BOSTON PUBLIC LIBRARY 3 9999 06317 491 4 Smiths onian yiar 1979 Smithsonian Year • 1979 A Bambara antelope headdress from Mali is part of the collection of the Museum of African Art. The museum officially became a bureau of the Smithsonian Institu- tion on August 13, 1979. (Photo credit: Eliot Elisofon Photo Archives, Museum of African Art.) Smithsonian Year -1979 ANNUAL REPORT OF THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION FOR THE YEAR ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 1979 Smithsonian Institution Press • City of Washington • 1980 For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Printing Office Washington, D.C. 20402 (paper cover) Stock Number: 047-000-00363-6 H«^ The Smithsonian Institution The Smithsonian Institution was created by act of Congress in 1846 in accordance with the terms of the will of James Smithson of Eng- land, who in 1826 bequeathed his property to the United States of America "to found at Washington, under the name of the Smith- sonian Institution, an establishment for the increase and diffusion of knowledge among men." After receiving the property and ac- cepting the trust. Congress incorporated the Institution in an "es- tablishment," whose statutory members are the President, the Vice President, the Chief Justice, and the heads of the executive depart- ments, and vested responsibility for administering the trust in the Smithsonian Board of Regents. THE ESTABLISHMENT Jimmy Carter, President of the United States Walter F. Mondale, Vice President of the United States Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of State G. William Miller, Secretary of the Treasury Harold Brown, Secretary of Defense Benjamin R. Civiletti, Attorney General Cecil D. Andrus, Secretary of the Interior Bob S. Bergland, Secretary of Agriculture Juanita M. Kreps, Secretary of Commerce F. Ray Marshall, Secretary of Labor Patricia Roberts Harris, Secretary of Health, Education, and Welfare Moon Landrieu, Secretary of Housing and Urban Development Neil Goldschmidt, Secretary of Transportation Charles W. Duncan, Secretary of Energy Board of Regents and Secretary • September 30, 1979 REGENTS OF THE Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, Chancellor INSTITUTION Walter F. Mondale, Vice President of the United States Henry M. Jackson, Member of the Senate Barry Goldwater, Member of the Senate Robert B. Morgan, Member of the Senate Norman Y. Mineta, Member of the House of Representatives Silvio O. Conte, Member of the House of Representatives Frank Thompson, Jr., Member of the House of Representatives Anne Armstrong, citizen of Texas J. Paul Austin, citizen of Georgia John Nicholas Brown, citizen of Rhode Island William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California Caryl P. Haskins, citizen of the District of Columbia A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Thomas J. Watson, Jr., citizen of Connecticut James E. Webb, citizen of the District of Columbia EXECUTIVE COMMITTEE Warren E. Burger, Chancellor William A. M. Burden Caryl P. Haskins James E. Webb (Chairman) THE SECRETARY S. Dillon Ripley Dorothy Rosenberg, Executive Assistant to the Secretary Michael Collins, Under Secretary John F. Jameson, Assistant Secretary for Administration Charles Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art David Challinor, Assistant Secretary for Science Paul N. Perrot, Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Julian T. Euell, Assistant Secretary for Public Service Christian C. Hohenlohe, Treasurer Peter G. Powers, General Counsel James McK. Symington, Director, Membership and Development Lawrence E. Taylor, Coordinator, Public Information Smithsonian Year * 1979 CONTENTS page V THE SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION vi BOARD OF REGENTS AND SECRETARY 3 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY 29 FINANCIAL REPORT 65 SCIENCE 65 Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies 73 Fort Pierce Bureau 78 National Air and Space Museum 87 National Museum of Man, Center for the Study of Man 92 National Museum of Natural History 112 National Zoological Park 126 Office of Fellowships and Grants 130 Radiation Biology Laboratory 140 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory 161 Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute 175 HISTORY AND ART 175 Archives of American Art 178 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 183 Freer Gallery of Art 185 Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden 190 Joseph Henry Papers 191 Museum of African Art 194 National Collection of Fine Arts 198 National Museum of History and Technology 208 National Portrait Gallery 212 Office of American and Folklife Studies 219 MUSEUM PROGRAMS 228 Conservation Analytical Laboratory 232 National Museum Act Program MUSEUM PROGRAMS, Continued pa^e 235 Office of Exhibits Central 241 Office of Horticulture 245 Office of International Activities 247 Office of Museum Programs 257 Office of the Registrar 258 Smithsonian Institution Archives 259 Smithsonian Institution Libraries 264 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service 269 PUBLIC SERVICE 269 Anacostia Neighborhood Museum 270 Division of Performing Arts 272 International Exchange Service 273 Office of Elementary and Secondary Education 276 Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars 280 Office of Telecommunications 281 Smithsonian Exposition Books 282 Smithsonian Institution Press 285 Smithsonian Magazine 287 Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center 291 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT 292 National Board of the Smithsonian Associates 293 Smithsonian National Associate Program 300 Smithsonian Resident Associate Program 305 ADMINISTRATION 306 Administrative and Support Activities 309 Financial Management Activities 311 Smithsonian Institution Women's Council Activities 313 JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS 339 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS 341 READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. 346 SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE, INC. 351 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART 355 CHRONOLOGY 369 APPENDICES Smithsonian Year .1979 STATEMENT BY THE SECRETARY Overleaf: The programs and facilities of the Smithsonian Institution are located in many different parts of this country and the world. Shown here are Smithsonian buildings situated on or near the Mall in Washington, D.C. From the top: the Smithsonian Institution "Castle" Building; the National Air and Space Museum; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden; the National Museum of Natural History; the National Museum of History and Technology; the Arts and Industries Building; the Freer Gallery of Art; the Renwick Gallery; the Fine Arts and Portrait Gallery Building; the Museum of African Art; and the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. 2», jiyy 1 V.---^ ijiiiiiiiwi.li I 'If* In the Nation's Service S. DILLON RIPLEY Being history-minded, I tend to believe that time is the only true touchstone of merit. What merit lay in the enigmatic bequest of money by James Smithson to the nation in 1826? No one could be sure. The resulting hubbub in the Congress over whether to accept the "tainted" British money has long since become part of the dust of yesteryear. But my own feeling is that the creation of the Smithsonian started a chain reaction which has since touched every American. It would be better to characterize the "diffusion of knowledge among men/' to quote Smithson's words describing the purpose of his bequest, as being in the service of the people rather than in the nation's service. "In the nation's service" bespeaks the many na- tional service organizations of our government — the Postal Service, the Health Service, the services for veterans, for unemployment compensation. Social Security, the Internal Revenue Service, the Forest Service, the Fish and Wildlife Service. "In the service of the nation" calls to mind the tremendous body of men and women in the federal government employed to perform services for us all. These servants of the people, often maligned by the public and politicians alike, are devoted, zealous, and conscious of a calling, a calling of service. Most of them find a career reward of a genuine and compelling nature in working for the benefit of us all. We rub elbows with them every day at the Smithsonian. They are our best audience, for they live for the most part near Washington. Thousands of them are Associates of the Institution, and many thousands are our friends, for they find a host of rewards in the experiences that we have to offer. We can speak with conviction of those who dedicate their careers to the civil, military, and kindred services, such as our great Foreign Service, for these are people, devoted to the cause of national service, of whom we can all feel proud. Yet few people realize what the Smithsonian is all about. A collection of large buildings on or about the Mall in Washington — it is easy to assume that we are "government" in some way. Our buildings seem for the most part large, impressive monuments to the expenditure of taxpayers' money. (The majority of people may not realize the amount of nontaxpayer money that has gone into a number of these buildings and will continue to do so in the future. The names Smithson, Freer, Mellon, and Hirshhorn all spell dona- tions for construction, just as more grants in the future will help defray the costs of new galleries to be built.) Our museums, some large, some small, consort in procession with the majestic, mono- lithic array of huge government bureaux on the opposite sides of Constitution and Independence Avenues. These government build- ings brood over the scene in the sunlight, like a pride of lions stretched out, panting in the heat, while their single lordly leader rears his heavily maned head on Capitol Hill. It is a setting of sedate splendor, awe-inspiring to some, crushing with monotonous repetition to others. But within there is a continuing sense of vitality. No, we of the Smithsonian are not "feds." We never "regulate" anybody. We don't publish mysterious orders in the Federal Register. To be sure, we receive appropriated funds each year, but even though they may represent two-thirds of our annual budget, the sums keep our buildings and our technical and service staffs in operation so that we can perform our services for all. Nor are we an island. People in the government often fancy themselves isolated, being in Washington. "Oh, it's so valuable to get out, to get out into the country," they say, as if life in Wash- ington were unreal, perhaps almost un-American. (People in New York are sometimes thought of as foreigners in a strange way, "not real Americans," at any rate.) So people in Washington, in govern- ment anyway, are always paying lip service to the concept that life in Washington is different. It is not real America. This is especially true, perhaps, among politicians, who after all have to pretend at least not to be dismayed to be "home" with their constituents. From there the mood is catching. Government servants often complain 4 / Smithsonian Year 1979 about being immured in Washington and not getting to sense the needs of the people. In fact, Washington is an immensely popular place to visit, per- haps ahead of New York these days. Those who live here in service of one kind or another should take comfort from this. It cannot be so strange, so un-American, such an island. It is the hub, packed with bits and pieces and stuff of everyman's America. In the Annual Report of the Institution for 1852, six years after the commencement of operations in 1846, Joseph Henry, the first Secretary, summed it up: The prominent idea embraced in the Smithsonian organization, is that of cooperation and concerted action with all institutions and individuals engaged in the promotion of knowledge. Its design is not to monopolize any part of the wide fields of nature or of art, but to invite all to partake in the pleasure and honor of their cultivation. It seeks not to encroach upon ground occupied by other institutions, but to expend the funds [i.e., the Smithsonian endowment income] in doing that which cannot be as well done by other means. It gives to the words of Smithson their most liberal interpretation, and "increases and diffuses knowledge among men" by promoting the dis- covery of new truths, and by disseminating these in every part of the civilized world. Thus Joseph Henry enunciated the concept of service toward all people in "every part of the civilized world," in words which he constantly strove to impress on the minds of the Congress and Executive alike: the Smithsonian had a task, a task of original study and research to promote the dissemination of knowledge for all mankind. Thinking back over the years, we have seen the Institution grow to include numerous museums with museum col- lections, a growth which to many minds tends to obscure the mean- ing of Henry's words. How can one "discover new truths" as the proprietor of a dozen or more museums? Fortunately, these times have seen a new realiza- tion of what museums are all about, powerhouses of the mind, not old dustbins into which is cast the detritus of history. Museums serve today as educational centers, headquarters from which are sent out messages, communications of all kinds. As Lewis Thomas Statement by the Secretary I 5 says in his Lives of a Cell (1974), present genetic theory assumes that human beings are all born with a genetic endowment for recognizing and formulating language. ... As human behavior derives from the central mechanism of language, the same sets of genes are, at least indirectly, responsible for governing such astonishing behavior as in the concert hall, where hundreds of people crowd together, silent, head-tilted, meditating, listening to music as though receiving instructions, or in a gallery, mov- ing along slowly, peering, never looking at each other, con- centrating as though reading directions. ... If language is at the core of our social existence, holding us together, housing us in meaning, it may also be safe to say that art and music are functions of the same universal, genetically determined mechanism. Beyond these everyday experiences, so concisely delineated by Thomas, there are all the other outward-flowing connections. Day by day we communicate without the awareness of it. Often the question is asked "Why doesn't the Smithsonian move out into the country at large? Why is everything all confined here in Washing- ton?" Almost every year some one of our congressional committees asks the question during a hearing. This is usually coupled with two other questions: "Why don't we get our products out into the country at large, show our riches to the world?" and "Why do we have all these museums?" Is there no way to stop this inexorable, octopus-like growth? It is frustrating to realize how general this impression is, how it persists in spite of all our efforts. We do spread our message across the country. We do get our message out. Our "riches" tend to be more in ideas than in things. But we show both to the world. What are our riches? We have only one of George Washington's uniforms, only one desk on which the Declaration of Independence was drafted, only one flag that flew over Fort McHenry. We do not have a single Philadelphia Chippendale camelback sofa, or a Newport Townsend-Goddard lowboy with cabriole legs and relief scrollwork carving. We do not have ten Remington sculptures or even Gilbert Stuart portraits of the Founding Fathers! So what are the riches? They exist in the mind, not in dozens of examples of 6 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Flying plastic discs of all sizes and colors filled the sky at the third annual Smithsonian Frisbee Disc Festival. The September 2 festival, which was sponsored by the National Air and Space Museum, attracted over 11,000 spectators. Below. Students from the James Ryder Randall Elementary School's summer program toured the Silver Hill Museum in July 1979. To the left is the Curtiss P-40 E War- hawk, one of the best-known fighters of World War II. ^UlU A centi-:n\hv I \i^ ^U> S As always, larger than life, Albert Einstein welcomes a group of visitors to his exhibit at the National Museum of History and Technology. Below. A young visitor enjoying the "Play and Inventiveness" celebration, sponsored by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars. The celebration, which explored the links between play and creativity, was the Institution's major contribution to the ob- servance of the International Year of the Child in 1979. decorative arts or sculptural objects, except for a few symbolic collections that have been given us, because our charter calls us, among other things, the national museum of the United States. I spend hours explaining to those interested enough to have any attention span that our seventy-five or eighty million objects have, to a large extent, intangible value. In this money-oriented culture of ours, it is harder to understand that a collection of insects, or fossils, or potsherds, or even portraits of famous people, may be of great intangible value to us, the keepers of the nation's collections, and should be preserved rather than be thrown away or allowed to deteriorate. But most of these invaluable (without a dollar sign attached to them) collections of ours could not justify being "riches" to be shown across the world. As exhibits "to furnish dozens of museums" (another stock phrase) they would lay an egg. No, our service is of a different kind. If we put on an exhibit, we may draw from the collections, but the very process is an idio- syncratic one, illustrating some theme, some historical sequence of events, or some set of ideas which must be thought through sub- jectively, with an aim to broad public education. In such service there is fulfillment, just as in the profession of teaching. There is little money in it, and the objects involved may have no monetary value in the marketplace, but they become price- less when placed in juxtaposition because they convey ideas. Emer- son said in his Lectures: "This time, like all other times, is a very good one, if we but know what to do with it." So an exhibit represents time used in putting thoughts together, thoughts de- lineated by objects, which in sum convey a message. Such time is of great value, for we are programmed to receive messages in this form, and messages may finally teach. How then do we serve the country? It is relevant to say, first of all, that enormous numbers of our citizens come to Washington each year, aside from local residents, and that the combined museums and exhibits of the Institution attract perhaps a tenth of our population each year, over twenty-five million annually at last approximation. Beyond that we do have attractions in other states: a museum in New York; laboratories in Massachusetts, Florida, and Arizona; and an environmental study center and a colloquium center in Maryland. We have laboratories abroad in several countries, among which the most famous is the biological station Statement by the Secretary I 9 in Panama. Bui there are others besides, and the respect engendered by the Smithsonian tradition of service in the search for knowledge is worldwide, crossing without stress into the Second and Third Worlds. We are also mobile. Years ago, in 1951, we started the Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites), with a ven- ture capital outlay of $100,000. Partially self-liquidating through the imposition of small transport and rental fees, sites now has some 175 exhibitions on the road or being planned or refurbished, reaching a public of another four to five million viewers a year in an average of 366 cities in 48 states. A few shows travel abroad and some come here from overseas, but this part of our outreach, which should be more actively developed, is much more expensive, although we could and should coordinate with many more of the nation's major art galleries. We do help on occasion, willingly when asked to do so by a foreign nation, especially when the exhibit involves a clarification of history rather than a trumpery of Barnumism. (There is a tendency today to finance "blockbuster" exhibitions, often from abroad, requiring large expenditures of money which attract huge crowds, provide immense temporary occupancy of the museum involved, and which often produce huge coffee-table catalogues, later advertising the prescience of the owner in having visited the show, which, in the end, may serve as a status symbol rather than a lasting residuum in the mind. Often such exhibitions may be of mixed quality, may be almost impossible to view, and thus may fail to perform the ultimate transmission of meaning.) Fortunately our Traveling Exhibition Service has simpler goals and a mission of reaching smaller, less "show-biz" institutions. Low-cost exhibits reaching historical associations, libraries, cultural centers, high schools, and local galleries and museums, are in the nation's service. This is a goal never to be underestimated. In addition, we have our Associates program, started in 1965, ex- panded in 1970, now reaching a reading and radio audience of millions through leaflets, scripts, our Smithsonian magazine, books, a science service to the news media, and through our folk and per- forming-arts festivals. Few people, perhaps, realize the seminal influence of the Smith- sonian's Folklife Festival series, begun on the Mall in 1967, now dif- 10 / Smithsonian Year 1979 h-^ IP*. / , © W^HR----^^ J^H 1^ wm 1 w^^^^^^^ ■1 1 \ ' ^jBHI .: '-" J 1 ^ -^ i-'-i^ ^d^Jtk^ As part of the Festival of American Folklife, Maxwell Tyler, a waterman from the Chesapeake Bay area, tells visitors in front of the National Museum of Natural History how he catches soft-shell crabs. Training time for sea lions: a keeper rewards one of her young charges with a piece of fish. Such training helps develop a rapport between keeper and animal and pro- vides stimulating activity for the sea lion or seal. Below. As part of the Smithsonian Resident Associate Program, Associates of all ages enjoy a guided tour of the new Beaver Valley installation at the National Zoo with the Zoo's Kayce Cover, Leader- Keeper of Aquatic Animals. WT "^' i-^^a^ .v./^ m. ^/ y \ /jt % t fusing an enthusiasm for festivals all over the states and even abroad. Few realize the enormous influence of our phonographic recordings of American folk and popular music, documenting a purely American art form, recordings which are available through subscription or at our museum shops. This diffusion has been im- mensely popular, so much so that if it did not exist it would long since have had to be invented. But who could have invented the Smithsonian and its services for people? We live in what appears to be an uncertain age. Many people foresee the gradual decay of our civilization, forced on us by will- ful, wasteful ways, and the impression that we are imbued with sloth in this country. It is a sense of malaise which has become almost a way of thought among our economists and planners. So- called liberal thought abounds with it. Conservative thought is possessed with it. Philosophers are afflicted with a sense of fatalism. Buddhism prepares us for acceptance of this sort, but it is a far cry from the exuberance of hope which lies at the heart of much of Judaeo-Christian inspiration. It is almost as if we were resigning ourselves to a premature sense of death or encroaching senility. Can a culture become senile? I am inclined to think not. The malaise is more apparent than real. Part of the difficulty is that we have lost touch with history, with our time scale, of which I have written before. In the pseudo-joyousness of "now" and of "me," we are even affronting the precepts of those other, less- familiar religions, made temporarily popular. If time is the only true touchstone of merit, then time requires a communication of history. To achieve this should be our service to the people. Such understanding involves work. In the Bhagavad Gita, Krishna explains that work is its own reward. It should thus be of virtue. As I have quoted before, "From food are all creatures; from rain is the production of food; rain is produced from sacrifice; and sacrifice is the outcome of work." Here then lies salvation, and any reward, if reward is needed, for service. In this past year it is certainly fair to say that our "diffusion" has reached a new peak, through visits, the Associates, traveling exhibitions, the regional events program to a number of cities, foreign and domestic tours, guidelines and programs for school teachers, radio and tv services, books of all sorts published by our- selves or in conjunction with major publishing houses, reprints of Statement by the Secretary I 13 classic texts, the Bicentennial project The Handbook of North American Indians (of which the first two volumes have received widespread acclaim), phonograph albums — all these offerings serve to touch the lives of untold millions of people both now and in the future. Our art museums alone lent more than a thousand works to museums and galleries throughout the country for special exhibitions. A curious example of the present effects of Smithsonian diffusion was the inclusion of the Smithsonian magazine in a survey of in- fluential commercial media by The Wall Street Journal. For some reason, unknown to us, the Journal included our Associates' official publication along with a number of prominent newspapers (includ- ing the Journal, of course), news magazines, and similar widely read, over-the-counter publications. The Smithsonian was the only publication included which is available to a membership, in con- trast to commercial methods of distribution. So startling were the results of the survey that we understand they had to be repeated by the researchers. In every area where credibility was a factor (except where we hardly qualify, in politics or economics), Smithsonian led the "thunderers" of the world of the news media. Thus, our kind of diffusion is an intangible, a kind of word-of-mouth dis- persal, and is accepted as an unspoken certification of authenticity. When we speak of the effect of the diffusion of information by the Smithsonian to millions in the future, we can think of two highly significant events of this past year: the completion and operation of two new astronomical instruments, the Multiple Mirror Telescope and the heao-2 (Einstein) satellite. Both open windows on new realms of knowledge of the universe, stages in Smithsonian research in astronomy and astrophysics which began over one hundred years ago with the personal research of one of my predecessors, Samuel P. Langley, and which has been sponsored by the Institution ever since. The Multiple Mirror Telescope, first of its kind, developed in conjunction with the University of Arizona, is the prototype for optical telescopes of multiple-mirror construction perhaps as large as 1,000 inches in diameter. The Einstein, developed with nasa, led by the Center for Astrophysics in conjunction with the Massachu- setts Institute of Technology, Columbia University, and the God- dard Space Flight Center, is the first true focusing telescope for 14 / Smithsonian Year 1979 wmm m 1 i ^ =^ '^. The Multiple Mirror Telescope, a joint facility of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Arizona, located on the summit of Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, was officially dedicated on May 9, 1979. Below. One of the stops on the twice-weekly guided tours of sao's Mt. Hopkins Observatory is the ten-meter gamma-ray reflector. The bus tours are provided free to the public by the observatory. x-rays to be flown as a satellite. While already increasing sensitivity by a factor of ten over the best earlier detectors, this satellite sug- gests that an instrument even ten times more sensitive is feasible. The successful completion of both instruments this year marks the culmination of many years of design, testing, and planning by teams of Smithsonian scientists working in cooperation with other scientists around the world. Thus it can be said that new eras have begun in both optical and x-ray astronomy as a result of these new inventions. In this way, more millions of people in the future will receive information diffused through Institution efforts. Another method of expressing the inexpressible, making the con- nections and the harmony out of what we do, is indeed solving the problem of what we collect. As some of our scientists invent strategies for sensing the phenomena of the universe, others develop plans for documenting and cataloguing the immense data banks represented by our collections in the natural sciences. For many years, I have been at pains to talk and write about the importance of this service of ours to Americans and to all people. To preserve fragments at least of the stuff of our world, the materia mundi as we can know and identify it, is of inestimable importance to our future and to the future of mankind. At last, after more than ten years of planning for this need, the Smithsonian has been granted the right and the funds by the Congress to construct a Museum Support Center in nearby Maryland, fifteen minutes away from the Mall. This building, to cost between $20 and $21 million, will be of the most modern design, incorporating energy-saving and solar-heating devices appropriate to the Institution's pioneering efforts in such matters. (Dr. C. G. Abbot, my predecessor, did not preoccupy himself with solar-energy research in the 1940s to no purpose.) We hope it will provide a safe haven for millions of our objects now stored in increasingly crowded and hence inefficient spaces on the Mall, free up ample new exhibit space in the National Museums of Natural History and of Man, and provide a center for conservation, study, and research that should be exemplary, a model for our peers. Here, too, is a paradigm of service to people. The dimensions of what people are finally able to do to trans- form our natural environment from one state — a state of nature — to another — a state of man's creation — are incalculable. As best we 16 / Smithsonian Year 1979 can, while we chart this untraveled course, we should preserve frag- ments of testimony of what the state of nature was like, so that we can measure our path into change. As mankind moves along this path of manipulation of the environment, it is better, as if descending into the darkness of an abandoned mineshaft, to leave a silken cord behind, with markers at intervals. Just as we keep specimens of fossils to tell us of the world of aeons past, we should keep the evidence of what tropical forests were like, what birds were like, and reptiles, and sea creatures. Perhaps we could even develop an early-warning system, as if carrying a caged canary with us into the abandoned mineshaft, to warn us of the unknown presence of carbon-monoxide gas. We might develop a system in our markers. When half the bird species of the tropical habitats have become extinct, should we pause to look backward or should we measure the consequences of forging ahead? Perhaps in such a way some measure of rational, disciplined thought about where we are going might intervene. "Jiminy- crickets," we might say to ourselves, "look out, there's a sheer drop ahead. I see the crack in the wall of the House of Usher. I see the stone legs of Ozymandias protruding from the sand." And what of the anthropological collections of our National Mu- seum of Man? I know that in the future, people everywhere will be grateful that we have preserved the evidence of how different we all are, for in this recaptured sense of diversity there is pride and iden- tity. These two words also speak eloquently to the collections of the Museum of African Art, which in August became a member of the Smithsonian family by an Act of Congress, inspired by our former Regent Hubert H. Humphrey. The art objects in this newest of the Smithsonian's museums capture with striking force and beauty the symbolic richness and cohesiveness of the societies which created them, and form today a substantial part of the cultural heritage of millions of our citizens. Whether through objects or films, documents or symbols, we will always hunger to know who we are and were so that we may take comfort in being ourselves and not anyone else. All these things and many more embody our perceptions of service to people. They are diffused outwards in a continual stream, helping to evoke our past, preserve our present, and lend convic- tion to our future. Statement by the Secretary I 17 There have been a number of changes in senior staff positions at the Institution this year. Our accompUshed treasurer for a decade, T. Ames Wheeler, retired June 30, though he will continue to serve as a member of the Regents' Investment Policy Committee. Mr. Wheeler has been succeeded as treasurer by Christian C. Hohen- lohe, the former assistant treasurer and former executive assistant to the Secretary. Mr. Richard Ault, our energetic director of Support Activities, retired to Arizona in July to pursue his lifelong interest in aviation. His former responsibilities have been assumed in large measure by the very able Tom L. Peyton, our director of the Office of Facilities Services, who came to the Institution this year from the General Services Administration. The very resourceful Porter Kier resigned in June as director of the National Museum of Natural History to resume his research activities and has been succeeded temporarily by James F. Mello as acting director, while the search for a permanent director continues. Off for other vineyards went Dennis Gould of our Traveling Exhibition Service, Carl Larsen, our director of Public Affairs (succeeded by Alvin Rosenfeld), and Edward Kohn, the assistant director of the National Zoo. The skill- ful and diplomatic Dean Francis B. Sayre retired this year from the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, and his col- league George Packard, the center's assistant director, has left to become the dean of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced Inter- national Studies. As always, we are sorry to have lost these and other industrious co-workers at the Institution, but we rejoice in having them as colleagues in the vital cultural pursuits of America. We have been fortunate in welcoming some fine new senior staff to the Smithsonian this year. Two new museum directors, Noel Hinners from nasa and Roger Kennedy from the Ford Foundation, have been selected and promise to give fresh new leadership to their very popular museums, the National Air and Space Museum and the National Museum of History and Technology, respectively. Dr. Robert Maloy has come to head the Smithsonian Libraries unit, and Glen Ruh has joined us in the new position of Coordinator of Publications. With the help of these exceptional personalities, the Smithsonian will move positively and smoothly into the future. On December 7th, the Institution suffered an immeasurable loss in the death of its sixth Secretary (1945—52) and long-time asso- ciate, Alexander Wetmore. I will always remember Alex as a friend 18 / Smithsonian Year 1979 and inspiration in ornithology and as an able, practical administra- tor as Secretary. Having assumed the Secretaryship amidst the trying times of the war, he went on to lay the groundwork for two additional Smithsonian museums, the National Museum of History and Technology and the National Air and Space Museum. During his tenure, the Institution also assumed control of the biological research station in Panama (now part of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute), celebrated its own centennial in 1946, and undertook significant construction of the National Zoo. Dr. Wetmore's career at the Smithsonian began in 1924, when he joined the Institution as superintendent of the National Zoo, and then, less than a year later, he became assistant secretary for science and director of the National Museum of Natural History. A museum man, he was also a man of the world of birds, and he served both with remarkable devotion. He was a scholar of inspired intensity and a proud man with a gift of humility and understand- ing. He enriched this Institution and the lives of those who knew him; his pursuit of his life's work somehow never interfered with his capacity for compassion and friendship. The Smithsonian is one of those rare places in the world that still clings to its memories of the wonderful people who helped to build and shape it — none more so than Alex Wetmore, who shared his genius with the past and the future, and who will always be re- spected for his scientific contributions and loved for himself. In Coventry Patmore's phrase, he lived in the "traditions of civility." He shall not be forgotten. Statement by the Secretary I 19 Board of Regents The Board of Regents held three formal meetings during the last year, as well as a number of additional executive committee meet- ings. The JANUARY 22, 1979, meeting of the Board of Regents was designated The Alexander Wetmore Memorial Meeting in honor and in memory of the late sixth Secretary of the Smithsonian In- stitution, who died on December 7, 1978. The Regents noted that "This gentle and affectionate man, loved by all who knew him, made invaluable contributions to the Smithsonian and to biological science." The Regents recognized both the distinguished services of Repre- sentative Elford A. Cederberg as a Regent of the Institution and his profound effect on our nation through his twenty-six years in the Congress of the United States. This recognition was bestowed at the conclusion of Representative Cederberg's term in Congress. The board memorialized the untimely death of Representative Leo J. Ryan, who, although a Regent for only a short period, had expressed an intense interest in the affairs of the Institution. The Board of Regents welcomed newly appointed Regents from the House of Representatives, Messrs. Silvio O. Conte of Massa- chusetts, Norman Y. Mineta of California, and Frank Thompson, Jr., of New Jersey. The financial report was reviewed in detail and a special oral presentation was made concerning past, present, and future projec- tions of all Institution funds. The board approved the revised statement of investment objectives recommended by the Invest- ment Policy Committee for the guidance of the investment man- agers. The Regents approved the Five-Year Perspective (later known as the Five-Year Prospectus) covering fiscal years 1980-84. The planning process continues in tandem with the annual budget cycles, and the five-year plan will be updated annually. The Regents approved continued study of the proposed develop- ment of the quadrangle in the south garden area and authorized 20 the use of $100,000 of nonappropriated funds for continuing the development of prehminary plans and program details leading to the presentation of an appropriate legislative proposal. The Regents considered proposed bylaws that they plan to adopt in the near future. The Secretary was authorized to continue negotiations with the Boston Athenaeum for acquisition of the Gilbert Stuart portraits of George and Martha Washington. The Regents approved a Program of Regents' Fellowships. These fellows, perhaps two or three scholars of great distinction, would enrich the intellectual atmosphere of the Institution and would explore areas of scholarship not already intensively studied here. The program would be evaluated periodically. The board expressed its support of legislation to raise the statu- tory budget ceiling for programs at Barro Colorado Island, part of the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama. The Regents approved reports concerning the membership and acquisitions of the National Collection of Fine Arts Commission and the National Portrait Gallery Commission. The Regents also received the report of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. The chairman of the National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board (nafmab) recommended a change in the status of the board to reflect its current advisory role with the Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research in the National Museum of History and Technology. The matter was to be considered by nafmab. The Institution's continuing attention to the recommendations of the General Accounting Office report, the report of the Regents' Audit and Review Committee, and the report of the Surveys and Investigations Staff of the House of Representatives, has