 3000 2000 1000 O I2I 117 113 108 104 60 58 56 54 52 50 48 46 44 42 40 37 35 33 -~ 30 29 28 27 26 ley (o) (ey (2.2) “) (©) fe) (2) (2) OnOrONOsO) “OROrOrOrS) HOLOiOrOr© ooooc°o ——2.0 —60 —OI —29 aS OS 2S ——50 Ot Te aah Or 20 ae ee —25 mo alo ——2A! —48 WZ sae S lls aero || 09 22 —44 —66 a OT ae 52 pee ON AOI YS 0 OS ee Mile O SO ula a5 aN sce 5S TRV Lal bese aay ee) THON ae rae G5 | Se) ar —14 | —27 —4I SIG | 2 | ay Sept iter Sel eo er al HG) 7 aly ©) Oe NW NAN OO | 9.81 | 9.82 +16 | 12428 12428 SMITHSONIAN TABLES 157 Heights above sea level given in dynamic meters. Values of table 67 for the dynamic heights, 1600, 2800, 4700, 12100. Values of proportionality table for dynamic heights 14, 4, 4, 40 Corrections from table 68 for g = 9.7873 at sea level and for the heights of column 1. Sum of numbers in columns 2, 3 and 4, giving the geometrical heights corresponding to the dynamic heights of column 1. Heights above sea level given in meters. Values of table 64 for the heights 1600, 2800, 4800, 12400. Values of proportionality table for the heights 49, 65, 10, 28. Corrections from table 65 for g = 9.7873 at sea level and for the heights of column 1. Sum of numbers in columns 2, 3 and 4, giving the dynamic heights corresponding to the geometrical heights of column 1. TABLE 69. DIFFERENCE OF HEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO A CHANGE OF 0.1 INCH IN THE BAROMETER. ENGLISH MEASURES. 35° | 40° | 45° 70° Feet: || Feet. | Feet. ‘ A . | eet. ||) Reet: 120.5 | 121.8 | 123.1 : : -I | 128.5 | 129.8 119.4 | 120.7 | 122.0 : : 50) |/ 12723) || L2857, 118.3 | 119.6 | 120.9 : 2. -9 | 126.2 | 127.5 117.3 } 118.6 | 119.8 : : .8 | 125.1 | 126.4 116.3 | 117.5 | 118.8 " : 7 | T2450)|/125.3 No Go DARKO TTS. Silos 5) ei 7c s ; .6 | 122.9 | 124.2 114.3 | 115.5 | 116.8 : 3 FON PL2is On ei 22a 113.3 | 114.5 | 115.8 , : Ful L2Or Orel 2oer T0223) Ti3.5 | 114.8 : : -5 | 119.8 | 121.0 III.4 | 112.6 | 113.8 ; 3 .5 | 118.8 | 120.0 WO. 5) Like || LL29 : : 5 LEZeon|LLO:0 109.5 | 110.7 | IIT.9 : : .6 | 116.8 | 118.0 108.6 | 109.8 | III.o .2 : .6 | 115.9 | 117.1 107.8 | 108.9 | II0.1 ae s -7 | 114.9 | 116.1 106.9 | 108.1 | 109.2 ; ; 20 |PLIALO)| 11522 | 106.0 | 107.2 | 108.3 : : 29) | Pre aks | sures 105.2 | 106.3 | 107.5 5. 8 FOR sue 20 sere 104.4 | 105.5 | 106.6 7.8 4 ah elena s a eT eH! 103.6 | 104.7 | 105.8 ; 5. 13 PELONAT | LLL. | 102.8 «9 | 105.0 : : 3.4 | 109.6 | I10.7 | | 102.0 | 103.1 | 104.2 ; : .6 | 108.7 | 109.9 | IOI.2 3 | 103.4 : : .8 | 107.9 | 109.0 | 100.4 =5 || 102-6 a : Oi TOZE1)|| 108-25 99.7 -7 | 101.8 ‘ i 72)\, 10683" | 107.4) 98.9 1O)|| LOLA. ; ae .4 | 105.5 | 106.6 98.2 221, 00.3 : : .6 | 104.7 | 105.8 | 97.5 : 99.6 : 8 .8 | 103.9 | 105.0 96.8 : 98.9 " : *Ie|§LO3:2)| 104.2 96.1 : 98.1 : 3 23) | LO2°A) || LOZ. 5 95.4 : 97-4 8. : GNP LOns7 | T0287 94.7 : 96.7 ; : .9 | IOI.0 | 102.0 94.0 ; 96.1 2) | LOO12"| TOT 93-4 4] 95-4 3.5 | 99.5 | 100.6 92.7 . 94.7 : : 98.8 | 99.9 94.1 : 7 Tis 98.2 | 99.2 ; 4} 93-4 ; -5| 97-5| 98. 5 90.8 | 92.8 : : 8 || 96.8'|7 97:6 go. 2 : 92.1 ; : : OG518 | 97. 89.6 91.5 ; : 7 95-5 96.5 94-9 | 95-8 : : 2. Bs 94.2} 95.2 | 87.8 : 89.7 : : ; 93.6 | 94.6 87.2 : 89.1 | 90. : : 93-0 | 94.0 86.7 ; 88. > 39. 5 : 92.4 | 93.3 } 91.8 | 92.7 CARKO BARKS BARK BAKKO BWAKRKHO BAKKHO WAKKO SMITHSONIAN TABLES. - TABLE 70. DIFFERENCE OF HEIGHT CORRESPONDING TO A CHANGE OF 1 MILLIMETER IN THE BAROMETER. METRIC MEASURES. MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR IN CENTIGRADE DEGREES. | Barometric | Pressure. | | 0° || (2° 4° 6° Soe to: | PA EE) SIGs | Ser a ane : sexe eaerecean ae l= pense =n | aeisteaae> geae | coecul teense prmnremcaee eae mim. Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. Meters. Meters. | Meters. | Meters. 760 10.48 | 10.57 | 10.65 | 10.73 | 10.81 | 10.89 | 10.98 | 11.06 | 11.15 | 11.23 750 LO:02) | LO.7E || TON70. | -1O;87, 10:95.) TEO4)| EI.13).| Tk 27, | TT. 30a|) nreaS 740 LO 7a | LOVO5 10.93 | 11.02 | 1.10 | II.19 NVicPASY ||) aeeseyey |) aan vits ||) atbeseyil 730 TODO y | MOO} EL OSn| Sunk aes 205 lass eel As eres 2) (eine Olean 70 720 TELOG) WELLES | bi. 24) Dies) | TEAM TT Se: | OTE. 59) | TE.68)| b1s77 ty TES 710 MIS226 1 3t | FLAG |i AS | reso |\eit.o7 | TT.75 | 1-O5, | Tl.9A" | 1203 700 PeZOn | Wea Lie SOn eos mein AM eerie O3h |) Lln92) |) 12:02) )|) Tost ||at2s20 690 ce yee OSs lela 2a Ino 2 | eaTeTte Clal|eyl2 OO} Ihe L230) | 121 Op || T2265 erossS 680 Lie 7/2) | LLCO} Lie SO) | eliOOK|) 22208) |) T2-TS4|) 12127 125371 1246s) 12556 670 PE OQ) |) 1.98") 12:07 | F217, | 12.268) 992.36 | 12.46 || 12.55 |) 12:65) 275 660 12107 |) 12216) 2:26 | 12.35) | 12.45 12.55, | 12.65) || 12.74. | (12.845) 12304 650 12°26 |) 1235) | 12-450) 12554 | 12264012. 74| 12-84° |) 12.94 | 1304 | Tata 640 TPA SU 2s5 5 eT 2OAN i E2574 Peas OAa i L2"OAy | 12:04) N35 14a 13.24) |) seas 630 12305052575) 2.OAN L204) | Ts OAM Lon Th) ots 25) | e1as5 Tota lToNs6 620 E225 Wer 2.000 53:05, le setsnl 3-257) To-g0)| P3046) |) 13.57) 13167) meas 610 £3206) | LS 7a | i327) 135370 sedge T3350) |» 13.68. |) 13279) || 13a5co) || rAcor 600 125m |e s v 13-49) |-13-59) 1) 13-70 | £3590 |, 13-91 | 14.02 |) T4213 |) naeoan 590 RSs eoeO2e| aa 2uilsS2 |. T3O2n |e TA.O3 | etd. Tsa| 04-268|) 14.37, jeaeAS 580 UGegAl ||) TEI || ae ols) || aeiolés |) “aeeeay/ Ny Sawilgdoy |) aizoexey |) a@Gye || are |) hg | 570 13.98 | I4.09 | 14.20 | 14.31 | 14.42 | 14.53 | 14.64 | 14.76 | 14.88 | 14.99 560 14.23 | 14.34 | 14.45 | 14.57 | 14.68 | 14.79 | 14.90 | 15.02 | 15.14 | 15.25 MEAN TEMPERATURE OF THE AIR IN CENTIGRADE DEGREES. Barometric | oe rahe | 20° | 22° 4) 994° sh D62" |p 28° |. 30% "||| (39° il! Sart a6e mm, Meters. | Meters. Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters. | Meters 760 Giese ten Al | L.A | B58 || £1.66) E175) || 1r.S4)|\ 11.92 | 12,01 || 12.10 750 eA yale SOM ere OF ene 725 err G2) LVOIg || 12500) 12°Oon| eros 75| 12526 740 iO || 7A) |) aiiefeto) |} eestesey || aisicCofs) I araKoKs I) Patol) aero | aoe | aie le 730 1 9AG) ||) aewtstste) ||) WIGS) | UALS || WA. || Tew ey || need | Gee Ale aXe) | ys) 720 Teh OAM Onis a2 sD Oe T5205 eT 2°40) 125A) 12-58) | a2 6Sn (man T7 710 TOOT a2 22220) 12539) PT aeA Que 12.58) |) 2567) | 12176) ln2c86n |; 2205 700 12.29 | 12.39 | 12.48 | 12.57 ANS || WAY |) Teeoyl |) seh 0s 690 TOA T2357 |e 2.008 eel 2475 negra || sears} || aisha) || iis exe 680 12.66 | 12.75 | 12.85 | 12.94 ASI 30 ebase Oe) elses earn 670 12.85 | 12.94 | 13.04 | 13.14 Te A 2a aes 2) eeleto2eleenon 660 TA TOAU aT A a eta 276 eTisesA| 13763) |p 1en730lssos) ls O3 650 sig |) Sigeeyil || areal || abe iyi 13.84 | 13.94 ] 14.04 }] 14.15 640 13.45 | 13-55 | 13-65 | 13-75 TAsOG) MLAs 5. At 2Onee ay 630 T3EOO! (13-70) |le L3.O7m eee, 14.28 | 14.38 | 14.49 | 14.60 620 13.88 | 13.98 | 14.09 | 14.20 TALS L4O2 | lA 72h eros 610 TA | tA. 20 | LA. soe er AAS 14.75 | 14.86 | 14.96 | 15.07 600 14.35 | 14.45 | 14.56 | 14.67 M5 LOO ets oder | peels oir 590 14.59 | 14.70 | 14.81 | 14.92 L5e2 5 elses On| mek se Ay 580 TALO4. | LAL95, ||) U5:07, | h52 7 15.52 | 15.63 | 15.74 570 15.10 | 15.21 | 15.33 | 15.44 T5791 elhe OL |x. O2 15.37 | 15.48 | 15.60 16.07 | 16.19 | 16.30 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 159 TABLE 71. DETERMINATION OF HEIGHTS BY THE BAROMETER. Formula of Babinet. Bo—-B ad te hs oe ie me jaa Pressure of aqueous Pressure of aqueous Pressure of aqueous Pressure of aqueous Pressure of aqueous HYGROMEERIGAL, TABLES. vapor vapor vapor vapor vapor over over over over over ice—English measures water English measures ice—Metric measures water—Metric measures ice—Dynamic measures Pressure of aqueous vapor over water—Dynamic measures Weight of a cubic foot of saturated vapor English measures Weight of a cubic meter of saturated vapor—Metric measures TABLE 74 TABLE 75 TABLE 76 TABLE 77 TABLE 78 TABLE 79 TABLE 80 TABLE 81 TABLE 74. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER ICE. ENGLISH MEASURES. Tempera- Vapor Tempera-) — Vapor empera- Vapor Tempera- Vapor Tempera- | Vapor ture, Pressure. | ture, Pressure, | ture. Pressure. ture. Pressure. ture. Pressure. a | F. Inches. F, Inches. F Inches. —60° | 0.00099 | —45° | 0.00275 |—30° | 0.00705 59 . 00107 44 . 00294 20 . 00749 58 .OO1T4 43 . 00313 28 .00795 57 . 00123 42 . 00334 27 . 00844 56 .OO13I 41 .00350 20 . 00896 —55 .OO14I |—40 .00379 | -25 . 00951 54 .OOISI 390 . 00404 24 . 01008 53 . OO161 38 . 00431 23 . O1069 52 . 00173 oy) .00458 22 .O1133 51 .OO185 36 .00488 21 .O1201 —50 .00198 7-35 .00519 | —20 (OL272 40 . 00211 34 .00552 19 . 01347 48 .00226 33 .00588 18 .01426 47 . 00241 32 . 00625 .OI1510 46 .00258 31 . 00664 .01598 Inches. 0.02556 .02626 .02698 5O2s7/7)x .02847 . 02924 . 03003 . 03084 .03168 - 03253 - 03340 - 03429 . 03520 . 036014 . 03710 Inches. 0. 01690 . 01738 .01787 . 01838 . 01890 - 01043 .01998 .02054 O2nir .02170 ° | am ° | HR HA RR nN wowpp HHH Or H . 02230 .02292 .02356 .O2421 . 02487 ONnO0NO NON OUON OK HNN WWEATUDOUAN SL AOnoODT onondunonon | oo 10 0 O :O alle |e 2. 3 ie 4 5 6 7 8 9 eee | — 1 ———_ Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 0. 038090. 03829 0.038490. 03869 0. 03890 | 0. 039 10]0. 039300. 03951/0. 03071/0. 03992 .O4013] .04034) .04055 -04076) .04097 .O4T18] .04140] .04161| .04183] .04204 .04226] .04248) .04270] .04292| .04314] .04337] .04359] .04382] .04404| .04427 .04450| .04473| .04496 -04519) .04543 .04566] .04590} .04613} .04637| .0466% .04685 .04709| .04733| .04758| .04782 | .04807] .04831| .04856 04881) .04906 .04931} .04956) .04982) .05007| .05033] .05058| .05084) .o51T0) .05136) .05162 .O5189| .05215] .05242| .05269| .052906] .05322] .05350| .05377| .05404] .05431 .05459| .05487| .05514| .05542) .05570] .05598] .05627| .05655) .05684] .05712 -05741| .05770| .05799| .05828 .05858} .05887| .05917) .05947| .05977| .06007 .06037| . | .06098|} .06128) .06159 J .061g0; .06221) .06252) .06283 .06315 0: I 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 .06346| .062 .06410 06442| .06474 .06507| .06530| .06572 06605] .06638 | .06670) .067 .00737} .06770) .06804 } .06838| .06872] .06906| .06940| .06975 .07000| . | .07079 Chess .07149 | .07184] .07220] .07256| .07292| .07328 .07303| .07399| .07436| .07472| .07509 | .07546| .07583| .07621| .07658) .07696 .07733| .07771| .07809 07848 .07886 J .07925) .07964 08003} .08042 . 08082 | | 08121} .o8161| .08201 {e8241| 08281 .08321| .08362| .08402) .08443) .08484 .08525 .08566 .08608} .08650; .08692] .08734| .08777] .o8819| .08862) .o8905 .08948 .o8991, .09035| .09079) .09123 } .09167| .og2TI| .09255) .09300) .09345 .09390 .090435| .09481| .09526) .09572] .09618} .09664) .09711| .09757| .09804 .09851) .09898 .09946] .09994, . 10042] . 10090] . 10138] . 10186) .10235 . 10284 . 10333 . 10383 . 10432] .10482| .10532] .10582| . 10633} .10683) .10734) . 10785 . 10836) . 10888) . 10940] .10992| . 11044] .110906] .11149] .11202| .11255) . 11308 .11361| .11415| .11469] .11523| .11578] .11632| .11687] .11742] .11798] .11853 .11909| . 11965] .12022] .12078] .12135] .12192| .12250] .12307| .12305] .12423 .12481| . 12540] .12598| .12657| .12717} .12776] .12836| .12896| .12G956| . 13017 | .13077| 13138] . 13200) . 13201) .13323] . 13385) .13447| 13 510| 13573))..03080 .13699| .13763| .13827| .13891| .13956] .14021] .14086) .14151| .14216| .14282 . 14348] . | .14481] .14548| .14616] .14683| .14751] .148109| .14887| . 14956 .15024| . 15093 | .15163| .15233] -15303] -15374| -15444] .15515| .15586| .15658 .15729| . 15801] .15874] .15947| . 16020] .16093] .16167| .16241| .16315| . 16389 . 16463} .16538] .16614| .16690| .16766] .16842] . 16919) . 16996] .17073| .17150 17228) .17306| .17386| .17466| .17546] .17626| .17707| .17788| .17869| .17950 . 18032 SMITHSONIAN TABLES, TABLE 75. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. ENGLISH MEASURES. ae Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches 0.1803 | 0.1810 | 0.1818 | 0.1825 | 0.1833 | 0.1840 0.1847 | 0.1855 -1877 | .1885 | .1893]| .1900] .1908] .1015 O23, Loar -1954 | -1962) .1970| .1978| .1986] .1994| .2002]| .2010 -2034 | .2042/ .2050| .2059] .2067] .2075| .2083] .2091 -2125 | .2133| .2142] .2150] .2159| .2168] .2176 22 Tele 22205| ee 2225 sen, 2207 22240) 32255 | 2204 -2300 | .2309 | .2318| .2327] .2336] .2345| .2355 -2392 | .2401 | .2410| .2420] .2429| .2439] .2448 -2487 | .2496| .2506| .2516] .2526| .2536|] .2545 2585 | .2595| .2606] .2616] .2626| .2636| .2646 .2687 | .2698| .2708| .2719] .2729| .2740| .2750| -2793 | .2804| .2814] .2825] .2836/ .2847]| .2858 | -2902 | .2913 | .2924] .2035] .29046| .2958]| .2069 3014 | .3026| .3037|] .3049] .3061| .3073| .3084 -3132| .3144] .3156] .3167 -3179 | 3191 | 3203 -3252| .3205| .3277| .3289] .3301| .3314] .3326 3377 | -3390| .3402| .3415] .3428| .3441 | .3454 -3506 | .3519 | .3532] -3546]-° -3559| .3572| -.3585 -3639 | .3653 | .3666| .3680] .3694] .3708| .3722 -3777 | -3791 | .3805| .3820] .3834| .3848| .3862 -3919 | -3934| -3048| 3063] -3078| 3093] .4007 4067 | .4082| .4097| .4112] .4127| .4142| .4157 -4218 | .4234| .4249| .4265 .4280 | .4296| .4312 4375 | -4391| -4407| -4423] -4439| .4455| 4471 -4537| -4554| -4570| .4587] .4603 | .4620| .4637 4704 | .4721| .4738| -4755] -4772| -4790| .4807 4876} .4894| .4912| .4030] -4047| .4965| .4083 | -§055 |} .5073| -50Q1| .5IIO] .5128| .5146]| .5164 <§239 | -5258| .5276'| 52059 5314 | .5333| -5352 5428 | 5448) .5467| .5486] .5505| .5525| .5545 5624 | .5044) .5663| .5683] -5703| .5724| .5744 -5825 | .5846) .5866| .5887] .5908| .5929| .5950 -6034 | .6055| .6076| .6097} .6118| .6140} .6161 6248 | .6270| .6292| .6314] .6336| .6358| .6380 6469 | .6492) .6514| .6537] .6559| .6582| .6605 .6697 | .6721| .6744| .6767] .6790 0814 | .6837 .6932 | .6956| .6980| .7004] .7028} .7053] .7077 -7174 | +7199 | -7224| -7249] -.7274| -7200| -7324 -7424 | -7449| -7474| -7500} .7526| .7552| .7577 2 OSL me 7i7,OTM wae eT TOON eZ TOON) «Zon 27830 -7946 | .7973| .8000| .8027] .8054]| .8081] .8108 O20) 20247) \=).0274 || 8302) -83301] .8358)| -8386 8499 | .8528| .8556| 8585] .8614| .8643| .8672 8789 | .8818] .8847]| .8877] .8907| .8937] .8966 .9086 | .9117| .9147]| .9178] .9208] .9239] .9260 9393 | -9424| .9455| .9487] .9518| .9550/ .9581 97090 | -9741 | .9773| -9805] -9837) .9870| 9902 1.0033 | 1.0066 | 1.0099 | 1.0133 ] 1.0166 | 1.0199 | 1.0232 | 1.0266 1.0334 | 1.0367 | I.o4o0f | 1.0435 | 1.0470] 1.0504 | 1.0538 | 1.0572 | 1.0607 | SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 75. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. ENGLISH MEASURES. Tem eras fees .O 4 oe 6 aia 8 9 F. Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches, | Inches 80° | 1.0334 1.0401 | 1.0435 | 1.0470] 1.0504 | 1.0538 | 1.0572 | 1.0607 | 1.0641 81 | 1.06076 1.0746 | 1.0781 | 1.0816 | 1.0851 | 1.0887 | 1.0922 | 1.0958 | 1.0993 82 | 1.1029 | I. SLION eT amuse leneney7 2 *£209) || £1246 | 2. Tt oer. 1355 $3) Nr. r302) ar. .1466 | 1.1503 | 1.1540] 1.1577 | 1.1615 | I. 1.1690 | 1.1727 S4Aee | E1765) let -1841 | 1.1879 | 1.1917 | 1.1955 | 1.1994 | I. 1.2071 | I.2110 .2266 .2063 .3072 +3492 85 | 1.2140 86 1.2543 87 | 1.2949 88 | 1.3365 89 | 1.3794 90 | 1.4234 or | 1.4688 92 | 1.5153 93 | 1.5630 94 | 1.6121 95 | 1.6625 96 | 1.7143 97 | 1.7674 98 | 1.8220 99 | 1.8780 2227 2384 | I. | 1.2463 | .2623 2785 | I. ) | 1.2867 | SLO alle -3281-| 3020 )| 1. 707M 4057 | I. -4146 -4505 | I. -4590 | -4905 | 1.5 +5059 -5438 | I. 5534 -5923 : .6022 6422 | 1.6472 | 1.6523 2305 .2704 -3114 3535 -2344 -2744 “3155 3578 -4013 2503 2908 | 3323 3750 .41Q0 | HARA ea HHA HR HHA HR HHH HH on A oon oe oe Ss SS ee eS & Ow nH oO 4642 | 51006 25582 .6071 .6574 | -4459 4918 5399 5874 .6371 -6882 +7407 7945 .8498 .9005 | co to oy HHA RAR Ree ee Re He Ae He DCoOrntrn Anns Hee Re HARA HA Se Se Se ee SS ae eS eR 7099 | 7620 8165 8723 -9207 .9885 .0480 | 1108 1744 | 2307 | .6934 | I. | -7038 | 7400 | I. | 1.7507 .8000 | I. | 1.8110 | FOS (54 al ks | 1.8667 .O123)|) 2 | 1.9230 | .9707 | 1.9766 | 1.9826 .0306 | 2.0367 | 2.0428 .092I | 2.0083 | 2.1046 E552 | 2.16 .1680 2200 | 2.2265 | 2.2331 Hon monn SS SS eS Oe won FE er Se AA EL kik .9648 .0245 0850 | 1488 2134 2.2707 | 2.2864 | 2. -2999 | 2.3067 2.3477 | : | 2. | 2.3084 | 2.3753 QALI Z| Dez : .4386 | 2.4457 2.4888 | 2. (2255 -5106 | 2.5179 2.5021) 2. 2: | 2.5845 | 2.5919 100 1.9355 | TOL | 1.9045 | 102 | 2.0550 103 | 2.1171 | 104 | 2.1809 105 | 2.2463 106 | 2.3135 107 2.3823 108 | 2.4529 10g | 2.5252 yPNds NNN A NPN - HPP s NNNNHA NNNN HA RO NH NHN ND HS SO HN NH NH WHY NO NNN ND (10 | 2.59094 | 2. | 2.6 : 2. 2.6372 | 2. | 2. .6601 | 2.6678 || TOE | 1) 2:67:55, 12: | 2.6 .6986 | 2.706 De 7TADt 2 s7/220) eo noo 7 ea 7 AGO) T12) | 287535 113 | 2.8334 Tid) | 2:9152 D732 || 2 | 2.8092 | 2.8173 | 2.8253 2.8741 | 2.8823 | 2.8¢ | 2. 2.9070 20571 2 1O7BO,ln2: 2.9908 3.0420 | 3. | 3-0592 | 3. 79 | 3.0766 B.L2Om | s.1 sic : | 3.1556 | 3.1645 |} 3.2183) (2 ; : | 3.2540 3.300 0nlNas F | 333% 3.3468 3.4032 | 3. : : 3.4413 3.4001 13: 5 : 3.5351 355072003: 4 : 3.6372 3.6977 | 3. : : 3.7386 3.8007 | 3. 13. 8 3.8425 3.9060 | 3.9167 | 3. : 3.9488 RO bw HN ®kRHO © On Cro a 15 | 2.9903 | 116 | 3.0853 T17_ | 3-1734 118 | 3.2637 I1g_ | 3.3562 {20 | 3.4500 T2t | 3.5479 122 | 3.6472 123 | 3.7489 124 | 3.8530 125 | 3.9506 4.0139 | 4. .0357 | 4. 4.0577 1260 | 4.0087 : 3 4.1242 | 4.135 .1466 | 4.1578 | 4.1690 127. | 4.1803 a g 4.2370 | 4.22 25 5 4.2829 128 | 4.29045 : -32¢ 4.3527 4: aay ‘ 4.3998 129 | 4.4116 ; : 4.4711 | 4. 