BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 05708 7304 ^ Smithsonian yiar 1976 Smithsonian Year - 1976 Dramatic Bicentennial display of fireworks on the Mall, July 4, 1976. Smithsonian Year • 1976 REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE PERIOD JULY 1, 1975, THROUGH SEPTEMBER 30, 1976 Smithsonian Institution Press • City of Washington • 1977 Smithsonian Publication 6399 Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 67-7980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C., 20402 — Price $6.80 (paper cover) Stock Number: 047-000-00345-8 Smithsonian Year • 1976 THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of Eng- land, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and ac- cepting the trust, Congress incorporated the Institution in an "estab- lishment," whose statutory members are the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive depart- ments, and vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. THE ESTABLISHMENT Gerald R. Ford, President of the United States Nelson A. Rockefeller, Vice President of the United States Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State William E. Simon, Secretary of Treasury Donald H. Rumsfeld, Secretary of Defense Edward H. Levi, Attorney General Thomas S. Kleppe, Secretary of Interior Earl L. Butz, Secretary of Agriculture Elliot H. Richardson, Secretary of Commerce W. J. Usery, Secretary of Labor F. David Matthews, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare Carla A. Hills, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development William T. Coleman, Jr., Secretary of Transportation Board of Regents and Secretary • September 30, 1976 REGENTS OF THE INSTITUTION Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor Nelson A. Rockefeller, Vice President of the United States Frank E. Moss, Member of the Senate Henry M. Jackson, Member of the Senate Hugh Scott, Member of the Senate George H. Mahon, Member of the House of Representatives Elford A. Cederberg, Member of the House of Representatives Sidney R. Yates, Member of the House of Representatives John Paul Austin, citizen of Georgia John Nicholas Brown, citizen of Rhode Island William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California Robert F. Goheen, citizen of New Jersey Caryl P. Haskins, citizen of Washington, D.C. A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Thomas J. Watson, Jr., citizen of Connecticut James E. Webb, citizen of Washington, D.C. EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Warren E. Burger, Chancellor (Board of Regents) William A. M. Burden Caryl P. Haskins James E. Webb (Chairman) THE SECRETARY S. Dillon Ripley ASSISTANT SECRETARIES TREASURER GENERAL COUNSEL SUPPORT ACTIVITIES David Challinor, Assistant Secretary for Science Charles Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art Paul N. Perrot, Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Julian T. Euell, Assistant Secretary for Public Service John F. Jameson, Assistant Secretary for Administration T. Ames Wheeler Peter G. Powers Richard L. Ault, Director VI Smithsonian Year • 1976 CONTENTS page v THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION vi BOARD OF REGENTS AND SECRETARY 3 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 29 FINANCIAL REPORT 65 SCIENCE 66 Center for the Study of Man 72 Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies 79 Fort Pierce Bureau 81 National Air and Space Museum 97 National Museum of Natural History 121 National Zoological Park 131 Office of International Programs 132 Radiation Biology Laboratory 142 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 159 Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. 161 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 169 HISTORY AND ART 170 Archives of American Art 173 Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design 175 Freer Gallery of Art 178 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 186 Joseph Henry Papers 187 National Collection of Fine Arts 193 National Museum of History and Technology 207 National Portrait Gallery 211 Office of Academic Studies 214 Office of American Studies 217 MUSEUM PROGRAMS 223 Conservation- Analytical Laboratory 225 National Museum Act Program vu 228 Office of Exhibits Central 229 Office of Horticulture 233 Office of Museum Programs 235 Office of the Registrar 236 Smithsonian Institution Archives 237 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 240 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 245 PUBLIC SERVICE 248 Anacostia Neighborhood Museum 250 Division of Performing Arts 254 International Exchange Service 255 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 257 Office of Public Affairs 259 Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars 260 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. 261 Smithsonian Associates 269 Smithsonian Institution Press 271 Smithsonian Magazine 273 ADMINISTRATION 277 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS 285 IOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 299 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART 305 APPENDICES vm Smithsonian Year • 1976 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY The Smithsonian's new Victorian Garden. The Attic Refurbished S. DILLON RIPLEY This is the year of the Bicentennial, and this Institution can take pride in its accomplishments after nearly ten years of preparation. It is a year in which a new Smithsonian museum, newly opened on July 1, 1976, the National Air and Space Museum, played host to two million visitors in its first forty-nine days of existence, surely a record of some kind. It is a year in which we successfully looked backwards to a hundred years ago, with the opening of "1876: A Centennial Exhibition," a simulacrum of the great Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, using the same materials, and displaying them in the building on the Mall originally built to house the forty- two carloads of material given to the Smithsonian at the time the Philadelphia exposition closed. After a year and a half of the most painstaking restoration and refurbishing, that exhibit opened on May 10, 1976, one hundred years to the day from the opening in Fairmount Park, complete with carriages, prayers, the Hallelujah Chorus, release of pigeons, and the John Philip Sousa music com- posed for the occasion. Each of these great exhibits, the one cele- brating the achievements of America's first hundred years, the other celebrating the triumphs of American technology of our second hun- dred years, creates an atmosphere of excitement, of sheer pleasure, and of enthusiasm which is contagious. Nor were these all. The rest of the Smithsonian celebrated alike, each museum or bureau with a triumphant series of exhibitions, the best Festival of American Folklife ever, and a marvelous array of traveling exhibits, portfolios, courses, lectures, and visiting smaller exhibits of exquisite beauty and rarity. Truly the Bicentennial year has been a triumph for collections, the justification of all that has gone before. These magnificent exhibitions remind us of our na- tional esprit, and of our special human qualities — innate curiosity combined with memory, and the insatiable will to discover. And the people came. Several years ago we predicted that there would be a vast turnout of visitors during the Bicentennial summer. Perhaps the expectations of the business bureaux were overly aroused, for the final city figures and those of hotels, motels, and so on, have been lower than expected this spring, right up and down the East Coast. But the Smithsonian visitation, after a rather slow start, has been picking up steadily since the glorious Fourth, and indeed that last week of July and the first week of August, for ex- ample, our visitors were up a full 20 percent over the year before. We are conducting a study to determine who they are, and why and where they are staying. In any case, it appears likely that earlier news reports of light visits to Washington in the spring pro- duced more tourists later, as well as a different manner of coming, hard for the business or other count-takers to assess; namely, the use of campers, trailers, or backpacks by many people who may just come by for a day, and camp out of town somewhere at night, even bringing their own food. The National Park Service seems to agree with us that visiting was heavy, but the manner of visits has changed. But the visitors have written in; witness this visitor from South Carolina: "Dear Sirs, I must take this opportunity to say 'Thank you' for your part in making this a wonderful vacation to your city. People like you, proved all the 'wild tales' I'd been told were false. The week I spent in Washington, 'The days at the Smith- sonian' will be a memory I'll cherish. I hope to return in the near future. God Bless — Sincerely" Certainly this Institution is proud to be part of Washington, and proud too to have the great collections which make us the "Magnet on the Mall." The collections are as much a part of the Smithsonian as any other. In the original Act of Congress of 1846 occur the 4 / Smithsonian Year 1976 words: "All objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history, plants, and geological and mineralogi- cal specimens belonging, or hereafter to belong, to the United States . . . shall be delivered . . . and shall be arranged in such order, and so classed, as best to facilitate the examination and study of them, in the building ... for the Institution." By 1857, it had been defi- nitely settled that Congress would make the necessary appropria- tions for the museum's maintenance. As Paul Oehser in his book1 on the Smithsonian has written, and as the early Annual Reports of the Institution amply demonstrate, Joseph Henry, the first Secretary, ". . . would rather have seen the museum separate from the Smith- sonian. He did not relish the idea of having to depend on annual Government appropriation for Smithsonian activities. It would, he thought, 'annually bring the Institution before Congress as a sup- plicant for government patronage, and ultimately subject it to politi- cal influence and control.' He wanted the Institution to 'mingle its operations as little as possible with those of the general govern- ment. . . .' " But that was not to be, for under the original Act as quoted above, the Smithsonian was specifically charged with the museum collections function, and so by 1858 an appropriation of $4,000 was made for the arrangement and care of the national col- lections, and appropriations in increasing amounts, as the collections and the visitation (and inflation) have increased, have continued ever since. By 1877, it was obvious — the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition (in which the Smithsonian had played a leading part in arranging the Government exhibitions) having resulted in a shower of gifts to the Institution — that additional space must be secured. This was the genesis of the Institution's second building, the Arts and Industries Building, so-called, which we reopened in Centennial style. As the Regents of the time proposed to the Senate, it would be necessary for the nation to pay for the maintenance, care, and upkeep of these national collections. So Senator Hiester Clymer averred, introducing the bill for the appropriation of construction funds for the new building: "It may not be disputed that the acceptance of them (the gifts) by the Government imposes an obligation that they shall be 1 Sons of Science, page 67 (New York, N.Y. : H. Schuman, 1949). Statement by the Secretary I 5 preserved and exhibited for the gratification and instruction of the people. . . ." Public instruction has been the cornerstone of the policy of every generation of Regents and Secretary alike in this Institution. For the purposes of public instruction, the need for continuing federal sup- port is clear, whether the means adopted be exhibits, traveling ex- hibits, publications ranging from guidebooks to encyclopedias of knowledge, or kindred forms of diffusion. Similar sentiments were expressed in Congress, and by President Theodore Roosevelt in 1905, when Charles Lang Freer indicated that he would give his collections and funds for a building to be part of the national heritage. Roosevelt writing to the Board of Regents urged the gift upon them: "All that is asked of the government or the Regents of the Smithsonian now is that they shall accept this magnificently generous offer. . . . Congress will have to take some steps to provide the comparatively small sum necessary to take care of what will be a national asset. ... I hope the Regents will feel warrented [sic] to close with the offer; for they are the na- tional guardians of such a collection." Congress in subsequent years has often reaffirmed this principle, as in the Act of May 17, 1938, describing the purposes of the Na- tional Collection of Fine Arts. " . . . (a) It shall be the policy of the Regents to maintain a worthy standard for the acceptance of art objects for exhibition in the Gallery . . . and the Regents are hereby authorized to solicit and receive private donations of works of art and con- tributions of funds from private sources for the purchase of works of art. . . . ". . . (b) In order to encourage the development of con- temporary art and effect the widest distribution and cultivation in matters of such art, the Regents are hereby authorized to solicit and receive funds from private sources, to acquire (by purchase or otherwise) and sell contemporary works of art or copies thereof, to employ . . . artists. . . ." Statements such as these continue over the years: in 1946 (estab- lishment of the National Air Museum, Public Law 722); in 1962 6 / Smithsonian Year 1976 (establishment of the National Portrait Gallery, Public Law 443); and all echo the words of Joseph Henry when in 1855 he stated: "The principal aim, therefore, in taking charge of all the specimens (of every kind) is not to swell the Smithsonian collection, but to pre- serve them from destruction, and to render them immediately avail- able," (and here he writes of everything from natural history speci- mens to "a valuable collection of engravings by the first masters" [italics mine] — who were they, I wonder, for these were presumably lost in the fire ten years later?). And Henry goes on, ". . . with the hope that Congress will, at some future day, make a liberal appro- priation to support a national collection." And so it has proved, for Congress has indeed taken the Smith- sonian most seriously, as a special trust responsibility to which it pledged "the faith of the United States" in 1836, and has been generous in its stated purposes to improve and protect the national collections. Congress now appropriates about one hundred million dollars a year to maintain collections, to provide for their study and display, and to support other operations of the Institution. A much appre- ciated and generous figure indeed, but one which deserves a brief assessment. It is my suspicion that the collections of scientific mate- rials, art objects, books, and historical materials amassed by the Institution over the years, while obviously priceless to the nation in general terms, could be valued to surpass Mr. Smithson's original seed money of somewhat over $500,000 by a factor of at least ten thousand, or something between five and six billion dollars. If the annual interest on such a vast sum were to be reckoned as the appro- priate amount to be made available for collections maintenance and operations, it would be seen that our current levels of funds repre- sent about a third of what could prudently be spent without exceed- ing our income. In this connection it has always been hoped that a "liberal dis- tribution of the duplicate specimens should be made to societies and other establishments in this country and abroad" (quoting Henry's Ninth Annual Report, page 25, 1855). Although Secretary Spencer Baird, who followed Henry, attempted to furnish materials to a number of early scientific societies in this country, the later de- velopment of scientific methods requiring series of duplicate speci- mens for certain studies somewhat cramped the fulfillment of this Statement by the Secretary I 7 ideal concept. As a result, the Smithsonian has never been able freely to open up its "riches" and lavishly distribute duplicates to kindred museums. Sensible exchanges, trade-offs, and deposits, par- ticularly in the scientific fields, but also in the art field are sometimes made, but always with committee or commission approvals, and sometimes with specific scrutiny by the Regents according to a set of rules adopted by the Board. It has always seemed sad that objects of great importance or ex- hibit potential were not more plentiful, for every year the Institution is petitioned to start a satellite museum here or there in the country at large. But there are simply not enough objects of exhibit quality to go round to develop a collection of subsidiary museums. That is partly why the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service has come into its own, as a source of surrogate exhibitions which can be shared across the fifty States, and enjoyed by additional millions of viewers. And this Bicentennial year has been a notable one for our Service, with 200 exhibitions traveling to forty-eight States. Dennis Gould, our Director, deserves great credit for his persistence, and the ability of his organization to deliver on time. We estimate that these exhibitions alone have been seen by over eight million people in this past year. Even so, the collections continue to mount in number, and de- mands for space proliferate. As I wrote in last year's annual report, Smithsonian Year 1975, "museum keepers know that the supply of objects, whether made by man, or great natural objects such as whales or pandas, are finite in number and will inevitably run out in due course." We continue to be offered many things, and even with a discriminating eye, there are certain things which we must legitimately accept. We can turn things down, as I reported last year, or we can redirect them to places which seem more appropri- ate, especially, for example, objects of preeminent state interest which should go to state institutions. But there are always objects which fit in, or which fill an important gap, and these we continue to receive, fulfilling our basic responsibility. Last year I wrote that one of the things that we would dearly love to secure for our collection of transportation was a donkey engine, as its absence was a serious gap in our history of railroad evolution. Such a miniature, narrow-gauge creature is of considera- ble rarity in this day and age. Having heard that these little gems 8 / Smithsonian Year 1976 can still sometimes be found rusting away in some southern pine- land lumber yard, I prayed — "Oh Georgia-Pacific, Oh Weyer- haeuser, where is thy benison? Where in some neglected forest glade lies maundering that rusting hulk?" But romantic prayers fell on deaf ears, and nary a peep or chirrup of recognition came from the busy giants of the lumber industry. It is no wonder, for all the great timber companies of the world today seem to be intent on besting their competitors in cutting down the tropical forests of the world. I am told by the New York Botanical Garden that these tropical forests, either through lumbering or burning off, are being cut at the rate of 49.2 acres a minute, day in, day out, over 22 million acres per year. Rather, an answer to prayer has come from a Mr. Gerald M. Best of Beverly Hills, California, who all these years has preserved and lavished attention on "olomana," a donkey engine from the Island of Maui in Hawaii. Mr. Best has promised that he and his wife will give us "olomana," and so the final jewel has been placed in the diadem of the Museum of History and Technology's Department of Transportation, "olomana" will take her rightful place beside the great Southern locomotive, No. 1401, and the San Francisco Cable Car, and "pioneer," our oldest horseless, belching monster of the rails. It will be interesting to see if our curators can reconstruct the voice of "olomana," on tape, to ring out every so often, and amaze the children of all ages who throng the Hall of Transportation, and are so enraptured by the thunderous song of the Southern locomo- tive. That one has a wonderful taped voice including the word "bo — ard" among the roars, the pants, and puffs of the start-up, the shattering passage down the track, and the final mournful whistle echoing over the distant prairie at the end. And yet all these objects take care and conservation, whether books, or paintings, or early transportation. Our paramount need is still a museum's support center, in nearby Maryland, on land al- ready in public ownership, which will give us the conservation, storage, and work areas that make collections come to life, and keep the Smithsonian where it should be in the vanguard of preservation, retrieval, and conservation. Without this facility, and without an appropriate library for our History of Science collections, the nag- ging dilemma will continue, the reception of collections with inade- quate facilities to house them and the gradual deterioration as a Statement by the Secretary I 9 result, or the rejection of needed materials — to moulder and lie a-rusting somewhere else. But what we have done this past year has been a triumph. The quality and style of exhibitions all over Washington have been an appropriate tribute to the Bicentennial, and have indeed made this city a focal point in a way nothing else could have so illumined the event. For perhaps obvious reasons there are common purposes to be discerned in the assembling of exhibitions either in science, his- tory, or art, which have to do with the celebration of a Bicentennial. As mentioned earlier, two exhibitions have, it seems to me, a com- mon theme. One is the creation of the great Air and Space Museum with its extraordinary exhibit of fact, which in truth outdoes fiction. The design and the settings in which man's conquest of air and space is depicted are almost as handsome and as symbolically diverse and sophisticated as the creation of the objects themselves. They are highly appropriate. The history of air and space involves technologi- cal design and inventiveness of the first order. The objects are dis- played in the awareness of these technologies and the results are meet and right. The building is in perfect scale, and the effect is not unlike a novel art museum, in which objects and display suit each other perfectly. This then is the epitome of the last eighty years, and of much of which the United States can be justly proud. The "1876" exhibition similarly tells us what we were most proud of one hundred years ago. It is the history of the development of the United States as we conceived it at that time. Our pride was in the possibility of the mastery of the Continent. The horrible Civil War was behind us. Now we should turn our minds to the real priorities, to the unification of the Continent from "sea to shining sea." Thus "1876" represents a kind of microcosm of the previous hundred years, and a sense of where we thought the priorities lay. Another theme which seems to run through the exhibitions has had to do with the discovery of the Continent by foreigners and their impressions of the setting or the new-found objects or peoples. Thus at the National Gallery of Art there was a superb and fasci- nating exhibition, "The European Vision of America," organized by Hugh Honour. Here one could delight by reflection in the marvels, some of them fanciful, of the new worlds across the seas, as seen by artists and naturalist draftsmen. In the same vein, but in a slightly different context, the National Portrait Gallery has mounted 10 / Smithsonian Year 1976 a triumph in representation of what the eighteenth- and nine- teenth-century travelers from abroad saw and thought about us all then. As John Russell said in the New York Times- "Nothing in American museum life is quite like the exhibitions at the National Portrait Gallery. . . . They are about people . . . brought alive by paintings, photographs, objects and letters which document what they said, what they did, and what they saw. . . . What we experi- ence at the National Portrait Gallery is resuscitation in depth." It is a great show, and it does a great deal to tell one what America seemed like, truly or not, in foreign eyes. And as we all know we Americans are always immensely curious to know what others think of us. A third theme might be described as what America has done to people, the people who came, and how they reacted. The Hirshhorn Museum has a fascinating exhibition, "The Golden Door," which surveys the immigrant artists who came to America, and what they then proceeded to do in the Land of Opportunity, and how it managed, often subtly, to affect their style and their transition into a new consciousness in the New World. A monumental exhibit at the Museum of History and Technology called, "A Nation of Nations" tells us about immigrants in general to this country, who came, and when, where from, and where they went, east and west, north and south. In the process we can see how ethnic roots have been preserved, and at the same time how the land and the setting have inevitably moulded customs and traditions. Styles of making things changed from region to region, even though the roots of the styles, or the utility of the objects, were held in common. Finally the homogenization of the late twentieth century is shown in glaring detail, but still with ethnic variety, e.g., McDonald's signs in Japanese. A third exhibit within this theme has been the major Bicentennial exhibition at the National Collection of Fine Arts, "America as Art." Here is a sensitive interpretation of the evolution of indigenous art in America, what the country did to the eye of the artist — as a symbol — as a theater for the evolution of local character in oppo- sition to European values. Here, landscape became a romantic no- tion, evoking moral values and an approach toward understanding 2 July 11, 1976. Statement by the Secretary I 11 philosophic truths in nature. In a later state there is shown the paradox of sympathy for the noble savage in an idealized sense coupled with the frenzied exaltation of frontier conquest. Still later comes urbanism, the masses, the new realism, accompanied by the growth of a new liberalism, provoked perhaps by the vestiges of transcendentalism and moral superiority. At the end there is some- thing of the current struggle of artists to decide how to break away from homogenization, to develop an identity out of uniformity. A variant on this theme could be described as what people have done to America, and here the National Museum of Natural History has presented an ecological succession exhibition which graphically depicts changes in the environment of Washington, D. C, taken at a point where Rock Creek debouches on the Potomac River. Be- ginning some 10,000 years ago when the forest was primeval in- deed, with tree boles of sycamores and other hardwoods as large as sequoias, down through the first cultivation by native Americans to the present parklike setting with benches, litter, rats, and sparrows, it is all there, a panorama of change pointing to a wholly uncertain future. Other museum exhibits have been historic moments in time, de- picting a stage in some cultural succession, or a glorious moment perceived and now lost. Thus, the Freer Gallery of Art chose to represent something of where culture or stages in life, as depicted in painting, stood in Asia in 1775. All over the world the late eight- eenth century had life and vigor and style, and so it was in India, China, and Japan. The exhibit is exquisite in its selection and re- fined in taste. If there are intimations of revolution there, they escaped me. An exhibition, celebrating a moment perceived and lost, has been "The Eye of Thomas Jefferson" at the National Gallery of Art. Romantic to the hilt, the objects brought together represent all the varied influences of the art and culture of Europe, a kind of im- pressionistic grand tour, which might have influenced Jefferson as a man for all seasons, architect, philosopher, aesthetic interpreter of life itself, and yet somehow a man of action, a superb politician, whose pen was mightier than many a sword. The exhibition was a glorious assemblage of objects of the time, a depiction of the sur- roundings of an enigma, an aristocrat and an elitist who could be a violent revolutionary in a time when revolutionaries tolerated gen- 12 / Smithsonian Year 1976 tlemen and aesthetes among their company. How is it possible? It is too romantic for today. The moment has been lost in the stirring swirl of history, and we can view such diversity of style and char- acter with pure nostalgia, convinced that we will not see such times, or such heroes again. Then there have been small special exhibitions sent from abroad to honor the Bicentennial. One of them reached the Museum of His- tory and Technology. It was an exhibit sent over especially to mark the visit of the Spanish King and Queen, but one which had taken years to plan, an exhibit about Columbus and with the artifacts con- nected with his voyages. There was the great Juan de la Cosa Map of 1500, never before seen outside of Spain, painted on a sheepskin as a guide to travelers to the new hemisphere, with symbolic repre- sentations of travel, such as the Three Kings journeying to pay homage to the Christ Child. There was Columbus's copy of Marco Polo's travels, appropriate reference reading for someone searching for the Indies. There were Columbus's meditations in jail when the Bible became his support and comforter. There were documents, paintings, tapestry, and artifacts which made this a treasure trove to view, and transported the imagination back nearly five hundred years. Yes, nearly five hundred years; what will there be to com- memorate in 1992? A particularly precious exhibition was loaned to the Smithsonian, and to the Los Angeles County Museum by Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain. This was a collection of anatomical drawings by Leonardo da Vinci from the Library at Windsor Castle. These drawings, with Leonardo's enigmatic script notations, are so far ahead of their time (as witness contemporary anatomical draw- ings) that they excite wonder, admiration, and awe. Visiting scholars and students came from all over the Eastern States to see the exhibit, taking advantage of a very rare opportunity. Additionally, for the visit of the Queen herself, we had the stylish exhibition of the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths and Silver- smiths of gold and silver plate of all periods. This was in the original Smithsonian building, the "Castle," where Her Majesty was greeted by the Chancellor and Regents, shown the tomb of James Smithson, and presented with a Joint Resolution of the Congress of the United States commemorating what is perhaps the largest philanthropic gift ever made to one nation by a citizen of another, the bequest of Statement by the Secretary I 13 James Smithson. Thus the Congress was right to commemorate the event in this way, and it would seem as if Her Majesty, in this year of revolutions, should be pleased to think of what a Britisher had done for the United States, and what the results in subsequent years have been. To measure all of the results of Mr. Smithson's bequest would be an impossible task, I feel. We can only suspect that nothing quite like the present Institution could have been foreseen, or even planned a hundred and forty years ago, when the Act of acceptance was finally passed and signed into law. No comparable set of cir- cumstances has existed in any other country. One of the joys of the creation of the Smithsonian has been that it inaugurated a vehicle by which the nation might be given things, and a way in which they might be accepted. Over the years the magnitude of the gifts — Smithson, Hodgkins, Sprague, Freer, Gallatly, the Walcotts, the Barneys, Dibner, Roebling, Mellon, Vetlesen, Winston, Link, Forrest, Bruce, the Ramseys, Reeves, Lilly, Becker, Johnson, Hirsh- horn, and Post — more than justifies the funds from various sources spent annually to keep them up. We must take all possible steps necessary to assure that what we now possess is well cared for and thoroughly catalogued, or else fail in our trust to the donors. We would otherwise fail in our responsibility to the Executive and to the Congress, and thus imperil the very mandate of 1846, that "all objects of art and of foreign and curious research, and all objects of natural history," etc. . . . "shall be arranged in such order and so classed, as best to facilitate . . . the study of them ... in the building . . . for the Institution." This is a charge which we are solemnly obligated to carry out with the help of the Congress, God willing. And we must keep "The Nation's Attic" (as it is suspected Bernard de Voto first called us) in proper order so as to keep safely our stake in the future as well as the past. Let no one call the Smith- sonian derelict in pointing out the urgent necessity of preserving the testament of the past in order to assure our future. For, as has been said before, history gives us ample reminders of the probable way of the future. If the Bicentennial has reminded us of anything, it has brought home to the Smithsonian the interest of our citizens in being reminded of the past, and the kindred interest in knowing more of the root stock from which we are all sprung. As I had 14 / Smithsonian Year 1976 predicted, July Fourth was celebrated with a big bang, but there was more to it than that, more to it than the thrilling nostalgia of the Tall Ships. There was indeed a sense of rededication and newly reborn pride in being an American, after what now seem numbing years of uncertainty and denigration. Can we discern something? Through the smog of oral and visual logomania which surrounds us, can we perceive a new will, a new desire for humanity, for honesty and tolerance? If we can, then indeed our Bicentennial will have been worthwhile. This past year has brought sadness to the Smithsonian in the un- timely death of Under .Secretary Robert A. Brooks, scholar, poet, and expert administrator, whom we shall long mourn. Mr. Brooks had been with the Institution a scant five years, but had already endeared himself to his colleagues with his fair-minded outlook and good humor. Less than a year after joining the staff, we have also lost our Coordinator of Membership and Development, Lawrence E. Layborne, a valued new addition indeed. We shall miss his style and gentle spirit. Another loss has been the nation's gain, for this year Professor Daniel J. Boorstin, Senior Historian, National Museum of History and Technology, has left us to become the nation's twelfth Librarian of Congress. The appointment is particularly welcome to the Smith- sonian, symbolizing as it does the traditional partnership in schol- arly exchange and book collection that has illuminated the entire history of our two institutions. As Assistant Secretary for Administration, John F. Jameson, a relative veteran of the Smithsonian in spite of his years, has been appointed to assist me in integration of the management functions of the Secretary's office. As Chief Budget Officer of the Institution, he has developed a particular view of the whole operation which is invaluable. Dr. Kevin Sullivan has been appointed Director of the Chesa- peake Bay Center for Environmental Studies after serving for five years on that staff. He succeeds Dr. Francis S. L. Williamson, who decided to resign after a year's leave of absence in order to continue as Commissioner of Public Health and Social Services for the State of Alaska. Statement by the Secretary I 15 Mr. Edward F. Rivinus has been appointed Acting Director of the Smithsonian Press after coming to the Smithsonian from the United States Foreign Service and serving for a time in the area of Public Service. To head Smithsonian employee health programs, Dr. Edward Belton has been appointed as Chief Medical Officer. Professor Herbert Gursky has been appointed Associate Director of the Center for Astrophysics (Optical and Infrared Division), Smithsonian As- trophysical Observatory. Among our affiliates, Miss Ruth Graves has taken the position of Director of Reading Is Fundamental, and Messrs. Donald Elliott and Harold Leuba have become Vice Presi- dents of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. Mr. George Packard has become Deputy Director of the Woodrow Wilson Cen- ter for Scholars to replace Professor Prosser Gifford, who has re- turned to Amherst College as Dean after a year's leave of absence. Retirements this year included Dr. Waldo Wedel, Senior Anthro- pologist and distinguished authority on Indian archeology, from the staff of the National Museum of Natural History, and Dr. Helmut K. Buechner as Biologist from the National Zoo. Sadly, Dr. Buech- ner has recently died after a long illness. His ecological research studies, particularly of ungulates in East Africa, are classics in their field. Finally to all those unsung heroes and heroines of the Smith- sonian staff who kept the wheels rolling, and who performed un- stintingly and with unfailing politeness to keep this Institution's Bicentennial observance on a plane above any single other equiva- lent ceremonies that I know of, may I say how grateful America must and should be to you all ! 16 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Board of Regents The board of regents met in fiscal year 1976 in the autumn, winter, and spring, as is customary. At the autumn meeting on Septem- ber 30, 1975, it was attested that Dr. John Nicholas Brown and Thomas J. Watson, Jr., had been reappointed as Citizen Regents. The Secretary reviewed the financial report of the Smithsonian and described the present schedule of the Bicentennial programs. Of par- ticular significance was the report that the National Air and Space Museum would be completed on time and that the costs for con- struction would be under the original estimate. Progress was also reported on the joint sponsorship by Wells Fargo and Company and the Smithsonian of the Bicentennial Essay Contest authorized by the Regents which would serve to focus at- tention on the more positive and exciting prospects that face our country in its third century. Nine distinguished Americans agreed to serve as national judges to vote on submissions made by various categories of contestants on the subject "Toward Our Third Century." Two recent legislative actions were noted. The first reserves for Smithsonian use in the future the last remaining site on the Mall, located between Third and Fourth Streets and Independence Ave- nue and Jefferson Drive. The second measure authorizes the prepa- ration of plans for museum support facilities for the care, curation, conservation, deposit, preparation, and study of the national collec- tions of scientific, historic, and artistic objects, specimens, and artifacts; for related documentation of such collections of the Smithsonian; and for the training of museum conservators. The first anniversary of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden was celebrated after the Regents' meeting at the Museum. The Museum has a visitor attendance of 1.8 million in the year. The winter meeting of the Board of Regents was held on Janu- ary 22, 1976. Special recognition was given to Mr. James E. Webb as an outstanding Regent and Chairman of the Executive Commit- tee. The financial report of the Institution was summarized by the Statement by the Secretary I 17 Secretary for the Board, and a full discussion of the finances of the Institution will be found in this report. The Board of Regents determined that the Smithsonian Institu- tion is financially unable to operate Hillwood as a nonprofit museum under the terms specified in the Agreement between the Institution and Mrs. Marjorie Merriweather Post and therefore directed, in accordance with the provisions of Mrs. Post's will, that title to Hill- wood pass to the Marjorie Merriweather Post Foundation of D.C. on July 1, 1976. In commemoration of the nation's Bicentennial, the Regents voted to award a number of medals to the following recipients for dis- tinguished achievement in areas of Institutional interest : The Smith- sonian Medal to Nancy Hanks, the Langley Medal to Grover Loening and James E. Webb, the Henry Medal to Dr. Martin H. Moynihan and Dr. T. Dale Stewart, the Matthew Fontaine Maury Medal to Dr. Robert M. White, and the Hodgkins Medal to Dr. E. Cuyler Hammond. The designation of the "Doris and Henry Dreyfus Memorial Study Center" in the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design was approved in recognition of the contributions of Henry Dreyfus to the field of industrial design. The generous dona- tions of Mr. and Mrs. Henry J. Heinz II to the Cooper-Hewitt were underscored by the naming of the "Drue Heinz Study Center for Drawings and Prints." The Regents also approved the name "Waldo L. Schmitt Conference Room" for a room in the Invertebrate Zool- ogy area of the National Museum of Natural History in honor of Dr. Schmitt's outstanding contributions to invertebrate zoology. A number of legislative proposals were approved for submission to the Congress, including measures to authorize appropriations under the National Museum Act, to eliminate the ceiling on appro- priations for the Barro Colorado Island at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, and to authorize the construction of a museum support facility. The Secretary reported that the two measures, approved by the Board of Regents in 1974, to authorize planning of a museum support facility and to remove restrictions on the collec- tion of portraiture by the National Portrait Gallery have been enacted. The Secretary discussed plans for the forthcoming visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II to the Smithsonian Institution. It was 18 / Smithsonian Year 1976 agreed to request a Joint Resolution of the House and Senate to express the American people's gratitude for the bequest of James Smithson The spring meeting of the Board of Regents was convened on May 10, 1976. At this meeting the Regents paid tribute to the Smithsonian's late Under Secretary Robert A. Brooks, hailing par- ticularly his outstanding classical scholarship and his remarkable administrative career. The Secretary introduced to the Regents John F. Jameson, newly designated as the Acting Assistant Secretary for Administration. The financial reports were summarized by the Secretary and ac- cepted by the Board, including the estimate for the "transition quarter" from July 1 to September 30, 1976, occasioned by the change in the beginning of the fiscal year from the first of July to the first of October. The Secretary reported developments at the National Zoo, includ- ing the renovation of the elephant house, the new bird yards, and the glockenspiel provided by a bequest. The first portion of the new "William M. Mann Lion and Tiger Exhibit" was opened to the pub- lic on April 9, 1976. This exhibit received a design award in 1975. An underground parking garage on the Mall was again con- sidered by the Board as a possibility for the future. A recent up-date of an earlier study indicates that 3,200 parking spaces could be con- structed under the Mall. It was decided to continue to examine possibilities for the construction and financing of this parking facil- ity in cooperation with the National Park Service and other in- terested government agencies. Noting progress on a number of legislative matters, the Board of Regents reviewed the language of the proposed Joint Resolution of the Senate and House on the occasion of the visit of Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II. The Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design hav- ing progressed on schedule toward its opening in the renovated Carnegie Mansion in New York, the next meeting of the Regents was scheduled to precede that opening in early October. Statement by the Secretary I 19 Left. Rotunda of the newly renovated Arts and Industries Building, where "1876: A Cen- tennial Exhibition," a recreation in microcosm of the Philadelphia Centennial Exposition, opened on May 10, 1976, a hundred years to the day since the opening in Philadelphia. An air of festive excitement and celebration marked this occasion as Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Secretary S. Dillon Ripley arrive in a coach-and-four (above), followed by other notables in horse-drawn carriages (below). July 1, 1976, dedication of the National Air and Space Museum. This newest of Smithsonian museums on the Mall contains dramatic evidence of America's tech- nological advances and man's conquest of air and space. Below. Visitors enjoy the Milestones of Flight Gallery. HlBlfllBIBIBIBg 1 I I I dy T Vi Newly renovated third floor of the National Portrait Gallery showing a portion of the Bicentennial exhibition "Portraits from The Americans: The Democratic Experience." Below. Aerial view of the "William M. Mann Lion and Tiger Exhibit," dedicated May 25, 1976. r% «• 1 .-.*• .> Wl .>' 1 V"_^ ■*£*? ^'"i Bmh» • Aboue. View of the National Museum of Natural History's Bicentennial exhibit, "Our Changing Land." The exhibition focuses on the history of land use in the Potomac River Valley. Below. Designer at the Smithsonian's Anacostia Neighborhood Museum discusses with its Exhibits Design and Production Laboratory staff a panel for the traveling exhibition, "The Frederick Douglass Years." An "Insect Zoo," newly installed at the National Museum of Natural History, fas- cinates a young visitor. .t#» . ..... . ■t > figs' ■ : Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain during her July 1976 visit to the Smithsonian. Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Secretary S. Dillon Ripley point out landmarks in a diorama that is part of the Bicentennial exhibition "The Federal City: Plans & Realities." Below. Their Majesties King Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia of Spain sign the guest register at the opening of the exhibition "Columbus and His Time," June 3, 1976, National Museum of History and Technology, as Mrs. Ripley looks on. Emperor Hirohito of Japan, an ardent marine biologist, examines a marine specimen from the collections in the National Museum of Natural History during his visit to the Smithsonian in October 1975. With His Majesty are Dr. Frederick M. Bayer and Dr. Joseph Rosewater, curators at the Museum, and Professor Hidemi Sato of the Univer- sity of Pennsylvania, who acted as interpreter. Below. Emperor Hirohito and Empress Nagako of Japan and President and Mrs. Ford greet guests prior to the State Dinner held at the Smithsonian on October 3, 1975. Ranjit, handsome male white tiger, is an occupant of the newly modernized lion and tiger quarters at the National Zoological Park. Smithsonian Year '1976 FINANCIAL REPORT T. AMES WHEELER, TREASURER This report covers the fiscal year 1976 and the added three months' "Transition Quarter" (July 1-September 30, 1976), re- flecting our change in fiscal year to conform with the new federal year beginning October 1st. In this period the Institution continued to benefit from both strong governmental support and growth in nonfederal income. As shown in Table 1, federal appropriations received for operating purposes rose 12.7 percent to $84,004,000 in fiscal year 1976, with an additional $23,150,000 for the Transition Quarter; together, these appropriations amounted to 77 percent of the total operating support in the 15 months' period. Research grants and contracts provided another 11 percent, while nonfederal funds from gifts, endowments and our various auxiliary activities and concessions supplied the remaining $16,438,000 or 12 percent of the total. For construction purposes, the Institution received an additional $13,- 922,000 of federal appropriations and $560,000 of gifts from private sources. The increased income for the most part went to meet inflationary cost increases and to make possible the outstanding Smithsonian Bicentennial programs for the nation's capital, including the open- ing of the new National Air and Space Museum, a summer-long international folk festival on the Mall, and a wide variety of major exhibitions. Nearly $10,000,000 of federal construction funds were used to continue the modernization of the National Zoo, while renovation of the Carnegie Mansion in New York City for the 29 October opening of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and construction of the new Associates Court, public and staff restaurants and educational facilities in the National Museum of Natural History, were completed with nonfederal trust funds, derived principally from our fund-raising and Associates activities. This period also saw the completion of our Museum Shop construction and modern- ization program which will benefit visitors and the Institution alike. A further step was taken toward the building of our present relatively small unrestricted-purpose endowment funds to a level capable of assuring stable financial support for nonfederally sup- ported Institutional needs in the future; continuation and enlarge- ment of this effort remains a goal of highest priority. An overall picture of the application of all of these funds for operating purposes (exclusive of foreign currency and construction funds) by individual bureaux and offices may be seen in Table 2. FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS The $81,564,000 of federal funds received for Institutional operat- ing purposes in the 12 months of fiscal year 1976, exclusive of funds for the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc., and the Excess Foreign Currency Programs, was an increase of $10,858,000 over fiscal year 1975. Well over half of this increase ($6.0 million), however, was provided merely to meet costs of legislated and other uncontrollable increases in federal salaries, plus sharp in- creases in utility rates and other inflationary cost increases. A further $2,800,000 was made available to equip and staff the new National Air and Space Museum, and $700,000 was added for our Bicentennial Program. A large part of the remaining $1.4 million was needed for maintenance, protection, conservation, and other program support activities, with relatively little available for any expansion of programmatic efforts themselves. The resulting alloca- tion by broad program categories is set forth in Table 3. As the year progressed, it became possible to hold costs to lower amounts than originally anticipated; as a result, some $1,271,000 of the $104,193,000 combined appropriations for operating purposes in fiscal year 1976 and the Transition Quarter was returned to the United States Treasury. For the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, $1,940,000 was provided for fiscal year 1976, and another $521,000 for the 30 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Table 1. Overall Sources of Financial Support [In $l,000's] Sources Trans. FY 1974 FY 1975 FY 1976 Quarter OPERATING FUNDS Federal appropriation: Salaries and expenses $58,868 $70,706 $81,564 $22,629 Smithsonian Science Information Exchange 1,695 1,805 1,940 521 Special Foreign Currency Program .... 4,500 2,000 500 -0- Subtotal $65,063 $74,511 $84,004 $23,150 Research grants and contracts 9,996 12,292 11,525 3,987 Nonfederal funds: Gifts (excluding gifts to endowments and Plant Funds) Restricted purpose 1,970 4,177 4,307 658 Unrestricted purpose 275* 253* 354* 66* Income from endowment and current funds investment** Restricted purpose 1,750 1,724 1,634 503 Unrestricted purpose 747 953 1,110 264 Auxiliary activities (net) 1,770 2,308 3,390 1,147 Miscellaneous 1,110 1,405 2,299 706 Total Nonfederal Funds 7,622 10,820 13,094 3,344 Total Operating Support $82,681 $97,623 $108,623 $30,481 CONSTRUCTION FUNDS Federal Construction Funds: National Zoological Park $ 3,790 National Air & Space Museum 17,000 Restoration & Renovation of Bldgs. . . 1,070 Total Fed. Construction Funds .... $21,860 Nonfederal Plant & Land Acquisition Funds Cooper-Hewitt Museum $ 262 Hirshhorn Museum 1,000 Chesapeake Bay Center 70 Anacostia Neighborhood Museum .... -0- National Zoological Park -0- Total Nonfederal Plant and Land Acquisition Funds $ 1,332 $ 9,420 $ 8,390 $ 1,440 7,000 2,500 -0- 1,490 1,192 $12,082 400 $17,910 $ 1,840 $ 162 $ 425 $ 30 -0- -0- -0- 15 5 -0- 10 -0- -0- -0- 100 -0- $ 187 $ 530 $ 30 * Excluding gifts to Associates (included under Auxiliary Activities). ** Includes portion of investment gain appropriated to income under Total Return Policy. Financial Report I 31 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds Fifteen Months Ended September 30, 1976 (Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plants Funds, and Endowments) [In $l,000's] Nonfederal Funds Unrestricted Restricted Total non- Auxil- Spe- Grants Fed- fed- iary cial -and eral eral Cen- activ- pur- Cen- con- Funds funds funds eral ities pose eral tracts FUND BALANCES — 1 July 1975 $ -0- $ 9,317 $3,767 $ -0- $1,071 $ 4,374 $ 105 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations . . $106,654 Investment Income $ 3,511 $1,370 $ - $ 4 $ 2,137 $ Grants and Contracts . . . 15,508 - 15,508 Gifts 5,610 81 226 338 4,965 Sales and Revenue 34,887 - 34,257 630 - Other 2,375 1,241 - 448 686 Total Provided $106,654 $61,891 $2,692 $34,483 $1,420 $ 7,788 $15,508 Total Available $106,654 $71,208 $6,459 $34,483 $2,491 $12,162 $15,613 FUNDS APPLIED Science: Environmental Science . . $ 906 $ 297 $ 45 $ - $ 12 $ 27 $ 213 Natl. Museum of Nat. History 13,277 1,852 46 - 145 472 1,189 Natl. Zoological Park 7,802 202 41 - 95 44 22 Fort Pierce Bureau - 601 - - 601 Science Info. Exchange* . . 2,461 - - - - - - Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 4,942 8,864 36 - 37 274 8,517 Radiation Biology Lab. . . 2,057 130 - 3 11 116 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 1,785 81 5 - 37 38 1 Interdisciplinary Commu- nications Program - 1,528 23 - - 12 1,493 Natl. Air and Space Museum 6,933 745 52 - 252 265 176 Other Science 1,541 1,758 74 - 37 224 1,423 Total 41,704 16,058 322 - 618 1,968 13,150 History and Art: Natl. Portrait Gallery . . . 2,190 188 23 - 32 32 101 Natl. Collection of Fine Arts 2,902 244 16 - 165 44 19 Freer Gallery 573 1,511 - 1,464 47 Natl. Museum of History and Technology 6,939 909 72 - 135 643 59 * Figures do not include revenues to SSIE from other sources of approximately $1,500,000. 32 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds Fifteen Months Ended September 30, 1976 — continued (Excludes Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds, and Endowments) [In $l,000's] Nonfederal Funds Unrestricted Restricted Total non- Auxil- Spe- Grants Fed- fed- iary cial and eral eral Gen- activ- pur- Gen- con- Funds funds funds eral ities pose eral tracts Cooper-Hewitt Museum . 342 765 - 684 81 Archives of American Art 411 317 - - 1 316 Bicentennial of the American Revolution . 5,800 26 26 - - - Hillwood - 519 - - - 519 Hirshhorn Museum 1,999 53 17 - 31 5 Other History & Art ... 972 962 72 - 78 683 129 Total 22,128 5,494 226 - 442 4,390 436 Public Service: Auxiliary Activities Smithsonian Press . . . 812 512 2 501 9 Performing Arts 1,143 4,756 34 1,141 22 1,783 1,776 Other 28,372 1 28,304 67 Anacostia Museum .... 667 102 24 - 10 68 Other Public Service . . . 1,076 106 40 - 2 63 1 Total 3,698 33,848 101 29,946 101 1,923 1,777 Museum Programs: Libraries 2,344 5 - - - 5 - Exhibits 1,235 - - Natl. Museum Act Pgms. 976 - - - - - - Other Museum Programs 3,169 266 10 - 2 58 196 Total 7,724 271 10 2 63 196 Buildings Management and Protection Services 23,526 54 7 - 45 2 Administration 6,603 5,939 704 1,312 124 773 3,026 Overhead Recovered . (5,759) (575) (1,312) (84) (762) (3,026) Transfers for Designated Purposes— Out or (In) 1,271** 4,656 1,590 4,537 (1,245) (179) (47) Total Funds Applied $106,654 $60,561 $2,385 $34,483 $ 3 $8,178 $15,512 FUND BALANCES — 30 September 1976 ... $ $10,647 $4,074 $ -0- $2,488 $3,984 $ 101 h* Unobligated funds returned to Treasury. Financial Report I 33 Table 3. Application of Federal Appropriations Fiscal Year 1974 through Fiscal Year 1976 (Excluding Special Foreign Currency Program) [In $l,000's] Trans. Area FY 1974 FY 1975 FY 1976 Quarter Science $24,884 History and Art 12,130 Public Service 2,696 Museum Programs 4,321 Administration 4,693 Building Maintenance and Protection . . . 11,839 $29,423 $32,808 $ 8,896 15,164 16,521 5,607 2,333 2,413 1,285 5,169 5,869 1,855 4,582 4,956 1,647 15,840 17,649 5,877 Total $60,563 $72,511 $80,216 $25,167 Transition Quarter. The operations of this bureau have continued to expand both as to contribution into the research project data bank and also in providing summaries of such data requested by its customers. Payments for the latter services, suggested several years ago by the Office of Management and Budget and the Con- gress as an alternative to increased appropriations, are growing steadily and have proven very successful in allowing the Exchange to meet its total increase in costs with only minimal added federal support. Federal funds for the Smithsonian's Foreign Currency Program, which provides grants to United States educational institutions for field research in those countries where these blocked foreign cur- rencies remain available, were curtailed sharply in fiscal year 1976 to only $500,000. Thus, usage of these funds, together with re- maining prior-year balances, was limited primarily to supporting priority ongoing research needs (see Table 4). Federal appropriations for the Institution's construction purposes in fiscal year 1976 and the Transition Quarter totaling $13,922,000 included $2,500,000 to complete the National Air and Space Museum, an amount which was $500,000 less than anticipated at 34 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Table 4. Special Foreign Currency Program Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter — Obligations Country Burma Egypt India Pakistan Poland Tunisia TOTAL System- atic & Astro- Environ- physics Museum Grant Arche- mental & Earth Pro- Adminis- ology Biology Sciences grams tration Total $ $ $ $ 368 $ $ 368 369,480 46,385 11,341 5,249 - 432,455 358,647 16,634 2,756 4,459 21,502 403,998 60,080 16,661 - 3,104 - 79,845 7,651 16,441 199,786 10,654 1,309 235,841 128,000 126,700 $222,821 13,500 $277,383 - - 268,200 $923,858 $23,834 $22,811 $1,420,707* An additional $83,000 was obligated through the National Science Foundation for the translation and printing of scientific publications in India and Pakistan re- quested by the Smithsonian Institution. the beginning of construction. Another $9,830,000 of the total allowed the continued gradual renovation of the National Zoo in accordance with its previously approved Master Plan. Major specific projects paid for with these appropriations included the service facility to consolidate support functions, new bear exhibits, con- tinued planning for Beaver Valley exhibits, planning and installa- tion of educational graphics, and repairs and renovation of Zoo facilities at the Rock Creek and Front Royal locations. An additional $1,592,000 was granted for restoration and renovation of other Institutional buildings. GRANTS AND CONTRACTS Grants and contracts from federal agencies also provided sub- stantial support to the Institution research programs over the past 15 months. During fiscal year 1976, $11,525,000 was expended, roughly the same as in the prior fiscal year, and a further $3,987,000 was expended during the Transition Quarter, primarily for work in the scientific disciplines. The major granting agencies are listed in Table 5 for this and prior periods representing hundreds of different grants and contracts each year. Financial Report I 35 Table 5. Grants and Contracts [In $l,000's] $ Trans. Federal Agencies FY 1974 FY 1975 FY 1976 Quarte Atomic Energy Commission $ 72 Department of Commerce 184 Department of Defense 872 Department of Health, Education and Welfare 261 Department of Interior 283 Department of Labor 163 Department of State 1,066 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 5,308 National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities 102 National Science Foundation 690 Other 995 Total $9,996 84 $ 85 $ 48 242 218 90 799 800 212 219 255 79 246 272 48 87 162 177 1,549 1,252 242 7,670 6,222 1,845 420 451 174 502 432 128 474 1,376 944 $12,292 $11,525 $3,987 The major recipient in the Institution is the Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory which, as shown in Table 2, expended $8,- 517,000, or 55 percent of these funds; most of this support came from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration for such projects as satellite tracking and research and development of masers. Projects for other bureaux ranged from studies of the social behavior of harbor seals to analysis of herbicide concentrations in the Chesapeake Bay, and an oral history of jazz in the United States. SMITHSONIAN TRUST FUNDS The federal funds discussed above are provided to enable the Smithsonian to carry out its responsibilities for the preservation, research, and exhibition of the ever-growing national collections of valuable cultural, historic, and scientific objects; they constitute by far the largest source of income to the Institution as has been the case for nearly the past 100 years since the construction with appropriated funds of the Arts and Industries Building, completed in 1881. Nevertheless, the Smithsonian's own nonfederal trust funds remain the basic element of this unique Institution's financial 36 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Table 6. Total Trust Funds Income Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter [In $l,000's] Unrestricted Purposes General & Auxiliary Special Restricted Activities Purpose* Purposes*** Revenue Sources FOR OPERATING PURPOSES: Investments Gifts Auxiliary Activities (net) Concessions and Miscellaneous Total Operating Funds . . FOR PLANT: Gifts — National Zoological Park . . . Chesapeake Bay Center Cooper-Hewitt Museum Total Gifts Miscellaneous — Cooper-Hewitt Museum Total Plant Grand Total Total $1,370 $ 4 $2,137 $ 3,511 82** 338 4,965 5,385 4,537 - - 4,537 1,241 1,078 686 3,005 $7,230 $1,420 $7,788 $16,438 $ - $ - $ 100 $ 100 - - 5 5 - - 428 $ 533 428 $ - $ - $ 533 $ - $ - $ 27 $ 27 $ $ - $ 560 $ 560 $7,230 $1,420 $8,348 $16,998 * Represents unrestricted income designated by management to be used only for specific purposes. h* Excluding $226,000 gifts to Associates (included under Auxiliary Activities). h* Excluding Grants and Contracts shown in Table 5. structure as they have been ever since the Institution was estab- lished in 1846. In order for the Smithsonian to continue its position as an outstanding cultural and scientific resource for the entire na- tion, this important and flexible source of support must be main- tained and strengthened. Efforts toward this goal were continued successfully in this Bicentennial period. Most encouraging perhaps has been the continued success of the Associates program, including the Smithsonian magazine, and also our Museum Shops and related programs featuring sales of products based on interesting and informative items in the museum collec- tions. National Associate memberships again rose sharply from just over 900,000 in June 1975 to about 1,300,000 in the Transition Financial Report I 37 Table 7. Unrestricted Trust Funds General and Auxiliary Activities (Excluding Special Purpose Funds and Gifts to Endowment) [In $l,000's] Item FY 1974 FY 2975 Trans. FY 1976 Quarter INCOME General Income: Investments $ 744 $ 950 Gifts 151 46 Concessions and miscellaneous 284 228 Total General Income 1,179 1,224 Auxiliary Activities (net) : Associates 1,590 1,968 Shops 226 417 Press (89) (96) Performing Arts 104 (79) Product Development 37 218 Other Activities (98) (120) Total Activities 1,770 2,308 Total Income 2,949 3,532 EXPENDITURES AND TRANSFERS Administrative Expense 3,957 4,780 Less Administrative Recovery 3,345 3,644 Net Administrative Expense 612 1,136 466 Less Transfers: To Special Purpose and Restricted Funds for Program Purposes To Plant Funds To Endowment Funds NET GAIN (LOSS) ENDING BALANCE $1,107 $ 263 66 16 711 530 1,884 809 3,256 1,011 63 153 (146) (46) (110) (9) 458 122 (131) (84) 3,390 1,147 5,274 1,956 5,024 1,530 4,558 1,201 329 307 1,134 121 546 97 1,463 290 1,151 2,495 1,021 141 499 207 755 775 166 $3,477 $3,767 $3,908 $4,074 Quarter. Resident Associate members in the Washington area who participate here in special cultural, educational, and entertainment programs now exceed 40,000. In addition, Associates activities have now been expanded to extend certain Smithsonian events to about ten cities throughout the country each year. While Museum Shop sales have increased, income was reduced in this period by the temporary closing of the Arts and Industries Building and by start-up expenses of new shops and our new mail 38 / Smithsonian Year 1976 order catalogue. Improved results, however, are anticipated for the future, particularly with the completion of all the Shops, including those in the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of Natural History. The unrestricted funds derived from all of these various pro- grams have been used to cover Institutional administrative costs, to continue a program of small research grants, and to benefit the individual bureaux which share in the income from the concessions, Shops, and Product Development Program. The Associates, school children, and other visitors have benefited during the past year from the addition of new facilities in the Natural History Building. Income from the unrestricted funds enabled the Institution to take another step in its high-priority program of increasing its relatively small unrestricted-purpose endowment funds. With the addition Table 8. Auxiliary Activities for Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter [In $l,000's] Smith- Per- Mh- Smith- sonian form- seum sonian Asso- ing Shops Press* dates Arts Item Total Sales and Revenues . . $34,079 $5,274 $ 265 $26,061 $1,006 Less Cost of Sales .... Gross Income . . Gifts Other Income Total Income . . . Expenses Administrative Costs . Income (Loss) Before Transfers Less Transfers Net Income (Loss) ... $ 3,643 $ 139 Prod- uct De- velop- ment Other** $730 $ 743 16,501 3,057 2,217 220 45 13,114 12,947 110 - - 17,578 896 730 743 226 — — 226 — - - 178 44 2,261 44 30 13,203 16 912 730 44 17,982 89 787 12,133 1,795 266 8,179 884 128 881 1,312 250 216 15 757 4,267 147 (119) 22 580 121 4,537 (192) (215) 894 nn*** - 629 - 193*** (5) $(192) $ 3,638 $ (119) $387 $(210) * The privately funded activities of the Press as opposed to the federally supported publication of research papers. ** Includes Traveling Exhibitions, Belmont Conference Center, Photo Sales, Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, Special Publications, and Television Programs. *** Allocations to the Smithsonian bureaux participating in this program. Financial Report I 39 of $1,750,000 during the 15-month period, these unrestricted en- dowment funds now total approximately $7.5 million. Special Purpose Funds, shown separately in Tables 2 and 6, in- clude gifts and other income received directly by individual bureaux for their general use or set aside by Smithsonian management from general unrestricted funds for bureau programs or other specific uses. Income to these funds shown in Table 6 totaling $1,420,000 in this period is only that portion received directly — from gifts, for example, or from Zoo parking receipts reserved for future expan- sion of its parking facilities, or from miscellaneous sales, performing arts admissions and rentals. Including funds from such items as in- terest payments and sharing of shop proceeds, royalties and con- cessions earnings, total income to these. Special Purpose Funds in this period equaled $2,665,000 and expenditures $1,248,000. The balance in these funds as of September 30, 1976, was $2,488,000, compared to $1,071,000 on June 30, 1975 (see Balance Sheet on page 58 of this report). A major portion of Smithsonian trust funds is restricted to specific bureaux or activities by designation. During fiscal year 1976 and the Transition Quarter, the Institution received $7,788,000 of these restricted funds. Of this total, $2,137,000 was income from Restricted Endowment Funds, $4,965,000 was gifts and grants from individuals, foundations, and corporations, and $686,000 repre- sented miscellaneous receipts, such as those from sales desks, bene- fits, and membership fees. The major units receiving these funds are shown in Table 9. The Freer Gallery of Art and the Fort Pierce Bureau were both provided for in large measure by endowment dedicated to their use; the other restricted endowments, detailed more fully below, support a wide range of projects throughout the Institution. Principal activi- ties benefiting from gifts and grants during this period include the Maritime Hall project of the National Museum of History and Technology, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Freer Gallery of Art, the Division of Performing Arts (which produced the extended Festival of American Folklife on the Mall), and the Hillwood Museum, which at the end of the fiscal year was transferred to the Marjorie Merriweather Post Foundation of D.C. Gifts and grants also represent a major source of support for programs in other areas, and the Institution is extremely grateful for this public sup- 40 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Table 9. Restricted Operating Trust Funds * Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter [In $l,000's] Fund Net Bal- Incom ie De- Trans- fers In- crease ance In- Total End vest- In- duc- In (De- of Fund ment Gifts Misc. come tions (Out) crease) Year Anacostia Neighbor- hood Museum .... $ - $ 136 $ - $ 136 $ 68 $ 6 $ 74 $ 64 Archives of American Art .... 3 41 141 185 316 20 (111) 209 Natl. Mus. of Hist. & Technology — American Bank- ing Exhibit - - - — 257 - (257) 15 — American Mari- time Hall - 232 - 232 198 20 54 239 — Person to Per- son Exhibit - 204 - 204 6 — 198 198 Cooper-Hewitt Museum — Operations 7 21 180 208 348 140 - - — Special Purpose Funds _ 55 22 77 336 10 (249) 557 Division of Per- forming Arts - 1,467 - 1,467 1,783 (24) (340) 2 Fort Pierce Bureau . . 754 - 9 763 601 (83) 79 88 Freer Gallery 955 291 276 1,522 1,464 11 69 194 Hillwood — 407 14 421 519 - (98) 2 National Air and Space Museum . . . 36 243 - 279 265 95 109 906 Woodrow Wilson Center** 382 724 1,144 $4,965 1 43 $686 725 1,569 $7,788 655 1,541 $8,357 15 (31) $179 85 (3) $ (390) 326 Other 1,184 $2,137 $3,984 * Excluding Grants and Contracts shown in Table 5 and also Restricted Plant Funds included in Table 6. ** Included herein even though federal funds of the Center are not a part of this Report, since the Smithsonian is by legislative act the official recipient and custodian. port. A partial list of our donors is included at the end of this re- port (page 51), but particular mention should be made of the grants from American Airlines and General Foods Corporation for the Folklife Festival, as well as a gift from the Tobacco Institute for the Hall of American Maritime Enterprise. Financial Report I 41 The Archives of American Art, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, and the Freer Gallery of Art also support their activities through such fund-raising efforts as auctions and tours, as well as sales desks, which are included under miscellaneous receipts. Generous support was also received during the year for the renovation of the Carnegie Mansion of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. Due in great measure to a matching grant in this period from the Carnegie Corporation, as well as a gift from Mr. Henry J. Heinz II, the Museum was able to open to the public in October 1976. A welcome and specific bequest from the Estate of Dr. Ivy A. Pelzman allowed us to construct a glockenspiel in the National Zoological Park. Table 10. Endowment and Similar Funds* Summary of Investments September 30, 1976 Accounts Book Value Market Value INVESTMENT ACCOUNTS Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and Equivalents $ 991,037 $ 991,037 Bonds 5,739,461 5,685,631 Convertible Bonds 2,555,694 2,622,258 Stocks 31,987,962 34,333,972 Total $41,274,154 $43,632,898 Miscellaneous: Cash $ -0- $ -0- Bonds 9,769 9,900 Common Stocks 3,572 16,206 Total $ 13,341 $ 26,106 Total Investment Accounts $41,287,495 $43,659,004 Other Accounts : Notes Receivable $ 46,169 $ 46,169 Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,000,000 1,000,000 Total Other Accounts $ 1,046,169 $ 1,046,169 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances $42,333,664 $44,705,173 * Includes both true endowments, whose income only may be expended, and quasi endowments, whose principal as well as income may be used for current purposes on approval of the Board of Regents. 42 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR FUNDS As of September 30, 1976, the Smithsonian had total endowment funds with a market value of $44,705,000, including $1,000,000 on permanent deposit in the United States Treasury, $72,000 of miscellaneous securities, and the Consolidated Endowment Fund of $43,633,000 (see Table 10). Income from these funds is primarily restricted to specific purposes. The Consolidated Endowment Fund Table 11. Market Values of Consolidated Endowment Funds* [In $l,000's] Fund 6/30/72 6/30/73 6/30/74 6/30/75 9/30/76 Unrestricted $ 5,102 $ 4,759 $ 3,906 $ 5,654 $ 7,477 Freer 21,973 18,279 14,250 15,744 16,035 Endowment No. 3 14,641 13,196 11,128 12,321 12,701 Restricted 8,185 7,634 6,266 7,148 7,420 Total $49,901 $43,868 $35,550 $40,867 $43,633 * Not including Endowment Funds of $1,000,000 held in the United States Treasury, carrying 6 percent interest, nor minor amount of miscellaneous securities treated separately. Table 12. Changes in Consolidated Endowment Funds for Fiscal Year 1976 and Transition Quarter [In $l,000's] In- Inter- crease Gifts est In- in Market and and come mar- Market value trans- divi- paid Sub- ket value Fund 6/30/75 fers dends* out total value 9/30/76 Unrestricted funds. $ 5,654 $1,801 $ 270 $ 356 $ 7,369 $ 108 $ 7,477 Freer Fund 15,744 - 727 955 15,516 519 16,035 Endowment No. 3. 12,321 83 572 751 12,225 476 12,701 Restricted funds . . 7,148 $40,867** 119 $2,003 333 405 7,195 $42,305 225 $1,328 7,420 Total** $1,902 $2,467 $43,633** * Income earned less managers fees. ** Not including Endowment Funds of $1,000,000 held in the United States Treasury, carrying 6 percent interest, nor minor amount of miscellaneous securities treated separately. Financial Report I 43 Table 13. Consolidated Endowment Funds September 30, 1976 Principal Income Funds participating in pool 1976 Unex- Book Market Net pended value value income balance $ 7,496,759 $ 7,477,358 $ 356,035 $422,819 14,894,209 16,034,710 954,762 189,323 11,993,400 12,701,121 751,347 -0- 195,888 211,369 12,586 2,944 4,255 4,034 231 -0- 56,474 79,316 4,723 1,002 172,335 164,962 9,843 16,568 51,980 70,900 4,222 966 40,505 56,838 3,384 6,290 1,878 2,024 121 2,023 62,954 58,793 3,500 12,354 72,690 78,986 3,857 1,784 295,950 285,518 17,000 22,596 48,110 54,208 2,645 11,170 52,687 87,388 5,204 -0- 23,557 25,464 1,516 1,777 39,770 55,808 3,323 6,373 3,437 3,447 154 -0- 150,054 137,053 7,231 -0- 13,289 15,103 813 -0- 3,153 3,242 49 1,500 1,088 1,085 158 315 280,259 275,772 13,251 35,605 80,909 87,414 5,205 10,159 15,352 21,533 1,282 4,142 226,910 203,519 9,937 -0- UNRESTRICTED FUNDS FREER ENDOWMENT NO. 3 RESTRICTED FUNDS: Abbott, William L Armstrong, Edwin James Arthur, James Bacon, Virginia Purdy Baird, Spencer Fullerton Barney, Alice Pike Barstow, Frederic D Batchelor, Emma E Beauregard, Catherine Memorial Fund Becker, George F Brown, Roland W Canfield, Frederick A Casey, Thomas Lincoln Chamberlain, Frances Lea Cooper, G. Arthur, Curator's Fund Cooper-Hewitt Museum Desautels, Paul E Div. of Mammals Curator Fund . . Div. of Reptiles Curator Fund .... Drake, Carl J Dykes, Charles Eickemeyer, Florence Brevoort . . . Guggenheim, David and Florence . Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline Runice 16,707 Henderson, Edward P. Meteorite Fund 577 Hillyer, Virgil 12,352 Hitchcock, Albert S 2,223 Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 88,282 Hughes, Bruce 27,026 Johnson, E. R. Fenimore 15,347 Kellogg, Remington, Memorial . . . 46,085 Kramar, Nada 5,049 Lindsey, Jessie H 1,277 Loeb, Morris 164,038 Long, Annette E. and Edith C 764 Lyons, Marcus Ward 8,230 Maxwell, Mary E 27,695 Myer, Catherine Walden 37,972 Nelson, Edward William 33,969 18,050 1,075 1,578 705 37 70 13,354 795 4,197 3,177 189 425 98,745 5,880 4,003 37,978 2,261 20,357 13,365 796 6,161 39,515 2,333 4,625 5,162 61 60 1,302 38 952 179,019 10,659 -0- 1,106 66 125 7,216 429 -0- 38,912 2,317 5,155 41,029 2,443 5,218 44,065 2,624 4,713 44 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Table 13. Consolidated Endowment Funds September 30, 1976 — continued Funds participating in pool Noyes, Frank B Pell, Cornelia Livingston Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial . . Ramsey, Admiral and Mrs. DeWitt Clinton Rathbun, Richard, Memorial . . Reid, Addison T Roebling Collection Roebling Solar Research Rollins, Miriam and William . Ruef, Bertha M Smithsonian Agency Account . Sprague, Joseph White Springer, Frank Stevenson, John A Strong, Julia D T. F. H. Publications, Inc Walcott, Charles D Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux Walcott Botanical Publications Zerbee, Francis Brinckle Total Restricted Funds . Total Consolidated Endowment Funds . . . Principal Income 1976 Unex- Book Market Net pended value value income balance 1,819 2,068 124 1,459 13,942 15,146 901 3,219 10,461 14,760 879 8,048 479,025 422,240 25,958 2,926 20,001 21,702 1,292 12,088 33,426 36,112 2,151 1,299 170,580 238,034 14,174 -0- 46,623 46,661 2,778 714 291,116 356,419 20,821 2,452 59,854 52,082 3,101 4,387 230,762 219,868 12,124 1,198 2,152,156 2,132,615 102,471 10,680 25,604 35,520 1,839 19,887 8,957 9,650 471 70 18,801 20,393 1,214 5,290 24,349 24,457 983 7,870 187,767 221,727 10,654 327 649,902 911,358 54,266 17,514 82,223 110,553 6,582 6,151 1,341 1,868 112 1,752 $ 6,889,786 $ 7,419,709 $ 405,133 $302,538 $41,274,154 $43,632,898 $2,467,277 $914,680 consists of the Freer Fund, whose income supports the operation of the Freer Gallery of Art, Endowment Fund No. 3, used for oceanographic research at the Fort Pierce Bureau in Florida, and a great number of smaller restricted and unrestricted funds (listed in Table 13) for a variety of research and museum projects. Unre- stricted endowment funds totaled $7,477,000, or 17 percent of the total. Separate accounting records are, of course, maintained on each of these various endowments, but for investment purposes they have been pooled since June 1, 1974, into the one fund. Market values of the Consolidated Endowment Fund since 1972 are shown in Table 11. Financial Report I 45 The investment management of the endowment funds of the Institution, with the exception of $1,000,000 on permanent deposit and the miscellaneous securities, is conducted by three professional advisory firms, under the close surveillance of the Investment Policy Committee and the Treasurer, and is subject to policy guide- lines set by the Smithsonian's Board of Regents. As described in prior reports, the Institution follows the total return policy, adopted by the Board of Regents in 1972, under which income is paid by each individual endowment fund at the annual rate of 4V2 percent of the running 5-year average of market values, adjusted for addi- tions or withdrawals of capital. As indicated previously, the Smithsonian in this last fiscal period was able to transfer $1,750,000 from current unrestricted income into endowment funds, in furtherance of its goal to increase such funds to a level more in proportion to the present operations of the Institution. Every effort will be made to continue this practice in future years. The changes in the Consolidated Endowment Funds over the past 15 months, due to transfers, reinvestment of income, donations, and values in the securities markets, are shown in Table 12. The in- crease in market value during this period indicates a market per- formance roughly in line with the major market indexes. Income of $2,467,000, net of managers' and custodial fees, was paid out dur- ing the 15-month period under the total return policy; this was $565,000 greater than the $1,902,000 from dividends and interest yield. A breakdown of the income to the various funds participating in the Consolidated Endowment Funds is shown in Table 13, together with the book and market values of these funds. Table 10 provides detail on the types of securities held by the Institution. A listing of the individual investments held in the Consolidated En- dowment Funds at September 30, 1976, may be obtained upon request to the Treasurer of the Institution. ACCOUNTING AND AUDITING The nonfederal Trust Funds of the Institution are audited annually by independent public accountants as they have been at the direc- tion of the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents since 1909. Their report for fiscal year 1976 and the Transition Quarter 46 / Smithsonian Year 1976 is contained in the following pages, including a comparative balance sheet and a statement of the changes in various fund balances. The Defense Contract Audit Agency annually performs an audit on grant and contract moneys received from federal agencies. In addition, the federally appropriated funds of the Institution are subject to audit by the General Accounting Office which, at year's end, was conducting a general review of Smithsonian finances. The internal audit staff continued its program of selective audits during the year, contributing to continued improvements in administrative and financial management. Gifts and Bequests to the Smithsonian The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges gifts and be- quests received during fiscal year 1976 from the following: $100,000 or more: American Airlines Incorporated American Telephone and Telegraph Company Carnegie Corporation of New York Estate of Edith Ehrman Federal Republic of Germany The Ford Foundation General Foods Corporation Hillwood Trust Mr. and Mrs. David Packard Estate of Ivy A. Pelzman The Rockefeller Foundation $10,000 or more: Alcoa Foundation Anonymous Appalachian Power Company The Arcadia Foundation The Barra Foundation, Inc. BASF Wyandotte Corporation Margaret T. Biddle Foundation Mr. George Barry Bingham, Jr. Miss Helen W. Buckner The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Calhoon Meba Engineering School CBS Foundation, Inc. Ceramica-Stiftung Certain-teed Products Corporation Chevron Chemical Company The Coca Cola Company The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation Crane Co. Dr. and Mrs. William H. Crocker Crowley Maritime Corporation John Deere Foundation Diamond Shamrock The Henry L. and Grace Doherty Charitable Foundation, Inc. Doubleday & Company, Inc. The Dow Chemical Company The T. M. Evans Foundation EXXON Corporation Federal Barge Lines, Inc. Max C. Fleischmann Foundation FMC Foundation Ford Motor Company Gulf Oil Corporation Dr. and Mrs. Herbert Hawkes Mr. H. J. Heinz II The Higbee Company Financial Report I 47 $10,000 or more — continued Mrs. Patricia Kendall Hurd International Business Machines Corporation S. C. Johnson and Son The J. M. Kaplan Fund, Inc. Samuel H. Kress Foundation Mrs. Edith MacGuire Richard King Mellon Foundation The Charles E. Merrill Trust Estate of Mr. William A. Mitchell Mr. Benjamin B. Morgan Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Morgan Philip Morris Incorporated Estate of Alfred Mussinan National Geographic Society New York State Council on the Arts Edward John Noble Foundation Northrop Corporation Occidental Petroleum Corporation The Ohio River Company Otis Elevator Company Pepsico Foundation, Inc. Pew Memorial Trust Pfizer, Inc. Phelps Dodge Corporation The Marjorie Merriweather Post Foundation of D.C. Relm Foundaton Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler Rockefeller Brothers Fund Mr. John D. Rockefeller III Rohm and Haas Company Shell Oil Company Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund Mr. and Mrs. Bertrand L. Taylor III The Tinker Foundation The Tobacco Institute, Inc. Tupper Foundation Union Mechling Corporation United States Steel Foundation, Inc. University of Notre Dame Dr. and Mrs. Jeremy P. Waletsky DeWitt Wallace Fund, Inc. The Washington Post Water Transport Association Mr. Thomas J. Watson, Jr. The Weatherhead Foundation Wells Fargo Bank Western Union Corporation Matilda Wilson Fund Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates World Wildlife Fund $1,000 or more: Mr. Frederick R. Adler AKC Fund, Inc. Aldine Publishing Company The Alvord Foundation Amax Foundation, Inc. American Can Company American Cyanamid Company American Institute of Marine Underwriters American International Underwriters Corporation American Metal Climax Foundation American Ornithologists Union American Security and Trust Company American Sign & Indicator Corporation American Studies Association American University Amos Press, Incorporated Anonymous Art Associaton of Newport Rhode Island Ashland Oil, Inc. The Vincent Astor Foundation Avanti Motor Corporation Bank of America Foundation The Barra Foundation Mrs. Evelyn F. Bartlett The Bass Foundation Bath Iron Works Corporation Mr. Henry C. Beck, Jr. The Bedminster Fund, Inc. The Bendix Corporation Beneficial Foundation, Inc. Estate of Joseph Bernstein 48 / Smithsonian Year 1976 $1,000 or more — continued Bethlehem Steel Corporation Mrs. Elizabeth C. Booker Mr. Daniel J. Boorstin Borden, Inc. The Boswell Oil Company Mrs. Beulah Boyd Mrs. John L. Bradley Brent Towing Company, Inc. Mrs. Mabel A. B. Brooks Mr. John Nicholas Brown Mr. and Mrs. Keith S. Brown Bucyrus-Erie Company Bunge Corporation Mr. John A. Burnham, Jr. Butterick Fashion Marketing Company Cables Electricos Ecuatorianos C.A. Mr. Robert P. Caldwell Canal Barge Company, Inc. Cargo Carriers, Incorporated Guy Carpenter & Co., Inc. Castle & Cooke, Inc. Caterpillar Tractor Company Central Telephone & Utilities Corporation Centran Bank of Akron Champion Spark Plug Company CIBA-CEIGY Corporation City Investing Company Mr. Peter Clark Continental Bank International Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth W. Cooper Copernicus Society of America Corinthian Broadcasting Corporation Miss Dorothy Corliss Mrs. Rosemary B. Corroon Miss Nina J. Cullinane Mr. Nathan Cummings Royal Danish Embassy Mr. and Mrs. Ron Dante Dillingham Corporation Dixie Carriers, Inc. Joseph C. Domino, Inc. Mr. William W. Donnell Dravo Corporation Alice and Leonard Dreyfuss Foundation Duke University Earhart Foundation Eastern States Sign Council, Inc. Eastman Kodak Eaton Corporation Mr. Robert Ellsworth Mr. Alfred U. Elser, Jr. The Charles Engelhard Foundation The Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States EXXON Company, U.S.A. Miss Frances J. Fahnestock First National City Bank Mrs. Bella Fishko Fluor Corporation Ford's Theatre Society Foremost McKesson, Inc. Mr. Hamilton C. Forman Mr. S. S. Forrest, Jr. Foss Launch & Tug Friends of Music at the Smithsonian G & C Towing Inc. General Electric Company Dr. Gordon D. Gibson Gladders Barge Line, Inc. G. W. Gladders Towing Company, Inc. The Griffis Foundation, Inc. Mr. Melville Bell Grosvenor Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. Edith Gregor Halpert Foundation Hallmark Educational Foundation Mr. Armand Hammer The Honorable Averell W. Harriman Professor George W. Hilton Janet A. Hooker Charitable Trust Johns Hopkins University Hughes Aircraft Company Ingersoll-Rand Company Ingram Barge Company Interdisciplinary Communications Associates, Inc. Interstate Oil Transport Company IU International The JDR 3rd Fund Johnson & Higgins Mrs. Ruth Cole Kainen Charles F. Kettering Foundation Mr. Irving Kingsford The Alice G. K. Kleberg Fund Estate of Nada Kramar Financial Report I 49 $1,000 or more — -continued The Lauder Foundation Mr. Cyrus J. Lawrence Mrs. Halleck Lefferts The Liberian Foundation, Inc. Howard & Jean Lipman Foundation, Inc. Lober Charitable Fund Mrs. Elizabeth B. Loch Mrs. John E. Long Mr. Joseph O. Losos S. C. Loveland Co., Inc. The Magowan Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Marsteller Massey-Ferguson Limited Louis B. Mayer Foundation Chauncey and Marion Deering McCormick Foundation Mr. Vasco McCoy, Jr. The Honorable George C. McGhee Mr. and Mrs. Eugene McHenry Mr. Robert S. McNamara Mr. Giles Mead Merck and Co., Inc. Mobil Foundation, Inc. Morgan Guaranty Trust Company Mote Marine Laboratory Mr. and Mrs. John Mudd National Maritime Union of America National Research Council Mr. and Mrs. John U. Nef New World Records Nissan Motor Corporation, U.S.A. Olive Bridge Fund Inc. Outdoor Advertising Association of New Jersey Palisades Foundation, Inc. The Park Foundation Patcraft Mills Peretz Fund of the Combined Jewish Philanthropies of Greater Boston, Inc. Pfizer International, Inc. The Pioneer Foundation Mr. M. P. Potamkin PPG Industries, Inc. Frederick Henry Prince Trust 7/9/47 Procter & Gamble Fund Propeller Club of Port Everglades Propeller Club of Houston Propeller Club Port of New York Reynolds Metals Company Miss Esther M. Ridder The Ridgefield Foundation The Riggs National Bank of Washington, D.C. Josephine C. Robinson Foundation Mr. Steven Rockefeller Madame Augusto Rosso Charles E. Sampson Memorial Fund Mr. A. A. Seeligson, Jr. Miss Gertrude Hochschild Sergievsky The Sidney Printing and Publishing Company Sign & Display Industry Promotion Fund Mr. and Mrs. Leonard L. Silverstein Charles E. Smith Family Foundation Sperry Rand Corporation The Seth Sprague Educational and Charitable Foundation Standard Oil Company of California Stauffer Chemical Company Miss Elizabeth Stein Mrs. Matthew W. Stirling Stroheim & Romann Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Mary Horner Stuart Foundation Sumner Gerard Foundation The Symonds Foundation Mrs. Carola Terwilliger Time Incorporated Todd Shipyards Corporation Toyota Motor Sales, U.S.A., Inc. Transportation Institute Mr. John J. Trelawney T.R.W. Foundation, Inc. Marcia Brady Tucker Foundation, Inc. Union Oil Company of California Upper Mississippi Towing Corporation U.S. Independent Telephone Association The Valley Line Company Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Waaland Mr. Richard W. Weatherhead Wedgwood Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation 50 / Smithsonian Year 1976 $1,000 or more — continued Willcox, Baringer F. W. Woolworth Co. World Sign Associates Charles W. Wright Foundation of Badger Meter, Inc. $500 or more: Mr. and Mrs. M. Clay Adams American Honda Motor Co., Inc. Mr. William S. Anderson Mrs. Anna Bing Arnold Mr. James C. Barbour The Becton, Dickinson Foundation Mr. Arthur H. Bissell, Jr. Mr. George S. Breidenback Brilliant Electric Signs, Inc. Mr. John Lee Bunce Mr. and Mrs. Emile L. Cahn Campbell Barge Line Dr. and Mrs. Haig Carapetyan Mr. and Mrs. Collins L. Carter Miss Ida L. Clement Cord Foundation Corning Glass Works Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Fred W. Corwin Mr. and Mrs. Frank Devlin Mr. and Mrs. Bern Dibner Mr. and Mrs. John V. Disney Mrs. William Doniger Mr. and Mrs. Maitland Edey E. H. Edwards Company Mr. and Mrs. Malcom Farmer Dr. Martin B. Flamm Dr. and Mrs. Robert Fox Mr. James C. Frits Colonel and Mrs. Robert W. Fuller III Mr. and Mrs. Milton M. Gatch General Stevedores, Inc. The Rev. and Mrs. C. Leslie Glenn Miss Anne Golovin The Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company Mr. and Mrs. Robert Grant, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward Greensfelder Mr. and Mrs. W. E. Harvey Miss Gertrude Heare The Sidney L. Hechinger Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Frank C. Henderson Mrs. Amy E. Higgins Dr. J. Raymond Hinshaw Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Hogan Mr. and Mrs. Frederick D. Houghton Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume Mrs. Dorothy P. Jackson Mrs. Howell E. Jackson Mr. and Mrs. Evan E. James Mr. and Mrs. T. Frank James, Jr. Fred S. James & Co. of New York, Inc. Mr. William R. Jamison Misses Beryle Jeter and Helen Jeter Katzenberger Foundation, Inc. The M. W. Kellogg Company Atwater Kent Foundation, Inc. Mr. Lawrence E. Korwin Miss Marguerite LeLaurin Mr. and Mrs. Lee T. Lincoln Louchheim Philanthropic Fund Mr. and Mrs. Lealon Martin Maxon Marine Industries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. John Mayer Mr. Joe D. McCain Mr. and Mrs. Henry R. Mecinski Melweb Signs, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Herbert L. Meschke Mitchell, Hutchins Inc. Ms. Anne M. Monteno Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Mueller Mr. and Mrs. Nathan D. Munro Mr. and Mrs. Corneal B. Myers National Bank of Detrot National Capital Shell Club National Electric Sign Association, Southeast Region Ogden Marine, Inc. Mr. Mandell J. Ourisman Outdoor Advertising Association of Oklahoma Outdoor Advertising Association of New York Outdoor Advertising Association of Texas Mr. and Mrs. George Page Mr. and Mrs. Jules J. Paglin Financial Report I 51 $500 or more — continued Mr. and Mrs. Clarence M. Pierce Propeller Club of the United States, Port of Boston, Inc. Propeller Club of United States, Port of Jacksonville, Florida Propeller Club of Norfolk Propeller Club of the United States, Port of Portland, Me. Propeller Club of the United States, Port of Savannah Propeller Club of the United States Port of the Twin Cities, Minn. Revlon International Corporation Mr. and Mrs. C. H. Risenpart Miss Eileen Rockefeller Mr. and Mrs. Samuel R. Rosenthal Mr. and Mrs. Donald M. Ross Mr. and Mrs. Rucker Ryland Honorable Herbert Salzman Dr. and Mrs. J. Albert Sanford Mr. and Mrs. Carl L. Selden Mr. Sidney N. Shure Mr. Stephen Sloan Mr. and Mrs. Charles C. Spink The Starr Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Morgan Stedman SYBRON Corporation Mr. and Mrs. L. K. Thompson, Jr. Miss Jeanne L. Tillotson Mr. John B. Trevor, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Christopher Tunnard Mrs. Virginia B. Wajno The Raymond John Wean Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Weidenhammer Mr. Stephen Weil Mr. and Mrs. Herbert A. Whiting Mr. and Mrs. Howard C. Wiedemann Mrs. Anthony T. Wilson Mr. and Mrs. James A. Wise Mr. and Mrs. John O. Zimmerman We also gratefully acknowledge other contributions in excess of $200,000 received from approximately 4,000 contributors in 1976. 52 / Smithsonian Year 1976 PEAT, MARWICK, MITCHELL & CO. CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS 1025 CONNECTICUT AVENUE, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C. 20036 The Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution: We have examined the balance sheet of the Trust Funds (formerly designated as Private Funds) of Smithsonian Institution as of Sep- tember 30, 1976 and the related statement of changes in fund balances for the fifteen months then ended. Such statements do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, nor other departments, bureaus and operations administered by the Institution under Federal appropriations as detailed in note 2 to the financial state- ments. Our examination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards, and accordingly included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. In our opinion, the aforementioned financial statements present fairly the financial position of the Trust Funds of Smithsonian In- stitution at September 30, 1976 and the changes in its fund balances for the fifteen months then ended, in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. PEAT, MARWICK, MITCHELL & CO. December 3, 1976 Financial Report I 53 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— TRUST FUNDS Balance Sheet September 30, 1976 (with comparative figures at June 30, 1975) Assets 1976 1975 CURRENT FUNDS: Cash: In U. S. Treasury $ 820,381 543,741 In banks and on hand 694,934 234,479 Total cash 1,515,315 778,220 Investments (note 3) 8,149,723 10,149,875 Receivables : Accounts and notes, less allowance for doubtful accounts of $446,000 ($340,000 in 1975) 4,821,815 1,882,057 Advances — travel and other 448,200 454,775 Unbilled costs and fees — grants and contracts . . 2,219,357 2,271,060 Due from agency funds - 246,032 Total receivables 7,489,372 4,853,924 Inventories 1,937,426 1,118,688 Prepaid expenses 951,127 462,278 Deferred expenses 2,482,308 1,749,229 Capitalized improvements and equipment, used in income producing activities, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization of $724,198 ($537,538 in 1975) 1,069,862 597,610 Total current funds $23,595,133 19,709,824 ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR FUNDS: Cash, net of receivables and payables on securities transactions 437,312 41,063 Notes receivable 46,169 48,354 Due from current funds 553,725 316,043 Investments (note 3) 40,296,458 40,015,177 Loan to U. S. Treasury in perpetuity at 6% 1,000,000 1,000,000 Total endowment and similar funds $42,333,664 41,420,637 PLANT FUNDS: Due from current funds 41,836 461,266 Real estate (note 4) 9,875,562 6,230,034 Total plant funds $ 9,917,398 6,691,300 AGENCY FUNDS: Investments 10,000 10,000 Due from current funds 371,990 386,507 Total agency funds $ 381,990 396,507 See accompanying notes to financial statements. Liabilities and Fund Balances 1976 CURRENT FUNDS: Note payable — secured $ - Accounts payable and accrued liabilities 2,770,747 Due to plant funds 41,836 Due to agency funds 371,990 Due to endowment and similar funds 553,725 Deferred income: Magazine subscriptions 7,855,793 Other 1,354,519 Total liabilities Fund balances: Unrestricted: General purpose Special purpose Total unrestricted Restricted Total fund balances Total current funds ENDOWMENT AND SIMILAR FUNDS: Fund balances: Endowment Quasi-endowment : Restricted Unrestricted Total quasi-endowment Total endowment and similar funds PLANT FUNDS: Mortgage notes payable (note 4) Accrued liabilities Fund balances: Acquisition fund: Unrestricted 37,499 Restricted 685 38,184 Investment in plant 9,670,740 Total plant funds $ 9,917,398 AGENCY FUNDS: Due to current funds - Deposits held in custody for others 381,990 Total agency funds $ 381,990 1975 95,920 3,261,971 461,266 386,507 316,043 5,215,531 655,955 12,948,610 10,393,013 4,074,326 3,767,375 2,488,013 1,071,155 6,562,339 4,838,530 4,084,184 4,478,281 10,646,523 9,316,811 $23,595,133 19,709,824 32,654,170 33,354,530 2,196,108 2,224,323 7,483,386 5,841,784 9,679,494 8,066,107 $42,333,664 41,420,637 204,822 269,718 3,652 10,120 379,827 71,319 451,146 5,960,316 6,691,300 246,032 150,475 396,507 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— TRUST FUNDS Statement of Changes in Fund Balances Fifteen Months ended September 30, 1976 REVENUE AND OTHER ADDITIONS: Auxiliary enterprises revenue $34,887,301 Federal grants and contracts 15,507,598 Investment income (net of $136,759 management and custodian fees) Gains (losses) on sale of securities Gifts, bequests and foundation grants Additions to equity in real estate Rentals, fees and commissions 2,010,095 2,010,095 Other— net 940,230 254,586 Total Total current unrestricted funds funds $34,887,301 34,887,301 15,507,598 - 2,944,185 1,285,137 2,303 2,303 5,609,957 645,285 Total revenue and other additions 61,901,669 39,084,707 EXPENDITURES AND OTHER DEDUCTIONS: Research and educational expenditures 21,776,720 1,688,924 Administrative expenditures 5,733,615 1,945,545 Auxiliary enterprises expenditures 28,930,162 28,930,162 Expended for real estate and equipment 40,283 Retirement of indebtedness - - Interest on indebtedness - - Total expenditures and other deductions 56,480,780 32,564,631 TRANSFERS AMONG FUNDS— ADDITIONS (DEDUCTIONS) : Mandatory — principal and interest on notes (81,708) (81,708) Portion of investment gain appropriated 555,074 86,060 For plant acquisition (2,631,886) (2,631,886) Income added to endowment principal (158,089) - Appropriated as quasi-endowment (1,793,361) (1,776,316) For designated purposes - (392,417) Endowment released 18,793 - Net increase in auxiliary activities - - Total transfers among funds — additions (deductions) . . (4,091,177) (4,796,267) Net increase (decrease) for the period 1,329,712 1,723,809 Fund balances at lune 30, 1975 9,316,811 4,838,530 Fund balances at September 30, 1976 $10,646,523 6,562,339 See accompanying notes to financial statements. 56 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Current funds Unrestricted General Auxiliary Special purpose activities purpose Restricted Endowment and similar funds Plant funds Investment Acquisition in plant - 34,257,621 629,680 — — — 15,507,598 — — — 1,281,462 _ 3,675 1,659,048 _ 320 _ 2,303 - - - (533,929) - - 81,244 225,576 338,465 4,964,672 69,373 532,743 - - - - - - - 3,710,424 1,749,863 - 260,232 - - - - 66,605 - 187,981 1,420,033 685,644 22,816,962 - 27,344 560,407 - 3,181,477 34,483,197 (464,556) 3,710,424 820,432 868,492 20,087,796 550,206 1,311,705 83,634 3,788,070 - - - - 28,634,061 296,101 - - - - 40,283 3,605,255 64,896 16,812 1,370,638 29,945,766 1,248,227 23,916,149 - 3,686,963 - (81,708) 81,708 86,060 - - 469,014 (555,074) - - (2,620,386) - (11,500) - - 2,631,886 - - - - (158,089) 158,089 - - (1,776,316) - - (17,045) 1,793,361 - - (1,384,407) (264,562) 1,256,552 392,417 - - - - - - 18,793 (18,793) - - 4,272,869 (4,272,869) (4,537,431) - - - - - (1,503,888) 1,245,052 1,416,858 705,090 (394,097) 1,377,583 913,027 2,713,594 (412,962) - 306,951 3,710,424 3,767,375 - 1,071,155 2,488,013 4,478,281 4,084,184 41,420,637 42,333,664 451,146 38,184 5,960,316 4,074,326 - 9,670,740 Financial Report I 57 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— TRUST FUNDS Notes to Financial Statements September 30, 1976 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies and General Information a. The statement of changes in fund balances reflects transactions for the fifteen months ended September 30, 1976, as a result of a change in the Institution's fiscal year from June 30 to September 30. b. Accrual Basis — The financial statements of Smithsonian Institution — Trust Funds (previously designated as Private Funds) (note 2) have been pre- pared on the accrual basis, except for depreciation of plant fund assets as explained in note l(i) below, and are in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles included in the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants Audit Guide "Audits of Colleges and Universities." c. Current funds include capitalized improvements and equipment used in income-producing activities having a net carrying value of $1,069,862 and $597,610 at September 30, 1976 and June 30, 1975, respectively. Current funds used to finance the acquisition of plant assets and for provisions for debt amortization and interest are accounted for as transfers to the plant fund. Separate sub-fund groups of current unrestricted funds have been reflected in the statement of changes in fund balances for auxiliary activities (representing primarily the revenue and expenditures of the Smithsonian Associates program, including the Smithsonian Magazine, and museum shop sales) and Special Purposes (representing internally segregated funds for certain designated purposes). d. Fund Accounting — In order to ensure observance of limitations and re- strictions placed on the use of the resources available to the Institution, the accounts of the Institution are maintained in accordance with the principles of "fund accounting." This is the procedure by which resources for various purposes are classified for accounting and reporting purposes into funds that are in accordance with activities or objectives specified. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accom- panying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been recorded and reported by fund group. Within each fund group, fund balances restricted by outside sources are so indicated and are distinguished from unrestricted funds allocated to specific purposes by action of the governing board. Externally restricted funds may only be utilized in accordance with the purposes established by the source of such funds and are in contrast with unrestricted funds over which the governing board retains full control to use in achieving any of its in- stitutional purposes. Endowment funds are subject to the restrictions of gift instruments re- quiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and the income only be 58 / Smithsonian Year 1976 utilized. Also classified as endowment funds are gifts which will allow the expenditure of principal but only under certain specified conditions. While quasi-endowment funds have been established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds, any portion of such funds may be expended. Restricted quasi-endowment funds represent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that the principal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the governing board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. All gains and losses arising from the sale, collection, or other disposition of investments and other noncash assets are accounted for in the fund which owned such assets. Ordinary income derived from investments, receivables, and the like, is accounted for in the fund owning such assets, except for income derived from investments of endowment and similar funds, which income is accounted for in the fund to which it is restricted or, if unre- stricted, as revenues in unrestricted current funds. All other unrestricted revenue is accounted for in the unrestricted current fund. Restricted gifts, grants, endowment income, and other restricted resources are> accounted for in the appropriate restricted funds. e. Investments are recorded at cost or fair market value at date of acquisi- tion when acquired by gift. f. Inventories are carried at lower of average cost or net realizable value. g. Income and expenses in respect to the Institution's magazine and asso- ciates' activities are deferred and taken into income and expense over the applicable periods and are reported in the activities section of the current unrestricted funds. h. The Institution utilizes the "total return" approach to investment manage- ment of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Under this ap- proach, the total investment return is considered to include realized and unrealized gains and losses in addition to interest and dividends. In apply- ing this approach, it is the Institution's policy to provide 4V2% of the five year average of the market value of each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period) as being available for current expenditures; however, where the market value of the assets of any endowment fund is less than 110% of the historic dollar value (value of gifts at date of donation) the amount provided is limited to only interest and dividends received. i. Capitalized improvements and equipment used in income-producing activi- ties purchased with Trust Funds are capitalized in the current unre- stricted fund at cost (see note 1(c)), and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of five to ten years. Depreciation expense of $186,660 for 1976 is reflected in the expenditures of the current funds. Real estate (land and buildings) are recorded in the plant fund at cost, to the extent that restricted or unrestricted funds were expended therefor, or appraised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Mansion, which have been recorded at nominal values. Depreciation on buildings is not recorded. Financial Report I 59 All the other land, buildings, fixtures and equipment (principally acquired with Federal funds), works of art, living or other specimens are not re- flected in the accompanying financial statements. j. The agency funds group consists of funds held by the Institution as custo- dian or fiscal agent for others. k. Pension costs are funded as accrued. 1. The Institution has a number of contracts with the U. S. Government, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Contract revenues are recognized as expenditures are incurred. 2. Related Activities The Trust Funds reflect the receipt and expenditure of funds obtained from private sources, from Federal grants and contracts and from certain activi- ties related to the operations of the Institution. Federal appropriations, which are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements, provide major support for the operations and ad- ministration of the educational and research programs of the Institution's many museums, art galleries and other bureaus, as well as for the main- tenance and construction of related buildings and facilities. In addition, land, buildings and other assets acquired with Federal funds are not re- flected in the accompanying financial statements. The following Federal appropriations were received by the Institution for the fifteen months ended September 30, 1976 and the twelve months ended June 30, 1975. 1976 1975 Operating funds $106,654,000 72,511,000 Special foreign currency program 500,000 2,000,000 Construction funds 13,922,000 17,910,000 $121,076,000 92,421,000 The Institution provides fiscal and administrative services to certain separately incorporated organizations on which certain officials of the In- stitution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institu- tion by these organizations for the aforementioned services, together with rent for Institution facilities occupied, etc., totaled approximately $466,000 for the fifteen months ended September 30, 1976. The following sum- marizes the approximate expenditures of these organizations for the fifteen months ended September 30, 1976, as reflected in their individual financial statements and which are not included in the accompanying financial state- ments of the Institution: Smithsonian Research Foundation $2,500,000 Smithsonian Science Information Exchange . 2,900,000 Reading is Fundamental, Inc 650,000 Center for Natural Areas, Inc 420,000 60 / Smithsonian Year 1976 3. Investments Quoted market values and carrying values of investments (all marketable securities) of the funds indicated were as follows: September 30, 1976 June 30, 1975 Carrying Market Carrying Market value value value value Current funds $ 8,149,723 8,093,625 10,149,875 10,083,444 Endowment and similar funds 40,296,458 42,667,967 40,015,177 40,532,248 Total investments $48,446,181 50,761,592 50,165,052 50,615,692 Total investment performance is summarized below: Net Cains (Losses) Current Endowment and funds similar funds Total Unrealized gains (losses) : September 30, 1976 $(56,098) 2,371,509 2,315,411 June 30, 1975 (66,431) 517,071 450,640 Unrealized net gains for period 10,333 1,854,438 1,864,771 Realized net gain (losses) for period . 2,303 (533,929) (531,626) Total net gains for period $ 12,636 1,320,509 1,333,145 Substantially all of the investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) with each in- dividual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the value per unit at market value at the beginning of the calendar quarter within which the transaction takes place. Of the total units each having a market value of $103.69 ($102.61 in 1975), 335,954 units were owned by endow- ment, and 79,520 units by quasi-endowment at September 30, 1976. The following tabulation summarizes the changes in the pooled invest- ments during the fifteen months ended September 30, 1976: Carrying Market value value Market per unit September 30, 1976 $40,720,429 43,079,172 103.69 June 30, 1975 40,063,092 40,569,918 102.61 Increase $ 657,337 2,509,254 1.08 4. Mortgage Notes Payable The mortgage notes payable are secured by first deeds of trust on property acquired in connection with the Chesapeake Bay Center. The details of the mortgage notes payable are as follows: Financial Report I 61 2976 2975 Mortgage note, payable in semiannual installments of $13,300, plus interest at the prevailing prime rate at the due date of the installment payment but not less than 8%, due July 1, 1980 $106,400 146,300 6% mortgage note payable, due in monthly installments of $451 including interest, due November 1, 1989 28,422 33,418 6% mortgage note, payable in semiannual installments of $10,000, plus interest, due November 7, 1979 70,000 90,000 $204,822 269,718 5. Pension Plan The Institution has a contributory pension plan providing for the pur- chase of retirement annuity contracts for those employees meeting certain age and length of service requirements who elect to be covered under the plan. Under terms of the plan, the Institution contributes the amount necessary to bring the total contribution to 12% of the participants' com- pensation subject to social security taxes and to 17% of the participants' compensation in excess of that amount. The total pension expense for the fifteen months ended September 30, 1976 was $1,404,788. 6. Income Taxes The Institution has been recognized as exempt from income taxes as a nonprofit organization described in Section 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. It is the opinion of the Institution that it is also exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as described in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Recognition of this dual status will be sought from the Internal Revenue Service. Should the Institution's position not prevail, income taxes in a substantial amount might be imposed on cer- tain income of the Institution, under provisions of the Internal Revenue Code dealing with unrelated business income as defined therein. 62 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Visitors show keen interest in Apollo lunar samples in "The Moon: Its Rocks and History" exhibition, which opened in June 1976. (Photo credit: Chip Clark) Smithsonian Year • 7276 SCIENCE The bicentennial year has brought a greater recognition among the general public of our common heritage; it has also intensified doubts prevalent in this country during the past decade concerning cherished ideas and institutions. Many organizations and beliefs have adjusted to the times or simply disappeared. Throughout this period of uncertainty and skepticism the Smithsonian has been will- ing to accept divergent viewpoints and in its research and in its exhibits has adhered to a truthful portrayal of our universe and of man's role in its development. This is a proper function for the Smithsonian and one which under no circumstances should be abrogated. Due to its unique nature, the Smithsonian is in a position not only to chronicle the past but to chart the future toward the third century of American development. The conquest of air and space which we celebrate in the new National Air and Space Museum and the work of our own scientists at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory in Cambridge will be instrumental in unlocking the mysteries of the universe. While progress is assuredly slow at times, no one in Philadelphia in 1876 would have thought that today we would have reached the Moon and Mars, with promise that by the last quarter of this century the outposts of our own galaxy and beyond will be accessible. The serious question of our ability to sustain life on earth at the time of our Tricentennial is a problem to which we must address ourselves. Depletion of our floral and faunal heritage is of particu- lar concern to the National Zoological Park and the National Museum of Natural History. It is hoped that with increased atten- 65 tion and research on endangered species, especially through pro- grams at the Zoo's Conservation and Research Center and the National Museum of Natural History's Department of Botany, we will be able eventually to repatriate such species to the wild with practical plans for their rational management. Health problems continue to plague the world, and scientists at our Tropical Research Institute are studying how the life cycle and behavior of tropical wild animals relate to human health. Studies have already linked the sloth as a possible vector in the spread of a form of encephalitis and yellow fever. In conjunction with health officials, our scientists hope to provide clues which will solve the riddle of these debilitating diseases. At our Radiation Biology Laboratory, scientists are studying the problems of ultraviolet light and its relationship to skin cancer and plant growth. Further research on ultraviolet light should lead to greater food production and lessen the risk of skin cancer. While we in science will always have our critics and be tempted to explore fleeting trends, our hope, and that of the country in our third century, is to be concerned with the long term. Through the stabilizing influence of such institutions as the Smithsonian, our society is protected against temporarily fashionable research, so that, thanks to our firm resolve, forthcoming generations may expect a better world and the realization of many of the dreams of our forefathers. Center for the Study of Man Research on American Indian problems has been a prime activity over the past year at the Center for the Study of Man. Investigation of the American Indian ecumenical movement continued, with invited attendance at the Southwest Regional Meeting at the Navajo Community College and at the general meeting on the Stony Indian Reserve in Morley, Canada. The Center was also represented by invitation at the first meeting of the Fourth World Tribal Peoples in Port Alberni, British Columbia, Canada. The Handbook of North American Indians is a comprehensive encyclopedia written from the perspectives of anthropology, his- tory, and linguistics. Hundreds of scholars from all over the world 66 / Smithsonian Year 1976 have submitted articles for this twenty-volume work, which is now being assembled by a staff under General Editor William C. Sturte- vant, Curator of North American Ethnology in the National Mu- seum of Natural History. Most volumes will be studies of tribal culture and history by area, e.g., the Northeast, the Southwest, and the Plains. Several others are thematically organized, e.g., technology and the visual arts, and the history of Indian-White relations. Volumes on California and the Northeast are expected to appear in 1977. THE NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER Founded a year ago by Dr. E. Richard Sorenson "as a means to forge beyond the too narrow view of the human condition as bio- logical organization or collections of artifacts," the National Anthropological Film Center is now taking advantage of the scholarly potential of the visual media to explore and reveal the range of human qualities and behavior in our diverse and changing world. Bridging science and the humanities, it draws upon the ma- terials and methods of both. Research this year centered on Dr. Sorenson's Study of Child Behavior and Human Development in Cultural Isolates. As pat- terns of behavior and interaction take hold of and mold a growing child, they can reveal how basic human potential may respond to various conditions of life and how the patterned responses char- acteristic of a culture emerge. Using techniques of phenomenological inquiry developed by Dr. Sorenson to obtain data suitable for study without first having to decide what might be important or significant, the Center is now examining child behavior and human development in isolated soci- eties in New Guinea, Brazil, Micronesia, Afghanistan, and Mexico. To sample as broad a range of human expression as possible, a World Ethnographic Film Sample is being planned to preserve examples of the range and variety of human life. Bodies of film already made are being searched out, and new collaborative film studies of existing cultural survivals are aimed at filling the gaps in the range of cultural expressions of humankind. Special attention is being given to threatened social and cultural enclaves which repre- sent vanishing or changing expressions of human organization and behavior. Science I 67 With great freedom bestowed on them to explore objects and places at will, the Fore children of New Guinea reacted to unanticipated, new, or surprising occurrences by seeking bodily association with others — similarly to the way they learned new things as infants. To Fore infants and toddlers, this physical contact was a sanctuary of nurture and warmth, in which curiosity and in- terest could be safely maintained. Supplying cues to appropriate response, this sanctuary was also a retreat when the children's cognitive or response capabilities were overtaxed. Research film analysis by Dr. Sorenson showed this pattern persists throughout childhood. This pattern of response to the novel or unknown left the freely ranging young child relatively safe in his exploratory quests. His automatic reaction to novelty was to approach it in the company of a "more knowledgeable" hamlet-mate. (Photo credit: E. Rich- ard Sorenson) A*3Ef* A National Research Film Collection is being developed as a means of preserving the irreplaceable film records which document divergent expressions of human potential, organization, and be- havior in natural, social, and cultural contexts. A temperature/humidity-controlled film vault has been installed, thanks to a gift from Drs. Jerry and Lucy Waletzky and the Na- tional Endowment for the Humanities; and the developing film collection is now being preserved at 40° F. and 35 percent relative humidity. The capacity of the vault — 2,500,000 feet of 16 mm film — will allow continued accessioning for several years. This year, 312,538 feet of film were accessioned into the National Research Film Collection, bringing the total number of feet to 554,338. This growing body of irreplaceable documents represents aspects of life in Afghanistan, Bolivia, Brazil, the Cook Islands, Ghana, India, Mexico, Micronesia, Nepal, New Guinea, the New Hebrides, and the United States. In an effort to improve location and identification of existing an- thropological films and to help establish priorities for urgent anthropological filming, a central National Union Catalog of an- thropological films is being developed. Anthropological film his- torian Emilie de Brigard is organizing this catalog so that it will be compatible with existing indexes to the anthropological literature and ethnological collections. Developed from the small Ethnofilm Training Program for Devel- oping Nations initiated two years ago by a grant from the Wenner- Gren Foundation, the Ethnofilm Training Program has been designed to train students to obtain film samples, suitable for research, of human behavior of vanishing and changing cultures. Based on the belief that individuals from other cultures enrich such samples, because of their different, often more expert, cultural perceptions, the Program purposely involves members of non-Western cultures. RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES The Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies (rues) was founded in 1973 as a unit within the Smithsonian Institution's Center for the Study of Man. The mission of rues includes research, dissemination, stimulation, and facilitation of interdisciplinary Science I 69 study, and consultative services on the broad range of knowledge of United States immigration. rues is unique among institutions studying immigration in at least two ways: (1) stress on the new immigrants entering the United States since 1965, and (2) explicit inclusion of American extrater- ritorial jurisdictions among those topics studied. Such a focus complements the Research Institute's goal of achieving a fuller understanding of the new immigration, its patterns and character- istics, and its ongoing impact on American society and discernible implications for the future of the international community. Since its inception, the Research Institute has provided consulta- tive services, been host to and advised research fellows, and spon- sored activities aimed at fostering in-depth study of issues related to international migration, ethnicity, development, and other critical areas, as they influence domestic and international relations. Within the Smithsonian, rues personnel have contributed to the activities of the Interdisciplinary Communications Program, the Di- vision of Performing Arts, the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the Office of Symposia and Seminars, the Smithsonian Associates program, and the Office of Academic Studies. Planning and evaluative services have also been provided to pub- lic and private organizations concerned with national and interna- tional programs and activities. Among these organizations are: Association of Caribbean Universities and Research Institutes (unica) Carnegie Foundation Ford Foundation House Subcommittee on Inter-American Affairs National Endowment for the Humanities National Institute of Mental Health National Urban League Organization of American States Phelps-Stokes Fund, Washington Bureau In observance of the Bicentennial, many Smithsonian Institution units have emphasized such subjects as immigration, ethnicity, cul- tural pluralism in the evolution of American society, and techno- logical and cultural developments, rues has been one of the few units within the Smithsonian Institution to stress a truly contempo- 70 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ■] }ll ill'** 7> * ' h ■ Participants are in deep discussion at the Ethnicity and Ethnos Seminar held by the Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies on November 7, 1975, at the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars. Approxi- mately sixty-five representatives of academia, government, and the mass media attended the seminar. rary phenomenon — post-1965 immigration to the United States and its various implications. As its contribution to the Bicentennial, rues has planned a two- year activity aimed at the convening of a national conference on the new immigration to the United States and the publication of a technically definitive volume on the same subject. The conference will combine public panel discussions and selective scholarly semi- nars. The panels will discuss policy issues, such as refugees and illegals, and will present progress reports on research concerning policy-oriented aspects of the new immigration. The scholars will participate in two sequences of seminars, on international and do- mestic implications of the new migration. In addition to national and international dignitaries, key participants will include important academicians, researchers, and policymakers. In order to realize more effectively its goals for the Bicentennial, rues has established regional ad hoc committees of individuals to assist the rues staff in the design of the Bicentennial program. These individuals are highly respected professionals from the diplomatic Science I 71 corps, private industry, academia, government, and other public in- ternational and national agencies, as well as public-interest groups. They are chosen on the basis of reputation for knowledge of rele- vant literature, professional experience, or participation in the new immigration. These ad hoc advisory committees embody many racial and ethnic groups and, as an added dimension, bring to bear interdisciplinary viewpoints on the formulation of programs or ac- tivities. In addition to Washington, D.C., sites visited by the riies staff as part of its work with these groups were: Miami, Florida; San Juan, Puerto Rico; St. Thomas, Virgin Islands; San Francisco, Los Angeles, and Camp Pendleton, California; and Toronto, Ontario, Canada. As part of its preliminary activities for the Bicentennial, riies planned a series of mini-conferences. These mini-conferences had several objectives: to stimulate cross-country enthusiasm for the general topic; to identify prospective participants and subthemes; and to establish working ties with organizations and agencies with special interest in the new immigration. riies also sponsored selected individuals to participate in panel discussions on "International Immigration as a Policy Issue," held at the International Studies Association's Annual Convention in Toronto, Canada. The riies session, which stressed Western Hem- isphere immigration, included papers on the comparison of United States and Canadian immigration policies, Third World immigra- tion, and analyses of Caribbean emigration and immigration. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies In the spring of 1976, Dr. J. Kevin Sullivan was appointed Director of the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies (cbces). Before joining the Smithsonian Institution in 1971, Dr. Sullivan spent seven years with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service in Michigan, where he was involved in environmental studies on the Great Lakes and the Mississippi and Missouri rivers. Associate Directors for Science and Education were also appointed in 1976. Dr. David Correll, formerly a research chemist at the Smithsonian Institution's Radiation Biology Laboratory, was named Associate Director for Scientific Programs, and Dr. John 72 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Falk, an ecologist from the University of California, Berkeley, was named Associate Director for Education Programs. Activities at the Chesapeake Bay Center include ecological re- search and education programs. Principal themes in research include comparative ecology of terrestrial communities, with emphasis on the effects of past land use. Estuarine research is concerned with the response of biological populations to physical and chemical factors. The integration of these two programs is accomplished by an extensive program of monitoring and analysis of runoff from the Rhode River watershed through a system of permanent gauging stations. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES The long-range goal of the Upland Ecology Subprogram is to gain a better understanding of the comparative ecology of the various land uses found on the Rhode River watershed. This past year's participants in the Upland Ecology Subprogram, led by J. Lynch and B. Tremper, are concentrating their efforts on the characterization of nine intensive-study sites, each of which is 1 to 10 hectares in size. These sites were selected on the basis of past land use, time period since abandonment, and the types of plant communities presently found on the sites. This research is supplemented by a land-use history project in which deed records and oral histories are being used to develop a detailed understanding of past land-use practices on sites undergoing contemporary comparative research. The investigations are analyzing population data on birds, small mammals, ants, understory arthropods, and litter arthropods. These study sites are representative of successional stages. For example, two sites have never been clearcut or burned since coloni- zation in the 1650s. Both are characteristic of mature plant com- munities. In comparison, another site is a previously cultivated field which was abandoned only six years ago. The soils of this site are relatively low in nitrogen. In addition to these baseline studies on the animal and plant com- munities of each site, Dr. Correll and his colleagues are beginning to examine the mechanisms underlying observed distributional patterns. Rates of nutrient depletion and pH decrease when land is abandoned from agriculture are being studied. An experiment in- Science I 73 One species responsible for a dense dinoflagellate bloom in the Rhode River estuary was identified as Prorocentrum mariae-lebouriae. This scanning elec- tron micrograph shows its almost spherical, strongly compressed, saucer-shape. Its surface has an evenly distributed pattern of small projections and ridges at the cell periphery. volving the manipulation of nutrient availability in an old forest has also been designed, and preliminary survey data are being gathered. One goal of this study is to determine whether mineral nutrient limitations are the restricting factor for plant species com- position and animal population size in southern Maryland forests. In addition to studies of the upland sites in the Rhode River Watershed, Dr. Patricia Mehlhop has also been conducting studies on small-mammal distribution at the Poplar Islands. Owned and ad- ministered by the Smithsonian, these small islands are located 2 miles off the Eastern Shore of Maryland, in the Chesapeake Bay. In 1973, Dr. Mehlhop and Sheila Minor surveyed the islands for small mammals. They found mammal diversity and populations to be very low. Meadow voles were found on two Poplar Islands, and Norway rats were found on one. Later in 1973, the Norway rat became extinct. Interviews with past residents indicated that other mammals, such as squirrels and mice, had once inhabited Poplar. 74 / Smithsonian Year 1976 In the watershed subprogram, Drs. Correll, Pierce, Faust, and Wu are measuring mass balances for a series of parameters on sub- watersheds which vary in size from 2 hectares (5 acres) to 1000 ha (2500 acres). A major goal is to determine how land management, climate, and other factors influence the movement of materials from a watershed into an estuary. The watershed of the Rhode River is composed of small basins which drain directly or through creeks into the estuary. The basins have been mapped according to land use, and instrumented sam- pling stations have been constructed to monitor the runoff from each basin. These stations record the volume of water discharged while taking volume-integrated samples. The runoff is analyzed for organic matter, nutrients, bacteria, sediment, cations (including heavy metals), and pesticides. Rainwater is also collected and analyzed. Analysis of the 1974 data revealed the following findings: 1. For the entire year, runoff from residential land contained more nitrogen and phosphorus per unit area than runoff from any other land-use type. Cultivated cropland had the second highest yield rate for these nutrients. The nutrient yield rates for forests were consistently low throughout the year. 2. Rainwater deposited more nitrogen in the estuary than upland runoff. For example, rain deposited 4.1 tons of nitrogen in the estuary, compared to 3.7 tons of nitrogen from land runoff. 3. Cropland and pasture are not exporting most of the incoming loads of nitrogen to the Rhode River. Substantial amounts are prob- ably lost to the atmosphere as nitrogen, ammonia, and nitrogen oxides. On the average, farmers applied 0.16 lb. N/acre day to cultivated land and 0.13 lb. N/acre day to pasturelands. The yearly average loading rates of nitrogen from cropland and pasture were 0.011 lb. N/acre day and 0.0085 lb. N/acre day, respectively. 4. Residential land had the highest loading rate of sediment for the year, followed by cultivated cropland, pastureland, and forest- land. 5. Freshwater upland wet areas were found to be nutrient and sediment sinks; average loading rates for wet areas, especially in the spring and summer, were negative. 