resulted in implementation of virtually all of the recommendations. Progress reports on continuing projects of the Institution included the Museum Support Center status of planning; Smithsonian Exposition Books plans; Mall Parking Study, Phase II; a description of approved projects under the special program for collections acquisitions and scholarly and educational outreach projects; trans- fer of the Trade (Tariff) Commission Building; Equal Opportunity Program describing Affirmative Action Plans; the status of major renovation and repair projects of various Smithsonian buildings; the Statement by the Secretary I 21 status of the collections inventory project; participation by the Institution in the celebration of the Einstein Centennial and the International Year of the Child; Smithsonian Television Programs; and the National Associates Program. The Board of Regents voted to confer the title of Regent Emeritus upon George H. Mahon for his long and faithful service to the Institution. Mr. Mahon retired from the Congress of the United States and had been a Regent since 1964. MAY 7, 1979, meeting: The spring meeting of the Board of Regents was held in the Regents Room and was called to order by the chancellor, and notice of the Executive Committee meeting held on April 18, 1979, was taken. The board considered a draft of bylaws which will be acted on at the next meeting. It was noted that the enabling statute for the Smithsonian Institution, codified as subchapter 1 of Chapter 3, Title 20, U.S. Code, defines with considerable specificity many of the procedures and policies usually set forth in an organization's bylaws, and the bylaws of the Board of Regents will convey the methods and rules by which the board intends to conduct its super- visory and fiduciary activities. The financial reports indicated that preliminary hearings on the federal budget for fiscal year 1980 were favorable. The nonappro- priated trust-funds budget, when initially presented, proved to be somewhat conservative, and projections for the future showed a higher return on investment income, as well as results of auxiliary activities. As a result of an earlier recommendation to select a new certified public-accounting firm to conduct the annual audit of the nonappropriated trust funds, the selection of Coopers and Lybrand, made by the Executive Committee, was ratified by the Board of Regents to begin with fiscal year 1979. It was pointed out that the change in the auditing firm, a common practice in financial busi- ness, was not in any way a criticism of the present auditors, but rather a desire to have a new look at the accounting and financial operations of the Institution. The Secretary submitted a written report on progress to date concerning the South Quadrangle development, detailing par- ticularly the recent pledge of $1 million from the Japanese govern- ment toward the cost of the project. The revised architectural con- 22 / Smithsonian Year 1979 cept was described and the new model was shown, and the review of legislative action to authorize and fund further action revealed that favorable action by the Congress was anticipated. The Secre- tary advised the Regents of the creation of an ad hoc committee to assist in raising funds for the project. With the Regents' consent, the Smithsonian and the Boston Athenaeum decided to postpone a final agreement concerning acquisition of the Gilbert Stuart portraits of George and Martha Washington, pending the result of a Boston-based fundraising campaign. The Board of Regents approved publication of the Smithsonian Exposition books entitled Animals Alive and The American Land, contingent on confirmation by the Executive Committee that satisfactory test-mailing results have been received. Three other projects, selected for preliminary development based on reader surveys, include a book on the sun and a series of children's books. The research at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies is presently being conducted on land holdings sufficient to enable the Institution to control and monitor the Rhode River estuary and enable the center to pursue its research in upland ecology, watershed studies, and estuarine ecology. It was reported that scientific integrity of the area could be protected by acquisition of additional land, and the Secretary was authorized to pursue the matter. The board approved the acquisition and operation of aircraft for research purposes in connection with a coral-reef project, to be conducted by the National Museum of Natural History in the Pacific and Indian oceans. The board expressed its approval of the introduction of legisla- tion to extend the existing appropriations authority of the National Museum Act. Also, the Regents are supporting pending legislation to raise the ceiling on appropriations for Barro Colorado Island at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. The Regents approved the award of the Henry Medal to Dr. Porter M. Kier in recognition of his important contributions to the Smithsonian Institution and his successful stewardship of the Na- tional Museum of Natural History. The Secretary reported to the Regents on various programs. The Museum Support Center project is progressing and an appro- Statement by the Secretary I 23 priations request for construction funds is pending in the 1980 federal budget; the National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board generally agreed that the board should continue in its present form and meet at more frequent periodic intervals to offer advice and assistance to Smithsonian programs concerned with armed- forces history; the transfer to the Smithsonian of the Museum of African Art was proceeding and the necessary transfer arrange- ments were being worked out. Status reports were presented on major plant-improvement projects: the National Museum of the Building Arts, the Trade (Tariff) Commission Building, the Mall Parking Study, television programs, the Smithsonian Science In- formation Exchange, and the National Associates Program. On the evening preceding the Regents meeting, at the Regents dinner, the Secretary, on behalf of the Board of Regents, presented to T. Ames Wheeler, retiring treasurer, the Secretary's Gold Medal for Exceptional Service. The Regents wished to record their special appreciation to Mr. Wheeler in recognition of the substantial con- tributions he made to strengthening the Institution's financial- management systems and controls, in guiding and directing its increasingly significant auxiliary activities, and in providing con- stant wise counsel to the Secretary and the board on financial and administrative matters. The Regents approved the appointment of Mr. Christian C. Hohenlohe to succeed Mr. Wheeler as treasurer of the Institution. SEPTEMBER 17, 1979, MEETING: The autumn meeting of the Board of Regents took place in the Regents Room and was called to order by the chancellor. It was noted that the Executive Committee met on August 20, 1979. The board had previously considered a draft of bylaws by which the Regents would administer the Institution. The board adopted the bylaws and authorized their printing and distribution. Appoint- ments to the Regents' Audit and Review Committee, established in the bylaws, and to the Regents' Personnel Committee, were affirmed. A detailed report on the financial affairs of the Institution dis- closed the status of the fiscal year 1980 and 1981 federal appropria- tion requests, the supplemental request for 1979, and the non- appropriated funds budget. The proposed federal budget for fiscal 24 / Smithsonian Year 1979 This row of nine Capitol Hill townhouses, including the one-time residence of Frederick Douglass, comprises the Museum of African Art. Below. A young visitor to the museum admires a sculpture of the Luba people of Zaire. (Photo credit for both pictures: Eliot Elisofon Photo Archives, Museum of African Art.) year 1981 was reviewed and approved for submission to the Office of Management and Budget, together with a preliminary budget of the nonappropriated funds for fiscal year 1981. The board voted to confirm the authority of the Secretary to establish on behalf of the Institution and any of its bureaus such commercial bank ac- counts as are necessary for the conduct of its business. A draft update of the Five- Year Prospectus of the Institution for fiscal years 1981—85 was circulated for review and consideration by the Regents, and a report by the Investment Policy Committee was received. P.L. 96-36 was signed by the President on July 20, 1979, author- izing planning and up to $500,000 to be appropriated for the South Quadrangle Project. The Secretary reviewed the status of the In- stitution's budget request for the planning in the current appropria- tion bill and reviewed plans for fundraising in the private sector. The Institution expects to seek authorization to complete planning and to construct the project in the Second Session of the Ninety- sixth Congress. The Museum of African Art officially became a bureau of the Smithsonian on August 13, 1979. In accordance with P.L. 95-414, the Regents appointed ten members to the Commission for the Museum from its former board, and the Regents will appoint five remaining commission members at the January meeting. Publication of The Smithsonian Book of the American Land was approved. A draft of an updated survey of Smithsonian property was presented for the Regents' review. For each Smithsonian facility, the survey provides identification and purpose; location; size; date, type, and cost of acquisition; and details of major repairs, renova- tions, or improvements. Revised and updated as required, the survey will supplement the Five- Year Prospectus and the Programs and Activities book and will provide a useful cross-reference to the Institution's annual budget request. The Regents voted to approve the naming of the Silver Hill facility of the National Air and Space Museum "The Paul E. Garber Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Facility" in honor of Mr. Garber's sixty years of service at the Smithsonian. The Secretary reported on the status of: — the Museum Support Center, on which construction may soon begin; 26 / Smithsonian Year 1979 — transfer of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange to the Department of Commerce; — special programs for collections acquisition, scholarly studies, and educational outreach. The board approved presentation of the James Smithson Medal to Pope John Paul II on his visit to the United States in October 1979. The Regents noted the award of the Secretary's Medal for Ex- ceptional Service to Dorothy Rosenberg and approved their own resolution recognizing her effective work for over two decades. Statement by the Secretary I 27 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION OPERATING FUNDS Fiscal Years 1Q70 and 1975-1979 (In $l,000,000's) FUNDS PROVIDED Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Expenses Net Unrestricted) Trust Restricted f Funds Nonappropriated -Trust Funds (Gross Revenues) Federal Grants and Contracts Federal Appropriations 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 FUNDS APPLIED 175- 150- » ^ To Plant and Endowment Administration and Facilities Services Auxiliary and Bureau Activities Expenses ^Special Programs -Museum Programs "Public Service History and Art Science 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 Smithsonian Institution • 1979 FINANCIAL REPORT CHRISTIAN C. HOHENLOHE, TREASURER Summary: Fiscal year 1979 was a generally favorable year for the Smithsonian, with substantial financial support from all sources and better-than-balanced budgets. As demonstrated by the chart on the facing page, there was again overall growth in the Institution's funds, sufficient primarily to continue existing programs but also, in a few cases, to pursue new initiatives. A welcome newcomer to the Smithsonian family during the year was the Museum of African Art. A federal appropriation to the Institution for the museum's operating support permitted the acquisition to take place on August 13, 1979, and the financial activities of the museum since that date are incorporated in this report. Generous congressional support of the Institution continued in fiscal year 1979, with overall appropriations totaling over $110.5 million, an increase of more than $6 million over the previous year. These federal appropriations provide core support for the Institu- tion's basic research, exhibition, and education programs; for ac- quisition, care, documentation, and study of the national collections; and for construction, maintenance, restoration, and protection of all Smithsonian facilities. While much of the increase over the prior year was necessary to cover the inflationary costs felt throughout Smithsonian operations, additional funds were provided for high- priority needs, such as collection inventories and the multiple- mirror telescope. Appropriations also permitted substantial progress on the National Zoo Master Plan construction and on planning for the Museum Support Center in Suitland, Maryland. Congressional understanding and backing of the Institution's research and educa- tion programs are deeply appreciated. In recent years, as these financial reports have indicated, the enthusiastic public acceptance of the Smithsonian Associates Pro- 29 gram and other educational auxiliary activities, as well as gifts and grants from individuals and foundations, have enabled the Institu- tion to support a significant portion of its programs from nonappro- priated funds. Net revenues from these sources declined in fiscal year 1979 but were sufficient to continue the $2-million-per-year program established last year for major collections acquisition, scholarly studies, and educational outreach, as well as numerous operating allotments to Smithsonian bureaus and programs, and reserves for construction and land acquisition. But for the success of auxiliary activities, appropriations would have been sought for many of these projects. Because of favorable projections for unre- stricted fund activities and as a measure to reduce directly the Smithsonian's costs to taxpayers, the Board of Regents approved the application this year of $1 million of nonappropriated funds to support expenses for the Smithsonian fellowship program and costs of certain leased space that previously had been covered by appro- priated funds. In recognition, however, that current financial suc- cesses are not guaranteed in the future, a transfer of the unrestricted fund surplus of over $2.5 million to endowment was also author- ized, in order to ensure the Institution's continued ability to provide nonappropriated funds for research and educational programs. This combination of congressional and private financial support, of grant funds and earned revenues, has been a source of strength to the Institution in meeting its goals and seizing new opportunities. A major new priority of the Institution, the South Quadrangle, will seek to draw further on this dual public/private partnership. The anticipated financial plan for this project, which will include con- struction of an Oriental Gallery and a new building for the Museum of African Art in the area south of the Smithsonian "Castle," will rely on contributions, self-generated funds from auxiliary activities, and appropriated funds. As an initial commitment to the project, the Board of Regents authorized a transfer of $1,385,000 to plant funds from unrestricted nonappropriated trust funds for ongoing and future planning and design effort. The government of Japan informed the Institution during the year that it will provide $1 million towards construction of the Oriental Gallery. In an ongoing effort to provide full financial information on Smithsonian activities in this report, minor changes have again been made in Table 1 and the supporting tables that follow. 30 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Table 1. Financial Summary (In $l,000's) FY 1977 FY 1978 FY 1979 INSTITUTIONAL OPERATING FUNDS FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations — Salaries & Expenses $ 85,236 Federal Agency Grants & Contracts 10,515 Nonappropriated Trust Funds: For Restricted Purposes 4,407 For Unrestricted & Special Purposes: Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Revenues — Gross 41,884 — Less Related Expenses (32,485) Auxiliary & Bureau Activities Net Revenue . . 9,399 Investment, Gift, and Other Income 1,676 Total Net Unrest. & Special Purpose Revenue. . 11,075 Total Nonappropriated Trust Funds* — Gross . . . 47,967 —Net 15,482 Total Operating Funds Provided — Gross 143,718 —Net $111,233 FUNDS APPLIED Science $ 46,513 — Less SAO Overhead Recovery (1,599) History & Art 17,639 Public Service 2,724 Museum Programs 6,820 Special Programs 2,248 Associates and Business Management 194 Administration — Federal** 5,851 — Nonappropriated Trust Funds 3,571 — Less Smithsonian Overhead Recovery (2,993) Facilities Services 22,325 Total Operating Funds Applied 103,293 Transfers (Nonappropriated Trust Funds) Unrestricted Funds — To Plant 559 — To Endowments 5,521 Restricted Funds — To Endowments 171 Total Operating Funds Applied & Transferred Out $109,544 CHANGES IN NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUND BALANCES Restricted Purpose (Incl. Fed. Agency Grants & Contracts) $ (194) Unrestricted — General Purpose 8 — Special Purpose 1,875 Total $ 1,689 YEAR-END BALANCES— NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS Restricted Purpose $ 3,560 Unrestricted — General Purpose 4,082 — Special Purpose 4,292 Total $ 11,934 OTHER FEDERAL APPROPRIATIONS Smithsonian Science Information Exchange $ 1,972 Foreign Currency Program 3,481 Construction 9,530 Total Federal Appropriations (Incl. S&E above). . $100,219 93,393 11,157 6,538 $ 98,202 11,412 55,189 67,360 (43,070) (57,557) 12,119 9,803 2,241 3,394 14,360 13,197 63,968 75,331 20,898 17,774 168,518 184,945 $125,448 $127,388 $ 50,396 $ 53,002 (1,841) (1,850) 19,105 20,245 2,799 2,927 7,454 8,003 1,981 2,692 244 304 6,346 7,071 3,795 4,134 (3,359) (4,038) 25,985 27,790 112,905 120,280 869 1,857 3,271 2,671 1,261 413 $118,306 $125,221 $ 980 $ 171 850 33 5,312 1,963 $ 7,142 $_ 2,167 $ 4,540 $ 4,900" 4,932 4,965 9,604 11,567 $ 19,076 $_ 21,432 $ 1,857 $ 2,063 4,000 3,700 5,250 6,575 $104,500 $110,540 * Figures do not include gifts and other income directly to Plant and Endowment Funds: FY 1977 - $239,000; FY 1978 - $185,000; FY 1979 - $96,000. ** Includes unobligated funds returned to Treasury: FY 1977 - $150,000; FY 1978 - $112,000; FY 1979 - $47,000. ** Includes addition to fund balance to reflect acquisition of Museum of African Art restricted purpose fund balance of $189,000. Operating Funds — Sources and Application As indicated in Table 1, as well as the chart on page 28, there has been substantial and sustained growth in gross operating revenues to the Institution in recent years. Total gross operating funds in- creased over $16,000,000, or 10 percent, from $168,518,000 in fiscal year 1978 to $184,945,000 in fiscal year 1979. Federal appropria- tions constitute 53 percent of total gross operating funds provided, federal agency grants and contracts 6 percent, and nonappropriated funds 41 percent. The growth in net operating funds, after deducting the necessary expenses of the nonappropriated fund auxiliary activities, was a more moderate 2 percent. These funds, available to support the wide range of Smithsonian programs, are 77 percent from federal appropriations, 9 percent from federal agency grants and contracts, and 14 percent from nonappropriated sources. Application of these monies by all Smithsonian bureaus is displayed in Table 2, with further supporting detail contained in other tables. FEDERAL APPROPRIATION Federal appropriations provided $98,202,000 toward the Institu- tion's operating needs in fiscal year 1979, an increase of $4.8 million over the previous fiscal year. As in the past, much of this increase ($3,300,000) was required to fund legislated salary increases; sev- eral program areas, however, received significant new funding, including an Institution-wide collections inventory program, the newly acquired Museum of African Art, the multiple-mirror tele- scope project of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and the Research Awards Program. In addition, some $160,000 was appropriated directly to the Smithsonian for programs previously supported through grants awarded by the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities. As referred to above, $1,000,000 of nonappropriated funds was applied in fiscal year 1979 to reduce the cost to the federal appropriation of leased space ($400,000) and the Institution's fellowship program ($600,000). FEDERAL AGENCY GRANTS AND CONTRACTS Grants and contracts from federal agencies totaled $11,412,000 for fiscal year 1979, a slight increase over the previous year. These 32 / Smithsonian Year 1979 funds, representing 9 percent of net operating revenue, continue to constitute a very important source of support for the Institution's research. As in previous years (see Table 3 : Grants and Contracts — Expenditures), the National Aeronautics and Space Administration provided the majority of the awards (about 73 percent of the total), primarily for research and experimentation at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Some examples of the projects supported by federal agency grants are: studies of biological systems in the Antarctic, research in medical entomology and establishment of a lower mammal tumor registry directed by the National Museum of Natural History, analysis of lunar geological features by the Na- tional Air and Space Museum, experiments in high-energy astron- omy by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, and investiga- tions of the chemical components of marsh water at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. NONAPPROPRIATED TRUST FUNDS Nonappropriated trust funds continue to be the second-largest source of operating support for the Smithsonian. During fiscal year 1979, gross trust funds provided rose by 18 percent over fiscal year 1978; however, net funds provided, after deduction of costs incurred by central auxiliary and bureau activities, decreased 15 percent to a level of $17,774,000, compared to $20,898,000 in fiscal year 1978. This decrease was due to reduced gifts and grants for restricted pur- poses, as well as a decreased net revenue from auxiliary activities. The net revenue, for both restricted and unrestricted purposes, con- stitutes 14 percent of total net operating funds provided to the Institution. Revenue for Restricted purposes totaled $4,577,000 this past year (see Table 4) and was derived from gifts ($1,775,000), invest- ment income ($2,075,000), and other sources ($727,000), including fundraising activities of the Archives of American Art and the museum shop of the Freer Gallery of Art. Endowment investment income, as discussed below, provides major support for the Freer Gallery of Art and oceanographic research at the Fort Pierce Bureau, as well as funding a large number of specific research and educational projects annually. Major gift support was received dur- ing the year for important collection acquisitions at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, National Collection of Fine Arts, Financial Report I 33 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds Year Ended September 30, 1979 (Excludes ssiE, Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds and Endowments) (In $l,000's) Funds Fed- eral funds Total non- federal funds Nonfederal Funds Unrestricted Gen- eral Aux- iliary activ- ities Spe- cial pur- pose Restricted Grants and Gen- con- eral tracts FUND BALANCES— 1 October 1978 $ -0- $ 19,076 $ 4,932 $ -0- $ 9,604 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations 98,202 — — — — Investment Income — 4,605 2,276 — 254 Grants and Contracts — 11,412 — — — Gifts — 2,457 163 475 44 Sales and Revenue — 66,885 — 64,846 2,039 Other — 1,384 40 — 617 Total Provided 98,202 86,743 2,479 65,321 2,954 Total Available $98,202 $105,809 $ 7,411 $65,321 $12,558 FUNDS APPLIED Science: Assistant Secretary $ 294 $ 237 $ 46 $ — $ 4 Natl. Mus. of Nat. History . . 13,248 2,319 116 — 703 Astrophysical Observatory . . 4,803 11,663 1,883 — 180 Less Overhead Recovery . . — (1,850) (1,850) — — Tropical Research Inst 2,025 215 55 — 133 Radiation Biology Lab 1,714 158 — — 36 Natl. Air & Space Museum . . 5,363 1,481 40 — 1,192 Chesapeake Bay Center 672 529 259 — 114 Natl. Zoological Park 7,854 297 48 — 92 Center for Study of Man .... 550 89 1 — — Fort Pierce Bureau — 504 — — — Total Science 36,523 15,642 598 — 2,454 History and Art: Assistant Secretary 290 79 61 — 1 Natl. Mus. of Hist. & Tech. . . 6,421 585 26 — 313 Natl. Collect, of Fine Arts . . 3,069 611 49 — 290 Natl. Portrait Gallery 2,265 292 122 — 18 Hirshhorn Museum 2,080 459 62 — 387 Freer Gallery of Art 554 1,072 17 — — Archives of American Art . . 459 341 — — 40 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 467 1,434 302 — 690 Museum of African Art 100 25 — — 12 Total History and Art 15,705 4,898 639 — 1,751 Public Service: Assistant Secretary 256 313 284 — 27 Reception Center — 238 238 — — Anacostia Museum 556 28 21 — 6 Intl. Exchange Service 232 — — — — Performing Arts 294 3,139 140 2,903 24 Smithsonian Press 774 1,690 — 1,690 — Exposition Books — 2,841 — 2,841 — Total Public Service . . 2,112 8,249 683 7,434 57 $ 4,428 $ 112 2,075 — — 11,412 1,775 — 727 — 4,577 11,412 $ 9,005 $11,524 21 3 ; 166 519 981 65 9,535 26 1 18 104 167 82 4 152 54 103 62 26 504 — 2,395 1,440 11,150 — 17 251 (5) 272 — 147 5 10 — 1,055 — 301 — 346 96 13 — 113 — 72 72 Table 2. Source and Application of Operating Funds — continued Year Ended September 30, 1979 (Excludes ssiE, Special Foreign Currency Funds, Plant Funds and Endowments) (In $l,000's) Nonfederal Funds Unrestricted Restricted Total Aux- Spe- Grants Fed- non- iliary cial and eral federal Gen- activ- pur- Cen- con- Funds funds funds eral ities pose eral tracts Museum Programs: Assistant Secretary 2,095 127 22 — 85 20 — Registrar 107 — — — — — — Conserv. Analytical Lab 627 — — — — — — Libraries 2,397 152 152 — — — — Exhibits 1,167 26 — — 19 7 — Traveling Exhib. Service .... 145 881 1 820 24 4 32 Archives 324 30 29 — 1 — — National Museum Act 792 — — — — — — Total Museum Programs 7,654 1,216 204 820 129 31 32 Special Programs: Am. Studies & Folklife Pgm. 346 358 212 — 67 13 66 Intl. Environmental Pgm. . . . 382 — — — — — — Academic & Educational Pgm. 451 294 92 — 176 26 — Research Awards 386 — — — — — — Collection Mgt. /Inventory . . . 482 — — — — — — Total Special Programs 2,047 652 304 — 243 39 66 Associates Program — 34,554 245 34,249 1 4 55 Business Management — 13,199 — 13,199 — — — Administration 7,024 4,569 4,007 419 70 71 2 Less Overhead Recovery . . — (4,038) (4,038) — — — — Facilities Services 27,090 694 701 — (7) — — Transfers Out/ (In): Treasury 47* — — — — — — Coll. Acq., Schol. St., Outrch. — — 2,000 — (2,000) — — Liability Reserves — — 500 — (500) — — Net Auxiliary Activities .... — — (8,803) 8,803 — — — Other Designated Purposes . . — — 982 397 (1,311) (68) — Plant — 1,857 1,853 — 4 — — Endowment — 3,084 2,571 — 100 413 — Total Transfers 47 4,941 (897) 9,200 (3,707) 345 — Total Funds Applied . . $98,202 $ 84,576 $ 2,446 $65,321 $ 991 $4,328 $11,490 Adjustment to Opening Bal.** $ — $ 189 $ — $ — $ — $ 187 $ 2 FUND BALANCES 9/30/79.. $ -0- $ 21,432 $ 4,965 $ — $11,567 $4,864 $ 36 * Unobligated funds returned to Treasury. ** Addition to fund balance to reflect acquisition of Museum of African Art fund balance of $189,000. Table 3. Grants and Contracts — Expenditures (In $l,000's) Federal Agencies FY 1977 FY 1978 FY 1979 Department of Defense $ 998 $ 968 $ 1,079 Department of Energy 157 266 304 Department of Health, Education, and Welfare 282 311 288 Department of Interior 155 4 65 Department of State 282 15 — Environmental Protection Agency 452 422 31 National Aeronautics and Space Administration 6,346 7,324 8,336 National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities 356 226 105 National Science Foundation 315 400 385 Other 1,228 1,151 897 Total $10,571 $11,087 $11,490 and the National Museum of Natural History; for documentation of the Catalogue of American Portraits at the National Portrait Gallery; for exhibits at the Cooper-Hewitt Museum and the Na- tional Museum of History and Technology; and for a range of research and other projects supporting virtually every aspect of Smithsonian interests. The Special Purpose fund category of Unrestricted Nonappro- priated Funds includes moneys generated by various bureau activ- ities, and allotments to bureaus as shares of income from shops and concession activities. Table 5 details the source and application of these funds by bureaus. The major sources of revenues are the National Air and Space Museum, with a new film. Living Planet, drawing large attendance at its theater, and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum in New York, which enjoys continued success with its membership and educational programs, fundraising auction, and museum shop sales. Also accounted for as transfers to special pur- pose funds are the allocations authorized for Collections Acquisi- tion, Scholarly Studies, and Educational Outreach ($2,000,000); the fellowship program, previously funded from federal appropriations ($600,000); a reserve for potential magazine liabilities; and support 36 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Table 4. Restricted Operating Trust Funds* Fiscal Years 1977-1979 (In $l,000's) Revenue ^^^ ^""'^ Trans- in- bal- Total fers crease ance Invest- rev- Deduc- in (de- end of Item ment Gifts Misc. entie tions (out) crease) year FY 1977— Total $1,690 $1,724 $ 993 $4,407 $4,901 $ 354 $ (140) $3,518 FY 1978— Total $2,022 $3,478 $1,038 $6,538 $4,367 $ (1,261) $ 910 $4,428 FY 1979: Museum of Natural Hfstory $ 166 $ 315 $ 7 $ 488 $ 519 $ 140 $ 109 $ 547 Astrophysical Observatory 2 16 1 19 65 150 104 36 National Air and Space Museum 101 10 — 111 167 (10) (66) 946 Fort Pierce Bureau 610 — — 610 504 (340) (234) 142 Other Science 243 109 1 353 185 (350) (182) 295 Museum of History and Technology 35 217 (10) 242 251 7 (2) 365 National Collection of Fine Arts 37 227 (11) 253 272 54 35 179 National Portrait Gallery 23 99 2 124 147 14 (9) 332 Hirshhorn Museum 32 237 — 269 10 — 259 512 Freer Gallery of Art 756 57 334 1,147 1,055 — 92 352 Archives of American Art 14 96 356 466 301 — 165 340 Cooper-Hewitt Museum. 41 290 10 341 346 — (5) 322 Museum of African Art. — — — — 13 — (13) 174 All Other 15 102 37 154 148 (10) (4) 322 Total FY 1979 . . . $2,075 $1,775 $ 727 $4,577 $3,983 $ (345) $ 249 $4,864** Does not include Federal Agency Grants and Contracts. Includes addition to fund balance to reflect acquisition of Museum of African Art fund balance of $187,000. for a number of other Institutional endeavors. Due to the success of its bureau activities, the National Air and Space Museum was able during the year to make a further transfer of $100,000 to the Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History Endowment Fund, for a total amount transferred of $350,000 to date toward a goal of $900,000. Financial Report I 37 Table 5. Unrestricted Special Purpose Funds Fiscal Years 1977-1979 (In $l,000's) Revenue Deductions Bu- Gifts reau Net Fund Bu- and Pro- activ- in- bal- reau other Total Trans- gram ity crease ance Invest- activ- reve- reve- fers ex- ex- (de- end of Item ment ities nue nue in/(out) pense pense crease) year FY 1977 $ 3 $1,721 $387 $2,111 $ 828 $ 447 $ 617 $1,875 $4,292 FY 1978 $175 $1,327 $506 $2,008 $5,450 $1,284 $ 862 $5,312 $9,604 FY 1979: Museum of Natural History.. $ 11 $ 2 $ 53 $ 66 $ 542 $ 696 $ 7 $ (95) $ 345 Astrophysical Observatory 1 — 29 30 298 180 — 148 321 Tropical Research Ir\stitute — 40 — 40 107 87 46 14 90 National Air and Space Museum . . 130 1,284 13 1,427 16 241 951 251 2,181 National Zoological Park 44 — 139 183 104 92 — 195 813 Other Science 1 7 20 28 150 145 9 24 145 Museum of History and Technology . . 24 4 61 S9 232 299 14 8 456 National Collection of Fine Arts 11 2 79 92 103 290 — (95) 108 Hirshhorn Museum. 7 — 6 13 394 387 — 20 141 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 2 542 145 689 1 355 335 — 3 Museum of African Art — 17 — 17 (4) — 12 1 1 Exhibits Central ... 2 1 5 8 — 34 (15) (11) 36 Liability Reserves . . — — — — 500 — — 500 2,400 Unallocated Acqui- sition, Schol. St., and Outreach — — — — 345 — — 345 1,386 Collections Acq. Reserve — — — — — — — — 2,000 Support Activities and Other 21 140 111 272 919 456 77 658 1,141 FY 1979 Total $254 $2,039 $661 $2,954 $3,707 $3,262 $1,436 $1,963 $11,567 38 / Smithsonian Year 1979 General Unrestricted Purpose funds include all unrestricted moneys provided for general Institutional purposes, including auxiliary activity revenues (Tables 6 and 7). Net General Unre- stricted Purpose funds provided were lower in fiscal year 1979 than the prior year by approximately $1,500,000 (see Table 6). While investment income was substantially higher, due both to rising short-term interest rates as well as to prior-year additions to unre- stricted endowment, the net gains from auxiliary activities declined by almost $2,500,000. Contributing to this decrease were the appli- cation, for the first time, of rental charges to auxiliary activities occupying space in Smithsonian buildings, higher central admin- istrative overhead fees, and severe inflationary cost pressures. As shown in Table 7, the majority of auxiliary activity revenue comes from the Associates Program, primarily through the Smithsonian magazine, which continues to enjoy a widespread and enthusiastic reception. Also important in generating net revenue for other In- stitutional needs are Smithsonian Exposition Books, which bene- fitted this past year from the newly published Smithsonian Book of Invention as well as continued sales of earlier publications, and the Division of Performing Arts, which released nine recordings for sale to the public. The decline in net revenue from the Museum Shops, due to continued start-up costs of the Mail Order Divi- sion, was offset by the gain of the Smithsonian Institution Press, primarily from its mail sales of the new book The National Air and Space Museum. Significant financial support was also received from public concessions in various Smithsonian buildings. Notwithstanding this decline in unrestricted funds provided, the Institution was able to continue the support of numerous programs and central administrative units with these funds. Major operating support was provided to the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Office of American and Folklife Studies, the Office of Fellowships and Grants, the Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center, and the Office of Telecommunications, in addition to a large num- ber of small allocations to other bureaus of the Institution. Awards for program support, including collections acquisitions, were made to the Freer Gallery of Art, the National Air and Space Museum, the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, the Reception Center, the National Museum of History and Technology, and the Na- tional Portrait Gallery from funds raised by the Smithson Society financial Report I 39 Table 6. Unrestricted Trust Funds — General and Auxiliary Activities Fiscal Years 1977-1979 (In $i,ooo's) Item FY 1977 FY 1978 FY 1979 FUNDS PROVIDED General Income: Investments $1,154 Gifts 48 Miscellaneous 84 Total General Income 1,286 Auxiliary Activities (net) : Associates 6,580 Business Management — Museum Shops 828 — Concessions 1,651 —Other (112) Performing Arts (343) Smithsonian Press (108) Exposition Books (131) Traveling Exhibitions (79) Photo Services 9 Total Auxiliary Activities 8,295 Total Funds Provided (Net) 9,581 EXPENDITURES AND TRANSFERS Administrative and Program Expense 6,735 Less Administrative Recovery 4,592 Net Expense 2,143 Less Transfers: To Special Purpose and Restricted Funds for Program Purposes 1,350 To Plant Funds 559 To Endowment Funds 5,521 NET ADDITION TO FUND BALANCE . . . 8 ENDING FUND BALANCE $4,082 1,400 $ 2,276 112 163 48 40 1,560 7,656 2,479 6,429 738 287 1,567 1,641 (169) (245) 253 177 (199) 292 2,105 1,036 (112) (142) (185) (275) 11,654 9,200 13,214 11,679 7,974 9,231 5,200 5,888 2,774 3,343 5,700 3,879 869 1,853 3,021 2,571 850 33 $ 4,932 $ 4,965 40 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Table 7. Auxiliary Activities Fiscal Years 1977-1979 (In $l,000's) Sales Less and cost other of Gross Ex- Activity revenue Gifts sales revenue penses FY 1977 $39,786 $377 $18,129 $22,034 $13,739 FY 1978 $53,420 $442 $23,536 $30,326 $18,672 FY 1979: Associates $40,203 $475 $22,395 $18,283 $11,854 Business Management: — Museum Shops* 12,879 — 6,477 6,402 6,115 — Concessions 1,748 — — 1,748 107 —Other ** 255 — — 255 500 Performing Arts 3,080 — 875 2,205 2,028 Smithsonian Press 1,982 — 751 1,231 939 Exposition Books 3,877 — 1,364 2,513 1,477 TraveHng Exhibitions 678 — — 678 820 Photo Services (Administration) 144 — 22 122 397 Total FY 1979 $64,846 $475 $31,884 $33,437 $24,237 * Includes Museum Shops, Product Development, Mail Order. ** Includes Business Management Office, Belmont. *** Before revenue-sharing transfers to participating Smithsonian bureaus of $438,000 (FY 1977); $390,000 (FY 1978); and $397,000 (FY 1979). of the Associates. Other allotments this year provided for the full equipping of the new Laboratory Wing at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies and the renovation of the Dis- covery Theatre in the Arts and Industries Building, at which puppet shows are held, primarily for younger visitors. As referred to above, the Regents authorized continuation of the $2,000,000 annual pro- gram for major collections acquisitions ($1,000,000), scholarly studies ($500,000), and educational outreach ($500,000). These moneys are reserved in the Special Purpose Funds until expended by the recipient Smithsonian bureaus. Other major applications of unrestricted funds were transfers of over $1,800,000 to Plant Funds (discussed below) and the addition of over $2,500,000 to unrestricted endowment funds. Financial Report I 41 Other Operating Programs Separate federal appropriations are also received for the Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program, which provides grants to United States institutions for field research in other countries in which "excess" foreign currencies are available, and the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, which serves as a national source for the exchange of information on research in progress. The fiscal year 1979 appropriation for the Special Foreign Currency Program totaled $3,700,000, or $300,000 less than provided in fiscal year 1978. This amount reflected an increase of $700,000 for grant awards and a reduction of $1,000,000 for the United States' con- tribution to the campaign to save the Egyptian monuments at Nubia, the fourth and final payment of which was made in fiscal year 1978. The general areas of research and geographical activities of this program are contained in Table 8. The Smithsonian received an appropriation for the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange of $2,063,000 in fiscal year 1979, an increase of some $200,000 over the previous fiscal year. This in- crease covered essentially the cost of inflation experienced over the past few years. Construction The Institution received a federal planning and construction appro- priation of $6,575,000 in fiscal year 1979, somewhat higher than that provided in the previous year. As shown in Table 9, the greater part of this appropriation was for the National Zoological Park, $3,000,000 for construction of the Great Ape House, an im- portant part of the National Zoo's continuing Master Plan, and $900,000 for restoration and renovation of existing structures at Rock Creek Park and Front Royal. A further $2,100,000 was appro- priated for ongoing repair to all other Smithsonian facilities, includ- ing phased projects to improve access for handicapped visitors, to correct existing hazardous conditions, to continue facade and roof repairs, and to improve fire-detection and -suppression systems. Finally, $575,000 was appropriated for use in association with fiscal 42 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Table 8. Special Foreign Currency Program Fiscal Year 1979 — Obligations System- Astro- atic and physics Grant environ- and Museum admin- Archae- mental earth pro- istra- Country ology biology sciences grams tion Total Burma .. $ — $ 4,157 $ — $ — $ — $ 4,157 Egypt 1,173,568 28,490 130,588 15,317 50,000 1,397,963 India 1,536,674 134,536 50,167 80,803 16,702 1,818,882 Pakistan 4,406 237,617 1,145 266 243,434 Guinea — 1,104 1,104 Total . . . . . $2,714,648 $404,800 $180,755 $98,369 $66,968 $3,465,540* * An additional amount of $182,000 was obligated by the National Science Foundation, Science Information Program, for translations and printing of scientific publications requested by the Smithsonian Institution. Table 9. Construction and Plant Funds Fiscal Years 1977-1979 (In $l,000's) Sources FY 1977 FY 1978 FY 1979 FUNDS PROVIDED Federal Appropriations National Zoological Park $ 6,580 Museum Support Center — Restoration & Renovation of Buildings. . 