4951 | 4. 4.5192 130 | 4.5313 . F592 QHN Or a COOnh TD WBNWMN Oar 0 Oo or An + ons nD H SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 75. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. ENGLISH MEASURES, = ca o | rz | 2 3 4 5 wo | 47 .8 | .9 7 PEs | Sees ae | ae eee ae ae | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. } Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | ae 4.531 | 4.543 | 4.556] 4.568] 4.580] 4.592] 4.604] 4.617| 4.629] 4.641| 131 4.654 | 4.666 4.678 | 4.691 | 4.703 4.716 | 4.728] 4.741 | 4.754] 4.766 132 4.779 | 4.792] 4.804 | 4.817 | 4.830 } 4.843) 4.855] 4.868] 4.881] 4.894 133 | 4-997| 4.920] 4.933| 4.046] 4.950] 4.972| 4.985] 4.998] 5.012] 5.025 134 5.038 | 5-O5L |) 75-005 1, 5-076 1) 500K) 5.105 | |5.0rS |) Ser32.|| 5.054) 5058 135 a neG LOO! | STON N Ss2iEsh i 52220 52408 5-254.) 5.2080 5. 25c0 e205 136 5-309 | 5-323] 5-337] 5-351 | 5-365 5-379 | 5-392 | 5-407| 5.421 | 5.435 | 137 5-449 | 5.463] 5.477] 5-492] 5.500] 5.520] 5.535] 5.549| 5-563] 5.578! 138 5-592 | 5.607} 5.621 | 5.636| 5.650] 5.665] 5.680] 5.694] 5.709] 5.724 139 | 5-739] 5-754 | 5-768 | 5.783 | 5.798 | 5.813) 5.828] 5.843} 5.858] 5.873 | | | | 140 5.889 | 5-904 | 5.019} 5.934) 5-949 5-965 | 5.980] 5.995| 6.011] 6.026 rat 6.041 | 6.057] 6.072] 6.088] 6.104 | 6.119 | 6.135] 6.151] 6.166] 6.182 142 6.198 | 6.214| 6.229] 6.245 | 6.261 6.277 | 6.293 | 6.309] 6.325] 6.341 143 6.358 | 6.374 | 6.390] 6.406| 6.422 6.439 | 6.455 | 6.472] 6.488] 6.504 144 O:520 |) 61537) 6:554 | 6-572 |) (61587 6.604 | 6.621 | 6.637] 6.654] 6.671 145 6.688 | 6.705 | 6.722| 6.739] 6.756] 6.773| 6.790] 6.807] 6.824] 6.841 | 146 6.858 | 6.876 6.893 | 6.910| 6.928 | 6.945 | 6.962) 6.980] 6.997| 7.015 147 7-032 | 7.050} 7.068| 7.085 | 7.103 7-121 | 7.139 | 7-156| 7.174] 7.192] 148 Fe2TO) || 72220) 72 2A408|| 7.2040" 7202 7-300] 7-319 | 7-337] 7-355| 7-374| 149 7-392 | 7-410) 7.4290) 7-447, 7-466 | 7.484) 7.503 | 7-525) 7-540) 9 7-550)) | | | 150 T5in\ 7-500) 7.085 | 7-034 | 7.058.)| 7.672)| 7.60r| 7.710) 7-720)|) 7-768) I5I 7.707 | 7.786] 7.805 | 7.824] 7.844 7.863 | 7.882 | 7.902] 7.921 | 7.941 152 7.960} 7.980} 8.000} 8.019! 8.039 | 8.059] 8.078| 8.098} 8.118} 8.138} 153 8.158] 8.178} 8.198] 8.218} 8.238 8.258 | 8.278| 8.298] 8.319] 8.330] Is I 154 8.360 | 8.380} 8.400] 8.421 | 8.441 8.462 | 8.482] 8.503] 8.524] 8.545 155 8.565 | 8.586| 8.607| 8.628] 8.649 | 8.670) 8.691 | 8.712] 8.733] 8.754 156 8.770 | 8.797| 8.818] 8.839] 8.861 8.882 | 8.904 | 8.925 8.947 | 8.968 157 8.990 | 9.012} 9.034| 9.055] 9.077] 9.0909| 9-121 | 9.143] 9.165 | 9.187 158 9.209 | 9.231 | 9.253| 9.270] 9.208 9-320] 0.342] 9.365] 9.387] 9.410 159 | 9-432) 9.455 | 9.478| 9-500] 9.523 | 9-546| 9.569] 9.592] 9.615] 9.638 160 9-661 | 9.684 9.707 | 9-730 | 9.753 | 9-776| 9-799 | 9.823 | 9.846] 9.870 161 9-893 | 9.916! 9.940| 9.964 9.987 } 10.011 | 10.035 | 10.059 | 10.082 | 10.106 162 ] 10.130 | 10.154 | 10.178 | 10.203 | 10.227 | 10.251 | 10.275 | 10.299 | 10.324 | 10.348 163 | 10.373 | 10.397 | 10.422 | 10.446 | 10.471 ] 10.495 | 10.520 | 10.545 | 10.570 | 10.595 164 10.620 | 10.645 | 10.670 | 10.695 | 10.720 | 10.745 | 10.770 | 10.795 | 10.821 | 10.846 165 10.872 | 10.897 | 10.922 | 10.948 | 10.974 } 10.999 | 11.025 | 11.051 | 11.077 | 11.102 TOOM(EUET2 OM emnanoAyl ern. TSO) eTi-200) sil. 232 0T- 2500) Trs2OA|| ier otity ie 3 37a lentes 167 I1I.3Q0 | 11.444 | 11.470 | 11.497 | 11.523 | 11.550 | 11.577 | 11.604 | 11.631 168 TI.712 | 11.739 | 11.766 | 11.793 | 11.821 | 11.848 | 11.875 | 11.903 16g | 11.930 11.985 | 12.013 | 12.040 }] 12.068 | 12.096 | 12.124 | 12.152 | 12.180| 4 H oO’ wn oo HoH HoH D+ Cr un cl H \o On ~I 170 | 12.208 | 12.236 | 12.264 | 12. 171 12.491 | 12.520 | 12.548 | 12. 292 | 12.320 | 12.349 | 12.377 | 12.406 | 12.434 | 12.463 57 172 | 12.780 | 12.809 | 12.838 | 12.86 16 46 2 7 | 12.606 | 12.635 | 12.664 | 12.693 | 12.722 | 12.751 8 | 12.897 } 12.927 | 12.956 | 12.986 | 13.015 | 13.045 4 | 13.194 | 13.224 | 13.254 | 13.284 | 13.314 | 13.344 5 | 13-490 | 13-527 | 13-557 | 13-588 | 13.619 | 13.649 TZ [els-074) pig. TOA! Tanna 4s lira) 174 | 13-374 | 13-405 | 13-435 | 13. 175 | 13.680 | 13.711 | 13.742 | 13.773 | 13.804 | 13.835 | 13.867 | 13.898 | 13.929 | 13.961 176 | 13.992 | 14.024 | 14.055 | 14.087 | 14.118 | 14.150 | 14.182 | 14.214 | 14.246 | 14.278 177. | 14.310 | 14.342 | 14.374 | 14.4060 | 14.438 | 14.471 | 14.503 | 14.536 | 14.568 | 14.601 178 | 14.633 | 14.666 | 14.699 | 14.731 | 14.764 | 14.797 | 14.830 | 14.864 | 14.897 | 14.930 179} 14.963 | 14.996 } 15.030 | 15.063 | 15.097 }| 15.130 | 15.164 | 15.197 | 15.231 | 15.205 180 | 15.209 | 15.333 | 15-367 | 15-401 | 15-435 | 15.469 | 15.504 | 15.538 | 15.572 | 15.607 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 75. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. ENGLISH MEASURES. Rempets Leh | ge87, {8% i) +39 Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 15.367 15-435 | 15-469 | 15.504 | 15.538 | 15.572 | 15.607 15.710 15.780 } 15.815 | 15.850 | 15.885 | 15.920 | 15.955 16.060 16.131 | 16.167 | 16.202 | 16.238 | 16.274 | 16.309 16.417 16.489 | 16.525 | 16.561 | 16.598 | 16.634 | 16.670 16.780 16.853 | 16.890 | 16.927 | 16.964 | 17.001 | 17.038 17.150 17.224 || 17.202 || 17.300) | 17233)7) 627-3750 (L744 23 17.526 17.602 | 17.641 | 17.679 | 17.717 | 17-756 | 17-704 17.910 17.987 | 18.026 | 18.065 | 18.104 | 18.143 | 18.182 18.300 18.379 | 18.419 | 18.458 | 18.498 | 18.538 | 18.578 18.698 18.778 | 18.818 | 18.859 | 18.899 | 18.940 | 18.980 19.102 19.184 | 19.225 | 19.266 | 19.308 | 19.349 | 19.390 19.514 19.598 | 19.639 | 19.681 | 19.723 | 19.765 | 19.807 19.934 20.019 | 20.061 | 20.104 | 20.146 | 20.189 | 20.232 20.361 20.447 | 20.490 | 20.533 | 20.577 | 20.620 | 20.664 20.795 20.883 | 20.927 | 20.971 | 21.015 | 21.059 | 21.103 Ss) © co Ww ‘o Nv oo tN 21.377 | 21-476 | 20.461 |) 21-500)|er-55r 21.824 | 21.870 | 21.915 | 21.961 | 22.007 22:284)| 22.829 | 220277) | 22-220" 22 Arm 22.753 | 22.800 | 22.847 | 22.895 | 22.942 23-220) 823-2771 923-8215) ) 2ahavAul ease 2227 21.687 22.145 22.611 wy HNN I wW wW Wn NAA eH On W UNO con WwW 22.7 TAN \:23703) \"23.012 24.207 | 24.257 | 24.307 24.709 | 24.759 | 24.810 25-270) (n2522/7 0 e253 22 25.738 | 25.791 | 25.843 23.910 24.407 24.912 25.426 25.948 DH AHA Hx OOF NOOO No NH ND WN’ tO NN NH bY RNHHHND HD an BW CSINAAD NAMNFHwW oo - 26.480 27.021 | 27.570 | 28.129 | 28.697 | 26.266 | 26.319 | 26.373 26.803 | 26.857 | 26.912 27.349 | 27-404 | 27.460 27.904 | 27.960 | 28.016 28.469 | 28.526 | 28.583 NO D Sy tO bw NHN bY CO I DD by vy ND oOms DD WwaINnN DH WMOWO DD mwmWwon no NHN ND KR HNN ND Go Cost DH bo NN ND ND ons > e nN 29.042 29.100 | 29.158 | 20. 29.275 29.626 | 29.685 | 29.744 29.862 30.219 | 30.279 | 30.339 | | 30-459 30.822 | 30.883 | 30.944 | | 31.066 31-435 | 31-497 | 31-559 31.683 ~) oo © oo wn Pe ORORS EOS WWW N Dd SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 168 TABLE 76. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER ICE. METRIC MEASURES Tempera- Vapor Tempera- Vapor Tempera- Vapor Tempera- Vapor Tempera- Vapor pressure t pressure t pressure ture pressure ture pressure mm. Cc mm. C: ce mm. c mm. 0.0019 0.0080 |—50.0°| 0.0294 : 0.0537 |—40.0° | 0.0964 0.0022 0.0092 | 49.5 | 0.0308 0.0570 } 39.5 | 0.1020 0.0026 0.0105 | 49.0 | 0.0329 0.0605 | 39.0 | 0.1080 0.0030 0.0120 | 48.5 | 0.0350 0.0642 38.5 | 0.1143 0.0035 0.0137 | 48.0 | 0.0373 0.0680 | 38.0 | 0.1209 0.0040 | —55_ | 0.0156 |—47.5 | 0.0396 : 0.0721 |—37.5 | 0.1279 0.0046 54 0.0178 47.0 | 0.0421 0.0765 37.0) || \O:53'52 0.0053 53 0.0202 | 46.5 | 0.0448 : 0.0811 36.5 | 0.1430 0.0061 52 0.0229 46.0 | 0.0476 : 0.0859 36.0 | O.15II 0.0260 : 0.0506 0.0910} 35.5 | 0.1596 mm, mm, —35°| 0.1686 | 0.1668 | 0.1650 | 0.1632 | 0.1614 0.1880 | 0.1860 | 0.1840 | 0.1820 | 0.1800 0.2094 | 0.2072 | 0.2050 | 0.2028 | 0.2006 0.2331 | 0.2306 | 0.2281 | 0.2257 | 0.2233 0.2591 | 0.2564 | 0.2537 | 0.2510 | 0.2484 0.2878 | 0.2848 | 0.2818 | 0.2789 | 0.2760 | 0.2731 0.3194 | 0.3161 | 0.3128 | 0.3096 | 0.3064 | 0.3032 0.3541 | 0.3505 | 0.3469 | 0.3433 | 0.3398 | 0.3363 0.3923 | 0.3883 | 0.3843 | 0.3804 | 0.3766 | 0.3727 0.4341 | 0.4297 | 0.4254 | 0.4211 | 0.4169 | 0.4127 0.4800 | 0.4752 | 0.4705 | 0.4658 | 0.4611 | 0.4565 | oO. ‘ 0.4429 0.5303 | 0.5251 | 0.5199 | 0.5147 | 0.5096 | 0.5046 | oO. : 0.4897 0.5854 | 0.5796 | 0.5739 | 0.5683 | 0.5628 | 0.5572 | oO. ; 0.5409 0.6456 | 0.6393 | 0.6331 | 0.6270 | 0.6209 | 0.6148 | 0. : 0.5970 0.7115 | 0.7046 | 0.6978 | 0.6911 | 0.6844 | 0.6778 | oO. .6648 | 0.6583 0.7834 | 0.7759 | 0.7685 | 0.7611 | 0.7538 | 0.7466 | o. : 0.7254 0.8618 | 0.8537 | 0.8456 | 0.8376 | 0.8296 | 0.8217 | oO. : 0.7985 0.9474 | 0.9385 | 0.9297 | 0.9209 | 0.9123 | 0.9037 | 0. : 0.8784 1.04.06 | 1.0309 | 1.0213 | 1.0118 | 1.0024 | 0.9930 | oO. : 0.9654 1.1421 | 1.1316 | 1.1211 | 1.1108 | 1.1005] 1.0903 | I. : 1.0602 1.2525 | 1.2411 | 1.2297 | 1.2184 | 1.2072] 1.1962 | I. ‘ 1.1635 1.3726 | 1.3601 | 1.3477 | 1.3355 | 1-3233 | 1-3113 | I- : 1.2757 1.5029 | 1.4894 | 1.4759 | 1.4626 | 1.4495] 1.4364 | I. A 1.3978 1.6444 | 1.6297 | 1.6151 | 1.6007 | 1.5864 | 1.5722 | I. : 1.5302 1.7979 | 1.7820 | 1.7662 | 1.7506 | 1.7350] 1.7196 | I. : 1.6741 1.9643 | 1.9470 | 1.9299 | 1.9129 | 1.8961 | 1.8794 | I. : 1.8301 2.1445 | 2.1258 | 2.1073 | 2.0889 | 2.0707 | 2.0526 | 2. : 1.9992 2.3395 | 2.3193 | 2.2993 | 2.2794 | 2.2596] 2.2401 | 2. : 2.1823 2.5505 | 2.5287 | 2.5070 | 2.4855 | 2.4642 | 2.4430 | 2. 3 2.3804 2.7785 | 2.7549 | 2.7315 | 2.7083 | 2.6852 | 2.6623 | 2. : 2.5947 3.0248 | 2.9993 | 2.9740 | 2.9489 | 2.9240 | 2.8993 | 2. j 2.8262 3.2907 | 3.2632 | 3.2359 | 3.2088 | 3.1819 | 3.1552 | 3. : 3.0764 3-5775 | 3-5479 | 3-5184 | 3.4892 | 3.4602 | 3.4314 | 3. . 3-3463 3.8868 | 3.8548 | 3.8230 | 3.7916 | 3.7603 | 3.7292 | 3. : 3.6375 4.2199 | 4.1854 | 4.1513 | 4.1174 | 4.0837 | 4.0502 | 4. : 3-9515 4.5802 | 4.5428 | 4.5057 | 4.4690 | 4.4325 | 4.3962 | 4. : 4.2896 HN&OA YT DANO So SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 77. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. METRIC MEASURES. + Cc = @ mm. 4.889 5-254 5.642 6.056 6.496 ° 6.964 7.462 | 7-991 8.552 9.148 OONDHM BWNHHO OP 9.781 10.451 I1.162 II.QI5 mee 13-555 | | 14.447 | 15.390 5 | 16.387 | 17-439 7 | 18.551 19.723 | 20.960 | 22.264 23.638 2 2 2 2 2 BWwWnHO N wNN on aun 25.086 | 26.610 | 28.215 | 29.903 | 31.678 | 33-543 | : 39°904 || 2153705 : : : f eC 5 is 37-563 | 37-775 : 30. -4I5 | 30. 39: . +504 | 39.725 | 39.947 : -394 | 40. y 5 ; eats 41.004 42.227 #7 42.096 2.¢ ; | 43.648 43-889 Lae 44.374 | 44.619 80 4 ; Se 40. | 46.362 | 46. 46.870 | 47.127 i f : : .689 | 48.954 | 40. 49-487 | 49.756 02 : ; 50: 23 51.670 | 51.949 | 52.226 | 52.510 ‘ ; 3.362 : .226 | 54.516 : 55-101 | 55-396 | 55.692 | 55. : ae 57-496 | 57. 58.109 58.417 : ; , s2C 60.616 | 60.92 61.257 61.580 3 : 2: 62.886 az 63.880 64.215 | 64.551 64.889 B22 : : 66.255 ; 67.295 | 67.645 | 67.997 68.350 : 69.061 | 69.419 | 69.778 502 | 70.8 -232 | 71.599 72.712 | 73.086 | 73.461 : ; | 74. 75.305 706.527 | 76.9018, | 77.311 : .499 | 78.8¢ 79.300 80.514 | 80.922 | 81.332 158 | 82.5 xX 83.409 84.677 | 85.104 | 85.532 : | 86. : 87.701 89.024 | 89.470 | 89.916 go. | QI. , 92.180 Coots ¢ ‘ 93-562 | 94.026 | 94.492 : : : 96.854 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 77. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. METRIC MEASURES. 95-43 100.25 105.27 110.50 | 115.96 121.64 | | 127.56 | 133-73 | 140.14 | 146.82 153-77 160.99 | 168.50 | 176.31 | 184.42 | 192.85 | 201.60 | 210.68 220.11 YNHN ND Om Au > nN HOO Awe Oo HO Cnr £ to ‘© ao oO y us ° se) N ww SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 17 171 TABLE 77. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. METRIC MEASURES. Temperature} O° ig ; ce | 8° 9° eet C. mm. mm, : ; : mm, : mm, mm, mm, 100° 760. 787. goo. , 970. 5| 1004. 2) 1038. IIo 1074.4| IIiI. T207n .6| 1352.6] 1396.8) 1442. 120 1488. 7| 1536. 1740. 4.4| 1850.0] 1907.0| 1965. 130 2025. 2| 2086. 2347. : 2480.3) 2559.2) 2633. 140 2709.0| 2786. 3114.7| 3201.4] 3290. I) 3380.7| 3473. or “Ib O 4072.4) 9.8] 4289. 5| 4401. 5252.0) -4] 5517.5] 5054. 6687. .Q| 7009.0] 7174. 8417. .6| 8801.5 150° |.3567.9| 3664. 160 '4632.4| 4751. 170 5935-6) 6080. 180 ASE 3 Sil 0071 4515. 5793. 7342. 8998.9 9199. NIBBRA UML OnN BORNE 190° 9404| 9612 3 | | 10479 10935) I1169] 11407 200 £1648) 11894 2143 | 5 12916 2| 13452| 13727| 14000 | 210 14289| 14577 j 5165 5 15772 ) 16398| 16718) 17043 220 17372 17707 19095 IQ8Ig| 20190} 20565 230° 20946) 21332 | 22032| 23: 23766] 24192} 24623 | 240 25001) 25504| 27337 | 8 28291| 2877 29270 | 250 29779) 30275 32364| 32 33440| 34002| 34502 260 35128| 35702 72| 38070 | 39298) 30923) 40556 | 270 41197| 41845 d 44516 45899, 46003, 47310 | 280° | 48036} 48765| 495 2 51766| 52538| 53318) 54108] 54906 | 290 55714| 56530 5 5 59888 61624) 62506| 63308 | | 300 64299) 65211 D7 8005} 68956) 70890| 71872) 72865 | 310 73869| 74883] 75 ey, go} 790047 | 81195) 82286} 83389 320 84503) 85628 5 | C 90246| 91430| 92626) 93835) 95056 | | | | 340 109320) T10700) I112090| 113490 114910] 116340] 117780] 119240) 120720) 122210 350 123710) 125220] 120760] 128310) 129870] 131440 | 133030 134640, 136270) 137900 | 360 139560 141230, 142920| 144620 146340] 148070 149820| 151590, 153380| 155180 | Sol eee : 330° 66289) 97534| 100060 101350} 102640) 103950] 105280 106610) eee 370 157000 | 158840 | 160690 162560} 164450 “SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 78. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER ICE. DYNAMIC MEASURES Temp. .O Gs mb. —70°} 0.0026 0.0025] 0.0024 0.0023 0.0023 —69 | 0.0030 0.0029| 0.0028 0.0027| 0.0027] 0.0026 —68 | 0.0035 0.0033] 0.0033 0.0031} 0.0031] 0.0030 —67 | 0.0040 0.0038] 0.0038 0.0036] 0.0036} 0.0035 —66 | 0.0046 0.0044] 0.0044 0.0042] 0.0041| 0.0041 —65 | 0.0054 0.0051} 0.0051 0.0048] 0.0048] 0.0047 —64 | 0.0062 0.0059] 0.0058 0.0056] 0.0055, 0.0054 —63 | 0.0071 0.0068} 0.0067 0.0064] 0.0063} 0.0063 —62 | 0.0082 0.0078] 0.0077 0.0074] 0.0073} 0.0072 —6I | 0.0094 0.0090} 0.0089 0.0085] 0.0084} 0.0083 —60 | 0.011 0.010 | 0.010 0.0097} 0.0096) 0.0095 —59 | 0.012 0.012 | 0.012 0.01I | 0.011 | O.OTI —58 | 0.014 0.013 | 0.013 0.013 | 0.013 | 0.012 —57 | 0.016 0.015 | 0.015 0.015 | 0.014 | 0.014 —56 | 0.018 0.018 | 0.017 0.017 | 0.016 | 0.016 —55 | 0.021 0.020 | 0.020 0.019 | 0.019 | 0.019 —54 | 0.024 0.023 | 0.022 0.022 | 0.021 | 0.021 —53 | 0.027 0.026 | 0.026 0.025 | 0.024 | 0.024 —52 | 0.031 0.029 | 0.029 0.028 | 0.028 | 0.027 —5I | 0.035 0.033 | 0.033 0.032 | 0.031 | 0.031 —50 | 0.039 0.038 | 0.037 0.036 | 0.036 | 0.035 0.044 0.042 | 0.042 0.040 | 0.040 | 0.039 —48 | 0.050 0.048 | 0.047 0.046 | 0.045 | 0.044 0.056 0.054 | 0.053 0.052 | 0.051 | 0.050 —46 | 0.063 0.061 | 0.060 0.058 | 0.058 | 0.057 —45 | 0.072 0.069 | 0.068 0.066 | 0.065 | 0.064 0.081 0.078 | 0.077 | 0.074. | 0.073 | 0.072 —43 | 0.091 3 0.088 | 0.087 : 0.083 | 0.082 —42 | 0.102 : 0.098 | 0.097 .094 | 0.093 | 0.092 0.115 .II2 | O.1II | 0.109 | O. 0.104 | 0.103 0.129 2126) | 0124) | (0.123 : 0.117 | 0.116 0.144 .I4I | 0.139 | 0.138 ; 0.132 | 0.130 0.161 : .158 | 0.156 | 0.154 sil 0.147 | 0.146 0.180 ST 7OM | On 74y |\nOsli72 : 3 0.165 | 0.163 0.201 -197 | 0.195 | 0.193 : 0.184 | 0.182 | SMITHSONIAN TABLES 173 TABLE 78. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER ICE. DYNAMIC MEASURES NWA OL AN COO oOo SMITHSONIAN TABLES 74: TABLE 79. PRESSURE OF AQUEOUS VAPOR OVER WATER. DYNAMIC MEASURES SMITHSONIAN TABLES 175 TABLE 8O. WEICHT OF A CUBIC FOOT OF SATURATED VAPOR. ENGLISH MEASURES. | : : e ie ae fem usOul =O 'gl a aureg) =O (2. | 4s | o6 ei aas8 F | Grains : Grains | Grains F Grains Grains Grains Grains Grains -—30° | 0.095 [+20°| 1.244] 1.273 | +70° | 8.066 | 8.117 | 8.170] 8.223] 8.276 2 0.100 21 1.200) 1.332 71 8.329 | 8.383 8.437 | 8.491 8.546 28 0.106 229 1-302) \ien.203 72 8.600 | 8.656 | 8.711 | 8.766 | 8.823 27 ©O.112 2 1.425 | 1.457 73 8.879 8.936 8.992 9.050 | 9.107 26 0.119 24 1.490 | 1.524 74 9.165 9.223 9.281 9.341 9.400 =—25 0.126 +25 | 1.558 | 1.593 | +75 9.460 | 9.519 | 9.579 | 9.640 |} 9.700 24 0.134 26 1.629 | 1.666 76 9-761 9.823 9.885 9.047 | 10.009 23 0.141 27 Net-7O2) |i. 7A 1 77 | 10.072 |} 10.135 | 10.199 | 10.263 | 10.327 22 0.150 238) 127,70) ||| LeoL9 78 10.362 | 10:4'57 | 10.52m || 10.5874\|, 10.053 21 0.158 29 | 1.859 | I.g00 79 | 10.720 | 10.785 | 10.853 | 10.921 | 10.987 —20 0.167 [+30 | 1.942 | 1.984 | +80 | 11.056 | 11.124 | 11.193 | 11.262 | 11.331 19 0.176 31 | 2.028 | 2.072 81 IT.400 | 11-471 | 1P-542)|-LT-O13 07.085 18 0.187 32) | 2078) | 12.550 82 | 11.756 | 11.828 | 11.900 | I1.974 | 12.047 17 0.197 331) 2.200) 2.242 83) || 12.121 | 12.105 | £2:260 || 12.344) 12:40 16 0.208 | 34 | 2.286 | 2.330 84 | 12.494 | 12.570 | 12.646 | 12.723 | 12.800 “IS | 0.220 ]+35 | 2.375 | 2.420] +85 | 12.878 | 12.956 | 13.034 | 13-113 | 13-192 14 0.232 30) ||) 22466) 2-513 SOP 13.272 || 13.35 T | rs4so Tats Ta lenes5o4 13 0.244 27 2.560 | 2.609 87 13.676 | 13.758 | 13.840 | 13.923 | 14.006 I2 | 0.258 38 | 2.658 | 2.708 88 | 14.090 | 14.174 | 14.258 | 14.344 | 14.420 Tile nee O72 39 2.759 | 2.810 89 14.515 | 14.601 | 14.689 | 14.776 | 14.864 -10 | 0.286 }+40 | 2.863 | 2.916 | +90 | 14.951 | 15.040 ] 15.129 }] 15.219 | 15.300 9 0.302 41 2.970 | 3.026 oI 15.400 | 15.490 | 15.581 | 15.673 | 15.766 8 0.318 42 | 3.082 | 3.138 92 | 15.858 | 15.951 | 16.045 | 16.139 | 16.234 Ti 0.335 43) |) 3-106) 33-254 93 16.328 | 16.423 | 16.520 | 16.616 | 16.713 6 0.353 AAW e2.3TSales.a74 94 | 16.810 | 16.909 | 17.007 | 17.106 | 17.205 = 0.371 [+45 | 3.436 | 3.499 | +95 | 17.305 | 17.406 | 17.506 | 17.607 | 17.709 4 0.391 46 | 3.563 | 3.627 96 | 17.812 | 17.914 | 18.018 | 18.121 | 18.226 3 | 0.411 47 | 3-693 | 3-759 07 | 18.330 | 18.436 | 18.542 | 18.648 | 18.755 2 | 0.433 48 | 3.828 | 3.895 98 | 18.863 | 18.971 | 19.079 | 19.188 | 19.298 ey il eras 49 | 3.965 | 4.036 909 19.407 | 19.518 | 19.629 | 19.741 | 19.853 +0 0.479 [+50 | 4.108 | 4.181 | +100 19.966 | 20.079 | 20.193 | 20.307 | 20.422 sae 0.503 el ARG ease IOI 20.538 | 20.654 | 20.770 | 20.887 | 21.005 2 0.520 52 | 4.407 | 4.485 102 21.123 | 21.242 | 21.362 | 21.481 | 21.602 3 0.556 53 | 4.564 | 4.644 103 | 21.723 | 21.845 | 21.967 | 22.090 | 22.213 4 0.584 54 | 4.725 | 4.807 LO4 7 | 22.237, | 22-462, ||-22.588) | 22.714 922.0380 5 0.613 +55 | 4.891 | 4.976 | +105 | 22.966 | 23.005 | 23.223 | 23.351 | 23-481 6 0.644 56 | 5.062 | 5.149 106 | 23.611 | 23.742 | 23.873 | 24.005 | 24.138 7 0.676 57 5-238 | 5.328 107 24.271 | 24.405 | 24.539 | 24.673 | 24.809 8 0.709 59> 52420) || Se5r3 108 | 24.946 | 25.082 | 25.220 | 25.358 | 25.407 9 0.744 50)) || 5-007) | 53703 10g | 25.636 | 25.776 | 25.917 | 26.058 | 26.201 10 0.780 +60 | 5.800 | 5.899 | +110 26.343 | 26.486 | 26.630 | 26.775 | 26.920 II 0.818 61 | 5.999 | 6.099 III 27.0060 || 27.213 | 27.360.