6. Fecal coliform concentrations in the Rhode River exceeded standards for shellfish waters at certain times of the year. This Science I 75 contamination was entirely from runoff and from drainage areas, with average densities of only 1.6 animals/acre and 0.8 persons/ acre. The watershed program is funded by the National Science Foun- dation-Research Applied to National Needs (nsf-rann) through the Chesapeake Research Consortium and by the Environmental Pro- tection Agency. The goal of the estuarine subprogram is to develop a more ade- quate understanding of the relationship between biological popula- tions of an estuary and physical/chemical factors. Some of the more advanced research projects in this subprogram focus on phosphorus cycling and flux in an estuarine environment. David Correll and Maria Faust have been investigating the role of microorganisms in phosphorus cycling. In their research, they attempted to distinguish phosphorus-uptake by algae from that by bacteria in an estuarine community. Using a differential filtration technique to separate the bacterial population from the phytoplank- ton, they measured the phosphorus-uptake of each. Monthly sam- pling was carried out in the main basin of the Rhode River estuary from March 1973 through February 1974. The results of these experiments indicated the relative contribu- tion of algae and bacteria to phosphorus-uptake with the season. During the period from August to May, phosphorus was assimi- lated mostly by bacteria, and the algal contribution to phosphorus- uptake was less than 6 percent. During June and July, phosphorus- uptake by algae increased to 9 percent and 42 percent of total phosphorus-uptake, respectively. The bacteria's higher phosphorus- uptake throughout the year clearly indicated the importance of bacteria as a major recycler of phosphorus in the estuarine environ- ment. Nutrient-flux experiments have also been conducted in tidal marshes. During 1974, various levels of phosphate were applied to a high and low marsh in the Rhode River for a period of three to four months. Samples of plant leaves, surface detrital materials, and sediment cores at various depth were analyzed for the amount and specific activity of various phosphorus fractions. Since the nutrient loading included nitrogen in the form of ammonia and nitrate, core samples were also analyzed for total nitrogen composition. 76 / Smithsonian Year 1976 An important implication of these results is that the contention that marshes have considerable value as nutrient-removal systems appears to be unfounded, at least for the medium salinity marshes of the Chesapeake Bay. Another project by M. Faust focused on the survival of Escheri- chia coli MC-6, a bacterium of fecal origin, in an estuarine environ- ment. The effects were measured of physical parameters on E. coli survival in diffusion chambers placed in the Rhode River. Data were collected to evaluate the combined efforts of time, water tem- perature, dissolved oxygen, salinity, and montmorillonite (a type of clay particle) on coliform survival. EDUCATION During 1976, cbces continued to initiate and expand programs aimed at improving the quality and effectiveness of outdoor- centered environmental education. Initiated in 1975, the teacher-led tour program was designed to provide children with outdoor experiences which reinforced or in- troduced science concepts. The Center worked closely with the local Anne Arundel County School System to develop the following teacher-led activities: "Micro-Trails, Macro-Trails" for the first grade; "Animal Adaptations: Insects and Spiders" for the second and third grades; "Community Comparison: Forest and Old Field" and "Estuary Chesapeake" for the fifth and sixth grades; and "Seeing the Trees for the Forest: A Census Activity" for the seventh and eighth grades. Each activity is outlined in a brochure that includes background information for the teacher, objectives for the students, a step-by-step procedure section for the class, and suggested follow-up activities. During the summer of 1976, the Summer Ecology Program was expanded and restructured to emphasize community-centered learn- ing. For the first time, the Program was conducted in eight different locations instead of the Center's research facility. This new approach helped familiarize children with the human and natural ecologies of their own communities. The Work/Learn Program in Environmental Studies, initiated in the fall of 1975, is a cooperative education program that provides college students with the opportunity to live and work in a research Science I 77 setting. Each participant receives a small stipend, plus living accom- modations and may arrange to receive academic credit for work completed at the Center. Seventeen students were selected to participate in the Program during the first year. They worked with cbces's professional staff on projects in estuarine and terrestrial ecology, land-use manage- ment, and environmental education. Another major objective of the Education Program is to convey the Center's scientific research findings to management agencies and the general public. Recently, public groups have been especially interested in obtaining information on the extent of nonpoint source pollution from land runoff. Since nonpoint sources of pollution are measured and evaluated in the Center's Watershed Research Pro- gram, special efforts were made in 1975-1976 to disseminate the Center's watershed findings to the public. In June 1975, the Center began publishing Rhode River Review, a newsletter which summarized on-going cbces research projects and activities on a bimonthly basis. Each issue covers major develop- ments in the science and education programs and describes staff activities. Feature articles are also included on cbces's research find- ings and Bay-wide environmental issues. The newsletter has proved to be a major means of communication with the surrounding com- munity and other regional, state, and national organizations. Under a grant from the Edward John Noble Foundation, the Center provided support in the form of staff time and expertise to citizen organizations throughout the Chesapeake Bay region. Sup- port activities for these groups included organizing workshops and conferences, developing technical information on environmental issues, and helping achieve citizen participation in land- and water- quality planning. In January 1976, cbces planned and organized a major conference on Water Quality Goals for the Chesapeake Bay. Existing water- quality conditions in the Bay were described and governmental officials outlined federal and state programs that deal with water- quality problems in this region. The role of the citizen in achieving water-quality goals was also explored. In 1976, cbces acquired a 32-foot diesel work boat from the Fort Pierce Bureau of the Smithsonian Institution in Florida. 78 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Fort Pierce Bureau The Fort Pierce Bureau has continued to stress its three long-term programs, as part of a consortium effort with the Harbor Branch Foundation, Incorporated, to study the estuarine and marine en- vironments along Florida's east-central coast and adjacent con- tinental shelf. These programs are: the Indian River Coastal Zone Study, Life History Studies, and Submersible Exploration of the East Florida Continental Slope. The initial purpose of these investi- gations is to accumulate baseline information by making an inven- tory of the aquatic biota and by assessing the environment and sources of pollution, in order to predict natural and man-caused changes in the Indian River lagoon and offshore continental shelf. This past year the Bureau added five personnel to its scientific staff; initiated a predoctoral/postdoctoral fellowship program; pro- vided an electron-microscope facility for the Life Histories Section for Ultrastructural Studies; and remodeled the Smithsonian's Butler Building to accommodate eight offices, an air-conditioned room for the reference collection of preserved specimens, and a ventilated area for the gross sorting of samples. The Indian River Coastal Zone Study is investigating the eco- logical role of the two primary production bases of the estuary, the seagrasses with their epiphytes and the phytoplankton. During the past year, 79,000 benthic invertebrates have been collected quantitatively from experimental seagrass stations and analyzed for information on community structure. Data indicate that benthic invertebrates associated with seagrasses of the Indian River are heavily preyed upon, and are extremely important to the overall food web of the estuarine ecosystem. A total of 278 fish collections have added 47 species for waters shallower than 200 meters. An innovative drop net was developed to determine fish biomass and densities and to compare seagrass-bed community changes with respect to water depth. The coastal sabellariid worm reefs of the Indian River region were found to have associated decapod and stomatopod crustacean communities, consisting of about ninety-six species. Grass shrimps were found to form a major component of the seagrass and drift-algae communities. The Life Histories Program has continued to accumulate baseline Science I 79 Sampling of benthic invertebrates associated with seagrasses at field experi- mental site in the Indian River estuary, Florida. Below. The submersible Johnson-Sea-Link II leaving her mother ship R/V Johnson to do photographic reconnaissance on the ocean floor. Note camera system mounted on bow. *."\ [JOHNSON-SEMINKI information on the critical stages in reproduction and development of the common species in the region, for potential utilization in assessments of environmental stresses and modifications on popula- tions of marine organisms. This knowledge of developmental pat- tern is basic for evaluation of the effects of environmental factors on marine animals, for individuals with highly vulnerable plank- tonic larvae are predictably more susceptible to the effects of pollu- tants than those with direct development and no planktonic stages. Three specialized techniques were devised for the Program this year: a quantitative sampling device for collecting sand-dwelling sipunculans and polychaetes for population analyses; a culturing technique to rear successfully planktonic sipunculan larvae, through metamorphosis to adulthood; and a procedure for preparing one- micron-thick serial sections of larvae and embryos embedded in plastic resins. Six different sipunculan larvae, representing four genera, were reared to sexual maturity in the laboratory. One of these, common to oceanic plankton, was reared to adulthood and spawned gametes which developed to the second larval stage — the first-known instance of the successful culturing of a sipunculan larva to a gamete-producing mature adult. The Submersible Exploration of the East Florida Continental Shelf has continued to carry out its dual functions of reconnaissance and contribution to the inventory bank of continental-shelf organ- isms. Eleven of 14 proposed east-west transects, from 100 feet to 1000 feet in depth, were completed between Lake Worth and Cape Canaveral. These transects have traversed a total of 260 kilometers during 68 transect and local reconnaissance dives. Forty-nine lock- out dives between 60 feet and 212 feet have collected 97 plant species, including at least 6 new records and 2 undescribed species; about 230 different invertebrates; and 27 fish species, of which 5 are new records. Many species of organisms were observed which were not collected. National Air and Space Museum A unique ribbon-cutting ceremony and immediate popularity marked the opening of the National Air and Space Museum (nasm), Science I 81 \ The Air Force precision flying team, the Thunderbirds, make a salutatory flight over the new National Air and Space Museum during opening cere- monies, July 1, 1976, on the Mall terrace. (Photo credit: Georgette Edwards) highlighting the Bicentennial summer at the Smithsonian Insti- tution. On opening day, July 1, 1976, President Ford and Vice President Rockefeller arrived at the west door of the Museum, where they were greeted by Secretary S. Dillon Ripley and Museum Director Michael Collins. The party toured the Museum and emerged onto the Mall terrace for the ribbon-cutting ceremony just as the Air Force precision flying team, the Thunderbirds, made a third saluta- tory flight over Jefferson Drive. To the accompaniment of the Air Force Band, they joined plat- form guests Warren Burger, Chief Justice of the United States 82 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Left. With obvious delight, President Ford, Vice President Rockefeller, Secre- tary S. Dillon Ripley, and Museum Director Michael Collins (reading from right to left) tour the National Air and Space Museum on opening day, July 1, 1976. Right. Crown Prince Harald of Norway (right) listens intently as Michael Collins explains an exhibit in the National Air and Space Museum. Prince Harald was an honored visitor on July 2, 1976. Supreme Court and Chancellor of the Smithsonian Institution; Regents of the Smithsonian Senator Frank E. Moss, Mr. William A. M. Burden, Mr. Caryl P. Haskins, and Mr. James E. Webb; Senator Jennings Randolph, sponsor of the original National Air Museum legislation; the Right Reverend William F. Creighton, Episcopal Bishop of Washington; Mayor Walter E. Washington; and Dr. David Challinor, the Smithsonian's Assistant Secretary for Science. After the presentation of colors by the Joint Services Color Guard, welcoming speeches were made. Referring to the Museum as "a perfect birthday present from the American people to themselves," President Ford dedicated the building. Symbolically the ribbon for the opening ceremony was bright red, white, and blue, and stretched between the jaws of a replica Viking spacecraft soil-sampling mechanism similar to one that was to dig on the surface of Mars a few weeks later. The taut ribbon awaited not a snip of the scissors but a signal from the Viking spacecraft approaching Mars. After an 18-minute journey of more than 200 million miles, the signal from Mars arrived at the Museum, causing the soil-sampling Science I 83 arm to retract. The ribbon fluttered to the ground, burned in half by a hot metal coil in the mechanism. The completed Museum was then open for the first time. Visitors came at such rates that the millionth visitor was welcomed only twenty-five days after the door opened and the two millionth after only seven weeks. EXHIBITS July 1, 1976, marked not only the opening of the Museum but also the completion of the preparation period of the inaugural exhibition. The effort involved appears to have been by far the largest single museum-exhibit development program in history, encompassing twenty-three major galleries, two presentation centers, and a num- ber of smaller areas. Under the direction of Michael Collins, this program was supervised by Melvin B. Zisfein, Deputy Director of the Museum. Included in this effort were the development of basic concepts for each gallery; the preparation of all written material (such as all label and audiovisual scripts) needed for gallery design; the development of conceptual and detail designs; development of all fabrication drawings and specifications; programming and re- cording of all presentations; preparation of all plans; and fabrica- tion and installation of all exhibit units. The galleries and presentation centers that were opened to the public on July 1, 1976, occupy a floorspace of some 230,000 square feet on two exhibit levels. The galleries are listed below: Gallery 100 Milestones of Flight Gallery 102 Air Transportation Gallery 103 Vertical Flight Gallery 104 West Gallery (Early Military Aircraft) Gallery 105 General Aviation Gallery 106 Exhibition Flight Gallery 107 Life in the Universe Gallery 108 South Lobby (Murals and Trophy Hall) Gallery 109 Flight Testing Gallery 110 Satellites Gallery 111 Benefits from Flight Gallery 112 East Gallery (Lunar Exploration Vehicles) Gallery 113 Rocketry and Space Flight Gallery 114 Space Hall Gallery 203 Sea-Air Operations 84 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Gallery 205 World War II Aviation Gallery 206 Balloons and Airships Gallery 207 Air Traffic Control Gallery 208 Special Exhibits (Famous "First" Airplanes) Gallery 209 World War I Aviation Gallery 210 Apollo to the Moon Gallery 211 Flight and the Arts Gallery 213 Flight Technology Einstein Spacearium nasm Theater Most of the design of these galleries was initiated in fiscal years 1974 and 1975, while most of the fabrication occurred in fiscal year 1976. All gallery concepts were developed internally; numerous out- side firms, however, were placed under contract to perform portions of the detail design and fabrication. The nasm exhibits design and fabrication program was closely managed by an internal group chaired by the Deputy Director and representing all phases of museum operation. A comprehensive activity-by-activity schedule was developed for each gallery and a Coordinator was assigned to each for control of all administrative aspects of the gallery development program. Items requiring action Over three million visitors thronged the new National Air and Space Museum during the first three months after its luly 1, 1976, opening. #..*$ . 4 ' were assigned each week and accounted for the following week. The entire program was completed within budget and several days ahead of schedule. To maximize the reliability and ease of maintenance of the audio- visual and electromechanical portions of the exhibits, a Museum Automatic Control Center System (maccs) was developed. Con- tained in a climate-controlled room in the basement of the Museum, maccs is designed to: (1) feed audio and video programs to all gal- leries as required; (2) provide switching logic to all exhibit units (such as automated shows) requiring it; and (3) maintain a diag- nostic surveillance of all exhibit areas to detect malfunctions such as film break, delamping, loss of synchronization, overheating, etc., and activate a malfunction print-out and alarm when a malfunction signal is received. maccs is the only facility of its kind in the world. Its use has resulted in the need for a maintenance staff approximately one-half to one-quarter that of an equivalent museum not comparably equipped. All of the nasm Departments contributed to the central gallery, Number 100, Milestones of Flight — the premier gallery in the National Air and Space Museum. Only the most highly significant flight vehicles in the national collection qualify for inclusion in this gallery. Special recognition is accorded the 1903 Wright Flyer, the first airplane capable of sustained powered, controlled, manned flight. Also in the Gallery are such historic flight vehicles as The Spirit of St. Louis, the Bell X-l, the North American X-15, and spacecraft such as the Friendship 7, Gemini 4, and Columbia, the Apollo 11 command module that orbited the moon during the first manned lunar exploration. Also on exhibit is a lunar rock that visitors can examine and touch. During 1976, the Departments of Aeronautics, Astronautics, and Science and Technology devoted their major efforts to the comple- tion of those galleries pertaining to the respective Department's specialties. Between July 1, 1975, and July 1, 1976, galleries de- veloped from the concept and unit script stage to completion. In addition to their normal tasks of research and writing, many curators from the Departments were assigned the job of coordinat- ing the efforts of the firms engaged in the design and construction of the exhibits. 86 / Smithsonian Year 1976 The Space Hall features a walkway that permits visitors to walk through the spacecraft and see the working and living conditions of the Skylab astronauts. Below. A real Apollo Lunar Module, LM-2, is exhibited on the main floor in the East Window. Mylar and metal materials covering portions of the lunar module are mounted for visitors to touch. T\ /:.*' Suspended high over the visitors, significant transport airplanes are shown in the National Air and Space Museum. Below. In the simulated aircraft-car- rier hangar deck of the Sea-Air Operations Gallery, Melvin B. Zisfein, Deputy Director, and Donald S. Lopez, Assistant Director for Aeronautics, discuss the completion of their project. PRESENTATIONS AND EDUCATION DIVISION Members of the Presentations and Education Division worked with other Smithsonian employees to: (1) organize and begin an educa- tion program; (2) equip, staff, program, and begin operation of the Albert Einstein Spacearium; and (3) equip, staff, and put into opera- tion a highly specialized projection theater. All of these programs went into full operation the day the Museum opened. The year began with twenty-three volunteers in the Education Unit. Recruitment during the fall of 1975 multiplied this corps of enthusiastic and capable people by a factor of ten. During the first half of 1976, 230 recruits completed the training program. About two-thirds of them have worked or now work as professionals in aerospace fields. Some are pilots; others are aerospace managers, scientists, engineers, journalists, and educators; still others are air- traffic control workers. Volunteers served in many ways, including assisting in offices, library work, cataloguing, care and storage of collections, exhibit preparation, public information, and museum teaching. During the past year considerable progress was made in helping handicapped visitors enjoy the Museum. A full-time coordinator of programs for the handicapped was hired. The philosophy has been to integrate handicapped visitors into all parts of the Museum rather than to have special exhibits for them. Groups such as the National Federation of the Blind, the National Association of the Physically Handicapped, and the National Association of the Deaf have been of great help in this effort. Wherever possible the building has been designed or modified as a barrier-free environment for the physically handicapped. Various implements and materials have been and will continue to be devel- oped for handicapped visitors. For example, mirrors with universal clamps that will attach to any wheelchair are available for persons who have little or no head movement. There are two teletype machines: one for use in the Education Office for answering in- quiries from deaf persons, the other for use in the public areas for communicating with deaf visitors. Blind persons may obtain copies of the nasm and Smithsonian brochures in either braille, large print, or on cassette tape. These sell for the same price as the regular printed editions. A building model of the Museum, marked in braille and in print, is located in the Lobby, and cassette tours of Museum galleries are provided to- Science I 89 gether with a list of touchable objects. Raised-line drawings have been produced and may be borrowed by blind visitors. On June 1, 1976, the Smithsonian Institution received a grant of $74,000 from the United States Office of Education to develop a set of guidelines for establishing museum programs for handicapped students. The nasm Education Unit directed the grant on behalf of the Institution, with participation by the National Museum of His- tory and Technology, the National Museum of Natural History, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Other research pro- grams, including evaluation of nasm galleries and presentation centers, are in the planning stages. Volunteers have been given special training in presenting tours to groups that include handicapped individuals. A comprehensive bib- liography of books that are available in braille or talking-book form has been compiled with the cooperation of the Washington, D.C. Public Library and the Library of Congress. In addition, a growing collection of tape-recorded material on air and space subjects is available in the Museum library. The Education Unit arranged and conducted a number of special lectures. One lecture series, the Noon-Time Air and Space Forum, consisted of fifteen lectures presented by selected authorities in aviation and space science. This series began in September 1975 and continued monthly through May 1976. In past years these lectures have not been given during the summer months. This year, how- ever, a special set of lectures, arranged with the help of the Goddard Space Flight Center, was held twice monthly, beginning in July 1976. On December 22, 1975, the second Annual Holiday Lecture Series for high school students was given. The lectures, presented by three noted space scientists, were on the theme of "The Planets" and were supported by the Daniel and Florence Guggenheim Foundation. During 1972 and again in 1974, two complementary series of astron- omy lectures were co-sponsored by nasm and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. A third series started in the fall of 1976 was titled "New Windows to the Universe." The Albert Einstein Spacearium Prior to the middle of this century, various individuals and groups began attempts to establish a major planetarium in the city of 90 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Washington. The opening of the Albert Einstein Spacearium is the culmination of these interests. During the fall of 1975 a Carl Zeiss Model VI planetarium instru- ment was installed in the Spacearium. This instrument, together with funds for automation of the Spacearium system, was a Bicen- tennial gift from the Federal Republic of Germany to the people of the United States. An interesting feature of the facility is a foreign language system that will allow visitors to hear programs in French, German, Japanese, and Spanish, as well as English. The first Spacearium show, "Cosmic Awakening," is a 42-minute look at how human perception of the universe has changed over the past two-hundred years. This multi-media show uses hundreds of audiovisual effects, including the Zeiss projector, to illustrate the sun, moon, planets, stars, and galaxies and mankind's increasing comprehension of them. The automated show is narrated by Burgess Meredith, with music by William Penn of the Eastman School of Music. The Spacearium is also used for education programs that are re- lated to Museum-guided school activities. Even though the Spacearium opened with the rest of the Museum on July 1, 1976, it was officially dedicated on July 15. Chancellor Helmut Schmidt of the Federal Republic of Germany presented the planetarium system and its control system to Vice President Nelson Rockefeller, who received the gift for the American people. A new composition, Sirius, written by the noted German composer Karl- Heinz Stockhausen, was given its world premiere during the dedica- tion ceremony. A beautiful gleaming glass sculpture, containing an intaglio of Albert Einstein, was especially designed and fabricated by Steuben Glass of Corning, New York, to serve as a dedicatory plaque. It is located beside the Spacearium entrance. The Theater The theater at the National Air and Space Museum is one of the world's best equipped projection theaters. It was designed to accom- modate an imax projector, one of six currently operational in the world. This instrument projects extremely high-quality motion pic- tures onto a screen 50 feet (five stories) high and 75 feet wide. Fac- ing the screen are 483 seats in amphitheater arrangement. A high- quality sound system adds the aural dimension needed to sweep Science I 91 people into space to explore the accomplishments of flight. This combination of equipment and giant screen helps provide Museum visitors with the experience of flight, increasing their enjoyment and comprehension of the Museum's artifacts and exhibits. The premier imax film is entitled To Fly. It is a "Bicentennial view of America through flight-oriented eyes." This Francis Thompson, Inc., production was custom-made for the nasm theater and was pro- vided to the Museum as a public service by the Continental Oil Company. The film was directed and photographed by MacGil- livray-Freeman Films of California. It will be shown regularly dur- ing Museum hours for at least one year. COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT The period from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976, was characterized by an extremely high level of activity, directed at moving specimens into the new building, erecting or hanging these, and improving conditions at the Silver Hill storage facility. The movement of more than 250 major air-and-space artifacts from more than two dozen locations, some as far away as the Soviet Union, presented an immediate scheduling problem. The problem was compounded by the size and weight of some items (the weight of the Orbital Work Shop, for example, exceeded 35 tons) ; the com- plexity of others (some with perhaps as many as 100 major com- ponents); and the fragility of still others (the Wright Flyer, for example). The modes of transportation for these items included air, rail, barge, bus, and truck. Truck transportation was determined to be the restricting factor, as Smithsonian trucks were limited in size and had numerous other commitments. This problem was solved when the United States Army at Fort Belvoir agreed to provide trucks, tractors, cranes, and operators for the duration of the move. The Washington, D.C.,and Maryland police readily provided per- mits and escorts for the movement of large items. During the entire program, in which more than 1,000 truck ship- ments were made, more than 150 objects suspended, and numerous artifacts positioned into difficult locations, only one accident oc- curred, involving relatively minor (and easily repairable) damage to one artifact and no injury to personnel. This accident had a useful side result. Despite the contractor's primary responsibility, all 92 / Smithsonian Year 1976 future lifts were reviewed by a team chaired by the Deputy Director. As a result, even so complex a task as bringing in the 70,000-pound, 23-foot-diameter Orbital Work Shop (ows) and assembling it to its full 52-foot height, was accomplished safely. When the restoration effort at the Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Division at Silver Hill, Maryland, approached completion, as much support as possible was directed to the Museum opening. An evaluation was made of the facility, and a long-range annual program of restoration of four aircraft and preservation of twenty others was determined to be the most useful to the Museum in terms of future exhibit requirements and the management of the collection. The microfilming of engine materials and biographical materials is almost complete. The project was much more time-consuming than originally envisioned. The space saved by this effort will amount to more than forty-five file-drawer cases. Additional plans are underway to use microfilm to reduce storage space further. As a result of the various attempts to improve warehousing, and indirectly as a result of model requirements for the new Museum, nasm's model collection was inventoried and reviewed for expansion and deletion. THE LIBRARY The National Air and Space Museum Library staff began the move to the new building on July 14, 1975. The collection of over 22,000 books, 4,600 bound periodicals, and one million documents was shelved and filed. The Library opened its new quarters to the re- search staff and public one month later in August. When the con- solidation of materials from two warehouses and the Arts and Industries nasm collection was made, significant collections were documented. Over 1,000 motion pictures and 800 audio tapes were also moved from a warehouse to the new library. Special collections include the William A. M. Burden collection of early ballooning books, Russian and German rocketry works, and scarce aeronautica; also, the Bella Landauer aeronautical sheet music collection and her unique collection of children's books. A valuable 1912 edition of Hike and the Aeroplane by Tom Graham, the pseudonym for Sinclair Lewis, was discovered in the children's collection. Science I 93 View of the reading area in the National Air and Space Museum's library showing study carrels. The Ramsey Room houses rare and scarce aeronautica and astro- nautica. Included are the aeronautical manuscripts of Samuel Pier- pont Langley, James Means, Hiram Maxim, Otto Lilienthal, Octave Chanute, Stephen M. Balzer, the correspondence of Professor Jerome C. Hunsaker, designer of the airship Shenandoah, and the scrapbooks of Captain "Eddie" Rickenbacker. The Ramsey Room furnishings are the gift of Juanita Gabriella Ramsey (1892-1966), who visualized this room as a memorial to her husband and to all persons associated with the science and art of flight. Admiral De Witt Clinton Ramsey (1888-1961) was one of the first naval aviators and holder of the Navy Cross. At one end of the room are portraits of Admiral and Mrs. Ramsey. The painting of the admiral is by the late Thomas E. Stephens; that of Mrs. Ramsey is by Gabriella Koszorus. At the other end of the room are three bronze medallion plaques representative of three forms of manned flight: aerostation (balloons and dirigibles), aviation (all heavier-than-air craft), and astronautics (space flight). 94 / Smithsonian Year 1976 OFFICE OF THE CURATOR OF ART During fiscal year 1976, the following projects were undertaken by the Office of the Curator of Art: Richard Lippold and Charles O. Perry were commissioned to pro- duce two major sculptures, which, by opening day, were installed outside the entrances to the National Air and Space Museum. Richard Lippold's Ad Astra, a 100-foot golden spire penetrating a cluster of silver stars, stands on the sidewalk at the Mall entrance to the Museum. Charles O. Perry's 16-foot-diameter black bronze Continuum is at the Independence Avenue entrance. Artists Robert T. McCall and Eric Sloane were asked to decorate 2,100-square-foot walls in the Independence Avenue Lobby of the National Air and Space Museum. Mr. McCall painted The Space Mural: A Cosmic View and Mr. Sloane did The Earth Flight En- vironment. Because progress went so well on these murals, they became an important factor in the decision to preview the Inde- pendence Lobby area to the public beginning on February 2, 1976. At the same time, the Office of the Curator of Art commissioned two other mural projects: one by Keith Ferris in the World War II gallery, depicting a number of B-17 bombers on a raid over Ger- many, and the other by Eric Sloane in the General Aviation Gallery, showing a cross section of weather conditions when warm and cold fronts meet. For the first time, the National Air and Space Museum art col- lection was brought together from three storage areas to a perma- nent storage facility within the new Museum. Many of the artworks not on display in the public exhibition areas are either displayed in administrative areas within the Museum or installed upon racks in the new storage rooms. During fiscal year 1976, about 600 new pieces of art, mostly transferred from the National Aeronautics and Space Administra- tion collection, were accessioned and catalogued. An art gallery was designed and built during this period, and an inaugural exhibition of 119 pieces of art by 64 artists was opened to the public. Most of the work shown was transferred to the National Air and Space Museum collection from the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Also represented in the exhibition was work from the United States Air Force, Department of the Army, and many private lenders and donors. The Metropolitan Museum Science I 95 of Art lent Richard Lippold's Variations Within a Sphere: The Sun, Doris Bry lent Georgia O'Keefe's Blue A, and Stuart M. Speiser lent from his collection a number of photo-realist works of aerospace subjects. CENTER FOR EARTH AND PLANETARY STUDIES Personnel of the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies participated in the creation of the lunar sample display in the "Apollo to the Moon" exhibit. Center personnel were also responsible for the acquisition of one lunar sample that visitors can touch. This particu- lar display has proven very popular with nasm visitors. Plans were initiated for a new exhibit to deal with space science. The nature of the subject will necessitate the continuous updating of the exhibit as new knowledge is acquired. Since there will be few artifacts to be displayed in such an exhibit, the available space will be used to impart scientific knowledge to Museum visitors. The Center for Earth and Planetary Studies played an important role in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (astp). The Research Director of the Center, Dr. Farouk El-Baz, was Principal Investigator for the "Earth Observations and Photography Experiment" on this mission. The objectives of the experiment were for the astronauts to make visual observations from orbit and to obtain photographs of specific Earth features, processes, and phenomena. The experiment was highly successful. A description of performed tasks and acquired data was published in the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Preliminary Science Report. The southeastern Mare Serenitatis area of the Moon has been mapped at a scale of 1:250,000. Data sources included Apollo pho- tographs, analyses of samples from the Apollo 17 site, and results of Apollo orbital geochemical and geophysical sensors. Using struc- tural relationships within this relatively well-studied area of the Moon, it is possible to deduce age relations of other lunar basins and thus further explain their geologic history. The resulting sequences of tectonic events are also applicable to studies of major basins on Mars and Mercury. Cooperation has continued with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration on the lunar mapping program. The Center Director attended meetings of the Lunar Photographic and Carto- 96 / Smithsonian Year 1976 graphic Committee to choose sites for future lunar mapping in accordance with the scientific community's needs, interests, and priorities. Nomenclature data for fourteen new maps at 1:250,000 scale and three large-scale maps (1:50,000 scale or larger) were sup- plied to the Defense Mapping Agency Topographic Center where the maps are produced. These maps are used in both regional lunar studies and detailed investigations of particular surface features of interest to scientists from several disciplines. A computer program was devised for the lunar nomenclature file which greatly enhances the Center's capacity to do statistical work and to retrieve information. The computerized file will be expanded by the addition of scientific details relating to the size, character- istics, and significance of named lunar features. The file will be used by the Advisory Committee on Extraterrestrial Features of the U.S. Department of Interior's Board of Geographic Names. This committee hopes to establish a system of nomenclature that would be applicable to features of all planetary surfaces in the solar system. The photographic library of the Center for Earth and Planetary Studies has expanded. New acquisitions include Earth photographs from Gemini 3-12, Apollo 6-17, and Apollo-Soyuz: a total of 8,494 new frames. Microfiche catalogues of available imagery of Mars and Mercury will be used to select the best photographs of these planets for acquisition. The photographs will be used in ongoing research in comparative planetology. National Museum of Natural History The Bicentennial year saw major improvements and enlargement of the interior of the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) in an effort to make the public's visit to the Museum more rewarding. Improved permanent exhibits were created and a variety of new service conveniences were offered, including dining facilities, an escalator, larger lounge areas, centralized restrooms, orientation aids, and classrooms. "Our Changing Land," the Museum's Bicentennial exhibit, opened in November 1975. It focuses on the history of land use in Science I 97 inn I i I *•* Bk I « the Potomac River Valley. The changes of landscape in this region are representative of what happened to many North American areas after they were settled by man and transformed from virginland to farmland and ultimately to urban centers. It will become a perma- nent ecology hall. Other permanent exhibits that opened in late 1975 and 1976 as part of the Museum's long-range exhibits-renewal program are: "South America: Continent and Culture," showing the distinctive environments and resources of four South American regions and the different ways in which cultures have adapted to them during the prehistoric, colonial, and modern eras; "The Moon: Its Rocks and History," a large display of moon rocks that tells what scientists have learned from the rocks about the first one-half billion years of planetary evolution; and the "Insect Zoo," the first such installation in the United States, in which a visitor can view the life-styles of a large array of live insects and their arthropod 98 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Left. Fourth of July 1976 parade in front of the National Museum of Natural History on Constitution Ave- nue. Right. Young visitor watches tarantula behavior with amazed delight at the Museum's popular Insect Zoo. (Photo credit: Chip Clark) relatives and discover why insects are the most successful animals on earth. With its heavy commitment of space to exhibits, research labo- ratories, and collections storage, the Museum in the past was never able to find the room for a restaurant and several other sorely needed public services. But in 1975-1976 an imaginative solution to this problem was worked out by fitting a three-level service building within the Museum's west courtyard. Originally an air and light shaft, the courtyard had become an anachronism in an age of air conditioning and fluorescent lighting, serving only as a site for a small tin storage shed. The new service building constructed in the cleared courtyard adds 45,000 square feet of floor space to the Museum. On the top level, with access from the Museum's rotunda area, a skylit public dining area for 400 persons and a lounge area are situated next to a shop that specializes in books and items related to natural history. Restrooms are conveniently accessible one flight down on the middle level. Late in 1976 a Naturalist's Center is scheduled to open on the middle level, de- signed for amateur naturalists who are interested in handling Science I 99 <"*> ■■■*. Botanist Robert Read places plants in the Museum's new rooftop research greenhouse. (Photo credit: Victor Krantz) and studying natural history specimens. This facility will be oper- ated by the Museum's Office of Education. On the ground level is a school-tour staging area that includes a conference room and four classrooms — also useful to the Office of Education — and sep- arate employee and Smithsonian Associates dining areas. In addition to services offered in the west courtyard building, the record crowds of visitors to the Museum during the latter half of the Bicentennial year enjoyed a number of other new accommoda- tions. At the Constitution Avenue entrance to the Museum, a spacious lounge area with comfortable sofas and soft rugs opened for foot-weary visitors. Those eager to see the exhibits had a new escalator to take them directly from the ground-floor Bicentennial exhibit hall up to the second-floor rotunda area. There they obtained orientation maps keyed to large colored banners hanging at the entrances of exhibit halls around the rotunda. The banners identify the contents of the halls and add a note of gaiety and warmth to the rotunda's grey granite facade. These improvements are part of a new program designed to insure that visitors find their way through the Museum without becoming lost or confused. New direc- 100 / Smithsonian Year 1976 tional signs and map stands have been placed at strategic points to assist in this effort. A rooftop greenhouse, serving as a research resource for the Museum's botanists, and a two-story Osteo-Preparation Laboratory have been erected in the east courtyard. The Osteo-Preparation Laboratory provides space for the dissection and preparation of bird and mammal research specimens, especially marine mammals, which the Museum is gathering in large numbers from its marine mammal beach salvage program. Another service to scientists set up at the Museum in 1975-1976 is the Scientific Event Alert Network (sean). sean is a worldwide communications system, administered by the Museum's Director and a scientific review board, which alerts scientists throughout the world of geophysical, biological, astro- nomical, and anthropological events, from meteorite falls and vol- canic eruptions to whale strandings and archeological finds. One of the highlights of 1975-1976 at the Museum was the visit of Emperor Hirohito of Japan. The Emperor, who is a marine biologist, visited the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, where he spent over an hour in the privacy of a laboratory studying hydroid and mollusk specimens with the assistance of staff curators Dr. Frederick M. Bayer and Dr. Joseph Rosewater. DEPARTMENT OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY What kinds of animals and plants can one find on an undisturbed Caribbean coral reef? How do they interact with each other? What effects do changes in light, temperature, and wave action have on these organisms? How do populations change with time and increas- ing influence of man? What is the reef's energy budget, and how much organic matter (carbon) and how many nutrients does it exchange with the surrounding sea? At Carrie-Bow Cay, a tiny island that stands on the barrier reef extending along the coast of Belize (British Honduras), nmnh marine biologists, geologists, botanists, and paleontologists have undertaken a long-term ecological investigation that they hope will shed increased light on these questions. The Investigation of Marine Shallow Water Ecosystems project (imswe) is coordinated by nmnh's Dr. Klaus Ruetzler. He and the other scientists chose Carrie-Bow Cay as their study site because of Science I 101 I Is ,,% Fjl MPS *-*& Aerial view of Carrie-Bow Cay, off the coast of Belize. This compact reef labo- ratory is the study site for the Investigation of Marine Shallow Water Ecosys- tems project. Below. Diver photographs underwater reef life at Carrie-Bow Cay. Right. Dr. Klaus Ruetzler, coordinator of the project, studies biological material recovered from the reef. (Photo credit: Kjell Sandved) features that make it an ideal reef laboratory. Perhaps the most important of these features is the compactness of the reef, which slopes off sharply into deep water, making it convenient for the scientists to monitor its different habitat zones. Two other ideal characteristics are its accessibility from the mainland by charter boat and the presence of several buildings that can be used by the scientists as lodgings and laboratory space. Finally, and no less importantly, the reef is not marred by pollution or other manmade disturbances. In addition to carefully mapping and photographing the reef, much of the early study has been devoted to an inventory and description of the reef's inhabitants. Samples of life have been systematically sampled from the various marine habitats off Carrie-Bow Cay and logged and distributed to specialists for iden- tification. Quite a few of the scientists participating in the pro- gram have made frequent scuba-diving descents into the reef and lagoon waters to do their own collecting, which they prefer because they can make underwater observations that give them clues as to how the organisms they are interested in relate to the total reef ecosystem. Among this group are Dr. Ruetzler, who has inventoried the reef's sponges; Dr. Thomas Waller, who is interested in Carrie- Science / 103 Sea urchin collected by Museum Director Porter Kier at Carrie-Bow Cay. Bow Cay's bivalves, particularly the scallops; Dr. Porter Kier, who has collected over twenty different kinds of echinoids in the island's lagoon and reef bottom; Dr. Ian Macintyre, who is studying the reef's coral rocks; and Dr. James Norris, who is investigating Carrie-Bow Cay's marine flora. Kjell Sandved, the Museum's bio- logical motion picture producer, documented all of this underwater work. Many of the specimen collections made at Carrie-Bow Cay are now the basis for further studies. Dr. Ruetzler, for example, has been making electron microscope examinations of the blue-green algae within the cellular system of sponges, a study that illuminates the symbiotic process whereby an animal gets nutritious photo- synthetic products from plants. Dr. Norris is submitting his speci- mens of algae and seaweed to colleagues for chemical analysis in order to discover what alkaloid compounds these plants contain that protect them from fish and other plant grazers. Considerable research has been directed at the processes that contribute to the construction and destruction of the reef frame- 104 / Smithsonian Year 1976 work — research that is giving scientists a better idea of how much energy the Carrie-Bow Cay reef ecosystem expends in carbonate production and breakdown. Dr. Ian Macintyre has headed this part of the project. One of his successful experiments provides a new means of determining the rates of growth of reef corals. At regular intervals, plastic bags are placed over coral head and a red dye released inside, staining the exposed coral. Eventually the coral is collected, sectioned, and radiographed. The result is a picture that perfectly preserves the history of the coral, making visible dye bands that can be read like tree rings and enabling Dr. Macintyre to see how a species of coral grows in relationship to its environ- ment. Transplantation experiments of dyed corals suggest that at Carrie-Bow Cay light is the critical factor in determining coral form and growth. A coral can grow in a vertical column at depths where there is little light (below 50 feet), whereas in shallow areas where there is high light intensity the same species will show little vertical growth but significant hemispherical growth. Other experiments by Dr. Macintyre are planned or are in progress. He and his colleague Dr. Walter Adey have drilled into the Carrie-Bow Cay reef substructure in initial attempts to recon- struct the historic development of the ecosystem. In another ongoing project, different types of coral plates, one-half to one-inch thick, have been spiked into the reef floor at different depths. Over a period of years these plates are expected to yield information on what types of boring organisms attack different corals and at what rate. Screened traps on upright plastic pipes record sediment ac- cumulation rates and biological data. In several cases a rare mollusk invaded a trap in its larval, free-swimming stage and established itself in the sediment, allowing Dr. Thomas Waller to make obser- vations of its growth. Dr. Mary Rice is engaged in an intensive study of sipunculan worms that form burrows in dead reef coral and weaken its struc- ture. Her investigation seeks to determine what are the diversity and density of worms in the rock; if there are some types of rock into which they bore more readily than others; and how they do the boring, a process that is poorly understood because the worms do not make the holes when they are put under observation in a laboratory. Other nmnh scientists who are working at Carrie-Bow Cay or Science I 105 who are helping in the identification and study of its organisms include: Raymond Fosberg, terrestrial ecology; Frederick Bayer, sea fans and other coelenterates; C. W. Hart, Jr., Louis Kornicker, Fenner Chace, Raymond Manning, and Colby A. Child, Crustacea; Martin Buzas, foraminifera; Meredith Jones, polychaete worms; and David L. Pawson, echinoderms. DEPARTMENT OF ANTHROPOLOGY Archeology In 1972, Robert B. Jones was bulldozing irrigation ditches in a field on his ranch near Wray, Colorado, when he turned up a quantity of bones and stone points. Jones called in Jack Miller, a Colorado anthropologist, who examined the site and identified several hun- dred bison bones and a large number of Paleolndian stone and bone tools. This discovery set in motion a chain of events that led to a full-scale National Geographic Society-funded excavation directed by the National Museum of Natural History's Dr. Dennis Stanford, an archeologist who heads a program that is trying to throw light on the settlement patterns of early man as he moved from the Bering Straits to Tierra del Fuego at the tip of South America. The Stanford party's dig at the Jones-Miller site revealed the bone remains of nearly 300 big-horned bison (the extinct Bison Antiquus), spread over a 30-meter-long by 20-meter-wide area. The bison evidently had been killed and butchered some 10,000 years ago by a band of 40 to 50 Paleolndians. The bones had been tossed systematically into piles, suggesting that the bison were quartered and that groups of persons were organized and given specialized responsibilities for preparing meat cuts from different sections of the dead animals. Hundreds of stone and bone cutting and chopping tools were found at the site, as well as stone projectile points. The source of the stone has been traced to Plains areas in Wyoming, Nebraska, Kansas, Colorado, and the Texas panhandle, raising the question whether the stone came there through the union of several bands at the site, through one band's roving travels, or through regional trade. Whatever its source, the evidence shows that one or more groups of Paleolndians evidently spent the winter in this area of north- eastern Colorado and, on several occasions when they needed meat, banded together to corral and kill bison at the Jones-Miller draw. 106 / Smithsonian Year 1976 The Jones-Miller site near Wray, Colorado, where 20,000 disarticulated bones of butchered bison were found. Dr. Dennis Stanford, archeologist with the National Museum of Natural History, directed the excavation, which revealed evidence of the presence of one or more groups of Paleolndians. (Photo credit: National Geographic Society) In the scenario Dr. Stanford has reconstructed, the draw was filled with windblown snow. The hunters herded a group of bison into the draw's snowdrifts and as the bison floundered around, dispatched them from the edge of the draw with hand-launched spears. Then the bison were butchered on the site, with the snow acting as a freezing agent to keep the meat fresh until the job was completed. Many observers of the nineteenth-century Northern Plains In- dians reported the use of a similar winter buffalo-hunting strategy and also noted that these hunts were highly ritualized occasions. In the center of the impoundment, a "medicine post" was set up and offerings were placed around it for a successful kill. Outside the im- poundment, the hunt chief held a religious ceremony for several days before the hunt, burning incense on smudge fires. At the Jones-Miller site Dr. Stanford uncovered intriguing evi- dence that these same rituals were practiced by the Plains Paleo- Science I 107 Indians. A large post mold was found in the center of the draw. So shallowly was the post emplaced that it probably was not meant to serve any purpose in the butchering operation. Near the post mold a flutelike drilled bone and an extremely tiny but complete projectile point were dug up, both of which could have had a ceremonial purpose. West of the bone bed, a hearth area was found that contained red and yellow ochre, both associated with cere- monial activities. The many similarities of the Jones-Miller hunt to the historical plains hunts have interesting implications. They suggest the existence of at least 10,000 years of socioreligious continuity on the northern plains, which would alter our theoretical concepts of the development of Plains Indian culture and the complexity of Paleolndian society. According to Dr. Stanford: "It is the first Paleolndian physical evidence we have ever uncovered that gives evidence of a high level of social organization. Early bison kills like this were generally assumed to be fortuitous happenings, but we can see from what happened at the Jones-Miller site that it was actually a highly complex, ritualized and planned event." Ethnology Dr. Samuel Johnson labored for six years over his famous dictionary and now Dr. Robert Laughlin, a cultural anthropologist at the National Museum of Natural History, after an even longer lexico- graphic effort, has had his The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zinacantdn published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. When he started the project fourteen years ago, Dr. Laughlin recalls that he was rashly confident he could swiftly complete it. He quotes in his dictionary's introduction a letter he wrote to his secretary in those sanguine days: "An extensive dictionary of the Mayan language, Tzotzil, spoken today by 78,000 Indians of the State of Chiapas — has not been com- piled since the 18th century. In 1960 a vocabulary of 2,000 items of the dialet of Zinacantan was collected by Lore M. Colby. I have expanded the vocabulary to 4,000 items. It is hoped that this mate- rial will be ready for publication in a year's time." He was wrong. The book was not ready for press until 1973 and in that interval, Dr. Laughlin noted ruefully, the population of the 78,000 Tzotzil Indians had grown with "fearful exuberance" to 108 / Smithsonian Year 1976 125,000; the vocabulary of 4,000 items had mushroomed to more than 45,000; and he had undergone searing tribulations in the pro- cess of having the dictionary programmed into a computer. He be- lieves it to be the largest dictionary ever published of a Western Hemisphere language. Dr. Laughlin began his study of the Zinacantec language in 1959. That year, he was invited as a Harvard postgraduate student to join Dr. Evon Vogt's Chiapas Project. He soon succeeded in learning the language and set about documenting Zinacantec folktales and myths. Completing a dissertation on this subject, and taking a job at the Smithsonian, he returned to Zinacantan, and after a year decided to undertake the task of compiling an extensive dictionary for the Chiapas project's use. Most of the raw data for the dictionary was compiled between 1963-1967 with the help of two highly intelligent and articulate young Tzotzil collaborators, Romin Teratol and Anselmo Peres. Dr. Laughlin spent many months interviewing them in Zinacantan. He also brought them to the United States — to Santa Fe, New Mexico, and to his home in Alexandria, Virginia — where Tzotzil definitions were added for "such foreign elements as chaise lounges, which were promptly dubbed in Tzotzil 'foot watchers/ ' Identifica- tion of stars was made in visits to the Hayden Planetarium, and insects and larger animals not seen in Zinacantan were named dur- ing trips to United States museums and zoos. Dr. Laughlin's collaborators become increasingly foot-weary as month after month was spent walking along trails through the mountainous Zinacantan region. The dictionary has five maps, showing the 1,000 place names that the collaborators pinpointed with the aid of aerial photographs and ground surveys. Ornitholo- gist Alexander Skutch went into the field and helped make sight identifications of scores of birds, and Dennis Breedlove, an authority on Chiapas flora, advised in the collection of more than 3,000 local plants. This part of the project was so successful that Dr. Laughlin began to worry that plants were going to engulf the whole dictionary. As published, the dictionary is 598 pages long. The heaviness of the tome makes a mockery of the conventional wisdom that "primi- tives speak 'primitive' languages," Dr. Laughlin believes. For him the language has genius. Its musical cadences and complex phraseol- Science I 109 ogy brilliantly lend themselves to the formal discourse, gossip, and spinning of tales that are the heart of Zinacantan life. DEPARTMENT OF ENTOMOLOGY Squash, gourds, and pumpkins (Curcurbita plants) are native to the Western Hemisphere, where they evolved in close association with bees that are especially adapted to pollinate them. But when these plants were introduced into other parts of the world, squash bees were left behind, so that less effective honeybees, native wild bees, or man himself, had to do the pollinating. These methods of pollination have never worked very well, and crops of Curcurbita plants cultivated in areas without squash bees have a poor yield. nmnh entomologist Dr. Paul Hurd is attempting to restore this perfect and age-old squash-plant-and-insect partnership in Hawaii, an island where squashes exist but no squash bees. If Dr. Hurd's experiment is successful, he feels that it may possibly be repeated throughout the world, dramatically increasing the production of one of man's important food sources. One of the first things Dr. Hurd and his two collaborators, Dr. E. Gorton Linsley and A. E. Michelbacher, had to determine was which species of squash bee would be best to export to Hawaii. After studying the distribution, ecology, and behavior of the twenty-one species of squash bees ranging throughout Mexico and North America, they selected the species P. pruinosa because of its efficiency as a pollinator of almost all domestic Curcurbita plants and its proven ability to survive in a wide variety of climatic and topographical conditions. They chose California's Sacramento Valley as a region to collect bees for their experiment. Deep rich soil makes the Sacramento Valley a center for the growing of pumpkins for the canning in- dustry; a great deal of commercial and home planting of summer and fall squashes is done there, too. This abundance of pumpkins is directly related to the large populations of P. pruinosa bees that live in the area. One of the flat, grassy, well-watered areas where the squash bees make their burrows was located, and behavioral observations were made that determined that the bees were leaving their nests for the fields shortly after 5 a.m. It was apparent that they had become adapted to flying at early morning temperatures and at low light- 110 / Smithsonian Year 1976 intensities so that they could synchronize their foraging with the limited time in the morning that the pumpkin flowers are open. Before the heat of the day wilts and closes the flowers and other insects arrive, the P. pruinosa bees are able to get the pollen and nectar they need from the flower and at the same time pollinate them. The plants have adaptive features that encourage pollination, including heavy, large, and adhesive pollen grains; an adhesive stigma; a large amount of sugar-rich nectar produced by both staminate and pistillate flowers; and large showy blossoms. Once the scientists discovered the daily rhythm of activity of the squash bees, they were able to choose the best time to collect the bees for their introduction experiments. Females, they decided, are best moved immediately after their emergence from the pupate stage in early June, before nest construction has begun. They checked on this and other critical factors by conducting a number of trial introductions. Batches of Sacramento bees were collected in the fields and released the next day, 250 miles away, near squash plantings close to the Davis and Berkeley campuses of the University of California. A method of transporting the bees had to be developed for the trial introductions. Still in the flowers, the bees were placed in plastic bags that were put in thermos jugs or ice chests with a cardboard liner to protect them from direct contact with the ice or ice water. Usually some bees died during the trips, but most of them were ready to resume full activity on being released. Before letting them go, the three scientists marked the bees with colored acrylic paint so that later they could identify them on the plants. Feeling that the trial introductions had worked out well enough to warrant going ahead with the Hawaii experiment, the three scientists enlisted the cooperation of the Hawaii and the California Agricultural Experiment Stations, and Dr. Toshiyuki Nishida and his associates of the Department of Entomology of the University of Hawaii. Dr. Nishida made local arrangements, including the locating of pumpkin plantings where the bees could be released. Dr. Hurd and Mr. Michelbacher then flew a batch of captive bees to Hawaii and released them at designated sites in Hawaii and on the neighboring island of Oahu. These sites are now being moni- tored to see if breeding populations of squash bees will succeed in permanently establishing themselves. Science I 111 DEPARTMENT OF MINERAL SCIENCES Dr. Kurt Fredriksson is completing a decade of studies of the only major meteorite crater on earth that is directly comparable to lunar impact craters. Lonar crater, in the Bulana District of Maharashtra, India, is a rimmed circular depression in basaltic rock, 1,830 meters across and nearly 150 meters deep, with a shallow lake in the center. For many years it was commonly believed to be volcanic, despite the glass fragments that had been found on the rim of the crater — evidence of a meteoritic origin — and despite the crater's close re- semblance in structure and size to Arizona's Meteor Crater. In 1964, the Geological Survey of India carried out magnetic, gravity, and seismic surveys at the site, but the surveyors did not uncover sufficient evidence to prove the impact hypothesis. No magnetic anomalies of significance were discovered, and studies of lake water and soils and plants from in and around the crater did not reveal any appreciable concentration of nickel or cobalt, two elements that are present in enriched quantities in most meteorites. Unsatisfied with the scope of this investigation, Dr. Fredriksson, an authority on meteorites, suggested further tests. He knew that if Lonar was indeed a meteoritic crater, its situation in basaltic rock, which is similar to many lunar basalts, would give it singular sig- nificance. No other basaltic impact craters are known on earth, and samples of the Lonar crater would be of great value for com- parison with samples brought back from the moon by the Apollo missions. The India Geological Survey concurred with Dr. Fredriksson about the importance of establishing the impact origin of the Lonar structure. In cooperation with the Smithsonian, the Survey began a comprehensive exploration program, including geologic mapping, drilling, trenching, and geochemical studies. The work began in 1970 and although not yet completely finished, it has established beyond a doubt that the Lonar crater was produced by a meteorite that hit the earth's surface perhaps less than 50,000 years ago (carbon-14 dating indicates an age of more than 30,000 years). "At Lonar we can make a detailed study of debris ejected from a relatively recent basaltic impact point, including a mapping of its fall-out distribution," Dr. Fredriksson said. "This is valuable be- cause it is not feasible to do this with moon craters. On the moon's 112 / Smithsonian Year 1976 View of Lonar crater at Bulana, Maharashtra, India, where a meteorite ex- ploded. Dr. Kurt Fredriksson of the Museum staff is completing a decade of studies of this crater, which is the only major meteorite crater on earth that is directly comparable to lunar impact craters. surface we are left with a record of a period of intense meteoritic activity that took place during the formation of the solar system 4 to 4.5 billion years ago. During this time when one crater was formed, additional meteorites would hit directly on top of it, mixing and agglomerating the debris, and in doing so creating a very complex and confusing history. This continuing bombardment, which now takes place at a much lower rate, formed the moon's characteristic breccia rocks (breccia rock consists of mixed frag- ments embedded in a fine-grained matrix). "Indeed, for hundreds of millions of years such impacts may have been the dominant geological process on the earth, moon, and other bodies of the solar system. In order to appreciate the magni- tude of the forces involved, consider the fact that a kilometer-sized meteoritic body traveling at 20 kilometers per second packs an energy perhaps 10 times greater than the energy released in the explosion of volcanoes during each year on earth." In the India Geological Survey's investigation, fifty-five trenches one to three meters in depth were excavated in the main crater rim flank, reaching out in concentric patterns as far as twice the dis- tance of the crater radii. No volcanic ejecta was found, but in six trenches, spherules and fragments of black glassy material were found that are characteristic of intensely shocked basalt. To explore the main crater, six holes more than 300 meters deep were bored into the lake bottom. The cores that were brought up had 100 meters of lake sediment that contained small amounts of impact glass and shocked rock fragments. Below the sediment Science I 113 strata, the drilling returned cores of coarse breccia, either unshocked or slightly shocked. Beneath this layer of coarse breccia, all drilling encountered a layer composed of unconsolidated to extremely friable microbreccia. Dr. Fredriksson and his colleagues from the Department of Mineral Sciences, Joseph A. Nelen and Dr. Robert F. Fudali, and Dr. Daniel Milton of the United States Geological Survey, working in collaboration with Ananda Dube of the Division of Petrology of the India Geological Survey, analyzed the constitution of Lonar basalts, breccias, and glass ejecta, with an electron microprobe and compared them with stony meteorites and lunar materials. This work was supported mainly by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program and the Smithsonian Research Foundation. The analysis showed close structural and textural similarities among meteorites, Lonar, and lunar material. These data, combined with the mapping of the crater stratigraphy and impact fall-out, are expected to aid in the interpretation of questions about the source and depth at which lunar ejecta originated; how unfirm and how extensive this ejecta blanket is, and what role secondary cratering plays in the shaping of the moon's surface. DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY Dr. Beryl B. Simpson is completing work on an International Bio- logical Program (ibp) comparative ecosystem study examining the generally held theory that similar communities can evolve in two widely separated areas with comparable rainfall, temperature, soil, and other conditions. One theory holds that a high level of evolutionary convergence of form and process occurs in similar environments, and ibp sup- ported several programs that tried to produce ecosystem models on this assumption. But Dr. Simpson and her collaborators decided to test the theory of community convergence before accepting it as a basis for construction of models that would influence important policies of land use, management, and conservation. Because a comparison of complex ecosystems would be an over- whelming task, they chose to study two relatively simple pairs of desert scrub ecosystems with very similar climates and geological histories. One of these comparisons was between the Sonoran Desert near Tucson, Arizona, and the Monte Desert, near Andalaga, 114 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Above, left. Representative plants of the Sonoran Desert near Tucson, Arizona. Below, left. Representative plants of the Monte Desert of northern Argentina. (Drawings by Alice Tangerini) Above, right. Dr. Beryl B. Simpson of the Museum staff examines a plant specimen on the Sonoran Desert in connection with a comparative ecosystem study. Science I 115 Argentina. At these sites, Dr. Simpson investigated the similarity of plant-pollinator relationships and the breeding systems of the domi- nant perennial plants. The thirteen dominant plant species were singled out in each of the desert areas (dominance was based on numbers and ground coverage). Dr. Simpson then set out to determine how the polli- nators interact with the plants; how much energy these plants apportion to nectar and flower production in order to attract pol- linators; and how many pollinators are supported by the plant community. To this end she collected data on floral structure and odor, blooming schedules, amounts of flower and nectar production, sugar concentrations of the nectar, amounts of pollen produced, and daily cycles of both nectar and pollen presentation. The determination of which insects visited the flowers was made in the study of a collaborating entomologist. Solitary bees are by far the most important desert scrub pollinator. Several hundred species were collected during the project, with more at the North American site turning out to be specialized than at the South American site. Dr. Simpson observed that plants in North and South America depend on different major pollen carriers, invest different amounts of energy in flower production, and supply different amounts of nectar and pollen to potential animal pollinators. An interesting difference between the two ecosystems is their blooming patterns. This difference appears to be the result of the way in which rainfall is dispersed during the year. The total amount of rain received at both sites appears to be about the same, but at the Monte Desert site rain falls only in the summer, whereas at the Sonoran Desert site rain falls at the end of the summer and toward the end of the winter. As a consequence, in Argentina the dominant plants bloom patchily for a long period during the summer, as opposed to Arizona, where the blooming is relatively synchronous during short blooming times in the spring and late summer. DEPARTMENT OF PALEOBIOLOGY Mollusks migrated into the Atlantic and Caribbean at the time these basins opened through seafloor spreading 150 million years ago. The evolutionary history of these animals over the next 90 million years is the focus of a study by Dr. Erie G. Kauffman. 116 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Analyzing thousands of specimens collected in widely scattered field areas and housed in the nmnh's collections, he has been able to document the evolutionary response or patterns of these ecologically sensitive organisms to major fluctuations in the global environment. By integrating his data with radiometric age determinations from volcanic ash falls preserved in sediments of these ocean basins, Dr. Kauffman can also measure variations on rates of evolutionary change. As expected, patterns and rates of evolution were found to vary widely between different types of organisms. Predictable vari- ances also showed up in single evolving lineages subjected to major changes in the Earth's environment. But many unexpected evolutionary phenomena also emerged from these studies: nearly simultaneous, basically catastrophic ex- tinctions among diverse groups of organisms; periods of very rapid radiation of new forms; and remarkably fast evolutionary rates, at times producing a new species every 80,000 years within a single lineage. Dr. Kauffman believes these evolutionary changes are related to geologically cataclysmic events brought about by plate tectonics, seafloor spreading, and continental drift, and he suggests that this relationship clearly alters the concepts of evolution. According to Dr. Kauffman: "Strict Darwinism holds that evolu- tion takes place slowly, through small changes over long periods of time, on a globe that was structurally and environmentally stable through time. It gives no mechanism for explaining periods of rapid evolution and massive extinction. But now we work with a different model of the Earth's crust and are beginning to realize that plate tectonic movements provide logical mechanisms for biological 'explosions' and 'catastrophes' that we see reflected in the history of fossil organisms. "The movement of crustal plates across the Earth's surface and the resultant building and/or collapse of oceanic ridges and uplifts over the 90-million-year period I am studying, caused major fluctua- tions in the sea level and accompanying climatic changes which were the principal controlling environmental forces on the rates and patterns of evolution in marine mollusks." Essentially, the history Dr. Kauffman has documented follows this pattern: global rise of sea level took place during times of rapid plate movements and oceanic ridge building, flooding much of the low continental areas of the world with shallow continental seas Science I 117 National Museum of Natural History's Dr. Erie G. Kauffman examines one of the mollusks that he has collected for his studies of the past changes in the global environment. (Photo credit: Kjell Sandved) and creating vast new spaces and environments that were ideal for the habitation, spread, and diversification of marine organisms. For mollusks, evolution proceeded at a relatively slow but increas- ing rate during these periods; life conditions were optimal and environmental stresses were low. Dr. Kauffman has found evolu- tionary rates during these times that averaged only one new species every half million years within many lineages. The slowing and temporary cessation of plate movements resulted in ultimate collapse of oceanic uplifts and ridges like the present mid-Atlantic Ridge, caused global lowering of sea level, environ- mental decline, restriction of space and resources, and ultimate elimination of many prime marine environments for mollusks. As a result, strong competition for food and space coupled with high environmental stress caused extinction of many mollusks and ac- celeration of evolutionary rates of others. The maximum evolutionary rates recorded within molluscan lineages during these high-stress periods were approximately one species per 80,000 years — the most rapid rate ever documented for marine organisms. The more abrupt the plate tectonic event and resultant environmental events, the more dramatic the evolutionary rates and extinctions associated with them. Superimposed upon these patterns is a complex ecological response. Specialized and normally exposed (swimming, surface-dwelling) marine organisms show the earliest and/or most rapid evolutionary response to en- 118 / Smithsonian Year 1976 vironmental stress; generalized or protected (buried) marine orga- nisms, as well as those of brackish-to-fresh water and the intertidal zone, show the lowest level of evolutionary response. DEPARTMENT OF VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Ornithological research at the National Museum of Natural History during 1975-1976 included publication of Birds of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic (American Geophysical Union), by Dr. George Wat- son, the first comprehensive field identification guide to penguins, petrels, and other resident and vagrant birds of these areas. It is illustrated with color plates and black-and-white drawings by Bob Hines of the United States Fish and Wildlife Service. Sixty-seven birds are described in detail, with information on reproduction, molting, flight, habits, voice, display, food, predation, ectoparasites, habitat, and distribution. Numerous vagrants are covered in less detail. There is also an introduction to the Antarctic environment and directions on how to observe seabirds. The book is the culmi- nation of a project that began in 1963 when the National Science Foundation approached the Smithsonian Institution about the possibility of producing such a guide. Dr. Watson made three col- lection trips into the Subantarctic and Antarctic areas., surveyed all of the literature (dating back to Captain Cook) on the birds of the area, and examined specimens in major museum collections, includ- ing those at the Smithsonian gathered by the United States Explor- ing Expedition of 1838-1842 and Admiral Richard Byrd's United States Antarctic Service Expeditions of the 1930s and 1940s. One of the author's aims is to standardize the nomenclature for birds of that region, as well as suggest areas where further research is needed. He believes that his book would also benefit tourists who are now regularly traveling to Antarctica and previously had no really helpful guide to the birds of that area. Dr. Richard Zusi continued his studies of the evolution of bark climbing in the tropical family Dendrocolaptidae. Members of this family, such as the Buff-throated Woodcreeper (not related to woodpeckers), feed along trunks and limbs, lifting mosses, poking into holes, and digging into cracks of the bark with their beaks. They support themselves with feet that are adapted for clinging and a spine-tipped tail that bends under their weight. Dr. Paul Slud has been working in Central America, as well as Science I 119 in other New World Tropic areas, on a project that correlates ecological background with bird census observations. His analysis of this information, published as Geographic and Climatic Relation- ships of Avifaunas with Special Reference to Comparative Distribu- tion in the Neotropics (Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, No. 212) establishes links between the comparative distribution of birds and prevailing environmental and climatic conditions. Dr. Storrs Olson edited the Collected Papers in Avian Paleontol- ogy Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore, eighteen papers by prominent avian paleontologists. Dr. Wetmore's career at the Smithsonian spans more than half a century. Dr. Olson also made trips to Ilha da Trinidade (off the coast of Brazil), Hawaii, and Japan, collecting many specimens of fossil and recent birds for his studies of island paleofaunas and evolution of seabirds. Dr. Richard Zusi (left) takes motion pictures of Woodcreepers in a Venezuelan cloud forest as his colleague, Dr. Paul Schwartz, lures the birds within range by playing their songs. / / National Zoological Park Out of the construction chaos of the past years, the National Zoo- logical Park's Master Plan now begins to be seen in reality. The "William M. Mann Memorial Lion-Tiger Exhibit" was completed and officially dedicated on May 25, 1976; the outdoor waterfowl ponds and the crane yards around the Bird House Plaza opened in July; and the enlargement of the Elephant House yards for the African and Indian elephants, Indian rhinoceroses, and Nile hippopotamuses were finished in the late fall of 1975. Renovation started on the interiors of the Elephant House and Bird House. Construction began on new bear dens, and on the mas- sive job of digging out the hillside along Rock Creek for the General Services Building. Research and scientific projects grew steadily, and the amount of grant money the Zoo received likewise increased. Grants to Zoo personnel came from the National Institutes of Health, the World Wildlife Fund, the Wildlife Preservation Trust International (formerly safe International), the Noble Foundation, and the Na- tional Geographic Society, as well as from the Smithsonian's Research Foundation and Fluid Research Fund. These grants sup- ported such diverse projects as the evaluation of anesthesia and restraint of exotic species by monitoring blood gases and blood pH, and the study of social communication in three South American canids. The Zoo began work-study programs with the Washington Tech- nical Institute, the University of Maryland, and Cornell University. These programs enable students to become familiar with zoo work and to plan appropriate study for zoo careers. Participating offices include Animal Management, Animal Health, Zoological Research, Graphics and Exhibits, and Police and Safety. Predoctoral and postdoctoral training has expanded also. The veterinary internship program, which began in 1974, fulfills our national purpose by helping other zoos improve their veterinary staffs. The predoctoral programs in the Offices of Animal Health and Zoological Research are yielding productive results. The Friends of the National Zoo (fonz) expanded their operations this past year by taking charge of the food concessions; money from these concessions goes into Zoo educational programs, such as the Science I 121 m K Newly constructed quarters for the National Zoological Park's white tigers — a part of the "William M. Mann Memorial Lion-Tiger Exhibit." Below. Ranjit, male white tiger, and Bharat, female white tiger, are apparently quite content in their new home. %m£m YL1 I Smithsonian Year 1976 puppet shows designed and produced by the Bob Brown Marionettes which were performed during July and August 1976. A char- acter named Zoodle, the star of each show, cautioned his audience against littering as well as against feeding and harassing the animals. The Zoo's new glockenspiel is the imaginative gift of the late Dr. Ivy A. Pelzman of Washington, D.C. Its thirty-six bells, in three octaves, were cast in The Netherlands, and the tunes may be played either manually or electronically. Just below the clock a fiberglass lion, bear, elephant, and giraffe move when the hour strikes. OFFICE OF ANIMAL MANAGEMENT Major changes are going on in the hardy hoofstock area. Several years ago Zoo staff determined this area was being destroyed by the large hoofed mammals. At first some of the cages were deco- rated with plants to conceal erosion, buildings, and fences. This, however, was not successful with animals as large as the greater kudus and Cape buffaloes which trampled pens and hillsides. Thus, during the past year, the kudus and Cape buffaloes were shipped out to other zoos; in their cages now are dama gazelles and bles- boks. In adjoining cages are red brockets from Mexico and munt- jacs from the Far East showing New World and Old World cervids side by side. As the smaller species allow the plants to take hold in these enclosures, there has been a dramatic change: the animals together with the greenery have become the focus of the exhibit. Guy Greenwell moved to Front Royal to develop the bird incu- bation program for the Zoo. Emphasis is on birds which have previ- ously bred well at the Zoo, including roulrouls, Bali mynahs, vul- turine guineafowl, and Hawaiian geese. Eggs laid at the Zoo will be sent to Front Royal where they will be hatched and the young raised and returned or placed in other zoos. The unit's incubation program was so successful in breeding Hawaiian geese in 1975 (it raised nineteen) that the International Wild Waterfowl Association presented the Zoo with its Annual Achievement Award. There appears to be a bumper crop of this endangered bird in 1976 also. The new "William M. Mann Memorial Lion-Tiger Exhibit" con- tains a large conference room and offices for the curatorial staff, a Science I Y12> small theater for the public, and indoor and outdoor exhibit areas for the big cats. The keeper staff has had to learn to operate the new mechanical systems, such as the electronic shift doors and com- plex alarm system. Mohini, the eighteen-year-old white tigress, returned from Chicago, along with her three white "grand" cubs from Cincinnati. The Atlas lions arrived from Morocco in Septem- ber 1976, as part of a long-term breeding project. One of this year's major accomplishments and the culmination of a three-year project was the birth of an orangutan. This baby, the offspring of two animals born in captivity and raised by their own mothers, was the first second-generation captive birth of an orangutan in the Western Hemisphere, and possibly only the second in the world. Although the female proved to be a good mother, the baby died later of a bacterial meningitis. It is possible, however, that the orangutan captive-breeding program will not end when all the animals caught in the wild die — at least not at the National Zoo. OFFICE OF ANIMAL HEALTH The primary function of the Office of Animal Health is to provide the best available health care for the animal collection, whether at Rock Creek Park or at Front Royal, Virginia. The delivery of veteri- nary care to the Conservation and Research Center is more difficult than in the Park due to the inability to watch closely and handle the herd animals in their large enclosures. In both locations, however, the ideal approach in exotic medicine is preventive. Yearly tuberculosis tests and physical examinations are conducted on all primates, and yearly vaccinations and physical examinations are undergone by the carnivores, including the cats, pandas, and canids. The quarantine facility of the hospital prevents the introduction of any infectious agent into the existing collection. All animals are monitored by routine fecal examinations and appro- priate therapy is administered when parasites are found. OFFICE OF PATHOLOGY The Office of Pathology's primary functions are diagnostic medi- cine, teaching, and research. The diagnostic aspect is its paramount mission. Routine blood tests, urinalysis, cultures, parasite examina- tions, and a variety of other diagnostic tests are performed in the 124 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Office's laboratories. All animals that die undergo autopsies and are completely examined grossly and histopathologically to gain insight into the various causes of death. In the spring of 1976 an outbreak of versiniosis, a bacterial dis- ease caused by Versinia pseudotuberculosis, took the lives of three of the Zoo's blesboks. Through the diagnostic capabilities of the Zoo laboratories, the cause of the disease in the hoofstock was iso- lated. A vaccine was developed from the isolated bacterial organ- isms, and an all-out effort was made to exterminate the carrier ver- min, which had brought the disease into the yards. The Office began a new system of record keeping by streamlining the flow of information concerned with pathologic diagnoses. An ibm data-retrieval system is used; it can integrate previous material generated in this Office. A similar retrieval system is used for the color-slide collection, which currently contains over 3,000 slides of pathologic and clinical conditions of zoo animals. OFFICE OF ZOOLOGICAL RESEARCH During the past fifteen months, the Office of Zoological Research not only continued previous programs and studies but added some new ones. The Venezuelan field project in vertebrate behavior and ecology, coordinated by Dr. John Eisenberg, assembled valuable data concerning distribution, abundance, reproduction, and natural his- tory of selected species of marsupials, rodents, primates, reptiles, and birds. The studies were conducted by Dr. Eisenberg, National Zoo staff, and students in two quite different regions: the montane rainforest of Guatopo National Park and the seasonally inundated llanos on the ranch of Sr. Tomas Blohm. In June 1976, Dr. Eugene Morton began to reintroduce on Barro Colorado Island several avian species which had become locally extinct. Seven song wrens and seven white-breasted wood wrens, trapped on the mainland, were transported to Barro Colorado, marked with bands, and released. Preliminary indications suggest that some of the reintroduced birds have established themselves on the island. The problem of local extinction in a biological preserve the size of Barro Colorado is of great theoretical interest since populations in small areas may be of extremely small size, and un- Science I 125 predictable environmental events, over which man has no control, may cause local extinction. The studies of South American canid social behavior and com- munication, conducted by Dr. Devra Kleiman at the Conservation and Research Center, were highlighted by the birth of two litters of crab-eating foxes. Both were reared by the mothers, and detailed observations of development were recorded for the second litter. At the same time, a maned wolf was born which did not survive. The female bush dog was artificially inseminated but the attempt failed, and a proven breeding male was sent on breeding loan from Los Angeles. The Zoo was saddened in October 1975, by the untimely death of Dr. Helmut Buechner. His energy and enthusiasm successfully launched several projects dealing with the propagation of ungulates at the Zoo. He will be sorely missed. CONSERVATION AND RESEARCH CENTER, FRONT ROYAL, VIRGINIA In the past fifteen months since the Smithsonian was given full title to the Front Royal, Virginia, property, the Conservation and Re- search Center as a resource for research has grown. Dr. Eugene Morton of the Office of Zoological Research began two projects: the first concerns the nesting habits and population dynamics of the eastern bluebird; the second studies the movements and social organization of the turkey vulture using radiotelemetry. Dr. Dale Madison of McGill University in Montreal carried out a summer investigation in 1975 of the social use of space by two species of mice, the meadow mouse and the white-footed mouse. Dr. Christen Wemmer and Larry Collins began a three-year study of the social structure and behavior of the Pere David's deer; and in the summer of 1976 Kerry Malson initiated a one-year study of nutrition and pasture-carrying capacity, also on the Pere David's deer. During the winter and spring, a muntjac facility was completed. It consists of seven paddocks covering about 5 acres, with a central observation tower. The yards have been planted in dogwood and the plant growth will be allowed to proceed naturally to provide adequate cover for the animals. The tower will allow keepers and researchers to observe the animals without disturbing them. The granary built in 1916 is being renovated as a commissary. 126 / Smithsonian Year 1976 One wing will be a rodent-breeding area, and the other will include walk-in cooler and freezer, meat saw and grinder, butcher table, food mixer, can washer, tables, and counter space. There will also be an office, locker rooms, and a drive-through section for loading trucks in cold weather. The first residents of the Center in 1974 were one male and two female scimitar-horned oryx. Today the herd numbers nine, all of which were born in captivity, and eight either at the Rock Creek facility or the Conservation Center. There were two births this spring and one last December which was hand-reared. Other births this year include seven crab-eating foxes, two zebra, and two Pere David's deer. Cooperative agreements with other zoos have made the Center's present large breeding groups possible. The Bactrian camel herd is jointly owned by the National Zoo and the Minnesota State Zoological Gardens, while the New York Zoological Society pro- vided over one-third of the Pere David's deer. The onager herd was established solely through the contributions of the zoos in Balti- more, Los Angeles, and San Diego. The Lincoln Park Zoo sent three male muntjacs to help establish breeding groups for this species of nonrelated animals. OFFICE OF EDUCATION-INFORMATION The audience of the National Zoological Park is large and varied. According to a visitor survey completed in 1976, visitors to the National Zoo have above-average education levels and above- average annual family incomes; they are predominantly white and non-Spanish-speaking, and visit the Zoo as a family experience; they also visit other zoos and natural history museums, and have a high interest in other cultural institutions. The Zoo seeks to pro- vide a well-balanced offering of exhibits, programs, and materials for this audience. Working as a team with the Office of Animal Management and the Office of Graphics and Exhibits, numerous interpretive projects were completed. Labels received first priority. Each label has two parts: a standard identification label containing basic species infor- mation, and a visual key which consists of a statement about an aspect of biology relating to the animal exhibit with a photo or drawing to highlight that statement. By spring 1976 all labels also Science I 127 had been rewritten in a two-langauge format, English and Spanish. More complex exhibits were completed for the three outdoor alcoves in the new "William M. Mann Memorial Lion-Tiger Exhibit." A photo-collage and written text in each alcove deal with a single theme — habitat, predator-prey relationships, and social behavior. In addition, two films were produced for showing in the small theater in this exhibit. Tiger is a live-action profile of that endangered cat. The Big Cats and How They Came To Be is the history of cat evolution, and was animated by Film Polski, Warsaw, Poland, through a grant from the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program. For the first time in many years, the Zoo will have a written guide: ZOOBOOK. This pictorial essay, written by this Office and photographed by Jan Skrentny, tells the story of the Zoo's animals and of the people and programs that revolve around them. ZOOBOOK will be published in the late fall of 1976. In addition to its ongoing dealings with the press, the information service added two innovations. Tiger Talk, the employees news- letter, was redesigned and is published weekly. A second develop- ment was the three-month trial photo-caption story, mailed to 150 selected newspapers. This was well received and plans are under- way to continue this service in 1977. The use of the Zoo's library increased considerably in the past year, and a library technician was hired to provide more assistance to users. The generous gift of Dr. Helmut Buechner's journal col- lection filled many gaps in journal holdings and over 200 volumes were bound. Also this past year a good portion of library funds was used to develop the book and journal collection at the Con- servation and Research Center in Front Royal, Virginia. OFFICE OF GRAPHICS AND EXHIBITS With the Office of Education-Information, a new format for animal identification labels was designed to present information in the most effective manner. The labels are designed so they can be read easily at various distances, are legible at low light levels, are easily produced, and are flexible. The first labels in the Reptile House in 1974 revealed some problems and additional changes were made. Complete labeling of the Park, with the exception of the Bird House, was finished in September 1976. 128 / Smithsonian Year 1976 A child studies the National Zoological Park's brochure show- ing the various pictograms which will direct visitors to areas of interest. The Zoo is attempting to provide an organized approach by which visitors may find their way around the grounds. Graphic totems, 12 to 18 feet high, using the new animal pictographs, will be located along the center road known as Olmsted Walk. These totems mark the beginning and end of six trails that pass the animal exhibits. Each trail covers a specific group of animals, such as birds or hoof- stock, and is named for a conspicuous animal found on that trail, such as the crowned crane or zebra. The pictograph representing that animal will be in the largest space on the totem. The first totem was installed at the waterfowl ponds in early August 1976. The remaining ten will be in place by October. These six separate trails allow the visitor to cover the entire Zoo or just one area. The totems also include such information as the length of each walk and the approximate time needed to complete it. OFFICE OF POLICE AND SAFETY During the past year the Office of Police and Safety has also under- gone changes — keeping pace with the rest of the Zoo's activities, while continuing its emphasis on service and public relations. In-service training for officers was expanded to include on-the- job training for less experienced recruits, and has resulted in an Science I 129 increase in applications from minority groups. In addition, the summer work-study program with the Washington Technical Insti- tute has turned out very well. Students in the law enforcement- criminal justice programs were hired as police aides and used in nonenforcement aspects of the police and safety program, such as internal traffic and pedestrian control, and communications and office work at the police station. OFFICE OF CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT A major effort was made to prepare the Rock Creek Park facility for the Bicentennial summer, and a number of related projects were begun in addition to the ongoing Master Plan construction. They included renovating the roadway leading to the Monkey House and constructing a visitor sidewalk; building a visitor pavilion on the site of the old Puma House; and completely renovating the Mane Restaurant and the Panda Cafe. Three major areas of construction under the Master Plan are the Education-Administration Building, the bear dens, and the General Services Building. In July 1975, construction began on the Educa- tion-Administration Building near the Connecticut Avenue entrance. When completed in December 1976, the building will include space for the library, the administrative staffs of the Zoo, and the Friends of the National Zoo, plus three classrooms and a 300-seat audi- torium. Construction started on bear exhibits in February 1976 involves two areas: one for polar bears, with three amphitheaters and under- water viewing, and the other for grizzley bears and a smaller bear, possibly the sun bear. Completion is scheduled for January 1977. Work on the General Services Building began in January 1976. When the building opens in August 1977, all of the Zoo's mainte- nance facilities will be moved into it, thereby freeing a number of areas around the Park for other uses. Included in this building will be additional parking spaces. This is the largest project under the Master Plan; the first phase is contracted at approximately six million dollars. The second phase, four parking levels providing spaces for 1,000 cars, is subject to future appropriation by Congress. By the summer of 1976 all Bicentennial projects were complete, and the center of the Park was opened to the public. 130 / Smithsonian Year 1976 OFFICE OF FACILITIES MANAGEMENT The Office of Facilities Management is primarily responsible for the upkeep of all buildings, grounds, and related mechanical systems of the Zoo. The majority of the work consists of specific, recurring duties which make up the preventive maintenance programs. This year, however, additional responsibility came to the Office owing to progression of the Master Plan. New and renovated buildings now have multimechanical systems — sophisticated, expensive, sensitive — which must be incorporated into the preventive maintenance programs. Office of International Programs The Office of International Programs fosters and coordinates the international aspects of Smithsonian programs and also provides support to United States institutions of research and higher learn- ing, including the Smithsonian, through Special Foreign Currency Program grants. Its functions are carried out by sections designated as the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program and the International Liaison Section. SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program (sfcp) awards grants to support the basic research interests of American institutions, in- cluding the Smithsonian, in those countries where the United States holds blocked currencies derived largely from past sales of surplus agricultural commodities under Public Law 480. The Program is active in countries where the Treasury Department deems United States holdings of these currencies to be in excess of normal federal requirements, including at present India, Pakistan, Egypt, Tunisia, and Poland. The Smithsonian has received a fiscal year 1977 ap- propriation of $3.5 million in "excess" currencies, which will be used to support projects in the anthropological sciences, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences, and museum professional fields. The Smithsonian received a fiscal year 1976 appropriation of $500,000 in "excess" currencies that was used to grant support to over sixty projects in these disciplines. Science I 131 Since its inception in fiscal year 1966, the sfcp has awarded approxi- mately $29 million in foreign currency grants to some eighty-seven institutions in thirty-two states and the District of Columbia. Within the framework of the Program, the Smithsonian will make a third contribution of $1 million in Egyptian pounds in support of Egypt's efforts to save the submerged temples at Philae in Nubia. INTERNATIONAL LIAISON SECTION The International Liaison Section (ils) provides liaison and assist- ance to individuals and units of the Smithsonian in dealing with the Department of State and with foreign governments. It handles international matters involving travel and research abroad, and foreign participation in domestic programs of the Smithsonian, ils provides passport and visa services for Smithsonian staff, and as- sists in research arrangements for foreign visitors, ils worked closely with the Division of Performing Arts in arranging Bicen- tennial-related participation by 814 foreign folk artists in the Festi- val of American Folklife, and some 150 other foreigners participating in the special Bicentennial activities of the Institution. Radiation Biology Laboratory The form and structure of growing plant cells are determined by the interaction of at least two qualitatively different sets of signals. One of these controlling sets of signals is within the cell, and the second is external, consisting of a wide range of environmental factors such as light, temperature, and availability of the raw materials needed for growth. The internal instructions can be thought of as coming from a complex architectural blueprint, which is being followed by the molecular processes of the cell. This genetic blueprint, however, has a number of alternative, contingency plans that are read only if an appropriate signal is received from the environment. As the organism develops, it follows a basic pattern, so the species is clearly recognizable, but superimposed on this basic pattern are many possible variations of development in space and time. 132 / Smithsonian Year 1976 One of the most important and dependable external signals is sunlight. The Radiation Biology Laboratory has been studying the growth and development of organisms for nearly fifty years. Cur- rently, the Laboratory is emphasizing three basic areas of research: (1) the molecular nature of the pathways regulated and controlled by light, (2) the time dependency of developmental processes upon periodic changes in sunlight, and (3) a quantitative description of the time course of periodic fluctuations in environmental signals that are important for growth. A familiar example of the control of development by light is the sprouting of a potato. In the dark, the shoot produced is white and the leaves are small. If the shoot is exposed to light, the leaves expand and develop structures within the cells, called chloroplasts, that contain the membrane and pigments, chlorophylls (green) and carotenoids (yellow), that are necessary for photosynthesis. The formation of these chloroplast photosynthetic membranes and the mechanism by which proteins are added to the membranes during growth are being studied by electron microscopy and biochemistry. Experiments have not yet determined whether the information for controlling the synthesis of chloroplast membranes is within the chloroplast itself or is in the cytoplasm of the cell. The molecular components required for synthesizing proteins are known as polyribosomes. Polyribosomes occur on chloroplast membranes. These membrane-bound polyribosomes are attached to the mem- brane by proteins, since they can be released by mild treatment with the enzyme trypsin that breaks down protein. The released poly- ribosomes probably do not contain remnants of membrane, since they can be degraded by another enzyme, ribonuclease. The ribo- nuclease attacks the information-carrying nucleic acids in the poly- ribosomes. In contrast, treatment of membranes with the detergent "Nonidet" releases polyribosomes that appear to be attached to membrane remnants about the size of the polyribosome group. Another detergent, "Triton," solubilizes much of the membrane, but leaves the polyribosomes attached to much larger pieces of mem- brane. These membrane remnants are identifiable both in the elec- tron microscope and by analysis of their protein (polypeptide) com- position. The remnants differ in polypeptide composition from the membrane as a whole. This observation suggests that the poly- ribosomes lie on specialized portions of the membrane. Science I 133 Some chloroplast membrane proteins are synthesized in the chloroplast itself, and some are synthesized in the cytoplasm. These proteins are then independently inserted into the chloroplast mem- brane. Isolated chloroplast membranes can be made to synthesize protein in vitro and the products obtained compared with products formed in vivo. The results suggest that the in vitro system com- pletes some membrane polypeptide chains. It is by studying such in vitro systems that the control of membrane synthesis by the inter- action of information from both the chloroplast and cytoplasm may be understood. The complexity of the chloroplast development in flowering plants has made progress slow and difficult. Another approach being pursued in the Laboratory is the use of algal cells. Many algae have developed special pigment molecules that act as light-harvesting antennae to funnel the light energy into photosynthetic membranes. These pigments have properties which allow efficient absorption of light in the color bands of sunlight that cannot be absorbed effi- ciently by chlorophyll alone. Thus, light captured between the red and blue absorbing peaks of green chlorophyll is transferred to chlorophyll in special protein-pigment structures (phycobilisomes) for photosynthesis. These phycobilisomes can be isolated from membranes and their structure determined. The pigment which finally funnels the light energy to chlorophyll is called allophyco- cyanin, and recent data show that it is in the base of the phycobili- some near the attachment point on the photosynthetic membrane. Allophycocyanin in vivo is in an aggregated state, which appears to enhance the energy transfer efficiency as seen by a fluorescence emission in the red region of the spectrum (675 nm). This year, in vitro shifts in absorption in purified allophycocyanin solutions have been produced. This is the first step in attempts to reconstitute functional phycobilisomes in vitro. The use of such seemingly simpler single-celled biological sys- tems has been productive. Another type of organism, the large, multinucleate single-celled fungus, Phycomyces, has been studied for many years. Aerial cells (sporangiophores) respond rapidly in a number of ways to environmental stimuli. The chief advantage of Phycomyces has been that growth responses were known to occur localized in the same region of the cell where the environmental signals are received, quite unlike flowering plants, which have a 134 / Smithsonian Year 1976 complex system of hormones that move from one region of the plant to another. In the past few years, data have been published that such hormones also may be involved in the Phycomyces sys- tem. It was discovered in this Laboratory that continuous exposure to high-intensity blue light will cause the sporangiophores to stop growing by elongation and, after a period of a few hours, to initiate a branch cell that elongates for many hours. The system also dem- onstrates apical dominance, in that two branches sometimes are formed, one of which exerts control and elongates, while the other is inhibited. If the spherical sporangium, at the upper end of the dominant branch sporangiophore, is mechanically removed, growth is initiated in the previously inhibited branch. We have been able to confirm this phenomenon and have observed that application of the plant growth hormone, auxin (indoleacetic acid), in about 50 percent of all experiments, is able to prevent branching. It appears that high-intensity blue light selectively destroys the sensitivity of the growing cell to hormonal materials being produced by the sporangium, since it has not been possible to produce branches by irradicating the sporangium alone. Each mature sporangium con- tains about one million vegetative spores, and the active material appears to be produced by these spores. The application of a num- ber of auxin inhibitors and antagonists, known to interfere with the effects of auxin or the flow of auxins in higher plants, has not led to branch formation in Phycomyces. Most fungal cells contain carotenoid pigments responsible for the yellow, orange, and red colors observed. These same compounds occur in higher plants and in animals. Some of these pigments are the accessory pigments for photosynthesis and are also precursors for Vitamin A synthesis. In many organisms the carotenoids have a protective function against adverse effects of visible light, and in addition they have other, unknown, functions. In the orange bread mold, Neurospora crassa, blue light is re- quired to initiate the biosynthesis of at least eight different carote- noid pigments. From experimental data using biochemical inhibitors, it has been proposed that one or more enzymes in the carotenoid pathway are absent or at low levels in dark-grown Neurospora cul- tures and that the activity of these enzymes increases following light exposure. One way of testing this hypothesis is to examine bio- chemically the precursors of the carotenoid pigments. Phytoene, a Science I 135 40-carbon colorless compound, accumulates in dark-grown cultures. The enzyme activity that catalyzes the biosynthesis of phytoene from isopentenyl-pyrophosphate has been partially purified. Even though phytoene can be produced by dark-grown cultures, the activity is higher in cells which were exposed to blue light prior to extraction. Thus, light may regulate both the biosynthesis of phytoene, as well as its subsequent conversion to carotenoids. In order to separate these two processes, it will be necessary to investi- gate the regulation of each enzyme in the pathway. Temperature changes can also regulate carotenoid production in Neurospora. The optimum temperature for carotenoid biosynthesis following a light exposure is 6°C. Mutants have been isolated which have the same optimum, but carotenoid production is relatively in- sensitive to higher temperatures. For example, at 25°C to 37°C these mutants accumulate more pigment than the wild type strain. The gene containing the mutation has been mapped and found to be on the right arm of Chromosome IV. One of the pigments involved in the regulation of green plant development is the chromoprotein phytochrome. This pigment regu- lates a wide variety of plant responses, from flowering, stem growth, and seed germination to chlorophyll synthesis. Much effort has been devoted to characterizing this pigment because of its ubiquitous and important nature. Characterization has been hampered by two factors. One is the low concentration of phytochrome in the plant cell, and the second is the presence of other molecules which alter the structure of proteins when the plant tissue is broken up for extraction. Both of these factors have led to spurious artifacts. It was discovered by this Laboratory recently that highly purified phytochrome solutions previously thought to be free of significant contaminants contained another protein that could only be separated from phytochrome by ultracentrifugation. In addition, the struc- tural features observed by electron microscopy and previously ascribed to phytochrome are actually due to the presence of the contaminating protein. These data led to a reexamination of the phytochrome molecule. Electrophoretic and ultracentrifugal studies confirm that phytochrome exists in solution as a dimer. Analysis of gel filtration and ultracentrifugal data led to a description of phytochrome as an elongated molecule, described as a cigar-shaped structure with an axial ratio on the order of 8 to 1. The dimer dis- 136 / Smithsonian Year 1976 sociates as the alkalinity of the solution is increased. Even under conditions routinely used in isolating phytochrome, some dissocia- tion occurs. Such dissociation may account for some of the con- flicting descriptions from other laboratories of the properties of phytochrome. In addition, a purported photoreversible pigment system, driven by blue and yellow light from the alga Protosiphon, was examined because of its similarities to the photoreversible phytochrome molecule. However, the data indicate that the isolated pigment is probably not photoreversible by yellow light, since it reverts to the blue-absorbing form in the dark, with nearly identical kinetics ob- served under yellow light. The suggestion was made that the pig- ment plastocyanin is involved in this system, but data from mu- tants of Chlamydomonas which lack plastocyanin did not support this hypothesis. The phytochrome molecule acts as the receptor molecule for the control of reproductive development. When light signals are re- ceived from the environment, either inhibition or promotion occurs that is dependent upon both the species of plant and the time in the developmental cycle during which the signal is received. Normally, the red portion of sunlight predominates during the day, with marked increases in the far-red portion near sunrise and sunset. Experiments conducted with a long-day plant, Wintex barley, indi- cate that high levels of far-red light (700-800 nm), if maintained throughout the day, significantly promote the induction of flowers, when compared to plants grown with equally photosynthetically active energies but without the additional far-red light. Once flowering is induced by an appropriate light signal, internal biochemical changes occur that are transmitted from the sensitive leaves to the vegetative buds which become flowers. The nature of this chemical stimulus is unknown. This material is carried in the phloem sap. One way of obtaining sufficient phloem sap for analysis is to take advantage of the fact that aphids feeding upon plants insert a stylet directly into the phloem tissue. Droplets of honeydew can be collected from the aphids feeding on plants that have been induced to flower, and, assuming that no appreciable chemical changes have occurred in the passage of the active material through the aphid, it should be possible to identify the flowering stimulus. Salicylic acid was identified in honeydew, and salicylic acid has Science I 137 been found by this technique to induce flowering in test plants of duckweed (Lemna gibba). Other materials known to be present are being tested in reference to their involvement in the flowering process. In addition, salicylic acid is being tested on a number of plant species, including several different Lemnaceae. Besides its regulatory effect upon growth processes, light is im- portant for photosynthesis. The efficiency of light usage in photo- synthesis is very low: about two percent of the incident energy is utilized. In some regions of the world, plants are grown under artificial lighting to produce prime horticultural and floricultural products. The electrical energy used is mostly produced from fossil fuels, thereby depleting a nonrenewable resource. The mode of light used for this purpose traditionally has been continuous light. However, work completed thirty years ago under flashing light conditions produced by mechanical devices indicated an increased efficiency in the photosynthetic utilization of light. The Radiation Biology Laboratory has recently been testing a prototypical, elec- tronically controlled, flashing fluorescent lamp system in a con- trolled environment for plant growth. Preliminary testing of the light utilization in the flashing mode versus continuous application of equal total energy indicates an increase of as much as 30 percent in photosynthetic efficiency. Such data should also lead to a better understanding of the molecular mechanisms occurring in photo- synthesis. Salt marshes along the Atlantic seaboard are thought to be among the most productive ecosystems, and it has been assumed that much of the solar energy fixed as carbon compounds by photosynthesis finds its way into the adjacent estuaries, where fish and shellfish spend a part of their life cycle. In association with measurements of the incident solar radiation, measurements have also been made of the primary productivity of selected portions of two salt marsh communities. One of these communities is dominated by a sedge and the other by a mixture of two grass species. From measurements taken at different times during the growing season, estimates were made of the net carbon assimilated. More carbon was found to be assimilated by these communities than could be accounted for on the basis of measurements of the total mass of plant and animal matter in the community. These data substantiate the notion that 138 / Smithsonian Year 1976 these salt marsh communities are supplying significant amounts of carbon to the adjacent estuaries. In order to make these correlations, measurements of the incident solar radiation were needed. Such a monitoring program has been in progress for six years by the Laboratory. The program for measuring and monitoring the ultraviolet erythemal (sunburn) en- ergy (285 to 320 nm in 5nm increments) content of daylight was initiated last year. A preliminary analysis of the data indicates a pattern for this energy at the earth's surface at various latitudes for the northern hemisphere. As anticipated, the amount of ultraviolet erythemal radiation increases from the pole to the equator, with more detectable energy at the shorter wavelengths as one moves toward the equator. Also, the amount of ozone decreases as one approaches the equator. The data for these trends have been obtained from four scanning radiometers developed and constructed by the Radiation Biology Laboratory. Ozone calculations from the ultraviolet measurements at the Panama station indicate very little variation in ozone thick- ness seasonally, while measurements from the other stations indi- cate more seasonal variations for higher latitudes. There have been other phenomena observed in the data. Besides an increasing variability in daily ozone measurements with increas- ing latitude, there is the appearance of a cycle in the ozone data at three sites simultaneously. This cycle appears to be of about 27 to 30 days and occurs in data from November 1975 to June 1976. More data will be needed to ascertain the existence of this observed cyclical event. The data collected on the spectral quality of daylight are being analyzed for long-term trends and variability at various locations. The analysis has begun using one year of data from three locations: (1) Barrow, Alaska (71 °N), (2) Rockville, Maryland (39 °N), and (3) Panama Canal Zone (9°N). The analysis was performed using the daily amounts of irradiance in each of the 100-nanometer (nm)- wide spectral bands from 400 nm to 800 nm, the total irradiance (300 nm-2800 nm), and the infrared region from 800 nm to 2800 nm. The data were collected using precision Eppley pyranometers and automated acquisition systems. The analysis of the 1974 data clearly showed that the determi- Science / 139 IHHi^HHH Sites at Barrow, Alaska, (above) and Panama (below) show the different en- vironments to which delicate and complicated instruments are exposed in the Smithsonian's Radiation Biology Laboratory studies. ?5B 140 / Smithsonian Year 1976 nation of the available solar energy and the spectral quality of that energy can only be obtained from direct measurements if data better than ±25 percent are required. Also, it may be quite impos- sible to predict long-term trends without measurements taken over many years. Such things as spectral quality changes, and losses in energy such as those found at Washington, D.C., and Mount Saint Katherine, Egypt, cannot be predicted with only five or six years' data. Another fact clearly shown in the analysis is that there are not only major differences in the spectral quality of daylight from place to place, but large variations in the spectral distribution can occur at any one location, especially around sunrise and sunset. For the 1974 data, the average daily amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the earth, compared to that available daily at the top of the atmosphere, is approximately 40 percent at Barrow, Alaska (71 CN) and about 53 percent at the Pacific entrance to the Panama Canal (9°N). The variations in these values are relatively large: from 5 percent to 65 percent at Barrow, 30 percent to 50 percent at Rockville, and 48 percent to 60 percent in Panama, where the atmosphere is generally clear. If data from a longer period of time are used — for example the data from Rockville for seven years — then different mean values for the year will be obtained. For Rockville, an average value of 46 percent of the solar energy available at the top of the atmosphere falling on the earth's surface is obtained, with a variation in the average of only 41 percent-51 percent. The measured values of the average energy available for over three quarters of the time range from 5 percent to 75 percent. Therefore, it is apparent that the use of calculated rather than measured values of solar radiation in solar energy applications must be done with great care. In photosynthesis, radioactive 14carbon naturally occurring in the atmospheric carbon dioxide is assimilated. This 14C decays with time and can be used to determine the age of once-living materials. Using this technique in collaboration with the Institution staff and in cooperative research with some twenty other institutions and universities, the relationships are being investigated between chang- ing environments and changing cultures, and research is being done on the early human occupation of the Americas. Of necessity, this requires more than the straightforward construction of chronolo- Science I 141 gies, for research must be carried out in all the fields of archeology, geology, sedimentology, pollen analysis, sea-level changes, etc., in order to understand why peoples move, why cultures change. Current reversal in the Mediterranean Basin 10,000 years ago, first noted through sediment studies at the Strait of Gibraltar, has been confirmed by similar studies at the Strait of Sicily and the underwater cone of the Nile Delta. The entire Basin was subjected to drastic environmental change, and the concomitant change in human culture must have been equally great. The documentation of a succession of rapid climatic changes in Labrador and along the coast of northeastern North America has been keyed to successive movements and occupations by Eskimo and Indian groups, and the continued dating of pollen cores throughout the area will provide confirmatory evidence of geomorphological and ecological events and parameters. Continued excavations at Meadowcroft Rockshelter in western Pennsylvania have revealed some very early levels of occupation. Two samples, one of charcoal and the other of a simple bark textile, recovered in the 1975 excavations, have been dated and are esti- mated to be about 19,000 years old. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Astronomy was once concerned only with observing and charting the positions and motions of the planets and stars. Joy and satis- faction came from seeing the beauty and symmetry of these distant celestial bodies. The sense of wonder basic to astronomy naturally evolved into a desire to understand the physical composition of these celestial objects. Thus developed the science of astrophysics: the application of the prinicples of physics to the study of the stars, and, in particular at the Smithsonian Institution, the sun. At the turn of the century, the basic tools of astrophysics were optical telescopes and spectrographs. Following World War II, astrophysics expanded to include radio observations of stars, planets, and galaxies. Now the concept of astrophysics has broad- ened again. The stars are no longer considered static entities, but rather dynamic bodies that change and evolve — being born, matur- 142 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ing, aging, and dying much like living organisms. Thanks to the space program, modern astronomers can now observe radiation across the entire electromagnetic spectrum — from radio waves that are meters long to gamma rays, trillions of times shorter. During the past two decades, with each new wavelength revealing new insights on the complex nature of the universe, astrophysics has become an especially challenging and exciting branch of science. To theoretical astrophysicists, the future of this science seems exciting indeed. Astronomers have discovered quasars, pulsars, cos- mic masers, X-ray sources, and black holes. But even more exciting is the prospect of studying these mysterious objects with the radio, optical, infrared, X-ray, and gamma-ray techniques that first re- vealed them. Some clues have already been discovered. For ex- ample, the quasars seem to have points of similarity with the X-ray sources discovered by satellite experiments, in which a spinning disk of matter is thought to be swallowed slowly by a black hole. The quasars appear to be a similar phenomenon on a much larger scale. To generate the tremendous energy of quasars, the black holes within them would have to weigh as much as 100 million suns. Each of these discoveries, fascinating in itself, contributes to our understanding of the processes by which the universe has expanded, galaxies have been formed, and stars have evolved over the past 15 billion years. Dying stars apparently eject new chemical elements into space, in which they are available for forming new stars and planets — some of them with life. The intellectual synthesis describ- ing this process might be called "Cosmic Evolution," with an impact rivaling that of the Darwinian theory of biological evolution. This synthesis may account for all the structures in the universe, from quasars to planets. Particularly exciting is the prospect for future study of the pro- cesses that connect cosmic evolution with the evolution of life. If life originated from nonliving matter early in the history of the solar system, according to the laws of physics and chemistry, then perhaps some day we can predict which stars have life, and even which stars have intelligent life with which we might communicate. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (sao) is participat- ing fully in the exploration of the frontiers of astrophysics. Only a large, multidisciplinary organization can muster the scientific capa- bility and technical expertise necessary to exploit and utilize the full Science I 143 range of the electromagnetic spectrum, from radio to gamma rays. Accordingly, in 1973, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the Harvard College Observatory were joined, under a single di- rector, as the Center for Astrophysics, in order to pursue excellence in astrophysical research by developing the potential of both organi- zations. Today, with over 140 scientists and 500 staff members, in Cambridge and at field stations around the world, the Center repre- sents the nation's largest observatory. The research of the Center is organized by divisions representing major fields of study; and, as the following summaries show, the Center is making important scientific progress. HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS DIVISION One of the most exciting discoveries in the field of astronomy dur- ing the past year was the detection of giant bursts of X-ray emission from the centers of globular clusters of stars. The first and largest of these extraordinary X-ray sources was found by scientists at the Center for Astrophysics working with data taken by an experiment aboard the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite (ans). The sudden burst of energy, comparable to the 30-fold brightening of an optical object, was seen from a cluster in the constellation Sagittarius. Sub- sequently, at least another dozen of these so-called "X-ray bursters" were identified by Center scientists and a team from the Massa- chusetts Institute of Technology, with the latter group using data from the Small Astronomy Satellite (sas-3). The bursts of X-ray radiation are thought to be associated with giant black holes weighing the equivalent of several hundred suns, which may represent an intermediate stage between stellar black holes and the quasi-stellar black holes with a mass 100 million times that of the sun. An X-ray experiment using a two-dimensional low-resolution mirror and imaging system was flown aboard a rocket. In addition to observations of extragalactic X-ray sources, the experiment ob- tained the data that produced the first X-ray map of the Perseus cluster of galaxies, showing both extended emission regions and the galaxy ngc 1275. That gallaxy is the most intense source of X-ray emission discovered. Work continued on the experiments scheduled for flight aboard the upcoming National Aeronautics and Space Administration 144 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Left. A rocket-borne X-ray telescope launched from White Sands Missile Range December 1975 produced this image of X-ray emissions from the Per- seus cluster, an ensemble of some 1,000 galaxies located about 300 million light years from earth. The image shows a broad area of diffuse X-ray emis- sion estimated as several million light years in diameter. Intense emission is seen from the Seyfert galaxy ngc 1275 at the center of the cluster, indicating that the object is perhaps the most powerful X-ray source known, some mil- lion times more luminous than the sum of all the X-ray sources in our own galaxy. Right. Photographic image of X-ray data returned by sas-3 satellite shows the exploding galaxy ngc 1275 (concentric circles on left) and the star Algol, Beta Persei, both in the constellation Perseus. The experiment was de- signed to measure precisely the positions of sources at high-galactic latitudes, thus allowing searches for optical counterparts of X-ray emission objects, (sao photo) (nasa) series of High Energy Astronomy Observatory (heao) satel- lites, the first of which is planned for late 1977. A major effort has been devoted to construction of the cosmic X-ray telescope aboard the heao-b, due to fly in 1978. This telescope will be capable of de- tecting tens of thousands of X-ray sources, some more distant than the most distant galaxies now seen from ground-based telescopes. Experiments proposed by the division have also been selected for flight on the hea Transient Explorer satellite and the Soft X-ray and euv Explorer satellite. The all-sky survey of high-energy gamma-ray sources using a 10-meter reflector at Mount Hopkins, Arizona, neared completion after an intense observation campaign during the past year. GEOASTRONOMY DIVISION Two major satellite experiments conceived and designed by Division members culminated with successful launches in the spring. Science I 145 Lageos, an extremely dense, mechanically and electrically inert, passive satellite fitted with retroreflectors was launched by nasa on May 4, 1976. The satellite, which has an orbital lifetime estimated in millions of years, will serve as a stable reference for ground-based laser tracking stations, including those of the Smithsonian, thus providing data on crustal movements, polar motion, and variations in the rotation of the earth. At an altitude of 5,900 km and with a magnitude of 13, the Lageos satellite was thought too faint to be photographed by the network's Baker-Nunn camera; indeed, it was expected that 60 days would be needed for initial observations. Yet the Baker-Nunn camera on the island of Maui, Hawaii, photographed the satellite on its first orbit, just 90 minutes after launch, and other network cameras photographed the object shortly thereafter. Using the camera data to improve pointing predictions, the Mount Hopkins, Arizona, laser obtained returns within 3 days after launch. Lasers in Peru and Brazil were successful as well, and routine tracking of this geodetic reference point, including daytime observations, began nearly 2 months ahead of schedule. During the next four years, geophysicists hope to obtain range data (laser-to-satellite distance) accurate to 10 cm, with the dis- tances between the ground stations measured to comparable ac- curacies. By the 1980s, this accuracy is expected to be 2 cm, or about the distance that Europe and North America are suspected of drift- ing apart annually. On June 18, 1976, a Smithsonian-designed and -built hydrogen maser clock, so accurate that it loses only 1 second in 10 million years, was launched by nasa on a 2-hour suborbital flight to test the equivalence principle, a cornerstone of Einstein's theory of gen- eral relativity. In the test, time aboard the spacecraft was measured against a duplicate ground-based clock to an accuracy of 1 part in 1014. According to Einstein's theory, the space clock should run faster once free of the earth's gravitational field. The payload reached an altitude of 10,000 km with a flight time of lh56m. The probe maser functioned properly throughout the flight, as did the ground-based equipment. Initial analysis of the data, considered some 100 times more accurate than any previous ground-based experiments, indicates Einstein's theory is correct. In support of research in geodesy, geophysics, and the upper at- 146 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Left. The laser system at Mount Hopkins, Arizona, is part of the worldwide network used for the precise tracking of earth-orbiting satellites for geophysical and geodetic research. This laser obtained the first range data from the Lageos satellite. (sao photo) Below. The hydrogen maser clock designed and built by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory undergoes final checkout at nasa's Marshall Space Flight Center prior to rocket launch June 18, 1976, to test the equivalence principle of Einstein's theory of general relativity, (nasa photo) mosphere, satellite-tracking operations were conducted in close cooperation with nasa, the Centre National d'Etudes Spatiales, and the Institut fur Angewandte Geodasie. As coordinator of all interna- tional laser networks, sao provided orbital elements, scheduling, and general operational support for all the overseas lasers partici- pating in the campaign to track the Geos 3 satellite. Laser data were also acquired on a number of other retroreflector satellites for use in the development of the gravity-field and geodetic models of the earth. An analytical theory for determining the nongravitational effects of solar radiation pressure, albedo pressure, and infrared pressure on artificial satellites, was developed for the first time. A complex theory for ocean tides was devised that incorporates existing theories on perturbations due to the sun and the moon, as well as those due to the earth's solid body tides caused by the sun and the moon. The new theory includes ocean tidal loading on the solid earth. Ionospheric data collected by the doppler-tracking experiment on the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project (astp) of 1975 were reduced. This experiment was designed to detect large concentrations of mass in the earth beneath the satellites. Work this year was devoted to removing propagation errors from raw measurements of the relative velocity between the Apollo spacecraft and the astp docking module, with the resulting data to be inverted into gravity-field anomalies. These data also represent valuable horizontal sounding samples of the ionosphere at the 220-km orbital height. SOLAR AND STELLAR PHYSICS DIVISION The primary research of this Division continues to focus on the study of the sun as a star, with related programs designed to under- stand similar physical processes observed in other stars. Basic to this research has been the continued analysis of solar data obtained by Harvard experiments aboard the Skylab satellite during the 1973-1974 flight. These data, in the form of thousands of photographs, were taken by two different instruments — one sensitive to ultraviolet emissions, the other to X-rays — and they are being analyzed by two different groups within the Division. The analyses have resulted in detailed numerical models describ- ing the physical mechanisms for energy flow in the sun's corona and 148 / Smithsonian Year 1976 the acceleration of solar wind. It has been found that the solar wind, which strikes the earth, is controlled by a magnetic field deep within the body of the sun. This discovery has major implications for understanding physical processes and motions below the solar surface. Moreover, this dis- covery may allow earth-bound investigators to predict periods of solar-wind activity through observations of changes in the sun's surface features. An excellent example of Harvard-Smithsonian collaboration in scientific endeavor is the establishment of the Langley-Abbot pro- gram of solar research. Funded by the Institution and using Harvard satellite data, the program will attempt to integrate current theory and observation of solar processes with historical studies of solar variability in a critical assessment of the interrelationship between solar and terrestrial phenomena, particularly long-term climatic change. During the past year, activities in the Langley-Abbot program in- cluded analysis of possible solar "constant" variations from the original Abbot data and more modern Mariner and Nimbus space- craft data; measurement of the differential rotation of solar magnetic fields and the photosphere; theoretical analyses of the implications of such data and related observations on the solar cycle and long-term solar variability; data analysis and theoretical studies of the interaction of solar plasma and magnetic fields in active regions; prominences and flares; and the continuing analytic studies of long-term terrestrial climatic variation and its possible relation to solar activity. RADIO ASTRONOMY DIVISION Harvard-Smithsonian collaboration in radio astronomy has been active for many years in a cooperative program designed to detect and measure the very faint radio signals emitted by molecules in interstellar space. The list of newly discovered interstellar molecules grows every day, with scientific interest and anticipation mounting as more and more complex organic molecules are found in the space between the stars. For example, in the past year, Division scientists detected in- terstellar nitrogen sulphide. Although no one expects to find living organisms in space, there is hope that molecules of biological inter- Science I 149 est will be discovered, thus providing a step toward understanding the origin of life on earth. The Division also began a program that applies the techniques of ground-based millimeter-wave radio astronomy to the problem of measuring the photochemical ozone balance in the earth's atmos- phere. Scientists measured H_>0 and O . in the earth's mesophere and developed mathematical models for determining the altitude distri- butions of the two substances. The design and construction of a millimeter-wave atmospheric spectrometer for this program were completed, and a method of predicting the millimeter-wave spectra of heavy organic molecules was developed to support this program. Using the Harvard radio astronomy facility at Fort Davis, Texas, Center scientists participated in an expanded collaborative program of Very Long Baseline Interferometry (vlbi) with a number of other radio astronomy institutions. The vlbi technique utilizes several widely separated radio antennas to observe celestial sources of radio emission. This technique has the effect of extending the "size" of the radio receivers to a diameter of hundreds, or even thousands, of miles. The difference in arrival time of received radio signals at the various ground stations provides highly accurate an- gular resolution. The initial studies of this ambitious program con- centrated on radio galaxies, quasars, and oh masers, including, in one case, an unprecedented eight-station experiment to map quasars at the 18-cm wavelength. An extremely precise hydrogen maser clock, built by the same team that prepared the clock for space flight in the gravity probe experiment, was developed for use in the radio project. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS DIVISION By combining Harvard laboratory facilities with Smithsonian theo- retical research support, programs in the Division are influenced and inspired by the diverse activities and needs of astrophysics. The goal is to provide the basic parameters of atomic and molecular physics required to understand physical processes and thus to aid in the interpretation of observational data obtained by other Center groups. Theoretical studies in the field of atomic structure and processes concentrated on the application of model potential methods for the accurate calculation of properties of complex atoms, and the de- 150 / Smithsonian Year 1976 velopment of a relativistic generalization of the random phase approximation for studying the properties of highly stripped atomic species. In the field of molecular structure and processes, progress has been made in large scale ab initio calculations of potential energy curves, methods for including electronic continuum functions in molecular calculations, and the use of model potential and random phase approximation methods in molecular physics. Atomic and molecular data have been used in theoretical studies of the thermosphere of the earth, for comparison with the in situ measurements obtained by the nasa Atmospheric Explorer Satellite system, in order to obtain a quantitative understanding of the physical and chemical processes. The absorption of solar euv radia- tion and photoelectrons in the atmosphere and the photochemical equilibrium in concentrations have been calculated. Using the satel- lite observations, information on the Ou concentration, the total ionization rate due to the solar ultraviolet flux, and the thermal budget of the ionosphere can be obtained. Some preliminary studies of the upper atmosphere of Jupiter and Mars have been carried out. PLANETARY SCIENCES DIVISION The Planetary Sciences Division is somewhat unusual in that con- siderably more attention is given to the smaller bodies of the solar system than to the larger ones. This emphasis has recently received a unique form of recognition: the asteroids numbered 1877, 1880, 1881, 1913, and 1940 have been named Marsden, McCrosky, Shao, Sekanina, and Whipple, respectively, in honor of the scientific con- tributions of these Center staff members. An astrometric program at Harvard's Agassiz station has contributed to the awarding of those honors; more than 500 positions of faint asteroids and comets have been measured, leading to the assignment of permanent num- bers to thirteen minor planets. Much of this activity has been made possible through the development of a program to reduce the uncer- tainties in comet and asteroid orbits and to reconcile apparently conflicting observations. Several members of the Division maintain an active interest in comets. Investigations of comet orbit clustering have led to the con- clusion that there is less evidence than previously thought for the reality of comet pairs. Work continued on the process of comet Science I 151 splitting, particularly on the possibility that a very large number of new comets would be deflected into the inner solar system where the large release of cometary gases could have formed a secondary solar nebula early in the history of the solar system. Photometric studies on the properties of cometary tails continued, with a con- centration on predicted observability of "antitails." These predic- tions have been verified by a number of recent observations and give interesting physical information about cometary particles in the millimeter-to-centimeter size range. Studies of nongravitational forces affecting cometary projectories also continued. In meteor research, the Prairie Network observing stations have been closed, but analysis of network observations continues. A co- operative program with groups in Albany and Ottawa has been conducted to measure the spectra of faint meteors from ground and aircraft. These groups have had some successful runs with observa- tions of meteor showers and are beginning the reduction of the data. This program is expected to continue for two more years. Work relating to the outer planets included research on the prop- erties of Saturn's rings, particularly the structure of the gaps in the rings, which are associated with satellite resonances. Ring-particle scattering apparently plays an important role in widening these gaps, and the current estimate of ring particle size is of the order of a meter. The ephemerides of the Galilean satellites of Jupiter, as well as knowledge about their diameters, have been improved through analysis of their mutual occultations. In cooperation with the California Institute of Technology, efforts are being made to discover new faint satellites of Jupiter. A strong program of research on lunar and meteorite samples has been maintained by Division members who have also organized two consortia to coordinate research in lunar geology. One of these, the Consortium Indomitable, worked on the analysis of samples from a large lunar boulder; the other, new consortium, the Con- sortium Imbrium, has been formed to study ejecta from the Imbrium basin. In addition, the analysis of solar-wind gases trapped in the lunar materials has placed a meaningful upper limit on the amount of tritium in the solar wind and has allowed a positive identification of carbon 14. Members of the Division are also engaged in a variety of theo- retical programs. An investigation of the theory of Cassini states 152 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Comet West, one of the brightest comets of the twentieth century, was visible to North American observers in early 1976. This 47-minute exposure was taken on March 13 by Daryl Willmarth of the Mount Hopkins Observatory using the 61-cm telescope, (sao photo) has predicted that the lunar spin axis points to within a few degrees of the earth-moon system, and further predicts that the earth-spin axis will undergo wild gyrations about two billion years in the future. Similar studies are being applied to Venus. A new theory was developed to account for the large eccentricity of Mercury's orbit, which involves passing the planet through two resonances with Venus and requires that a certain limit exist on the spin-down time of the sun. Evolutionary sequences of models of the primitive solar nebula were constructed, with each treating the nebula as a viscous accretion disk. According to the theoretical studies, the solar nebula should have become repeatedly unstable against global gravitational instabilities, and an investigation of the properties of the giant gaseous proto-planets that would result from such insta- bilities has begun. Also studied was a collision theory of lunar formation, in which a large collision in the late stages of formation of the earth inefficiently places vaporized and condensed rocky material in earth orbit, from which the moon can collect by gravi- tational instabilities. OPTICAL AND INFRARED ASTRONOMY DIVISION The research of the Optical and Infrared Astronomy Division may be divided according to the areas and objects of interest and accord- ing to facilities and instrumentation. In the former scheme of division, a major interest is extragalactic work. The spectra of active galaxies that emit large amounts of energy in the infrared, such as the Seyfert galaxy ngc 1068, were studied by means of both a 1-m balloon-borne telescope and a ground-based instrument at the Kitt Peak National Observatory fitted with a circular variable filter. The data show complexity in the spectrum, including line emission, which indicated that no single simple model can explain the infrared emission. The optical variability of several quasi-stellar or BL-Lacertae objects was studied. The observations revealed large variations, the peaks of which show very great luminosities of these objects at cosmological distances. Two techniques are being used to search for halos of faint red stars around galaxies, which could represent large amounts of mass. An essentially negative measurement was made of ngc 4565, an edge-on spiral, by use of a silicon vidicon camera. Additional studies 154 / Smithsonian Year 1976 will continue with the ccd camera under development at the Center. Preliminary measurements with photographic emulsions and grid technique to get reliable low-contrast results were also made. The problem of two- and three-body correlations for the distri- bution of galaxies was studied. This work has shown that extensive, careful red-shift measurements, combined with positional data, can be of great cosmological interest when compared with theory. Work on the interstellar medium includes study of H n regions at both near- and far-infrared wavelengths, again utilizing data from both balloon- and ground-based observations. Mapping of the Orion and W3 regions, and near-infrared measurements of various regions, will aid in the understanding of how energy is distributed between gas and dust. A large proportion of the research on stars is centered on the use of optical observations in conjunction with X-ray data to study the properties of highly condensed objects interacting with normal companions in binary systems. An identification of these com- panions and studies of their variability were made, both on short- and long-time scales. In the latter case, the studies were made pos- sible by the archival photographs in the Harvard plate collection. Intensive studies were made of the centers of globular clusters which emit X-ray bursts in a search for optical clues to this unusual phenomenon. A study of abundances in Sirius has been conducted to see whether mass transfer between it and its companion could have affected nucleosynthesis in this system. Ultraviolet studies of X-ray sources will be made with the ive satellite. In planetary research, a definitive determination of the tempera- ture of Uranus was made with the balloon instrument calibrated by means of the model for the time-dependent effective temperature of Mars. In terms of observing facilities, the Division's activities were many and varied. A duplicate version of the Mount Hopkins echelle spectrograph was installed on the 61-inch telescope at Agassiz Station in Massachusetts, and will be supplemented with an electro- graphic camera, permitting effective use of the telescope in the pre- vailing nonphotometric conditions. A novel fast spectrograph is being constructed to permit lower-resolution observations of fainter objects. As of July 1, 1976, the Smithsonian discontinued its participation Science I 155 Architect's rendering of the Multiple Mirror Telescope under construction on the summit of Mount Hopkins, Arizona, by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Arizona. The entire structure will rotate, via wheels on a track, with the telescope during normal operations. The fa- cility is expected to be completed by the fall of 1977. in the operation of the Boyden Observatory in South Africa because the remoteness of the station made research there costly and ineffec- tive. New locations are being considered for Harvard's Southern Hemisphere Damon patrol cameras that have been at Boyden. The major commitment in observing facilities is at Mount Hop- kins, Arizona, where the installation of the Multiple Mirror Tele- scope has begun, in collaboration with the University of Arizona. The Mount Hopkins complex now operates on a reliable commercial power line from the valley, and improvements to the road and water system continue. The 60-inch telescope was refurbished this year, with recoating of the primary mirror (done at Kitt Peak) and subsequent use of the primary in testing the figure of a new secondary mirror (made by the University of Arizona's Optical Science Center). This light- weight mirror is designed for infrared work and is now mounted on an oscillating support designed and built, together with its drive, at the Center. The improved system allows sky subtraction for infra- 156 / Smithsonian Year 1976 red photometry, using an f/10 beam up to 2-arcmin diameter, a unique capability among infrared telescopes. During fiscal year 1976, the 24-inch telescope of the State Uni- versity of New York at Stony Brook was brought into full operation under our collaborative arrangement. Used for photometry and spectroscopy, it is being designed to accept instruments from the 60-inch telescope. The Multiple Mirror Telescope (mmt) Program jointly carried out by the University of Arizona and the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is proceeding at a satisfactory pace. The optics are essentially complete, and the active-optics alignment system is nearing completion, with both tasks undertaken at the University of Arizona. The final subcontract, for actual fabrication of the opti- cal support structure, was let in the summer; construction and testing should be complete by February 1977. The construction of the mmt housing is proceeding nearly on schedule, under the direc- tion of Aeronutronic-Ford Western Development Laboratories, the prime contractor for all the structural mechanical work. The pier and foundation are complete, and the bearing support and yoke base have been installed by the Smithsonian. Erection of the hous- ing and its support and drive system will take place during the summer and early fall, allowing for the completion of the yoke installation, under shelter, before the end of 1976. After the erec- tion of the optical support structure, scheduled for February 1977, installation of the optical components can begin and should be completed during the spring of 1977. Serious testing and provisional operation of the telescope should take place during the summer of 1977. THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS DIVISION The Theoretical Astrophysics Division performs research in a wide range of astrophysical topics, with theoretical studies often applied to the support and interpretation of observational data. Members of the Division frequently work in collaboration with members of other divisions as well as with scientists in other institutions. In addition, they contribute substantially to the educational program of the Department of Astronomy. The development and application of methods of quantum me- chanics to atomic and molecular processes continued, as did studies Science I 157 A delegation from the Scientific and Technical Association of the People's Republic of China visited the Center for Astrophysics in October for a tour of the facilities and a discussion of current topics in astronomy and astro- physics. Dr. Edmond Reeves (left) describes the Harvard spectroheliometer that flew aboard the Skylab satellite. (Harvard College Observatory photo) on the role of atomic and molecular processes in astrophysics. A relativistic generalization of the random phase approximation was developed and is proving to be a powerful new tool for the treat- ment of elements of high nuclear charges. A pulsating white dwarf model for explaining the X-ray pulsars was devised, in which the pulsations are driven by nuclear burning of accepted hydrogen from a binary companion. Similarly, a model developed for the formation of ob stars in a molecular cloud suggests that an ob star can drive an ionization and shock front into a molecular cloud, which will trigger the formation of a second ob star. The process repeats to form a chain of ob stars. Investigations were made of the possible noncosmological pro- duction of deuterium and other light elements; of the spatial dis- tribution of galaxies; of the propagation of acoustic waves in stellar atmospheres, with particular application to the heating of the low solar chromosphere; and of the radiative transfer and line formation 158 / Smithsonian Year 1976 in sources with spherical geometry and with velocity fields. Studies of the evolution of close binary stars indicate that in an early phase of evolution the binaries were in contact and may have lost a substantial amount of mass and angular momentum at that time. The growth of the central galaxy in a rich cluster of galaxies, due to its accretion of other cluster galaxies, was studied. Also, a va- riety of scenarios was developed to describe formation of a large black hole in a globular cluster. Studies of stellar turbulence driven by tidal distortion revealed that tidally induced shear probably cannot cause turbulence in an otherwise stable star. The unified gauge theory of weak, electromagnetic, and strong interactions was used to study neutrino-pressure supernova models. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. (ssie) has had another year of growth in fiscal year 1976. Not only has there been increasing recognition of the importance of ongoing research infor- mation as a tool for the management and planning of research, but new approaches have been developed to make ongoing research information in the ssie data base more readily available. The Exchange sought to increase the comprehensiveness and coverage of information in its data base in a number of areas of major importance to the national interest. Two such areas were in the fields of cancer and energy research. New sources of input in both these fields were forthcoming at the national and international level, and more than 4,000 new projects were added to the system in these two areas alone. In the field of energy research, the Exchange prepared, under a National Science Foundation grant, the first directory on Informa- tion on International Research and Development Activities in the Field of Energy, which was published by the National Science Foundation. Because of the Exchange's success in obtaining input from five European countries and Canada this first year, the project has been extended for a second year, and arrangements have been completed for obtaining information from three new countries, Science / 159 Sweden, Denmark, and Israel. The possibility of adding input from other foreign countries is also being explored. A concerted effort has been undertaken to obtain new national energy research informa- tion from nonfederal organizations, such as the Electrical Power Research Institute and the Petroleum Research Institute. Through its operation of the Current Cancer Research Project Analysis Center for the International Cancer Research Data Bank program of the National Cancer Institute, the Exchange has in- creased its data base of information about ongoing cancer research, both nationally and internationally. The program is particularly significant not only in terms of identifying research in progress worldwide, but also in terms of the Exchange's output products and services, which are distributed by the National Cancer Institute to scientists in this country and abroad. During fiscal year 1976, the Exchange prepared eight major directories of cancer research and some fourteen special listings of cancer research in highly specific subject areas. Copies of the latter were made available to research investigators worldwide whose research projects appeared in each of the special categories. In addition, information on all research projects in the cancer field, registered at ssie, were made available on-line through the computer facility at the National Library of Medicine. This program is expected to continue throughout the coming year and become increasingly valuable as more research information is fed into the data base. During the year, the Exchange began preparing a quarterly directory of ongoing research information in toxicology for the Toxicology Information Subcommittee of the Department of Health, Education and Welfare's Committee of Coordinate Toxicology and Related Programs. The directory, published quarterly by the Na- tional Technical Information Service, will have an annual cumula- tive index covering research projects indexed throughout the year. The response to the project was enthusiastic and the project has been continued for a second year. The Exchange also continued to prepare directories for publica- tion by various federal agencies in Water Resources Research, Disaster Related Technology, and Dental Research. In 1975 and 1976 the Exchange, with the support of the National Science Foundation, began to develop a more extensive program to identify international data sources of ongoing research information 160 / Smithsonian Year 1976 which could be of major importance and use to research planners and managers in various scientific fields. As a part of this effort, the first International Symposium on Information Systems and Services in Ongoing Research in Science, sponsored by the unisist program of unesco in collaboration with ssie, was held in Paris in October 1975. The Exchange is currently preparing, in cooperation with the unisist program of unesco, a directory of ongoing research systems worldwide in order to further the exchange of information between developed and developing countries. Efforts are currently underway to identify problem areas which might develop as actual exchange of scientific information between countries becomes a reality. As a follow-up to the symposium, the unisist program expects to de- velop an office for ongoing research, which will have a working group of international experts in the field to help identify and suggest ways to resolve problems that might develop in the ex- change of information between countries. In addition to working with unisist, the Exchange is currently exploring the possibility of bilateral cooperation with several countries, including the leasing of the ssie data base, exchange of information in selected subject areas, and development of bilingual indexing terminology to facili- tate exchange of information. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Many people living in temperate regions still regard the tropics as a "green hell" of steaming jungles inhabited by all manner of fierce and unfriendly creatures. Part of our work at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (stri) is to correct this notion. Our primary concern is to support studies that will help to place the ecological, evolutionary, and sociological processes occurring in the tropics into a proper perspective relative to the world ecosystem. Just as we have found that events in the temperate regions, such as indiscriminate use of insecticides and release of radioactive at- mospheric pollutants, produce worldwide effects, so we can expect that destruction of tropical forests and pollution of coral reefs may Science I 161 have profound and as yet unpredicted effects on the earth's weather and ocean productivity. The tropics contain the fastest growing segments of the human population, and the economic aspirations of this group impinge on natural areas in ways that we have only begun to understand. In some parts of Central America more forests may exist now than existed before the Spanish exploration, when indigenous popu- lations may have had greater acreage under cultivation; in other parts of the new world, cutting of forests is proceeding at an un- precedented rate. In tropical rain forests of the Far East, plantations of few or single species are becoming increasingly popular. Of course, such forests are more vulnerable to pests and diseases, and they can only support a much-reduced fauna compared to the mixed-species rain forest that they replace. Tropical rain forests are great storehouses of animal and plant species, and once a species is removed from the genetic pool, it cannot be restored. stri is devoted to fundamental research on tropical organisms. Scientists and students seek to learn why there are more kinds of animals and plants in the tropics and how they divide the avail- able resources, stri is engaged in a wide variety of studies; how- ever, for purposes of this report, the focus will be on activities in two areas: forest ecology and certain aspects of the evolution of aquatic organisms. By conducting fundamental research on the reproductive strate- gies of plants, ecologists on Barro Colorado Island are also learning how and why some species are better exploiters of new openings that appear in tropical forests. Clearings of various sizes appear both naturally and through human activity. Man clears forests for farms, roads, dams, etc. Nature provides clearings through single treefalls, storm-induced clearings, such as the 1.5 hectare openings produced on Barro Colorado Island in 1973; or most spectacularly, the hundreds of hectares of forest that were scoured away by the forces of an earthquake on the Colombia-Panama border last June. Study of recolonization under natural conditions provides the kind of data needed to understand the processes of forest develop- ment, succession, and persistence. A number of workers at stri are looking at problems related to plant growth and success in the tropics. Egbert Leigh went to Malaysia to continue his comparison of 162 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ■V«* Iguanas emerging from a nest on Slothia Island, adjacent to Barro Colorado Island in Panama. lowland and montane rain forests around the world. To see whether transpiration (the evaporation of water through the stomates of leaves), which brings up water by capillary traction from the roots, plays an essential role in transporting nutrients to the tree crown, he visited montane forests in the fog belts of Costa Rica and Malaysia, where transpiration is much reduced. He hoped to dis- cover whether the trees had adopted forms to increase transpira- tion rates under those conditions. These comparisons are part of a program instituted by Martin Moynihan to determine how typical Barro Colorado is of the wet tropics around the world. Analysis indicates that the ecological organization of Barro Colorado wood and leaf production, and the spectrum of defenses from herbivores, etc., seem very similar to those of lowland Malaysian rain forests, as revealed by the ibp project there. Mycorrhizae are specialized plant organs, formed by the associa- tion of fungi with plant roots, which absorb minerals. Almost all plant species, including many crops, can form the vesicular- arbuscular (vA)-type mycorrhizae. The fungi of this type have extremely broad host ranges, and are obligate root inhabitants that neither grow nor reproduce when unassociated with host roots. David P. Janos, a stri postdoctoral fellow, is developing a model of the interaction of va mycorrhizal fungus and plant communities. Science I 163 Many canopy tree species are dependent on mycorrhizae for growth. Plant species of early successional communities are less absolute in their requirement of mycorrhizae, being adapted to greater varia- tion in mineral and mycorrhizal fungus availability. The quantity of mycorrhizae formed in an early successional community affects the availability of inocula for subsequently colonizing species. A reduc- tion of mycorrhizal fungus populations may impede return to climax forest. The current study at stri is concerned first with learning whether the plant community composition reflects mineral and mycorrhizal inoculum availability. Several successional and climax species are being grown with different additions of mycorrhizal inocula and mineral nutrients. The more dependent species are expected to be incapable of growing where inocula are lacking, although this in- capacity may be ameliorated by increased mineral availability. Second, stri scientists are trying to determine whether the quantity of mycorrhizae formed by the plants in a community affects sub- sequent inoculum availability. Repetition of the previously de- scribed experiment without further manipulation of mycorrhizal inoculum will answer this question. Robert Silberglied joined the biological staff in January 1976. He holds a joint appointment with stri and with Harvard Uni- versity as an Assistant Professor of Biology and Curator in Ento- mology at the Museum of Comparative Zoology. Silberglied is studying the function of color and pattern in insect communication and orientation. Of particular interest to him are the spectacular ultraviolet reflection patterns found on the wings of certain butterflies. These patterns, visible to insects (and by photography) but not seen by man, are characterized by some of the most intense and spectrally pure colors found in nature. Since different butterfly species that appear similar to us often have radically different ultraviolet patterns, and since the sexes within a species often differ from one another in this respect, there is potential for an elaborate and very subtle communication system. By changing the colors of living butterflies in behavioral experi- ments, Dr. Silberglied is attempting to unravel the mysteries of this language beyond the spectrum visible to man. Dr. Gene Montgomery has also joined stri's permanent staff. Formerly employed by the National Zoo, Dr. Montgomery's re- 164 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Phoebis arganta (Lepidoptera, Pieridae) photographed with visible light (left) and ultraviolet light (right). search interests are primarily involved with the ecology of tropical mammals and so can be more conveniently pursued at stri. An expert on the radio-tracking of mammals, Dr. Montgomery will continue his studies of anteaters and sloths in Panama and Venezuela. In an effort to further the development of a cooperative program with the Charles Darwin Research Station in the Galapagos Islands, Ecuador, Messrs. Rubinoff, Rand, and Borges visited there in No- vember 1975. Discussions were held on the establishment of a ma- rine laboratory and on the development of fellowships to encourage students to work in the Galapagos. Two stri scientists went to the Galapagos in August to initiate marine studies. D. Ross Robertson was interested in the problem of resource partitioning and competi- tion between damselfishes and surgeonfishes on coral reefs. In most coral reefs of the world, many species of both groups are found, but in the Galapagos only one species of surgeonfish is found as opposed to six species of damselfishes. During Mr. Robert- son's short trip, the patterns of spatial distribution, feeding habits, and interaction of these fish groups with the marine iguana were examined. The only marine lizard occurs there, and it is a herbi- vore probably competing with the fishes for food. From October through December 1975, Tyson Roberts conducted a comprehensive biological survey of the fishes in the Fly River basin, one of the largest in Papua New Guinea. A total of about twenty-five families and eighty-five species was obtained. The fish Science I 165 fauna of the Fly consists almost entirely of recent invaders from the sea or those forms that have had a long history of movement back and forth between marine and freshwater habitats. In June a workshop met on Barro Colorado Island, to review knowledge on when and how the Isthmus of Panama was formed and to discuss the effects of its formation on the evolution of in- vertebrates, especially mollusks and corals. Special attention was given to possible parallels with major "crises" earlier in the fossil record, such as those resulting in extinctions of ammonites, mosasaurs, icthyosaurs, etc. Mollusks survived better on the Pacific side, which suffered less environmental disturbance, but the corals survived better in the Caribbean, largely because of trade-wind- induced upwellings of deeper nutrient-laden waters in the Pacific. Where nutrients abound, algae and barnacles smother infant corals. Long absences of coral reefs are found in the fossil record, such as in the early Carboniferous items when shoal waters were probably richer in nutrients. Had this condition caused kelp beds to replace coral reefs as they do in colder, more nutrient-rich waters today? Drs. Moynihan and Linares left for Senegal in July 1976 for a year of field work. Dr. Moynihan will be looking at the behavior of squirrels and cephalopods, while Dr. Linares will be revisiting the Diola wet rice cultivators that she studied in 1964. A. S. Rand was awarded a grant from the National Science Foundation's United States-Latin American Cooperative Program to investigate the role of malaria in the fluctuations of the popula- tions of lizards on Barro Colorado Island. These population changes, which do not appear to be caused by changes in food or predator abundance, may be a function of disease. Co-investigator in this study is Steven Ayala of the Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia. In December, the second annual report of the Environmental Sciences Program's Tropical Studies was published. Donald Wind- sor was the editor. This computer-assisted compilation makes pos- sible the convenient comparison of data from 1973 and 1974 for a number of parameters. As subsequent volumes accumulate, more meaningful comparisons between annual fluctuations in environ- mental and biological variables will be possible. The short-term fellowship program was expanded with a grant from the Exxon Foundation. Along with continued support from 166 / Smithsonian Year 1976 the Henry L. and Grace Doherty Foundation and the Edward John Noble Foundation, more than fifty students from the United States, Panama, Colombia, Germany, Great Britain, Belgium, Chile, Vene- zuela, and Peru were provided with fellowships to begin studies introducing them to tropical research. Interest in tropical science is increasing, judging from the num- ber of visitors to stri. Over 1,700 scientists and students from 39 states and 37 foreign countries, representing over 180 universities and other institutions, took advantage of stri marine and terrestrial facilities in the last fifteen months. Science I 167 Her Majesty Queen Margrethe II of Denmark with Mr. Marvin Sadik, Director of the National Portrait Gallery, at the May 11, 1976, opening of the exhibi- tion "Christian Gullager, Portrait Painter to Federal America." Smithsonian Year • 1976 HISTORY AND ART It seems fitting that the Smithsonian's Bicentennial year should have turned out to be fifteen months long. As the following pages show in some detail, the history and art bureaus of the Institution produced an array of exhibitions, publications, scholarly tools and educational programs that could scarcely be expected to fit within the confines of an ordinary twelve-month year. The continuing encouragement and support of the Congress and the White House, the extraordinary dedication of hundreds of members of the Smith- sonian family, the cooperation of government agencies and private institutions and individuals, and the administrative and diplomatic skills of the Institution's Bicentennial coordinator, Susan Hamilton, made possible a program worthy both of the Smithsonian and of the great occasion we celebrated. It will be interesting for future generations to compare our Bi- centennial celebration with the Centennial that has been so bril- liantly recaptured in the National Museum of History and Tech- nology's "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" in the Arts and Industries Building on the Mall. Perhaps our successors will see fit to do this at the time of the Tricentennial, in an exhibition called "1976," which might be shown in the nostalgic setting of a carefully re- stored National Air and Space Museum. With the Bicentennial year drawing to a close, our museums and research offices look forward to catching up on some of the impor- tant work of research, collections management, and sheer mainte- nance that has necessarily been deferred during the last few years. But in an Institution as vital and imaginative as the Smithsonian, that does not mean simply a return to business as usual — if, indeed, that phrase can be said to have any meaning at the Smithsonian. 169 The inventiveness of our directors, curators, and other specialists, the farsightedness of our Regents and Secretary, and the interested participation of our visitors and associates throughout the country all guarantee that the Institution will continue to develop in response to the needs of the time. Archives of American Art As a research bureau, the Archives of American Art serves scholar- ship by acquiring and preserving the documentary records needed by art historians and by making them known and available to re- searchers. The past year has seen an unusual degree of success in each of these endeavors. Through the activities of its five regional centers, the Archives received as donations 357 collections of personal papers and insti- tutional and business records. One of the larger of these, the papers of Thomas Casilear Cole and his family, spans a two-hundred-year period in correspondence and diaries. Other collections with useful nineteenth-century material are the papers of the sculptor John Frazee, the engraver James Barton Longacre, the painter Francis D. Millet, and the dealer J. Eastman Chase, whose records include seven Winslow Homer letters. Two important groups of letters written by the contemporary sculptors Alexander Calder and David Smith were lent for microfilming, as were the records of the early twentieth-century abstract painter Arthur Carles. Particularly use- ful series of letters written by Bernard Berenson, Charles Burch- field, John Steuart Curry, and Stanton Macdonald-Wright were also acquired during the year. Other twentieth-century artists repre- sented by substantial collections of correspondence, notes, business records, photographs, and clippings are Rico Lebrun, Philip Pearl- stein, Walter Quirt, Edward W. Redfield, Judson Smith, and Frank- lin Watkins. Artists' papers make up the major portion of collections received, but those of other figures in the art world are often of equal value. This year the entire corpus of records of the art historians Robert Goldwater, Millard Meiss, and Wolfgang Stechow, the curator Sam- uel Wagstaff, and the collector Ferdinand Howald were deposited in the Archives or lent for microfilming. The Lee Nordness Gallery 170 / Smithsonian Year 1976 aivllocrs J^-^'JPcc^ Cars J ^■'■•JPccAf Cars j ( TT- • r> i 7 ■ /^L■-• Left, Photograph of Raphael Soyer shortly after his arrival in the United States in 1912. Mr. Soyer is one of the artists featured in the Hirshhorn's Bicenten- nial exhibition "The Golden Door: Artist-Immigrants of America, 1876-1976. (Photo credit: Raphael Soyer) Right. Soyer's Farewell to Lincoln Square, oil on canvas, 1959. (Photo credit: Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation) add depth to the collection and maintain the Museum's interest in fine examples of contemporary creativity. A meaningful celebration of the nation's Bicentennial was a Museum priority in 1976. The combined efforts of the staff, guided by Curator Cynthia McCabe, produced the exhibition "The Golden Door, Artist-Immigrants of America: 1876-1976," a selective sur- vey of the immigrant-artist's contribution to the development and expansion of American culture. The comprehensive 432-page cata- logue, which contains an introduction by Dr. Daniel Boorstin, Li- brarian of Congress, and an essay by Mrs. McCabe, includes detailed information about the exhibition's content: 203 paintings, sculptures, architectural models, drawings, and photographs, rep- resenting 67 artists who immigrated to the United States from 23 countries. In addition, the catalogue includes a one-hundred-year History and Art I 179 The first anniversary of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden was celebrated on October 1, 1975. Among those present were (left to right) Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn; Mr. Abram Lerner, Director of the Museum; Vice Presi- dent Rockefeller; and Mrs. Hirshhorn. chronology of world events, immigration legislation, and cultural history, as well as artists' biographies and their comments concern- ing the impact of immigration. A generous grant from The Thomas M. Evans Foundation, New York, made it possible to enlarge and enhance this significant catalogue. Three orientation galleries, featuring pertinent immigration docu- ments, ship lists, photographs, newspapers, and memorabilia, served to introduce visitors to the immigrant experience and were made possible by liberal support from The Balch Institute of Phila- delphia. The Balch Institute also made it possible for the Museum to print and distribute 150,000 free tabloid-format information sheets about the exhibition. Other exhibitions presented by the Museum were: "Soto: A 180 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ■ »•!. ^ \w v The third-floor balcony of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Retrospective Exhibition/' September 25, 1975-November 9, 1975; "The Sculpture and Drawings of Elie Nadelman," December 18, 1975-February 15, 1976; "Artists, Authors, and Others: Drawings by David Levine," March 4, 1976-May 2, 1976; "Thomas Hart Benton: The Sources of Country Music," June 28, 1976-September 6, 1976; "Homage to Joan Prats," June 28, 1976-September 6, 1976; "Robert Rauschenberg's Stoned Moon Series," June 28, 1976-September 6, 1976; and "John Covert, 1882-1960," Septem- ber 16, 1976-November 14, 1976. On October 14, 1975, in cooperation with the United States Gen- eral Services Administration, the Museum installed on its plaza a reduced version of Alexander Calder's 53-foot sculpture Flamingo, created for the Federal Plaza in Chicago. The installation was spe- History and Art I 181 ii ft Dramatic view of sculptures by Nadelman, part of the exhibition "The Sculp- ture and Drawings of Elie Nadelman/' held at the Hirshhorn, December 19, 1975-February 15, 1976. daily designed for use by sightless visitors to the Museum. The suggestion for the smaller version, which made it more accessible to the touch, came from various organizations for the blind and was approved by Mr. Calder and the General Services Adminis- tration. A braille plaque described the sculpture to the blind visitor. An official ceremony marked the unveiling at which Mrs. Gerald R. Ford; Mr. Arthur F. Sampson, Administrator, General Services Administration; and United States Senator Jennings Randolph (West Virginia) spoke before invited guests and a large audience. Research on the permanent collections continued, with archival material being sorted, analyzed, and catalogued in a master file. Over one thousand photographs were added to these official files. The Museum answered 579 research inquiries from various sources and furnished 564 photographs to scholars, publishers, and authors. The Registrar's office catalogued 400 works in the Museum collec- tion (including 129 new acquisitions) and added newly gathered data to the computerized catalogue of the collection. A number of practical working tools were developed from this computer file, 182 / Smithsonian Year 1976 including artist lists, donor lists, retrieval by type of object, store- room inventory cards, and labels for photo archive files. With its large collection of painting and sculpture, the Museum engages in an active program of lending to significant exhibitions here and abroad. Forty-two loans involving one hundred works were made from the Museum collection to other institutions. These loans included a portrait by Robert Delaunay sent to the Louvre, paintings by Willem de Kooning and Stuart Davis circulated to Rome, Bonn, and Eastern Europe, and other objects lent to major museums in London, New York, Boston, Philadelphia, Atlanta, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. Another twenty-two paintings are on loan to the White House. In addition to this regular program of outgoing loans, two ex- hibitions of works from the Museum collection were circulated: "Sculptors and Their Drawings," a selection of twelve sculptures and twelve related drawings, traveled to museums in Charlotte, San Francisco, Akron, and Middletown; an exhibition of twenty- seven sculptures by Italian artists was made available to the Mu- seum of Fine Arts in Richmond and the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. Seven temporary loan exhibitions and three smaller exhibitions, drawn from the Museum collection, were held during the year. These exhibitions included over 400 works borrowed from other museums and collections and 150 from the Museum's own holdings. The Education Department of the Museum continued to inter- pret the collection to a diverse public, which included many visi- tors from abroad during the Bicentennial year. The docent pro- gram continues to be the most popular educational service in the Museum, and one of the largest in the Washington metropolitan area. During the fifteen-month period from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976, 102 docents provided tours as follows: Tour Classification Elementary School Group Secondary School Group Adult Group General (unscheduled) Special Exhibition Total Number of Tours Participants 168 7,942 children 162 7,784 children 245 7,656 adults 2,248 33,436 adults/children 333 3,545 adults/children 3,156 60,363 adults/children History and Art I 183 The docents gave approximately ten thousand hours of volun- teer time. To augment the summer schedule during the Bicentennial year, the Department trained five specialist-docents to interpret the Bicentennial exhibition "The Golden Door, Artist-Immigrants of America: 1876-1976." These docents were especially useful dur- ing the Museum's first evening visiting hours, when it was open until 9:00 p.m., April through Labor Day. The Education Department developed a manual for Museum volunteers that is invaluable in the training and supervision of docents. As part of the Museum's changing exhibition program that began in September 1975, the Education Department prepared spe- cial one-page handouts for each exhibition, distributed without cost to visitors. Approximately sixty thousand copies of these handouts were distributed during the Soto, Nadelman, and Levine exhibi- tions. In addition, the telesonic guide system, which serves to interpret selected paintings and sculptures in the permanent collection, was incorporated into the Bicentennial exhibition. Thirty-eight special tapes were created for this purpose. The auditorium program, begun in November 1974, has contin- ued with a weekly three-part film series and a monthly program of lectures. The film series features documentaries on art and art- ists, as well as avant-garde and experimental cinema and a special Saturday series featuring works in animation particularly selected for children. From September 1975 through April 1976, over 25,600 persons viewed 140 different films. Highlights of this film program included premieres of many new films, talks by artist-filmmakers, screening of works by sixteen independent filmmakers, and lectures on film as an art form. The monthly lecture series featured distinguished professionals in the field of nineteenth- and twentieth-century art. Among the speakers in this program were Michael Fried, Peter Plagens, Douglas Davis, John I. H. Baur, John Hallmark Neff, David Levine, and Diane Waldman. The eight lectures given during the year were attended by 1,242 persons. The Museum's intern program, begun last year, was continued during 1976. The graduate program included two interns who were working toward their master's degree in art history at George 184 / Smithsonian Year 1976 David Levine, self-caricature drawn in 1968, from "Artists, Authors, and Others: Drawings by David Levine," an exhibition at the Hirshhorn March 4, 1976-May 2, 1976. (Photo: Copyright © David Levine) Washington University. The undergraduate program was also con- tinued during the summer of 1976 and included four interns, who were selected from a total of 215 applicants from colleges through- out the United States. The Photography Department concentrated on documenting the permanent collection and producing slides and photographs re- quired for special exhibitions. Over 7,776 original photographs were produced by the Department through September 1976. The Department also answered 564 individual photo requests during the same period. The Conservation Department made major advances toward com- pleting its modern laboratory. Some three hundred objects were treated, twenty requiring major treatments. More than one hundred examination and condition reports were completed in connection with the ongoing project of surveying the entire collection. The collection of outdoor sculpture was cleaned and coated to help guard against harmful atmospheric conditions. With most of its equipment now installed, the laboratory is carrying on conservation activities essential to the physical care of the Museum collection. The Department of Exhibits and Design mounted a total of four major and six smaller exhibitions. Shown were groupings of works History and Art I 185 by David Smith, Henry Moore, Robert Rauschenberg, Jose de Creeft, and Ben Benn, as well as a selection of drawings from the permanent collection and of paintings by artists of the San Fran- cisco area. Major exhibitions installed by the Museum's Department of Ex- hibits and Design included a retrospective of works by the Vene- zuelan artist Jesus Rafael Soto, which originated with The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, and a retrospective of sculptures and drawings by Elie Nadelman, which was presented in cooperation with the Whitney Museum of American Art. The Museum's ex- hibition of caricatures by David Levine will tour for two years under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhi- bition Service. Especially relevant to the Smithsonian's Bicentennial Festival of American Folklife was the exhibition of Thomas Hart Benton's mural, The Sources of Country Music, which included pre- liminary drawings and was lent by the Country Music Hall of Fame Museum. An exhibition of Stoned Moon, a series of twenty-nine lithographs by Robert Rauschenberg, celebrated the opening of the new National Air and Space Museum. Joseph Henry Papers On February 6, 1976, ceremonies were held at Princeton University celebrating the publication of volume two of The Papers of Joseph Henry, released by the Smithsonian Institution Press in December 1975. Highlighting the activities at Princeton were the opening of an exhibit of Henry apparatus and documents, prepared in part by members of the staff of the Henry Papers, and a demonstration lecture reproducing Henry's electromagnetic experiments, in which some of Henry's original apparatus was used. Volume two of The Papers of Joseph Henry is concerned with Henry's first three years as Professor of Natural Philosophy at Princeton (1832-1835). Documented are his initial contacts with major European scientists, Henry's struggles to improve the quality of the scientific program at Princeton, his continuing experimenta- tion in terrestrial magnetism and self-induction, and his early asso- ciation with Alexander Dallas Bache, later to become Henry's 186 / Smithsonian Year 1976 partner in remaking American science. Reading notes, personal and scientific correspondence, and detailed laboratory notes are included in the volume. Research and editing for the third volume of The Papers of Joseph Henry have proceeded on schedule. Covering Henry's career through mid-1838, this volume will document both his professional and personal life. The core of the volume will be Henry's diary of his first European trip (1837). Henry observed European science, technology, and culture, and compared them to their American counterparts. The reader will view Europe through the eyes of Henry the scientist, exchanging ideas with colleagues, and Henry the tourist, awed by the sights of Europe. The Henry Papers continues to participate in various scholarly and educational activities. The nineteenth-century seminar pre- sented speakers from assorted divisions of the Institution. The editor, with financial support from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Science Foundation, organized a series of sessions on "The Sciences in America: A Bicentennial Retro- spective," at the 1976 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, under the sponsorship of the History of Science Society. This past year the Henry Papers again participated in the National Historical Publications Commission's fellowship program in Advanced Editing of Documentary Sources for Ameri- can History, training a postdoctoral fellow in the techniques of preparing documents for publication. National Collection of Fine Arts What has art meant to America and what has America meant to art? These questions were asked by one of the National Collection of Fine Arts' major Bicentennial exhibitions, "America As Art." In- cluding 388 works of art, many never before shown in a major national presentation, the exhibition was organized in eight distinct parts, each examining an aspect of the relationship between Amer- ica and its art and culture, from the late eighteenth century to the present. Themes ranged from "America As Symbol" and "The American Cousin" to "Identity from Uniformity." Accompanying History and Art I 187 "America As Art" was a 320-page book of the same title by Joshua C. Taylor, with an additional essay by John Cawelti, an illustrated checklist, and a study manual. Calling attention to more contemporary matters, "Signs of Life: Symbols in the American City," an elaborately installed show at the Renwick Gallery, set out to explore the various levels of mean- ing in the environment we have built for ourselves. Candidly looking at "The Home," "The Strip," and "The Street" through photographs and full-scale mock-ups, "Signs of Life" pointed out the human values underlying much that is overlooked in conscious efforts at environmental design. The exhibition, produced by the architectural firm of Venturi and Rauch, in close association with the staff, provoked wide discussion in the national press. As a foundation for future work in the history of American art, on July 6 the National Collection of Fine Arts (ncfa) opened to the Left. "The Strip" section in "Signs of Life: Symbols in the American City" exhibition at the National Collection of Fine Arts' Renwick Gallery, February 26-October 31, 1976. Right. Louise Hellstrom by Peggy Bacon from the exhi- bition "Peggy Bacon: Personalities and Places," shown at the National Col- lection of Fine Arts, December 5, 1975, through February 8, 1976. scholarly public its Bicentennial Inventory of American Paintings Executed before 1914, an event marked by a small explanatory exhibition. This project was begun in 1971 to locate and record works from across the nation, with particular concern for those never before recorded. With the aid of individuals and local com- mittees throughout the country, 153,000 paintings were filed on the computer by the time the Inventory was opened for use, and an image file recording 35,000 works was established. A guide to the Inventory, outlining its contents and describing its nature and use, was published in August. Since its opening, entries have con- tinued to expand the Inventory's listings, and scholars have been quick to utilize its information. As a further Bicentennial contribution to the understanding of American art, the ncfa mounted the first comprehensive exhibition of works by the nineteenth-century painter Emanuel Leutze and published a catalogue raisonne of Leutze's known works, compiled by Dr. Barbara Groseclose. The study revealed him to be a painter of great skill and national pride, who deserves to be remembered for more than his Washington Crossing the Delaware. Throughout the summer, "1876: American Art of the Centennial," a small but representative exhibition of works actually shown, or similar to those exhibited in the art section of the Philadelphia exposition of 1876, provided an opportunity to look back at the complexities that characterized art in that important year. The exhibit was or- ganized by Dr. Susan Hobbs. In addition to exhibitions related to the Bicentennial celebration, the ncfa produced fourteen exhibits that continued its policy of investigating often neglected aspects or little studied assumptions of American art. The delightful and incisive work of Peggy Bacon, well known since the 1920s but sometimes overlooked by those more interested in the avant-garde, was presented by the Depart- ment of Prints and Drawings in an exhibition of 192 paintings, prints, drawings, and pastels. A 166-page publication, with an essay by Dr. Roberta Tarbell and a complete catalogue of Miss Bacon's prints, accompanied the exhibition. In cooperation with the artist's family, Janet Flint, Curator of Prints and Drawings, organized a major exhibition and catalogue of prints by Louis Lozowick, an artist of the 1920s and 1930s who in his theoretical writings and History and Art I 189 works of art celebrated technology and the American city. Lozo- wick's paintings were also featured in "Urban Optimism/' the sec- tion of "America As Art" that dealt with the urban ideal of the Twenties. Mrs. Flint also organized an exhibition and wrote a criti- cal essay on the contribution of George Miller, the master printer who almost single-handedly provided a generation of American artists with the technical expertise to produce lithographs of artistic quality. An especially provocative exhibition was that of the color- ful works of Bob Thompson (1937-1966), organized by Adelyn Breeskin. Though cut off early in his career, Thompson made his mark as a distinctive personality in American art. Of particular importance in the reassessment of recent art was "Sculpture: American Directions, 1945-1975," assembled by Wal- ter Hopps, which traveled to Dallas and New Orleans after its show- ing in Washington. Concentrating on variety in process and content, the exhibition provided a picture of the range and power of Ameri- can sculpture over the past thirty years. "Images of an Era: The American Poster, 1945-1975," an extensive exhibition prepared by 190 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Left. Partial view of the exhibition "Sculpture: American Directions, 1945-1975" at the National Collection of Fine Arts, October 10-November 11, 1975. Right. His Excellency Jose C. Cardenas (left), the Ambassador from Ecuador, with Dr. Joshua C. Taylor, Director of the National Collection of Fine Arts, at the opening of the exhibition "Americas: The Decorative Arts in Latin America in the Era of the Revolution." the Office of Exhibitions Abroad (oea), was shown throughout the United States and has been sent abroad for extended tour. The exhibition is accompanied by a handsomely illustrated publication. Also originated under oea were "Variations on the Camera's Eye," a selection of contemporary works that traveled through South America, and an exhibition of American quilts, shown in Europe. The impact of commercial and industrial design on our daily lives is rarely noted. In the Renwick Gallery's retrospective exhibition of the designs of Raymond Loewy, the influence of one man's sense of design was impressive. From the first streamlined locomotive to a recent oil company sign, Loewy taught a whole generation to see design in his special way. Of very different character were the de- signs of Arne Jacobsen, presented at the Renwick in an exhibition under the patronage of the Embassy of Denmark. In marked con- trast to the works of these designers for industry were the works by American craftsmen featured in the Renwick's exhibition, "Craft Multiples." Each crafted object shown had to be producible in sets of at least ten without losing its individual quality. Accompanied History and Art I 191 by a well-illustrated publication, the exhibit began a two-year tour of smaller cities in the United States after its Washington showing. The public rarely has access to the operations that support the varied activities of the ncfa, so an exhibition, "Behind the Scenes/' was organized by interns working under the Department of Edu- cation to allow the visitor an insight into the organization and support necessary to care for works of art and to prepare carefully designed and documented exhibitions for the public. The creative process in developing a large-scale work was dramatically described in ". . . And There Was Light: Studies by Abraham Rattner for the Stained Glass Window, Chicago Loop Synagogue." Both of these exhibitions were presented in the Education Department's "Discover Gallery," which is devoted to such informative and visually exciting exhibitions. During the year, 507 works were added to the collection, includ- ing a luminous landscape painting by Thomas Doughty signed in 1833, and William Sonntag's unusually dramatic Mountain Land- scape of 1854. Among other important eighteenth- and nineteenth- century works acquired were the portrait of General Giles by Joseph Wright, Robert Loftin Newman's Flight into Egypt, and Erastus Dow Palmer's sculpture June. Several works were acquired that were featured in exhibitions, including Seymour Lipton's sculpture The Defender, Bob Thompson's Two Figures, and Louis Lozowick's drawing Stage Setting for Gas. With matching funds from the National Endowment for the Arts, several major works were added to the collection of the Department of Prints and Drawings, including Jim Dine's Five Paint Brushes, Robert Rauschenberg's Treaty, and Claes Oldenberg's Pile of Erasers. The Woodward Foundation made a generous gift of 193 contemporary works to the Collection. Staff activity and participation in professional organizations have grown steadily over the years as the ncfa has been increasingly looked to for leadership among those especially interested in Ameri- can art. William Walker, Librarian of the National Collection of Fine Arts and the National Portrait Gallery, was elected chairman of the Art Libraries Society of North America, and several staff mem- bers were elected to local art councils. Several members of the staff served as judges in competitions of national stature. The staff took an active part in the 71st Annual Conference of the American 192 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Association of Museums. Among others, Val Lewton and David Keeler met with participants to explain the ncfa's attitude toward the design of exhibitions, and association members were introduced to the methods used by the Education Department for improvisa- tional tours and other, more general, uses of the collections that have come to be emulated in numerous museums throughout the nation. Staff members of the Conservation Laboratory, the Library, and the Bicentennial Inventory of American Paintings conducted tours and sessions. Robin Bolton-Smith, Associate Curator of Eighteenth and Nineteenth Century Painting and Sculpture, who organized a loan exhibition of early American miniatures in the ncfa's Doris M. Magowen Gallery of Portrait Miniatures, delivered a lecture on American miniatures to the Sixth Annual Symposium on American Art. This event was co-sponsored by the ncfa and the University of Delaware. National Museum of History and Technology The impressive commitment of the National Museum of History and Technology to mount nine exhibitions in honor of the nation's Bicentennial reached a magnificent climax in fiscal year 1976, with the opening of five exhibitions, including two of unprecedented size: "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" and "A Nation of Nations." Two others, "Suiting Everyone" and "We The People," were opened last year and two, "Belgian Gunmaking in American History" and "Person to Person," remain to be opened in the final months of this calendar year. These varied and ambitious exhibitions culminate a period of more than six years of planning and preparation. Dur- ing much of this time staff members redirected their activities, some in part and others totally, from their usual pursuits to an extraordi- nary concentration upon exhibition-related work. This mammoth endeavor resulted in nearly 125,000 square feet of exhibits in which over 38,000 objects are displayed. The largest of all the exhibits is "1876: A Centennial Exhibition," a recreation of the spirit of the great Philadelphia exposition of 1876, which occupied 274 acres and some 40 buildings in Fairmount Park. Using the entire exhibition area of 54,000 square feet in the Arts and Industries Building, this exhibit utilized more than History and Art I 193 25,000 objects, some of them originally displayed at Philadelphia. Amid great enthusiasm, it was officially opened by Chief Justice Warren Burger and Secretary Ripley at twelve noon, May 10, the exact anniversary of the opening of the original exposition. A large proportion of the staff contributed to this enormous effort. Designed by William A. Miner of the Museum's Office of Exhibits, the exhibition catches the enthusiasm and ebullience of one hundred years ago. Robert Vogel, Chairman of the Department of Science and Technology, served as chairman of the curators who developed the content and collections. Robert C. Post, nmht Historian, served on the curatorial committee and as editor of the handsome publi- cation produced for "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" — a volume consisting of more than forty essays by members of the Museum staff and others, and almost 350 illustrations. Also accompanying the exhibit is a film planned for television presentation, as well as for viewing in the Smithsonian, entitled Celebrating a Century. This film vividly recreates the dream and achievements of a few Phila- delphians who successfully carried the exposition through its many vicissitudes and made it a major event of the century. The script, written by Benjamin W. Lawless, Assistant Director for Exhibits, was produced by the Film Unit of Smithsonian Exhibits Central, under the direction of Karen Loveland. It was funded by the Museum and the National Science Foundation. As in the original fair, machinery and technology dominate the present exhibit. Nearly all of the machines had to be restored and brought back to working condition. Several operating machine steam engines are set in motion regularly to run woodworking and metalworking machinery and an early Otis elevator. Indeed, motion highlights this exhibition. One display provides a selection of early powered fans, another a rotating lighthouse. A sparkling Baldwin locomotive and several carriages are featured, and many varieties of tools, implements, and scientific instruments appear, as well as inventions of the day ranging from the fluting iron to the tele- phone. From time to time, some of the musical instruments are demonstrated. A sense of the foreign exhibits that were sent to Philadelphia is conveyed in the series of national pavilions, while the flavor of the states' participation can be found in the individual bays present- ing some of the states. One of the most notable presentations — dis- 194 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Above. Ninety-foot-high rotunda of the Arts and Industries Build- ing showing part of the National Museum of History and Tech- nology's exhibition "1876: A Centennial Exhibition." Right. Katherine Dirks and Howard Hoffman at work on the 51-foot model of the U.S. 5. Antietam, a prominent feature of that exhibi- tion. (Credit both photos: Robert C. Lautman) plays, products, and efforts by women — is housed in a recreation of the separate building that was erected for that purpose in 1876. The dominant feature in the government wing of the exhibit is the 51-foot model of the U.S.S. Antietam. This model was actually displayed at Philadelphia and thereafter used at the Naval Academy for training in handling sailing ships. Restoration to its original appearance required a very tedious and time-consuming project of making, fitting, and rigging sails. "A Nation of Nations," an exhibition that made comparable demands upon the staff, was opened on June 9 after many years of planning and development. Occupying nearly half of the entire second floor of the Museum, the exhilarating story of the transfer of peoples and cultures to America is told in terms of objects. Throughout, items displayed are identified with the national and ethnic groups that used them. The exhibit introduces the theme by showing evidences of the first migrants, the Indians, who themselves became a complex of nations, and by showing the remarkable diversity already present when the United States proclaimed its independence. Four major periods are developed: (1) the settling of the country by English- speaking peoples on the one hand and a great diversity of nations on the other; (2) the persistence of old patterns in the new land; (3) the sharing of experiences, in which new Americans partici- pated in common efforts without giving up their own cultural heri- tage; and, finally (4) a nation among nations that lives in instant communication with the rest of the world. The exhibit features fine examples of a great number of objects of everyday use and some very large items, among them a rotating windmill and a log gristmill from New Mexico powered by a hori- zontal waterwheel. Several striking interiors include an early New England kitchen, an early twentieth-century urban school room, a World War II barracks, and a twentieth-century Italian- American home. An operating pencilmaking machine and an operating amateur radio station in actual contact with the rest of the world are demonstrated periodically. This exhibition was planned and developed by a committee of staff members under the leadership of Carl H. Scheele, Curator of Postal History; throughout preparation, the resources of the en- tire Museum were crucial. The design was by Chermayeff and 196 / Smithsonian Year 1976 WINES isWn , 5SJ HUU6ftRWUA£ri!»8ffiT J IN ft ~CSTAURANT riff ' CAMBAS 6REEKWH* -»•#-'*«*•****»•■»». Visitors to the exhibition "A Nation of Nations" saw this unique collection of ethnic-food neon signs from various American stores and restaurants, includ- ing one from Goldberg's Pizza on 2nd Avenue, New York City. Geismar Associates. Peter C. Marzio, Associate Curator of Graphic Arts and Printing, edited a 696-page accompanying volume en- titled A Nation of Nations, an illustrated collection of more than thirty topical essays, most of them by staff members who partici- pated in building the exhibit. One of the smaller exhibitions, "American Banking/' was made possible by the support of the American Banking Association. It represents the first major attempt in the museum world to illustrate the story of American banking and credit and related services from the nation's beginning to the present. A supplemental history of the American banking system, entitled American Banking, was written by the Curators of Numismatics, Elvira and Vladimir Clain-Stefa- nelli, who also had planned the exhibition. Two other exhibits, although small, are especially notable in bringing to this country for the first time great treasures held in other nations. "Columbus and His Time" presented many of the History and Art I 197 The exhibition "Columbus and His Time," which opened June 3, 1976, con- tained many treasures and rare documents from Spain relating to Columbus. Especially notable was the great map drawn in 1500 on oxhide by Juan de la Cosa, navigator, geographer, and master of the Santa Maria on Columbus's first voyage. state documents and relics relating to Christopher Columbus and his voyages of discovery. Carried through by Silvio A. Bedini, Deputy Director of the Museum, the project necessitated his on-site search of repositories throughout Spain, where most of the objects had remained for as long as five hundred years. Securing the neces- sary loan agreements for a number of these materials required a heroic effort coordinated by the Instituto de Cultura Hispanica in Madrid, the Spanish Ministry of Foreign Relations, and the personal intercession, again and again, of King Juan Carlos himself. Perhaps the most spectacular of the treasures is the great map of Juan de la Cosa, produced in 1500, in which the new world discovered by Columbus was delineated for the first time. Critical documents re- lating to the voyage, weapons and armor of the period, and even books with Columbus's own notes are included. Portraits of Colum- bus and Queen Isabella and the great retablo of the Virgin Protec- tress of Seafarers from the Reales Alcazares in Seville are remark- able pieces. The exhibit was opened formally by King Juan Carlos and Queen Sophia on their visit to Washington, June 3, 1976. The visit to the Smithsonian by Queen Elizabeth II was com- memorated by a smaller, jewellike display of twenty-five of the 198 / Smithsonian Year 1976 original anatomical drawings by Leonardo da Vinci from the Queen's personal collection in Windsor Castle. Because the draw- ings had been bound into volumes, this was the first time they could be viewed side by side in context with one another. Although displayed for only one month, the exhibition drew scholars and students of medicine, anatomy, and painting from all over the country. It was opened on July 2, 1976, by Sir Robin Mackworth- Young, Royal Librarian and Keeper of the Queen's Archives. The Museum's public presentations were not limited to exhibi- tions. The Division of Musical Instruments produced two record- Above. Original anatomical drawings by Leonardo da Vinci from the personal collection of Queen Elizabeth II were on display in the National Museum of History and Technology, July 2-August 1, 1976. Silvio A. Bedini, Deputy Director of the Museum, (left to right) and Secretary S. Dillon Ripley greet Sir Robin Mackworth-Young, Royal Librarian and Keeper of the Queen's Archives. Below. Mrs. Malcolm Fraser, wife of the Prime Minister of Aus- tralia, visits the Leonardo exhibition with Brooke Hindle. Director of the Museum. Camp stool, part of the camp equipment of General George Washington and headquarters staff, was a notable acquisition in 1976. ings with instruments from the National Collections. Music From the Age of Jefferson has proven to be extremely popular and a recording of Volume II of the Songs of Stephen Foster has also received acclaim. James M. Weaver, Associate Curator of the Divi- sion, prepared the musicians for thirteen live performances of "Music and Dance from the Age of Jefferson," produced in various parts of the country in cooperation with the National Smithsonian Associates. Despite the diversion of most of the Museum's staff and re- sources to exhibition projects, the collections were enriched by the acquisition of numerous important specimens, some acquired specifically for the major exhibitions and others added to the refer- ence collections. Worthy of particular mention are the only extant prototype of a "Geiger-Miiller" radiation counter tube; the first hand calculator; the "Huff-Duff," the radio direction-finder that broke the wolf packs of German submarines in World War II; and a major collection of radiological artifacts and documents. Also ac- quired were a comprehensive collection of nineteenth-century American stoneware; a rare inlaid Pennsylvania German chest dated 1783; a Massachusetts "Sword in Hand" 30-shilling note of 1775 printed from plates engraved by Paul Revere; and the Ernst W. Puttkammer Collection of more than 150,000 German and German- 200 / Smithsonian Year 1976 related stamps and the Rene Muller Collection of Saar overprints. Additions to the ordnance collections included a rare seventeenth- century dog lock long-fowler of the type used by New Englanders and the only known example of the repeating rifle made on the patent of Joseph G. Chambers during the War of 1812. A one-tenth- scale model of the eighteenth-century tobacco ship Brilliant was donated by the American Tobacco Institute and will be featured in the Hall of American Maritime Enterprise now being planned. Most notable among acquisitions important for their associations were a dress from the First Lady, Mrs. Gerald R. Ford; a campstool from George Washington's field headquarters tent; and jewelry and sewing accessories owned by Martha Washington. A tall case clock was acquired, made by Peter Hill, the first black clockmaker in this country. Herbert R. Collins, Associate Curator in the Division of Political History, attended both the Democratic and Republican National Conventions and collected valuable ephemera and political campaigning memorabilia for the already outstanding collection owned by the Museum. On May 18, 1976, Muhammad Ali (right) donates his boxing gloves and robe from the George Foreman fight in Zaire to Carl H. Scheele, Chairman of "A Nation of Nations" exhibition. The Museum engaged in a wide variety of educational activities. These ranged from the direct (though often unperceived) impact of exhibits, through the programs of the Division of Visitor Informa- tion and Education, to formal activities in higher education and informal participation in the work of many professional groups. The Division of Visitor Information and Education offered more services than ever before. During the school year (October 1975- April 1976), 187 docents conducted 1,620 lesson-tours related to several themes for 31,859 students and visitors, 289 outreach pro- grams in local schools serving 8,734 children, and 759 tailored and highlight tours for 15,561 adult visitors. In addition, 795 special programs, including tours for the handicapped, "discovery corners," demonstrations, and films were presented to 13,123 visitors. During the other months covered in this fifteen-month reporting period (July 1975 through September 1976), 69,959 visitors participated in 2,290 mini-tours, demonstrations, "discov- ery corners," and specially scheduled programs. In August 1975, Joseph Buckley joined the staff to develop and implement a program for handicapped visitors. Among current activities are signed tours for the deaf, outreach programs for the mentally retarded, adapted tours for the physically handicapped, and arranged tours for the elderly. More extensive use of touchable objects and raised-line drawings has increased the Museum's accessibility to the blind. The installation of special communications equipment has enabled the Special Education Specialist to deal directly with handicapped individuals and agencies for the handi- capped. For the most part, new tours were developed around the Bicen- tennial exhibitions or the new exhibitions were included in existing tours; "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" added a new dimension to museum education at the Smithsonian. Docents, clothed in period costumes, use "living history" techniques to present the various items in the exhibit. As "salesmen" for the display, the docents not only demonstrate various objects in such areas as W. and L. E. Gurley surveying instruments and Snediker and Carr ventilating fans, but also discuss the daily affairs of 1876 with visitors. The "discovery corners" represent another addition to the edu- cational programs. The Spirit of 1776 Corner opened in April 1976. Its popularity led to the addition of a "discovery corner" in the 202 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Hall of Electricity in May 1976, presenting the early electrical ex- periments of Benjamin Franklin. The Bicentennial series of Frank Nelson Doubleday lectures was dedicated to "The Character of the American Achievement." David C. Mathews, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare, spoke on "Perspectives on Education." Harold Rosenberg, art critic of The New Yorker, examined "American Art: Form and Exploration." Thomas C. Cochran, Benjamin Franklin Professor Emeritus at the University of Pennsylvania, evaluated "The American Business Heritage," and author Stephen Birmingham concluded with "Eth- nicity in America." The Museum's largest formal commitment to higher education has been through the Smithsonian Fellowship Program. The seven fellows appointed during the 1975 academic year reflected, even more than usual, the great diversity of its pursuits and interests. This year only one was a postdoctoral fellow: Arthur Nunes of the University of California, who pursued research in the history of welding. The predoctoral fellows were: Virginia Drachmann, State University of New York at Buffalo, whose topic was nineteenth- century obstetrical and gynecological instruments; Leonard Reich, Johns Hopkins University, the development of the vacuum tube and radio in the United States; Scott Hambly, University of Pennsyl- vania, developments in the form, use, and function of the mandolin in the United States; Richard Glasow, University of Delaware, the "new American navy," naval officers, and naval engineering; Rob- ert Friedel, Johns Hopkins University, a study of the technical and social history of celluloid; and Susan Frey, University of Washing- ton, a study of Friedrich Engels, the Dialectics of Nature, and nine- teenth-century science. Limited-term summer appointments were served by Julie Haifley, George Washington University, whose sub- ject was Titian Ramsay Peale and photography; and Steven Dick, Indiana University, who studied astronomical measuring instru- ments. The Fellowship Program continued to add a significant dimension to activities at the National Museum of History and Technology, especially as liaison between the Museum and acade- mia. Biweekly fellows' luncheons provided a productive medium for interaction with the staff. Under the direction of Dr. Forrest C. Pogue, the Dwight D. Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research has been active in History and Art I 203 directing fellows, in research activities, and in a variety of profes- sional programs. Colonel Thomas E. Griess, Chairman of the His- tory Department at West Point, served as a fellow in the 1975-1976 academic year. This summer, Colonel Alfred F. Hurley, usaf, and Hans L. Paeffgen arrived to pursue individual research projects as fellows. The Institute co-sponsored with the United States Commission on Military History, the Ninth Quinquennial Conference of the Commission Internationale d'Histoire Militaire, which was held in the Museum in August 1975. Approximately one hundred and sixty historians attended, including sixty from twenty-six foreign nations; simultaneous translation of the proceeding was provided. Two related themes were considered: "Development of Military Techniques and Technology: Its Impact on Strategy and Tactics in the Period Before the Atomic Bomb," and "The Age of Revolution in the Americas During the 18th and 19th Centuries: The Military Impact on Society, Economics, and Technology." Dr. Philip K. Lundeberg, Curator of Naval History, served as program chairman. In November 1975, at the General Douglas MacArthur Memorial Library, Norfolk, Virginia, Dr. Pogue participated in the first of a three-part series of seminars on the American military occupation and reconstruction of Japan and Europe after World War II. The second part took place in April at the George C. Marshall Research Foundation and the third will meet here in May 1977. In March 1976, Dr. Pogue and Colonel Griess contributed military history dimensions to a television series entitled "Transformations of American Society," presented by Bergen Community College and the Columbia Broadcasting System. Dr. Pogue served as consultant in developing the George C. Marshall Corridor at the Pentagon, opened by President Ford in April. Also in April, Dr. Pogue joined the executive committee that will supervise the large, statewide program of the Kentucky Bicentennial Oral History Commission. In January 1976, at the request, among others, of Dr. Robert R. Kifer, Marine Sanctuaries Coordinator of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (noaa), U. S. Department of Com- merce, the Eisenhower Institute sponsored a meeting in the Museum of representatives of interested public and private groups to assist noaa in developing a philosophical basis for its manage- ment of the recently created Monitor Marine Sanctuary. The sanc- 204 / Smithsonian Year 1976 tuary is centered upon the wreck of the U.S. 5. Monitor off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. With Dr. Pogue as chairman, the group endorsed the establishment of an advisory panel to the United States Department of Commerce, to aid in establishing require- ments for research permits and policy on the recovery of Monitor artifacts. In much of the Museum, Bicentennial exhibit commitments held research activities to a lower level than usual. There were, however, a few exceptions: Robert P. Multhauf, Senior Historian, spent much of the year in Munich and other European centers working on his history of nonmetallic minerals; Sami K. Hamarneh, His- torian of Pharmacy, examined archival material in Egypt during the summer of 1975; Uta C. Merzbach, Curator of Mathematics, worked on the history of mathematics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Under a Smithsonian Research Foundation grant, Cynthia Hoover, Curator of Musical Instruments, researched collections in many parts of the country pertinent to a study of music in eighteenth-century American life. John H. White, Curator of Transportation, completed a massive history of the railroad pas- senger car, which was accepted for publication by the Johns Hopkins University Press. Among the more important publications that appeared during the past year was Thinkers and Tinkers, by Silvio A. Bedini, which dealt with science and technology in colonial America. Robert P. Multhauf, who edits Isis, supervised two anthologies from Isis, one edited by Brooke Hindle and entitled Early American Science; the other edited by Otto Mayr and entitled Philosophers and Machines. Staff members were especially prominent as authors in the Dic- tionary of Scientific Biography, two volumes appearing during the year. Twenty-two contributions to the Dictionary came from the Museum. In a variety of research and professional activities, the Museum reached out to other communities. The restoration of the Mexico City Cathedral's two eighteenth-century organs was initiated this year by Smithsonian Collaborator D. A. Flentrop. Damaged by fire and considered beyond repair by the church authorities, these in- struments were central to the efforts of John Fesperman, Curator of Musical Instruments, and Scott Odell, Conservator, to stimulate interest in a restoration program for a number of historic Spanish History and Art I 205 colonial instruments that remain neglected. Work was also begun on a smaller eighteenth-century organ in Taxco, Mexico, as a joint effort of the Division of Musical Instruments, Collaborator Charles Fisk, and the Mexican National Patrimony Restoration Department. In September 1975, Curator of the Division of Mechanical and Civil Engineering Robert M. Vogel was one of the delegates from the United States to the Second International Congress on the Con- servation of Industrial Monuments, where he delivered a paper on "The Preservation of Industrial Monuments in the United States." Dr. Sami K. Hamarneh, Historian of Pharmacy, participated in the International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science held at the University of Aleppo in April. He has been appointed editor of the newly established Journal for the History of Arabic Science, to be published in Syria. The Division of Postal History and Philately participated in the Seventh Annual Stamp Exhibition held in May at Philadelphia and was host to the annual congress of the Federation Internationale de Philatelie at the Museum in May. Among the more important meetings of research scholars held in the National Museum of History and Technology was the Society for the History of Technology's eighteenth annual meeting, a special Bicentennial conference on "Two Hundred Years of American Technology," which met in October 1975. Major papers were presented by leading historians of technology. With more than one hundred and fifty registrants, everyone concerned con- sidered the meeting an unprecedented success. Dr. Melvin Kranz- berg, long-time Secretary of the Society, later remarked that "every part of the meeting turned out so successfully that we will be hard pressed to repeat this exhilarating event in the future." In May 1976, the Museum was host to the Eighth Annual Meet- ing of the International Society for the History of the Behavioral and Social Sciences (cheiron). Reflecting this organization's multidisciplinary orientation, the program included sessions rang- ing from social psychology to anthropology and unwritten historical sources. The program was arranged by Audrey B. Davis, Curator of Medical Sciences, and planned by Michael M. Sokal, of Worces- ter Polytechnic Institute, formerly a Smithsonian fellow. In October 1975, in conjunction with the Haydn Festival and Conference held in Washington, several concerts were presented in the Museum's Hall of Musical Instruments. In November, at the 206 / Smithsonian Year 1976 call of Chairman John Nicholas Brown, the National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board met to counsel the Museum on the display of artifacts from the armed forces. In June 1976, during the annual meeting of the American Association of Museums in Washington, a session was held in the National Museum of History and Tech- nology on "Collecting in the 21st Century." And in September, during the Washington meetings of the American Psychological Association, the Society for Engineering Psychologists held a ses- sion in Carmichael Auditorium on "Perspectives on Technology and Americans." The Dibner Library of the History of Science and Technology, installed in temporary quarters within the Museum, will be opened in October 1976. This rare-book library includes all the classics in the history of science and represents a great research resource. National Portrait Gallery In terms of special exhibitions, the past year has been a particularly active one for the National Portrait Gallery. "Portraits From The Americans: The Democratic Experience," based on Daniel J. Boor- stin's Pulitzer Prize-winning book, opened in November on the newly renovated third floor of the Gallery. This area has now been restored to the American Victorian Renaissance style in which it had been decorated in the 1880s following a fire in 1877 in the north and west wings of the building. "The Americans" was accompanied by a catalogue, illustrated with portraits and other related materials, and a text, supplementing that by Dr. Boorstin, written by Messrs. Beard, Voss, and Yellis of the Gallery's staff. The Gallery's final Bicentennial exhibition, "Abroad in America: Visitors to the New Nation, 1776-1914," opened in April. It was organized by Marc Pachter, Historian of the Gallery, who also wrote the introduction for the accompanying publication, which consisted of twenty-nine essays by foreign and American scholars and writers. This volume was co-edited by Mr. Pachter and Mrs. Frances Wein, the National Portrait Gallery's editor. Six other exhibitions deserve note: "Christian Gullager, Portrait Painter to Federal America," opened by Queen Margrethe II of Denmark on May 11; "Keep the Last Bullet for Yourself: The History and Art I 207 Charles Dickens 1812-1870 : i Scene from the National Portrait Gallery's Bicentennial exhibition "Abroad in America: Visitors to the New Nation, 1776-1914," which opened in April 1976. (Photo credit: Eugene L. Mantie) Battle at the Little Big Horn," prepared by Rick Beard of the Gallery staff to commemorate the one-hundredth anniversary of Custer's Last Stand, June 25; "Wedgewood Portraits and the Ameri- can Revolution," opened by Sir Arthur Bryan, the Chairman of Wedgewood, Inc., on July 12; "The Spirit of Fact: The Daguerreo- types of Southworth & Hawes, 1843-1862," organized by the Inter- national Museum of Photography, Rochester; and "A Knot of Dreamers: The Brook Farm Community, 1841-1847" and "The Coming of Age of American Music" (Ives, Gershwin, and Copland), which were conceived, respectively, by two Gallery interns, Miss Marni Sandweiss and Miss Anita Jones. All exhibitions were de- signed by Mr. J. Michael Carrigan, Chief, Exhibits Design and Production. 208 / Smithsonian Year 1976 m - m f Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, former Prime Minister of Israel Golda Meir, Director of the Gallery Marvin Sadik, and Secretary S. Dillon Ripley at the luncheon held for the presentation of the Raphael Soyer portrait of Mrs. Meir. A special presentation of a portrait of Golda Meir by Raphael Soyer, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Cummings, Mr. and Mrs. Meyer P. Potamkin, and the Charles E. Smith Family Foundation, took place on December 19. The event was attended by Mrs. Meir and Secretary of State Henry Kissinger, both of whom spoke. Another special presentation, a portrait bust of Henry A. Wallace by Jo Davidson, was made on January 20, the thirty-fifth anni- versary of Wallace's inauguration as Vice President. The bust was the gift of the subject's children, who were present at the ceremony, which was also attended by Vice President Nelson A. Rockefeller. Acquisitions during the past year included forty-four portraits by purchase and twenty-three by gift. Outstanding in the former category are splendid paintings of John Adams by John Trumbull, History and Art I 209 Above left. Thomas Cole, circa 1845, by an unidentified daguerreotypist. Gift of Edith Cole Silberstein. Above right. Benjamin Franklin, circa 1775, executed in laminated blue and white jasper from a wax portrait by Patience Wright, was loaned by Dr. and Mrs. Alvin Kanter for the exhibition "Wedgwood Portraits and the American Revolution," which opened July 14, 1976. Facing page. Left to right: Director of the National Portrait Gallery Marvin Sadik, the Duke of Northumberland, Chief Justice Warren E. Burger, and Secretary S. Dillon Ripley with a portrait of Thayendanegea (Joseph Brant), Chief of the Mohawks and Father of the Six Nations. The portrait was painted in London in 1789 by Gilbert Stuart and is on loan to the Gallery by the Duke of Northumberland. and of Zachary Taylor by James Reid Lambdin; an oil sketch of Robert E. Lee, done at Petersburg during the winter of 1864-1865 by Edward Caledon Bruce; a 1932-portrait of Amelia Earhart by Edith Scott; and James Sharples's exceptional pastel of George Washington, which had descended in Washington's family. Espe- cially noteworthy among the portraits given the Gallery were an extremely rare mezzotint, in an extraordinary state of preservation, of Samuel Adams by Samuel Okey, a gift of Mrs. Katie Louchheim and Mr. William Louchheim; a charcoal drawing of James Russell Lowell by Samuel W. Rowse, presented by Miss Susan Norton; a striking daguerreotype of Thomas Cole, given by a descendant of the subject, Mrs. Edith Cole Silberstein; and an early self-portrait by Thomas Hart Benton, the gift of Mr. and Mrs. Jack H. Mooney. Of great future significance to the Gallery was the enactment in February 1976 of Public Law 94209, which authorizes the collection and exhibition of portrait photographs. 210 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Office of Academic Studies A major unifying theme of the Smithsonian's diverse activities is intellectual accomplishment based on professional research and the free interplay of ideas. Essential to the achievement of intellectual excellence are deep and complex ties with the national and inter- national academic communities. Smithsonian academic programs offer a context for the Institution's entire research faculty to collab- orate with colleagues in the Smithsonian and in the larger academic world in the pursuit of knowledge. The benefits of collaborative efforts flow both ways: they stimulate and refresh analysis and interpretation by Smithsonian staff members and foster the diffusion of their findings. Because the most exciting intellectual interplay takes place face to face, the Smithsonian's academic pro- grams bring people together on either a one-to-one basis or in small groups. With policy direction from the Board of Academic Studies, the History and Art I 211 Office of Academic Studies acts as the center through which the Smithsonian's research activities pursue their academic objectives. Academic programs reflect the character of the research and collec- tion strengths of the Smithsonian. They deliberately avoid duplica- tion of university-based study and research, stressing new perspec- tives on academic subjects and disciplines not commonly studied in the university. These academic programs are typically residential and range from experimental undergraduate studies to traditional postdoctoral research-training fellowships. They are flexible, giving assistance to individuals who need to study at the Institution for a few days and to persons who require the research resources of the Institution for a year or more. Most scholars come to the Smith- sonian to pursue academic studies in an individual working relation- ship with a member of the research staff. Where an expanded dialogue seems promising, however, small seminars and symposia are developed which assemble colleagues from around the world. During the 1975-1976 academic year, special attention was directed to meeting new demands on academic programs within the constraint of limited funding. For the most part, these demands stemmed from the greater participation of staff members in aca- demic activities, from the addition of new professional staff mem- bers throughout the Smithsonian Institution, and from the addition of new research activities — most notably the recently opened Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and the National Air and Space Museum. Additional support for fellowships and other student appointments was developed by the further integration of academic appointments into the major objectives of each of the Smithsonian Institution's bureaus and facilities. Resulting from this effort were a substantial increase in the num- ber of fellows and students in residence at the Smithsonian Institu- tion; an extended and improved interchange among staff members and students, at many levels; and a further diversification of the types of academic programs offered. For example: the first fellow was appointed at the Hirshhorn Museum; three new predoctoral fellowships for field research were created in conjunction with the Smithsonian International Environmental Program; two new pro- fessional internships were created, one in exotic animal medicine at the National Zoological Park, the other in anthropological 212 / Smithsonian Year 1976 archival and publication work at the Center for the Study of Man; and Smithsonian staff helped develop and participated in the new Washington Cultural Semester program of The American Uni- versity. To assist in the management of academic programs, the Office of Academic Studies increased its efforts to draw upon the experience of fellows and students during their residence at the Smithsonian Institution. Their evaluations have proved a useful tool for program management and development. They have also expressed the almost universal conviction that the academic experience at the Smith- sonian Institution was crucial in the professional lives of the par- ticipants. Under the Smithsonian's Fellowship Program, individuals spend a year consulting the collections and conducting research at the Institution. Predoctoral fellows complete their dissertations with direction from Smithsonian Institution staff members. Postdoctoral fellows pursue advanced research training, working in close col- laboration with a Smithsonian adviser. In the academic year 1975- 1976 fifty-seven fellows were appointed to study in the museums, archives, and research stations of the Institution. To assist students in determining the scope of their anticipated research at the start of their graduate training, a Visiting Research Student Program offers the opportunity to spend ten weeks pur- suing a research topic at the Institution. This year, thirty Visiting Research Students were appointed. Increasingly, colleges and universities are offering their students the opportunity to study off-campus and receive academic credit. The value of supplementing classroom experience with work experi- ence in related disciplines has now gained national recognition. These nontraditional work and study assignments are individually developed for each student, to profit both the student and the Smithsonian. Under this program of Museum Study, seventeen students were appointed last year. Many investigators express a need to spend periods of a week or two consulting with the staff and collections. These visitors bring to the Institution's faculty the welcome opportunity to maintain a regular exchange with colleagues from around the world. To en- courage and facilitate such visits, the Smithsonian conducts a Short History and Art I T\.2> Term Visitor and Seminar Program, under which thirty individual investigators and three staff-developed seminars were supported this year. During the 1975-1976 academic year, some one hundred and fifty individuals participated in a program of academic study at the Smithsonian. Brief descriptions of their research and study may be found in Appendix 7. Office of American Studies The Office of American Studies continued its program in graduate education throughout the year. The Fall 1975 Seminar in the "Material Aspects of American Civilization" had as its theme leisure and recreation in American culture. Taught by the Director of the program and Professor Bernard Mergen of The George Washington University, the course had twenty-five students. Other seminars given during the academic year 1975-1976 included: "Introduction to the Systematic Study of Vernacular Building," taught by Cary Carson, Coordinator of Research of the St. Mary's City (Maryland) Commission; "The American Decora- tive Arts in Historic Preservation," taught by Barbara Carson; "The Material Culture of Alexandria, Virginia: 1770-1830," taught by Dennis O'Toole, Curator of Education of the National Portrait Gallery; "The Art and Architecture of Washington, D. C: 1791- 1929" taught by Michael Richmond, Project Director for the National Trust for Historic Preservation; and the 1975 summer course in "Material Aspects of American Civilization: An Introduc- tion," taught by Joanna Zangrando of The George Washington University. During the summer of 1976, David Van Tassel taught the "Introduction to Material Aspects of American Civilization." Individual students continued to pursue specialized research under the supervision of the Director of the program. The Director was Scholar-in-Charge of a Bicentennial exhibition entitled "The Federal City: Plans and Realities," which opened on George Washington's birthday, February 22, 1976, in the Great Hall of the Smithsonian Institution Building. The exhibition ex- 214 / Smithsonian Year 1976 amines the planning of the city of Washington from L'Enfant to the present day, graphically illustrating the planning process. Jointly sponsored by the National Capital Planning Commission, the Com- mission of Fine Arts, and the Smithsonian Institution, the exhibition received the "Outstanding Bicentennial Planning Award" of the National Capital Area Chapter, American Institute of Planners. From September 2-9, 1976, the Director attended the Forty- second International Congress of Americanists in Paris, France, and delivered a paper on "Economic Development of the Arctic: Future of Eskimo and Indian People in the Historical Context of the 'Lower 48' States." History and Art I 215 The Smithsonian Institution's new Victorian Garden with the Arts and Indus- tries Building in the background. Smithsonian Year • 1976 MUSEUM PROGRAMS The measure of the effectiveness of an organization is its ability to face frenetic pressure and impossible deadlines while maintain- ing quality in performance, equanimity in attitude, and timeliness in delivery. With no fear of immodesty one can say that the Smith- sonian Institution has amply demonstrated its effectiveness in this Bicentennial year, when the projects that had been in preparation for nearly a decade climaxed with the opening of the National Air and Space Museum and in a wide variety of complex exhibits and other cultural activities in all of our museums. That so much was accomplished is a tribute to the management of these museums and to the dedication of their staffs. In these multiple activities, the units that are part of the Office of Museum Programs played varied roles. Many had to put aside some of their more traditional pursuits to assist in meeting deadlines, while others found in the Bicentennial the fulfillment of their pur- pose. The satisfaction of having contributed to the success of the Bi- centennial celebration has prepared us to face many tasks left un- finished and whose urgency is becoming apparent. The vital role that museums play in preserving, interpreting, and transmitting America's heritage is being more clearly recognized. Museums are now conscious that their responsibilities transcend narrow or disciplinary boundaries. They provide that sense of his- torical continuity and interrelationship that is so necessary if we are to understand the world around us and our role within it. These considerations are forcing museums to improve the quality of their performance. This dedication to improvement characterizes the rich 217 Opening ceremonies for "1876: A Centennial Exhibition," held in front of the Arts and Industries Building on May 10, 1976, were replete with notables, a choir singing Handel's Hallelujah Chorus, the United States Army Band, and the release of hundreds of doves. and varied complex that constitutes the museum functions of the Institution. In the years ahead we must seek new ways to interpret our col- lections to the public, integrate our offerings within the academic tradition, and find new ways to employ our holdings as instruments of continuing education and self education. To achieve these ends, we must develop our capability of sharing the resources of the Institution through traveling exhibitions, audiovisual devices, television, and publications. We must refine the format of exhibitions, taking advantage of the unique multi- disciplinary opportunities offered by the variety in our collections and museums. The training of conservators, the perfecting of conservation methods, and the scientific examination of processes and structures must be encouraged. The advances made by contemporary science 218 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Secretary S. Dillon Ripley and Chief Justice Warren E. Burger arrive for the opening of "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" in the horse-drawn carriage that had carried President Grant to the 1876 exposition in Philadelphia's Fairmount Park a hundred years before. can be put to greater use in interpreting the past products of man's creativity and ingenuity. Our own effort in conservation must be expanded, as it must be by other museums across the nation. Data retrieval from our vast holdings must be perfected. Though too much should not be expected from computers, the fullest use of computer technology has not yet been made. The usefulness of vast reserve collections, which are vital for study and which present, in many cases, irreplaceable testimony of the evolution and continuity of the natural world, must be enhanced through better retrieval methods and especially through the devel- opment of storage and study facilities whose absence, in some cases, is now jeopardizing the safety of this heritage or preventing its full use. In all of these areas, the units of the Office of Museum Pro- grams play a key role, often unglamorous because supportive, but rewarding because necessary. Museum Programs I 219 The completion of the National Air and Space Museum led to the opening of a new, revitalized branch library, located in elegant new quarters, whose holdings were almost totally catalogued. Cata- loguing was accomplished in part through the Central Library's continued efforts to improve acquisition and cataloguing processes and make greater use of the cataloguing capabilities of the Ohio College Library Center (oclc). The institution was one of the first members of oclc, which links research and public libraries through- out the eastern United States by a computer network that permits the sharing of resources and, to a great extent, eliminates duplica- tion of effort. In cooperation with the National Museum of History and Technology, the Libraries also completed the transfer of the great manuscript and rare book collections donated by Dr. Bern Dibner, housed in newly completed temporary quarters. The Conservation Analytical Laboratory, reinstalled in an ex- panded space, was able to provide new analytical services through greatly improved equipment and a slightly enlarged staff. The Laboratory concentrated the major part of its efforts on assisting numerous curatorial departments in preparing objects for complex exhibitions such as "A Nation of Nations" and "1876." In spite of the day-to-day needs of exhibit curators, preparators, and others, the staff contributions to scholarly literature and participation in professional meetings continued at a high level. A series of seminars has been developed in cooperation with the National Bureau of Standards that will bring together curators, scientists, archeologists, and anthropologists to focus their disciplines on common problems. Further effort will be made in the coming years to study manufac- turing methods and materials so as to gain a better understanding of technological growth and refine conservation methods. The Archives of the Institution, keeper of the Institution's his- torical "conscience," is an invaluable research tool, not only for the history of the Institution but for the history of science and scholar- ship in the United States. The Archives has continued to classify and analyze hundreds of thousands of documents and to develop means for their easier retrieval. The Archives also completed its long-planned move from the Smithsonian Institution Building to larger quarters in the Arts and Industries Building. The oral ar- chives program was expanded, and senior members of the staff have recorded new data essential for an understanding of the Institu- 220 / Smithsonian Year 1976 tion's growth, as well as of the growth of the interviewees' own disciplines. The long-planned reorganization of the Office of the Registrar was completed during the year. Each of the museums of the Institu- tion now has its own registrarial department, which will permit far better coordination than was possible in the past between regis- trarial and curatorial functions. The Office of the Registrar re- mains a central coordinating-planning unit, responsible for assisting the development of retrieval systems for the Institution. In time it may become a key element in regional or national networks. The Registrar was made chairman of a pan-institutional Collections Management and Policy Committee whose function is to review current practices and make recommendations for future develop- ment, with the aims of avoiding duplication, identifying needs, and maximizing the use of resources. The work of the Committee is closely linked with the development of plans for a proposed Museum Support Center. Perhaps the unit in greatest demand was the Office of Exhibits Central, which provided specialized production support for the ex- hibit units of each museum. This Office was also responsible for a major exhibition loaned by the Japanese Imperial Household and another that was loaned by the Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths of London and shown in the Smithsonian Institution Building. In late spring and early summer, a major effort was made to meet the special requirements of the Festival of American Folklife. Its unprecedented length and complexity presented entirely new prob- lems for the Division of Performing Arts, as well as for those units called upon to give support. The Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) circulated 210 exhibitions around the country, and, through an imag- inative program co-sponsored by the American Revolution Bicen- tennial Administration, brought to the United States an important series of exhibitions sponsored by foreign nations and sent to our country in tribute to our Bicentennial. These exhibitions, and some that are still being organized, provide a unique opportunity for museums, historical societies, colleges, and other organizations throughout the United States to show facets of foreign cultures far more directly than they could by other means. Approximately eight million people benefited from sites offerings in 1976. As in the past, Museum Programs I 221 a major part of the costs of organizing and circulating sites exhi- bitions was provided by grants, contracts, gifts, and modest receipts from rental fees. During the year, the Horticultural Services Division became the responsibility of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs and was renamed the Office of Horticulture. This change signifies a new direction for that department. From being a support unit, it will become an initiator in interpreting the history of horticulture, interrelating materials that have visual appeal as well as scholarly logic. The most impressive result of this new approach is the horti- cultural treatment of the interior of the Arts and Industries Build- ing. Working with the curatorial staff of the National Museum of History and Technology, the Office created a widely acclaimed evo- cation of the great horticultural extravaganza of the Philadelphia Centennial. The Office also took a leading part in developing the Victorian Garden in the South Yard of the Smithsonian Institution Building, that extends the spirit of the "1876" exhibition and pro- vides a setting that emphasizes the architectural beauty and char- acter of the Smithsonian Institution and Arts and Industries buildings. The National Museum Act, administered by the Institution, was reauthorized for three more years, testifying to the quality of a grant program that since its inception has provided aid to the museum profession. The Act has encouraged the development of expertise in museum work, enhancing opportunities for the training of existing personnel as well as younger persons who, in increas- ingly large numbers, are attracted to the museum field. Through grants from the National Museum Act, the National Conservation Advisory Council has continued its in-depth analysis of the conser- vation needs of the country and published the first of a series of comprehensive reports. Seminars, workshops, and internships, as well as research in specific aspects of museum management, were all made possible by National Museum Act grants that went to a wide variety of indi- viduals and organizations. As in the past, special efforts were made to avoid duplication of the programs that are administered by the National Endowment for the Arts and the National Endowment for the Humanities. The Office of Museum Programs has continued to develop and 222 / Smithsonian Year 1976 refine a series of video-tape and slide programs on various aspects of conservation. These programs are now available for national dis- tribution. Workshops on various aspects of museum management, using the knowledge of Smithsonian staff members and invited specialists, have increased in number and have attracted colleagues from all parts of the country. This program will be developed further in the coming year. The long-recognized need of Native Americans for expertise that would enable them to protect their heritage and develop their own museum collections and interpretive programs is now nearer to being met. Final arrangements were made to develop a training pro- gram that takes full advantage of the specialized talents of Smith- sonian staff members. The aim of this program is to provide Native Americans with the skills necessary to run their own museums in a fully professional manner. Conservation- Analytical Laboratory The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (cal) serves as the central research organization of the Institution in a wide variety of conser- vation-related fields. It possesses complex instruments permitting spectrographs, X-ray thermoluminescence analysis as well as the more traditional equipment related to standard chemical methods. Recently it added X-ray fluorescence equipment matched to com- puter capabilities and is rapidly developing a computerized infor- mation system. The reconstruction of Laboratory space, initiated in 1974, was completed during the year. The Laboratory has embarked on a joint program with the Na- tional Bureau of Standards to develop a series of seminars on science applied to museum artifacts. These seminars, intended to bring together anthropologists, archeologists, and scientists to dis- cuss subjects of common interest, may lead to joint research projects. A major function of cal is to disseminate information to mem- bers of the staff of the Institution as well as to others concerned with the vital problems of conservation; to facilitate this, in cooperation with the Conservation Information Program, a video- tape series of eighty conservation orientation lectures was corn- Museum Programs I 223 Left. Conservation-Analytical Laboratory's unit for X-radiography of museum objects (ceramics, wood, metal) to detect defects, restoration, hidden structures, and methods of fabrication. Above. The Metallograph used by the Laboratory to examine prepared metals microscopically. pleted and is now available in-house as well as to museums and other organizations across the country. The main role of the labora- tory, however, is to provide technical interpretation and chemical analysis on a wide variety of items. During the year, these ranged from the original stenciling of the Arts and Industries Building, which was discovered under numerous layers of later paint, to the identification of the gum varnish which was applied by John Henry Belter to furniture that he had assembled in 1858. The Laboratory monitored temperature and humidity conditions in a large number of locations and was responsible for developing proper environmental controls for the objects loaned by the Japa- nese Imperial Household and displayed in the Smithsonian Institu- tion Building between September 18 and October 5, 1975. The staff was especially pressed to meet the deadlines imposed by a large number of Bicentennial exhibitions. In spite of this, num- erous contributions to scholarly research were made during the year. 224 / Smithsonian Year 1976 National Museum Act Program The National Museum Act of 1966 reaffirmed the Smithsonian's traditional role of providing assistance to other museums and authorized the Institution to strengthen its activities of service to them. In 1976, the Act was reauthorized to extend into fiscal years 1978, 1979, and 1980. The kinds of assistance specifically referred to in the Act include cooperating with museums in the United States and abroad in the continuing study of museum problems and op- portunities, preparation of museum publications, research in museum techniques, and cooperation with agencies of the govern- ment concerned with museums. Achievement of these objectives is fulfilled through the administration of a series of program grants made available to museums, nonprofit museum-related organiza- tions and associations, academic institutions, and individuals em- ployed or sponsored by eligible organizations. Projects sponsored by the National Museum Act must be of sub- stantial value to the museum profession as a whole; they must contribute to the improvement of museum methods and practices or to the professional enhancement of individuals entering or work- ing in the museum field. During 1976, individual grant program descriptions were care- fully reviewed and clarified, and distributed widely, in a new format, to the museum community and to those institutions of higher learning desiring to develop educational and training pro- grams in museum management and other museum specializations. During this year there was also a continuing refinement and up- dating of the administrative procedures through which grant appli- cations are received, evaluated, awarded, and reviewed. The nine individual grant programs offered in 1976 can be grouped into three general categories: those affording increased opportunities for training and education in museum practices; those supporting special studies and research activities related to museum techniques and methods; and those offering a variety of profes- sional and technical services to museums. Financial resources for the National Museum Act in fiscal year 1976 amounted to $768,938, and an additional appropriation of $194,500 was made available for the transition quarter (July Museum Programs I 225 through September, 1976). A total of 175 proposals, requesting more than $2.9 million for project support, were received from applicants during the fifteen-month period. Applications for support are reviewed by an Advisory Council composed of museum professionals who represent a cross section of museum interests and disciplines, as well as broad geographic regions of the country. The Council also assists with the determina- tion of policies governing the grant programs and with the estab- lishment of standards which applicants must meet. Members of the Advisory Council in 1976 were: William T. Alderson, Director, American Association for State and Local History Robert Feller, Senior Fellow, National Gallery of Art Research Project, Carnegie-Mellon Institute of Research Weldon D. Frankforter, Director, Grand Rapids Public Museum Bonnie Pitman Gelles, Museum Consultant, Washington, D.C. Julia Hotton, Assistant Director, Public Affairs and Development, The Brooklyn Museum Phillip S. Humphrey, Director, Museum of Natural History, University of Kansas Arminta Neal, Assistant Director, Denver Museum of Natural History Joseph Noble, President, American Association of Museums and Director, Museum of the City of New York Barnes Riznik, Director, Grove Farm Plantation Mitchell Wilder, Director, Amon Carter Museum of Western Art Vernal L. Yadon, Director, Pacific Grove Museum of Natural History Paul N. Perrot, Chairman, Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs, Smithsonian Institution After review of applications submitted in 1976, the Advisory Council recommended that seventy-five projects be funded, for a total of $892,659. Of this amount, $295,739 was directed to con- servation training and research activities to be undertaken by appli- cants. Fifty-seven of the approved projects were associated with the educational programs supported by the Act and provided training opportunities in one form or another for more than two thousand individuals entering or working in the museum field. Through the Advanced Academic Degree Program, five museum professionals were able to undertake graduate studies in their areas of expertise. 