2,950 Total Federal Appropriations 9,530 Nonappropriated Trust Funds Income — Gift and Other Cooper-Hewitt Museum 3 Chesapeake Bay Center 2 South Quadrangle — Total Income 5 Transfers from Current Funds: Barney House — Chesapeake Bay Center 95 Cooper-Hewitt Museum 195 Museum of African Art — NMNH— West Court & Shops 269 National Zoological Park — Renwick Gates (Victorian Garden) ... — Sensory and East Gardens — South Quadrangle — Tropical Research Institute — Total Transfers 559 Total Funds Provided $10,094 $2,500 $3,900 325 575 2,425 2,100 5,250 60 6,575 60 5 70 344 411 (10) — — 4 110 225 — 100 10 30 1,385 — 47 869 1,857 $6,179 $8,437 year 1978 funds for architectural and engineering planning for the Museum Support Center. Construction of this facility, which will provide 302,000 gross square feet of storage, office, laboratory, and conservation space, is scheduled to begin in fiscal year 1980. The Institution is being assisted by the General Services Admin- istration in the management of the design and construction of this project. A total of $1,857,000 was allocated to construction and land purchase from nonappropriated trust funds during the year, the majority of which ($1,385,000) was for development of the South Quadrangle, described more fully above. A total of $135,000 was transferred to this project for development of a conceptual study and preliminary engineering surveys, and the remaining $1,250,000 will fund architectural plans in fiscal year 1981. The South Quad- rangle will be a major funding priority, for both appropriated and nonappropriated funds, in the future. Additional support ($411,000) was provided for continued land acquisition at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, and minor transfers to plant funds were also made for other construction projects. Endowment and Similar Funds The total market value of the Smithsonian Endowment Funds was $66,619,000 on September 30, 1979, as compared to $58,097,000 on September 30, 1978. These funds include $65,556,000 invested in the Pooled Consolidated Endowment Fund, $1,000,000 on per- manent deposit in the United States Treasury, and $63,000 of mis- cellaneous securities. Of this total, $44,097,000 {66 percent) are Restricted Endowment Funds, with income to be used only for the purposes specified by the donor, and $22,522,000 (34 percent) are Unrestricted Funds for the general support of the Institution (see Table 10). Table 13 is a listing of the Institution's Endowment Funds, the largest of which are the Freer Fund, supporting the operations of the Freer Gallery of Art, and Endowment Fund No. 3, 44 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Table 10. Endowment and Similar Funds September 30, 1979 Book value Market value ASSETS Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds: Cash and Equivalents $ 504,075 $ 504,075 Bonds 18,142,328 17,609,648 Convertible Bonds 1,579,425 2,057,125 Stocks 37,200,331 45,384,900 Total Pooled Funds 57,426,159 65,555,748 Nonpooled Endowment Funds : Notes Receivable 40,308 40,308 Loan to U.S. Treasury in Perpetuity 1,000,000 1,000,000 Bonds 9,769 9,100 Common Stocks 3,572 14,307 Total Nonpooled Funds 1,053,649 1,063,715 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances . . $58,479,808 $66,619,463 FUND BALANCES Unrestricted Purpose: True Endowment $ 953,185 $ 1,417,063 Quasi Endowment 19,579,590 21,105,273 Total Unrestricted Purpose 20,532,775 22,522,336 Restricted Purpose: True Endowment 34,349,831 40,277,533 Quasi Endowment 3,597,202 3,819,594 Total Restricted Purpose 37,947,033 44,097,127 Total Endowment and Similar Fund Balances . . $58,479,808 $66,619,463 used for oceanographic research. The remainder of the Restricted and Unrestricted Funds support a wide variety of Institutional research and museum projects. The Pooled Consolidated Endowment Fund is invested under the management of four professional advisory firms under the close supervision of the Investment Policy Committee and the Treasurer, subject to policy guidelines set by the Smithsonian's Board of Regents. These firms (with the portion of the Fund under their management) are BEA, Incorporated (23 percent), Batterymarch Financial Management Corp. (25 percent). Fiduciary Trust Co. of New York (43 percent), and Torray Clark & Company, Inc. (9 per- cent). During fiscal year 1979, the total rate of return of these Financial Report I 45 funds, as calculated by an independent investment measurement service, was +14.3 percent (including interest and dividend yield as well as market value appreciation), compared to +12.5 percent for the Standard & Poor's 500 average and +7.8 percent for the Dow Jones Industrial Average. As outlined in prior reports, the Institution follows the Total Return policy, under which the total investment return of the Endowments is defined as yield (interest and dividends) plus appreciation (realized and unrealized gains). A prudent portion of this return is paid to each Endowment as income for current ex- penditures. Since 1973, this income payout has been at the rate of 4V2 percent of the running five-year average of endowment market values, adjusted for additions or withdrawals of capital. During fiscal year 1979, the Board of Regents amended this policy to pro- vide that the annual total return income payout set each year would be based not solely on the five-year market average but would also take into account anticipated dividend and interest yields, support needs of the Institution's bureaus, and inflationary factors. In ac- cordance with these principles, and due largely to the increased yield of both debt and equity investments, the total return income payout approved by the Board of Regents for fiscal year 1979 was equivalent to 4.7 percent of the five-year market average. Even at this level, the payout was $989,000 less than interest and dividends, and this difference was therefore reinvested into Endowment prin- cipal, in contrast to prior years, in which appropriation of capital gains was required to meet the required total return payout. Included on Table 12 as additions to the Endowments were re- stricted gifts of $91,000, primarily for the Harold P. Stern Memorial Fund, a transfer to Unrestricted Endowment Funds of $2,650,000 approved by the Board of Regents, and additional transfers repre- senting reinvestment of Endowment income pursuant to the terms of individual Endowments. A listing of the securities held in the Pooled Consolidated Endow- ment Fund as of September 30, 1979, may be obtained upon re- quest from the Treasurer of the Institution. 46 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Table 11. Market Values of Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds (In $l,000's) Fund 6/30/75 9/30/76 9/30/77 9/30/78 9/30/79 Unrestricted $ 5,654 Freer 15,744 Endowment No. 3 12,321 Restricted 7,148 Total $40,867 $ 7,477 16,035 12,701 7,420 $43,633 $11,695 15,410 12,343 7,431 $46,879 $17,206 16,807 13,462 9,555 $57,030 $21,625 18,303 15,022 10,606 $65,556 Table 12. Changes in Pooled Consolidated Endowment Funds for Fiscal Year 1979 (In $l,000's) Market value Gifts and trans- Inter- est and divi- Fund Income paid In- crease in Sub- market Market value 9/30/78 fers dends* out total value 9/30/79 Unrestricted $17,206 Freer 16,807 Endowment No. 3.. 13,462 Restricted 9,555 Total $57,030 $2,650 340 188 $1,109 1,005 813 578 794 722 584 416 $20,171 17,090 14,031 9,905 $1,454 1,213 991 701 $21,625 18,303 15,022 10,606 $3,178 $3,505 $2,516 $61,197 $4,359 $65,556 * Income earned less managers' fees. Financial Report / 47 Table 13. Endowment Funds September 30, 1979 — Continued Principal Income Funds Unex- Book Market Net pended value value income balance 11,107 10,595 789 2,619 810 1,262 50 205 29,299 44,416 1,754 9,100 409 432 17 -0- 184,504 199,472 7,877 3,796 25,061 27,288 1,078 1,179 22,406 24,959 826 2 35,785 50,297 1,986 -0- 11,069 16,847 665 11,352 180,543 271,701 10,729 12,420 331,009 434,241 16,962 9,045 2,404,176 2,597,198 101,454 21,284 27,068 40,544 1,601 22,220 218,100 240,672 8,151 11,018 9,469 11,077 437 529 213,816 269,867 10,540 2,822 689,467 1,046,258 41,388 12,093 86,779 126,190 4,983 7,890 1,413 2,132 84 2,220 34,349,831 40,277,534 1,585,081 677,187 204,601 241,264 9,527 -0- 5,033 5,266 203 -0- 41,191 37,516 1,481 -0- 179,135 188,293 7,435 25,527 1,961 2,310 91 2,552 65,377 67,109 2,650 22,417 307,719 325,901 12,869 57,809 24,607 29,066 1,148 2,305 16,898 20,524 793 4 84,513 99,778 3,940 17,099 17,452 20,603 814 2,472 12,903 15,242 602 3,920 15,898 15,255 602 8,841 48,179 45,529 1,798 6,162 6,308 7,330 640 1,870 171,417 204,340 8,069 5,248 8,528 8,236 325 -0- 39,663 46,832 1,849 3,179 1,904 2,360 93 1,929 19,391 17,678 698 -0- 14,566 17,289 683 1,879 568,463 558,902 22,683 10,474 20,896 24,772 979 13,159 45,915 52,220 2,288 8,871 48,546 53,260 2,103 405 62,000 59,448 2,348 1,912 15,234 17,920 1,070 9,379 1,223,827 1,287,577 51,985 57,478 305,436 324,495 12,505 9,486 19,641 23,278 919 1,039 3,597,202 3,819,593 153,190 275,416 $37,947,033 $44,097,127 $1,738,271 $952,603 $58,479,808 $66,619,463 $2,585,130** $952,603 Lindsey, Jessie A.* Long, Annette E. and Edith C Maxwell, Mary E Milliken, Oothout H Mineral Endowment Mitchell, William A Natural History and Conservation . . Nelson, Edward William Petrocelli, Joseph, Memorial Roebling Collection Rollins, Miriam and William Sprague, Joseph White Springer, Frank Stern, Harold P., Memorial Stevenson, John A Walcott, Charles D Walcott, Charles D. and Mary Vaux. Walcott Botanical Publications* . . . . Zerbee, Francis Brinckle Subtotal RESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI Abbott, William L Armstrong, Edwin James Au Panier Fleuri Bacon, Virginia Purdy Barstow, Frederic D Batchelor, Emma E Becker, George F Casey, Thomas Lincoln Desautels, Paul E Dykes, Charles Hanson, Martin Gustav and Caroline Runice Hillyer, Virgil Johnson, E. R. Fenimore Kellogg, Remington, Memorial .... Lindbergh, Charles A Loeb, Morris Lyons, Marcus Ward Myer, Catherine Walden Noyes, Frank B Noyes, Pauline Pell, Cornelia Livingston Ramsey, Admiral and Mrs. Dewitt Clinton* Rathbun, Richard, Memorial Reid, Addison T.* Roebling Solar Research Ruef, Bertha M Schultz, Leonard P Seidell, Atherton Smithsonian Agency Account Strong, Julia D Subtotal Total Restricted Purpose TOTAL ENDOWMENT FUNDS . . * Invested all or in part in U.S. Treasury or other nonpooled investments. ** Total Return Income Payout; does not include $84,000 of interest income for investment of unexpended income balances. Table 13. Endowment Funds September 30, 1979 Funds Principal Book value Market value Income Net income Unex- pended balance UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE Avery, Robert S. and Lydia* $ 73,006 $ 103,395 Habel, Dr. S.* 500 500 Hamilton, James* 3,098 3,480 Higbee, Harry* 20,696 30,995 Morrow, Dwight W 115,505 175,237 Mussinan, Alfred 39,375 51,246 Olmsted, Helen A 1,247 1,789 Poore, George W. and Lucy T.* 269,469 400,227 Porter, Henry Kirke 427,858 647,085 Sanford, George H.* 2,431 3,109 Subtotal 953,185 1,417,063 UNRESTRICTED PURPOSE— QUASI Abbot, William L 29,331 35,143 Forrest, Robert Lee 2,152,881 1,950,046 General Endowment* 16,045,105 17,679,494 Goddard, Robert H 17,029 15,443 Hackenberg, George P. and Caroline 7,903 9,906 Hart, Gustavus E 959 1,155 Henry, Caroline 2,381 2,850 Henry, Joseph and Harriet A 96,283 114,003 Heys, Maude C 204,487 189,750 Hinton, Carrie Susan 51,162 55,440 Hodgkins, Thomas G.* 175,471 186,260 Lambert, Paula C 90,813 101,837 Lindbergh Chair of Aerospace History (Dedicated) . 356,370 371,971 Medinus, Grace L 2,017 1,887 Rhees, William Jones* 1,520 1,695 Safford, George H 91,872 88,632 Taggert, Gansen 735 1,080 Witherspoon, Thomas A 253,271 298,681 Subtotal 19,579,590 21,105,273 Total Unrestricted Purpose $20,532,775 $22,522,336 RESTRICTED PURPOSE— TRUE Arthur, James $ 59,743 $ 90,534 Baird, Spencer Fullerton 54,903 80,928 Barney, Alice Pike 42,848 64,878 Beauregard, Catherine, Memorial Fund 76,883 90,661 Brown, Roland W 50,988 62,221 Canfield, Frederick A 56,289 99,748 Chamberlain, Frances Lea 42,070 63,701 Cooper, G. Arthur, Curator's Fund . . 13,918 15,573 Div. of Mammals Curator Fund 3,405 3,815 Div. of Reptiles Curator Fund 2,359 2,650 Drake, Carl J.* 313,675 336,679 Eickenmeyer, Florence Brevoort 16,239 24,579 Endowment No. 3 13,010,009 15,022,092 Freer 15,561,540 18,302,629 Guggenheim, David and Florence . . . 237,713 233,601 Henderson, Edward P., Meteorite Fund 606 805 Hewitt, E. G 13,838 14,687 Hewitt, S. C 81,925 86,691 Hitchcock, Albert S 2,354 3,627 Hodgkins, Thomas G.* 100,000 100,000 Hrdlicka, Ales and Marie 92,352 112,712 Hughes, Bruce 28,592 43,350 Kramar, Nada 5,292 5,925 4,370 30 189 1,184 6,920 2,024 71 16,351 25,552 145 56,836 790,023 -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- -0- 1,388 -0- 77,004 -0- 656,849 -0- 610 -0- 391 -0- 46 -0- 113 -0- 4,502 -0- 7,493 -0- 1,642 -0- 9,734 -0- 4,021 -0- 10,740 -0- 74 -0- 79 -0- 3,500 -0- 43 -0- 11,794 -0- $ 846,850 $ -0- -0- 3,575 $ 848 3,196 170 2,562 9,201 3,580 10,439 2,457 10,605 3,939 3,131 2,515 8,266 530 4 151 2,820 102 286 13,173 28,704 971 7,895 588,334 142,257 722,825 295,569 9,225 -0- 32 180 580 -0- 3,423 -0- 143 631 6,000 5,521 4,451 6,651 1,712 13,410 234 805 Related Organizations The Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc., was incor- porated by the Smithsonian in 1971 as a separate nonprofit entity. Its purpose is to facilitate the planning, management, and coordina- tion of the nation's research efforts through the collection, process- ing, and dissemination of information about ongoing research. In addition to an annual contract from the Smithsonian, equal to the appropriation provided the Smithsonian for this purpose, the ex- change also receives substantial revenues from users of its services. In fiscal year 1979, these user revenues totaled $1,133,000 and accounted for 35 percent of the operating costs of the exchange. As a step toward the transfer of the exchange's operations to the Department of Commerce, the appropriation for support of the exchange will be made to this department in fiscal year 1980, rather than to the Smithsonian. To assist in the transition, the Institution will continue to provide administrative and fiscal services. Reading is Fundamental, Inc. (rif), associated with the Institution since 1968, is an independent, separately incorporated entity dedi- cated to the improvement of reading abilities in children. Primary support is derived from private contributions and a federal contract with the United States Office of Education to operate the Federal Inexpensive Book Distribution Program. Administrative services are provided by the Institution on a contract basis. During the year, action was taken to close out the books of the Smithsonian Research Foundation, and this corporation will be legally dissolved in the near future. The Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars, the National Gallery of Art, and the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, were established by Congress within the Institu- tion but are administered by separate Boards of Trustees. Inde- pendent financial reports are presented by each of these organiza- tions. Office space and fiscal and other administrative and support services are provided the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars on a reimbursement basis. The Friends of the National Zoo (fonz) is an independent, non- profit corporation working closely with the National Zoological Park. It operates under contract a number of beneficial concessions 50 I Smithsonian Year 1979 for the National Zoo. fonz provided concession and rental fees to the zoo amounting to more than $164,000 during calendar year 1978 (fonz's fiscal year). In addition, fonz contributed other impor- tant financial and volunteer support for zoo programs. Financial affairs of this organization are disclosed separately elsewhere in Smithsonian Year 1979. Accounting and Auditing An audit of the nonappropriated trust funds of the Institution is conducted annually by independent public accountants, and their fiscal year 1979 report is contained in the following pages. For over thirty years, this work had been performed in a competent and pro- fessional manner by Peat, Marwick, Mitchell & Co. In January 1979, the Board of Regents authorized its Executive Committee to invite audit proposals from other major accounting firms as well. After extensive proposal review and interviews with the nation's eight largest firms. Coopers & Lybrand was selected to perform the Institution's audit for 1979 and the succeeding four years. During the year, the internal audit staff continued their reviews of various operations of the Institution. Additionally, grants and contracts re- ceived from federal agencies, as well as their allocated overhead costs, were audited by the Defense Contract Audit Agency. The Audit and Review Committee of the Regents, under the By- laws of the Institution, has the responsibility for reviewing the Smithsonian's accounting systems and internal financial controls; of facilitating communication between the Board and internal audi- tors, independent auditors, and auditors of the General Accounting Office; and of reviewing operations of the Institution for compliance with approved programs and policies. Financial Report I 51 This collection of eighteenth-century Italian fiddles was a major acquisition of the National Museum of History and Technology's Division of Musical Instruments. These rare instruments were acquired for the division through the Major Collections Acquisition Program. Below. The instruments are here being played by the Smith- sonian Chamber Players. From left to right: Marilyn McDonald, Mary Price, Melissa Graybeal, and Kenneth Slowik. COOPERS & LYBRAND CERTIFIED PUBLIC ACCOUNTANTS A MEMBER FIRM OF COOPERS & tYBRAND (INTERNATIONAL) To the Board of Regents Smithsonian Institution We have examined the balance sheet of the Trust Funds of Smith- sonian Institution as of September 30, 1979 and the related state- ment of financial activity for the year then ended. Our examination was made in accordance with generally accepted auditing standards and, accordingly, included such tests of the accounting records and such other auditing procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. The statements of the Trust Funds of Smithsonian Institution for the year ended September 30, 1978, totals of which are included in the accompanying financial statements for compara- tive purposes, were examined by other auditors whose report dated December 15, 1978 expressed an unqualified opinion on those state- ments. The statements of the Trust Funds of Smithsonian Institution do not include the accounts of the National Gallery of Art, the John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts or other departments, bureaus and programs administered by the Smithsonian Institution under federal appropriations as detailed in Note 2 to the financial statements. In our opinion, the financial statements for the year ended Sep- tember 30, 1979, referred to above, present fairly the financial posi- tion of the Trust Funds of Smithsonian Institution as of September 30, 1979, and the results of operations and changes in fund balances for the year then ended, in conformity with generally accepted ac- counting principles applied on a basis consistent with that of the preceding year. COOPERS & LYBRAND 1800 M Street, N.W. Washington, D.C. November 27, 1979 53 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— TRUST FUNDS Balance Sheet September 30, 1979 (with comparative totals for September 30, 1978) Current funds ASSETS: Cash Investments (Notes 3 and 5) , Receivables (Note 4) Interfund receivables , Merchandise inventory (Note 1) Prepaid and deferred expense (Note 1) . Property and equipment (Notes 1 and 6) $ 1. 21, 9, 1, 4, 6, 1. 067,242 192,559 833,100 863,862 505,523 414,963 283,732 $46,160,981 LIABILITIES: Accounts payable and accrued expenses Deposits held in custody for other organizations (Note 2) Interfund payables Deferred revenue (Note 1) Total liabilities $ 5,427,060 1,745,609 4,308,574 13,247,924 24,729,167 FUND BALANCES (Note 1) : Current: Unrestricted general purpose Special purpose Restricted Endowment and similar funds (Note 5) Plant funds (Note 6) Total fund balances 4,964,511 11,567,125 4,900,178 21,431,814 $46,160,981 Tiie accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. 54 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Endowment and similar funds Plant funds Total, all funds Totals, 1978 $ 62,160 $ — $ 1,129,402 $ 2,850,678 57,935,425 — 79,127,984 70,986,935 40,308 — 9,873,408 8,602,476 441,915 2,002,797 4,308,574 2,353,786 — — 4,505,523 3,950,770 — — 6,414,963 5,264,020 — 11,920,035 13,203,767 11,977,248 $58,479,808 $13,922,832 $118,563,621 $105,985,913 $ 229,778 $ 5,656,838 $ 3,970,730 — 1,745,609 1,183,626 — 4,308,574 2,353,786 — 13,247,924 14,439,120 229,778 24,958,945 21,947,262 — — 4,964,511 4,932,516 — — 11,567,125 9,603,694 — — 4,900,178 4,539,911 58,479,808 — 58,479,808 53,803,473 — 13,693,054 13,693,054 11,159,057 58,479,808 13,693,054 93,604,676 84,038,651 $58,479,808 $13,922,832 $118,563,621 $105,985,913 Financial Report I bb SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— TRUST FUNDS Statement of Financial Activity Year ended September 30, 1979 (with comparative totals for the year ended September 30, 1978) Total current funds Total unrestricted funds Current fund i UnrestricteC General purpose REVENUE AND OTHER ADDITIONS: Auxiliary activities revenue $66,884,616 $66,884,616 Federal grants and contracts 11,411,790 — Investment income (net of $278,655 for management and custodian fees) 5,598,435 2,849,787 Gain (loss) on sale of securities (5,765) (5,765) Gifts, bequests and foundation grants 2,457,801 682,979 Additions to plant fund — — Rentals, fees, commissions and other 1,983,617 1,255,508 Total revenue and other additions 88,330,494 71,667,125 EXPENDITURES AND OTHER DEDUCTIONS: Research and educational expenditures 18,375,482 5,534,719 Administrative expenditures 6,842,542 4,210,583 Auxiliary activities expenditures 55,015,797 55,015,797 Expenditures for acquisition of plant — — Retirement of indebtedness — — Interest on indebtedness — — Excess of revenue and other additions over (under) expenditures and other deductions TRANSFERS AMONG FUNDS- ADDITIONS (DEDUCTIONS) : Mandatory principal and interest on notes Portion of investment yield appropriated (Note 5) . . Purchase of property and equipment for plant fund Future plant acquisitions Income added to endowment principal Appropriated as quasi endowment Endowment released For designated purposes Net increase in auxiliary activities Total transfers among funds Net increase for the year Acquisition of Museum of African Art Fund balances at beginning of year Fund balances at end of year 2,591,658 (5,765) 163,394 638,264 3,387,551 2,389,110 1,552,968 80,233,821 64,761,099 3,942,078 8,096,673 6,906,026 (554,527) (56,070) (56,070) (52,535) (988,573) (314,694) (310,496) (348,921) (348,921) (348,921) (1,451,617) (1,451,617) (1,451,617) (423,331) — — (2,671,217) (2,671,217) (2,571,217) 10,000 — — — (68,081) (3,481,809) — — 8,803,117 (5,929,729) (4,910,600) 586,522 2,166,944 1,995,426 31,995 188,749 — — 19,076,121 14,536,210 4,932,516 $21,431,814 $16,531,636 $ 4,964,511 The accompanying notes are an integral part of the financial statements. 56 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Endowment and similar funds Plant funds Total, all funds Restricted Auxiliary activities Special purpose Totals, 1978 $64,846,017 475,178 $ 2,038,599 258,129 44,407 617,244 $ — 11,411,790 2,748,648 1,774,822 728,109 $ 511,866 91,348 $ — 5,000 395,971 $66,884,616 11,411,790 5,598,435 506,101 2,554,149 395,971 1,983,617 $54,759,388 11,157,066 3,429,901 1,334,983 4,231,405 404,605 2,155,641 — 3,145,609 12,840,763 2,369,500 288,115 2,631,959 53,751,742 1,264,055 — (3,535) — — 56,070 (4,198) (673,879) 988,573 — 65,321,195 2,958,379 16,663,369 603,214 400,971 89,334,679 77,472,989 — 18,375,482 15,759,210 — 6,842,542 5,675,636 — 55,015,797 41,737,456 348,921 348,921 365,992 47,049 47,049 46,600 9,021 9,021 8,241 56,121,242 4,697,779 15,472,722 — 404,991 80,638,812 63,593,135 9,199,953 (1,739,400) 1,190,647 603,214 (4,020) 8,695,867 13,879,854 — — — — 348,921 — — — — — — 1,451,617 — — — — (423,331) 423,331 — — — — (100,000) — 2,671,217 — — — — — 10,000 (10,000) — — — (396,836) 3,810,564 68,081 — — — — (8,803,117) 3,702,831 1,963,431 — — — — — (9,199,953) (1,019,129) 171,518 4,073,121 4,676,335 1,856,608 1,852,588 — — — 8,695,867 13,879,854 — — 188,749 — 681,409 870,158 — — 9,603,694 $11,567,125 4,539,911 $ 4,900,178 53,803,473 $58,479,808 11,159,057 $13,693,054 84,038,651 $93,604,676 70,158,797 $ — $84,038,651 Financial Report I 57 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION— TRUST FUNDS Notes to Financial Statements 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies Basis of presentation. The financial statements of Smithsonian Institution — Trust Funds (Institution) have been prepared on the accrual basis. Fund accounting. To ensure observance of limitations and restrictions placed on the use of resources available to the Institution, the accounts of the Insti- tution are maintained in accordance with the principles of fund accounting. This is the procedure by which resources for various purposes are classified for accounting and reporting purposes into funds established according to their nature and purposes. Separate accounts are maintained for each fund; however, in the accompanying financial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into fund groups. Accordingly, all financial transactions have been recorded and reported by fund group. The assets, liabilities, and fund balances of the Institution are reported in self-balancing fund groups as follows: Current funds, which include unrestricted and restricted resources, rep- resent the portion of expendable funds that is available for support of Institution operations. Separate sub-fund groups of current unrestricted funds have been reflected in the financial statements for auxiliary activi- ties (representing primarily the revenue and expenditures of the Smith- sonian Associates Program, including the Smithsonian magazine, and museum shop sales) and for special purposes (representing internally segregated funds for certain designated purposes). Amounts restricted by the donor for specific purposes are also segregated from other current funds. Endowment and similar funds include funds that are subject to restric- tions of gift instruments requiring in perpetuity that the principal be invested and the income only be used. Also classified as endowment and similar funds are gifts which will allow the expenditure of principal but only under certain specified conditions and quasi-endowment funds. Quasi-endowment funds are funds established by the governing board for the same purposes as endowment funds; however, any portion of such funds may be expended. Restricted quasi-endowment funds represent gifts for restricted purposes where there is no stipulation that the prin- cipal be maintained in perpetuity or for a period of time, but the gov- erning board has elected to invest the principal and expend only the income for the purpose stipulated by the donor. Plant funds represent resources restricted for future plant acquisitions and funds expended for plant. All gains and losses arising from the sale, collection or other disposition of investments are accounted for in the fund in which the related assets are 58 / Smithsonian Year 1979 recorded. Income from investments is accounted for in a similar manner, except for income derived from investments of endowment and similar funds, which is accounted for in the fund to which it is restricted, or, if unrestricted, as revenue in unrestricted current funds. Inventories. Inventories are carried at the lower of average cost, computed on a first-in, first-out method, or net realizable value. Deferred revenue and expense. Revenue from subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine is recorded as income over the period of the related subscription, which is one year. Costs related to obtaining subscriptions to Smithsonian magazine are charged to income over the period of the subscription. The Institution recognizes revenue and charges expenses of other auxiliary activities during the period in which the activity is conducted. Works of art, living or other specimens. In accordance with the practice gen- erally followed by museums, works of art and living or other specimens are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Property and equipment. Capitalized improvements and equipment purchased with Trust Funds and utilized in income-producing activities are capitalized in the current unrestricted fund at cost and are depreciated on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives of five to ten years. Real estate (land and buildings) are recorded in the plant fund at cost, to the extent that restricted or unrestricted funds were expended therefor, or ap- praised value at date of gift, except for gifts of certain islands in Chesapeake Bay and the Carnegie Mansion, which have been recorded at nominal values. In accordance with the practice of many museums, depreciation on buildings is not recorded. All other land, buildings, fixtures, and equipment which were principally ac- quired with federal funds are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Government contracts. The Institution has a number of contracts with the U.S. Government, which primarily provide for cost reimbursement to the Institution. Contract revenue is recognized when billable or received. Contributed services. A substantial number of unpaid volunteers have made significant contributions of their time in the furtherance of the Institution's programs. The value of this contributed time is not reflected in these state- ments, since it is not susceptible to objective measurement or valuation. 2. Related Activities The Trust Funds reflect the receipt and expenditure of funds obtained from private sources, from federal grants and contracts, and from certain business activities related to the operations of the Institution. Federal appropriations, which are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements, provide major support for the operations and administration of the educational and research programs of the Institution's many museums, art galleries, and other bureaus, as well as for the maintenance and construction of related buildings and facilities. In addition, land, buildings, and other assets acquired with federal funds are not reflected in the accompanying financial statements. Financial Report I 59 The following federal appropriations were received by the Institution for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1979 and 1978: 1979 1978 Operating funds $100,265,000 $ 95,250,000 Special foreign currency program 3,700,000 4,000,000 Construction funds 6,575,000 5,250,000 $110,540,000 $104,500,000 The Institution provides fiscal and administrative services to several sepa- rately incorporated organizations in which certain officials of the Institution serve on the governing boards. The amounts paid to the Institution by these organizations for the aforementioned services, together with rent for Insti- tution facilities occupied, etc., totaled approximately $422,000 for the year ended September 30, 1979. The following summarizes the approximate ex- penditures of these organizations for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1979 and 1978, respectively, as reflected in their individual financial statements and which are not included in the accompanying financial statements of the Institution: 1979 1978 Smithsonian Research Foundation $ — $ 120,000 Smithsonian Science Information Exchange $3,293,000 $2,355,000 Reading Is Fundamental, Inc $4,042,000 $2,260,000 Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars — Trust Funds $2,306,000 $2,079,000 For the years ended September 30, 1979 and 1978, the Smithsonian Research Foundation did not receive federal grants, and the corporate structure will be dissolved in fiscal year 1980. The Institution is working with the U.S. Depart- ment of Commerce to effect a transfer of the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange operations to the U.S. Department of Commerce on October 1, 1980; until that date the Institution will continue to provide fiscal and admin- istrative services. 3. Investments Investments are recorded at cost, if purchased, or fair market value at date of acquisition, if acquired by gift. At September 30, 1979, investments are composed of the following: Carrying Market value value Current funds : Certificates of deposit $ 4,000,000 $ 4,000,000 Commercial paper 1,974,858 2,000,000 Overnight money market account 1,200,000 1,200,000 U.S. Government and quasi-government obligations 13,789,494 13,932,400 Common stock 171,860 92,317 Preferred stock 56,347 45,797 21,192,559 21,270,514 60 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Endowment and similar funds: Loan to U.S. Treasury $ 1,000,000 $ 1,000,000 Commercial paper 4,063,235 4,075,000 U.S. Government and quasi-government obligations 5,469,632 5,364,809 Corporate bonds 10,202,227 10,226,965 Common stock 36,491,266 44,685,401 Preferred stock 709,065 699,500 57,935,425 66,051,675 $79,127,984 $87,322,189 Substantially all of the Investments of the endowment and similar funds are pooled on a market value basis (consolidated fund) with each individual fund subscribing to or disposing of units on the basis of the value per unit at market value at the beginning of the month within which the transaction takes place. Of the total units, each having a market value of $119.91, 346,315 units were owned by endowment and 200,396 units by quasi-endowment at September 30, 1979. The following tabulation summarizes changes in relationships between cost and market values of the pooled investments: Market value per Market Cost Net gains unit End of year $65,555,748 $57,426,159 $8,129,589 $119.91 Beginning of year $56,831,475 $52,548,845 4,282,630 110.22 Unrealized net gains for year 3,846,959 — Realized net gains for year 511,866 — Total net gains for year $4,358,825 $ 9.69 4. Receivables Receivables at September 30, 1979 and 1978, included the following: Current funds 1979 1978 Accounts receivable, auxiliary activities; net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $258,000 in 1979 and $262,000 in 1978 $7,881,683 $6,031,875 Unbilled costs and fees from grants and contracts. . 658,318 1,316,166 Interest and dividends receivable 949,571 716,048 Other 343,528 496,017 9,833,100 8,560,106 Endowment and similar funds Notes receivable 40,308 42,370 Total, all funds $9,873,408 $8,602,476 Financial Report I 61 5. Endowment and Similar Funds Endowment and similar funds at September 30, 1979 are summarized as follows: Endowment funds, income available for: Restricted purposes $34,349,830 Unrestricted purposes 953,185 35,303,015 Quasi-endowment funds, principal and income available for: Restricted purposes 3,597,203 Unrestricted purposes 19,579,590 23,176,793 Total endowment and similar funds $58,479,808 The Institution utilizes the "total return" approach to investment manage- ment of endowment funds and quasi-endowment funds. Under this approach, the total investment return is considered to include realized and unrealized gains and losses, in addition to interest and dividends. An amount equal to the difference between interest and dividends earned during the year and the amount computed under the total return formula is transferred to or from the current funds. In applying this approach, it is the Institution's policy to provide, as being available for current expenditures, an amount taking into consideration such factors as, but not limited to: (1) 4V2% of the five-year average of the market value of each fund (adjusted for gifts and transfers during this period), (2) current dividend and interest yield, (3) support needs for bureaus and scien- tists, and (4) inflationary factors as measured by the Consumer Price Index; however, where the market value of the assets of any endowment fund is less than 110% of the historic dollar value (value of gifts at date of donation), the amount provided is limited to only interest and dividends received. The total return factor for 1979 was $4.74 per unit of fund participation. The total return applied for 1979 was $2,516,098. 6. Property and Equipment Property and equipment is comprised of the following: September 30, Current funds 1979 1978 Capital improvements $ 1,342,277 $ 1,317,036 Equipment 602,777 446,086 Leasehold improvements 145,229 98,126 Less accumulated depreciation amortization 806,551 585,349 1,283,732 1,275,899 Plant funds Land and buildings 11,920,035 10,701,349 Total, all funds $13,203,767 $11,977,248 62 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Depreciation and amortization expense reflected in expenditures of the current funds for 1979 and 1978 was $221,202, and $181,942, respectively. The balance of the plant fund at September 30, 1979 includes $1,997,525 of unexpended plant funds. 