|| 27.508) |) 27.057 12 0.858 62 | 6.203 | 6.306 TI2 || 27.807 | 27.956 | 28.107 |) 282250) 28.4141 13 0.900 63 | 6.413 | 6.521 113 28.563 | 28.717 | 28.871 | 29.026 | 29.181 14 0.943 64 | 6.630 | 6.740 114 29.338 | 29.495 | 29.653 | 29.812 | 29.970 15 0.988 [+65 | 6.852 | 6.966 | +115 | 30.130 | 30.291 | 30.452 | 30.614 | 30.777 16 1.035 66 | 7.082 | 7.198 116 | 30.940 | 31.104 | 31.270 | 31.435 | 31.601 17 1.084 67 TASk 7a ee Ase 117 21.708 | 31.927 || 32506 9l) 322274) | so-aa's 18 L.l'5 68 | 7.560 | 7.683 LIS) || 32.616) 32:737 || 32.900) 11332133) | 1332307 +10 1.189 | +69 | 7.800 | 7.937 | +110 33-482 | 33.657 | 33.834 | 34.010 | 34.189 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 81. WEIGHT OF A CUBIC METER OF SATURATED VAPOR OVER ICE. METRIC MEASURES Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- Tempera- ture ture ture Cc grams Cc 5 grams —60° 0.0381 |—45°.0} o. .0| 0.120 59 E . 0.0398 44.5 d 39-5 | 0.126 58 : é 0.0424 44.0 3 39:0) | os133 57 ; P 0.0451 43-5 5 38.5 | 0.141 56 : : 0.0479 43.0 ; 38.0 | 0.149 —55° | o. -5| 0.0508 |—42°.5/ o. —37°.5| 0.157 54 ‘ ‘ 0.0538 42.0 : 37.0 | 0.166 53 E : 0.0572 41.5 ; 36.5 | 0.175 52 : : 0.0606 41.0 | 0.107 36.0 | 0.184 51 : 45: 0.0643 0.113 35-5 | 0.194 8 9 grams grams 0.194 : : 0.188 0.216 ' : 0.209 0.239 ; g 0.232 0.265 : : 0.258 0.294 : : 0.285 0.325 : : 0.316 0.360 : : 0.349 0.398 : : 0.386 0.439 434 : 0.426 0.484 wd : 0.470 0.533 ; : 0.518 0.587 ; Y 0.570 0.645 7 3 0.627 0.709 : : 0.689 0.779 : : 0.757 0.854 : j 0.831 0.936 : 4 0.911 1.026 : : 0.998 1123 j ; 1.093 1.228 ; : 1.196 1.342 : : 1.307 1.466 : : 1.428 1.599 : ; 1.558 1.744 Z : 1.699 1.900 : : 1.852 2.069 ‘ ‘ 2.016 2.251 : : 2.194 2.447 : : 2.386 2.658 i i 2.593 2.886 ‘ : 2.816 3.131 , : 3.056 3-395 : : 3-314 3.678 4 : 3-591 3.983 ; : 3.889 4.310 : ; 4.209 4.661 : : 4.553 SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 81. WEIGHT OF A CUBIC METER OF SATURATED VAPOR OVER WATER. METRIC MEASURES 0 . E 4 oO grams grams grams grams grams grams 4.847 4.982] 5.017} 5.051] 5.086] 5.121 5.192 5-336] 5-373} 5-410} 5.447] 5.483 5.559 5-711} 5-750} 5-789] 5.828] 5.868 5-947 6.110] 6.151| 6.192] 6.234] 6.275 6.360 6.532] 6.575} 6.619] 6.664) 6.708 ° 6.797 6.979] 7-025} 7.072] 7.119] 7.166 7.261 7.453) 7-502; 7-552} 7-601] 7.651 7.751 : : 7.956] 8.007] 8.059] 8.112] 8.164 8.271 : : 8.487] 8.542) 8.597) 8.652] 8.708 8.821 9.049} 9.106} 9.165) 9.223] 9.282 COON DAG BPWNHHO* 9.401 9.643] 9.704} 9.765] 9.827] 9.889 10.015 10.270] 10.334] 10.400] 10.465] 10.530 10.664 10.932] II.001| 11.069] 11.138] 11.208 11.348 11.632] 11.704] 11.777] I1.850| 11.922 12.070 12.370] 12.446] 12.523] 12.600) 12.677 12.832 13.148] 13.229] 13.309] 13.390] 13.472 13.635 13.969] 14.053] 14.139] 14.224] 14.309 14.482 14.833] 14.922] 15.011] I5.10I| 15.191 15.373 15-743] 15.836] 15.931} 16.025] 16.121 16.311 16.701} 16.799] 16.898} 16.998] 17.097 17.300 17.708] 17.812] 17.917} 18.021| 18.126 18.338 18.768] 18.878] 18.987] 19.097| 19.207 19.430 19.882] 19.996] 20.112] 20.227] 20.343 20.578 21.053} 21.173] 21.295} 21.416] 21.538 21.783 22.282] 22.409] 22.536] 22.663] 22.791 23-049 23-573| 23-706) 23.839] 23.973] 24.107 24.378 24.929} 25.066] 25.206] 25.346] 25.488 25.771 26.348] 26.494] 26.641| 26.787] 26.936 272234 27.837] 27.990] 28.143] 28.298] 28.453 28.765 29.399] 29.559] 29.720] 29.881] 30.044 30.371 31.034] 31.202] 31.371| 31.540] 31.710 32-052 32-747| 32-923) 33-100) 33-277) 33-454 33-812 34-540] 34-723] 34-909] 35.094] 35.280 35.656 36.416] 36.609] 36.801} 36.995} 37.190 37-583 38.378] 38.579} 38.782] 38.984] 39.187 39.599 40.430] 40.640) 40.851} 41.064] 41.277 41.706 42.575] 42-795) 43-015) 43-237) 43-459 43-908 44.815] 45.046) 45.277| 45-507] 45-740 46.208 47.156] 47.396] 47.636] 47.878] 48.121 48.609 49.600] 49.850| 50.101] 50.353] 50.606 Brel i 52.150] 52.410] 52.673) 52.936] 53.200 SMITHSONIAN TABLES 178 HYGROMETRICAL TABLES. Reduction of psychrometric observations — English measures. rs7i Relative humidity — Temperature Fahrenheit Values of e = e’ — 0.000367 B(t — ?t’) (: + aS = Reduction of psychrometric observations — Metric Measures. Values of e = e’ — 0.000660 B (¢ — ?’) (1 + 0.00115 ?’) Temperature Centigrade Relative humidity Rate of decrease of vapor pressure with altitude Reduction of snowfall measurements. Depth of water corresponding to the weight of a cylindrical snow core 2.655 inches in diameter Depth of water corresponding to the weight of snow (or rain) collected in an 8-inch gage . Quantity of rainfall corresponding to given depths TABLE 82 TABLE 83 TABLE 84 TABLE 85 TABLE 8&6 TABLE 87 TABLE 88 TABLE 89 TABLE 82. REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. ENGLISH MEASURES. Values of ¢ = e’ — 0.000367 B (t — #’) (: +S >) 1571 Pressure of Saturated Aqueous Vapor, e. 8 9 Inches, | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches } Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. Inches. | | ooo | | | 20| .0018| .0017| .0016; .oo15 .0014 | 0013, .0O12| .OOII| .OOrI 38 | 36 33 31 | 20 28 26 24 | 23 | 21 71 66 62 59 55 52 49 46 43 | 40 0127! .O120]) .O113|| -O107 .009 5 | .0090, .0084, .0080 | .0075 | e = e’ — 0.000367 B (t — 1’) ( + fn 3?) 1571 Be——20,0 1nehes ht , | | | | : O | 2 | 4 | 6 | .8] 1.0 | 1.2 | 1.4 | 1.6 | 1.8 Inches. Inches, | Inches, | Inches. Inches, } Inches, | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. ° | —20 .0127| .0106) .0085} .0063) .0042 0021 | | le exO 135 | 113 g2 71 40 28} .0007 | | 18 143 | 121| .o100 79 | 57 36| .oo1r5| 17 151 | 130 | 108 87 66 44 23| .0002 16 100 | 138 | 117 96 | 74 53 | 32| 0010 | | 15 169 | 148 | 126| .O105 | 84 62 41 IQ) 14 179 | 157 136 | IIS] 93 We 50 | 2Q9| .0008 13 189 168 | 146 125| .O103 82 61 39| .oor8 12 200 | 178 | 157 136 114 93 | ir 5°| 2 +0007 II 207 190 168 | 147 I25 .O104 | 83 | OI 40} .0o18 | 10 223 | 202 180 1s9| 137 116 94 73 | 52 30 9 236 214 193 171 150 128| .o107 85 | 64 43 8 249 | 227 | 200 | 184) 163 141 | 120 | 98 7 56 7 263 | 241 | 220 | 198 | 177 155 134 OIl2 QI 69 6 277 | 256 234 | 213 | IQ! 170 148 | 127| .O105 84 | 5 292 271 | 240 228 | 206 185 163 | 142 | I20| .0099 4 308 287 205 244 | 222 201 179 | 158 | T36)|\, .Orrs 3 325 | 304 282 | 201 239 218 190 | 175 | 153 132 2 343 | 321 300 278 257 235 214 | 192 | 171 149 eT 361 | 340| 318 | 297 | 275 254 | ce 210 189 167 +0 381 359 | 338 316 204 273 251 | 230 208 187 + 1 401 380 | 358 | B37 315 293 272 | 250 229 207 2 423 40%) 379 358, 330 315) 203) 271 250 228 3 445 | 423 402 380 359 337 315 | 204 272 250 4 468| 447 425| 404] 382 300 339| 317 205 274 | | | : 5 493| 471 450, 428 407 385| 363] 342 320 208 6 519; 407, 476) 454) 432 411} 389, 367} 346) 324 7 540 524| 503 481 459 438 416} 304 373 351 8 574| 552] 531| 509 487 466 444| 422 401 379 9 Go) 582 50) EGOS t 7 495 ATA eee resee 408 | | | | 10 .0635 | oreo 0591| .0569| .0548] .0526| .0504| .0483| .0461| .0439 | | | | | | | | ic Aex AB +.0001 | +.0001 | +.0002 | +.0003 +.0004 | +.0004 | +.0005 | +.0006 +.0007 eth | | | | SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 180 TABLE 82. REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. ENGLISH MEASURES. Values of e = e’ — 0.000367 B (¢ — #’) (1442 (3) B = 30.0 inches t—? 2.0 2.2 | 2.4/2.6 2.8/3.0) 3.2 3.4 | 3.6| 3.8 Es Inches. freee Inches. Inches, Inches. Inches. Inches, | Inches. Inches.| Inches, —10° .0009 | 9 21 | 8 34| .0013) | 7 48 Ube 0005) 6 62 41 019) 5 ae 56 3a .0013 4 93 72 5° 29, .0007 3 -OIIO) 88 67 45, .0024] .0002| 2 127} .oro6 84 63 41] .0020) fect 146} 124) .0103 81 60 38} 0016) +0 165| 144] 122] .O100| 70 57] 36| .oo14 + 1 185| 164 142| 121 99 78 56 34| .0013 2 207| 185 163 142) .0120] .0099) 77 55| 34| 0012 3 229; 207| 186 164 142] .o121/| 99| 78 56 34 4 252 231) 200) 187 166 a .0122| OIOI 70 58 5 277 aM a 212) 190 168) 147) ae O104 82 6 302 281; 259 2277 216 194) 172 I51| 1 2¢ O107 7 32 308} 286) 264 243 221; 199] 178} 156 134 8 S54) 330) a4 a sz02|) s27mlr “249 22%) 205] 184 162 9 387| 365/ 343 322] 300] 278 237] 235| 213 IgI | 10 0417] .0396) .0374] .0352| .0331] .0300| .0287 0266] .0244| .0222 +.0010]+.0011/+.0012/+.0012/+.0013) +.0014 —!0 : Ac X AB f+. Se aces ae oon ——————<—— [| | |_ | ———————- V _ f | | | Inches. | Inches. Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches.| Inches. 3° .0O13| | | fore eal 39) -OO14) 5 60 30| -0017| 6 86 64 42| .002T| 7 .O1I3 gt} 69 47, .0026] .0004 8 140) .O1IQ 97 75 54 32} 0010) 9 170! 148 .0126| .or05 83 a 40} .0o18 | | 10 loves -O179| .O157) .0135| .O1I4] .0092} .0070) .0048] .0027/ .0005 | +10 AexAB +.0014 +.0015 +.0016 +.0017 +.0017}+-.0018 +.0019 +.0020 +.0020 +.002I | | | | | | “ | SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 181 TABLE 82. REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. ENGLISH MEASURES. Values of ¢ = ce’ — 0.000367 B(t — ’) ( B = 30.0 inches SMITHSONIAN TABLES. Decent 1.0 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 | 6.0 7.0 | 8.0 9.0 Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches +.0004 |+.0007 |+.0011 |+.0014 |+.0018 |+.0022 |+.0025 |+.0029 |+.0033 0.053 | 0.042 | 0.031 | 0.020 | 0.009 56 45 34 23 .OI2 | 0.002 590 48 37 27 16 5 63 52 41 30 IQ | 8 66 56 45 34 28 .O12 | 0.001 7° 59 49 38 27 16 5 74 63 53 42 31 20 9 79 68 57 46 35 2 .O13 | 0.002 83 72 61 50 30 28 18 7 88 eh 66 55 44 33 22 II | 0,000 92 81 71 60 40 38 2 16° |; » 005 97 86 76 65 54 43 2 21 .O10 -103 92 81 70 50 48 | 37 26 | 15 .108 07 86 75 64 531 2 B2 21 -II4 | .103 92 81 79 | 50n i 4 37 26 .120 .109 98 87 76 65 | 54 43 32 .126 Ts) || skO4 || 93 82 ire 60 49 38 133 122 cae .100 89 78 67 56 45 *L30 123s el .106 95 84 ve 62 51 .146 Cou ieeet2q: || “Cis .102 oI 80 69 58 -154 143 ane 127 -110 99 | 88 ae 66 IOI 150 -139 .128 Ti 106 | 05 84 73 -169 SSS i elA7 -136 e125 114 .103 2 81 a7 LOOM Memes 5 144 ane 122 Lot .100 89 .184 ar72 .162 aLSa .I40 129 | 118 .107 96 .192 181 .170 -159 .148 2L3i7 126 SLL -104 201 .190 179 168 S07 145 134 Lae .I12 -209 -198 .187 -176 165 -154 143 lee srt .218 207 .196 185 174 .163 152 .I4I SUAS) 227 210 .205 -194 .183 Ty//2 -I61 .150 mis) 2307, .226 PATEL 203 -192 -181 170 -159 .148 -246 235 224 629 =202) |e LO 180 -169 158 1257 -246 234 223 202) 9.202 .190 -179 .168 .267 .256 BQ AIG e234. 223 2212 201 .190 .178 278 .267 .256 | 245 5234) ||) 4-223 211 .200 189 -289 278 .207 .256 -245 234 223 it -200 301 -290 -279 .268 256 245 234 223 .212 2313 302 .2Q1 .280 208 a2517 .246 22315 .224 +325 -314 303 .292 281 .270 -259 248 -236 338 A327 2310} 2305 2904 | .283 271 .260 240 -351 -340 320 318 307 -296 .285 -274 .262 365 354 343 E332 321 -309 208 .287 276 -379 368 357 346 335 S324. ao ae2 301 .290 304 | -383 | -372 | 361 349 | 338 | -327 | .316| .305 -409 398 387 -376 364 2353 -342 301 -320 425 -414 402 391 .380 -369 358 347 335 441 | .430 | 419 | -407] 306) .385 | +374 | 363 | -352 458 446 435 424 -413 402 -390 -379 .368 475 | 464] .452 | -441 .430 410 .408 396 | .385 -493 | .481 470 | .459 448 | .437 -425 414 | .403 0.511 | 0.500 | 0.488 | 0.477 | 0.466 | 0.455 | 0.444 | 0.432 | 0.421 60 jdexAB | +0004 +.0007} +.001I} +.0015] +.0019 +.0022] +.0026 +.0030] +.0034 182 TABLE 82. REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. ENGLISH MEASURES. Values of e = e’ — 0.000367 B (t — U’) ( 1+ a ) o/ = 30.00 40 | 44 | 15 | 16 | | 19 F. Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 30° Ae Xx AB } +.0037) +.0c040 +.0051] +.0055| +.0059 +.0062) +.0066/ +.0070 | | | | | 0.004 .O10 15 21 27 34 40 47 55 44 62 51 59 67 74 82 go 99 .108 Ist, aPWND ntno wv na oo on mn Oo ~ un AnfW bv mRNWoNs .126 JETS) | srod. 136 O25 -II4 .146 135 .124 | 150 | .145 | .134 178 SO7h eS Ont .189 -178 167 .156 .201 SLOON 7 On| es kOS 2s 2202) ||| alOm |) 5.180 B22 c al eee 2 Ae |e eOga meno 2m -238 .227 216 -205 25E -240 3220) || 9-210 265 e2h Aula 242 222i -279 .268 -257 -246 -294 .282 27 .260 309 -207 .286 PEG, B20 3313) | 2302 |e20T¥ | -340 329 PAT OMI 307 357 | -340 | .334 | -323 -374 | -363 | -352.| -340 -392 381 309 358 WWNHN YN by OwoOnwN mn~r Own 0.410 | 0.399 | 0.388 | 0.376 0.343 | 0.33 60 Aex AB | +.0037| +.0041| +.0045| +.0049| +.0052] +.0056 +.0060] +.0064 +.0067| +.0071 | SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 82. REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. ENGLISH MEASURES. Values of e=e’ —0.000367 B(t—t’) (1 ae er = 52) B =30.00 t—t’ 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. |} Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 40° AeX AB]}+.0074|+.0077|+.0081/+.0085]} +.0089} +.0092} +.0096| +.0100) +.0103] +.0107 38° 0.008 39 : 0.006 40 .OI5 | 0.004 41 25 alk -O14 42 35 24 43 45 34 44 56 45 45 67 56 23 46 79 68 34 47 . oI 79 46 48 j .103 92 58 49 ‘ LEON | Od. 71 50 : e12OMi |e LEO ||) 9. 84 51 ange STAD esata) 6k2 10 08 52 : SOM |e EAS al) ick 32 2 oor2 ‘ 7 53 : 7 |yeLOON|| ; .126 sLr5 .104 03 54 : LOOM rele Sial iene : -I4I aL IQ -108 55 : 200 |) 190!) 67 : B57) nie 134 123 112 56 -220)) || 1-278)|"%.200) |) 3105 : 178 : .150 -139 .128 57 S245 e280 4ules2 230 ll : .189 : .167 -156 -144 58 2025 (225 Calc 24 Onl ae : -206 195 184 173 -I6I 59 22807) -20G)Nli as2 5770) 122 nD -224 2 .201 -190 -179 60 0.298 |0.287 | 0.275 | 0.2 2 0.242 : 0.219 | 0.208 | 0.197 60 Az x AB |+.0075]+.0078}+.0082/+. : +.0093} +.9097| +.0101| +.0105| +.0108 : = e 30 | 31 | 32 | 33 | 34 | 35 37 | 38 | 39 F. Inches, | Inches. | Inches. | Inches, | Inches. | Inches. ; . | Inches. | Inches. 50° Aex AB |+.0111|+.0115|+.0119|+.0122| +.0126] +.0130] +. ; +.0141} +.0145 0.003 O15 | .004 29 | .O17 | 0.006 42 31 | .020 | 0.009 56 45 | .023 i 0.000 70 59 | 37 2 .O15 | 0.004 85 74 (52 4 30 .018 | 0.007 -10I 90 | 67 45 34 .023 SLL elon 5 83 61 50 39 pitgiey © cure) |i) caeeie |)» gamers) 77 66 55 150 | .139 |.-128 || .147 : 94 83 72 sLOSH | eek S 7) | kA Seek 4 .123 SET2 -IOI 89 0.186 |0.175 |0.163 |0.152 | 0.141 | 0.130 | O.1IQ | 0.107 60 Ac X AB }.0112)+.0116|+.0120/+.0123| +.0127] +.0131| +.0134) +.0138] +.0142| +.0146 i—t 40 | 41 | 42 | 43 | 44 | 45 | 46 a see 0.005 | .O21 Inches. | Inches, Inches. | ee Inches. | Inches. Inches. | 38 0.016 0.005 56 | 33 | 2022 | 0.01r | 0.000) | 0.074 | 0.051 |0.040 | 0.029 | 0.018 | 0.007 60 Ae X AB Hebe obi +.0161) +.0164] +.0168 +.0172) SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 184 TABLE 82. REDUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATION. ENGLISH MEASURES. Values of ¢ = e’ — 0.000367 B (t — 6 noe 32) 1571 B=30.00 t—t’ be = = 6.071 |'4.0: ||370) 1Va0n| 420))-5.0 | 6.0 | 7:0°| 8:0 |'9.0 140.0 Ee Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches.] Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches.| Inches. | Inches 60° AeX AB |+.0004 +.0007|+.0011/+.0015]+.0019|+.0022|+.0026|+.0030) +.0034|+.0037 60° 0.522 |O.51I | 0.500 | 0.488 lila 0.466 |0.455 |0.444 |0.432 | 0.421 |0.410 61 541 eS BON eon || ea5OH7 | 1406 485 | .474 | .462 | .451 | .440 | .429 62 .560 =540Nt 55011 S527 | 516 -504 | .493 | .482 | .471 | -459 | .448 63 .580 569 | -558 | -547 | -536 | -524 | .513 | .502 | 491 | .479 | .468 64 601 500M 579112500 | .550:) .545 534 | -523 | -51r | -500) ||. 480 65 .62 {ORT -OOOMI SSO 0!) 657 SOOM SSS e544u eS Sar eS2k liso 66 .645 0334) 2.022) -G0x | “boon 588 | 577 | .566 | .555. | .543. || .532 67 .667 16504, “O455) 634°) -022)) 628 | .600 | 5894-577 | <566 |. -555 68 Gor || .6805) 668.) .657 | 646.)-.635 | .623.| .6r2 |) .Gor | .so0'| .578 69 7rS || 704. | -692 681 | .670 J .659 | .647 | .636 | .625 | .614 ] .602 70 -740-| 720 | +717 | .706 | .695 | .684 | .672.| .661 | .650 | .638 | .627 71 766 | -754 | -743 | -732 | .720] .709 | .698 | .687 | .675 | .664 653 | 72 792 761 | -709 | .758 | -747 | -735 | -724 | -713 | :702 | .690 | .679 73 819 800 I) «707 |e7O5)| 774 0s | L751 | 740) 2720 | -7X70 || .706 74 O47 | 630) | 024 | 89s) | -Somireyon | .770 | .708"| .