226 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Seven individuals engaged in specialized training activities in con- servation techniques under the Stipends for Conservation Studies Program. One individual, for example, studied with a leading paper conservator at the Royal Library in The Hague. Thirteen grants for Museum Internships and Graduate/Professional Education and Training made it possible for many beginning professionals to re- ceive theoretical and practical training in various museum functions such as exhibition, administration, education, conservation, and curation. Nineteen museum professionals enhanced their profes- sional museum skills through the study of collections, operations, and practices of museums in the United States and abroad under the Travel Program. Travel Programs benefited not only the indi- viduals making visits to other museums, but also those colleagues with whom they had come in contact during the course of their studies. Substantial numbers of the profession were able to take advantage of continuing educational and training opportunities pro- vided by thirteen regional Seminar/Workshop Program grants. These seminars and workshops presented topics as varied as ad- ministrative procedures for the small museum, computer usage in museums, and museum programs for the handicapped, and were attended by professionals from all parts of the United States and from Europe, Africa, and Australia. During 1976, the National Museum Act supported eight projects under the Special Studies and Research Program, among which were investigations into uses of ultrasonics for art and architectural conservation, personnel policies within museums, and techniques of paper conservation. Ten Professional and Technical Assistance Program grants per- mitted museums and museum associations to offer specialized assistance to the museum community. In several instances, assist- ance took the form of consultation services for individual museums seeking advice and guidance on conservation, exhibition design, lighting, and similar matters. One important assistance project pro- vided the natural history community with comprehensive, central- ized information on laws and regulations affecting the collection, accession, maintenance, and transport of natural history specimens. A list of projects supported by the National Museum Act during 1976 is found in Appendix 3. Museum Programs I 227 Office of Exhibits Central The Bicentennial programs of the Smithsonian Institution largely dictated the direction and commitments of the Office of Exhibits Central (oec) in fiscal year 1976. In one form or another, oec par- ticipated in virtually every Bicentennial program. Occasionally oec's contributions were limited and specific, but more often they were continuing and extensive; all demanded special skills. In support of the summer-long Festival of American Folklife, oec provided a range of services from hand-lettered signs to cine- matography, oec's work began months before the Festival, con- tinued for its duration, and included directing many willing but un- trained persons in techniques of exhibit production. Two prominent exhibitions in which oec was actively involved on many levels were presented in the Smithsonian "Castle" in con- junction with the visits of Emperor Hirohito (October 1975) and Queen Elizabeth II (July 1976). oec designed, produced, and in- stalled "Art Treasures from the Imperial Collections of the Japanese Imperial Household" and wrote, designed, produced, and installed "Treasures of London." For Queen Elizabeth's tour of the "Castle," oec engineered an unprecedented but elegant exhibition of the most extraordinary and priceless gems in the Smithsonian's collections. In addition to its special support of and participation in the ex- hibitions of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Serv- ices, oec assisted in some way virtually every other bureau and office of the Smithsonian. The Motion Picture Unit of oec received a Silver Plaque at the 11th International Film Festival for the film Festival of American Folklife, 1975. The film was presented by the American Airlines In- Flight Theatre for thirty days and was shown by thirty-six tele- vision stations. The award-winning film has also been run in schools, before various special groups, and by usia at international film festivals. The Motion Picture unit also produced 1876, a 30- minute film that tells the story of the Centennial Exposition (held in 1876 at Philadelphia). About 300 members of the Smithsonian staff appear in the film; its first prints have been enthusiastically received. The oec Editors' office served the Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service in many ways, editing not only exhibition 228 / Smithsonian Year 1976 scripts but often also writing and editing a wide range of supple- mentary materials. Among the most comprehensive of these pro- grams in 1976 were "White House China/' which opened in December at the National Museum of History and Technology prior to its tour; "Toys from Switzerland" (the larger of two ver- sions opened in May at the Swiss Embassy in Washington); "Naive Art of Yugoslavia"; and "The Dye Is Now Cast," which oec con- verted from a stationary exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery into a traveling version. Other exhibits in which the oec editors figured prominently were the Hirshhorn's "Golden Door," a major Bicentennial exhibit; the Leonardo exhibition at mht (which like "Treasures of London" marked Queen Elizabeth's tour of the United States; and the Columbus exhibition at mht, opened by King Juan Carlos of Spain. The Museum Lighting staff continued to promote energy conser- vation on new lighting projects and upgraded existing ones. The staff also conducted workshops in museum lighting and provided consultation and guidance to other museums throughout the nation. The Freeze-Dry taxidermy laboratory continued to serve the Smithsonian, and assisted and trained personnel from other museums. In addition to the Lighting and Freeze-Dry staffs, editors, de- signers, and others from oec served as faculty, teaching and train- ing the professionals enrolled in workshops and seminars that were organized by the Office of Museum Programs. Office of Horticulture On February 29, 1976, the Horticultural Services Division of the Office of Plant Services was reorganized and transferred to the Office of Museum Programs as the Office of Horticulture (oh). At the time of transfer, the Office was given the responsibility for all interior and exterior landscaping of the various Smithsonian Insti- tution museums and for development of the overall scientific, re- search, educational, and display programs of horticulture for the Institution. Although the discipline of horticulture was added to the Institution in 1972, it was first recognized in 1976 as an official museum program rather than as a maintenance operation. Museum Programs I 229 Throughout fiscal year 1976, the Office of Horticulture has attempted to assist each of the Smithsonian's museums and some related organizations in the presentation of their Bicentennial exhi- bitions. For example, oh provided consultation and horticultural plantings for the Festival of American Folklife and plants for "America on Stage" and other special events at the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. In September 1975, oh provided plantings of Japanese origin for the exhibition "Art Treasures from the Imperial Collections of the Japanese Imperial Household." In December 1975, the Office of Horticulture designed and in- stalled plantings for the "Centennial Christmas Ball" given by the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates. All of the decorations, including hundreds of yards of paper-cut stars, bells, and roping, were authentic to the 1876 era. The entire rotunda of the National Museum of Natural History was transformed into a botanical "conservatory." The proceeds from this ball, totaling $20,000, were donated to oh for a new "mini-garden" between the Arts and Industries building and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculp- ture Garden's West Wall. This garden will be developed as a five- senses garden for the visually and physically handicapped and will feature herbal and medicinal plants with aromatic flowers and foliage or unusual textured stems and will contain a major water feature. Plans are well underway for the development of this garden in fiscal year 1977. In the fall of 1975, the Office of Horticulture installed 120,000 tulip bulbs for the spring display of 1976, followed by 120,000 summer annuals and 5,000 ornamental flowering kale and cabbage for the fall and winter season of 1976. In June, oh installed a new perennial border along the Ninth Street underpass of the National Museum of Natural History. In "The Federal City" exhibit, oh provided documentation for the horticultural plantings of the A. J. Downing Plan for the Mall of the 1850s, as well as interior plants for this exhibition. The highlight of the Bicentennial year was the research and in- stallation of the horticultural plantings for the "1876" exhibition in the Arts and Industries Building. The Arts and Industries rotunda was selected as the setting to evoke the great Horticultural Hall of the Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The Commissioners of 230 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Fairmount Park agreed to a one-year loan of the Foley Fountain that was the centerpiece of the Horticultural Hall. Within the "1876" exhibit, oh attempted to duplicate the horticultural and botanical extravaganza of the Centennial Exposition by installing eight 25-foot Cocos plumosa, ten 25-foot fishtail palms, and one 25-foot Ficus nitida, along with hundreds of small tropicals includ- ing mahogany, dracaena, dieffenbachia, crotons, and other varieties of plants that were known to have been in the displays in Horticul- tural Hall in 1876. A duplicate of the "Henry A. Dreer Sales Case," installed in the North Hall, contains replicas of dried flower bou- quets, immortelles, dried grasses, floral initials, pressed flower pic- tures, and other decorative objects known to have been displayed by the firm at the Centennial Exposition. These arrangements were researched and reproduced by the oh staff in conjunction with Ms. Sunny O'Neil of Washington, D.C. To the west of the Arts and Industries Building, oh completed the new Victorian Garden that complements the Smithsonian Institution and Arts and Industries buildings and the "1876" exhibition. This new garden opened on September 27, 1976, with authentic em- broidery parterres and a geometric star bed requiring approximately 40,000 Alternanthera bettzicaina or Jacob's Coat. These plantings were modeled after the sunken parterre at the west end of the Hor- ticultural Hall in 1876. In addition, hardy trees, shrubs, tubbed tropicals, and annuals were installed to enhance the ambience of the Centennial. Within the Garden, Office of Horticulture displays its antique and cast-reproduction collection of Victorian urns, benches, wickets, and other garden accessories. Additional perma- nent plantings and floral beds will be added in the spring of 1977. Massive Victorian floral arrangements were provided in the "Castle" building for the visit of Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain, and in the Arts and Industries Building for Mrs. Helmut Schmidt, the First Lady of the Federal Republic of Germany. Mrs. Schmidt was the first official visitor to the New Victorian Garden. Special floral arrangements were also provided for the many state visits made to the Institution during the Bicentennial year. In the summer of 1976, oh assumed responsibility for the interior and exterior landscaping of the National Air and Space Museum (July) and renovated the grounds and conservatory of the Cooper- Hewitt Museum in New York City (September). Additional projects Museum Programs I 231 Mr**' ^■M -. H Above. Mrs. Helmut Schmidt, wife of the West German Chancellor, tours the Smithsonian's Victorian Garden during a two-day visit to Washington with her husband in July 1976. To the right of Mrs. Schmidt is Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Paul N. Perrot and to the left is James R. Buckler, Chief of the Office of Horticulture. Below: Another view of the Victorian Garden. under development include the relandscaping of the East Entrance of the Smithsonian Institution Building and new proposals for the east side of the National Air and Space Museum. At the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, thirty Weeping Beeches were installed in August in the four new planter boxes on the East Plaza. In late September, twenty-two evergreen euonymus, Euonymus fortunei vegetus "Sarcoxi," were installed around the west, north, and east walls and in the Sculpture Garden. Additional landscaping is now under consideration. The Horticultural Advisory Committee of the Institution met in September 1975 and May 1976 to discuss short- and long-term projects for the oh, including the Victorian Garden, "1876, " green- house-nursery development, the Cooper-Hewitt renovation, the mini-garden for the visually handicapped, the Orchid Collection, the State Flower and State Tree Project, and many other horticul- tural activities, oh requested each of the fifty states to donate to the Institution at least three state flowers and state trees as a Bicenten- nial gift. These plants are being used in a landscape scheme around our museums and will be appropriately labeled. An Orchid Subcom- mittee of the Horticultural Advisory Committee was established in September 1975 to develop a research, display, and conservation collection of Orchidaceae. During the past year the Subcommittee gave recommendations and assisted oh in maintenance of the orchid collection of Hillwood Gardens. In August, oh received the Grand Award from the Professional Grounds Management Society for the best maintained overall gov- ernmental complex in the United States. This award is based on the degree of difficulty in maintaining a landscape and general overall appearance. Office of Museum Programs The increasing demands placed upon museum professionals by a public evermore aware of the resources that museums have to offer and the growing use of museum collections in research and the in- terpretation of historic phenomena have made it more imperative than ever for members of the museum profession to sharpen their techniques. Several distinct departments within the Office of Mu- Museum Programs I 233 seum Programs concentrate the major part of their activity on pro- fessional enhancement, as well as on research into methods which will increase the effectiveness of museum operations. The Conservation Information Program is circulating a series of eighty video-tape lectures on the principles of conservation to museums and related organizations across the country. Since July 1, 1975, these tapes have had 505 showings, and this number is expected to increase in fiscal year 1977. A series of slide tape programs on various practical aspects of conservation was completed and' is also being circulated nationally. There were 499 showings during the year. Programs on seven dif- ferent subjects are now available and an additional five are in preparation. Thirty workshops concerned with all phases of museum opera- tions including management, exhibit design, educational programs, curatorial practices, registrarial methods, publication development, fund-raising, membership development, and conservation principles have been developed. Participants come from all parts of the coun- try and the needs are so evident that the variety of these offerings will be expanded. The Office of Museum Programs coordinates the activities of foreign and United States interns who come to Washington for a period of weeks or months to study various aspects of museum management. During the year, participants from Saudi Arabia, Botswana, England, and Nigeria were serviced. In addition, consul- tations and short visits were arranged for colleagues from India, Peru, Tasmania, Argentina, Uruguay, West Irian, Thailand, Ro- mania, Nigeria, New Zealand, and England. A special training pro- gram for native Americans has been developed in cooperation with the Department of Anthropology of the National Museum of Natural History. It is expected that the program will be operational by mid-year. A two-day conference on the requirements of museum training was conducted at the Belmont Conference Center in cooperation with the National Museum Act. The meeting was attended by rep- resentatives of most of the major museum-training programs in the United States. This meeting led to the creation, by the American Association of Museums, of a training committee that will provide 234 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ongoing evaluation of museum-training needs and curriculum re- quirements. The Museum Information Center was established as a branch of the Smithsonian Libraries. Its primary responsibility is to assemble books, periodicals, monographs, and research papers relating to museum operations and management. For the first time such mate- rials have been assembled and collected on a systematic basis and are available for use in one location. In its continued effort to determine the effectiveness of museum displays, the Psychological Studies Program completed a number of internal reports. The Measurement and Facilitation of Learning in the Museum Environment, by Professor Chandler Screven was published. Office of the Registrar The final steps in decentralization of traditional registration func- tions were completed this year with the distribution of resources and responsibilities to the National Museum of History and Tech- nology and the National Museum of Natural History. These two museums (the only ones which still lacked operational independ- ence) now have local control over their own registration activities. The Office of the Registrar, no longer encumbered by dual obli- gations, is free to concentrate fully on its primary responsibility: the information management aspect of collections management at the Institutional level. Coordination of registration activities is being provided by the Central Registrar and the Council of Regis- trars whose role has continued to expand during the past year. In addition to regular monthly meetings at which business is trans- acted and featured professional discussions are presented, the Council sponsors a variety of cooperative projects in areas of mutual concern. The Office itself, while continuing to serve as a clearinghouse for Council matters, pursues projects of its own at the Institutional level. In addition to providing editorial and logistics support for the Institution's current study of collections policy and management, members of the Office of the Registrar's staff are pursuing a num- Museum Programs I 235 ber of fact-gathering investigations for input to the study report. With the conclusion this year of a consultant's study of existing in- formation systems at the Institution's Mall facilities, the Office has begun a detailed review of the consultant's recommendations to- ward the objectives of implementing those plans deemed appropri- ate and feasible. One project, which started last year as an effort to develop Insti- tution-wide information systems for access to the national collec- tions, progressed this year to the point where it has generated an entire family of related projects. Consequently, the Office is en- gaged in such things as a data-element inventory, an analysis of potential subject thesauri, a critical review of real as opposed to imagined networking needs, and a feasibility study of data-process- ing standards for the storage and retrieval of information pertain- ing to collected objects and specimens. In connection with the standards effort, the intent is to use the Institution as a catalyst for the development of published national and perhaps international standards for use by the collecting community as a whole. Smithsonian Institution Archives During fiscal year 1976, the Smithsonian Archives moved to new quarters in the Arts and Industries Building. New stack space ulti- mately will provide for 10,000 cubic feet of records and manu- scripts, while the new reading room offers improved facilities for patrons. Much staff time was devoted to the production of a new Guide to the Smithsonian Archives, which is scheduled for publica- tion in 1977. Work continued on the records of the National Museum of Natural History, the National Museum of History and Technology, and the National Collection of Fine Arts. Records surveys were conducted at the National Portrait Gallery and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design. In September, the Deputy Archivist went to Cambridge, Massachusetts, to survey the records of the Center for Short-Lived Phenomena, and arranged for the transfer of the Center's files to the Archives, in conjunction with the Center's separation from the Smithsonian. Major accessions were received from the Smithsonian Astro- 236 / Smithsonian Year 1976 physical Observatory, the National Museum of Natural History, and the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange. The Accession Records of the United States National Museum were accessioned from the Office of the Registrar, and the Archives serviced the rec- ords for the National Museum of Natural History and the National Museum of History and Technology. Other accessions of note in- clude the papers of Leonard P. Schultz and Howard Chapelle, as well as additions to the papers of Charles G. Abbot and James A. Peters. The Archives' Oral History Program was continued. Since the program's inception in 1974, over one hundred hours of tape, com- prising interviews with some thirty individuals, have been accumu- lated. During fiscal year 1976, Program emphasis was on the history of the National Museum of Natural History. Scholars continued to visit the Archives in increasing numbers. Several recent publications have appeared, based at least in part on material in the Archives. Among them are: Nathan Reingold, editor, The Papers of Joseph Henry: November 1832-December 1835, The Princeton Years (Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975); Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, The Formation of the Ameri- can Scientific Community: The American Association for the Ad- vancement of Science, 1848-1860 (Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1976); and articles by Sally Gregory Kohlstedt, Nathan Reingold, Bruce Sinclair, and Henry D. Shapiro, which appeared in Alexander Oleson and Sanborn C. Brown, editors, The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic: American Scientific and Learned Societies from Colonial Times to the Civil War (Baltimore and London: Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976). Smithsonian Institution Libraries During the Bicentennial year, the Smithsonian Institution Libraries added approximately 20,000 volumes to the collections of cata- logued library materials. The collections of the Library of the National Air and Space Museum, previously uncatalogued, were fully catalogued and in place on the shelves well in time for the Museum's opening — a special project accomplishment by the Libraries' Technical Services Division. Museum Programs I 237 Dr. Bern Dibner's gift of rare materials in the history of science and technology arrived from the Burndy Library in Norwalk, Connecticut. Among the nearly 8,000 volumes in the gift are hun- dreds of classical works, including 200 epochal books and pamph- lets, listed in the Burndy Library catalogue, Heralds of Science. The Dibner Library is located in a handsomely decorated room in the National Museum of History and Technology Building, and for- mally opened in the fall of 1976. Other notable gifts are listed in Appendix 9. As in previous years, the Libraries' collections were enriched by the many friends who donated books to the collections. The Libraries estimated that, in addition to the more than 793,000 volumes of catalogued materials, more than 200,000 volumes of un- recorded library materials are owned by the Smithsonian Institu- tion. In 1977 the Libraries will investigate techniques for creating a record of these uncatalogued materials, so that users will have greater accessibility to them. The Libraries' program placed a high priority upon the building and preservation of materials. A conservator and a handbinder were recruited for the staff, and plans are underway for a conservation laboratory at 1111 North Capitol Street. Volumes which had de- teriorated were identified, and those materials which are of signifi- cance to the collections were microfilmed. This marked the initiation of a poor-paper microfilming project for the Libraries. In addition to the filming of deteriorated materials, the Libraries began to re- place long runs of reference and bibliographic materials with com- mercial microform editions. The critical space situation in the Libraries makes this replacement imperative. In the future, an in- creasing number of library materials will be acquired in microform format, to save both space and money. Various moves took place during the year. The move into the new National Air and Space Museum Library, from the old facility in the Arts and Industries Building, has been mentioned. Included in that Library is the Ramsey Rare Book Room, which contains some notable materials dealing with the history of air and space. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Library in Cambridge, Massachusetts, was physically consolidated with the Harvard Col- lege Observatory Library, although each Library maintains its own catalogue and continues to serve its own users. The Libraries' facil- ity at Lamont Street was moved to 1111 North Capitol Street. 238 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Library space on the Mall is inadequate to house all of the materials needed by the Smithsonian staff for the reasearch, exhibit, educa- tion, and public service programs supported by the Libraries; there- fore, more materials will be housed at the North Capitol Street facility. Plans are underway to refurbish the space, making it into a viable unit. The Libraries continued to make use of advanced technology. A third terminal has been acquired for communication with the Ohio College Library Center (oclc). In addition to receiving catalogue cards from the more than two million bibliographic records stored at oclc, in 1976 the Libraries began to contribute original cata- loguing to the oclc data base. The Libraries received catalogue cards of the original work, and the oclc data base is enriched. The union list of more than 14,000 serials currently received by the Libraries has been printed by the computer. This year an experi- ment was undertaken to produce the record in computer output microform (com), as another attempt to use microform to save space and funds. The Libraries' converted, machine-readable files can be economically reproduced in multiple copies for distribution to the Libraries' branches as needed. Several units in the Libraries were reorganized. The Bibliographic Support Services unit was established. This unit supports both Acquisitions Services and Cataloguing Services by performing all of the bibliographic searching and verification required for acquir- ing and cataloguing materials, thus reducing duplication of effort. In addition, the Bibliographic Support Services unit is responsible for scheduling use of the oclc terminals and for accepting oclc catalogue copy when no revisions are required by professional cataloguers. The support functions of the Libraries were consolidated in a newly created Office of Management and Development. The Office is responsible for planning, budgeting, management and fiscal in- formation reporting, fiscal record-keeping, supplies, equipment, space utilization, personnel, and systems development. An intensive study of a randomly selected sample of 700 Smith- sonian Institution staff members was completed. The resulting "Re- port of Survey of Smithsonian Institution Libraries Users" was distributed to all Smithsonian units. In general, users expressed satisfaction with the Libraries' services and collections. The results Museum Programs I 239 of the survey were intensively reviewed by the Libraries' staff and users, in order to plan ways to improve the services and collections. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Fiscal year 1976 was a busy one for the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites). In addition to the normal in- auguration of new exhibitions, exhibits produced with special con- gressional appropriations for the Bicentennial began their tours, making a total for the year of 48 new titles, or 114 new exhibitions counting duplicates and additional versions. Supplementing these exhibitions were nineteen publications, among them major catalogues, such as American Art in the Mak- ing, American Presidential China, and Workers and Allies: Female Participation in the American Trade Union Movement, 1824-1976. In addition, smaller catalogues, brochures, and posters were pro- duced by sites to accompany new exhibitions. Bicentennial exhibitions dominated the year's program, sites planning for the Bicentennial began in fiscal year 1975, with a com- mitment to double its audience and the number of available exhibi- tions dealing with aspects of American history and culture. Realiz- ing that sites was the only national traveling exhibition service that would offer such shows for Bicentennial programs, and recognizing that it would be impossible to meet the projected demand with expensive exhibitions of original artifacts, sites de- veloped the "information core" exhibition concept. The idea was simple, new, and exciting. An exhibitor would provide his own artifacts to supplement an exhibition on a complementary theme. sites set to work with a list of possible "information core" topics: furniture, music, photography, political history, and agriculture. Enthusiastic curators throughout the Smithsonian either volun- teered themselves and their staffs to develop exhibits or recom- mended specialists whom sites placed on contract. Eleven "infor- mation core" exhibitions produced a total of fifty-three shows. Workbooks written and compiled by the sites education staff were provided to each exhibitor, to aid planning activities and installa- tions. These "information core" exhibitions, combined with panel 240 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Left. Montgomery College Gallery in Rockville, Maryland, was the site for a local showing of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service's "Contemporary Crafts of the Americas." Right. Mayor Paul Soglin of Madi- son, Wisconsin, opens sites exhibition "Workers and Allies" at the City- County Building. shows developed and produced from major Smithsonian exhibitions (such as "The Dye Is Now Cast" of the National Portrait Gallery and the Henry Luce Hall of News Reporting of the National Museum of History and Technology), often constituted the basic program for a community's Bicentennial observances. For example, between six and ten sites exhibitions were seen in Junction City, Kansas; Middletown, Ohio; Wichita, Kansas; and throughout the state of Wisconsin (under the sponsorship of that state's Bicenten- nial Commission). These exhibitions were supplemented by activi- ties as varied as band concerts; bicycle parades; costumed openings; couturier workshops; demonstrations of printing presses, spinning wheels, and looms; miniature reenactments of Revolutionary War battles; and many speakers, films, and school group tours. Bicentennial exhibitions of original art and artifacts that began their tours in fiscal year 1976 include: "American Presidential China," which opened at the National Museum of History and Technology; "American Prints from Wood," which includes a tech- nical section on making wood prints; "Lilliput, USA," an exhibition Museum Programs I 241 4 /; Queen Elizabeth II visits sites exhibition "Treasures from London" shown in the Smithsonian's "Castle" before going on tour. With Her Majesty are Chief Justice Warren E. Burger and Secretary S. Dillon Ripley. The exhibit, which showed five hundred years of British silver, was produced by The Worshipful Company of Goldsmiths of London. of miniature furnishings; and "Twenty Bicentennial Banners," an edition of which was shown all summer at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The sites "International Salute to the States" program (iss), which sponsors tours of major international exhibitions, got under- way in fiscal year 1976 and was highlighted by Queen Elizabeth's visit to the "Treasures from London" exhibition at the Smithsonian Institution "Castle." Ten other iss exhibitions began their tours, including: "Silverworks from Rio de la Plata, Argentina"; "The Fourth Part of the World," a major exhibition from Australia; "Edvard Munch: The Major Graphics," from Norway; and "Naive Art in Yugoslavia." Nineteen additional exhibitions are currently planned for the iss program. Most of these are in the final stages of organization and production, with only a few remaining under negotiation. The sites 242 / Smithsonian Year 1976 staff has been preparing or contributing to major publications or educational materials for almost every exhibition in this program. Support funds from the American Revolution Bicentennial Ad- ministration for the sites program and from special appropriations have contributed to a substantial increase in the size and scope of sites' program. An American Studies Office within sites has been established to maintain exhibit offerings in this field. sites increased its participation in professional museum services by cooperating again with George Washington University's Museum Education Program, and training interns by holding a week-long seminar on traveling exhibitions for museum professionals, under the sponsorship of the Office of Museum Programs. Staff members also attended and spoke at various national and regional museum conferences, sites developed a fifteen-minute slide program of its activities for such conferences, seminars, and orientation sessions. sites staff members traveled extensively during the past fiscal year, negotiating new exhibitions and inspecting those on tour. Visits were made to Argentina, Austria, France, Norway, Tunisia, Finland, Belgium, Yugoslavia, Hungary, Canada, Switzerland, and Iran, as well as to many cities within the United States. sites expanded its annual catalogue of available exhibitions, Update, to a larger format, allowing a full page for each exhibition description. Update is mailed annually to approximately 12,000 interested organizations and individuals. Totals for Period July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 Number of Bookings 790 Number of States Served 48 Estimated Audience 8,016,000 Exhibitions (including duplicates) listed in last Update (catalogue of sites exhibitions) 212 Exhibitions Produced for Tour During the Year (including duplicates and additional versions) 114 Exhibitions Refurbished for Extended Tour (including duplicates and additional versions) 9 Museum Programs I 2A3 Basically the summer-long Festival of American Folklife was just folks . . . some three to four million people from all over the country who came to share in the story of what being an American during the two-hundredth-year celebration meant to them. The Festival in Washington culminated ten years of celebrating the vital and continuing folk traditions, arts, and skills of America. Smithsonian Year • 1976 PUBLIC SERVICE For those whose main concern at the Smithsonian Institution is the vital and demanding area known as Public Service, the past year was unusual and busy, highlighted by the national observance of the American Revolution Bicentennial. New and diverse opportuni- ties arising from the Bicentennial celebration provided the Smith- sonian with the opportunity to tell audiences totaling many millions about the past, present, and future of their nation, as well as about the Institution that is viewed as the "trustee of the nation's heri- tage." The Bicentennial stimulated all of the Public Service divisions to develop and offer activities and programs that appropriately marked the nation's birthday and brought new facts and insights to those who came to Washington for observance. A central mission of Public Service is the "diffusion of knowledge" in a challenging era when a growing desire has been felt among Americans of all ages to learn more about their society and the world in which they live. An enthusiastic public response greeted the summer-long Bicen- tennial Festival of American Folklife. Several million people attended the twelve-week event presented by the Division of Per- forming Arts with the National Park Service and sponsored by American Airlines and General Foods. More than 5,000 participants from each of the 50 states, 38 foreign countries, 55 unions and organizations, and 116 native American tribal groups from every region of the United States took part in the songs, dances, crafts, and activities that expressed their heritage. In an editorial published upon the close of the highly successful Festival, the Washington Post said, in part: "There seems to be general agreement that the Festival of Ameri- 245 can Folklife was among the most inspired and inspiring events in the nation's Bicentennial celebration." Public Service is directing a comprehensive assessment of how, when, and if such festivals might be staged by the Smithsonian in the post-Bicentennial period. Meanwhile, wide and appreciative recognition has been paid to the imagination, skill, and devotion of the Division of Performing Arts in presenting what was probably the largest continuing outdoor event in the history of the Institu- tion. In addition to the Festival, the Division of Performing Arts pre- pared for innovations in its regular winter concert series which is so popular in Washington. A new series on country guitar was arranged with some of the finest players in America, as well as programs on "The Blues," "American Popular Song," and "Jazz Heritage." The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum continued its production of specially developed exhibitions to mark the Bicentennial: "Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds," which opened in late 1975; "The Frederick Douglass Years," which will be distributed nationally through the Smithsonian Institution's Traveling Exhibi- tion Service; and "The Anacostia Story." The latter two are in the final stages of production. The Anacostia Museum's Exhibits and Design Laboratory build- ing opened formally in late 1975. On July 20, 1976, the center was damaged by a serious fire that temporarily interrupted production of "The Frederick Douglass Years" and "The Anacostia Story." Funds are being authorized to repair the center in a manner that will reduce hazards associated with exhibits production. The Resident Associate Program provided a quality program of continuing education for Washington area residents by offering unique educational experiences consonant with the research, collec- tions, and exhibitions of the Institution. Even though no new mem- bers were actively sought, a net gain of 5,500 memberships was recorded for the year, and the annual renewal rate reached a new high of 79.6 percent. Smithsonian magazine continued its remarkable growth in pop- ularity during the sixth year of its publication. Readership grew to 1.3 million. The Office of Public Affairs experienced unprecedented demands 246 / Smithsonian Year 1976 for information and published materials to assist the press and Bi- centennial visitors. Outstanding among the many events for which the Office of Special Events made arrangements was the July visit of Queen Elizabeth II, during which she paused at the crypt of James Smithson, viewed the exhibit on Washington, D.C., "The Federal City," and was then presented with a resolution of the Congress in appreciation of James Smithson's bequest. The Office of Telecommunications was established as a separate entity in recognition of the importance of television, radio, and films as major means of public education and enrichment. With a reorganized and augmented staff, the Smithsonian Insti- tution Press significantly increased its production of Smithsonian- related scholarly books and improved its performance in the trade- book-publishing field. The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education expanded its teacher-workshop and school-publications program. A summer in- tern program brought twenty-four high school students from rural and inner-city communities for projects under Smithsonian staff guidance. The Office also coordinated efforts to promote equal access for handicapped visitors to exhibits and programs. The Office of Symposia and Seminars organized two major activi- ties related to the Bicentennial year. The Office conducted work- shops as a part of its continuing "Your Own American Experience" program which encourages nonnative Americans to find out and record where they came from and how they got here and to trace what has happened to them since. An international conference, "The United States in the World," brought distinguished foreign specialists together to give presentations on American influences abroad in agriculture, public health, education, labor, architecture, music, journalism, and film. Reading Is Fundamental (rif) celebrated its tenth anniversary as a national, nonprofit program designed to motivate children to read. The number of rif programs increased to over 400 in 47 states and the District of Columbia. One of rif's major Bicentennial proj- ects was a guide to book selection for general use. More than 9,800 copies of this guide were distributed to public libraries across the nation. The Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center per- formed myriad services for the Bicentennial visitors, who, though Public Service I 247 less numerous than had been anticipated, nevertheless required the dedicated counsel of some 187 volunteers. With the permanent staff of 17, these volunteers handled more than 200,000 telephone in- quiries and many hundreds of thousands of visitor demands for information. Several hundred thousand orientation brochures were distributed to visitors by the Center's staff. The International Exhange Service continued the program estab- lished in 1851 of exchanging publications of this country with those of other nations. Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Begun nine years ago as a community museum, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum (anm) has now grown into an institution with an audience that extends from Anacostia to cities, large and small, across the nation. Through its exhibitions, approaches to education, programs, and catalogues, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum continues to attract museologists, students, interns, and visitors from around the country and from as far away as Africa and Guam. Scholars and students from local and national colleges and universities come to share in the experience of creating a cul- tural institution. The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum has worked to broaden its appeal and to involve large numbers of minorities in a participa- tory program that builds positive images of ethnic groups, which, for too long, have not been equitably represented in the great exhi- bition halls of the more traditional museums. One expression of this commitment is the Museum's oral history program, which has its origins in the African heritage. This commitment is also evidenced in the Museum's ongoing research of local history, documenting the contributions of blacks, German sharecroppers, English and Scottish immigrants, and others who peopled the region known today as Anacostia. The Museum has also sought collateral relationships with private and governmental museums and institutions, affording larger audience participation in this cultural awakening. One result of these collaborative efforts was the John Robinson exhibition that was presented at the Corcoran Gallery of Art. The show offered a 248 / Smithsonian Year 1976 retrospective display of the creative talents and skills of an Ana- costian Afro-American artist. Clearly, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum has not adopted an isolationist policy: while sensitive to the needs and aspirations of the local residents, the Museum is not parochial in its exhibits, programs, or outlook. In conjunction with the Smithsonian Institu- tion Traveling Exhibition Service, the Museum will be circulating exhibits that it has researched, designed, and produced to communi- ties throughout the nation. Programs conducted in the museum included a Young People's Film Festival and activities designed to support and complement anm's two Bicentennial exhibits, "Blacks in the Westward Move- ment" and "Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds." Audi- ences participated in workshops, conducted by an American Indian, that focused on the cultural and religious life of the Sioux and allowed them to share some of the Sioux nation's customs and foods. A highly successful lecture series "Black Women Speak," accompanied the "Black Women" exhibition. Conducted in the Museum's exhibit hall and in the community, the series addressed a number of topics of interest and sparked provocative discussions between students, residents, and lecturers, who brought expertise from such varied disciplines as education, psychology, psychiatry, medicine, folk history, and social work. This continuing program, initiated at the beginning of the month-long celebration of the study of Afro-American life and history, opened its fall series with an address by the Honorable Shirley Chisholm. Her speech marked the observance of the Museum's ninth anniversary. The study, collection, and preservation of Anacostia history have led to the development of the Museum's concluding Bicentennial exhibit, "The Anacostia Story," which culminates over four years of research, begun when anm initiated its oral history project. A rekindling of interest in local history is evidenced by the growing membership of the Anacostia Historical Society. Community en- thusiasm has been demonstrated by the involvement and participa- tion of residents. Through the acquisition of primary source materials and library volumes, the Center for Anacostia Studies has significantly in- creased its research capabilities. Archival materials now available Public Service I 249 Visitors at the opening of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum's Bicentennial exhibition "Black Women: Achievements Against the Odds," learn about more than one hundred and fifty outstanding black women, who are repre- sented in the exhibition by photographs, texts, artifacts, letters, and other memorabilia. in microfilm may be used by graduate students and scholars and include census and tax records, the Emancipation Commission rec- ords (1861-1863), correspondence and records of the Freedmen's Bureau, and volumes of Crises, the official organ of the naacp. The Center for Anacostia Studies also houses the Museum's first collec- tion: tapes and video-tapes of oral history interviews, primary source documents, photographs, artifacts, and memorabilia. This collection represents an important assemblage of eyewitness ac- counts of early Anacostia history, some items dating back to 1792. Division of Performing Arts To celebrate 200 years of America's cultural heritage, the Division of Performing Arts focused on research and presentations about the roots of American culture. 250 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Efforts were organized around the Festival of American Folklife, Music at the Museum programs, and expanded publication of re- cordings under the Smithsonian Collection label. The Division combined forces with the Division of Musical Instruments and the National Associates for special Bicentennial projects, the Haydn Festival, and a national tour of a production of "Music and Dance from the Age of Jefferson." The Ninth Annual Festival of American Folklife in the summer of 1975 became a major dress rehearsal for the summer-long Bicen- tennial "museum out of doors" in 1976. More than nine hundred performers from Germany, Lebanon, Ghana, Jamaica, Japan, Italy, and Mexico, as well as workers in transportation, Native Americans from the Iroquois Confederacy, and participants from California and the Heartland States were involved in the 1976 Festival. Preparations for the Bicentennial Festival necessitated field surveys by nearly one hundred folklorists, who interviewed and selected the participants. The Festival featured 5,000 persons from 38 foreign countries, 55 unions and organizations, and 116 Native American tribal groups, demonstrating the astonishingly rich folk heritage that is uniquely American. Following the Festival, the performers from foreign countries were sent on tour, filling over one hundred engagements in more than fifty American cities. About five million persons attended the 12-week event, which was presented by the Smithsonian Institution and the National Park Service and was sponsored by American Airlines and General Foods. As the principal organization responsible for live performances at the Smithsonian, the Division offered a wide range of jazz, popu- lar, classical and oriental music, and dance. Many presentations were accompanied by free workshops, master classes, and open rehearsals. Music was offered under eight different category head- ings, each seeking out the best of the old and the new. The cultural contributions of a number of leading American artists were thus honored at the Smithsonian, including a fiftieth anniversary cele- bration of the Mills Brothers, Mable Mercer in concert, an evening of jazz tap dancing, banjo music by Grandpa Jones, young virtuoso artists with Music from Marlboro, and contemporary composers featured by the Theater Chamber Players. Weekly events, spon- sored with the Division of Musical Instruments of the National Museum of History and Technology, attracted some sixteen thou- Public Service I 251 - { v> Above. A logging sports carnival from Pennsylvania demonstrated regional skills at rolling, topping, and sawing logs by champion woodsmen. This Fes- tival highlight event was repeated later in the summer with participants from the Pacific Northwest. Audiences were thrilled to watch competitions between man and machine in which man won! Below. In the Working Americans area of the Festival, Workers Who Build featured ironworkers on high girders erecting a structure, answering questions from visitors, and having fun. Bricklayers, carpenters, electrical workers, and engineers all demonstrated skills. Above. The African Diaspora area presented the cultural experience of Black Americans paying tribute to those aspects of culture that link Black Americans to Africa, the Caribbean, and Latin America. Musical presentations included gospel and Black sacred music, jazz and night-life music, drums and songs from three continents. The Trinidad Steel Band from Washington, D.C., roused young and old in the crowd. Below. A glimpse backstage at the working rehearsal of the Joffrey Ballet II company was a fascinating presentation by workers in the performing arts. Clowns, actors, designers, musicians, and announcers were others participating in this Working Americans theme. More than fifty unions and organizations participated throughout the summer. Left. This reissue captures a fruitful year in the career of a great American composer. Right. An original recording that highlights little-known corners of ragtime history. sand persons, and featured rarely performed music, including a Haydn puppet opera, played on original instruments from one of the world's largest collections. Glowing critical reception greeted release of five recordings under the Smithsonian Collection label: reissues of the music of King Oliver, Louis Armstrong, and Earl Hines; three new record- ings of Classic Rags, Music from the Age of Jefferson, and Piano Music of Ferdinand "Jelly Roll" Morton, James Dapogny, pianist. The standard-bearer of the series, The Smithsonian Collection of Classic Jazz, continued to reach an admiring public. The recordings, available nationally, are specially priced for Smithsonian As- sociates. The program "Music and Dance from the Age of Jefferson," pro- duced for a Washington premiere, was recorded as Music from the Age of Jefferson, and toured five cities selected for their geo- graphic representation: Charlotte, Atlanta, Houston, San Francisco, and Cleveland. International Exchange Service In 1851, the Smithsonian Institution established the international exchange system to provide a means for exchanging current Smith- 254 / Smithsonian Year 1976 sonian publications for the transactions and proceedings of schol- arly institutions in other countries. Other learned bodies in the United States were allowed to participate by exchanging their pub- lications with those of foreign organizations. In 1886, the service was designated as the bureau through which United States Gov- ernment publications are exchanged with foreign governments for their official publications. This exchange includes the daily issues of the Congressional Register, Federal Register, the weekly issues of the Compilations of Presidential Documents, and all other publica- tions designated by the Library of Congress for depository libraries. This program continues to provide service to many colleges, uni- versities, scientific societies, and medical and dental libraries in the United States in exchange with similar organizations in countries throughout the world. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Fiscal year 1976 brought new opportunities and new directions to the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (oese). In March 1976, as part of a growing national program for ele- mentary and secondary schools, the experimental newspaper Art to Zoo was launched. This new four-page publication is designed to promote the use of museums, parks, libraries, zoos, and other community resources by students and teachers throughout the nation. Two pilot issues were circulated this past spring among 236 teachers in 35 schools across the United States. Art to Zoo will be distributed to a wider number of teachers during the 1976-1977 school year, and a series of regional workshops for school and museum educators will be given in conjunction with the publication. The first of these workshops— to be held in Lancaster, Pennsylvania, in November 1976— will involve the participation of two school sys- tems and ten cultural institutions from the Lancaster area. On the local level, in keeping with its responsibility to encourage cooperation and exchange of information among the Smithsonian education offices and between those offices and the District of Columbia schools, oese continues to offer a number of programs that have proven successful in the past. The first of these involves two publications designed specifically for a local audience: Let's Public Service I 255 Teachers study ancient bones and stone tools during Office of Elemen- tary and Secondary Education's workshop on museum teaching methods. Go (a monthly newsletter) and Learning Opportunities for Schools (an annual brochure). These publications, sent free to over 1,300 area schools, tell teachers of the ever-growing variety of Smith- sonian services available to young people, and suggest ways of using museums as educational resources. Another local program is Teacher's Day, held annually. Teacher's Day in 1976 brought more than seventy Washington-area teachers and the Smithsonian edu- cation staff together for an informal program of special activities, including an introduction to the educational materials developed by oese for use with "1876: A Centennial Exhibition." Local teachers are also reached through an oese workshop and seminar program, now in its fifth year. During fiscal 1976, a total of 2,400 teachers participated in 84 workshops and seminars, includ- ing 3 summer courses at which curriculum units based on Smith- sonian resources were developed for use in the classroom. Ongoing summer workshops consisted of an orientation program, "Tuesdays at the Smithsonian;" a seminar on museum teaching methods; and a 3-week special in-service course given in cooperation with the 256 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Fairfax County Park Authority and the Fairfax County Public Schools. In June, July, and August 1975, an OESE-sponsored pilot program for summer interns brought twenty-two promising high school seniors from rural and inner-city communities to the Smithsonian to engage in learning service projects. The students worked under the guidance of curatorial and professional staff members in various parts of the Institution. One intern, Mr. Eric Seip, assisted in the dismantling of the Dunham School classroom, which is now a part of "A Nation of Nations" exhibition. In 1976, the Summer Intern Program had twenty-four participating students. A grant from the DeWitt Wallace Reader's Digest Scholarship Fund made this effort possible. Office of Public Affairs The year of the American Bicentennial at the Smithsonian was an exciting, dramatic, and productive period for the mass media in their continuing coverage of the Institution. Around the world, thousands of column-inches about Smithsonian events appeared in newspapers, periodicals, and books. Radio and television, locally and nationally, featured many audiovisual originations on events and exhibits at the Institution. It was a period of unusual media interest, in which a parade of correspondents from many points came to the Smithsonian in search of articles relevant to accom- plishments in the prime disciplines for which the Institution is world renowned— the arts, the sciences, and history. A new directory of Smithsonian knowledge resources is in preparation to orient members of the media to the knowledge- able authorities at the Institution so they can talk with Smithsonian experts in fields ranging from gastropods to gallaxies, anthropology to zoology. Major activities included assistance in arranging media coverage for the openings of the National Air and Space Museum, dedicated by President Gerald R. Ford on July 1, 1976; "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" in the renovated Arts and Industries Building on May 10, 1976; and the "A Nation of Nations" exhibit at the Public Service I 257 National Museum of History and Technology on June 9, 1976. The News Bureau continued to provide such services as pub- lication of the Calendar of the Smithsonian Institution, maintenance of code-a-phones as a source of daily information for the public, publication of the employee house organ Torch, and issuance of Smithsonian Research Reports. The Publications section revised the basic orientation leaflet for visitors, published in English, German, French, Spanish, and Japa- nese. More than a million copies of the English version were printed for distribution during the Bicentennial peak period. Articles about the Smithsonian to be published in encyclopedias, travel guides, and museum community periodicals were reviewed for accuracy. The News Bureau also serviced requests from radio and television producers for features on newsworthy activities and staff of the Institution. Some 304 press releases were issued during the year. The Telecommunications Branch developed and produced audio- visual material and worked with numerous television, film, and radio producers on projects which would bring to America and foreign audiences a better understanding of the activities of the Institution. These projects ranged from a half-hour film on the National Museum of Natural History to an Encyclopaedia Britannica filmstrip series to television and radio promotional "spots" high- lighting Bicentennial endeavors. The Special Events staff assisted in the planning, preparation, and coordination of lectures, award presentations, conferences, symposia, exhibit openings, luncheons, dinners, and other events throughout the Institution. Additional undertakings included numerous Bicen- tennial observations, such as the opening of "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" and assistance in the National Air and Space Museum opening. Arrangements were also made for a State Dinner honoring Their Majesties The Emperor and Empress of Japan; other foreign dignitaries visiting in honor of the Bicentennial included Her Majesty Queen Elizabeth II of Great Britain; His Majesty Carl XVI Gustaf, King of Sweden; Her Majesty Margrethe II, Queen of Denmark and His Royal Highness Henrik, The Prince of Den- mark; Their Majesties the King and Queen of Spain; His Royal Highness Harald, Crown Prince of Norway; His Royal Highness Crown Prince Hassan of Jordan; and Her Royal Highness Princess Paola of Belgium. 258 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars Preliminary to the Institution's sixth international symposium in June 1977, the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars de- veloped a special program of workshops, seminars, and public lec- tures for June 14-16, 1976, formally introducing its activities cele- brating "Kin and Communities: The Peopling of America" as an educational contribution to the Bicentennial observance. Described by Israel Shenker in The New York Times as a "floating rap game," these informal meetings were designed to stimulate each of us to discover (or rediscover) one's own American experience by learning more about his family history and its particular contribu- tion to the genesis and growth of our country and civilization. A second major program of the Office also pursued the Institu- tion's goal of disseminating the fruits of scholarly investigations and insights about the ideas, customs, skills, and art of various cultures and civilizations: Two hundred years of American history— Left. Cover design to "Kin and Communities" program brochure featuring a lithograph originally published circa 1859 from the Smithsonian Collections. Right. Secretary S. Dillon Ripley and Mrs. Ripley welcoming Dr. Margaret Mead, chairman of the "Kin and Communities" program, to the June 1976 opening reception. ncan ^Experience The Smithsonian Institution announces a Bicentennial Education Program KIN & COMMUNITIES: THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA what difference has it made? This was the central question posed to approximately three hundred distinguished scholars and specialists invited from over fifty countries at a major international Bicen- tennial conference, "The United States in the World," held Septem- ber 26-October 1, 1976, at the Smithsonian. Working sessions were devoted to science and technology, politics, education, reform move- ments, business enterprise, film and television, music, architecture, and the printed media. At the end of the conference week, there were open forums during which other topics were discussed. The program committee, composed of representatives of the three sponsoring organizations (the American Studies Association, the American Council of Learned Societies, and the Smithsonian Insti- tution), made it a point to invite practicing architects, scientists, composers, business executives, journalists, etc., rather than Ameri- can studies scholars, in order to obtain a fresh perspective on the United States' cultural contributions in specific fields of endeavor and to see how these have been adopted and adapted in different societies. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. Reading Is Fundamental, now in its eleventh year, continues to grow throughout the United States. More than four hundred local community projects operate in forty-seven states — in cities, small towns, and remote rural areas. rif was founded by Mrs. Robert McNamara in 1966 as a reading motivation program for children. Since 1968, it has been housed in the Smithsonian Institution. Freedom of choice and pride of ownership are the basic tenets of Reading Is Fundamental. The implementation is simple, i.e., children choose from a large selection of books, keeping the ones that in- terest them. In this way, the purpose of rif — motivating children to read — is fulfilled. Studies of this national, nonprofit organization indicate that rif is getting books to children and generating the desired enthusiasm in the communities and with the youngsters themselves. Each project organizes and supports its own activities. The result has been the 260 / Smithsonian Year 1976 motivating and coordinating of a cross section of people within each participating community. Published in the winter of 1976, in cooperation with the Associa- tion of American Publishers, the Bicentennial Guide to Book Selec- tion lists 3,000 titles and over 270 publishers and distributors. Mrs. Kathryn Lumley, one of the founding members of rif, compiled and edited the guide. As an author, reading consultant, and instruc- tor of reading and language arts for the Pennsylvania State Uni- versity of Continuing Education, she used her expertise to compile a comprehensive and successful guide. The American Revolution Bicentennial Association has distrib- uted 9,800 copies to public libraries across the nation. In talking about rif's work, Mrs. McNamara is partial to what Jean Jacques Rousseau wrote in 1762 in Emile: "A . . . way that nobody thinks of, is to create the desire to read. Give the child this desire . . . and any method will be good." Smithsonian Associates The Institution's membership program of the Smithsonian Associ- ates was essentially designed for Washington area residents until the spring of 1970 when publication of the Smithsonian began. As a principal benefit of membership, the monthly magazine so stimu- lated interest in the program as to increase the Smithsonian Asso- ciates to more than 1,250,000 members across the country. SMITHSONIAN NATIONAL ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Regional Program During the past year approximately sixty-four thousand Smithson- ian Associates in six cities throughout the United States were given an opportunity to share more fully in the National Associate Pro- gram. Members were invited to participate in Smithsonian events co-sponsored with museums and cultural organizations in their home communities. Charlotte, North Carolina; Birmingham, Ala- bama; Dallas, Texas; San Francisco, California; Cleveland, Ohio; and Tucson, Arizona were the sites of Smithsonian regional activi- ties. In cooperation with nine divisions of the Institution, the National Public Service I 261 Associates presented a varied program of over fifty-one separate lectures, exhibitions, and performances in the host cities. Twenty thousand Associates responded to the invitation to expand their sense of participation and increase their understanding of the Insti- tution's work. Among the offerings taken to the local Associates were: "Music and Dance from the Age of Jefferson," produced by the Division of Performing Arts and the Division of Musical Instruments; "Sculp- tors and Their Drawings," objects from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, "Art and the Written Word," a sampling of the Archives of American Art, and "The National Gem Collection," specimens from the Department of Mineral Sciences, National Museum of Natural History. Associates Travel Program The Domestic Tours staff continued to provide small groups of members with unusual travel experiences, rich in learning, in a variety of locales from Maine to California. Thematic weekends, for Associates from areas other than Washington, focused on a single facet of the Smithsonian's total collection, providing an in- depth study of a topic as well as an opportunity to become acquainted with the Institution and to attend a performance at the John F. Kennedy Center for Performing Arts. Subject areas for the weekends included gems and minerals, the Hirshhorn collection, the National Collection of Fine Arts, and the ever popular "Christ- mas at the Smithsonian" program. The Washington "Anytime" Weekend continued to be popular with the membership during 1976. Designed to give National Asso- ciates the opportunity to visit Washington and the Smithsonian any weekend during the year, the program, assisted by the Visitors Information and Associates' Reception Center, was able to respond to the large influx of members who enjoyed the exciting Bicenten- nial activities. Dedicated to a goal of providing educational and culturally ori- ented tours at a cost and within a time-frame affordable by a broad base of the Associate membership, the Foreign Charter Program received an overwhelming response to its initial efforts. During 1976 tours went to four new destinations and tours were repeated to satisfy the demand for visits to Great Britain and Russia. The 262 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Program emphasized intellectual content and provided lectures, seminars, and special events in the country visited. Topics included history, literature, art, and current political, social, and economic trends. A new feature of the Charter Program introduced during 1976 was the innovative optional pre-departure program that intro- duced members to the Smithsonian and provided a day and a half of special lectures and social events designed to add to the partici- pant's understanding of the country to be visited and its people. Contributing Membership Program The Contributing Members of the Smithsonian Associates provide annual support for the Institution's work in education, research, and scholarship. The Smithsonian recognizes four levels of support: Founder membership at $1,000, Sustaining at $500, Donor at $100, and Supporting at $50. In 1976 the number of Contributing Mem- bers increased from 635 to 885. Their generous support made pos- sible, in particular, the development and expansion of educational programs for a national audience. The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the gener- ous support of the Contributing Members in a listing in Appendix 8. VISITOR INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATES' RECEPTION CENTER A review of the past year vividly illustrates the dramatic growth of the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center. Still operating from its original office in the South Tower of the "Castle," the Center, which was established simultaneously with Smithsonian magazine six years ago, has increased its staff from two to seventeen employees in keeping with expanded visitor in- formation programming and other added responsibilities. Although initiated in anticipation of record Bicentennial crowds, the assignment of Building Information Coordinators in major Mall museums and galleries served necessary and timely functions; act- ing as liaisons between the museums and the Center, the Coordina- tors provided on-the-spot supervision and supplemental training for Information Volunteers, enabling them to function with greater efficiency and confidence. To accommodate the projected number of visitors expected dur- ing the Bicentennial celebration, 187 new Information Volunteers Public Service I 263 Assistant Secretary for Public Affairs Julian T. Euell presents certificates of appreciation and service pins to volunteers Dorothy Tull (right) and Josephine Olker at an awards ceremony and Christmas party honoring volunteer in- formation specialists. Next to Mr. Euell is Mary Grace Potter, Director of the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center. were recruited and trained. A total of 317 specialists, filling 56 assignments a day, produced a gratifying coverage of 90 percent for the year. Many volunteers, following special training, assumed re- sponsibility for new information desks located in the bustling National Air and Space Museum, the Centennial exhibition in the Arts and Industries building, and in the Museum of History and Technology near the "A Nation of Nations" exhibit. From April until Labor Day, hours for all information desks were from 10 a.m. to 7 p.m., a three-hour extension of duty. All volunteers concerned with the dissemination of information were provided with yellow sashes, which insured easy identification. Installation of new, larger desks in the Museum of History and Technology, the Museum of Natural History, and the "Castle" enabled Information Volunteers to handle visitors more quickly and comfortably. The Center's annual survey of Smithsonian-wide volunteer par- ticipation appears in Appendix 10. The Independent Volunteer Placement Program, serving as the principal source of behind-the-scenes opportunities for museum ex- 264 / Smithsonian Year 1976 perience, responded with increased effectiveness this year to a wide variety of curatorial requests. This ongoing program, inaugurated in 1972, continues to experience significant growth. Much interest was generated by the scope and number of special Bicentennial ex- hibits. Short-term projects, as well as long-term regular assign- ments, accounted for over forty-eight thousand hours of volunteer service. SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM The Smithsonian Resident Associate Program was established in 1965 by Secretary Ripley to provide the opportunity for residents of the Greater Washington area to participate actively in the life of the Institution. The purpose of the Program, as defined by Secretary Ripley, is to "serve as a link between what the Institution does, whether in museum or laboratory or art gallery programs or re- search and publications and what the public in the Washington area can do to participate." The Program seeks to achieve this goal through an extensive range of quality educational activities that are consonant with the research, collections, and exhibitions of the Institution. These activities include classes in the arts, sciences, humanities, and studio arts; study tours within the Smithsonian bureaus and nearby complementary facilities; lectures; symposia; seminars; film series; exhibition previews; outdoor festivals; art poster projects; and performing arts events. In striving to provide a quality program of continuing education, the Resident Associate Program seeks to accommodate a rapidly expanding membership that is highly educated, relatively young, and the majority of whom reside in suburban Maryland and nearby Virginia. As of July 1976, there were 39,500 members, a nearly fivefold increase over the July 1972 figure of 8,500. It was determined that in fiscal 1976, membership growth should not be sought; however, although all promotion was eliminated, unsolicited applications and a high retention rate resulted in a net gain of 5,500 memberships; 13,199 new members joined, and the annual renewal rate was 78.5 percent. The 39,500 memberships represent approximately 85,000 individuals who are single, double, or family members. The Resident Associate Program marked its Tenth Anniversary in September 1975 with a full day of festivities. To commemorate Public Service I 265 this event, Washington artist Gene Davis was commissioned to create a special Resident Associate serigraph and poster. The 200 serigraphs and 1,000 posters were much appreciated by the mem- bers, and sold out within a month. The Program donated an artist's proof of the Gene Davis serigraph to the National Gallery of Art, National Collection of Fine Arts, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Proceeds from the poster sales were used to award tuition-free scholarships, based on need and interest to 339 inner-city students, for attendance at Associate classes; additionally, 38 Smithsonian docents received tuition-free scholarships to classes, and any other docents applying received one-third discount on the class fee. The Program continued to offer a broad range of lecture classes Smithsonian Horticulturist James Buckler teaching an Associate class on indoor gardening. 266 / Smithsonian Year 1976 for adults in the arts, sciences, and humanities. Taught by Smith- sonian and visiting scholars, 108 classes in these areas were scheduled in the four terms of fiscal year 1976, attended by 5,116 individuals. A total of 273 adult classes, including studio courses, photography, and workshops, were given for adults during the year, with an enrollment of 8,075 students. Of the lecture classes, those in archeology, architecture, astronomy, botany, decorative arts, and new courses related to Associate foreign travel were the best at- tended. The latter represented a series of foreign study courses planned as orientation for participants in Associate trips abroad. These classes were also intended as complete educational experi- ences in themselves. In the studio arts, photography laboratory courses surpassed all others in number of enrollment. Furniture- making and restoration, photo-silkscreen, stained-glassmaking, weaving, and calligraphy were also extremely well received. Through the Trips and Tours branch of the Program, members were given the opportunity to participate in scholarly tours of Smithsonian exhibitions and visits to nearby cultural, historic, or scientific locales. This year, there were 439 on-site learning ex- periences, 140 of which were free and open to members only. A total of 17,265 individuals participated in these field activities led by Smithsonian or other qualified scholars. Among the most popu- lar tours were those that enabled members to explore facets of the Institution; the "Indoor Field Trips at the National Museum of History and Technology" attracted over 1,200 members; 450 mem- bers took guided tours of "The Eye of Thomas Jefferson" exhibition at the National Gallery of Art. In-depth art trips to New York City's Soho lofts, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, and other New York museums and collections continue to be exceedingly popular, resulting in large overflow lists. Tours to Winterthur and walking tours of the city, Alexandria, Georgetown, Capitol Hill, and Massa- chusetts Avenue areas were oversubscribed and rescheduled. All tours are limited in size; many have to be repeated as often as twenty-four times to accommodate registrants. The Special Events segment of the Program includes lectures, seminars, and symposia conducted by distinguished Smithsonian and visiting scholars. Outdoor festivals, film series, and performing arts are also integral. During fiscal year 1976, 100 special events were attended by over 21,000 people. Twenty special events were Public Service I 267 Young Associates learn how to produce and direct their own television pro- grams in this class. offered free to members only. During 1976, the reopening of the restored Arts and Industries Building with its "1876: A Centennial Exhibition" and the opening of the National Air and Space Museum provided opportunities for gala Associate openings. Mem- bers were also offered a special private walk-through of the Na- tional Museum of History and Technology's major Bicentennial exhibition, "A Nation of Nations." An ongoing cooperative ven- ture, the Audubon Lecture Series, sponsored by the Resident Asso- ciate Program, the Audubon Naturalist Society, and the Friends of the National Zoo, was overbooked for all of the nine lectures. 268 / Smithsonian Year 1976 The Young Associates program extends the resources of the In- stitution to members' children (as well as the scholarship children noted above) through classes and special activities. The program , offers learning experiences appropriate to specific age groups, rang- ing from four to eighteen. Over twenty classes are offered in each of the four academic terms. Special tours of Smithsonian exhibitions and of local cultural, scientific, and historic places of interest are planned for young people, as well as free films, performing arts programs, and courses and workshops. The free annual holiday party served over 1,000 Young Associates. Over 12,000 young people have participated in Young Associate activities during the past year. Some two hundred and fifty volunteers work for the Resident Associate Program on a regular basis. Their responsibilities vary from assisting at special events to office duties to monitoring classes. A special project undertaken this year by volunteers was the read- ing of the Associate newsletter for the visually handicapped. Volun- teers have also been working with Harold Snider of the National Air and Space Museum on Institution-wide projects to aid the visually impaired. Smithsonian Institution Press During the past fifteen months the Smithsonian Institution Press, under new management and with a reorganized and augmented staff, significantly increased its production of Smithsonian-related scholarly books and improved the quality of its performance, fol- lowing many of the valuable recommendations of the 1975 Bout- well, Crane, Moseley, and Associates Study Report. The staff reorganization and increase enabled the Press to catch up with the impending backlog of a year ago, to meet several short schedules for Bicentennial exhibition catalogues and the generally increased publishing requirements of the Bicentennial, to rejuvenate a promis- ing trade-book publishing activity after a hiatus during the summer of 1975, and to make a promising beginning in correcting a long- standing and unfavorable imbalance in the relationship between sales prices and production costs in its privately funded book pub- lishing. In addition, moving and associated activities occupied a Public Service I 269 good deal of the time and attention: the Distribution and Fulfillment Section transferred its base of operations from 24th Street, N.W. to 1111 North Capitol Street, and the editorial, design, production, and administration offices left the Liberty Loan Building to become tem- porary tenants of the National Museum of Natural History. With one more move, scheduled for November 1976, the Press will occupy permanent quarters in the Arts and Industries Building. The publication in June of the 1976 Smithsonian Institution Press catalogue with its list of attractive new titles brought a prompt response from the extensive market to which it was distributed, and furnished tangible evidence of the attention the entire Press staff is devoting to these goals. Current best-sellers on the new list are Zoobook, Blue Mystery: The Story of the Hope Diamond, America As Art, The Golden Door, and Official White House China. New books of more specialized scholarly interest included volume 2 of The Papers of Joseph Henry, and The Flora of Okinawa and the Ryukyu Islands; the Press arranged co-publishing agree- ments with commercial publishers for books of wide potential appeal, such as The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King (co-pub- lished with Doubleday, Inc.) and The National Watercraft Collec- tion (co-published with International Marine Publishing Co.); and it collaborated with other federal agencies on books of mutual interest, of which recent examples are Worthy of the Nation and The Federal City: Plans and Realities, produced with the coopera- tion of the National Capital Planning Commission. Smithsonian Institution Press editors and designers continued to reap laurels in both federal and private competitions and exhibits for the exceptional quality of their productions. Nine members of the Press staff received 1976 National Association of Government Communicators Blue Pencil Awards, with four first, a second, and third prizes in four categories of federal publications. In addition, seven Smithsonian Institution Press publications were placed on exhibit in "Design Response," the Federal Design Council's first annual exhibition of outstanding graphic design work performed by federal agencies; two pieces were accepted for display in the annual exhibit of the Art Directors Club of Metropolitan Washing- ton, which embraces both governmental and commercial graphic design; and Official White House China was one of only twenty- five publications in the country accepted for the American Associa- 270 / Smithsonian Year 1976 tion of University Presses' 1976 Bookshow, which is toured nationally. During the year, production costs of 220 publications were funded by federal appropriations in the amount of $1,224,565; 10 trade publications were supported wholly by Smithsonian trust funds in the amount of $292,826. The Press and the Superintendent of Documents shipped, on order and subscriptions, a total of 6,691,995 publications including books, art catalogues, brochures, and miscellaneous items; 267 records were distributed. Smithsonian Magazine Smithsonian magazine joined in the celebration of our nation's Bi- centennial by publishing special articles throughout the year that presented thought-provoking ideas which should be considered within the next few decades. The magazine continued to project the spirit of the Institution to its nationwide audience. For the past fifteen months, Smithsonian magazine carried its readers from Lake Baikal to Singapore, introduced them to truckers in Alaska and tramps riding freight trains. The American art col- lection of John D. Rockefeller was viewed as closely as was the Elie Nadelman exhibition in the Smithsonian's own Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The Smithsonian joins the rest of the Insti- tution in presenting information on history, science, and the arts to the public from its vast store of knowledge. Along with continuing success in enriching the editorial content of the magazine, Smithsonian increased its membership from 900,000 to 1,250,000. Public Service I 271 Product Development reproduction of a "Counting House" inkwell used by nineteenth-century accountants; the center well is surrounded by water in which the quills rest, keeping them soft and pliable. Smithsonian Year • 7976 ADMINISTRATION Following the untimely death of Under Secretary Robert A. Brooks, the Secretary established a new position of Assistant Sec- retary for Administration, to which Mr. John F. Jameson, formerly the Institution's Budget Officer, was appointed, effective August 15, 1976. The Institution's museums, galleries, research laboratories, and other program activities are served by a number of support activities and financial services which, while operating largely behind the scenes, made significant contributions to program achievements during the Bicentennial period. Organizations reporting to Mr. Richard L. Ault, Director of Sup- port Activities, included the Management Analysis Office, Office of Equal Opportunity, Office of Computer Services, Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering Services, Office of Personnel Administration, Office of Plant Services, Office of Printing and Photographic Services, Office of Protection Services, Office of Sup- ply Services, Contracts Office, and the Travel Services Office. During the year, significant improvements were made in Support Activities toward providing quality and timely services. A Manage- ment by Objectives program, implemented in the previous year, continued to supply participative, results-oriented, objective-setting and review processes. Mr. T. Ames Wheeler, Treasurer, continued his responsibilities for the financial assets and management of the Institution assisted by the Office of Programming and Budget, Accounting Division, Investment Accounting Division, Grants and Insurance Administra- tion Division, and the Business Management Office (which includes the Museum Shops, Product Development Program, and the Bel- 273 New Museum Shop in the National Museum of Natural History offers a vari- ety of appropriate items for visitors to take home as mementos of their Smithsonian visit. mont Conference Center). During the year, revised procedures for the entire accounting system were under development to unify federal and trust fund accounting for greater efficiency in data collection and to provide more timely financial information to management at all levels. The Museum Shops opened new shops in the National Air and Space Museum, the Arts and Industries Build- ing, and in the West Court addition to the Natural History Building. Considerable expansion of the Smithsonian's mail order program occurred, stemming from new museum-related products and the availability of catalogues. The Smithsonian Institution Women's Council continued its important efforts to represent the women of the Institution and to promote their welfare. During the year, the Women's Council presented six programs concerning women's interests, with particu- 274 / Smithsonian Year 1976 lar emphasis on new laws covering credit, name change, the current standing of the Equal Rights Amendment, and a session on con- sciousness-raising. The Council's annual training seminar was devoted to the Smith- sonian's equal employment opportunity and personnel management programs, the status of women's programs in other agencies, EEO legislation, and regulations and credit for women. In addition, this year the Smithsonian Women's Council estab- lished a career training and development program, instituted for the purpose of acquainting members with helpful knowledge which would be conveyed to all Smithsonian employees. Courses were taken in assertiveness, career development, and administrative procedures. Administration I 275 Former Secretary of State Dean Rusk (left) and Secretary of State Henry Kis- singer with "Peace" sculpture presented by the state of Georgia to the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars to mark the appointment of Mr. Rusk as a Trustee of the Center on April 5, 1976. Smithsonian Year • 1976 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS JAMES H. BILLINGTON, DIRECTOR Approaching its sixth anniversary, the Woodrow Wilson Inter- national Center for Scholars, recognized throughout the nation and the world as a scholarly institution of major importance, has become a distinctive, living memorial to a former president. The Center continued to commemorate, through its residential fellowship program of advanced research and communication, both the intellectual depth and the public concerns of Woodrow Wilson. Providing leadership for first-rate scholarship in the nation's capital, the Center embodies the humanistic, Wilsonian belief in a fruitful relationship between the world of learning and the world of public affairs. The Fellows The thirty-five fellows conducting individual research are the core of the Center. The quality and diversity of the fellows and their published works continue to grow. The number of applications from across the United States and around the world increases each year. As of September 1976, 197 fellowships had been awarded since the Center was established — about 60 percent to American scholars, the rest to applicants from some 32 countries. 277 During 1976, at one of the regular Tuesday and Friday noontime discussion hours, one might have observed in conversation: the former commander-in-chief of nato; a former head of state from Latin America; a former foreign minister from Africa; the director of the Royal Institute of International Affairs in London; a pro- fessor of comparative literature and culture from Tokyo University; a state senator from Wisconsin; a theologian from the School of Theology at Claremont, California; and a professor of anthropology from Stanford University. In the current year, fellows included thirty-one American college professors from a variety of depart- ments in twenty-five different universities, chosen through open competition. Drawing on the rich resources of the Library of Congress, Na- tional Archives, and other collections of materials often uniquely available in Washington, D.C., the fellows have pursued such varied research projects as: "The sponsor: his role and influence in American television." "History of attitudes toward death in western culture from the middle ages to the present." "Authority and inequality in comparative historical perspective." "A critical study of civic education as conceived by the founding fathers." "Comparative study of western civil and communist revolutionary des- potic cultures." "A history of the idea of poverty in nineteenth-century England." "History of Afro-American attitudes toward Africa." "The making of Saudi Arabia, 1902-1953." "A history of American trade unionism since 1945." "Intelligent citizen participation in the face of growing complexity and certain adverse effects of the media and the present political process." "A critical study of regionalism as used in the United States." "Renewable natural resources in an age of scarcity and climatic instability: interrelations of ecology and public policy." Among the distinguished guest scholars who shared in the life of the Center this year was Fernand Braudel, one of the most emi- nent historians of his generation. Director of the Maison des Sciences de 1'Homme in Paris, and author of the classic The Medi- terranean and the Mediterranean World in the Age of Philip II (in two volumes), Braudel worked on a sequel to the first volume, Capitalism and Material Life, 1400-1800. 278 / Smithsonian Year 1976 The Program Fellows at the Center worked within three broadly defined scholarly divisions: Historical and Cultural Studies; Social and Political Studies; and Resources, Environment and Interdependence. A fourth division, the Kennan Institute.for Advanced Russian Studies, was established by decision of the Board of Trustees in December 1974, with former Center fellow George Kennan as head of its academic advisory group and Dr. S. Frederick Starr as its secretary. The Kennan Institute has launched a program of fellowships and short-term grants, enabling leading scholars from this country and abroad to utilize the unique resources of the Washington area. Simultaneously, the Institute has organized conferences, colloquia, and seminars which bring together leading specialists from aca- demia, government, business, and the press to consider significant issues involving Russia, past and present. Three film series also have been arranged, at which little-known works of Soviet cinema are presented and discussed, often for the first time in this country. Like the Center as a whole, the Kennan Institute's policy is to receive and offer hospitality to those engaged in fundamental re- search anywhere in the world. To this end, it maintains regular scholarly contact with leading university centers for Russian studies in this country and with scholarly groups in Europe, Japan, and the U.S.S.R. As these contacts broaden, and as the fellowship and seminar programs gain momentum, the Center's new institute is expected to make a significant contribution to our understanding of the Soviet Union. The Center has no permanent faculty or restrictive departmental barriers within its interdisciplinary body. "Clusters" of scholars, however, often have formed around topics of major importance and mutual interest. For example, the problems of state and local government, of the ocean, food, the impact of the visual media (movies and television), and ethnicity have been subjects of in- formal groupings; and there is a continuing concern for studies of the institutions of American government. Recognizing the importance of Inter-American relations, as well as the special resources in Washington, D.C. for research in this area, in 1976 the Center prepared to embark on a new three-year Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars I 279 During an evening lecture by Daniel Patrick Moynihan in May 1976, the speaker is questioned by Murrey Marder, Diplomatic Correspondent for the Washington Post. program in Latin American affairs. The program will bring together a group of Latin American scholars working individually on re- gional research. Programmatic focus for many of the meetings will be provided by a major study of United States-Latin American eco- nomic relationships, of which Dr. Abraham F. Lowenthal, director of the program at the Center, will be a principal author. A variety of seminars, conferences, and colloquia will complement the work under way and will involve a broad community of scholars, 280 / Smithsonian Year 1976 practitioners, and commentators. Special support for this program is expected from the Tinker, Ford, Rockefeller, and Kettering Founda- tions; the Rockefeller Brothers' Fund; the Organization of Ameri- can States; the United States Department of State; and the Smithsonian Institution. The Communicating The Center's effort to carry out its mandate to communicate with a wider public took a major step forward in October 1976, with the publication of the first issue of The Wilson Quarterly, a 160-page "national review of ideas and information." The Quarterly is de- signed to provide educated Americans with a continuing overview of scholarly thinking on "basic social, political, economic, and intel- lectual issues." The initial press run was 80,000 copies. The Quarterly's editors, led by Peter Braestrup, a distinguished and experienced journalist (Time, the New York Times, the Wash- ington Post) and former fellow, draw on the talents and judgments of the Center's fellows and former fellows, as well as on authorities at leading universities. The editors seek fresh thinking and clear writing from noted specialists across America and in major re- search centers overseas. The magazine contains five sections. First, there is a broad review of significant articles from a wide spectrum of some four hundred journals, ranging from Public Opinion Quarterly to Orbis to Renais- sance. Then come several essays on special topics, ranging in one issue from Soviet affairs to the American family. Each group of essays is reenforced by a review-essay of background books in the relevant field. A section devoted to "current books," on a variety of scholarly subjects, comes next, with listings of new books by fellows and former fellows. Special reports on current scholarly research in various fields and occasional reprints of significant articles or studies from the past complete the Quarterly's offerings. The magazine's initial publication was made possible by the assistance of the Smithsonian Institution and by grants from indi- viduals, foundations, and corporations. Its circulation and promo- tion effort is managed under contract by the Smithsonian magazine Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars I 281 business staff. The Quarterly, like the Center itself, encourages di- versity of viewpoint and scholarly method. In still another effort to serve a broader public, the Center is pre- paring to publish a series of Guides for scholars to resources in the libraries and archives, both federal and private, in the Washington area. Each Guide will be prepared by a scholar who has done re- search in some of the Washington collections. The Center has received a grant from the Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Founda- tion for the printing of four of the Guides. The first one, covering the resources for Russian and Soviet studies, by Dr. Steven Grant, assistant professor of history and international relations at George Washington University, was nearly completed in 1976. Other Guides on Africa, the Caribbean, Latin America, and the resources for the study of film and television are planned for future publication. In other forums, the fellows communicate the results of their research to each other, to fellow specialists, and to interested and concerned leaders of both public and private sectors in Washington and throughout the nation. A major goal of the Center is that each fellow's study project results in a published work, such as the book by former fellow Elliot Richardson, entitled The Creative Balance: Government, Poli- tics and the Individual in America's Third Century, which came out this year. Scores of magazine articles and monographs also emanate from work originating at the Center. Preluncheon discussions are held at noon every Tuesday and Friday, providing an opportunity for dialogue among the fellows and with distinguished guests from the Congress, from other parts of the government, and from the private sector. Late-afternoon colloquia on works in progress are led by fellows at some point in their stay here. Informed commentary, either by other fellows or by outside specialists, is invited, and critical dis- cussion centers on key ideas, with a view to improving and sharpen- ing the focus of the work. Evening dialogues, sustained by a grant from the Xerox Corpora- tion, are held on topics of major interest and importance every other week or so. From thirty to thirty-five guests with special interest in the topic are invited from leading scholarly and public institutions, 282 / Smithsonian Year 1976 and after dialogue among two or three specially qualified partici- pants, and dinner, the discussion is opened up to all the participants, who have included a number of Senators, Congressmen, cabinet and subcabinet officers, and specialists throughout the Washington community. Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars I 283 South view of the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts on the banks of the Potomac River. Smithsonian Year • 1976 JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS RODGER L. STEVENS, CHAIRMAN When Congress voted in 1958 to establish a national center for the performing arts in the city of Washington, it envisioned a vital insti- tution that would serve as a showcase for the finest programs of music, dance, and drama from this country and abroad; stimulate the integration of the arts with the American educational process; and serve as a catalyst for the advancement of the arts throughout the United States. In designating the Center as a living memorial to President Kennedy in 1964, Congress and the Executive Branch re- affirmed the desire that the institution become a major force for the enrichment of American life. It is both gratifying and encouraging that in only five years of actual operation, the Center has gained international recognition as one of the most successful performing arts institutions of its kind. Thousands of the world's foremost performing artists, writers, com- posers, conductors, choreographers, directors, and designers have contributed to a new creative environment; enthusiastically sup- portive audiences have been developed; and arts programs have been designed to reach into all areas of the country. Since the first preview performance of Leonard Bernstein's Mass, on September 6, 1971, nearly eight million people have attended more than 5,100 major performances, including 2,932 perform- ances of drama and musical comedy, 637 performances of dance, 771 symphony concerts, 244 opera performances, 155 recitals, 132 285 choral concerts, 82 concerts of chamber music, and 234 concerts of popular music. During the past year alone, audience attendance exceeded 1.75 million, an average of 85 percent of capacity, and made the Center the envy of the performing arts world. Performing Arts Programming DRAMA The Center's fifth theater season proved its most challenging and successful to date. A generous grant from Xerox Corporation en- abled the Center, for the first time, to develop and produce an entire theatrical season, without reliance upon outside producers. Under the guidance of a distinguished advisory panel, headed by Arthur Schlesinger, Jr., an American Bicentennial Theater Season was organized to recognize outstanding achievement within the Ameri- can theater during the past 200 years. The series of plays provided an overview of the development of theater in this country and the development of American life and thought as they were reflected upon the stage. Included in the Bicentennial Theater Season were Thornton Wilder's The Skin of Our Teeth, starring Elizabeth Ashley, Alfred Drake, and Martha Scott; Percy MacKaye's The Scarecrow, with William Atherton, Barbara Baxley, and Leonard Frey; William Inge's Summer Brave, with Alexis Smith; Tennessee Williams's Sweet Bird of Youth, with Irene Worth and Christopher Walken; The Royal Family, by George S. Kaufman and Edna Ferber, starring Rosemary Harris, Eva Le Gallienne, and George Grizzard; Eugene O'Neill's Long Day's Journey Into Night, with Jason Robards, Zoe Caldwell, and Michael Moriarty; Rip Van Winkle, with Anthony Quayle; The Heiress, by Ruth and Augustus Goetz from Henry James's novel Washington Square, starring Jane Alexander and Richard Kiley; and Emmet Lavery's The Magnificent Yankee, star- ring James Whitmore and Audra Lindley. Irene Worth received Broadway's Tony Award for her shattering performance in Sweet Bird of Youth, and Ellis Rabb was similarly honored for his direc- tion of The Royal Family. The Center also produced and presented three plays by the major contemporary American playwright, Preston Jones. Separately en- 286 / Smithsonian Year 1976 titled The Last Meeting of the Knights of the White Magnolia, The Oldest Living Graduate and Lu Ann Hampton Laverty Oberlander and collectively termed A Texas Trilogy; the plays were presented in an unprecedented eleven-performance-per-week repertory and acclaimed by critics and audiences alike. The three productions were directed by Alan Schneider and presented by an acting ensemble, headed by Fred Gwynn and Diane Ladd. Trilogy broke previous Eisenhower Theater records with a total of 156 performances. MUSICAL COMEDY The Center's success and the reputation of Washington audiences have prompted the nation's leading theatrical producers to seek out any available booking periods. Inasmuch as the "musical" is recog- nized as this country's most unique contribution to the performing arts, it was appropriate that the Center should play host to a series of new musical productions and major musical revivals during the Bicentennial year. Among the new productions appearing on the Opera House stage were Musical Jubilee, produced by The Theatre Guild, with a cast that included John Raitt, Tammy Grimes, and Cyril Ritchard; Harold Prince's production, Pacific Overtures, with music by Stephen Sondheim; and Rex, produced by Richard Adler, with Nicol Williamson as King Henry VIII and music by Richard Rodgers. Pearl Bailey closed her long show-business career with a farewell engagement of Hello, Dolly!, presented by Robert Cherin, and Zero Mostel recreated the role of Tevye in a splendid revival of Fiddler on the Roof, in which the Kennedy Center participated as a co- producer with The Shubert Organization and Nederlander Pro- ductions. A generous Bicentennial grant from the Prudential Insurance Company of America enabled the Center to develop and present a spirited musical celebration, Sing, America, Sing, which traced the history of the United States through its music. DANCE One of the most encouraging recent trends in the performing arts has been the increased public support of dance and the strengthen- ing of American dance companies. During its Bicentennial season, the Center presented return engagements of two of this country's John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 287 foremost dance organizations, The American Ballet Theatre and the New York City Ballet. The acclaimed Alvin Ailey City Center Dance Theater also returned to the Opera House under the sponsor- ship of the Washington Performing Arts Society. In its role as a showcase for the presentation of outstanding per- forming organizations from other countries, the Center also spon- sored engagements of Britain's Royal Ballet, the Royal Danish Ballet, the Royal Winnipeg Ballet, and the Australian Ballet. MUSIC The Center's 1975-1976 opera season offered a spectacular series of productions by five of the world's leading companies. During a fifteen-month period, the Center presented a total of seventy-seven performances of twenty-five different works. The Bolshoi Opera engagement, in July 1975, featured produc- tions of Boris Godnnov, War and Peace, Eugene Onegin, Pique Dame, The Gambler, and a contemporary work, The Dawns Are Quiet Here. The Berlin Opera followed in November with Lohen- grin, Tosca, and Cosi Fan Tutte. The New York City Opera's fifth annual Kennedy Center en- gagement included productions of The Ballad of Baby Doe, The Barber of Seville, Un Ballo in Maschera, La Boheme, Cavalleria Rusticana, I Pagliacci, and special performances of Lucrezia Borgia, with Beverly Sills singing the title role. With the combined assistance of the Italian Government, the Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation, Philip Morris, Gar- finckel's, Local 22 of the International Alliance of Theatrical Stage Employees, and the Metropolitan Opera Guild, the Center presented the first American engagement of the legendary Teatro alia Scala of Milan. Appearing only at the Center, La Scala treated capacity audiences to productions of Macbetto, La Boheme, Simon Boccane- gra, and La Cenerentola, and to a concert presentation of the Verdi Requiem. Completing the season were Paris Opera productions of Otello, Le Nozze di Figaro and Faust. The Paris Opera Chorus and Orches- tra also presented two choral masterworks, The Damnation of Faust and Requiem, by Hector Berlioz. Other Center-sponsored musical events included a series of per- formances by the Philadelphia Orchestra; a Chamber Music Festi- 288 / Smithsonian Year 1976 val, featuring such performers as Isaac Stern, Pinchas Zukerman, Eugene Istomin, and Leonard Rose; and a memorable concert — tribute to W. C. Handy. Vitally important to the musical year were the scores of per- formances presented and sponsored by Washington arts organiza- tions. The Center's resident National Symphony Orchestra, under the direction of Antal Dorati, presented a season of 137 concerts. The Washington Performing Arts Society brought to the Concert Hall outstanding performances by major world orchestras and re- cital artists. The Opera Society of Washington presented three major productions: L'ltaliana in Algeri, Otello, and Thais. And, the Choral Arts Society, the Paul Hill Chorale, and the Oratorio Society of Washington performed many of the world's great choral works. The Center also welcomed independently presented productions of Scott Joplin's Treemonisha, John Philip Sousa's El Capitan, and Britain's D'Oyly Carte Opera Company. F7LM Operating within the Kennedy Center under a separate administra- tion, the American Film Institute has brought more than 600 films and nearly 100,000 moviegoers to the Center during the past year. The 224-seat afi Theater has become one of the world's most re- spected repertory film theaters, and its programs include retrospec- tives of the works of important filmmakers, the films of a particular country, and highlights of a certain period or genre. Among the 1976 series were "Americana," the Soviet Silent Cinema, Opera on Film, new films from Egypt, Argentina, Brazil, Canada, and Iran, and series-tributes to William Wyler, Cary Grant, Gary Cooper, Carole Lombard, Fred Astaire, and Ginger Rogers. The afi also presented an educational film-lecture series and matinees of classic films for children. Appearing personally in connection with special film presenta- tions were such stars as James Stewart, Liv Ullman, and Cicely Tyson; directors, including Martin Scorsese, Elia Kazan, Satyajit Ray, Marcel Ophuls, Louis Malle, and Joan Micklin Silver; and producers Sam Spiegel and David Brown. More than 26,000 people attended a special Bicentennial Film Series presented by the National Park Service in the afi Theater each day from April 26th through Labor Day. In addition, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 289 Theater hosted such special events as the Washington National Student Film Festival and the International Women's Film Festival. The afi Theater is supported by ticket revenue, a major grant from the Cafritz Foundation, and fund-raising benefits organized by the Fans of afi. "BICENTENNIAL SALUTE TO THE PERFORMING ARTS" A glittering array of talent gathered on January 25, 1976, to honor Center-Chairman Roger L. Stevens in a "Bicentennial Salute to the Performing Arts." Among those who performed on the Opera House stage, before an audience that included President and Mrs. Ford, were Marian Anderson, Pearl Bailey, Carol Channing, Doug- las Fairbanks, Jr., Henry Fonda, Tammy Grimes, Robert Hooks, Judith Jamison, Priscilla Lopez, Martha Scott, Isaac Stern, Edward Villella, Allegra Kent, and Pinchas Zukerman. The gala perform- ance benefitted the Center's Performing Arts Programming Fund. Public Service Programming In addition to its performance programming, the Center has under- taken an extensive program of educational and public service activi- ties, and during the fifteen-month period ending September 30, 1976, nearly one million people attended 1,491 different free events. Symposia, focusing upon all areas of the performing arts and draw- ing upon the expertise of many of the performers appearing at the Center, are presented on a regular basis by the Friends of the Ken- nedy Center, in cooperation with the National Park Service, the National Symphony Orchestra, and the American Film Institute. The Friends also sponsor weekly demonstration-lectures that ex- plain the workings of the Concert Hall's Filene Memorial Organ and feature recitals by Washington-area organists. The Center's 1975 holiday festival, "The Twelve Days of Christ- mas," featured forty free programs staged throughout the building. The festival, made possible by the continued support of Mobil Oil Corporation, included the "Messiah Sing In," one of the most popu- lar annual events. "The Spring Festival of American Music," spon- sored by McDonald's Corporation, offered thirty-three free concerts representing the spectrum of America's musical heritage. 290 / Smithsonian Year 1976 The Center's Bicentennial exhibition, "America on Stage: 200 Years of Performing Arts," will continue through December 31, 1976. Sponsored by a grant from IBM Corporation, "America on Stage" occupies more than 20,000 square feet of the Roof Terrace level and focuses upon the evolution of American drama, music, and dance from the colonial period to the present. Located in the exhibition area is a 230-seat theater in the form of a replica of a Chautauqua Tent. Since the exhibition opened in January, the Tent has housed more than one hundred free performances, including a special Center-sponsored summer series, Three Portraits in Reper- tory by Eugenia Rawls. Free performances are frequently presented at the Center in con- junction with regular programing activities. During September and October 1975, the Center collaborated with the National Sym- phony, the Washington Performing Arts Society, the Smithsonian Institution, and the Library of Congress to produce a three-week festival and musicological conference celebrating the monumental career of Joseph Haydn. In addition to a major series of Haydn per- formances in the Opera House and Concert Hall, ten of the twelve Haydn Masses were presented to the public in the Grand Foyer. The National Music Council is currently sponsoring an eighteen- month-long series of free State Day concerts. The series celebrates music written by composers from each of the fifty states and the District of Columbia and features programs performed in the Grand Foyer and Concert Hall by solo artists and musical groups from each state. Termed "A Bicentennial Parade of American Music," the series is administered by the National Federation of Music Clubs and funded by a grant from exxon. The Center also hosts Mobil Oil Corporation's "National Town Meeting" series. The National Town Meetings provide a unique opportunity for direct interaction between the public and national policy- and opinion-makers. SPECIALLY PRICED TICKET PROGRAM From July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976, 166,833 tickets for regular Center performances were distributed at half-price through the Specially Priced Ticket Program. This Program was designed by the Center to make its performances accessible to all, regardless of economic circumstances, and is available to students, the handi- John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 291 capped, senior citizens, military personnel in the lower grades, and low-income groups. The sale of these Specially Priced Tickets repre- sented a total price-reduction of $841,041 for the fifteen-month period. ALLIANCE FOR ARTS EDUCATION In 1973, the Center joined with the Department of Health, Educa- tion and Welfare to establish the national Alliance for Arts Educa- tion (aae). The aae is dedicated to incorporating the arts into the educational experience of each child and to fostering greater co- operation between established arts organizations and educational institutions, aae committees have been established within each state to assist in the implementation of specific state arts programs. During March 1976, the aae sponsored a six-day Youth Music Festival with performances throughout the Center. Thirty-five stu- dent groups, representing twenty-one states, performed for a total audience that exceeded ten thousand. The aae also sponsors arts workshops for teachers and school administrators and administers an ongoing internship program designed to acquaint students with basic arts administration skills through involvement in Center operations. Currently, the aae is presenting a twenty-eight-week Children's Arts Series, with specially designed children's programs performed at the Center by professional groups. The programs are participa- tory in nature and include music, dance, theater, mime, poetry, and puppetry. Performances are offered free of charge on Fridays and Saturdays and are designed to reach a total audience of more than thirty-six thousand children during the twenty-eight-week period. The Series is intended to culminate in a major Children's Arts Festi- val in 1977. AMERICAN COLLEGE THEATRE FESTIVAL The American College Theatre Festival, presented annually by the Kennedy Center and the Alliance for Arts Education, provides recognition to the 2,300 college and university theaters throughout the country and the more than 50,000 students enrolled in formal classes in theater arts. More than 10,000 college and university productions are presented in the United States each year, and the Festival seeks to honor the best of these, strengthen the rest, and 292 / Smithsonian Year 1976 encourage students everywhere to take an active part in theater as writers, designers, performers, directors, and/or audiences. From a series of regional festivals in which more than 350 schools participated, seven productions were selected for presentation in a national showcase at the Center in April. The Festival Program also included special awards designed to recognize and encourage individual excellence in performing and playwriting. In its eighth year, the Theatre Festival was sponsored by amoco Oil Company and produced by the American Theatre Association. Friends of the Kennedy Center Organized as the Center's official auxiliary in 1966, the Friends of the Kennedy Center have established an extraordinary record of service to all phases of Center operations. Long before the Center opened, the Friends staffed a visitor infor- mation trailer at the construction site and sent speakers into all parts of the country to explain and promote the Center project. The Friends co-sponsored the first American College Theatre Festival and in so doing helped to establish one of the Center's most sig- nificant educational traditions. Before the Center had taken on a recognizable structural form, the Friends were actively organizing arts projects for Washington-area school children and sparking the imagination of children through the "Tom Sawyer" construction- fence-painting project. Under the chairmanship of Mrs. Polk Guest, the Friends now number nearly ten thousand from all fifty states and several foreign countries. Included in the membership are 300 active volunteers whose combined contribution to the Center totals nearly 80,000 hours each year. The volunteer office, which serves as a major in- formation and assistance center for visitors, is staffed 365 days a year from 9:30 a.m. until 9:00 p.m. More than 400,000 visitors par- ticipate each year in tours of the building conducted by volunteer guides. For the benefit of foreign visitors, tours are available in Spanish, German, Dutch, French, Italian, and Hebrew. The Friends also administer the Center's Specially Priced Ticket Program, manage its souvenir stands, coordinate special arrange- ments for handicapped visitors and theatergoers, provide staff as- John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 293 sistance to the Center's mail-order department, assist with logistics for the National Symphony Orchestra's children's concerts, and respond to tens of thousands of written requests for Center infor- mation. During the past year, the Friends have also provided invalu- able assistance in staffing the "America on Stage" exhibition each day from 10:15 a.m. until 8:15 p.m. The Friends work closely with the National Park Service, which is responsible for maintaining the Center as a national memorial, and, from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976, the Friends and Park Service personnel helped to provide information assistance and hospitality to more than 5.8 million visitors. Funding The Center receives no Federal funding for its programming, public service, and administrative expenses, which totaled $15,639,582 for the twelve-month period ending June 30, 1976, and is solely de- pendent upon revenue from theater operations, concessions income, and private contributions. In addition, the Center reimburses the National Park Service a pro-rata share of annual maintenance costs, on the basis of a formula devised by independent accountants for the House Public Works Committee. For the period July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976, this reimbursement amounted to $485,440. Grants from the American business community enabled the Center to develop one of the most successful Bicentennial efforts in the nation. In a special White House gathering on July 8, 1975, President Ford praised the Center's Bicentennial programming and paid tribute to the generosity of its corporate sponsors. Corporate grants specifically designated for Bicentennial projects were received from amoco Oil Company, exxon Corporation, ibm Corporation, McDonald's Corporation, Mobil Oil Corporation, Philip Morris, the Prudential Insurance Company of America, and Xerox Corporation. During the past fifteen months, the Center has also received sub- stantial aid from the following corporations and foundations: American Broadcasting Companies, Inc.; Alcoa Foundation; Ameri- can Telephone and Telegraph Company; Atlantic Richfield Com- pany; the Louis D. Beaumont Foundation; Bethlehem Steel Corpora- tion; the Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation; Canteen Cor- 294 / Smithsonian Year 1976 As President Ford and Bicentennial Commission Director John Warner look on, Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Miki presents a check for $3 million to Roger L. Stevens, Chairman of the Kennedy Center, to construct a 600-seat Studio Theater in the Kennedy Center. The Theater will be part of Japan's Bicentennial gift to the people of the United States and, in Mr. Miki's words, "a permanent and living link between our two cultures." (Photo credit: Wash- ington Post) poration; CBS Foundation, Inc.; the George Gund Foundation; the Charles E. Merrill Trust; Public Welfare Foundation, Inc.; William Randolph Hearst Foundation; the Redskin Foundation; the Rocke- feller Foundation; the Shubert Foundation; and United States Steel Foundation. Bicentennial Gifts During the White House ceremony on June 30, 1976, Japanese Prime Minister Takeo Miki presented to the Kennedy Center a cash gift of $3 million, designated for the completion of the Center's Studio Theatre. This Bicentennial gift from the government and ■ MB John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 295 people of Japan to the people of the United States will provide the Center with a 600-seat facility designed for chamber music, experi- mental drama, and poetry. The Theater located on the Roof Terrace level, is expected to be completed in 1978. Other national gifts included a bronze and stone sculpture, Don Quixote, by Aurelio Teno, presented by King Juan Carlos I of Spain; a white porcelain relief by Inge-Lise Koefoed, presented by Queen Margrethe of Denmark; a 4,600-year-old alabaster vase from the government of Egypt, presented by Mrs. Anwar Sadat; and two tapestries, "Poem to Fire I and II," by Leonardo Nierman, pre- sented by the government of Mexico. Board of Trustees Although organizationally a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, the Center is administered separately by a 45-member Board of Trustees composed of thirty members appointed by the President of the United States to ten-year overlapping terms and fifteen mem- bers ex officio from pertinent government agencies, the Senate, and the House of Representatives. On October 5, 1976, President Ford announced the reappointment of Roger L. Stevens and Jack J. Valenti and named as new Center trustees Mrs. Howard H. Baker, Jr., Robert S. Carter, Orval Hansen, Mrs. Bob Hope, and John G. Spatuzza. After serving the Center for eighteen years as Trustee and Gen- eral Counsel, Ralph E. Becker resigned from the Board to assume new duties as United States Ambassador to Honduras. Members of the Board of Trustees as of October 20, 1976, are as follows: Roger L. Stevens, Chairman Abe Fortas Edward Aquirre Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen Mrs. Howard H. Baker, Jr. J. William Fulbright Daniel J. Boorstin Leonard H. Goldenson J. Carter Brown R. Philip Hanes, Jr. Robert S. Carter Orval Hansen Mrs. Edward Finch Cox Mrs. Rebekah Harkness Marvin L. Esch Mrs. Paul H. Hatch Gary Everhardt Mrs. Bob Hope Mrs. J. Clifford Folger Frank N. Ikard 296 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Edward M. Kennedy Mrs. Stephen E. Smith Thomas H. Kuchel John G. Spatuzza Melvin R. Laird Henry Strong Gustave L. Levy William Hammond Thomas David Mathews Frank Thompson, Jr. Mrs. Michael J. Mansfield Benjamin A. Trustman Mrs. J. Willard Marriott John V. Tunney Robert I. Millonzi Jack J. Valenti Charles H. Percy Walter E. Washington Mrs. Donna Stone Pesch Lew R. Wasserman John Richardson, Jr. Mrs. Jack Wrather S. Dillon Ripley II Mrs. George A. Garrett, Teno Roncalio Honorary Trustee Mrs. Jouett Shouse John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 297 The National Gallery of Art's East Building between Third and Fourth Streets on the Mall is expected to open in 1978. (Photo credit: Stewart Bros., Inc.) Smithsonian Year • 1976 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART J. CARTER BROWN, DIRECTOR The National Gallery of Art, although formally established as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, is an autonomous and sepa- rately administered organization. It is governed by its own Board of Trustees, the statutory members of which are the Chief Justice of the United States, Chairman; the Secretary of State; the Secretary of the Treasury; and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, all ex officio; and five general trustees. Paul Mellon continued as president of the Gallery and John Hay Whitney as vice president. The other general trustees continuing to serve were Carlisle H. Humelsine and Dr. Franklin D. Murphy. In September 1975, Mr. Stoddard M. Stevens resigned after eight years as a trustee; Mr. John R. Stevenson of New York City was elected to succeed him. During the fifteen-month period ending September 30, 1976, the Gallery counted 2,210,813 visitors. A number of important works of art were acquired. The most significant purchase was the painting Lavender Mist by Jackson Pollock. Done in 1950, this work is deemed one of the key works of the artist's classical period. It will be displayed to the public when the East Building is opened in 1978. Notable among paintings do- nated were Copley's portrait of Harrison Gray and Tavern Scene by the Flemish artist David Teniers II. Eight works of sculpture were added to the collection, including Clodion's spirited terra-cotta model for the famous marble group Poetry and Music in the Kress Collection and Elie Nadelman's fine plaster relief, Two Nudes. Among the 634 works of graphic art acquired were 51 drawings, 299 including an Ingres portrait and Bird Perched on a Branch with Fruit by Mantegna, 17 Homer watercolors, and prints by Altdorfer, Gainsborough, Delacroix, Pissarro, and de Kooning. A major dona- tion of 160 prints, 30 drawings, and 2 illustrated books by the most prominent contemporary American artists was added to the Gal- lery's modern collection. Twelve exhibitions were offered by the Gallery during the period. "Master Paintings from The Hermitage and The State Russian Museum" afforded viewers a selection of thirty of the old masters as well as a dozen works by nineteenth-century Russian artists little known to Americans. A small but representative display of Goya's paintings in the Prado marked the visit of King Juan Carlos to the United States. Two major exhibitions were mounted after years of gestation as the Gallery's contribution to the Bicentennial. The first, "The Euro- pean Vision of America," done in conjunction with the Cleveland Museum of Art, sought to convey the impact of the discovery and opening of the Western Hemisphere on the visual arts of Europe from the sixteenth through the nineteenth centuries. The second ex- hibition, "The Eye of Thomas Jefferson," in a sense the reverse of the first, surveyed the impact of the classical and European heri- tage of art, architecture, literature, and music on Jefferson, that most nearly omniscient of the Founding Fathers. A full list of exhibitions is noted at the close of this section. From its collections, the Gallery made loans to thirty-nine exhibi- tions at fifty-two institutions including fourteen abroad. Among works lent were seventy-seven paintings, four sculptures, ninety- six graphics, two oriental rugs, and one tapestry. The Department of Extension Programs continued to make prog- ress in revising existing audiovisual materials and developed and field-tested two new formats designed to enhance the classroom teaching of art history. These included texts, cassettes, slides, film, and reproductions. Total bookings of all programs were 35,608, an increase, on an annual basis, of 9 percent. The total estimated audience in all fifty states and foreign countries was 3,033,127. Another educational program, Art and Man, published in coopera- tion with Scholastic Magazines, Inc., reached over 3,500 classrooms in every state. Total attendance at talks given by the Gallery's Education De- 300 / Smithsonian Year 1976 partment and at the programs presented in the auditorium was 131,654. These included the regularly scheduled auditorium lectures and films; the Introduction to the Collection, the Tour of the Week, and Painting of the Week talks; as well as special introductory presentations keyed to three of the exhibitions. There were thirty- three guest lecturers including the twenty-fourth annual Andrew W. Mellon Lecturer in the Fine Arts, Peter von Blanckenhagen, who gave a series of six lectures entitled "Aspects of Classical Art." Other distinguished scholars who lectured included Rosamond Bernier, Philip Hofer, and Sir Francis Watson, the Kress Professor in Residence. The Conservation staff undertook major restoration on twelve paintings and minor treatment on fifty. A major research project on all the Gallery's twenty-three Rembrandts was initiated and will continue for several years. The Chief Conservator accompanied the return of the "Exhibition of Archaeological Finds" to the People's Republic of China. Important work was also performed on the graphics and textile collections. The Research Project at the Carnegie-Mellon Institute of Re- search continued the study of the properties of both natural and synthetic varnishes and solvents therefor, and produced several publications. Additional projects dealt with deteriorating effects of light on artists' materials including yarns used for repairing tapestries. Work continued on ten monographs on artists' pigments. The most noteworthy acquisition of the Library was the collection of nearly five hundred volumes belonging to Wolfgang Stechow and donated by Mrs. Stechow. More than 4,000 other books and pamphlets were received. The Photographic Archives acquired over 165,000 photographs, of which 108,869 were purchased through funds donated by the Samuel H. Kress Foundation. The sales facilities, including special catalogue desks at exhibi- tions, handled 343,768 over-the-counter orders and 6,689 mail orders. In the Music Program, forty-one concerts were presented in the East Garden Court. The National Gallery Orchestra supplied the music at the eighteenth-century fireworks that inaugurated "The Eye of Thomas Jefferson" exhibition in June and represented the District of Columbia in the Parade of the States series at the Ken- nedy Center. In a closing salute to the Jefferson exhibition, the National Gallery of Art I 301 Cafe opened in June 1976 in the Concourse beneath the Plaza, both of which will connect the new East Building with the present National Gallery of Art. Orchestra Sinfonica Scarlatti di Napoli performed in the East Garden Court as an official gift of the Government of Italy. The period under review witnessed impressive developments on the construction site to the east of the National Gallery's original building. In the summer of 1975, the East Building appeared little more than half completed; but by the end of the summer of 1976, all the exterior walls had risen to their full height and were covered with marble, and the giant frame for the skylight over the central court was in place. In addition, the construction of the Concourse linking the two buildings was completed, the Plaza above it was paved, and the Gallery grounds were relandscaped to Fourth Street. In late June, the public was welcomed to the 600-seat Cafe/Buffet in the Concourse; the new sales area offering a wide choice of art books was opened at the end of August. During the fifteen months, 302 / Smithsonian Year 1976 The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation made grants in support of this expansion program totalling $10 million. During the spring of 1976, rapid progress was made in remodel- ing of the Fourth Street entrance to the original Gallery building with a new east doorway and a Main Floor balcony overlooking the Plaza and the Lobby. A large Aubusson tapestry based on Jean Arp's Aubette mural was given by the Collector's Committee and displayed on the landing of the escalator leading to the Concourse. This was the first work of art commissioned and completed in con- nection with the new building program. TEMPORARY EXHIBITIONS AT THE NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART IN FISCAL YEAR 1976 26 Lithographs Printed at the Tamarind Workshop, Los Angeles Continued from the previous fiscal year through July 9, 1975. Jacques Callot: Prints & Related Drawings Continued from the previous fiscal year through September 14, 1975. Pennsylvania German Craftsmanship — 18th and 19th Centuries Watercolor renderings from the Index of American Design July 11, 1975, through January 25, 1976. Master Paintings from The Hermitage and The State Russian Museum July 30 through September 9, 1975. Winslow Homer (1836-1910) : Watercolors September 28 through December 14, 1975. The European Vision of America December 7, 1975, through February 16, 1976. Recent Acquisitions of Printed Portraits: Sixteenth-Eighteenth Centuries January 26 through June 6, 1976. Goya in the Prado May 6 through 31, 1976. The Triumph of Reason and Order over Chaos and War: Eighteenth- Century French Fireworks Spectacle June 1, 1976. The Eye of Thomas Jefferson June 5 through September 6, 1976. Fireworks/Feux d'Artifices: Prints and Watercolors of French Fireworks from the 17th to the 19th Century June 10 through September 6, 1976. Morris Louis: Major Themes & Variations September 12, 1976, through the end of the fiscal year. National Gallery of Art I 303 BOARD OF TRUSTEES EX OFFICIO The Chief Justice of the United States Warren E. Burger, Chairman The Secretary of State Henry A. Kissinger The Secretary of the Treasury William E. Simon The Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution S. Dillon Ripley GENERAL Carlisle H. Humelsine Paul Mellon Franklin D. Murphy John R. Stevenson John Hay Whitney 304 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Smithsonian Year • 1976 APPENDICES 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, page 306 and Commissions, September 30, 1976 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Research 312 Supported from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded, July 1, 1975, 314 through September 30, 1976 4. Progress on Building Construction, Restoration, 317 and Renovation 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press, 319 July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution 332 and Its Subsidiaries, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 7. Academic Appointments, July 1, 1975, 411 through September 30, 1976 8. Smithsonian Associates Membership, July 1, 1975, 425 through September 30, 1976 9. List of Donors to the Smithsonian Institution, 434 July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 10. List of Volunteers Who Served the Smithsonian 488 Institution, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 11. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institutions, July 1, 1975, 511 through September 30, 1976 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, 512 September 30, 1976 305 APPENDIX 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1976 Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor Nelson A. Rockefeller, Vice President of the United States Frank E. Moss, Member of the Senate Henry M. Jackson, Member of the Senate Hugh Scott, Member of the Senate George H. Mahon, Member of the House of Representatives Elford A. Cederberg, Member of the House of Representatives Sidney R. Yates, Member of the House of Representatives John Paul Austin, citizen of Georgia John Nicholas Brown, citizen of Rhode Island William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California Robert F. Goheen, citizen of New Jersey Caryl P. Haskins, citizen of Washington, D.C. A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Thomas J. Watson, Jr., citizen of Connecticut James E. Webb, citizen of Washington, D.C. Executive Committee, Board of Regents Warren E. Burger, Chancellor of the Board of Regents William A. M. Burden Caryl P. Haskins James E. Webb, Chairman The Smithsonian Council Dr. Roger D. Abrahams, Chairman, Department of English, Professor of Eng- lish and Anthropology, The University of Texas at Austin, Austin, Texas 78712. Professor George A. Bartholomew, Department of Zoology, University of California, Los Angeles, California 90024. Dr. Milton W. Brown, The Graduate School and University Center, City Uni- versity of New York, 33 West 42nd Street, New York, New York 10036. Dr. Reid A. Bryson, Director, Institute for Environmental Studies, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1225 West Dayton Street, Madison, Wisconsin 53706. Dr. Frederick H. Burkhardt, President Emeritus, American Council of Learned Societies, RFD 1, Bennington, Vermont 05201. Professor Archie F. Carr, Jr., Department of Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida 32601. Professor Carl W. Condit, Center for Urban Affairs, Northwestern University, 2040 Sheridan Road, Evanston, Illinois 60201. Mrs. Camille W. Cook, Associate Dean, University of Alabama School of Law, Box 1435, University of Alabama 35486. 306 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mrs. Anne d'Harnoncourt, Curator, Philadelphia Museum of Art, Parkway at 26th Street, P.O. Box 7646, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19106. Professor A. Hunter Dupree, Department of History, Brown University, Provi- dence, Rhode Island 02912. Professor Fred R. Eggan, Department of Anthropology, University of Chicago, 1126 East 59th Street, Chicago, Illinois 60601. Dr. Murray Gell-Mann, California Institute of Technology, 1201 East Cali- fornia Avenue, Pasadena, California 91109. Dr. Peter C. Goldmark, Goldmark Communications Corporation, One Com- munication Plaza, Stamford, Connecticut 06905. Dr. Frank B. Golley, Executive Director, Institute of Ecology, The Rockhouse, University of Georgia, Athens, Georgia 30601. Professor Stephen Jay Gould, Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138. Dr. David Hawkins, Director, Mountain View Center for Environmental Edu- cation, University of Colorado, 1511 University Avenue, Boulder, Colorado 80302. Professor Nathan I. Huggins, Department of History, Columbia University, New York, New York 10027. Dr. Giles W. Mead, Director, Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History, 900 Exposition Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90007. Dr. Ruth Patrick, Chairman of the Board, The Academy of Natural Sciences, 19th and Parkway, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19103. Dr. Gordon N. Ray, President, John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation, 90 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10016. Mr. Harold Rosenberg, do New Yorker Magazine, 25 West 43rd Street, New York, New York 10036. Professor Carl E. Sagan, Director, Laboratory of Planetary Studies, Space Sciences Building, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14850. Mr. Andre Schiffrin, Managing Director, Pantheon Books, 201 East 50th Street, New York, New York 10022. Mrs. Barbara W. Tuchman, 875 Park Avenue, New York, New York 10021. Archives of American Art Board of Trustees Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, Chairman Irving F. Burton, President Mrs. Nancy B. Negley, Vice President Mrs. E. Bliss Parkinson, Vice President Henry DeF. Baldwin, Secretary Joel S. Ehrenkranz, Treasurer Edwin Bergman Mrs. John L. Bradley Joseph H. Hirshhorn James Humphry III Miss Milka Iconomoff Gilbert H. Kinney Howard W. Lipman Harold O. Love Russell Lynes Richard Manoogian Porter A. McCray Abraham Melamed Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Edward M. M. Warburg George H. Waterman III S. Dillon Ripley, ex officio Charles Blitzer, ex officio Center for the Study of Man National Anthropological Film Center Advisory Council Dr. Margaret Mead, The American Museum of Natural History, New York. Mrs. Roma Crocker, Washington, D.C. Dr. William H. Crocker, Associate Curator of South American Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 307 Dr. Gordon Gibson, Curator of African Ethnology, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Edward Hall, Professor of Anthropology, Northwestern University. Dr. Paul Hockings, Associate Professor of Anthropology, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle. Mr. Matthew Huxley, National Institute of Mental Health. Dr. Jay Ruby, President, Society for the Anthropology of Visual Communica- tion, do Temple University, Philadelphia. Dr. George Spindler, Professor of Anthropology, Stanford. University. Mrs. Marion Stirling, Washington, D.C. Dr. Sol Tax, Professor of Anthropology, University of Chicago. Dr. Fuller Torrey, National Institute of Mental Health. Mr. Carroll Williams, Director, Anthropology Film Center, Santa Fe. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees Daniel P. Moynihan, Chairman* Anne d'Harnoncourt Leigh B. Block, Vice-Chairman** Thomas M. Evans H. Harvard Arnason Sydney Lewis*** Theodore E. Cummings Dorothy C. Miller*** Honorable Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio Honorable S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio * Reelected at meeting of Board of Trustees, May 12, 1976. ** Elected at meeting of Board of Trustees, May 12, 1976. *** Appointed at meeting of Board of Trustees, May 12, 1976. Horticultural Advisory Committee S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, ex officio. Mr. James R. Buckler, Horticulturist, Smithsonian Institution. Dr. Robert Baker, Professor of Horticulture, University of Maryland. Mrs. Frances Patteson-Knight, Lay Horticulturist, McLean, Virginia. Mr. Jimmie L. Crowe, Assistant Director, U.S. Botanic Gardens. Dr. Robert Read, Curator, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany. Dr. Russell Seibert, Director, Longwood Gardens, Kennett Square, Pennsyl- vania. Mrs. Belva Jensen, Director, Division of Biological Sciences, Charles County Community College. Mr. Carlton Lees, Vice President, New York Botanic Gardens. Mr. Lester Collins, Landscape Architect, Washington, D.C. Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley, Orchidologist, Washington, D.C. Dr. Robert Read, Curator, Smithsonian Institution, Department of Botany. Mr. Paul Desautels, Orchidologist and Curator, Smithsonian Institution, De- partment of Mineralogy. Mr. James R. Buckler, Horticulturist, Smithsonian Institution. Mr. August A. Dietz IV, Greenhouse Manager. * Established by the Secretary in September 1975. This Subcommittee meets approxi- mately every other month. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts Members of the Board of Trustees are given on page 296. 308 / Smithsonian Year 1976 National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board EX OFFICIO S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution, Chairman. Jefferson W. Cochran, Federal Aviation Administration, Department of Trans- portation. Brigadier General James L. Collins, Department of the Army. Vice Admiral Forrest S. Petersen, Department of the Navy. Brigadier General William C. Norris, Department of the Air Force. Rear Admiral Robert H. Scarborough, United States Coast Guard. Herbert J. Rowe, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Brigadier General Phillip Shutler, United States Marine Corps. CITIZEN MEMBERS Mrs. O. A. Beech, Wichita, Kansas. Lieutenant General William E. Hall, USAF (Ret), Palm Bay, Florida. Lieutenant General Elwood R. Quesada, USAF (Ret), Washington, D.C. National Air and Space Museum Visiting Committee Dr. Alexander H. Flax, President, Institute of Defense Analysis. Dr. Gerald K. O'Neill, Professor of Physics, Princeton University. Mr. Russell L. Schweickart, Director, User Affairs, National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Dr. Leon T. Silver, Professor of Geology, California Institution of Technology. Lieutenant General James T. Stewart, USAF, Commander, Aeronautical Sys- tems Division. Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb, Head, Transonic Aerodynamics Branch, Langley Research Center. National Collection of Fine Arts Commission George B. Tatum, Chairman Otto Wittmann, Vice Chairman S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary Mrs. Elizabeth Brook Blake Thomas S. Buechner David E. Finley Martin Friedman Lloyd Goodrich Walker Hancock R. Philip Hanes, Jr. Bartlett H. Hayes, Jr. HONORARY MEMBERS Paul Mellon Stow Wengenroth August Heckscher Thomas C. Howe Mrs. Jaquelin H. Hume David Lloyd Kreeger Abram Lerner, ex officio Mrs. Doris M. Magowan Henry P. Mcllhenny Ogden M. Pleissner Harold Rosenberg Charles H. Sawyer Mrs. Otto Spaeth Alexander Wetmore Andrew Wyeth National Gallery of Art Members of the Board of Trustees are given on page 304. Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 309 National Portrait Gallery Commission John Nicholas Brown, Chairman Katie Louchheim Ralph Ellison Barry Bingham, Sr. David E. Finley Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of Wilmarth Sheldon Lewis the United States, ex officio Robert L. McNeil, Jr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Andrew Oliver Smithsonian Institution, ex officio E. P. Richardson J. Carter Brown, Director, National Robert Hilton Smith Gallery of Art, ex officio Office of International Programs, Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES ADVISORY COUNCIL Dr. Klaus Baer Dr. Nancie Gonzalez (observer) Professor Joseph W. Elder Professor Henry S. Robinson Dr. William Fitzhugh Dr. Bernard Wailes ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES ADVISORY COUNCIL Dr. Felix Chayes Dr. William Melson Dr. Henry Faul Professor Thornton Page Dr. Paul Hodge Dr. Victor Szebehely Dr. William H. Klein Dr. Louis Walter BIOLOGICAL SCIENCES ADVISORY COUNCIL Dr. Edwin Colbert Dr. James C. Hickman (observer) Professor Kenneth W. Cooper Dr. Robert F. Inger Dr. John F. Eisenberg Dr. Watson M. Laetsch Professor Peter W. Frank Dr. Paul Risser (observer) NATIONAL MUSEUM ACT COUNCIL (See listing under Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs) Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Incorporated, Board of Directors Dr. David Challinor, Chairman of the Board, Assistant Secretary for Science, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio. Dr. Lee G. Burchinal, Director, Division of Science Information, National Science Foundation. Dr. David F. Hersey, President, Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio. Dr. R. W. Lamont-Havers, Deputy Director, National Institutes of Health. Dr. Charles W. Shilling, Executive Secretary, Undersea Medical Society, Inc. Mr. Alan D. Ullberg, Associate General Counsel, Smithsonian Institution. Mr. T. Ames Wheeler, Treasurer, Smithsonian Institution. 310 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Board of Trustees William J. Baroody, Chairman. Daniel P. Moynihan, Vice Chairman. Ronald S. Berman, Chairman, National Endowment for the Humanities. Daniel J. Boorstin, Librarian of Congress. Robert H. Bork, Washington, D.C. Robert A. Goldwin, Special Consultant to the President. Bryce N. Harlow, Washington, D.C. Henry A. Kissinger, Secretary of State. David Mathews, Secretary of Health, Education and Welfare. Paul W. McCracken, Ann Arbor, Michigan. James B. Rhodes, Archivist of the United States. S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. Dean Rusk, University of Georgia Law School. Rawleigh Warner, Jr., New York, New York. Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 311 APPENDIX 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Research Supported from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES American Institute of Indian Studies, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Continued support for administration; research fellowships; Benares Center for Art and Archeology; documentation of selected ritual art forms as communication systems of traditional culture. American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Excavation at Harappan site of Allahdino in the Malir Area, Karachi District, Pakistan. American Research Center in Egypt, Princeton, New Jersey. Continued support for a program of research and excavation in Egypt: support for operation of the Cairo Center; maintenance of archeological research at the site of Hiera- konpolis (Nekhen) in Edfu District; survey of Arabic scientific manuscripts in Cairo; continuation of excavation of a stratified pharaonic site in the Egyptian delta at Mendes; Akhenaten Temple project; research in modern Arabic literature; continuation of an epigraphic and architectural survey at Luxor by the Oriental Institute; editing the Nag Hammadi codices; prepara- tion for publication of a manuscript by the late G. Legrain on the Late Egyptian sculpture from Karnak in the Cairo Museum. American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Excava- tions in salient areas of Punic and Roman Carthage (Tunisia). Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington, D.C. A corpus of the mosaics of Tunisia. North Texas State University, Arlington, Texas. Studies in predynastic Egypt. Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Prehistory of the Western Desert, Egypt. University of California, Berkeley, California. Archeological excavations at the Harappan seaport of Balakot, Pakistan. University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky. Archeological investigations at Qsar Ibrium, Egyptian Nubia. University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. Research and study of early medieval Polish archeology. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Excavation within the town and harbor site of Malkata, western Thebes (Egypt). Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan. Prehistoric studies in the Siwa oasis region, northwestern Egypt. 312 / Smithsonian Year 1976 SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (INCLUDING PALEOBIOLOGY) Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Mitochondrial DNAs of hybridogenetic amphibians: a search for a biological clock. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Exploitation of habitats by chemi- cally differentiated races of morphologically uniform lichen forming fungi (Tunisia). National Museum of Natural History, Department of Entomology, Washing- ton, D.C. Biosystematic studies of the insects of Ceylon. National Museum of Natural History, Department of Paleobiology, Washing- ton, D.C. Comparative study and geography of selected Devonian and Permian corals in Poland and the United States of America. Smithsonian Institution, Office of the Secretary, Washington, D.C. Some as- pects of the ecology of Indian birds; publication of the Synopsis of the Birds of India and Pakistan; publication of Phillips Revised Checklist of the Birds of Ceylon. Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, Washington, D.C. Study of bio- logical productivity of some tropical lakes of South India. University of California, Berkeley, California. Pollen flow in Lythrum junceum (Tunisia). University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Systematic studies of the molluscan genus Bulinus in Africa and adjacent regions (Egypt). Utah State University, Logan, Utah. Systems analysis of the Pre-Saharan ecosystem of southern Tunisia. ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Studies in Lake of Tunis. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Con- tinued operation of the SAO/Uttar Pradesh State observing station at Naini Tal (India); geophysical interpretation of mean latitude variations of stations located on a common meridian (Poland). University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Nucleosynthesis and the advanced stages of stellar evolution (Poland). University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Geochronology of alkaline complexes of the southeastern desert of Egypt. MUSEUM PROGRAMS Festival of American Folklife, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Old ways in the New World (Egypt, Pakistan). National Museum of History and Technology, Department of Science and Technology, Washington, D.C. Cooperative program for advice, training and research on medicine and pharmacy museums in Egypt. Smithsonian Institution, Smithsonian Magazine. Development of educational articles for Smithsonian magazine on research abroad supported by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program (Poland). Appendix 2. Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program I 313 APPENDIX 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 PROFESSIONAL AND TECHNICAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM National Conservation Advisory Council, Washington, D.C. The American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee. International Council of Museums, Paris, France. University of Illinois, Chicago, Illinois. The University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska. The Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. Regional Conference of Historical Agencies, Manlius, New York. Merrimack Valley Textile Museum, North Andover, Massachusetts. American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C. SPECIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH PROGRAM The American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee. The University of Illinois at Chicago Circle, Chicago, Illinois. The American Academy in Rome, New York, New York. Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, New York, New York. Georgetown University, Washington, D.C. The Regents of the University of California, Riverside, California. University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Texas Technical University, Lubbock, Texas. TRAVEL PROGRAM FOR MUSEUM PROFESSIONALS New MUSE Community Museum of Brooklyn, Brooklyn, New York The Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado. Gallery 101-University of Wisconsin, River Falls, Wisconsin. San Antonio Museum Association, San Antonio, Texas. 314 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Denver Museum of Natural History, Denver, Colorado. Georgia Museum of Art, Athens, Georgia. The Byzantine Collection, Dumbarton Oaks, Washington, D.C. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York. Art Conservation Laboratory, University of California, Davis, California. McDonnell Planetarium, St. Louis, Missouri. Fogg Art Museum, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Museum of International Folk Art, Santa Fe, New Mexico. San Francisco Maritime Museum, San Francisco, California. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts. The Putnam Museum, Davenport, Iowa. Southwest Research Center and Museum Bishop College, Dallas, Texas. Center for Creative Photography, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Alaska State Museum, Juneau, Alaska. Schoellkopf Geological Museum, Niagara Falls, New York. STIPEND SUPPORT FOR MUSEUM INTERNSHIPS University of California, California Academy of Sciences, Department of Work-Learn Center, Davis, California. The Museum of African Art, Washington, D.C. Museum Associates, Los Angeles, California. Rochester Museum & Science Center, Rochester, New York. The American Museum of Natural History, New York, New York. Philadelphia Museum of Art, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. STIPEND SUPPORT FOR GRADUATE/PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. Cleveland Museum of Art, Cleveland, Ohio. University of Denver (Colorado Seminary), Denver, Colorado. The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York University, New York, New York. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. New York State Historical Association, Cooperstown, New York. Appendix 3. National Museum Act Grants Awarded I 315 SEMINAR/WORKSHOP TRAINING PROGRAM American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee. Museum of Afro- American History, Roxbury, Massachusetts. Association of Science-Technology Centers, Washington, D.C. Association of Systematics Collections, Lawrence, Kansas. American Association of Museums, Education Committee, Washington, D.C. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C. Washington State University/Washington Archaeological Research Center, Pullman, Washington. Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, Long Island, New York. Texas Historical Foundation, Austin, Texas. AAM/ICOM, Washington, D.C. Wyoming Archives & Historical Department, Cheyenne, Wyoming. ADVANCED ACADEMIC DEGREE PROGRAMS University of Kansas Museum of Art, Lawrence, Kansas. International Museum of Photography, Rochester, New York. The Baltimore Museum of Art, Baltimore, Maryland. The Hispanic Society of America, New York, New York. The Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum, New York, New York. STIPEND SUPPORT FOR CONSERVATION STUDIES ABROAD The American Academy in Rome, New York, New York. Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. George Washington University, Washington, D.C. International Council of Monuments and Sites, Washington, D.C. Foundation of American Institute for Conservation, Washington, D.C. Arts Alaska, Inc., Anchorage, Alaska. University of London, Institute of Archaeology, London, England. 316 / Smithsonian Year 1976 APPENDIX 4. Progress on Building Construction, Restoration, and Renovation Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. With the completion of the basic structure for the Exhibit Design and Production Laboratory in 1975, interior partitioning and painting were initiated and completed in 1976. Arts and Industries Building. Phase I of the major restoration work was com- pleted in February 1976. The first phase of roof and window repairs was initiated and completed during the year. The second phase of roof repairs is scheduled for this next year. Bicentennial Exhibit Construction. The exhibits "A Nation of Nations," "We the People," "Centennial 1876," and "Our Changing Land," were completed and opened to visitors. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. The first phase of a master facilities plan concerned with the administrative core of the center was com- pleted during 1976. Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design. Major renovation work begun in 1974 will be completed in the fall of 1976. History and Technology Building. Library to house a rare book collection completed. Plans for a sixth-floor addition 70 percent completed during the year, with anticipated final design available during fiscal year 1977. National Air and Space Museum. Construction completed and the building opened to the public July 1, 1976. All major exhibits, eating facilities, and museum sales shop opened at that time. National Zoological Park. During the fiscal year general improvements were made for the Bicentennial summer. Sidewalk improvements were completed in December and the visitors information pavilion was completed in March. Renovation of the restaurant building and the food kiosk on the panda house roof was completed in March. Construction continued during the year on new bear exhibits, on a new education and administration building, and on a new general services and parking facility. Renovation of the elephant and bird house yards, begun last fiscal year, was completed. Exhibits plans and specifications are now in progress for the beaver valley area of the Park, which will exhibit beavers, otters, wolves, seals, and sea lions. Preliminary designs have also begun for a new ape house. Natural History Building. The West Court facility, which includes public cafeteria, restaurant, and museum sales shop, was opened during July 1976. Final acceptance of the Osteology Laboratory was taken and construction completed in August 1976 for a greenhouse in the East Court. Appendix 4. Progress on Building Construction I 317 Silver Hill Facility. Flammable storage unit was installed and in-house planning continues for the development of a museum support facility on a site adjacent to Silver Hill. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Barro Colorado Island: A new tram- way is scheduled for completion in October 1976. Tivoli Site: The initial building is two-thirds renovated with the herbarium and laboratory sections already completed. The final phase is scheduled for completion in early 1977. Preliminary plans for a new library to occupy part of this 4.5-acre site have also been completed. South Garden. Construction was completed on the garden and preliminary work proceeded to develop long-range plan for ultimate use of certain spaces within its borders. 318 / Smithsonian Year 1976 APPENDIX 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 GENERAL PUBLICATIONS TRADE PUBLICATIONS James M. Goode. The Outdoor Sculpture of Washington, D.C.: A Comprehen- sive Historical Guide. 526 pages, 455 black-and-white illustrations. Revised reprint. December 9, 1975. Paper: $8.95. Neal O. Hines. Fish of Rare Breeding: Salmon and Trout of the Donaldson Strains. 167 pages, 54 black-and-white illustrations. July 16, 1976. $15.00. Margaret Brown Klapthor. Official White House China: 1789 to the Present. 283 pages, 81 color and 83 black-and-white illustrations. July 25, 1975. $15.95. Luis G. Lumbreras. The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. Translated by Betty J. Meggers, vii + 248 pages, 372 black-and-white illustrations. Reprint. April 1, 1976. Paper: $8.95. Susanne Steinem Patch. Blue Mystery: The Story of the Hope Diamond. 64 pages, 4 color and 24 black-and-white illustrations. March 18, 1976. Paper: $3.95. Nathan Reingold, editor. The Papers of Joseph Henry, Volume Two: The Princeton Years, November 1832-December 1835. xxxix + 524 pages, 13 black-and-white illustrations, 63 text figures. January 15, 1976. $30.00. E. Richard Sorenson. The Edge of the Forest: Land, Childhood and Change in a New Guinea Protoagricultural Society. 278 pages, 151 black-and-white illus- trations. September 22, 1976. $18.50. Joshua C. Taylor. America as Art. xi + 320 pages, 10 color and 339 black-and- white illustrations. September 30, 1976. $25.00. Herman J. Viola. The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King. 152 pages, 44 color and 83 black-and-white illustrations. September 30, 1976. $19.95. Egbert H. Walker. Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands x + 1,159 pages, 1 color and 208 black-and-white illustrations. June 30, 1976. $36.75. ANNUAL REPORTS American Historical Association. Annual Report, 1974. vii + 133 pages. December 4, 1975. Paper: $1.65. Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Year, 1975. Annual Report of the Smith- sonian Institution for the Year Ended June 30, 1975. vii + 590 pages, 148 black-and-white illustrations. January 15, 1975. Paper: $8.30. . Statement hy the Secretary. The Smithsonian Institution, 1975. "Limits to Growth?" by S. Dillon Ripley, and "Financial Report" by T. Ames Wheeler. 67 pages, 9 black-and-white illustrations. December 18, 1975. Smithsonian International Exchange Service. 1975 Annual Report. 9 pages. August 27, 1976. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 319 EXHIBITION CATALOGUES Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Blacks in the Westward Movement, v + 57 pages, 54 black-and-white illustra- tions. September 12, 1975. John Robinson: A Retrospective. 48 pages, 8 color and 15 black-and-white illustrations. June 18, 1976. Paper $2.25. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Michael Klein. John Covert, 1882-1960. 64 pages, 1 color and 37 black-and- white illustrations. September 15, 1976. Paper: $3.70. Cynthia Jaffee McCabe. The Golden Door: Artist-Immigrants of America, 1876-1976. 432 pages, 39 color and 243 black-and-white illustrations. May 20, 1976. Paper: $10.50. Artist, Authors and Others: Drawings by David Levine. xii + 70 pages, 65 black-and-white illustrations. March 4, 1976. Paper: $3.95. National Air and Space Museum Lynne C. Murphy. Rockets, Missiles, and Spacecraft of the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. 68 pages, 4 color and 93 black-and- white illustrations. May 20, 1976. Paper: $1.50. Claudia M. Oakes, compiler. Aircraft of the National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution. 132 pages, 273 black-and-white illustrations. March 22, 1976. Paper: $2.00. National Collection of Fine Arts Barbara S. Groseclose. Emanuel Leutze, 1816-1868: Freedom Is the Only King. 160 pages, 4 color and 165 black-and-white illustrations. January 9, 1976. Paper: $5.10. Joshua C. Taylor. America As Art. xi + 320 pages, 10 color and 399 black-and- white illustrations. April 28, 1976. Paper: $9.60. . . . and there was light: Studies by Abraham Rattner for the Chicago Loop Synagogue. 32 pages, 1 color and 32 black-and-white illustrations. April 20, 1976. Paper: $1.55. Peggy Bacon: Personalities and Places, x + 166 pages, 1 color and 244 black- and-white illustrations. December 2, 1975. Paper: $6.25. National Portrait Gallery In the Minds and Hearts of the People: Five American Patriots and the Road to Revolution. 80 pages, 1 color and 85 black-and-white illustrations. Reprint. September 1, 1975. Paper: $1.90. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts Boxes and Bowls: Decorated Containers by Nineteenth Century Haida, Tlingit, Bella Bella, and Tsimshian Indian Artists. 96 pages. 147 black-and-white illustrations. Reprint. July 15, 1976. Paper: $4.85. Craft Multiples. 64 pages, 132 black-and-white illustrations. September 8, 1975. Paper: $4.75. The Designs of Raymond Loewy. 56 pages, 29 black-and-white illustrations. August 30, 1975. Paper: $2.50. 320 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Smithsonian Institution and the National Capital Planning Commission Frederick Gutheim and Wilcomb E. Washburn. The Federal City: Plans and Realities. 170 pages, 86 black-and-white illustrations. February 21, 1976. Paper: $3.00. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Carolyn Bryant. And the Band Played On: 1776-1976. 54 pages, 1 color and 50 black-and-white illustrations. November 10, 1975. Paper: $1.60. Susan Detweiler. American Presidential China. 96 pages, 16 color and 51 black-and-white illustrations. December 4, 1975. Jane Farmer, organizer. American Prints from Wood. 64 pages, 124 black-and- white illustrations. October 17, 1975. Judith O'Sullivan and Rosemary Gallick. Workers and Allies: Female Partici- pation in the American Trade Union Movement. 96 pages, 64 black-and-white illustrations. January 15, 1976. David Sellin. American Art in the Making: Preparatory Studies for Master- pieces of American Art, 1800-1900. 95 pages, 131 black-and-white illustrations. January 21, 1976. WPA/FAP Graphics. 23 pages, 11 black-and-white illustrations. March 15, 1976. EXHIBITION CHECKLISTS National Collection of Fine Arts [Robin Bolton-Smith.] Portrait Miniatures from Private Collections. 16 pages, 11 black-and-white illustrations. September 15, 1976. [Janet A. Flint.] George Miller and American Lithography. 20 pages, 2 black- and-white illustrations. March 25, 1976. . Louis Lozowick: Drawings and Lithographs. 12 pages, 6 black-and- white illustrations. October 22, 1975. [Barbara J. Groseclose.] Emanuel Leutze, 1816-1868: Freedom Is the Only King. 8 pages, 1 black-and-white illustration. January 7, 1976. [Susan Hobbs.] 1876: American Art of the Centennial. 32 pages, 9 black-and- white illustrations. June 25, 1976. Paper: $1.75. Joshua C. Taylor. America As Art. 48 pages, 10 black-and-white illustrations. May 28, 1976. Paper: $1.25. Sculpture: American Directions, 1945-1975. 8 pages. October 2, 1976. National Museum of History and Technology What's in a Map? 10 pages, 8 black-and-white illustrations. Reprint. Septem- ber 9, 1976. Peter Marzio. Mr. Audubon and Mr. Bien: An Early Phase in the History of American Chromolithography. 11 pages, 1 color and 1 black-and-white illus- tration. Reprint. November 15, 1975. BOOKS Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Zora Martin-Felton. A Walk Through "Old" Anacostia. iv + 44 pages, 34 black-and-white illustrations. May 1, 1976. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 321 National Museum of Natural History J. Meester and H. W. Setzer, editors. The Mammals of Africa: An Identifica- tion Manual. Fascicle IV of V. Parts 1.1, 6.1-6.7, 6.9, and 8.1. Looseleaf inserts. December 10, 1975. Paper: $5.00. United States National Entomological Collections. 47 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations. August 9, 1976. National Portrait Gallery Permanent Collection Checklist. 72 pages, 8 color illustrations. Revised re- print. September 15, 1975. Paper: $2.15. National Trust for Historic Preservation Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practices, 1972. xxi + 547 pages, 71 black-and-white illustrations. February 12, 1976. $15.00. Office of Museum Programs C. G. Screven. The Measurement and Facilitation of Learning in the Museum Environment: An Experimental Analysis. 91 pages, 26 black-and-white illustra- tions. February 5, 1976. Paper: $5.40. Office of Public Affairs The Smithsonian Institution. 54 pages, 22 black-and-white illustrations. August 9, 1976. BOOKLETS National Collection of Fine Arts Education Programs. 18 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations. December 17, 1975. National Museum of History and Technology The First Ladies Hall. 24 pages, 8 color and 48 black-and-white illustrations. Revised reprint. July 14, 1976. Paper: $2.50. Office of Museum Programs National Museum Act Guidelines for 1976 Grant Programs. 31 pages. August 29, 1975. National Museum Act Guidelines for 1977 Grant Programs. 31 pages. Reprint. September 23, 1976. Office of Public Affairs Smithsonian Institution. 20 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations, 1 map. May 20, 1976. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Eugene Ostroff. Photographing the Frontier. 32 pages, 29 black-and-white illustrations. July 1, 1976. FOLDERS Bicentennial Coordinator's Office Floor Plans for Smithsonian Institution Buildings (in French, German, Japanese, and Spanish). May 28, 1976. 322 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies Animal Adaptations: Insects and Spiders, 17 black-and-white illustrations. Reprint. September 1, 1975. Community Comparison: Forest and Old Field. 10 black-and-white illustra- tions. Reprint. September 1, 1975. Estuary Chesapeake. 12 black-and-white illustrations. February 16, 1976. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, Smithsonian Institution. 6 black- and-white illustrations. Reprint. January 6, 1976. National Air and Space Museum Inaugural Ceremony Spacearium Program. July 12, 1976. National Air and Space Museum. 5 black-and-white illustrations. June 15, 1976. Ribbon Cutting Ceremony Program. 1 black-and-white illustration. June 30, 1976. "Sirius" Program. 1 black-and-white illustration. July 14, 1976. National Collection of Fine Arts National Collection of Fine Arts: A Museum of American Art. 10 black-and- white illustrations. Revised reprint. June 14, 1976. The National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Institution. 6 black-and- white illustrations, 1 map. Reprint. June 7, 1976. National Museum of History and Technology The Musical Instrument Collection of the Smithsonian Institution. 5 black- and-white illustrations. December 19, 1975. National Museum of Natural History National Museum of Natural History. Revised reprint. August 27, 1976. Selected Photographs Illustrating North American Indian Life. September 19, 1975. National Portrait Gallery Abroad in America: Pavel Svin'in. 11 black-and-white illustrations. September 20, 1976. Abroad in America: Charles Dickens. 11 black-and-white illustrations. Sep- tember 20, 1976. Abroad in America: Fredrika Bremer. 11 black-and-white illustrations. Sep- tember 20, 1976. Abroad in America: Henryk Sienkiewicz. 11 black-and-white illustrations. September 20, 1976. Abroad in America: Bjornstjerne Bjornson. 11 black-and-white illustrations. September 20, 1976. National Zoological Park Tiger. May 25, 1976. Zoo Jobs. June 31, 1976. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 323 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Let's Go to the Smithsonian: Bulletins for Schools. September 1975 through Spring/Summer 1976. Smithsonian Intern '76. January 31, 1976. Office of Museum Programs Smithsonian Institution Workshop Series, Office of Museum Programs. 1 black-and-white illustration. January 20, 1976. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts Paintings in the Grand Salon and Octagon Room. 1 black-and-white illustra- tion. Reprint. May 7, 1976. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts. Reprint. March 22, 1976. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service American Agriculture: A Continuing Revolution. 9 black-and-white illustra- tions. December 30, 1975. Inaugural Story: From George Washington to Gerald Ford. 2 black-and-white illustrations. August 10, 1975. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Communicado Sobre Oportunidades en STRI. June 7, 1976. Research Opportunities at STRI. 11 black-and-white illustrations. April 15, 1976. PORTFOLIOS Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Let's Go to the Smithsonian: Learning Opportunities for Schools, 1975. 19 pages, 28 black-and-white illustrations. September 1, 1975. Let's Go to the Smithsonian: Learning Opportunities for Schools, 1976. 28 pages, 30 black-and-white illustrations. September 1, 1976. POSTERS Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Blacks in the Westward Movement. September 1, 1975. Black Women. February 9, 1976. Office of Academic Studies Programs in Higher Learning and Research Training — 2977 — in Anthropology. July 28, 1976. Programs in Higher Learning and Research Training — 2977 — in Biological Sciences. July 28, 1976. Programs in Higher Learning and Research Training — 2977 — in Earth Sciences. July 28, 1976. Programs in Higher Learning and Research Training — 2977 — in History of Art. July 28, 1976. 324 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Programs in Higher Learning and Research Training — 2977 — in History of Science and Technology. July 28, 1976. Programs in Higher Learning and Research Training — 2977 — in American and Cultural History. July 28, 1976. Office of International and Environmental Programs There Are Opportunities Overseas through the Smithsonian-Peace Corps En- vironmental Program. December 11, 1975. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Larry Rosenblatt. The Frederick Douglass Years. 14 black-and-white illustra- tions. August 11, 1976. American Eagle: Symbol for Survival. 1 color illustration. September 20, 1976. Bridges: Spans of North America. 3 black-and-white illustrations. August 11, 1976. In Quest of Cockaboody. 12 black-and-white illustrations. May 3, 1976. Man in His Environment. 7 black-and-white illustrations. March 2, 1976. Romaine Brooks, "Thief of Souls." 24 black-and-white illustrations. Novem- ber 12, 1975. The Tallgrass Prairie: An American Landscape. August 13, 1976. SHOWCARDS National Collection of Fine Arts American Kaleidoscope '76. May 22, 1976. INVITATIONS Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Artists, Authors, and Others: Drawings by David Levine. February 11, 1976. The Sculpture and Drawings of Elie Nadelman. November 28, 1975. Hans Hofmann. September 22, 1976. John Covert. September 1, 1976. National Air and Space Museum Inaugural Ceremony, Spacearium. June 1, 1976. Ribbon Cutting Ceremony. May 20, 1976. Sea-Air Operations Hall Opening. April 1, 1976. July 1 Dinner. April 5, 1976. July 1 Preview. April 5, 1976. July 2 Dinner. April 5, 1976. July 2 Preview. April 5, 1976. "Sirius." June 18, 1976. Staff Open House and Preview. April 5, 1976. "To Ply" I. April 30, 1976. "To Ply" II. April 30, 1976. "To Ply" III. April 30, 1976. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 325 National Collection of Fine Arts America As Art. July 26, 1976. . . . and there was light: Studies by Abraham Rattner for the Chicago Loop Synagogue. January 5, 1976. Christmas Seal Paintings, 1975. October 13, 1975. Emanuel Leutze: 1816-1868; Freedom Is the Only King. December 22,1975. Peggy Bacon: Personalities and Places. November 10, 1975. Robert Rauschenberg (Opening). September 22, 1976. Sculpture: American Directions, 1945-1975. August 25, 1975. National Museum of History and Technology Anatomical Drawings by Leonardo da Vinci. June 8, 1976. Belgian Cunmaking and American History. September 14, 1976. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts Americas: The Decorative Arts of Latin America. July 26, 1976. Craft Multiples. July 3, 1975. The Designs of Raymond Loewy. July 8, 1975. Signs of Life: Symbols in the American City. January 22, 1976. FLYERS National Air and Space Museum The Planets: Holiday Lecture Series for High School Students. 5 black-and- white illustrations. December 5, 1975. A Tribute to Robert H. Goddard. 1 black-and-white illustration. February 25, 1976. National Collection of Fine Arts America As Art (In French, German, Japanese, and Spanish). June 2, 1976. Coleccion Nacional de Bellas Artes. August 16, 1976. Masters of the Early Republic: The Art of an Emergent Nation. February 23, 1976. Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies Smithsonian Institution Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies. August 16, 1976. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts Caleria Renwick de la Coleccion Nacional de Bellas Artes. September 17, 1976. Signs of Life: Symbols in the American City (In French, German, Japanese, and Spanish). June 2, 1976. MISCELLANEOUS National Collection of Fine Arts With the Compliments of the National Collection of Fine Arts. Slip. Septem- ber 1, 1975. 326 / Smithsonian Year 1976 National Portrait Gallery "The Dye Is Now Cast." Education Package. 143 pages, 20 color slides and 27 black-and-white illustrations. September 15, 1975. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Art to Zoo #1. Newsletter. 4 pages, 11 black-and-white illustrations. March 1, 1976. Art to Zoo #2. Newsletter. 4 pages, 13 black-and-white illustrations. May 1, 1976. Office of Protection Services Investigator, Supervisor, and Detective badges. August 25, 1976. Office of Plant Services Smithsonian Institution Directory, Telephone Directory. January 5, 1976. SERIES PUBLICATIONS SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 19. Robert M. Laughlin. "The Great Tzotzil Dictionary of San Lorenzo Zina- cantan." xiv + 598 pages, 5 figures, 6 tables, 5 maps. December 17, 1975. 22. Robert M. Laughlin. "Of Wonders Wild and New: Dreams from Zina- cantan." xii + 178 pages, 14 figures and frontispiece. August 9, 1975. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 21. F. Raymond Fosberg and Marie-Helen Sachet. "Polynesian Plant Studies 1-5." iv + 25 pages. July 21, 1975. 23. Marie-Helene Sachet. "Flora of the Marquesas, 1: Ericaceae-Convulvul- aceae." iv + 34 pages, 1 figure. October 2, 1975. 24. F. Raymond Fosberg and Marie-Helene Sachet. "Flora of Micronesia, 2: Casuarinaceae, Piperaceae, and Myricaceae." iv + 28 pages, 1 figure. Septem- ber 18, 1975. 25. Mason E. Hale, Jr. "A Revision of the Lichen Genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in Tropical America." iv + 73 pages, 20 figures. August 13, 1975. 26. Mason E. Hale, Jr. "A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Relicina (Par- meliaceae)." iv + 32 pages, 16 figures. August 13, 1975. 27. Harold Robinson. "The Mosses of Juan Fernandez Islands." iv + 88 pages. December 1, 1975. 28. Richard S. Cowan. "A Monograph of the Genus Eperua (Leguminosae: Caesalpinioideae)." iv + 45 pages, 13 figures, 2 tables. September 4, 1975. 29. Laurence E. Skog. "A Study of the Tribe Gesnerieae, with a Revision of Cesneria (Gesneriaceae: Gesnerioideae)." iv + 182 pages, 86 figures, 9 tables. May 3, 1976. 30. Lyman B. Smith and Edward S. Ayensu. "A Revision of American Velloziaceae." vii + 172 pages, 53 figures and frontispiece, 37 plates. August 3, 1976. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 327 31. Mason E. Hale, Jr. "A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Pseudoparmelia Lynge (Parmeliaceae)." iv + 62 pages, 18 figures. September 3, 1976. 32. Mason E. Hale, Jr. "A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Bulbothrix Hale (Parmeliaceae)." iv -f 29 pages, 7 figures. August 31, 1976. 34. James N. Norris and Katina E. Bucher. "New Records of Marine Algae from the 1974 R/V Dolphin Cruise to the Gulf of California." iv -f 22 pages, 13 figures. September 28, 1976. 35. Michael J. Wynne and James N. Norris. "The Genus Colpomenia Derbes et Solier (Phaeophyta) in the Gulf of California." iv + 18 pages, 11 figures. September 9, 1976. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO EARTH SCIENCES 14. George S. Switzer, editor. "Mineral Science Investigations: 1972-1973." iv + 88 pages, 29 figures and frontispiece. July 2, 1975. 16. Andres Maldonado and Daniel Jean Stanley. "Late Quaternary Sedimen- tation and Stratigraphy in the Strait of Sicily." iv + 73 pages, 39 figures and frontispiece, 5 tables. August 3, 1976. 17. R. O. Chalmers, E. P. Henderson, and Brian Mason. "Occurrence, Dis- tribution, and Age of Australian Tektites." iv -f- 46 pages, 17 figures, 10 tables. September 9, 1976. 20. Daniel Jean Stanley, Henry Got, Neil H. Kenyon, Andre Monaco, and Yehezkiel Weiler. "Catalonian, Eastern Betic, and Balearic Margins: Structural Types and Geologically Recent Foundering of the Western Mediterranean Basin." iv + 67 pages, 33 figures. September 20, 1976. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 19. G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant. "Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, III (Part 1, Text; Part 2, Plates)." Part 1: x + 503 pages. Part 2: viii + 621 pages, 310 plates. December 29, 1975. 21. G. Arthur Cooper and Richard E. Grant. "Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, IV (Part 1, Text; Part 2, Plates)." Part 1: viii + 362 pages. Part 2: vi + 319 pages, 159 plates. February 12, 1976. 25. Robert J. Emery. "Revised Tertiary Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Western Beaver Divide, Fremont County, Wyoming." iv + 20 pages, 6 figures. October 23, 1975. 26. C. Lewis Gazin. "Mammalian Faunal Zones of the Bridger Middle Eocene." iv + 25 pages. January 20, 1976. 27. Storrs L. Olson, editor. "Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore." x -f- 211 pages, 91 figures, 1 plate, 38 tables. May 21, 1976. 28. Clayton E. Ray "Phoca wymani and Other Tertiary Seals (Mammalia: Phocidae) Described from the Eastern Seaboard of North America." iv + 36 pages, 3 figures, 11 plates. May 14, 1976. 29. Alan H. Cheetham and Douglas M. Lorenz. "A Vector Approach to Size and Shape Comparisons among Zooids in Cheilostome Bryozoans." iv + 55 pages, 37 figures, 19 tables. July 8, 1976. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 163. Louis S. Kornicker. "Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodocopina)." [In Two Parts] Part 1: vii -\- 374 pages, 240 figures, 22 tables. Part 2: vi + 356 pages, 192 figures, 9 plates. September 8, 1975. 328 / Smithsonian Year 1976 170. Lion S. Gardiner. "The Systematics, Postmarsupial Development, and Ecology of the Deep-Sea Family Neotanaidae (Crustacea: Tanaidacea)." iv -f- 265 pages, 103 figures, 20 tables. November 18, 1975. 176. Jeffrey B. Graham, editor. "The Biological Investigation of Malpelo Island, Colombia." iv -f- 98 pages, 35 figures, 8 tables. July 18, 1975. 185. Harold Robinson. "Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica: The Family Dolichopodidae with Some Related Antillean and Panamanian Species (Diptera)." iv + 141 pages, 231 figures. September 10, 1976. 188. Donald R. Davis. "A Review of the West Indian Moths of the Family Psychidae with Descriptions of New Taxa and Immature Stages." iv -f- 66 pages, 206 figures, 5 tables. July 21, 1975. 192. Donald R. Davis. "A Review of Ochsenheimeriidae and the Introduction of the Cereal Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria vacculella into the United States (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)." iv -f- 20 pages, 31 figures, 2 maps. July 2, 1975. 193. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., and E. Gorton Linsley. "The Principal Larrea Bees of the Southwestern United States (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." iv -+- 74 pages, 18 figures, 15 tables. July 2, 1975. 195. Louis S. Kornicker and Martin V. Angel. "Morphology and Ontogeny of Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970 (Ostracoda: Halocyprididae)." iv + 21 pages, 14 figures, 2 tables. August 31, 1975. 197. Louis S. Kornicker. "Ivory Coast Ostracoda (Suborder Myodocopina)." iv + 46 pages, 32 figures, 3 tables. September 4, 1975. 199. W. Ronald Heyer. "A Preliminary Analysis of the Intergeneric Relation- ships of the Frog Family Leptodactylidae." iv + 55 pages, 16 figures, 41 tables. July 2, 1975. 201. Horton H. Hobbs. "New Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Southern United States and Mexico." iv + 34 pages, 8 figures. July 28, 1975. 202. Arthur G. Humes. "Cyclopoid Copepods (Nanaspididae and Sabelliphili- dae) Associated with Holothurians in New Caledonia." iv + 41 pages, 24 figures. August 12, 1975. 203. Harald A. Rehder and Barry R. Wilson. "New Species of Marine Mol- lusks from Pitcairn Island and the Marquesas." iv + 16 pages, 10 figures and frontispiece, 1 table. December 19, 1975. 204. Anne C. Cohen and Louis S. Kornicker. "Taxonomic Indexes to Ostra- coda (Suborder Myodocopina) in Skogsberg (1920) and Poulsen (1962, 1965)." iv + 29 pages, 2 tables. September 9, 1975. 205. William G. Eberhard. "The Ecology and Behavior of a Subsocial Penta- tomid Bug and Two Scelionid Wasps: Strategy and Counterstrategy in a Host and Its Parasites." iv -f 39 pages, 13 figures, 24 tables. November 24, 1975. 206. Porter M. Kier. "The Echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." iv + 45 pages, 12 plates. July 31, 1975. 207. James G. Mead. "Anatomy of the External Nasal Passages and Facial Complex in the Delphinidae (Mammalia: Cetacea)." iv + 72 pages, 3 tables. November 18, 1975. 208. Terry L. Erwin. "Studies of the Subtribe Tachyina (Coleoptera: Carabi- dae: Bembidiini), Part III: Systematics, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Genus Tachyta Kirby." iv + 68 pages, 175 figures, 2 tables. November 18, 1975. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 329 209. Clyde F. E. Roper and Richard E. Young. "Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Cephalopods." iv + 51 pages, 31 figures. September 12, 1975. 210. Donald R. Davis. "Systematics and Zoogeography of the Family Neo- pseustidae with the Proposal of a New Superfamily (Lepidoptera: Neopseus- toidea)." iv + 45 pages, 98 figures, 1 table. September 2, 1975. 211. Richard W. Baumann. "Revision of the Stonefly Family Nemouridae (Plecoptera) : A Study of the World Fauna at the Generic Level." iv -f 74 pages, 186 figures, 1 table. December 1, 1975. 212. Paul Slud. "Geographic and Climatic Relationships of Avifaunas with Special Reference to Comparative Distribution in the Neotropics." iv + 149 pages, 37 figures, 11 tables. February 10, 1976. 213. John F. Eisenberg. "Communication Mechanisms and Social Integration in the Black Spider Monkey, Ateles fusiceps robustus, and Related Species." iv + 108 pages, 63 figures, 40 tables. February 10, 1976. 214. Louis S. Kornicker. "Myodocopid Ostracoda from Southern Africa." iv + 39 pages, 24 figures. January 15, 1976. 215. Robert E. Dietz IV, and W. Donald Duckworth. "A Review of the Genus Horama Hiibner and Reestablishment of the Genus Poliopastea Hamp- son (Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae)." iv + 53 pages, 3 plates, 29 figures, 4 maps. February 10, 1976. 216. Victor G. Springer and Warren C. Freihofer. "Study of the Monotypic Fish Family Pholidichthyidae (Perciformes)." iv -f 43 pages, 23 figures and frontispiece. February 10, 1976. 217. Arthur G. Humes. "Cyclopoid Copepods Associated with Asteroid Echinoderms in New Caledonia." iv + 19 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. January 15, 1976. 218. Michael H. Robinson and Barbara Robinson. "The Ecology and Be- havior of Nephila maculata: A Supplement." iv + 22 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. March 25, 1976. 220. Paul D. Hurd, Jr., and E. Gordon Linsley. "The Bee Family Oxaeidae with a Revision of the North American Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." iv + 75 pages, 68 figures, 3 plates, 2 tables. June 25, 1976. 222. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. "Shrimps of the Pasiphaeid Genus Leptochela with Descriptions of Three New Species (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)." iv + 51 pages, 37 figures. April 22, 1976. 223. Louis S. Kornicker, Sheldon Wirsing, and Maura McManus. "Biological Studies of the Bermuda Ocean Acre: Planktonic Ostracoda." iv + 34 pages, 20 figures, 9 tables. June 21, 1976. 224. Raymond W. Bouchard and Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. "A New Subgenus and Two New Species of Crayfishes of the Genus Cambarus (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Southeastern United States." ii + 15 pages, 3 figures. July 6, 1976. 225. Louis S. Kornicker and F. P. C. M. van Morkhoven. " Met apoly cope, a New Genus of Bathyl Ostracoda from the Atlantic (Suborder Cladocopina)." iv + 29 pages, 24 figures. July 6, 1976. 229. Marian H. Pettibone. "Revision of the Genus Macellicaphala Mcintosh and the Subfamily Macellicephalinae Hartmann-Schroder (Polychaeta: Poly- noidae)." iv + 71 pages, 36 figures. September 29, 1976. 330 / Smithsonian Year 1976 230. Marian H. Pettibone. "Contributions to the Polychaete Family Trocho- chaetidae Pettibone." iv + 21 pages, 10 figures. September 1, 1976. 231. Louis S. Kornicker. "Benthic Marine Cyprinidacea from Hawaii (Ostra- coda)." iv -f 24 pages, 19 figures. September 1, 1976. 233. W. Ronald Heyer and David S. Liem. "Analysis of the Intergeneric Relationships of the Australian Frog Family Myobatrachidae." iv + 29 pages, 28 figures, 2 tables. September 9, 1976. 234. Victor G. Springer and Thomas H. Fraser. "Synonymy of the Fish Families Cheilobranchidae (=Alabetidae) and Gobiesocidae, with Descriptions of Two New Species of Alabes." iv + 23 pages, 14 figures, 3 tables. September 13, 1976. 236. James F. McKinney and Victor G. Springer. "Four New Species of the Fish Genus Ecsenius with Notes on Other Species of the Genus (Blenniidae: Salariini)." iv + 27 pages, 11 figures, 12 tables. September 28, 1976. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY 23. Cora Lee C. Gillilland. "The Stone Money of Yap: A Numismatic Sur- vey." iv -\- 75 pages, 33 figures, 1 graph, 1 table. October 23, 1975. 30. Edgar M. Howell. "United States Army Headgear 1855-1902: Catalog of United States Army Uniforms in the Collections of the Smithsonian Insti- tution, II." vi + 109 pages, 63 figures. December 29, 1975. 31. Audrey B. Davis and Uta C. Merzbach. "Early Auditory Studies: Activi- ties in the Psychology Laboratories of American Universities." vi + 39 pages, 36 figures. November 10, 1975. 32. Arthur H. Frazier. "Joseph Saxton and His Contributions to the Medal Ruling and Photographic Arts." iv -(- 17 pages, 13 figures. November 10, 1975. 33. Jon Eklund. "The Incompleat Chymist: Being an Essay on the Eighteenth- Century Chemist in His Laboratory, with a Dictionary of Obsolete Chemical Terms of the Period." ii -f- 49 pages, 4 figures. December 8, 1975. 35. Eugene Enrico. "The Orchestra at San Petronio in the Baroque Era." iv + 64 pages, 33 figures, 13 tables. August 20, 1976. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETINS 187-189. In one volume, as follows. August 6, 1975. 187. Walter H. Adey. "The Algal Ridges and Coral Reefs of St. Croix: Their Structure and Holocene Development." ii + 67 pages, 45 figures. 188. W. G. D'Arcy. "Anegada Island: Vegetation and Flora." ii + 40 pages, 1 figure. 189. Mac Marshall. "The Natural History of Namoluk Atoll, Eastern Caroline Islands." With identifications of vascular flora by E. R. Fosberg. ii + 64 pages, 9 plates, 2 tables. 190. D. R. Stoddart and P. E. Gibbs, editors. "Almost-Atoll of Aitutaki: Reef Studies in the Cook Islands, South Pacific." vii + 158 pages, 38 figures and frontispiece, 39 plates, 1 map. August 13, 1975. 191. William T. Gillis, Roger Byrne, and Wymann Harrison. "Bibliography of the Natural History of the Bahama Islands." vi + 123 pages, 1 figure. August 20, 1975. Appendix 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Press I 331 APPENDIX 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 Publications are by staff members unless otherwise noted. SPECIAL PROJECTS, OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY Goode, James M. "Epilogue: The Arts and Industries Building." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, edited by Robert C. Post. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of History and Technology, Smithsonian Institution, 1976. . [Review] "The Gothic Revival in America," catalogue and exhibition, Houston Museum of Art, 1976. Nineteenth Century Magazine, Summer 1976. 'Lost Georgetown." In Washington Antique Show Catalog, 1976, Washington Chapter, Junior League. "The Riggs Mansion: A Washington Banker's House." Nineteenth Century Magazine (The Victorian Society in America), Winter 1975. 'A View of the Castle." Museum News (Association of American Museums), July-August 1976. SCIENCE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN Scherer, Joanna Cohan. "Pictures as Documents: Resources for the Study of North American Ethnohistory." In Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communication, volume 2, number 2 (Fall 1975), pages 65-66. . "You Can't Believe Your Eyes: Inaccuracies in Photographs of North American Indians." In Studies in the Anthropology of Visual Communica- tion, volume 2, number 2 (Fall 1975), pages 67-79. Stanley, Sam. "The Panajachel Symposium" with CAi^ comment. Current Anthropology, volume 16, number 4 (December 1975), pages 518-540. National Anthropological Film Center Sorenson, E. Richard. "Culture and the Expression of Emotion." In Psychologi- cal Anthropology, edited by Thomas R. Williams. Mouton: The Hague, 1975. . "Visual Evidence: An Emerging Force in Visual Anthropology." Occasional Papers of the National Anthropological Film Center, number 1 (December 1975). "Phenomenological Inquiry in Ethnobotanical Studies." In Drugs, Rituals, and Altered States of Consciousness, edited by Brian M. Du Toit. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema, 1976. The Edge of the Forest: Land, Childhood, and Change in a New Guinea Protoagricultural Society. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. 332 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies Bryce-Laporte, Roy S. Contemporary Perspectives on Alienation. Co-edited with Claudewell S. Thomas, M.D. New York, N.Y. : Praeger Publishers, Inc., 1976. . "Migration and Ethnicity: A Commentary on Inequality, Power and Development." In Migration and Development: Implications for Ethnic Identity and Political Conflict, edited by Helen Safa and Brian Du Toit. Paris, The Hague: Mouton Publishers, Inc., 1975. -. "Dreams and Destinations: The Caribbean Immigrant in the United States." In Continuities, edited by Wilfred Cartey, Jerome Brooks, and Maxine Alexander, page 5, Spring, 1975. New York, N.Y. : City College of New York, Black Studies Department. Contribution to a Symposium on Time on the Cross (volumes I and II). In Contemporary Sociology (Bennett M. Berger, editor), American Sociolo- gical Association, volume 4, number 4 (July 1975), pages 353-361. "Redefining the Role of the United States in Caribbean Migration and Development." In Contemporary International Relations in the Caribbean (Basil A. Ince, editor). Barbados: The University of the West Indies, Insti- tute of International Relations, 1976. Mortimer, Delores M. Caribbean Immigration to the United States, Co-edited with Roy S. Bryce-Laporte. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1976. . "Caribbean Immigrants: A Prismatic Overview on Life in the United States." In Caribbean Immigration to the United States. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1976. -. "U.S. Involvement in Portuguese Africa." In American Involvement in Southern Africa, edited by M. A. El-Khawas and F. A. Kornegay, Jr. West- port, Conn. : Greenwood Press, 1975. CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Beane, Marjorie. Non-Point Pollution: A Case Study of the Rhode River Watershed. Smithsonian Institution: Chesapeake Bay Center for Environ- mental Studies, November 1975. Correll, D. L. "The Rhode River Program." The National Estuarine Study: Symposium on Pollution Problems in the Nation's Estuaries: Pensacola, Florida, February 1975. , M. A. Faust, and J. W. Pierce. Studies on Certain Nutrients, Sediments and Bacterial Constituents of Run-off from Rhode River Watershed. Chesa- peake Research Consortium Publication Number 43. Annual Technical Report NSF/RANN Grant G.I. 38973, pages 518-581. 1975. Correll, D. L., and J. J. Miklas. "Phosphorus Cycling in a Maryland Deciduous Forest Subjected to Various Levels of Mineral Nutrient Loading." In Mineral Cycling in Southeastern Ecosystems, edited by F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry, and M. H. Smith, pages 642-657. erda Symposium Series Confer- ence—740513. 1976. Correll, D. L., J. W. Pierce, and M. A. Faust. "A Quantitative Study of the Nutrient Sediment and Coliform Bacterial Constitutents of Water Run-off from the Rhode River Watershed." In Southeastern Regional Conference on Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution, pages 131-143. Blacksburg, Virginia, May 1975. Cory, R. L. "Estimates of Open Water Metabolism in the Rhode and West River Estuaries, Maryland." In Proceedings of 10 European Symposia on Marine Biology, Ostend, Belgium. September 1975. 680 pages. , and J. M. Redding. "Macroscopic Benthic Fauna of Three Tidal Creeks Adjoining the Rhode River, Md." U.S.G.S. W.R.I. 39-75. 23 pages. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 333 Falk, J. H. "Know Your Own Front Lawn." Flower and Garden, August 1975, pages 30-31. . "Outdoor Education: A Technique for Assessing Student Behaviors." School Science and Mathematics 76, pages 226-230, 1976. "Of Beetles, Worms and Leaves of Grass." Art to Zoo news for schools from the Smithsonian Institution, March 1976. "Energetics of a Suburban Lawn Ecosystem." Ecology, volume 57, number 1, pages 141-150. Faust, Maria A. Non-Point Source Studies on Chesapeake Bay: I. Bacterial Contamination from the Rhode River Watershed, Concentrations and Survi- val Studies in the Estuary. Chesapeake Research Consortium, publication number 53. Baltimore, Maryland. 69 pages. . "Coliform Bacteria from Diffuse Sources as a Factor in Estuarine Pollution." Water Research 10 (1976), pages 619-627. -, A. E. Aotaky, and M. T. Hargadan. "Effect of Physical Parameters on the in situ Survival of Escherichia coli MC-6 in an Estuarine Environment. Applied Microbiology 30 (1975), pages 800-806. Faust, M. A. and D. L. Correll. "Comparison Between Bacterial and Algal P-Uptake in an Estuarine Environment." Marine Biology 34 (1976), pages 151-162. Wake, D. B., and J. F. Lynch. "The Distribution, Ecology, and Evolutionary History of Plethodontid Salamanders in Tropical America." Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County Bulletin, number 25 (1976). 69 pages. Whitcomb, R. F., J. F., Lynch, P. A. Opler, and C. S. Robbins. "Island Bio- geography and Conservation: The Limitations of Small Preserves." Science, August 1976. FORT PIERCE BUREAU Gore, Robert H., and L. J. Becker. "Studies on Stomatopod Crustacea from the Indian River Region of Florida. II. An Annotated Checklist of the Mantis Shrimps of the Central Eastern Florida Coast." Proceedings of the Biology Society of Washington, volume 86, number 10, pages 147-184. Gore, Robert H., L. E. Scotto, and L. J. Becker. "Crustacean Community Stabil- ity on Sabellariid Worm Reefs in Florida." American Zoologist, volume 16, number 12, pages 286. Rice, M. E. "Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities." Micronesica, volume 12, number 1 (1976), pages 119-132. . "Observations on the Development of Six Species of Caribbean Sipuncula with a Review of Development in the Phylum" In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura, volume 1 (1975), pages 141-160. "Survey of the Sipuncula of the Coral and Beachrock Communities of the Caribbean Sea." In Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura, volume 1 (1975), pages 35-49. -, and M. Todorovic, editors. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura. Nauco Delo, Belgrade, 1975. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Department of Science and Technology Hallion, Richard P. "Note: The Lawson Airliner." Aircraft Illustrated, Sum- mer 1975. , "The Convair XF-92A." Air Enthusiast Quarterly, number 2 (Sum- mer 1976). . "The Northrop X-4." Air Enthusiast Quarterly, number 3 (Fall 1976). 334 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Profile Preservation Feature: S.P.A.D. VII." Aeroplane Monthly, June 1976. Miner, E. W., and C. H. Lewis. "Viscous Shock-Layer Flows for the Space Shuttle Windward Plane of Symmetry." AlAA Journal, volume 14, num- ber 1 (January 1976). Center for Earth and Planetary Studies El-Baz, Farouk. "The Moon After Apollo." Icarus, volume 25, number 4, (1975), pages 495-537. . "Stratigraphy of the Moon." [Abstract] Discussion Meeting: The Moon — A New Appraisal from Space Missions and Laboratory Analyses, Abstracts of papers, June 9-12, The Royal Society, London, England, (1975), page 22. "Taqdeem (Introduction in Arabic)." Maza bad Al-Qamar (What After the Moon). Authorized edition of selections from Aeronautics and Space Report of the President, 1972, by S. Galal, Franklin Association, Cairo, Egypt, (1975), pages 9-11. "Terrestial Sand Patterns Photographed by the Apollo-Soyuz Mission and Similar Features on Mars." Lunar Science VII, pages 236-238. Houston, Texas: Lunar Science Institute, 1976. -. "Harvest of Apollo Science." Journal of Aerospace Education, National Aeronautic Association, Washington, D.C., February 1976, pages 30-31; also in: Action and Reaction, New York, volume VII, number 13 (May 1976), page 6. El-Baz, F., and A. R. Adams. "Named Lunar Craters." List of lunar crater names approved by the International Astronomical Union. IAU XVI Gen- eral Assembly, Grenoble, France (1976), 28 pages. El-Baz, F., and D. A. Mitchell. "The Earth Observations and Photography: Experiment MA 136." Apollo-Soyuz Test Project Preliminary Science Report, nasa Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas (1976), TMX 58173, pages 10-1 to 10-64. El-Baz, F., and D. E. Wilhelms. "Photogeological, Geophysical, and Geochemi- cal Data on the East Side of the Moon." Proceedings of the Lunar Science Conference 6th (1975), pages 2721-2738. Maxwell, T. A., F. El-Baz, S. H. Ward. "Distribution, Morphology, and Origin of Ridges and Arches in Mare Serenitatis." GSA Bulletin, volume 86 (1975), pages 1273-1278. Maxwell, T. A., and M. D. Picard. "Channel-fill Sequences in the Duchesne River Formation near Vernal, Utah: A Possible Transition from Meandering to Braided Stream Disposition." Utah Geology, volume 3 (1975), 9 pages. May, T. W., W. J. Peeples, T. A. Maxwell, W. R. Sill, S. H. Ward, R. J. Phillips, R. Jordan, E. Abott. "Subsurface Layering in Maria Serenitatis and Crisium: Apollo Lunar Sounder Results." Lunar Science VII, Lunar Science Institute (1976), pages 540-542. Wolfe, R. W., and F. El-Baz, "Haldene— A Multi-Ringed Lunar Caldera in Mare Smythii." Lunar Science VII, Lunar Science Institute (1976) pages 947-949. Department of Aeronautics Boyne, Walter J. "Pipe Organ Bomber," Story of Martin XB-48. Wings, volume 5, number 5 (September 1975). . "Middle River Stump Jumper," Story of Martin XB-26G. Airpower, volume 5, number 6 (October 1975). "Curtis Hawk P-6E." Part One. Airpower, volume 6, number 2, (March 1976). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 335 . "Curtis Hawk P-6E," Part Two. Wings, volume 6, number 2 (April 1976). . "The Anonymous Cubs/' History of Early Light Planes. Aviation Quarterly, volume 2, number 2. . "Cry Havoc," Part One, Development of Douglas A-20. Wings, volume 6, number 3 (June 1976). "Cry Havoc," Part Two, Douglas A-20. Airpower, volume 6, number 4 (July 1976). "Ghosts from Luscombe's Drawing Board," Luscombe Experimental Projects. Wings, volume 6, number 4 (August 1976). "Convair's Needle Nose Orphan," Story of XB-46. Airpower, volume 6, number 5 (September 1976). Mikesh, Robert C. Aichi M6A1 Seiran, Japan's Submarine Launched Panama Canal Bomber. Monogram Books. . "The Emperor's Envoys." Air Force Magazine, August 1975. . "Postscript to History: Tokyo to New York, 35-years Later." Air Plane Pilot, March 1976. . "Lightning Strikes Twice (MC. 202)." Airpower, January 1976. . "Across the Pacific (Tachikawa A-26)." Airpower, July 1976. . "Dornier's Double-Ender." Wings, August 1976. . "Macchi C.202 Restoration." Koku Fan, January 1976. . "Dornier Do 335 Restoration." Koku Fan, July and August 1976. Presentations and Education Division Barbely, Charles G. "The Spacearium, A Planetarium for the Smithsonian." The Planetarian, Journal of the International Society of Planetarium Educa- tors, volume 3, numbers 3 and 4, 1974 (published in 1976). Bondurant, R. Lynn, Jr. An Assessment of Certain Skills Possessed by Fifth Grade Students Used to Successfully Identify Constellations in a Plane- tarium. [Ph. D. dissertation] Michigan State University, 1975. . "Museum Programs for Handicapped Students — A Need for Guide- lines." Roundtable Reports. Washington, D.C. : Official publication of the Museum Education Roundtable, Summer 1976. Chamberlain, Von Del. "American Indian Interest in the Sky as Indicated in Legend, Rock Art, Ceremonial and Modern Art." The Planetarian, Journal of the International Society of Planetarium Educators, volume 3, numbers 3 and 4, 1974 (published in 1976). . "Those Simple Structures Housed History of SI Astronomical Research Progress." The Smithsonian Torch, August 1975. 'American Indian Sky Lore — A Bibliography." Planetarium Directors' Handbook, number 33 (September-October 1975). [Review] Highlights in Astronomy, by Fred Hoyle. Journal of College Science Teaching, volume 5, number 3 (January 1976). 'In Touch with the Sky." In Touch, National Park Service Interpreters Newsletter, May 1976. 'Interpreting the Sky." Chapter 22 of Interpreting the Environment, edited by Grant W. Sharpe, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1975. -. "Prehistoric American Astronomy c 1054 A.D." Astronomy, July 1976. Murphy, Nancy. "Come Fly." Art to Zoo. A Publication of the Smithsonian Institution, May 1976. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Department of Anthropology Angel, J. Lawrence. "Paleoecology, Paleodemography, and Health," In Popula- tion, Ecology, and Social Evolution, edited by S. Polgar, pages 167-190. Mouton: The Hague (Chicago: Aldine), 1975. 336 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . Comment on New Evidence for a Late Introduction of Malaria into the New World by C. S. Wood. Current Anthropology, volume 16, number 96 (1975). "Human Skeletons from Eleusis." In The South Cemetery of Eleusis by G. E. Mylonas. Athens: The Athens Archaeological Society, number 81, 14 pages, 1975. Collins, Henry B. "Eskimo Art." In The Far North: 2000 Years of American Eskimo and Indian Art, pages 1-25. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, 1973. (Not reported previously.) . "Additional Examples of Early Eskimo Art." Folk, volumes 16/17 (1974-1975), pages 55-62. "Archaeological Investigations at Bering Strait, 1936." National Geo- graphic Society Research Reports, 1890-1954 Projects, pages 51-62. 1975. -. "Archaeological Investigations in Hudson Bay, 1954." National Geo- graphic Society Research Reports, 1890-1954 Projects, pages 63-77. 1975. -. "Ethnology, Bureau of American." In Dictionary of American History, pages 464-465. Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Crocker, William H., and Richard E. Sorenson. "Individuality and Solidarity among the Canela Indians, State of Maranhao, Brazil, 1975." A film pro- duced by the National Anthropological Film Center, Smithsonian Institution, under the auspices of the Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Belem, Brazil. 1976. Evans, Clifford and Betty J. Meggers. "Archaeology: South America." In Handbook of Latin American Studies number 37: The Social Sciences, pages 52-84. University of Florida Press, Gainesville, 1975. . "Some Potential Contributions of Caribbean Archaeology to the Reconstruction of New World Prehistory." In Proceedings of the First Puerto Rican Symposium on Archaeology, edited by Linda Sickler Robinson, pages 25-32. Informe number 1, Fundacion Arqueologica, Antropologica e Historica de Puerto Rico: San Juan, 1976. -, contributing editors. Archaeology: South America, Handbook of Latin American Studies, number 37. University Press of Florida Press: Gaines- ville. 1975. Ewers, John C. "Intertribal Warfare as the Precursor of Indian-White Warfare on the Northern Great Plains." Western Historical Quarterly, volume VI, number 4 (October 1975), pages 397-410. . Blackfeet Indian Tipis — Design and Legend. [Booklet accompanying illustrations by Jessie Wilber and others] Museum of the Rockies: Boxeman, Montana. 1976. "Artifacts and Pictures as Documents in the History of Indian-White Relations." Chapter in Indian-White Relations: A Persistent Paradox, edited by Jane F. Smith and Robert M. Kvasnicka, pages 101-111. National Archives Conference on Research in the History of Indian-White Rela- tions, 1972. Washington, D.C: Howard University Press, 1976. -. "Indian Views of the White Man Prior to 1850: An Interpretation." Chapter in Red Men and Hat-Wearers. Viewpoints in Indian History, edited by Daniel Tyler, pages 7-23. Papers from the Colorado State University Conference on Indian History, August 1974. Boulder, Colorado: Pruett Publishing Company, 1976. Introduction to The Indian Legacy of Charles Bird King by Herman J. Viola, pages 11-14. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press and Doubleday and Company, Inc., 1976. Fitzhugh, William. "Paleoeskimo Occupations of the Labrador Coast." In Eastern Arctic Prehistory: Paleoeskimo Problems, edited by Moreau Max- well, pages 103-118. Society for American Archaeology, Memoir 31, 1975. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 337 . "Environmental Factors in the Evolution of Dorsest Culture: A Mar- ginal Proposal for Hudson Bay." In Eastern Arctic Prehistory: Paleoeskimo Problems, edited by Moreau Maxwell, pages 139-149. Society for American Archaeology, Memoir 31, 1975. "A Maritime Archaic Sequence from Hamilton Inlet, Labrador." In Papers from a Symposium on Moorehead and Maritime Archaic Problems in Northeastern North America, edited by W. Fitzhugh, pages 117-138. Arctic Anthropology, volume 12, number 2 (1975). Introduction to Papers from a Symposium on Moorehead and Mari- time Archaic Problems in Northeastern North America, edited by W. Fitz- hugh. Arctic Anthropology, volume 12, number 2 (1975), pages 1-8. "Preliminary Culture History of Nain, Labrador: Smithsonian Field Work, 1975." Journal of Field Archeology, volume 3 (1975), pages 123-142. Gibson, Gordon D., editor. Introduction to Ethnography of Southwestern Angola, by Carlos Estermann, volume I. New York: Africana Publishing Company, 1976. Glenn, James R. "Materials of Use to Geographers in the National Anthro- pological Archives." In Geographical Perspectives on Native Americans, edited by Jerry N. McDonald and Tony Lozewski, Association of American Geographers. 1976. . "Recent Accessions to the National Anthropological Archives." History of Anthropology Newsletter, volume III, number 1 (1976). Houchins, Chang-su, and Lee Houchins. "The Korean Experience, 1903-1924." In The Asian American, edited by Norris Hundley, Jr. pages 129-156. Clio Press, Inc.: Santa Barbara and Oxford, 1976. . "Beikoku ni okeru Kankokujin no keiken, 1903-1924 no kakete." [Japanese translation by Inada Hideo of "The Korean Experience, 1903- 1924."] The Han, Tokyo, volume V, number 4, (April 1976), pages 54-82. Meggers, Betty J. "Application of the Biological Model of Diversification to Cultural Distributions in Tropical Lowland South America." Biotropica, volume VII, number 3 (September 1975), pages 141-161. -, and Clifford Evans. "La 'Seriacion Fordinana' como metodo para construir una cronolgia relativa." Revista de la Universidad Catolica, Ano 3, number 10, pages 11-40 (Quito 1975). Nagle, Christopher. "Report on Meeting for Computer Data Banking in Anthropology Museums." Newsletter of Computer Archaeology, September 1976. Ortner, Donald J. "Aging effects on Osteon Remodeling." Calcified Tissue Research, number 18 (1975), pages 27-36. , and Marguerite Monahan. "The Paleopathology Program at the Smithsonian Institution." Paleopathology Newsletter, number 10 (1975), pages 7-8. -, and R. S. Corruccinni. "The Skeletal Biology of the Virginia Indians." [Abstract of paper] American Journal of Physical Anthropology, number 44 (1975), pages 171-172. Riesenberg, Saul H. "The Ghost Islands of the Carolines." Micronesica, volume 11, number 1 (1975), pages 7-33. Selig, Ruth O. "First the Babe." Art to Zoo: News to Schools from the Smith- sonian Institution, May 1976, page 1. Stewart, T. Dale. "Study of Human Skeletal Remains from Pueblo Ruins in Chaco Canyon, New Mexico, 1935." National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1890-1954 Projects, 1975, pages 293-297. . "The Growth of American Physical Anthropology Between 1925 and 1975." Anthropological Quarterly, number 48 (1975), pages 193-204. 338 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Recent Examples of Pseudo-Trephination." Adas del XLI Congreso International de Americanistas (Mexico, 2-7 de septiembre, 1974), number 1 (1975), pages 99-102. "Charles Weer Goff, 1897-1975." American Journal of Physical Anthro- pology, number 44 (1976), pages 220-222. -. "Patterning of Pathologies and Epidemiology." Paper prepared in advance for participants in Burg Wartenstein symposium number 72 on Origins and Affinities of the First Americans, August 21-30, 1976. Sturtevant, William C. "Some Publications of the Last Decade on the History of Museum Anthropology." [Bibliography] History of Anthropology News- letter, volume 2, number 2 (1975), pages 11-13. . "Two 1761 Wigwams at Niantic, Connecticut." American Antiquity, volume 40, number 4 (1975), pages 437-444. . "Cuban Miami: 1834. Rediscovered: Santa Maria de Loreto." In Born of the Sun; the Official Florida Bicentennial Commemorative Book, edited by Joan E. Gill and Beth R. Read, page 28. Florida Bicentennial Com- memorative Journal, Inc.: Hollywood, Florida, 1975. 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"Ethnohistory: Its Payoffs and Pitfalls for Iowa Archeolo- gists." Journal of the Iowa Archeological Society, volume 23 (1976), pages 1-44. Wedel, Waldo R. "Chain Mail in Plains Archeology." The Plains Anthropolo- gist, volume 20, number 69 (1975), pages 187-196. . "Chalk Hollow: Culture Sequence and Chronology in the Texas Pan- handle." In Proceedings, XLI International Congress of Americanists, Mexico City, volume 1 (1975), pages 270-278. -, and Douglas H. Ubelaker. "Bird Bones, Burials, and Bundles in Plains Archeology." American Antiquity, volume 40, number 4, (1975), pages 444- 452. Department of Botany Ayensu, Edward S. "International Co-operation among Conservation-orientat- ed Botanical Gardens and Institutions." In Conservation of Threatened Plants by various authors, pages 259-269. New York: Plenum Publishing Corporation, 1976. . "Preface." Botany of the Black Americans by William Ed Grime. St. Clair Shores, Michigan: Scholarly Press, Inc., 1976. 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Culberson, W. L., and Mason E. Hale, Jr. "The Range of the Lichen Parmelia eurysaca." Mycologia, volume 66 (1974), pages 1047-1049. Eyde, Richard H. "The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Floral Anatomy." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, volume 62, number 3 (1975), pages 521-537. 340 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "The Foliar Theory of the Flower." American Scientist, volume 63, number 4 (1975), pages 430-437. Fenical, William, and James N. Norris. "Chemotaxonomy in Marine Algae: Chemical Separation of Some Laurencia Species (Rhodophyta) from the Gulf of California." Journal of Phycology, volume 11, number 1 (1975), pages 104-108. Fosberg, F. R. "Bobea elatior Again." Taxon, volume 25, number 1 (1976), page 188. . "Coral Island Vegetation." In "Biology and Geology of Coral Reefs" (volume 3 of Biology 2) by D. J. Jones and R. Endean, pages 255-277. New York: Academic Press, 1976. "Geography, Ecology, and Biogeography." Annals of the Association of American Geographers, volume 66, number 1 (1976), pages 117-128. -. "Identification of Vascular Plants of Namoluk Atoll, Eastern Caro- line Islands." Atoll Research Bulletin, volume 189 (1975), pages 23-48. Fosberg, Raymond F. "Ipomoea indica Taxonomy: A Tangle of Morning Glories." Botaniska Notiser, volume 129 (1976), pages 35-38. . "List of Vascular Plants." In "Geography of Aitutaki Island, Cook Islands" by David R. Stoddart and P. E. Gibbs, pages 73-84. Atoll Research Bulletin, number 190 (August 1975). 'Revised Check-List of Vascular Plants of Hawaii Volcanoes National Park." Cooperative National Park Resources Studies Unit, Technical Report, number 5 (1975), pages 1-19. -. "Revisions in the Flora of St. Croix, U.S. Virgin Islands." Rhodora, volume 78, number 813 (1976), pages 79-119. "Status of the Name Chloris barbata (L.) Swartz." Taxon, volume 25, number 1 (1976), pages 176-178. "The Deflowering of Hawaii." National Parks & Conservation Maga- zine, volume 49, number 10 (1975), pages 4-10. "Typification and Author Citation of Merremia tridentata ssp. hastata van Ooststroom, Blumea 3: 317, 1938." Taxon, volume 24 (1975), page 541. -. "Typification of Sadleria hillebrandii Robinson." Taxon, volume 25, number 1 (1976), pages 187-188. Fosberg, F. R., and M. V. C. Falanruw. "Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 1." Micronesica, volume 11 (1975), pages 77-80. Fosberg, F. R., and M.-H. Sachet. "Noteworthy Micronesian Plants. 2." Micronesica, volume 11 (1975), pages 81-84. . "Polynesian Plant Studies. 1-5." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 21 (1975), pages 1-25. Fosberg, F. R., L. B. Smith, J. J. Wurdack, R. S. Cowan, and F. A. Stafleu. "In Praise of a Curator." Taxon, volume 24, numbers 2/3 (May 1975), page 396. Goldberg, Aaron, and L. B. Smith. "Chave para as Familias Espermatofiticas do Brasil." Flora llustrada Catarinense, separate (1975), pages 3-204. Hale, Mason E., Jr. "A Monograph of the Lichen Genus Relicina (Parmelia- ceae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 26 (1975), pages 1-32. . "A Revision of the Lichen Genus Hypotrachyna (Parmeliaceae) in Tropical America." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 25 (1975), pages 1-73. -. "Hypotrachyna showmanii, a New Lichen from Eastern North America." Bryologist, volume 79 (1976), pages 78-80. -. "Informe Sobre el Crecimiento de Liquenes en los Monumentos de Copan, Honduras." Yaxkin, volume 1 (1975), pages 6-9, 16. "Lichen Structure Viewed with the Scanning Electron Microscope." In Lichenology. Progress and Problems, edited by D. H. Brown, D. L. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 341 Hawksworth, and R. H. Bailey, pages 1-15. New York: Academic Press, 1976. "Studies on the Lichen Family Thelotremataceae. 3." Mycotaxon, volume 3 (1975), pages 173-181. "Synopsis of a New Lichen Genus, Everniastmm Hale (Parmeliaceae)." Mycotaxon, volume 3 (1976), pages 345-353. Kennedy, H., and D. H. Nicolson. "New Combinations and Notes on Central American Marantaceae." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, volume 62 (August 1975), pages 501-503. King, R. M., and H. Robinson. "New Species of Stomatanthes from Africa (Eupatorieae, Compositae)." Kew Bulletin, volume 30 (1975), pages 463-465. . "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLIII. A New Genus, Austrocritonia." Phytologia, volume 31 (1975), pages 115-117. 'Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLIV. A New Genus, Viereckia." Phytologia, volume 31 (1975), pages 118-121. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLV. A New Species of Bartlettina." Phytologia, volume 31 (1975), pages 62-65. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLVI. Two New Species of Fleischmannia from Central America." Phytologia, volume 31 (1975), pages 305-310. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLVII. Additions to the Genera Amboroa, Ayapanopsis, and Hebeclinium in South America.' Phytologia, volume 31 (1975), pages 311-316. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLVIII. A New Species of Lomatozoma." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 246-249. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CXLIX. A New Genus, Osmiopsis." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 250-251. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CL. Limits of the Genus Koanophyllon." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 252-267. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLI. A New Genus, Grisebachianthus." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), page 268-270. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLII. A New Genus, Imeria.' Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 271-272. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLIII. A New Genus, Lorentzianthus." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 273-274. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLIV. A New Genus, Chacoa." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 275-276. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLV. A New Genus, Idiothamnus." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 277-282. -. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLVI. Various New Combinations." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 283-285. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLVII. A New Genus, Revealia from Mexico." Phytologia, volume 33 (1976), pages 277-280. 'Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLVIII. A New Genus, Adenocritonia from Jamaica." Phytologia, volume 33 (1976), pages 281-284. Kirkbride, Joseph H., Jr. "The Genus Wittmackanthus (Rubiaceae)." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, volume 62, number 2 (1975), pages 504- 509. Lellinger, David B. "A Phytogeographic Analysis of Choco Pteridophytes." Fern Gazette, volume 11, numbers 2-3 (1975), pages 105-114. Misra, G., S. Huneck, and Mason E. Hale, Jr. "Mitteilungen Uber Flechtenin- baltsstoffe. CVIII. Die Flechtenstoffe Einiger Indischer Parmeliaceen." Philippia, volume 3 (1976), pages 20-23. Morton, C. V. A Revision of the Argentine Species of Solanum. Edited by L. B. Smith and I. A. Hunziker. Cordoba, Argentina: Academia Nacional de Ciencias, 1976. 342 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Nicolson, Dan H. "Diphelypaea (Orobanchaceae), nom. nov. and Other Cau- terizations on a Nomenclatural Hydra." Taxon, volume 24, numbers 5-6 (November 1975), pages 651-657. . "Emilia." In "Flora of Guatemala" by D. L. Nash and L. O. Willaams, pages 393-395. Fieldiana: Botany, volume 24, part XII (May 1976). "Emilia fosbergii, a New Species." Phytologia, volume 32 (October 1975), pages 33-34. -. "Isonyms and Pseudo-Isonyms: Identical Combinations with the Same Type." Taxon, volume 24, number 4 (August 1975), pages 461-466. "Lectotypification of Genera of Araceae." Taxon, volume 24, num- ber 4 (August 1975), pages 467-468. "Paratautonyms, a Comment on Prop. 146." Taxon, volume 24, numbers 2-3 (May 1975), pages 389-390. Norris, James N. "Resena Historica de las Exploraciones Marinas Botanicas en el Gulfo de California." In number 27 of Sonora: Antropologia del Desierto by various authors, edited by B. Braniff C. and R. S. Felger, pages 79-84. Mexico City: Instituto Nacional de Anthropologia e Historia, 1976. Norris, James N., and Katina E. Bucher. "New Records of Marine Algae from the 1974 R/V DOLPHIN Cruise to the Gulf of California." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 34 (1976), pages iv-22. Powell, A. M., and J. Cuatrecasas. "IOPB Chromosome Number Reports, Asteraceae from Colombia and Venezuela (editor Love)." Taxon 24 (1975), pages 275-276. Robinson, H. "Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica: The Family Dolichopodidae with Some Related Antillean and Panamanian Species (Diptera)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 185 (1975), pages 1-141. . "Conardia, a New Moss Genus for Hypnum compactum (Hook.) C. Mull." Phytologia, volume 33 (1976), pages 293-295. -. "Considerations on the Evolution of Lichens." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 407-413. "The Mosses of Juan Fernandez Islands." Smithsonian Contributions to Bontany, number 27 (1975), pages 1-88. -. "A New Name for the Moss Genus, Thyridium." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 432-435. -. "A New Species of Barnadesia from Ecuador (Mutisieae: Asteraceae).' Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 414-418. -. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). VI. Additions to the Genus, Caleae." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 426-431. "Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae). VII. Additions to the Genus Roldana." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 331-332. Robinson, H. "Three New Asteraceae from Guerrero, Mexico." Phytologia, volume 33 (1976), pages 285-292. Robinson, H., and R. D. Brettell. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). V. Two New Species of Aspilia from South America." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 419-425. Robinson, H., and D. H. Nicolson. "Tagetes ernestii (Tageteae: Asteraceae) a New Species from Oaxaca, Mexico." Phytologia, volume 32 (1975), pages 327-330. Rogers, C. M. and L. B. Smith. "Linaceas." Flora Ilustrada Catarinense, Fascicle LINA (30 May 1975), pages 1-34. Sachet, M.-H. "Flora of the Marquesas. 1. Ericaceae through Convolvulaceae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 23 (1975), pages 1-34. Sachet, M.-H., P. A. Schafer, and J. C. Thibault. "Mohotani: Une ile protegee aux Marquises." Bulletin de la Societes des Etudes Oceaniennes, number 193 (1975), pages 557-568. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 343 Sandved, K. B., and R. Tucker Abbot. Shells. New York: Viking Publishers, 1973. (Not reported previously.) Sandved, K. B., and Michael G. Emsley. Butterfly Magic. New York: Viking Publishers, 1975. Shetler, Stanwyn G. "Bicentennial Glimpses of Audubon's Wilderness: The Lost Camellia." Audubon Naturalist News, volume 1, number 9 (1975), page 10. . "Bicentennial Glimpses of Audubon's Wilderness: The Appalachian Monarch (American Chestnut) Passes." Audubon Naturalist News, volume 2, number 5 (1976), page 2. "Bicentennial Glimpses of Audubon's Wilderness: Wild Rice: Bread Corn of the North." Audubon Naturalist News, volume 2, number 7 (1976), page 2. 'Flora North America." Atlantic Naturalist, volume 31, number 2 (Summer 1976), page 50. 'Foreword." The Bluebird: How You Can Help Its Fight for Survival by Lawrence Zeleny. Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1976. "Learning from Nature's Laboratory." Audubon Naturalist News, volume 2, number 5 (1976), page 2. -. "Learning from Nature's Laboratory, II." American Naturalist News, volume 2, number 6 (1976), page 2. "Natural History Today." Atlantic Naturalist, volume 30, number 4 (Winter 1975), page 150. -. "Our Biological Heritage." Atlantic Naturalist, volume 30, number 3 (Autumn 1975), page 98. "Weeds on Trial." Atlantic Naturalist, volume 31, number 3 (Fall 1976), page 98. Simpson, Beryl B. "Pleistocene Changes in the Flora of the High Tropical Andes." Paleobiology, volume 1 (1975), pages 273-294. Simpson, Beryl B., A. Burkart and N. J. Carman. "Prosopis palmeri: A Relict of an Ancient North American Colonization." Madrono, volume 23 (1975), pages 220-227. Skog, Laurence E. "Chomelia Jacq. versus Chomelia Linn., A Proposal for Conservation." Taxon, volume 25, number 1 (1976), pages 205-206. . "Nematanthus fissus, A New Combination in the Gesneriaceae." Baileya, volume 19, number 4 (1975), pages 148-150. 'A Study of the Tribe Gesnerieae, with a Revision of Cesneria (Ges- neriaceae-Gesnerioideae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 29 (1976), pages 1-182. Smith, Lyman B. "Herbarium Notes, V." Phytologia, volume 33, number 7 (June 1976), page 441. . "(389) Proposal for the Conservation of the Generic Name 169 Oplisrnenus Beauv. against Orthopogon R. Br. (Gramineae)." Taxon, volume 25, number 1 (February 1976), pages 194-195. -. "Reconsideration of lectotype for the genus Vellozia." Taxon, volume 24, number 4 (August 1975), page 474. Smith, Lyman B., and Edward E. Ayensu. "A Revision of American Vello- ziaceae." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, number 30 (1976), pages i-vii, 1-172. . "Velloziaceas do Estado do Parana." Boletim do Museu Botanico Municipal, Curitiba, Parana, Brasil, number 21 (May 1975). Smith, Lyman B., and Robert W. Read. "Notes on Bromeliaceae. XXXVIII." Phytologia, volume 33, number 7 (June 1976), pages 429-443. Smith, Lyman B., and Carroll E. Wood, Jr. "The Genera of Bromeliaceae in the Southeastern United States." Journal of the Arnold Arboretum, volume 56, number 4 (November 1975), pages 375-397. 344 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Walker, E. H. Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands. Washing- ton, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. Walker, E. H., and D. H. Nicolson. "Araceae." In Flora of Okinawa and the Southern Ryukyu Islands by E. H. Walker, pages 280-288. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. Wasshausen, D. C. "A New Species of Oplonia (Acanthaceae) from Peru." Phytologia, volume 33 (1976), pages 444-446. . "A New Species of Ruellia (Acanthaceae) from Panama." Phytologia, volume 33 (1976), pages 59-62. "Two Additional New Species of Aphelandra (Acanthaceae)." Phytolo- gia, volume 33 (1976), pages 178-182. Wasshausen, D. C, and Mary T. Kalin de Arroyo. "A New Species of Justicia (Acanthaceae) from Venezuela." Boletin de la Sociedad Venezolana de Cilnuas Naturales, volume 22 (1976), pages 407-413. Wurdack, J. J. "Certamen Melastomataceis XXIV." Phytologia, volume 31, number 6 (September 1975), pages 492-500. . "Endemic Melastomataceae of the Sierra Nevada de Santa Marta, Colombia." Brittonia, volume 28, number 1 (April 1976), pages 138-143. "New Guatemalan Melastomataceae." Wrightia, volume 5, number 7 (May 1976), pages 226-227. Department of Entomology Baumann, Richard W. "A Revision of the Stonefly Family Nemouridae (Plecoptera) : A Study of the World Fauna at the Generic Level." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, number 211 (1975), pages 1-74. . "Amphinemeura reinerti, A New Stonefly from Northern Mexico (Plecoptera: Nemouridae)." The Southwestern Naturalist, volume 20 (1976), pages 517-521. Baumann, Richard W., and Dragica Kacanski. "A New Species of Capnioneura from Yugoslavia (Plecoptera, Capniidae)." Mitteilungen der Schweizerischen Entomologischen Cessellschaft, volume 48 (1975), pages 451-453. Burns, John M. "Isozymes in Evolutionary Systematics." In Isozymes: IV, Genetics and Evolution, edited by C. L. Markert, pages 49-62. New York: Academic Press, 1975. . [Review] Butterflies: Their World, Their Life Cycle, Their Behavior, by T. C. Emmel. Smithsonian, volume 6, number 9 (1975), pages 130-132. -. BioGraffiti: A Natural Selection. New York: Quandrangle/The New York Times Book Company, 1975, xvi + 112 pages. Crabill, Ralph E., Jr. "A New Watophilus from Utah, Including a List of All Known Species (Chilopoda: Geophilomorpha: Chilenophilidae)." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 37 (January 22, 1976), pages 395-398. Davis, Donald R. "A Review of the West Indian Moths of the Family Psychidae with Descriptions of New Taxa and Immature Stages." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, number 188 (1975), 66 pages. . "A Review of Ochsenheimeriidae and the Introduction of the Cereal Stem Moth Ochsenheimeria vacculella into the United States (Lepidoptera: Tineoidea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 192 (1975), 20 pages. -. "Systematics and Zoogeography of the Family Neopseustidae with the Proposal of a New Superfamily (Lepidoptera: Neopseustoidea)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, number 210 (1975), 75 pages. Dietz, Robert E. IV, and W. Donald Duckworth. "A Review of the Genus Horama Hubner and Reestablishment of the Genus Poliopastea Hampson Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 345 (Lepidoptera: Ctenuchidae)." Smithsonian Contribution to Zoology, num- ber 215 (1976), 53 pages. Duckworth, W. Donald. "Introduction" in the Dictionary of Butterflies and Moths in Color; by Allan Watson and Paul E. S. Whalley, W. Donald Duck- worth, American Editor, pages vii-xiii. New York City: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1975. Erwin, Terry L. "The Ground Beetle Components of the Panamanian Fauna." In 2973 Environmental Monitoring and Baseline Data, edited by R. W. Rubinoff, pages 124-128. Smithsonian Institution Environmental Science Program, 1974. . "Studies of the Subtribe Tachyina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini), Part III: Systematics, Phylogeny, and Zoogeography of the Genus Tacyta Kirby." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 208 (1975), pages 1-68. "The Ground Beetle Types of Max Liebke in the Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, D.C. (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Coleopterists Bulletin, volume 29, number 4 (1975), pages 267-268. "Relationships of Predaceous Beetles to Tropical Forest Wood Decay. Part I. Descriptions of the Immature Stages of Eurycoleus macularis Chev- rolat (Carabidae: Lebiini)." Coleopterists Bulletin, volume 29, number 4 (1975), pages 297-300. "A Case of Homonymy in the Tachyina (Coleoptera: Carabidae: Bembidiini). Coleopterists Bulletin, volume 30, number 1 (1976), page 94. Flint, Oliver S., Jr. "Checklist of the Trichoptera, or caddisflies, of Chile." Revista Chilena de Entomologia, volume 8 (1975), pages 83-93. . "A Preliminary Report of Studies on Neotropical Trichoptera." Pro- ceedings of the First International Symposium on Trichoptera (1976), pages 47-48. -. "The Greater Antillean species of Polycentropus (Tricoptera: Polycen- tropidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 89 (1976), pages 233-246. Floore, T. G., B. A. Harrison, and B. F. Eldridge. "The Anopheles (Anopheles) crucians Subgroup in the United States (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics, volume 8, number 1 (1975), pages 1-100. Froeschner, Richard C. "Description of a New Species of Lace Bug Attacking the Oil Palm in Colombia (Hemiptera: Tingidae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, volume 78 (1976), pages 104-107. . "Galapagos Lace Bugs: Zoogeographic Notes and a New Species of Phatnoma (Hemiptera: Tingidae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington, volume 78 (1976), pages 181-184. Harrison, B. A., and J. E. Scanlon. "Medical Entomological Studies II. The Subgenus Anopheles in Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae)." Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., volume 12, number 1 (1975), pages 1-307. Huang, Yiau-Min. "A New Species of Aedes (Stegomyia) from Sri Lanka, (Ceylon) (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosq. Syst., volume 7, number 4 (1975), pages 345-356. Hurd, Paul D., Jr., Roland L. Fischer, Kenneth L. Knight, Charles D. Michener, W. Wayne Moss, Paul Oman, and Jerry A. Powell. "Report of the Advisory Committee for Systematics Resources in Entomology. Part II: The Current Status of Entomological Collections in North America." Bulletin of the Entomological Society of America, volume 21 (1975), pages 209-212. Hurd, Paul D., Jr., and E. Gorton Linsley. "The Bee Family Oxaeidae with a Revision of the North American Species (Hymenoptera: Apoidea)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 220 (1976), pages 1-75, 68 figures, 3 plates, 3 maps, 2 tables. 346 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Krombein, Karl V. "Comment on the Proposed Suppression of Euplilis Risso, 1826, in Favour of Rhopalum Stephens, 1829, Z.N.(S.) 2056." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 32, part 2 (1975), page 97. . "Additional Comment on Z.N.(S.) 2056, Euplilis Risso, 1826 (Hymen- optera, Sphecidae) : Proposed Suspension Under the Plenary Powers in Favour of Rhopalum Stephens, 1829." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 32, part 4 (1976), pages 205-207. "Eustenogaster, A Primitive Social Sinhalese Wasp." Loris, volume 13, number 6 (1976), pages 303-306, figs. 1-12. "Synonymical Notes on Two Palaearctic Subgenera of Myrmosa Latreille (Hymenoptera, Mutillidae." Polski Pismo Entomologiczne, volume 46 (1976), pages 257-260. Technical editor for English translation from Japanese of Kunio Iwata's "Evolution of Instinct: Comparative Ethology of Hymenoptera." Publ. for Smithsonian Institution by National Technical Information Service (TT 73-52016) (1976), 535 pages, 50 figures. Reinert, J. F. "Mosquito Generic and Subgeneric Abbreviations Diptera: Culici- dae)." Mosquito Systematics, volume 7, number 2 (1975), pages 105-110. . "Medical Entomological Studies IV. The Subgenera Indusius and Edwardsaedes of the genus Aedes (Diptera: Culicidae)." Contr. Am. Entomol. Inst., volume 13, number 1, pages 1-45. 'A Ventromedian Cervical Sclerite of Mosquito Larvae Diptera: Culici- dae)." Mosquito Systematics (1976), volume 8, number 2 (1976), pages 205- 208. Sirivanakarn, S. "A New Species of Culex (Eumelanomyia) Theobald from Manus Island, Papua-New Guinea (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systema- tics, volume 8, number 2 (1976), pages 209-216. Spangler, Paul J., Hans Reichardt and Sergio A. Vanin. "New and Little Known Neotropical Coleoptera IV. Notes on Spercheidae, Especially Spercheus fimbricollis Bruch." Paper's Avulsos Zoologia, volume 29, number 11 (1975), pages 71-78. Traub, R., and C. L. Wisseman, Jr. "The Ecology of Chigger-borne Rickettsiosis (Scrub Typhus)." J. Med. Ent. (1974), volume 11, number 3, pages 237-303, refs. . "Current Concepts of the Ecology of Chigger-borne Rickettsiosis (Scrub Typhus)." Jap. ]. Med. Sci. Biol. (Tokyo), volume 27, number 1 (1974), pages 1-5. Traub, R., C. L. Wisseman, Jr., M. R. Jones, and J. J. O'Keefe. "The Acquisition of Rickettsia Tsutsugamushi by Chiggers (Trombiculid Mites) During the Feeding Process." Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. (1975), 266, pages 91-114, refs. Utmar, Joyce A., and W. W. Wirth. "A Revision of the New World Species of Forcipomyia, Subgenus Caloforcipomyia (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae)." Florida Entomologist, volume 59, number 2 (1976), pages 109-133. Wisseman, C. L., Jr., and R. Traub. "Scrub Typhus (Chigger-borne Rickettsio- sis)." In Hunter, G. W., Ill; J. C. Swartzwelder, and J. C. and D. F. Clyde (eds.) A Manual of Tropical Medicine (1976), Chapter 12, pages 125-130. 5th Edition, W. B. Saunders & Co., Philadelphia, 900 pages. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Banta, W. C, and M. E. Rice. "A Restudy of the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale Fossil Worm, Ottoia prolifica." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura, volume 2 (1976), pages 79-90. Barnard, J. L. "Identification of Gammaridean Amphipods. "In Light's Manual: Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 347 Intertidal Invertebrates of the Central California Coast, edited by Ralph I. Smith and James T. Carlton, pages 314-352, plate 70-83. Berkeley, Cali- fornia: University of California Press, 1975. . "Amphipod." Encyclopaedia Britannica, Micropedia, volume 1, page 326. 1974. -. "Amphipoda (Crustacea) from the Indo-Pacific Tropics: A Review. Micronesica, volume 12, number 1, pages 169-182. -, and Gordan S. Karaman. "The Higher Classification in Amphipods.' Crustaceana 28 (1975), pages 304-310. Barnard, J. L., and Desmond E. Hurley. "Redescription of Parawaldeckia kidderi (Smith) (Amphipoda, Lysianassidae)." Crustaceana 29 (1975), pages 68-73, figures 1-2. , and M. M. Drummond. "Clarification of Five Genera of Phoxocephali- dae (Marine Amphipoda)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington 88 (1976), pages 515-547, figures 1-4. Bayer, Frederick M., and Katherine Margaret Muzik. "New Genera and Species of the Holaxonian Family Chrysogorgiidae (Octocorallia: Gorgona- cea)." Zoologische Mededelingen (Leiden), 1976, pages 1-26, figures 1-10, plates 1-7. . "A New Solitary Octocoral, Taiaroa tauhou n. gen. et n. sp. (Coelen- terara: Protoalcyonaria), from New Zealand." Journal of the Royal Society of New Zealand, 1976. Bouchard, Raymond W., and Horton H. Jobbs, Jr. "A New Subgenus and Two New Species of Crayfishes of the Genus Cambarus (Decapoda: Cam- baridae) from the Southeastern United States." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 224 (1976), 15 pages, 3 figures. Bowman, Thomas E. "Oithona colcarva, n. sp., an American Copepod Incor- rectly Known as O. brevicornis (Cyclopoida: Oithonidae)." Chesapeake Science, volume 16, number 1 (1975), pages 134-137. . "Miostephos cubrobex, a New Genus and Species of Copepod from an Anchialine Pool in Cuba (Calanoida: Stephidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Association of Washington, volume 89, number 11 (1976), pages 185-190. "Three New Troglobitic Asellids from Western North America (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae)." International Journal of Speleology, volume 7, number 4 (1976), pages 339-356. -, and Charlotte Holmquist. " ' Asellus (Asellus) alaskensis, n. sp., the First Alaskan Asellus, With Remarks on its Asian Affinities (Crustacea: Isopoda: Asellidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 7 (April 23, 1975), pages 59-72. Bowman, Thomas E., Peter W. Glynn, and Deborah M. Dexter. "Excirolana braziliensis, a Pan-American Sane Beach Isopod: Taxonomic Status, Zona- tion and Distribution." Journal of Zoology, London, volume 175 (1975), pages 509-521. Bowman, Thomas E., and Glenn Longley. "Redescription and Assignment to the New Genus Lirceolus of the Texas Troglobitic Water Slater, Asellus smithii (Ulrich) (Crustacea: Isopoda: Aselliae)." Proceedings of the Biolo- gical Society of Washington, volume 88, number 45 (January 22, 1976), pages 489-496. (Canet) Perez Farfante, Isabel. "Spermatophores and Thelyca of the Ameri- can White Shrimps, Genus Penaeus, Subgenus Litopenaeus." Fishery Bulle- tin, volume 73, number 3 (1975), pages 463-486, figures 1-19. . "A Redescription of Penaeus (Melicertus) canaliculatus (Oliver, 1811), a Wide-ranging Indo-west Pacific Shrimp (Crustacea, Decapoda, Penaei- dea)." Zoologische Mededelingen, volume 50, number 2 (August 13, 1976), pages 23-37, 5 figures. 348 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Chace, F. A., Jr. "Shrimps of the Pasiphaeid Genus Leptochela with Descrip- tions of Three New Species (Crustacea: Decapods: Caridae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology number 222 (1976), 51 pages, 37 figures. , and G. Barnish." Swarming of a Raninid Megalopa at St. Lucia, West Indies (Decapoda, Brachyura)." Crustaceana, volume 31, part 1 (July 1976), pages 105-107. Cohen, Anne C, and Louis S. Kornicker. "Taxonomc Indexes to Ostracoda (Suborder Myodocopina) in Skogsberg (1920) and Poulsen (1962, 1965)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 204 (1975), 29 pages. Cressey, R. F. "Shiinoa elagata, a New species of Parasitic Copepod from Elagatus (Carangidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington, volume 88, number 40 (1976), pages 433-438. . "Nicothoe tumulosa A New Siphonostome Copepod Parasitic on the Unique Decapod N eoglyphea-inopinata Forest and Saint Laurent." Proceed- ings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 89, number 7 (1976), pages 119-126. Forest, J. M. de Saint Laurent, and F. A. Chace, Jr. 1976. "Neoglyphea ino- pinata: A Crustacean "Living Fossil" from the Philippines." Science, 192 (4242), pages 884. Hobbs, Horton H., Jr. "New Crayfishes (Decapoda: Cambaridae) from the Southern United States and Mexico." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 201 (1976), 34 pages, 8 figures. . "Adaptations and Convergence in North American Crayfishes." In Freshwater Crayfish, edited by James W. Avault, Jr., pages 541-551 (2 figures). Papers from the Second International Symposium on Freshwater Crayfish, Baton Rouge, Louisiana, USA, 1974. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State University, 1976. Hope, W. D. [Review] Introduction to Nematology by B. G. Chitwood and M. B. Chitwood. University Park Press, Baltimore, London and Tokyo, 1974. Transactions of the American Microscopical Society, volume 95, number 2 (1976), pages 258-259. Jones, Meredith L. "On the Invertebrates of the Upper Chamber, Gatun Locks, Panama Canal, with Emphasis on Trochospnogilla leidii (Bowerbank) (Pori- fera)." Marine Biology volume 33, pages 57-66, 6 figures. Kornicker, Louis S. "Ivory Coast Ostracoda (Suborder Myodocopina)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 197 (1975), 46 pages, 32 figures. . "Antarctic Ostracoda (Myodocopina) Parts 1 and 2." Smithsonian Con- tributions to Zoology, volume 163 (1975), 720 pages, 432 figures, 9 plates. -. "Myodocopid Ostracoda from Southern Africa." Smithsonian Contri- butions to Zoology, volume 214 (1976), 39 pages, 24 figures. 'Cigantocypris Muelleri Skogsberg, 1920 (Ostracoda) in Benthic Samples Collected in the Vicinity of Heard Island and The Kerguelen Islands on Cruise MD 03 of the Research Vessel Marion-Mufresne 1974." Prospec- tions en Oceanographie Biologique et Bionomie Benthique aux Abords Des lies Kerguelen et Corzet, Comite National Francois des Rechereches Antarc- tiques, volume 39 (1976), pages 47-48. Kornicker, Louis S., and Martin V. Angel. "Morphology and Ontogeny of Bathyconchoecia septemspinosa Angel, 1970 (Ostracoda: Halocyprididae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 195 (1975), 21 pages, 14 figures. Kornicker, Louis S., and Marcia Bowen. "Sarsiella ozotothrix, a New Species of Marine Ostracoda (Myodocopina) from the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts of North America." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 46 (1976), pages 497-502, figures 1-3. Kornicker, Louis S., Sheldon Wirsing, and Maura McManus. "Biological Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 349 Studies of the Bermuda Ocean Acre: Planktonic Ostracoda." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 223 (1976), 34 pages, 20 figures. Manning, Raymond B. "Eurysquilla pacifica, a New Stomatopod Crustacean from New Britain." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88 (1975), pages 249-252, figure 1. . "Two New Species of the Indo-West-Pacific Genus Chorisquilla (Crustacea, Stomatopoda), with Notes on C. excavata (Miers)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88 (1975), pages 253-261, figures 1-3. "A New Species of Meiosquilla (Crustacea, Stomatopoda) from South Africa." Annals of the South African Museum, volume 67, number 9 (1975), pages 363-366, figure 1. -. "The Identity of Raninoides fossor A. Milne-Edwards and Bouvier, 1923 (Decapoda)." Crustaceana, volume 29, number 3, pages 297-298, figure 1. "Two Methods for Collecting Decapods in Shallow Water." Crusta- ceana, volume 29, number 3 (1975), pages 317-319, plates 1-2. "Conodactylus botti, a New Stomatopod Crustacean from Indonesia." Senckenbergiana biologica, volume 56, numbers 4-6 (1975), pages 289-291, figure 1. -. "A Redescription of Clorida mauiana (Bigelow), a Stomatopod Crus- tacean New to the American Fauna." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 89 (1976), pages 215-220, figure 1. -. "Notes on Some Eastern Pacific Stomatopod Crustacea, with Descrip- tion of a New Genus and Two New Species of Lysiosquillidae." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 89 (1976), pages 221-231, figures 1-2. "Redescriptions of Oratosquilla indica (Hansen) and Clorida verru- cosa (Hansen), with Accounts of a New Genus and Two New Species (Crustacea, Stomatopoda)." Beaufortia, volume 25, number 318 (September 1, 1976), pages 1-13. Pawson, David L., G. Donnay, and M. Hey. "Iron Phosphate Deposits in Molpadiid Holothurians (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)." Biomineraliza- tion Research Reports, volume 8 (1975), pages 16-20. Pettibone, Marian H. "Review of the Genus Hermenia, with a Description of a New Species (Polychaeta: Polynoidae: Lepidonotinae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 22 (1975), pages 233-248, 6 figures. . "Revision of the Genus Macellicephala Mcintosh and the Subfamily Macellicephalinae Hartmann-Schroder (Polychaeta: Polynoidae)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, number 229 (1976), pages 1-71, 36 figures. "Contribution to the Polychaete Family Trochochaetidae Pettibone." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 230 (1976), pages 1-21, 10 figures. Rehder, Harald A. "Corrections to Recent Papers on New Species of Volu- tocorbis from South Africa." The Nautilis, volume 89, number 3 (1975), page 79. . "Comment on the Request for a Ruling on the Authorship of Conus moluccensis. Z.N.(S.)2059." Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 32, part 3, pages 133-134. "Proposed Amendment to Opinion 740: Correction of name number 2087 on the Official List of Specific Names in Zoology. Z.N.(S.)1521" Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 32, part 3, page 143. -, and Barry R. Wilson. "New Species of Marine Mollusks from Pitcairn Island and the Marquesas." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 203 (1975), iv + 6 pages, 1 color plate, 10 figures. 350 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Rice, M. E. "Observations on the Development of Six Species of Caribbean Sipuncula with a Review of Development in the Phylum." Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura, volume 1 (1975), pages 141-160. . "Survey of the Sipuncula of the Coral and Beachrock Communities of the Caribbean Sea. "Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of Sipuncula and Echiura, volume 1 (1975), pages 35-49. "Sipunculans Associated with Coral Communities." Micronesica, volume 12, number 1 (1976), pages 119-132. Rice, M. E., and M. Todorovic, editors. Proceedings of the International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura, volume 1 (1975). Belgrade, Yugoslavia: Naucno Delo Press, 355 pages. Roper, Clyde F. E., and A. Solem. "Structures of Recent Cephalopod Radulae." The Veliger, volume 18, number 2 (1975), pages 127-133, 23 figures. . "Radulae." [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1975 (1976), page 58. Roper, Clyde F. E., and M. J. Sweeney. "The Pelagic Octopod Ocythoe tuber- culata Rafinesque, 1814." Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1975 (1976), pages 21-28, 1 figure. Roper, Clyde F. E., and R. E. Young. "Vertical Distribution of Pelagic Cepha- lopods." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 209 (1975), 51 pages, 31 figures. . "Bioluminescent Countershading in Midwater Animals: Evidence from Living Squid." Science, volume 191 (1976), pages 1046-1048. Rosewater, Joseph. [Review] The World of Shells by R. Scase and E. Storey. National Capital Shell Club Newsletter, September 1975, page 10. . "William Healey Dall — The Legacy He Left for Malacology." Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1975, (1976), pages 4-6. 'Some Results of the National Museum of Natural History — Smith- sonian Tropical Research Institute Survey of Panama 1971-1975." Bulletin of the American Malacological Union for 1975, (1976), pages 48-50. -. "Pleurocera Rafinesque, 1818 (Gastropoda): Proposed Designation of Type-Species under The Plenary Powers Z.N.(S)83." R. V. Melville, editor: Bulletin of Zoological Nomenclature, volume 33, part 2 (September 30, 1976), pages 105-113. [Review] Shell Collectors Guide by Ruth Fair. National Capital Shell Club Newsletter, September 1976, pages 11-12. Department of Mineral Sciences Appleman, D. E., J. A. Konnert, J. R. Clark, L. W. Finger, T. Kate, and Y. Miura. "Crystal Structure and Cation Distribution of Hulsite, a Tin-Iron Borate." American Mineralogist, volume 61 (1976), pages 116-122. Chalmers, R. O., E. P. Henderson, and Brian Mason. "Occurrence, Distribu- tion, and Age of Australian Tektites." Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 17 (1976), 46 pages. Clarke, Roy S., Jr., editor. The Meteoritical Bulletin, number 53 (1975), Meteoritics 10, pages 133-158. , editor. The Meteoritical Bulletin, number 54 (1976), Meteoritics 11, pages 69-93. 'Schreibersite Growth and Its Influence on the Metallography of Coarse Structured Iron Meteorites." [Ph.D. thesis] The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. (1976), 197 pages. -, Eugene Jarosewich, and Albert F. Noonan. "Preliminary Data on Eight Observed-Fall Chondritic Meteorites." Mineral Sciences Investigations 1972- 1973, Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 14, pages 63-70. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 351 Desautels, Paul E. "Gemstones." Encyclopedia Brittanica Yearbook, 1975. Dunn, Pete J. "On Gem Orthopyroxines." Gems and Gemmology, volume 15, number 4 (1975), pages 118-122. . "On Gem Rhondonite from Massachusetts, U.S.A." The journal of Gemmology, volume 15 (1976), pages 76-80. "Inclusions in Gem Almandine from Idaho and New York." Journal of Gemmology, volume 14 (1975), pages 273-280. "On Gem Elbaite from Newry, Maine." Journal of Gemmology, volume 14 (1975), pages 357-367. -. "Genthelvite and the Helvite Group." Mineralogical Magazine, volume 40 (1975), pages 627-636. . "The Loudville Lead Mines." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), pages 293-298. "Rosenhahnite, A Second Occurrence with the Zeolites of the Durham Quarry." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), pages 300-301. -. "Personality Sketch — Frank Perham." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), page 105. "National Mineral Collection Supports Research." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), page 206. "Notes on Inclusions in Tanzanite and Tourmalinated Quartz." Journal of Gemmology, volume 14 (1975), pages 335-338. -. "So You Think You Have Found a New Mineral?" Guest Editorial, Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), pages 220-221. "On Jewelry Fit for a Queen." Journal of Gemmology, volume 14 (1975), pages 313-321. -, and J. Marshall. "The Lead Mines at Loudville." Rocks and Minerals, volume 51, number 5 (1976), pages 250-255. Dunn, Pete J., J. Arem, and J. Saul. "Red Dravite from Kenya." Journal of Gemmology, volume 14 (1975), pages 386-387. Dunn, Pete J., and W. Wight. "Green Gem Herderite from Brazil." Journal of Gemmology, volume 15 (1976), pages 27-28. Fredriksson, K. [Review] "Minerals and Rocks, 10. Meteorites: Classification and Properties" by J. T. Wasson. Chemical Geology, volume 16 (1975), pages 317-318. Fredriksson, K., A. A. deGasparis, and P. Brenner. "Composition of Individual Chondrules in Ordinary Chondrites." Meteoritics, volume 10 (1975), pages 390-392. Fredriksson K., A. A. deGasparis, and E. Rambaldi. "The Matrix in Chond- rites." Meteoritics, volume 10 (1975), pages 402-403. Fredriksson, K., G. Kurat, and G. Hoinkes. "Zoned Al-Ca-rich Chondrule in Bali: New Evidence Against the Primordial Condensation Model." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, volume 26 (1975), pages 140-144. Fredriksson, K., J. Nelen, and G. Kurat. "The Renazzo Chondrite — A Reevalua- tion." Meteoritics, volume 10 (1975), pages 464-465. Fudali, R. F., and P. J. Cressy. "Investigation of a New Stony Meteorite from Mauritania with Some Additional Data on Its Fine Site: Aouelloul Crater." Earth and Planetary Science Letters, volume 30 (1976), pages 262-268. Jarosewich, E. "Chemical Analysis of Two Microprobe Standards." Smith- sonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, volume 14 (1975), pages 85-86. Jarosewich, E., K. Fredriksson, Ananda Dube, Joseph Nelen, and Albert Noonan. "The Pulsora Anomaly." Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, volume 14 (1975), pages 41-53. Jarosewich, E., and R. T. Todd. "Olivine Microporphyry in the St. Mesmin Chondrite." Meteoritics, volume 11 (1976), pages 1-20. Mason, Brian. "The Allende Meteorite — Cosmochemistry's Rosetta Stone?" Accounts of Chemical Research, volume 8 (1975), pages 217-224. 352 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Mineralogy and Geochemistry of Two Amitsoq Gneisses from the Godthab Region, West Greenland." Geological Survey of Greenland Report, number 71 (1975), 11 pages. -. "High-titanium Lunar Basalts: A Possible Source in the Allende Meteorite." Geochemical Journal (Japan), volume 9 (1975), pages 1-5. . "Mineral Sciences in the Smithsonian Institution." Smithsonian Con- tributions to the Earth Sciences, number 14 (1975), pages 1-10. "Petrographic Analysis of Apollo 16 Samples 66083,1 and 67943,1." Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 14 (1975), pages 31-34. "List of Meteorites in the National Museum of Natural History." Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 14 (1975), pages 71-84. -. "Famous Mineral Localities: Broken Hill, Australia." The Mineralogi- cal Record, volume 7 (1976), pages 25-33. Mason, B., J. Nelen, P. Muir, and S. F. Taylor. "The Composition of the Chassigny Meteorite." Meteoritics, volume 11, number 1 (1975), pages 21-27. Mason, Brian, and H. B. Wiik. "The Composition of the Geidam Meteorite." Records of the Geological Survey of Nigera, volume 8 (1974), pages 35-38. Melson, William G., and Scientific Party. "Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, Challenger Drills on Leg 45." Geotimes, volume 21, number 4 (1976), pages 20-23. Moreland, Grover C, Tracy Vallier, D. Bohrer, and E. McRee. "Origin of Basaltic Microlapilli — Lower Miocene Pelagic Sediment North Eastern Pacific." GSA Bulletin (1976). Noonan, A., and J. Nelen. "A Petrographic and Mineral Chemistry Study of the Weston, Connecticut, Meteorite." Meteoritics, volume 11 (1976), pages 111- 130. Pei-Lin Tien, P. Leavens, and J. Nelen. "Swindfordite, A Dioctahedral-Triocta- hedral Li-rich Member of the Smectite Group from Kings Mountain, North Carolina." American Mineralogist, volume 60 (1975), pages 540-547. Simkin, Thomas. "Volcanology: Global Review of 1975." Geotimes, volume 21 (1976), page 38. Simkin, Thomas, and J. Filson. "An Application of a Stochastic Model to a Volcanic Earthquake Swarm." Bulletin Seismological Society of America, volume 65 (1975), pages 351-358. Simkin, Thomas, and A. F. Krueger. "Summit Eruption of Fernandina Caldera, Galapagos Islands, Ecuador." nasa Special Publication on Results of Sky- lab 4. Simkin, Thomas, P. T. Taylor, D. J. Stanley, and W. Jahn. "Gillis Seamount: Detailed Bathymetry and Modification by Bottom Currents." Marine, volume 19 (1975), pages 139-157. White, John S., Jr. "Fersmite from North Carolina." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), pages 276-277. . "Levyne-Offretite from Beech Creek, Oregon." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), pages 171-173. . "A New Mineral Almost — III." Mineralogical Record, volume 7 (1976), page 83. White, John S., Jr., G. E. Dunning, and J. F. Cooper, Jr. "Chromian Alumo- hydrocalcite from California, and Knipovichite Discredited." Mineralogical Record, volume 6 (1975), page 180-183. White, John S., Jr., and A. Roe. "A Catalog of the Type Specimens in the Mineral Collection, National Museum of Natural History." Smithsonian Contributions to Earth Sciences, number 18 (1976), 41 pages. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 353 Department of Paleobiology Adey, W. H. "The Algal Ridges and Coral Reefs of St. Croix: Their Structure and Holocene Development." Atoll Research Bulletin, volume 187 (1975), pages 1-67. Adey, W. H., and R. B. Burke. "Holocene Bioherms (Algal Ridges and Bank Barrier Reefs) of the Eastern Caribbean." Geological Society of America Bulletin, volume 87, number 1 (1976), pages 95-109. Adey, W. H., Tomiataro Masaki, and Hidetsuga Akiota. "The Distribution of Crustose Corallines in Eastern Hokkaido and the Biogeographic Relation- ships of the Flora." Memoirs of the Faculty of Fisheries, Hokkaido Univer- sity, volume 26, number 4 (1976), pages 303-313, 4 figures. Adey, W. H., and J. M. Vassar. "Colonization, Succession, and Growth Rates in Caribbean Crustose Corallines." Phycologia, volume 14 (1975), pages 55-69. Benson, R. H. "Ostracodes and Neogene History." In Late Neogene Bound- aries, edited by Tsunemasa Saito and L. H. Burckle. Micropaleontology Special Publication, number 1 (1975), pages 41-48, 3 text-figures. Boardman, R. S., and F. K. McKinney. "Skeletal Architecture and Preserved Organs of Four-Sided Zooids in Convergent Genera of Paleozoic Treposto- mata (Bryozoa)." Journal of Paleontology, volume 50, number 1 (1976), pages 25-78, 16 plates, 18 text-figures. Cheetham, A. H. "Preliminary Report on Early Eocene Cheilostome Bryozoans from Site 308 — Leg 32, Deep Sea Drilling Project." In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, edited by R. L. Larson et al., volume 32, pages 835-851, 4 plates, 2 text-figures. Washington, D.C. : United States Govern- ment Printing Office, 1975. Cheetham, A. H., and D. M. Lorenz. "A Vector Approach to Size and Shape Comparisons Among Zooids in Cheilostome Bryozoans." Smithsonian Con- tributions to Paleobiology, number 29 (1976), 55 pages, 37 figures. Cooper, G. A., and R. E. Grant. "Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, III." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 19 (1975), (Part 1: Text) pages 795-1298, (Part 2: Plates) pages 1300-1921, plates 192-502. . "Permian Brachiopods of West Texas, IV." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 21 (1976), (Part 1: Text) pages 1923-2285, (Part 2: Plates) pages 2288-2607, plates 503-662. Correll, D. L., M. A. Faust, and J. W. Pierce. [Integrated Progress Report] Non-Point Sources, submitted to National Science Foundation (Research Applied to National Needs), 119 pages and appendix. Edgewater, Maryland: Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, 1975. Correll, D. L., J. W. Pierce, and M. A. Faust. "A Quantitative Study of the Nutrient, Sediment, and Coliform Bacteria Constituents of Water Runoff from the Rhode River Watershed." Southeastern Regional Conference on Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution (Virginia Water Resources Center, Blacksburg, Virginia), 1975, pages 131-143. Doyle, J. A., and L. J. Hickey. "Pollen and Leaves from the Mid-Cretaceous Potomac Group and Their Bearing on Early Angiosperm Evolution." In Origin and Early Evolution of Angiosperms, edited by C. B. Beck, pages 139-206, 30 figures, 1 table. New York: Columbia University Press. Emry, R. J. "Revised Tertiary Stratigraphy and Paleontology of the Western Beaver Divide, Fremont County, Wyoming." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 25 (1975), 20 pages, 6 figures. Feyling-Hanssen, R. W., and M. A. Buzas. "Emendation of Cassidulina and Islandiella helenae new species." Journal of Foraminiferal Research, volume 6, number 2 (1976), pages 154-158, 4 text-figures. 354 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Grant, R. E. "Permian Brachiopods from Southern Thailand." Journal of Paleontology, volume 50, supplement to number 3: The Paleontological Society Memoir 9 (1976), 269 pages, 71 plates, 23 text-figures. Graus, R. R., and I. G. Macintyre. "Light-Adapted Growth of Massive Coral Reefs: Computer Simulation." [Abstract] Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, volume 7, number 7 (1975), page 1090. Hickey, L. J. "Relationship of Lithofacies to Cretaceous and Tertiary Mega- floral Assemblages." [Abstract] Botanical Society of America (Tulane Uni- versity) Abstracts of Papers (1976), page 26. Hickey, L. J., and R. W. Hodges. "Lepidopteran Leaf Mine from the Early Eocene Wind River Formation of Northwestern Wyoming." Science, volume 189, number 4204 (1975), pages 718-720, 2 figures. Hickey, L. J., and J. A. Wolfe. "The Bases of Angiosperm Phylogeny: Vege- tative Morphology." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, volume 62, number 3 (1975), pages 538-589, 21 figures, 2 tables. Hueber, F. M. "Phytogeographical Analysis of the Devonian." [Abstract] Geological Society of America (Northeastern Section and Southeastern Sec- tion) Abstracts with Programs, volume 8, number 2 (1976), pages 203-204. Kauffman, E. G. "Dispersal and Biostratigraphic Potential of Cretaceous Benthonic Bivalvia in the Western Interior." Special Paper of the Geological Association of Canada, number 13 (1975), pages 163-194, 4 text-figures. . "Evolution and the Environment." Chemistry, volume 48, number 9 (1975), page 24. -. "Plate Tectonics: A Major Force in Evolution." The Science Teacher, volume 43, number 3 (1976), pages 12-17. "Deep-Sea Cretaceous Macrofossils: Hole 317A, Manihiki Plateau." In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project, edited by S. O. Schlanger et al., volume 33, pages 503-535, 3 plates, 2 text-figures. Washington, D.C. United States Government Printing Office, 1976. and R. W. Scott. "Basic Concepts of Community Ecology and Paleo- ecology." In Structure and Classification of Ancient Communities, edited by R. W. Scott and R. West, pages 1-28, 4 figures. Stroudsburg, Pennsylvania: Dowden, Hutchinson, and Ross, Inc. Kelling, Gilbert, and D. J. Stanley. "A Model for Longitudinal Transport within a Modern Multi-Source Basin." In Congress Reports: IXth Inter- national Congres of Sedimentology (Nice, France), 1975, 8 pages. . "Sedimentation in Canyon, Slope, and Base of Slope Sediments." In Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management, edited by D. J. Stanley and D. J. P. Swift, pages 379-435. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976. Kier, P. M. "The Echinoids of Carrie Bow Cay, Belize." Smithsonian Contribu- tions to Zoology, number 206 (1975), 45 pages, 12 plates, 8 text-figures. Macintyre, I. G., B. W. Blackwelder, L. S. Land, and R. Stuckenrath. "North Carolina Shelf-Edge Sandstone: Age, Environment of Origin, and Relation- ship to Pre-existing Sea Levels." Geological Society of America Bulletin, volume 86, number 8 (1975), pages 1073-1078. Macintyre, I. G., and P. W. Glynn. "Evolution of a Modern Caribbean Fringe Reef: Galeta Point, Panama." [Abstract] Geological Society of America Abstracts with Programs, volume 7, number 7 (1975), page 1183. . "Evolution of a Modern Caribbean Fringing Reef, Galeta Point, Pan- ama." Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, volume 60, number 7 (1976), pages 1054-1072, 9 figures, 2 tables. Macintyre, I. G., and K. M. Towe. "Skeletal Calcite in Living Scleractinian Corals: Further Observations." Science, volume 193 (1976). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 355 Maldonado, Andres, and D. J. Stanley. "Nile Cone Lithofacies and Definition of Sediment Sequences." In Congress Reports, IXth International Congress of Sedimentology (Nice, France) (1975), 10 pages. . "The Nile Cone: Submarine Fan Development by Cyclic Sedimenta- tion." Marine Geology, volume 20, number 1 (1976), pages 27-40, 5 figures. "Late Quaternary Sedimentation and Stratigraphy in the Strait of Sicily." Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 16 (1976), 73 pages, 39 figures, 5 tables. Pierce, J. W. "Suspended Sediment Transport at the Shelf-Break and over the Outer Margin." In Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Man- agement, edited by D. J. Stanley and D. J. P. Swift, pages 437-458. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976. Pierce, J. W., F. R. Siegel, and P. P. Hearn. "Suspended Particulate Matter of the Southern Argentine Shelf." [Abstract] III Congresso Latinoamericano de Geologia (Mexico City, Mexico) Resumenes (1976), page 107. Pierce, J. W., and D. J. Stanley. "Suspended-Sediment Concentration and Mineralogy in the Central and Western Mediterranean and Mineralogic Comparison with Bottom Sediment." Marine Geology, volume 19, number 2 (1975), pages M15-M25, 3 figures, 1 table. Ray, C. E. "The Relationships of Hemicaulodon effodiens Cope 1869 (Mam- malia: Odobenidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 26 (1975), pages 281-304, 6 plates. . "The Geography of Phocid Evolution." [Abstract] American Zoologist, volume 15, number 3 (1975), page 812. -. "Phoca wymani and Other Tertiary Seals (Mammalia: Phocidae) Described from the Eastern Seaboard of North America." Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, number 28 (1976), 36 pages, 11 plates, 3 figures. Roberts, W. P., and J. W. Pierce. "Deposition in the Upper Patuxent Estuary, Maryland." Estuarine and Coastal Marine Science, volume 4, number 2 (1976), pages 267-280, 6 figures, 2 tables. Siegel, F. R., J. W. Pierce, and P. P. Hearn. "Suspended Sediments on the Argentine Continental Shelf: R/V HERO Cruise 75-3." Antarctic Journal of the United States, volume 11, number 1 (1976), pages 29-33, 2 figures. Southard, J. B., and D. J. Stanley. "Shelf-Break Processes and Sedimentation." In Marine Sediment Transport and Environmental Management, edited by D. J. Stanley and D. J. P. Swift, pages 351-377. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976. Stanley, D. J. "Submarine Canyon and Slope Sedimentation (Gres D'Annot) in the French Maritime Alps." In Congress Reports, IXth International Con- gress of Sedimentology (Nice, France) (1975), 131 pages, 62 figures. Stanley, D. J., H. Got, N. H. Kenyon, A. Monaco, and Y. Weiler. "Catalonian, Eastern Betic and Balearic Margins: Structural Types and Geologically Recent Foundering of the Western Mediterranean Basin." Smithsonian Contributions to the Earth Sciences, number 20 (1976), 67 pages, 33 figures. Stanley, D. J., A. Maldonado, and R. Stuckenrath. "Strait of Sicily Deposi- tional Rates and Patterns, and Possible Reversal of Currents in the Late Quaternary." Palaeo geography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, volume 18, number 4 (1975), pages 279-291, 6 figures. Stanley, D. J., H. D. Palmer, and R. F. Dill. "Lateral Infill as a Major Factor in Submarine Canyon and Fan-Valley Sedimentation." [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists, volume 60, number 4 (1976), page 726. Stanley, D. J., and D. J. P. Swift, editors. Marine Sediment Transport and Environment Management. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976, 602 pages. 356 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Stanley, D. J., and C. M. Wear. "Sediment Transfer across the Shelfbreak Off the Mid-Atlantic States." [Abstract] Geological Society of America (Northeastern Section and Southeastern Section) Abstracts with Programs, volume 8, number 2 (1976), page 275. Swift, D. J. P., and D. J. Stanley. "Introduction." In Marine Sediment Trans- port and Environmental Management, edited by D. J. Stanley and D. J. P. Swift, pages 1-3. New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1976. Taylor, P. T., D. J. Stanley, T. E. Simkin, and W. Jahn. "Gilliss Seamount: Detailed Bathymetry and Modification by Bottom Currents." Marine Geol- ogy, volume 19, number 3 (1975), pages 139-157, 9 figures. Waller, T. R. "The Behavior and Tentacle Morphology of Pteriomorphian Bivalves: A Motion-Picture Study." Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. for 1975 (1975), pages 7-13, 2 figures, 1 table. . "The Origin of Foliated-Calcite Shell Microstructure in the Subclass Pteriomorphia (Mollusca: Bivalvia)." [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. for 1975 (1975), pages 57-58. Zieman, J. C, S. V. Smith, and I. G. Macintyre. "A Simulatton Model of Carbon Flow Through a Coral Reef Ecosystem." [Abstract] Thirteenth Pacific Science Congress (Vancouver, British Columbia) Abstracts of Papers: Record of Proceedings, volume 1 (1975), pages 136-137. Department of Vertebrate Zoology Ash, John S., Christian Erard, and Jean Prevost. "Statut et distribution de Streptopelia reichenowi en Ethiopie." Oiseau, volume 44, number 4, pages 340-345. Bohlke, James E., and Victor G. Springer. "A New Genus and Species of Fish (Nemaclinus atelestos) from the Western Atlantic (Perciformes : Clinidae)." Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia, volume 127, number 7 (1975), pages 57-61, 2 figures, 3 tables. Bond, Gorman M. "The Correct Spelling of Jerdon's Generic Name for the Thickbilled Warbler." Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, volume 95, number 2 (1975), pages 50-51. Busack, S. D., and G. R. Zug. "Observations on the Tadpoles of Pelobates cultripes from Southern Spain." Herpetologica, volume 32, number 2 (1976), pages 151-160. Desfayes, Michel. "Birds from Ethiopia." Revue de Zoologie Africaine, volume 89, fascicle 3 (1975), pages 505-535. Handley, C. O., Jr. "Mamals of the Smithsonian Venezuelan Project." Brigham Young University Science Bulletin, Biological Series, volume 20, number 5 (July 1976), iv -f- 91 pages, 1 figure. Heltne, P. G., and R. W. Thorington, Jr. "Problems and potentials for primate biology and conservation in the New World." In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, edited by R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne, pages 110-124. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences, 1976. Heyer, W. Ronald. "A Preliminary Analysis of the Intergeneric Relationships of the Frog Family Leptodactylidae." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 199 (1975), pages 1-55, appendix, 16 figures, 38 tables. . "Adenomera lutzi (Amphibia: Leptodactylidae), a New Species of Frog from Guyana." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 28 (1975), pages 315-318. Heyer, W. Ronald, and David S. Liem. "Analysis of the Intergeneric Rela- tionships of the Australian Frog Family Myobatrachidae." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 233 (1976), pages 1-29, 28 figures, 3 tables. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 357 Heyer, W. Ronald, Roy W. McDiarmid, and Diana L. Weigmann. "Tadpoles, Predation and Pond Habitats in the Tropics." Biotropica, volume 7, number 2 (1975), pages 100-111. Horner, Kenneth O., and George E. Watson. "First Records of Bimaculated Lark, Melanocorypha bimaculata from Cyprus." Bulletin of the British Ornithologists' Club, volume 93, number 3 (September 20, 1975), pages 126-127. Lachner, E. A. "A National Plan for Ichthyology." Report to the American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetolo gists (by the Advisory Committee), March 1976, 201 pages. Litchfield, C, A. Greenberg, and J. G. Mead. "The Distinctive Character of Ziphiidae Head and Blubber Fats." Cetology, number 23 (April 23, 1976), 10 pages. Mead, J. G. "A Fossil Beaked Whale (Cetacea: Ziphiidae) from the Miocene of Kenya." Journal of Paleontology, volume 49, number 4 (July 1975), pages 745-751. . "Anatomy of the External Nasal Passages and Facial Complex in the Delphinidae (Mammalia: Cetacea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 207 (Nov. 18, 1975), 72 pages. "Preliminary Report on the Former Net Fisheries for Tursiops trunca- tus in the Western North Atlantic." Journal of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada, volume 32, number 7, pages 1155-1162. Muedeking, Miriam H, and W. Ronald Heyer. "Descriptions of Eggs and Reproductive Patterns of Leptodactylus pentadactylus (Amphibia: Lepto- dactylidae)." Herpetologica, volume 32, number 2 (1976), pages 137-139. Olson, Storrs L. "Geographic Variation and Other Notes on Basileuterus leucoblepharus (Parulidae)." Bulletin of the British Ornithologsts' Club, volume 95, number 3 (September 20, 1975), pages 101-104. . "A Review of the Extinct Rails of the New Zealand Region (Aves: Rallidae)." National Museum of New Zealand Records, volume 1, number 3 (November 27, 1975), pages 63-79. -. "A New Species of Milvago from Hispaniola, with Notes on Other Fossil Caracaras from the West Indies (Aves: Falconidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 33 (January 22, 1976), pages 355-366. [Letter in response to R. J. Scarlett's on extinct New Zealand rails] Notornis, volume 23 (March 1976), page 79. -. "An Erroneous Fossil Record of Chionis from Australia." Emu, num- ber 76 (April 1976), page 90. -. "Oligocene Fossils Bearing on the Origins of the Todidae and Momo- tidae (Aves: Coraciiformes)." In Collected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore, edited by Storrs L. Olson, pages 111-119. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, volume 27 (May 21, 1976). "Alexander Wetmore and the Study of Fossil Birds," including a bibliography of Publications in Avian Paleontology by Alexander Wetmore and an index to fossil avian taxa described by Alexander Wetmore. In Col- lected Papers in Avian Paleontology Honoring the 90th Birthday of Alexander Wetmore, edited by Storrs L. Olson, pages xi-xxvi. Smithsonian Contributions to Paleobiology, volume 27 (May 21, 1976). -. [Abstract] "New Fossil Evidence of the Origin of Frigatebirds." Emu, volume 74 supplement (April 17, 1975), pages 281-282. "The Affinities of the Falconid Genus Spiziapteryx." Auk, volume 93 (July 26, 1976), pages 633-636. Pyburn, William F., and W. Ronald Heyer. "Identity and Call of the Frog, Leptodactylus stenodema." Copeia, number 3 (1975), pages 585-587. 358 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Randall, John E., and Victor G. Springer. "Labroides pectoralis, a New Species of Labrid Fish from the Tropical Western Pacific." Uo No Kai, volume 25 (1975), pages 4-11, 22, 1 figure, 1 plate. Ripley, S. Dillon. "Zoological Expedition to Nepal, 1948-1949." In National Geographic Society Research Reports, 1890-1954 Projects, pages 271-276, National Geographic Society, Washington, D.C., 1975. . [Prefactory Note and Introduction] Festschrift volume in honor of the 75th birthday of Salim Ali. Journal of the Bombay Natural History Society, volume 71, number 3 (1974 — published 1976), pages 351-355. [Foreword] To Save a Bird in Peril by David R. Zimmerman. New York: Coward, McCann and Geoghegan, Inc., 1975. Slud, Paul. "Geographic and Climatic Relationships of Avifaunas with Special Reference to Comparative Distribution in the Neotropics." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, number 212 (1976), pages 1-149, 37 figures, 11 tables. Springer, Victor G. "Cirrisalarias bunares, New Genus and Species of Blenniid Fish from the Indian Ocean." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington, volume 89, number 13 (1976), pages 199-203, 1 figure. Springer, Victor G., and Warren C. Freihofer. "Study of the Monotypic Fish Family Pholidichthyidae (Perciformes)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 216 (1976), pages 1-43, 23 figures. Springer, Victor G., and Martin F. Gomon. "Variation in the Western Atlantic Clinid Fish Malacoctenus triangulatus with a Revised Key to the Atlantic Species of Malacoctenus." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 200 (1975), pages 1-11, 3 figures, 3 tables. Straughan, Ian R., and W. Ronald Heyer. "A Functional Analysis of the Mating Calls of the Neotropical Frog Genera of the Leptodactylus Com- plex (Amphibia, Leptodactylidae)." Papeis Avulsos de Zoologia, Sao Paulo, volume 29, number 23 (1976), pages 221-245. Thorington, R. W., Jr. "Primate Conservation — the Basic Problems." In Proceedings from the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society, edited by S. Kondo, M. Kawai, A. Ehara, and S. Kawamura, pages 489-490, 1975. . "A Summary of Discussions on Primate Conservation." In Proceed- ings from the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primato- logical Society, edited by S. Kondo, M. Kawai, A. Ehara, and S. Kawamura, pages 563-565, 1975. "The Relevance of Vegetational Diversity for Primate Conservation in South America." In Proceedings from the Symposia of the Fifth Congress of the International Primatological Society, edited by S. Kondo, M. Kawai, A. Ehara, and S. Kawamura, pages 547-553, 1975. -. "The Systematics of New World Monkeys." First Inter-American Con- ference on Conservation and Utilization of American Nonhuman Primates in Biomedical Research, pages 8-19. Pan American Health Organization, Scientific Publication number 317. Thorington, R. W., Jr., and P. G. Heltne, editors. Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation. Washington, D.C. : National Academy of Sciences, 1976, v + 135 pages. Thorington, R. W., Jr. and P. G. Heltne. "Introduction." In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, edited by R. W. Thorington, Jr. and P. G. Heltne, pages 1-3, National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C, 1976. Thorington, R. W., Jr., N. A. Muckenhirn, and G. G. Montgomery. "Move- ment of a Wild Night Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)." In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, edited by R. W. Thorington and Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 359 P. G. Heltne, pages 32-34. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1976. Wake, D. B., R. G. Zweifel, H. C. Dessauer, G. W. Wace, E. R. Pianka, G. B. Rabb, R. Ruibal, J. W. Wright, and G. R. Zug. "Report of the Com- mittee on Resources in Herpetology." Copeia, volume 1975, number 2 (1975), pages 391-404. . "Recommendations for the Management of Herpetological Museum Collections." Herpetological Review, volume 6, number 2 (1975), pages 34-36. "Collections of Preserved Amphibians and Reptiles in the United States." Herpetological Circular, number 3 (1975), pages 1-22. Watson, George E. [Review] "The Birdlife of Texas" by H. C. Oberholser, 1975. Atlantic Naturalist, volume 30, number 2, pages 140-141. . "Birds of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic." Washington, D.C. : Amer- ican Geophysical Union, December, 1975, xvii + 350 pages, 7 tables, 11 color plates, frontispiece + 11 figures, 51 maps, numerous line drawings. "Proceedings of the Ninety-third Stated Meeting of the American Ornithologists' Union." The Auk, volume 93, number 1 (January 23, 1976), pages 142-163. "Charge to the AOU Committee on Public Responsibilities." The Auk, volume 93, number 1 (January 23, 1976), page 157. [Review] "Ocean Wanderers/the Migratory Seabirds of the World," by R. M. Lockley. The Auk, volume 93, number 2 (April 19, 1976), pages 401-402. Weitzman, Stanley H. "Der Fltigelschuppensalmler, Pterobrycon myrnae, ein bezaubernden Aquarienfisch der Zukurst aus Costa Rica." Die Aquarien-und Terrarien Zeitschrift, 28 Jahrgang, number 12 (December 1975), pages 406- 410, 8 figures. Zug, G. R., E. Lindgren, and J. R. Pippet. "Distribution and Ecology of the Marine Toad, Bufo marinus, in Papua New Guinea." Pacific Science, volume 29, number 1 (1975), pages 31-50. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Brownstein, D., R. J. Montali, M. Bush, and A. E. James. "Nasal Carcinoma in a Captive Eld's Deer." Journal of Veterinary Medicine Association, volume 167, number 7 (1975), pages 569-571. Buechner, H. K., S. F. Macklery, H. R. Stroman, and W. A. Xanten. "Birth of an Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis) at the National Zoological Park, Washington." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 160-165. Bush, M., and C. W. Gray. "Dental Prophylaxis in Carnivores." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), page 223. Bush, M., D. W. Heese, C. W. Gray, and A. E. James. "Surgical Repair of Tusk Injury (Pulpectomy) in an Adult, Male Forest Elephant (Loxodonta cyclotis)." Journal of the Dental Association, volume 93 (August 1976), pages 371-375. Bush, M., and A. E. James. "Some Considerations of Practice of Orthopedics in Exotic Animals." Journal of the American Animal Hospital Association, volume 11, number 5 (September-October 1975), pages 587-594. Bush, M., and E. Teeple. "Barbituate Toxicity in Lions." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, volume 6, number 3 (September 1975), page 25. Davis, P., and G. Greenwell. "Successful Hatching of a North Island Brown Kiwi (Apteryx australis mantelli), at the National Zoological Park." Inter- national Zoo Yearbook, volume 16 (1976), pages 86-89. Davis, T. "Effects of Familiarity on Agonistic Encounter Behavior in Male 360 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Degus (Octodon degus)." Behavioral Biology, volume 14 (1975), pages 511- 517. Demeter, B. "Observation on the Care, Breeding, and Behavior of the Giant Day Gecko, Phelsuma madagascariensis, at the National Zoological Park, Washington." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 16 (1976), pages 130-133. Dittus, W. P. J. "Population Dynamics of the Toque Monkey, Macaca sinica." In Socioecology and Psychology of Primates, edited by R. Tuttle, pages 125- 151. The Hague: Mouton Publishers, 1975. Egoscue, Harold J. "Abnormal Juvenile Pelages and Estivation in the Utah Prairie Dog, Cynomys parvidens." The S. W. Naturalist, volume 20, num- ber 1 (1975), pages 133-136. . "The Care, Management, and Display of Prairie Dogs Cynomys spp. in Captivity." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 45-48. Eisenberg, J. F. "The Design and Administration of Zoological Research Pro- grams." In Research in Zoos and Aquariums, pages 12-19. ILAR: National Academy of Science, Washington, D.C., 1975. . "The Behavior Patterns of Desert Rodents." In Rodents in Desert Environments, edited by I. Prakash and P. K. Ghosh, pages 189-224. Mono- graphae Biologicae. The Hague: W. Junk, 1975. "Tenrecs and Solenodons in Captivity." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 6-12. -. "Phylogeny of Behavior and Ecology in the Mammalia." In Phylogeny of the Primates: An Interdisciplinary Approach, edited by P. Luckett and F. Szalay, pages 47-68. New York: Plenum Press, 1975. -. "Communication and Social Integrations in the Black Spider Monkey, Ateles fusciceps robustus, and Related Species." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, volume 213 (1976), pages 1-108. Eisenberg, J. F., L. R. Collins, and C. Wemmer. "Communication in the Tasmanian Devil (Sarcophilus harrisii) and a Survey of Auditory Com- munication in the Marsupialia." Zeitschrift fiir Teirpsychologie, volume 37 (1975), pages 379-399. Ensley, P. K., and M. Bush. "Case Report: Rectal Mucosal Prolapse in an Indian Rhinoceros (Rhinoceros unicornis)." Journal of Zoo Animal Medicine, volume 7, number 2 (June 1976), page 22. Gilbert, S., and G. Greenwell. "An Unusually Prolific Breeding Season in the Bornean Great Argus Pheasant (Argusianus argus grayi)." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 16 (1976), pages 93-96. Guerrero, V. "A Quantitative Study of the Courtship and Copulatory Behavior of the Green Acouchi, Myoprocta pratti, Pocock 1911 (Rodentia: Hystrico- morpha)." Ph.D. Thesis, Howard University, Washington, D.C., 1975. Hughes, Austin, and Cynthia Gale Turner. "Breeding and Behavior of Rothschild's Mynah (Leucopsar rothschildi) at the National Zoological Park, Washington." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 116-120. Iliff, Warren J. "A Volunteer Interpretive Programme at the National Zoo, Washington." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 305-308. James, A. E., B. Burns, W. F. Flor, E.-P. Strecker, T. Merz, M. Bush, and D. L. Price. "Pathophysiology of Chronic Communicating Hydrocephalus in Dogs (Canis familiaris) : Experimental Studies." Journal of the Neurological Sciences, volume 24 (1975), pages 151-178. James, A. E., M. Bush, G. Hutchins, B. Burns, R. M. Heller, and C. W. Gray. "Avian Respiration: A Radiological Study in Vivo and in Vitro Correlation." Proceedings of the American Association of Zoo Veterinarians (1975), pages 210-220. James, A. E., M. Bush, F. A. Osterman, R. M. Heller, and G. R. Novak. "Radiologic Imaging of Human Diseases in Exotic Animals." Journal of the Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 361 American Medical Association, volume 235, number 2 (January 12, 1976), pages 184-188. James, A. E., R. M. Heller, M. Bush, 'C. W. Gray, and K. S. Oh. "Positive Contrast Peritoneography and Herniography in Primates." Journal of Medi- cal Primatology, volume 4 (1975), pages 114-119. James, A. E., G. Hutchins, M. Bush, T. K. Natarajan, and B. Burns. "How Birds Breathe: Correlation Radiographic with Anatomical and Pathological Studies." Journal of the Veterinary Radiology Society, volume 17, number 2 (1976), pages 77-86. James, A. E., F. A. Osterman, M. Bush, T. Sheehan, D. W. Novak, and R. C. Sanders. "The Use of Compound B-Mode Ultrasound in Abdominal Disease of Animals." Journal of the Veterinary Radiology Society, volume 17, num- ber 3 (1976), pages 106-112. James, A. E., G. U. V. Rao, C. W. Gray, R. M. Heller, and M. Bush. "Magnifica- tion in Veterinary Radiology." Journal of the Veterinary Radiology Society, volume 16, number 2 (1975), pages 52-64. James, A. E., R. C. Sanders, F. A. Osterman, G. R. Novak, and M. Bush. "Abdominal Ultrasound in Animals." Seminars in Roentgenology, volume 10, number 4 (October 1975), pages 323-328. James, A. E., E.-P. Strecker, F. J. Miller, and M. Bush. "Preliminary Report: An Experimental Study of 99mT. Pertechnetate Abdominal Scans in Jejunal Intussusception." Journal of Surgical Residents, volume 19 (1976), pages 71-76. Johnson, M. J., and R. C. Gayden. "Breeding the Bald Eagle, Haliaeetus leucocephalus, at the National Zoological Park, Washington." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 98-100. Kleiman, D. G. "The Management of Breeding Programs in Zoos." In Research in Zoos and Aquariums, pages 157-177. ILAR: National Academy of Sci- ence, Washington, D.C., 1975. . [Review] The Wild Canids, by M. W. Fox. Science, volume 189 (1975), page 376. [Review] Concepts in Ethology: Animal and Human Behavior, by M. W. Fox. Quarterly Review of Biology, volume 50 (1975), pages 507-508. "The Effects of Exposure to Conspecific Urine on Urine-marking in Male and Female Degus (Octodon degus)." Behavioral Biology, volume 14 (1975), pages 519-526. -. "Stargazing in the Panda House." Animal Kingdom, volume 78 (1975), pages 2-5. "Will the Pot of Gold Have a Rainbow? Hope for Brazil's Golden Tamarins in North America." Animal Kingdom, volume 79 (1976), pages 2-6. Montali, R. J., E. Smith, M. Davenport, and M. Bush. "Dermatophilosis in Australian Bearded Lizards (Amphibolurus barbatus)." Journal of the Veteri- nary Medicine Association, volume 167, number 7 (October 1, 1975), pages 553-555. Montgomery, G. G., and M. E. Sunquist. "Impact of Sloths on Neotropical Forest Energy Flow and Nutrient Cycling." In Tropical Ecological Systems: Trends in Terrestrial and Aquatic Research, edited by F. B. Golley and E. Medina, pages 69-111. Ecological Studies 11: Speringer-Verlag, New York, 1975. Morton, E. S. "Ecological Sources of Selection on Avian Sounds." American Naturalist, volume 109 (1975), pages 17-34. Osterman, F. A., A. E. James, A. Heshiki, M. J. Ryan, G. Novak, G. U. V. Rao, and M. Bush. "Xeroradiography in Veterinary Radiography: A Preliminary Study." Journal of the American Veterinary Radiology Society, volume 16, number 5 (1975), pages 143-150. Rehg, J. E., R. J. Montali, and M. E. Szymkowiak. "Morphological and Histo- 362 / Smithsonian Year 1976 chemical Observations on Renal Microbodies in Cats." Veterinary Pathology, volume 12 (1975), pages 186-195. Roberts, M. S. "Growth and Development of Mother-Reared Red Pandas (Ailurus fulgens)." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 57-63. Seidensticker, J. "The Vanishing Animals of India." International Wildlife, volume 5 (1975), page 47. Seidensticker, J., and J. McNeeley. "Observations on the Use of Natural Licks by Ungulates in the Huai Kha Khaeng Wildlife Sanctuary, Thailand." Natural History Bulletin, Siam Society, volume 26 (1975), pages 24-33. Storm, G. L., and G. G. Montgomery. "Dispersal and Social Contact Among Red Foxes: Results from Telemetry and Computer Simulation." In The Wild Canids: Their Systematics, Behavioral Ecology and Evolution, edited by M. W. Fox, pages 237-246. Van Nostrand Reinhold: New York, 1975. Wemmer, C, and M. J. Fleming. "Management of Meerkats, Suricata suri- catta, in Captivity." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 15 (1975), pages 73-77. Wemmer, C, and G. Johnson. "Egg-Breaking Behavior in a Yellow-Throated Marten (Martes flavigula, Multelidae: Carnivora)." Zeitschruft fur Saugetier- Kunde, volume 41, number 1 (1976), pages 58-60. Wheeler, J. W., D. W. von Endt, and C. Wemmer. "5-Thiomethylpentane — 2,3-dione: A Unique Natural Product from the Striped Hyena." Journal of the American Chemical Society, volume 97 (1975), page 441. Wurster-Hill, D. H., and C. W. Gray. "The Interrelationships of Chromosome Banding Patterns in Procyonids, Viverrids, and Felids." Cytogenetics, volume 15 (1975), pages 306-331. Xanten, W. A., H. Kafka, and E. Olds. "Breeding the Binturong, Arctictis binturong, at the National Zoological Park." International Zoo Yearbook, volume 16 (1976), pages 117-120. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Adovasio, J. M., J. D. Gunn, J. Donahue, and R. Stuckenrath. "Excavations at Meadowcroft Rockshelter 1973-1974: A Progress Report." Pennsylvania Archaeologist, volume 45, number 3 (1975), pages 3-30. Correll, David L., Maria A. Faust, and David J. Severn. "Phosphorus Flux and Cycling in Estuaries." In Estuarine Research, edited by L. Eugene Cronin, volume 1. Chemistry and Biology, October 1975. . "Phosphorus Flux and Cycling in Estuaries." In Estuarine Research, edited by L. Eugene Cronin, volume 1, pages 108-136. New York: Academic Press, 1975. Correll, David L., and Joseph J. Miklas. "Phosphorus Cycling in a Maryland Deciduous Forest Subjected to Various Levels of Mineral-Nutrient Loading." In Mineral Cycling in Southeastern Ecosystems, edited by F. G. Howell, J. B. Gentry and M. H. Smiths. ERDA Symposium Series (Conf-740513). Correll, David L., J. W. Pierce, and Maria A. Faust. "A Quantitative Study of the Nutrient, Sediment, and Coliform Bacterial Constituents of Water Runoff from the Rhode River Watershed." In Non-Point Sources of Water Pollution, Southeastern Regional Conference, Blacksburg, Virginia, May 1-2, 1975. De Fabo, Edward C, Roy W. Harding, and W. Shropshire, Jr. "Action Spec- trum Between 260 and 800 Nanometers for the Photoinduction of Carotenoid Biosynthesis in Neurospora crassa." Plant Physiology, volume 57 (1976), pages 440-445. Gantt, Elisabeth. "Phycobilisome: Light-Harvesting Pigment Complexes." Bio- Science, volume 56 (1975), pages 781-788. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 363 . "Plant Cell Ribosomes and Endoplasmic Reticulum." In Cell Biology: Biological Handbook, edited by P. L. Altman and D. D. Katz, volume 1, pages 239-240. FASEB, Bethesda, Maryland, 1976. Gantt, Elisabeth, Claudia A. Lipschultz, and Barbara Zilinskas. "Further Evi- dence for a Phycobilisome Model from Selective Dissociation, Fluorescence Emission, Immunoprecipitation, and Electron Microscopy." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, volume 430 (1976), pages 375-388. Klein, William H., and J. R. Hickey, editors. Solar Radiation Measurements and Instrumentation, Proceedings of a Symposium, November 13-15, 1973. U. S. Govt. Printing Office 0-588-552, 1975, 481 pages. Macintyre, Ian G., Blake W. Blackwelder, Lynton S. Land, and Robert Stuck- enrath. "North Carolina Shelf-edge Sandstone: Environment of Origin and Relationship to Pre-existing Sea Levels." Geological Society of America Bulletin, volume 86 (1975), pages 1073-1078. Margulies, Maurice M., and Allan Michaels. "Free and Membrane-bound Chloroplast Polyribosomes in Ch.lamydom.onas reinhardtii." Biochimica et Biophysica Acta, volume 402 (1975), pages 297-308. Michaels, A., and M. M. Margulies. "Membrane-bound Ribosomes in Chloro- plasts. Possible Role in Membrane Biosynthesis." In Molecular Biology of Nucleocytoplasmic Relationships, edited by S. Puiseux-Dao, pages 53-60. Elsevier Scientific Publishing Co., The Netherlands, 1975. Raven, C. W., and W. Shropshire, Jr. "Photoregulation of logarithmic Fluence- response Curves for Phytochrome Control of Chlorophyll Formation in Pisum sativum L." Photochemistry and Photobiology, volume 21 (1975), pages 423-429. Smith, William O., Jr., and David L. Correll. "Phytochrome: A Reexamination of the Quaternary Structure." Plant Physiology, volume 56 (1975), pages 340-343. Stanley, Daniel Jean, Andres Maldonado, and Robert Stuckenrath. "Strait of Sicily Depositional Rates and Patterns, and Possible Reversal of Currents in the Late Quaternary." Palaeo geography, Palaeoclimatology , Palaeoeco- logy, volume 18 (1975), pages 279-291. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY (Including Contributions from Harvard Members of the Center for Astrophysics) Aarseth, S. J., and M. Lecar. "Computer Simulations of Stellar Systems." Annual Reviews of Astronomy and Astrophysics, volume 13 (1975), pages 1-22. Aksnes, K. "Jupiter's Nye Maane (Jupiter's New Moon)." Astronomisk Tids- skrift, volume 8 (1975), pages 159-162. . "Short-Period and Long-Period Perturbations of a Spherical Satellite Due to Direct Solar Radiation." Celestial Mechanics, volume 13 (1976), pages 89-104. Aksnes, K., and F. A. Franklin, "de Sitter's Theory 'Melts' Europa's Polar Cap." Nature (Letter), volume 258 (1975), pages 503-505. . "Mutual Phenomena of the Galilean Satellites in 1973, III. Final Results from 91 Light Curves." Astronomical Journal, volume 81 (1976), pages 464-481. Aksnes, K., and B. G. Marsden. "The Orbit of Jupiter XIII." Division of Dynamical Astronomy of the American Astronomical Society, Tampa, Florida, December 1974. [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, volume 7 (1975), pages 342-343. . "The Orbit of a Probable Fourteenth Satellite of Jupiter." Dynamical 364 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Astronomy Division Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, Pasadena, California, December 1975. [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, volume 8 (1976), page 433. Avrett, E. H., editor. Frontiers of Astrophysics, 551 pages. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1976. Avrett, E. H., J. E. Vernazza, and J. Linsky. "Excitation and Ionization of Helium in the Solar Atmosphere." Astrophysical Journal (Letters), volume 207 (1976), pages L199-L204. Ayres, T. R., and H. R. Johnson. "The Mass of Arcturus." 148th Meeting of the American Astronomical Society, Haverford, Pennsylvania, June 1976. [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society, volume 8 (1976), page 303. Ayres, T. R., and J. L. Linsky. "The Mg II h and k Lines II. Comparison with Synthesized Profiles and Ca II K." Astrophysical Journal, volume 205 (1976), pages 874-894. Bahcall, J. N., N. A. Bahcall, S. Murray, and M. Schmidt. 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"Intensity of the Fe XV Emission-Line Corona, the Level of Geo- magnetic Activity, and the Velocity of the Solar Wind." Journal of Geo- physical Research, volume 81 (1976), pages 4508-4516. Bernard, C, A. Duncan, J. LoSecco, and S. Weinberg. "Exact Spectral Function Sum Rules." Physical Review, volume 12D (1975), pages 792-804. Black, J. H., E. J. Chaisson, J. H. Ball, H. Penfield, and A. E. Lilley. "9-cm CH Emission in Comet Kohoutek (1973f)." In Proceedings of Comet Kohoutek Workshop, nasa SP-355, edited by G. Z. Gary, pages 135-136. Huntsville, Alabama: Space Sciences Laboratory, Marshall Space Flight Center, 1975. Black, J. H., and A. Dalgarno. "Interstellar H>:The Population of Excited Rota- tional States and the Infrared Response to Ultraviolet Radiation." Astro- physical Journal, volume 203 (1976), pages 132-142. Black, J. H., A. Dalgarno, and M. Oppenheimer. "The Formation of CH+ in Interstellar Clouds." Astrophysical Journal, volume 199 (1975), pages 633- 636. 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"The Transient Periodic X-Ray Source in Taurus, A0535-(-26." Astrophysical Journal (Letters), volume 204 (1976), pages L67-L71. Brinkman, A., J. Heise, R. Mewe, A. den Boggende, J. Schrijver, E. Gronen- schild, Y. Tanaka, D. R. Parsignault, J. Grindlay, E. J. Schreier, H. Schnopper, and H. Gursky. "Spectral and Intensity Variations in Cygnus X-3 by the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite." Astrophysics and Space Science, vol- ume 42 (1976), pages 201-204. Cameron, A. G. W. "The Role of Dust in Cosmogony." In The Dusty Universe, edited by G. B. Field and A. G. W. Cameron, pages 1-31. New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1975. . "The Origin and Evolution of the Solar System. "Scientific American, volume 233 (1975), pages 32-41. . "Solar Models in Relation to Terrestrial-Climatic Variations." In Pos- sible Relationships between Solar Activity and Meteorological Phenomena, nasa SP-366, edited by W. R. Bandeen and S. P. Maran, pages 143-147. nasa: Washington, D.C, 1975. 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Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, volume 4 (1975), pages 22-24. Withbroe, G. L. "The Analysis of XUV Emission Lines." Solar Physics, volume 45 (1975), pages 301-317. . "Solar Structure in the Extreme Ultraviolet." Invited Paper at the Meeting of American Astronomical Society Solar Physics Division, San Diego, California, August 1975. [Abstract] Bulletin of the American Astro- nomical Society, volume 7 (1975), page 478. Withbroe, G. L., D. T. Jaffe, P. V. Foukal, M. C. E. Huber, R. W. Noyes, E. M. 386 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Reeves, E. J. Schmahl, J. G. Timothy, and J. E. Vernazza. "EUV Transients Observed at the Solar Pole." Astrophysical Journal, volume 203 (1976), pages 528-532. Withbroe, G. L., and J. T. Mariska. "Analysis of EUV Limb Brightening Ob- servations from ATM. II: Influence of Spicules." Solar Physics, volume 48 (1976), pages 21-40. Wood, J. A. "Consortium Indomitabile." The Moon, volume 14 (1975), pages 303-305. . "The Moon." In Man and Cosmos, edited by J. Cornell and E. N. Hayes, pages 50-67. New York: W. W. Norton and Co., 1975. The Fine-Grained Structure of Chondritic Meteorites." In The Dusty Universe, edited by G. B. Field and A. G. W. Cameron, pages 245-266. New York: Neale Watson Academic Publications, 1975. "The Nature and Origin of Boulder 1, Station 2, Apollo 17." The Moon, volume 14 (1975), pages 505-517. . "The Moon." Scientific American, volume 233 (1975), pages 92-102. . "Potter Glazes from the Moon." Studio Potter, Summer (1975), pages 36-39. -. "Lunar Petrogenesis in a Well-Stirred Magma Ocean." In Proceedings of the Sixth Lunar Science Conference, Ceochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, Supplement 6, volume 1 (1976), pages 1087-1102. Wright, E. L., G. G. Fazio, and F. J. Low. "Far-Infrared Observations of M20 (NGC 6514)." Astrophysical Journal (Letters), volume 208 (September 1, 1976), pages L87-L89. Wright, E. L., E. W. Gottlieb, and W. Liller. "Optical Studies of Uhuru Sources. XII. The Light Curve of Scorpius X-l = v818 Scorpii, 1889-1974." Astrophysical Journal, volume 200 (1975), pages 171-176. Yau, A., and A. Dalgarno. "Fine Structure Excitation of Carbon by Atomic Hydrogen Impact." Astrophysical Journal, volume 206 (1976), pages 652- 657. Young, S. W., A. Basu, G. Mack, N. Darnell, and L. J. Suttner. "Use of Size- Compositional Trends in Holocene Soil and Fluvial Sand for Paleoclimatic Interpretation." Proceedings of the IXme Congress of International Sedi- mentology, Nice, Th. 1 (1975), pages 201-206. Zeilik, M., D. E. Kleinmann, and E. L. Wright. "G 45.5 + 0.1 and G 45.1 + 0.1: Compact Infrared Sources." Astrophysical Journal, volume 199 (1975), pages 401-405. SMITHSONIAN OCEANOGRAPHIC SORTING CENTER Ferrari, Frank D. "Taxonomic Notes of the Genus Oncaea (Copepoda:Cyclo- poida) from the Gulf of Mexico and Northern Caribbean Sea." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 88, number 21 (1975), pages 217-232. Houbrick, Richard S. "Clavocerithium (Indocerithium) taeniatum a Little Known and Unusual Cerithid from New Guinea." The Nautilus, volume 89, number 4 (1975), pages 99-105. . "Preliminary Prevision of Supraspecific Taxa in the Cerithiinae Flem- ing, 1822 (Cerithiidae:Prosobranchia)." Bulletin of the American Malacolo- gical Union, Inc. for 1975 (1976), pages 14-18. Knapp, Leslie W. "Redescription, Relationships and Status of the Maryland Darter, Etheostoma sellare (Radcliffe and Welsh), an Endangered Species." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, volume 89, number 6 (1976), pages 99-118. Landrum, B. J. "Technical Support for Systematic Biology." Antarctic Journal of the U.S., volume 10, number 6 (1975), pages 313-315. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 387 SMITHSONIAN SCIENTIFIC INFORMATION EXCHANGE, INC. Hunt, B. L., M. Snyderman, and W. H. Payne. "Machine Assisted Indexing of Scientific Research Studies." Journal of the American Society for Informa- tion Science, volume 26 (1975), pages 230-237. Lakamp, David W. "An Approach to the Processing and Delivery of Ongoing Research Information." Proceedings of the International Symposium on Information Systems and Services in Ongoing Research in Science, Paris, France, October 27-29, 1975. . "Theoretical Negative Pion Absorption Cross Sections of Nuclei of Biomedical Significance." Catholic University Technical Report, February 1975. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Abele, Lawrence G. "Comparative Species Richness and Constant Environ- ments; Coral-Associated Decapod Crustaceans." Science, volume 192, num- ber 4238 (1976), pages 461-463. Abele, Lawrence C, and Wendell K. Patton. "The Size of Coral Heads and the Community Biology of Associated Decapod Crustaceans." Journal of Biogeography, volume 1, number 1 (1976), pages 35-47. Andrews, Robin M. "Growth Rate in Island and Mainland Anoline Lizards." Copeia, number 3 (1976), pages 477-482. Arosemena M., Dalva H. "Absorcion de Radiocarbono en el Golfo de Panama." Thesis, Fundacion Universidad de Bogota Jorge Tadeo Lozano, Facultad de Ciencias del Mar, 1975. Bertsch, Hans. "Distributional and Anatomical Observations of Berthella tupala (Opisthobranchia: Notaspidea)." The Nautilus, volume 89 (1975), pages 124-126. . "New Data on Thyca callista (Gastropoda: Capulidae)." The Veliger, volume 18, number 1 (1975), pages 99-100. Birkeland, Charles, Amada A. Reimer, and Joyce Redemske Young. "Survey of Marine Communities in Panama and Experiments with Oil." Ecological Research Series, EPA-600/3-76-028, 1976, 177 pages. Bonaccorso, Frank J. "Foraging and Reproductive Ecology in a Community of Bats in Panama." Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, 1975. Boyden, Thomas C. "Butterfly Palatability and Mimicry: Experiments with Ameiva Lizards." Evolution, volume 30, number 1 (1976), pages 73-81. Campanella, Paul J. "The Evolution of Mating Systems in Temperate Zone Dragonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera) II: Libellula luctocsa (Burmeister)." Behaviour, volume 54, number 4 (1975), pages 278-310. Cooke, Richard. "El Hombre y la Tierra en el Panama Prehistorico." Revista Nacional de Cultura, number 2 (1976), pages 17-38. Croat, Thomas B. "Flacourtiaceae New to Panama: Casearia and Xylosma." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, volume 62, number 2 (1975), pages 484-490. . "Phenological Behavior of Habit and Habitat Classes on Barro Colorado Island (Panama Canal Zone)." Biotropica, volume 7, number 4 (1975), pages 270-277. "A Reconsideration of Trichilia cipo (A. Juss.) CDC. (Meliaceae). Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden, volume 62, number 2 (1975), pages 491-496. Dressier, Robert L. "It Grows Up in the Trees; Really It Does." Marie Selby Botanical Garden Bulletin, volume 2 (1975), pages 22-23. . "El Genero Nidema." Orquidea (Mex.), volume 5 (1975), pages 235- 239. 388 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Notas Sobre Nomenclaturas de las Orquidaceas VI." Orquidea (Mex.), volume 5, number 5 (1975), pages 143-146. "The Use of Pollinaria in Orchid Systematics." In First Symposium on the Scentific Aspects of Orchids, Southfield, Michigan, edited by H. Harry Szmant andjames Wemple. University of Detroit, 1976. . "Jacquin Names — Again." Taxon, volume 24, number 5/6 (1975), pages 647-650. "Proposal for the Conservation of the Generic Name 1779 Oncidium Swartz (Orchidaceae) with a Conserved Type Species, Oncidium altissiumum Sw." Taxon, volume 24, number 5/6 (1975), pages 692-693. "Proposal for the Conservation of the Generic Name 1393b Phragmi- pedium Rolfe (1896) (Orchidaceae), against Uropedium Lindley (1846)." Taxon, volume 24, number 5/6 (1975), pages 691-692. Eberhard, Mary Jane West. "Born: Sociobiology." [A review]. Quarterly Review of Biology, volume 51, number 1 (1976), pages 89-92. . "Estudios de las Avispas Sociales (Hymenoptera, Vespidae) del Valle del Cauca. I. Objetivos, Metodos y Notas para Facilitar la Identification de Especies Comunes." Cespedesia, volume 4 (1975), pages 245-267. Eberhard, William G. "The Ecology and Behavior of a Subsocial Pentatomid Bug and Two Sceliond Wasps: Strategy and Counterstrategy in a Host and its Parasites." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 205 (1975). . "Photography of Orb Webs in the Field." Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society, volume 3 (1976), pages 200-204. Gliwicz, Z. M., and Biesiadka, E. "Pelagic Water Mites (Hydracarina) and Their Effect on the Plankton Community in a Neotropical Man-Made Lake." Archiv fuer Hydrobiologie, volume 76, number 1 (1975), pages 65-88. Glynn, Peter W. "A New Shallow-Water Serolid (Isopoda: Flabellifera) from the Pacific Coast of Panama." Journal of Natural History, volume 10, num- ber 1 (1976), pages 7-16. . "The Coral Reef Community." Encyclopedia Britannica, Yearbook of Science and the Future, 1976, pages 202-219. Goos, R. D. "Fungi of Barro Colorado Island: New and Interesting Hyphomy- cetes." Canadian Journal of Botany, volume 53, number 24 (1975), pages 2927-2932. Gore, Robert H. "Petrolisthes zacae Haig, 1968 (Crustacea, Decapoda, Porcel- lanidae) : The Development of Larvae in the Laboratory." Pacific Science, volume 29, number 2 (1975), pages 181-196. Gorman, George C, Yung J. Kim, and Roberta Rubinoff. "Genetic Relation- ships of Three Species of Bathygobius from the Atlantic and Pacific Sides of Panama." Copeia, number 2 (1976), pages 361-364. Graham, Jeffrey B. "Respiratory Adaptations of Marine Air-Breathing Fishes." In Respiration of Amphibious Vertebrates, edited by G. M. Hughes. New York: Academic Press, 1976. . "Hemoglobin Concentrations of Air-Breathing Fishes." American Zoologist, volume 16, number 2 (1976), page 192, abstract 73. Heck, Kenneth L. "Community Structure and Effects of Pollution in Sea-Grass Meadows and Adjacent Habitats." Marine Biology, volume 35, number 4 (1976), pages 345-357. . "Some Critical Considerations of the Theory of Species Packing." Evolutionary Theory, volume 1 (1976), pages 247-258. "Comparative Community Organization in Tropical and Temperate Sea-Grass (Thalassia testudinum) Meadows." Thesis, The Florida State University College of Arts and Sciences, Tallahassee, 1976. Hendler, Gordon L. "Adaptional Significance of the Patterns of Ophiuroid Development." American Zoologist, volume 15 (1975), pages 691-715. Herring, Jon L. "A New Genus and Species of Cylapinae from Panama Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 389 (Hemiptera: Miradea)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Wash- ington, volume 78, number 1 (1976), pages 91-94. Karr, James R., and Frances C. James. "Eco-morphological Configuration and Convergent Evolution in Species and Communities." In Ecology and Evolu- tion of Communities, edited by Martin L. Cody and Jared M. Diamond. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1975. Knight, Dennis H. "A Phytosociological Analysis of Species-Rich Tropical Forest on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." Ecological Monographs, volume 45, number 3 (1975), pages 259-284. Land, L. S., J. C. Lang, and D. J. Barnes. "Extension Rate: A Primary Control on the Isotropic Composition of West Indian (Jamaican) Scleractinian Reef Coral Skeletons." Marine Biology, volume 33 (1975), pages 221-233. Lawrence, John M. "On the Reversal of the Covering Response in Lytechinus variegatus. [Abstract]." Florida Naturalist, volume 39, number 2, supple- ment 1 (1976). . "Covering Response in Sea Urchins." Nature, volume 262, number 2268 (1976), pages 490-491. Leek, Charles F. "Weights of Migrants and Resident Birds in Panama." Bird- Banding, volume 46 (1975), pages 201-203. Leigh, Egbert G. "Population Fluctuations, Community Stability, and Environ- mental Variability." In Ecology and Evolution of Communities, edited by Martin L. Cody and Jared M. Diamond. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1975, pages 51-73. . [Review] Sex and Evolution, by George C. Williams. American Sci- entists, volume 64 (1976), pages 214-216. "Structure and Climate in Tropical Rain Forest." Annual Review of Ecology and Systematics, volume 6 (1975), pages 67-86. Linares, Olga F. "From the Late Preceramic to the Early Formative in the Intermediate Area: Some Issues and Methodologies." Proceedings of the First Puerto Rican Symposium on Archaeology, report 1 (1976), pages 65-77. . "Animales No Comestibles Son Temibles." Revista Nacional de Cul- tura, number 2 (1976), pages 5-16. Lubin, Yael D. "Stabilimenta and Barrier Webs in the Orb Webs of Argiope argentata (Araneae, Araneidae) on Daphne and Santa Cruz Islands, Gala- pagos." Journal of Arachnology, volume 2 (1975), pages 119-126. May, Michael L. "Thermoregulation and Adaptation to Temperature in Dra- gonflies (Odonata: Anisoptera)." Ecological Monographs, volume 46 (1976), pages 1-32. Milton, Katharine. "Urine-Rubbing in the Mantled Howler Monkey Aluotta palliata." Folia Primatologica, volume 23 (1975), pages 105-112. Milton, Katharine, and Michael L. May. "Body Weight, Diet and Home Range Area in Primates." Nature, volume 259 (1976), pages 459-462. Morrison, Douglas Wildes. "The Foraging Behavior and Feeding Ecology of A Neotropical Fruit Bat, Artibeus jamaicensis." Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1975. Moser, Don. "Barro Colorado is a Noah's Ark in the Rain Forest." Smith- sonian, volume 6, number 5 (1975), pages 53-62. Moynihan, Martin. "Conservatism of Displays and Comparable Stereotyped Patterns Among Cephalopods." In Function and Evolution in Behaviour, edited by G. Baerends, C. Beer, and A. Manning, pages 276-291. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1975. . "The New World Primates." Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton Univer- sity Press, 1976. -. "Notes on the Ecology and Behavior of the Pygmy Marmoset (Cebuella pygmaea) in Amazonian Colombia." In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies 390 / Smithsonian Year 1976 and Conservation, edited by R. W. Thorington, Jr., and P. G. Heltne, pages 79-84. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1976. Rand, William M., and A. Stanley Rand. "Agonistic Behavior in Nesting Iguanas: A Stochastic Analysis of Dispute Settlement Dominated by Minimi- zation of Energy Cost." Zeitschrift fuer Tierpsychologie, volume 40 (1976), pages 279-299. Ranere, Anthony J. "The Preceramic of Panama : The View from the Interior." Proceedings of the First Puerto Rican Symposium on Archaeology, report 1 (1976), pages 103-135. Reimer, Amada A. "Description of a Tetraclita salactifera panamensis Com- munity on a Rocky Intertidal Pacific Shore of Panama." Marine Biology, volume 35, number 3 (1976), pages 225-238. . "Effect of Crude Oil on Corals." Marine Pollution Bulletin, volume 6, number 3 (1975), pages 39-43. "Effects of Crude Oil on the Feeding Behaviour of the Zoanthid Palythoa variabilis." Environmental Physiology and Biochemistry, volume 5 (1975), pages 258-266. "Succession of Invertebrates in Vacant Tests of Tetraclita stalactifer panamensis." Marine Biology, volume 35, number 3 (1976), pages 239-251. Reimer, Roger D., and Amada A. Reimer. "Chemical Control of Feeding in Four Species of Tropical Ophiuroids of the Genus Ophioderma." Compara- tive Biochemistry and Physiology, volume 51A (1975), pages 915-927. Ricklefs, Robert E., and Kevin O'Bourke. "Aspect Diversity in Moths: A Temperate-Tropical Comparison." Evolution, volume 29, number 2 (1975), pages 313-324. Robinson, Michael H., and Thane Pratt. "The Phenology of Hexacentrus mun- dus (F. Walker) at Wau, Papua, New Guinea (Orthoptera, Tettigoniidae)." Psyche, volume 82 (1975), pages 315-323. Robinson, Michael H., and Barbara Robinson. "The Ecology and Behavior of Nephila maculata: A Supplement." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, number 218 (1976). . "Evolution Beyond the Orb Web: The Web of the Araneid Spider Pasilobus sp., Its Structure, Operation and Construction." Zoological Jour- nal of the Linnean Society, volume 56, number 4 (1975), pages 301-314. "Techniques in Field Studies of Spiders." Bulletin of the British Arch- nological Society, volume 3 (1975), pages 160-165. Rubinoff, Ira. [Review] The Biology of Sea Snakes, by William A. Dunson. Science, volume 191 (1976), pages 555-556. Scott, Norman J., Don E. Wilson, Clyde Jones, and Robin M. Andrews. "The Choice of Perch Dimensions by Lizards of the Genus Anolis (Reptilia, Lacertilia, Iguanidae)." Journal of Herpetology, volume 10, number 2 (1976), pages 75-84. Sexton, Owen J. "Black Vultures Feeding on Iguana Eggs in Panama." Ameri- can Midland Naturalist, volume 93, number 2 (1975), pages 463-467. Silberglied, Robert E. "Visualization and Recording of Longwave Ultraviolet Reflection from Natural Objects. Part 1." Functional Photography, volume 11, number 2 (1976), pages 20, 24-29. . "Visualization and Recording of Longwave Ultraviolet Reflection from Naturalist Objects. Part 2." Functional Photography, volume 11, number 3 (1976), pages 31-33. Smith, Alan P. "Altitudinal Seed Ecotypes in the Venezuelan Andes." Ameri- can Midland Naturalist, volume 94 (1975), page 247-250. . "Insect Pollination and Heliotropism in Oritrophium limnophilum (Compositae) of the Andean Paramo." Biotropica, volume 7, number 4 (1975), pages 284-286. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 391 . "Response of Plants of an Andean Paramo Species to an Artificial Wet Season." Bulletin of the Torrey Botanical Club, volume 102, number 1 (1975), pages 28-30. "Vegetative Reproductive and Close Packing in a Successional Plant Species." Nature, volume 26, number 5557 (1976), pages 232-233. Tannenbaum, Bernice Ruth. "Reproductive Strategies in the White-Lines Bat." Thesis, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 1975. Thorington, Richard W., Jr., Nancy A. Muckenhirn, and G. Gene Montgomery. "Movements of a Wild Night Monkey (Aotus trivirgatus)." In Neotropical Primates: Field Studies and Conservation, edited by R. W. Thorington, Jr., and P. G. Heltne. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C., 1976, pages 32-34. Todd, Eric S. "Vertical Movements and Development of the Prolarvae of the Eleotrid Fish, Dormitator latifrons." Copeia, number 3 (1975), pages 564-568. . "Terrestrial Grazing by the Eastern Tropical Pacific Goby Gobionellus sagittula." Copeia, number 2 (1976), pages 374-377. Waage, Jeffrey K., and G. Gene Montgomery. "Cryptoses choloepi: A Copro- pagous Moth that Lives on a Sloth." Science, volume 193, number 4248 (1976), pages 157-158. Warner, Robert R., D. Ross Robertson, and Egbert G. Leigh. "Sex Change and Sexual Selection." Science, volume 190, number 4215 (1975), pages 633-738. Weers, Eleanor T., and Thomas M. Zaret. "Grazing Effects in Nannoplankton in Gatun Lake, Panama." Verhandlungen der Inter nationalen Vereinigun fuer Limnologie, volume 19 (1975), pages 1480-1483. Williams, Norris H., and Robert L. Dressier. "Euglossine Pollination of Spathiphylum (Araceae)." Selbyana, volume 1 (1976), pages 349-356. Windsor, Donald M., editor. "Environmental Monitoring and Baseline Data; Tropical Studies," 409 pages. (Compiled under the Smithsonian Institution Environmental Science Program.) Washington: Smithsonian Institution, 1976. Windsor, Donald, and Stephen T. Emlen. "Predator-Prey Interactions of Adult and Prefledgling Bank Swallows and American Kestrels." Condor, volume 77 (1975), pages 359-361. Zaret, Thomas M. "Strategies for Existence of Zooplankton Prey in Homo- geneous Environments." Verhandlungen der International Vereinigun fuer Limnologie, volume 19 (1975), pages 1484-1489. HISTORY AND ART COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM Dee, Elaine. "Winslow Homers at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum." American Antiques, November 1975, pages 16-20. FREER GALLERY OF ART Chase, W. Thomas III. Bronze Disease and Its Treatment. Exhibition catalogue. Bangkok (Thailand) National Museum: Department of Fine Arts, 1975. Hobbs, Susan. 1876: American Art of the Centennial. Exhibition catalogue. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. Lovell, Hin-cheung. "Yen-sou's Plum Blossoms: Speculations on Style, Date and Artist's Identity." In Archives of Asian Art, volume XXIX (1975-1976), pages 59-79. New York: The Asia Society. Stern, Harold P. Birds, Beasts, Blossoms and Bugs: The Nature of Japan. 392 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Exhibition catalogue. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1976. 196 pages, 177 black-and-white illustrations, 86 color plates. Stern, Harold P., Thomas Lawton, Hin-cheung Lovell, and Esin Atil. Arts of Asia at the Time of American Independence. Exhibition catalogue. Washing- ton, D.C. : Museum Press, Inc., 1975. 41 pages, 106 black-and-white illustra- tions. . Masterpieces of Chinese and Japanese Art, Freer Gallery of Art Handbook. Baltimore: Garamond/Pridemark Press, 1976. 142 pages, 223 black-and-white illustrations, 36 color plates. Winter, John. "Note on the Preparation and Mounting of Samples of Chalk/ Glue Ground from Paintings for Scanning Electron Microscopy." In Studies in Conservation, volume 20 (1975), pages 169-173. . "The Working Group on Reference Materials." International Council of Museums Committee for Conservation, Fourth Triennial Meeting. Venice, 1975. Preprint number 75/9/1-1 to 75/9/1-8. "Some Notes on the Microstructure of Far Eastern Paintings." Inter- national Council of Museums Committee for Conservation, Fourth Triennial Meeting, Venice, 1975. Preprint number 75/21/2-1 to 75/21/2-6. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Fox, Howard. "Anne Truitt Interviewed by Howard Fox." Sun & Moon, number 1 (Winter 1976), pages 37-60. . "A Louis M. Eilshemius Portfolio." [Selections with introduction] Sun & Moon, number 2 (Spring 1976), pages 44-58. McCabe, Cynthia J. "Artist-Immigrants and America's Golden Door, 1876- 1929." American Art Review, volume III, number 3 (May-June 1976), pages 100-113. . The Golden Door: Artist-Immigrants of America, 1876-1976. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. Millard, Charles W. "An American Landscape." Print Collector's Newsletter, May-June 1976, pages 47-48. . "Anthony Cargo." Hudson Review, Winter 1975-1976, pages 573-578. . "A Look at Edward Weston." Print Collector's Newsletter, July-August 1975, pages 68-70. -. "Sculpture and Theory in Nineteenth Century France." The Journal of Aesthetics and Art Criticism, volume XXXIV, number 1 (Fall 1975), pages 15-20. . "Toward the Liberation of Color." Hudson Review, Summer 1976, pages 265-269. Tighe, Mary Ann. "The Caricature of David Levine." The New Republic, March 20, 1976, pages 19-21. . "Philip Pearlstein: Dis-Armorying Art History." The New Republic, April 24, 1976, pages 17-19. . "Tuning In To Audio Tours." Museum News, May-June 1976. -, and Elizabeth Lang (non-staff). Instructor's Manual for Art America Television Series. Northern Virginia Community College, 1975. Weil, Stephen E. "The Filer Commission Report: Is It Good for Museums?" Museum News, volume 54, number 5 (May-June 1976), pages 32, 33, 49-51. Zilczer, Judith K. "Robert J. Coady, Forgotten Spokesman for Avant-Garde Culture in America." American Art Review, November-December 1975, pages 77-90. . "The World's New Art Center: Modern Art Exhibitions in New York City, 1913-1918." Archives of American Art Journal, volume 14, number 3 (1975), pages 2-7. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 393 JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Hobbins, James M. "Shaping a Provincial Learned Society: The Early History of the Albany Institute." In The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic, edited by Alexandra Oleson and Sandborn C. Brown, pages 117-150. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. Molella, Arthur P. "The Electric Motor, the Telegraph, and Joseph Henry's Theory of Technological Progress." Proceedings of the Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers, Special Bicentennial Issue (September 1976). Reingold, Nathan. "Definitions and Speculations: The Professionalization of Science in America in the Nineteenth Century." In The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic, edited by Alexandra Oleson and Sandborn C. Brown, pages 33-69. Baltimore: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. . "Reflections on 200 Years of Science in the USA." Nature, volume 262 (1976), pages 9-13. -. "Lewis Morris Rutherfurd." Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles C. Gillispie, volume 12, pages 36-37. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Edward Sabine." Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles C. Gillispie, volume 12, pages 49-53. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. -. "Charles Anthony Schott." Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles C. Gillispie, volume 12, pages 209-210. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Robert Simpson Woodward." Dictionary of Scientific Biography, edited by Charles C. Gillispie, volume 14, pages 503-504. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. editor. Science in America Since 1820. New York: Science History Publications, 1976. Rothenberg, Marc. "American Science — Two Hundred Years of Development." Science, volume 191 (1976), pages 171-172. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS BOOKS National Collection of Fine Arts. Directory to the Bicentennial Inventory of American Paintings Executed before 1914. New York: Arno Press, Inc., July 1976, 212 pages. Norelli, Martina R. American Wildlife Painting. New York: Watson-Guptill Publications, Inc., 1975, 224 pages, 100 black-and-white illustrations, 64 color plates. Taylor, Joshua C. America As Art. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, April 1976, 320 pages, 336 black-and-white illustrations, 10 color plates. ARTICLES Adams, Karen M. "The Black Image in the Paintings of William Sidney Mount." The American Art Journal, volume 7, number 2 (November 1975). Bassing, Allen. "Museums U.S.A." [Review] Roundtable Reports, Museum Education Roundtable, Washington, D.C. (October 1975). . "Primitive Art/Masterworks. [Review] African Arts, volume 9, num- ber 3 (April 1976). African Studies Center, University of California at Los Angeles. 394 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Report on the Rockefeller Foundation Pre-AAM Conference." Round- table Reports, Museum Education Roundtable, Washington, D.C. (October 1975). "The Snobbery of Collectors." African Arts, volume 9, number 3 (April 1976). African Studies Center, University of California at Los Angeles. and Teresa Grana. "Meet Me in St. Louie, Louie, or Looking for Museum Educators." Roundtable Reports, Museum Education Roundtable, Washington, D.C. (May 1976). Bolton-Smith, Robin. Catalogue essays on miniatures in Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art. Exhibition catalogue. Philadelphia Museum of Art, 1976. . Essay in Portrait Miniatures from Private Collections. Exhibition checklist. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, September 1976. Breeskin, Adelyn D. Introduction to Romaine Brooks, Thief of Souls. Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Fall 1975. . "Biographical Notes." In Bob Thompson. Exhibition checklist. Decem- ber 1975. Chieffo, Patricia. "Saving Our Past for the Future." Georgetown Today (July 1976). Cogswell, Margaret. Essay in Images of an Era: The American Poster, 1945-75. Exhibition publication. October 1975. Fink, Eleanor E. "Collecting the Photograph." Art Library Societies of North America Newsletter, volume 3, number 6 (October 1975). Flint, Janet A. Essay in Louis Lozowick: Drawings and Lithographs. Exhibition checklist. September 1975. . "Checklist of Prints." In Peggy Bacon: Personalities and Places. Ex- hibition catalogue. December 1975. Essay in . . . and there was light: Studies by Abraham Rattner for the Stained Class Window, Chicago Loop Synagogue. Exhibition catalogue. January 1976. Essay in George Miller and American Lithography. Exhibition check- list. February 1976. Hartigan, Lynda R. "James Hampton: Washington's Visionary." Washington Review of the Arts, volume 2, number 1 (Spring 1976). Hobbs, Susan. Essay in 1876: American Art of the Centennial. Exhibition catalogue. June 1976. Hopps, Walter. Essay in Sam Gilliam: Paintings and Works on Paper. Ex- hibition catalogue. J. B. Speed Art Museum, Louisville, Kentucky. January 1976. Hormats, Bess. "Prussian Treasures Hidden by Nazis." Art News, volume 74, number 9 (November 1975). Lewton, Val E. "Where Has All the Color Gone." Washington Review of the Arts (November 1975). Taylor, Joshua C. Foreword to The Designs of Raymond Loewy. Exhibition catalogue. August 1975. . Foreword to Peggy Bacon: Personalities and Places. Exhibition cata- logue. December 1975. "The Religious Impulse in American Art." Papers on American Art, The Friends of Independence National Historical Park, 1976. Introduction to Emanuel Leutze, 1816-1868: Freedom Is The Only King. Exhibition publication. January 1976. "Three Centuries of American Art: John D. Rockefeller 3rd's Personal American Art Collection." Smithsonian, volume 7, number 1 (April 1976). Truettner, William H. "'Scenes of Majesty and Enduring Interest': Thomas Moran Goes West." The Art Bulletin (June 1976). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 395 Walker, William B. "From the Chair." Art Libraries Society of North America Newsletter, volume 3, numbers 4-6 (Summer-October 1975), and volume 4, number 1 (December 1975). NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY BOOKS AND SEPARATE PUBLICATIONS Battison, Edwin A. Muskets to Mass Production. Windsor, Vermont: American Precision Museum, 1976, 32 pages, 36 illustrations. Bedini, Silvio A. Thinkers and Tinkers, Early American Men of Science. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975, 521 pages, 102 illustrations. Bruns, Franklin R., Jr. The Color Handbook. Omaha, Nebraska: The Collectors Institute, Ltd., 1976, 76 pages, 46 color charts plus three color isolation aid sheets. Chapelle, Howard I. The National Watercraft Collection (second edition). Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press and Camden, Maine: Inter- national Marine Publishing Company, 1976, xiii -f- 399 pages, 250 illustra- tions. Clain-Stefanelli, Elvira and Vladimir. Chartered for Progress, Two Centuries of American Banking. Washington, D.C: Acropolis Press, 1976, 144 pages. Collins, Herbert R., with David Weaver. Wills of the U.S. Presidents. New York: Communication Channels, Inc., 1976, 286 pages. Cooper, Grace R. The Sewing Machine: Its Invention and Development. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976, 240 pages. Davis, Audrey B., and Uta C Merzbach. Early Auditory Studies: Activities in the Psychology Laboratories of American Universities. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, 39 pages. Eklund, Jon B. The Incompleat Chymist. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, 49 pages. Forman, Paul, John L. Heilbron, and Spencer Weart. Physics circa 1900: Personnel, Funding, and Productivity of the Academic Establishments. Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences, 5. Princeton, New Jersey: Prince- ton University Press, 1975, 185 pages. Harmaneh, Sami K. Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Pharmacy at the British Library. Cairo, Egypt: Les Editions Universitaires D'Egypte, 1975, xvii + 276 + 16 pages English text, 16 pages Arabic text. . Islamic Bicentennial Exhibition. Washington, DC: McGregor and Werner, 1976, 28 pages, illustrated. Harris, Michael R. Drugs and Their Dispensers. Booklet. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976, 12 pages, 52 illustrations. Hindle, Brooke, editor. America's Wooden Age. Tarrytown, New York: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1975, vii + 218 pages. , editor. Early American Science. New York: Science History Publica- tions, Neale Watson Academic Publications, Inc., 1976, xiv + 213 pages. Howell, Edgar M. United States Army Headgear 1855-1902. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, 109 pages, 63 illustrations. Hutchins, James S. Boots & Saddles at the Little Bighorn: Weapons, Dress, Equipment, Horses, and Flags of General Custer's Seventh U.S. Cavalry in 1876. Fort Collins, Colorado: The Old Army Press, 1976, 81 pages. Klapthor, Margaret B. The First Ladies. Washington, DC: White House Historical Association, 1975, 85 pages, 39 illustrations. . The First Ladies Hall. Booklet. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1975, 4th edition, 22 pages, 19 illustrations. Marzio, Peter C, editor. A Nation of Nations. New York: Harper and Row, 1976, 670 pages. 396 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mayr, Otto, editor. Philosophers and Machines. New York: Science History Publications, 1976. Merzbach, Uta C, and Audrey B. Davis. Early Auditory Studies: Activities in the Psychology Laboratories of American Universities. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, 39 pages. Norton, George, Jr., and Darlie Norton. A History of Suitland. Denton, Mary- land: Baker Printing Company, 1976, 43 pages. Ostroff, Eugene. Photographing the Frontier. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Services catalogue. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1975, 32 pages. Post, Robert C, editor. 1876: A Centennial Exhibition. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976, 224 pages + 16 page supplement, 344 illustrations. White, John H., Jr. The Pioneer Chicago's First Locomotive. Chicago: Chicago Historical Society, 1976, 32 pages. ARTICLES, PAPERS, AND RECORDS Adrosko, Rita J. Introduction to Early American Weaving and Dyeing. New York: Dover Publications, Inc., 1976 (reprint of a book first published in 1817). . "Textiles." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 123-125. Washing- ton, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. "The Cromptons." In A Nation of Nations, pages 203-207. New York : Harper & Row, 1976. Ahlborn, Richard E. "Moving On." In A Nation of Nations, page 160. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. , and Grace R. Cooper. "The Home Crafts and Folk Arts." In A Nation of Nations, pages 248-275. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Alexander, Sheila M., with Paul V. Gardner. "Glassware." In 1876: A Centen- nial Exhibition, pages 115-117. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Battison, Edwin A. "Historical Survey of Clockmaking in the United States." In Dictionary of American History, pages 78-80. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, volume 2, 1976. . "Interchangeable Manufacture." In Dictionary of American History, pages 441-443. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, volume 3, 1976. "The Phonograph." In Dictionary of American History, pages 289-291. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, volume 5, 1976. -. "The Typewriter." In Dictionary of American History, pages 135-137. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, volume 7, 1976. Battison, Edwin A., with Deborah J. Warner. "Timekeeping Devices." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 145-147. Washington, DC: National Mu- seum of History and Technology, 1976. Bedini, Silvio A. "Artisans in Wood: The Mathematical Instrument Makers." In America's Wooden Age: Aspects of Its Early Technology, edited by Brooke Hindle, pages 85-119, 15 illustrations. Tarrytown, New York: Sleepy Hollow Restorations, 1975. . "Oriental Concepts of the Measure of Time: The Role of the Mechan- ical Clock in Japan and China." In The Study of Time II, edited by J. T. Fraser and N. Lawrence, pages 451-484, 26 illustrations. New York & Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag, 1975. Foreword to Fox-Ellicott-Evans American Family History by Charles Worthington Evans, Martha Ellicott Tyson, and G. Hunter Bartlett, pages vii-viii. Cockeysville, Maryland: Fox-Ellicott-Evans Fund, 1976. -. "Benjamin Banneker, The First Black Man of Science." Science and Children, volume 13, number 4 (January 1976), pages 19-21, 2 illustrations. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 397 . "The Practical Sciences in the American Revolution." The Daughters of the American Revolution Magazine, volume 110, number 6 (July 1976), pages 766-775, 6 illustrations. "Andrew Ellicott, Surveyor of the Wilderness." Surveying and Map- ping, volume XXXVI, number 2 (June 1976), pages 113-135, 18 illustrations. "The Case of the Wandering Watch." The Smithsonian magazine, volume 7, number 7 (October 1976), pages 134-143, 6 illustrations. Berkebile, Don H. "Roads and Coaches." In A Nation of Nations, pages 161- 175. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "Canals." In A Nation of Nations, pages 176-177. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Carriages and Road Vehicles." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 131-133. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of History and Tech- nology, 1976. Bruns, Franklin R., Jr. "More on the Philatelic Truck." S.P.A Journal, volume 38, number 7 (March 1976), pages 411-424. . "Counterfeit Stamps." Postal Inspection Service Bulletin, Spring 1976, pages 8-13. 'Pictorial Treasury of U.S. Stamps." [Review] Historic Preservation, volume 27, number 4 (October-December 1975), pages 41-42. Stamp (and coin) weekly syndicated columns, July 6, 1975-June 27, 1976, in the Washington Post, Washington, D.C; Posf, Denver, Colorado; Times, St. Petersburg, Florida; Star-Ledger, Newark, New Jersey; Times- Union, Albany, New York; Post-Standard, Syracuse, New York; and Patriot- News, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania. Bruton, Elsa, with Herbert R. Collins. "State Exhibits." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 189-205. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Bruton, Elsa, with Everett Jackson, and Michael Harris. "Medicine and Dentistry." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 153-157. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Cannon, Faye. "Charles Lyell, Radical Actualism, and Theory." British Jour- nal for the History of Science, volume 9 (1976), pages 104-120. . "The Darwin-Whewell Controversy." Proceedings of the Geological Society of London, volume 132 (1975-1976), pages 377-384. "Scientific and Surveying Instruments." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibi- tion, page 137. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Tech- nology, 1976. Clain-Stefanelli, Elvira. "Miinzen und Medaillen der Friihzeit der Munze zu Philadelphia." In Die CriXndung der Vereinigten Staaten von Amerika 1775- 1789, pages 19-26. Wurzburg, 1976. Collins, Herbert R. "The Statue of Liberty." In A Nation of Nations, pages 137-141. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . Contributor to We the People catalogue, pages 40-52, 56-60. Washing- ton, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1975. -. "Presidents on Wheels." Antique Automobile, Antique Automobile Club of America, July-August 1976. -. "Bully For You, Teddy." The Standard, Association for the Preserva- tion of political Americana, Spring 1976, pages 14 and 25. "If I Can't Make the White House, I'll Take the Garage." Parking, July 1975, pages 16-20 and 35. Cooper, Grace R. "Importing a Revolution." In A Nation of Nations, pages 196-202. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "Sewing Machine." In Dictionary of American History, revised edi- tion, pages 264-265. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. 398 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Cotton Gin." In Dictionary of American History, revised edition, page 240. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Cooper, Grace R., with Richard E. Ahlborn. "The Home Crafts and Folk Arts." In A Nation of Nations, pages 248-265. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Davis, Audrey B., Michael M. Sokal and Uta C. Merzbach. "A National Inven- tory of Historic Psychological Apparatus." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, volume 11 (1975), pages 284-286. . "Laboratory Instruments in the History of Psychology." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, volume 12 (1976), pages 59-64. Dirks, Katherine. "An Introduction to Textile Storage." Journal of the American Home Economics Association, volume 68, number 3 (May 1976), pages 8-10. Eklund, Jon B. "Eleuthere Irenee du Pont de Nemours and the American Gunpowder Trade." In A Nation of Nations, pages 237-239. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Fesperman, John T. "Organs and Organ Building in the Americas before 1775." The Bicentennial Tracker, 1976, pages 24-28. . Catalogue description for Kirkman harpsichord and English guitar. In The Eye of Thomas Jefferson, pages 19-20. National Gallery of Art, 1976. "Music from the Age of Jefferson." Notes for recording and descrip- tion of Smithsonian instruments used. Finn, Bernard S. "History of Electrical Technology, the State of the Art." Isis, volume 67 (1976), pages 31-35. . "Electricity." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 63-65. Washing- ton, D.C. : National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. -. "Everywhere is Here and Now." In A Nation of Nations, pages 610- 629. New York City: Harper & Row, 1976. "H. D. Ruhmkorff." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 11, pages 603-604. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "W. Sturgeon." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 13, page 126. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Forman, Paul. "Walter Ritz." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 11, pages 475-481. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. . "Carl Runge." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 11, pages 610-615. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Adolf Smekal." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 12, pages 463-465. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Arnold Sommerfeld." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 12, pages 525-532. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Albert Einstein." In A Nation of Nations, pages 302-305. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Gardner, Paul V., with Sheila M. Alexander. "Glassware." In 1876: A Cen- tennial Exhibition, pages 114-117. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. . "1876: A Centennial Exhibition." The Class Club Bulletin, number 116, pages 3-9. Goins, Craddock R. "The Evolution of the American Rifle — A Pictorial Essay." In A Nation of Nations, pages 232-236. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Goins, Craddock R., with Donald Kloster. "The War Department." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, page 83. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Golovin, Anne C. "Foreign Nations." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 176-188, 33 illustrations. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Golovin, Anne C, assisted by Rodris Roth. "Furniture Making — Immigrant Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 399 Hands and Yankee Machines." In A Nation of Nations, pages 211-223, 3 illustrations. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Hamarneh, Sami K. "The Life Sciences." In The Genius of Arab Civilization, edited by John R. Hayes, pages 143-172. New York: New York University Press, 1975. . "Ya'qub b. Ishaq Ibn al-Quff." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 11, pages 238-239. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "A Brief Survey of Islamic Medicine During the Middle Ages." The Journal of the Islamic Medical Association, volume 7, number 1 (1976), pages 21-25. -. "Abu'l-Hasan al-Tabari." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 13 pages 229-231. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Amin al-Dawlah Ibn al-Tilmidh." In Dictionary of Scientific Biog- raphy, volume 13, pages 415-416. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. -. "Abu Bakr A. ibn Wahshiya." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 14, pages 117-119. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Abu'l-Qasim al-Zahrawi." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 14, pages 584-585. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. -. "Abu Marwan ibn Zuhr." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 14, pages 637-639. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "The Pharmacy and Materia Medica of al-Biruni and al-Ghafiqi. Pharmacy in History, volume 18 (1976), pages 3-12. -. "Arabic Glass Seals on Early Eighth Century Containers for Materia Medica." Pharmacy in History, volume 18 (1976), pages 51-56. Harris, Elizabeth. "Printing." In 2876: A Centennial Exhibition, page 61. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. . "The Printing Arts." In A Nation of Nations, pages 229-231. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Harris, Michael, with Everett Jackson, and Elsa M. Bruton, "Medicine and Dentistry." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 152-157. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Hindle, Brooke. "The Underside of the Learned Society in New York." In The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic, edited by Alexander Oleson and Sanborn C. Brown, pages 84-116. Baltimore, Mary- land: The Johns Hopkins University Press, 1976. . Foreword to The Frontiers of Knowledge, The Frank Nelson Double- day Lectures, 1974-1975. Garden City, Doubleday & Company, Inc., 1975, pages v-ix. Introduction to Building Early America, edited by Charles E. Peterson, pages xv-xvi. Radnor, Pennsylvania: Chilton Book Company, 1976. -. Introduction to A Nation of Nations, pages xv-xviii. New York, Harper & Row, 1976. Hoffman, John N. "Mining Frontiers — A Bicentennial Review, 1776 to 1976," Mining Congress Journal, volume 62, number 2 (February 1976), pages 63-67. . "Coal." In Dictionary of American History (revised edition), pages 84-86. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Hollis, Helen R. "Musical Instruments of the Baroque and Early Classical Eras: an Audio Visual Presentation." Smithsonian Institution, 56 slides, 2 cassette tape recordings and descriptive booklet. Hoover, Cynthia A. "The Steinways." In A Nation of Nations, pages 210. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "Music and Musical Instruments." In 2876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 138-143, 11 illustrations. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Hughes, Ellen Roney, with Kip Cardero. "Educating Everyone — A Pictorial 400 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Essay." In A Nation of Nations, pages 306-323. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Jackson, Everett A. "A Bicentennial Salute to Dentistry." Chicago Dental Review, July 1976, pages 10-16. Jackson, Everett, with Michael Harris, and Elsa M. Burton, "Medicine and Dentistry." In 2876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 152-157. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Jackson, Melvin H. "Transatlantic Travel." A Nation of Nations, pages 116- 130. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Kidwell, Claudia B. "Paper Patterns." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 126-129. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. . "Bicentennial Outlook: Riches, Rags, and In-Between." Historic Pres- ervation, July-September 1976, pages 28-33. Klapthor, Margaret B. "The White House Porcelain." Connoisseur, May 1976, pages 16-20. Kloster, Donald. "Military Uniformity: A Pictorial Essay." In A Nation of Nations, pages 326-351. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Kloster, Donald, with Craddock R. Goins. "The War Department." In 2876: A Centennial Exhibition, page 83. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Langley, Harold D. "The Navy Department." In 2876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 86-87. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Tech- nology, 1976. . "The Treasury Department." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 97-99. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. -. "The Objects of the Revolution: A Pictorial Essay." In A Nation of Nations, pages 96-113. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Lundeberg, Philip K. "Museums as Historical Resources." In A Guide to the Sources of United States Military History, edited by Robin Higham, pages 547-559. Hamden, Connecticut: Archon, 1975. . "Sea Mines in the Defense of Kiel, 1848-1849." In Seemacht und Ceschichte: Festschrift zum 80. Geburstag von Friedrich Ruge, Deutsches Marine Institut. Bonn-Bad Godesberg: MOV Verlag, 1975. "Shipbuilding in the United Colonies as Revealed in the Continental Gondola Philadelphia." In The American Revolution and the Sea: The Proceedings of the XIV Conference of the International Commission for Maritime History, July 7-13, 1974, pages 134-138. Greenwich, London: National Maritime Museum, 1975. "The Navy Department." In 2876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 87- 93. Washington, DC: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Mayo, Edith P. "Foremothers Featured in Smithsonian Exhibit." Bulletin of the National Council of Women, volume XXIII, number 5 (February 1976) pages 3-4. Mayr, Otto. "Yankee Practice and Engineering Theory: Charles T. Porter and the Dynamics of the High Speed Steam Engine." Technology and Culture 16 (1975), pages 570-602. . "Mass Production: An Example of Global Give and Take." In A Nation of Nations, pages 508-519. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "From Guns to Cars: Products for Mass Consumption." In A Nation of Nations, pages 520-563. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Henri Pitot." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, pages 4-5. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Ferdinand Jakob Redtenbacher." In Dictionary of Scientific Biog- raphy, pages 343-344. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 401 . "Georg Friedrich von Reichenbach." In Dictionary of Scientific Biog- raphy, pages 354-355. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. 'Franz Reuleaux." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, pages 383- 385. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Aurel Boleslav Stodola." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 13, pages 72-74. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Gustav Anton Zeuner." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 14, pages 617-618. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Merzbach, Uta C. "Bridges and Pillars in Dirichlet's Mathematics." [Abstract] Notices of the American Mathematical Society, January 23, 1976. , Audrey B. Davis, and Michael M. Sokal. "A National Inventory of Historic Psychological Apparatus." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, volume 11 (1975), pages 284-286. -, Audrey B. Davis, and Michael Sokal. "Laboratory Instruments in the History of Psychology." Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences, volume 12 (1976), pages 59-64. Miller, J. Jefferson II., and Anne Marie Serio. "Status and Prejudice: A Pic- torial Essay." In A Nation of Nations, pages 276-297. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Multhauf, Robert P. "The History of Science Society and its Concerns." Isis, volume 66 (1975), pages 454-467. . "A History of Magnesia Alba." Annals of Science, volume 33 (1976), pages 197-200. -. "America's Wooden Age." In Building Early America, edited by C. E. Peterson, pages 23-24. Radnor, Pennsylvania, 1976. "Immigrants and Minerals. Four episodes." In A Nation of Nations, pages 240-242. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Murray, Anne W. "From Breeches to Sherryvallies." Dress. The Journal of the Costume Society of America, volume II, number 1 (1976), pages 17-33 (cover and 13 illustrations). First published in Waffenund Kostumkunde, volume 16, number 2 (1974). Myers, Susan H. "Castle Garden." In A Nation of Nations, pages 131-134. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "Ellis Island." In A Nation of Nations, pages 135-136. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Ceramics." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 108-113, 11 illustrations. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of History and Tech- nology, 1976. -. "Silver." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 119-121, 8 illustra- tions. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. "Capitol Hill, 1870-1900: The People and Their Homes." Records of the Columbia Historical Society (1973-1974), volume 49, pages 276-299. Charlottesville, Virginia: University Press of Virgnia, 1976. Norby, Reider. "The Scandinavian Stamp Lexicon." Scandinavian Scribe, volume 11, numbers 6-9, 11 (1975), pages 87-90, 103-106, 119-122, 133- 140, 157-164. . "Scandinavian Varieties." Scandinavian Scribe, volume 11 (1975), pages 110, 124-125, 151. Odell, J. Scott, Thomas Wolf, and Sheridan Germann. "A Louis Dulcken Fortepiano of c. 1790." Full-scale technical drawing, available in paper and mylar prints from the National Museum of History and Technology, Division of Musical Instruments. Ostroff, Eugene. "Photography." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 148- 151. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. . "Jacob Riis— The Other Half." In A Nation of Nations, page 505. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. 402 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Pogue/ Forrest C. Chapter on General of the Army Omar N. Bradley in The War Lords. Military Commanders of the Twentieth Century, edited by Field Marshal Sir Michael Carver, 16 pages. London: Weidenfield and Nicol- son, 1976. . "Economy Before Preparedness." Defense Management Journal, July 1976, pages 14-18. "La Conduite de la guerre aux Etats-Unis (1942-1945)." Revue d'Histoire de la Deuxieme Guerre Mondiale, October 1975, pages 67-94. Post, Robert C. "A Look Backward: 233 Years of Electricity in America." Electrical Contractor, volume 41 (July 1976), pages 26-34, 76-77. . "About the Exhibit." In The Centennial Post, Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution and The Washington Post, 1976. -. "Arno Reprints Reconsidered (Again)." I A: The Journal of the Society for Industrial Archeology, volume 1 (Summer 1975), pages 68-69. . "Bicentennial Preparations." ASME News Letter, (March 1975), pages 1, 4. "Film and the Historian of Technology [Program Summaries]." Tech- nology and Culture, volume 16 (July 1975), pages 435-437. . " 'Liberalizers' versus 'Scientific Men' in the Antebellum Patent Office." Technology and Culture, volume 17 (January 1976), pages 24-54. 'Louis Agassiz — Scientist and Teacher." In A Nation of Nations, pages 324-325. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Stray Sparks From the Induction Coil: The Volta Prize and the Page Patent." Proceedings of the IEEE, volume 64 (September 1976), pages 1279- 1287. Roth, Rodris. "Furniture." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 102-107, 8 illustrations. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Tech- nology, 1976. Scheele, Carl H. "American Entertainment — An Immigrant Domain." In A Nation of Nations, pages 410-453. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "Baseball — A Shared Excitement." A Nation of Nations, New York: Harper & Row, 1976, pages 454-477. 'At Home — The American Dream." In A Nation of Nations, pages 478-504. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Schlebecker, John T. "Agricultural Markets and Marketing in the North, 1774- 1777." Agricultural History, volume 50 (January 1976), pages 21-36. . "Grasshoppers." In Dictionary of American History (revised edition), pages 212-213. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Livestock." In Dictionary of American History (revised edition), pages 169-170. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Serio, Anne Marie, with J. J. Miller II. "Status and Prejudice — A Pictorial Essay." In A Nation of Nations, pages 276-297, 22 illustrations. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "The American Diet — An Ethnic Mix: American Cookbooks and Foreign Recipes." In A Nation of Nations, pages 581-596, 18 illustrations. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Sharrer, G. Terry. "U. S. Patents by Marylanders 1790-1830." Maryland His- torical Magazine, volume 71, number 1 (Spring 1976), pages 50-59. . "Flour Milling." In Dictionary of American History (revised edition), pages 42-44. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Cereal Grains." In Dictionary of American History (revised edition), page 486. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Sivowitch, Elliot N. "Communications Satellites." In Dictionary of American History, volume 2, pages 142-143. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. . "Masers and Lasers." In Dictionary of American History, volume 4, pages 262-263. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 403 . "Radio." In Dictionary of American History, volume 4, pages 14-16. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Television." In Dictionary of American History, volume 7, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. -, and Bernard S. Finn. "Everywhere is Here and Now." In A Nation of Nations, pages 610-629. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Turner, Craig J. "A Black Jack With a Star on the Chin." S.P.A. Journal, volume 37, number 10 (June 1975), pages 623-629. . "Asher Brown Durand — Premier Engraver." Paper Money, volume XV, Whole Number 61 (January/February 1976), pages 6-14. (Reprinted from S.P.A. Journal, volume 37, number 1 (September 1974), pages 27-38. Vogel, Robert M. "Machinery Hall." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 29-47. Washington, D.C.: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. Walther, Robert G. "Agriculture." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, page 57. Washington, D.C. : National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. . "The Immigrant Farmer." In A Nation of Nations, pages 144-159. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. Warner, Deborah J. "Johannes Bayer and His Star Atlas — Reconsidered." Journal, British Astronomical Association, volume 86, pages 53-54. . "Astronomical Observatories." In Dictionary of American History, pages 130-132. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Hale Observatories." In Dictionary of American History, pages 241- 242. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "John Martin Schaeberle." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 12, page 139. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Charles Piazzi Smyth." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 12, pages 498-499. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. -. "James South." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 12, pages 551-552. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1975. "Joseph Winlock." In Dictionary of Scientific Biography, volume 13, pages 448-449. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. "Charles Greeley Abbot." American Philosophical Society, Yearbook, pages 111-116. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, 1975. "The Women's Pavilion." In 1876: A Centennial Exhibition, pages 163-173. Washington, D.C: National Museum of History and Technology, 1976. -. "Notes on the National Cookery Book." The National Cookery Book, Compiled from Original Receipts for the Women's Centennial Committees of the International Exhibition in 1876. Bicentennial edition, Legado, 1976. Watkins, C. Malcolm. "The Letter to Santangel." In A Nation of Nations, pages 24-34, 4 illustrations. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. . "The English Heritage." In A Nation of Nations, pages 36-53, 17 illustrations. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "A Plantation of Difference — People from Everywhere." In A Nation of Nations, pages 54-82, 23 illustrations. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Ceramics in the Seventeenth-Century English Colonies. Winterthur Conference Report 1974. Arts of the Anglo-American Community in the Seventeenth Century, edited by Ian M. G. Quimby, pages 275-299, 13 illustrations. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1975. White, John H, Jr. "A Short History of Railway Brakes." National Railway Historical Society Bulletin, volume 40, number 5 (1975), pages 6-17. . "American Railroads: A Bicentennial Overview." Railway Age, July 4, 1976, pages 64-65. 404 / Smithsonian Year 1976 . "Railroads and the Westward-Bound Immigrant." In A Nation of Nations, pages 178-191. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Firefighting." In A Nation of Nations, pages 54-55. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. "Railroading." In A Nation of Nations, pages 58-59. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. , editor. Railroad History, number 133 (Autumn 1975), 128 pages. , editor. Railroad History, number 134 (Spring 1976), 119 pages. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Beard, Richard. [Review] Some Notions on Nations. Museum Education Roundtable Reports, Summer 1976. . Caption texts for The Portraits from The Americans: The Democratic Experience. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Random House, 1975. Miller, Lillian. "Hiram Powers," "Benjamin West," "George Caleb Bingham." In Harper's Encyclopedia of American Biography, 1975. . "The Garden and American Landscape Painting." In The American Examiner: A Forum of Ideas, volume IV, number 1 (Fall, 1975). "The Lovely and The Wild: The Correspondence Between American Literature and Painting before the Civil War." In Meaning in American Art, edited by John C. Milley. Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Friends of Indepen- dence National Historical Park, Spring 1976. 'The American Revolution as Image and Symbol in American Art.' Proceedings, Association for 18th Century Studies. McMaster University, Spring 1976. [Review] Donelson Hoopes' American Narrative Painting, Matthew Baigell's The American Scene, and William Gerdts' The Great American Nude. American Historical Review, volume 81, number 1 (February 1976). -. [Review] James Madison Alden. Yankee Artist of the Pacific Coast, 1854-1860, by Franz Stenzel. History. Review of New Books (Fall 1975). [Review] Millay in Greenwich Village by Anne Cheney. History. Review of New Books, volume 4, number 5 (March 1976). [Review] The Architecture of Maximilian Godefroy by Robert L. Alexander. The Journal of American History, March 1976. O'Toole, Dennis. "The Dye is Now Cast." Multi-media Instructional Package for secondary school use, September 1975. . [Review] Fat Mutton, Liberty and Conscience by Carl Bridenbaugh. New York History, July 1975. Pachter, Marc. Introduction to Abroad in America: Visitors to the New Nation, 1776-1914. Exhibition catalogue. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, 1976. Pfister, Harold Francis. "Burlingtonian Architectural Theory in England and America." Winterthur Portfolio 11, 1976. . [Review] Architecture of the Ecole des Beaux Arts at MOMA. Decora- tive Arts Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians Newsletter, Winter 1976. Sadik, Marvin S. Foreword to Portraits from The Americans: The Democratic Experience. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Random House, 1976. . Foreword to Abroad in America: Visitors to the New Nation 1776- 1914. Exhibition catalogue. Reading, Massachusetts: Addison-Wesley Pub- lishing Company, 1976. — . "Paintings from the White House." The Connoisseur , May 1976. Christian Gullager, Portrait Painter to Federal America. Exhibition catalogue. Washington, D.C. : The National Portrait Gallery, 1976. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 405 . Foreword to Wedgwood Portraits and The American Revolution. Ex- hibition catalogue. Washington, D.C. : The National Portrait Gallery, 1976. Schaffer, Michael D. [Review] "State History Series Bows with One Hit, Two Misses." The National Observevr, for the week ending July 3, 1976. Stewart, Robert G. "The Battle of the Ice Mound, February 7, 1815." Maryland Historical Magazine, Winter 1975. Voss, Frederick. Caption texts for Portraits Prom the Americans: The Demo- cratic Experience. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Random House, 1976. Yellis, Kenneth. [Review] Our Changing Land. Museum Education Roundtable Reports, Winter 1976. . [Review] Remarks on the Reopened Philadelphia Museum of Art. Museum Education Roundtable Reports, Spring 1976. Caption texts for Portraits from the Americans: The Democratic Experience. Exhibition catalogue. New York: Random House, 1976. OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Washburn, Wilcomb E. Foreward to Indian Land Tenure: Bibliographical Essays and a Guide to the Literature, by Imre Sutton, pages vii-viii. New York: Clearwater Publishing Company, Inc., 1975. . "Defining the Museum's Purpose." New York State Historical Associa- tion Monographic Studies, number 1 (1975) pages 1-20. Cooperstown, New York: The New York State Historical Association. . "Do Museums Educate?" Curator, volume 18, number 3 (1975), pages 211-218. . "Indians and the American Revolution." Essay in The Revolutionary Era: A Variety of Perspectives, edited by John R. Brumgardt, pages 27-40, chapter III. Riverside, California: Historical Commission Press, 1976. "The Exhibition." In The Federal Cty: Plans and Realities, pages xv, 170, 74-170. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1976. "The Clash of Morality in the American Forest." Essay in First Images of America: The Impact of the New World on the Old, edited by Fredi Chiappelli, volume 1, pages 335-350. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976. "The Historical Context of American Indian Legal Problems." Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 40, number 1 (Winter 1976). "Introduction to Cultural Change." Essay in Contributions to Anthro- pology: Selected Papers of A. Irving Hallowell, pages 477-479. The Univer- sity of Chicago Press, 1976. "American Studies." In Dictionary of American History, pages 112- 113. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. -. "Bacon's Rebellion." In Dictionary of American History, page 240. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1976. -, and William C. Sturtevant. "The First Americans." Chapter 1 in A Nation of Nations: The People Who Came to America as Seen Through Objects and Documents Exhibited at the Smithsonian Institution, edited by Peter C. Marzio, pages 4-23. New York: Harper & Row, 1976. MUSEUM PROGRAMS CONSERVATION- ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Olin, J. S., M. E. Salmon, and E.V. Sayre. "Neutron Activation and Electron Beam Microprobe Study of a XIV Century Austrian Stained Glass Panel." Applicazione dei meteli nucleari nel campo delle opere d'arte, Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei, 1976, pages 99-110. 406 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Olin, J. S., and E. V. Sayre, (non-staff). "Neutron Activation Analysis of Majolica from Spanish Colonial Sites in Meso-America." Bulletin of the American Institute for Conservation of Historic and Artistic Works, Sum- mer 1975, pages 57-62. . "Identification of the Provenience of Majolica from Sites in the Caribbean using Neutron Activation Analysis." Brookhaven National Lab- oratory Report 21176, 1976. Organ, Robert M. "An Idea for A National Conservation Institute Without Walls." International Centre for the Study of Preservation and the Restora- tion of Cultural Property, Rome. Newsletter Number 3, October 1975. . "The Corrosion of Tin, Copper, Iron and Steel and Lead." In Preserva- tion and Conservation: Principles and Practice, edited by S. Timmons, pages 243-256. Washington, D.C. : Preservation Press, 1976. "The Organisation of an Integrated Facility for Conservation of Museum Objects." Bulletin, Institut Royal Du Patrimoine Artistique XV (1975), pages 283-301. "The Organisation and Management of Conservation Programs." In Conservation Administration, edited by R. C. Morrison, G. C. Cunha, and N. P. Tucker, pages 213-285. New England Document Conservation Center, 1975. -, and J. A. Mandarino (non-staff). "Romarchite and Hydroromarchite, Two Stannous Minerals." Canadian Mineralogist 10 (1973), page 916. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Fink, Eleanor E. "Collecting the Photograph" (Report on the Art in America symposium, "Collecting the Photograph," held in New York City, September 20, 1975). Art Libraries Society of North America Newsletter, volume 3, number 6 (October 1975), pages 104-105. Goodwin, Jack. "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1973)." Technology and Culture 16 (April 1975), pages 195-286. . "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1974)." Technol- ogy and Culture 17 (April 1976), pages 286-364. Ratzenberger, Katharine. [Review] Fine Arts: A Bibliographic Guide to Basic Reference Works, Histories and Handbooks, by Donald L. Ehresmann. Library Journal, October 1, 1975. . [Review] George Howe: Toward a Modern American Architecture, by Robert A. Stern. Library Journal, August 1975. [Review] Louis I. Kahn, by Romaldo Giurgola and Mehta Jaimini. Library Journal, March 1, 1976. [Review] Old Alexandria: Where America's Past is Present. Library Journal, March 1, 1976. [Review] Winslow Homer: An Annotated Bibliography of Periodical Literature, by Melinda D. Davis. Choice, June 1976. [Review] Contemporary American Folk Artists, by Elinor L. Horwitz. Art Libraries Society of North America Newsletter, volume 4, number 1 (December 1975). [Review] American Folk Painters, by John and Katherine Ebert. Art Libraries Society of North America Newsletter, volume 4, number 3 (April 1976). Shank, Russell, and Madeline Henderson. "Federal Library Cooperation." Li- brary Trends, volume 24 (1975), pages 277-292. . "Books of Science." In Science Year: The World Book Science Annual, 1976. Chicago: Field Enterprises (1975). Scott, Catherine. "National Air and Space Museum Library." Bowker Annual, 1975, pages 39-44. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 407 Walker, William B. "From the Chair" (Column from National Chairman of the Art Libraries Society of North America). ARLIS/NA Newsletter, volume 3, numbers 4-6 (Summer-October 1975), volume 4, number 1 (December 1975). PUBLIC SERVICE DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Cutting-Baker, Holly. Family Folklore. Smithsonian Institution, 94 pages, 1976. Gross, Sandra. Family Folklore. Smithsonian Institution, 94 pages, 1976. Hawes, Bess. 1976 Festival of American Folklife. [Program book] Smithsonian Institution, 48 pages, 1976. Hooks, Rosie Lee. Black People and their Culture, Selected Writings from the African Diaspora. Smithsonian Institution, 137 pages, 1976. Kotkin, Amy. Family Folklore. Smithsonian Institute, 94 pages, 1976. Reagon, Bernice. Black People and their Culture, Selected Writings from the African Diaspora. Smithsonian Institution, 137 pages, 1976. Rinzler, Ralph. Monograph, Backliner, and Recordings. Louisiana Cajun French Music from the Southwest Praires, recorded 1964-1967, 2 volumes, Rounder Records #6001-2, Somerville, Massachusetts, 1976. . Roots of the Folk Revival, The Folk Music Source. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1976. Roschwalb, Susanne. Music and Dance from the Age of Jefferson. [Program book] Smithsonian Institution, 9 pages, 1975. . 2976 Festival of American Folklife. [Program book] Smithsonian Institution, 48 pages, 1976. Shapiro, Linn. Black People and their Culture, Selected Writings from the African Diaspora. Smithsonian Institution, 137 pages, 1976. Weaver, Jim. Music and Dance from the Age of Jefferson. [Program book] Smithsonian Institution, 9 pages, 1975. Whitfield, Elizabeth. Black People and their Culture, Selected Writings from the African Diaspora. Smithsonian Institution, 137 pages, 1976. Working Americans Program. Ring Like Silver, Shine Like Gold. Smithsonian Institution, 95 pages, 1976. Zeitlin, Steven. Family Folklore. Smithsonian Institution, 94 pages, 1976. RECORDINGS "Classic Rags and Ragtime Songs." Conducted by T. J. Anderson, featuring Rags by Scott Joplin and Eubie Blake, two rags sung by Morgan State College Choir, Smithsonian Institution, 1975. "Duke Ellington, 1938" Smithsonian Institution, 1976. "King Oliver's Jazz Band/1923." Two-LP set, Smithsonian Institution, 1975. "Louis Armstrong and Earl Hines/1928." Two-LP set, Smithsonian Institution, 1975. "Music from the Age of Jefferson." Recorded at Hall of Musical Instruments, Special Credit to James Weaver, John Fesperman, and Albert Fuller, Smith- sonian Institution, 1975. "Piano Music of Ferdinand 'Jelly Roll' Morton." Played by James Dapogny, Smithsonian Institution, 1976. OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Dillon, Wilton S. "Epilogue." In Mediterranean Europe and the Common Market: Studies of Economic Growth and Integration, edited by Eric Bak- lanoff. University of Alabama Press, 1976. 408 / Smithsonian Year 1976 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Spann, Barbara T. Carlby. Fairfax, Virginia: Fairfax County Office of Compre- hensive Planning, 1976, 168 pages, 31 illustrations. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Brown, David A. "A Decorative Drawing by Correggio." Master Drawings, volume 13, number 2 (1975), pages 136-141. Carmean, E. A., Jr. Morris Louis: Major Themes and Variations. [Exhibition catalogue] Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1976. Feller, Robert L. (Senior Fellow). "Studies on the Photochemical Stability of Thermoplastic Resins." Paper 75/22/b, 4th Triennial Reunion, icom Commit- tee for Conservation, Venice, October 1975. . "A Project to Prepare Monographs on Ten Artists' Pigments." Paper 75/21/6, 4th Triennial Reunion, icom Committee for Conservation, Venice, October 1975. -. "Studies on Photochemical Deterioration." Paper 75/19/4, 4th Trien- nial Reunion, icom Committee for Conservation Meeting, Venice, October 1975. "Speed Up Photochemical Deterioration." Bulletin 15 (1975), Inst. Royal du Patrimoine Artistique (Bruxelles), pages 135-150. "The Deterioration of Organic Substances and the Analysis of Paints and Varnishes." In Preservation and Conservation: Principles and Practices, edited by Sharon Timmons, pages 287-299. Washington, D.C.: The Preserva- tion Press, 1976. Feller, Robert L., and M. Curran. "Changes in Solubility and Removability of Varnish Resins with Age." Bulletin of the American Institute for Conserva- tion, volume 15, number 2 (1975), pages 17-26. Feller, Robert L., and Sidney Pollack. "On the Crystallography of Chrome Orange." Journal of Coatings Technology, number 48 (1976), page 68. Keisch, Bernard (Senior Fellow). "Nuclear Applications at the National Gallery of Art Research Project: Seven Years of Progress." Atti Dei Convegni Lincei 11, International Conference on Applications of Nuclear Methods in the Field of Works of Art, Accademia Nazionale Dei Lincei, Roma, 1976, pages 359-379. . "Analysis of Works of Art." In Application of Mosshauer Spectros- copy, edited by R. L. Cohen, volume 1, pages 263-286. New York: Aca- demic, 1976. Keisch, Bernard, and Robert C. Callahan, "Sulfur Isotope Ratios in Ultra- marine Blue: Application to Art Forgery Detection." Applied Spectroscopy 30, number 5 (September 10, 1976), pages 515-519. . "Lead Isotope Ratios in Artists' Lead White: A Progress Report." Archaeometry 18, (1976), pages 181-194. Lehrer, Ruth F. "Blake Material in the Lessing J. Rosenwald Collection." Blake Newsletter, 35, volume 9, number 3 (Winter 1975-1976). . Philadelphia: Three Centuries of American Art. [Exhibition catalogue] Print entries, 1876-1976. Lewis, Douglas. [Review] Florence in the Forgotten Centuries, 1527-1800 by Eric Cochrane. The Social Studies, volume 66, number 4 (July/August 1975), pages 177-178. . "An Unrecognized Work of 1595 by Vincenzo Scamozzi." Bollettino del Centro Inter nazionale di Studi di Architettura, number 17 (1975). 'Girolamo II Corner's Completion of Piombino." Architettura, number 1 (1976). Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 409 . [Review] Old Calabria by Norman Douglas. Johns Hopkins Magazine, volume 27, number 4 (July 1976), page 19. Robison, Andrew. Entries on Giovanni Battista Piranesi prints and books, in The Eye of Thomas Jefferson [exhibition catalogue], edited by W. Howard Adams. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1976. . "Drawings." In The National Gallery of Art, edited by John Walker. New York : Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1976. [Review of exhibition and catalogue] The Changing Image: Prints by Francisco Goya, by Eleanor A. Sayre, et al. Pantheon, volume XXXIII, num- ber 4 (1975), pages 367-368. Russell, H. Diane. "The Manner and Method of That Famous Callot." Art News, volume 74, number 7 (September 1975) pages 32-34. Scott, David W. John Sloan. New York: Watson Guptill Publications, 1975. . The Yogi and the Registrar. New York: Museum Data Bank Com- mittee, 1976. Voris, Anna M. Biographies of artists, in The Eye of Thomas Jefferson [exhibi- tion catalogue]. Washington: National Gallery of Art, 1976. . Indexes for Sculptures from the Samuel H. Kress Collection: European Schools, X1V-XIX Centuries by Ulrich Middeldorf. London: Phaidon Press, 1976. Watson, Ross. [Review] The Anatomical Works of George Stubbs by Terence Doherty. The Smithsonian Magazine, September 1975. . [Review] Lord Leighton, by Leonee and Richard Ormond. The Smith- sonian Magazine, March 1976. Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. [Review] Gabriel Metsu (1629-1667). A Study of his Place in Dutch Genre Painting of the Golden Age, by Franklin W. Robinson. The Art Bulletin, volume 58, number 3, pages 456-459. 410 / Smithsonian Year 1976 APPENDIX 7. Academic Appointments, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 Smithsonian fellows pursue research problems in Smithsonian facilities and collections in collaboration with professional staff members. SMITHSONIAN POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS Program in American and Cultural History Cynthia A. Field, Ph.D., Columbia University. The museum as an architectural statement of American culture, with Lillian B. Miller, Editor, Peale Papers, and James M. Goode, Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building, from June 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976. Program in Anthropology Bernardo Dougherty, Ph.D., University of La Plata. A comparative study of Lowland South American Archeological cultures, with Clifford Evans, Jr., Department of Anthropology, from October 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976. Geoffrey L. Gamble, Ph.D., University of California. Examination of J. P. Harrington material to develop a comparative Yokuts lexicon, with William C. Sturtevant, Department of Anthropology, and Herman J. Viola, National Anthropological Archives, from July 15, 1975, through July 14, 1976. Margaret A. Hardin, Ph.D., University of Chicago. Study of structure and variation of Zuni pottery design, with William C. Sturtevant, Department of Anthropology, from October 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976. Program in Astrophysics John B. Hearnshaw, Ph.D., Australian National University. To obtain abun- dance data for Cu, Zn, and Fe in a large enough sample of stars of several types to interpret the results in the light of theories of nucleosynthesis of Cu and Zn. To carry out differential model atmosphere analysis using computer programming, with Nathaniel P. Carleton, Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob- servatory, from September 25, 1975, through January 31, 1976. Charles J. Lada, Ph.D., Harvard University. Continued studies of molecular clouds using radio astronomical techniques, with A. Edward Lilley, Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory, from July 1, 1975, through July 1, 1976. Mark J. Reid, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology. Investigation of molecular clouds, circumstellar dust shells, newly forming stars, and primitive stellar nebulae; origins and dynamics of the solar system; experimental tests of relativity with various techniques incuding spectral line, very long baseline interferometry, with James M. Moran, Jr., Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob- servatory, September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 411 Frederick H. Seguin, Ph.D., California Institute of Technology. A study of the evolution of binary orbits; to construct models of elliptical galaxies, star clusters with arbitrary rotation curves; to study gravitational radiation reac- tion in relativistic fluid systems, with Steven Weinberg, Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory, from October 1, 1975, through October 1, 1976. Program in Earth Sciences Peter A. Jezek, Ph.D., University of Massachusetts. Compositional and textural study of volcanic ashes, with Thomas E. Simkin, Department of Mineral Sciences, from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976. John M. Sinton, Ph.D., University of Otaga. Mineralogy and petrology of oceanic plutonic and metamorphic rocks, with William G. Melson, Department of Mineral Sciences, from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976. Program in Environmental Sciences Sandra L. Spurgeon, Ph.D., Washington State University. Carotenoid bio- synthesis in Neurospora, with Roy W. Harding, Jr., Radiation Biology Labora- tory, from November 1, 1975, through October 31, 1976. Jerry P. Thomas, Ph.D., University of Alabama. Pigment systems involved in regulation of cytokinesis, with Walter A. Shropshire, Jr., Radiation Biology Laboratory, from August 1, 1975, through July 31, 1976. Brenda S. Tremper, Ph.D., University of California. Distribution of ant species in various successional stages of the Eastern deciduous forest, with James F. Lynch, Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976. Barbara A. Zilinskas, Ph.D., University of Illinois. Analysis of the phycobili- some-photosynthetic lamellae interactions, with Elisabeth Gantt, Radiation Biology Laboratory, from June 14, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Program in Evolutionary and Systematic Biology Wayne E. Clark, Ph.D., Texas A & M University. Systematics of the weevil subfamily Tychiinae (Curculionidae: Coleoptera), with Terry L. Erwin, Depart- ment of Entomology, from August 1, 1975, through July 31, 1976. Bruce W. Hayward, Ph.D., Auckland University. Taxonomy and paleoecology of Lower Micene benthonic foraminifera in northern New Zealand, with Martin A. Buzas, Department of Paleobiology, from November 1, 1975, through October 31, 1976. Timothy J. Palmer, Ph.D., Oxford University. Evolutionary changes of niche patterns and faunal diversity in hardground communities, with Erie G. Kauffman, Department of Paleobiology, from July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976. Seymour H. Sohmer, Ph.D., University of Hawaii. Systematic work with the genus Psychotria, with F. Raymond Fosberg, Department of Botany, from September 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976. Program in the History of Science and Technology Arthur C. Nunes, Jr., Ph.D., University of California. Research into the history of welding, with Otto Mayr, Department of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. 412 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Program in Tropical Biology Peter A. Abrams, Ph.D., University of British Columbia. Study of competition in hermit crab communities with Peter W. Glynn, Smithsonian Tropical Re- search Institute, from October 15, 1975, through October 14, 1976. David P. Janos, Ph.D., University of Michigan. Research on the ecology of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, with Nicholas D. Smythe, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976. Kentwood D. Wells, Ph.D., Cornell University. Social behavior of frogs in the family Dendrobatidae, with A. Stanley Rand, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. SMITHSONIAN PREDOCTORAL FELLOWS Program in American and Cultural History Richard D. Glasow, Ph.D. candidate, University of Delaware. Building the "New American Navy," Naval officers and scientific engineering, 1875-1899, with Philip K. Lundeberg, Department of National and Military History, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Scott Hambly, Ph.D. candidate, University of Pennsylvania. The social and contextual history of the mandolin in America, 1875-1975, with J. Scott Odell, Department of Cultural History, from July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976. George W. McDaniel, Ph.D. candidate, Duke University. The material culture of a plantation community, with Wilcomb E. Washburn, Office of American Studies, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Program in Anthropology Brian C. Hesse, Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. Economic and artifac- tual categories in the fauna from the neolithic site of Ganj Dareh, Western Iran, with Dennis J. Stanford, Department of Anthropology, from August 1, 1975, through July 31, 1976. Rebecca H. Welch, Ph.D. candidate, George Washington University. Social history of Alice Cunningham Fletcher, nineteenth-century anthropologist and social reformer, with Herman J. Viola, National Anthropological Archives, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Program in Astrophysics Eric D. Feigelson, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Course work at Harvard Department of Astronomy and related research, with Riccardo Giacconi, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 23, 1975, through June 12, 1976. Robert W. Leach, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Development of a negative electron affinity device for use in future X-ray astronomy experi- ments, with Riccardo Giacconi, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 23, 1975, through June 12, 1976. Sten F. Odenwald, Jr., Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Investigation of the properties of accretion discs surrounding (supermassive) black holes, with George B. Field, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 23, 1975, through June 12, 1976. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 413 Robert S. Pariseau, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Stellar atmospheres model and radio interferometry-data reduction, with George B. Rybicki, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 23, 1975, through January 31, 1976. Carleton R. Pennypacker, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Infrared pulsar search, with Costas Papaliolios, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 1, 1975, through June 1, 1976. Stephen C. Perrenod, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Intergalactic medium, quasar absorption features, and hot gas in clusters of galaxies, with George B. Field, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from October 16, 1975, through June 16, 1976. Ira Wasserman, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Various problems in relativistic astrophysics, with Steven Weinberg, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 1, 1975, through June 1, 1976. Program in Environmental Sciences Kenneth Green, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. Ecology and social organization of Cebus nigrivittatus, a neotropical primate, with John F. Eisenberg, National Zoological Park, from June 15, 1975, through June 14, 1976. Robert J. Hoage, Ph.D. candidate, University of Pittsburgh. The development of social and sexual behavior in the Golden Lion Marmoset, with Devra G. Kleiman, National Zoological Park, from April 1, 1975, through March 31, 1976. Margaret A. O'Connell, Ph.D. candidate, Texas Tech University. Population ecology of neotropical rodents, with John F. Eisenberg, National Zoological Park, from June 15, 1975, through June 14, 1976. Rasanayagam Rudran, Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. Ecology and behavior of the blue monkey in the Kibale Forest, Uganda, with John F. Eisenberg, National Zoological Park, from July 1, 1975, through April 13, 1976. Rebecca G. Troth, Ph.D. candidate, University of Michigan. A life history study of Bombax ceiba, with Dan H. Nicolson, Department of Botany, from February 1, 1975, through January 31, 1976. Program in Evolutionary and Systematic Biology Francisco Mago-Leccia, Ph.D. candidate, Universidad Central de Venezuela. Venezuelan Gynotoid fishes, a preliminary study for a revision of the group in South America, with Stanley H. Weitzman, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from April 15, 1975, through August 15, 1976. Albert C. Myrick, Jr., Ph.D. candidate, University of California, Los Angeles. A population approach to the systematics of two dolphins from Middle Mio- cene deposits of eastern North America, with Clayton E. Ray, Department of Paleobiology, from July 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976. Alfred L. Rosenberger, Ph.D. candidate, City University of New York. Re- search to determine the evolutionary relationships and to reconstruct the evolutionary history of the New World monkeys, with Richard W. Thorington, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. 414 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Robert D. Ward, Ph.D. candidate, Michigan State University. Phylogenetic systematics of the "primitive" taxa of the Caraboidea, with Terry L. Erwin, Department of Entomology, from January 1, 1976, through December 31, 1976. Anders H. Waren, Ph.D. candidate, University of Gothenburg. Selection of types in the Jeffreys Collections, with Joseph Rosewater, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, from October 15, 1975, through April 15, 1976. Orrey P. Young, Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. Feeding strategies in a neotropical forest dung beetle community, with Terry L. Erwin, Depart- ment of Entomology, and Egbert G. Leigh, Jr., Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from July 1, 1975, through December 31, 1976. Program in the History of Art Ruth Louise Bohan, Ph.D. candidate, University of Maryland. An examination of the Societe Anonyme and the Brooklyn Museum's International Exhibition of Modern Art held in 1926-1927, with Walter W. Hopps III, National Collec- tion of Fine Arts, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Marc H. Miller, Ph.D. candidate, New York University. Lafayette's Farewell Tour of America, 1824-1825; portraiture and pageantry, with Lois M. Fink, National Collection of Fine Arts, from January 1, 1976, through June 30, 1976. Deborah D. Muller, Ph.D. candidate, Yale University. The Chiu-T'u; a study of the "Nine Songs" Handscrolls, with Thomas Lawton and Hin-Cheung Lovell, Freer Gallery of Art, from October 1, 1975, through March 31, 1976. Joan F. Seeman, Ph.D. candidate, Stanford University. Postwar vanguard New York sculpture, with Walter W. Hopps III, National Collection of Fine Arts, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Julia A. Wortman, Ph.D. candidate, University of Michigan. The art criticism of Russell Sturgis, with Peter Bermingham, National Collection of Fine Arts, from July 1, 1975, through June 30, 1976. Ann Yonemura, Ph.D. candidate, Princeton University. The Ishiyamadera Engi Emaki, a Japanese Buddhist narrative painting, with Thomas Lawton, Freer Gallery of Art, from January 1, 1976, through June 30, 1976. Program in the History of Science and Technology Virginia G. Drachman, Ph.D. candidate, S.U.N.Y., Buffalo. Nineteenth-century obstetrical and gynecological instruments, the catalogs advertising them and the papers of Dr. Chevalier Jackson, with Audrey B. Davis, Department of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Susan T. Frey, Ph.D. candidate, University of Washington. Frederich Engels and nineteenth-century science, with Faye Cannon, Department of Science and Technology, from August 1, 1975, through September 15, 1976. Robert D. Friedel, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. Research con- cerning the technical, economic, and social history of the development of celluloid plastics, with Jon B. Eklund, Department of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1975, to August 31, 1976. Leonard S. Reich, Ph.D. candidate, Johns Hopkins University. Industrial re- search, patents and the development of radio in America, with Bernard S. Finn, Department of Science and Technology, from September 1, 1975, through August 31, 1976. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 415 Program in Tropical Biology Carol K. Augspurger, Ph.D. candidate, University of Michigan. A study of the influence of the animal community of pollinators, seed dispersers, and seed predators on the plant reproductive systems, with Alan Smith, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from December 31, 1975, through December 30, 1976. Eric A. Fischer, Ph.D. candidate, University of California. Behavioral ecology and hamlets (Hypoolecturs spp., Pisces), simultaneously hermaphroditic fish of the sea bass family, with Ira Rubinoff, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from November 1, 1975, through October 30, 1976. VISITING RESEARCH STUDENTS Program in American and Cultural History Julia Haifley, George Washington University. Study of Titian Ramsey Peale, early amateur photographer, with Eugene Ostroff, Division of Photographic History. Norma J. Halischak, Gallaudet College. Studies in principles and technology of archival administration, with William A. Deiss, Smithsonian Archives. Luna Lambert, North Carolina State University. Study of nineteenth-century skates at the Smithsonian, with Rodris C. Roth, Department of Cultural History. Darroll A. Midgette, George Washington University. Supported by the Elsie Shaver Scholarship. Study of newspaper materials related to the life of Dorothy Shaver, with Claudia B. Kidwell, Division of Costumes and Fur- nishings. Theresa D. Shellcroft, University of Pittsburgh. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Studies conducted with black per- formers and craftspeople in the Festival of American Folklife, with Bernice J. Reagon, Division of Performing Arts. Lisa Soderberg, George Washington University. Study of the role of Adelaide Johnson in the early women's movement, with Edith P. Mayo, Department of National and Military History. Sherri L. Tucker, Northwestern University. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Studies conducted with the African Diaspora section of the Festival of American Folklife, with Bernice J. Reagon, Division of Performing Arts. Program in Anthropology Louisa Beyer, George Washington University. Study of discrimination of sex in human sacra by multivariate analysis, with J. Lawrence Angel, Department of Anthropology. Joan Gardner, George Washington University. Research into the life ways of the aboriginal inhabitants of the archeological site of Spiro, Oklahoma, as can be interpreted from the collection of objects at the Smithsonian, with William W. Fitzhugh and Waldo R. Wedel, Department of Anthropology. Susan Golla, Columbia University. Study of continuity and change in the symbolic structure of Nootka myth and ritual, with William C. Sturtevant, Department of Anthropology. 416 / Smithsonian Year 1976 M. Michael Maloney, American University. Research on use of visual evidence in the study of man focusing on development of ethnographic film, with E. Richard Sorenson, National Anthropological Film Center. Bonnie Poswall, California State University, Sacramento. Research in paleo- epidemiology, with Donald J. Ortner, Department of Anthropology. Joseph W. Price, Howard University. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Study of the chemical composition of dental enamel, with Lucile St. Hoyme, Department of Anthropology. Elaine Richman, University of Maryland School of Medicine. Study of the histological structure of bone in three prehistoric populations, With Donald J. Ortner, Department of Anthropology. Environmental Sciences Stephen Ralph, University of Washington. Study to describe behavioral parameters of a small local population of Turkey Vulture at Front Royal, Virginia, with Eugene S. Morton, National Zoological Park. Roger Zimmerman, University of Puerto Rico. Studies of the feeding ecology of Gammaridean Amphipods from Indian River sea grass beds in Florida, with David K. Young, Fort Pierce Bureau. Evolutionary and Systematic Biology David Bohaska, Texas Technical University. Study of fossil cetaceans, par- ticularly Zarhachis, with Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Department of Paleobiology. Victor E. Diersing, University of Illinois. Systematic revision of the species Sylvilagus floridanus (Allen) of North and South America, with Charles O. Handley, Jr., Department of Vertebrate Zoology. Exequiel Gonzalez Balbontin, Universidad Catolica de Chile. Study of amphi- poda taxonomy, with Thomas E. Bowman, Department of Invertebrate Zoology. Robin Lighty, Duke University. Studies in carbonate sedimentology, in par- ticular, the depositional diagenetic history of a drowned Holocene reef in southeast Florida, with Ian G. Maclntyre, Department of Paleobiology. James F. McKinney, Old Dominion University. Study of systematics and taxonomy of the goboid fish genus Callogobius, with Ernest A. Lachner, Department of Vertebrate Zoology. Larry D. McKinney, Texas A & M University. Distribution of benthic amphi- pods in the Yucatan area of the Gulf of Mexico, with J. L. Barnard, Depart- ment of Invetebrate Zoology. Joaquin Bueno Soria, Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico. Study of the systematics of the caddis flies (Trichoptera), with Oliver S. Flint, Jr., Department of Entomology. Sara P. Stubblefield, Cornell University. Study of Devonian lycopods, with Francis M. Hueber, Department of Paleobiology. Cathy Tate, Virginia Commonwealth University. Study of variations among short-tailed shrews in central Virginia, with Charles O. Handley, Department of Vertebrate Zoology. Robert E. Weems, George Washington University. Preparation of Triassic skeletal material of a new type of reptile and research on its relationship with Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 417 other described materials, with Nicholas Hotton III, Department of Paleo- biology. Program in the History of Art Philip Brookman, University of California, Santa Cruz. Studies in exhibit design and installation, with Joseph M. Shannon, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Barbara R. Butts, Rutgers College. Research for upcoming exhibitions, with Cynthia J. McCabe, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. H. Nicholas Clark, University of Delaware. Studies of the permanent collec- tions at the Hirshhorn Museum, with Inez Garson, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Joyce K. Guiliani, Georgetown University. Study of the operation of the regis- trar's department of a major museum, with Patricia H. Chieffo, National Collection of Fine Arts. Nancy Idaka, Hunter College. Research in the Department of Painting and Sculpture, with Judith K. Zilczer, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Catherine A. Kaputa, Harvard University. Research on late Momoyama and early Edo period painting in Japan, with Harold P. Stern, Freer Gallery of Art. Michael G. Lawrence, Case Western Reserve University. Preparing labels, handcuts, telesonic tapes, etc., for future exhibitions, with Mary Ann Tighe, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. William Lynn, Georgetown University. Research and study in the silk screen lab, with Val E. Lewton, National Collection of Fine Arts. Ted L. Pearson, The Maryland Institute College of Art. Study and research of design and installation, with Mary Ann Tighe and Hal M. Pauley, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Richard Powell, Howard University. Study of Afro-American printmakers, with Janet A. Flint, National Collection of Fine Arts. Nancy R. Shields, Rutgers University. Study of museum educational programs, with Mary Ann Tighe, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Maria D. Suarez, Harvard University. Study of museum educational programs, with Mary Ann Tighe, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Pam Theodoredis, University of Delaware. Research and exhibition of art work of the mentally and physically handicapped, with Patricia H. Chieffo, National Collection of Fine Arts. Aimee B. Troyen, Yale University. Preparation of supplement to Inaugural Catalogue and research on paintings, with Inez Garson, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Susan P. Wertheimer, Johns Hopkins University. Research on photographic material for the Bicentennial Exhibition at the Hirshhorn, with Mary Ann Tighe, and Cynthia J. McCabe, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Program in the History of Science and Technology John Commander, University of Maryland. The influence of the atomism de- bate on the scientific community, 1894-1906, with Paul A. Hanle, Department of Science and Technology. 418 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Steven J. Dick, Indiana University. Research in the history of astronomy through the study of instruments, with Deborah J. Warner, Department of Science and Technology. Kathryn M. Igoe, George Washington University. Preparation and production of a large scale exhibition, with Paul A. Hanle, Department of Science and Technology. Ormond Loomis, Indiana University. Comparative study of concepts in living historical farms and folk museums, with John T. Schlebecker, Department of Science and Technology. Program in Tropical Biology Ruth Chadab, University of Connecticut. Study of Army Ant raiding behavior, with Michael H. Robinson, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. Art Museum Fellows — National Collection of Fine Arts Celia Betsky, Yale University. Cataloguing and research on twentieth-century American painting, with Karen M. Adams, National Collection of Fine Arts. Ildiko De Angelis, S.U.N.Y., Binghampton. Studies in educational and esthetic presentation of art objects, with Patricia H. Chieffo, National Collection of Fine Arts. Stephanie Newman, University of Virginia. Work in silk-screen shop and Discover Graphics workshop, with Patricia H. Chieffo, National Collection of Fine Arts. Neil Printz, University of Michigan. Studies in educational and esthetic pre- sentation of art objects, with Patricia H. Chieffo, National Collection of Fine Arts. National Endowment for the Humanities-National Portrait Gallery Interns Anita E. Jones, Wake Forest University. Studies in the use of material objects as historical documents, with Beverly J. Cox, National Portrait Gallery. Martha Sandweiss, Harvard University. Studies in the use of material objects as historical documents, with Beverly J. Cox, National Portrait Gallery. National Zoological Park Research Students Penn Richard Chu, University of Maryland. Work on the social behavior of giant pandas, with Devra G. Kleiman, Office of Zoological Research. Todd McL. Davis, George Washington University. Research on agonistic be- havior in degus, with Devra G. Kleiman, Office of Zoological Research. A. Lang Elliott, University of Maryland. Research on the eastern chipmunk, with John F. Eisenberg, Office of Zoological Research. Susan Farabaugh, University of Maryland. Investigations into the vocal de- velopment in Panamanian wrens, with Eugene S. Morton, Office of Zoological Research. Rebecca Field, Johns Hopkins University. Analysis of wolf vocalizations, with John F. Eisenberg, Office of Zoological Research. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 419 David Kessler, University of Maryland. Work in the ontgeny of lesser pandas, with Devra G. Kleiman, Office of Zoological Research. Christine Shonewald, University of Maryland. Investigations of the courtship behavior of acouchis, with John F. Eisenberg, Office of Zoological Research. Susan C. Wilson, Open University, London. Work in the ontogeny and play behavior in four rodent species, with Devra G. Kleiman, Office of Zoological Research. PROFESSIONAL INTERNSHIPS Philip K. Ensley, D.V.M., Tuskegee Institute. Specialized training in exotic animal medicine, with Clinton W. Gray, National Zoological Park, from June 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976. Paula E. Rabkin, M.A., Yale University. Advanced training in archival and editorial skills, with William C. Sturtevant, Center for the Study of Man, from August 17, 1975, through August 16, 1976. MUSEUM STUDY STUDENTS Miriam Arond, University of Pennsylvania. Studies with the Public Informa- tion section of the Festival of American Folklife, with Susanne B. Roschwalb, Division of Performing Arts. Margaret Baird, University of Massachusetts. Study of hand production of cloth in eighteenth-/nineteenth-century America, with Rita J. Adrosko, Division of Textiles. Pamela Brackenbury, California State Polytechnic University. Preparation of Archives finding aid, with William A. Deiss, Smithsonian Archives. Michael Brazley, Howard University. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Research assistant in Architectural History project, with Cynthia A. Field, Smithsonian Fellow, Architectural History project. Michael D. Cabell, Virginia State College. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Studies in the management of geo- logical collections, with Frederick J. Collier, Department of Paleobiology. Christina K. Chambers, University of Connecticut. Basic museological studies in paleobiology, with Frederick J. Collier, Department of Paleobiology. Nancy S. Costales, Scripps College. Studies in concert and festival production, with B. C. May, Division of Performing Arts. Arthur L. Cramp, University of Wisconsin, La Crosse. Research for the book Losf Washington, with James M. Goode, Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building. Christie Dailey, Michigan State University. Study on museum methodology emphasizing registration techniques, with Donald E. Kloster, Department of National and Military History. Carol M. Daye, Howard University. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Analyzing, organizing, and editing unpublished documents, with Nathan Reingold, Editor, Joseph Henry Papers. Sharon Eubanks, Mississippi State University. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Preparation of a bibliography for living 420 / Smithsonian Year 1976 historical farms and for agricultural museums, with John T. Schlebecker, Department of Industries. Gretchen Geiger, Marymount College. Studies in display designs for the Public Information section of the Festival of American Folklife, with Susanne B. Roschwalb, Division of Performing Arts. Celia Goldman, University of Pennsylvania. Analyzing and studying historical documents, with Nathan Reingold, Editor, Joseph Henry Papers. Mark Goodwin, University of Massachusetts. Studies in the management of vertebrate collections, with Frederick J. Collier, Department of Paleobiology. Mollie Higbie, University of California, Santa Cruz. Studies in information techniques at the Festival of American Folklife, with Susanne B. Roschwalb, Division of Performing Arts. Margaret Holub, University of California,' Santa Cruz. Studies in the demon- stration of traditional crafts with the children's area of the Festival of American Folklife, with Barbara S. Melnicove, Division of Performing Arts. John Hopkins, Skidmore College. Research of demolished buildings in Wash- ington, D.C., with James M. Goode, Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building. Margaret H. Kavalaris, University of California, Berkeley. Analyzing, organiz- ing, and editing historical documents, with Nathan Reingold, Editor, Joseph Henry Papers. Janet Kennelly, University of Maryland. Research of demolished buildings in Washington, D.C., with James M. Goode, Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building. Kathryn Kuranda, Dickinson College. Research for the Old Ways in the New World section of the Festival of American Folklife, with Susan J. Kalcik, Division of Performing Arts. David Lucas, Carnegie-Mellon University. Supported by a grant from the William Randolph Hearst Foundation. Organizational research projects for high school students and graphic design work, with Teresa C. Grana, National Collection of Fine Arts. Rita C. Lynch, Pitzer College. Analyzing and studying historical documents, with Nathan Reingold, Editor, Joseph Henry Papers. Linda Mason, Cornell University. Studies in photographic documentation of the Festival of American Folklife, with Susanne B. Roschwalb, Division of Performing Arts. John C. Miller, American University. Research of demolished buildings in Washington, D.C., with James M. Goode, Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building. Carl Moore, University of California, Santa Cruz. Work with African Diaspora at the Festival of American Folklife, with Bernice J. Reagon, Division of Performing Arts. Kimberley Ann Parmele, University of California, Berkeley. Studies with the diplomatic coordinator at the Festival of American Folklife, with Manuel J. Melendez, Division of Performing Arts. Michelle M. Schultz, Kirkland College. Collecting and processing material from ex-Peace Corps volunteers, with James R. Glenn, National Anthropologi- cal Archives. Nancy Sherwood, St. Mary's College of Maryland. Studies in the classification of fossils, with Frederick J. Collier, Department of Paleobiology. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I All Carol Slatkin, Brooklyn College Graduate School of Radio and Television. Studies in liason techniques for the Festival of American Folklife, with Susanne B. Roschwalb, Division of Performing Arts. Margaret Tribe, American University. Preparation of Family Folklore materials for the Festival of American Folklife, with Steven J. Zeitlin, Division of Performing Arts. Mary P. Trifone, University of Massachusetts. General studies in physical anthropology, with Lucile St. Hoyme, Department of Anthropology. Sandra Turkowitz, Skidmore College. Restoration and installation of exhibits for the 1876 Centennial Exhibition, with Deborah J. Warner, Department of Science and Technology. Dale Walker, Denison University. Study of general laboratory techniques in the care and accessioning of human skeletal material, with J. Lawrence Angel, Department of Anthropology. Judy White, University of Pennsylvania. Studies in liason techniques for the Festival of American Folklife, with Susanne B. Roschwalb, Division of Per- forming Arts. Leslie Winn, American University. Analyzing, organizing, and editing histori- cal documents, with Nathan Reingold, Editor, Joseph Henry Papers. Rebecca Zurier, Harvard University. Studies in architectural history of the Arts and Industries Building, with Cynthia A. Field, Smithsonian Fellow, Architectural History Project. CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES WORK/LEARN STUDENTS IN 1976 Thomas Andres, Bennington College. Successful Analysis of Forest Tree Populations, Dr. David Correll. Rose Lee Armstrong, University of Pittsburgh. Primary Productivity in Grass- land Communities, Dr. John Falk. David Burns, University of Virginia. Leaf Litter Production in Forest Com- munities, Dr. David Correll. Bonnie Fauth, Utah State University. Outdoor Environmental Education Cur- riculum Development, Dr. John Falk. Eve S. Hiatt, University of Texas at Austin. Structure and Function of Com- munities of Terrestrial Vertebrates and Arthropods. Clifton Houghton, Gettysburg College. Land Use History in the Rhode River Watershed, Ms. Amy Hiatt. Anne C. Jackson, Cook College, Rutgers University. Estuarine Microbiology, Dr. Maria Faust. Julie Ann Kinney, University of Texas at Austin. Estuarine Microbiology, Dr. Maria Faust. Virginia Kirby, University of Arizona. Behavioral Ecology of Foraging Birds, Dr. James Lynch. Beth Meister, Cook College. Compendium of Edible Lawn Plants, Dr. John Falk. Sara Nielsen, University of Michigan. The Federal Role in Non-Point Source Pollution Control, Dr. Kevin Sullivan. 422 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Marc C. Percy, Stanford University. Alternative Strategies for the Preserva- tion of Agricultural Land, Dr. Kevin Sullivan. Kimberly Jean Perry, Vassar College. Fecal Contamination of Soil in a Culti- vated Watershed, Dr. Maria Faust. Thomas Powers, Anne Arundel Community College. Productivity of Lawn Grasses in a Man-Altered Environment, Dr. John Falk. Donald A. Shute, University of Illinois. Leaf Litter Production in Forest Communities, Dr. David Correll. Jennifer G. Smith, University of North Carolina. Primary Productivity of Man-Altered Grassland Sites. Ruth Aronson, Cornell University; Jane Creuss, University of California; Thane Maynard, Rollins College; Nancy Seibel, University of Wisconsin- Program Leaders, Summer Ecology Program. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE SHORT-TERM FELLOWSHIPS IN TROPICAL BIOLOGY The Edward John Noble Foundation Tania Beliz, Universidad de Panama Stephen Buchmann, University of California Karen Clary, Texas A&M University Edward Connor, Florida State University John Dean, University College of North Wales Beverly Dugan, University of Tennessee Harry Greene, University of Tennessee Alan Jaslow, University of Michigan Lawrence Kirkendall, University of Michigan Suzane Koptur, University of Michigan Katherine Lee and Thomas Verhoeven, Oregon State University Susan Libonati-Barnes, University of Washington Marcia Little, Cornell University Katharine Milton, New York University Jaiber Monjarrez, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia Ana Montalvan Elpidio Pineda, Universidad de Panama Mary E. Power, University of Washington Gregg Redmann, Harvard University James Russell, University of North Carolina Lynn Siri, University of California Kim Steiner, University of California Frances Stier, University of Arizona Fritz Vollrath, Albert-Ludwigs-Universitat, Germany Norris Williams, Florida State University EXXON Corporation Franklin Batista, Universidad de Panama Carmen Chang, Universidad de Panama Fernando Chang, Universidad de Panama Fernando Crastz, Universidad de Panama Stella Guerrero, Universidad del Valle, Cali, Colombia Amalia Herrera, Universidad de Panama Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 423 Jaime Hun, Universidad de Panama Rudolfo Mendoza, Universidad de Panama Magaly Ojeda, Instituto Venezolano de Investigaciones Cientificas Richard Peralta, Universidad de Panama Patricio Sanchez, Universidad Catolica de Chile Rene Torres, Universidad de Panama Doris Vergara, Universidad de Panama Gloria B. de Yee, Universidad de Panama Henry B. and Grace Doherty Foundation Bonnie Jean Davis, San Francisco State University Rita Denny, University of Pennsylvania Chantal De Ridder, Universite Libre de Bruxelles Douglas Diener, Scripps Institution of Oceanography Joseph Dudley, University of Chicago Gail Irvine, University of Washington Pablo Jourdan, College of the Virgin Islands Howard Lasker, University of Chicago Henry Lee, University of North Carolina Susan Oldfield, Queen Mary College, University of London Allison Richard Palmer, University of Washington Richard Yeaton, University of Pennsylvania 424 / Smithsonian Year 1976 APPENDIX 8. Smithsonian Associates Membership, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 CONTRIBUTING MEMBERSHIPS FOUNDER MEMBERS ($1,000 and above) Mr. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Mr. Robert P. Caldwell Mr. Alfred C. Glassell The Honorable George C. McGhee The Honorable Frederick W. Richmond Mr. Arthur A. Seeligson SUSTAINING MEMBERS ($500 and above) Mr. William S. Anderson Mrs. Anna Bing Arnold Mr. George Arrowsmith Mr. Keith S. Brown The Honorable and Mrs. John W. Hechinger Mr. and Mrs. Mandell J. Ourisman Ms. Deborah Perry DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and up) Mrs. Howard Ahmanson Mr. Ivan Allen, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David R. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. E. B. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Emmet D. Anderson Mr. Joseph R. Anderson Mr. Myron Anderson Mr. John D. Archbold Mr. John E. Baker Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlett Mr. and Mrs. John H. Bernard Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Bernett Mr. and Mrs. Steven Bershader Mr. Richard Lee Birchler Mr. H. Harold Bishop Mr. and Mrs. Robert O. Blake Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Bogan Ms. Joan V. Bonk Mr. Maxwell Brace Mr. Glenn M. Branch Mr. J. Bruce Bredin Mr. and Mrs. Brent Breedin Mr. and Mrs. Larry Buettner Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Buhler Mr. and Mrs. I. Townsend Burden III The Honorable and Mrs. William A. M. Burden Mrs. Jackson Burke Mrs. Clara May Burns Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Burns Dr. and Mrs. J. A. Burwell Mr. Marion B. Busch Mr. E. T. Byram Mr. Carlton E. Byrne Dr. and Mrs. Charles M. Cabaniss Mr. and Mrs. Carter Cafritz Mr. and Mrs. Leo A. Carten Mrs. Priscilla M. Christy Mr. Blake Clark Mr. and Mrs. Jerald L. Clark Colonel and Mrs. Russell C. Coile Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Corbet Mr. Stephen F. Crum Mr. and Mrs. David R. Dear Dr. and Mrs. Lewis H. Dennis General Jacob L. Devers Dr. and Mrs. Kevin P. Donohue Captain and Mrs. Robert F. Doss Mr. Alden Lowell Doud Dr. and Mrs. Joseph S. Drage Appendix 8. Smithsonian Associates I 425 Mr. Wilson A. Draughon Mrs. Helen Jean Arthur Dunn Mr. George M. Elsey Mr. and Mrs. John G. Esswein Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans, Jr. Mr. Robert W. Fleming Mr. David Fogelson The Honorable and Mrs. Edward Foley Mr. Richard E. Ford Miss Helen E. Forshier Mrs. Rowland G. Freeman Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Fribourg Mr. William C. Frogale Mr. and Mrs. Geoffrey S. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mr. T. Jack Gary, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Roswell L. Gilpatric Mr. and Mrs. T. K. Glennan Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Goldberg Colonel and Mrs. Julius Goldstein Mrs. Bette C. Graham Mrs. Katharine Graham Captain and Mrs. C. A. Grandjean Dr. Sheila H. Gray Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth M. Grubb Mr. John F. Gunnell Mr. and Mrs. Ernest V. Hallberg, Jr. Mrs. E. P. Hand Mr. Gordon Hanes Ms. Morella R. Hansen Mr. Thomas Hays Mr. and Mrs. John Heard Mrs. Judith B. Heimach Ms. Alverne S. Hellenthal Dr. and Mrs. L. M. Hellman Mr. Jeffrey L. Hendry Mr. and Mrs. William B. Hewitt Mr. Robert A. Hicks Dr. J. D. Hills Commander and Mrs. Robert M. Hinton Mr. and Mrs. L. Hoffman Dr. and Mrs. John B. Holden Mr. Arthur A. Houghton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William R. Hunter Mr. Claude D. Hurd Mr. F. I. Hutchins Mrs. S. T. Inglish Dr. Glenn James Mr. David B. Jenkins Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Jenks Colonel and Mrs. F. M. Johnson, Jr. Mr. Daniel C. Kaye Mr. Harris L. Kempner Mr. Walter H. Kidd Mr. Charles T. Kindsvatter Mr. John S. Kingdon Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Knee Mr. Lawrence E. Korwin Mr. and Mrs. A. Scheffer Lang Mr. and Mrs. Anthony A. Lapham Dr. and Mrs. K. C. Latven Mrs. George Lear The Honorable and Mrs. Edward H. Levi Mr. George E. Lien Mr. Harold Linder Mr. Benjamin H. Long Mrs. John E. Long Ms. Genevieve Lukawiecki Mr. Frank R. Lyons, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Anthony J. Maciorowski Mrs. J. Noel Macy The Honorable and Mrs. Leonard H. Marks Mr. and Mrs. Larry B. Marton Mr. Michael E. Mazer Mr. Donald L. McCathran Mr. and Mrs. Lacy McClain Dr. and Mrs. John J. McGrath Mr. Harold E. Mertz Mr. and Mrs. Alfred A. Michaud Miss Elizabeth Milbank Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkbride Miller Mr. and Mrs. J. Edward Moore Mr. and Mrs. Carl J. Mulert Mr. and Mrs. James H. Muncy Mr. John F. Murphy Mr. C. Edward Murray, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Bruce Nelson Dr. and Mrs. Dwight Newman Mr. Thomas S. Nichols Mrs. John Nuveen Mr. Robert O'Brien Mr. and Mrs. Howard F. O'Neil Mr. and Mrs. Guyon P. Pancer Mr. Steven A. Pate Miss Ruth Uppercu Paul Mr. Louis Peller Mr. James P. Perry- Mr. Jack Peterson Mr. and Mrs. Donald A. Petrie Mrs. Charles E. Phillips Ms. Rae H. Pickrel Mr. and Mrs. Dwight J. Porter Mr. and Mrs. William M. Porter Mr. and Mrs. A. M. Prado Dr. and Mrs. Jerold Principato 426 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mrs. Dow Puckett Mr. Cyrus J. Quinn Dr. and Mrs. Ernest G. Rafey Mr. and Mrs. Michael M. Rea Mr. and Mrs. Eugene L. Reagan Dr. Michael J. Reilly Mr. Don Rhodes Mr. John M. Rhodes Mr. James H. Ripley Mrs. David Roberts III Mr. Walter P. Robinson, Jr. Mr. William R. Salomon Mr. Michael F. Sawyer Mr. and Mrs. Morton Schomer Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Shubert Mr. Lloyd E. Schuster Ms. Marjorie H. Scribner Miss Carolynne Seeman Mr. James G. Shakman Mr. Donald W. Shaw Mr. Peter L. Sheldon Mr. and Mrs. George Sherman Mr. M. D. Shewmaker Mr. and Mrs. Jack Silberman Mrs. James Sinkler Mr. and Mrs. Robert Sivard Mr. Sanford Slavin Mr. and Mrs. Raymond L. Smart Mr. and Mrs. Dean Smith Ms. Shirley A. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence P. Snipper Mr. Brian R. Somers Mr. Edward W. Spears Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Spriggs Dr. and Mrs. T. Dale Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Thomas A. Sulkie Commander Edward J. Sullivan Dr. Philip B. Sullivan Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger Mrs. Martha Frick Symington Mr. John E. Toole Mr. and Mrs. David G. Townsend Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Trentman Mr. William C. Treuhaft Truland Foundation United Steelworkers of America Dr. Jeremy P. Waletzky Mrs. Barbara R. Walsh Mr. and Mrs. Ray Watkins Mr. Arnold Watson The Honorable and Mrs. James E. Webb Mr. Fred Week Mr. and Mrs. William S. Weedon Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Westreich Mr. and Mrs. Peter White Mr. James L. Whitehead Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Widmann Mrs. Vivian Wildman Mr. Julius Wile Mrs. David Wilstein Mrs. Mark Winkler Mr. and Mrs. Curtin Winsor Dr. and Mrs. Allan Y. Wolins Mr. and Mrs. Herman Wouk Mr. and Mrs. Samuel E. Zimmerman SUPPORTING MEMBERS ($50 or more) Mrs. Ann Duncan Adams Mr. and Mrs. John C. Ahlers Mr. Robert R. Aitken Mr. Jose P. I. Albanez Mr. W. W. Alexander Mr. and Mrs. Stanley N. Allan Mr. and Mrs. James W. Allen Mr. Woodley A. Allen Mr. James G. Andrews Mr. Arthur C. Ansley Miss Rose C. Anthony Mr. and Mrs. M. B. Antrim Mr. and Mrs. John J. Arcuri Mr. and Mrs. Rudolph Arkin Mr. and Mrs. John W. Auchincloss Mrs. Evelyn A. Azarchi Mr. Michael H. Bailey Mr. and Mrs. John S. Bainbridge Miss Josephine Ballinger Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Barnes Lieutenant General and Mrs. Earl W. Barnes Mr. and Mrs. Paul S. Bauer Mr. and Mrs. Martin E. Bayol Mr. Norman B. Belecki Mr. Thomas Bellinger Mr. and Mrs. James Bellows Dr. Jeffrey Berenberg Mr. L. Bergland Mrs. Thelma Berkley Mr. Samuel W. Bernheimer Dr. and Mrs. James F. Bing Ms. Jill S. Bixler Mr. and Mrs. Charles Blackledge Mrs. Anthony F. Blanks Mr. Frank Bliss, Jr. Mr. Donn W. Block Mr. Robert F. Bodrogy Appendix 8. Smithsonian Associates I 427 Mr. and Mrs. Mel H. Bolster The Honorable Frances P. Bolton The Honorable and Mrs. Philip W. Bonsai Mr. Arthur S. Boraca Mr. Vincent B. Boris Mr. and Mrs. F. Borowsky Mr. John Henderson Boswell, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Bowles Mr. and Mrs. John Boyd Colonel and Mrs. John R. Boyd Dr. P. H. Boyer Ms. Eugenie Rowe Bradford Miss Evelyn W. Bradshaw Mr. Raymond A. Brady Dr. William L. Brannon, Jr. Dr. James C. Bray Mr. Edward T. Brooks Mr. and Mrs. Harold D. Brown Mr. J. James Brown Mr. and Mrs. Percival F. Brundage Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Bryant Mr. Jackson R. Bryer Mr. Donald J. Buckmann Mr. Edward P. Bullock Mr. and Mrs. James M. Burger Ms. Barbara Burklew Mr. Richard Scott Burow Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Calhoun Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Callahan Mr. and Mrs. B. Cameron, Jr. Mr. M. Cane Dr. Francis Caponegro, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Woolsey Carmalt Mr. Harvey Carmel Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Carpenter Mr. Philip L. Carret Mr. and Mrs. Douglas H. Carter Mr. and Mrs. Edmund L. Castillo Mr. and Mrs. James C. Castillo Mr. Sabastino J. Castro The Honorable and Mrs. Henry E. Catto, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Chackin Mr. and Mrs. James G. Chandler Mr. Joel Chaseman Ms. Gabrielle Choy Mrs. Harold W. Cheel Mr. K. Dexter Cheney Mr. Henry C. Christie Mr. and Mrs. Page B. Clagett Mr. Ludwig R. Claps Mr. Charles F. Cleland Dr. and Mrs. David G. Cogan Mr. Edward J. Cohen Mr. and Mrs. Thomas F. Comick Mr. Robert M. Comly Mrs. Ethel Conlisk Mr. and Mrs. James R. Connell Mr. Leonardo Contardo Mr. and Mrs. A. George Cook Mr. William J. Cooper Mr. Thomas G. Corcoran, Jr. Mrs. Mildred S. Corrigan Ms. Patricia D. W. Counts Mr. and Mrs. Howard V. Covell Mrs. Logan O. Cowgill Miss Mary L. Cox Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Cox Mrs. W. C. Cox Ms. Patricia E. Coyle Mr. David M. Crabtree Mr. F. L. Cromwell Ms. Linda F. Crouse Mrs. Linda Cooper Crow Ms. Judith C. Croxton Mr. George A. Crump Mr. Carl R. Culbas Mr. and Mrs. William B. Culver Dr. and Mrs. W. T. Cunningham Mrs. Chester Dale Ms. Winifred B. Dana Captain and Mrs. R. L. Daniels Mr. and Mrs. C. N. Davis Mr. and Mrs. F. Elwood Davis Ms. Olivia Davis Mrs. Alva A. Dawson Mr. and Mrs. Guy L. De Furia Mr. Silvester De Thomasis Mr. Alan L. Dean Ms. Marie Debacker Ms. Cassandra H. Deck Major General and Mrs. Oren E. DeHaven Ms. Elena Delacio Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Richard Delaney Captain and Mrs. Victor Delano Mr. Howard Dellon Mr. Vinel E. Dent Mr. Wallace DeWitt Miss Patricia Anne Dick Miss Mary C. Dillingham Mr. R. Samuel Dillon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Dimick Mr. and Mrs. Allen T. Dittman Mr. George A. Doole Mr. and Mrs. Tom Dooley Mr. James A. Dorsch Mr. David M. Dorsen 428 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth H. Drummond Mr. and Mrs. Richard Dubin Mr. and Mrs. Donald A. Duffy Mr. A. P. Dumas, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. H. Stewart Dunn, Jr. Lieutenant Colonel and Mrs. John J. Durant Mr. Philip A. Dusault Ms. Elizabeth M. Earley Mr. and Mrs. John F. Early Dr. Anthony M. Eaton General and Mrs. Richard J. Eaton Mr. and Mrs. Theodore M. Edison Mr. Chester R. Edwards Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Eichholz Miss Lynette F. Eltinge Mr. Pleasanton H. Ennis Mrs. Lionel C. Epstein Mrs. Philip H. Erbes Miss Ann E. Erdman Mr. Timothy Evans Mr. Henry Eyl Mr. and Mrs. Irving Feist Colonel and Mrs. J. J. Felmley Mr. and Mrs. Arthur R. Fillebrown Mr. I. Avrum Fingeret Mr. and Mrs. Thomas D. Finney, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. S. Greenhoot Fischer Mr. and Mrs. Joel H. Fisher Mr. Kenneth P. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Ronald Fisher Dr. and Mrs. A. L. Fjordbotten Mr. Edwin F. Fleischman Mrs. Julius Fleischmann Mr. Harlan B. Forbes, Jr. Mr. Earl M. Foreman Mr. H. Jeff Fossett III Mr. John H. Foster Mr. Joel Burr Fowler II Mr. Mark Fox Mr. and Mrs. Raymond R. Fox Dr. and Mrs. Irwin J. Fredman Mr. Gordon Freedman Mr. C. 5. Gardner Mrs. Virginia B. Garvey Mr. Zachary Paul Geaneas Mr. Jack Lewis Geller Ms. Frances A. Giacobbe Dr. and Mrs. Roy S. Gillinson Mr. John M. Goehner Miss Elinor Goodspeed Mr. and Mrs. Willliam Goshorn Mr. G. Gowans Mr. and Mrs. Moses J. Gozonsky Ms. Betty R. Graham Mr. William F. Graney Mr. and Mrs. John Grattan Dr. and Mrs. Frank D. Gray, Jr. Mr. Thomas E. Greathouse Dr. and Mrs. Louis Greenberg Dr. and Mrs. James B. Gregory Mr. and Mrs. Donald B. Gridley Miss Jeanne Griest Dr. and Mrs. Lindsay I. Griffin III Mr. Sam Griffith Mrs. Hubert L. Grigault Mr. and Mrs. Robert Groberg Dr. and Mrs. C. D. Groover Mr. John H. Groth Mr. Joseph Guilietti, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Hans Gunzenhauser Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Guttag Mr. John L. Hafenrichter Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Hagemeyer Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Halpern Miss Marion S. Halsey Mr. Courtney C. Hamilton Dr. and Mrs. William F. Hamilton, Jr. Miss Eileen M. Hardy Dr. James C. Harris Mr. and Mrs. Allen Harrison Mr. Peter M. Hart Mr. David T. Harvey, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Harwell, Jr. Mr. Philip H. Haselton Mr. Warren W. Hastings Mr. George A. Hatzes, Jr. Mr. Gerald Hawkins Ms. Mercedes Hearn Major Charles E. Heimach Mr. Ray Heiskell Mr. Ralph D. Helwig Ms. Mary Stanley Henderson Dr. Walter L. Henry Mrs. Nona G. Herndon Mr. Alan R. Hill Mr. Charles H. Himman Mr. William M. Hines Mrs. J. H. Ward Hinkson Mr. Joseph U. Hinshaw Mr. and Mrs. Charles J. Hitch Mr. Michael R. Hoffman Mr. E. Roberts Hofsas Mr. Roger E. Holtman Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Horning, Jr. Mr. Arthur M. Horst Mr. Alfred Preston Howland Mr. and Mrs. James H. Hughes Mr. Nicholas D. P. Hughes Mr. John L. Hughes-Caley Appendix 8. Smithsonian Associates I 429 Ms. Sally Hunter Mr. and Mrs. James D. Hurd Miss Ann Hyde Mr. and Mrs. James M. Idema Mrs. S. H. Ingersoll Mr. Harald W. Jacobson Mr. W. N. Jersin Mr. and Mrs. David D. Johnson Dr. Donald A. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Irwin B. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. John B. Jones, Jr. Mr. Mitchell F. Jones, Jr. Mr. R. E. Jones, Jr. Lieutenant Colonel W. B. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Michael Joseph Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Jung Mr. John M. Kalbermatten Mr. James B. Karickhoff Ms. Monna Y. Kauppinen Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Kaye Mr. E. J. Kazanowski Mr. and Mrs. Earl W. Keegan Mr. Thomas M. Keeling Mrs. George C. Keiser Mr. Robert C. Keller, Jr. Mr. Morrie Kellman Mr. Stephen D. Kelly Mr. and Mrs. William Kenety Mr. W. John Kenney Ms. Anna Marie Kent Mr. Andrew A. Kerhulas, Jr. Mr. William R. Kerivan Dr. Harold King Ms. Susan C. Kirkby Mr. Kenneth W. Klein Mr. Wily W. Knighten Mr. and Mrs. Allison J. Koberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Michael J. Koliss Dr. and Mrs. M. C. Korengold Mr. and Mrs. Bogumil Kosciesza Mr. Robert Myles Koteen Mr. Michael Kraft Mr. Albert Kramer Mr. and Mrs. R. L. Kranker Lieutenant Colonel Barton Krawetz Mr. R. P. Kressley, Sr. Major and Mrs. A. N. Kropf Miss S. Victoria Krusiewski Mr. Stanley J. Kuliczkowski Mr. and Mrs. Edward Kwalwasser Mrs. Wesley M. Kyle, Jr. Mr. William P. La Plant, Jr. Mr. Albert J. Laflam Mr. Glenn G. Lamson, Jr. Mr. John Lanchak Mr. and Mrs. Felix J. Lapinski Mr. David Lasser Mr. Hugh Leroy Latham Mr. John T. Lawrence Ms. Ella Jean Layman Mr. and Mrs. Richard M. Lederer Mr. James A. Lee Colonel and Mrs. Jack L. Leggett Mr. and Mrs. Stanley W. Legro Mrs. E. R. Leng Mr. Richard J. Leonard Dr. and Mrs. Carl M. Leventhal Mr. and Mrs. Ernest E. Lewis Mr. Morgan Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Liebhardt Mr. Frank W. Lindenberger Dr. and Mrs. D. A. Lindquist Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey Miss Jane T. Lingo Mr. R. Robert Linowes Mr. and Mrs. Sol M. Linowitz Ms. Harriet K. Lloyd Dr. Kathleen E. Lloyd Dr. P. Loe Ms. Ursula G. Lohmann Mr. Paul C. Loizeaux Mr. and Mrs. Tom H. W. Loomis Mr. Durate A. Lopez Mr. Richard G. Loutsch Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Low Mr. William Lowenthal Mr. Harry Lunn Mrs. Audrey Luster Mr. J. Robert MacNaughton Mr. Rex A. Maddox Mrs. James T. Magee Captain Ronald L. Magee Mrs. Isabel C. Mahaffie Dr. Hunter E. Malloy Mr. Robert W. Mann Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mannes Mr. and Mrs. D. Manns Major and Mrs. George S. Mansfield Mr. John W. Margosian Mr. James M. Maroney Mr. Richard Heeman Marshall Mr. P. H. Mathews Ms. Karen Mathiasen Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Maxwell Dr. and Mrs. Francis Mayle, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Joseph S. Mazza Mr. Thomas L. McCamley Mr. Martin E. McCavitt Colonel Stephen McCormick 430 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mr. John P. McCullough Mr. Allan R. McDonald Mr. Charles Vincent McDonald Mr. and Mrs. James P. McDonald Mr. Thomas J. McDowell Mr. and Mrs. J. W. McEachren Mr. Robert C. McGhee Mr. Donn McGiehan Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. McHugh Dr. Richard J. Mcllroy Mr. James S. McKnight Mr. and Mrs. Richard R. McLauglin Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. McMurray Mr. J. Jerome McNally Dr. J. Malcolm McNeill Mr. and Mrs. Max B. McQueen Mr. and Mrs. Richard J. Medalie Dr. Barbara A. Mella Ms. Dorothy B. Melville Mrs. R. B. Menapace Mr. and Mrs. Louis W. Mendonsa Mr. and Mrs. Norman J. Merksamer Mrs. Ida C. Merriam Mr. and Mrs. Harold W. Merritt Mr. David Messent Mr. and Mrs. L. Meyer Dr. and Mrs. David B. Michaels Mr. and Mrs. Gordon K. Milestone Mr. and Mrs. G. R. Milford Mr. and Mrs. G. O. Miller Mr. L. Allen Miller Dr. M. H. Miller Mr. Warren G. Miller Ms. Justine Milliken Mr. Don W. Minium Dr. and Mrs. John Minna Dr. Raymond Mize, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Paul O. Mohn Colonel and Mrs. Kenneth L. Moll Mr. John Molleson Mr. and Mrs. George D. Monk Miss Mary Montoya Mrs. E. P. Moore Mr. Franklin C. Moore Mr. James Moore Mr. Leonard Moretz Dr. and Mrs. James I. Moulthrop Mr. Burnaby Munson Mr. and Mrs. Joseph D. Murphy Mr. Patrick J. Murphy Mr. and Mrs. Edmund Murray Mr. Thomas W. Nawn Mr. and Mrs. Robert E. Newby Mrs. F. C. Noble Mr. and Mrs. Giles R. Norrington Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Norwood Mr. David P. Notley Mr. and Mrs. Paul T. O'Day Mrs. John B. Ogilvie Mr. Thomas O'Hare Mr. Cyprus Omidyar Mr. Brian O'Neill Mrs. Carolyn C. Onufrak Osceola Farms Co. Dr. and Mrs. John Ottina Mr. and Mrs. David J. R. Pales Commander Everett A. Parke Ms. Alice Mengel Parker Dr. David F. Paskausky Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Patrick Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey Patterson Colonel C. Michael Paul Mr. Harry A. Paynter Mr. Raymond Pearlstine Mrs. C. Wesley Peeble, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William C. Penick Mr. George E. Perez Mr. Tucker W. Peterson Captain and Mrs. Charles Phillips Mrs. Frank S. Phillips Mr. Joseph B. Phillips Mr. James H. Pickford Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Pierce Mr. Richard E. Pitts Mr. Dexter 5. Plumlee, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leo Pompliano Mr. and Mrs. Frank T. Pope, Jr. Ms. Laura R. Potter Mr. Jean Poupeau Mrs. James A. Powell Mr. Douglas 5. Price Mr. William R. Probst Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey A. Prussin Miss Inez L. Pulver Dr. Regina A. Puryear Mr. and Mrs. E. Wallace Raabe Miss Ellen R. Ramsey Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Rankin Ms. Isabel M. Rea Mr. and Mrs. Jack Reams Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Reitman Mr. John Arthur Reynolds Mr. John P. Rhodes Mr. Joseph A. Rice Ms. Pat Ridge Mr. Donald W. Riester Mr. and Mrs. Eugene H. Rietzke Dr. Monira K. Rifaat Ms. Jane F. Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Maxwell B. Roberts Appendix 8. Smithsonian Associates I 431 Mr. and Mrs. F. L. Robertson Mr. Hamilton Robinson Dr. and Mrs. S. David Rockoff Mr. William R. Rose III Mr. E. H. Rosenberg Mr. Leon I. Rosenbluth Mr. Robert J. Rovang Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Russo Mrs. John Barry Ryan Mr. and Mrs. Hachemi Saada Dr. and Mrs. Abner Sachs Mrs. Marvin Sadur Dr. and Mrs. David L. Salmon, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Salzman Mr. R. R. Santarossa Mr. and Mrs. David Sapadin Mr. B. Francis Saul II Mr. and Mrs. Thorndike Saville Very Reverend and Mrs. Francis B. Sayre, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. E. Sayers Mr. John K. Scales Lieutenant General George E. Schafer Mr. and Mrs. Paul J. Scheips Mr. Robert J. Schemel Dr. Basil A. Schiff Ms. Penelope L. Schleifer Mrs. Julian L. Schley Mr. Kenneth P. Schmidt Mr. and Mrs. Jacques J. Schoch Miss Greta Schuessler Mr. and Mrs. John H. Schwartz Major and Mrs. T. E. Schwartz Mr. C. W. Scott Dr. Wayne Scott Mr. William R. Scott Mr. and Mrs. Gene F. Seevers Mr. and Mrs. Seymour M. Selig Mr. Lee C. Seligman Mr. F. L. Selvig Mr. Dan E. Shackelford Dr. and Mrs. Gordon T. Shahin Mr. John F. Shaw Mr. John D. Shilling Ms. Donna H. Shor Mr. Arthur Siebel Mr. and Mrs. Alexander W. Sierck Mrs. Ellen Hanna Simmons Mrs. Charles Simon Mr. Kenward L. Sims Colonel and Mrs. C. Haskell Small Mr. Benjamin M. Smith, Jr. Mr. Hugh Stewart Smith Mr. and Mrs. Joe P. Smith Mrs. Myron B. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Larry Snodgrass Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Snyder Mr. and Mrs. Saul Snyder Mr. Robert W. Snyder II Dr. Marian A. Solomon Mr. Harold A. Soulis Dr. Daniel L. Stabile Mr. Richard W. Stafford Mr. Ronald A. Stanley Mr. Bruce E. Stauffer Mr. Stuart L. Stauss Colonel and Mrs. Harcourt M. Stebbins Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Stephens Mr. and Mrs. Jeffrey A. Stevens Dr. Serena Stier Mrs. Tegner M. Stokes Dr. and Mrs. K. A. Strand Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Sugarman Mr. Charles A. Suter Mr. and Mrs. John R. Sutter Mrs. Mary Davidson Swift Mr. Gerald L. Swope Mr. Harry F. Swope III Mr. Curtis W. Tarr Miss Harriet J. Tatman Mr. Joseph M. Tessmer Mr. and Mrs. Robert C. Tetro Mr. and Mrs. Brian Thompson Ms. Linda R. Thompson Mrs. B. W. Thoron Mr. and Mrs. Sylvan M. Tobin Mr. and Mrs. Grover M. P. Tolliver Mrs. Stirling Tomkins Mr. Henry R. Traubitz Mr. Thomas T. Traywick, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Lynn A. Trobaugh Mr. and Mrs. A. Buel Trowbridge Mr. John H. Turner Mr. George E. Tuttle Mr. and Mrs. Paul E. Tychsen Ms. Judith Falk Unger Mr. Anthony S. Vaivada Dr. and Mrs. Philip Varner Mr. and Mrs. Theodore J. Vass Mr. John M. Veatch Mr. John M. Venditti Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Vest, Jr. Mr. Wallace W. Voigt Ms. A. E. Wall Mrs. Elizabeth D. Walsh Mrs. Harry Wanger Dr. and Mrs. Henry P. Ward Mr. Michael J. Ward Ms. Susan C. Watkins 432 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mrs. Mary M. Watson Colonel and Mrs. Louis V. Watwood Dr. Hamilton B. Webb Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Wechsler Mr. Norman Weiden Miss Ruth M. Weiland Mr. and Mrs. Gerald L. Werner Mr. and Mrs. William B. Wharton Mrs. Edwin M. Wheeler Mr. George Y. Wheeler Mr. and Mrs. Grover C. White, Jr. Mr. Ward P. Whitlock Mr. and Mrs. John E. Wickman Dr. Edwin Wildner Mr. and Mrs. Gordon Wiley Major General and Mrs H. L. Wilkerson Mrs. Richard E. Wilkie Mr. J. Harvey Wilkinson Mr. and Mrs. Robert Willard Mr. and Mrs. Arnold Clarke Williams Mr. and Mrs. E. I. Williams Colonel E. J. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Paul J. Williams Mrs. William J. Williams, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. James A. Williamson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert Williamson Mr. and Mrs. John K. Willis Mr. and Mrs. Morton H. Wilmer Mr. and Mrs. Luke W. Wilson Mrs. Flora Jane Winton Mr. Gilbert A. Wolf Mrs. Saralyn V. Wolff Mr. David L. Wood Mr. Kenneth A. Wood Mr. and Mrs. George E. Woodin Mr. and Mrs. William Woodward Mr. and Mrs. William Work Mrs. Frank L. Wright Mr. and Mrs. Richard E. Wright Mr. Christopher B. Wry, Jr. Ms. Jane W. Wuchinch Mrs. Leslie H. Wyman Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth R. Youngert Mr. and Mrs. Robert A. Zauner Mrs. John H. Zentay Dr. 5. S. Zungoli Appendix 8. Smithsonian Associates I 433 APPENDIX 9. List of Donors to the Smithsonian Institution, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY SPECIAL PROJECTS Garber, Paul E. : bronze bust of James Smithson by Felix W. de Weldon. Donors to the Furnishings Collection Bartlett, Mrs. Bradford, Falls Church, Virginia: five Renaissance Revival chairs, table, mantle clock, Empire sofa, Morris chair, Rococo Revival sofa, plat- form rocker, dropleaf table, whatnot, gilded mirror. Bolin, Mrs. Luis, Washington, D.C.: dining table, eight Gothic Revival side chairs. Cabot, Ambassador and Mrs. John H., Washington, D.C.: Renaissance Revival sideboard. Drysdale, Mrs. Robert M., Jr., and Mr. Lawrence Drake, Warrenton, Virginia: bronze card tray, six side chairs, two Savanarolla arm chairs, five Medieval Revival arm chairs and matching settee, pair marine paintings, carved chest, pair French vases, pair firescreens, tilt-top table, pair Neo-Greek pedestal stands. Furman, Mrs. Martha, Bethesda, Maryland: pair Anglo-Japanese urns, bronze mantle clock. Jones, Mr. H. McCoy, Bethesda, Maryland: pier mirror. Lee, Mrs. Dora Fugh, Bethesda, Maryland: pair watercolor paintings. Moody, Mrs. Ada C, Bethesda, Maryland: watercolor painting, Venetian mirror, two bookcases, dining table, pedestal stand. Patterson, Mrs. Jefferson, Washington, D.C.: crystal table lamp, hatrack, Bohemian glass vase, pair watercolor paintings. Smith, Mrs. Wilfred J., Alexandria, Virginia: Rococo Revival console table. Spear, Mr. and Mrs. Ralph E., Alexandria, Virginia: reed organ, piano stool. Templin, Roger P. (estate), Alton, Illinois: pedestal desk, mirror, three tables, commode, Oriental prayer carpet, pair side chairs. SCIENCE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN, NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER Donors of Financial Support Anonymous: support of film projects. The Canada Council: support of A Film Record of the Pashtoon People of Afghanistan. 434 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Cullinane, Nina: development of the National Anthropological Film Center. Evers, Henry, K. : development of the National Anthropological Film Center. The Marks Foundation, Inc.: development of the National Anthropological Film Center. Morgan, Mr. & Mrs. Thomas B.: support of film projects in both the South Pacific and related areas. National Endowment for the Arts: support of A Filmic Inquiry into the Artistic Lifestyle of the Western Caroline Islands of Micronesia. National Endowment for the Humanities : second-year support of a Film Center to serve as a research resource for humanistic scholarship; con- tinuing support of A Film Record of the Pashtoon People of Afghanistan. National Institute of Mental Health: preparation of a report on the patterns of child handling and rearing of the Canela Indians of Brazil. Rockefeller, Eileen McG.: support of projects of the National Anthropological Film Center. Rockefeller, Steven C. : support of film projects in the South Pacific and related areas. Smith, Mr. & Mrs. Gerard C. : development of the National Anthropological Film Center. Stirling, Mrs. Marion: support of projects of the National Anthropological Film Center. Waletzky, Dr. & Mrs. Jeremy P.: support of film projects in the South Pacific and related areas. Donors and Collaborative Acquisitions Balikci, Dr. Asen, University of Montreal: Film, Pashtoon Nomads of Afghanis- tan, 94,800 ft. Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Canada Council, and WGBH Public Broadcasting. Breidenbach, George, Chatsworth, New Jersey: Film, Study of Polynesian Child Behavior in the Cook Islands, 8,500 feet. Supported by the National Geo- graphic Society. Breidenbach, Martha, University of Illinois at Chicago Circle: Film, Friday Healing Ritual of the Church of the Twelve Apostles, Ghana, 2,000 feet. Crocker, Dr. William H., National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution: Film, Study of Child Behavior and Human Development among the Canela Indians of Brazil, 84,000 ft. Supported by the National Endow- ment for the Humanities. Lowman, Cherry, Columbia University: 5,500 35mm b&w photographs of behavioral sequences of the Maring people of the Simbai and Jimi Valleys, Papua New Guinea, with related field notes and health survey data. Sup- ported by the National Science Foundation. Merriman, Paul H., Madison, Wisconsin: 16,000 feet of film documentation from the travels of Milton E. Merriman from the 1920's through the 1950's. Muller, Dr. Kalman, Guadalajara, Mexico; George S. Breidenbach, Chatsworth, New Jersey; and Karl Kernberger, Santa Fe, New Mexico: Film, Traditional Polynesian Dances of the Cook Islands, 21,050 ft. Supported by the National Geographic Society. Smith, Hubert L., University of California at Los Angeles: Film Studies of American Family Life, 16,700 ft. Supported by the American Film Institute and the Institute for the Study of Human Issues. Staal, Dr. J. Frits, University of California at Berkeley, and Robert J. Gard- ner, Harvard University: Research Film Documentation of the Agnicayana Vedic Ritual in India, 28,000 ft. Supported by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program and the National Endowment for the Humanities. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 435 Williams, Scott, Bellevue Community College, Bellevue, Washington: A Film Study of the Western Caroline Islands of Micronesia, 29,000 ft. Supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities. Wirz, Dadi, Rice University, Houston, Texas: 12,488 feet of 35mm film shot by Paul Wirz between 1918 and 1930 in New Guinea, Bali, Sumatra, and Borneo. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donors of Financial Support Communications Satellite Corporation: for COMSAT Unit in exhibit gallery, "Benefits from Flight." Federal Republic of Germany: for a Zeiss MK V Planetarium and automation for the Planetarium. Summa Corporation: for Museum activities. TRW Foundation: an exhibit unit depicting the contributions to aeronautics made by General James Doolittle. Donors to the Collections Alcorn, John: Laird Super Solution model. Barnaby, Ralph S. (USN Ret.) : "Leonardo" Trophy from First International Paper Model Airplane Contest. Bell Helicopters: Helicopter models. Brant, Richard: Granville Brothers Gee-Bee model Z. Chennault, Anna: Flying Tigers memorabilia. Communications Satellite Corp.: $32,000 for six video monitors to show transmissions carried by INTELSAT Global Communications Satellite System and COMSAT System Maps. Containair: Three corrugated cardboard air freight containers. Crossfield, A. Scott: Logbook from D-558-II. Delta Airlines: Bank of three DC-8 passenger seats. Emery Air Freight: Large air freight container. Ficklen, John D. : — Deperdussin Racer 1913 model. Garrett Corp.: Garrett TPE 331 Turboprop. Gates, J. C. : German aircraft instruments. Gates-Learjet Corp.: Learjet nose section. General Electric: G. E. CF-6 high bypass turbofan model engine. Goodyear Tire & Rubber Co.: Model of Goodyear Blimp, 1:32 scale. Grumman Aerospace Corp.: Fire pumper prototype. Grumman Aerospace Corp. : Grumman A6-E model. Howell, Emily: First female airline pilot's uniform. Hughes Aircraft Co.: DC-10 Demultiplexer/Encoder and two Probeyes. Hughes Helicopters, Div. of Summa Corp.: Hughes Hercules H-4 and Dou- glas DC-3 models. Jacoby, Clarence C, Model Builders, Inc. : Macchi M-7 model. Jensen, Philip: Wedell-Williams 1934 Racer model. Johnson, Cdr. R. A., Director, U.S. Naval Pilot Test School, Naval Air Test Center: Test pilot school textbooks. Kato, Tatsusaburo: Japanese kites. Kelly, John: Stearman Cropduster model. Kill, Syl: Caudron C-460 model. Lee, George: Verville-Sperry R-3 model. Lockheed Aircraft Corp.: Lockheed CL-475 Helicopter. Lockheed Georgia Co.: "Super Hercules" L-100-30 model. Lopez, Donald S.: U.S. Air Force memorabilia. 436 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Lyons, J. Michael: Junkers Ju-87B model. McDonald Douglas Corp.: Models of DC-20 and DC-3, 1:25 scale. Mikesh, Robert C. : B-24 Astrodome bubble. Mitchell, Dr. Frank: Granville Brothers Gee-Bee R-l model. Motorola, Inc.: Coronary Observation Radio (COR) System. NASA, Ames: SST, X-B-70, M-l and M2F2 lifting bodies, and three shuttle wind tunnel models. NASA, Edwards: Lockheed F104A Starfighter. NASA, Johnson: Telecare Emergency Medical System. NASA, Langley: Spin tunnel models and D-558-II and X-2 wind tunnel models. NASA, General Electric, and National Geographic: 10' X 16' Landsat Mosaic transparency of 48 contiguous United States. National Weather Service and The Boeing Co.: APT antenna, pedestal, and recording equipment; transportation of antenna provided by The Boeing Co. Naval Aviation Museum: Pratt & Whitney Wasp Jr. R-985 engine. Nolte, Richard: Japanese Army Air Force World War II uniform. Pacesetter Systems, Inc. : Two heart pacemakers. Pan American Airlines: PanAm shipping container. Peterson, George A.: German Air Force uniform. Poynter, Robert: Messerschmitt Bf. HOC model. Quincy Shipbuilding Div., General Dynamics : Model LNG tanker. Rohr Industries, Inc.: Metro car model. San Francisco Bay Area Rapid Transit District: Two maps of BART System. Schmitt, John: World War II aircraft armament cartridges. Sierra Engineering Co. : Collection of oxygen masks and helmets. Sikorsky/United Technologies: Sikorsky S-64 Skycrane and S-61N helicopter models; Helicopter Familiarization Training Unit. Spenser, Jay P.: World War II goggles. Summa Corp.: Hughes H-l Racer, wood chip section of wing structure, and historical pictures of H-l. Sweeting, C. G.: World War II insignia. Sweeting, Thomas G.: Aviator's badge. Swiss Museum of Transport & Communication: Swissair Orion and Clark models. Tracy, Daniel: Packard Verville, Curtiss R3C-1, and Howard DGA "Mr. Mulli- gan" models. Trans World Airlines : Northrop Alpha. United Technologies: FT3 model, xk scale; Pratt & Whitney JT9D Fanjet and Pratt & Whitney PT6T-6 Twin Pac engines. Universal Studios: Hindenburg miscellany from movie, including gondola and model. U.S. Air Force Nurse Corps: USAAF and USAF Nurses Corps uniforms. U.S. Women's Air Force (former members through Mrs. Joseph Haydu) : WAF memorabilia. Van de Wege, J. D. : General Electric CJ805 Aft Fanjet engine. Wheeler, Robert: Junkers Ju-88A model. Wurlitzer: Contemporary jukebox. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Donors of Financial Support American Ornithologists Union Anonymous Appalachian Power Company Audubon Naturalist Society Mr. Arthur H. Bissell, Jr. Mrs. Beulah Boyd Ms. Mabel A. Byrd Cables Electricos Ecuatorianos C.A. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 437 Castle & Cooke, Inc. Chevron Chemical Company CIBA-CEIGY Corporation City Investing Company The Edna McConnell Clark Foundation Continental Bank International Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth W. Cooper Dr. William H. Crocker Miss Nina J. Cullinane Diamond Shamrock Corporation The Dow Chemical Company Eastern Air Lines, Inc. Mr. William L. Eury Dr. Richard H. Eyde Dr. Herbert Feinberg FMC Foundation Mr. Hamilton C. Forman Gem and Mineral Society of Syracuse, Inc. Dr. Lee Gerhard Sumner Gerard Foundation Dr. Gordon D. Gibson Mr. Henry L. Greilsheim Frank B. Hall and Company Donors to the National Collections INDIVIDUALS Adelseck, Dr. Charles G., Jr. (321192). Allen, Charles A. (320255). Allen, Dr. Robert T. (318290). Amli, Reidar (322448). Andrews, Dr. Fred G. (321239). Anthony, Dr. John W. (318593). Armstrong, Mrs. Pauline (319630). Ash, Dr. Sidney R. (318787). Ashby, Wallace (320973). Ashworth, Dr. Allan (317648, 318263). Bagnara, J. T. (see Frost, J. S.) Baker, James H. (319149). Balciunas, Joseph (322886). Ball, Dr. George E. (317633). Bamford, Maya S. (323163). Barber, Lorna (322923). Barbosa, Carlos (322147). Barclay, Dr. Harriet G. (321083). Barnard, Dr. J. L. (270357, 275759, 311492)— see Child, C. Allan. Barnett, Dr. Douglas E. (320174). Barnett, Mrs. Lisa M. (321929). Barrell, Dr. Joseph (321076). Bartlett, Rear-Adm. Bradford (319655). Bartlett, Melissa (317544). Bastero, Sr. Juan Jesus (317315). Batista, Halley Freier (320126). Dr. Mason Hale Mr. Howard W. Hruschka Mrs. Marguerite H. Kellogg The M. W. Kellogg Company Estate of Nada Kramar Samuel H. Kress Foundation Dr. David Lellinger Miss Susan H. McDaniel National Capital Shell Club National Geographic Society Prudential Lines, Inc. Dr. Clayton E. Ray Mr. J. Ridley Dr. R. J. G. Savage Scientific American The Starr Foundation Stauffer Chemical Company Lewis and Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart Mary Horner Stuart Foundation Dr. William Sturtevant The Tinker Foundation Mr. John J. Trelawney Mr. Robert A. Vines Baumann, Dr. Richard W. (317097, 317385, 318346, 319436)— see Flint, Dr. Oliver S., Jr. Baxter, Rae (321905). Bayer, Dr. Frederick M. (318137, 318783, 321193, 321983). Bayliss, R. D. A. (318684). Beaulieu, Col. and Mrs. N. H. (315982). Beazley, Donald W. (318450). Behnke, Russell E. (319619). Beland, Dr. Rene (318200). Belton, William (323378). Bennetch, Leonard M. (318832). Bennett, Mrs. Thelma (321238). Bentley, Ron (320143). Berggren, Dr. William A. (318078). Bergwin, Lark (322919). Bernstein, Lawrence R. (323239). Berry, Dr. Richard Lee (321245). Berry, Dr. S. Stillman (317279). Beshear, Ramona J. (318261, 322892). Biffar, Dr. Thomas A. (321000). Blanchard, Andre (317634, 318239, 319640, 320906, 322889, 323349). Blanchard, Mr. and Mrs. Andre (319433). Blow, Warren (322507). 438 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Blume, Richard R. (318260, 322885). Bolick, Mr. and Mrs. Glenn (318907). Bolli, Dr. Hans M. (321401). Bonar, Henry (323227). Boothe, Dr. Billy B., Jr. (317809). Boraker, Dr. David K. (317543). Bouchard, Dr. Raymond W. (316575). Boucot, Dr. A. J. (318218, 319511). Bourgeois, Dr. Feodor (322843). Bouseman, Dr. John K. (319441). Boyce, Richard F. (322220). Boyer, Dr. Paul 5. (317055, 320892). Brach, Vincent (321945). Brayfield, Mrs. Leila (320068). Brewer, George (319675, 322285). Brigida, Arthur A. (319608). Britton, James (318207). Brock, Dr. Julie Bailley (320479). Brooks, Dr. S. T. (Deceased) (134775). Brou, Vernon A. (319438). Brown, Betsy (319259). Brown, Dr. H. P. (319648). Brown, W. Chris (320344). Brownell, A. J. (318462). Brubacher, Mr. and Mrs. John (322930). Bruce, Murray (318478). Buck, John (322924). Budiman, Dr. Arie (321578). Bueno S., Sr. Joaquin (318105, 318191, 320897). Buholzer, Hubert (319841). Burchick, Mark (322116). Buriro, Shah Nawaz (321925). Busack, Stephen D. (310166, 318377) — see Crombie, Ronald I. Buskirk, Mike Van (318465). Cabri, Dr. L. J. (321387). Calder, Dale R. (317005). Campbell, Jonathan A. (322942). Canning, Mrs. Harold E. (318451). Capriles, Dr. J. Maldonado (319139). Carayon, Dr. J. (322883). Carlson, Dave (317641). Carlson, Paul H. (317631). Carr, John (321221). Carr, Mrs. Kathleen H. (266111). Carter, Mrs. Winifred T. (320280). Cartwright, Dr. O. L. (323228). Carvalho, Dr. Jose C. M. (319647). Carver, Dan (314461). Cebulla, Mr. and Mrs. Albert (318899). Cecil, Francis D. (283548). Chace, E. P. (296607). Chalumeau, F. (317016). Chambers, Frank (322274). Chambers, Mrs. Shirley (318076). Chantal, Dr. Claude (319138). Chen, Mr. and Mrs. C. F. (323162). Chen, Dr. T. T. (318529). Child, C. Allan (292580, 311492)— see Barnard, J. L. and Manning, Dr. Raymond B. Chin, Peter (318595, 318906). Choate, Paul M. (318472). Christensen, Carl C (320352). Clapp, Emory L. (320142). Clark, Prof. K. B. (318138). Clark, Hon. Lewis (322921). Clench, Dr. William J. (316919). Coetzee, Dr. Cornelius (318212). Cohen, Anne (315021, 321588). Coil, Clarence (320220). Cole, Dr. W. Storrs (322844). Colin, Dr. Patrick (321132). Collette, Dr. Bruce (317101). Conkin, Dr. James E. (319605, 319831). Conkle, Bud (320343). Cook, Dr. David R. (322887). Cook, Dr. Robert B. (321599, 321604). Cornell, Dr. & Mrs. J. F. (323361). Coscaron, Dr. S. (317651). Cottrell, Mrs. Benjamin (323164). Coulloudon, Mme. Monique (319137). Covell, Dr. Charles V. (318463, 322894). Crombie, Ronald I. (310166, 320579) — see Busack, Stephen D. Cross, Jarrett L. (320178 ). Cunningham, HMCS Marvin L. (316990). Cupp, Mrs. Donald E. (322922). Curry, Dr. Richard P. (318788). Dahl, Dr. Arthur L. (292580). Dahlman, Louis-Jacques (318322). Damaer, Dr. David M. (318114). Daniels, Bruce (317592). Darnell, Dr. Rezneat M. (296577). Davidson, Dr. J. A. (322888) — see Wood, Dr. F. E. Davis, Dr. & Mrs. Donald R. (321927). Dawson, Dr. C. E. (292580). De Marzo, Sr. Luigi (318190). de Meillon, Dr. Botha (321930). Derstler, Dr. Kraig (322938). Desfayes, Michel E. (292915, 315884). de Vasconcelos, Dr. Hortencia L. (317630). Deyrup, Mark (321942). de Zayas, Dr. Fernando (319142). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 439 Dhogbhidhuk, Sanga (199251). Dietz, Robert, IV (319145). Dippenaar, Nikko (321838). Dix, Dr. Michael W. (320477). Dmitriev, Dr. Leonid (318596). Dodrill, Jon (319116). Doherty, Dr. Peter (318182). Dombrowski, David (318069). Donoho, Rear-Adm. & Mrs. Glynn (321373). Dorr, Mrs. John (323202). Dougherty, Gregory (279468). Dove, John (322257). Downey, Maureen (318818). Drake, Raleigh (314723). Dube, Ronald N. (320170). Dudley, Mrs. Martha W. (323165). Dunn, Mrs. Ethel L. (320145, 320521). Dunn, Pete J. (316838, 318075, 320520, 320912). Edmunds, Dr. George F., Jr. (317099, 322246). Ekis, Dr. Ginter (323364). Ekkens, Dr. David (321943). Elbert, Stephen A. (321936). Elder, Robert A., Jr. (322223). Emerson, Dr. K. C. (320181, 321248). Emrich, Dr. Duncan (323166). Emry, Robert J. (317692, 322209). Enders, Dr. Robert (323035). Erichsen, M/Sgt. Merrill E. (285360). Ernst, Carl H. (318897, 319117, 322306). Erseus, Christer (319658). Ervin, Dr. Frank R. (317605). Erwin, Dr. Terry L. (317643, 319152, 319646, 323355)— see Whitehead, Dr. Donald. Esbenshade, Stanley (323235). Eskin, Otho Evans (see Eskin, Stanley). Eskin, Stanley (323171). Ethetton, Lee W. (318118). Evans, Clifford (322913). Everard, C. O. R. (317530). Everdell, Preston (320916). Eyer, Dr. John R. (320183). Fable, William A., Jr. (320067). Fair, Mrs. Ruth (317280). Ferguson, Dr. Douglas C. (319639). Ferguson, Meredith M. (323347). Ferreira, Dr. Antonio J. (317296). Figiel, Dr. & Mrs. Leo S. (322907)— see Figiel, Dr. & Mrs. Steven J. Figiel, Dr. & Mrs. Steven J. (see Figiel, Dr. & Mrs. Leo S.). Finlay, C. John (318237). Fishburne, Mrs. Charlotte Lee (323174). Fisher, George W. (320121). Fisk, Dr. Frank W. (318248). Fitzgerald, Dr. T. D. (319637). Fitzpatrick, Dr. J. F., Jr. (281928). Flannery, Dr. Kent V. (303029)— see Hole, Frank. Fleming, Dr. Richard C. (318264). Flint, Dr. Oliver S., Jr. (317097, 320180, 322893)— see Flint, Mrs. Oliver S., Jr. Flint, Mrs. Oliver S., Jr. (321940). Flower, Dr. Rousseau H. (317409, 319601, 321542, 322581). Fonger, George (317411, 320136). Ford, Evert J. (319432). Foreman, Dr. Helen P. (316911). Fosburg, Dr. F. R. (223601) — see Sachet, Dr. Marie-Helene. Foster, Dr. R. J. (322074). Fox, Rev. Dr. C. E. (Deceased) (260159). Francis, Dr. Carl (317546) Franclemont, Dr. John G. (320175). Franklin, Roland A. (317541). Frazier, Mr. and Mrs. Si (318081). Fredine, C. Gordon (318479). Freeman, The Estate of Mrs. Ethel Cutler (319549). Frost, J. S. (313515) — see Bagnara, J.T. Frost, Dr. S. W. (320899). Frick, Jane (319597). Friedl, W. A. (320588). Funderburg, John B. (315931). Furlow, Capt. Bruce M. (319443). Gabelish, A. J. (316578). Gaebelein, Frank E. (322228). Gaedike, Dr. R. (322241). Gaines, Dr. Richard V. (316673, 316839, 317570, 319672, 321012, 323230, 323232). Gallagher, Susan (317033). Gardinar, Stephen L. (308023). Garske, Dr. David H. (321339). Gaston, Gary R. (322421). Gatrelle, Ronald R. (318464, 322253, 323181). Gerhard, Dr. Lee C. (322543). Gerk, Arthur J. (318140). Gibbs, Mrs. K. Elizabeth (322232). Gibson, Dr. Gordon D. (310220). Giletti, Dr. Bruno J. (315969). Giorgio, Bertoldi (318872). 440 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Golini, Dr. V. I. (318246). Gombos, Andrew M., Jr. (322541) Goodrum, Dr. John W. (316922). Gordon, Linda K. (319228). Gould, Dr. Ed (319547). Govoni, David (322937, 322939). Grant, Dr. Richard E. (322799, 323273) — see Nestell, Dr. M. Greenwell, Francis M. (319607, 319608, 320319, 322445) — see Brigida, Arthur A. Gressitt, Dr. J. Linsley (317128). Grew, Dr. Edward S. (321916). Griffin, Dr. W. L. (318763). Griffith, Mrs. Eugene (Deceased) (323169). Grubbs, Andy G. (321553). Gruwell, J. A. (323357). Gunn, Michael (322284). Gutschick, Dr. Raymond C. (318854). Gutstadt, Prof. Allan M. (318085). Haake, Dr. Friedrich-Wilhelm (320137). Habeck, Dr. Dale H. (320173, 321923). Hagerman, George (318110). Halley, Dr. Robert B. (317400). Hamilton, Maj. & Mrs. Raymond E. (322224). Hammond, Billy A. F. (320975, 322267). Hanahan, Dr. John, Jr. (320519). Handley, Dr. Charles O., Jr. (316890, 316892, 316920, 319631, 320513). Hanscom, Dr. Roger (319109). Hansen, Gary (318510). Hara, Paul (313243). Hardy, Dr. Alan (319098, 323177). Harker, Dr. Roger S. (317558). Harmatuck, P. J. (319472). Harris, Dr. Halbert M. (319143). Harrison, Dr. Linda K. (321402). Harrison, Richard V., Esq. (316605). Hart, C. W., Jr. (262460)— see Hart, Dabney G. Hart, Dabney G. (see Hart, C. W., Jr.). Hasinger, David J. (311907, 321887)— see Hettrick, David R. Hastriter, Lt. Michael W. (322882). Hatfield, Jack J. (322926). Hatschbach, Exmo. Sr. Dr. Gert (318705, 319740). Hayami, Dr. Itaru (318519). Hays, Helen (287206). Hazlett, Dr. Brian A. (317349). Heatwole, Dr. Harold (322233)— see Muir, Robert. Heck, Cathern A. (322221). Hedges, Frank R. (322234). Heinrich, Dr. E. William (321602). Heisterberg, Jon F. (316866). Heltne, Dr. Paul (323193). Henderson, Dr. Edward P. (248505)— see Mason, Brian H. Henry, Mark C. (322926)— see Hatfield, Jack J. Herring, Dr. Jon L. (319150). Hess-Distel, Dr. Hans (318202). Hettrick, David R. (321887). Hevel, Gary F. (323362, 323368). Hickman, Dr. Carole S. (318203). Higgins, Dr. Robert (321547). Hills, Dr. L. V.( 321544). Hobbs, Dr. H. H., Jr. (266300, 272610, 304719). Hof, Mrs. Gail (322929). Hoff, Donald (318236). Hoffman, Richard L. (318378, 322249). Hoge, Legare W. (321589). Hole, Frank (303029). Holland, C. G. (322915). Holm, E. (318269). Holsinger, John R. (318789). Homan, C. D. (322508). Hoover, Peter (316909). Hope, Dr. W. Duane (311425). Hough, Mr. and Mrs. Edwin A. (322932). Hovel, Haim (317425). Howe, William H. (319435). Howell, K. M. (320937). Hubricht, Leslie (315967). Hudson, Maxwell J. (317416, 321338). Huff, W. T., Jr. (322146). Hufford, John (315975). Hunter, C. J. (319133). Hurd, Dr. Paul D., Jr. (323369). Hurlbut, James F. (317566). Hutchinson, Capt. Howard B. (323161). Her, Ralph K. (317415). Ireland, Mrs. Irma T. (Deceased) (323175). Ito, Dr. Jun (322199). Izecksohn, Eugenio (322002). Jackson, James F., Jr. (322444). Jagodinski, Helen (323172). Jakob, Dr. Hans (322429). Jameson, Dr. E. William, Jr. (322110). Jewett, Irene (316101). Johansen, Mr. and Mrs. Walter & Flora (319620). Johnson, Alex R. (322225). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 441 Johnson, Dr. J. G. (318098, 322144). Johnson, Paul G. (320971). Jones, David (319669). Jones, Fred (317067). Jones, Gwilym S. (320646). Jones, Jerome (323180). Jones, Dr. Meredith L. (292580, 317821, 322109). Jones, Dr. Robert E. (320901). Justice, Dr. William S. (318410). Kalra, Dr. N. L. (318254). Kasinathan, Dr. R. (318295). Kasper, Dr. Andrew E. (318086). Kato, Dr. Akira (316569). Keitel, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick (315972). Kendall, Roy O. (319434). Kennedy, Dr. Helen (315866). Kennel, Mr. and Mrs. Philip J. (321237). Kennett, Dr. J. P. (318097). Kerby, Cathy (293706). Key, Charles (319421, 319677). Kielbaso, J. W. (322524). Kier, Mrs. Mary (322819) — see Kier, Dr. Porter M. and Zardini, Rinaldo. Kier, Dr. Porter M. (322819)— see Kier, Mrs. Mary and Zardini, Rinaldo. King, Robert Merrill (321036, 321313). King, Vandall T. (321603). Klemm, Dr. Donald J. (322563). Klima, Prof. Bohuslov (322222). Knez, Dr. Eugene I. (322229). Knez, Mrs. Jiae Choi (322226). Knopf, Kenneth W. (322569). Knowlton, Dr. George F. (322230, 323365). Koening, Maria Luise (306004). Koh, Dr. Han Shil (322906). Kohlmann, Dr. Bert (318468). Kohn, Dr. Alan J. (321577). Kohn, Mrs. Marian A. (318253). Kolker, Allan (320116). Kontrovitz, Dr. Mervin (318178). Kordish, Richard (322227). Kornicker, Dr. L. 5. (318383). Kosnar, Richard A. (317414, 318083). Kothavala, Rustam Z. (319419). Krauss, Dr. N. L. H. (318250, 318665, 319144, 321386, 321935). Krefft, Dr. Gerhard (308018). Krizman, Richard (320582). Krombein, Dr. Karl V. (317647, 318242, 319430, 319645). Krombein, Karlissa B. (318249). Krutak, Dr. Paul R. (317518). Kudenov, Dr. Jerry D. (321194). Kuzirian, Alan M. (322097). Kwapiszewski, Hon. Michael (322920). Kyte, David J. (322206). Ladd, Dr. Harry (317688). Lago, Paul (323179). Lamb, Cathy L. (318088, 318454). Lampert, Col. Lester L., Jr. (320992). Lane, Dr. H. Richard (317056). Lane, Robert A. (323366). Langford, Patricia S. (320603). Larochelle, Andre (319136). Larsen, Dr. Arne Rosenkrands (322975). Larson, Ronald J. (300990, 301710, 322564). Larson, William (319617). Lautenschlager, Dr. Lyle (315222). Lawrence, Prof. Addison L. (321138). Le Due, James W. (323438). Lellinger, Dr. David B. (315791). Lewis, Dr. D. J. (322250). Lewis, Dr. Robert E. (317632, 318262, 320184). Levi-Donati, Dr. G. R. (307402). Lieftinck, Dr. M. A. (319439). Lighty, R. (323150). Lilyestrom, Dr. Craig (322512). Lindroth, Dr. Carl H. (319642). Liner, Ernest A. (321954). Longley, Dr. Glenn (318259). Loveridge, Dr. Arthur (272611). Lowe, Doris (318294) — see Todd, Ruth. Lutze, Dr. Gerhard F. (318786). Lynch, Dr. J. F. (317645). MacDougal, John M. (317701). Maier, Bruce (317538, 318132, 319618). Maizels, Dr. Albert D. (320172). Makin, David (320938). Mallack, Dr. J. (318245). Malone, Mrs. Elsie (316871). Manders, Edward A. and Mark (318209). Mani, Dr. M. S. (319148). Manning, Dr. Raymond B. (292580). Marble, William (317539). Marchbanks, Dr. D. L. (321403). Marckoon, Peter (322201). Marcus, Dr. Eveline (317006, 319242). Marincovich, Dr. Louie (318895, 320069). Marinkelle, Dr. C. J. (322149). Marrow, Maxwell P. (317007). Martin, Norman T. (322149). 442 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mason, Dr. Brian H. (248505, 312132, 318268, 323238). Mason, Dr. Wilton (320125). Mather, Bryant (321937). Mathis, Wayne N. (318244, 320910). Matioli, Dr. Jose Claret (321241). Matsui, Masafumi (318439). Matta, Dr. James (320905). Matternes, Jay (320351). Mattioli, Dr. Vittorio (321126). McAlpine, Wilbur S. (318256). McCormick, Dr. George R. (320980, 320114). McCullough, Martha M. (321551). McDonald, H. L. (320221). McElravy, Eric P. (320900). McGuinness, Albert L. (317567, 321596). Mcintosh, Dr. Bruce M. (321240). Mclver, Dr. J. R. (321172). McNeary, Annie B. (316961). Medler, Dr. J. T. (321928). Melancon, Earl, Jr. (322202). Melloy, George E. (321170). Melson, Dr. William G. (320217, 320523). Mendelson, Johanna (322912). Medem, Prof. Federico (318861). Mendryk, Harold (320972). Merisuo, Dr. A. K. (317386). Mesmer, Theodore C. (323173). Messersmith, Dr. D. H. (323358). Metzler, Eric H. (318265, 319638). Middleton, Arthur L., Jr. (316023). Mills, Margaret A. (298681). Minette, James (320129). Mitchell, Dr. Steve (318141). Miyagi, Dr. Ichiro (321932). Mochi, Dr. A. (319431). Moldenke, Dr. Harold N. (316739, 317244, 317780, 318670, 321031). Moore, Gary (318071). Moore, Mrs. George M. (279618). Moore, Dr. Ian (323356). Moore, Dr. Thomas E. (317376). Moree, Montague (316101). Moreland, Pamela S. (317756). Morley, Ted (320118). Morrison, Robert (320112). Morse, Mrs. Emilie (318451) — see Canning, Mrs. Harold E. Morse, M. Patricia (319108). Mortensen, Kim (322156). Moyer, Raymond T., Esq. (322914). Muir, Dr. Robert (322233). Murphy, Jack (320128). Myers, Mrs. B. J. (322908). Myers, Ruth (318216). Napier, Mrs. T. D. (322928). Natland, Dr. M. L. (322017). Nebot S., Jose E. (319240). Neill, Mrs. L. D. (315890). Nelson, A. (321382). Nestell, Dr. M. (322799). Neves, Richard (322235). Nielsen, Claus (321211). Nishikawa, Allen K. (322905). Ober, Lewis D. (316099). O'Donoghue, Michael (320884). Ohira, Dr. Hitoo (320904, 321249). Olson, Dr. Storrs L. (305692, 318271, 318477, 319424). Opler, Dr. Paul A. (322254). Orsak, Larry J. (318474). Oshida, Philip S. (320110). Overstreet, Robin M. (293129). Oyler, Edward H. (319114). Pacheco, Dr. Francisco (318475). Palmer, Dr. Harris (322909). Panczner, William (321600). Papezik, Dr. V. S. (321592). Parker, Frances L. (321130). Parnau, John L. (321341). Passaglia, Dr. E. (318206, 321598). Patch, W. P. (315970). Patterson, Mrs. Jefferson (323170). Patterson, Robert M. (322240). Paulet, Dr. Jaime Gallemi (322168). Pawson, Dr. David L. (312755). Pechuman, Dr. L. L. (317654). Peck, Dr. Stewart (319132). Pedersen, R. E. (320271). Pemberton, H. Earl (321344). Perrault, Dr. Guy (317571). Perrygo, C. L. (322910). Peters, Dr. William L. (321242). Phelan, Thomas F. (322509). Pickford, Dr. Frace E. (318512). Pinch, William W. (316818, 317066, 317540, 320117, 320120, 323237). Pine, Ronald H. (302253)— see Wilson, Donald E. Pinger, Dr. Robert R., Jr. (319440). Pletsch, Dr. Donald J. (316986, 323352). Plomley, John M. (322244). Plusquellec, Dr. Y. (319600). Plyler, John A., Jr. (319520). Pochek, Stephen (323229). Pollack, Joseph (323226). Powell, Dr. C. B. (318856). Proud, Amanda (317348). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 443 Purdy, R. W. (316025). Pyburn, William F. (318068, 319195, 321218). Rahn, Russell A. (320182). Raincourt, Carla (318072). Rainey, Dr. William E. (318808). Raymond, James A. (315561). Ray, D. Carleton (271533). Ray, Dr. Clayton E. (316921). Raysinger, CW4 Paul L., A.U.S. Ret. 321034, 322245). Read, Dr. Robert W. (317233). Render, Dr. Harald A. (313647). Reinert, Dr. John F. (319126). Relyea, Dr. Kenneth (318634). Remm, Dr. H. (321243). Rentz, Dr. David C. (317653, 319141). Reynolds, Margaret (318532). Rice, Dr. Mary E. (276005, 306226). Richards, Dr. R. Peter (320570). Ridinger, Jay G. (317565). Rigby, Dr. J. Keith (321008). Ripley, Mrs. 5. Dillon (316139, 321034, 322245). Ripley, S. Dillon (318480). Rivinus, Edward F. (322256). Roback, Dr. Selwyn S. (320909). Roberts, Dr. Willard L. (322176). Robinson, Dr. Harold (318243). Rodda, Dr. Peter (318520). Rodgers, B. (320115). Roe, Dr. Arthur (315956, 317413). Roessler, Martin A. (316566). Ronderos, Dr. R. A. (322239). Roper, Dr. Clyde F. E. (281255, 320261). Rose, Dr. Robert K. (321837). Rosenberg, Ronald (319146). Rosenzweig, Dr. Abraham (318082). Rosewater, Dr. Joseph (292580, 316101) — see Jewett, Irene; Smith, Wendy; Moree, Montague. Rouse, Dr. E. P. (322242). Rucker, Dr. J. B. (318437). Ruetzler, Klaus (318379). Ruffino, Sally M. (322918). Ruibal, Rodolfo (318862). Ruiz, Olivia (321319). Russo, Ronald A. (305795). Sabrosky, Dr. Curtis W. (320117, 322890. Sachet, Dr. Marie-Helene {see Fosburg, Dr. F. R.). Sage, Walter E., Ill, (319521). Sahama, Dr. Th. G. (318908). Sainfeld, Dr. P. (318042). Sakae, Dr. Toshiro (318531). Sato, Dr. Masataka (320903). Saul, John (321601, 323233). Schaffner, Dr. Joseph C. (319636, 322891). Schreyer, Prof. W. (321593). Schuh, Dr. R. T. (320898). Schwethelm, Dr. Godehard (320130, 321169, 321375). Scott, Dr. David B. (319830). Scott, Norman J., Jr., (322003). Scribner, Walter (316913). Seeno, Terry (317646). Segun, Dr. A. O. (318214). Sever, David M. (318438). Seymour, Frank C. (319332). Shelton, William (314314). Shimek, Steven J. (313243) — see Hara, Paul). Shmakin, Dr. B. M. (315971). Shulman, Mr. and Mrs. Will (318602). Siddons, Derek C. (320535). Sihvonen, John (315776). Silsby, Scott (319673). Simkin, Dr. Thomas E. (307669). Simmons, Ed (318761). Simmons, Melva (323375). Simons, Anna (319606). Sinkankas, John (322207). Skoglund, Mrs. Carol (305349). Slater, Dr. James A. (319147, 321944). Slifer, Dr. Eleanor H. (323351). Smith, Dr. Gordon L. (319806). Smith, Wendy (316101). Smith-Evernden, Dr. Roberta K. (323277). Socolof, Ross (321001). Sohn, Dr. I. Gregory (317091). Sorauf, Dr. James E. (316176). Souza Lopes, Dr. Oscar de (323190, 323191). Spangler, Dr. Paul J. (284201, 318213, 322884, 323354). Spencer, Dr. K. A. (319644). Springer, Dr. Victor G. (284009, 308017). Squires, Dr. Hubert J. (316836). Srinivasan, Dr. M. S. (318097) — see Kennett, Dr. J. P. Statzner, Bernhard (319643). Stemler, Kathleen S. (322564) — see Larson, R. Sterling, Gerhard (321029). Stevens, Dr. Calvin H. (318911). Steyskal, George C. (317649). Stinchcomb, Dr. Bruce L. (316152). 444 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Stockwell, Dr. Henry (318473). Stokes, Dr. Darrell R. (321250). Stone, Dr. M. W. (323182). Stormer, Dr. J. C. (317547). Strong, A. M. (Deceased) (89777). Stuart, Mr. and Mrs. Hadley, Jr. (320218). Surdick, Rebecca (318266). Sutty, Lesley (315547). Sventek, Sgt. Paul L. (319197). Swanson, Vernon L. (315973, 319113, 321404). Swanson, William (319671). Sweet, Samuel (321584). Tambuyser, Paul (320119). Taylor, Dr. Graham F. (321011). Tenery, Mrs. J. H. (322798). Terashima, Yasuo (322576). Tescione, Pete (317569). Thomas, Luther (321374). Thomel, Dr. Gavard (319165). Thompson, Dr. F. C. (320179). Thompson, Dr. Fred G. (322818). Thompson, Lee (316571). Thompson, Dr. Patrick H. (318241). Thompson, Mr. and Mrs. Wayne (320144). Thomssen, Richard W. (321168, 322198). Thorington, Dr. Richard W., Jr., (323382). Thornton, Jocelyn (322150). Tien, Dr. Pei-Lin (316923). Tilley, Stephen G. (315737). Tirmizi, Dr. N. (317818). Tkac, Martin A., Jr., (318258). Todd, Ruth (318294, 322581). Tonnsen, John J. (317517). Triplehorn, Dr. Charles A. (319442). Truedsson, Ake, (316234, 322431). Tseng, Wen- Young (306839). Turnbow, Dr. Robert H., Jr., (318067, 322231). Tyson, Dr. Edwin L. (322304). Ubelaker, Dr. Douglas (318238). Ulatoski, Brig. Gen. Joseph R. (322916). Upatham, Dr. Edward S. (317640). Vagvolgyi, Dr. Joseph (323041). Valentine, Dr. & Mrs. Lawrence E. (321209). van Aartsen, Dr. John J. (320640). van Bree, P. J. H. (316891). van der Velde, Mrs. Myrtle Ware (316019). van Goethem, Dr. Jackie (321332). van Schoonhoven, Dr. Aart (321931). Velasquez, Dr. Carmen C. (277735). Velick, Gerson J. (315834). Vickers, Mr. and Mrs. H. C. (321907). Vincent, David (322255). Vincent, Mrs. Sandy (321941). Visser, John (303426). Vitaliano, Dr. Charles (322145). Voigt, Dr. E. (320642). Waldun, SFC Einar S., Jr., (320581). Wall, William J., Jr., (286829). Wallace, Dr. George (318066). Waller, Dr. Richard (316833). Waller, Dr. Thomas R. (317531). Ward, Ronald A. (321815). Watson, Dr. George E. (321253). Watt, Dr. J. Charles (318257, 319135). Weber, Jay A. (Deceased) (211425). Weir, Thomas R., II, (322925). Welbourn, W. Calvin (318255). West, William R. (318760). Westfall, Douglas (322305). Wetmore, Dr. Alexander (311206). Wheless, Pam (322801). White, Mrs. Alan P. (320140). White, Dr. D. S. (319648)— see Brown, Dr. H. P. White, Donald C. (319227). White, James J. (323043). White, John S., Jr., (319621, 322286, 323241). Whitehead, Dr. Donald (see Erwin, Dr. Terry L.). Whitmore, Dr. F. C. (317804). Whitmore, Tom (321208). Wielgus, Ronald S. (318466, 319634, 319635, 320176, 321922, 321938, 322237, 322247, 323178, 323184, 323350, 323360). Wight, Quintin (318070, 321343). Wiik, Dr. H. B. (323374). Wilkins, Hon. Fraser (322927). Williams, Dave (314461) — see Carver, Dan. Williams, Holly (317652). Williams, Jesse M. (323168). Williams, Dr. Sidney (320122). Wilson, Charles S. (319629). Wilson, Donald E. (302253). Wilson, Mrs. Martha S. (283876). Wilson, Wendell E. (311537). Wimmer, Howard R. (318461). Wing, Dr. Bruce L. (318455). Wingert, Gene (322272). Winters, Mrs. Mary (322275). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 445 Wise, Dr. William S. (321347). Yochelson, Dr. Ellis L. (316602, Womble, Edgar A. (319550). 323203, 323206). Wood, Dr. F. E. (322888). Yount, Victor C. (317677, 318080, Wood, R. V. (322504). 318204, 320219, 323234). Wright, Mrs. E. P. (321865). Zardini, Rinaldo (322819). Wyatt, Donald (318177). Zumwalt, G. 5. (306849). Yamaguchi, Dr. Masaski (317820). Zusi, Richard L. (321951). Yedlin, Neal (318594, 319615, 321013). Donors to the National Collections INSTITUTIONAL Aarhus Universitet, Denmark: (317254). Academy of Sciences of the USSR: (313451); Herbarium (316794); P. P. Shirshov Institute of Oceanology (320311); Boological Institute: (322238, 323183); Botanical Institute: (322382). Academy of Sciences, Philadelphia, Pa.: (312507, 318469, 321006). Academy of Sciences, San Francisco, California: (314736, 316912, 318193, 320552, 323198). Agriculture, U. S. Dept. of: Agricultural Research Service (280109, 300648, 315958, 318476, 323370, 323317); Plant Protection & Quarantine (319437); Biological Control of Weeds Research Laboratory (319140); Forest Service (318641, 319364); Systematic Entomology Laboratory (317629, 317636, 317637, 317644, 321244, 321926, 323367). Alabama Museum of Natural History: (311552). Alaska, University of: (281062, 321251). Alberta, University of, Canada: (316741, 318192). Allyn Museum of Entomology, Florida: (322236). American Meteorite Laboratory, Colorado: (320913). Amoco Production Company: (317118). Amsterdam, Universiteit, The Netherlands: (295732, 318055, 322977, 322978, 323027). "Adrena," The Netherlands: (317650). Annamalai University: (319860). Appalachian Learning Center: (321814). Appalachian State University: (319166). Arizona, University of: (285176, 319319, 319555). Arkansas State University : (317604). Arkansas, University of: (314979). Auburn University: (318493, 320498, 322871). Australia, Government of: Australian Museum (316918, 319428, 322442); Department of Mines (320146, 317439); Bureau of Mineral Resources 318208); Royal Botanic Gardens (316764, 317790, 319731, 321444, 322361). Baylor, University of: (310088). Berlin, Universitat Zu, East Germany: Zoolog. Museum (295963). Bermuda Biological Station for Research: (294889, 311208, 312881, 315723, 318323). Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Hawaii: (321052). Birbal Sahni Institute of Paleobotany, India: (316766). Boston University, Marine Biological Laboratory: (320978, 321313, 322118). Botanische Staatssammlung, Germany: (319774). Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research, Inc.: (319275). Brigham Young University: (319372). British Antarctic Survey, England: (317497, 319822). British Columbia Provincial Museum: (317498, 320600). 446 / Smithsonian Year 1976 British Museum of Natural History: (286458, 309968, 315771, 315889, 316134, 317763, 318189, 318319, 318467, 320929, 321258, 322976). Brookhaven National Laboratory: (319455). Bryn Mawr College: (321348). Bundesanstalt fur Materialprufung, Germany: (315959). Busch Gardens: (318535). California, State of: Department of Fish & Game (303753); Department of Health (320911). California, University of: (286857, 289297, 312454, 314780, 315813, 316199, 314448, 317642, 318073, 318381, 318533, 318613, 319848, 320636, 321485, 322273, 323186); Allan Hancock Foundation (321546); Scripps Institution of Oceanography (279428, 303280, 317824, 319280, 319463, 321576, 322117). Campbellsville College, Kentucky: (321140). Canada, Department of Agriculture: (316803, 322452). Canadian Geological Survey: (316962). Canterbury Museum, New Zealand: (290235). Canterbury, University of: (318750). Cape Town, University of: (314828, 317282, 318163). Carlton University, Canada: (316130). Carnegie Museum of Natural History: (318748). Centre Oceanologique de Bretagne, France: (319593). Centro de Investigaciones Marine, Venezuela: (313491). Centro Investigaciones Pesqueras, Venezuela: (306802). Chicago Natural History Museum: (318471). China, Peoples' Republic of: Institute of Vertebrate Paleontology and Paleo- anthropology (323176). Cid. Universitaria, Ilho do Fundao: (315861). Cincinnati, University of: (317489, 322982). Claire D'Ecologie Animale et de Zoologie Agricole: (317635). Clark University: (302737). Coastal Zone Resources Corporation: (317370). College of Charleston, South Carolina: (317593). Colorado Gem & Mineral Company: (319659). Colorado, University of: (317679). Commerce, U. S. Department of: National Oceanic and Atmospheric Admin- istration (293040, 302481, 316960, 318859, 319261, 320171, 323142. 317120, 321552, 319046, 319492, 319627, 320254); National Ocean Survey (319049); National Marine Fisheries Service (310121, 314432, 322941); Systematic Ichthyology Laboratory (320645, 310793). Commonwealth Institute of Biological Control, India: (318251). Commonwealth Scientific & Industrial Research Organization: (316993, 321605). Companhia de Desenvolvimento do Estado de Mato Grosso (CODEMAT) : Brazil (318817). Copenhagen, University of: Botanical Museum (319371, 321430); Mineralogical Museum (322287). Cornell University: (303424, 316132); L. H. Bailey Hortorium (317713, 320388). Crystal Mining Company: (317568). Dayton Museum of Natural History: (322077). Defense, U. S. Department of: Department of the Army (320914, 321586); Department of the Navy (290071, 296966, 302219, 319656, 321252). Delaware, University of: College of Marine Studies (304720, 316874, 319281, 320986, 322565). Delia Universita di Perugia, Italy: (315825). Department of Agriculture & Fisheries for Scotland: (323359). Department de Botanica y Ecologia, Argentina: (319694). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 447 Desert Botanical Garden in Papago Park, Arizona: (319701). Drew University: (287223). Duke University, North Carolina: (316749, 316752, 317704, 317733). Eckerd College: (306443). Entomology Research Institute, Canada: (319134). Environmental Protection Agency, U.S.: (319626, 320475). Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Rama de Botanica: (320436). Esso Production Research/European: (318534). Estacion de Biologia Pesquera, Mexico: (279425). Exxon Production Research Company: (317442). Faculdade de Ciencias Medicas e Biologicas de Botacatu: (317739, 318667, 318695). Fairchild Tropical Garden: (314975, 319750, 321074). Field Museum of Natural History: (312677, 322380, 322367, 317221, 320315, 315772, 316733, 319429, 317718, 319728, 319779, 321057). Fisheries Research & Development Project, Venezuela: (282828, 312104). Fisheries Development Project, U.N. Development Programs: (305422). Florida, State of, Agriculture: (317638). Florida Board of Conservation: (285653). Florida International University: (322586, 323194). Florida, State of, Game and Fresh Water Fish Commission: (268866). Florida, University of: (315818, 317011, 317738, 318637); State Museum (311696). Florida State University: (323010). Forschungsinstitut Senchenberg, Natur-Museum Senckenberg, Germany: (316182, 320619). Fundacion La Salle De Ciencias Naturales, Venezuela: (319496). Fundacion Miguel Lillo, Argentina: (321427). Georgia University: (293131, 317122, 317639). Georgetown University: (311722). Gettysburg, College: (318855). Gorgas Memorial Laboratory, Canal Zone: (319427). Goteborgs Universitet, Sweden: (319353, 321046). Guam University, Guam: (317784, 318432). Gulf Coast Research Laboratory: (317012, 317013, 292964, 311521, 284436, 317008); Museum (308115, 308522, 315292, 315724, 320649). Hamburg Universitat, Zoologisches Museum, Germany: (297989). Hansen Minerals, Inc.: (316924). Harvard University: Botanical Museum (315820, 318725, 317226); Geological Museum (317590, 319112); Gray Herbarium (317187); Museum of Compara- tive Zoology (314447, 315542, 317493, 318399, 318831, 319691, 323274). Hattori Botanical Laboratory, Japan: (321462). Hawaii University: (323185); Aquarium Laboratory (395834); Harold L. Lyon Aboretum (315784, 318215, 320638, 320643). Health, Education and Welfare: (312621, 318517). Herbario "Barbosa Rodrigues," Brazil: (315829, 320466). Herbario, Coordenadoria de Dfesa dos Recursos Naturais Renovaveis, Brazil: (319706). Herbario de la Facultad National de Agronomia de Medellin, Colombia: (318708). Herbarium Ellenberg, Germany: (319338, 319710). Herbarium Bradeanum, Brazil: (316757). Hong Kong University: (315659, 317194,317765). Hope College: (319752, 321503). Houston University: (318858). Hungarian Natural History Museum, Hungary: (321974). 448 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Ibadan University of, Nigeria: (321858). Ichthyological Associates: (312208). Idaho, State of: Department of Health and Welfare (319106). Ife, University of: Museum of Natural History, Nigeria (317536). Illinois Natural History Survey: (319151, 322035). Illinois, University of: (322248). India, Government of: Botanical Survey of India (321494). Indian Ocean Biological Centre, India (284068, 285652). Indonesia Geological Survey: (317548). Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik una Botanischer Garten, West Germany: (319386, 319414). Institut fur Seefischerei, Germany: (323152). Institut fur Meeresforschung Bremerhaven, West Germany: (317443). Institut Royal des Sciences Naturelles, Belgium: (278514). Institute of Biology & Pedology, USSR: (319847). Institute for Systematic Botany, The Netherlands: (319379, 320420, 315778). Institut fur Systematische Botanik der Universitat, Germany : (320460). Instituto de Biologia Marina, Argentina: (297004, 320637). Instituto de Botanica, Brazil: (316742, 317256). Instituto Botanico, Venezuela: (318638, 314255, 316788, 317242, 318728, 319321, 319788, 321478, 321483). Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza, Brazil: (321443). Instituto de Defesa do Patrimonio Natural, Brazil: (315797). Instituto de la Patagonia, Chile: (319633); Fundacion Magallanes (319064). Instituto de Pesquisas da Marinha, Brazil: (315546). Instituto de Pesquisa e Experimentacao Agropecuaria do Norte, Brazil: (314958). Instituto de Zoologia, Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile: (312433, 318913). Instituto Evandro Chagas, Brazil: (321286, 323207). Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Brazil: (321480, 321372). Instituto Patagonico de Ciencias Naturales, Argentina: (318247). Inter American University of Puerto Rico, Puerto Rico: (314029). International Exhibitions Foundation: (318482). Interior, U.S. Department of the: U.S. Geological Survey (276990, 303332, 316607, 319616, 316910, 317150, 317092, 317119, 317151, 317689, 321009, 321299, 322547, 317302, 322075, 322093, 317332, 317691, 317410, 319819, 321984, 322940, 323199, 317537, 318523, 318077, 318528, 318912, 319110, 319557, 319808, 320577, 320651, 321131, 322510, 321597, 322506, 322014, 322148, 320518); Fish and Wildlife Service (280713, 280328, 319425, 323377, 323379, 322120, 322985); National Park Service (319426); U.S. Trust Terri- tories of the Pacific Islands (319632, 322931). Iowa, State University of: (314448). Iowa State University Herbarium: (315799, 317220, 318664, 320437, 320439). Island Resources Foundation, Inc.: (311234, 318112, 319119). J. L. B. Smith Institute of Ichthyology, Rhodes University: (305709). James Ford Bell Museum of Natural History, University of Minnesota: (319153). Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: (319417, 320465). Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, USSR: (302748). Karnatak University Marine Station, India: (320076). Kent State University: (319494). Kobe University, Japan: (322960). Kristalle: (316905). Laboratorio di Technologia della Pesca, Italy: (314402). Laboratorium voor Plantensystematiek En-Geografie, The Netherlands: (316723). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 449 Lae, Papua and New Guinea, Government of, Department of Forests : (316726, 317253, 319703). Laguna, Universidad De La, Canary Islands: (322852). Lamar University: (320138). Lawler, Matusky & Skelly Engineers: (322983). Leeds, The University of, England: (318902). Leicester, University of, England: (321078). Lerner Marine Laboratory of AMNH, Bahamas: (303967). Liverpool, The University of, United Kingdom: (317281). Lockheed Ocean Laboratory: (304531, 317535). Longwood Gardens: (317271, 320415). Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History: (317430, 318457, 322416). Louisiana State University and Agricultural & Mechanical College: (306122). Ludlow, Smith and Kahn: (317417). Lund University, Sweden: (319072); The Botanical Museum (319723). Lyko Mineral & Gem, Inc.: (316021, 317559, 318527, 318903, 319069, 319422, 320127, 320257, 320522, 321906, 322200, 322208). Lyman House Memorial Museum: (316907). Marseille, Universite D'Aix, France: (291834, 317335, 316957, 321167). Maine, University of: (317525). Maine, State of, Inland Fisheries and Game: (315966). Malaysia, Government of, Office of Conservator of Forests, Malaysia: (319718). Malaya, University of, Malaysia: (310996, 316771). Manchester, University of: Museum (320214, 322455). Marie Selby Botanical Gardens: (315774). Marine Ecological Institute: (321545). Marine Research Foundation: (318433,319482). Mauritius Sugar Industry Research Institute, Mauritius: (319412). Maryland Academy of Sciences: (317438). Maryland, University of: (317534, 319712, 319782, 323032); Natural Resources Institute (269646, 316575). Massachusetts, University of: (315788, 316802). Max-Planck-Institut fur Chemie, Germany: (316609); fur Kernphysik (316674). Memorial University of Newfoundland, Canada: (307984, 311573). Miami, University of, Rosenstiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science: (262530, 290413, 299834, 309147, 310879, 320895). Michigan State University: (320908, 319716, 319715, 318470). Michigan, University of, Museum of Zoology: (311357, 312417, 315543, 316153, 321216, 322032, 322037, 322157); Museum of Paleontology (315015). Minerals Unlimited: (322083). Mineralogisk-Geologisk Museum, Norway: (322195). Mississippi State University: (259866, 283973, 317744). Missouri Botanical Garden: (315808, 315815, 315833, 316745, 316781, 317188, 317272, 317712, 317736, 318639, 318660, 318721, 319362, 319383, 320456, 321466, 321520). Missouri, University of: (317407, 318663, 318707, 323363). Moscow State University, Zoological Museum, USSR: (316894). Moss Landing Marine Laboratories: (305637, 318060). Musee Zoologique, Switzerland: (316991). Museu Botanico Municipal, Curitiba, Brazil: (314970, 316763, 318669, 321061, 316765, 317234). Museo de Historia Natural, Herbario San Marcos, Peru: (318673). Museo Nacional de Costa Rica, Herbario Nacional: (319787). Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, France: (310167, 311754, 314936, 316131, 316736, 316985, 318161, 318663, 320417, 321053, 321497, 321521). Museum of Natural History, Sweden: (318723). 450 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Museum of Natural History, Romania: (298104). Muze-ye Melli-ye Tarikh-e Tabi'i, Iran: (321247). Nairobi University, Kenya: (313513). National Geographic Society: (303788, 319493). National Institute of Oceanography, England: (309384). Natural History Museum, San Diego, California: (281954). National Institute for Metallurgy, South Africa: (318074). National Museum of Canada: (276085, 314134). National Museum of Prague, Czechoslovakia: (317209). National Museum of Natural Sciences, Canada: (320408). National Museum of New Zealand: (318267, 318554). National Museum of Rhodesia: (312576). National Museum of Victoria, Australia: (311867). National Science Museum, Japan: (320902, 322439). Nathurhistorisches Museum, Switzerland: (317496). Natur-Museum und Forschungs-Institut, Germany: (306104). Nebraska-Lincoln University: (322011). New Brunswick University: (313189). New Hampshire University: (317331). New Mexico University: (323187). New Mexico Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources: (321171). New York Botanical Garden: (315823, 315826, 316710, 316714, 316730, 316756, 317210, 317246, 317255, 318711, 317791, 319318, 319354, 319725, 319753, 319765, 320434, 320468, 321428, 321490). New York Ocean Science Laboratory: (316573). New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, New Zealand: (316200). Newark Museum: (306625). Noell's Ark: (320354). North Carolina, University of: (302546, 316734, 316959, 317294, 317657, 318064, 318384). North Carolina State University: (317582). North Dakota, University of: (317145). Northern Illinois University: (318456, 320572). Notre Dame University: (322094). Observatorio Astronomico do Colegio Estadual do Parana, Brazil: (312676). Oceanside Gem Imports, Inc.: (316606, 318864, 318864). Office De La Recherche Scientifique Et' Technique Outre-Mer, France: (318061, 320385); Madagascar (315999). Ohio State University Herbarium: (316773, 317700). Oklahoma, University of: (319105). Old Dominion University: (316837, 318806). Oregon State University: (285026, 296562). Oxy Metals Industries: (317437). Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, Hawaii: (321045). Pala Properties International, Inc.: (316217, 318205, 319033, 320256, 320265, 321330, 322086, 323236). Palaontolgisches Instituut und Museum der Universitat, Switzerland: (317301). Paleontological Museum, Moscow: (321335). Pennsylvania State University: (316722, 318125). Pennsylvania, University of: (320917). Pensacola Junior College: (319481). Physical Research Laboratory, India: (321533). South Africa, Republic of, Plant Protection Research Institute: (319641, 323348). Polska Akademia Nauk, Poland, Muzeum Ziemi: (319807). Portobello Marine Laboratory, New Zealand: (312191). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 451 Puerto Rico, Commonwealth of, Department of Natural Resources: (315674). Puerto Rico, University of: (318347, 321487). QLM Laboratories, Inc.: (318753). Queen Victoria Museum & Art Gallery: (316832). Queen's University: (264146). Queensland Herbarium, Australia: (314931, 322369, 321500). Queensland Museum: (318799). Raytech Industries, Inc.: (317564). Research & Control Department, West Indies: (317522). Research School of Biological Sciences, Australia: (302495). Rhode Island, University of: (308047). Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historic The Netherlands: (312557, 320501); Rijksherbarium (317183, 319393). Rockville Public Library: (316872). Roseau Research Centre, West Indies: (322252). Royal Botanic Garden, Scotland: (317793). Royal Botanic Gardens, England: (314976, 316711, 317760, 317766, 319368, 319722, 320438, 321116). Royal Ontario Museum, Canada: (318252, 322196). Ruder Boskovic Institute, Yugoslavia: (306781). St. John's College, India: (318240). St. Louis Zoological Park: (320915). San Diego State College: (295685). Sao Paulo, Universidade de, Museu de Zoologia da: (318065, 318292, 320931, 322574, 323153, 323353). Savannah Science Museum: (302698). Schenectady Museum: (290228). Senckenberg Museum: (317124). Sinclair Refining Company : (318277). Singapore, University of: (279091). South African Museum: (316625). South Alabama, University of: (314825, 316178, 322143). South Carolina, University of: (318429, 322269). South Florida, University of: (321114, 321202). Southern California, University of: (322325); Allan Hancock Foundation (318803, 319168, 319229). Southern State College: (316027). Southwest Research Institute-Houston: (317277). Southwest Texas State University: (317519, 320141). Southwestern Louisiana, University of: (321424). Southwestern Mineral Associates, Inc.: (317418). State Department, U.S.: (323167); Peace Corps. (315277). State Museum of Natural History, North Carolina: (315661, 317825). Station Centrale de Zoologie CNRA, France: (316992). Summit Herbarium, Canal Zone: (318642). Sydney, University of: (317603). Tall Timbers Research Station: (318481). Tasmania, University of, Australia: (205162). Tennessee, University of: (313600, 317805, 318720). Texas A&M University: (303876, 313009, 314824, 317333, 321122, 322251). Texas Technological College: (283274). Texas, University of: (318059, 318685, 319730, 320423). TMK, Inc.: (318084). Tokyo, University of: (316915, 320467). Toronto, University of, Ramsay Wright Zoological Laboratories: (317094). Trinite Mining Company: (323231). 452 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Underwater Biological Research: (321863). Universidad de Agronomia, Venezuela: (316719). Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo: (273185). Universidad Central de Venezuela: (317193, 321431, 321433). Universidad de Los Andes, Venezuela: (315835, 316753, 321043). Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogota: (315809, 318701, 319757). Universidad Nacional del Nordeste, Argentina: (315819, 318674, 321112, 322371). Universidad Nacional Tecnia de Cajamarca, Peru: (319341). Universidad de Panama: (317529, 318577). Universidade de Brasilia: (317204, 319734). Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil: (315824, 316779). Universita di Perugia, Italy: (323188). Universitat Hamburg, Germany: (305040). Universitetets Zoologiske Museum, Denmark: (317521). University College, Ireland: (321920). Uppsala, University of, Sweden: (301548). Utah, University of: (320435). Utrecht, Botanisch Museum En Herbarium van de Rijksuniversiteit: (316793, 317206, 319727). Victoria University of Wellington: (318318). Vila Museum Cultural Center, New Hebrides: (323189). Virginia Institute of Marine Science: (281441, 314690, 317606, 319107, 322841, 320650). Virginia Polytechnic Institute & State University: (321933). Waimea Aboretum, Hawaii: (321492). Walla Walla College: (318749). Ward's Natural Science Establishment, Inc.: (321591, 321968). Washington, University of: (316916, 318385, 321173); College of Fisheries (285001, 320135, 321306); Friday Harbor Laboratories (297808). Washington State University: (316795). Water and Air Research, Inc.: (320296). Waterloo, University of: (313463, 316603, 319060). West Florida, University of: (320601). West Indies, University of: (306411). Western Australian Museum, Perth: (319180, 322065, 322288). Western Minerals: (316216,320622). William and Mary College Herbarium: (319385). Wisconsin, University of: (315817, 316728, 317245, 317714, 317719, 317761, 317769, 318699, 319322, 321580). Wisconsin State University: (316798, 317789). Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute: (309416, 315706, 318820). Worcester County, Sheriff's Office: (322911). Wyoming, University of : (320994). Yale University: (282519, 284559, 323225); Peabody Museum of Natural History (317093). Zoologisches Institut und Museum der Universitat Gottingen: (321333). Zoological Museum, Finland: (317123). Zurich, Universitat, Botanischer Garten und Museum: (317770). NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Donors of Financial Support Anti-Ship Missile Defense Project Office (in memorium Patricia Britton) Ash Lawn Mr. and Mrs. Harry L. Baker Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 453 Dr. Ellinor H. Behre Norma K. Darr Harold J. Egoscue The Embroiderer's Guild, Congressional Branch Mr. and Mrs. Ezra Glaser Betti C. Goldwasser Mrs. Eugene R. Hitchcock (The Class in Early American Decoration) Betty S. Howser Elbridge O. Hurlbut Ilene F. Joyce James W. Kelly David B. Marshall Hazel S. Mays Louisa B. Parker (in memorium Patricia Britton) Mary B. Scheible Dr. and Mrs. Lee M. Talbot The Washington Biologist's Field Club Inc. Donor to the Zoo Library Mrs. Helmut Buechner, Washington, D.C. : Journal collection of Dr. H. K. Buechner Donors of Live Animals Atlantic-Richfield Company (through Angus Gavin), Alaska: 40 Pacific eider eggs. David Bereza, Philadelphia, Pa.: 2 matamata turtles. Brazilia Zoo (through Paulo-Nogueira-Neto), Brazilia, Brazil: 2 maned wolves. Robert Brodsky, Annandale, Va.: one yellow-headed Amazon. Anne Cornelius, Gaithersburg, Md.: one leopard lizard. Neil Greenberg, Poolesville, Md.: 2 iguanas. Charles Handley, Washington, D.C. : 25 fruit-eating bats. Hogle Zoological Garden, Salt Lake City, Utah: 2 kit foxes. Tom Jensen, Blacksburg, Va.: 15 Jamaican anoles. Robin Martin, Washington, D.C: one salmon-crested cockatoo. Ronnie Mesic, Hampton, Va.: one yellow-ridged toucan. National Institute of Parks (through Pedro Trebbau), Venezuela: 2 crab-eating foxes. Northern Prairie Wildlife Research Center, Jamestown, N.D. : 6 giant Canada geese. Juan Gomez Nunez, Maracay, Venezuela: 3 crab-eating foxes. Thomas P. O'Farrell, Desert Research Institute, Nevada: 4 antelope ground squirrels. Patuxent Wildlife Research Center, Md.: 6 greater sandhill cranes, 6 Florida sandhill cranes. Philadelphia Zoological Gardens, Philadelphia, Pa.: 3 pancake tortoises; 2 hinge-back tortoises. Galen Rathbun, Nairobi, Kenya: 25 elephant shrews. Salisbury Zoological Garden, Salisbury, Md. : one tegu lizard. San Diego Zoological Society, San Diego, Calif.: 2 black-tailed prairie dogs. Sao Paulo Zoo (through Mario Autuori), Sao Paulo, Brazil: 2 maned wolves. William Sladen, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Md. : 2 whistling swans. Phil Stanton, Upton, Ma. : 2 American eiders. Charles Swille, Long Island, N.Y. : one white-eared pheasant. 454 / Smithsonian Year 1976 SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Donors of Financial Support The Henry B. and Grace Doherty Foundation Robert Dressier Exxon Foundation Giles W. Mead The Edward John Noble Foundation A. Stanley Rand Earl S. Tupper HISTORY AND ART ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Donors of Financial Support $100 and over Mr. Albert J. Ades Mr. and Mrs. Denton Anderson Mrs. Wendell W. Anderson, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. Wendell W. Anderson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Baker Mr. Richard B. Baker Mr. W. N. Banks Mrs. James H. Beal Mr. and Mrs. John A. Benton Mr. and Mrs. James A. Beresford Mr. and Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Mrs. Rosalie Berkowitz Mrs. Lionel R. Berman Muriel M. Berman Mr. and Mrs. James Biddle Anna H. Bing Mr. and Mrs. Theodore D. Birnkrant Mr. and Mrs. H. Glenn Bixby Mrs. Myron N. Blank Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence H. Bloedel Mr. and Mrs. Paul Borman Mr. William Bostick W. H. Brady Foundation, Inc. Mr. Charles L. Bricker Mr. Louis Britwitz Mr. and Mrs. Joseph G. Butler Mrs. David R. C. Brown Mr. and Mrs. William W. Brown Mr. J. Lawrence Buell, Jr. Mrs. Helen R. Busch Mr. and Mrs. E. A. Cafiero Mr. Dixon H. Cain Mr. and Mrs. Howard B. Camden Dr. and Mrs. Sidney E. Chapin Dr. and Mrs. Robert B. Clarke Mr. and Mrs. Ralph F. Colin Mr. Gardner Cowles Dr. and Mrs. Burrill B. Crohn Miss Ruth Cumming Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Cummings Mrs. Chester Dale Mrs. Frederic A. Daum Mr. and Mrs. Lewis B. Daniels Mr. and Mrs. Keith Davis Mr. and Mrs. A. G. De Lorenzo Mrs. Maria M. de Medina Mrs. Albert de Salle Mrs. Henry H. Dewar Mrs. Amy Dobronyi Mr. Paul Dorman Mr. and Mrs. Saul H. Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. Henry Earle Mrs. Allan D. Emil Mr. and Mrs. George M. Endicott Dallas Ernst Mr. and Mrs. E. M. Estes Mrs. Aubrey Ettenheimer Mrs. Irving X. Fabrikant Mrs. W. Rodman Fay Mrs. John H. Ferguson Mrs. Charles T. Fisher Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. Fisher Mrs. Gilchrist Fletcher Mrs. Frederick C. Ford, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Kaye G. Frank Mr. and Mrs. Marshall Fredericks Mrs. John S. French Mr. B. H. Friedman Mr. David L. Gamble Appendix 9, Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 455 Mr. and Mrs. M. Getler Mr. Charles Gilman, Jr. (Gilman Foundation, Inc.) Mr. Howard Gilman Mrs. Bernard F. Gimbel Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Glen Mr. and Mrs. Seth M. Glickenhaus Dr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Goldyne Mr. and Mrs. Alan L. Gornick Mr. and Mrs. William T. Gossett Mr. Charles M. Grace Mr. Harold E. Grove Dr. and Mrs. Lester Gruber Mrs. Marina Kellen Gundlach Mr. and Mrs. Walter Haas Mrs. Nathan L. Halpern Dr. and Mrs. Reginald Harnett Mr. and Mrs. E. Jan Hartmann Mrs. Robert G. Hartwick Mrs. Raymond Hawtin Mrs. Douglas Hays Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Heaton Mr. and Mrs. Charles E. Hickman Mrs. George C. Hixon Mrs. Grace Garden Hooker Mr. and Mrs. Stephen Horn II Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mrs. Howell Howard Dr. and Mrs. J. Stewart Hudson Mr. Frederick G. L. Huetwell Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Hulings Mr. and Mrs. James Humphry III IBM Corporation Design and Arts Program Milka Iconomoff Mr. and Mrs. Michael Irving Mrs. Harrison Ivancovich Dr. and Mrs. David Jacknow Mrs. Augusta Jacobson Mr. and Mrs. Earle F. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Winslow Jones Mrs. Louis E. Kahn Mr. and Mrs. A. Frederick Kammer Mrs. Virginia W. Kampf Mr. and Mrs. Jacob M. Kaplan Miss Zelda Kaplan Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Karbal Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Karpel Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Katzman Mr. and Mrs. James O. Keene Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Kellman Kennedy Galleries, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Harry L. Koenigsberg Kriendler-Berns Foundation Mrs. Roger Kyes The Lachaise Foundation Mrs. C. Lacoppidan Dr. William A. Lange Mrs. Barbara B. Lassiter Mr. Rensselaer W. Lee Mr. Arthur D. Leidesdorf Mrs. Annalina Levi Mrs. Stanley K. Levison Mr. and Mrs. Albert List Mr. and Mrs. Louis M. Loeb Mr. and Mrs. Earle Ludgin Mr. Russell Lynes Mr. and Mrs. Alvan Macauley, Jr. Miss Anne Maddox Mrs. Elizabeth H. Maddux Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Mrs. Grey Mason Mrs. Frederick C. Matthaei Mr. T. S. Mathews Mr. and Mrs. Baldwin Maull Mrs. Robert B. Mayer Mr. and Mrs. Nelson L. Meredith The Metropolitan Museum of Art Mill Pond Press Mrs. G. Macculloch Miller Mr. and Mrs. Irving Minett Mrs. Carleton Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. William L. Mitchell Dr. and Mrs. Coleman Mopper Mr. and Mrs. T. A. Murphy Mrs. Lillian R. Muss Mr. Jack Navin Mrs. Harry J. Nederlander Mrs. Frances H. Nelson Mrs. Eldo Netto Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Neuberger Ms. Louise R. Noun Mr. and Mrs. Frank J. Nussbaum Mr. Alfonso A. Ossorio Mr. and Mrs. O. L. Olson Mrs. Bliss Parkinson Mrs. Henry Pearlman Mr. Charles Penney Mrs. Patricia Jobe Pierce Mr. and Mrs. H. Lynn Pierson Mr. and Mrs. L. S. Pollock Mr. and Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. William J. Poplack Mr. and Mrs. M. P. Potamkin Mr. and Mrs. Albert B. Ratner Mrs. Dorothy H. Rautbord Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Mr. Raphael Recanati Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Richardson Mrs. John D. Rockefeller, 3rd Mr. Nelson A. Rockefeller 456 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Rodgers Mrs. Ida Rosenberg Mr. Robert A. Rowan Mrs. Joseph Rubin Mrs. Madeleine H. Russell Dr. Ivan C. Schatten Mr. and Mrs. Walter Scheuer Mr. Jerry Schoenith Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Schoenith Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Schubot Mrs. Sidney L. Schwarz Mr. James J. Shapiro Mrs. Allan Shelden, III Mr. and Mrs. Peter M. Shontz, Jr. Signature Art Galleries Mr. and Mrs. Herbert M. Singer Mrs. Florence Sisman The George M. and Mabel H. Slocum Foundation Mrs. J. Scott Smart Mr. Elward Smith Mrs. Lawrence M. C. Smith $500 and over Mr. and Mrs. John L. Bunce Mrs. Carrigan Fitzsimons Miss Elizabeth H. Fuller Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. and Mrs. J. S. Judd (The Lyons Foundation, Inc.) Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert Kinney Mr. and Mrs. Harold O. Love $1,000 and over Dr. and Mrs. Arthur Bloom Mr. and Mrs. John L. Bradley The Bundy Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Irving F. Burton Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mrs. George R. Fink Benson and Edith Ford Fund Mr. and Mrs. William C. Ford The Edith Gregor Halpert Foundation Mrs. Percy C. Madeira, Jr. Mr. Moissaye Marans $5,000 and over Mrs. George R. Brown (The Brown Foundation, Inc.) Mrs. Edsel B. Ford (The Eleanor Clay Ford Fund) $10,000 and over Mr. Richard Manoogian Michigan Council for the Arts Mrs. Howard Smits Mr. and Mrs. Edgar Stanton Mr. and Mrs. Mark C. Stevens Mr. and Mrs. Stanford C. Stoddard Mr. Philip A. Straus Mr. and Mrs. John W. Stroh Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw Mr. and Mrs. Carsten Tiedeman Mrs. Louis Tishman Mrs. Hooper Truettner Mrs. Helen Urban Mrs. C. Theron Van Dusen Mr. Adele Volpe Mr. C. Carter Walker, Jr. Mr. Hudson Walker Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Weinstein Mr. and Mrs. R. J. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Warren R. Woodward Mrs. R. Stephens Wright Mr. and Mrs. William J. Young, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Zell Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Richard Manney Mrs. Nancy B. Negley Mr. and Mrs. Dan Oppenheimer Mrs. H. Darby Perry Mrs. Herbert Polacheck Mrs. Edwin M. Rosenthal, Jr. Mrs. Arthur S. Seeligson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Maury L. Spanier Mr. and Mrs. William A. Marsteller Mr. Gunnar Maske Dr. and Mrs. Abraham Melamed Mrs. Edwin Meredith Mr. and Mrs. Chapin Riley Mr. Stephen Shalom Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth Mr. Emanuel Sulkes Mr. Edward M. M. Warburg Mrs. Robert Ready Williams The Samuel H. Kress Foundation Howard and Jean Lipman Foundation Mr. and Mrs. William L. Richards (The Viola Bray Charitable Fund) Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 457 COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS AND DESIGN Donors of Financial Support ($500 American Telephone & Telegraph Company The Vincent Astor Foundation Margaret T. Biddle Foundation Mrs. Elizabeth C. Booker Mrs. Helen W. Buckner CBS Inc. Carnegie Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Ron Dante Mr. William W. Donnell First National City Bank Eva Gebhard-Gourgaud Foundation Hallmark Educational Foundation Henry J. Heinz II Harold K. Hochschild Janet A. Hooker Charitable Trust Patricia Kendall Hurd IBM Donors of Works of Art L'Antiquaire, Inc. Antiquarian Landmarks Society of Connecticut, Hartford Mr. Alfred Auerbach Mrs. Lillian Block Bergdorf-Goodman Brunschwig & Fils, Inc. Mrs. Lester R. Cahn Chestnut Renewal Corporation, Board of Directors Dr. and Mrs. William Collis Mrs. M. Allison Coudert Mr. Harold Crooks Dansk Designs, Ltd. Mr. Uri Danyluk Mr. David de Casseres Mrs. Elizabeth de Cuevas Mr. Rodman de Heeren Mrs. Rogers Denckla Mr. Donald Deskey Mrs. Ann Hysa Dorfsman Dundee Mills Mrs. Susanna Ebendorf Mrs. William B. Eldridge Mr. Dennis A. Fiori Mr. M. Roy Fisher Marguerite Flynn Shin Ichiro Foujita Estate of Jerome A. Q. Franks Friends of Drawings and Prints Friends of Textiles Mrs. Frederick Greenfield Mrs. Robert Grieff and over) Josten Fund, Inc. Karastan Rug Mills The Lauder Foundation Mrs. Edith MacGuire The Magowan Family Foundation, Inc. The Charles E. Merrill Trust Margaret C. Miller Philip Morris Dorothy F. Rogers — Rockmeadow Foundation, Inc. Charles E. Sampson Memorial Fund Stroheim & Romann Mr. Bertrand L. Taylor III John B. Trevor, Jr. The Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates Miss Mary Griffin Hamilton-Van Wagner House Mrs. John L. Handy, Jr. Christopher and Rucker Hartman Haslam and Whiteway Mrs. William Randolph Hearst, Jr. Hermes Mr. Stanley Herzman Mrs. Lincoln Johnson Mrs. Jacob Kaplan Mr. Ellery Karl Mr. Robert C. Kaufmann Donald and Eylene King Mr. Lincoln Kirstein Mrs. Richard S. Koehne Mr. Lawrence Korwin Dr. Robert Krieble Mrs. Ralph W. Kruze Mr. Merle Leech Mr. Simon Lissim Mr. Nino Luciano Dr. and Mrs. Samuel Mandel Mrs. Phyllis Masser Mrs. William Mathers Elinor Merrell Miss Pauline Metcalf Mrs. Robert Milbauer Mr. Karl Miller Mrs. Margaret Carnegie Miller Mr. Jacques Mohr Mrs. Gillian Moss Nantucket Historical Association 458 / Smithsonian Year 1976 National Park Service, Denver, Colorado Mr. William A. Olsen Mr. Hubbell Pierce Mrs. Minna Rosenblatt Mr. Max Saltzman Mr. Neil Sellin Mrs. Selig Silverman Mr. Edgar O. Smith Mr. Ralph V. Sollitt Mr. Milton Sonday Mr. Richard Stein Mme. Alice Stern Mr. Hugh Stix Thomas Strahan Co. C. Helme Strater, Jr., John B. Strater, and Margaret S. Robinson Mrs. Bertrand L. Taylor III Mrs. Lyla Tyng Mrs. Martha B. Walcott Mrs. Clara Waldeck Mrs. Charles Webster Mr. George Wells Mr. H. Wade White Dorothy Lynde Wright and A. Elizabeth Wadhams Mr. Russell Wright Miss Honor Youngs Mrs. Irwin Zlowe Miss Nell Znamierowski FREER GALLERY OF ART Donors of Financial Support Mrs. Jean C. Lindsey Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Donors to the Study Collection Mr. George Anavian: 1 bronze Mr. Gordon H. Brown: 5 wood engravings by Whistler Estate of Edith Ehrman: 1 Japanese print by Harunobu Dr. and Mrs. Kurt A. Gitter: 1 Japanese calligraphy Mrs. Marian Hammer: 1 Japanese pottery; Edo; Arita ware, blue and white apothecary bottle Mrs. R. K. Keith: 2 Indian gold bracelets; 2 Indian gold pendants Professor Franz Michael: 16 Chinese rubbings John A. Pope: shards of pottery Miss Elizabeth Rhoades Reynolds: 1 pottery vase Mr. Raymond Schwartz: plastic (carved) snuff bottle Dr. Harold P. Stern: 1 English textile; 1 English fireplace screen or "surround" Mr. T. Taniquchi: 95 Japanese paintings Mr. John Thacher: 1 lacquer table; Japanese; Momoyama; mother-of-pearl inlay HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Donors of Financial Support The Balch Institute Donors of Works of Art Mrs. Michael Brenner Senator and Mrs. Dale Bumpers David Deitscher Gallery Limited Dr. and Mrs. Julian Eisenstein Mr. and Mrs. Sol Fishko Harmon Gallery Mr. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. Jacob Kainen Mr. Michael Klein Mrs. Eric Knight Mr. Vincent Melzac The Thomas M. Evans Foundation Mr. S. Dillon Ripley Mr. and Mrs. Peter Rosenau Resident Associate Program, Smithsonian Institution Mr. Sergio Storel Mr. Jose Tasende Ms. Susan Vanderwoude Miss Berta Walker Mr. and Mrs. David T. Workman Virginia Zabriskie Gallery Miss Virginia Zabriskie Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 459 NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Donors of Financial Support Acken Signs, Inc. J. Adams Systems, Inc. Advertising Metal Display Company American Cyanamid Company American Sign and Advertising Services, Inc. American Sign and Indicator Corporation Angier Industries Arrow Sign Company, Inc. C. Bendsen Company Brilliant Electric Signs, Inc. Central Outdoor Advertising Company Coca Cola Company Columbus Advertising Inc. Copernicus Society Corning Glass Works Cutler Electrical Products, Inc. Francois De Menil Display Sales, Inc. Dowie Outdoor Inc. Alice and Leonard Dreyfuss Foundation Eastern States Sign Council, Inc. Excellent Advertising Corporation Ferrer Corporation Ferrin Signs, Inc. David E. Finley French Advertising Inc. General Electric Gulf Development, Inc. Hoarel Sign Company The Howard Company, Inc. Caroline Hume International Brotherhood of Electrical Workers Ruth Cole Kainen Don Kieffer Signs Levy Sign Company Elizabeth Loch Mac Sign Company Magowan Family Foundation Markline Neon Sign Company, Inc. James H. Matthews and Company The Mayor Gallery Melweb Signs, Inc. Midwest Sign and Awning Company Mitchell, Hutchins, Inc. James S. and Barbara J. Mueller Nespir Sign Advertising, Inc. Nevada Sign Association, Southern Division, Inc. Northern Advertising Company Norton Advertising, Inc. Nu-lite Sign Company Oklahoma Neon Company Outdoor Advertising Association of America, Inc. Outdoor Advertising Association of Indiana Outdoor Advertising Association of New Jersey Outdoor Advertising Association of New York Outdoor Advertising Association of Oklahoma Phelps-Dodge Corporation Reece Supply Company Bob Robinson, Inc. Charles Sawyer Thomas A. Schutz Company, Inc. Michael J. and JoAnn Shenk Sign and Display Industry Promotion Fund Signs Inc. The Skyhook Corporation Eloise Spaeth Stait Outdoor Advertising Company Standard Neo-Lite Company, Inc. State Sign Corporation State Sign Services, Inc. Texas Sign Manufacturers Association Traffic Audit Bureau, Inc. Tri-Pack Corporation Tube Light Company Turner Communications Corporation 20th Century Sign Studio United Sign Corporation University of Notre Dame Uthmeier Advertising Companies, Inc. Vanadco Signs Visual Marketing Inc. Voltarc Tubes Inc. World Sign Associates 460 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Donors to the Collection Mrs. David C. Acheson (with Mr. John W. Castles III) Brooke Alexander Irene H. Aronson Anonymous Donor Paula Juley Baker Mrs. Nathaly Baum Mr. and Mrs. William S. Benedict Mrs. Madge Blumencranz Ilya Bolotowsky Brandywine Graphic Workshop Mr. John W. Castles III (with Mrs. David C. Acheson) Julian de Miskey Hugo Dreyfus Mr. and Mrs. Waldron Faulkner Henry Feiwell Mrs. Dorothy Brooks Fenton Aline Fruhauf Mrs. Robert Goodale John Gossage Dr. Christopher A. Graf and Janet Graf, his wife Edward M. Groth HMK Fine Arts Mr. and Mrs. Mervin Honig Mr. John R. Hopkins Hymen Horn Milton Horn Robert Flynn Johnson Mrs. Carlyle Jones Jacob Kainen Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen John Kane Linda Kaplan Susan Kaprov Harry Katz Louis and Annette Kaufman Kunstlerverein Malkasten William C. Lipke Mrs. Allen Little John C. Lord Lee Lozoqick Frank McClure Fred McLain Vincent Melzac Quentin and Mark Meyer Dr. Frederick P. Nause and Rebecca Nause, his wife Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Reverend DeWolf Perry Katherine Poole Monroe E. Price Henry Ward Ranger (Bequest through the National Academy of Design) Estate of Doris Rosenthal (Bequest) Mrs. Paul 5. Rupert Mrs. Paul Sample Eleanor Savorgnan (Bequest) Smithsonian Institution Resident Associate Program Society of Washington Printmakers Bernard Solomon Harold Tager, Jr. George W. Thompkins Carl Von der Lancken Washington Print Club Alexander Vernon Wasson Mr. and Mrs. Donald Webster Emil Weddige Mrs. Evan M. Wilson Dan Wisel Zabriskie Gallery Virginia M. Zabriskie NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Donors of Financial Support MISCELLANEOUS UNRESTRICTED GIFTS The Barra Foundation, Inc. Mr. John Nicholas Brown Mr. Robert Michael Burke Mr. Vasco McCoy, Jr. "1876: A CENTENNIAL EXHIBITION" Alcoa Foundation Mr. James Richard Buckler Butterick Fashion Marketing Company Crane Company John Deere Foundation James B. and Susan V. Fauntleroy Mrs. Martha Morris Mr. James A. Pegolotti Dr. Forrest C. Pogue Ms. Carola Terwilliger Foremost-McKesson, Inc. Otis Elevator Company Pfizer, Inc. The Washington Post Western Union Corporation Wicaco Machine Corporation Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 461 "balloon frame house' exhibition Certain-teed Products Corporation doubleday lecture series Doubleday & Company, Inc. HALL OF AMERICAN MARITIME ENTERPRISE American Institute of Marine Underwriters Ashland Oil, Inc. Bailey Coke Transport, Inc. Bath Iron Works Corp. Bethlehem Steel Corporation Mr. George H. Blohm The Boswell Oil Company Mr. Frederick S. Boyce Brent Towing Co., Inc. Calhoon Meba Engineering School Campbell Barge Line, Inc. Canal Barge Co., Inc. Cargo Carriers, Inc. Mr. Howard F. Casey Circle Line/Statue of Liberty Ferry, Inc. Crowley Maritime Corporation Dillingham Corp., Maritime Group Industries Dixie Carriers, Inc. Joseph C. Domino E. H. Edwards Company Exxon Company, U.S.A. Federal Barge Lines, Inc. G & C Towing, Inc. General Electric Company General Stevedores, Inc. Gladders Barge Line, Inc. Professor George W. Hilton Humboldt Boat Service Co. Industrial Tank, Inc. Ingram Barge Company International Paint Company Interstate Oil Transport Company Mr. Dennis Lindsay S. C. Loveland Co., Inc. Maxon Marine Industries, Inc. Mobil Oil Corporation National Maritime Union of America Neare, Gibbs, & Co., Inc. Oakland Traffic Club, Port of Oakland Ogden Marine, Inc. Ohio River Company PPG Industries, Inc. Propeller Club of the U.S., Port of Baltimore #5 Propeller Club of the U.S., Port of Boston, Inc. Propeller Club, Port of Port Everglades Propeller Club, Port of Galveston Propeller Club, Port of Houston Propeller Club of the U.S., Port of Jacksonville, Fla. Propeller Club, Port of Miami Propeller Club, Port of Mobile Propeller Club, Port of Nashville Propeller Club, Port of New York Propeller Club of Norfolk Propeller Club of the U.S., Port of Pittsburgh Propeller Club, Port of Portland, Me. Propeller Club, Port of Portsmouth, N.H. Propeller Club of the U.S., Port of San Diego Propeller Club, Port of San Juan, P.R. Propeller Club, Port of Savannah Propeller Club of the Twin Cities Prudential Lines, Inc. Reynolds Metals Co., Marine Division Shell Oil Company Ms. Magda B. Tenser C. J. Thibodeaux and Co. The Tobacco Institute, Inc. Todd Shipyards Corporation Transportation Institute U. S. Steel Foundation, Inc. Union Mechling Upper Mississippi Towing Corporation The Valley Line Company Water Transport Association Women's Propeller Club, Port of New York 462 / Smithsonian Year 1976 DIVISION OF NAVAL HISTORY Bucks County Chapter of the D.A.R. City of Falls Church, Virginia Maine State Museum and American Institute of Nautical Archaeology DIVISION OF CERAMICS AND GLASS Ceramica-Stiftung Mr. Jack Leon University of Vermont Warren House Association Mr. and Mrs. John Mayer Miss Louise L. Ottinger MEDICAL SCIENCES DIVISION Bausch and Lomb Becton Dickinson Foundation DIVISION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY Time, Inc. "person to person" exhibition American Telephone & Telegraph Company Central Telephone & Utilities Corporation division of electricity & nuclear energy Sybron Corporation U. S. Independent Telephone Association Antique Wireless Association division of numismatics Amos Press, Inc. DIVISION OF POSTAL HISTORY Mr. S. N. Shure Institute of Electronic & Electrical Engineers Bass Foundation Sidney Printing and Publishing Company DIVISION OF COSTUME AND FURNISHINGS Butterick Fashion Marketing Mrs. Claudia B. Kidwell Company DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL HISTORY Mr. C. Malcolm Watkins DIVISION OF PREINDUSTRIAL HISTORY Mrs. Anne C. Golovin SECTION OF MATHEMATICS Dr. Uta C. Merzbach FRIENDS OF MUSIC AT THE SMITHSONIAN Abe Wouk Foundation Benjamin L. Becker Catherine F. Absalom Ethel J. Beniash Mark A. Adler Mrs. E. Tuckerman Biays AKC Fund Miss Elmira Bier Mary Loft Anderson Roy D. Bowman Mrs. John W. Auchincloss Lawrence E. Brown Bates Duplicating Company James H. Cannon Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 463 Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Cerf Anthony Chanaka Timothy Childs Mr. and Mrs. Edward C. Childs Mrs. Starling Winston Childs (5.W. Childs Management Corporation) Mrs. Thomas K. Cline Mrs. William H. Crocker Ann M. Cummings Mrs. Anderson C. Dearing, Jr. Elizabeth U. Delaney Lenora S. Dunlap Eleanor M. Earle Mrs. Elinore Engelberg Donald C. Farley, Jr. Gertrude Helen Fay Helen M. Feeney Ellamae Fehrer Zelma Felten John T. Fesperman David E. Finley David B. Fitzgerald Sally Flanagan Mr. and Mrs. David Forell Norma Foulger Ms. Marquerite E. Fowle Cynthia Fraser Robert J. Gardner Mrs. Benjamin J. Garfunkel Paul E. Geier Mrs. James L. Goodwin Alfred M. Granum Paula S. Greenman Dolores Grieco Jean Hakes G. E. Hall Mr. and Mrs. William E. Harvey Mrs. Helen R. Hollis Mrs. W. Douglas Hopkins Dr. Bruce Howe Eleanore G. Jenks Capt. E. E. Johnson Emily W. Jones Mr. and Mrs. John B. Jones, Jr. Carolyn E. Junkin Mrs. Amanda Bryan Kane Mrs. Andrew S. Keck Marian Kirkland Mr. David Lloyd Kreeger Mr. and Mrs. James F. Lawrence Mary Nelson Lee Mr. and Mrs. Guy Martin Dr. John Russell Mason Hilda M. McDonell Mr. and Mrs. Russel B. McNeill Mrs. Loudon Mellen Mrs. Garfield M. Miller Dr. and Mrs. Harmon C. Landesman Mrs. Stephen V. C. Morris William B. Morse Jane H. Mulry Marjorie G. Murphy M. Claire Murray Mr. and Mrs. John U. Nef Ruth C. Nelson Sarah L. Nirenburg Mr. Gerson Nordlinger, Jr. Dorah D. O'Neill Senator Claiborne Pell Lawrence J. Radice, M.D. Mrs. Josephine C. Rankin Mr. and Mrs. Dennis Riegel Mary Landon Russell Jean S. Sayward Carl H. Schlapp, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Janos Scholz Merwyn Schulman Mr. and Mrs. Thomas J. Schwab Malcolm H. Sherwood, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Shultz Mr. and Mrs. Milton L. Shurr Mrs. John Farr Simmons Frances K. Skeath Mrs. Francis A. Smith Mrs. Henry P. Smith III Mrs. J. Russell Smith W. N. Harrell Smith Janet W. Solinger Davidson Sommers Miss Mildred F. Stone Juanita M. Sullivan Clara J. Swan Mrs. Grant E. Syphers Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Tarr Trinity Episcopal Church Dr. and Mrs. Clifford Truesdell Mr. and Mrs. Bronson Tweedy Dr. and Mrs. C. F. Tyner Mr. David W. Wainhouse Miss Lee Walker Louise Norris Warkomski Mr. and Mrs. William W. Warner Lillian B. Washburn Marian S. West Bonnie E. Williams Thomas and Barbara Wolf Mr. Herman Wouk 464 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Donors to the National Collections INDIVIDUALS Abbot, Mrs. Virginia A.: academic gown, cap with tassel, 4 hoods (317863). Abel, Mrs. Elizabeth F. : pair of woman's shoes, 1931 (316335). Abrahamson, Ms. Ada and Abrahamson, Ms. Grace: brass scarificator, glass cup for bloodletting (318916). Abrahamson, Ms. Grace (see Abrahamson, Ms. Ada). Abramson, Dr. Arthur S., M.D. : framed copy of "Bill of Rights for the Disabled" (306627). Adrosko, Miss Rita J.: Japanese print and woven silk picture (321742); 4 Jacquard silk pictures, coverlet, shawl, Japanese silk fabric, 7 pieces of silk fabric, European folk textile (321786). Ahlborn, Richard E.: broadside "Lost on the Alviso Road" (315413); copper plate engraving (316451). Albright, Watson: 7 ambrotypes (319024). Alcorn, Elizabeth L. : woman's cloak, 1760-1810 (316399). Anderson, Mrs. Anna White: woman's nightgown, 1850-74, in memory of Mary B. White and Bennett S. White (314646). Anderson, Mrs. Clair: glass powder horn, in memory of Mr. Clair A. Ander- son (315369). Anderson, David R. : photograph of the Guiteau jury (317957). Anderson, Robert R., Captain, U.S. Army: U.S. Army officer's cap, officer's cap insignia (317975). Andrews, Norwood H. and Fluid Energy Processing and Equipment Co. (through Edward Van Vliet) : "Micronizer," with accompanying documenta- tion (319930). Anonymous: 2 girl's petticoats, girl's crinoline (319979). Anthony, Mrs. Wilhelmina G.: 20 drafting instruments and case (317889). Armer, Austin: silk on linen sampler, 1830 (315495). Arnot, Dave and Arnot, Mrs. R. E.: earthenware plate, ca. 1905-10 (315470). Arnot, Mrs. R. E. (see Arnot, Dave). Ashbridge, Col. and Mrs. Whitney: official naval letters and documents, 17 U.S. naval uniform items, 33 examples of fabric, lace, needlework and patterns (316364). Ashbridge, Mrs. Whitney (see Ashbridge, Col. and Mrs. Whitney). Ashburn, Mr. and Mrs. Marvion E.: glass jug, 4 glasses, ca. 1876-80 (316490). Ayre, Mrs. Helen C. (Thomas, Jr.): 34-star U.S. national flag (320792). Bagley, Alice Houghton: woman's dress, pair of shoes, ca. 1876 (316344). Ballard, Ms. Emily Trent: woman's dress, 1946 (316341). Banford, Raymond E.: 2 clear glass paperweights (316492). Barbaro, Mrs. Sophronia Waesche: pair of silk stockings, knitted cap, pair of lady's mitts, knitted scarf (321749). Barone, Miss Josephine A.: woman's hat (316336). Bartlett, Frederick W. : 4 prints from pen and ink drawings (320841). Baskin, Mrs. Heidi: 5 foreign coins, 2 foreign medals (320728). Bates, Raymond W. : marching compass, ca. World War I (320824). Baudino, Joseph E.: Thomas Glo-discharge mircophone (314576). Baum, Mrs. Nathaly C. and Chase, Howard: 569 weathervane molds; 11 weathervanes, reproductions made ca. 1954; 4 metal silhouettes; miscel- laneous fragments of molds; archival materials pertaining to weathervanes (313781). Bazelon, Bruce: 7 buttons, pair of collar insignia, sample insignia box (314653). Bean, Albert W.: 21 lantern slides (319866). Beary, Mrs. Donald B. (through Mrs. Fred W. Holt) : woman's parasol, 1850-80 (316397). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 465 Beeson, Miss Adeline R. : double pages from Union Furnace account book, March 10 and July 25, 1812 (315372). Bell, Benjamin S. and Bell, Josephine T. : C. Baker binocular microscope with accessories, late 19th century (316408). Bell, Josephine T. (see Bell, Benjamin S.). Bender, Leonard F., M.D.: Renulife violet ray machine (306394). Bender, C. O. (see Broadwater, Marion Viola, Estate of). Beran, Delmar L. and Beran, Mrs. Helen Willophine: William Jennings Bryan soap doll (320051). Beran, Mrs. Helen Willophine (see Beran, Delmar L.). Berek, Frank J.: coal fork (316367). Berkowitz, Ms. Francine C. : small black and white flag with peace symbol (318993). Berlin, Irving: piano bench, sheet music for 211 compositions (316357). Bernfeld, Allan: 2 original drawings for "Pogo," February 2, 1951 and April 22, 1953 (316348). Bignell, Miss Nancy M. : 11 textile fragments (321779). Bimbra, Mr. and Mrs. Surindar Singh: 42 lithographic illustrations from Puck and Judge magazines (316500). Blair, Mrs. William McCormick, Jr.: embroidered panel, brocaded panel (321719). Blom, Christian: group of 8 obsolete State Bank notes (320784). Blystone, Miss Clara: 17 assorted magazines, articles, pamphlets regarding The Woman's Christian Temperance Union (319989). Boardman, Richard A.: man's dressing gown, ca. 1890 (313234). Bolduc, Fr. Hector L. : group of Umayyad and Abbasid silver coins (320727). Borkowski, Mrs. Mary K. : bicentennial quilt (315365). Boyink, Brent A. and Boyink, Elizabeth A.: bicentennial quilt, pillow pattern and skirt (317913). Boyink, Elizabeth A. (see Boyink, Brent A.). Brachman, Mrs. A. J.: 3 pairs of woman's gloves, pair of woman's shoes, purse, bathing suit (312467). Bradstock, Frank: master drawing of U. S. Supreme Court Justice John Harlan (316469). Brastow, Jerome D. and Brastow, Noreen S.: woman's dress, 1810-29 (249830). Brastow, Noreen S. (see Brastow, Jerome D.). Breen, Mrs. Virginia Wise: pair of woman's wedding shoes, 1930 (316340). Breininger, Mr. and Mrs. Lester P., Jr.: 3 pieces of glazed earthenware (318974). Brennan, Mary S. and Brennan, Robert D., Sr. : 16-star U.S. national flag (320757). Brennan, Robert D., Sr. (see Brennan, Mary S.). Brennecke, Dr. Frances: Jacquard single-woven coverlet (321743). Breyer, Mrs. Katherine B.; Byrd, CDR Richard E.; Clarke, Mrs. E. Boiling Byrd; Stabler, Miss Anne and Stabler, David: The Richard Evelyn Byrd Collection (320001). Brino, Mrs. Charlotte M. : 2 Nazi Germany Air Force officer's daggers, ca. 1937 (317864). Broadwater, Marion Viola, Estate of (through C. O. Bender) : spice cabinet, 6 tintypes (317833). Brody, Irwin: mannequin display form, 1937-39 (316450). Brown, Mrs. Alice Warner: man's knickers, ca. 1921 (309079). Brown, Dr. and Mrs. Davis S. : 11 clothing and accessory items, silk skirt panel, length of satin (308314). Brown, Edmund L. : early 19th century microscope (317894). 466 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Brownstein, Herbert: violetta ray device (316471). Brush, Charles E. : man's tuxedo and vest, 1928; 2 hats, 1930s and 1940s; 6 shirts; 4 socks; 3 collars; shirt marker (313038). Bryson, Robert: ceramic bed pan (319935). Burris, R. Le Gette: 21 medals commemorating presidents and other American political figures (319909). Burrows, Stephen (through Elsa Klench) : woman's evening gown, 1973 (312915). Busignies, Dr. Henri and International Telephone & Telegraph Corp. (through R. V. Araskog) : radio compass, 2 compass indicators, indicator apparatus (319087). Butts, Miss Sarah, A.: English earthenware plate (321723). Butz, Timothy: banner concerning the Vietnam War (314684). Buyvid, Mrs. Gene (see also Buyvid, Geneva and Buyvid, W.) : 3 U. S. Military Payment Certificates, 2 foreign bank notes (319089). Buyvid, Geneva and Buyvid, W. : 22 U.S. Military Payment Certificates and foreign bank notes (319924). Buyvid, W. (see Buyvid, Geneva). Byrd, CDR Richard E. (see Breyer, Mrs. Katherine B.). Cady, Dr. Walter G., 17 crystals (314600). Calkins, Mrs. Helen E.: hair dryer (307085). Campbell, Ellen J.: man's four-piece suit (316432). Cannizzaro, Joseph S. (see Hall, Anna E., Estate of). Cannon, Mrs. Irene: child's festival vest (319007). Canole, Joseph F., Jr.: reproduction belt plate, "NY" (321652). Caress, Virginia Bayard: man's vest, woman's bodice, 1839 (316400). Carmichael, Pearl Kidston (Mrs. Leonard): English tall clock (316402); 2 compotes made from the Washington Elm (320013). Carson, Mrs. Miriam H. : christening dress (319963). Cassar, Mrs. Winifred B., Jr.: General Electric Telechron electric clock (318950). Chace, Mrs. Franklin (Jeanetta) : 2 chairs, 2 hooks, 11 printed fabrics, statuette, lithograph, scarf, quilt, bedspread (317832). Chace, Jeanetta (see Chace, Mrs. Franklin). Chaikind, Mrs. Hannah K. : flax spinning wheel (321745). Chamberlin, William P.: bridge strut (317989). Chambers, Harry C. : Sangamo electric clock, 1924 (321626). Chapelle, Howard I., Estate of (through Mrs. Howard I. Chapelle) : 746 ship plans (321633). Chapelle, Mrs. Howard I. (see Chapelle, Howard I., Estate of). Chapman, Mrs. Grosvenor: girl's dress, 1887-95 (310984). Charles, Marion Oates Leiter (Mrs. Robert H.) : 4 woman's dresses, woman's homewear, ca. 1946-48 (316343). Chase, Howard (see Baum, Mrs. Nathaly C). Chase, W. T. : Jacquard woven silk picture of Chairman Mao (321748). Cherry, Franklin P.: "Hello! Democrats 1932" and "Hello! Republicans 1932" buttons (318000). Chubb, Miss Hazel W.: toy Teddy Bear (319893). Clain-Stefanelli, Mrs. Elvira: 2 large art medals used as New Year presenta- tion pieces by the Director of the Paris Mint (320718); 9 commemorative coins of the Phillipines (320719); pair of dies and 2 related items for: denarius of Emperor Augustus (320731), denarius of Emperor Trajan (320733), aureus with portrait of Divus Traianus (320734), denarius bearing the portrait of Matidia (320735), the famous dated Roman aureus issued by Hadrian (320736). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 467 Clain-Stefanelli, Vladimir: pair of dies and 2 related items for: aureus showing a portrait of Faustina II (320730), denarius of Emperor Trajan (320732), aureus bearing the portrait of Empress Faustina senior (320737), aureus of Emperor Caligula ((320738), aureus of Emperor Augustus (320739). Clark, Mrs. Doris B. : English creamware plate (319888). Clark, J. Paul: 4 albums of railroad passes (321692). Clark, Roy Edward, Jr.: Bausch and Lomb microscope with accessories (315329). Clarke, Mrs. E. Boiling Byrd (see Breyer, Mrs. Katherine B.). Clarke, Mrs. Ellen Lanham: woman's beach pajamas, woman's scarf, 1929 (313213). Collins, Herbert R. : earthenware jar made by John Bell (317846); Bulle French electric shelf clock (317985); Victorian clothes tree (319920); handkerchief embroidered "Many Thanks-H.H.H." (319990). Conger, Dr. Paul S.: 6 medical instruments, in memory of William J. Whiting (318999). Cooper, Mr. and Mrs. Sanford L. : fitted scarf and box (321785). Correia, Miss Patricia: vase and paperweight (319071). Corson, Dorothy M., Estate of (through Robert C. Dysland and American Security and Trust Company): tall clock (317938). Councilor, Mrs. Harry A.: woman's slip, 1939-47 (314644). Craig, Mrs. Miriam B.: earthenware cup and saucer, ca. 1874 (320055). Crawford, Glenn: Pelton turbine bucket (320840). Crawford, Jack O.: gold-headed ebony cane presented to the Hon. M. J. Crawford, 1858 (319936). Crays, Mrs. Marian S.: girl's robe, 1840-70 (307804). Croston, John: Ebenezer Hill Epicycloidal-Hypocycloidal Rotor Pump elements, ca. 1924, 2 descriptive tapes (319965). Cullum, Ms. Carole A.: American battleship flag used in anti-war demonstra- tions (314685), 8 Vietnam protest posters (319867). Cunningham, Miss Cynthia: "Famous" Buttonhole Worker attachment for sewing machine, ca. 1940 (319018). Curfman, Dr. R. L. : watch fob, in memory of Lula E. Welborn (317865). Curry, Field: 3 telegraph signs, telegraph wire, telephone wire (318006). Curtin, Michael, Esq. (see Posf, Marjorie Merriweather, Estate of). Dahl, Omar: cap, pair of breeches (319890). Davis, Miss Rebecca L.: Taft postcard, U.S. Capitol postcard (318958). Deane, Marjorie S. : 2 woman's dresses, pair of shoes, pair of earrings (312919). de Candel, Geri Delia Rocca: 3 black and white photographs (320816). DeLand, L. Mason and DeLand, Mrs. Ruth G.: standard sewing machine (321746). DeLand, Mrs. Ruth G.( see DeLand, L. Mason). Denn, Paul: man's tuxedo (309080). Dennison, Charles E.: Hallicrafters S-40 radio receiver (315488). DePauw, Robert C. : Bicentennial Lincoln china plate (320799). de Schweinitz, Miss Dorothea: 3 pieces of a Silver-Lustre tea service, ca. 1810-25 (315465); Jacquard single-woven coverlet (319093). de Zahara, Betty Byrne: woman's wrap, woman's hat, 1902 (313238). Dickes, Mrs. Martha Strawbridge: Jacquard double-woven coverlet, 1853 (319019). Dickstein, Barbara and Dickstein, Sidney: 3 woman's dresses, pair of man's ski boots, man's undershirt, 2 necklaces (313216). Dickstein, Sidney (see Dickstein, Barbara). Dodd, Professor Laurence E.: camera, tripod, developing tank, filmpack adap- tor, 3 printing frames (319882). 468 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Doodeman, Mrs. George: 2 pairs of child's stockings, 1933 (316339). Dougherty, Mrs. Gladys: etching, 2 lithographs (316527); E. Ingraham & Co. shelf clock (317951); compote with lid, 2 decanters with stoppers (320793). Downes, Mrs. Roberta M.: 2 sets of wooden lace bobbins (315494). Dring, Mrs. Winifred Clark: complete set of baby teeth (316509). Dunn, Mrs. Roberta: artillery valise saddle, pair of Whitman pattern stirrups, ca. 1870 (318005). Durkee, Miss Irene L.: Maxim electric heater (316507). Dyke, Mrs. Kathleen R. : 9 objects associated with the candidacy of Clifford Alexander for Mayor of the District of Columbia (320803). Dysland, Robert C. (see Corson, Dorothy M., Estate of). Eames, James H. : 27 drafting instruments (317888). Ebersole, David S.: Australian Ike jacket, 1940's (316436). Echols, Elsie Orr (Mrs. Stanley B.) : woman's dress, 1935; pair of shoes, 1938 (316392). Eddy, Jeanne S.: woman's dress, pair of woman's shoes, woman's hat, 2 petti- coats, 1955 (312913). Ellenberger, William J.: embroidered silk ribbon (314601). Elliott, Gene T. (see Jacobi, Anna Manus, Estate of). Elliott, Mrs. Margaret H. : paisley type shawl (319088); applique counterpane, 19th century (319091). Elswit, Jerome: 9 World War II ration tokens and stamps (319016). Engle, Lavinia M. : World War I woman's YMCA canteen uniform (317850). Eppstein, Victor: man's overcoat, 1948 (317883). Epstein, Eleni: woman's poncho, coat (318939). Eskin, Otho Evans and Eskin, Stanley: 2 Appalachian dulcimers, from the Estate of Sam Eskin (317885). Eskin, Stanley (see Eskin, Otho Evans). Espenschied, Peter: electric dishwasher, ca. 1910 (320002). Evans, Paul: 9 pieces of American art pottery (316415). Evins, Mrs. Elizabeth S. and Evins, Thomas A.: lady's handwoven kerchief (317936). Evins, Thomas A. (see Evins, Mrs. Elizabeth S.). Fabian, Monroe H. : piece of cotton fabric (321744). Farber, Daniel: 2 portfolios of calotypes, The Photographic Album (319886); 8 dye-transfer color photographic prints (319916). Fardwell, Mrs. Anne M. : silver nutmeg grater (318975). Farwell, Hermon W.: folding rule (319921). Fawcett, Mrs. Donna: brick made in Alexandria, Virginia (318973). Feldstein, Albert Louis: 30 buttons, newspapers, stickers, brochures (321648). Ferry, Chamberlain: pair of mechanical telephones (319945). Fischer, John A., M.D.: man's suit, stockings and shoes, 1966-68 (314642). Fischer, Miss Katrina Sigsbee: oil painting of Colin Glencannon by Anton Otto Fischer (321676). Flanagan, Ms. Lucile: political tote bag (320868). Floyd, Thomas L. : 6 silver medals from the Indian Tribal Series, Phoenix, Arizona (319908). Fong, Hon. Hiram L. : campaign button, smoked candy dish (316444). Forbes, David Ian: stirrup (316468). Foster, Gilbert: Garrard turntable and automatic record changer, ca. 1940-50 (317948). Frank, Mrs. Margaret C: 2 jackets, skirt, shirt from Woman's Army Corp. (317886). Freeman, Ms. Beth K.: striped shawl (321781). Frye, Miss Melinda Y.: star-shaped torchlight, 19th century (319005). Fuller, Mr. and Mrs. Daniel B.: 7 fabrics (320856). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 469 Fullner, Ms. Wanda Kay: bumper sticker urging passage of the Washington state equal rights amendment to the state constitution (320050). Furlong, Mrs. Alice E.: manuscript "Specimens of Dyeing" by Andrew Find- ley (317995). Gaines, Mrs. Carolyn L. : woman's dress, 1948; woman's skirt, 1947-48 (313301). Galanti, Paul J.: pair of man's shoes, 1961 (316381). Gatter, Carl W.: 2 bolts (318972). Gaylord, Miss Helen K. : cut glass vase, ca 1910 (316424). Gaynor, Mrs. Margaret C. : pen used by President Ford to sign Bill S. 907 (317958). Gediman, Mrs. Eva: man's tuxedo, man's bowtie, 1948 (313302). Genson, Clifford: Mexican Hacienda copper token (320786). Geohegan, William E.: 2 railroad lanterns, ca. 1930 (321691). Gibbs, Annete J.: dress cutting machine, sleeve system, skirt system, children's system, 8 tools (321639). Gignilliat, Charles N., Jr.: Wheeler & Wilson sewing machine, paper receipt for its purchase (321738). Ginsburg, Mrs. Benjamin (Cora) : 4 woman's dresses, woman's wrapper, woman's cape (308097); pair of knitted stockings, 7 knitted doilies (319012). Ginsburg, Cora (see Ginsburg, Mrs. Benjamin). Glennon, Ms. Ann E.: 13 objects associated with the Equal Rights Amend- ment (320804). Glover, E. Lee: multi-flora paperweight vase (319977). Goldsmith, Mrs. Gertrude Maud: tricolor kinescope, image orthicon, shadow mask model, RCA prototype radiola receiver (315406). Goldsmith, Mrs. Rae K. : linen damask tablecloth, 16 companion napkins (319092). Goode, James N. : deck of presidential playing cards (319891). Gorman, George Edward: 7 compressed plain gauze wound dressing packets, large first aid dressing (320768). Graglia, Raymond E.: USN enlisted man's dress blue uniform (316386). Greenwell, Mrs. Beatrice H. : woman's wrap, 1890-1900; 3 woman's dresses (315487). Griffith, Mrs. Mary S. : 6 fabric samples (321782). Groppenbacher, George E. : woman's petticoat, ca. 1857 (313237) Guimaraes, Ms. Dona: woman's bustle, ca. 1870-90; 2 woman's slips, ca. 1950-59; pair of woman's trousers, ca. 1970 (316431). Gullord, Mrs. Edward: 1876 souvenir pail (317830). Habeck, Edgar, M.D.: collection of 83 obstetrical instruments (316358). Hadley, Mrs. Hazel Mason: 34 woman's and man's clothing and accessory items (309947). Hagglund, Hudson: tin grapeshot cannister found on Continental gondola Philadelphia (319039). Hale, Mrs. Crescent Porter (see Hale, Mabel E.). Hale, Mabel E. (Mrs. Crescent Porter) : Chinese export service (partial) (319926). Hall, Anna E., Estate of (through Joseph S. Cannizzaro and David B. Shapiro) : George Washington shoe buckle (320822). Hanley, Mrs. Hope Anthony: 73 tools for textile processing, hat stretcher (318965); 49 textile-related objects (321740). Harris, Karyn Jean: 3 woman's dresses, pair of shoes, pair of shorts, blouse, necklace (313399). Harris, R. Winston: 4 wooden souvenir storecards (320717). Harris, U. I.: Fillmore-Donelson banner (319075). 470 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Harrison, H. Lincoln: street railway conductor's uniform, 1926 (316480). Harrison, R. E. W. : surface roughness calibration block (320839). Harvey, Bobbie: "Dalton" adding machine (317852). Haupt, Mrs. J. Dudley (see Haupt, Mr. & Mrs. James). Haupt, Mr. & Mrs. James (through Mrs. J. Dudley Haupt) : fluting iron, set of heater rods and tongs to fluting iron, ca. 1875 (307536). Hayden, William DeG., M.D. : inlaid side chair, silver serving spoon, table fork and fruit compote from riverboat ]. M. White, III (321700). Hayes, Ms. Marjorie G.: Wedgewood vase, ca. 1870-1880 (315472). Hebert, Raymond: Nixon button, chain with 3 medallions connected (319076). Hebert, Mr. & Mrs. Raymond J.: 74 Russian paper currencies (320783). Helem, Mrs. H. W.: 3 stereo photographs (320805). Helm, Mr. and Mrs. John: gas cooking stove, hot water heater (315333). Henry, Stephen M. : CSA reproduction oval belt plate, die stamp (320871). Herd, Ms. Janice M. : pillowcase with silver photograph, 1865 (311458). Hermann, Stanford L.: electrotherapeutic treatment kit, 6 electrodes (316421). Hernandez-M, William J.: 19 newspapers in Spanish, English, and Spanish- English (319022). Hiltunen, Mrs. Eila: bronze plaquette portraying Mrs. Henry Ford II (320782). Hinners, Capt. & Mrs. Robert A.: early 20th century American cut glass bowl (318946). Hochheimer, Lawrence: book Genevieve, by Lamartine (317969). Hodges, Robert: Ohio River Bank one-hundred-dollar fantasy note, June 15, 1838 (319906). Hoge, Julia Ruark: watch with chain (319008). Hoke, Donald: watch, Camden & Amboy railroad, ca. 1855 (321777). Hoke, Robert F.: Peerless light bulb (316498). Holden, Mrs. Georgia Hough: 5 wrist watches (320838). Holstein, Charles B. : proposed one-cent piece, 1974 (319094). Holt, Mrs. Fred W. (see Beary, Mrs. Donald B.). Holtzman, Jon: 536 ancient coins from Alexandria (320709). Hopfer, Mrs. Westley M. : 25 U.S. and foreign police and fire department badges (320712). Horosian, Rochambeau A.: plastic cleaner's bag printed with red, white and blue stripes and the word "VOTE" (319004). Hotchkiss, Mr. & Mrs. Kenneth H.: quilt, 2 photographs (321747). Howard, Mrs. Pauline C: coiled pine needle basket (318985). Hurlburt, Olive: woman's nightgown, 1858 (308057). Hurwitz, Samuel and Hurwitz, Sonia, copper cooking pot (316464). Hurwitz, Sonia (see Hurwitz, Samuel). Hut, Robert A.: 39 pieces turn-of-the-century art pottery (319030). Hutchins, Mr. & Mrs. Carlton E. : Frederick-town Herald newspaper (319862). Irwin, Mrs. James W. : naval midshipman's dress blue uniform, ca. 1950-52 (315474). Jacobi, Anna Manus, Estate of (through Gene T. Elliott) : silver comb and 4 letters of documentation (318996). Jaeschke, Carl H.: 36 U.S. Bank notes and scrip (320711); 86 U.S. checks with vignettes (320772); 61 U.S. transportation tokens (320776); 347 U.S. tokens, storecards and medals (320777); 553 foreign paper currencies (320789). Johnson, Kenneth A.: earthenware platter (321722). Johnson, Ramsey D.: Renulife ultra-violet set, in the name of Donald E. Johnson (315483). Jones, Carroll R. : telephone magneto, telephone transmitter/receiver (315374). Jones, David DeLong III: English porcelain plate (321778). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 471 Jones, Mrs. Ellen R. : 2 miniature steam engines (319964). Jones, Judith Morrison: pair of woman's shoes (316502). Jung, Mrs. Mary B.: two-piece Chinese outfit (314676); bamboo bed mat (315489). Jurman, Charles H. (see McCullum, Maude F., Estate of). Kaplan, Ms. Shirlie: The Woman's Bible and study guide (318998); 3 sweat- shirts, campaign button related to ERA and Shirley Chisholm (320010). Karickhoff, Ms. Sarah: glass sculpture entitled "Scepter" (316457). Karl, Ellery F.: 50 cigar box labels (321776). Karrick, Mrs. Elizabeth: 18 items of cut and enameled glass (319070). Kayaloff, Jacques (through James St. L. O'Toole Assoc.) : "LOGA" calculator (316433). Keeney, Miss Dorothea William: 1876 bookmark, Stevengraph (315341). Keffalas, Mr. and Mrs. Pete J., and sons: calling card; beaded purse, ca. 1860; pair of gloves, ca. 1850; handkerchief ring (316482). Kilpatrick, Norman L.: quilt, 18th century (168993). King, Mrs. Moya B.: 2 woman's corset covers, 1890-1910 (307082). Klapthor, Frank: 4 pairs of woman's gloves, 13 pairs of woman's stockings, 3 artificial flowers (308313); 32 fragments of flag bunting (321739). Klench, Elsa (see Burrows, Stephen). Knowles, James: Steinite spider web inductor (312601). Kochevar, Jean: man's tie, 1927-29 (316390). Kodros, Craig E.: beehive (320018). Koehler, R. B.: State of Colorado, Bureau of Mines poster with signals for mine hoists (321770). Kotrla, Catherine M. and Kotrla, Capt. Raymond A.: silver presentation model of WSB freighter (321772). Kotrla, Capt. Raymond A. [see Kotrla, Catherine M.). Koziana, Anthony: Anthony Koziana sculpture of American house, 1975 (319925). Koziana, Mr. and Mrs. Anthony: ceramic sculpture (318956). Kryzwicki, Paul: C. G. Conn tuba, ca. 1920 (317859). Kuchera, Mrs. Jennie Yerick: convention badge, 1904 (313929). Kurtz, Mrs. Betty O. and Ogletree, Robert Stuart: ceramic figure of a lady (320802). Laird, John and Laird, Mrs. Robbie L. : 3 paperweights, Persian vase (319978). Laird, Mrs. Robbie L. (see Laird, John). Lanahan, Mrs. Virginia Manning: silk quilt "Framed Medallion" (319017). Lancaster, Mrs. Caroline E.: U.S. Marine Corps uniform items, World War I and World War II (316363). Landeau, Miss Elizabeth N. : album of 27 photographs of laces and em- broideries (321787). Lashner, Allan N.: U-beam, ca. 1865, bowstring girder, ca. 1860 (317949). Lauterbach, Mrs. Emma: 49-star U.S. national flag (316437). Layton, Benjamin T., LTC: 12 French silver medals (319900); 12 assorted political buttons (319900); 84 foreign silver coins (320723); 42 official gilt bronze presidential miniature medals (320724); 5 U. S. silver coins (320729). Lehr, Robert A., Jr.: Donamore No. 1 typewriter (317997). Leigh, James C. and Leigh, Marion M. : 629 Chinese bank notes, bonds and financial documents (320773). Leigh, Marion M. (see Leigh, James C). Leslie, Mrs. Anne Washington: pair of woman's shoes, 1928 (316394). Levy, Lester S.: 2 Peruvian ski caps (319052). Lewis, Mrs. Nau: Daum clear glass vase (317924). Lincoln, W. B., Jr.: 8 fluting irons (307541). Lingle, Mary B.: Steuben glass basket (320003). 472 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Long, Mary Vaill (Mrs. W. H.): 87 clothing and household articles, turn of the century; 2 identification tags, one 1884; belt with U.S. and foreign badges and insignia (318024). Longworth, Mrs. Alice: 28 objects associated with Alice Longworth and Theodore Roosevelt (319001). Looney, Mrs. Kathryn A.: centennial souvenir plaque from Memorial Hall (316368). Louchheim, Miss Kathleen S.: 43 political campaign objects (320846). Love, Ms. LaVerne M. : delegate's pin to the International Women's Year Conference, Mexico City, July 1975 (321680). Luckenbach, Mrs. Aurdey J.; Luckenbach, Edgar F., Ill and Luckenbach, Jason A. : model of iron ship Tillie Starbuck, in memory of Edgar F. Lucken- bach, Jr. (321713). Luckenbach, Edgar F., Ill (see Luckenbach, Mrs. Audrey J.). Luckenbach, Jason A. (see Luckenbach, Mrs. Audrey J.). Lyons, Dorothy M. and Lyons, Mary A.: mouse trap (318955). Lyons, Mary A. (see Lyons, Dorothy M.). Machen, Mrs. Helen L. : hair ornament, woman's comb, 1920-30; woman's fur collar, 1920-1929 (308293). Mahaney, R. Dan: Hotchkiss stapling machine, 1896 (316375). Mancusi-Ungaro, Dr. Pier L.: G. Boulitte electrocardiogram (315480). Mandel, Rube: collection of wood type, brass Smith "Safety" fountain brush (316360). Mangum, Mrs. James E.: cardboard door plate belonging to Gen. Pershing (320006). Manheim, Ms. Emily M. : 40 piece porcelain tea service, ca. 1815-25 (315469). Martin, Edward E. : framed document; black derby and top hat worn by Speaker Joe Martin; gavel presented to Joe Martin; The Rhode Islander newspaper, Dec. 28, 1952 (317851). Marye, William B.: silver four reales struck at the Mexico City Mint, 1739, in the name of Philip V of Spain (319913). Masland, Emma G. (Mrs. James Gillinder): 21 items of Gillinder glass; 4 boxes of ledgers, catalogs, etc.; drawing of Gillinder & Sons Inc. building; 2 prints of buildings in Philadelphia (320034). Masland, Mrs. James Gillinder (see Masland, Emma G.). Mason, Walter L., Jr.: 9 financial documents (320722). Mayfield, Miss Marion E.: 2 midshipman's jackets with buttons (317923). Mayo, Ms. Edith P.: 4 issues of Akwesasne Notes, poster (319000); 2 military pillow cases (319966); 2 programs for "Take Off" banquet at Washington Hilton Hotel, January 11, 1975, 2 photographs of Amelia Earhart and Ruth Nchols (320759). McAuliff, John F. : 4 Anti-Vietnam War protest posters and a bumper sticker (319988). McCallum, Maude F., Estate of (through Charles H. Jurman) : pair of Chinese- export porcelain vases, ca. 1850 (316479). McClung, Virginia H. : man's smoking jacket, ca. 1909 (314643). McCoy, Leonard O. : electric mangle, ca. 1930 (319066). McGoldrick, Mrs. Helen C. : wax bust of President Garfield, ca. 1880 (318001); "Little Flower" comic book, La Guardia for Mayor poster (319937). McLaughlin, Hubert D. : 4 taxi tokens issued in Lowell, Massachusetts, for senior citizens, 1975 (319903). Meek, Ms. Eunice Hawkins: 63 hand tools (320024). Meltzer, Harvey R.: 2 logarithmic gears (316351). Memmler, Ruth L., M.D. : 22 pamphlets, magazines and bulletins about the National Women's Party and Equal Rights Amendment (320821). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 473 Merrill, Dana C. : 36-star U. S. national flag with three stars added (316523). Metzenberg, Helene F. : free blown glass tumbler, ca. 1775-85 (316491). Miles, Mrs. Alice M. : ceramic ashtray, 2 ceramic figurines, 19 trade cards (314532); 2 World War I patriotic pillow covers (315344). Militello, Daniel H.: 4 subject sheets of scrip (319907). Miller, Cindy and Miller, Marian P. A.: man's sweater (314645). Miller, I. Lee: typewriter ribbon (321661). Miller, Marian P. A. (see Miller, Cindy). Misklea, M. Francis: 4 carrousel horses, sign advertising merry-go-rounds, 31 miscellaneous documents (312369). Moebs, T. T. : 11 19th-century Virginia tobacco advertisements (321637). Mohamed, Mrs. H. Ethel: embroidered panel (321649). Molton, Ben S.: view camera with lens, 2 glass plate holders (317993). Morgan, Arthur A., Jr.: man's suit (316499). Moore, Mrs. Amantha: postcard in glass frame (307135). Mougel, Max: 6 etchings, 5 etched copper plates by Katherine Merrill (315486). Murray, Miss Flora M. : 18 uniform, insignia and document W.A.C. items, post World War II (307403); 2 victory buttons, trylon and perisphere broach (314614). Murray, Mrs. John H. : Sgraffito plate, 20th-century; milk pan; kerosene lamp (316517); feed bag (321717). Mustapha, Jennie: French carriage clock, in memory of Billie Mustapha (319917). Nagel, Lucie O. (Mrs. Charles): double-woven Jacquard coverlet (321783). Nelson, Peter A.: 2 counterpanes (320807). Nelson, Mrs. Ruth S.: book-shaped box (315411). Newman, Harold W. : 25 veilleuses (319029). Nissley, James E., Sr. and Nissley, William J., Sr. : vertical steam boiler, 2 steam engine models (320837). Nissley, William J., Sr. (See Nissley, James E., Sr.). Nix, Mrs. Elisebeth Banks: paisley shawl (321784). Norley, Mrs. Ruth A. and Norley, Walter N., Jr. : U. S. signal binoculars, 12 plates of Revolutionary War battle maps (317849). Norley, Walter N., Jr. (see Norley, Mrs. Ruth A.). Norrish, Vernon M. : electro-therapeutic belt (321662). Norton, G. H.: oil portrait of Sarah Childress Polk (319878). O'Bert, Ms. Ruth N.: Washington Women's Cookbook (320742). O'Connell, Miss Mary A.: 17 woman's clothing and accessory items (310534). O'Dell, Betty Young: pair of woman's shoes and bag, 1954 (316334). Ogletree, Robert Stuart (see Kurtz, Mrs. Betty O.). Ohno, Mitsugi: commemorative bicentennial U.S.A. glass model of the U.S. Capitol (318981); glass Klein bottle (318982). Olson, Ruth E. (Mrs. Edwin T.) : woven cotton bedcover (321741). Orso, Leo: 2 cassette tape recordings (316370). Owings, Grace S.: 3 girl's dresses, 1882-88 (316401). Palmer, Miss Alma E.: refrigerator car model, medal, certificate (321708). Panchard, Marthe: knitted shawl (317932). Parisi, Joseph: brass bugle, ca. 1860-1880 (318010). Parker, William A.: English pocket watch, bullet, letter, plan (317987). Parks, Mrs. Lillian R.: 2 dresses, jacket (321658). Pastuck, Boris "Buddy": sheet music and 45 rpm recording, tribute to John F. Kennedy (317945). Patterson, Mrs. Jefferson: set of 20th century cotton signal flags (316434). Pepple, Mr. and Mrs. Lamar: Amberina pitcher (319889). 474 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Perkins, H. Porter: watch, Japanese sign board taken from Nagasaki two weeks after Atomic Bomb explosion, template from Nautilus (316467). Perry, Charles L. : 52 World War II shoulder sleeve insignia (315375). Peters, Herbert L.: fillister plane (320834). Petersilia, Martin: 10 campaign items of R. F. Kennedy, Susan B. Anthony and Goldwater/Miller (314620); anti- Vietnam War rally poster (318966). Pineau, Roger: Argus Model 21 35mm camera (314580). Pons, Gilbert Hancock: ship's log book kept by Capt. Samuel Barron USN, 1851-1859 (316439). Poole, Miss Katherine R. : 2 ambrotypes, 2 daguerreotypes, tintype (319885). Post, Marjorie Merriweather, Mrs., Estate of (through Michael Curtin) : 2 earthenware plates, ca. 1900 (317879). Potts, Mr. and Mrs. Jack: woven coverlet (319026). Potts, Mrs. Rhetta S. (see Potts, Mr. and Mrs. Jack). Pouquet, Mrs. Dorothy: pair of woman's gloves (316406). Price, Byron: chair used by donor as Ass't. Secretary General of the United Nations (316445); mason's trowel used in cornerstone ceremony of United Nations headquarters, October 24, 1949 (319868). Pritchard, Mr. and Mrs. John R. : sherds excavated at the Morgan Jones kiln site (316374). Puttkammer, Ernst W. : approximately 150,000 Imperial German and German- related postage stamps (319931). Quigley, Mrs. Dorothy H. : cashmere shawl given to Mary Edwards Walker, M.D., by Queen Victoria, ca. 1867 (314683). Rauch, Dorothy Stater: 14 bookbinding tools (318027). Read, Mrs. Aldona S.: man's waistcoat, ca. 1770-1790 (316407); collar, 2 bonnets, scarf, pair of shoes, bodice (316452). Redefer, Dr. Frederick L. : patent for perpetual motion machine (317916); indenture for perpetual motion machine, 1814 (320833). Reed, Mrs. Permelia P.: 33 engravings, lithographs, halftones; balance sheet of National Hotel, October 31, 1854 (316420). Reed, Dr. Theodore H. : bank note, silver coin, Brazil (320785). Reinhardt, Robert C. : man's tennis sweater, ca. 1920 (316380). Richardson, P.: man's shirt, 6 man's ties (314572). Rinsland, George: photograph of "Old Abe," ca. 1876 (317838). Ripley, S. Dillon: inaugural license plate, Bicentennial license plate (316417). Robbins, Kenneth: press, watercolor, etching, dry point, 4 prints (320032). Robinson, Edwin K. : crochet hook (321750). Robinson, Mrs. Margaret S.; Strater, C. Helme, Jr. and Strater, John B.: 86 pieces of Swiss and South German glass, 18th and 19th century (320801). Rodgers, Charles T. : 2 South American bank checks (320713). Roshek, John: headboard, bedspread, 2 pillow covers (319011). Rouse, John E. and Rouse, Roma M. : 6,000 photographs of cattle (315421). Rouse, Roma M. (see Rouse, John E.). Rowe, George: dynamite box, blasting cap box, dago hammer, drill steels (315493). Rubel, Beatrice: woman's dress, suit (308292). Rush, Muriel Bishop: man's vest, ca. 1820-1840 (316393). Russel, Miss Mary Jane: 3 baskets (316516). Ryan, J. Vincent: pair of man's boots, 1929 (316395). Sakayan, Harold A.: 295 ancient coins and medals (319912). Salmon, Adele: man's golfing knickers, ca. 1925 (309083). Saylor, Miss Jeri: "Washington Star," Sept. 5, 1975 (317872). Scarlett, Albion R. and Scarlett, John A.: glass vase (316489). Scarlett, John A. (see Scarlett, Albion R.). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 475 Schlitzer, Helen Henrich: pair of woman's boots, spurs; 2 riding habits, 1920-1939 (316505). Schmidt, Mrs. Katharina and Schmidt, Richard H. : Mennonite wood carving (320017). Schmidt, Richard H. (see Schmidt, Mrs. Katharina). Schulmerich, George J.: 2 DeForest Audion tubes (314578). Schwartz, Esther and Schwartz, Samuel: porcelain cup (220179). Schwartz, Samuel (see Swartz, Esther). Scott, Andrew R. : 4 ship construction notebooks, 1907-1913 (321677). Sears, Gerald: pair of earrings (321614). Seiden, Ms. Marsha: saluting cannon (316510). Seidman, Sy: parade axe, umbrella (317873); 49-star flag, 5 campaign objects (318995); 6 bicentennial neckties (319871); World War II blackout bandanna, prohibition kerchief, 2 bicentennial bandannas (320758). Seineke, Mrs. Katherine Wagner: ledger book page (316454). Semmes, Margaret J.: woman's dress, ca. 1850 (316398). Shakow, Dr. David: 9 types of paper-pencil test files (316371); 19 types of psychological tests (316372). Shapiro, David B. (see Hall, Anna E., Estate of). Sharrer, Dr. George Terry: 11 stages of pencil making (320019). Shaw, Glenn: silver teaspoon (316463). Shoemaker, Francis: evening dress with jacket (316391). Showers, Mrs. Dorothy A. and Showers, Giles M. : circular mill saw (320023). Showers, Giles M. (see Showers, Mrs. Dorothy A.). Shure, Jane E.: pair of skis (313221). Singman, David: British patent to Arthur Wall (321769). Skinner, John L. : chicken coop, run, cream separator, Beck brooder heater (320028). Skolnik, Sorell: woman's coat, 1958 (316346). Smith, Eleanor H. (Mrs. Lawrence M. C.).: emu egg, ca. 1876 (317983). Smith, Helen Belding (Mrs. Henry P., Ill): woman's purse, 1900 (314651). Smith, Miss Margaret R. : teaspoon (318983). Smith, Mr. and Mrs. Peter H. (see Smith, Peter H., Jr.) Smith, Peter H., Jr. (through Mr. and Mrs. Peter H. Smith) : spring lancet (316508). Smith, Dr. Richard Henry and Zengel, Mrs. Marjorie Smith: 46-star U.S. national flag (316521). Smith, Stanley H., CW3: pair of combat boots (315485). Smithers, L. E.: metal shears (321624). Sneed, Janet R. (through Jimmy Sneed) : 13 tools and small indicators (314531). Sneed, Jimmy (see Sneed, Janet R.). Spelbring, Anna (Mrs. Ernest O'Dell) (through Miss Mary A. Spelbring) : railroad conductor's uniform, ca. 1950, electric lantern (321812). Spelbring, Miss Mary A. (see Spelbring, Anna). Spencer, Irma B.: pair of stockings (313232). Spengler, William F.: 22 coins of Medieval and Islamic India (320726). Srebnik, Charles: pattern silver dime, 1869 (320714). Stabler, Anne B. (see Breyer, Mrs. Katherine B.). Stabler, David (see Breyer, Mrs. Katherine B.). Stankard, Martin F. : 3 glass paperweights (320828). Steadry, Frederick A.: 15 photographs (316419). Stevens, Ames: 7 revolvers, 1860 (317939). Stevenson, Hon. Adlai, III (through Lawrence Towner) : campaign hat, 1892 (317874). Stover, Mrs. Mary Tyler; Tyler, Miss Emily T. and Tyler, James A., Jr.: 476 / Smithsonian Year 1976 2 pair of woman's slippers, single slipper, tote bag, man's formal and service coats (320008). Strater, C. Helme, Jr. (see Robinson, Margaret S.). Strater, John B. (see Robinson, Margaret S.). Strauss, Edith and Strauss, Victor: 253 examples of silk screen printing (319038). Strauss, Victor (see Strauss, Edith). Sucher, Florence (Mrs. Richard C.) : military leggins, hat, pennant (317934). Sullivan, Mrs. Charleen Schuller: set-up for knitting machine (321715). Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. Gail and Sullivan, Richard: Berlin work picture, January 1, 1870 (316362). Sullivan, Richard (see Sullivan, Mr. and Mrs. Gail). Sunde, Dr. M. L. : humidity measuring device for incubators (320027). Sutherland, Mrs. William: 2 bow figures, ca. 1755 (319027). Swanson, Mrs. Renee and Swanson, Robert W. : political poster (319048). Swanson, Robert W. (see Swanson, Mrs. Renee). Swartz, John J.: cap, 2 naval uniforms, 1949-1953 (316476). Syz, Dr. Hans: English porcelain cup, saucer, ca. 1800 (318931); 13 pieces of early Meissen stoneware and porcelain (319073); Zurich porcelain saucer, ca. 1770 (319918). Tanruther, Evelyn (Mrs. Edgar): 3 pair of woman's shoes (312495). Taveau, Miss Marie: 20 pieces of lace (319013). Taylor, Mrs. Alice O. : pair of knitted stockings (317994). Taylor, Lois Dwight Cole: woman's dress, ca. 1875-1883 (316342). Thompson, Glenn H. : 7 fashion plates (308098). Tillstrom, Marilee: 2 woman's dresses, bracelet, panty hose (316466). Tinsley, R. Max: strip of 4 campaign stamps (315475). Tomchin, Julian: sweater, pair of man's shoes, 2 shirts (311810). Torn, Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence J.: telephone booth, ca. 1880 (319067). Towner, Lawrence (see Stevenson, Hon. Adlai, III). Toye, Richard E.: hat (321663). Turner, Lillian and Turner, Milton: 9 contemporary sulphide paperweights (316460). Turner, Milton (see Turner, Lillian). Tydings, Mrs. Helen W. and Tydings, R. Austin: 6 military presentation silver pieces (319041). Tydings, R. Austin (see Tydings, Mrs. Helen W.). Tyler, Miss Emily T. (see Stover, Mrs. Mary Tyler). Tyler, James A., Jr. (see Stover, Mrs. Mary Tyler). Uebel, Kay Kerr: woman's dress, panty stockings, pair of shoes (312934). Uihlein, Mrs. Viola: baby's truss (318979). Underwood, Arthur F.: 3 surface roughness calibrators and measuring instrument (317988). Van Deusen, Mrs. Cornelia N.: 6 pieces of World War I period equipment (314599). Van Doren, Mrs. Manie A. and Van Doren, Peter, Jr.: 26 costume and acces- sory items (310516). Van Doren, Peter, Jr. (see Van Doren, Mrs. Manie A.). Van Vliet, Edward (see Andrews, Norwood H.). Vaughan, Mrs. Eleanore W. : photograph, 2 pamphlets (316369). Vaupel, John L.: cruet (320847). Vosloh, Lynn W. : Equal Rights Amendment pennant (321681). Walker, Mrs. Sears: picture of "suffrage hen" (315312). Wallace, David H.: 5 World War II military documents (318025). Watkins, Judith Wood (see Watkins, Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy C). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 477 Watkins, Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy C. : quilt, photograph (315496). Watt, Hugh and Watt, Mrs. Sally J.: 9 political campaign and 5 Civil War documents (319074). Watt, Mrs. Sally J. (see Watt, Hugh). Weber, Miss Doris Martha: 5 photographs (321645). Weinberg, Hanns: Sevres Ecuelle cup, saucer, slop basin, vase (319069). Weinberg, Irvin: dry cell Faradic battery (317862). Welch, Mrs. Frankie: 33 scarves (318978). Welsh, Peter: engraving (317840). Wengert, Adam and Wengert, Eve: earthenware plate (319976). Wengert, Eve (see Wengert, Adam). Werner, George E.: U.S. Army artillery medallion (320767). Weske, John S. : calculator, 3 instruction manuals, invoice, folder of instruc- tions (318943). White, John H., Jr.: electric railway headlight (321709). Whitney, Mrs. Alan: man's dressing gown, in memory of William M. Koszut (308198). Wiley, Joseph L. : ballot notice, issue sheet, 2 political meeting sheets (320760). Will, Martin J.: 4 stoneware mugs (320830). Williams, Mrs. Jean: 3 pieces of earthenware (319072); earthenware dinner plate, small plate, saucer (320031). Willner, Mrs. Vivien: man's shirt, 1935 (310073). Wilson, Mrs. Helen Hay: 5 photographs (319047). Wilson, Rollin L. : formal suit with accessories (313401). Winkler, Ms. Catherine C. : German Field Marshal's baton (319919). Wolff, Zachary H.: electric stimulating device (318933). Wood, Mrs. Nancy Bissell: 8 clothing and accessory items (307572). Wood, Peggy: mimeograph (317950). Woodard, Hon. B. T. : 7 campaign items (314619). Woodruff, R. W. : photograph of Japanese surrender September 2, 1945 (313293). Woodward, Mrs. Stanley (Sarah R.) : man's cloak, ca. 1918-1940 (308570). Woolbright, W. Edward, Jr. : 3 woman's hats, 2 headpieces, 2 pairs of shoes, 1940-1950, in memory of Kathleen Sultan Woolbright (316338). Wylie, Mrs. J.: French Atlantic cable sample, 1869 (316332). Wynyard, Dr. and Mrs. Martin: 40 pieces of 18th-century English porcelain (319873). Zamoiski, Caiman, Jr. and Zamoiski, Ellen: English earthenware pitcher (315473). Zamoiski, Ellen (see Zamoiski, Caiman, Jr.). Zeitlin, Charlotte and Zeitlin, David E.: 12 pieces of English pottery and porcelain (316416). Zeitlin, David E. (see Zeitlin, Charlotte). Zengel, Mrs. Marjorie Smith and Smith, Dr. Richard Henry: 46-star U. S. national flag (316521). Zengel, Dr. Richard Henry (see Zengel, Mrs. Marjorie Smith). Donors to the National Collections INSTITUTIONAL A. Philip Randolph Institute (through Bayard Rustin) : 2 programs, 4 final plans, 3 calls to march, 4 color slides for March on Washington (321638). Adler Business Machines, Inc. (through Frederick W. Haussman) : portable typewriter (320842). Adolfo, Inc. (through Adolf Sardina) : woman's blouse, scarf, handbag, 2 suits, 1974; evening dress, 1970 (312917). 478 / Smithsonian Year 1976 After Six, Inc. (through Bernard Toll): man's shirt, tie, 3 tuxedos (310305). Agriculture, U.S. Department of: Agricultural Research Service: 3 micro- scopes with cases and accessories (315328). Alabama, The University of: Department of Physics (through Dr. Robert N. Whitehurst) : telescope, 19th century; 2 wave demonstration apparatus, ca. 1900; Spanish sextant, 19th century; vacuum gap apparatus, ca. 1900; centrifugal force demonstration apparatus, 19th century (317854). Albrecht Grocery, The Fred W. (through Richard J. Cook) : 5 one-cent scrip certificates, 1974 (320715). American Airlines, Inc. (through David B. Bateman) : B-727 wall panel (321668). American Bisque Porcelains, Inc. (through Florence Schwartz) : commemora- tive porcelain plate (316488). American Medical Women's Association (through Carolyn S. Pincock, M.D.) : 11 dolls (317868). American Pharmaceutical Association (through George Griffenhagen) : 126 pharmaceutical antiques (321641). American Polygraph Association (through Walter Atwood and Raymond J. Weir): 5 polygraphs (321642). Australia, Reserve Bank of: 50-dollar note (320716). Baldwin-Hamilton Co. (through Henry A. Rentschler) : 14,000 mechanical drawings (316366); 4 books (321693). Baltimore Gas and Electric Co. (through A. A. Lehmann) : girder, 2 columnar units (321631). Banff Centre, The: Theatre Complex (through Mr. Laszlo Funtek) : pair of woman's shoes, 1935-1949 (316347). Bayh in '76, Birch Committee for (through Ms. Georgia A. Niedziecko) : 31 political campaign objects (320682). Bedford Minuteman Co.: replica Bedford flag (317933). Bentsen in '76 Committee (through Larry Letscher) : 14 political campaign objects (320746). Bethlehem Steel Corp. (through J. G. White, Jr.): 3 railroad lock spikes (321710). Bowne and Company (through Edmund A. Stanley) : bronze commemorative medal (319905). Brazil: Banco Central de Brasil: 10-cruzeiros commemorative silver coin, 1975 (317857). Britches of Georgetown: pair of man's shoes, 1974 (312916). Butterick (through Ms. Judy Raymond) : woman's dress, ca. 1973-1974 (310304). Byrd for President Committee, Robert C. (through Ms. Barbara Kappalman) : 23 political campaign objects (320052). Calaval Archeological Research (through John LaBarte) : suspender buckle (313803). Canada, Bank of: Department of Administrative Operations: two-dollar bank note, 1974 (317858); 50-dollar bank note, 1975 (319897). Canada: Edmonton, Alberta Parks and Recreation (through J. Boddington) : bronze commemorative medal, 1974 (319901). Capezio Ballet Makers (thrugh "Mr. Capezio," Ben Sommers) : pair of woman's ballet shoes, 1974 (315477). Carborundum Museum of Ceramics, The (through James R. Mitchell) : 5 pieces of bone china, ca. 1973-1975 (315471). Carlisle Colonial Minute Men (through Lt. Robert R. Heath) : a silver and a bronze commemorative medal (319904). Carpet City, Inc. (through Sander Davidson) : bicentennial heirloom rug (319869). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 479 Cassini, Inc., Oleg (through Melvyn Sotto) : woman's evening dress, ca. 1961-1970 (308346). Catholic Art Guild, The (through Theodore A. Parent) : silver St. Benedict Anti-Satan medal (320781). CIRA (through John Kloss) : woman's nightgown, 2 robes, 1973 (310284). City of Hope National Medical Center (through Melville L. Jacobs, M.D., and Robert M. Sloane) : cobalt 60 tele-theraphy unit (316410). Columbia University: Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering Mechanics (through Dr. Wesley J. Hennessy and Dr. Ralph J. Schwarz) : collection of 9 surveying apparatus (317998). Henry Krumb School of Mines (through Dr. Ralph J. Schwarz): arithmometer (318961). Conduit and Foundation Corporation (through Leopold Neiman) : 7 joints from Girard Avenue Bridge, 1873 (317990). Cornell University: Psychology Department (through Dr. Harry Levin): motion-picture camera, 162 psychological instruments (300427). Cornwell Investment Company (through John H. Cornwell) : rim lock (317986). Crystal, David (through Ms. Michele Abruzzo) : woman's evening gown, 1974; 2 dresses, 1968 (310281). Defense, U. S. Department of: 2 army scarves (321647); Department of the Army: 2 army shirts (316438). Denmark: Denmarks Nationalbank: 500-Kroner bank note (310286). D. C. Transit, Inc. (through O. Roy Chalk): locomotive, 1876; electric street car, 1898; street car trailer, 1892 (252681). Doulton and Company (through E. T. Catlett, Jr.) : 4 bone china military figures (317943). DuPont de Nemours & Co., E. I. (through Helen Gray) : man's suit, 1972 (313222). Environmental Action, Inc. (through Philip Michael) : poster and packet of Environmental Action material (319894). Everest & Jennings, Inc.: power-driven wheelchair (316359). Evins Sales (through David Evins) : pair of woman's shoes, 1974 (312914). Facit-Addo, Inc. (through Douglas H. Emore) : portable typewriter (321627). Federal Intermediate Credit Bank of St. Paul (through Fred P. Boeshans and Howard C. Richards) : World Dairy Expo film, on behalf of Production Credit Associations of the Seventh Farm Credit District (320016). Feldman's, Inc. (through Solomon Feldman) : calculator (316382). Floxite Company, Inc. through J. Stuart Fleming) : magnifying mirror, mirror lamp set, mirror set with flash light (316472). Fluid Energy Processing Equipment Co. (see Andrews, Norwood H.). Ford Committee, The President (through John T. Whitaker) : 23 political campaign objects (320745). Friends Meeting of Washington (through Ms. Sue Swisher) : calculator (314611). Gernreich, Inc., Rudi (through Gernreich) : woman's knit dress, matching stockings, 1965 (313227). Grand Lodge of Ancient Free and Accepted Masons of Maryland, The (through J. Thomas Middleton); bronze commemorative medal, 1976 (320787). Graphic Representatives (through Valarie Fedele) : serigraph (318020). Holy Cross Church: paten, baldachin, chalice, altar frontal, 2 pieces of stained glass (314681). Honeywell Photographic Products (through Robert L. Pennock, Jr.) : 7 strobo- nar electronic flash units (320825). International Telephone & Telegraph Corp. (see Busignies, Dr. Henri). Jantzen, Inc. (through Donald L. Smith) : man's sweater, woman's swim suit, 2 boy's swim suits (316473). 480 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Japan, The Bank of: 2 commemorative 100-yen pieces (319898). Johnson Company, E. F. (through John W. Krueger) : Messenger I and Messenger III transreceivers (316477). Kimberly Knitwear, Inc.: 2 woman's pant suits, blouse (312932). Klein and Company, Anne (through M. N. Rubinstein) : woman's 4-piece suit, gown (312918). Klein, Calvin: 9 pieces woman's clothing and accessories (313219). Lane Bryant (through Robin Powers) : lounging pajamas, 1973 (316512). Leiber, Inc., Judith: 19 woman's bags; 5 design objects (313220). Lenox, Incorporated (through Robert J. Sullivan); porcelain plate, 1975 (316423). Levi Strauss and Co. (through Bud Johns): woman's shirt, pants, jacket; man's trousers, pants, jacket, shirt (313224). Library of Congress: Processing Department: replica of "Hona" gold coin of Chhatrapati Shivaji Maharaj (320788). Lifwynn Foundation, The (through Dr. Hans Syz) : eye-movement camera system with blueprints and accessories (316465). Marion Health and Safety, Inc. (through Michael Henderson) : pressure dress- ing unit, 5 first-aid kits, medical oxygen cylinder, Marion ventilator with soft case, sting kill swabs (316526). Medallic Art Company: 4 Gerald Ford Inaugural medals (319090); (through William T. Louth): 3 Nelson A. Rockefeller Inaugural medals (319899). Merrimac Valley Textile Museum: electrostatic machine (314579). Metropolitan Rare Coin Exchange, Inc. (through Robert Leon Hughes); 2,449 foreign coins struck at the U.S. Mint (319911). Micrometrology Laboratories (through Ralph W. McNeely) : microfilm clip of Bible (321660). Milwaukee Sentinel: Washington Bureau (through Richard Bradee) : Milwau- kee Sentinel, April 7, 1976 (320872). Montgomery Ward Co., Inc. (through Victor G. Morris and Patrick J. Head): woman's cape, ca. 1885-1905 (316511). General Office (through A. V. Dapo- lito): girl's dress, boy's suit, 1975 (317880). Morrison Paper and Office Supply (through Joseph Sitnek) : box of staples (321696). National Geographic Society, The (through Milton A. Ford) : Finaly plate holder (320770). National Organization for Women (through Lenore Downie and Georgiana Schneider): 4 posters (320870). National Trust for Historic Preservation (through Roland E. Kuniholm) : 5 decorated Porcelaine de Paris boxes, 1975 (316520). NELCO Sewing Machine Co., Inc. (through Harry Luel) : bicentennial NELCO sewing machine (321655). New Jersey Institute of Technology (through William Hazell) : marsto-chron, microchronometer, 3 McCaskey production planning boards (317996); Robert W. Van Houten Library (through Morton Snowhite) : 2 stereo slide viewers, 2250 stereo slides (318949). New Zealand, The Embassy of: 1973 proof set of 7 New Zealand coins (320721). Norell, Inc., Norman (through Gustave Tassell) : woman's evening dress, 1972, in memory of Norman Norell (310308). Nova Coin and Stamp Shop (through W. L. Mason, Jr.) : 19 imitation U. S. Colonial pieces and Civil War tokens (319902). Olivetti Corp. of America (through Gil Wintering) : Olivetti portable type- writer, 1975 (320836). Olympia USA, Inc. (through C. T. Fatta) : Olympia portable typewriter, 1975 (320835). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 481 Pennsylvania Academy of the Fine Arts (through Richard J. Boyle) : 3 steam radiators (321632). Pfaff American Sales Corp. (through Siegfried Brunner) : sewing machine with carrying case (321654). Pioneer Hi-Breed International, Inc. (through Thomas W. Ishler) : 2 shocks of Reid's yellow dent corn (320025). Postal Service, U. S. (through Thomas E. Henry) : 2 U. S. National zip code directories (321672). Presidential Art Medals, Inc. (through R. James Harper) : 2 silver and 3 bronze commemorative medals (319910). Prestige Sportswear (through Warren Presson) : woman's long skirt, blazer, slacks, vest, 1974 (313225). Pullman Incorporated (through Richard B. Griffin, Jr.): panel from Pullman Parlor Car Falka, 1900 (322646). Radcliffe College: Arthur and Elizabeth Schlesinger Library on the History of Women in America, The (through Eva Mosely and Patricia M. King) : 9 Jeannette Rankin objects (321683). Railway & Locomotive Historical Society (through Howard F. Greene) : water kettle, ticket box, builder's plate, dinner pail, draft gear, platform sign, car lamp (321689). RCA-Consumer Electronics (through Frank McCann) : color television set (315490). Reagan, Citizens for (through Loren A. Smith and Ms. Patti O'Connor) : 13 political campaign objects, 1976 (320823). Riccar America Company (through T. R. Elliott): sewing machine (321775). Robert, Inc., Samuel (through Samuel Robert) : woman's pant suit, ca. 1974 (313228). Royal Typewriter Co. (through Ms. Susanne R. Moline) : Royal portable type- writer (321628). Salem China Company, The (through Harrison Keller) : bicentennial bone china cup (320829). Sandwich Historical Society, Trustees of the (through Ms. Nancy O. Merrill) : amethyst "berry bowl," 1975 (320800). Shatas & Co., W. J. (through W. J. Shatas and Otto Shatas) : 541 campaign buttons (321694). Shriver for President Committee (through Dorothy W. Patch and Larry Sappy) : 47 political campaign objects, 1976 (320794). Silverman, Jerry (through Jerome Silverman): woman's dress, 1974 (310309). Simpson, Adele: 3 woman's dresses (310282). Singer Company, The (through Edwin J. Graff) : sewing machine, replica shipping box/machine stand (321630). Society of Medalists (through Mrs. Louise Mary Cram) : 3 bronze medals (320725). South African Mint, The: silver one-rand proof coin, 1974 (320720). Sperry Rand Corporation: Sperry Remington (through D. P. Sheridan): 7 typewriters (320831). Sport, J. L., Ltd. (through Herbert Kasper) : woman's cape, coat, shoes, trousers, neckwear, blouse, hat, sweater vest, 1974 (312933). Stack's: 355 ancient Greek coins from Asia Minor (320696); 336 ancient Greek coins from Asia Minor (320697); 372 ancient Greek coins (320698); 404 ancient Greek coins (320699); 363 ancient Greek coins from Asia Minor (320700); 584 ancient Greek coins (320701); 423 ancient Greek coins (320702); 300 ancient Greek coins (320703); 396 ancient Greek coins (320704); 107 Spanish-American silver coins (320710). 482 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Stephenson Blake & Co. Ltd. (through J. B. Blake) : sample carbon steel, 3 gauges (319068). Thomson Automatics, Inc. (through Samuel G. Thomson, Jr.) : tape-controlled lathe (320832). Trigere, Inc. (through Miss Pauline Trigere) : 2 coats, 2 dresses, cape, jump- suit (312887). Udall '76 Committee (through Larry M. Dinger) : 7 political campaign objects, 1976 (320681). Viking Sewing Machine Co., Inc. (through E. E. Schottelkorb) : sewing machine (321718). Washington Fashion Group, The (through Ms. Ruey Messenger) : 142 cloth- ing and accessory items (310259). Washington State Women's Political Caucus (through Barbara C. Early) : cook book, flyers, political button, tear sheets (320869). Weitz Designs, John (through John Weitz) : man's suit, sweater, belt, 1972 315478). West End Lion's Club: 2-room German house (312496). Western Union Corporation (through James H. Foster) : teleprinter, telegraph tape, telegraph printout (316350). White Sewing Machine Company (through Mrs. Bertha Gold) : White sewing machine, Elna sewing machine (321629). Women Strike for Peace (through Ms. Edith Villastrigo) : poster (318994). NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Donors of Financial and Other Support Association of American Foreign Service Women Daniel Boorstin Mrs. Bella Fishko Mrs. Halleck Lefferts Martin Peretz Mr. and Mrs. Herbert Salzman Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Silverstein Mrs. Robert van Roijen Donors to the Collection Archives of American Art The Family of Mrs. D. Newton Barney (Miss Porter's School, Class of 1880) The Barra Foundation Anton A. Benson Barry Bingham, Sr. Dr. Thomas F. Conroy Mr. and Mrs. Nathan Cummings Mrs. Jean Douglas Equitable Life Assurance Society of the United States Furman J. Finck Firestone Tire and Rubber Company Ring Lardner, Jr. Alexander Lieberman Katie Louchheim William Louchheim Mr. and Mrs. Jack H. Mooney Susan Norton Mr. and Mrs. Meyer Potamkin Louise Belden Prugh Mrs. J. Besson Rudolphy Marvin S. Sadik John M. Schiff Edith Cole Silberstein The Singer Company Mrs. Lawrence M. C. Smith The Charles E. Smith Family Foundation Henry B. Wallace Robert Wallace Robert Penn Warren Frederick Wight Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 483 MUSEUM PROGRAMS OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Donors of Financial Support James R. Buckler Evergreen Garden Club Warrenton Garden Club Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates Donors to the Collections State of Alaska: 2 Picea sitchensis. Campbell, William: Hedera helix 'Digitata. Bisbee Green Nursery: Agave huachucensis and 2 Agave arizonica. Blank, Frederic: 1 Patycerium bifurcatum. Brookside Botanic Garden: Cuttings of Bougainvillea 'Harrisii', Brenea nivosa, Gardenia radicans, Hedera helix, Impatiens repens, Lantana cv., Neomarica northiana cv. Councilor, Mrs. Mildred: 2 Lanatana camara and 2 Spathiphyllum sp. Desautels, Paul: Epilaelia 'Red Star', Vonda tricolor, Miltassia 'Charles M. Fitch', Miltonia x Brassia, Cymbidium Little Black Sambo 'Black Magic/ Miltassia 'Mardi Gras', Odontoglossum pulchellum majus, Oncidium sphacelatum. Elin, Charles: 430 perennial plants. Fisher, Robert-Mount Vernon: 200 cuttings of Heliotropium arbor escens. State of Florida: 10 Sabal palmetto and 3 Citrus sinensis. State of Hawaii: 12 cuttings each of Hibiscus 'Clayi' and Hibiscus newhouseii, 6 Aleuritis maluccana. State of Idaho: 3 Pinus monticola and 3 Philadelphus lewisii. Kingwood Center: 153 Amaryllis. Longwood Gardens: 4 cuttings each of Coleus 'Pineapple Beauty/ Coleus 'Harlequin,' C. 'Glory of Luxembourg/ C. 'Paisley Shawl/ C. 'Etna/ C. 'Skylark/ C. 'Scarlet Ribbons'; 15 cuttings Chrysantheumum cv.; 100 cuttings Chrysanthemum cv. Jean Hart; Livistona australis, Heliconia sp.; 4 Heliconia collinsiana; 2 Heliconia tortuosa; Heliconia cerapetula; Heliconia sp.; Heliconia bicolor; Musa x paradisiaca 'Aeae;' 6 cuttings Streptocarpus 'Massen's White.' May, Mary Love: Chlorophytum bichitii. Mellen, Mrs. Charles R. : 2 Victorian Gardens tables (c. 1830). National Gallery of Art: Cuttings of Alternanthera cv. State of New Hampshire: 3 Betula papyrifera and 3 Syringa vulgaris. Read, Dr. Robert: 2 Musa coccinea, 3 Musa velutina, 2 Eriobotrya japonica, Stromanthe sp. Ripley, S. Dillon: 2 Poncirus trifoliata, 205 cuttings of Euonymus fortunei 'Sarcoxie/ 22 plants of Euonymus fortunei 'Sarcoxie.' Ripley, Mrs. S. Dillon: 169 Orchids, Hypericum sp., Epidendrun fragrans, Osmanthus heterophyllus 'Variegatus.' Sachet, Dr. Marie: Hippeastrum sp. Saul, Miss Edith Ray: 2 antique nursery catalogues. State of South Carolina: 3 Sabal palmetto, 12 Celsemium sempervirens. State of South Dakota: 3 Picea glauca. Studebaker, Russell: Alternanthera sp. 484 / Smithsonian Year 1976 U. S. Botanic Gardens: 50 cuttings of Hydrangea petiolaris. U.S. National Arboretum: Picea bicolor; Firmiana simplex; cuttings of Aucuba japonica 'Crotonifolia/ A. japonica 'Fructo Alba/ A. japonica 'Limbuta,' A. japonica 'Sulphurea/ A. japonica 'Longifolia/ A. japonica cv., Buxus microphylla cv. Sinica, B. sempervirens cv. Aruea Pendula, B. semper- virens cv. Elegantissima, B. sempervirens 'Vardar Valley/ Cornus alba 'Elegantissima/ Hedera helix (4 cvs.), Ilex aquifolium 'Argento-marinata/ I. aquifolium 'Scotch Gold/ I. aquifolium 'Waterer/ I. cornuta 'Dwarf Burford/ I. cornuta 'O'Spring/ I. crenata 'Mariesii/ I. crenata 'Shiro-fukurin.' SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Donors to the Collections Bayer, Dr. Ted: Autographed copy of Hirohito's Some Sydrozoans of The Bonin Islands. Bedini, Silvio A.: Thinkers and Tinkers. Boorstin, Daniel: America in Two Centuries. 140 volumes. Borch, Otto, Ambassador of Denmark: Schmidt-Phiseldek. Bradley, James: Collected Contributions of F. L. Whipple. 2 volumes. Buechner, Mrs. Helmut: Journal collection. Bull, George: Several guidebooks. Center of Military History (U. S. Army) : Several volumes of Vietnam studies. Chase, Mrs. Franklin: Fourteen volumes on architecture. Conger, Dr. Paul: Natural History of Birds. Creech, John L. : Commemoration of U. S. Bi-Centennial Anniversary in 1976: Bonsai in Japan. Dee, Elaine: Twenty volumes on art. Duncanson, Miss Isabelle Foster: History of the Adventures and Sufferings of Moses Smith. Embassy of the Republic of Germany. Zweihundert Jahre Deutsch-Ameri- kanische Beziehungen und Americana-Cermanica 1770-1800. Garber, Paul E.: Jules Verne. 15 volumes. Hamarneh, Sami: Catalogue of Arabic Manuscripts on Medicine and Pharmacy at the British Library. Hoffmann, Robert: Sixteen Russian books on Mammals. Howell, Edgar: Echo of a Distant Drum: Winslow Homer and the Civil War. Howson, Mrs. Hubert: An Alphabet of Celebrities. Kaufmann, Robert: Twenty-five decorative art books. Kenk, Dr. Roman: Fauna der in Krain Bekannten Saeugerthiere, Voegel, Reptilien und Fische. Knez, Dr. Eugene: Arts of Ancient Korea. Krombein, Dr. Karl: Two serials and Faune de Madagascar. Lantz, Walter D.: Kircher's D' Order Aardse Weereld. Lissim, Simon: Eight ceramic journals. Mason, Dr. Brian: Ten volumes on mineral sciences. Mason, David: Five hundred titles on weaving. Mello, Dr. James: Persepolis and Ancient Iran and Cenozoic Reef Biofacies. Metcalf, Pauline: Seven art journals and books. Nickerson, Dorothy: Nineteen cartons of materials on color. Nicolson, Dr. Dan: Thirteen volumes of the Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India. Nordness, Lee: Objects: USA. Nyborg, Anders. Groenlandica collection. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 485 Okamura, Chonosuke. Original Reports of the Okamura Fossil Laboratory, numbers 3-6. Olson, Dr. Storrs: A Monograph of the Charadriidae. Osgood, Cornelius: Anthropological volumes on Korea. Perrot, Paul: Archaeological Heritage of Jordan. Porter, Henry: Bound volumes of Graphic, volumes 89-100. Ray, Clayton: Geology of Michigan. Ripley, S. Dillon: Gallery catalogue and journals. Robinson, Dr. Harold: Cassini on Compsitae. Royal Netherlands Embassy: P. Struycken. Schmeltzer, Mrs. C. B. : Three cartons of books and magazines. Seaborn, Richard G. (Canadian Embassy) : Between Friends/Entre Amis. Sharer, Cyrus: Four knitting books. Smith, Sheila: Two books of prints. Spangler, Dr. Paul: Some Ectoparasites of the Birds of Asia and Migration and Survival of the Birds of Asia. St. Hoyme, Dr. Lucille: Optics. Taylor, Lisa: Fifteen art catalogues. Taylor, Dr. William: Thirteen volumes of American Scientist, 1957-1970. U.S. Army Military History Research Collection: Four volumes on military history. Veazey estate: Hollinshed Chronicles, 1587, and Ovid's Metamorphoses, 1732. Warren, Dorothy: Travel materials and periodicals. Washburn, Dr. Wilcomb: Red Man's Land/White Man's Land. Watson, Dr. George. Birds of the Antarctic and Sub-Antarctic. White, John D., Jr. : Three volumes on minerals. PUBLIC SERVICE OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Donors of Financial Support "KIN AND COMMUNITIES : THE PEOPLING OF AMERICA" American Security and Trust National Savings and Trust Company Company The Riggs National Bank Exxon Corporation Rockefeller Brothers Fund Fawcett Printing Corporation The Rockefeller Foundation "the united states in the world" Bendix Corporation I U International Bucyrus-Erie Company Ingersoll-Rand Company Bunge Corporation The Liberian Foundation, Inc. Cafritz (The Morris and Gwendolyn) Massey-Ferguson Limited Foundation Prudential Insurance Company of Champion Spark Plug Company America Eaton Corporation Sperry Rand Corporation Fluor Corporation United States Department of State Ford Motor Company Fund 486 / Smithsonian Year 1976 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART DONORS OF WORKS OF ART Gift to Vice President Spiro T. Agnew by Marshall Josip Broz Tito, President of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia W. G. Russell Allen Fund The Atlas Foundation Avalon Fund Mr. and Mrs. William Benedict Mr. and Mrs. William Draper Blair Employees of Braniff Airways, Inc. Michel de Bry Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund Syma Busiel Fund Elizabeth O. Carville Mr. and Mrs. Ralph F. Colin Collectors Committee Werner Drewes Lee V. Eastman and lohn L. Eastman Lorser Feitelson in memory of William C. Seitz Mrs. lohn E. Gallois Garfinckel's Lucien Goldschmidt, Inc. Dr. and Mrs. George Benjamin Green The sisters of Tomas Harris Ruth K. Henschel in memory of her husband, Charles R. Henschel Andrew Hudson Louis and Jean T. Joughin Jacob Kainen The Ruth Cole and Jacob Kainen Collection Mr. Antony J. Trapnell Kloman Mr. and Mrs. Antony J. Trapnell Kloman Robert P. and Arlene R. Kogod Mr. and Mrs. Sidney K. Lafoon Loula D. Lasker Fund Mr. and Mrs. Earl M. Latterman Dr. and Mrs. Ronald R. Lubritz Fund Andrew W. Mellon Fund Vincent Melzac Dr. Dieter Erich Meyer Mr. and Mrs. N. Richard Miller Pepita Milmore Memorial Fund John W. Mowinckel in honor of Ambassador John P. Humes Admiral Neill Phillips in memory of Grace Hendrick Phillips Cornelius Van S. Roosevelt Collection Lessing J. Rosenwald Rosenwald Collection Ruth Fisher Rhetts and children in memory of their husband and father, Charles Edward Rhetts Daryl and Lee Rubenstein Eleanor Whittlesley Kotz Savorgnan Katherine Shepard Robert H. and Clarice Smith Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Congressman Williamson Sylvester Stuckey, Jr. Friends of Esther Stuttman Hon. and Mrs. Robert H. Thayer Mr. and Mrs. Burton Tremaine Mr. and Mrs. David Tunick Versailles Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Vershbow Mr. and Mrs. George W. Ware Dr. and Mrs. Robert J. Wetmore Woodward Foundation, Washington, D.C. Zeitlin and Ver Brugge Booksellers, Los Angeles Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 487 APPENDIX 10. List of Volunteers Who Served the Smithsonian Institution from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 The following lists have been compiled in recognition of the many individuals whose contributions of time, effort, and expertise assisted in the achievement of the Smithsonian's Bicentennial goals. The personal dedication and exemplary performance, which characterize the Institu- tion's Volunteers, are significant and invaluable Smithsonian resources. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY CURATOR, S.I. BUILDING Imogene Baumgardner William Baxter Inez Ransom Frank Santamour Charlotte Taylor OFFICE OF MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT National Associate Program Mary Marshall Susan Wright Associate Travel Program William Dinardo Susan Normand Women's Committee Mrs. David C. Acheson Mrs. Thomas I. Ahart Mrs. Richard G. Alexander Mrs. Denton Blair Mrs. Huntington T. Block Mrs. Philip S. Bowie Mrs. Adelyn Breeskin Mrs. James M. Byrne Mrs. Charles H. Clark Mrs. W. Montague Cobb Mrs. C. Burke Elbrick Mrs. John Worden Gill Mrs. Robert Reed Gray Mrs. Karl G. Harr, Jr. Mrs. Walter Hodges Mrs. Woods Hollingsworth Mrs. Marshall Hornblower Mrs. Walter D. Innis Mrs. James Lehrer Mrs. Edward H. Levi Mrs. J. Noel Macy Mrs. John Minor Maury Mrs. George C. McGhee Mrs. John Ulric Net Mrs. Robert B. Nelson Mrs. Dudley Owen Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Mrs. Charles H. Percy Mrs. Paul N. Perrot Mrs. Horace White Peters Mrs. Malcolm Price Mrs. Edward Rich, Jr. Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley 488 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Mrs. Nelson Rockefeller Mrs. Reynaldo F. Rodriquez Mrs. John T. Sapienza Mrs. Brackley Shaw Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Henry P. Smith III Mrs. Potter Stewart Mrs. James W. Symington Mrs. T. Graydon Upton Mrs. Robert D. Van Roijen Mrs. John Carl Warnecke Mrs. Paul C. Warnke Mrs. T. Ames Wheeler Mrs. Robert S. Wilkinson III Mrs. Evan M. Wilson Mrs. Bissell Wood SCIENCE CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN National Anthropological Film Center Juliana Field Linda R. Maradol Laura E. Gordon Georgiana B. Warner George Kim CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Dorothy Abney Patricia Ball Charlotte Eisel Russell Moerschell Cathy Pringle Sharon Tebben Aileen Thomas Virginia Williams NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Office of the Director Beth Lynch Presentations and Education Division Ted Adams Shirley Adams Barbara Alprin John Amos Mae Anderson Ward Baker Mary Ann Barnard Gayle Basham Abe Bass Janice Beattie Paul Beaudry Frank Beck Ray Beeker Dana Bell Doreen Bell Deborah Berger Dave Binning Lydia Bitter Margaret Boland Bill Bonte Bruce Boyce Don Braun Fran Breeden Joyce Brescia Dave Brokaw Chris Brown Virginia Busch Pat Carson Kay Celmer Frank Cervenka Helen Chase Dannie Coates Nancy Colby Vic Coles Henry Collins Mary Cora Jane Cox Elizabeth Cunningham George DeGennaro Linda Densmore Jane DeYoung Pat DeYoung Vicky Diamond Judy Divone Phil Dobak Clarence Doll Jackie Doll Carolyn Donnelley Rose Drawbaugh Barbara Dyke Lois Eddy Shirley Engle Karl Esch Marcia Estabrook James Etheredge Betty Fisher Catherine Fisher Eloise Fisher Dot Fisk Fay Flectcher Bill Flener Peggie Flint Marlene Freed Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 489 Pam Friedman Alyce Fuller Librio Giove Lawrence Glassman Joyce Glenn Marvin Groat Joan Groobert John Hannan Sue Hannan Mel Harder Bob Harris Jim Hartley Betsy Heimbach Ruth Heimburg Annelise Heine John Heine Blair Hennessey Stewart Henry Joan Herbertson Frank Higgins Jack Holcomb Si Hunt Bob Jackson Alice Jaffe Carol James Agnes Jenkins Larry Jessie Marie Johnson Ralph Johnson Carl Jones Renee Jones Sheila Jones Jim Kabel Dorothy Kahal Irene Kane Rozzie Kay Bob Keeney Joe Kennedy Martin Kennedy Walter Kiser John Klemick Milan Krasnican John Krupa Mort Lessans Shirley Levin Dave Levinsohn Kathy Litsas Evelyn Litwin Fred Litwin Virginia Long Wendy Lopes Mary Lou Luff Elizabeth Lux Jean MacKenzie Phyllis Magaziner Ted Maher James Mangan Anne Marchetti Brad Marman Bill Marston Bob Martin June Marvin Elsie Mason Evelyn Mauterer Lucy McBrayer Rosemary McElderry Elizabeth McGarry Joe McMillen Joyce Melocik Phyllis Meltzer John Mercer Anne Miskiewicz Elmer Mitchell Jim Moore Jack Morris Barry Morrisroe Sheryl Myse Pat Nagel Harold Neher Bernie Nolan Laura-Ellen O'Connell Helen O'Day James O'Leary Barbara O'Malley Bob Orr Gail Osberg Don Paczynski Harvey Paige Jane Paige Mary Palmer Karen Patterson Bill Pellegrino John Phillips Brian Pierce Susan Pierce Frank Pirnat Karen Pittman Sheila Pittman Wayne Pittman Stephanie Porteous Pete Raabe Irma Reed Vance Revennaugh Bill Reynolds Jim Rhoads Bob Rice Don Robb Ken Robert Lois Roberts Mark Roberts Charles Ross Gil Roth Sara Rothchild Bill Rowe Herb Rust Barbara Schwartz Gale Sersain Isabel Shannon Joy Simmons Katie Simpson Lee Simpson Robin Sims Harry Sleaman Claudia Smith Maureen Smith Muriel Smith Jane Smiths Barbara Snider Ruth Snyder Myra Sommer Paul Spiess Bob Steece Judy Stembel Priscilla Strain Bob Storck Bob Struthers Sonya Taubin Bob Taylor Mark Taylor Barbara Thomas Bernice Thorpe Bill Tinkler William Tinkler Dick Tobiason Scott Tobiason Diane VanTrees John Venes Delores Vick Pauline Vollmer Elizabeth Wade Mark Wagner Harvey Walden Andy Wallace Betty Wallace Jack Walker Joe Walters Etta Wanger Jane Ward Mabel Warnecke Rebecca Weiss Connie Wilensky Janet Wolfe Dean Young Mark Young Ken Young Shirley Zuckerman 490 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Exhibits Richard D. Crawford NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Office of Education Shirley Adams Betty Adinolfi Menda Ahart Charlotte Albert Barbara Alprin Margaret Anthony Frances Apperson Burton Ashley Cheryl Bailey Kathy Bainbridge Marilyn Barksdale Alice Batman Gayle Baumgart Janice Beattie Dolores Beitzel Merylee Bennett Virginia Bennett Gretchen Berry Marilyn Bier Mildred Birge Inga Blust Carolyn Boswell Susan Boyd Lynne Boyle Helen Brown Elizabeth Bruck Joan Burman Kitty Burnham Judith Caratenuto Bettina Carotenuto Payson D. Carter Lucia Cefaratti Sherry Chachkin Glenn Chase Vivian Choha Jeannine Clark Judy Clark Yvonne Clayton Ruby Clements Everett Clocker Nancy Cohen Molly Coleman Lee Collier Margit Cook Lillian Cookfair Cece Cooney Gloria Cooper Harriet Copan Ruth Croan Darlene Curtis Barbara Czerw Marge Dawson Helen Deering Florence Deitz Vivien Delima Barbara DeMers Jean Demyttenaere Rosilyn dePercin Margaret Deutsch Carmen Dieguez Emily Doherty Marcia Dublin Karen Duncker Ortensia Eardley Mina Eggerton Marion Ellis C. Lynne Eppes James W. Ewing Ruth Ewing Lauren Fauer Roz Fenton Birdie Ferman Mary Fisher Marge Fleck Linda Fleisher Peggy Fleming Barbara Foley Barbara Ford Gretchen Foster Marilyn Franck Andrew Franz Helen Susan Frye Kaoru Fukumoto Mitzie Gaffney Dorothy Galvin Anita Garcia Jane Geronime Ella Giesey Yumiko Gillespie Samuel Glymph Joy Gold Sandra Goldberg Marianne Goldstein Eva Goode Betty Jane Gray Nancy Greenberg Pat Greenfield Fumiko Gregg Bobbi Gresham Joan Groobert Florence Gruchy Edith Grunnet Susan Gulick Ann Gurney Joy Hahn Anna Hairston Elinor Halle Charles E. Hamilton, Jr. Sheila Hartney Martha Hatleberg Helen Heard Vita Heineman Judith Herman Margie Hess Margaret Hicks Doreen Hitchcock Marge Hoath Julie Horn Bernice Hornbeck Rhoda Hudson Cici Hughes Stephanie Hysmith Regenia Ingram Nancy Jennings Marilyn Johnston Priscilla Joslyn George Jubran Sally Kabat Lyn Kagey Maggie Karam June Karamessines Bernard Kassell Henri Keller Harriet Kiser Susan Kneller Rita Kopin Karen Kosch Janet Kragness Minnie Krantz Elaine Krassner Barbara Kristal Ann Kuhns Bea Lamm Ginni Lamm Martha Lang Joyce Laramore Kersti Lasiewski Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 491 Lynne Latchaw Patricia LaTendresse Roger Lawson Joan Learner Constance Lee Phyllis Lessans Justin Lewis Charlotte Linde Tony Loezere Ruth Long Maria Longo Betty Lorance Jackie Mahan Martin Manning Edith Manor Jackie Mashin Rosina Mason Wendy McAlister Eileen McCormick Pearl McDonald Rose Ann McHenry Daisy Mendizabal Ann Meyers Bea Meyerson Mamie Middleston Karen Millar Barbara Miller David Miller Peggy Miller Louise Milrod Doris Mintzes Marsha Mirsky Isla Molansky Mair Moody Jean Moran Betsy Morefield Pat Morris Isadore Mostow Joan Muller Laura Mye Patricia Nagy Carol Nelson Hilde Newberry Barbara Nichols Ethel Nietmann SUMMER AIDES, 1976 Leslie Cook Muki Daniel Julie Fink Mimi Hails Maryann Nordyke Lynn Norton Mary Catharine O'Connell Elizabeth O'Dor Fran O'Leary Patricia O'Shaughnessy Laura Palmer Elaine Parks Susanne S. Patch Lydia Perian Lillian Peterson Mary Jane Phillips Joan Piper Sheila Pittman Dottie Porter Gina Pragan Teva Quammen Colleen Quick Ann Reese Nancy Register Lois Rehder Ginny Reister Ellen Richards Barbara Riddell Carlene Riffle Virginia Roach Peggy Roche Beverly Rosen Carol Rosenblum Kenneth Samuel Dee Sando Florence Saunders Corinne Schrier Clare Schweickart Sarah Sears Geraldine Seidel Dolores Shaw Gladys Sibbald Joan Simmons Jean-Marie Simon Helen Simpson Judy Smaldone Sandy Smith Bernice Stavisky Linda Stevens Ellen Licht Bea Alice Loos Adrienne Massillon Charles McAleer Department of Anthropology OLD WORLD ANTHROPOLOGY Katherine Baugh Emily Doherty Lois Berkowitz Ellen Gale Art Bissell Betty Higgins Be-Be Katime Lorraine Stevens Elizabeth Stockton Sarah Stromayer Ann Suydam Anna Sweeney Carol Swift Orienna Syphax Lois Talkin Susan Tancredi Ada Tannen Debbie Tari Nancy Tartt Jane Lee Taylor Patricia Taylor Jeanne Teagarden Voncille Tedrick Mary Scott Tenuis Christine Tinkler Susan Torok Ann Truitt Marjorie Turgel Cynthia Ullman Armand Vallieres Edna Van Grack Bonnie Walter Evelyn Way Amy Weintraub Mary Welch Mike Wetzel Laura Whitaker Rita White Sarah Whitehorn Elinor Wilbur Jackie Wilcox Betty Wilhelm Carolyn Wilkinson Fran Wille Ella Wilmot Bea Winne Mary Winters Lorraine Wisniewski Linda Worthington Betty Yassin Irene Yesley Bill Plybon Todd Rumph Laurel Siegel Bruce Wellington Sheila Pinsker Sarah Revis Priscilla Williams 492 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Department of Botany David Brennan Larry Delaney Janet Hammond Waring Holt Edward Kaun M. Christina Garcia Kirkbride Department of Entomology Laverne J. Magadan Erwin Maria Eveline Kamm Department of Invertebrate Zoology Tamara A. Vance Department of Mineral Sciences DIVISION OF MINERALOGY Cynthia Barnes Esther Claffy Department of Vertebrate Zoology DIVISION OF BIRDS Betty Ann Batson Sean Beardsley John Bernstein Monika Deitze Tim Lane Alice Nicolson Belinda Perry Ann Southall Paula Steiner Dr. George W. Rawson Susan Edmonds Nancy Gross Kay Kenyon Laurie Raymond Jeff Smith DIVISION OF REPTILES AND AMPHIBIANS Joan Dudley DIVISION OF VERTEBRATE PALEONTOLOGY Alta Copeland Jane Knapp NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Office of Director B. J. Draheim Office of Animal Health Joan Bortnick Carol S. Taylor Office of Animal Management Kenneth Birgfeld Pam Frye Lucy Loomis Katherine Lowman Conservation and Research Center LuAnn Di Palma Peter Lytle Office of Education-Information Peggy Siddall Office of Facilities Management J. Parker Wilbern Office of Pathology Garry Baskin John Boyce Ann Dyer Janet Williams Les MacDonald Tracy Miller Dottie Stocking Emily Merriweather Andrea Smith Randy Jacobsen George Parker Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 493 Office of Zoological Research Ann Baker Hannele Buechner Lee Caine Eden Foster Geegee Geitgey Elizabeth Glassco Adrienne Grenfell Victoria Guerrero Daniel Hirsch Patricia McKinley Marlene Robinson Joan Smith Sharon Thomas Kyle Trainor Friends of the National Zoo Guides ACTIVE GUIDES 1975-1976 Pat Arthur Nell Ball Leah Bratt Jo Burman Agnes Clagett Molly Cornell Mary Adele Donnelly Joan Dudley Elinor Dunigan Marilyn Hereford Cheryl Hurt Bernice Krula Micheline Kuipers Juanita Lambert Mimi Leahy Symme Levine Tura Lipscomb Bev Lilley Cecil McLelland Sandra Meyersburg Martha Miles Fran Morgan Laila Mosely Elizabeth Mount Colleen Quick Wendy Reiskin Sylvia Ripley Clare Romilly Sandra Scholz Anne Schultz Elsie Sharon Eliza Soyster Malcolm Stiff Pamela Matlack Stoil Jeanie Teare Sally Tongren Missy Winslow RESEARCH AND INFORMATION June Abel James Allen Patricia Allen Thelma Baker Karen Bisat Dr. Susan Bogner Millie Bonhit Diane Brassard Dale Brogan Susan Brown Lynn Clark Elinor Dunnigan Mary Ann Elwood Joanne Grumm Lisa Gwirtzman Norma Hazen Diane Hickey Pauline Kelly Bernice Krula Juanita Lambert Joan Learner Charlet Levesque Barbara MacBride Lori Makaukas Diane McCarthy Sandy Meyersburg Rosemary Miller Maureen Morello Barbara Owen Colleen Quick Jim Scribner Jean Teare Robert Tinsbloom Sandra Tinsbloom 494 / Smithsonian Year 1976 HISTORY AND ART ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Helen Duane Alice Hoyt Mary Larkin Fiona Mougenot Helen Osborne COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS AND DESIGN Margaret Atkinson Lillian Block Ruth Bowen Marjorie Cahn Sylvia Chandler Virginia Corm Rosemary Corroon Sybil Daneman Ann Dorfsman Nancy Draughn Bessie Eliasberg Helen Freck Sabina Gatheral Madeline Greenberg Jeanne Hamilton Kate Herr Miriam Jacobs Mildred Jay Eylene King Mae Levy Jane Lloyd Phyllis Massar Carla C. Mayer Dennis McFadden Sylvia McKean Terese Milbauer Dorothy Osserman Elizabeth T. Page Amanda Palmer Mary Walker Phillips Jacqueline Rea Edith Rudolf Isabelle Silverman Helen Stanbury Helen Stark Eithel Stein Helen Stroud Tina Tiedtke Dalmar Tifft Patricia Tine Elizabeth Van Tets Eleanor Wallstein Beth Wervaiss Joy Wolf HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Office of Education Margaret Alexander Hanna Altman Michael Antle Betsy Applebaum Nancy Barnum Gayle Bauer Nathaly Baum Merry Bean Alice Bindeman Margaret Blee Vivian Bolton Ellen Bungay Frances Burka Lenora Burstein Edith Ching Martha Jane Claypool Pauline Cohen Dorothy Colban Annie Belle Daisey Eleanor Davidov Elaine Dietch Sonya Dunie Dorothy Fabricant Lynn Fondahn Gertrude Friedman Mimi Gallagher Freda Gandy Betty Gibson Frances Glukenhaus Shirley Goldenberg Charlotte Golin Lillian Greenspan Florence Hart AnneLiese Henry Arlene Hoebel Joclare Holmes Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 495 Reba Immergut Ann Jacoby Victoria Jones Laine Katz Lynn Kauffman Loretta Keller Joan Kirsh Carla Klevan Ann Kraft Betsy Kutscher Lillian Lafont Judy Landau Isabel Langsdorf Dorothy Lapadula Blanche Levenberg Howard Levine Jan Levine Esther Liss Lynne Loube Nancy Mannes Frances McElroy Doris Miller Dorothy Miller Missy Millikin Claire Monderer Pat Nelson Shirley Olman Pat Olson Ruth Oviatt Mary Patton Elaine Pew Vivian Pollock Jennie Prensky Barbara Richardson Marion Ring Jane Rodman Loretta Rosenthal Jeanne Ross Gera Rynas Diane Schachner Irene Schiffman Judy Schomer Sandy Schwalb Sally Seidman Eve Sermoneta Martha Shocket Helen Shumate Muriel Sirkin Irmelle Small Lilian Smith Menise Smith Maureen Steinbach Elaine Steinmetz Betty Sterling Ruth Taylor Jeanne Teagarden Barbara Tempchin Jesse Tromberg Marilyn Tublin Virginia Turman Dorothea Wells Pete Wheeler Edie Whiteman Madeleine Wood Sandy Zafren Charlotte Zaret *Additional names below assigned to "special projects." Painting and Sculpture Deborah Geoffray Sara Lowe Eliza Rathbone *Special Projects — Office of Education Posey Davis Marjorie Levin David Gilbert Ann Makepeace Miriam Kraft Lisa Turner JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Frances R. Burdette Dorothy M. Eisenhour Esther H. Lurie Eleanor P. McAllister Martha P. Robinson Linda Sinclair Genevieve Watson NATIONAL COLLECTION OF TINE ARTS 20th-century Painting and Sculpture Stephanie Rich 496 / Smithsonian Year 1976 NCFA Office of Education Hilda Abraham Linda Ackerman Ruth Amster Jo Apter Betty Atkocius Lois Berger Grace Berman Barbara Booth Estelle Bossin Jean Brackett Carolyn Cage Lorraine Carren Vicki Cavaney Pauline Cohen Harryette Cohn Dorothy Colban Sophie Danish Bernice Degler Jane Eddy Marcia Edenbaum Fifi Edison Alice Feeney Velma Galblum Florence Gang Lilyan Goda Marian Goozh Selma Gratz RENWICK GALLERY OF ART Anne Akman Heather Berry Nancy Cloud Kitty Coiner Mahlon Dewey Yetta Goldman Sharon Greenfield Lydia Hanson Registrar's Office Barbara Wille Renwick Gallery Lisa Ludwig Lillian Greenspan Ruth Hall George Smoot Harris Lilly Hiller Jeanette Kear Phoebe Kline Dale Kramer Gertrude Landay Jonna Lazarus Vira Ludlow Margaret MacElfatrick Nancy Mannes Marjorie McMann Lillian Mones Sylvia Nazdin Ruth Oviatt Carole Pierson Peggy Ritzenberg Loretta Rosenthal Bunny Shapiro Elaine Steinmetz Ruth Taylor Mamie Tobriner Betty Ustun Diane Wilbur Donna Wilson Jane Hogan Ruth Money Alice Nelson Ruth Potter Barbara Rothenberg Edith Schaffer Martha Shochet NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Office of the Deputy Director Roberta Downs Jenny Clyde Hollis Edna Luginbuhl "A Nation of Nations" Exhibition Jean Burris Mary McLaughlin Joanne B. Scheele Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 497 Division of Education and Visitor Information Carole Abert Mary Jo Adler Seymour Alenier Patricia Ameling* Barbara Anderson Ann Andrews Frances Atchison Barbara Bab Tom Ballantine Stephanie Barach Dian Belanger Louise Belcher* Anne Bellinger Lee Bernton Barbara Bingham Margaret Binning* Joseph Blunk Tom Bond Wilma Bond Kathleen Bott Joyce Brescia Josette Brogan Marjory Brown Carol Bruce Julie Canard Barbara Chapman Daniel Chapman Ruby Cheaney Faye Claiborne Edith Clark Betty May Cleary Patrick Clifford Selma Colby Patricia Colevas Marjorie Conrad Mary Constable Christine Coyle Diane Crocker Gloria Crowley Nancy Daniel Virginia Daskalaskis Carterette Davis* Phyllis Davis* Peggy Dawley Margot Dibble Jacqueline Doll Janice Doll Gloria Dowd Jean DuBois Delphine Duff Corinne Duffy Jane Dunphy* Ruth Eckhardt Luella Ellingwood Arlene Epstein Jane Ervin Dorothy Fabricant* Ronnie Fenz Marianne Finke Nancy Finken Mary Flury Kathy Forrest Ann Fox Mia Gardiner Marilyn Gaston Olive Graffam Holly Grath Suzanne Graves Irma Greenspoon Marian Haas Ruth Ann Hadley Susanne Hall Margaret Hanlon Richard Harding Pamela Hart Lydia Heinzman Mary Jane Hellekjaer Sally Hersey Vera Hickman James Hildbold Jane Hobson Anne Holman Abby Holtz Lucia Homick Audrey Hong Louise Horn* Marilyn Horwood Joan Howard Rosalie Hughes Bruce Hutton Regina Ingram Dolly Irwin Robert Jackson Alice Jaffe Anna Jester Sandra Jones Naomi Kaitz Mary Ellen Kay Carolyn King Gene King Marie Koether Barbara Kopf Martha Jo Leese Barbara Lehmann Morris Liebman* Venka Loehe Cecily Lupo Janet MacDonald 498 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Diane Malhmood Dorothy Malloy Shirley Marston* Mary Maxwell Miriam Maxwell Marcia Mazur Barbara McGraw Martha Jo Meserole Sheila Meyers Evelyn Migliaccio Marjorie Miller Sue Miller Patricia Minty Elmer Mitchell Virginia Moffett* Barbara Naef Kate Newhall Gail Nields Betty O'Connell Winifred O'Donnell Dan Ohlms Norma Papish Ames Perry Nancy Phelps Selma Philipson John Phillips Sheila Pinsker Lana Pipes Louise Plumb Shirley Pollack Judith Promisel Linda Puller Joan Rabins Ruth Raetz Mary Reed Nanette Reed* Ralph Remley Betty Rice Jean Robb Jane Rodgers * These docents also worked in the Arts and Industries Building. Ruth Roll Elizabeth Rudser Arden Ruttenberg Barbara Schwartz Mary Ann Scott Flora Searcy Janet Sexton Sevah Shiftman Deeks Shryock Sharon Simon Juanita Sluppick Maureen Smith Pat Smith Margaret Snyder Carol Sorenson Carol Stent Ruth Stewart Ann Stock Marjorie Stroud Roberta Swenson Ann Swift J. N. Thompson (dec.) Janet Thompson Warren Thurston* Nancy Turner Morris Ullman Diane Van Trees* Kay Walker Joan Wells Elizabeth Whiting Marilyn Wieber Joan Witorsch Mary Wood Mary Dale Woodard Elizabeth Woodward Dorothy Wortman Lorna Zimmerman Betty Zolly Jayne Zopf '1876: A Centennial Exhibition" and in the SUMMER EDUCATION AIDES 1976 Cindy Atkinson Martha Baxtresser Hilary Cheetham Solon Edward Davis Diane Denny Julia Eilenberg Rachel Franklin Ynez Halton Timothy Houston Nancy Hovatter Mark Hoyert Helen Hurd John Hurd Richard Ifft Janice Latimore Wendy Leibowitz Jonathan Levy Robert Mathey Jonathan Mclntyre William Nelson Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 499 Neil Peddicord Jeffrey Peterson Jonathan Randle Sharon Raymond Sean Redding Andra Rose Denise Ryan Teri Shantz Dorothy Silver Diana Spence Beth Spickler John Sullivan Katherine White Kathryn Woodford Nyetta Yarkin Office of Public Affairs Sara Bomberg Sylvia Clark Department of Applied Arts DIVISION OF GRAPHIC ARTS Peter Doll Edward L. Eisenstein Susan Gaghan DIVISION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY Dee Clarke James Seret DIVISION OF POSTAL HISTORY George Bull Fay Clinkscale DIVISION OF TEXTILES Louise D. Belcher Elizabeth Brown Gladys Dougherty Ilene Joyce Margaret McComb Cathy McKinney Department of Cultural History DIVISION OF COSTUME AND FURNISHINGS Gertrude Kayten Kent Natirbov Ellen McKee Betty Naylor Ralph Remley Arlene Sirkin Anne Zelle Karen Elder Elizabeth Ketcham Norma Papish Rose F. Trippi Lisa Van Beaver Kay Walker Melissa Wood Sally Wright Barbara Dickstein Mary Louise Freeburger Betty Kramer DIVISION OF MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS Judith Britt Christina Kramer Jane Krumrine Dorothy Pouquet Fred McSweeney Mark Montefusco DIVISION OF PREINDUSTRIAL CULTURAL HISTORY Gwendolyn Edwards Department of Industries DIVISION OF AGRICULTURE AND MINING Susan Cohen 500 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Department of National and Military History DIVISION OF MILITARY HISTORY Richard Crawford John I. H. Eales George R. Hamer DIVISION OF NAVAL HISTORY Frank Davis DIVISION OF POLITICAL HISTORY Barbara Chapman Larry D. Pascal Carolyn Schorer Mary Ellen Kay Department of Science and Technology DIVISION OF ELECTRICITY AND NUCLEAR ENERGY Dexter Anderson Peter Kurtz Joseph Fincutter John H. Swafford SECTION OF MATHEMATICS Todd Rumph DIVISION OF MECHANICAL AND CIVIL ENGINEERING Charles T. G. Looney DIVISION OF MEDICAL SCIENCES Helen Barsanti Mary Jane Burwell Marguerite Hannon Carolyn Harshaw Gladys Johnson TECHNICAL LABORATORY Walter F. Aerni Nathaniel Choate II Robert M. Comly Walter S. Jones Irmgard Taylor Marion Koehler Mary Lane Jeanne Pappous Mary Lou Stevenson William F. McCarthy Frederick N. Saxton Stanley C. Stumbo NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Curatorial Department MacKenzie Carpenter Catalog of American Portraits Lucy Gregg Polly Markham Office of Curator of Exhibitions JoAnne Cufrie Atalanta Grant-Suttie Office of Public Affairs Nancy White Lydia Keller Mary Titus Georgia Sutton Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 501 Charles Willson Peale Papers Peggy Dong Marilyn Gilbert Jean Gwaltney Dorothy Labourne Print Department Theodore Bleecker Ruth Furey Nathan Gilbert Katie Gilligan Barbara S. Hayler Pat Hilburn Ruth Hill Connie Imming Joyce Ingle Katy Jewett Miriam Kuskin Dixie Lee Linda Leslie Clarice Levy Justin Lewis Joan Liebman Jan Lissey Office of Education Ms. Mary-Agnes Anderson Mrs. Marion Artwohl Mrs. Pat Boedecker Mrs. Lillian Brickman Mrs. Kathy Campoli Ms. Belle Church Mrs. Helen Clendenin Mrs. Gerry Compher Mrs. Bertha Epstein Mrs. Marjorie Findly Mrs. Joyce Fried Mrs. Eleanor Fullerton Mrs. Ruth Furey Mr. Nathan Gilbert Mrs. Katie Gilligan Mrs. Pat Hilburn Mrs. Ruth Hill Mrs. Connie Imming Mrs. Joyce Ingle Mrs. Katy Jewett Mrs. Miriam Kuskin Mrs. Dixie Lee OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Andrea Oliff Ludwig Sylvia Littman Marjorie Matthews Mercedes McCarthy Thomas Mills Elizabeth Monroe Martha Morales Linda Nichols Bernice Rashish Sue Reed Dianne Rosenbaum Sydell Sandy Edythe Shepsle Margaret Slabinski Virginia Tannar Sandra Tussing Vivian Ware Frances Wilson Ms. Linda Leslie Mrs. Clarice Levy Mr. Justin Lewis Mrs. Joan Liebman Mrs. Jan Lissey Mrs. Sylvia Littman Mrs. Marjorie Matthews Mrs. Mercedes McCarthy Mr. Thomas Mills Mrs. Elizabeth Monroe Mrs. Martha Morales Mrs. Linda Nichols Mrs. Bernice Rashish Mrs. Sue Reed Mrs. Dianne Rosenbaum Mrs. Sydell Sandy Mrs. Edythe Shepsle Mrs. Margaret Slabinski Mrs. Virginia Tannar Mrs. Sandra Tussing Mrs. Vivian Ware Mrs. Frances Wilson MUSEUM PROGRAMS SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Robert M. Mitchell 502 / Smithsonian Year 1976 OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL Lighting Unit Joseph Brown Model Production Nancy Lewis Freeze-Dry Lab Paul Mackey SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE David Kausal OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Tom Chmelik Hortense M. Russell Ruth Craig Betsy Swift Stuart Craig Emily Trimbok Marton Drummond Ann Upton Christian Homsi Margaret Varner Betty Mcintosh Wendy Welhaf Alyse Miller Leila Wilson Hazel Miller Mary June Wilson Gigi Peters Nancy Wood Kirby Rodriguez Meg Wylie SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Design Library Regina Brauer Dennis Landis Wesley Day Margaret Luchars David DeCasseres Edith MacGuire Marilyn Francis Nancy Masur Karen Giannelli Jim Moskin Rita Goodfleisch Jose Sagaz Mary Klinger Baylie Smith Suzanne Kulkman Sheila Smith Anne B. Laderman Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Library Sally Chandler Constance Rowland National Air and Space Museum Library Charles V. Morris Elvin Schmitt NCFA/NPG Slide and Photography Library Catherine Day Debbie Hill Monica Hawley Martha Zito Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 503 PUBLIC SERVICE ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM Mobile Michael Thomas DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Festival of American Folklife Volunteers with one asterisk next to their names have worked between 20 and 35 days. Those with two asterisks have worked over 35 days. It is im- portant to note that many volunteers with no asterisks next to their name have worked just under 20 days. Marilyn Abel Elinor Abramson Robert Acuavera Elizabeth Adams Bill Aldenderfer Raymond Alston* Richard Anckner, Jr.* Francisco Anderson Gwyn Anderson* Joe Anderson Lois J. Anderson Nephelie Andonyadis Susan E. Andre Beverly Argo Kim Argo Holly Arnold Jack Arnold Wanda Arrington** Harriet Austin* Barbara Avent** Betty Avery Eleanor Baca Perscilla Baca Carrie Bagwill* John Ganver Bailey* Cheryl Balston Donica Barrow* Amy Barry Nancy Bateman* Beth Beach Linda Beach Dorothy Beltrone Samuel Bens** Sylvia Bentley Gary Benton Linda Benton Nancy Bercaw* Jean M. Berg Marion Berman Saul Berman Susan Ellen Bernick Carol Bernstein Janet Lynn Bernstein* Lisa Berryman Lori Beuck Louise Bigbee R. B. Blair Leo Blanchette Tina Blanchette Nancy Bleistein Gretchen Bloom Nicholas Bocher Jerrilyn Boggerson* Julia Bohabat Curtis Bohlen Nina Bohlen Gina Bonsignore* Donna Bornstein Sue Boshoven Michael Bozardt Laura Bozardt Anthony Brand Lynne Bresler Elizabeth Bridges* Mary Bridges Anna Brown Barbara Lee Brown Brenda Brown** Dennis Brown* Donna Brown Erin Brown Esther M. Brown Mira M. Brown* Joseph Burly* Jonathan B. Burns Dane Buschmeyer* Eric Butler* Susan Butler Georgiann Marie Cady Jean Campbell Jean Cantor Philippe Capiav Barbara Capozzola Jeff Carr* Alison Carroll Olga Casillas Keith Chamberlain** Douglas L. Chambers Michele Chambers Allen Chan** Bessie Chandler** Debra Chanil Stephen J. Chant Edward Chao Guenther Chapin Nina Chapin Faye Chavez Virginia Cheung Lucy N. Chimulewski Debra Ciancio J. Carole Clarke* Liz Clarke* Margi Clarke Hannelore Claudy Rikki Clauss Andre Clyburn* Renee Clyburn** Mark Cogen* Sam Cohen Pearline Coleman** Kevin Collier Sean Collier Virginia Collins Ann Conger* Roger Congress** Martha E. Connell Eileen Connolly Carolyn Cooke Bert Cooper* Claire Conroy 504 / Smithsonian Year 1976 David Cornejo* Robert Cornejo Dolly Coulter** William R. Coyle IV Jean Crawford Dawn Crockrell* Gina Cross** Nancie Cross Wanda Crowder* Anthony Crowley Dorothea Crowley** Nina Cruz Maura Curran Heather Cutting Victorie D'Agostino Mary Dailey Nancy Dailey** Sandie Dalrymple Patrick Dant Don Darnauer Mary Dashiell Cary Davis* Kathy Davis Ann Day Isabel Day Jane Day Linda Susan Dean Lydia De Greve Anne Delaney Richard Delewski Matthew Dickens** Laura Dismukes Mark Dizard* Penny Dounis Nancy Dray Evan Dubasky Richard Dubasky* Bryan DuBois** Nancy Leah Dudwick Louise Dugan Gene Dwyer Kathy Dwyer Mimi Dwyer Paul Dwyer Anne Easton Leslie Edlund Janet Edmonds Richard Edson Yvonne Ellis Monica Ellison** Melissa Elmore* Susan Endelman Andrew Engel* Esther Erkman Jasmine Erskian Linda Erskian Helen Fairley Karen Falk** Karen Farnsworth Deborah Fears Nora Felder** Linda Finkelman Debbie Finken Susan Finken Leila Finn Mary Ellen Finnigan* Thomas E. Fisher* Elaine M. Fitzback Maria Fitzpatrick Maurice Stillman Flagg III John Fleming Mary Fleming Jean Ford* Martin S. Forman Stephanie Fox** Lisa Francis Karen Frank** Mike Frank Andrew Franz** Randy Freed Anne Freeman Mary A. Freeman Ellen Freudenthal Joel Friedman Amy Fulton Victor Gaberman* John Garfield Mary Garland* Adrienne Garretson Gretchen Geiger* Sharon Gelboin John Gemmill Benji Gibson* Stacey Gibson** Anne Gilbert Elliott Gimble* Rachel Glazer Joseph M. Goffney, Jr. Sheila Goodman* Janet Gordetsky Lisa Gordon Laurie Gorman Julie Ellen Gossett Helen Grassl Tony Green Pam Grignon Kelly Grimm Amy Gross Helen Gross Laura Hails Troy Hails Phyllis Hall* Carol Ann Halprin* Holly Halsey Mike Halsey Shirley Hamburg Kathryn Hamilton Susan Hammond Allison Hampton Marilyn Hannan* Nancy Harley** Nancy Harrell James Harris* Junie Harris** Rylan Harris** Thomas Harris* Bobbie Hart Wes Hartley John Hayes Marcella Healy Patricia Healey Anne Herrmann Cal Herrmann Conrad Herrmann Eric Herrmann Lani Herrmann Sarinha Herz* Grace Higginbottom* Sandy Hinshaw Holly L. Hoffman Mary Holland Anna Holloway* Cherryl Holly* Esther Holzbauer Sally Holzbauer* Catherine Horvath Pam House Bonnie Hum Frederick D. Hunley* Cathleene Hunter* Regina Hunter** Michael Hurley Andrea Iaderosa Sue Immerman Ellie Iverson Vicky Izzo Eva Jakubowski Lynda Janowiak Helane Jeffreys Dave Johnson David Johnson Leanne Johnson Leon Johnson* Vicki Johnson* Rhonda Jones* Wayne Jones Yvonne Jones** Pam Juett Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 505 Ann Jung* Ellen Just Margaret Karam** Linda Keenan* Carole Keene** Mark Kelly Patty Kelly Teresa Kennedy Terri Kerner Kathy Kiefer* Tracey Kirk Michael Kiron Laura Mae Kittle* Diane Klein Mike Klein Meg Knox* Gabriele Koenig Barbara A. Koll Karen H. Krahn Minnie Krantz Jason Krause** Jane Kreisman Steve Kromer Suzanne Kubota* David Kuhlman** Barbara Kurze Yuri Kusuda William D. Laahs Raymond Lane Agnes Van Langenhove Piera Larocca* Betsy Larimore Florence Leestma Lizabeth Lessin Pearl Levenson Rose Caryn Levine Lauren Lewis** Jane Lincoln Jan E. Linden** Marissa E. Longo Carlos Lopez** Genaro Lopez** Jose Lopez** Maria Lopez** Eric Lorentzen Tina Lorentzen Susi Lowe* Tina Lunson Todd Lyles Robert Lynch Ann MacArthur Kenneth Mack** A. Martin Macy** Rosanne Maher Katie Mallinson Leigh Mailliard Tim Maloy* Susan E. Mango Jeff Mann Robert W. Mann** Shirley Mansell** Athena Manthos Melanie Marshall Juaquin Martinez** Linda Mason Sue Mason Donna Masten Brian McCarthy Kate McCarthy Susan McCarthy McDonald Michael McElderry Marcia McGrath David H. McKillop, Jr. Michael McLean Kim McLeveighn Patricia Karen McQuaid* Donald Mehlman Liza Melendes Chris Merrill Margaret Christine Metcalf John Milketich Susan Miles Angela Miller* Stanley E. Miller Tamara Miller Anne Mire Josef Mire Lena Mitchell Sally Mitlitzky Lois Moran Patricia D. Morgan* Charles Morris** Carol Morrisey Jerry Morrisey Genee Morrissey Kristen Mosbaek Sheila Moses Richard W. Muenchow* Madeline Murray Ruth E. Myer Jeff Myers Susan Myers Thad P. Myers* Ann Nagle Susan Nahwoosky Mariko Nakade Christine J. Neuberger* Nancy New Lisa Nunez Betsy Oda* Vicki O'Keefe* Patrick J. O'Lone* Jenny Orleans* Victoria Atlantic Page* Jenny Parke Louise A. Pate Joan Paul Lauren Payne* Marietta Pendarvis** Lloyd Pernell* Nina Perrot Bettie Peterson** Grant Mark Peterson Karen Phillips Patricia Marie Pipik Adele Poggi Carole Poggi Mona Poyta Prane Karen Lynne Praisner Anne E. Prendergast Jennie Prensky Mandy Prigg Carolyn Prouty* Tammy Quattrociocchi Mary Hammond Raitt Gun-Maj Ramberg John Ranard Angela Randolph** Kwan Reagon** Toshi Reagon** Lauren Reel Alex Reith Jules S. Renaud* Mary Resing Rick Richardson Naomi Richfield Denise Riding In Debbie Riding In Paul Risley Rosemary Robb** Michael Robey Janice Robinson** Ruth Rondberg Dan Rosen Olive Rosen Sonia Rosen** Daniel Rosenblum Jane Rosenblum Beth Rosner Mindy Rottenberg** Muriel Roudabush Robin Sadin Martha Gale Saltz Debbie Santora Patrizia Saraceni Jane Sasaki Sheila Sawant Josh Sawislaki* 506 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Rick Scarce Bonnie Schrack Samuel Schuchat Teresa Ann Schwab Maria J. Schwartz Ronnie Schwartz Karen Schwimmer Judy Ann Scott** Anne Scribner Libby Elizabeth Scribner Pepe Seijas** Pinkey Seijas** David Colin Selzer Eva Semple Sara L. Shafer* Suzanne Shapiro John S. Sharood Julia M. Sharood Catherine M. Shea Susan Shea** Martha Sherman* Pamela Shortkroff Mark Shulimson Nadine Sielecki Tammy Sielecki Thais Sielecki Michelle Silas** Christopher Sillars* Andrew H. Simon** Charlotte A. Simpson Myrna Sislen Barbara Sismondo Carol Slatkin Connie Smith** Donna Smith Doug Smith Paula Bailey Smith Richard Smith Ellen Snyderman Eve C. Soldinger Eric Solot William H. Somerville, Jr. Susan Sommer Janet Sorey Sarah Spann* Renee M. Speenburgh* Amy Spiegel Tim Spivak Lynn Staffieri Karin B. Stanford* Blanche E. Stephens Gail Anne Stevens Mary Stickles Seth Strauss* Bonnie N. Sweet Leah Tacheron Marva West Tan Laura Tang Lori Tedd John S. Teunis Elizabeth R. Thomas Vicki Thompson** Maria Tijerino Barbara Todd* Deborah J. Todd Glen Todd* Payson Todd Alex Totz Linda Faith Towney* Valerie Trent Sharon M. Trimiar Laura J. Tuchman Phyllis Tucker Leslie Turpin Anne M. Twigg Rubye Tyree** Delia M. Ullberg* Cynthia M. Ulman* Carlson Vicenti* Carryl Vigil* Tom Villemi Marge Wagner Marjorie C. Walbridge Joanne Wall Kim Watson Sally Webster Penny Weinberger Tamara Weinstein Stan Weintraub Sarah F. Wellborn* Mark Wells Annie Laurie Whalen Karl Whitaker Carolyn White Judy White Kathleen White Sandra Whitfield* Susan Whiting Julie Wilder Mike Wildberger Sara Wildberger Donald Wilhelm* Amy Wilkins Chas Williams Denise Williams** Jeannette Williams John Williams** Johnny Williams** Karen Williams Carol Wilson Audrey Wing Marjorie Wing Elaine Wooten Billie Wooten Susan Wrampelmeier Kathy Yang Cherisa Yorkin Judy Young E. Grace Yuen* Konrad Zaharko Joe Zauner Audrey Zimmerman* Jennifer Ann Zito OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Edna Luginbuhl RESIDENT ASSOCIATES PROGRAM June Bashkin Margaret Binning Viola Burroughs Thomas Canada Virginia Caton Virginia Collins John Eales Theodore Fetter Beatrice Gray Elizabeth Holden Raoul Kulberg Ruth Myer Dorothy Parry Cora Pyles Barbara Reed William Trigg Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 507 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Roberta Downes Patricia Fisher Jennie Clyde Hollis VISITOR INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATES' RECEPTION CENTER Information Specialists Roselyn Abitbol Lynn Adlersberg Doris Alenier Seymour Alenier Lois Alexander Ann Alexandrou Marion Andersen Mary Andresen Tiiu Anniko Rose Ascarelli Mary Ashton Mildred Askegaard Janice Bachtell Richard Baritz Edith Barnett Miriam Baskind Dorothy Beatty Mildred Beck Phyllis Beek Adaline Beeson Leah Beitia Louise Belcher Janyce Bell Gery Berg Susan Biebel Elizabeth Bilbrough Margaret Binning Ethel Blatt Mary Bogdan Sara Bomberg Susan Bortz Jackson Bosley Sandra Bosley Lydia-Minota Boulton Eleanor Boyne Frances Bradley Josephine Bradshaw Frances Braun Helen Bremberg Nancy Breul Trudy Brisendine Yetta Bronstein Elizabeth Brown M. V. Bruner Maureen Bryant Dorotea Bryce Helen Buchheim Alberto Bueno Nancy Burch Marie Burdette Sara Butts Margaret Campbell Maria Carroll Carolyn Carter Louise Carter Dorothy Cascioni Shirley Ann Casey Toni Castagnolo Wilhelmina Cerine Maria Chanin Eleanor Clark Evelyn Clark Marcelle Clark Kathleen Clift Julia Coleman Ann Collins Virginia Collins Robert Coons Debbie Cornelius Mina Costin Loretta Coughlin Hazel Coulter Jayne Craig Jane Crawford Sylvia Csiffary Jane Cumming Margery Cunningham Deborah Currier Helen Curry Karla Curtis Delores Daniel Donna Davis Evelyn Davis Josephine deChern Donna De Corleto Marguerite Dempsey Donna Dieter Mimi Dince Peggy Disney Teresa Dixon Theodore Domino Sandra Doppelheuer Veronica Downey Charlotta Durrer Pauline Edwards Melanie Ehrhart Linda Erskian Jean Essley Audrey Evans Richard Evans Lauren Fauer Robert Finley Madeline Finney Mildred Fishbein Dorothy Fisk Genevieve Fitzgerald Karen Fitzgerald Gary Friedman Marcella Gambill Grace Gast Virginia Gates Loraine Gelen Helen Ginberg Tina Giovanni Frances Glukenhous Mildred Golder Genevieve Gonet Nola Gooden Ruth Goodman Sam Gorelick Louise Gottlieb June Graham Beatrice Gray Berta Green Myrtle Greissinger Donna Griffitts Helen Gunderson Grace Gunn Anthony Hacsi Virginia Haidacher Mabel Hall Laura Hammann Frank Hammond Kristine Harnest Harriett Harper Jane Harris Charlene Hart Polly Hartman Patricia Hazelwood Jo Ann Hearld Freda Hegg 508 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Charlotte Hendee Susan Henretta Betty Hess Josephine Hines Julia Hitz Mary Hoch Jane Hogan William Hogan Shirley Holmes Nancy Horton Elizabeth Horn Pauline Hubbard Mary Hundley Rae Hurwitz Isabel Hutson Ruth Inkpen Evelyn Jackson Sherrie James Virginia Jeffers Jane Jeffrey Elizabeth Johnson Hildegard Johnson Winifred Johnson Bernice Jones Madeleine Jones Margaret Jones Edwina Jordan Catherine Karpick Nancy Karro Mary Kasik Karen Keeney Ada Kenk Helen Kenney Linda King Virginia King Evelyn Kragie Mary Kruegel Jean Krumm Walter Kurtz Elisa Kybal Felix Lapinski Katheryne Lawson Esther Lawton Dorothy Laybourne Elizabeth Leedy Charlotte Leib Myrtle Leidman Mary Letts Anna Levine Rae Lewis Margaret Liebert Claudia Lockard Juliet Lohr Arvilla Longcor Carol Lovell Audrey Luster Mary Ann Luster Mildred MacGarvey Constance MacMillan Barbara Majewski Marie Martin Elwyn Mauck Mary Mauck Maria McCarthy Virginia McClung Margaret McComb Caroline McCullough John McCullough Matthew McCullough Kathryn McCutchen Sue McDill Ruth McGinn Marjory McGuire Mary McKay Edith McLeod Marjorie McMurtry Daisy Mendizabal Jeanne Merrill Agnes Merton Anne Mesmer Beatrice Mirman Margaret Misegades Robert Mish Maryann Miskiewicz Marty Morgan Elizabeth Morin Kathryn Murphy Barbara Myers Dana Nickelsburg Lorene Norbeck Susan Normand Jessie Norton Janet Nunnelley Josephine Olker Margaret O'Neill Gladys Ozanne Adele Palant Angeline Pascuzzi Irene Peer Patricia Pelatan Lucille Pendell Beatrice Peterson Diane Petrillo Cynthia Pikul Pat Pitman Helen Plotka Nellie Poleschuk Marion Putnam Gladys Quintero Deborah Raisher Mark Raisher Karen Rankin Miriam Rasmussen Muriel Raum Isabel Rea Dorothy Richardson Annabel Ripley Ethel Robertson Ann Robitaille Frances Rogers Gloria Rogers Rita Rogers Donna Rorer Doris Santamour Ann Schmidt Elisabeth Schilling Joleen Schroeder Irma Schwartz Chris Scoredps Maxine Scott Dorothy Sebert Dianne Seidler Deborah Sherwood Ruth Shook Annette Shoyer Lois Diane Shumate Mary Siu Suzanne Skiscim Marcia Slappey Doris Slavin Diana Smith Edith Smith Nora Smyth Kathleen Snedaker Dorothy Spahr Barbara Spangenberg Mark Speca Cyril Speizman Barbara Stafford Dorothy Starr Louise Steele Helen Stephan Shirlee Stern Laura Stevens Grace Stol Esther Strnad Anne Sullivan Julie Sutton Vivian Swan Wendy Swanson Bonnie Sweet Grace Sweet Frances Syetta Bernice Talley Charlotte Taylor Abigail Temple Joyce Thatcher Kathleen Thorne Appendix 10. Volunteers to the Smithsonian Institution I 509 Eileen Timmins Maria Todd Rita Tuck Dorothy Tull Charles Tylander Fran Tylander Stella Uhorczuk Ruth Ulbrich Gilmer Van Poole Virginia Vitucci Elizabeth Wade Public Mail Service Hope Patterson Translations Lydia-Minota Boulton Hildegard Johnson Katherine Walker Kay Walker Andy Wallace Debbie Wang Hsin-Yu Wang Dorothy Warner Gladys Warner Rheba Wartham Susan Wetzler Theresa Wilgus Theresa Wilson Mary Jane Young Elisa Kybal Matthew McCullough Debbie Wine Raedina Winters Marie Wolf Bertha Wolman Bessie Wright Susan Wright Thelma Wright Christine Yerger Mary Jane Young Alice Yuen Lu Zazanis OFFICE OF DIRECTOR OF SUPPORT ACTIVITIES OFFICE OF PRINTING AND PHOTOGRAPHIC SERVICES Charles Brenner John Thompson 510 / Smithsonian Year 1976 APPENDIX 11. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution, July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976 Smithsonian Arts & Natural Air & Freer History & Institution Industries History Space Gallery Technology Month Building Building1 Building Building2 of Art Building July, 1975 162,578 255,064 561,606 221,223 25,247 880,634 August 176,641 3,483 595,469 261,034 26,954 870,746 September 47,867 182,962 65,041 16,739 289,685 October 72,001 + 264,033 75,058 20,075 399,685 November 55,087 285,841 55,503 17,527 373,778 December 35,394 202,638 12,112 251,529 January, 1976 47,177 176,223 11,630 249,943 February 39,596 209,627 90,294 12,203 277,540 March 66,213 312,466 130,451 16,784 423,470 April 110,439 572,550 191,517 23,596 822,584 May 100,857 136,610 495,986 167,348 22,160 843,399 June 119,953 197,243 483,200 193,607 20,230 635,971 July 122,471 239,366 626,581 1,180,899 22,124 633,003 August 119,706 214,103 630,363 1,244,881 23,633 612,958 September 49,631 89,538 278,669 636,474 13,460 278,669 TOTALS 1,325,611 1,135,407 5,878,214 4,513,330 284,474 7,843,594 Fine Arts Anacostia & Portrait Renwick Hirshhorn Neighborhood Month Galleries Gallery Museum Museum Totals July 1975 36,496 16,701 165,777 1,755 2,327,081 August 40,220 22,942 174,935 953 2,173,377 September 36,512 14,528 99,651 1,150 754,135 October 47,212 15,815 122,366 10,878 1,027,123 November 45,933 17,867 127,534 1,846 980,916 December 35,840 14,885 82,717 2,237 637,352 January, 1976 31,908 14,812 82,918 104 614,715 February 35,286 17,161 100,888 2,169 784,764 March 38,595 28,087 125,240 2,654 1,143,960 April 41,046 21,729 177,765 3,043 1,964,269 May 42,444 20,701 174,299 2,159 2,005,963 June 33,739 17,123 153,538 1,854,604 July 41,846 16,820 170,749 1,967 3,055,826 August 40,599 17,241 173,750 1,877 3,079,111 September 49,631 12,600 89,916 1,608 1,500,196 TOTALS 597,307 269,012 2,022,043 34,400 23,903,392 1 The Arts and Industries Building was closed from August 1, 1975, to May 10, 1976. 2 The Old Air and Space Building was closed permanently in December 1975. The lobby of the new Air and Space Museum opened in February 1976. The entire Museum was opened to the public on July 1, 1976. note: Visitors to the National Zoological Park (not reflected in the above figures) totaled 2,500,000 from July 1, 1975, through September 30, 1976. Appendix 11. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution I 511 APPENDIX 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1976 SECRETARY'S OFFICE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES THE SECRETARY S. DILLON RIPLEY Executive Assistant Dorothy Rosenberg Special Assistant James M. Hobbins Special Assistant to the Secretary Richard H. Howland Special Assistant to the Secretary Margaret Hird Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor Assistant Secretary for History and Art. Charles Blitzer Assistant Secretary for Public Service . . Julian T. Euell Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Paul N. Perrot Assistant Secretary for Administration . John F. Jameson Treasurer T. Ames Wheeler Director, Office of Membership and Development James McK. Symington Director of Support Activities Richard L. Ault Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building James M. Goode Honorary Research Associates Alexander Wetmore, Secretary Emeritus Paul H. Oehser SCIENCE Assistant Secretary . David Challinor Executive Officer Harold J. Michaelson Program Manager Ross- B. Simons Administrative Assistant Marsha S. Cox Administrative Assistant Rita R. Jordan CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN Director Porter Kier Assistant Director James F. Mello NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER Director E. Richard Sorenson Research Film Studies Coordinator .... Gay C. Neuberger Assistant to the Director for Development Emilie de Brigard Assistant Research Film Editor Barbara Y. Johnson Secretary Mary Lynn Mitchell Research Assistant Mathias Maradol Student Associate Steven Schecter 512 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scholars Research Associate Asen Balikci, University of Montreal Collaborating Fieldworker George Breidenbach, Chatsworth, New Jersey Collaborating Scholar William H. Crocker, NMNH, Smithsonian Collaborating Scholar Robert Gardner, Harvard University Collaborating Scholar Melvyn Goldstein, Case Western Reserve Visiting Researcher M. Michael Maloney, American ' University Research Associate John K. Marshall, Documentary Educational Resources Consultant Margaret Mead, American Museum of Natural History Collaborating Scholar Johan Reinhard, University of Wisconsin Collaborating Fieldworker Candelario Saenz, Columbia University Collaborating Scholar Frits Staal, University of California-Berkeley Consultant Carroll Williams, Anthropology Film Center RESEARCH INSTITUTE FOR IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES Director Roy S. Bryce-Laporte Administrative Assistant Betty S. Dyson Research Analyst- Coordinator Stephen R. Couch Program Analyst-Coordinator Delores M. Mortimer Clerk-Typist Constance Trombley CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Director J. Kevin Sullivan Associate Director for Scientific Programs David L. Correll Associate Director for Education Programs John H. Falk Administrative Officer Donald L. Wilhelm Facilities Manager Robert E. Ayers Scientific Staff Upland Ecology: Watershed Studies: Edward Balinsky Gary Chirlin Daniel Higman Deborah Ford James F. Lynch Margaret McKim Patricia Mehlhop R. William Schaffner Brenda Tremper Land Use History: Estuarine Ecology: Amy Hiatt Robert Cory Education Staff Maria Faust G Marjorie Beane Llaine Fnebele T . j ^i . , . T „ „ Linda Chick T i . ... , Sally Gucinski Joseph Miklas David MiUer Richard Peet Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 513 FORT PIERCE BUREAU Director H. Adair Fehlmann Principal Investigator of Indian River Study David K. Young Administrative Assistant Carolyn 5. Zealand Scientific Staff Carcinologist Robert H. Gore Chemist John Montgomery Embryologist/Life Histories Mary E. Rice Research Assistants Linda J. Becker Nina Blum Kalani Cairns Karen Krapf George R. Kulcyzcki John E. Miller Julianne Piriano Mary Price Collaborator Martha W. Young NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Director Michael Collins Deputy Director Melvin B. Zisfein Executive Officer John Whitelaw Curator of Art James D. Dean Administrative Officer M. Antoinette Smith Public Information Officer Lynne C. Murphy Building Manager Joseph L. Davisson Acting Registrar Melinda H. Scarano Department of Aeronautics Assistant Director Donald S. Lopez Historian Emeritus Paul E. Garber Curators Walter J. Boyne Louis S. Casey Robert B. Meyer, Jr. Associate Curator Robert C. Mikesh Assistant Curators Claudia M. Oakes Charles G. Sweeting Department of Astronautics Assistant Director F. C. Durant III Curator Walter H. Flint Associate Curators Louis R. Purnell Tom D. Crouch Research Historian Frank H. Winter Department of Science and Technology Assistant Director Howard Wolko Associate Curators Paul A. Hanle Richard P. Hallion Wade Miner 514 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Research Director Farouk El-Baz Geologists Robert W. Wolfe Priscilla A. Strain Delia A. Mitchell Research Assistant Anne Adams Presentations and Education Division Chief Von Del Chamberlain Planetarium Officer Charles G. Barbely Theater Manager Ronald E. Wagaman Education Officer Lynn R. Bondurant, Jr. Education Specialist Nancy L. Murphy Program Coordinator Harold W. Snider Exhibits Division Chief Francis A. Baby Chief, Audiovisual Unit Hernan Otano Chief, Design Unit Robert Widder Designers John W. Brown John R. Clendening Lucius E. Lomax Terezia M. Takacs Illustrator Peter P. DeAnna Chief, Media Unit Eugene M. Knight, Jr. Editor Edna W. Owens Chief, Production Unit Frank Nelms Preservation, Restoration and Storage Division Chief Donald K. Merchant Library Branch Librarian Catherine D. Scott NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Director Porter M. Kier Assistant Director James F. Mello Staff Assistant to Director William P. Haynes Staff Assistant to Director Catherine Kerby Staff Assistant to Director C. Willard Hart Chief of Exhibits Harry T. Hart Coordinator, Office of Education Joan C. Madden Chief, ADP Program T. Gary Gautier Building Manager Jerome Conlon1 Administrative Officer John C. Townsend Anthropological Researcher Samuel L. Stanley Registrar Margaret Santiago 1 Appointed April 11, 1976. Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 515 ANTHROPOLOGY Chairman William W. Fitzhugh Senior Archeologist Waldo R. Wedel2 Senior Ethnologists John C. Ewers Saul H. Riesenberg Archivist Herman J. Viola Collections Manager George E. Phebus Supervisor, Conservation Laboratory . . Bethune M. Gibson Latin American Anthropology Curator Clifford Evans Associate Curators William H. Crocker Robert M. Laughlin Old World Anthropology Curators Gordon D. Gibson Gus W. Van Beek Eugene I. Knez William B. Trousdale North American Anthropology Curators William C. Sturtevant William W. Fitzhugh Associate Curators Dennis M. Stanford Ives Goddard3 Physical Anthropology Curators J. Lawrence Angel Donald J. Ortner Associate Curators Lucile E. St. Hoyme Douglas H. Ubelaker Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists John P. Albanese (Paleo-Indian Michael Liebman (Physical Archeology) Anthropology) W. Montague Cobb (Physical Betty J. Meggers (Archeology) Anthropology) George S. Metcalf (Archeology)4 T. Aidan Cockburn (Physical Walter G. Putschar (Physical Anthropology) Anthropology) Henry B. Collins (Archeology) Victor A. Nunez Regueiro Don D. Fowler (Archeology) (Archeology) Patricia Gindhart (Physical Owen Rye (Archeology) Anthropology) Wilhelm G. Solheim (Archeology) Sister Inez Hilger (Ethnology) T. Dale Stewart (Physical C. G. Holland (Archeology) Anthropology) Neil M. Judd (Archeology) Mildred Mott Wedel (Archeology & Richard T. Koritzer (Physical Ethnohistory) Anthropology) Waldo R. Wedel (Archeology) Ralph K. Lewis (Archeology) Theodore A. Wertime (Archeology) BOTANY Chairman Dieter C. Wasshausen5 Senior Botanist Richard S. Cowan 2 Retired June 30, 1976. 3 Appointed July 18, 1976. 4 Deceased November 18, 1975. 5 Appointed July 1, 1976. 516 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Phanerogams Curators F. Raymond Fosberg John J. Wurdack Dan H. Nicolson Associate Curators Joseph H. Kirkbride6 Robert W. Read Marie-Helene Sachet Stanwyn G. Shetler Beryl B. Simpson Laurence E. Skog Dieter C. Wasshaussen Ferns Associate Curator David B. Lellinger Grasses Curator Thomas R. Soderstrom Cryptogams Curators Mason E. Hale, Jr. Harold E. Robinson Associate Curator James W. Norris7 Palynology Associate Curator Joan W. Nowicke Plant Anatomy Curators Edward S. Ayensu Richard H. Eyde Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Katina Bucher (Cryptogams) Kittie F. Parker (Compositae) Paul S. Conger (Diatomaceae) Duncan M. Porter (Phanerogams) Jose Cuatrecasas (Flora of Tropical Clyde F. Reed (Ferns) South America) James L. Reveal (Ferns) Arthur Lyon Dahl (Algae) Velva E. Rudd (Leguminosae) James A. Duke (Flora of Panama) Lyman B. Smith (Flora of Brazil) Marie L. Farr (Fungi) Marie L. Solt (Melastomataceae) Aaron Goldberg (Phanerogams) Frans A. Stafleu (Phanerogams) Charles R. Gunn (Seeds) William L. Stern (Plant Anatomy) William H. Hathaway (Flora of John A. Stevenson (Fungi) Central America) Edward E. Terrell (Phanerogams) Paul L. Lentz (Fungi) Francis A. Uecker (Fungi) Elbert L. Little, Jr. (Dendrology) Egbert H. Walker (Myrsinaceae, Alicia Lourteie (Neotropical Botany) East Asian Flora) ENTOMOLOGY Chairman Donald R. Davis8 Collections Manager Gary F. Hevel Senior Entomologist Karl V. Krombein Neuropteroids and Diptera Curator Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Associate Curator Wayne N. Mathis9 6 Appointed September 14, 1975. 7 Appointed July 1, 1975. S Appointed July 1, 1976. 9 Appointed August 23, 1976. Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 517 Lepidoptera Curators Donald R. Davis W. Donald Duckworth William D. Field Associate Curator John M. Burns10 Coleoptera Curator Terry L. Erwin Associate Curator Paul J. Spangler Hemiptera Curators Richard C. Froeschner Paul D. Hurd, Jr. Myriapoda and Arachnida Curator Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Charles P. Alexander (Diptera) Frank M. Hull (Diptera) Doris H. Blake (Coleoptera) W. L. Jellison (Siphonaptera, Franklin S. Blanton (Diptera) Anoplura) Frank L. Campbell (Insect Harold F. Loomis (Myriapoda) Physiology) C. F. W. Muesebeck (Hymenoptera) Oscar L. Cartwright (Coleoptera) George W. Rawson (Lepidoptera) J. F. Gates Clarke (Lepidoptera) Mary Livingston Ripley (General Hilary Crusz (Insects of Ceylon) Entomology) K. C. Emerson (Mallophaga) Robert Traub (Siphonaptera) John G. Franclemont (Lepidoptera) Hayo H. W. Velthuis (Hymenoptera) Harry Hoogstraal (Medical David Wooldridge (Coleoptera) Entomology) INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Chairman W. Duane Hope11 Senior Zoologists Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Harald A. Rehder12 Crustacea Curators J. Laurens Barnard Thomas E. Bowman Roger F. Cressey Louis S. Kornicker Raymond B. Manning Echinoderms Curators Frederick M. Bayer13 Meredith L. Jones David L. Pawson Marian H. Pettibone Mary E. Rice Klaus Ruetzler Mollusks Curators Clyde F. E. Roper Joseph Rosewater Associate Curator Joseph P. E. Morrison14 10 Appointed July 6, 1975. 11 Appointed January 4, 1976. 12 Retired June 30, 1976. 13 Appointed June 2, 1975. 14 Retired October 10, 1975. 518 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists S. Stillman Berry (Mollusks) Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr. J. Bruce Bredin (Biology) „ (Crustacea) Isabel C. Canet (Biology) Waldo L. Schmitt (Marine John C. Harshbarger (Marine Invertebrates) Invertebrates Frank R. Schwengal (Mollusks) Lipke B. Holthuis (Crustacea) I. G. Sohn (Crustacea) Roman Kenk (Worms) Gilbert L. Voss (Mollusks) J. Ralph Lichtenfels (Worms) Austin B. Williams (Crustacea) Patsy McLaughlin (Crustacea) David K. Young (Mollusks) MINERAL SCIENCES Chairman William G. Melson Geologist Richard S. Fiske15 Meteorites Curators Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Brian H. Mason Geochemists Kurt Fredriksson Robert Fudali Mineralogy Curator Paul E. Desautels Associate Curator John S. White, Jr. Crystallographers Daniel E. Appleman Petrology and Volcanology Curator Thomas E. Simkin Physical Sciences Laboratory Chemists Eugene Jarosewich Joseph A. Nelen Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Howard J. Axon (Meteorites) Peter Leavens (Mineralogy) Vago F. Buchwald (Meteorites) T. R. McGetchin (Petrology) William C. Buell IV (Volcanology) Rosser Reeves (Mineralogy) Gary R. Byerly (Petrology) Arthur Roe (Mineralogy) Thomas Feininger (Petrology) George S. Switzer (Mineralogy) John J. Gurney (Petrology) Goerfrey Thompson (Petrology) Edward P. Henderson (Meteorites) Harry Winston (Mineralogy) John B. Jago (Mineralogy) PALEOBIOLOGY Chairman Richard E. Grant Collections Manager Frederick J. Collier Invertebrate Paleontology Curators Richard M. Benson Richard S. Boardman Martin A. Buzas Alan H. Cheetham Richard Cifelli Richard E. Grant Erie G. Kauffman Thomas R. Waller Geologist Kenneth M. Towe 15 Appointed September 13, 1976. Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 519 Vertebrate Paleontology Curators Nicholas Hotton III Clayton E. Ray Associate Curator Robert J. Emry Paleobotany Curators Walter H. Adey Leo J. Hickey Francis M. Hueber Sedimentology Curator Jack W. Pierce Geological Oceanographer Daniel J. Stanley Geologist Ian G. Macintyre Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Patricia Adey Kenneth E. Lohman Arthur J. Boucot Sergius H. Mamay Anthony C. Coates James F. Mello G. Arthur Cooper Robert B. Neuman Raymond Douglass William A. Oliver, Jr. J. Thomas Dutro Axel A. Olsson Robert M. Finks Charles A. Repenning C. Lewis Gazin Rinaldo Sardeni Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. Frederic R. Siegel David Govoni Norman F. Sohl Richard Graus Margaret Ruth Todd Peter J. Harmatuk Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. John W. Huddle John W. Wilson Ralph W. Imlay Wendell P. Woodring Harry S. Ladd Ellis P. Yochelson N. Gary Lane VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Chairman Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Fishes Curators Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Ernest A. Lachner Victor G. Springer Stanley H. Weitzman Associate Curator William R. Taylor Reptiles and Amphibians Curator George R. Zug Associate Curator W. Ronald Heyer Birds Curators George E. Watson Richard L. Zusi Associate Curators Paul Slud Storrs Olson Mammals Curators Charles O. Handley, Jr. Henry W. Setzer Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Associate Curator James G. Mead 520 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Research Associates, Collaborators, and John W. Aldrich (Birds) Ronald Gail Altig (Reptiles, Amphibians) Richard C. Banks (Birds) William Belton (Birds) Michael A. Bogan (Mammals) James P. Bogart (Reptiles, Amphibians) James E. Bohlke (Fishes) Ronald A. Brandon (Reptiles, Amphibians) Robert L. Brownell, Jr. (Mammals) Howard W. Campbell (Reptiles, Amphibians) George A. Clark, Jr. (Birds) Daniel M. Cohen (Fishes) Bruce B. Collette (Fishes) Carl H. Ernst (Reptiles, Amphibians) Herbert Friedmann (Birds) Alfred L. Gardner (Mammals) Arthur M. Greenhall (Mammals) Lester Hatton (Mammals) Richard Highton (Reptiles, Amphibians) Marshall A. Howe (Birds) James E. Huheey (Reptiles, Amphibians) Philip S. Humphrey (Birds) Crawford G. Jackson, Jr. (Reptiles, Amphibians) George J. Jacobs (Reptiles, Amphibians) Affiliated Scientists Frances C. James (Birds) Clyde J. Jones (Mammals) E. V. Komarek (Mammals) Roxie C. Laybourne (Birds) J. A. J. Meester (Mammals) Edgardo Mondolfi (Mammals) Russell E. Mumford (Mammals) Braulio Orejas-Miranda (Reptiles) John Paradiso (Mammals) William F. Perrin (Mammals) Dioscoro S. Rabor (Birds) Katherine Ralls (Mammals) Rudolfo Ruibal (Reptiles, Amphibians) G. Carleton Ray (Mammals) S. Dillon Ripley (Birds) William Schevill (Mammals) Leonard P. Schultz (Fishes) Ian R. Straughan (Reptiles, Amphibians) Stephen G. Tilley (Reptiles, Amphibians) Richard Wassersug (Reptiles, Amphibians) John C. Weske (Birds) Alexander Wetmore (Birds) Ralph E. Wetzel (Mammals) James D. Williams (Fishes) Don E. Wilson (Mammals) Richard D. Worthington (Reptiles, Amphibians) SMITHSONIAN OCEANOGRAPHIC SORTING CENTER Chief Betty J. Landrum Oceanographer Robert P. Higgins Marine Biologists Frank D. Ferrari Richard S. Houbrick Leslie W. Knapp Ernani G. Menez SCIENTIFIC EVENTS ALERT NETWORK Operations Officer David R. Squires NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Director Theodore H. Reed, D.V.M. Deputy Director Edward H. Kohn Chief, Office of Education and Information Judith White Chief, Office of Graphics and Exhibits Robert E. Mulcahy Chief, Office of Police and Safety Samuel Middleton Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 521 Chief, Health and Safety Unit Anthony S. Kadlubowski General Curator, Office of Animal Management Jaren G. Horsley Curator, North Mammals Unit William A. Xanten, Jr. Associate Curator, South and Central Mammals Unit Miles S. Roberts Associate Curator, Reptiles Unit Michael L. Davenport Assistant Curator, Bird Unit Charles Pickett Chief, Commissary and Support Unit . . Moses Benson Scientist-in-Charge, Office of Zoological Research John F. Eisenberg Chief, Office of Animal Health Mitchell Bush, D.V.M. Senior Veterinarian Clinton W. Gray, D.V.M. Chief, Office of Pathology Richard J. Montali, D.V.M. Curator-in-Charge, Conservation and Research Center Christen M. Wemmer Chief, Office of Construction Management Robert C. Engle Chief, Office of Facilities Management . . Emanuel Petrella Chief, Maintenance Unit Robert F. Ogilvie Chief, Ground Unit Samuel W. Gordon Chief, Services Unit Carl F. Jackson Chief, Transportation Unit Robert T. Chesley Chief, Property and Procurement Unit James E. Deal Chief, Office of Management Services . . Joe W. Reed Associate in Ecology S. Dillon Ripley Research Associates Jean Delacour Bernard C. Zook Edgardo Mondolfi Theodore I. Grand Edwin Gould John C. Seidensticker IV Collaborators Leonard J. Goss Paul Leyhausen Charles R. Schroeder OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL PROGRAMS Acting Director Kennedy B. Schmertz Administrative Officer Jean A. C. Harrell SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM Director Kennedy B. Schmertz Program Officer LeRoy Makepeace Grants Specialists Betty J. Wingfield Francine C. Berkowitz INTERNATIONAL LIAISON SECTION Acting Director Richard T. Conroy Diplomat in Residence H. W. Timrud (United States Foreign Service Assignment) International Liaison Assistant Saundra Tilghman 522 / Smithsonian Year 1976 RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Director William H. Klein Assistant Director W. Shropshire, Jr. Agricultural Engineer John Sager Anthropologist Robert Stuckenrath Biochemist Maurice Margulies Biologists Elisabeth Gantt Rebecca Hayes Biophysicists Merten Jabben Burke K. Zimmerman Geneticist Roy W. Harding, Jr. Hydrobiologist Krzysztof Srokosz Molecular Biologist Sandra L. Spurgeon Physicists Bernard Goldberg Josef Grabowski Physiological Ecologist Bert Drake Plant Physiologists Charles F. Cleland Gerald Deitzer John L. Edwards Jessie Klein William O. Smith Jerry P. Thomas Barbara Zilinskas Solar Radiation Biologist David W. Hopkins SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Director George B. Field Assistant Director John G. Gregory Scientific Staff: Kaare Aksnes Herbert Gursky Nai-Hsien Mao Eugene H. Avrett Frank R. Harnden, Jr. Brian G. Marsden Abhijit Basu John Hearnshaw Edward Mattison Nathaniel P. Carleton Henry F. Helmken Ursula B. Marvin Frederic Chaffee J. Patrick Henry Richard McCrosky Giuseppe Colombo Luigi G. Jacchia Donald H. Menzel Allan F. Cook Glyn M. Jones Lawrence W. Mertz Alex Dalgarno Paul F. Julien Henri E. Mitler Robert J. Davis Paul Kalaghan Paul A. Mohr John Delvaille Kenneth Kalata James Moran Dale F. Dickinson Wolfgang Kalkofen Stephen S. Murray Kate K. Docken Edwin M. Kellogg Robert W. Noyes Theodore Dunham Hiroshi Kinoshita Michael Oppenheimer Giuseppina Fabbiano Douglas Kleinmann Costas Papaliolios Giovanni G. Fazio Yoshihide Kozai William H. Parkinson Edward L. Fireman Robert L. Kurucz Michael R. Pearlman William Forman David Latham Geraldine Peters Fred A. Franklin Don A. Lautman Harrison E. Radford Edward M. Gaposchkin Myron Lecar Edmond M. Reeves Giorgio Giacaglia Carlton G. Lehr Steven M. Richardson Riccardo Giacconi John B. Lester Max Roemer Owen Gingerich Martin Levine Micheline C. Roufosse Paul Gorenstein A. Edward Lilley George B. Rybicki Jonathan Grindlay Marvin Litvak Graham Ryder Mario D. Grossi Rudolf Loeser Rudolph E. Schild Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 523 Herbert Schnopper Ethan J. Schreier Daniel A. Schwartz Joseph Schwarz Frederick Seguin Zdenek Sekanina Harvey D. Tananbaum Wesley A. Traub Melville P. Ulmer Leon van Speybroeck George Veis Robert Vessot George Victor Trevor C. Weekes George Weiffenbach Steven Weinberg Harvard College Observatory Associates: Imad Ahmad Thomas Ayres James G. Baker John A. Ball Barbara Bell A. G. W. Cameron Eric J. Chaisson Marc Davis Anthony J. Degregoria Holly T. Doyle Richard D. Driver Andrea K. Dupree Bruce Elmegreen Richard I. Epstein Brian P. Flannery Peter V. Foukal Margaret Geller Carl A. Gottlieb Fred L. Whipple Charles A. Whitney Marlene Williamson George L. Withbroe John A. Wood Fred Young Steven L. Guberman Satoshi Hinata Christine Jones-Forman Barry Kirkham John L. Kohl Max Krook Charles A. Lada David Layzer Randolph Levine Margaret N. Lewis Alan Lightman Martha Liller William Liller Chii-Dong Lin John T. Mariska Alan Maxwell Roberto Pallavicini Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Hays Penfield Carlton Pennypacker Stephen C. Perrenod William Press Mark Reid Robert Rosner Edward J. Schmahl Charles Skinner Peter L. Smith J. Gethyn Timothy Giuseppe S. Vaiana Jorge E. Vernazza William R. Ward John Wolbach Frances W. Wright Martn V. Zombeck SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE, INCORPORATED President David F. Hersey Vice President, Medical Division Donald A. Elliott Vice President, Professional Services . . . Willis R. Foster16 Vice President, Program Planning, Management and Administration .... David W. Lakamp Vice President, Science Division Harald R. Leuba Vice President, Data Processing Martin Snyderman Secretary V. P. Verfuerth17 Secretary Evelyn M. Roll18 Treasurer David W. Lakamp Marketing Manager Janet D. Goldstein MEDICAL DIVISION Director Donald A. Elliott Director, Current Cancer Research Project Analysis Center Donald A. Elliott Deputy, Medical Division Charlotte M. Damron Chief, Medical Sciences Branch Charlotte M. Damron 16 Served July 1, 1975, to March 31, 1976. 17 Served July 1, 1975, to August 14, 1976. 18 Appointed August 15, 1976. 524 / Smithsonian Year 1976 SCIENCE DIVISION Director Harald R. Leuba Deputy, Science Division Samuel Liebman Chief, Behavioral Sciences Branch Rhoda Goldman Chief, Social Sciences Branch Ann Riordan Chief, Agricultural Sciences Branch .... William T. Carlson Chief, Biological Sciences Branch James R. Wheatley, Jr. Chief, Chemistry Branch Samuel Liebman Chief, Materials and Engineering Branch William H. Payne Chief, Physics, Mathematics and Electronics Branch Robert Summers Chief, Earth Sciences Branch Francis L. Witkege DATA PROCESSING DIVISION Director Martin Snyderman Deputy Bernard L. Hunt Manager, Input Services Branch Jack Devore Manager, Systems Development Branch Bernard L. Hunt Manager, Programming and Reports Services Branch Robert A. Kline Manager, Computer Operations Branch Paul Gallucci SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Director Ira Rubinoff Special Assistant to Director Adela Gomez Assistant Director A. Stanley Rand Assistant Director (Academic Programs) Neal G. Smith Senior Scientist Martin H. Moynihan Budget Analyst Rene Gomez-Valladares Facilities Manager Thomas R. Borges Librarian Alcira Mejia Scientific Staff: Robert L. Dressier Arcadio Rodaniche Mary Jane West Eberhard Michael H. Robinson Peter W. Glynn Roberta W. Rubinoff Jeffrey B. Graham Robert E. Silberglied Gordon Hendler Alan P. Smith Egbert G. Leigh, Jr. Nicholas Smythe Olga F. Linares Donald Windsor Gerald G. Montgomery Hindrik Wolda David Ross Robertson Research Associates: Humberto Alvarez Pedro Galindo Robin Andrews Carmen Glynn Carlos Arellano L. Yael Lubin Charles F. Bennett, Jr. Ernst Mayr Jose Ignacio Borrero Barbara Robinson Richard Cooke W. John Smith Reinaldo Diaz V. Henry Stockwell William G. Eberhard Paulo E. Vanzolini Nathan Gale Martin Young Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 525 HISTORY AND ART Assistant Secretary Charles Blitzer Special Assistant Dean Anderson Bicentennial Coordinator Susan Hamilton ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Director William E. Woolfenden Deputy Director-Archivist Garnett McCoy Administrative Officer Richard J. Nicastro Curator of Manuscripts Arthur J. Breton Assistant Curator of Manuscripts Nancy Zembala Manuscripts Assistant Anne Nicastro Area Directors William McNaught (New York) Robert Brown (Northeast) Dennis Barrie (Midwest) Paul Karlstrom (West Coast) Field Researchers F. Ivor D. Avellino (New York) Jerry Bywaters (Southwest) Oral History Paul Cummings COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DECORATIVE ARTS AND DESIGN Director Lisa Taylor Administrator and Curator of Collections Christian Rohlfing Administrator John Dobkin Curator of Drawings and Prints Elaine Evans Dee Technician for Drawings and Prints . . . Xenia Cage Assistant Curator of Textiles Milton Sonday Consultant for Textiles Alice Baldwin Beer Curator of Decorative Arts J. Stewart Johnson19 Registrar Elizabeth Burnham Assistant Registrar Mary Kerr Exhibits Specialist Dorothy Twining Globus Program Coordinator Jane Clark Librarian Robert Kaufmann Building Manager Manuel Perez Chief of Security James Freeman Museum Secretary Rowena MacLeod Assistant for Administration Alice Green Receptionist Jennifer Jarvis Publications Editor Brenda Gilchrist FREER GALLERY OF ART Director Harold P. Stern Assistant Director Thomas Lawton Associate Curator, Chinese Art Hin-cheung Lovell 19 Resigned August 1, 1976. 526 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Associate Curator, Near Eastern Art . . . Esin Atil Assistant Curator, American Art Susan Hobbs Head Conservator, Technical Laboratory W. Thomas Chase III Conservator John Winter Conservator Linda Zycherman Research Curator, Far Eastern Ceramics John A. Pope Research Assistant Josephine H. Knapp Librarian Priscilla P. Smith Administrative Officer Willa R. Moore Registrar Eleanor Radcliffe Assistant Registrar Harriet McWilliams Honorary Associates Richard Edwards Calvin French HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Director Abram Lerner Deputy Director Stephen E. Weil Administrator Joseph Sefekar Chief Curator Charles W. Millard Curator Cynthia J. McCabe Curator Inez Garson Curator Frank Gettings Curatorial Assistant Phyllis Rosenzweig Librarian Anna Brooke Conservator Laurence Hoffman Registrar Douglas Robinson Chief, Education Edward Lawson Education Specialist Mary Ann Tighe Chief, Exhibits & Design Joseph Shannon Program Manager (Auditorium) Bonnie Webb Information Specialist Sidney Lawrence Photographer John Tennant Acting Building Manager Frank Underwood JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Editor Nathan Reingold Assistant Editor Arthur P. Molella Assistant Editor Marc Rothenberg Research Assistant Kathleen Waldenfels Administrative Officer Beverly Jo Lepley NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Director Joshua C. Taylor Assistant Director Harry Lowe Assistant Director for Administration . . Harry Jordan Registrar W. Robert Johnston Curator, 20th-century Painting and Sculpture Walter Hopps Consultant, 20th-century Painting and Sculpture Adelyn Breeskin Curator, 18th-and 19th- century Painting and Sculpture William H. Truettner Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 527 Curator, Prints and Drawings Janet A. Flint Curator of Education Peter Bermingham Director, Renwick Gallery Lloyd E. Herman Associate Curator, Renwick Gallery . . . Michael Monroe Curator of Research Lois M. Fink Coordinator, Bicentennial Inventory of American Paintings Abigail Booth Chief, Office of Exhibition and Design . . David Keeler Chief, Office for Exhibitions Abroad . . . Lois A. Bingham Conservators Thomas Carter Katherine Eirk Stefano Scafetta Editor, Office of Publication Carroll Clark Librarian, NCFA/NPG William B. Walker Coordinator for Lending Program Donald R. McClelland NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Director Brooke Hindle Deputy Director Silvio A. Bedini Assistant Director for Administration . . Robert G. Tillotson Assistant Director for Exhibits Benjamin W. Lawless Registrar Virginia Beets Special Events Officer Geraldine E. Sanderson Coordinator of Education Alice R. Malone Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research, Director Forrest C. Pogue APPLIED ARTS Chairman Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli Graphic Arts Associate Curator Elizabeth M. Harris Curator Peter C. Marzio Numismatics Curators Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli Elvira E. Clain-Stefanelli Photographic History Curator Eugene Ostroff Assistant Curator David E. Haberstich Postal History Curator Carl H. Scheele Associate Curators Franklin R. Bruns Reidar Norby Textiles Curators Rita J. Adrosko Grace R. Cooper Honorary: Numismatics R. Henry Norweb Emery May Norweb CULTURAL HISTORY Chairman Richard E. Ahlborn Senior Curator C. Malcolm Watkins Senior Historian Daniel J. Boorstin 528 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Costume and Furnishings Curator Rodris Roth Associate Curator Claudia B. Kidwell Curator Emeritus Anne W. Murray Ethnic and Western Cultural History Curator Richard E. Ahlborn Musical Instruments Curators John T. Fesperman Cynthia A. Hoover Associate Curator James M. Weaver Preindustrial Cultural History Associate Curator Anne C. Golovin Honorary: Musical Instruments Mrs. Sheridan Germann Preindustrial Cultural History Joan Pearson Watkins INDUSTRIES Chairman John T. Schlebecker, Jr. Extractive Industries Curator John T. Schlebecker, Jr. Assistant Curator G. Terry Sharrer Associate Curator John N. Hoffman Ceramics and Class Curators J. Jefferson Miller II Paul V. Gardner Transportation Curators John H. White, Jr. Melvin H. Jackson Associate Curator Don H. Berkebile Honorary : Ceramics and Glass Hans Syz Manufacturing Philip W. Bishop Transportation Peter B. Bell Cartography and Maritime History .... Alexander O. Vietor NATIONAL AND MILITARY HISTORY Chairman Margaret B. Klapthor Military History Curator Craddock R. Goins, Jr. Associate Curator Donald E. Kloster Naval History Curators Philip K. Lundeberg Harold D. Langley Political History Curator Margaret B. Klapthor Associate Curator Herbert R. Collins Assistant Curator Edith P. Mayo Honorary: Naval History William Rea Furlong Military History Anne S. K. Brown Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 529 SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Chairman Otto Mayr Senior Scientific Scholar Robert P. Multhauf Historian (Pharmacy) Sami K. Hamarneh Electricity and Nuclear Energy Curators Bernard S. Finn Paul Forman Mechanical and Civil Engineering Curators Robert M. Vogel Edwin A. Battison Otto Mayr Medical Sciences Associate Curator Audrey B. Davis Physical Sciences Associate Curator Deborah J. Warner Curator Faye Cannon Associate Curator Jon B. Eklund Section of Mathematics Curator Uta C. Merzbach Honorary: Electricity and Nuclear Energy Ladislaus L. Marton Gerald F. Tyne Physical Sciences Arthur Frazier Science & Technology Bern Dibner OFFICE OF EXHIBITS Assistant Director for Exhibits Benjamin W. Lawless Chief, Exhibits Design Richard S. Virgo Chief, Exhibits Production Stanley M. Santoroski OFFICE OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT Building Manager Lawrence A. Bush Assistant Building Manager Donald A. Osbourn NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Director Marvin Sadik Assistant Director and Administrative Officer Douglas E. Evelyn Historian Marc Pachter Curator Robert G. Stewart Associate Curator Monroe Fabian Curator of Exhibitions Beverly J. Cox Curator of Education Dennis O'Toole Associate Curator of Education Lisa Strick20 Chief, Exhibits Design and Production . . Joseph Michael Carrigan Assistant Chief, Exhibits Design and Production Velda Warner Keeper of the Catalog of American Portraits Mona Dearborn 20 Resigned March 12, 1976. 530 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Editor Frances Wein Senior Conservator Felrath Hines OFFICE OF ACADEMIC STUDIES Executive Officer Edward S. Davidson Program Officer Gretchen Gayle OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES Director Wilcomb E. Washburn MUSEUM PROGRAMS Assistant Secretary Paul N. Perrot Executive Assistant William N. Richards National Museum Act Coordinator .... F. Matilda Wells Research Associate Frank A. Taylor CONSERVATION -ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Chief Robert M. Organ Research Chemist Jacqueline S. Olin Paintings Conservator Anton Konrad Supervisory Conservator Eleanor McMillan Administrative Officer Montague Smith Conservator Walter Angst Clerk Typist Claire M. Beerman Conservator Gregory Byrne Conservation-Scientist Kirkwood Cunningham Conservator Mary L. Garbin Metallurgist Martha E. Goodway Chemist Walter Hopwood Conservator Nikki Horton Conservator Edward McManus Museum Aid Eleni Martin Conservation Scientist Barbara A. Miller Conservation Scientist Joan Mishara Information Officer Linda Scheifler Chemist Harold Westley Secretary Judith A. Woodland OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL Chief James A. Mahoney Assistant Chief Constance Minkin Administrative Officer William M. Clark Chief of Design James A. Mahoney Assistant Chief of Design Kenneth V. Young Chief of Production John C. Widener Assistant Chief of Production Joseph W. Saunders Supervisor, Exhibit Editors Office Constance Minkin Director, Motion Picture Unit Karen Loveland Supervisor, Museum Lighting Unit .... Carroll B. Lusk Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 531 OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Horticulturist James R. Buckler Program Assistant John W. Monday Administrative Services Assistant Michele C. Sengsourinh Manager, Grounds Management Division Kenneth Hawkins Manager, Greenhouse-Nursery Division August A. Dietz IV OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Administrative Assistant Gwendolyn Baker Program Coordinator, Training Workshop Program Jane R. Glaser Assistant Program Manager Margaret B. Parsons Program Coordinator, Conservation Information Program Elena Borowski Television Production Specialist Michael B. Sassani Research Psychologist Vacant Reference Library Technician Julie Diepenbrok OFFICE OF REGISTRAR Registrar Philip Leslie Assistant Registrar Mary W. Lund Management Assistant Melva L. Simmons Secretary Stephen A. Boruchowitz SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Archivist Richard H. Lytle Deputy Archivist William A. Deiss Associate Archivist Alan L. Bain Assistant Archivist James A. Steed Assistant Archivist Richard V. Szary Supervisory Archives Technician Norwood N. Biggs Oral Historian Pamela Henson SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Director of Libraries Russell Shank Assistant Director for Management and Development Elaine Sloan Administrative Librarian Thomas L. Wilding Administrative Officer Mary C. Quinn Assistant Director of Libraries for Technical Services Vija L. Karklins Special Projects Librarian Toni M. Henderson Acquisitions Services Chief Mildred D. Raitt Gift and Exchange Librarian Sharon H. Sweeting Order Librarian William B. Neff Serials Librarian Robert W. Hull 532 / Smithsonian Year 1976 Cataloguing Services Chief Mary Jane H. Linn Cataloguers Angeline D. Ashford Charles H. King Helen S. Nordberg Margaret A. Sealor Bertha S. Sohn Frances W. Penford Joan C. Baer (Rare Book) Processing Services Chief Mary J. Pierce Bibliographic Support Services Chief Victoria E. Avera Assistant Director of Libraries for Institution Services Jean C. Smith Access Services Chief Jack F. Marquardt Assistant Chief Amy E. Levin Bibliographer for the History of Science and Technology Jack S. Goodwin Bureau Libraries Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Decorative Arts and Design Librarian Robert C. Kaufmann Freer Gallery of Art Librarian Priscilla B. Smith Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Librarian Anna M. Brooke National Air and Space Museum Librarian Catherine D. Scott Reference Librarian Dominick A. Pisano National Collection of Fine Arts and National Portrait Gallery Librarian William B. Walker Reference Librarian Katharine Ratzenberger National Museum of History and Technology Librarian Frank A. Pietropaoli Reference Librarian Charles G. Berger Reference Librarian Barbara F. Veloz Rare Book Librarian William J. Leugoud National Museum of Natural History Librarian Silvia J. Churgin Botany Branch Librarian Ruth F. Schallert National Zoological Park Librarian Mary Clare Cahill Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Librarian Joyce M. Rey Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory Librarian Mary Clare Cahill Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Librarian Alcira Mejia Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Librarian Zdenek David Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 533 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Director Dennis Gould Administrative Staff Administrative Officer Antonio Diez Registrar Emily Dyer Assistant Registrar Zaida Gipson Assistant Registrar Karen Hinkle Accountant Marie-Claire Jean Secretary Michele Newman General Exhibitions Program Program Officer and Senior Exhibition Coordinator Anne Gossett Exhibitions Coordinator Quinton Hallett Exhibitions Coordinator Regina Lipsky Exhibitions Coordinator William Kloss Program Coordinator Marjorie Share American Studies Program American Studies Coordinator Andrea Stevens Program Coordinator/Education Specialist Robin Lynn Exhibitions/Program Coordinator Lary Rosenblatt Science Exhibitions Coordinator Deborah Dawson Science Exhibitions Coordinator Martha Cappelletti "International Salute to the States" Program Project Coordinator Eileen Rose Public Affairs/Exhibition Coordinator . . Eileen Harakal PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary Julian T. Euell Executive Assistant Vincent L. MacDonnell Administrative Officer Jewell S. Dulaney ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM Director John R. Kinard Supervisory Program Manager Education Department Zora Martin-Felton Visual Information Specialist Larry Erskine Thomas Exhibits Program Manager Charles W. Mickens Supervisory Exhibits Specialist James E. Mayo Program Manager (Outreach) Fletcher A. Smith Education Specialist (Research) Louise D. Hutchinson Special Projects Assistant Balcha Fellows Program Specialist Carolyn Margolis Exhibits Specialist James Campbell Exhibits Specialist James Daniels Research Assistant Vacant Administrative Officer Audrey Archer 534 / Smithsonian Year 1976 DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Director James R. Morris Deputy Director Richard P. Lusher Assistant Director Saul Baran Special Assistant to the Director Ruth Jordan Administrative Officer Edgar Dye Production Manager B. C. May Public Affairs Officer Susanne Roschwalb Public Information Officer Manuel Melendez Art Director Janet B. Stratton Bicentennial Liaison Barrick Groom Director, Jazz Program Martin Williams Director, Festival of American Folklife Ralph Rinzler Deputy Director, Administration Robert Byington Deputy Director, Presentation Bess Hawes and the more than 100 staff people who made possible the twelve-week Bicentennial Folk Festival. INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE Director John E. Estes OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Education Program Coordinator David W. Estabrook Assistant Education Coordinator Selma A. Searles Education Specialist Ann P. Bay OFFICE OF PUBLIC AFFAIRS Director Carl W. Larsen Special Assistant Richard Friedman Administrative Officer Muriel J. Slaughter Chief, News Bureau Gerald Lipson Information Officer Johnnie M. Douthis Writer-Editor Lilas P. Wiltshire Special Events Officer Jeanette C. Gladstone Assistant Special Events Officer Barbara Spraggins Publications Officer Susan Bliss OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Director Wilton S. Dillon Deputy Director Dorothy Richardson Program Specialist Jane J. Wallace Symposium Assistant Carla Borden OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Director Nazaret Cherkezian Special Coordinator William C. Grayson Felecommunications Specialist Paul B. Johnson Radio Production Specialist Ann M. Carroll Production Coordinator Lawrence E. Kline, Jr. Assistant Production Coordinator Jean B. Quinette Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 535 READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. Chairman of the Board and President . . Mrs. Robert 5. McNamara National Executive Director Mrs. Ruth Graves Administrative Officer Vacant Deputy Director Barbara Atkinson Deputy Director Joyce Chabot Support Services Officer Susan Gilbert Field Services Officer Carolyn Gunn SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Janet W. Solinger Assistant Director for Administration . . Edward H. Able, Jr. Assistant Director for Programming . . . Michael C. Alin Program Coordinators Paul J. Edelson Moya B. King Dena Sollins Associate Program Coordinators Roberta G. Lederer Christine Parker Nancy H. Starr Membership Coordinator Jeanne B. George Art Director Margaret V. Lee Information Specialist/Editor, The Smithsonian Associate Helen A. Marvel Registrar: Classes and Crafts Xenia Sorokin Arnelle Registrar: Special Events, Trips, and Tours Nuzhat Sultan-Khan Coordinator of Volunteers Elinor Emlet VISITOR INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATES' RECEPTION CENTER Director Mary Grace Potter Staff: Dorothy Adamson Maria Heasly Carolyn Clampitt Winifred Keating Sally Covel Ann Perper Margaret Ellis Kathryn Simpson SMITHSONIAN (MAGAZINE) Editor and Publisher Edward K. Thompson Executive Editor Ralph Backlund Members, Board of Editors Don Bronkema Grayce P. Northcross James K. Page, Jr. Edwards Park Bennett Schiff John P. Wiley, Jr. Richard L. Williams Associate Publisher Joseph J. Bonsignore Advertising Director Thomas H. Black Circulation-Promotion Director Anne Keating Picture Associate Caroline Despard Production Nannie Shanahan Business Carey O. Randall 536 I Smithsonian Year 1976 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Acting Director Edward F. Rivinus Deputy Director Felix C. Lowe Administrative Officer Georgianna Hahn General Publications Managing Editor . . Maureen R. Jacoby Series Managing Editor Albert L. Ruffin, Jr. Production/Design Manager Stephen Kraft Production Controller Lawrence J. Long Series Production Manager Charles L. Shaffer Distribution Manager Frederick H. MacVicar Editors Mary Frances Bell Louise J. Heskett Joan B. Horn Nancy L. Powars Barbara Spann Ruth Spiegel Writer/Editor Hope G. Pantell Designer to the Smithsonian Crimilda Pontes Designers Natalie Bigelow Elizabeth Sur Publication Assistants Theresa F. Hostetler Gladys Acton Publications Clerks Rosa E. Maness Florence R. Morgan ADMINISTRATION OFFICE OF THE ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson Administrative Officer John Motheral Director, Agenda Office Robert L. Farrell Director, Office of Audits Chris S. Peratino Assistant Director Patrick J. Stanton Assistant Director Benedict T. Maltagliati FINANCIAL SERVICES Treasurer T. Ames Wheeler Assistant Treasurer (Accounting) Betty J. Morgan Director of the Office of Programming and Budget Jon E. Yellin21 Business Manager Richard Griesel Chief Accountant Allen S. Goff Manager, Grants and Insurance Division Phillip A. Babcock Chief, Investment Accounting Division Ernest A. Berger Acting Director, Smithsonian Museum Shops James J. Chmelik Acting Director, Belmont Conference Center Mary B. Force 21 Appointed October 10, 1976. Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 537 OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL General Counsel Peter G. Powers Associate General Counsel Alan D. Ullberg Assistant General Counsels George S. Robinson Suzanne D. Murphy Marie C. Malaro Robert A. Dierker James I. Wilson John W. Lang III OFFICE OF MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT Director James McK. Symington OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT Deputy Director James R. Lyons Associate Development Officers Arthur W. Gardner E. Jeffrey Stann Research Associate Martha McLure NATIONAL ASSOCIATES PROGRAM General Manager Robert H. Angle Regional Associates Program Program Coordinator Charlene James Program Assistant Terry Lassar Contributing Membership Program Assistant Jessie A. Brinkley Associates Travel Program Travel Manager Jacqueline Austin Program Coordinators Prudence Clendenning Barbara Schneider OFFICE OF SUPPORT ACTIVITIES Director Richard L. Ault Assistant Director Michael R. League Administrative Officer Mary Ann Sedillo Contracting Officer, Contracts Office . . . Elbridge O. Hurlbut Director, Management Analysis Office . Ann S. Campbell Director, Office of Computer Services . . Stanley A. Kovy Director, Office of Equal Opportunity . . Archie D. Grimmett Director, Office of Personnel Administration Howard Toy Director, Office of Protection Services . . Robert B. Burke, Jr. Chief, Travel Services Office Betty V. Strickler Director, Office of Plant Services Kenneth E. Shaw Director, Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering Services Phillip K. Reiss Director, Office of Printing and Photographic Services Arthur L. Gaush Director, Office of Supply Services Harry P. Barton 538 / Smithsonian Year 1976 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART President Paul Mellon Vice President John Hay Whitney Director J. Carter Brown Assistant Director Charles P. Parkhurst Treasurer Lloyd D. Hayes Administrator Joseph G. English Secretary and General Counsel Robert Amory, Jr. Staff Assistant to the Director, Music Richard Bales Assistant to the Director, National Programs W. Howard Adams Assistant to the Director, Public Information Katherine Warwick Assistant to the Director, Special Events Robert L. Pell Planning Consultant David W. Scott Construction Manager Hurley F. Offenbacher Curator of American Painting William P. Campbell Chief Librarian J. M. Edelstein Chief, Education Margaret I. Bouton Head, Extension Program Development Joseph J. Reis Head, Art Information Service Elise V. H. Ferber Editor Theodore S. Amussen Chief, Photographic Laboratory William J. Sumits Curator of Photographic Archives Ruth Rowe Philbrick Senior Conservator Victor C. B. Covey Head, Exhibitions and Loans Jack C. Spinx Head, Department of Design and Installation Gaillard F. Ravenel Registrar Peter Davidock, Jr. Curator of Early Italian and Tuscan Painting David A. Brown Curator of Graphic Arts Andrew C. Robison, Jr. Curator of French Painting David E. Rust Curator of Sculpture Douglas Lewis, Jr. Curator of Twentieth-Century Art E. A. Carmean, Jr. Curator of Northern and Later Italian Painting Sheldon Grossman Curator of Northern European Painting John O. Hand Curator of Dutch Painting Arthur K. Wheelock Curator of Spanish Painting Anna Voris Assistant Treasurer James W. Woodard Assistant Administrator George W. Riggs Personnel Officer Jeremiah J. Barrett JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS Honorary Chairmen Mrs. Gerald R. Ford Mrs. Richard M. Nixon Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Mrs. Aristotle Onassis Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower Appendix 12. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 539 Chairman Roger L. Stevens Vice Chairmen Charles H. Percy Henry Strong Secretary Frank N. Ikard Assistant Secretary Charlotte Woolard Treasurer W. Jarvis Moody Assistant Treasurers James F. Rogers William H. Ryland Henry Strong Executive Director of Performings Arts Martin Feinstein General Manager of Theaters Alexander Morr Director of Operations Thomas Kendrick Director of Public Relations Robert Jackson Director of Technical Operations David Nash Director of Development Jillian Poole WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Director James H. Billington Deputy Director George R. Packard Editor Peter Braestrup Librarian Zdenek V. David Assistant Director for Administration . . William M. Dunn Assistant Director Michael J. Eacey Special Assistant to the Director George L. Seay Assistant Director, and Executive Secretary of the Kennan Institute of Advanced Russian Studies S. Frederick Starr 540 / Smithsonian Year 1976 ■fr U.S. Government Printing Office: 1977 0—222-208