7. Pension Plan The Institution has a retirement plan in which substantially all Trust Funds' employees are eligible to participate. Under the plan, both the Institution and employees contribute stipulated percentages of salary which are used to pur- chase individual annuities, the rights to which are immediately vested with the employees. The cost of the plan for the year ended September 30, 1979 was $1,746,293. It is the policy of the Institution to fund plan costs accrued currently. There are no unfunded prior service costs under the plan. 8. Income Taxes The Institution is exempt from income taxation under the provisions of Sec- tion 501(c)(3) of the Internal Revenue Code. Organizations described in that section are taxable only on their unrelated business income. The Internal Revenue Service is presently considering a Request for Ruling filed by the Institution pertaining to the proper interpretation of the current regulations concerning the method of calculating certain unrelated business income. If the Institution's interpretation is approved, no tax would be imposed on this income. It is the opinion of the Institution that it is also exempt from taxation as an instrumentality of the United States as defined in Section 501(c)(1) of the Code. Organizations described in that section are exempt from all income taxation. It is the intent of the Institution to seek such dual status. Manage- ment believes that any income taxes required as a result of settlement of these maters would not have a material effect upon the financial position of the Institution. Financial Report I 63 ^^ ACTivr KILAUEA Richard Fiske (nmnh) explains concepts of plate tectonics to Associates at the Denver Museum of Natural History during the Regional Events series in Denver, March 1979. The geology exhibition was produced by the Regional Events Program to complement Dr. Fiske's lectures on geological processes. Smithsonian Year • 1979 SCIENCE DAVID CHALLINOR, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR SCIENCE Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies WATERSHED AND E5TUARINE STUDIES One of the research goals of the Chesapeake Bay Center for En- vironmental Studies (cBCEs) is to develop an understanding of the functions of an estuarine watershed ecosystem and the ways in which changes in the land use of a watershed affect the biota in downstream receiving waters. The Rhode River estuary and its watershed on the Chesapeake Bay have been the focus of this long- term study, and several interesting results have begun to emerge. Most of the Rhode River watershed drains into bordering tidal marshes and tidal mud flats before entering the estuary. David Correll and Jack W. Pierce have analyzed the effects of these areas on estuarine water quality. Samples of land runoff were analyzed for sediments, phosphorus, nitrogen, and organic matter. Overall, less organic matter moved into the estuary (26.8 tons of carbon) than was discharged from the watersheds (71.0 tons of carbon). During a period when land runoff was low because of drought, a net amount of 65 tons of carbon was observed to move from the estuary into the tidal marsh area. Carbon output from the marshes only exceeded input when land runoff was very high. Overall, only 1.86 tons of phosphorus moved into the estuary of the 2.72 tons discharged from the uplands into the marshes. During four drought months, a net movement of phosphorus from the estuary to the marshes (0.69 tons) occurred. Generally, high discharges of phos- phorus from the watersheds were followed in a week or two by high 65 discharges from the marshes. Orthophosphate constituted a sig- nificantly lower fraction of the phosphorus that moved into the estuary (38 percent) than of the phosphorus that was discharged from the watershed (49 percent). In all, only 7.45 tons of nitrogen moved into the estuary of the 10.2 tons discharged from the watershed. During four drought months, a net of 1.63 tons of nitrogen moved from the estuary into the marshes. Nitrate and reduced forms of nitrogen had independ- ent patterns. There was no net movement of nitrate between estuary and marshes during this time. The important effects of the headwater intertidal zone on the estuary seemed to be: (1) a less variable rate of materials delivery, and (2) a change in the average composition of each material before delivery. However, these headwaters, marshes, and flats appear to process, rather than trap, the bulk of these materials as they are transported from the watershed to the estuary. At the mouth of Rhode River, seasonal mean concentrations of phosphorus increased steadily for each season each year from the fall of 1971 to the fall of 1976. The most dramatic increases were observed in the summer and fall (a four-fold increase). A much smaller increase occurred in the winter and spring. In contrast, the year-to-year concentrations of total phosphorus in surface waters in upstream stations over the same period of time showed less clear- cut trends. Also, phosphorus loadings from local watershed runoff fluctuated widely but had no steadily rapid rise with time. Although total phosphorus increased dramatically at the mouth of the Rhode River, dissolved orthophosphate, nitrate, and dissolved ammonia remained essentially constant, especially in the summer and fall. This data could indicate the increasing effect of summertime anoxic bottom waters on the phosphorus dynamics of the upper western shore of the bay. Estuarine studies were undertaken by Maria Faust to determine the effect of pleasure-boating activity on the water quality of the Rhode River. Faust's study, conducted during a holiday weekend, indicated that fecal bacteria in the water increased soon after the arrival of boats, persisted during the weekend, and decreased im- mediately after the boats departed the area. It was concluded that in shallow estuarine waters, boating appears to be an important source of fecal contamination during periods of high boating ac- 66 / Smithsonian Year 1979 tivity. However, the contribution of land runoff to fecal contamina- tion of the estuary is of longer duration, occurring mostly during spring, fall, and winter. Faust and postdoctoral fellow Ryszard Chrost are investigating a biological nutrient-enrichment phenomenon in the estuary, which is a result of the metabolic activity of microorganisms. Current studies have been concentrating on three interdependent areas: analysis of phytoplankton photosynthesis and the release of dis- solved organic matter; the assimilation of dissolved organic matter by bacterioplankton; and the size distribution of the dissolved or- ganic matter that regulates the activity and productivity of estuarine microorganisms. Results indicate qualitative and quantitative changes in the excreted dissolved organic substances appearing in the water. On the Rhode River watershed, the distribution of the herbicide atrazine in runoff and rainwater has been the focus of recent studies by Tung Lin Wu. Wu attributes the disappearance of atra- zine from surface soils at elevations above sea level of 15, 22.5, and 30 meters to such processes as volatilization, runoff of rainwater, and biological degradation. Wu's investigation shows that, at an elevation of nine meters, atrazine persists in the surface soils as a result of the deposition of eroded materials from the higher eleva- tions. The runoff measured at Wu's test stations showed that of the total atrazine applied in the experiment, 1.3 percent was lost in the runoff, and 55 percent of that amount was accounted for by a storm that occurred eleven days after application. An additional 32 per- cent of atrazine loss was the result of another heavy rainfall sixty- two days after application. In another study, Wu found evidence that atrazine may travel long distances and maintain residence in the atmosphere for an extended period of time. Atrazine was de- tected in samples from the Rhode River and in rainwater samples collected during the summer months. An unexpected finding was the detection of generally higher levels of atrazine in rainwater collected during winter months, long after the herbicide had been applied to local crops. LAND USE STUDIES Another aspect of the Environmental Research Program at cbces is concerned with analyzing the effects of present and past land-use Science I 67 changes on plant and animal communities. An example of this work is an ongoing project of James Lynch and Dennis Whigham on the effect of fragmentation and isolation of habitat on plant and bird communities. Their results suggest that forest size has little effect on the distribution of plant species. However, forest disturbance appears to be a significant determinant of the bird species occurring in a given area. Specific types of woodland birds, such as flycatchers, warblers, wood thrushes, vireos, and tanagers, are affected by forest size. These birds, mostly tropical migrants, do not have the ability to switch from one source of food to another as do permanent resi- dents, such as blue jays and cardinals. In addition, competition with the more adaptable species, and what appears to be a psychological need for the food and cover of large wooded areas, make the migra- tory birds more dependent on large wooded areas for survival. The results of this in-depth examination of forest patches should provide useful data on the minimum area requirements for the maintenance of bird species and on the relative merits of small forest stands vs. large preserves. This information should be par- ticularly applicable to the work of environmental planners, who need specific information for the placement of roads, mass transit systems, power-line right-of-ways, and other construction projects. Other investigations focusing on the effects of land use are being conducted by James Lynch. His work on the community ecology of ants has been conducted in forest, old field, and pasture habitats at CBCES. Recent results of this long-term study show that virtually all of the common ant species that occur at cbces possess distinctive patterns of seasonal occurrence, daily activity, food preference, habitat utilization, and occurrence along the spectrum of secondary successional vegetation types. His investigations indicate that ant species associated with the mature hardwood forest belong to genera with either north-temperate or worldwide distributions. He has found that this assemblage has very few species in common with the ant community that inhabits brushy old fields and similar open disturbed habitats. The old-field ant contains, together with a com- bination of distinctive species of the north temperate genera, a large component derived from ant genera with basically tropical or subtropical centers of distribution and diversity (e.g., Monomorium, crematogaster, Pheidole). 68 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Relative to their north-temperate counterparts (e.g. Formica, Lasius, Myrmica), these tropical "invaders" tend to be smaller in size and more aggressive and often form large aggregations to de- fend food sources. In addition, the old-field ant community appears to be adapted to function at higher temperatures than the forest ant community. The latter group exhibits more nocturnal activity and is active earlier in the spring and later in the fall than the old-field community. Lynch's work suggests that competitive interactions among ant species at concentrated food sources are extremely common, and experimental field manipulations of food supply and ant abundance confirm that the ability of one species to forage may be severely depressed by the presence of other species. Dennis Whigham and Daniel Higman have been conducting a detailed study of phenodynamics of an old-aged hardwood forest. These long-term studies are being used to determine norms and variances for structural and functional components of successional and old-aged forests, as well as to produce detailed studies of in- dividual species. The phenology data will be correlated with clima- tological data to determine the environmental factors responsible for controlling species and/ or community phenodynamics. Whig- ham's research on the Cranefly orchid (Tipularia discolor) has shown, for example, that the rate of population turnover is much higher than expected for a species that occurs in old-aged stable forests. The study has also shown that Tipularia is pollinated by a single noctuid moth (Pseudaletia unipuncta) and that pollinator interaction is necessary for the production of seeds. The moths, in turn, are capable of selecting those portions of the orchid inflores- cences that contain the most nectar. The moths also respond to total nectar resources in the orchid populations. In Whigham's investiga- tions, moth activity increased sharply as the total available nectar increased and then stopped abruptly once nectar resources began to decline, even though open flowers were still present. EDUCATION RESEARCH AND PUBLIC INFORMATION Part of the research program at cbces is concerned with environ- mental influences on human behavior and the ways in which human preferences for various landscapes are formed. Through develop- mental investigations, John Falk and John Balling have begun to Science I 69 explore the hypothesis that man's evolutionary history has, at least in part, determined his landscape preferences. Current theory sug- gests that much of human evolution took place along or near the river courses in the East African savanna. Present-day preferences for natural settings with scattered trees, short grass, and some type of water body may reflect an innate preference for the environment in which much of our biological (and psychological) apparatus evolved. The results from three completed studies and one currently in progress are provocative. Although the first investigation revealed that infants under one year of age can discriminate among natural environments, future research will attempt to determine whether infant discrimination among biomes is a function of preference, visual complexity, or some other variables. Investigation of children three to five years of age clearly demonstrates a preference for savanna-like environments and the persistence of this preference throughout the elementary-school years. However, by the time the individual reaches high school and throughout adult life, the pro- nounced preference for savanna disappears and savanna is judged similarly to the natural environments with which the person is most familiar. Most of the nation's environmental education occurs in the con- text of school field trips to various outdoor sites. How well do such trips accomplish their educational objectives? This question has been the subject of a study by John Balling and John Falk. Balling and Falk have been seeking to determine: (a) the effects of the field- trip environment on student behavior, attitudes, and learning; and (b) the current thinking of educators about field trips and the relationship of these attitudes to the outcomes of actual field trips. In one study, fifth- and sixth-grade children from urban, sub- urban, and rural schools performed a science activity in one of three settings that differed both in terms of familiarity and relevance to the learning task. The data revealed that learning was greatest where the number of relevant examples and the setting novelty were at a maximum. Attitudinal findings showed that the students learned a great deal from the field-trip experience and were very enthusiastic about it. Significant developmental differences emerged from a study conducted to determine the interaction of the variety of environ- 70 / Smithsonian Year 1979 mental factors surrounding the usual field trip — the day away from school, the disruption of routine, the bus ride — with learning and behavior. In the groups of third-graders and fifth-graders who were studied, the younger group learned best when the milieu was familiar and minimally disruptive to their normal school day, while the fifth-grade students reacted better to a full-fledged field trip away from school. Both groups showed significant retention of the subject matter of the field activity one month later. Behavioral ob- servations revealed that the third-grade students performed better in the setting outside their school than they did in the nature center, while the reverse was true for the fifth-graders. All four groups surveyed in an assessment of attitudes and per- ceptions regarding field trip experiences — elementary school teach- ers, school administrators, college instructors in science education methods, and nature center professionals — were remarkably similar in stating positive attitudes toward field trips. The consensus was that the major benefits of field trips are, in decreasing order of im- portance: (a) the development of more positive attitudes toward science among the students; (b) the learning of certain science facts, concepts, and related skills; and (c) the improvement of the social climate in the class. These studies suggested that field trips are a valuable part of the science education of elementary school children, providing many cognitive and effective benefits for the students. The project also demonstrated that the characteristics of the setting for a field trip and certain aspects of the relationship of the participants to this setting can have a significant influence on student attitudes, be- havior, and learning. Another aspect of the Education Program at cbces focuses on the use of scientific information for planning and decision-making purposes and public perceptions of environmental issues. In regard to the latter, Suzanne Pogell and John Balling are seeking to de- termine ways in which public involvement and psychological theory can be used to mediate potentially contentious environmental de- cisions. In a paper presented at the 1979 Environmental Law Con- ference, Pogell suggested that environmental compliance can be encouraged through the participation of an informed public. In particular, this participation includes involving the public in early stages of the decision-making process; making available full and Science I 71 Boats for collecting and research at Fort Pierce. In the Boston Whaler in the fore- ground is Kenneth Severin, research assistant, as he leaves on a routine field trip to monitor experiments on foraminifera populations in the Indian River. Directed by Dr. Martin Buzas, the foraminifera research program is concerned with the role of foraminifera in the trophic structure of the Indian River estuary. Left. Juvenile sea cucumber of the genus Phyllophorus, four months old, reared in the laboratory from a larva collected at the Fort Pierce Inlet. While alive, this specimen was photographed with a light photomicroscope. Magnified 50 X. Center. Developing ossicle, composed of calcium carbonate, from the body wall of a juvenile sea cucumber of the genus Phyllophorus. Scanning electron micrograph, magnified 1900 X. Right. Scanning electron micrograph of a sipunculan larva collected in the plankton of the Florida current near Fort Pierce, Florida. The body is covered by small cuticular papillae, the structure of which is useful in distinguishing larval types. Ventral view. Magnified 189 X. adequate information to create awareness of the technical and socioeconomic dimensions of the issue; and providing opportunities for the general public to participate on an equal footing with government and economic interests, thereby fostering a climate of open and honest discussion. Balling's paper at the same conference sought to provide a basis for considering people's cognitive abilities and perceptions of the natural world in environmental decisions. Specifically, he suggested that: experts be used to help those involved in the decision-making process to interpret statistical data; explicit consideration be given to the relationship between human perceptions of environmental quality and the more usual indexes of physical and biological en- vironmental quality; the decision-making process be broken down into a series of small steps; and communication among potentially conflicting groups be encouraged at the earliest possible time. Fort Pierce Bureau The Smithsonian's Fort Pierce Bureau, located on the central east coast of Florida, is in a zoogeographic transitional zone that offers an unrivaled opportunity for biological study. Research at the Fort Pierce Bureau emphasizes studies of the life histories, systematics, and ecology of a wide spectrum of marine invertebrates. Contribut- ing to the research efforts are resident scientists, postdoctoral fel- lows, and numerous visiting investigators. A reference museum houses 13,000 catalogued specimens that are representative of local marine flora and fauna. Facilities include small boats for work in the Indian River lagoon and the nearshore oceanic waters and an electron microscope laboratory with both scanning and transmission microscopes. Limited laboratory space is available for visiting scien- tists. Studies of life histories directed by Dr. Mary Rice this past year have centered on various aspects of reproduction and larval biology of sipunculan worms and bivalve molluscs, with ancillary research projects on phoronids, bryozoans, polychaetes, gastropod molluscs, and echinoderms. In studies of the reproductive biology of sipuncu- lans. Dr. Mary Rice and postdoctoral fellow Dr. John Pilger have Science I 73 documented the breeding seasons of two species by monthly mea- surements of coelomic oocytes and observations of spawning in the laboratory. It was concluded that an offshore species, Golfingia misakiana, collected from oculinid coral rubble at depths of fifty to sixty meters, is similar to many temperate species in that it shows seasonal spawning with a peak in November, whereas Themiste lageniformis, a species that inhabits the intertidal oyster beds in the Indian River lagoon, spawns continually from July through Decem- ber. Development in the former is by means of a planktonic feeding larva; the latter has a short-lived nonfeeding larva. Studies by Dr. John Pilger on a parthenogenetic sipunculan, Themiste lageniformis, have continued for a second year. The sex ratio of the local population is nine females to one male. Females produce eggs that are capable of developing with or without fertili- zation. Preliminary results, using microphotometry to quantify chromosomal nucleic acid, support the working hypothesis that fertilized eggs may develop into either males or females, whereas unfertilized eggs develop only into females. As part of ongoing studies of the phylum Sipuncula, Dr. Rice has continued a systematic survey of the Sipuncula of southern Florida and the Caribbean. Additional specimens have been collected and illustrated. Collections from 186 stations, totaling 500 lots, were sorted, identified, and carded. Reproduction of a brooding clam, Parastarte triquetra, was in- vestigated by postdoctoral fellow Dr. Bruce Bartlett. The clam is abundant in the Indian River, occurring in densities as great as 45,000 and 51,000 per square meter in the two sites chosen for study. Bimonthly measurements of population density, laboratory observations of juvenile release, and examination of gonads, sug- gested that the species breeds throughout the year. Developing embryos are brooded within the gills of the females and released as benthic juveniles through the excurrent siphon. During brooding, the embryos are attached to the gill filaments of the maternal parent at the site of papillary outgrowths. The possibility of a nutritional link between papilla and embryo is being investigated by use of electron microscopy. The entire developmental period is estimated to be one month, and a given female may produce up to nine broods per year. The clams reach reproductive maturity at three months of age and have a life span of approximately one year. The population 74 / Smithsonian Year 1979 has a high mortahty rate, presumably because of predation by shore birds, naticid snails, and an infestation of a trematode parasite that results in castration of the clams. The question of what induces oceanic larvae to settle and under- go metamorphosis into bottom-dwelling adults has been investi- gated by Dr. Mary Rice in a series of experiments on sipunculan larvae from the Florida Current. For the species studied most in- tensively (Golfingia misakiana) , experiments have shown the exist- ence of a water-soluble, low-molecular-weight compound associated with and presumably produced by the adult, which significantly en- hances metamorphosis of the larva in the presence of a suitable substratum. It has been demonstrated that the substratum must contain organic compounds to be effective in inducing metamor- phosis. Investigations are continuing on the nature of the metamor- phosis-inducing factors and the manner in which larvae respond to them. Experiments on young larvae, reared from spawnings of adults, are in progress to determine at which stage of development and growth the larva becomes ready to metamorphose. To provide a basis for understanding the responses of larvae to various environmental stimuli, including metamorphosis-inducing factors. Dr. Rice began a cinematographic analysis of the behavior of oceanic larvae. With the assistance of Kjell Sandved of the Na- tional Museum of Natural History, footage was produced for a documentary film on the functional morphology of specific organs of sipunculan larvae and juveniles before and after metamorphosis. Feeding, locomotion, substratum-testing, and burrowing of several species have been recorded on film. In an effort to interpret function on the basis of cellular anatomy, two collaborative studies have been undertaken on the ultrastruc- ture of various larval organs of sipunculans. Dr. Patricia Dudley of Columbia University, and Dr. Mary Rice have collaborated on an investigation of larval epidermal organs. Scattered over the larval body, these organs open to the exterior through minute pores and have been found to consist of both glandular and sensory elements. The ultrastructure of another larval structure, the terminal attach- ment organ, has been studied by Dr. Edward Ruppert of Clemson University, and Dr. Mary Rice. The terminal organ, common to most planktonic sipunculan larvae, functions in attachment and re- lease of the larva; it may be implicated also in larval feeding and Science I 75 in sensing the substratum prior to settlement and metamorphosis. The electron-microscopic investigation has demonstrated sensory, glandular, and adhesive components. Dr. Richard S. Houbrick of the National Museum of Natural History has continued his studies on life histories of gastropod molluscs of the Indian River lagoon, concentrating during the past year on two common species. Modulus modulus and Battalaria minima. He has found that the population of Modulus modulus has a life cycle of approximately one year. Mating occurs in early winter and spawning in the spring. Cylindrical spawn masses, comprised of gelatinous tubes, are deposited on marine grasses in the Indian River. All stages of larval development take place within the egg capsule, the young snails emerging after three weeks of incubation. Detailed studies of the reproductive anatomy of the two species are in progress. Echinoderm studies by Dr. David L. Pawson, National Museum of Natural History, and Mr. John E. Miller, Harbor Branch Founda- tion, Inc., have continued in the areas of ecology, systematics, and larval development. Population density, movement, and breeding cycles of the sea cucumber Holothuria lentiginosa enodis were made using the research submersible Johnson-Sea-Link. This holothurian is a dominant faunal member of the Oculina reefs found 220 to 300 feet off central-east Florida. Preliminary investigations, including studies of sediment composition, suggest that population dispersal around these reefs is dependent upon sediment organic content. A study on the systematics of shallow-water holothurians from the western Atlantic, Gulf of Mexico, and Caribbean regions is under way. Skeletal ossicles from nearly one hundred species of holothurians are being photographed by means of scanning electron microscopy. These ossicles, composed of a calcium carbonate matrix, are taxonomically invaluable in identifying sea cucumbers. Results of this study were being compiled for publication in a monograph on the western Atlantic holothurians. Three subspecies of the common variable sea urchin Lytechinus variegatus occur in the western Atlantic. A developmental study has been initiated in an attempt to identify the factors responsible for phenetic differences between these subspecies. Larvae reared from adult Bermudan and Floridian Lytechinus are being main- tained under controlled conditions of light, temperature, salinity. 76 / Smithsonian Year 1979 and food availability. Examination of metamorphosed juveniles should determine whether the external morphological differences are controlled environmentally or genetically. Research in crustacean biology by Dr. Robert H. Gore empha- sized larval development of several species of decapod crustaceans in the families Porcellanidae, Paguridae, Grapsidae, Majidae, and Hapalocarcinidae. Of particular interest was the development of Troglocarcinus corallicoln, a crab that inhabits galls induced by its presence on various species of hermatypic and ahermatypic corals. The larvae were heretofore almost completely unknown. Two species of porcellanid crabs, Petrolisthes tridentatus and P. tonso- fius, and the majid crab Mithrax corphye, collected from marine waters at Santa Marta, Colombia, constituted another part of an ongoing systematic program in which the larvae of Caribbean and trans-Panamanian conspecific or geminate species are compared, in order to elucidate the taxonomic status of the adults. Additional collections from the Indian River region of ovigerous females in other brachyuran and anomuran families continued to provide data on crustacean larval development in the eastern central Florida area. Taxonomic and ecological investigations on the decapod crusta- cean community inhabiting the inshore and offshore Oculina coral reefs in the Indian River region showed a diverse and species-rich faunal assemblage, with pagurid, porcellanid, and xanthid crabs comprising a major component in this biotope. Completion of these studies will complement previously published research by Dr. Gore on decapod communities associated with sabellariid worm reef, and seagrass and drift algae biotopes. This data is also applicable to the long-term baseline study on the systematics of decapod and stoma- topod crustaceans from the Indian River region of Florida. Ancil- lary research on the taxonomy and systematics of euphausiacean Crustacea (krill) from eastern central Floridan neretic and pelagic waters has also been initiated, using material collected earlier by R/V Gosnold. Research on foraminifera, directed by Dr. Martin Buzas of the National Museum of Natural History, has emphasized the processes that limit populations in the Indian River and the role of forami- nifera in the trophic structure of the estuary. In this subtropical set- ting in which seasonal changes are not severe, biotic controls are important in structuring foraminiferal populations. Exclosure ex- Science I 77 periments have examined predation as a possible biotic control. Results of these experiments, run for three- to four-month periods over four years, have demonstrated greater densities of foraminifera inside the exclosures. Gut analysis of some fish and benthic inverte- brates from the exclosures and the estuary have shown that a num- ber of deposit feeders ingest foraminifera. Abiotic controls are being studied in collaboration with the chemistry section of the Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc. Fluctuations of foraminiferal popu- lations in bare and grassy areas are being compared with variations of nutrients, trace metals, and organic carbon in sediment pore water. Other projects include an offshore exclosure experiment, laboratory culture of foraminifera, and a taxonomic survey of the foraminifera of the Indian River. Dr. Malcolm G. Erskian, postdoctoral fellow, is studying the pat- terns of organization in the foraminiferal community. Spatial pat- terns in benthic foraminifera are influenced by both microhabitat substrate type and the population dynamics of the foraminifera. During the past year, the Reference Museum has placed empha- sis on improving the organization of the existing collection. Major additions have been made within the Foraminiferida, Porifera, Cnidaria, Polychaeta, Mollusca, and Amphipoda. Significant collec- tions recently catalogued include the J. L. Taylor Polychaeta from the Tampa Bay region and the R. W. Harrington Fish Collection, compiled locally during the 1950s and '60s. National Air and Space Museum The National Air and Space Museum (nasm), which in its first three years of operation has become the most visited museum in the world, has embarked on a significant new phase of development. Dr. Noel W. Hinners, former associate administrator for space science of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration, was selected as the museum's new director after an extensive search. He suceeds Michael Collins, who became under secretary of the Smithsonian. Dr. Hinners plans to continue the strong exhibit program that has contributed so greatly to the museum's success, but with a 78 / Smithsonian Year 1979 gradually increasing emphasis on new programs in appropriate areas of research and education. In addition, he intends to expand the collections management program, tying it into a carefully planned review of the process of collections acquisition and disposal. The year 1979 represented a pivotal time for the museum, for while plans were being developed for this shift in emphasis, the museum's basic functions were continued at their previous levels. The exhibit program was divided almost equally among opening new galleries, updating existing galleries, and creating a series of small, specialized "mini-exhibits." Similarly, the important work of preservation went on unabated at Silver Hill at the same time that inventory efforts were expanded and an extensive facility-improve- ment program was concluded. The basic foundation for an exten- sive education program was laid, and full fruition of these efforts will come in 1980 and beyond. The Center for Earth and Planetary Studies (ceps), headed by Dr. Farouk El-Baz, continued as the major element in the museum's research program. Research included photogeologic interpretations of the moon. Mars, and Mercury, and investigations of the deserts in Egypt and China. These studies utilized the extensive collection of planetary photographs at the center and included programs jointly conducted with research teams in the United States and abroad. The results appear in the thirty-eight publications that were published during the course of the year. Lunar research concentrated on the Smythii basin, the effects of topography on impact cratering, and a unique volcanic feature named Ina. The Smythii basin, an ancient impact feature on the moon's east limb, has the most extensive topographic coverage of any lunar multiringed basin. This fact, along with Smythii's sparse volcanic mare fill, which leaves much of the underlying basin floor exposed, makes it an excellent site for the study of basin structure and morphology. The effects of variable pre-impact topography and substrate on slumping and terrace formation have been studied in a group of thirty craters in the lunar highlands. These craters are character- ized by preferential terracing on one side of each crater and distinct upper terraces that are much wider than lower terraces that are to be found within the crater. Study of the lunar feature Ina has been initiated. This D-shaped Science I 79 depression is located in Lacus Felicitatis between the Apennine Mountains of the Imbrium basin and the Haemus Mountains of Serenitatis. The region is characterized by highland materials dominated by lineations radial to Imbrium. The study concentrates on the local stratigraphy, the regional structural setting, and the origins of volcanic morphology. CEPS staff maintain and update the primary computer records for names of lunar surface features. These records include all names previously approved by the International Astronomical Union and currently in use, names for future use, biographical and historical information on commemorated persons, and features locations. Photogeologic investigations were also conducted of Mars, with emphasis placed on the classical albedo feature Cerebus. Images obtained by the Mariner 9 spacecraft in 1972 and the Viking Or- biter I spacecraft in 1977 show that the boundaries of the dark feature have shifted in a general ne-sw direction by as much as 130 kms. In a comparative planetology study, mare-type ridges on Mer- cury were contrasted with lunar features of similar morphology. Proposed origins of ridges are still controversial; both tectonic and volcanic modes of formation have been hypothesized for these per- plexing features. Research continued on the project entitled "Desert Erosion and Sand Movement in Egypt." The research is jointly conducted by the Smithsonian Institution and Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt. A book by Farouk El-Baz on Egypt as Seen by Landsat was published. During September and October 1978, a field trip to the remote desert regions of southwestern Egypt was undertaken in order to study both sand movement and wind erosion and possible analogs of features on the surface of Mars. The multidisciplinary team of U.S. and Egyptian scientists included geologists, archaeologists, and one botantist. The Science and Technology Department expanded its research program of historical studies, including such topics as the origins of swept-wing aircraft in the United States, lifting-body reentry, and Soviet ramjet research, and began an artifact acquisition program. The Aeronautics Department supplemented its basic role of historical research for publications and exhibits with several im- 80 / Smithsonian Year 1979 portant public-service functions. These include the preparation of a Guide to Aerospace History Sources, an intensive collections- acquisition process to fill gaps in the existing files, and the publica- tion of Engines in Museums Around the World. The Education Department conducted a very successful multi- cultural aerospace education conference, one which apparently filled a long-felt need, judging by the continuing response from partici- pants and attendees. This effort to reach communities that in the past have not been made fully aware of aerospace activities was supplemented by a pilot teacher workshop for Prince Georges County educators and a Regional Resources Workshop. All of these activities were designed to test the extent of the need for the museum's resources in these areas. The magazine Air and Space was stabilized at a circulation of 30,000, although evidence exists that there is a still greater demand for the publication. The thrust of the magazine will be changed slightly in the coming year, to provide a more museum-related content. An extensive, twenty-one-title filmstrip program was completed and is entering production. These filmstrips, based on the museum's collections, will provide educators around the country with a handy tool to impart valuable insight into aerospace history. The design for the new Education Orientation Facility was put out for construction bids. This facility will enhance the awareness of visiting schoolchildren of the museum's offerings and provide an opportunity for teachers to expand their curriculum on aerospace subjects. Similarly, the design for the Center for Live Demonstrations was completed. This center, which will be located in the Flight Tech- nology Gallery, will provide direct instruction on aerospace subjects that are difficult to explain by graphic or audio-visual means and will enhance the educational value of the museum visit. The Education Department is also conducting a regional Museum Assistance Program. Exhibit units, educational materials, and other activities, including design suggestions, are provided on a limited basis to museums around the country. As an example, the mini- exhibit "The Question Mark and the Growth of Aerial Refueling" was sent to the Air Force Museum, and design consultation has been going on with the Visitors' Center at Langley Research Center. Science I 81 This mini-exhibit was followed by "Aerospace Medicine," which related the remarkable progress made in overcoming the sometimes hostile environment of flight. Deputy Director Melvin B. Zisfein expanded the exhibits pro- gram with several major improvements. The Exploring the Planets Gallery opened in November and featured an intensive concentra- tion of information on the planets, the tools of exploration, individual space missions, and comparative planetology. It represents a new trend in the museum's exhibit programs, for it must be updated concurrently with the new knowledge being transmitted back to earth from spacecraft depicted in the gallery. On May 5, 1979, an exhibit entitled "Our Beautiful Earth — The View from Air and Space" opened in the Art Gallery to widespread critical and public acclaim. The exhibition included the work of four aerial photographers — William Garnett, Georg Gerster, Robert Bucknam, and George Hall — as well as space photographs taken by astronauts and the unmanned Landsat satellite. This exhibit cap- tured the public's fancy and received extensive coverage in a wide variety of publications. The seventy-fifth anniversary of powered flight was celebrated by a public symposium in which five papers on the Wright Brothers and their 1903 Kitty Hawk Flyer were presented. The museum also opened an exhibit and, with the Smithsonian Institution Press, published a book in honor of the occasion. The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus. The tenth anniversary of the first manned lunar landing was honored on July 20, 1979. Special events, extended hours, and a commemorative book formed part of the celebration of that historic occasion. The crew of Apollo 11, Neil A. Armstrong, Edwin "Buzz" Aldrin, and Michael Collins, participated in a press conference and a public ceremony on the Mall, in cooperation with the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. The museum remained open until 1:30 a.m. on the night of July 20th, with real-time network coverage of the first walk on the moon being replayed to several thousand happy, enthusiastic visitors, who seemed to enjoy greatly a nostalgic "happening." Other galleries were improved. A beautifully restored Albatros D.Va fighter was placed in the World War I Gallery, and Mariner 10, an important spacecraft, was moved from the discontinued Life in the Universe Gallery to the Space Hall. 82 / Smithsonian Year 1979 • V The National Air and Space Museum's Exploring the Planets Gallery, which opened in November 1978, is highlighted by a full-scale replica of a Voyager spacecraft. Two Voyagers, launched by nasa in August and September 1977, passed by Jupiter in March and July of 1979 and will continue to send back data into the 1980s. Below. The Vice Premier of the People's Republic of China, Deng Xiaoping, signs Secretary Ripley's guest book during a special