-757 | -745°)) -7344 75 876 865 | -853 | .842 | .831 ] .819 | .808 | .797 | .786 | .774 | .763 7 .go6 894 | -883 | .872 | 860] .849 | .838 | .826 | .815 | .804 | .792 eh 935 | .925 | -014 | .go2 | 891 J} .880 | .868 | .857.| .846 | .834 | .823 | 78 1968" || -956) | :045 |) -o84| .922) |) -oxr | .900 | .888 | .877 | .866 | .854 | 79 1.000 | .989 | -977 | .966 | -955 | -943 | -932 | .921 | .9og | .898 | .887 | 80 1.033 ae I.OII | .999 | .988 977| -065'| .954. || .043 | .93 -920 81 .068 056 | .045 | 1.034 | 1.022 J 1.011 | .999 | .988 | .077 | -965 | .954 82 -103 092 | .080 | .069 | .057 | .046 | 1.035 | 1.023 | 1.012 | I.00r | .989 83 -139 128 | .116 | .105 | .094 | .082 | .071 | .o60 | .048 | .037 | 1.026 84 E70. |) <105°), =154 |, 5429] 139 |/.220 | .108..| .og7 | .086°| .074 | .063 85 1.215 | 1.204 | 1-192 |1.x81 | 1.169 [1.158 | 1.147 Tesh) || L024) | 1.nr2) | 1.20% 86 OAM 24s ieu2s2 220) ZOOM e.LO7 ||) TSG) |) .ti75) ||) 103 | 052) || 140 87 P25 e204. (2/2) ee 2OU a e24On ie 2goull 227) 27S sl 2o4narQ2) |) .£OT 88 336 “325° ||| -3145) 302) || 2200 || 270) || .2089), 257 | 245 ers2Sqiale2'22 0 89 -379 -368 | -357 | -345 | 334 | -322 | .311 | .300 | .288 | .277 | .265 90 1.423 | 1.412 | 1.401 | 1.389 | 1.378 [1.366 | 1.355 | 1.343 | 1.332 | 1.321 | 1.309 gl 409 | .457 | -440 | .435 | .423 | -412 | .400 | .389 | .377 | .366 | .355 92 515 504 | -402'|| .48r }) .470 1 .458 | .447 | .435 | -424 | .412' || .401 93 -563 552 | -540 | -529 | .517 | -500 | .494 | .483 | .471 | .460 | .449 04 -612 00%, fh 25O0) | 25760 50000 55501-5431] -532 | =52r | 500.) 408 95 1.662 | 1.651 | 1.640 | 1.628 | 1.617 J 1.605 | 1.594 | 1.582 | 1.571 | 1.559 | 1.548 96 e7tAS 703) |) -OOT | 080) 2008) §) O57. ||| 04651) 1624) ||) (62 | .611 | .600 07 .707 a5 ON er fAA ee FSGale 722 tz On COON 087.2770) | O04") 053 98 822 RO MeZOO Mee ZOOM me 7On Mee O Sul ue Sule 742730. LO: e707 99 878 O07 2855) | O44 .032 1 O20 |) 800) || .708 | .786.| 2775 12-763 100 1.936 | 1.924 | 1.913 | 1.901 | 1.890 [1.878 | 1.867 | 1.855 | 1.844 | 1.832 | 1.821 IOI 994 | .983 | -972 | .960 | .o49 | -9037 | .926 | .914 | .903 | .891 | .880 102 2.055 | 2.043 | 2.032 | 2.020, | 2.009 | .997 | .986 | .974 | .963 | .951 | .940 103 pity -106 | .094 | .083 | .071 | 2.060 | 2.048 | 2.037 | 2.025 | 2.014 | 2.002 104 181 LOOM |ESOneah4 O)lealscsat 023, |) nr) | oreo) |) .089) || .0777u/) 000 105 2.240 |2.235 | 2.223 | 2.212 | 2.200 [2.180 | 2.177 | 2.166 | 2.154 | 2.143 | 2.131 106 314 GO2ZZOOn E27 O20 70.250) | -2445)| 2233) | oon. oT 198 107 382 | 372 SSOM MESA OMe sOnn <325 || 303) | 302! ||| =-2001 |) 22780267 108 453 | -441 | -430 | .418 | .407 J -395 | -384 | .372 | .361 | .340 |- .337 109 525 | -514 | -502 | 491 | .479 | -407 | .4560 | .444 | .433 | .421 | .410 110 2.599 | 2.588 | 2.576 | 2.565 | 2.553 J 2.542 | 2.530 | 2.519 | 2.507 | 2.495 | 2.484 110 AexAB | +0004 +.0008}+.0012) +.015]+.0019|+.0023|+.0027|+.0031|+.0035 ae SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 185 TABLE 82. ee DUCTION OF PSYCHROMETRIC OBSERVATIONS. ENGLISH MEASURES. Pee =i; u’ — 32 Values of e = e’ — 0.000367 B (t — ?’) (: chisgenee ) B = 30.00 5 = = t—? , t 0.0 11 12 13 14 16 17 18 19 20 E- Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. | Inches. 60° | AexAB}+.0041}+.0045|+.0049 +.0060|+.0063/+.0067|+.0071}+.0075 60° | 0.522 | 0.399 | 0.388 | 0.376 | 0.365 0.343 | 0.331 | 0.320 | 0.309 | 0.298 0.354 61 +541 0.418 | .406 | -395 | -384 |. .373 | -301 | -350 | 3301) .328 || 317 62 560 | .437 | .426 | .415 | .403 | .302 BOT ||| SOS 5 On eeS AT eso 63 580 | .457 | -446 | -435 | -423 | -412 | .401 | .3900 | .37 367 | .356 64 601 | .478 | .466 |] .455 | .444 | -433 | -422 | .410 | .3909 | .388 | .377 65 .623 | -499 | .488 | .476 | .465 | .454 | .443 | -431 | .420 |] .409 | .398 66 645 | .521 -510 | .498 | .487 | .476 | .465 | .453 | .442 | .431 -420 67 667 | -544 | .532 | -521 | .510 | -400 | .487 | .476 | .465 | .454 | .442 68 601) |) -5O7 al e550) | 1-544 |" 5330 522 | SEEN 400) |) 2480-477 leeAOO 69 7S SOL 50! | 508 9.557) |) -540 1 2535, 1 52S Sik2 all 5 OM eZOO 70 2740)1|) -OLONI| 605) |-503 || -5S2 fF -57E | 8-550 540 |) 92537 11-5 20m asa, 71 766 | .64r | .630 | .619 | .608 | .506 | .585 | .574 | .562 | .S5r | 7a lens) 19.1 222 maps 28.7 31.9 BoA ete Of c7 rod 13.5 16.9 2On2 230 27KO 30.4 Sele 7 BOM jeat EOE in |e S) mT 2A 25e On ll e25:10 Bom Ber Bots), ll Wal || TS? TS pel 18.9 227 20 AM EON 34.0 37.8 ANOLON L2sOMlOuon || 2020 ZA OM 2OnOn| 3250 36.0 39.9 ARSE Bee D2 7a Gn Gia) 2h ak Ase | Aoja(Oy I) Rrehars: 38.0 42.2 AS | O29 | E3ed, (027.8. |) 2203 POSS es Ue 2mlecaicey7 40. 2 44.6 4.7 9.4 14.1 18.9 23.6 25m mi esa sOn aia 42.4 Aiak Di Om I LOLON TA Ol terOuOn | 2Aeo 290.9 | 34.8 | 39.8 44.8 49.8 Gos ||) AKO TSO ztOm| e202 Bh Sele Oso | 4250 47.3 52.5 Sos bee nO. 6 |) - 2202 Ul ang 33.2 2858.) 443 49.9 55.4 Ronit Mi Lye 5 |eeeuan i agua im Uae a) | 4Osg) |), AG. 7 52.6 58.4 Or2a re. @ i tS.5 i)e240- 3018 | 36.0) | Agr | 40.3 55-4 61.6 GS metoe nl LOn5 0 |e20noesouA! Beas onl arial inc 58.4 64.9 6.8 ese, 20.5 Basi es air2 ATMON | PATON SAG 61.5 68.4 | Gee AeA | 2ES OU 2Gn8o 626500 Nl 432) | 50.4) 57.6 64.8 72.0 (Ome oe heeea Nl nsOsslearagN, Ags |) sao: | 60.6 68.2 75.8) | Sn | E500 e230) maine misono) | 47.8 | 55.8) | 6208 Ted, 79-7 8.4 HOS erie Gray Wee geis eae) SOn3 BOR all Oeal 75.4 83.8 SoS. HET Oy |) 2G eens daa. S20) Ole 7h eZ ONs 79.3 88.1 9.3 18.5 27 OM SY lae eA OS G5 On OAR Om eA cer 83.4 92.6 On 19.5 29.2 | 38.9 | 48.7 58.4 | 68.1 7 7O 87.6 07.3 OA) | AOS AL || Belg 9) || AKO). |] ying (pees erate |) Shin, G3 O250n| LO2m2 10:7) |) Bie || a2 | AIO meas H7, eA | Sst |) SSC VYORO |) soy) EUS) 42265) SSeS) Wea Saee i) 50.3 O70 |) Fs). || COs IOI.4 V2 7 teks) 1] Aga || Bisel | Aveta SOR FOO S257.) || NOANON | TOOsAe || anTSe> SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 86. RATE OF DECREASE OF VAPOR PRESSURE WITH ALTITUDE FOR MOUNTAIN STATIONS. (According to the empirical formula of Dr. J. Hann.) €, €,= Vapor pressures at an upper and a lower station respectively. h = Difference of altitude in meters. Difference of Altitude. a zs Difference of Altitude. e : Meters. Feet. 5. Feet. Meters. | Feet. 200 0506 : 8 5905 : 3400 ILI55 400 1312 : 5 : 3600 I1sit 600 1968 ; 8 : 3800 12467 800 2625 , : 4000 | 13123 tO to N ty ~ T000 120¢ 1400 1600 4500 14764 5000 16404 5500 18045 6000 | 10685 O OD Noo N aN OWT A On te W TABLE 87. DEPTH OF WATER CORRESPONDING TO THE WEICHT OF A CYLINDRICAL SNOW CORE 2.655 INCHES IN DIAMETER. (One-fifth pound equals 1 inch.) 02.03 .04 | .09 Inches. | Inches. Inches. Inches. | Inches. | Inches. Inches. | Inches. _ Inches. . OO sate 0.15 ©. 20 .40 -45 .60 | .65 | .70 .go | .95 .10 ers .20 -40 -45 .60 .65 470 -go -O5 .10 . 20 .40 .45 Oo S oO Onn ai it Ut o} 2 Nsw Os ty naAmnunmn on NHHO;O Oo O° ° hWwWh HO nHHO tb HHO onmowm bHHO Nee Oo NH eH O Nn He O bb HHO WwW COW CMW nanan unt oH eH O Nn HHO .60 | 10 . 60 .10 . 60 ~ 70 . 20 .70 . 20 .7O .9o | .40 .go .40 .gO mn OM md BWW ND hw WwW bb fb hw WwW bd bh Rw Ww bd “SI bi sT bv ST nnn wn RWW RWW tb Cw Cw maannn RWW bd RWW On .O' Or Oran now nn PRRWW td fm BWW bP O ° nmuonon .10 .60 .10 . 60 IO .20 .70 . 20 .70 . 20 .40 .QO .40 .go .40 HHH Ho SIND IAD onmnon SEDDON TAD N TIAANN TEND WN NOs YON bo naonmnnn NSIDDNN “TDA U1 Ww mw nun 1 IAD TIADNN mw in . 60 Io .60 IO .60 ~ a 70 . 20 a8 .20 .70 .gc .40 | go | .40 .9O ~womn Hee 00 MMs] nondon ann nn C0 MOn! oo nmnMmn 00 ~7On~ ~“IN™sT N~I nmnnunn 00 MMOs Ooo wmOn~ MW MW namnunn 00 OMmn~! oo ~WMOn~! © 0 Io | 40 go -40 | go 40 O° Mw Cw annnn yvnnnNhd oO oumownm Oro or or Or Ns NON ND nnn on Ww COW MW O° Oo os oo . gO -40 -go .40 . go Cw mnurn 0 7 -3 -4 5 6 8 9 0 ° I 3 4 ey 6 7 8 9 ynynnN “Ion nyn non wn on nonmnoon nnn n DH AH OO aAnnwnn SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 202 TABLE 88. DEPTH OF WATER CORRESPONDING TO THE WEIGHT OF SNOW (OR RAIN) COLLECTED IN AN 8-INCH GACE. (One pound equals 0.5507 inch. ) Weight | 00 | .01 | .02 | - Inch. Inch. .OI . 06 ake a7, nas to oO Oo mor 0 I 3 4 2 6 7 8 9 ne Ww ‘ un tb & WwW Ww nan on Ow + 0 Ww healt (t | TABLE 89. QUANTITY OF RAINFALL CORRESPONDING TO CIVEN DEPTHS. Gallons per acre. | in- ic i | : ( Depth af ain Cubic inches PE abe fet EF ACT. eg Stats or | dpi Tons pes ag (9o00 Queen Anne. Imperial (British). ul ere to Se 0.0l 62726.4 | 36.3 273.5 226 1.1 0.02 125453- 72.6 543- A52 203 0.03 188179. 108.9 815. 678 3.4 0.04 250905. 145.2 1086 904 4.5 | 0.05 313632. 181.5 1358. 1130 5-6 0.06 370358 217.8 1620. 1356 6.8 0.07 439084 254.1 1900. 1582 7.9 | 0.08 501810 290.4 2171. 1808 9.0 |. - 0.09 564536 326.7 2442 2034 10.1 ° 2 363.0 2715 2261 Pies 0.25 1508160. 907.5 6789. 5652 0.50 3136320. 1815. 13677 11303 56. 0.75 4704480. DU 22 20306. 169055 85. 1.00 6272640. 3630. 27154. 22607 Ish 1525 7840800. | 45398- 33043- 28250 141. | {.50 9408960. 5445- 40371. 33911 170. wT. 75 10977120. 6352. 47520. 39563 198. 2.00 12545280. 7260. 54300- 45214 226 2 | 14113440. 8168. 61007. 50866 255 2 15081600. 9075 67866. 56517 283 17249760. 9982. 746074. 62160 ste 18817920. | 10890. | 81463. 67821 330- 25090560. | 14520. | 108617. 90428 A452. 31363200. 18150 135772- 113035 565. 37635340. | 21780. | 162926. 135642 678. | SMITHSONIAN TABLES. = 203 GEODETICAL, TABLES. Value of gravity on the earth at sea level Relative acceleration of gravity at different latitudes Length of one degree of the meridian at different latitudes Length of one degree of the parallel at different latitudes Duration of sunshine at different latitudes Declination of the sun for the year 1899 Duration of astronomical twilight Duration of civil twilight OMe aRL wares Relative intensity of solar radiation at different latitudes. Mean intensity for 24 hours of solar radiation on a hori- zontal surface at the top of the atmosphere . Relative amounts of solar radiation received during the year on a horizontal surface at different latitudes Air mass, m, corresponding to different zenith distances of the SUIT ge aay eT koa! erm ee, Relativenilumimationbintensitiess.. scl ariel % ve. .6 Serie Je ~e TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE TABLE go Q2 93 94 OY) 100 IOI TABLE 90. VALUE OF GRAVITY ON THE EARTH AT SEA LEVEL. Sp = 978.039 (1 + 0.005294 sin? — 0.000007 sin” 2 ) = 980.621 (1 — 0.002640 cos 2 P + 0.000007 cos” 2 $) CMa ADuUwW bv Onfnv O HPWWWWWWWWNHHNNDND ND HO OANA DN H MOhOMN HATW SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 91. RELATIVE ACCELERATION OF CRAVITY AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. Ratio of the acceleration of gravity at sea level for each 10’ of latitude, to its acceleration at latitude 45°. Ml I — 0.002640 cos 2 + 0.000007 cos” 2p Fathite. | 10’ | 40’ ° -997367 | 0.997367 -997367 | 0.997367 -997368 | 0.997368 - 997369 - 997369 -997370 997371 -997371 997372 -997373 | -997374 -997376 | .907377 -9907378 | .997380 997381 997383 907385 997387 -997388 | .997390 - 997393 997395 -097397 | -997399 - 997402 - 997404 - 997407 997410 -997412 | 0.997415 997418 | 0.997421 -997424 997428 997431 907434 907438 997441 997445 -997449 997453 - 997456 997460 997465 -997469 -997473 -997477 | .997482 -997486 | .997491 997496 - 997500 - 997595 907510 | -997520 oon OO hwWNnNHO 997525 997531 997536 -997541 aC 997553 997558 997504 -997570 997570 | .997588 997594 - 997600 997607 997613 - 9 | .997626 997633 .997640 .997646 997653 : . 997667 -997674 - 997682 - 997689 - 997696 | -99771I .997719 -997727 997734 -997742 -997750 | 0.997758 997706 -997774 -997783 -997791 -997799 | -997808 997816 .997825 -997833 | -907842 -997851 | .997860 997869 997878 .997887 | .997896 997995 997915 997924 997934 907943 997953 -997962 | .997972 0.997982 .997992 .998002 .g98o0r2 . 998022 . 998032 . 99804 2 .998052 | .998063 . 998073 .998084 | .998004 .g98104 .gg81I5 .998126 .998137 .998148 .998150 .998170 .998181 .998192 . 998203 .998214 .998225 . 998237 .998248 .998260 .998271 .998283 .998204 . 998306 . 998318 - 998330 . 998341 - 998353 - 998365 998377 - 998389 .998402 998414 - 998426 . 998438 998451 . 998463 - 998476 - 998488 998501 998513 . 998526 . 998539 998551 - 998564 968577 - 998590 . 998603 .998616 . 998629 .998642 .998655 . 998669 . 998682 998695 .998708 998722 | 0.998735 | 0.998749 .998762 | .998776 .998789 . 998803 .998817 - 992830 .998844 .998858 .998872 .998886 .9988q9_ | .998Q13 998927 998041 998956 . 998970 .998984 | —.998998 -9QQOT2 - 999026 999041 -999955 - 999069 999034. . 9990908 . 9QQTI2 999127 -QQQI41 - 999156 -999170 . 999185 -999199 -999214 999229 999243 -999258 999273 . 999288 . 999302 - 999317 9990332 999347 999362 - 999377 999392 999406 999421 999436 -999451 . 999466 -999482 | .990407 999512 999527 999542 . 900557 -999572 -999587 . 999602 999618 999633 999648 999663 -999678 -999604 - 999709 999724 - 999739 -999755 - 999770 999785 . 999801 999816 999831 -999847 | .999862 . 999877 - 999893 999908 - 999923 - 999939 - 999954 - 999969 - 999985 . Q00000 . QOOOTS I. 000031 . 000046 . COOOOI . 000077 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 91. RELATIVE ACCELERATION OF GRAVITY AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. Ratio of the acceleration of gravity at sea level for each to’ of latitude, to its acceleration at latitude 45°. I — 0.002640 cos 2 ++ 0.000007 cos? 2p Latitude. $ 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 50 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 ie) 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 oO’ I. COO000 092 184 276 368 I. 000459 549 630 728 816 I. 000904 0990 1075 1159 1241 I. 001322 1401 1478 1554 1628 I. 001700 1770 1837 1903 1966 1.002026 2085 2140 2104 2244 I .,002202 2330 2378 2418 2454 1.002487 2517 2544 2568 2589 I. 002607 2621 2632 2041 2645 1.002647 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. I I I 10’ . OOOOTS 108 200 291 383 . 000474 564 654 743 831 . 00918 1004 1089 1173 1255 - 001335 1414 1491 1567 1640 . 001712 1781 1848 1913 1976 . 002036 2004 2149 2202 2252 . 002299 2344 2385 2424 2460 . 002492 2522 2548 2572 2592 . 002609 2623 2634 2642 2646 = | Lael - 20’ . 000031 123 215 307 398 .coo48Q 579 669 758 846 . 000933 1018 T103 1186 1268 . 001348 1427 1504 1579 1652 . 001723 1792 1859 1924 1986 . 002046 2104 2158 2207 2260 . 002307 2351 2392 2430 2405 . 002407 2527 2553 2576 2505 . 002612 2625 2636 2643 2646 208 - 30’ . 000046 138 230 322 413 . 000504 594 684 773 860 - 000047 1033 1117 1200 1282 . 001362 1440 1517 I591 1664 . 001735 1804 1870 1935 1996 . 002056 2113 2167 2219 2268 . 002314 2358 2308 2436 2471 . 002502 2531 2557 2579 2508 002614 2627 2637 2643 2647 a = Ln = ‘nl 40’ . COOOCOT 153 246 337 428 . 000519 609 699 787 875 . OOOQOT 1047 II31 1214 12905 - 001375 1453 1529 1604 1676 .COI747 1815 1881 1945 2007 . 002066 22 I I 2 2 An OD NNN N 7 2 7 . 002322 2365 2405 2442 2476 . 002507 2536 2501 2582 2601 . 002617 2620 2638 2644 2647 I et e e 50’ . 000077 169 201 352 444 . 000534 624 713 802 889 . 000976 IOOL 1145 22 1308 . 001388 1466 1542 1616 1088 .COr758 1826 1892 1955 2017 . 002075 2131 2185 2236 2284 . 002329 2372 2411 2448 2482 . 002512 2540 2564 2586 2604 . 002619 2631 26390 2645 2647 TABLE 92. LENGTH OF ONE DEGREE OF THE MERIDIAN AT DIFFERENT Latitude. Meters. ° 110 568.5 110 568.8 110 569.8 I10571.5 110 573-9 110 577.0 110 580.7 110 585.1 110 590.2 110 595.9 OMNIA APWNHHO 110 602.3 110 609.3 110 617.0 110 625.3 110 634.2 110 643.7 110 653.8 110 664.5 110675.7 110 687.5 110 699.9 110 712.8 110 726.2 110 740.1 110 754.4 110 769.2 110 784.5 110 800. 2 110 816.3 110 832.8 110 849.7 110 866.9 110 884.4 110 902.3 110 920.4 110 938.8 110 957-4 110976.3 110 995.3 III O14.5 III 033.9 III 053.4 III 073.0 III 092.6 III 112.4 TEP 132.1 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. LATITUDES. Geographic Miles. Latitude. V of the Eq. Meters. Ilr 32.0 III 151.9 III 171.6 III 191.3 III 210.9 III 230.5 III 249.9 III 269.2 III 288.3 III 307.3 III 326.0 IIT 344.5 III 362.7 III 380.7 III 497.0 III 512.0 III 526.5 III 540.5 III 554.1 III 567.1 III 579.7 III 591.6 III 603.0 I1I 613.9 III 624.1 III 633.8 III 642.8 III 651.2 III 659.0 III 666.2 III 672.6 III 678.5 III 683.6 III 688.1 III 691.9 III 695.0 III 697.4 ILI 699.2 III 700.2 III 700.6 Geographic Miles. 1’ of the Eq. 59.898 59.908 59-919 59-929 59-940 59-951 59-961 59-972 59-982 59-992 60.002 60.012 60.022 60.032 60.041 60.051 60,060 60.069 60.077 60.086 60.094 60. 102 60.110 60.118 60.125 60.132 60.139 60.145 60.151 60.157 60. 163 60.168 60.173 60.177 60.182 60. 186 60.189 60. 192 60.195 60.197 60.199 60. 201 69.202 60.203 60.204 60.204 TABLE 93. LENGTH OF ONE DEGREE OF THE PARALLEL AT DIFFERENT Latitude. Meters, | ee 0° III 321.9 I III 305.2 2 III 254.6 3 III 170.4 4 III 052.6 5 II10 9OI.2 6 110 716.2 7 110 497.7 8 110 245.8 9 109 960.5 10 109 641.9 II 109 290. I 12 108 905.2 13 108 487.3 14 108 036.6 15 107 553-1 16 107 037.0 17 106 488.5 18 105 907.7 19 105 294.7 20 104 649.8 Dir 103 973.2 22 103 205.0 23 102 525.4 24 IOI 754.6 25 100 953.. 26 100 120.6 27 99 257.8 28 98 364.8 29 97 441.9 30 96 489.3 31 O5 507.3 2 94 496.2 33 93 456.3 34 92 397-9 35 QI 291.3 36 90 166.8 37 89 014.8 38 87 835.6 39 86 629.6 40 85 397.0 4I 84 138.4 42 82 854.0 43 SI 544.2 44 80 209.4 45 78 850.0 GMITHBONIAN TABLES. Statute Miles. 69.171 69.162 69.130 69.078 69.005 68.911 68.796 68.660 68.503 68.326 68.128 67.909 67.670 67.411 67.131 66.830 66.510 66. 