tour of nasm in February 1979. The Secretary is behind Deng and to his right is Zhou Lin, Deng's wife. Melvin Zisfein, the museum's deputy director, stands behind Secretary Ripley. The museum's most popular gallery, Apollo to the Moon, re- ceived a very important updating with the inclusion of the "Apollo Results Exhibit." This exhibit relates the actual scientific results of the Apollo missions. The Vertical Flight Hall was changed to include the Piasecki PV-2 Helicopter, as well as a unit depicting the many life-saving roles played by U.S. Coast Guard helicopters. An important facet of the exhibit program has been increased attention to maintenance. The visitor traffic has been so much heavier than predicted that there has been more simple wear-and- tear on exhibits than expected. As a result, a considerable effort has been made to repair damage, touch up paint, and so on, to preserve the museum's appearance. A new iMAX film. Living Planet, sponsored by the Johnson Wax Company, was introduced. Improved scheduling procedures per- mitted two more daily showings, and attendance at Living Planet has actually exceeded attendance of To Fly. The critical response was very favorable. To Fly, however, has a strong following, and public demand caused it to be brought back to be shown three times a day. More than 5,000,000 visitors have attended showings of the two films. Research is now under way for follow-up films. A new planetarium show, "Worlds of Tomorrow," opened in the Albert Einstein Spacearium in November. This show has proved to be even more popular than its predecessor, "Cosmic Awakening," and has stimulated additional attendance at other spacearium events, which now include a weekly presentation "Noontime with the Stars" as well as Monthly Sky Lectures. The preservation, restoration, and storage facility at Silver Hill completed its facilities-renovation program with the installation of a sprinkler system in all the major buildings. Some 21,000 people have visited the "no frills" museum, which is open by appointment only, and now features four complete warehouses and the large workshop in which restoration takes place. More than 200 aircraft, spacecraft, and engines can be seen, and during the week, it is possible to view the craftsmen actually at work on the restorations. Restoration was completed on the 1912 Curtiss Pusher, the 1911 Bleriot, and the 1944 Messerschmitt Me 262 (the world's first opera- tional jet fighter), as well as more than a score of engines and a dozen large models. The Curtiss and Bleriot engines and models 84 / Smithsonian Year 1979 will be featured in the new Early Flight Gallery, while the Messer- schmitt will be seen in the Gallery of Jet Aviation. Both galleries will open in 1980. Work continues on the Langley Aerodrome, Bellanca CF, Vought F4-U Corsair, and Northrop Nl-M Flying Wing. The inventory program at Silver Hill unearths more artifacts as it goes on; early museum record-keeping sometimes lumped several items under a single heading, and the inventory process makes possible proper identification and cataloguing. The museum's strong artifact loan program was improved by procedures which guarantee that artifacts are properly insured, stored, and handled, and by a systematic inspection of items at the loan site. More than 1,531 artifacts are on loan to 214 museums in the United States and abroad. A very extensive publications program provided scholars and public with a number of excellent works during the year. NASM staff members participated actively in national and re- gional meetings of professional societies across the country. Per- haps even more important were the public programs given at the museums. The 1978 Grierson Memorial Lecture was delivered by John Fozard, chief designer of the Hawker Siddley Harrier. His subject was "The Problem and Potentials of Vertical Flight." Mr. Rocco Petrone delivered the annual von Braun Memorial Lecture, speaking on "Reflections on von Braun and the Saturn-Apollo Team." A very successful seminar on the "Battle of Britain" was held on November 15, 1978. The speakers — two participants in the battle who had actually engaged in aerial combat with each other — were General Aldoph Galland of the Luftwaffe and Wing Commander Robert Stanford Tuck of the Royal Air Force. The seminar was preceded by a dramatic slide presentation of aviation art prepared by Curator of Art James Dean. Brigadier General Benjamin S. Kelsey, usaf (Retired), a distin- guished engineer and test pilot, accepted an appointment as the Lindbergh Professor of Aerospace History in 1979. General Kelsey is working on a book on the creation of U.S. airpower for World War II. Michael Collins and his "nasm Team" were presented the Thirty- sixth Annual Frank G. Brewer Trophy, which is awarded yearly for the most outstanding development in aviation or space education. Science I 85 A busy schedule of lectures, films, and special events provided attractions for visitors on most nights of the week. Lectures in- cluded "The Active Universe" by E. Margaret Burbidge and "Spaceship Earth" by Buckminster Fuller. The Aeronautics Depart- ment continued its well-attended free film series, which will be followed next year by a similar series on science-fiction films. The Smithsonian's Frisbee Disc Festival was held on September 2nd and was, as usual, a happy, fun-filled event with about 11,000 participants. In the spring of 1979, the nasm Library published a guidebook to the programs, services, and publications of the National Air and Space Museum Library collection. The guide describes the scope of the book and journal collection, as well as the unique archival docu- mentary files of photographs, drawings, and the audio-visual col- lection. A computer terminal and data-storage cassette enabled the li- brary to access the Office of Computer Services' central terminal fasters, eliminating optical character-recognition scanning. The method produces a rapid turnaround time and allows for major revisions in the subject organization of the machine-readable func- tion for the documentary files. The bibliographic and news data base. Information Bank, based on the New York Times and other newspaper and magazine biblio- graphic sources, was introduced as a new information service. The degree of public service provided to visitors was made the subject of an informal study, and the results were so surprising that they had to be validated to be believed. Visitor requests for information ranging from the ordinary — "Where is the restaurant?" — to the extraordinary — "Please show me the proof you have that Gustave Whitehead was not the first man to fly" — numbered in the hundreds of thousands. There were 42,312 letters, 5,120 visitors to the museum offices, and over 800,000 telephone and direct requests for information. Curator of Art James Dean received fifty-six offers of artwork, of which fourteen were accepted, including the largest donation the museum has ever received from a private source, the Stuart M. Speiser Collection of Photo-Realist art. Mr. Speiser received the Smithson Medal in recognition of his donation, which will be the subject of a special showing in the future. 86 / Smiihsonimi Year 1979 National Museum of Man, Center for the Study of Man NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER The National Anthropological Film Center (nafc) is working to de- velop the means to take greater advantage of the potential for visual and aural records as a means of furthering human understanding. The Film Center deals with questions having to do with the nature of the human condition, including all aspects of the human heritage, such as behavioral development, philosophy, ethics, cultural his- tory, aesthetics, the visual arts, and the behavioral and human sciences. Many scholarly interests and currents form the background of the new field of visual inquiry into human affairs. They come from: visual arts and pedagogy; the medical and behavioral sciences; aesthetics and epistemology; anthropology and ethnology; psy- chology, sociology, and economics; history and political science; ecology and natural history; and information theory and communi- cations. Cross-disciplinary approaches have begun to emerge, but the required new frameworks embracing both the humanities and sciences still do not exist. At present, the nafc is collaborating with leaders and scholars in several Third World nations on film documentation of their threat- ened cultural heritages. Facilities for preservation and retrieval of the visual data obtained are being developed, in response to interest and invitations received by the Film Center. The nafc is now re- sponding in the following countries: Nepal, Tibet, India, Papua New Guinea, Brazil, Micronesia, the Cook Islands, Bolivia, Pakistan, and Sudan. In order to provide the broadest possible latitude for independent scholarly development of visual data on vanishing ways of life, the NAFC has been experimenting with various kinds of support to filmmakers and scholars interested in producing films as permanent scholarly resources. This effort includes: providing consulting services, filmmaking expertise, or equipment; supplying film stock, processing facilities, logistic support, training, assembly, and an- notation services; helping with grant applications; and supplying preservation service and facilities for analysis. In providing such Science I S7 assistance, the nafc maintains a flexible policy aimed at filling project gaps with resources not otherwise available. For accurate, up-to-date information on the variety, distribution, and conditions of the ways of life currently extant in the world, the Film Center relies on scholars who are personally knowledge- able about particular regions. In this way, the nafc can share the sophisticated understanding possessed by specialists affiliated with various universities and research institutes actively investigating and learning more about the state of human organization across the world. The National Research Film Collection is being developed as a means of preserving the irreplaceable records of visual data that document the various expressions of human potential, organization, and behavior in social and cultural contexts. The growing National Research Film Collection is now nearing 2,000,000 feet of film. This body of irreplaceable documents repre- sents aspects of life throughout the world (see the "List of Donors to the Smithsonian Institution," Appendix 9). The research efforts of the nafc touch on several program areas: (1) inquiry into the human condition; (2) studies of human behavior and development. As the characteristic patterns of behavior take hold of and mold a growing child, they can reveal how basic human potential may respond to various conditions of life and how the patterned responses characteristic of a culture emerge from these conditions; (3) examination of the nature of human knowledge. Emerging as a natural corollary to the nafc's studies is the question of the nature of human knowledge. Such important issues as the limits of contemporary scientific method in humanistic studies keep arising in the course of inquiry into human nature — theoretical issues relating to the problems of applying the methodology of the natural sciences to studies of human existence. Key among these issues is the problem of reflexivity. The objective methods of natu- ral science are well suited to obtaining knowledge by which the materials and things of the world can be manipulated for human benefit, because, in part, these methods divorce the question of value from the process of inquiry. However, when people examine people; when humankind is both examiner and examinee, a reflex- ive epistemological situation is established that may not be separa- ble from values. 88 / Smithsonian Year 1979 All purposeful human activity is impelled by some human value. A great variety of different human values exists in the world. All of these values impel inquiry and activity in their own ways, and in the arena of life, the human condition partakes of and adjusts to the many currents of meaning and value. While the methods of natural science are powerful tools, they remain servants of human values and thus are poorly equipped to fathom the nature of life itself. This poses a rather fundamental difference between the na- ture of natural science on the one side and humanistic studies on the other. The nafc seeks to bridge this gap between the humani- ties and science. From the earliest days of the concept of a National Film Studies Center, the need for research and development on systems of visual- data management, collection, and retrieval, has been recognized. The NAFC has continued to work on equipment and systems design as part of the task of developing an effective program. In order to surpass the existing camera technology so as to ob- tain high-quality, synchronous-sound, visual records of daily activity in remote cultures, the nafc has established some new specifications for equipment to gather visual data in daily life situations. Professional filmmaking had required a two-person team in order to record both picture and sound. Experience showed that two people created a society of their own in other cultures and so attracted considerably more attention than one person with a camera. The interactions between these "strange beings" was in effect a show. For this reason, the nafc developed design specifica- tions for a rig that would be operated by a single person. Then the Film Center obtained the services of specialized instrument makers. After a year and a half of testing and reworking, the nafc has equipment that works well. It has equipped all its teams with this new data-gathering instrument. Developed from the small Ethnofilm Training Program for De- veloping Nations (initiated in 1974 with a grant from the Wenner- Gren Foundation), the current Ethnofilm Training Program has been designed in cooperation with the Anthropology Film Center in Santa Fe to train students to obtain researchable film samples of human behavior in the context of vanishing and changing cultures. Based on the belief that individuals from other cultures enrich such Science I Z9 samples, because of their different, often more expert, cultural per- ceptions, this program specifically involves members of non- Western cultures. The first such participant was a graduate student in anthropology from the University of Delhi in India. He returned to India to complete a comparative film study on the divergent patterns of hu- man development among the ironsmithing nomads of northern India and isolated Tibetan-speaking mountain people in Lahul. The NAFC has also trained students from the Western Caroline Islands of Micronesia and from Tibet; from Harvard University and Ameri- can University; and, from Brazil, a psychologist from the Museu do Indio. All of these students have already been involved in film study projects in Third World nations. On the occasion of the visit of His Holiness the fourteenth Dalai Lama, spiritual leader of the world's Buddhists, the nafc prepared a special program of excerpts from its Study of Traditional Tibetan Civilization. This program included showings of ancient Tibetan rites and rituals for the first time; aspects of the movements, ex- pressions, and styles of dialect exchanges; the training and lives of young monks; the basic respect-relations that are part of Tibetan family organization; and the spirit-possession and oracle of Stok, Ladakh. RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES The Research Institute on Immigration and Ethnic Studies (rues) has maintained its efforts to facilitate and promote the study of the impact of contemporary immigration upon, and its discernible im- plications for the future of, the United States and the international community. In the past year, the institute continued to expand its publication series, completing and sending to press: Quantitative Data and Immigration Research, edited by Stephen R. Couch and Roy S. Bryce-Laporte, as a part of the Research Notes Series; Culture, Disease, and Stress Among Latinos, by Lucy M. Cohen, as a special study; and Sourcebook on the New Immigration: ImpUcations for the United States and the International Community, edited by Roy S. Bryce-Laporte, with the assistance of Delores M. Mortimer and Stephen R. Couch, as a special publication published by Transac- tion Press. It is accompanied by the Sourcebook on the New Immi- 90 / Smithsonian Year 1979 gration: Supplement, edited by Roy S. Bryce-Laporte, with the assistance of Delores M. Mortimer and Stephen R. Couch. The staff attended numerous symposia in 1978-79. Dr. Roy Bryce-Laporte, rues director, served as a participant and official North American unesco observer at the unesco Conference on Studies of the African Diaspora and the Caribbean, in the Domini- can Repubhc. He participated in the Ethnohistory Society Meetings in Chicago and the Spring Symposium on the PoHtical Economy of the Black World, at the Afro-American Studies Center, ucla, where he presented the paper "American Plantation Expansion and West Indian Labor Migration into Central America: Limon, Costa Rica, 1870-1948"; and at the Afro-American Studies Symposium, held at the University of Pennsylvania and at Haverford College, Haver- ford, Pennsylvania, he presented the paper "The Persisting Signifi- cance of Race: The Perplexing Significance of Class." He partici- pated in the Columbia Faculty Seminar on Cultural Pluralism, Columbia University, and served as an official observer and par- ticipant at CARiFESTA in Cuba, where he participated in the seminar on Identity and Culture. He also opened a session at the Interna- tional Conference on the Caribbean sponsored by the Center for Economic and Social Studies of the Third World, Mexico City, Mexico, where he presented his paper on "Problems in Defining the Caribbean: An Overview." Dr. Stephen R. Couch, riies research coordinator, presented the paper "Directions of Research on Recent U. S. Immigration: Prospects for Knowledge and Policy" as part of the Colloquium Series, Center for International Studies, Duke University. He also presented his paper "The Orchestra as Factory: Social Structure and Musical Style" at the American Sociological Association Meet- ings in Boston. As an outgrowth of her research on women and migration, Delores M. Mortimer, riies programs and publications coordinator, attended the second triennial conference of the International Women's Council, which convened in Nairobi, Kenya, in August 1979. While in Nairobi, Ms. Mortimer also served as an evaluator of various international projects designed to bring about the fuller incorporation of women into development activities. The riies staff observed carnivals in Montreal, Toronto, and New York City as a part of their planning for a seminar and publication Science I 91 on "Carnival as a New Immigrant Contribution to Folklife" in connection with the Smithsonian's Annual Folklife Festival (1979). Dr. Bryce-Laporte closed the fiscal year with his participation as moderator of a panel that was part of a series of panels, exhibits, and concerts on the African Presence in the Americas sponsored by the Visual Arts Research and Resource Center Relating to the Caribbean, Phelps-Stokes Fund. National Museum of Natural History Of the many events at the National Museum of Natural History (nmnh) during the past year, two stand out: the opening of "Dy- namics of Evolution" — a new exhibit hall that outlines the evolu- tionary process — and the beginning of a comprehensive inventory of the sixty million specimens in the museum's collections. Involving anthropology, botany, paleobiology, and zoology, evolution is a unifying theme for the natural sciences, and for this reason, "Dynamics of Evolution" was installed in a central location on the museum's main floor. As the visitors walk through the hall, they pass through areas that sequentially illustrate the basic con- cepts of the evolutionary process. Over the next five years, all of the older natural science exhibits on the museum's main floor will be thematically integrated with the new hall. The east dinosaur gallery and the smaller fossil halls around it have already been closed for renovation and are scheduled to reopen in phases between March 1980 and December 1981. Until this year, inventories of the museum's collection had been performed piecemeal, partially by manual means and partially by using the museum's Automatic Data Processing (adp) facilities. But now an accelerated adp program has begun, with the objective of establishing a computerized record of the museum's full collection. By the end of fiscal year 1979, more than IV2 million specimen and lot records will have been entered into the computer. In the years ahead, just over eight million more records are expected to be added to this data base. From then on, it will be possible to reinvcntory the full collection swiftly, efficiently, and inexpensively on a regular basis. 92 / Smilhsoriinn Year 1979 Rnrc Mexican devil mask (c.i. 1850). An exhibit cont.iiiiing 185 ceremonial Mexican dance masks opened at the National Ntuseum of Natural History in February l'-'>7'^. (Photo by Victor L. Krantz.) The initial inventory work — which more than eighty persons were hired to help carry out — focused on collections that are to be moved to the Smithsonian's Museum Support Center when that facility opens in 1982. Because of this priority, much of the in- ventory work was concentrated in 1979 on the museum's 3.5 mil- lion anthropological specimens, approximately 90 percent of which will be relocated to the Support Center. In carrying out the inventory, all the newly recorded adp data is compared against the old records to make certain that collection specimens are in their proper places. Many specimens — such as minerals and fossils — are becoming very valuable, and the inven- tory will make it possible to improve control of these objects. Note is also being made of the conditions of specimens so that conservation measures can be taken when necessary. This is especially important with the anthropological materials, many of which were collected in the nineteenth century and are subject to deterioration. Other significant exhibit events at the museum in 1978-79 in- cluded the opening of an exhibit of 185 ceremonial Mexican dance masks purchased by the museum from Donald and Mary Cordry of Cuernavaca, Mexico, who had assembled the most completely docu- mented and extensive collection of Mexican masks in existence. In late 1978, through funding provided by the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates, the museum launched a series of ex- hibits on the staff's research. These exhibits, to date, have focused on John Ewers's Plains Indian studies; Storrs Olson's fossil bird research; Brian Mason's Antarctica meteorite investigations; and Lyman Smith's and Robert Read's bromeliad research. A small gallery area was opened in 1979 in the second floor Indian Hall to show photographs from the collections of the museum's Anthro- pological Archives. "The Working Woman," depicting traditional activities of American women, was the first of these exhibits. The museum's Office of Education opened a new gallery area in 1978 in its Learning Center. Exhibits shown there included a collection of Japanese dolls, nature photographs by nmnh photographer Kjell Sandved, and Eskimo graphics and sculptures. The Office of Education expanded its Outreach Program to elderly and institutionalized adults and children in the Washington, D.C., area in 1978-79, and inaugurated free Saturday film and demonstra- 94 / Smithsonian Year 1979 tion programs, especially aimed at family audiences. Major renova- tions were begun in the office's Discovery Room, visited by over 100,000 persons annually since its opening in 1974. Funding for this renovation was provided by the Smithson Society and the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates. In June 1979, Porter M. Kier stepped down after six years as director of the National Museum of Natural History and was awarded the Smithsonian's Henry Medal by Secretary Ripley, for "carrying the museum into a new era — developing modernized ex- hibits that interpret the natural sciences for the American people." Dr. James F. Mello assumed the acting directorship of the museum. NMNH archaeologist Dr. Gus Van Beek has completed nine sea- sons of field excavations at Tell Jemmeh, an ancient town site in Israel's western Negev desert, unearthing a mass of valuable data on an area of unique historical importance. In the last two years of work at the site (1977-78), two deep probe excavations sunk in the twelve-acre, forty-five-foot-high tell, confirmed that it was first occupied on the east side about 3200 b.c. by a small group of farming and hunting people. The first settlement lasted only 200 years. A long period followed when Tell Jemmeh and other areas of the Negev were left in the hands of roaming nomads. Canaanites resettled the Negev about 1700 B.C., and agriculture was resumed on the Negev land. About 1550 e.g., the town began to spread over the entire site. An astonishing amount of debris — as much as eighteen feet at points — accumulated on the tell over the next 350 years. According to Van Beek, this suggests that the city was razed by rival Canaanite invaders more than once — and rebuilt each time. When war was not raging, Canaanite Tell Jemmeh was a thriving international trade center. It provided an inland market, only 6V2 miles from the Mediterranean coast, for the sale of imported goods from Cyprus and the Aegean area. The tell also lay along the great Arabian incense route. Camel caravans laden with frankincense and myrrh, bound for the Mediterranean port of Gaza, made the town an overnight stop. The probe excavations pointed to considerable industrial activity by 1500 B.C. within the little Canaanite town. Pottery kilns, black- smith shops, and possibly lime-burning furnaces were in operation. Science I 95 One of Van Beek's discoveries on the west side of the tell — progressively excavated seasonally from 1971 to 1978 — was a cobblestone courtyard (forty-six feet long by eighteen feet wide) that he believes may have been a public gathering place associated with a temple or possibly the palace of the reigning king. It dates to the thirteenth century b.c, the final period of Canaanite occupation at Tell Jemmeh. The Canaanites were overcome in the twelfth century b.c by an onslaught of Philistine tribes. The Philistines, who had a strong ethnic identity, created new interregional markets, and the town continued as a bustling production and trade center. A large kiln operated by the Philistines in the twelfth century was excavated by Van Beek's team (1975-77). Study of this kiln, one of the largest and most technically sophisticated that has ever come to light in the Near East, is shedding light on ancient ceramic technology. Philistine control of Tell Jemmeh ended in the seventh century B.C., when the region was invaded by Assyrians. The archaeological team excavated and examined in detail a large, six-room, mud-brick building that was the residence of an Assyrian military governor. Its vaulted basement ceilings were built with the first known keystone-shaped mud bricks, a discovery that adds a new chapter to Middle Eastern architectural history. As part of a massive grain conservation project for the Negev region, huge cylindrical grain silos were erected in the final century or so of Tell Jemmeh's occupation (about 310-200 B.C.), when the Negev was part of the Ptolemaic Empire. One of these granaries — the largest and best preserved ever found in Israel and one of con- siderable architectural interest — was excavated and studied by Van Beek. Tell Jemmeh was abandoned between 200 and 150 B.C. Van Beek believes that its water resources — springs in the riverbed that winds along and cuts into the tell's north side — dried up. Scientists at the Smithsonian's National Museum of Natural History are playing a significant role in supporting an international conservation effort to preserve the Galapagos Islands. Some 600 miles off the coast of Ecuador, the islands are populated by unusual, often bizarre animals, marine life, and plants, amidst a spectacular panorama of volcanoes, active and extinct. Observations of this 96 I Smithsonian Year 1979 ^ V-A ^•^r ^fe^^ > NMNH archaeologist Dr. Gus Van Beek investigates a Hellenistic stratum of Tell Jemmeh, an ancient town site in Israel's western Negev desert. (Photo by Victor E. Krantz.) Below. Femandina caldera, Galapagos Islands, is being studied by nmnh volcanologist Thomas Simkin. These two photographs show the caldera before (top) and after its floor dropped more than 1,000 feet in 1968. The lower panorama shows the lava from four subsequent eruptions, the most recent of which (1978) covers most of the right foreground floor. The far wall of the caldera is nearly three miles away from the camera. (Top photo by Alan Root; bottom photo by Lee Siebert.) remarkable setting were important to the naturalist Charles Darwin in his development of the concepts of evolution. In 1959, the centenary of the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species, action was taken to begin the reversal of trends which had begun to disrupt the islands' fragile ecosystem. Ecuador declared all of the archipelago a natural park and enacted laws for the pro- tection of the indigenous wildlife, and the Charles Darwin Founda- tion (cdf) was established, an international organization devoted to conservation and science in the Galapagos. The success of conservation in the Galapagos Islands depends upon scientific study, nmnh's Raymond Fosberg, a world authority on tropical island ecology, said about the archipelago: "Man has initiated the degradation of a remarkable ecosystem. Whether he can put "Humpty-Dumpty together again" is question- able. It is possible to try, however, and the first step should be to make a serious attempt at understanding the ecosystem, both as it was and as it is." Over the past fifteen years, scientists working at the Darwin Research Station and in scientific institutions throughout the world have made important strides in this direction. Some nmnh contribu- tions are listed below. nmnh's Thomas Simkin, who specializes in studies of volcanoes that erupt in midocean, has been monitoring Fernandina, currently the most active Galapagos volcano. It is the most westerly of the large Galapagos islands, and the rim of its crater rises nearly a mile above sea level. Simkin first went to the Galapagos in 1968, when one of the most spectacular volcanic events of this century took place as the floor of Fernandina crater collapsed, dropping 1,200 feet in the course of nine days. Caldera collapses are common in the geological record and have created features such as Oregon's Crater Lake. But they occur rarely in historic time. The last collapse of this magnitude was Katami, Alaska, in 1912. The much more advanced remote sensing capabilities of recent decades have provided far more useful data about the Galapagos collapse. Simkin has been continuing his studies of the effects of this event and the lesser eruptions that followed at Fernandina in 1972, 1973, 1977, and 1978. The physical processes that he is studying are those that have repeatedly modified the Galapagos' physical and 98 / Smithsonian Year 1979 biological environment over the three million years of the islands' existence. The list of nmnh scientists who have published taxonomic studies of the Galapagos flora and fauna is a long one. Included are: J. Laurens Barnard, amphipods; J. F. Gates Clarke, microlepidoptera; F. R. Fosberg, vegetation; Richard C. Froeschner, lace bugs; Paul Hurd, carpenter bees; A. Colby Child, sea spiders; John M. Burns, skipper butterflies; Harold Rehder, mollusks; Thomas Bowman, amphipods; George Watson, seabirds; S. Dillon Ripley, rails; Raymond Manning, shrimp; and David Steadman, fossil verte- brates. The late Waldo Schmitt was the first nmnh scientist to take a major interest in the islands. nmnh's James Norris and Katina Bucher are working offshore from the islands to collect marine algae and quantitative data for ecological, systematic, and chemical studies. One important benefit of this work is baseline information necessary to monitor environ- mental changes in Galapagos waters as a result of tourism. To compare different marine provinces within the archipelago, permanent transects were established on island sites with warm water temperatures and colder upwelled water. This data is being analyzed for interisland and seasonal variation comparisons of species composition, diversity, and community structure of the benthic marine plants and invertebrate animals. Seasonal changes are being recorded by resurveying the same transects at different times of the year. Over 20,000 specimens from twenty-four islands in two seasons represent the most extensive marine botanical col- lections ever made in this unique region. Over 36 percent of the marine flora is endemic to the archipelago. Norris and Bucher sug- gest that the new collections will increase the species known from the Galapagos by 30 percent. Many new distributional records and some new species have already been found in their systematic studies. nmnh's Duane Hope, a specialist on nematodes, accompanied Norris and Bucher on one of their recent diving expeditions to collect nematode species that live amidst the Galapagos algae. He brought back general collections of marine fauna, including speci- mens of the giant starfish Luidia superba, measuring thirty-three inches across and with arms up to sixteen inches long, now under study by nmnh's Maureen Downey. Science I 99 Nearly 300 miles northeast of Galapagos, giant worms ranging up to five feet in length were discovered 8,000 feet beneath the ocean last year by National Science Foundation-supported scientists diving in the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution's submersible Alvin. The worms possess no mouth and no digestive tract, nmnh's Dr. Meridith Jones believes that as they have no capability for handling particulate foods, their nourishment must be at the mo- lecular level. For this reason, he says, one is forced to accept the fact that an animal five feet long and one-and-a-half inches in diameter can take up molecular food in sufficient quantities to sup- port this large mass of tissue. The worms live in seafloor rift zones in which water is heated by deep fissures into the earth's interior. The waters in these areas are saturated with sulfur compounds that are toxic to most animals. But communities of sea animals are able to survive in this unique ecological niche by feeding on bacteria and other microorganisms that metabolize sulfur dioxide rather than oxygen, or, in the case of the worms, molecular metabolites. The worms appear to be unique among the higher animals in that they deposit crystals of elemental sulfur in their tissue. Whether this is a result of sulfur metabolism by them or a means of detoxifying body fluids has yet to be determined. The Galapagos worms are members of a relatively newly recog- nized taxon, the Vestimentifera, first described ten years ago and considered to be either part of the phylum Pogonophora or the phylum Annelida, according to the views of different researchers. The phylum Pogonophora has some basic morphological similarities — such as the lack of mouth and digestive tract — to the Galapagos worms, but there are other morphological characters that the two groups do not share. The net result is that Jones believes that the Galapagos worms should be assigned to a subphylum status in the phylum Pogonophora, even though the Vestimentifera as a whole has relationships to the phylum Annelida. Jones expects to delve deeper into this matter in November 1979 when he will take part in an expedition to the Galapagos to dive in the Alvin to collect and observe the worms. In the dim recesses of the basement of the National Museum of Natural History, marine researcher Walter H. Adey and a team of coworkers have succeeded, for the first time anywhere, in develop- 100 / Smithsonian Year 1979 ing a functioning, growing coral reef. More than 130 species of Caribbean reef plants and animals have been transplanted into an 1,800-gallon tank, which creates a balanced reef ecosystem with functions and processes that mirror the natural habitat. Dr. Adey attributes his success in preserving the reef's natural balance primarily to two devices. First, the twelve-by-four-by-six- foot tank is Hghted by sixteen 400-watt metal halide lamps. These lamps simulate the intensity of tropical sunlight and are timed to provide a normal daily cycle of light and dark. The second key piece of equipment is an automatic wave generator that simulates both the wave action and current required by a natural reef. These and other totally new procedures, which have ultimately led to the creation of the reef microcosm, were the result of more than eight years of intensive study of Caribbean reefs. For years, Caribbean reefs were thought to be stunted and barren in comparison with those in the western Pacific, but the investiga- tions of Adey and his colleagues have shown the fallacy of this belief. His findings are based on numerous reef cores taken from many lesser Antillean Islands, the study of the cross section in a ship channel cut through the reef in St. Croix, and recent studies of water chemistry in St. Croix and Martinque. Modern reef development, Adey found, is controlled by complex factors. The single most important of these is the shape and nature of the pre-existing shoreline. Its influence is strongly modified by the pattern of sea-level rise after each glaciation. A secondary factor of considerable importance is the strength and constancy of wave action. Adey's work has shown that eastern and western Caribbean reefs differ in ways principally related to sea and swell charac- teristics. Adey and his students also have discovered that tropical reefs, as they build and develop over several thousand years, pass through a series of well-defined successional stages, much as do many terrestrial communities. The organisms present in a reef, and its surface appearance, can differ markedly in each stage, so much so that in some cases one structure might not even be recognized as a coral reef. It has been known for several decades that coral reefs are very productive biological systems. Adey and his students have shown that primary productivity — the building of organic compounds Science I 101 using sunlight — varies according to the stage of succession, later stages being more productive than the earlier ones in which most reef building occurs. Adey and his students have demonstrated that the reef's algal turf, in combination with wave surge, produces the tremendous productivity of mature reefs. Constant wave surge serves to provide maximum exchange of oxygen, carbon dioxide, and nutrients to these rapidly metabolizing plants. The algal turf grows so rapidly that it is never totally consumed by the large number of parrot fish, sea urchins, and other reef animals that graze on it. Contrary to expectations, maximum pro- ductivity and energy flow derive in part from biomass being con- centrated in grazers. Well-developed reefs occur in the tropics, where sunlight is usually consistent and intense. Adey's observations show that the mature reef is a master in capturing solar energy and inducing it to flow through its system. It was because Adey wanted to study this energy flow, a necessity for all biological systems, as well as other features of reefs, that he decided to build his reef microcosm in nmnh's basement. By working simultaneously with natural reefs and this experimental unit, Adey and his team hope to understand the mechanics of this most complex of ecosystems. This past year, nmnh mineralogist Daniel Appleman collaborated with predoctoral fellow Izumi Nakai from Tsukuba University, Japan, to determine the crystal structures of the rare minerals gerst- leyite and laffittite. Gerstleyite, a hydrous sodium arsenic-antimony sulfide, proved to have a unique structure based on rings of antimony-sulfur pyramids linked to chains. Laffittite, a silver- mercury-arsenic sulfide, is a sulfosalt with close-packed sulfur and ordered metal atoms. Both structures enlarge our knowledge of the role of arsenic and antimony in sulfide ore deposits. Foraminifera are tiny, single-celled, shelled protozoa, each the size of a tiny sand grain, which live almost everywhere in the sur- face waters and on the bottoms of the present oceans. Because