169 65.808 65.427 65.026 64.606 64.166 63.706 63.227 62.729 62.212 61.676 61.121 60.548 59.956 59-345 58.717 58.071 57-407 56.726 56.027 55.311 54.578 53-829 53-063 52.281 51.483 50.669 49.840 48.995 LATITUDES. Geographic Miles. Latitude. Meters. 1’ of the Eq. 78 850.0 77 466.5 76059.2 74 628.5 73.174-9 71 698.9 70 200.8 68 681.1 67 140.3 65 578.8 63 997-1 62 395.7 60 775.1 59 135-7 57 478.1 55 802.8 54 110.2 52 400.9 50 675.4 48 934-3 47 178.0 45 407.1 43 622.2 41 823.8 40 012.4 38 188.6 36 353-0 34 506.2 32 648.6 30 780.9 28 903.6 27 O17.4 2512259 23 220.4 21 310.8 19 394.6 17 472.4 15 544-7 13 612.2 11 675.5 9735-1 7791.7 5 845.9 3 898.3 1 949.4 0.0 Statute Miles. 48.995 48.135 47.261 46.372 45.469 44.552 43.621 42.676 41.710 40.749 39.766 38.771 37-764 36.745 35-715 34.674 33.622 32.560 31.488 30.406 29.315 28.215 27.106 25.988 24.862 23-729 22.589 21.441 20.287 19.126 17.960 16.788 15.611 14.428 13.242 12.051 10.857 9.659 8.458 7-255 6.049 4.841 3.632 2.422 1.211 0.000 Geographic Miles. 1 of the Eq. | 42.498 41.753 40.994 40.223 39-440 38.644 37-837 37.018 36.187 35-346 34-493 33-630 32-757 37.873 39.979 30.076 29.164 28.243 27.313 26.374 25.428 24.473 23.511 22.542 21.566 20.583 19.593 18.598 17.597 16.590 15.578 14.562 13.541 12.515 11.486 10.453 9-417 8.378 7-337 6.293 5-247 4.200 B15 2.101 1.051 0.009 TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. LATITUDE NORTH. Decloaton 0 the Sun. | 10° 15° 20° 20 z — 23° 27’ — 23 20 —23 0 —22 40 —22 20 —22 0 —21I 40 —21I 20 -—21 0 —20 40 20) 120 OO) —19 40 —18 —18 —18 —17 —16 —16 — 16 —15 —14 —14 —I4 SINT Ss Ow mO & Ww oo Co IU & £4 WO NO NN™NONNNONN™NONNNO NNN NNN NNN ONNN NNN NNN NNN ONNNY ONIN NN OTST GMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. LATITUDE NORTH. Declination 0 the Sun. B 3 OOD OOM OWM non w BHnX HH OOn 3 So NPR WOWNND NOW DNOnN _ > On Row no OOD 00M ODMH WMH How Wwowown wo Www wv NH © _ ne aS Oo WwW = NH H Now 4 4 4 4 S 5 5 5 9 40 9 43 9 46 9 48 9 51 9 54 9 56 9 59 2 5 7 10 12 15 Nw won WwW WwW nn wn CODD ODD DOD 0O0D 00MM DHMH DHODW Wo ff NI W f O WO Ree + H on NO i] ° nan ans NP HOD WON S on “N H ° = om Hom OO Ooo OOM an aAabhp on nO DD = ° BO bo st Cw wom H ° 4 ° 5 Io 8 Io II H ° WONHN HHH OAR ONH AbK eal ° i al ° ° H O° Nd aan WW WHNHN H HH anf O DWO NH LON WOM HOR ODN ORO DnDY IO 15 Io 18 IO 2I np BHW W NwWHOD ND nn Ro NO AnAN IO 25 10 28 IO 31 10 34 IO 37| 10 31 IO 40| I0 34 10 43 | 10 37 10 46} Io 40 10 49| 10 44 IO 52; 10 47 I0 55| 10 50 I0 58] 10 53 Ww wo on oro AD 4 OWODD OOD 0DD OOO 00M DNHNM DNM HDHD DHOY YYY SNS STS “ON ON rs - XN HH oO a How oo on NIG 0 LS} NIG HHH o0o°o = ° SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. LATITUDE NORTH. Rachoaton 0 the Sun. — 8° 0/ —7 40 —7 20 —6 40 —6 20 —6 oO —5 40 —5 20 —4 40 —4 20 oO 40 —3 20 oO 40 —2 20 fe) 40 —I1 20 o 40 20 0 +0 20 ° > ° 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 20 40 0 ors AAD and bhp e@® OH @Q HNN FH BMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 94. OURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. LATITUDE NORTH. 0 12°39) |/12 40) 1248" |)12 465) 12 49) | 12) 52) "12,56 13) (O | aaie 20 12) AO \| 12°43) 920461 12)495| 12°52 |129554) 12 Soul 135 Aaiaisnao 40 12) 43) | 124464 24g) roe 5 2a toe S54) T2059) 113 osteoma 0 12°45, L2eASe oe hte | eS 5a | 12 55) Toe 2 slr se 7s lero Teele ity 20 12°47 | 12-50 aoe 5 Ano 6S elses 2 seo: |S ek Seon lenoeeo 40 12) 50) (12.53 | 0257 Prise ri. 95 3S TO) | 13 s4n| eezor ereez6 0 12553) (12656 |r 2Somirsee Aa ese Seo Ta) Ta. oul Mige24 pie mom 20 £2) 550/002) SOuleseoe| Tome 7a lle isle TomerOn Lae 22a amo Sm eleae sy 4o 12,58) (603) ase se | eeron seas Tay con hrs 26u| ieee 25 igeeo 0 13. 07113) Ala Salis eraa ra 18) \1 323813) 20, lea sonlpuaen ONIN ADO ANS ARP WHO W HNN HH™ OO Declination of the Sun. yl 42° 44° 46° 48° 50° | 52° 54° 56° 58° 60° ey TEs | dices oy || acacia Tad al nk era ey tLe) tae | h. TONIC aL peter pe atone — 8° O72 [it wr tr 27 ar 33 |r 58) | 10°53) || or 48) | 10) 434 ropa Og) LOngoN| Loge —7 40 Lr Ie reToW TE 95) tr | 10°57 | 10) 52) 101 A468) LO AOu Ons Ae ELON26 —7 20 DE TOM Ur wr Str {AN rr JO | 1055) stor 50) |eLOnAAg Gon som omar —-7 oO EE TOM Mt Se Tr Th 71h | 3 | 10.59) (io; 545 TOrASe | orAza eons —6 40 Il 2h tr 17 ih i4 |r to }1l 7 | tr 2 to 58 (ter52") tone TO fo | —6 20 LIe2Vie2OW le 170) Lhe Le LOT Selprke ey eOus OnlerOes ira BkOes's —6 0 L2G) TT 23 Tl 2Oq er Ton Lr 13) rk (OF Rie 5 || PEON TORS 5a TOR 5o —5 40 Tie 287) 1 25) \.t 23h eg Ir TO rr 13) a) Pie Aa TORS OR TONS 5 —5 20 MS Te PLM e2Oe lr 25) eles ale The LO) || Tiled Ory Te mT | leToerOia |S lea ORS © —-5 Oo Tele 33 ieee al | ee 2 Ot tae S eT 235 || eT Tenn O ete T metal ele lame a eee Ome |S TmeZ —4 40 DLS 5e plaster sr eer Sal) tere OO) Tete 22% oreo fleraOMs ies Temte sa Teles —4 20 Lt 38s ile Sonik oA rr or eI 29) | 26) | ere 235 |e 2O ul hie 7m | ereleeng —4 0 II 40 | 11 38 | II 37 | It 34 | II 32 | 11 30 | II 27 | II 24 | 11 21 | II 18 —3 40 Eh Ash Il Ar 11.39 | 1h 37 1035 | 1l 33h st Wr 25) Laon ene 22 —3 20 TieAS he As EE A2 eri 4Og| le 8S. pre 27a chi a5 || res2m ie som mise 27 —3 Oo I Ay Mr eAG eure 45, el, AS ste A214 |r es8) | res Ga ited seis —2 40 LI 50 | It AQ | 11°47 | 10 AG | IU. 45 |. 11 -A4 1d 42) | TE Aon) TiS: | 1 a7 —2 20 WL 520/000 05 ee 5On LL AQueLh AS a/b 7 ere A On| A Ale eet 23 i eter —2 0 TE 55 (5A ae Sen err S620) It 52st 50 eno tl Asal Aga eka G —1! 40 Ee 57 LT SOULE 55 Er 55 (Lessa kh SAa eel Sou Lh 52 bleh ees oO —I 20 LL, 59° tr SOM Tr 58) 11 58 (ar 58. hin 57 | 11 57 iP e5Ou il 5Orleeres5 —I o T2020 Oe Oleh De eT er eT aD Ta e122 es eh Os 2 Om | ola yO) —0 40 TQ IAS 2 eA 12 AL 2 SrA Ton AN oT 20 Amel All el ees oan ee —o 20 12) Fi C2 eto, 7 a eee To eae Ou oe eon I Aon haa +0 0 E21) 2S tOel2 LOMsTOeTON 2 elo! jl 2T capi ie | eD2e 2 era ere 20 L2 TL ro 02) To Ts ro rsa) 12) 140) TS TAG ees) |2 TOs sree oak 40 121A | APTA IO eS hroerG nao 07, | T217e ete ero) |pl2) 205) et252 te era: 0 L2) Ge |ER2ar 7 T2812 19M 1220) SI 2e 2a e522 || 2no4 a ieee aeo 20 12: 1Os|312"20 ho) 202 220 |sr2. 23) | 112725 /' 0226, || Fran 20a 2 online 40 MPH OAL |i I Wa) oA} | 307) Ie aed le) || ot) aio}. || 13 Gio) acy 2 | ta) Syl | a) iy 0 E2234) 1225 || 1226 ||| 12.28 12°29 | 12: 31 |12 034) | 12036) ino 35eim2 Ax 20 12 26) 't2028 2-208] 12 37) 12°32 2035 412037 | 12) Aorta AgeiiewAG 4o 12) 28:12" 308) 12) 32112341 12 36 | 12) 38 | m204 | P2 AAT esa 250 0 12) 30 12 32) 12935 1S 37 12°39) 12 Ar ola2e4A. | 12 Asa esr a ies 20 T2 Z25 TAP s5 lero aValero Ao 12 AD) | T2UA 5a m2eAS. | l2e520 oes 5a els @ 40 124357) 120338 \("2 4owl 12.43, | 12.46) 12 Ag: |n2-52))| 12 567s. on eisees 2 40° 113) 5) 13: 191) 13, 14S | 03 ston 1325, is Sk Wisne7 |) 1st ees i SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. ——— LATITUDE NORTH. Declination th °s e Sun. 0° 5° | 10° | ele 20° 25% 30° 35° 40° ep. hoe mn: ey rns heen. ihm: em: Joly. Saal, he ems | hen. +8° 0” 12s Falters eT eon ae, oT | ES 329) 12 Ag | no 5e8) gens 8 20 1 G]|| ates 13 || FIG) eye || 1 NN ee) Me al ae) iS a ae 8 40 12s Ja 2a. OG reno n erase n i240 12) A8 | 52 57 reeS 9 0 TO eres ON eT n OO ela aAnn 2 Ae |r 2)) 500 (era 5On | 13 elo g 20 12 LOC Onl O eon man 2e ahs eT 2 AS To) 52-1 13) eallenaene g 40 IPe 7 LOA elon EROCOSm Te n2o, | t2.440 | T2539) | ges os ailaratad| 10 O LOM Ee LGAs hOeOr ole 2omip na. 377) || 12 45 2255. | 13. os) sleksaty IO 20 T2222 on eee on ie 12) 33) 112 “4:7 On ea 7a a 10 40 WA) 9) |) 303 AWA || SR ey. || Ty SXoy || sais Koy) aeelarsks) 258 | 13 9 | 13 22 iio L272 es 23 | 12 31 | 12 40 | 12 49 | 12 59 | 13 11 | 13 24 II 20 Te Fee L2es Poe Ere 2 MelOrAT sek? SO eras oe reer | 13 26 II 40 FD gfe 2eeLS Dye pleme 2 elena 2 | T2528 oO lire Tee | B29 120 Pen oot 2 eeer rs As Tein ins 4. | rere ena 12) 220 G2 eTOn ease Anon eEnoN AA | T2155 4) 13) 160i) Tato ema I2 40 er 7a PLORTON | Pleo res OR nat w AG | T2v56) 13) G(s ome erates 6 [3 0 127 SL 2LOM | Toe lo euomo ne hen. AG) | 1215/7, 2) (OU RIS) 23 uleisaeS 13 20 12 7) | 216) | |s122 26 eee Ow eI2eA7, | k2)-58 Z°LE: | 53) 25.4) aes 13 40 Ro 7 12 07 0) hen 27) | ee ayey T2498 | 13. 0. | 13 13° 13°27 awa aaN 14 0 2, a) || aie ae Mae) S84\ m2 do: 13 ) H o one wb Non b NH on 13 13 12 nee I2 11 II II 2 lanl tO ION HH oO DDD AN UUNn HEH WWW NH nb HW od OW bh t2 G2 Ge Bob ee wo ww WnhH o v on 3 4 4 4 4 5 ) 5 5 5 6 6 6 6 6 6 7 7 fl 7 7 7 8 8 G2 Ge Ge Oa dN MwWwo - MW anf O02 to GO NH mMnMm WN H HN & ONIN NNN DAD DUNN UALPH LOW to om ROHN DNHM OAM IYWWUIAA ADAUNUH NAL PRW WWH HHH = “NI MOM III UIADAD DAA UNUM FARE OHH NDNA NNN NN DD DDD Vn DDD une LHHW nonw RW ONO > - eon Dm HW UU NN Go An DH WH AN NAD AO 0 0 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 218 TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. LATITUDE NORTH. Beclinalion inersunt Gil 622363 64° 65° he ms |hyeri |phee mie Pire ean) | em: 1017|1012|10 7|1I0 2} 956 10 22|1017|1013|10 8|I0 2 10 27 | 10 23] 10 18] 10 13| Io 8 IO 32 | 10 28 | Io 23 | 10 19 | 10 14 10 37 IO 29) 10 25 | 10 20 10 42 38 | 10 34 | 10 31 | Io 26 10 47 IO 40 | I0 36 | Io 32 Lal nO | o 10 52 10 45 | Io 41 | 10 38 10 56 IO 50} I0 47 | 10 44 Tela 10 56| 10 53 | 10 50 | nr 1 ieee PU in 6 eet Te 16 nit G/ II 16 TZ ladles ons Il 21 II II 26 II Lies T II Tess II II 40 II II 45 it II 50 II II 55 II II eee al ealre lis sal dell HH™= NNN WO | ° 12 I2 I2 I2 | ° °o I2 12 12 + O° 12 36 12 41 12 46 12 52 12 57 32 ed 13 13 13 18 13 23 13 29 13 34 13 40 13 45 13, 50 13 56 ead 14 42 EA ed 14 49 14 13 14 57 14 18 15 4 14 23 14 37| 14.45 15 12| 55 23 | cow DDH unio AR RP WOWO@W HNN HH— ° SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 20 219 TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. LATITUDE NORTH. Decination 0 the Sun. 75° o> OOD DOOM MOO NNN NY: m. 17 28 39 50 I 12 23 34 44 35 5 15 26 36 46 56 6 16 ONINW ADD UNG ARR WWW HDNND HH— BmMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 94. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DIFFERENT LATITUDES. cecmnation 0 the Sun. QMITHBONIAN TABLES. 221 TABLE 94. - TABLE 95. DURATION OF SUNSHINE AT DECLINATION OF THE SUN FOR DIFFERENT LATITUDES. THE YEAR 1899, AT GREEN- WICH APPARENT NOON. D f 2 - Declination LATITUDE NORTH. Month Jan. feb. Mar. a a the\Sun.5| (sqm | eareeee an eae peck | NE ° vA ° J ° / ° ° ° ° ° E230 On Se eee SS 71 72 73 yi 74 75 ees 44 | (Gh ae Gian hm. am | tm | mm | mmf |] 2 | 22 22) 5 16) 6 74 + 8° O70 15 35))15 50:16 5 |16r23°| 16 44 13 21 28| 13 19 ese 8 20 115 44 | 15 59 | 16 16 | 16 35 | 16 57 | 8 400115537) 16°" ko) 16.26 | 16.46 || £7 -10 16 20 550) ello ie 2 9 0116 3/16 19 | 16 37 | 16 58 | 17 23 0 ON Ot lip aoe 9 20 | 16 12 | 16 29 | 16 48 | 17 10 | 17 37 | - io eS e se ae 2 a8 9 “40 P1692201 16° 39 16594) 17 23 1751 | 27 Eo Sas Z, 38 10 “OM T6030) 16456) a7, IT \\t7 35 18) 5 30 17) BOSt aes 3045 10 2OUN1G 4) 17. OF 17) 22.117 Ao) 18° 20 | | | LO AOU 1G) SOL 7e bie) 1734918 22) 1836 Apr. May. June. Ut ROR igen 7c A7. Serb) | 18,52 Joes ee | Ee, EE ZOG ML / eles U7 Ae OO ul Toe st | sLQ™ OU r [+4 4° 34/|415° 67 oF yy, Se eae oan | Ae SAN siglo 22° 4 Ll AO 7 22nin7eA5 Sil Loe 4 ON on 27, 4 5 43| 15 59] 22 27] 12 0 [17 32/17 57 | 18 26/19 1 | 19 46] 7 6: 51| 16 50| 22 46 I2 20 |17 43 |18 9|18 40/19 18|20 7 10 7d 159) 7 39) I2 40 | 17 55 | 18 22 | 18 55 | 19 35 | 20 29 | 13 9 4] 18 24) 23 13| 13 0 |18 6/18 35 | 19 II | 19 54 | 20 95 | 16 lo 9] “16, 97a. 32) 13 20 | 18 18 | 18 49 | 19 26 | 20 14 | 21 23 19 11 12| 19 47| 23 26 13 40,1 18 30 |'19.921| 19.43") 2035 | 21 59 21 If 153:|) 20 602) oa eer, 14 01418 43 19 17 \|20 L)21 © 22 50 24 T2453 20 47 23 25 14 20 | 18 561] 19 33 | 20 20 | ay 28 27 13 Sa 21 19) 22) 20)! I4 40 JI9 I0 | I9 49 | 20 41 | a2 2 30 14 48 | 20 47 23) 501 15 O [19 24]20 7|21 5 | 22 52 15 20 [19 40 | 20 26 | 21 32 July. Aug. Sept. 15 40 [19 55 | 20 46] 22 § | 16 O | 20 13 | 21 10 | 22 54 B23" 7 | SOR ets all ly ) LO6 20) 1208278) 21836 4 22 153) | Mole ks 7 me Tee 16 40 | 20 51] 22 8 7 22 36) 16 26 6 4 10 22ST 5a 205 e345 eS 17 O 21 13, |) 22 56 13 2I 50 14 4o eA 17 20 | 21 39 17 40 | 22 11 16 21 22/ 13 44 2 38 re 19 20 51 I2 46 I 28 21 202 I2 7|+ 0 42 76° didi 78° 79° 80° 24 19 2 II 6|—0 29 27 TOMS eOmmrA: I 39 te 8° OTN 17 995) 17 39 18916) hoe 15) | 2001s 30 18 31 @) © 2 49 | 8 20 [17 23 | 17 55 | 18 35 | 19 29 | 20 50 | 8 40 ]17 38 | 18 12 | 18 56 | 19 56 | 21 33 en Neo ee 9 0 [17 53 | 18 30 | 19 17 | 20 25 | 22 35 = 9 20 718 8 | 18 48 | 19 41 | 20 59 od Ona ai| @: coy oe I [— 3° 12’/—14° 27/|\—21° 50 9 40 [18 25/19 81/20 6] 21 go 4 4 ao | 1s) 24|) eo a6 10 O | 18 41 | 19 28 | 20 31 | 22 39 a Set LON sos eooea'S Io 20 | 18 59 | 19 50] 21 6 10 6: ©4011) 7 TO hi22 56 IO 40 [19 18 } 20 15 | 21 46 13 7 eeASH elon AkOn 22 aelO [1-0 19.38 | 20 41. hao 4 16 8 55| 18 46] 23 20 | (EX 20 19 59)| 21 13 , 19 fey 0) 108) Ye) || ey 2S | II 40 | 20 23 | 21 50 21 LOy 143)" 19)856))) 2327 12 O | 20 49 | 22 46 24 Th Az \) 201935)|) 230826 12°20 21 19 27 Wy key) Ae) || HRY G30) he ito) | ag x 30 135 FA9Nl 2510) se2 seo | SMITHSONIAN TABLES. NX bo to TABLE 96. DURATION OF ASTRONOMICAL TWILICHT. (Interval between sunrise or sunset and the time when the true position of the sun’s center is 18° below the horizon.) NORTH LATITUDE. | | 10° 20°| 25°|30°}32° 34° | 36° 38° 40°] 42°| 44° | 46°| 48° 50° Jhom hem) hom.) bh mph om. fh. m. ho moh. moh. mph. om.) bom. fh. om.) h, om. h, m. I4|I I5|1 18}r 27\1 2641 28| 1 29/1 31|1 34|1 374% 41)! 45|I 49/1 53|1 59 14|I 14|I 18|I 21}r 2591 27)1 29|1 31|1 33|1 3041 39/1 43|1 47/7 Sol 57 13|1 13|E 17|1 20|% 2341 25/1 28\1 30\1 32|1 34 38|1 41\/I 45|1 49|1 54 12|I 12|/I 15|1 18/1 22 24) 1 26/1 28/1 30/I 3341 36/1 39| 1 43|/I 47/1 52 rI}r 12|r 14|r 17|X 21}1 23/1 25/2 27/1 29\1 3241 34/1 37|1 41/1 45/1 49 To| I I1| 1 13|I 16/1 207% 22/1 24/1 26|1 28\1 31] 33/1 36|1 40/1 44/1 48 Io| I ale 13|I 16|1 20 1] I 23) 25|1 28)r 3041 33/1 36|1 30/1 43)! 48 09| I 10| I 13|I 16|1 IgPX 21/L 23) 25/1 28\1 3091 33/1 36/1 39/1 43)1 48 og\I I0}I 13\1 16/1 20f1 22|r 24| 1 26|2 29/1 3141 34/2 37/1 4I\I 45} 50 | | 09} I 11) 1 14|/I 17/1 2191 23\1 25|I 27|I 30/1 33 36) 1 40|I 44/1 49) 2 541 TO|E) P| £5 Qlx 22hz 24/1 27/1 30\I 33|1 36]1 39\1 43)! 48|I 54|2 00 II|/Z 12|L 16|}r 20]/1 244T 27) 1 29/1 32|1 36/1 39}1 43)! 48|I 54/2 o1|2 08| I 13/I 18|/r 22\1 2 Z0/ I 33 36|1 30\1 43/1 48) 1 54|2 O1|2 I0|2 20} TH Ldc LOVE 241 Ls 33|\ 1 36|/1-40|1 43 48}1 54|2 O1|2 10/2 20/2 35 215 £5) b 20) x 26|I 3 6) 30|I 43) 48|1 54]2 O1| 2 I0|2 20/2 35/2 58 | | | | | | r4\1 16/1 23/1 28|/1 35}1 38\1 ATT 40) E52) 1° 5992 07| 2 18| 2 31| 2 54 15|I 171 24|1 29 3611 40/1 44/1 49/1 55|2 02 12|2 23|2 40/3 11 I5|I 18|1 24/1 29|1 3 41/1 45|I 50/1 56|2 032 13)2 25) 2 44/3 19 | ie sa Coin wit 24 = 20) £3 40|I 44|I 49/1 55/2 02 12| 2 23] 2 rae Io TA\t TOla 2g) E 26/1 36 38/1 41\1 ae 52|I 59)2 07\2 18|2 31\2 54 13/I I5|1 21/1 20\1 3 36,1 39/1 43\1 48|1 54] 2 O1|2 10\2 ale 36| 3 00 | | | | 13|\I 14|I 19g|t 24|1 3 33\ 1 36) 4o\1 44|1 48 54| 2 02)| 2 10) 2 20| 2 35 12\I 13|1 18/1 22)1 2 30| I 33)1 36/1 39\1 43 48) 1 54|2 OI|2 10] 2 20 II|I 12|1 16|1 20)1 2 27\1 301 33|1 36/1 3904 43)1 48| I 54/2 O1| 2 0g | PALM aN 2 thal er Le Me ae eed E 1o|r 11|r 14] 18) I 24\1 27|1 30|f 33/1 3042 39) 1 43) 1 48| I 53] 2 00 09\ I I1| 1 Taine LA 1. 23)5 25| I 27\1 30\I 33,1 30|1 39| 4 44\1I 49\I 54} og|I 10,1 13\1 16 22| 24| 1 26/1 29/1 314T 34)! 37\% aut 45|1 50 | | | | | | | | og|I 10/1 13/1 16.1 I 21\r 23/1 25/1 28/1 3091 33) 36| 1 39/1 43/1 48 TO|T I1|1 13\1 1O\t I 21\r 23|r 25/1 28/1 30 33\ 1 36| 30 43\1 48 Ol Gold 03) 0 LO} e t 22/1 24/1 26|1 28)1 31 33) 1 36|1 40/1 44|1 48 rrr 12) Tr I4|1 17 I 23\% 25\I 27/4 20\1 3241 34)t 38| I fale 46| 1 49 r2|1 12|1 16/1 18\1 24|1 26\1 28\1 30/1 3342 36/1 40\1 43)1 47 52 13|I 13/1 L7|/1 20 I 26/1 28) 30/1 32/1 35 38|1 42|1 40/1 49|1 55 ral [4|I 18)1 21 I 277k 29| 1 31\1 33|1 36]r 40,1 44 1 ab 2) eS 7 14/I 15|1 18|I 22\1 r 28/1 30|/1 32/1 34/1 37 I 41|1 45|i 49|)1 53|1 59 15) 0) LO} a =I 22,1 28| I Zoi a 35|1 38)t 42/1 45|1 49/1 54/1 59 SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 97. DURATION OF CIVIL TWILIGHT. (Interval between sunrise or sunset and the time when the true position of the sun’s center is 6° below the horizon.) , [Minutes.] NORTH LATITUDE. Date. ae SSS | | | o° pono 25°| 30°] 32°| 34° | 36°| 38° | 40°] 42° | 44° | 46’ | 48° 50° [saa Gea PRU J) ee ee Jan. 1 2p yu? Qe 27h aie) 2O)!l 29m | 2OMlh Onn sino ain es Ain es Og sO) II 22 A | AN BS | PLO | yp Nl PAs | ersIeI exe) || Sfov || Se Wl Ba || Bee tl Sey ly sth 21 22 Be Noa) Gala '26 Nf 265) 271827) | eoSuin omni ysON ers 2 le sau sda oy Feb. 1 20'4|eo oma zal 0 Humidity and pressure terms combined : — B= Barometric pressure in mm. ; ¢ = Vapor pressure in mm. 0.8553 .8566 -8579 .8592 .8605 0.8618 .8632 .8645 .8658 .8671 0.8684 .5697 .S7I1 .8724 8737 0.8750 .8763 .8776 .8790 .8803 0.8816 .8829 .8842 .8855 .8869 0.8882 .8895 .8908 .8921 5934 0.8947 .8960 .8974 .8987 .gO0o 0.9013 .9026 -9039 +9053 -9066 0.9979 .9092 -9105 .9118 -9132 0.9145 .9158 .QI7I -9184 -9197 05 ee == _ B- 0.375 760 BMITHSONIAN TABLES. h h h h hn | Log 760° h. 760 Log 760 h. 760 Log 566 —I10 mm. — 10 mm. — 10 9.93210 700} 0.9211 9.96428 750} 0.9868 9.99425 -93277 703 9224 -96490 751 .9882 -99483 -93341 702 -9237 96552 752 -9895 -99540 -93410 703 +9250 96614 753 -9908 .99598 -93476 704 -9263 96676 754 +9921 99656 9-93543 705 | 0.9276 9.96738 755 0.9934 9.99713 -93609 706 +9289 -96799 756 :9947 -99771 -93675 707 .9303 .96860 757 .9961 .99828 -93741 708 .9316 .96922 758 -9974 .99886 -93807 709 -9329 -96983 || 759 -9987 -99943 9.93873 710} 0.9342 9.97044 760 1.0000 0.00000 93939 711 +9355 -97106 761 0013 00057 -94004 712 .9368 .97167 762 .0026 .OOI14 -94070 713 .9382 97228 763 -0039 .OOI71 -94135 714 +9395 .97288 764 .0053 00228 9.94201 715} 0.9408 9.97349 765 1.0066 0.00285 -94266 716 .9421 .97410 766 .0079 .00342 -94331 717 9434 -97470 767 0092 00398 -94396 718 9447 -97531 768 0105 00455 -94461 719 .9461 .97592 769 .O118 .OO5 11 9.94526 720 | 0.9474 9.97652 770 1.0132 0.00568 94591 || 721 .9487 .97712 771 .O145 .00624 -94656 | 722 «9500 -97772 772 .0158 .00680 -94720 |} 723 -9513 -97832 773 .OI7I .00736 94785 | 724} .9526 -97892 | 774] .0184 -00793 9.94849 | 725 0.9539 9.97952 775 1.0197 0.00849 -94913 || 726 +9553 .g8012 776 .O2I1 .00905 -9497 727 .9566 .98072 GIP .0224 .00961 -95042 728 -9579 .98132 778 .0237 -OI1017 -95106 729 -9592 .QSIQI 779 .0250 .O1072 9.95170 730} 0.9605 9.98250 780 | 1.0263 0.01128 -95233 730 .9618 -98310 781 .0276 -O1184 -95297 732 .9632 .98370 782 .0289 .01239 -95361 733 9645 98429 783 -0303 01295 -95424 734 .9658 .98488 784 .0316 .01350 9.95488 735 | 0.9671 9.98547 785 1.0329 0.01406 695551 | 736 .9684 .98606 786 .0342 .O1461 | 95614 737 -9697 98665 787 -0355 -O1516 .95677 738 -Q71I .98724 788 .0368 .O1571 -95740 739 -9724 .98783 789 .0382 .01626 9.95804 740| 0.9737 9.98842 790 1.0395 0.01681 -95866 7AI -9750 .98900 791 .0408 .01736 -95929 742 -9763 -98959 792 -0421 -O1791 -95992 743 -9776 99018 793 0434 01846 -96054 744 -9789 99076 794 0447 -OIQOI 9.96117 745 | 0.9803 9.99134 795 1.0461 0.01955 .g6180 746 -9816 -99192 796 .0474 -02010 .96242 747 .9829 .99251 797 .0487 .02064 .96304 748 .9842 -99309 798 -0500 .02119 -96366 749 -9855 -99367 799 -0513 .02173 226 TABLE 108. ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR LINES IN THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM. Wave lengths Num- Wave lengths in Angstréms . in Angstréms 5915-628 EOUS ome 5OLO-0 2 ees oe Repeat A i rekeeie es avs SOOL-0) (5009.0). - «0 =~ - 5870.653 5871.2 5876.126 5877-3. —5879.2 | HK ONWHN WMO RNs NNOe OF OS Se Se eee NN 5919.0... sere eee eee | | | NUONNNNNEN Set) She Ole teneia) severe 5932-097 Rogie) SCV Xe)4 Seeing ain BSA OAS ir eveyar sinless ciel ees yerm i= ESA CaS Cr ce ot Pepa wis caer sien 5941.080 OMe aes etat to eres mrt BOAM LOS 2 ci :ois: stata) sues ohaye a | | | Oo Y COW | | ROAR TOG 2 sy Mie aria ayeteycler tan: | BOAO] scare cae oie age auene eter. 5946.849 | 5947-4 —5949.0 5949-176 5949.6 5954-950 DArePNN NB HN Hee RH OW NN RRR WR Re Re Re Ne DN | | BENNER RH Re NNDND eR RRR RNR RRND N HE NW HR RS RWHRNN NNR SN 5969.0 eke etry. SOG alms. siete eee leer | 5975-114 | OZ ONs nts Se ras ee 507764 =0029:0)o tas ae 626767) 1035052 eee GAGB85) i O47.Qu5 ene eter 6460.070 | | 5914.218 5914-934 5915-438 SMITHSONIAN TABLES 237 TABLE 108. ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR LINES IN THE VISIBLE SPECTRUM. Wave lengths in Angstré6ms 6480.3 —6483.1 6483.252 6483.5 6492.9 649726) —O5MARG ear chet: O50 5: Oe pect ce wetenerenc- cere O5TGO5 27.5 tees eee ot 65:16:0327 tre wore erm ick: GiWiyols WOO, Ba onase GSO ec See ara eis renee 4s 6521-9) 052357 eer 6523-855 6525.8 6530.6 6561.1 G65 7.325% oc o aje-csceteienens arorhens 6576.4 6929.35 mite cient aera eae G6Q3'9. 832 sc scideuenchscroNereek. Wave lengths in Angstr6ms 6040}. eps ie ener ee | | | | | 6998.98! TOOK: Be seieieeste ehencere eine ree 7004.766 FOO5- 0 7 000 -One rier NNHNN RN RWHN RRR RR NNN REN WH HENAN ND 7OUG-AIS Dir. mieten erate eecrshetate 7923-517 FODT Ow okey ciek terre eee 7027.491 TABLE 109. ATMOSPHERIC WATER-VAPOR BANDS IN THE INFRA-RED SPECTRUM. Name of band Wave- lengths Transmis- sion coef- ficient a The infra-red bands may perhaps be composed of numerous fine lines which the bolographic apparatus does not separately distinguish. Wide bands of very great atmospheric water- vapor absorption are found in the infra-red spectrum as follows: Absorption at Name Wave lengths Washington Me Me 0.926-0.978 1.095-1.165 1.319-1.498 Ee {O2=1- O77 2.520-2.845 0.3 to 0.5 0.5 to 0.8 OF7 tonto 09D 1.0 \ Partly Be CO, f See Vol. I, Annals Astrophysical Observatory, Smithsonian Institution. SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 110. TRANSMISSION PERCENTACES OF RADIATION THROUGH MOIST AIR. PRECIPITABLE WATER IN CENTII : Wave-lengths. IMETERS u .001|.003 .006 4':0:|'2::0)| G.01| | Ozh ac 83 89 | 74 51 | 70 96 | 60 a ° Wn ce o Oo ‘o * Mn on 1 Onno mn 1S o rNNN NO ~11 0 © Wr nN * OnmnwMN ANN Cnr & OV 4 OS CON ANBPWN HHH H a ° Oo if | t * me HOH Mt 8 8 FOP HOO SI DNR Y DH HHO 0 oO ~1 \0 NI Oo 9 9° ° ° | | | | * These places require multiplication by the following factors to allow for: ipeeee in CO, gas. Under: aver- | age sea-level outdoor conditions the CO, (partial pressure = 0.0003 atmos.) amounts to about 0.6 grams per cu.m. Paschen gives 3 times as much for indoor conditions. Qe to oe for ; 2 grams in m? path (95); for 140 grams in m path (93); (93)5 = ““ (70); more CO, no further effect; 14; aie allowance to be made; peeL Sy 80 grams in m?* path reduces energy to zero; S76): a ae + These places require multiplication by 0.90 21c 0.70 respectively for one air mass and 0.85 and 0.65 for two air masses to allow for ozone absorption when the radiation comes from a celestial body. “c F. Paschen gives (Annalen d. Physik. u. Chemie, 51, p. 14,1894) the absorption of the radiation from a blackened strip at 500° C. by a layer 33 centimeters thick of water vapor at 100° C. and atmospheric pressure as follows: Bo Bo OM Wave length 2.20-3.10 5-33-7-07 Percentage absorption. . . The following table, due to Rubens and Aschkinass (Annalen d. Physik u. Chemie, 64, p. 508, 1898), gives the absorption of radiation from a zircon burner by a layer 75 centimeters thick of water vapor saturated at 100° C. This amount of vapor is about equivalent to a layer of water 0.45 millimeter thick or to 1.5% of the water in a total vertical atmospheric column whose dew- point at sea-level is 10°C. The region of spectrum examined includes most of the region of terres- trial radiation. Wave length Percentage absorption. . . Wave length Percentage absorption. . . SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 111. ENERGY DISTRIBUTION AND ATMOSPHERIC TRANSMISSION OF SOLAR RADIATION. Energy distribution Trans- env? mis- sion for water vapor Dry air Moist air glass pris- matic ; . energy Sun in zenith Sun’s zenith distance 60°.0 7Ocn7, | ' 2 2 2 3 9 Fy Con | Con4arn \C0n%arGevn| Conant con|OnZarter| Con wr Zur .3504 0.926 127 71 65 61 II .3600 | . -934 150 89 84 78 107, <3 709K -940 179 113 106 100 26 23930 lle 945 I9I 128 120 114 -3974 | - 949 | 246 174 165 156 “ANZ 7a |" 953 204 280 267 4307 | . -957 352 337 323 4516]. -Q6I 467 448 4753 | -8: .964 582 561 250267) .968 685 663 5348 | . 971 786 763 +5742 | - -974 959 934 .5980 | . .976 1077 IO51 .6238 | . .97 T155 1130 .6530 | . .980 1245 1220 .6858 | . .g8I 1342 1316 7222) 2.070 IO S2 eae 1373 1348 -7644 | .976 | .984 | 1385 1363 .8120 | .g8I | .985 1383 1362 .8634 | .985 | .986 1370 1351 .9220 | .g89 | .987 1341 1324 .g861 | .ggI .987 a 1290 1273 .062 .994 | .988 3 1219 1205 .146 | .995 | .988 1066 1053 225, | -996 | .988 C 930 .302 997 | .988 | 804 377. | -998 | .988 7 694 452 .998 | .988 2 613 528 | .9985 | .988 544 -603 .9988 | .988 491 670 | .9990| .987 : é 443 1.738 | .9992| .987 401 1.870 -9993 | .987 312 2.000 -9995 | .986 2 226 226 2.123 .9996 | .985 146 145 2.242 .9997 | .984 86 86 2.348 | .9997| .983 ; 72 72 A 2.442 .9998 | .982 66 66 Cor. for u. v. not measured... | 123 Remcentiot total eee : i 1.0 0.5 MNotalyea4G—-405uas eer 659 Rermcent of totale ss eee : : s QM diotaly-405—. 7/040 us05 see ee , 5 10874 nem centvofitotalen ae ee ; ‘ 43-7 Totaly :704—2'44 2). ne eee 7 17030 Cor. for i. r. not measured 468 CorgtoriwanveaDSOLp tones eee eee ein: 4275 Motaltintra-neclaq eee 7 13223 Rencent ofstotalen eer ce ce : : : d 53.1 Absorbed by permanent gases.|...... 280 Motalispectrumer. eee eee 24599 Atmospheric transmission. ... ; 68.5 ee SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 112. INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS. The International Meteorological Symbols were adopted at the Vienna meteoro- logical congress of 1873. A few additions and modifications have been made at subsequent international meteorological meetings. The forms of these symbols are more or less flexible. Those shown in the accompanying table are the forms which have generally been used in the United States. The principal variants found in the meteorological publications of the different countries are given in the Monthly Weather Review (Wash., D. C.), May, 1916, p. 268. Exponents——An exponent added to a symbol indicates the degree of intensity, ranging from ° weak (light, etc.) to * strong (heavy, etc.). Thus, @°, light rain; @*, heavy rain. German and French observers use the exponent * to denote medium intensity, in accordance with the German and French versions of the report of the Vienna congress, and the German editions of the Codex. The English version of the above-mentioned report and the English edition of the Codex provide for the use of only two exponents, ° and *; hence in English-speaking countries the omission of the exponent indicates medium intensity. Time of occurrence—When hours of occurrence are added to symbols, the abbre- viation a is used for a.m., and p for p.m. Thus, © toa — 4p denotes “rain from 10 a. m. to 4 p. m.”’ 12a = noon; 12 = midnight. The abbreviation m means “ during night.” Stations taking tri-daily observations may use a to mean between the first and second observation; p, between the second and third; and n, between the third and the first. For further information concerning the International Symbols and other meteoro- logical symbols, see “ Meteorological Symbols,” by C. Fitzhugh Talman, Monthly Weather Review (Wash., D. C.), May, 1916, pp. 265-274. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 241 TABLE 112. INTERNATIONAL METEOROLOGICAL SYMBOLS. Meaning. Remarks. Rain. Snow. Rain and snow to- gether (‘ sleet” of British usage). Thunderstorm. Thunder and lightning. Thunder. Without lightning. Lightning. Without thunder; ‘“ heat-lightning.” Hail.* Graupel. Sometimes called “soft hail.” French, grésil. Re- sembles little snow-pellets. ‘ Fog. Ground fog. Not exceeding the height of a man. Wet fog. One which wets exposed surfaces. Hoarfrost. Dew. Rime. A rough frost deposit from fog. Glaze;Glazedfrost.f Ice coating due to rain, “ice-storm.” In America often called “ sleet.” Driving snow. | Ger., Schneegestober; Fr., bourrasque de neige. | Ice-needles sometimes seen floating or slowly falling in the air in clear, cold weather. Snow on ground. Ground near station more than half covered. Gale. Wind of force 8-12, Beaufort scale. (Rept. Int. Met1 Comm., Berlin, 1910, English ed., p. 17.) Formerly used for “strong wind.” A 3-barbed arrow is intro- duced in the 2d German ed. of the Int. Met’! Codex to denote “strong wind,” but no authority is cited. According to the Observer’s Handbook of the British Met’! Office “the number of barbs on the arrow may conveniently be made to represent the strongest wind force noted,” but there is no international sanction for such variants. Sunshine. In German edition of Int. Met’! Codex, but has never been definitely recognized by the international or- ganization. (See Rept. Int. Met’l Comm., South- port, 1903, Engl. ed., pp. 19 and 101.) Widely used in German and Austrian publications. T+ $= | Mirage. 0 Exceptional visibil- ity. =S: | Sand storm or dust storm. * True hail, which occurs chiefly with summer thunderstorms, should be distinguished from the snowy pellets, like miniature snowballs, known as graupel, or soft hail (A): also from the small particles of clear ice, called sleet by the U. S. Weather Bureau, for which there is no inter- national symbol. On the history of the word sleet see Monthly Weather Review, May, 1916, pp. 281-286. : aan + Glaze is the official term in the United States; glazed frost in Great Britain. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 242 TaBLE 113. INTERNATIONAL CLOUD CLASSIFICATION. The International Conference of Meteorologists held at Munich in 18ot recommended the | following classification of clouds, elaborated by Messrs. Abercromby and Hildebrandsson: a. Detached clouds with rounded upper outlines (most frequent in dry weather). b. Clouds of great horizontal extent suggesting a layer or sheet (wet weather). A. Upper Clouds, average altitude gooo”. a. 1. Cirrus. b. 2. Cirro-stratus. B. Intermediate Clouds, between 3000” and 7000”. " 1 Cirro-cumulus. 4. Alto-cumulus. b. 5. Alto-stratus. | C. Lower Clouds, below 2000”. a. 6. Strato-cumulus. b. 7. Nimbus. | DP. Clouds of diurnal ascending currents. | a. 8. Cumulus; top 1800"; base 14007. j b. 9. Cumulo-nimbus; top 3000” to 8000”; base 1400". _E. High Fogs, under 1000”. to. Stratus. DEFINITIONS AND DESCRIPTIONS OF CLOUD FORMS. 1. Cirrus (Ci.). — Detached clouds of delicate and fibrous appearance, often showing a feather- | like structure, generally of a whitish color. Cirrus clouds take the most varied shapes, such as isolated tufts, thin filaments on a blue sky, threads spreading out in the form of feathers, ' curved filaments ending in tufts, sometimes called Cirrus uncinus, etc.; they are sometimes arranged in parallel belts which cross a portion of the sky in a great circle, and by an effect of | perspective appear to converge towards a point on the horizon, or, if sufficiently extended, | towards the opposite point also. (Ci.-St. and Ci.-Cu., etc., are also sometimes arranged in similar bands.) 2. Cirro-stratus (Ci.-St.). — A thin, whitish sheet of clouds sometimes covering the sky | completely and giving it only a milky appearance (it is then called Cirro-nebula), at other times presenting, more or less distinctly, a formation like a tangled web. This sheet often produces halos around the Sun and Moon. 3. Cirro-cumulus (Ci.-Cu.). Mackerel sky. — Small globular masses or white flakes without shadows, or showing very sli ght shadows, arranged in groups and often in lines. 4. Alto-stratus (A.-St.). — A thick sheet of a gray or bluish color, sometimes forming a compact mass of dark gray color and fibrous structure. At other times the sheet is thin, resembling thick Ci.-St., and through it the Sun or the Moon may be seen dimly gleaming as through ground glass. This form exhibits all changes peculiar to Ci.-St., but from measure- ments its average altitude is found to be about one half that of Ci.-St. 5. Alto-cumulus (A.-Cu.). — Largish globular masses, white or grayish, partially shaded, arranged in groups or lines, and often so closely packed that their edges appear confused. The detached masses are generally larger and more compact (resembling St.-Cu.) at the center of the group, but the thickness of the layer varies. At times the masses spread themselves out and assume the appearance of small waves or thin slightly curved plates. At the margin they form into finer flakes (resembling Ci.-Cu.). They often spread themselves out in lines in one or two directions. 6. Strato-cumulus (St.-Cu.). — Large globular masses or rolls of dark clouds often covering the whole sky, especially in winter. Generally St.-Cu. presents the appearance of a gray layer irregularly broken up into masses of which the edge is often formed of smaller masses, often of wavy appearance resembling A.-Cu. Sometimes this cloud-form presents the character- istic appearance of great rolls arranged in parallel lines and pressed close up against one another. In their centers these rolls are ofa dark color. Blue sky may be seen through the | intervening spaces which are of a much lighter color. (Roll-cumulus in England, Wulst- cumulus in Germany.) St.-Cu. clouds may be distinguished from Nb. by their globular or rolled appearance, and by the fact that they are not generally associated with rain. 7. Nimbus (Nb.), Rain Clouds. — A thick laver of dark clouds, without shape and with ragged edges, from which steady rain or snow usually falls. Through the openings in these clouds an upper layer of Ci.-St. or A.-St. may be seen almost invariably. If a layer of Nb. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 243 TABLE 113. INTERNATIONAL CLOUD CLASSIFICATION. separates up in a strong wind into shreds, or if small loose clouds are visible floating underneath a large Nb., the cloud may be described as Fracto-nimbus (Fr.-Nb.) (‘ Scud” of sailors). 8. Cumulus (Cu.), Wool pack Clouds.—Thick clouds of which the upper surface is dome-shaped and exhibits protuberances while the base is horizontal. These clouds appear to be formed by a diurnal ascensional movement which is almost always noticeable. When the cloud is opposite the Sun, the surfaces facing the observer have a greater brilliance than the margins of the protuberances. When the light falls aslant, as is usually the case, these clouds throw deep shadows; when, on the contrary, the clouds are on the same side of the observer as the Sun, they appear dark with bright edges. True cumulus has well defined upper and lower limits, but in strang winds a broken cloud resembling Cumulus is often seen in which the detached portions undergo continual change. This form may be distinguished by the name Fracto- cumulus (Fr.-Cu.). 9. Cumulo-nimbus (Cu.-Nb.), The Thunder-Cloud; Shower-Cloud.—Heavy masses of cloud rising in the form of mountains, turrets or anvils, generally sur- mounted by a sheet or screen of fibrous appearance (false Cirrus) and having at its base a mass of cloud similar to nimbus. From the base local showers of rain or snow (occasionally of hail or soft hail) usually fall. Sometimes the upper edges assume the compact form of cumulus, and form massive peaks round which delicate “false Cirrus” floats. At other times the edges themselves separate into a fringe of filaments similar to Cirrus clouds. This last form is particularly common in spring showers. The front of thunder-clouds of wide extent frequently presents the form of a large arc spread over a portion of a uniformly brighter sky. 10. Stratus (St.).—A uniform layer of cloud resembling a fog but not resting on the ground. When this sheet is broken up into irregular shreds in a wind, or by the summits of mountains, it may be distinguished by the name [‘racto-stratus (Fr.-St.). During summer all low clouds tend to assume forms resembling Cumulus, and may be described accordingly as Stratus cumuliformis, Nimbus cumuliformis, ete. The term Maimato-cumulus is applied to a cloud having a mammillated lower surface, occurring especially in connection with severe local storms. The ovoid form, with sharp edges, assumed by certain clouds, particularly during the occurrence of sirocco, mistral or foehn, is indicated by the adjective lenticularis, e.g., Cumulus lenticularis (Cu. lent.), Stratus lenticularis (St. lent.). Such clouds frequently show irridescence. For pictures of typical cloud forms see Clarke, George A. Clouds. London. 1920. Great Britain, Meteorological office. Cloud forms according to the international classification. 2d ed. London. 1921. Humphreys, William J. Fogs and clouds. Baltimore. 1926. International meteorological committee. International cloud-atlas. 2d ed. Paris. 1910. [Abridged edition for use of observers. 1930. ] U. S. Weather bureau. Cloud forms according to the international system of classi- fication. 2d ed. Washington. 1928. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 244 TABLE 114. BEAUFORT WEATHER NOTATION. Especially intended for the use of mariners, but sometimes used at land stations. The original notation was devised in 1805 by Admiral Sir F. Beaufort; it has since been slightly altered and amplified by British and American meteorologists. The following symbols are used by the marine observers of the U. S. Weather Bureau: Upper Atmosphere: b.—Blue sky. c.—Cloudy sky. o.—Overcast sky. Lower Atmosphere: v.—Visibility (exceptionally clear). z.—Haze. m.—Mist. {£—Fog. Precipitation: d.—Drizzling. p.—Passing showers. r.—Rain. s.—Snow. h.—Hail. Electric phenomena : 1.—Lightning. t.—Thunder. Wind: q.—Squally. The British Meteorological Office also uses the following: e.—Wet air without rain. g.—Gloom. ; ' u—Ugly or threatening appearance of the weather. w.—Dew. tl—Thunderstorm. KQ.—Line squall. rs.—Sleet (rain and snow together). fe-—Wet fog. y.—Dry air (less than 60% relative humidity). x.—Hoarfrost. According to instructions to the marine meteorological observers of the U. S. Weather Bureau, the underscoring of a letter denotes great intensity and double underscoring very great intensity. The following instructions appear in the Meteorological Observer’s Handbook of the British Meteorological Office (1926 edition) : “Capital letters are used to indicate occasions when the phenomenon to be noted is of unusual intensity. At the other end of the scale, occasions of slight intensity are distinguished by adding a small suffix ». Thus, R.—Heavy rain. r.—Moderate. ro.—Slight rain. and similarly with other phenomena. “Continuity is indicated by repeating the letter; thus, RR.—Continuous heavy rain. rr.—Continuous moderate rain. “The prefix ‘i’ is used to indicate ‘ occasional’ or ‘intermittent’; thus, if—Occasional fog. iro.—Intermittent slight rain.” SMITHSONIAN TABLES. TABLE 115. INTERNATIONAL CODE FOR HORIZONTAL VISIBILITY. Code figure. Objects. o = not visible 50 meters 55 yards). 1=not visible 200 meters 220 yards). 2=not visible 500 meters 550 yards). 3 = not visible 1,000 meters (1,100 yards). 4 = not visible 2,000 meters 1+ miles). 5 = not visible 4,000 meters ( 24 miles). 6 = not visible 10,000 meters ( 6} miles). visible 20,000 meters (124 miles). I miles). I visible 50,000 meters (3 visible 50,000 meters or more. SMITHSONIAN TABLES. 246 TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial’”’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude NORTH AMERICA. Latitude from Greenwich ALASKA 44’ W. LL *Dillingham 28 *Dutch Harbor 30 12 Fairbanks 5 52 Fort Yukon euelS Holy Cross 2 : 50 Juneau e 24 Metehikant ye ciicts stars a atiuto omete ay, Kennecott................-+-4- 57 22 McKinley Park As) 55 24 *St. Paul Island 10 Shishmaref oO 19 19 6 PACU yee cieicicly asta $s wisps Soars wiele 44 CANADA PNA SCA Aes scariest ics aiaws ooo : 17 L 38 34 35 20 Bella Coola 26 54 *Belle Isle ‘ 53 *Berens River 23 *Calgary 2 *Carcross 34 10 29 50 oO Cochrane Craig Harbor 50 29 WOUCEE eee ce neva ta mate 2u Ee cimontonea emote ook rinsaraes 30 Father Point 10 Fogo.. cbs ch aseteeNe RAC 17 Fond du Lac. 24 10 *Fort Chipewyan 10 Fort Churchill II *Fort George 5 *Fort Good Hope 28 53 Fort McPherson 2 57 Fort Norman oO Fort St. James 12 Fort St. John 23 *Fort Simpson 35 Fort Vermilion a eae SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Notr.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich CANADA (Continued) Halifax: ‘ras cyecie toca cte ‘los ans OunWe Tay SIRLVEL, 3 yoy de hak reer 6 II5 20 HMebron= sa disse veers ate 62.21 Herschel Islandia oe eieeiels 139) 15 *Kamloopsascettes one erciet lever 120 29 What Gerace Ree a es 920) 12 Hayne POR reat erete 70 40 Sache ah alte aeehaaes eet red oes Owes Ne a eee eels 7T 2 A Re nc ee 3 tte IOI 15 Mayosbanding? 1c te eee ere 13 55 Medicines late eer TOs 7 a laeeadill) A ogee Nee cate OOo SLA Eee 735s oe Ss alls an 73) a5 *~Moose Hactony. <4: oe aon 80 30 INGIN es i ohare ee eee: 61 4I ‘Natashquanhasen: acne eeeerr: 8 61 48 Northwest) Rivers. saan 2 60. 10 INoGWway, Llouses so. see eee 97 ‘SI Sette sy See As PAQWa a: Meds oe eo ees 85 18 Pangnirb ung senses eee err 66 9 ParrysSoun diate eater 5 80 Oo Pondsslnletsiey eee nn eee 78 30 Port Arthur cere er eee 89 12 POLG aUxXE baSGilCsiees eee: 59 10 Port Harsisontes eee 7 Semel z RorteNelsonas seme ce Cee 92 5 *Princer Albert qe eee ee eee 105 38 tPrinceg pert: seer nore 130 18 Ow Appellee ee 103. 47 SR Riana eRe en eee 7S @ueent@harlottes Citys. 132) 815 = Sableristand ia. oe ee rey were 4 60 6 SSalntujohniace cian ee eee ee 66 4 {Sainte OhnS een csense eee 52 42 *Southwest Point, Anticosti...... 63 33 I ake Switt!Gurrentasne eee eee 107 45 a Beira ges fos. ok eee gee Ree 60 10 *AROLONCO eeu: dae: 79 Troutbake:c4y 4 eee ee 5 89 Wan couverticnt oe eee 123 HVAICCORIA She pain ee eae 123 WihitesRiveras cease ser oneeie 85 AWinn peg. an pe sa ee eee 97 CANAL ZONE Balboa Heightsseae see eee Cristobala(Colon) eer Culebra.ce cae ee eee SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Nore.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) | Longitude Latitude from Height | Greenwich CENTRAL AMERICA 14’ W. hectic: » Aart tigers Age 12 Sa sare Sie Giga te sieleeee erkeee 43 Brtemmalar ye. seiselg ene cee eae 31 WWeitia eUaias ports, sk steno «ieee ds at 15 IPMEKEO Bb atiiOS 44 ).)46) conedootoson Aco 82 26 | 638 194 Portland Mey aoe ae eee 43 39 70 eis 103 31 SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Notr.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from. Greenwich UNITED STATES (Continued) *Portland, Ore ' N 4’ W.| [PTHORVACG Lola (Cl OUR) i nas oan RL cee d 25 | 36 37 12 58 15 49 27 Rochester 42 Roseburg é 20 27 Royal Center 5 29 Sacramento Bea 30 I ie . ‘ 3 *Salt Lake City 54 San Antonio 28 *San Diego i 10 Sandusky : é 40 Sandy Hook / I SA IECHOCISEO NS Ses. ns fs Fb als 3) e260 E 26 54 Sf 21 5 42 20 57 Shreveport 2) 40 Sioux City 24 25 Springfield, [ll 39 Springfield, Mo z 18 Syracuse 10 23 27 44 20 24 58 34 4 41 45 32 53 Walla Walla 20 *Washington 3 20 Williston 35 Wilmington 57 Winnemucca 43 Wytheville 5 28 42 36 SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘“‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) ; Longitude Latitude from Greenwich WEST INDIES Basseterre, St. Kitts v. 44’ W. *Bridgetown, Barbados 37 Camaguey, Cuba 55 Castleton Gardens, Jamaica 49 Cayey, Porto Rico 12 Christiansted, Virgin Is 42 Cienfuegos, Cuba 27 Fort de France, Martinique 2 Grand Turk, Bahama Is 7 *Havana (Belén) 21 Hill Gardens, Jamaica 45 Kingston, Jamaica 48 Mooretown, Jamaica............ 27 =“ Nassaum balvamianl sae emiere lair 21 *Negril Point, Jamaica 24 Pinar del Rio, Cuba 44 *Port au Prince, Haiti 20 Port of Spain, Trinidad 31 Puerto Plata, Dominican Rep.... 43 *Richmond Hill, Grenada 45 Roseau, Dominica 23 San Juan, Porto Rico 7 Santiago de Cuba 2 Santo Domingo, Dominican Rep. 53 Stony Hill, Jamaica 48 Swan Island 17 Willemstad, Curacao 56 SOUTH AMERICA ARGENTINA La Quiaca Mar del Plata *Puerto Madryn Rivadavia SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial”’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich BOLIVIA BRAZIL Alto Itatiaya *Bahia (Ondina) *Barra do Corda Belem (Para) *Bello Horizonte Boa Vista *Corumba *Curityba *Cuyaba *Fernando Noronha Floriano Peixoto Fonte Boa *Manaos Morro do Chapeo Passo Fundo Pesquira Pirapora *Porto Alegre Porto Nacional Porto Velho *Quixeramobim Recife (Pernambuco) Remate de Males Rio Grande do Sul *Rio de Janeiro S. Felippe S. Gabriel S. Luiz (Maranhao) Sao Paulo *Taperinha Theophilo Ottoni Theresopolis Tres Lagoas Uberaba Uruguayana CHILE Antofagasta Bahia Felix Cabo Raper *Concepcion (P. Tumbes) *Coquimbo (P. Tortuga) SMITHSONIAN TABLES 255 TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial’’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich CHET (Continued) El Teniente *Evanjelistas *Tquique *Juan Fernandez Lonquimay Melinka SPuntaeArenac eee eee *Punta Dungeness............... *Santiago COLOMBIA Anda Ovarancn: ee ete *Bogota Bucaramanga:sy.. 3.5.05 eee. Buenaventura... . GUIANA *Cayenne Dadanawa *Georgetown *Paramaribo PARAGUAY *Asuncion Mision inglesa sees aes ee Puerto Bertoni Cerro de Pasco.. Guzcoeeee eee ESTEMUStisee eee Piuras sees SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Nore.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘“‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Height Greenwich VENEZUELA Calabozo Ell (67 26" VV: *Caracas 66 *Ciudad Bolivar 63 61 Maracaibo 71 *Merida 71 EUROPE ALBANIA = Ne) No oo Qe mw owonrni NNO AL COO Nui Ne NN ~ BELGIUM *Brussels (Uccle) BRITISH ISLES * Aberdeen Belfast Ben Nevis Birr Castle > co al NOR DH HP HEN OW FOC OPW ANW OHRNNUN Liverpool (Bidston) London (Westminster)........... Malin Head Norwich Southampton Stornoway Tynemouth *Valencia Waterford BULGARIA SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NotE.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial”’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich CZECHO-SLOVAKIA L6nasy E. 14 27 T2526 21 eats Trees 33 24 Sand (Faroe Islands) 49 Tvingstrup 5 55 Vestervig 8 19 no- NNN OW to ae ESTHONIA *Dorpat (Tartu) Revel (Tallinn) FINLAND *Helsingfors 43 45 to - Oe Nyt Oo oO 5D nob 49 Kajaani 46 *Kuopio Sodankyla Soutavallasseertes te we ee eee Tammerfors NWNNNHND WO ANN OAL to Aurillac Bordeatixtth ye sees oon @hateaureanx s.r er een Cherbourg Dijon Dunkerque *Marseille Mont Blanc (Des Bosses) MontaVientouxs-.: eee Nice (observatory) *Paris (Parc St. Maur) Pic du Midi Puy de Dome Se NONNH AU AML ODANMH HPHON SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NotE.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich GERMANY (Continued) Teen Sih ke LOS 7 9 31 ON 557 44 Flensburg 27 Frankfort on the Main 39 Freiburg *Hamburg K6nigsberg Leipzig Miinster Nuremberg Osterode *Potsdam Schneekoppe Stuttgart Zugspitze, GREECE Adrianople Salonika Tripolitza HUNGARY *Budapest Debreczen Nagy-Kanizsa Szeged SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NoteE.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from | Height Greenwich | ITALY (Continued) Ror en (Un Gave) haere een JUGOSLAVIA Banyalukayece. esse eee eee Beletadesic ce oars Bjelasnicated. tects ae aibach yee eee Maribor: toi ee ee Pe ae IMC MBIRUTOS Sion Ghacaemanananedat Ww Saray eVOneace: accra tee eee Sebenicos <4 o.com RwWN ORR W ww Shep etoue| @rieMe le" sls viw terol ete tulle evils mn Ww Sy LITHUANIA Kan ASS eee ie eer ee een MEDITERRANEAN ISLANDS Ajaccion(@orsica)e..- eee ee @apliaris(Sardinia)-- 7. weet Candian(Crete) ae eee enor Miessinan(Sicily,) saa eee *Nicosiaa(Gyprs) see eee Ralermol(Sicily)essee see ee “balmay (Mallorca) acre iene Sassant (Sardinia) pee ae ee Syiacusen(Siciliy) seein cee >Vallettan(Vialtal selene NETHERLANDS Him Steccain--en cane nee eee =e Bilton. oe oe oe ee Groningens) 4. eee Rotterdam eee eee NORWAY SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial”’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) | Longitude | Latitude from | Height | Greenwich | NORWAY (Continued) Srokeleynlefele: ee, «eels e.eve exel.e .e srelie: = POLAND BAIR TSEOK IA Sorc Hasan teed 3 8 Demibere acer can os sek ses Nowyport (Neufahrwasser)...... Gieie) ee le) le a) 0) 0, (ole, se (ew mee (0) (e106) 6 site) alcelieharalle)ellaie) \e) ele 1@),@| 46,6. 10, 6 EITC MATES CARE teen fie ei chctocsete ian (Gern aici eee ce ue ake Sse CONT eset tvs oie ade (Constanta ieee ee GAO ioe rohnert ce nine RUAN e bib sisMcliel vel. elie: 6)(6' 400) 6110) eye neliesre statieiket es lef ensi ie .<| (eis: 6. © \eeh.e! o16 ele fe ajalid) fatter wince! felicia velLerie/ie) folate arehloelial=ase Bichavieviel iu; ri © [eilalelie] (ollel.eh wey iaiia) (exe! olin Salamanca...............--.--- Sam Sapngaeinsencectouconucbowe ROP WW OW AWN AH SMITHSONIAN TABLES 261 TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘““Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Height Greenwich SPAIN (Continued) Goteborg dia paran Cae eet es care are eee Harnosand Jonk6éping Karlstad Stensele Stockholm Storlien Sveg *Uppsala SWITZERLAND 7 7 6 9 6 8 8 9 8 A UIRIKGE Ys Istanbul (Constantinople)....... UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS Alexandrovsk *Archangel *Astrakhan Baku, Transcaucasia Batum, Transcaucasia Bezenchuk Dnepropetrovsk, Ukraine........ Erivan, Transcaucasia Gandzha, Transcaucasia......... Genichesk, Ukraine Kandalaksha Kanin Nos Kargopol SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116 LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NotE.—Stations with asterisk appear in the “Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from UNION OF SOVIET Greenwich SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (Continued) Kharlovka ana7> 22'5R. At, Ullaeitnsanaenes secs obcic oc BOBO Kislovodsk 42 Krasnodar 59 : 54 *Leningrad 16 *Lenkoran, Transcaucasia........ 51 Lugansk, Ukraine 20 16 Minsk, White Russia 33 *Moscow 33 Nizhnii Novgorod ! oO *Novorossiisk 49 46 II 6 15 I 30 35 Rostov on the Don’ 41 *Saratov 2 Sevastopol, Ukraine 32 Smolensk 4 Stalingrad Aen eait 38 *Tiflis, Transcaucasia é 48 Troitskoe Pechorskoe 13 j 56 WimianeUikraines=.i ere. lee r= 13 Ust Sisolsk 5I *Ust Tsylma 10 Vasilevitchi 48 Velikie Luki 31 Velikii Ustyug 18 Vishnii Volochek 34 Vitebsk, White Russia II Vladikavkas 41 50 Voronezh 13 40 Zhizdra 44 AFGHANISTAN SMITHSONIAN TABLES 263 TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Norte.—Stations with asterisk appear in the “Réseau Mondial”’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich TO mes ale 9930-3 DI? 47 12 22 107 20 104 2 Chungking 106 31 Foochow 5 TIO) 27 II4 30 Hangchow 120) 12 *Hankow TAS nz, *Hongkong 114 10 LO Man chow: s¢74ser en: aes es 114 46 Kiukiang Toy eS Kiungchow 110. 16 Kweilin LOW 22 Kweiyang 106 40 Lungchow 106 45 Nanking 118 49 INingyuentt eee eee eee 102. 18 Pakhoi 109 7 Peiping (Peking) 116 30 Samshui (Canton) 6 ie *Shanghai (Zikawei) 121 26 Silung d 105 30 Siwantse 115 18 Sunchow 109 59 Szengenfu 108 2 Taiyuanfu II2 29 Tamingfu TiS jel 2 Tatungfu Gens *Tengueh 98 14 *Tientsin lel Tsingtao 120 19 120 40 Yunnanfu 102 4I EASTERN TURKESTAN Kashgar “lesa FRENCH INDO-CHINA Battambang Cape Padaran Kampot Laokay Luang Prabang *Nhatrang Phnom Penh Phongsaly *Phu Lien Savannakhet Stungtreng Tourane (Tientcha) SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Norte.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial”’ of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Height Greenwich [23 ois. 56 51 38 49 *Calcutta 23 *Cherrapunji 42 Chittagong 53 *Cochin 27 g@eloimbo, Geylonn $e... 405 56 53 : : Se 04: Dalbandin, Baluchistan......... 30 *Darjeeling E 18 Delhi Dera Ismail Khan Fort Sandeman, Baluchistan.... . Gangtok, Sikkim *Gauhati Hyderabad, Deccan Hyderabad, Sind Kalat, Baluchistan *Karachi Katmandu, Nepal *Kodaikanal *Mandalay Mergui Mukteswar Myitkyina Negapatam *“Nuwara.Elija, Ceylon:......./:. Panjgur, Baluchistan Pasni, Baluchistan *Quetta, Baluchistan *Rangoon Sambalpur Sibsagar *Simla Srinagar Siineomal. Ceylon..2.)