of their great abundance and their limy shell (preserved in mud after the death of the animal), they are recovered in large numbers in rock deposits formed under the sea millions of years ago. The world's largest collection of foraminifera fossils is housed at the National Museum of Natural History — a half million speci- 102 / Smithsonian Year 1979 mens, each preserved on a glass microscope slide. These specimens are consulted frequently by petroleum geologists to date sediments and to help determine potential locations of oil deposits. Dr. Richard Cifelli is charting the distribution of the so-called "pelagic" foraminifera that live in the surface layers of the oceans, where currents transport them over hundreds of square miles. Working on oceanographic vessels in the North Atlantic, Cifelli drags a fine-meshed plankton net in the water, separating the "forams" from the other animals collected with a special furnace technique he has developed. In the furnace, the soft, organic-tissued plankton burn up, leaving the shelly remains of foraminifera. When these remains are identified and counted, Cifelli can plot the species distribution and relate them to ocean currents. By doing so, he can see that different water masses in the North Atlantic are characterized by different species associations, and he can make estimates of what the water masses were like. Thus he is learning more about the ancient ocean and past climatic conditions and how they have changed through time. Dr. Martin A. Buzas studies the bottom-living foraminifera, the so-called "benthonic" forms, which have been important rock builders in the past. He specializes in ones that are found in shallow water and close to the shore. Buzas is especially interested in ecological factors that influence foraminifera distribution and abundance. Until recently, scientists looked only at physical conditions, such as temperature and water salinity. But Buzas's data indicates that competition between differ- ent species of animals is equally important. He is trying to find out what effect predation has on foraminifera populations and how important the foraminifera are as food for clams, crabs, fish, worms, and other large marine animals. At Fort Pierce, Florida, where the Smithsonian operates a floating barge as a marine laboratory, Buzas and an assistant, Karen Carle, recently set up an experiment designed to provide insight into these ecological questions. Cutting sections out of the sides of large trash cans, Buzas and Carle covered the holes with nylon screen fine enough to keep out predators and yet sufficiently large for microorganisms such as foraminifera to flow into the can. The bottom of the can was first filled with sediment, and then the entire container was placed in Science I 103 shallow water. Screens were changed twice a week to keep them from becoming fouled. Every month, the sediment in the can was sampled and the foraminifera density measured. Less than a thou- sand individual foraminifera were found for every twenty milliliters of sediment outside the can. However, the researchers found five times that many forams inside the can in the same sediment quan- tity, clear evidence of the importance of predation in pruning foraminifera populations. Buzas estimates that the living wet-weight of foraminifera being consumed adds up to twenty to thirty grams per square meter per month — a substantial food source for predators. His experiments, now in progress, are giving some indication of just how important foraminifera are to the ecology of an estuarine area. Early in the autumn, as the skies over the Atlantic coast become crowded with millions of birds winging south for the winter, a less visible migration is also taking place. In late September and early October, herds of bottle-nosed dolphins are swimming south be- tween Long Island, New York, and Cape Hatteras, North Carolina, on the return leg of an annual journey. For the past several years, their migration has been closely monitored by nmnh marine biologist Dr. lames G. Mead. How many dolphins are there? Where, what, and when do they eat? When and where do they mate? What affects their migration patterns? To answer these questions. Mead and his assistant, Charles Potter, travel along the coast almost as much as the dolphins. From his studies. Mead has learned much about migration patterns, which vary from year to year, depending on such factors as the tempera- ture of the water and the abundance and kinds of fish available to the dolphins. Basically, the dolphins winter off the North Carolina coast, or sometimes farther south, until spring, when they begin heading north. Each herd is composed of several hundred members, organized loosely in groups of ten or fifteen, moving a mile or two apart. One herd follows another, and it takes as long as two months for all the herds to get under way. Although no census has been taken of this migration in many years, there are probably more than 10,000 dolphins involved, according to Mead. By the end of May, the first herds are off Virginia and, by late June, they are as 104 / Smithsonian Year 1979 The skull of a blue whale is hoisted into place in the Dynamics of Evolution Hall, which opened at the National Museum of Natural History in May 1979. (Photo by Chip Clark.) Below. Migrating dolphin off the coast of Maryland. Dolphin migrations are being studied by Dr. James G. Mead, nmnh marine biologist. ■•'*!aaa»»'iap*'" - far north as Sandy Hook, New Jersey. There they remain for up to two months before starting back- Mead is making plans to track one of the dolphin groups through its entire journey. Radio transmitters and other sophisticated technological equipment will not be needed — only field glasses. Dolphins are prone to injuries on their dorsal fins, and these create distinct markings. The scars are not visible from the air but can be spotted by observers from shipboard or on shore and should make it possible to follow individual animals and other members of the group as they move up the coast. In addition to these studies, marine animal strandings also pro- vide valuable information to Mead and Potter. Of 480 marine mam- mals stranded along the Atlantic shore last year, 320 were dolphins. Arriving at the scene of a stranding. Mead performs detailed autopsies on the animals. External body measurements are taken to provide data for systematic studies. He also examines stomach contents and reproductive organs and collects samples of tissue, blood, and parasites for laboratory analysis. To cover the hundreds of miles of Atlantic shore that hs is un- able to patrol. Mead relies on a network of observers organized by the museum's Scientific Event Alert Network (sean). These indi- viduals pass along information about dolphins, whales, and other beached marine mammals. If Mead or Potter cannot go to the scene, sean tries to find someone living in the area of the stranding who can autopsy the animal and send study samples to the museum, adding to the museum's already large collection of infor- mation on marine mammals. The box that recently arrived at the Smithsonian from Southeast Asia contained a new species of Anopheles mosquito — a deadly carrier of drug-resistant malaria that infests Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam. The mosquito had been collected in Thailand by U.S. Army malaria researchers and had been identified as Anopheles halaba- censis, a malaria carrier common to Borneo, Malaya, Assam, Burma, the southern Philippines, and Java. It was shipped to the Smithsonian because a scientist in Thailand noticed that its biting behavior was peculiar. Balbacensis and other Anopheles malaria-carriers as a rule attack humans at dusk, where- as swarms of this mosquito were found looking for a meal much 106 / Smithsonian Year 1979 later in the evening, biting most people between midnight and 2:00 a.m. At the Smithsonian, E. L. Peyton, a staff member of the Medical Entomology Project (mep) at the National Museum of Natural His- tory, examined the specimen, compared it with the Philippine Type of balabacensis, and discovered that it had been misidentified. The alternating light and dark bands on its wings were slightly different from the true balabacensis mosquito. Here was a distinctly new species. Peyton determined the taxonomic character of the new species, making it possible to distinguish it from other mosquitoes. He also carried out biological studies that demonstrated that the mosquito is a probable major vector (carrier) of malaria wherever it occurs in Southeast Asia. In some areas, it may be the only vector. In recognition of the harm that it causes, Peyton selected the Latin name dirus (fearful) for the species. Identification of dirus is making it possible to learn where the immature stages occur — usually in small scattered puddles on the forest fringes- — information essential to any efforts to eradicate the species. MEP is the leading center of research on mosquito biosystematics in the United States, and Anopheles dirus is only one of hundreds of Southeast Asian Anopheles mosquitoes that have received de- tailed taxonomic study over the past fifteen years by the staff. The Southeast Asia Mosquito Project (seamp) was established in 1964 at the National Museum of Natural History, funded by the U. S. Army Medical Research and Development Command. This cooperative arrangement continues today as the Medical Ento- mology Project (mep). The change in the name reflects the expansion of the staff's research to Africa and Latin America and to the mosquito groups that are the vectors of yellow fever, filariasis, dengue fever, and encephalitis. These diseases, combined with malaria, kill and debilitate several hundred million persons every year. Malaria has been reduced considerably throughout the world over the past twenty years, but now, because of lack of funding for control programs, it is experiencing a resurgence. nmnh's contributions to research in tropical medicine date back to the early 1900s, when the United States was attempting to eradi- cate yellow fever and malaria in Cuba, where U.S. troops were Science I 107 stationed, and in Panama, where the U.S. was engaged in construc- tion of the canal. The museum has large holdings of tropical mosquitoes as a legacy of this work, including such historically interesting specimens as those studied by Major Walter Reed in Cuba. The geographical coverage of the museum's collection was further enlarged in the World War II years, when the museum became the depository for large numbers of specimens collected in the South Pacific and Asia, mep's work has added to this nucleus hundreds of thousands of Southeast Asian mosquitoes. Over all, the Smithsonian mosquito collection is now the largest in the world, numbering more than 500,000 specimens, including 1,200 Types. Currently the museum is in the process of accessioning an addi- tional 250,000 mosquitoes collected from North, Central, and South America by Dr. John Belkin of the University of California. MEP is currently directed by Dr. Oliver Flint of the museum's Department of Entomology, mep has its own support staff, con- sisting of an administrative assistant, collections manager, several scientific illustrators, and museum technicians. Scientists on the staff are working on a variety of projects. Dr. Yiau-Min Huang is studying African yellow fever and virus vectors; Mr. George K. Bryce and Dr. Sunthorn Sirivankarn are focusing on New World vectors of malaria and viral disease, including Venezuelan equine encephalitis; Captain Michael Faran, one of the project's Walter Reed collaborators, is studying South American malaria vectors; E. L. Peyton and Walter Reed's Dr. Ronald Ward are continuing their work on important Southeast Asian vectors, in collaboration with Major Bruce Harrison of Walter Reed's Thailand research laboratory. The Peruvian Amazon Basin, especially the western periphery along the moist eastern slope of the Andes, contains what is per- haps one of the largest unexplored rain forests in the world. For a volume on the Flora of Peru that is under preparation, NMNH botanist Dr. Dieter Wasshausen has made four collecting trips over the last five years to learn what species of Acanthaceae plants inhabit this rich tropical region. The Acanthaceae is a family of flowering tropical plants that makes up an important part of the vegetation of Peru and other countries of the New World tropics. For most of northern and 108 / Smithsonian Year 1979 coastal Peru, sufficient material is now available to permit the floristic treatment of Acanthaceae. But there is still a significant lack of knowledge about the east Andean slopes. This is largely because the east Andes is such a difficult region for a botanist to survey. The roads stop at Andean coffee-planta- tion outposts. To penetrate farther, Wasshausen must travel in a canoe or small motor launch, stopping downstream where there are logging trails on which he can hike into the wilderness and collect. Wasshausen has been focusing his survey on certain areas of the Andean slope that survived the dry Quaternary periods as wet- forest refuges. Here he finds that the evolutionary differentiation of the Acanthaceae is at its zenith. Some of these refuge areas are in the Upper Marafion Valley, the Chanchamayo and Apurimac valleys, the Upper Urubamba Valley, and the Upper Madre de Dios basin, comprising the Rios Manu and Inambari valleys. One of the important questions that these refuges pose concerns the ways in which plants there are related to the vegetation in the neighboring forest zones. Opportunities to study this problem are arising as the Peruvian government opens up new agricultural lands. Wasshausen points out that new roads being constructed into the Amazonian lowlands usually cross the Andes chains at the lowest passes, and it is in these vicinities that overlapping vegeta- tion areas may be found. He feels it is critical for botanists to study these newly accessible ecological habitats while the vegetation is still relatively pristine. Sharing Wasshausen's interest in this region is his colleague Dr. Laurence Skog, a specialist in the Gesneriaceae, the African violet family. This family occurs as almost 2,000 species in the tropics. It will be a key part of the Peruvian Flora. Like Wass- hausen, Skog has sparse material from the eastern slopes of the Andes. He collected in Andean cloud forests in several parts of Peru in 1978 and hopes to make species inventories in other areas of the region before they are cleared for agriculture and the natural vegetation is lost forever. In the field, both scientists are interested in making observations of the reproductive biology of their plants. There is a great diver- sity of animal groups important to this process for both families, including hummingbirds, bats, moths and butterflies, and small Science I 109 bees. These plant/ animal relationships must be studied in order to understand the different breeding systems used for maintaining the species. One Generiaceae genus studied by Dr. Skog is an epiphyte, a plant that hangs from tree branches. Ants, drawn to the plant by nectar glands on its leaves and stems, collect the plant's seeds, which are coated with a tissue that ants like to eat. The ants carry the seeds back to the nest that they build on the branches of forest trees. After they eat the tissue coating, they leave the seed core in the nest, where it can germinate. Soon a plant sprouts out of the ant nest. In this way, the ants serve the plant by dispersing it and by literally planting the seeds in their nest. There is some evidence that they also pollinate the plant's flowers. Ants were long thought responsible for the pollination of many red-flowered rain-forest species of Acanthaceae. But on a recent trip to Peru, Dr. Wasshausen discovered that the true pollinator is a small bee. The ants found on the plants are in a symbiotic rela- tionship with leaf-hoppers on the flowers. It appears that the leaf- hoppers extract leaf nutrients from the plant and give off a sticky, sweet substance that is ingested by the ants. The ants in turn pro- tect the leaf-hoppers from other predators. The biological scope of the museum's Scientific Event Alert Net- work (sean) broadened substantially with the addition of a grow- ing network of correspondents reporting beachings of marine turtles, many species of which are endangered by egg collecting, incidental catches by fishermen, and habitat encroachment. In its first 8 bulletins of 1979, sean reported 181 turtle beachings in addition to 620 whale strandings (9 of which were mass strandings), 71 beachings of pinnipeds, and 62 deaths of manatees, another endangered species. A SEAN-sponsored interdisciplinary workshop on the April 1979 eruption of Soufriere of St. Vincent was held at the Smithsonian's Front Royal, Virginia, conference center, September 6-8. Volcanol- ogists, seismologists, meteorologists, climatologists, physicists, and satellite technologists discussed their research on this eruption and explored possibilities for improved cooperation and communication between workers who will be studying future eruptions. Under the auspices of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center (sosc), museum biologists Leslie W. Knapp, Colby A. Child, 110 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Herman A. Fehlmann, Frank D. Ferrari, Joseph D. Libbey, Jr., and Ernani G. Menez, participated in a major expedition in the spring of 1979 to the central PhiUppines. It was the second trip in a pro- jected muhiyear program to explore the marine biology of a com- paratively unknown portion of the Indo-Pacific basin. Funding was provided by the Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. Northeast was published by nmnh's Handbook of North Ameri- can Indians office in November. It is volume fifteen of a twenty- volume set that is under the general editorship of Dr. William Sturtevant. The series of volumes will summarize all that is known about the history and cultures of North American Indians and Eskimos, from their earliest prehistory through the present. This volume was edited by Bruce G. Trigger, professor of anthropology at McGill University in Montreal. It contains seventy-three chap- ters by fifty-four outstanding authorities on the Indian cultures of the region. A chapter is devoted to each of the tribes native to the area, which includes the entire northeast of the United States as far west as the Mississippi River and as far south as North Caro- lina, as well as southeastern Canada. OFFICE OF BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION The Office of Biological Conservation was established by the Secre- tary on October 1, 1978, as part of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Science. Dr. Edward 5. Ayensu was appointed as its director. The scope of its mandate includes the coordination of the various environmental conservation activities already in progress in the Institution and the development of new projects within areas of staff interest and expertise. The office is also charged with articu- lating and representing the Institution's views on conservation issues to both administrative and scientific circles, as well as to the public at large. The office is embarking on a two-pronged effort to disseminate information. On a professional scientific level, bulletins will be issued detailing the Smithsonian's concern regarding critical en- vironmental issues. These bulletins will be sent to scientific authorities and governmental organizations in this country and abroad, where they can be used as guides for the judicious use and assessment of the environment. In the public domain, the office has recently collaborated with the Bureau of Engraving and Printing of Science I Wl the Department of the Treasury and the U.S. Postal Service in preparing endangered-flora postage stamps that were issued on June 7 , 1979. It has also collaborated on related Postal Service ex- hibitions, and additional exhibits are planned. An Occasional Papers series and educational seminars and symposia will reach both the scientific and lay communities and serve to amplify the office's role as a source of data for information-seekers from both groups. National Zoological Park Fiscal year 1979 brought a number of new animals to the National Zoological Park (nzp), through successful breeding and acquisition. Nzp also made progress on construction projects and expanded its programs in animal management, research, conservation, and health. At year's end, staff members in all offices at the National Zoo could take pride in having contributed to a successful year for animals, visitors, and employees. THE ANIMAL COLLECTION AND ITS EXHIBITS Highlighting the year's innovations was the new Beaver Valley Exhibit, which opened in May. It features aquatic animals such as seals, sea lions, beavers, and otters, as well as two canids — bush dogs and timber wolves. Covering eight acres, the exhibit is grace- fully landscaped, with waterfalls, pools, rocks, and hundreds of plantings, so that it preserves the natural, wooded setting of Rock Creek Park. A massive underground system of pumps and filters, which circulate and cleanse the 375,000 gallons of water in the seal and sea-lion pools, is hidden from public view and thus does not intrude on the quiet beauty of the area — a major triumph of zoo architecture. In the months since Beaver Valley's official opening, the animals have delighted and fascinated thousands of visitors from all over the world. An unusual means of acquiring animals was employed in the case of the California sea lions. Staff of Hanna-Barbera's Marineland in Rancho Palos Verdes, California, rescued young animals aban- doned by their mothers and then rehabilitated them under Marine- land's program for stranded and beached animals. The sea-lion 112 / Smithsonian Year 1979 pups were then acquired by the National Zoo, where they now make their home. During the spring, keepers began to train the sea Hons and grey seals, using an operant-conditioning method by which desired be- havior is rewarded with a piece of fish. This training has several benefits: it helps to establish trust between keeper and animal; it provides a stimulating activity for the seal or sea lion; and, in cases in which the animal is learning to retrieve objects from the water, it helps to ensure that foreign matter will not be ingested. Training also provides material for planned educational demonstrations for the public. For the enrichment of visitors, Beaver Valley provides innova- tive exhibition techniques. Three-dimensional sculptures, housed in plexiglas cases mounted on I-beams, accompany explanations about communication in grey seals and in sea lions. A beaver skull illustrates a passage about dam-building and dentition. Colorful pipes and filters comprise a model explaining how Beaver Valley's water system works. At underwater viewing areas, visitors can watch sea lions and otters gliding gracefully and can browse through a brochure entitled "Aquatic Adaptations," which answers many questions. To manage the complex of animals, personnel, and equipment that forms the total of Beaver Valley, a curator of aquatic mammals was hired in fiscal year 1978. At the end of fiscal year 1979, he obtained his Ph.D., after having done extensive studies on the reproductive behavior of grey seals in the wild. Once the zoo's grey seals attain breeding age, related research projects will be pursued with them. With the rest of the animal collection, breeding — with its result- ing births and hatchings — continued. Emphasis was placed on captive reproduction and conservation programs for endangered species. Notable births among mammals, both at Rock Creek and at the Conservation and Research Center (crc) near Front Royal, Virginia, included three orabussu titi monkeys, one Bactrian camel, one yellow-backed duiker, one bongo, thirteen lesser pandas, nine Pere David's deer (a species extinct in the wild), four onagers, six bush dogs, three Matschie's tree kangaroos, five southern potoroos, six white-fronted wallabies, and five red kangaroos. With its off- exhibit collection, the Office of Zoological Research was rewarded Science I 113 with baby big fruit bats (the most ubiquitous of the larger fruit bats in the Neotropics), elephant shrews, and short bare-tailed opos- sums. The opossum colony arrived in May 1978 and has already entered its second generation. Among the reptiles, important hatchings included red-footed tortoises; a third generation of leopard geckos; and emerald tree boas (possibly the first time a U.S. zoo has bred these snakes three years in a row). A second year of births in the pancake tortoises was a victory in this species, which does not in many cases survive — let alone breed — in captivity. Fertile eggs were laid by the rarely hatched African plated lizard. This was the first time keepers were able to recover this species' eggs close to hatching, for incubation. At year's end, the eggs, containing live embryos, were being incubated and carefully moni- tored; some had begun to hatch. Bird news was also quite encouraging. At Rock Creek, three out of four species of swan bred. The Stanley cranes laid seven eggs, of which four have already hatched; the sarus cranes laid six, of which four have hatched. A roseate spoonbill chick, hatched in the incubator, was reintroduced to and successfully raised by its parents. At CRC, partial stocking of twenty-one crane yards began in September 1978 and continued to spring 1979. Three unrelated pairs of Rothschild's mynahs were breeding: this was the first time unrelated pairs of this species had been set up to reproduce. Seven Florida sandhill cranes hatched from one breeding pair. Particular productivity distinguished a female emu, which laid thirty-three eggs in 1979. Of these. National Zoo staff hatched twenty-eight and raised twenty-seven. Later, they found the male emu sitting on six more eggs. For unknown reasons, he was unsuccessful in hatching them. A year ago, survival of young ruddy ducks had amounted to a complete failure. This year, however, nineteen chicks at Rock Creek were raised from a total of thirty hatchlings; at crc, fifteen out of fifteen were reared. This welcome new ruddy duck flock was at- tributed to a change in diet and seclusion of the young. Further evaluation of this year's success is under way to ensure optimal conditions for future hatchlings. A significant note of progress in the management of the animal collection is the development of a number of cooperative breeding 114 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Nose-to-nose, a sea lion and young boy seem mutually curious. This underwater viewing area at the sea-lion pool provides one of Beaver Valley's most intriguing highlights for visitors. Below. The new Beaver Valley exhibit provides graceful landscaping and a pleasant natural setting. At center left are the pool and under- water viewing window for North American river otters. \- / l-'k \^ loan programs with other U.S. institutions. Animals placed under such agreements during the year included sloth bears, elephant shrews, orangutans, gorillas, lesser pandas, Masai giraffes, and fennec foxes. International breeding exchanges and loans involved bush dogs, maned wolves, orabussu titi monkeys. Atlas lions, and golden lion tamarins. For this last species, an exceedingly rare primate in the wild, an international studbook was maintained at nzp. This record keeps track of all golden lion tamarins that have been born, been imported from the wild, been transferred, and died in captivity internationally. All zoos maintaining this species are thus informed about the status of captive individuals worldwide; appropriate mat- ings are recommended and medical problems are identified. From Nzp's successful breeding program, a number of golden lion tamarins were transferred in fiscal year 1979 to both national and interna- tional institutions, ranging from the Lincoln Children's Zoo in Chicago to the Frankfurt (Germany) Zoo and the Jersey Wildlife Preservation Trust in England. "Enchantress": for nearly twenty years, Mohini, the National Zoo's first white Bengal tiger, lived up to her Indian name, delight- ing millions of visitors in a generation of zoo-going. But in April 1979 Mohini was put to sleep because of extensive degenerative osteoarthritis, an incalculable loss for visitors and staff alike. Her residence at nzp began in 1960, after a journey from her native India with National Zoo Director Dr. Theodore H. Reed. At her death, she was survived by seven descendants: two yellow tigers and two white tigers at nzp (her daughter's offspring); a white daughter, on loan to the Rare Feline Breeding Compound in Center Hill, Florida; and two other related tigers, one yellow and one white, on loan to the Cincinnati Zoo. Opening in October at the Bird House was Birdlab, a small center for public information about birds. Resources include learning boxes, books, an extensive bird information file, a film-loop called The Birdkeeper, and trained volunteers from the Friends of the National Zoo (fonz), who maintain the center. Clipboards, work- sheets, and binoculars can be loaned for use in the bird area. Initial evaluation indicated that it was operating as planned: there are more adult visitors than families, and more visitors stop to gain information about birds than to use materials. 116 / Smithsonian Year 1979 RESEARCH AND CONSERVATION The National Zoo continued to pursue its conservation and research goals this year. By scientific study of the ecology and behavior of exotic animals, researchers can amass data that can then be utilized by wildlife managers around the world for the preservation of endangered species. Research with the nzp collection, at both Rock Creek and crc, progressed in many directions during the year. Broad comparative studies of pair-bonding and monogamy in mammals continued, including investigations of golden lion tamarins. South American canids, and elephant shrews. Tamarin studies are now focusing on juveniles' behavior, to assess how sex roles are established and maintained. South American canid studies at crc have concen- trated on analysis of pair-bonds, parental care, social development, and play. A project continued on the reproductive behavior of that most famous of nonreproducing creatures, the giant panda. Data re- vealed this year that the male is sexually mature and, in fact, has previously ejaculated during the female's estrous period. Because of the fatefully improper orientation of the couple during those attempted matings, there were no successful copulations. In spring 1979, urine was collected from the male and female and was sent for hormonal analysis to the Wellcome Institute of Comparative Physiology at the Zoological Society of London. Zoo staff hope to compare hormone levels in the urine of the pair of giant pandas in London and of those in Washington. Current analysis suggests normal levels in the National Zoo's pair. A research study was begun on pair-bonding in Carolina wren subspecies, funded by the Smithsonian Research Awards Program. Work continued on a comparative study of mother-young relation- ships among hoofstock. Also in progress was a project on the social behavior, scent-marking, and chemical composition of the pre- orbital gland secretion of the dik-dik, a very small antelope. A study in the Office of Zoological Research on inbreeding in captive animals represents a major contribution to zoos. This proj- ect was the first statistically accurate study of the problem of inbreeding in zoos. Zoo researchers studied juvenile mortality in selected species of hoofstock, with regard to inbreeding. After eliminating all other variables, they concluded that if parents are Science I 117 related, infant mortality increases, compared to those young pro- duced by nonrelated parents. This finding will have a significant effect on the pairing of individual animals in breeding programs at Nzp and elsewhere. Like the research conducted at the National Zoo's home sites of Rock Creek and crc, field studies abroad also yielded fruitful results during the year. In Sri Lanka, research on the toque macaque con- tinued into its twelfth year. A typhoon struck the study area, causing major vegetational changes that have influenced the habi- tat's carrying capacity. This occurrence has given nzp scientists an opportunity to study population changes among three sympatric species in the study: the toque macaque, purple-faced langur, and gray langur. In Venezuela, research continued on the red howler monkey. Projects involved a comparison of two populations in adjacent habitats, in an effort to understand environmental factors that limit population growth in this species. In fiscal year 1979, the Office of Zoological Research initiated a program that provides an opportunity for scholars conducting field studies to write up the results of their work for the public. Three researchers were awarded entry into the first year of this program: Melvin Sunquist documented his studies on tigers in Nepal; Jack Frazier, on sea turtles in the Indian Ocean; and Rasnayagam Rud- ran, on red howler monkeys in Venezuela. Under the arrangement, they were granted stipends and access to both the National Zoo's library and the Smithsonian's computer center. The program is projected to continue in fiscal year 1980. Initial investigation was made into a project on the giant civet of Sulawesi (formerly Celebes). To establish a breeding colony in Indonesia for the giant civet's conservation, the Indonesian govern- ment has agreed to a joint survey of its wild status. In this connec- tion, the curator-in-charge of crc journeyed to Sulawesi in Sep- tember, to assess future directions for nzp involvement. The pro- gram is operating through the sponsorship of the Jakarta Zoological Park, the Indonesian National Institute of Biology, and the Indo- nesian Directorate of Nature Conservation. Significant progress was made on the Smithsonian Nepal Tiger Ecology Project in Nepal's Royal Chitwan National Park. Be- ginning in 1973, the Smithsonian Institution and His Majesty's 118 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Government of Nepal have cooperated on a long-term study, cen- tered in this park, of the Bengal tiger's behavior, ecology, prey, and competitors. Located in the terai lowlands between the Ganges Plain to the south and the outermost Himalayan ranges to the north, the Chitwan Park is a key region for the preservation of many species of large mammals in the terai. It contains riverine forests and tall grass areas, supported by rich soil and a plentiful supply of surface water year-round. At the mutual boundary of two faunal regions (the main Asian land mass, featuring mostly palearctic forms, and the terai at the base of the mountains, containing those species related to the Ganges Plain and the south), the park provides one of the finest refuges for the magnificent animals for which the subcontinent has been distinguished throughout history. Here lives one of the remaining populations of the Indian rhinoceros, among other endangered mammals. From the project's inception, careful research has emphasized modern field techniques, such as radio-telemetry monitoring and rapid immobilization with tranquihzing darts. These methods have yielded fundamental data on breeding, feeding, territorial behavior, anatomy, and mortality. Since last year. University of Minnesota student David Smith has continued his work on tiger dispersal. This work will have implica- tions for conservation problems associated with managing large predators in small reserves. Hemanta Mishra, an officer of His Majesty's Government of Nepal's Park Service, has joined the project to make a detailed study of one of the tiger's principal prey, the axis deer. Several investigators have concluded their work on the project: Dr. John Seidensticker, a Smithsonian research associ- ate, returned to the National Zoo from Nepal after thirteen months' work; Melvin Sunquist completed his doctorate in 1979; and Kirti Man Tamang was continuing his studies in the U.S. In August, almost all of the members involved over the years in tiger research in Nepal were brought together at crc to discuss ongoing research and to identify needs and establish future priorities. Highlighting the year's activities in the Office of Pathology was the "Symposium on Comparative Pathology of Zoo Animals," the first of its kind in North America, nzp hosted and cosponsored it October 2-4, supported in part by fonz. Other cosponsors were the Registry of Comparative Pathology, Armed Forces Institute of Science I 119 Pathology, Zoological Society of San Diego, Registry of Tumors in Lower Animals, Smithsonian Institution, and Baltimore Zoological Society. More than 200 pathologists, veterinarians, and other medi- cal scientists assembled to hear 76 papers on pathological entities in a wide variety of zoo species and captive domestic animals. The participants, many from major zoos in the U.S. and Europe, re- viewed current knowledge of disease in zoo animals and provided a wealth of new information on such topics as disorders associated with captivity, the pathophysiology of aging in zoo species, and several previously undescribed infectious diseases. The proceedings of the symposium will be printed in fiscal year 1980 as one of the continuing series on the symposia of the National Zoological Park, published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. Also in this series, published in late 1978, was the book Myco- bacterial Infections of Zoo Animals, edited by the National Zoo's pathologist Dr. Richard J. Montali. An outgrowth of a symposium held in October 1976 at crc, the volume brings together valuable information on the pathological mechanisms, diagnosis, treatment, and control of mycobacterial infections in nondomestic animals, including nonhuman primates and poikilotherms. There is also an overview of these infections in domestic animals. An important development in the Office of Pathology's teaching role was the initiation on October 1, 1978, of a full-time residency training program in pathology. ANIMAL HEALTH Animal health activities center on the delivery of quality health care to nzp's animal collection, at both Rock Creek and crc. The mainstay of the health program is ongoing preventive medicine. The newly constructed Quarantine Building, with capability for both large and small species, has been a welcome addition to the hospital complex. The sphere of responsibility for animal health has been expanded during the year to include the nursery and intensive care unit. The Office of Animal Health also began coordinating a pest-control program for the National Zoo. The Office of Animal Health's teaching role continued through both pre- and postdoctoral training of veterinarians in zoological 120 / Smithsonian Year 1979 medicine. In cooperation with the Office of Graphics and Exhibits, various techniques and procedures were documented on videotape for teaching purposes. The first tape, "Laparoscopy in Zoological Medicine," has been well received; others were being produced, in- cluding one on immobilization procedures for giraffes. The Office of Animal Health has a commitment to its clinically related research programs. These programs have benefitted from the addition of a permanent research assistant within the office. Additional grants were awarded to the office by the Smithsonian Institution, Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Combined Shows, Inc., and the Schering Corporation. It is by this support that the animal health division has been able to maintain its varied clinic- ally related research projects. The results of this research have been, and will continue to be, directly applicable in helping im- prove the quality of health care in nondomestic species. During the year, the major research projects of this office were: physiological evaluation of anesthesia and restraint in nondomestic species; pharmacokinetics of antibiotics in nondomestic species; and a study of reproductive physiology, with special emphasis on electroejaculation and artificial insemination. The anesthesia and restraint study was funded by the Smithsonian. Its aim has been an in-depth evaluation of the physiological changes that occur when nondomestic species are anesthetized and/ or restrained, procedures necessary for routine management and surgery. Attempts were made to monitor changes so that abnormalities could be recognized early and prompt corrective measures be taken, as well as to minimize adverse reactions and decrease the risk caused