..... 422! *Vizagapatam SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NotTe.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich IRAQ (MESOPOTAMIA) Niigata Onahama Sapporo *Syana, Kurile Islands *Taihoku, Taiwan Tainan, Taiwan *Tokyo Tukubasan KOREA (CHOSEN) Gensan *Jinsen (Chemulpo) Mokpo Ryuganpo Tyukotin MALAY PENINSULA Kuala Lumpur Malacca *Penang SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘“‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude | from Greenwich PALESTINE alias ye eee ee Wientchorres- tis coe ere Jerusalem... Kasiiiladschlas.s5. 2-5. Tiberias — 33 820 2487 —1083 —653 OWN 0 No WwW WWW an On Wwe hu 14 5817 13 4934 3104 4002 Kenmanshahiee.. 2.0. *Meshed Pelican ste yates reat cis coedne eke ots SIAM nu ono un me ONININI Ss O Bangkok Bang Nara Chantaboun. Chiengmai ... Ghiengraty nes. ..6 ss. - *Beirut Deir-es-Zor ICA Cee eats uae Muslimie pall ina hermes cite eat ote Gyantse Pharijong Diarbekr Erzerum Smyrna UNION OF SOVIET SOCIALIST REPUBLICS *Akmolinsk Aktiubinsk *Alma Ata SMITHSONIAN TABLES 23 267 TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from UNION OF SOVIET | Greenwich SOCIALIST REBUBLIES (Continued ) Askabad 5 ae : Ale One 3 alls Hie at TS Omnle7 Barguzinn cate. 4) are ree ee 38 *Barnaul a 47 *Beresov 4 Bering Island 59 | *Blagovyeschensk G 30 Bodaibowwe thw: eae oe: 13 Bokharaby tecuwer seer er eee 33 Bratskii Ostrog 50 Bulun , 47 31 Cherniaeva HenChimbate norcecretccen sas Aen ee 1 Cita eek sc & era epee nee aca *Dickson Khatanga *Kirensk Kolpashevo Koziravskaia | *Krasnovodsk | Krasnoyarsk Kurgan Markovo Mogocha Morrce;Salles=sa- eee Muraviev Amurski Nagornii Priisk. . | *Nikolaievsk on the Amur.... Nizhne Kolymsk. INGOVANROGEAS =e SObdotsk-o see eee *Petropavlovsk Russkoe Uste... Sagastyr Semipalatinsk Sovetskaia Gavan Sredne Kolymsk | *Surgut *Sverdlovsk (Ekaterinburg) SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Norte.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from UNION OF SOVIET Greenwich SOCIALIST REPUBLICS (Continued) AaTRaS OTER eae cheek Sty sedan ene ATRIOS KE iach ot etl! ek Reo nts WistuNiaiskoe: ons oes ene IWSEMVeniSeCISks: yer ne to Ste eee Werkhne Inbatskoe.........-.4-- Verkhne Tamborskoe........... Ber ch @latls Kesneenes ate uk ee a es VCH ES Keer nate Sd oe In ano EVE TNISCIS Kerrie caine ey he EM SATI Mey Rates ashe eee ae MALAY ARCHIPELAGO EAST INDIES Peo ae: cite yo tS ha 5 Baliicpapailor ees. cas osx 4's se a aaNet ete 1a, sts. Rs. ae Lal “ZB ey Pau iat ely We at Ae AS PCH Z GRO eee ass hse. apes aes BPR seein ne 4ie ie «Sass Tg llcnr Gliewaan rete. ccc teke,ceuae Realisatie emits sere. aes saci MMA OP ut NAS be ten Yo too al sue i Koustantinhatens ono .lee cee. INTACASSE LE at erey Sack fee: Ean kawalineh ie ei aiiacus hee en ree — PRINSNECOs 05 oeadla ne came ee oe Oe SDA Ta TI eee ents t aie Pleats) Zot cei SSO itlanallaa mene. skis Gc odanete veces the “Pomme INO one Saceos oouib oe bee ae EG ATTA ATM een ray Fcctcuo tel mc oes y= eS TTC CAIN Rater cet acess acc, sratianet PROSATIMP Re Nr sett nera vag eaareiets PHILIPPINE ISLANDS MPSA DIN ere Ner Neots, o sossdisieles Narain Sais aeal eerie: ocesiglsueelst es RIETEIO Mee a en vite 3, cyclers, oem oy SAclo Danse aey ae eal sees Pilot ALAM tees ooo. o2 alee +s CATT OATS ec Ge Sens S les, eet ns SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NotE.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich AFRICA ABYSSINIA Adis Abe baceeaae em rier nee | 38° 45’ E. | Sooo 42 30 *Algiers (Bouzareah) Algiers (Hotel de Ville) Biskra *Colomb Bechar Constantine Fort National Geryville oO 3 3 5 2 6 3} 4 I 2 8 2 Oo 5 O 5 8 6 ANGLO-EGYPTIAN SUDAN *E] Fasher *E] Obeid Gallabat *Khartoum *Malakal *Mongalla *Port Sudan Malanje *Mossamedes Omupanda Sao Salvador SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NoteEe.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich BELGIAN CONGO (Continued) *Alexandria Cairo (Ezbekiya) Dakhla Oasis *Helwan FRENCH EQUATORIAL AFRICA *Brazzaville Libreville Ste. Croix FRENCH WEST AFRICA Lome, Dahomey Porto Novo, Dahomey Sansane Mangu, Dahomey *Segu-Sikoro Sokode, Dahomey *Timbuktu Toumodi, Ivory Coast Waghadugu SMITHSONIAN TABLES 271 TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Notre.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘“‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) Longitude Latitude from Greenwich GAMBIA + Bathurstssicpcete ne cise ste eee ZONE 34’ W. *NMcCarthiys lslandseseere te ee 46 GOLD COAST COLONY Mason oleniteaereeine see ec Mombasa an hoe aoe nnee SH Niairobitcn accent ores LIBERIA Monrovia (Schieffen)........... HORNE NO OO Misc amy hire ee Se Ree ODT Ke ee eee RES Ta ARGU POll eae oer ee os ee MADAGASCAR Antsiraneaeveenise vce ere ere nae Haratanganlasney eee sce ee eee Mandnritsarassee nee eee Marovioayien-ansictten aor ere ole Morondavareee aoe eee ee ~Ramatave: seems seen Sananaliv.Ouc coerce MOROCCO Marrakechs=s4550)) Seen “MAMI Ee aa ckoaaoolbndosacconne NODFOWNAN Debundjasye is cece Goes Forcados-anese eee een SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Note.—Stations with asterisk appear in the “Réseau Mondial”’ of the British (London, 1929.) Meteorological Office for 1922. Longitude from Greenwich Latitude Height NIGERIA (Continued) PEP EE ce See ons ah cas TOm 9347 N MEP ry sie ois sete see a One 7 AAI Reser sie aes ot 7 48 Bey aR ES. tes fete st Ten PR ais ae Res arog ors aiciee Loi ae DOVER AMESON. 4-2 i./so% -.. e\r hey nes Prcine stone cata s shies e-ink a: oe IN GpER Loe i ryt ones eee eras re Ale 15 20 ING Olas eran Se ae eG eens ety ck2) 155 NYASALAND Mortal Gnistome cts o oe. va. = 32 +n INIA CARMI Rtee EER toes tse II PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA RMR re os os Wel ens soto ct NC rie) OS Wren Anes seins sei aten a Ss 2353 *Lourenco Marques...........-- 25 58 MEAGCECIMEGE tae © ow cient wes Om 50 Niall alee es crete cet se tee ests 14 58 Mozambique (Mossouril)........ TAN 57 Myekimanere dey cats cues ee ce EG OS PORTUGUESE GUINEA Bolamateee eee oie wna eae RIO DE ORO Cape MDYan ss sos ws SIERRA LEONE Reel later eats os oe eek comttenenchete SOMALILAND Ren beara trae ese pses tee tncueteloss ches (Cina oveis ead bees meee eaetica Nttotttd ames epee csc rel, tcte 3, so. 2) uel ayer WMS PACISCIO Schis ent wuj+,+ a leet SOUTHERN RHODESIA SEMA WA Orem cite cise 2 4 AEWA RCRA. 2 tend ons Warltcrsclaler ir ote iee-t-, ashe. 2 se INT Se linicl an ceeyete ci ues ceeds uta SES ALESPRUEEY a7= eisai ok cn ocean wine = Snes Tht teem RR Nee Nk sr on rape eitedocen sittin lsat WO ean cAI better ie severe el " MouOLLOWiIls Geo brens ee t s Fe Goleardie. 4.0.) ss een FS Tialy WVaters.-22---2-~- 72 re SRA eis oe eS Flsperame@aes acs 222 57 #(Georgetowml....-:--22-9 757° 5r eealdeOn esi oss te eS ePinila (Greeley 2s es ee Manvey Creek: 220.3 Rica ee ee St Seleiys si at othertOR es tee est ceca a: SIC ATE eco Se a eae peed aes 2c) e tie ee eae ans BROAN a. S20 es ae eimcestONe..'-<. 10-2 <2 eo EP entOn) noone oe es eee ENT CIpOULNEe.-0-)--- 62 soo ee Stachel ic tos hqe ee eNailagines a5o.<5+ 2-0 ena Rptinids- eee ose on ieee SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. Nore.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) | Longitude | Latitude from Height Greenwich AUSTRALIA (Continued) + OnSlOW Aen ee ee Rea Kalil eee eee Port Augusta *Rockhampton Springs Stanthorpe *Streaky Bay *Sydney ihennantsi€reekeme neste as ee *Thargomindah Thursday Island Toowoomba Wentworth Wilcannia *William Creek Waltinaeites tacts, ree eae: Wyndham NEW ZEALAND *Auckland *Christchurch *Dunedin Hokitika *Invercargill a 5 3 5 4 2 OmndNN ae nO Wellington ATLANTIC OCEAN EN: Angra, Azores Is *Bermuda (Prospect) *Funchal, Madeira I *Horta, Azores Is *Izana, Canary Is *La Laguna, Canary Is *Ponta Delgada, Azores Is *Santa Cruz, Azores Is Santay@ruz, | Canaryalsaa. ae *Santiago, C. Verde Is *Stsavancent. Ga Verdeulisuas erie ATLANTIC OCEANS. *Cape Pembroke, Falkland Is... . *Grytviken, South Georgia....... *St. Helena INDIAN OCEAN *Christmas Island *Cocos Island Madagascar (see Africa) *Mauritius *Port Blair *Seychelles *Zanzibar SMITHSONIAN TABLES TABLE 116. LIST OF METEOROLOGICAL STATIONS. NotTe.—Stations with asterisk appear in the ‘‘Réseau Mondial” of the British Meteorological Office for 1922. (London, 1929.) E Longitude Latitude from, | Greenwich | PACIFIC OCEAN, N. *Bonin Islands im 1422 Tt es *Fanning Island d 159 23 W. / Boa Hilo, Hawaii AL iy ay NE Holualoa, Hawaii 155055 *Honolulu T5752 Humuula, Hawaii g 26 *Midway Island 7722 Ujelang Island 2 Volcano House, Hawaii 16 8 PACIFIC OCEAN, S. *Apia, Samoan Is S. 46 *Avarua, Cook Is 2 47 Easter Island 26 Herbertshéhe, Bismarck Arch... . 17 *Juan Fernandez Is 50 *Lord Howe Island oO *Norfolk Island 59 Noumea, New Caledonia BF, *Ocean Island 35 Papeete, Tahiti y 34 *Suva, Fiji Is 26 *Tulagi, Solomon Is ‘ 8 ARCTIC REGION (See also Alaska, Canada, Green- land and Iceland under North America) *Bear Island Fort Conger *Green Harbor *Jan Mayen Lyakhorsi Island Matotchkin Shar Refuge Harbor *Vaigach Island Wrangell Island ANTARCTIC REGION Discovery, McMurdo Sound... . *Laurie Island Little America Port Charcot Snow Hill ama Mahah SMITHSONIAN TABLES INDEX. PAGE Abbot, C. G., work cited..... Ixxxiii, Ixxxiv, Ixxxv Absolute thermometric scale defined.........-X%V Absorption, by atmospheric water-vapor bands RNIN eared ites cinictciseisislere cess ays tiene Ixxxii, 238 Air, coefficient of expansion............xliv, xlvi density of, at different humidities, English UTE Te Cerelestes Ixxx-Ixxxi, 229-231 Meir CH thane otereretene.c Ixxx- Ixxxi, 233-236 density of, at different pressures, English Sheveneh sake mteiane Ixxx-Ixxxi, 228-231 IMetrice jirreciere saleetns Ixxx-Ixxx1, 233-236 density of, at different temperatures, Binglishie sacs cose ceeile estore els Ixxx, 228 Metricuyanicsiareresttvdstele ais Ixxx-Ixxxi, 232 mass of, corresponding to different zenith distances OL themsurie cs see cites cis Ixxix, 226 weight i in grams per cubic centimeter xlvi, Ixxx-Ixxxi, 228-236 Angle, conversion of days into........ XXIV, 52-55 Anrot,eAltred. treatise! cited... ..00.-+-08 ie Approximate absolute thermometric scale de- MOG foley ao toia) Ixix, 142 Vetere erat rae ssa ees eccels ins PAGE Barometer, determination of height by, Babinetssmtoninil aie circle cteters Iviii-lix, 160 Laplace’s formula ...............xliv-xlvi Dynamic sere isteriactererer .xlix-lv, 144-145 Pingilisht ces nciehensics ovcierere xlvi- xlix, 133-142 Methioiss merc ciaeistee xlix-liii, 143-153 difference in height corresponding to, achangeron oon inch)\scciiicee Ivii, 158 aichangcerottemmicrs cries Iviil, 159 pressures corresponding to temperature of boiling watery srciere)iewersreiereren: lix-Ixi, 161 reduced to, sea level, BIST soe ke stool over orate hcenctes na xlii-xliti IM Gtr ici estes eieucicleiis clever omoucustelchetohel ofelers xliii Standand) -oraviby) = cieelere = XXXVili-xli1l, 127 Biriglishs eer. aye ciaicheterere trove xli-xlli, 128-129 Mle tricincsitruo co. acinte cisiocciey eke xlii, 130-131 standard temperature ........ XXXILi-XXXVil Bnclish i-mate XXXV-XXXVi, 80-99 Metric’ 20. ..2.. +. XxXxKVI-xxxvil,) 100-122 U-shaped manometers, IDoranGA, Soosocur XXXVII- XXXVIli, 123-124 Metric scccccdctcctnte ce CVI ZS 120 value for auxiliary formula in determin- ing height, Dynamicuwaneriec citeisietrerrc tiers 1, 144-145 Bmgilishiee aes ecncterciens xlvil, 133-136 IMPGETIC, “igs urareactcleistc,Gue ears tone seatehotetes ras Barometric constantese eer ee iterate xlv-xlvi Baumann Ac. treatise Clredery. eh) -talelsisteleieesy tote Ixi Beaufort, Admiral, weather mnotationictecies cies cietee Ixxxvi, 245 wind! ‘Scales £s Siyiienc etenaiereilerdverete XXVIl1-xXxXx, 70 Belliiworkicitted sccreeexeteveancehieneycterelreeeteperceve Ixix Bemporad, A., treatise cited.......... ApooU esos Byerknes, Protas oVic. wOuke Cited. jem areiettremn-tstere liv Bowie, William, work cited.......... xxxix, Ixxiv Brocka work acitedame craters wee e XXXV, xi-lxii Buckingham, Edgar, work cited......+..+..++Xix Cederberg, I. W., treatise cited tere ciels alotaranes xii Centigrade, conversion into Approximate Abso- lute, Fahrenheit, and Reatimticreers erin Xvi, 2-4 conversion into Fahrenheit....... XVill, 10-12 differences into differences Fahren- helt rey eee eee teners xk, ks near boiling point of water...... XVili, 13 thermometric scale defined.......... ier RN, Chappuis, Pierre, work cited.............--- xxii Civil twilight, defined........... ativan iassionets Ixxvii Curationlotesesremete electors Ixxvili, 224 Glarkesmtreatisemcited sp eieiaecsietntnert eter xlvi, [xxv GIcSaGl Mo ooocawdsooobo0 cc oC .xxiv, Ixxv Cloud classification, international. cxxvi, 243-244 Coefficient of expansion of air with tempera- PTET EH ies cicusyslotehererevete omic oshedel cue ehetionenener sus xliv, xlvi Commission Internationale de le haute Atmos- OH EKe eis eeiereteh ot helelatobna ened hele totet rare keyel-te lcd liii Continental measures of length and equiva- eTitSheete aaron ea DE bie acre em ever RLV ama O! Conversion of, barometric readings into standard units of PRESSULEN ceyelelevelelelonelehabeVe sie rt-t holed ans xxi, 36-39 HinearterneAaSUTeS) wfeleleteleteleter t=) Spectrum, water vapor lines in visible Ixxxli, 237-238 absorption in infra-red........--- Ixxxii, 238 Spheroid, Clarke’s .........--e--+++0-0: Se CKLY, Starlight, relative illumination intensity Onee2co State of weather, Beaufort notation for Ixxxvi, 245 Stations, list of meteorological... .Ixxxvi, 247-277 Statute miles, conversion of, into nautical.xxiv, 48 Stefan, work cited............-- ee a a lacyilin Sun, declination of.........---- Pee scevitt 222 relative illumination intensity of zenithal. . 226 Sunrise, time of, defined.........+--+--+-- . xxvii Sunset, time of, ‘defined. POAC Mn AN GA Treat Sunshine, duration of.............Ixxvi, 211-222 Symbols, International Meteorological Ixxxv, 241-242 Temperature, correction for, of thermometer stem...xix, 14 reduction to sea levellnnsestsloite eRe 7Osie7 7) term in determination of heights by barometer ... .xIvii-xlvili, 137-138, 146-147 term in determination of density of air Ixxx-lxxxi, 228, 232-233 Thermodynamic thermometric scale, defined... .xv 282 INDEX. FAGE ¥AGE Thermometer, hypsometric ..... pietarecere lix-lx, 161 Vapeny 2qnU sae ee correction for temperature of mercury in Waaht ee Vive eeeeeeee ecccees LXVI-IXVii StEM, wcccvicccincmciscclcccccenes X1X-XX, I4 ; 5 ft. Thermometric scales, defined...........+-. XV-XVI vneee eee ara ee veo a interconversion of seoletevotonsiete teeters tous kg oa Ware: walgenaeee es nee XVI-IXVII1L, 177-17 Thiesen, Me, work citedin. scene eons es Ixii, Ixiv Meccan ; 8 Time 5X1 CTU eyes ede eletenalintete ete oho eae ieverele conti ; Spanish a 8 A cen vey Spey ne ycr cia srataEs aaW ee Xxiv, 50 : Lette went nee tect ec cere c cece ced ae mee ae a BI Versta, or Werst, value (of .- 222-2 -eee eee 48 SUDd et es bean gnome ified Rear ane ca aaset Visibility, horizontal code for........ Ixxxvi, 246 mean, at apparent noon...........- XXV1, 57 Wisibl eat tere Shi . » 24 mean solar into sidereal............ xxvi, 58 isible spectrum, water vapot a in - sidereal into mean solar............xxvi, 58 XXX11, 237-238 Toise, value of........-..-.-- WelisieKeserepehe.ovehseisns 48 Waals, J. D. Van der, work cited............1xii Transmission percentages of radiation through Water, vapor of (see Aqueous) PeAMOISUS ALIS ie leiancickelersicuoicnaisisis* nfallerosel eek: Ixxxli, 239 Weather, state of, Beaufort symbols for [wilight, duration of astronomical... .Ixxvili, 223 Loci dtiration (Ob Civili. cs cisicle oleic cre Ixxvili, 224 Weight, of saturated aqueous vapor, Vapor, aqueous, decrease of pressure with al- titude at mountain stations.......... Ixxil, 202 precipitable water equivalent Ixvi-Ixvili, 176-178 pressure of, by psychrometric observations, Pinielishieeacererite es ce Ixvili-lxxi, 180-193 Mictrichtiinc. cts oe Ixvili-Ixxil, 194-201 pressure of saturated, over ice, Dy namich yaeteserstths ee stele Ixi-Ixvi, 173-174 Encl isha seca toreeieteiereersier- Ixi-lxv, 164 IMCErIC Ti cncte een, tetas eis eicteretehers Ixi-lxvi, 169 over water, IDM peE tite. Mogg aoaan soAoadee Ixi-Ixvi, 175 Snelisheaesc.cie siersteetera eles Ixi-lxv, 165-168 IMEC Cemetenctheicesi-tenek Nel cnet= Ixi-lIxvi, 170-172 (See also atmospheric water vapor) Cubic@toot meen seer Ixvi-lxvili, 176 ; Cubicmetern essen eee Ixvi-Ixvili, 177-178 in grams, of a cubic centimeter of air, English) Sats oer Ixxx-Ixxxi, 228-231 Mictricps siaaeeeiteee Ixxx-Ixxxi, 2324236 Werst or versta, valuelot. sess. co eee AS Wind&tables Wee ceeaceeeeeee XXVII-XXXil, 64-73 Wind, i true direction and velocity at sea, de- termination ote. saat eaeione 318 oa RRR gradient, velocity, ofa..4.-e- XXX-XXXIl, 71-73 radius of critical curvature XXX-XXXli, 71-73 ScaleyeBeautont: st eee XXVIli-xxix, 70 synoptic conversion of velocities....xxvili, 64 Year, days into decimals of, and angle.xxiv, 52-55 tropical, length of....... a islele SlelelsielalaieieesSounl Td ; - vO ie ; Nie ade ie