by these procedures in nondomestic patients. At year's end, these studies were being intensified with birds and reptiles, as well as continuing with mammals. Preliminary results from this ongoing study have provided information that has reduced the danger in anesthetizing Nzp's patients. The antibiotic study was funded by Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. In this ongoing study, staff have attempted to determine the appropriate antibiotic dosage and treat- ment schedule for the many species of animals. This basic informa- tion is vital to insure that antibiotics produce adequate levels of drug in the patient's bloodstream but do not accumulate excessively, which can result in organ toxicity and death. If the dose is too low. Science / 111 no beneficial therapeutic effect will occur; if the dose is excessive, severe adverse reactions may set in. The studies have made specific recommendations for therapy with several antibiotics in reptiles and birds. Staff are expanding these studies to include other anti- biotics. The study of reproductive physiology is designed to provide the basic information and expertise necessary to aid in captive propa- gation of zoological species, when indicated. The study has three aims: first, to document the reproductive cycle in the female and determine how it can be hormonally manipulated; this has been done in tigers and cheetahs, with the aid of the laparoscope. A second goal is to develop techniques for semen collection and storage. Numerous mammals have been electroejaculated and their semen frozen for further study and possible use. This year, staff successfully collected from a black rhinoceros, bongo, and giant panda. The third phase of this project is to combine the previous two and artificially inseminate selected species. This year, this pro- cedure was performed on one cheetah and two white tigers. In these reproductive studies, staff of the Office of Animal Health collaborated with Dr. Seager, Dr. Wildt, and Mr. Platz of the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston, Texas. CONSTRUCTION AND SERVICES Fiscal year 1979 was a busy one in terms of construction projects. Work began on the Great Ape House, scheduled to open in summer 1980. This new exhibit will feature gorillas, chimpanzees, and orangutans in large, glass-fronted indoor enclosures and ample outside yards, with play material such as logs and tires. Holding areas, a quarantine room for newly arrived animals, and a spacious keeper facility are other innovations. A "North American Animals Exhibit," to be completed in spring 1980, was also under construction during the year. Jaguars, pumas, raccoons, prairie dogs, and wolverines will be among those native continental species displayed in natural wooded settings. Visitors to this exhibit will enjoy a rustic walk through the climax forest. In spring 1979, new leopard and serval cages were occupied. These unobtrusive enclosures were constructed by the National Zoo's own Office of Facilities Management, supplemented by temporary carpenters, nzp staff concluded that for small exhibit 122 / Smithsonian Year 1979 projects such as these, it is more economical to build with the Na- tional Zoo's own work force than to contract out, as was done with the new owl and eagle exhibits near the Bird House, which were also completed in the spring. At CRC, progress continued on the perimeter fencing project and on construction of new yards for the breeding herd of Eld's deer. Thanks to adjustments in the filtration plant and water-flow system, visitors at the underwater viewing area of the Polar Bear Exhibit can gain a much clearer picture. The size of the filtration system was doubled, and the amount of water flowing from pool to pool was also increased. Both changes have helped provide greater clarity. A late-winter storm deposited about two feet of snow on the Washington area, with drifts of up to ten feet, blanketing every- thing almost beyond recognition. To combat the silent siege, a snow-emergency plan was activated. Working day and night, a valiant group of support staff cleared roadways and sidewalks so that the animals, trapped in their houses, could be fed according to schedule and be seen by the veterinarian. The National Zoo could point with pride to the absence of any animal casualties. Zoo staff were thankful that the storm's unusual severity brought to their attention items that they could update and incorporate in future snow-emergency strategies. During the torrential storm caused by Hurricane David in Sep- tember, a tornado swept through the park, snapping ancient oaks and beeches, stripping bark and branches, clearing a wide swath of densely wooded hillside, and twisting the tops off of smaller trees. Fortunately, there was only one casualty in the animal collection: a female ostrich, killed by a tree falling in her yard. The loss was nonetheless traumatic for nzp (and for the male ostrich). Facilities staff worked diligently throughout the night and next day to undo the Creek's damage. Thanks to the staff's perseverance, quick thinking, and elbow grease, destruction from the memorable night of Hurricane David was kept to a remarkable minimum. PERSONNEL In December, Edward Kohn resigned his position as the National Zoo's deputy director to become director of the Minnesota State Zoo. At this time, it was deemed appropriate to conduct a thorough Science I 123 study of Nzp's management methods, in order to establish the best organizational structure for the zoo's current needs and operations. The study was completed in spring 1979 and contained many valuable recommendations. Among the changes made. Dr. John Eisenberg, formerly head of the Office of Zoological Research, as- sumed the position of assistant director, responsible for all animal and education programs. As the year drew to a close, the National Zoo was recruiting an assistant director for support services. In June, the first horticulturist in nzp's history joined the staff. His contributions to the park's extensive gardens, landscaping, and natural flora are much welcomed. FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ZOO For FONZ, fiscal year 1979 brought new accomplishments and in- creased support in a wide range of educational, research, and con- servation programs of direct benefit to the National Zoo. After completing the award-winning movie Zoo: Behind the Scenes at the National Zoo, fonz funded the filming of a sequel on captive breeding and research at crc. This half-hour color-and- sound film is scheduled for national distribution in fiscal year 1980. Since 1975, fonz has sponsored many of nzp's conservation and research projects. These included the first-ever joint expedition with the New York and Philadelphia zoos to study and procure rare birds-of-paradise in Indonesia; a field study to save the endangered Utah prairie dog; and an expedition to Sulawesi to lay the ground- work for the study of the giant civet. FONZ also sponsored an expanded intern and fellowship program. Summer interns and college fellows assisted the National Zoo's scientists in studying animal-health problems and in conducting behavioral research at both crc and Rock Creek. Expanded grants underwrote part of the expenses for the com- parative pathology symposium at nzp, attended by 200 pathologists and medical technicians. Instrumental to expanded and effective education at nzp were FONz's volunteers, who contributed more than 40,000 hours con- ducting school tours for more than 15,000 students; staffing Zoolab, Birdlab, and information booths; and assisting nzp scien- tists with animal behavior and breeding studies. During summer 124 / Smithsonian Year 1979 1979, some sixty junior fonz members staged daily puppet shows on animal themes for enthusiastic audiences. More than fifty different educational programs and special events were offered to fonz members and the public in fiscal year 1979. They ranged from classes for all ages, lectures, films, and tours, to trips to places as near as Rock Creek and as far away as China. Such diverse activities helped make fonz the third largest zoological society in the world. Most of the FONZ-generated revenues were derived from sales of food and merchandise and from public-parking services. Financial information for calendar year 1978 is provided in detail below. In addition, a percentage of the restaurant and parking concessions is available directly to the Smithsonian for the benefit of the National Zoo and is reported as income in the Financial Report of the Smithsonian. FRIENDS OF THE NATIONAL ZOO Financial Report for the Period January 1-December 31, 1978 [In $l,OOOs] Net increase/ Net (decrease) to revenue Expense fund balance FUND BALANCE @ 1/1/78 .... $ 718 SERVICES Membership $ 153 $ 142 $ 11 Publications 47 73 (26) Educationi 22 277 (255) Zoo Services- 1,991 1,7223 269 Totals $2,213 $2,214 $ (1) FUND BALANCE @ 12/31/78 . . $ 717* 1 Excludes services worth an estimated $196,021 contributed by volunteers to FONZ. - Includes gift shop, balloon shops, parking services, and food service. 3 Includes $164,874 paid during this period to the Smithsonian under contractual arrangement. * Net worth, including fixed assets, to be used for the benefit of educational and scientific work at the National Zoological Park. Science I 125 Office of Fellowships and Grants In its role as a leader in the international scholarly community, the Smithsonian Institution maintains close scholarly ties with uni- versities, museums, and research institutions around the world. Among the most important of these connections are those that have been developed in the areas of cooperative research through the Fellowship Program and the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program. Both are administered by the Office of Fellowships and Grants. Major events in 1979 affecting the Office of Fellowships and Grants included the launching of the important new Smithsonian Regents' Fellowship for distinguished senior scholars and scientists. In addition, a further consolidation of Institutional research pro- grams was effected when the administration of the Smithsonian Research Awards Program was assumed by the office. PROGRAM OF VISITING ACADEMIC APPOINTMENTS With poHcy direction from the Board of Fellowships and Grants, the Office of Fellowships and Grants acts as the center through which the Smithsonian offers its resources to the academic com- munity for the pursuit and dissemination of knowledge. The aca- demic program reflects the character of the research and collection strengths of the Smithsonian. It avoids duplication of university- based study and research, stressing new perspectives on academic subjects and disciplines not commonly studied in the university. The program's offerings range from off-campus undergraduate studies to traditional postdoctoral research-training fellowships. They are flexible, giving assistance to individuals who need to study at the Institution for a few days and to persons who require the research resources of the Institution for a year or more. Since 1965, when most of the formal Institutional award programs were estab- lished, the Smithsonian has been the appreciative host to more than a thousand visitors supported by its fellowship awards, including 825 pre- and postdoctoral fellows. These scholars now form an international network of individuals who have studied at the Smithsonian and in many cases continue their association by sub- sequent visits, consultation, and frequently shared research efforts with members of the Institution's research staff. 126 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Postdoctoral fellowships are awarded to scholars to allow them to spend six months to one year participating in a program of ad- vanced research training; predoctoral fellowships are awarded for a similar period to doctoral candidates for the conduct of research necessary to complete their dissertations. During 1978-79, seventy- five postdoctoral and predoctoral fellowships were awarded. Gradu- ate students who need to spend a shorter period pursuing their research in consultation with the research staff of the Smithsonian are offered ten-week appointments. During 1978-79, twenty-two such appointments were made. The Office of Fellowships and Grants also supports short-term visitors; thirty-seven such visitors were enabled to spend one week to a month at the Institution during the past year. Among the new activities of the office, the most gratifying was the successful inauguration of the Regents' Fellowship. The fellow- ship is intended to encourage outstanding scholars and scientists to participate in the research, curatorial, and educational programs of the Smithsonian. Regents' Fellows will spend a period of residence at the Institution conducting research on subjects of mutual interest to Smithsonian scholars and scientists, thereby enriching the intel- lectual atmosphere of the Institution. The first three Regents' Fellows are scheduled to begin their tenure in 1980. Other new offerings include a fellowship in museum exhibit operations at the National Air and Space Museum developed by the museum in cooperation with the Office of Fellowships and Grants. In the summer of 1979, two such awards were made to persons in positions related to the creation and execution of mu- seum exhibits. Awards are expected in subsequent summers as well. In addition, a fellowship in materials analysis has been established for the application of techniques developed in the physical sciences to problems in anthropology, art history, and history. The fellow will work with staff members in the Conservation Analytical Lab- oratory and other conservation facilities at the Smithsonian, as well as with curators in anthropology, mineral sciences, history, and art history. It is hoped that the National Bureau of Standards will also provide some assistance and access to specialized scientific instru- ments. One such fellowship was awarded in 1979. The Office of Fellowships and Grants has undertaken a major restructuring of its open study program, a program of academic Science I 127 internships in which students work directly under members of the professional staff. In a survey in 1979, it was found that there was increasing interest in this program by Smithsonian curatorial staff and that colleges and universities that encourage their students to seek alternatives to traditional classroom learning have been ap- proaching the Smithsonian in greater numbers during the last several years. Twenty-three students worked in Smithsonian facili- ties under the open study program in 1978-79. It is expected that the development of a more formal program and the first full-scale advertisement of the program in the fall of 1979 will enable more students and more staff members to participate in these valuable learning experiences. For all academic programs, the Office of Fellowships and Grants depends upon the support and cooperation of the Smithsonian's bureaus to provide fellows with staff guidance, facihties for re- search, and access to collections, archives, and libraries. Sometimes direct stipend support is also provided by the bureaus. In 1979, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, National Air and Space Museum, National Collection of Fine Arts, National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Radiation Biology Laboratory, International Environmental Science Program, and the Division of Performing Arts, all offered additional support for academic appointments. A total of 161 individuals participated in the Smithsonian's academic studies program during 1978-79. A listing of the names of participants and their research or study projects may be found in Appendix 7. SMITHSONIAN RESEARCH AWARDS PROGRAM The Smithsonian Research Awards Program provides awards on a competitive basis to Smithsonian scholars and scientists who wish to pursue new and innovative research projects. Proposals are sub- mitted by members of the Smithsonian's science, history, and art research staffs and are reviewed by a panel of distinguished scholars drawn from a variety of universities and research organizations throughout the United States. Intended only to fund projects through an initial investigative phase, the program is designed to provide the opportunity and stimulus for Smithsonian staff to respond quickly to new research initiatives. The competition for 128 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the relatively limited funds stimulates continued innovation and creativity, vital features of the intellectual growth and integrity of the Institution, The program does not contribute toward any part of the salary of a Smithsonian staff member receiving the award but supports field and laboratory assistants hired for the duration of the project. It permits research travel, purchase of specialized equipment and extra supplies, and similar requirements for new research projects. During 1979, thirty-nine awards were made to support projects in the biological sciences, astrophysics and earth sciences, anthro- pology, archaeology, history, and the history of science. Since the program's beginning in 1966, some 515 projects have been funded. A listing of principal investigators and research projects in 1979 may be found in Appendix 7. SMITHSONIAN FOREIGN CURRENCY PROGRAM The Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program (sfcp) awards grants to support the research interests of American institutions, including the Smithsonian, in those countries in which the United States holds blocked currencies derived largely from past sales of surplus agri- cultural commodities under Public Law 480. The program is active in countries in which the Treasury Department declares United States holdings of these currencies to be in excess of normal federal requirements, including, in 1979, Burma, Egypt, Guinea, India, and Pakistan. Research projects are moving toward conclu- sion under program support in the former excess-currency countries of Israel, Morocco, Poland, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, and Yugoslavia. In 1979, preparation was under way to terminate at the end of fiscal 1981 the availability of these funds in Egypt, because of heavy demands that have drawn the account down rapidly. The Smith- sonian Special Foreign Currency Program has been the principal supporter of American archaeological and historical research in Egypt and of the Cairo Center of the American Research Center in Egypt, a consortium of American institutions with research interests in Egypt. When the funding is terminated in 1981, it is unclear whether continued support for American research in Egypt will be developed from sources other than "excess" foreign currencies. The Smithsonian has urged government and university officials to try to plan for replacement funding for the future. Science / 129 The Smithsonian has received a fiscal year 1979 appropriation of $3.7 million in "excess" currencies to support projects in anthro- pology and archaeology, systematic and environmental biology, astrophysics and earth sciences, and museum professional fields. From its inception in fiscal year 1966 through fiscal year 1979, the SFCP has awarded about $38.5 million in foreign currency grants to 206 institutions in 39 states and the District of Columbia. Radiation Biology Laboratory Fifty years ago, in May 1929, an experimental research group within the Smithsonian began to study the effects of sunlight on growth and development of plants and animals. The principal motivation for this laboratory grew out of the interest which its founder, Charles G. Abbot, had pursued for many years in measuring the quality and quantity of solar radiation impinging upon the earth's surface. It had long been suspected that solar radiation was a con- trolling environmental factor that could influence growth and de- velopment, but little was known of the molecular mechanisms oc- curring, and only a few of the responses controlled by light had been quantitatively described. It is a tribute to the foresight of Secretary Abbot and the first members of this laboratory that several significant major areas of photobiology were selected for emphasis, such as photosynthesis, phototropism, and photomorphogenesis. However, it is unlikely that any members of the laboratory team realized how complex and lengthy the research would be to obtain answers to their initial questions. In fact, partial solutions have been obtained only recently as the techniques and instrumentation from other fields — such as biochemistry, biophysics, and the technology of engineering in development of new light sources, detectors, and data handling — have grown more sophisticated and been applied. Photobiology is still a fledgling science, having been formalized with its own American Society only seven years ago. It is interest- ing that the same research problems that were initially investigated by the laboratory still occupy a major portion of the annual meeting program of the society. A great deal has been learned in fifty pro- 130 / Smithsonian Year 1979 ductive years, and, in fact, there is a growing sense of optimism that the detailed molecular pathways of some of these important photo- biological processes that affect all our lives are just within our grasp. We are about to obtain answers to some of the difficult questions, such as the nature and identification of the photoreceptors, the lo- cation of the intracellular photoreceptor molecules, and, most im- portantly, the nature of the initial reactions after light sets a chain of events into motion. However, these answers open up many new avenues for research, especially the questions concerning the importance in the natural environment of these processes that have been characterized in the laboratory and the ways we may use this knowledge for the control of growth and development. It is in these areas that the research of the laboratory has continued this last year. Specifically these are: (1) environmental processes and energy flow in biological systems, such as photosynthesis and carbon metabolism; (2) regula- tory processes of plants, such as membrane synthesis and pigment synthesis; (3) the measurement of the amount, duration, and color quality of sunlight present in the environment; and (4) the age estimation of biological artifacts based upon their radiocarbon content. ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY For the study of photobiological processes, it is important to have accurate measurements of sunlight over a long period of time and under different meteorological conditions. The spectral data ac- cumulated by the Radiation Biology Laboratory comprise the only long-term data base now in existence. The solar radiation data now include three continuous years of uv-b (erythemal ultraviolet) in five-nanometer bands from Rockville, Maryland, and one year of like data recorded in Hampton, Virginia. Continuous recording was started in Hampton in September 1978 with a newly developed instrument. Very close agreement is shown in comparing data for the two sites that are 240 km apart. From the data collected thus far at four stations (Barrow, Alaska, 71 °N; Rockville, Maryland, 39°N; Hampton, Virginia, 37°N; and Panama, 9°N), predictions based on ozone variability alone cannot yield quantitatively valid results concerning the levels or wave- lengths of uv-B that reach the earth's surface at sea level. The major Science I 131 variation in the intensity of uv-b is owing to weather and to air pollution. As pollution increases, the amount of uv-b lessens. Although spot measurements of solar irradiance below a forest canopy have been made, there has never been a sustained effort to monitor such an environment. The Radiation Biology Laboratory has installed a scanning radiometer on Barro Colorado Island in the Panama Canal Zone. The unit is recording data on both the spectral quality and the distribution of the solar irradiance below the rain-forest canopy. Since irradiance levels vary greatly from spot to spot, an integrating device was installed so that a true average value could be determined for the forest floor. Fluctuations in the ozone content of the stratosphere result in variation in the ultraviolet light that reaches the earth's surface. Some of the variation occurs naturally, but recent studies have suggested that exides of nitrogen (from the exhausts of supersonic aircraft or released from nitrogen fertilizers) and fluorocarbons (re- leased from refrigerants or aerosal sprays) could catalytically de- stroy 8 to 20 percent of the ozone. Measurements made at Pt. Barrow, Alaska; Rockville, Maryland; and Flamenco Island, Canal Zone, indicate at least a 25 percent seasonal variation due to ozone changes and a daily variation of 100 percent caused by local meteorological conditions. Ultraviolet energy obtained in the laboratory, from low-pressure mercury arc lamps that emit primarily at a wavelength of 254 nanometers, is highly injurious to animals, plants, and microorga- nisms. This radiation primarily affects nucleic acids, often resulting in cell death. Thus, it has been speculated that ultraviolet energy at slightly longer wavelengths in the region designated uv-b (285-320 nm) might also be deleterious to organisms. It is this region that would be principally affected by ozone changes. A source of uv-b that closely simulates the spectrum of sunlight penetrating the atmosphere was developed in the laboratory using fluorescent lamps with special phosphors and appropriate transmis- sion filters. Using such lamps installed in canopies of environ- mentally controlled chambers, plants were grown under conditions simulating normal and enhanced uv-b levels. A feedback-regulating detector system was constructed and coupled to the lamp drive to maintain constant irradiance at 320 nm over extended periods of time (up to 45 days). Such lamps and filters age and decay rapidly. 132 / Smithsonian Year 1979 and, for quantitative results, it is necessary to monitor the lamp output continuously with such a feedback system. Using this sys- tem, the absolute intensity and wavelength distribution of uv-b solar irradiation at noon have been achieved and maintained. By employ- ing various filters, the ultraviolet enhancement resulting from de- pletions of 82, 47, 41, and 29 percent of the ozone content were obtained. Effects on growth and development in duckweed (Lemna) and dwarf bush peas (Pisum) were evident only for the very high enhancement levels of uv-b. For lower levels, no striking damage was observed. The results indicate that under natural lighting con- ditions, photoreactivation and repair mechanisms occur that mini- mize the effects of enhanced uv-b radiation. Photosynthetic utilization of incident light energy provides the earth with renewable fuels, namely, the carbohydrates comprising the bulk of plants. At the beginning of this century, it was observed that light energy delivered in flashes, rather than continuously, caused apparent changes in this photosynthetic utilization. Using an electronically controlled, direct-current, fluorescent-lamp, flash- ing-hght system, plants have been grown in different periods of light and dark. The older work used mechanically operated flash units and indi- cated a minimal light utilization, with light and dark periods of about one minute duration. Current work in the laboratory has dramatically confirmed this observation. However, in the region of very short flashes (less than 100 milliseconds) the utilization in- creases and may surpass the utilization found under continuous lighting. This increase in light utilization appears to be caused by better light distribution within the plant canopy, rather than an increased photosynthetic utilization at the molecular level. For several years, the productivity of a marsh community of grasses and sedges on the Chesapeake Bay has been measured to determine the energy and nutritional interaction between the marsh and an adjoining estuary. Using a sensitive gas analyzer to monitor the carbon flow in the marsh community, researchers found that about half of the carbon taken in by the plant community is left over for use by the estuary. In the marsh, these plants utilize only 2 percent of the available sunlight, while under greenhouse conditions they utilize much more. Experimental determinations were made of the photosynthetic Science I 133 efficiency, in which the spatial orientation of leaves at different seasons of the year was mechanically altered by thin transparent nylon filaments from horizontal to vertical and vice versa. The position of the leaves in the canopy was found to be a crucial con- trolling element and confirms the prediction made by several mathe- matical models. It is still not certain whether the positioning effect is mediated by changes in the light absorption properties or by changes in the availability of carbon dioxide to the leaves. Environmental stress factors, such as low nitrogen and high salt in marsh soils, also may affect productivity. Just because marshes border upon open water, they may not necessarily have all of the water they need. During certain "dry" times of the year, the soil may contain high levels of salt. This salt has two effects. First, it is toxic to plants. Second, it causes a fraction of the water to remain in the soil and, therefore, unavailable to the plants. If the evaporative demand on the rapidly growing marsh plants becomes excessive because of high temperatures, the community loses more water than it receives. This may result in lower photosynthetic efficiency. However, when the availability of water in salt-marsh soils was studied, it was found that the osmotic effects of salt did not restrict the availability of water. No evidence was found to indicate that the plants were suffering water stress. The salt effects on the distribu- tion of species or productivity are probably manifested secondarily through plant nutrition. The productivity of the phytoplankton in the estuary may be controlled by the quality and quantity of light penetrating the water. In collaboration with the Chesapeake Bay Center for En- vironmental Studies, measurements of the transmission properties of water samples in the estuary were initiated this year and are be- ing correlated with biological productivity measured at the same locations. A scanning radiometer has been designed and constructed in the laboratory for measuring the spectral distribution and amounts of radiation at various depths. This unit is powered in the field by a series of solar panels on the shore and is connected by cable to the underwater radiometer. This automatically recorded data is being correlated with the measurements of radiation above the surface to determine the amount of energy that penetrates into the estuary. The distribution of zooplankton in a column of water may also 134 / Smithsonian Year 1979 be regulated by light signals. In the laboratory, experiments have been initiated to deterniine the phototactic responses of the water flea Daphnia to various intensities and monochromatic colors of light. A population of Daphnia has been maintained in a water column in a temperature-controlled darkroom in which light stimuli may be given. Their swimming and migration responses may be observed under safelight conditions. Initial results indicate that the Daphnia readily couple their movement to other external stimuli and thus maintain rhythmic movements that are independent of the light exposure. In higher plants, the pigment molecule phytochrome acts as a receptor of light signals for inducing flowering. However, the sensitivity to hght signals for the flowering responses of plants is also dependent upon the species of plant and the time in the de- velopmental cycle during which the signal is received. The nature of the environmental light signal remains unclear. However, it has been postulated that the relative amounts of red and far-red energy in sunlight may play a role. This postulate was based on laboratory measurements of changes in the relative amounts of red and far-red light occurring around twilight. Critical experiments with barley, a plant that requires long daylengths to flower, indicate that the effectiveness of the far-red light is dependent both on the total and relative amount of energy. A detailed time dependence of the ability of the plant to perceive this far-red energy has shown that it is controlled by an endogenous change in the plant itself. The far-red light not only is capable of promoting flowering when the environmental light signal occurs at the proper time, but it also affects the timing mechanism, so that the plant becomes sensitive increasingly early in the day. This result has led to a modification of the hypothesis that the twilight shift in spectral energy distribution is required as the environmental light signal. It now appears that only the absolute length of the day is important and that such twilight shifts serve only a secondary role in daylength extension during periods of very clear atmos- pheric conditions. REGULATORY BIOLOGY Once the light signals are correct to induce flowering, a chemical stimulus is produced. The chemical control of flowering is not Science I 135 understood, despite considerable effort over many years. A search for a single substance formed by light that will induce flowering has not been very successful, with the exception of salicylic acid, which will induce flowering in different species of duckweed (Lemna). Cyanide ion has now been found to stimulate substantial flowering in short-day Lemna paucicostata under continuous light. Although these chemicals are probably not the endogenous sub- stances responsible for the control of flowering, they do influence the endogenous system and may lead to clues about its functions. For instance, the effectiveness of these two chemicals is strongly daylength-dependent in some cases and suggests that both flower- inducing and flower-inhibiting substances may be exerting control. Perhaps it is the interaction of these two types of substances that ultimately decides whether a plant flowers or remains vegetative. The photoreceptor pigment involved in flowering and in con- trolling growth and development is phytochrome. It has been puri- fied and extensively characterized in the laboratory as to its general physical and chemical properties without any direct knowledge of its biochemical function within the plant cell. Comparison of several general properties of the biologically ac- tive form (Pfr) and the inactive form (Pr) have led to the conclusion that the protein portion of the molecule does not undergo any major changes during phototransformation. Conversion to the biologically effective form probably only involves a change at an active site on the protein. In an attempt to locate and characterize the active site, it has been found that phytochrome binds to the polymer Blue Dextran and its dye chromophore. Both the free dye and the dextran con- jugate have been found to associate with nucleotide binding sites on many proteins. This binding is usually reversed by addition of high concentrations of salt or a low concentration of the naturally binding ligand for the protein. The biologically active phytochrome (Pfr) binds to the dye with a higher affinity than Pr and meets the operational criteria for a nucleotide binding site on the phytochrome protein. Experiments indicate that the binding site is specific for a flavin-like molecule. This site is more accessible in the Pfr than Pr form and implies that it may be involved in the primary action of phytochrome. The conversion of light energy to chemical energy in photosyn- 136 / Smithsonian Year 1979 thesis takes place in membranes composed of proteins, lipids, and pigments. Some of the proteins of chloroplast photosynthetic mem- branes (thylakoids) are made in the chloroplast on chloroplast ribo- somes and some in the cytoplasm on cytoplasmic ribosomes. Up to 50 percent of chloroplast ribosomes are bound to thylakoids. The properties of these thylakoid-bound ribosomes resemble the proper- ties of ribosomes bound to the endoplasmic reticulum. Therefore, it has been suggested that the thylakoid-bound ribosomes are specifically making those thylakoid proteins that are synthesized in the chloroplast. Total ribonucleic acid (rna) has been isolated from thylakoids. This RNA contains mostly ribosomal ribonucleic acids (rRNAs) but also contains about 2 percent messenger rnas (mRNAs). The mRNAs in the total rna have been used as templates in the in vitro wheat- germ protein-synthesis system. Conditions required to obtain poly- peptide synthesis on addition of the total thylakoid rna have been established, using radioactive amino acids such as leucine and methionine. Labeled polypeptide products obtained in vitro have been compared with polypeptides labeled in vivo in the presence of cycloheximide (polypeptides made in the chloroplast) by means of electrophoresis on gradients of acrylamide gel. Some of the poly- peptides made in vitro, on addition of thylakoid rna to the wheat- germ system, have electrophoretic properties similar to polypeptides made in vivo on chloroplast ribosomes. This result suggests that the thylakoid rna contains mRNAs for thylakoid properties. In some algae, pigment protein complexes (phycobilisomes) are attached to photosynthetic membranes. Light energy is absorbed, converted, and transferred to reaction centers in which oxygen is evolved. An understanding of this mechanism of energy conversion in specific plants may lead to insights and solutions for directly converting solar energy into chemical energy on a commercially feasible basis. Complexes of two of the pigments, phycoerythrin and phyco- cyanin, have been separated and recombined. The first step toward in vitro recombination, an examination of pigment-to-pigment binding within the phycobilisomes, has been accomplished. The recombined complexes have the same properties as those of the original phycobilisomes. Of special significance is their energy- transfer characteristics, which are the same as those obtainable for Science I 137 intact phycobilisomes. Specific polypeptides, in addition to phyco- biliproteins, are involved in the recombination. Furthermore, these polypeptides appear to be species-specific, suggesting that the assembly of the phycobilisomes is not random but is specifically controlled by each species of algae. Light regulates the biosynthesis of carotenoid pigments and their oxygenated derivatives, the xanthophylls, which are widely dis- tributed in nature. These pigments are responsible for many of the yellow, orange, and red colors observed in both plants and animals. Many of these compounds also act as accessory pigments in photo- synthesis. The carotenoid /8-carotene is important in the diet of many animals because it is a precursor of vitamin-A needed for vision. In many organisms, the carotenoids have been shown to protect against adverse effects of visible light. On the basis of inhibitor studies, it has been suggested that one or more enzymes in the blue-light-induced carotenoid pathway in the fungus Neurospora crassa are absent or at low levels in dark- grown cultures. The level of these enzymes may increase following the light treatment. Albino strains have altered carotenoid biosynthesis. One albino mutant designated wc (white collar) produces normal levels of carotenoid pigment in the conidia but not in the mycelia. In albino- 1, albmo-2, and alhino-3 strains, both the conidia and the mycelia show a defect in carotenogenesis. The conidia in wild type strains of Neurospora are known to produce pigment in the dark, whereas light is required for carote- noid production in the mycelia. Thus, the conidia are somehow able to bypass the light-regulation process. For this reason, it is proposed that luc albinos, which show normal pigmentation in the conidia but not in the mycelia, are regulatory mutants that are blocked in some part of the light-induction process. In such a mutant, the conidia can still make normal levels of pigment, since the mutation is not in any genes that code for enzymes in the ca- rotenoid pathway (structural genes). The other albinos are probably mutated in structural genes, and carotenoid biosynthesis is thus blocked in both conidia and mycelia. Data that support the hypothesis that wc mutants are blocked in the light-induction process have been obtained. The enzyme system required for the conversion of the precursor molecule isopentenyl- 138 / Smithsonian Year 1979 pyrophosphate (ipp) to phytoene is present in dark-grown ivc strains but shows no increase following a light treatment in vivo. A nine-fold increase in this enzyme activity has been demonstrated in a wild type strain. This result suggests it will be possible to isolate ivc albinos that are blocked in the first step of the light induction process, i.e., photo- receptor mutants. If this is the case, these mutant strains may be used to identify the photoreceptor. Action spectrum measurements of the effectiveness of different colors of light for carotenogenesis in Neurospora implicate either a flavin or carotenoid photoreceptor. Phototropism (the bending of cells in response to a blue-light stimulus) and the light growth response of the fungus Phycomyces have similar action spectra. If carotenogenesis after blue-light exposure is measured in Phycomy- ces mycelia, the amount of carotenoid synthesized is a biphasic response to the total dose of blue light given. Preliminary dose- response measurements for several wavelengths at two-dose levels indicate that two photoreceptors may be involved in Phycomyces in the light regulation of carotenogenesis. For low light levels, a carotenoid is suggested and a flavin for high light levels. CARBON DATING LABORATORY A major portion of laboratory research continues to focus upon the early occupations of the Americas. Geologic, cultural, and climatic chronologies are being developed for a number of Early Man Sites in Brazil, Chile, and Venezuela, as well as Alaska, Colorado, and Wyoming, many of them in association with now-extinct mega- fauna. Two sites in southeastern Alaska strongly suggest the use of water transport there as early as 10,000 years ago. Studies of Pleistocene and Recent geologic and climatic histories are under way for Pleistocene Lake Bonneville in Utah, the western coast of Mexico, the upper Chesapeake Bay, interior and coastal Maine, and Labrador. Contrary to current thought, studies indicate that at least one area of southern interior Labrador may not have been covered by the last major ice advance. A comparative dating program continues on a wide variety of sample materials from assorted environments to assess their relia- bility as dating materials and to develop new techniques for extrac- tion of fractions that can be carbon dated. Science I 139 Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory On May 9, 1979, the Multiple Mirror Telescope (mmt) was dedi- cated by its builders, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory (sAo) and the University of Arizona. A week of festivities con- ducted at Mt. Hopkins Observatory marked the official commence- ment of observational programs by the mmt, the first in a new generation of ground-based optical instruments. Invited guests gathered by the score to celebrate the advent of a new era in astro- nomical research, as the mmt took its place as the world's third largest optical telescope. The more than 500 ceremony participants had reason to celebrate: the MMT had already discovered what appears to be a new class of pulsating white dwarf stars. In other observations, the instrument was used to confirm that the spectra and redshifts of the so-called "twin quasars" were nearly identical, thus suggesting that a gravi- tational lens effect predicated by general relativity was actually producing the mirror image of a single object in deep space. The week's highlights also included a symposium, "The mmt and the Future of Ground-Based Astronomy," held at the University of Arizona. The proceedings, which chronicle the design of and ex- pectations for the new instrument, have been published as SAO Special Report No. 385. In addition to the public lectures, exhibits, tours of the mountain top, and sessions for the press, a 16mm color film entitled Mirrors on the Universe: The MMT Story was copro- duced by the Office of Telecommunications and the University of Arizona's Radio-TV-Film Bureau. The second in the series of nasa's High Energy Astronomy Ob- servatories (heao) was launched on November 13, 1978. Nicknamed Einstein, the satellite carried an x-ray telescope designed by mem- bers of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics, which is capable of focusing images of x-ray sources. Einstein's launch last fall also represented the culmination of nearly two decades of plan- ning and design. Data returned by heao-2 have allowed investigations of the brightest, most distant, and most powerful objects observed to emit x-rays: quasars, sao scientists discovered the quasars by using the high-resolution telescope in the so-called serendipity mode to make deep-space surveys. The Einstein has now observed more than 140 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Technicians check one of the six primary mirrors of the recently dedicated Multiple Mirror Telescope operated jointly by the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Arizona at the Mt. Hopkins Observatory. (University of Arizona photo.) twenty quasars; of these, only three have failed to show a positive x-ray flux, which demonstrates that the quasars are generally strong x-ray emitters. This intense x-ray emission suggests that they may contribute significantly to the widespread low-level background of cosmic x-ray radiation seen throughout the skies, a finding that may have implications for theories regarding an open or closed universe. Other observations by the Einstein have provided the first photo- graphs of an x-ray burster in a globular cluster — a relatively rare phenomenon. An x-ray burster is characterized by sudden, very intense increases in x-ray brightness. These as-yet-inexplicable bursts may release more x-ray energy in ten seconds than our sun does in a week. Bursters were originally discovered by a Harvard- Smithsonian team using instruments flown aboard the Astronomical Netherlands Satellite. It has been said that with the flight of heao-2 — and the success of the Einstein satellite — x-ray astronomy has come of age. Indeed, the Einstein satellite has provided x-ray astronomers with the capa- bflity to produce celestial images with a sensitivity and accuracy equal to the best instruments in both optical and radio astronomy. Already, the success of the Einstein Observatory has generated significant new requirements for optical observing, ranging from traditional stellar classification to the observation of high redshift objects. In fact, approximately 50 percent of the observations at Mt. Hopkins relate in one way or another to the new x-ray data. With the construction and operation of these two new powerful observational tools — the mmt and the x-ray telescope aboard heao- 2 — a quantum leap in the understanding of astronomical phe- nomena and astrophysical processes may be anticipated for the coming decade. The rapid increase in the sensitivity of x-ray tele- scopes over the past ten years is comparable, according to Riccardo Giacconi, principal investigator for the program, "to the 350-year evolution of the optical telescope from Galileo's crude refractor to the 200-inch Palomar reflector." The successful completion of the MMT has also encouraged astronomers at several other institutions to begin design on similar telescopes with possible diameters up to 1,000 inches. The Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory is a member, with the Harvard College Observatory (hco), of the Center for Astro- 142 / Smithsonian Year 1979 An artist's conception of the heao-2 (Einstein) satellite in flight. The Einstein was launched on November 13, 1978. (nasa photo.) Below. The x-ray telescope on board the Einstein (designed by members of the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astro- physics) has provided observations of the quasar 3C273 (lower right). In the upper left is the fainter image of a new quasar seen at a distance of more than ten billion light years, (nasa photo.) aifASMt 3CS73 AN> NCU QUASAR AT Z*2.6 ilNSTEIN OtSERVATORY '. * . ' *.■••/•. • • . . • ./^ • ' . •> S . \'i •-.' •. * • ••':***. ... .' ... • * physics. The programs of the two observatories are combined in this joint enterprise and grouped by divisions representing areas of interest. ATOMIC AND MOLECULAR PHYSICS The research program of this division concerns the study and determination of processes and parameters in atomic and molecular physics that are important to astrophysics. In the laboratory, ongoing measurements are made of the gf- values of atomic and molecular transitions and of photoionization cross sections of astrophysically important species. Division mem- bers utilize the recently completed Ion-Beam Facility to study the feasibility of determining dielectronic recombination cross sections in an electron-ion inclined-beams experiment and to measure the absolute cross sections near threshold for electron excitation of multiply charged ions, e.g.. Be-like and Li-like. New experimental approaches using, for example, lasers and ion traps, are under in- vestigation to measure f-values of allowed, forbidden, and inter- system transitions. The facility is also being used to determine fundamental properties of multiply charged ions in order to under- stand more fully the nature of a diverse set of astrophysical objects. Programs to measure electron excitation and dielectronic recom- bination of C + '' have begun, and measurements of photoionization and autoionization cross sections of neutral atoms with shock tubes have continued. A joint research program on the part of theorists and experi- mentalists in the division is under way to examine the destruction of astrophysically important molecules by radiation. The initial flight of a rocket-borne Lyman Alpha Coronagraph was fully successful and yielded the first direct determinations of solar temperature above the base of the corona. These measure- ments are critically linked to coronal heating and solar-wind acceler- ation mechanisms. The far-infrared laser spectrometer has been modified for use as a free radical detector in measurements of chemical reaction rates. Preliminary measurements have been made on reactions of methoxy (CH3O) with atmospheric gases, in order to assess the importance of methoxy in the photochemical balance of the lower atmosphere. 144 / Smithsonian Year 1979 The division's programs to measure oscillator strengths of im- portance to astrophysics continue. A new method for combining these measurements in absorption and emission has been formu- lated. Both new and improved oscillator strengths for over 180 Co I transitions are being derived from combined hook measurements taken in the laboratory and branching-ratio and Fourier transform spectroscopy data from the California Institute of Technology. This data forms the body of critically compiled oscillator strengths for Co I that will be published by the National Bureau of Standards. Absolute oscillator strength values for 34 Y I transitions between 272.3-476.1 nanometers, obtained from hook measurements with reference to Hanle effects and beam-foil lifetime data, are also being prepared for publication. In addition, excellent hook spectra for both V I and U I in the region 240-850 nanometers have recently been obtained. An exploratory investigation of the oscillator strengths of rare- earth ions in crystals, in particular Nd+^ in CaF2 and LaFs, has been undertaken and is expected to yield the first relative oscillator strengths of the 4f^ interconfigurational transitions in Nd"^^, by use of the hook method. The 6.65-meter vacuum spectrograph, which is equipped for photoelectric scanning, has obtained spectra of CO in emission and O2 and NO in absorption at the previously unattained resolution of 0.01 A. In addition, the spectrograph was used to study the absorp- tion spectra of the Rydberg bands of N2 in the region 88.5-99.5 nanometer; a multi-level deperturbation program is now being applied to the interactions between the Rydberg and valence states of No. In another analysis, the vacuum ultraviolet emission spec- trum of the argon dimer has yielded information on the excited state symmetry and potential curves. Among theoretical activities, particular attention has been given to the study of charge transfer processes in atrophysical plasmas and to mechanisms of dissociation of molecules in interstellar clouds and in shocked regions. Work has continued on relativistic effects and on theoretical molecular spectroscopy. The studies on shocked interstellar gas were supported by observations at the National Radio Astronomy Observatory (nrao) and on the Orion molecular cloud by observations at Kitt Peak. The chemical nature of the pedestal sources was illuminated. Science I 145 Division members have used the International Ultraviolet Ex- plorer (iue) satellite telescope to study the ultraviolet spectra of globular cluster, x-ray sources, interstellar matter, and the eclipsing binary star VV Cephei. Analysis of the interstellar absorption line data includes surveys of highly ionized species in nebulas and of CO molecules in diffuse clouds. Investigations related to ground-based observations include the analysis of interstellar C2 towards Zeta Persei and the interpretation of the spectrum of the unusual emission-line star V645 Cygni. Study of the photochemistry of nitrogen ions in the terrestrial thermo- sphere has revealed that the reaction N(-D) + 0+ ~^ N+ + O is a significant, previously unrecognized source of N + . Predictions were made of the fluxes of quadrupole rotational transitions of H2 in the OH maser source W30H and in the hot region of the Orion molecu- lar cloud. RADIO AND GEOASTRONOMY The resources and facilities of the Geoastronomy and Radio Astron- omy divisions have been coordinated into a single division. The combined program will concentrate on related research on very long baseline interferometry (vlbi), atmospheric research, and the de- velopment of maser clocks. Research objectives in radio astronomy have emphasized micro- wave atomic and molecular spectroscopy of the interstellar medium, very long baseline interferometry of galactic and extragalactic sources, participation in the Very Long Baseline Interferometry Network, and experiments in radio aeronomy. Observations of radio-frequency spectral-line emission from a variety of atoms and molecules were carried out in several different galactic and extragalactic regions. In particular, the nucleus of the Milky Way Galaxy was studied extensively, which resulted in the suggestion that there exists a giant whirlpool of gas, the center of which is dominated by a supermassive object, perhaps a black hole. A study of atmospheric ozone with the portable ground-based millimeter-wave spectrometer continued. This year, an investigation of reference source characteristics was performed and the profile inversion program was incorporated into the software operating system of the spectrometer's minicomputer. 146 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Very long baseline synthesis mapping techniques were used to map the Stokes parameters of several OH masers near H II regions. An unambiguous method of distinguishing among Zeeman split spectral features was provided that will allow the mapping of the magnetic field strength in these regions. The intensity variations of H2O maser spectral features were studied over a three-week period, and nine features were seen to flare on a time scale of days to weeks. The light curve of these features made it possible to dis- tinguish between various maser models. The first successful vlbi experiment at 43 GHz was completed in the fall of 1978 on the 74-kilometer baseline between Haystack Observatory and the University of Massachusetts' Quabbin Ob- servatory. Maps of the distribution of SiO maser emission were made toward Orion and some supergiant stars. The maser in the Orion nebula arises in a compact shell around a proto-star, which is known in the infrared as IRC2, a part of the Kleinmann-Low Nebula VLBi observations of H2O masers used Network sites at Tyngs- boro, Massachusetts (Haystack); Greenbank, West Virginia (nrao); Onsala, Sweden (Chalmers Institute of Technology); Bonn, Ger- many (Max Planck Institut); and Semerz, Russia (Crimean Astro- physical Observatory). First epoch measurements of the motion of the high-velocity H2O features were made to an accuracy of ~100 /xarcsec revealing transverse motions of -^30 kilometers per second. Absolute positions and maps of the masers in Cepheus OB3 were obtained, and in other observations, newly discovered sites of star formation were made. In addition, a series of eighteen-centimeter VLBi experiments utilized three to five stations of the vlbi network, including the Harvard Radio Astronomy Station (Fort Davis, Texas) to measure absolute positions and study the structure of several OH masers. Most of this effort has gone into Type I OH emission sources, which have been less studied in the past. Observations at seven millimeters with the 100-meter telescope at Bonn, which were about five to ten times more sensitive than previous investigations, show that there are probably no SiO masers near star formation regions. Except for the Orion-KL SiO source, all other SiO masers are associated with evolved, late-type giants and supergiants, which gives the Orion SiO source an out- standing role in the Galaxy. A detailed investigation has begun. Science I 147 The division's geoastronomy programs are concentrated in geo- physics, upper atmospheric research, relativity, and support of hard- ware and software systems development. Among the ongoing ac- tivities are the study of earth dynamics and composition from satellite measurements; the development of models to describe temperature and density variations in the atmosphere; the analysis of data from a spacecraft-borne gravitational redshift experiment; the development of state-of-the-art hydrogen masers; and the study of a spaceborne tether system for payload manipulation and in situ measurements of gravity-field gradients and electrodynamics. During the past year, sao's satellite-tracking network provided routine laser tracking coverage for geophysical research conducted by the division and other research organizations in the U.S. and abroad. The network was upgraded with an improved optical pulse chopper installed at all stations to reduce laser pulse width and improve ranging accuracy. Data-handling capabilities were im- proved by modified software, allowing more direct transmission of data from the field stations to sao. A minicomputer was used in communications, and software was adapted for operations on the recently installed dec vax-11/780 computer in Cambridge. All field stations continued local coverage of Lageos, Geos C, and other satellites useful for geodetic applications. The determination of the earth's gravity field, expressed in spherical harmonics to degree and order 30 (i.e., over 900 coeffi- cients), was completed. This is the latest in the series of gravity- field models that began in 1961, based on the combination of satellite-tracking data and other data. The main new feature of this solution is the inclusion of satellite-to-sea-surface altimeter data, used as a direct measurement of the geoid in ocean regions. Altimeter data from the Geos 3 satellite allowed both greater resolu- tion and greater accuracy in the geopotential model, which is now known with a horizontal resolution of 600 kilometers and an ac- curacy of two meters. Satellite-to-sea-surface altimeter data also contain information about the ocean circulation, derived from the small difference (less than one meter) between the physical sea surface and the geoid. By using suitable filtering methods to eliminate the long wavelength errors in knowledge of the geoid, a strong western boundary cur- rent (the Gulf Stream) has been measured with altimeter data pro- 148 / Smithsonian Year 1979 vided by the Seasat satellite, which operated for three months in 1978. The mechanical properties of the lithosphere were investigated to identify the factors that influence those properties. The litho- sphere is known to cool and thicken with increasing age, and this fact will be reflected in the main trend. There are, however, many deviations from that simple relationship. The data used for the investigation are the geoid heights derived from the Seasat and Geos 3 radar altimeters and their relationships with bathymetry. Investigations of the variations in the earth's thermosphere associated with geomagnetic activity have led to the discoveries of a broadening of the latitudinal profile of temperature increase at high geomagnetic latitudes during large geomagnetic disturbances and of local time variations related to the size and shape of the auroral oval. An improved model of the geomagnetic variation in the thermosphere is being constructed using mass spectrometer data from the esro 4 and other satellites. Efforts to improve the 1977 thermospheric models continue, mainly in the areas of the geomagnetic effect and of the diurnal variation and its harmonics at relatively low altitudes (150-300 kilometers). Models have been developed that relate the shape and extension of the auroral oval with the temperature profile along a meridian of magnetic latitude. The computation of temperatures and composition at any given height has been greatly simplified by the development of analytical approximations of the laborious inte- grations from the assumed boundary (90 kilometers). Mass spec- trometer data from the esro 4 and ae-c satellites are used to check on the models; use is also made of copious published observational material from a multitude of sources. Analysis of the 1976 gravitational redshift experiment is com- plete. A recalculation of all systematic errors and the formal statisti- cal errors has led to a final result that the relationship between the observed redshift and the prediction from the equivalence principle is verified to within 143 parts per million. A second test of the equivalence principle involving clocks was done in April 1978 when hydrogen maser and superconducting cavity clocks were compared at Stanford University to search for a possible nonmetric behavior of gravitation. The evidence for this would be that the frequency difference between clocks operating Science I 149 on different physical principles would be affected by changes in the sun's gravity potential, owing to the laboratory's motion during the period of measurement. No effect was seen at the 1 percent level of sensitivity. During 1979, a hydrogen maser was successfully operated at 25 K, which was made possible by the introduction of a new type of gaseous wall-coating material frozen in place. The stability avail- able from the new cold maser is at the 10~-^" level, and work is in progress to demonstrate this tenfold improvement over present technology. Research on the electrodynamics of long orbiting tethers and an investigation of the interactions between an orbiting tether and the earth's ionosphere have shown that a long conducting tether in orbital motion embedded in the earth's ionosphere can generate, under certain conditions, a broad spectrum of hydromagnetic and electromagnetic waves. The frequency band of these emissions spans the region from subhertz frequencies up to the optical band and can be detected with state-of-the-art sensors. A second study of the electrodynamic interactions of a long metallic tether with ionospheric plasma is under way. A trans- mission line model of the tether has been developed that allows both the transient and steady-state electrical behavior of the wire to be studied. The model has been included in the Skyhook dynamic- simulation computer program, in order to study the effect of electro- dynamic forces on the system dynamics. This computer program will be used during the coming year to examine the possibility of electrodynamic control of the Skyhook tether and its use in the generation and injection of waves in space plasma. HIGH ENERGY ASTROPHYSICS Scientific activity in the High Energy Astrophysics Division during the past year has concentrated on the reduction and analysis of the very large amount of data returned by the Einstein Observatory mission, which was successfully launched on November 13, 1978, as the second in nasa's heao series. In the first five months of operation, the Einstein (heao-2) satellite, which carries a cfa- designed telescope capable of focusing images of x-ray sources, has observed the brightest, most distant, and most powerful objects yet seen in this wavelength: quasars estimated to be more than 150 / Smithsonian Year 1979 ten billion light-years from earth. The intense x-ray emission from the quasars, and the unusual number so far observed, suggests they may contribute significantly to the low-level background of cosmic x-ray radiation, thus implying that the proposed mass necessary to close the universe is not present in the form of hot gas between the stars and supporting theories that the universe may continue to expand forever. The Einstein Observatory has also observed "normal stars" similar to our sun, a new class of young hot stars with strong x-ray emission in their outer atmospheres, the remnants of supernovas, "cosmic bursters" in globular clusters, distinct sources of x-ray emission in other galaxies much like our own, and the most distant clusters of galaxies yet observed by any instruments. Spectral analysis of x-ray emissions from supernova remnants has also re- vealed the presence of a variety of heavy elements, in abundances similar to those found in the solar system, thus supporting the theory that the sun and planets were formed out of the debris from similar supernova explosions billions of years ago. The data returned by heao-2 are of extremely high quality, and the mission represents qualitative improvement in the observational capabilities available to x-ray astronomers, in that a 1,000-fold in- crease in sensitivity with respect to previous missions has been achieved. This capability is coupled with the ability to image ex- tended x-ray sources to a resolution of four seconds of arc and to obtain higher resolution spectra with greater sensitivity than any previously achieved. As a result, the scope of x-ray astronomy has been enormously increased to encompass all known objects of astro- physical interest, from nearby stars to objects at a cosmological dis- tance, including the most distant detected in any wavelength range. Finally, a very advanced software system has been developed, which allows the processing of the returned data in less than real time (the data input corresponds to fifty kilobits per second con- tinuously in real time). Because of the wealth of data already in hand, several years of interpretive efforts are needed to realize fully their scientific import. In addition to the cfa's own observing pro- gram, a program for guest investigators of unprecedented number for a mission of this kind is being carried out: observation programs by 170 guest investigators have been approved during the first seven months of the mission. Science I 151 Data returned by the heao-1 scanning modulation collimator ex- periment have provided significant results: identification of BL Lac objects, groups of galaxies, and cd cluster cores as classes of x-ray emitters. In particular, these studies have led to the precise posi- tioning of SS Cygni and EX Hya, thus firmly establishing the dwarf novas as a clan of hard x-ray emitters; to the discovery of an ex- tended component of x-ray radiation associated with the active radio galaxy Cygnus A; and to the x-ray measurement of the di- ameter of the Tycho Supernova Remnant. In addition, locations were obtained for emission-line galaxies, Seyfert I galaxies, and many galactic objects, including the second or third examples of hard x-ray emitting dwarf novas, RS CVn stars, low mass binaries, and magnetic white dwarfs. Finally, data from head resulted in an increase to 1,500 in the catalog of celestial x-ray sources from the 350 previously known. Other divisional programs include research on extragalactic x-ray sources with the sas 3 x-ray observatory. Three-year light curve measurements were completed for the Seyfert galaxies 3C120 and III Zw2, as well as the Abell cluster A478. On the x-ray imaging ccd projects, single x-ray photon imaging with some energy resolution has been achieved, and an x-ray camera system was developed for testing of a variety of ccd chips. Fabrication, alignment, and testing of the x-ray spectrometer were completed, and the instrument was transferred to mit (for the Alcator Tokamak). Interfacing is nearly complete, and Tokamak spectra are expected shortly. Further studies of holographical formed x-ray transmission gratings were conducted at the Stan- ford synchrotron. With respect to the work for the future, the division is engaged in the development of new technology and is participating in NASA's planning activities, which, it is hoped, will lead to major new x-ray astronomy programs. In particular, division members are involved in the overall design of the Advanced X-Ray Astron- omy Facility (axaf), which is currently planned for flight in 1987, as well as in several activities for the Spacelab proposed for flight aboard the Space Shuttle between 1981 and 1985. (Two of these proposed experiments, the Large Area Modular Array of Reflectors [lamar] and the Spherical Crystal Imaging Spectrometer [scis], have been tentatively accepted by nasa for future shuttle flights.) 152 / Smithsonian Year 1979 The technological developments are particularly directed toward a second generation of detectors for the axaf mission. OPTICAL AND INFRARED The principal research activities in the Optical and Infrared (oir) Division continue to be in the areas of extragalactic astronomy, infrared astronomy, and the study of the optical counterparts of x-ray sources. A highlight of the division's activities this year was the dedication of the Multiple Mirror Telescope (mmt) (a joint project of the Smithsonian Institution and the University of Ari- zona) at the Mt. Hopkins Observatory, in May. After the final alignment and performance testing were completed, the initial astronomical observations were made in March and April. Later, members of the division helped obtain the first scientific results: spectroscopic observations of the twin QSOs 0957+561 A, B. In extragalactic research, studies continued of the Hubble flow, using the H magnitude-21-centimeter profile width relation to de- rive accurate distances to several clusters of galaxies around the sky. SAO scientists and their collaborators at Kitt Peak and Steward observatories find a value of Ho (the scaling between velocity and distance in standard cosmological models) of eighty-five kilometers per second per mega parsec; they also find that our galaxy is falling into the local supercluster center with a velocity of a few hundred kilometers per second. In addition, P-Cygni profiles have been found in the broad emission lines of the Seyfert galaxy III 2w 2 that appear to vary on time scales of days, which places strong con- straints on models of the central energy source. The Z-machine, initially configured for redshift surveys, is now routinely available to all observers and has been used in a variety of observations. The Z-machine detector has also been used with the echelle spectrometer to conduct programs of research on the inter- stellar medium and on stellar chromospheric activity. Other projects in extragalactic research include grid photography of the faint outer regions of NGC 4565, a spectroscopic test of spin- orbit coupling in close binary galaxies, and work on the redshift survey, which will contribute to the measurement of the mean mass density of the universe. In addition, a dynamic study of the bulges of disk galaxies is under way to determine the relative contributions of the disk, the bulge, and any unseen third com- Science I 153 ponent to the observed galaxy rotation curves. Programs in galactic spectroscopy that utilize a photon-counting Reticon detector at Mt. Hopkins include measurement of the velocity dispersions in ellipti- cals to study the variation in mass-to-light ratio among elliptical galaxies. A program of studies of x-ray sources based on ccd images at R and I wavelengths has begun. The first run on the sixty-inch tele- scope provided excellent images of two sources of very red color but stellar appearance, and a cluster of galaxies at z — 0.7 based on R-J colors of the brightest three cluster numbers. The threshold for detection of stars or galaxies is found to be R ^ 21.5 or V = 22.5 on the sixty-inch telescope, and will, it is hoped, be at least a magnitude fainter on the mmt. During the last year, two successful flights of the 102-centimeter balloon-borne telescope were made, the twelfth and thirteenth of the series. In April 1979, eight hours of high-quality astronomical observations were acquired and included observations of fourteen different astronomical regions obtained with the University of Palermo four-color, single-beam photometer. This unique pho- tometer has the capability of mapping with high resolution (one minute of arc) simultaneously at four different infrared wavelength bands. Data from previous flights have yielded new insights into star formation and evolution in the galaxy and have produced new in- formation on the structure of the outer planets. Considerable study was devoted to the H II regions at the boundary of giant molecular clouds in an attempt to understand the processes of star formation in these objects. Evidence was found for a variable far-infrared source in a molecular cloud, indicating a possible transient stage of stellar evolution, and new information on the rate of mass loss from the carbon star IR + 10216 was obtained. In June 1979, the telescope was launched carrying the Fourier Transform Infrared Spectrometer (firs). This instrument produced high resolution (0.03 per centimeter) over the spectral range from 40 to 120 microns. Spectra of three astronomical objects were ob- tained, as well as spectra of the earth's atmosphere. Preliminary data indicate that the balloon platform provides an ideal method of ob- taining far-infrared astronomical spectra. Division members continue their participation in construction 154 / Smithsonian Year 1979 of the small helium-cooled infrared telescope for Spacelab 2, now scheduled for launch in early 1982. The experiment is a joint ven- ture with the University of Arizona and the nasa Marshall Space Flight Center. Observational programs aboard the International Ultraviolet Ex- plorer satellite emphasize ultraviolet studies of strong x-ray sources and of globular clusters. In particular, the eclipsing binary VV Cep is the subject of an investigation. Construction of two new detector systems is nearly complete: the twin-1024 Reticon photon-counting detector head is planned for use in the next version of the Z-machine and the new rca ccd camera for use in direct photography. Future plans include a cooled direct- illuminated Reticon system. PLANETARY SCIENCES A wide variety of solar-system investigations that exclude the sun and concentrate on the origin of the solar system, studies of ex- traterrestrial materials, and the astrophysics of small bodies are carried out by the division. Solar-system studies have produced an explanation for the century-old mystery of the changes in nongravitational motion of Encke's Comet. Calculation of the jet sublimation forces on a slightly oblate icy nucleus showed that the spin axis pole has pre- cessed through some 130° across the sky since the comet was dis- covered in 1786, which accounts for the variable period and the asymmetrical comas observed. Other work on the early history of the solar system includes the following studies: the interaction between the primitive solar nebula and a giant gaseous protoplanet; the rapid coalescence and rain-out of minerals deep in the interior of an evolved giant gaseous protoplanet; the origin of meteoritic fun anomalies and of mechanisms within giant gaseous protoplanets for producing them; and the r-process caused by neutron-producing conditions when supernova shock waves traverse the helium and carbon shells in the presupernova star. The division's lunar research programs include the initiation of an intensive study to be carried out in the consortium mode of some Apollo 16 rocks. As part of a new program to examine the evolution of the ancient rocks of the highlands, research is focused Science / 155 on North Ray Crater ejecta. The following investigations are also being pursued: an experimental, thermodynamic, and geochemical research program on pristine spinel-bearing lunar highland rocks — the first comprehensive work of its kind that has established a non- surficial or deep-seated origin of these materials; petrologic studies of some Apollo 16 coarse-fines; and the determination of ^^C in lunar samples. The heating effect of ^^Al in early solar-system planetesimals, and its relationship to time scales defined by the metallographic cooling rates and radiometric ages of meteorites, have been investi- gated. In addition, a thermochemical interpretation of experimental phase equilibria on silicate solid-liquid systems of planetary in- terest is in progress for the purpose of modeling the early forma- tion of the crusts and mantles of earth- and moon-sized planets. The division's orbital research programs on comets and minor planets have continued, with the following studies in particular: the nongravitational effects on periodic comet Temple 2 throughout its 105-year history, routine calculations on new comets, more ex- tensive calculations on minor planets, and calculations to check the results of the astrometric observing program at Agassiz Station at Harvard University in Cambridge, Massachusetts. A comprehensive study of the dust tail of Comet West 1976 VI has provided the following results: (a) identification of twelve explosions of dust from the nucleus between six days before perihelion and twelve days after perihelion; and (b) explanation of peculiar striae (pseudosynchronic bands) in terms of fragn\entation of dust particles in the tail. A method was developed for determin- ing the orientation of the rotation axis of the comet nucleus and the characteristic thermal lag of the sublimation process. Planetary research programs have yielded results in studies of both Uranus and Jupiter. For Uranus, analysis of Stratoscope II photographs has showed clear detection of the ring system in pro- jection, which in turn provides a measure of confirmation of the value for the dynamical oblateness of the planet; detection of faint surface features; and determination of the ellipticity (e = 0.22 ± 0.001). With regard to Jupiter, one phase of a study of the outer- belt asteroids has been completed and indicates that the observed population cannot be accounted for by Jovian gravitational per- turbations alone, whereas other asteroids now moving in stable 156 / Smithsonian Year 1979 orbits suggest that Jupiter's eccentricity has never exceeded —0.075. In a search for meteoritic fireballs and related nighttime phe- nomena, a division member has discovered in the Jovian atmosphere an aurora and flashes that are thought to be lightning. These ob- servations of the darkside of Jupiter gathered by the Voyager mission to Saturn have provided photographic evidence of an elec- trically supercharged atmosphere. The light output from the flashes has been estimated to be about ten billion joules — far greater than that produced by terrestrial superbolts. These light flashes may provide the energy source required by proponents of theories sug- gesting that organic chemical activity exists on Jupiter. A member of the division continues direction of the iau Central Bureau for Astronomical Telegrams, which issued some 135 iau Circulars and some 40 telegram books, and the iau Minor Planet Center, which issued some 400 Minor Planet Circulars during the fiscal year. Finally, a division scientist spent six weeks of the December- January austral summer in Antarctica searching for meteorites from two field camps: one in the Darwin-Byrd Glacier area (80°S; 157°E), the other in the Allan Hills (76°S; 159°E). Specimens were collected from patches of stagnant (?) blue ice and three other types of terrain: in moraines, on steeply sloping ice surfaces, and on the rocky sides of Derrick Peak, a mountain in the Transantarc- tic Range. X-ray and sem study has begun on some white Mg- carbonates that were found on a few Antarctic stones when they were unpackaged in Houston. SOLAR AND STELLAR PHYSICS The research activities in the Solar and Stellar Division focus on the goal of understanding the physics of the sun and the stars. Analysis and interpretation continued of data from Harvard's two solar experiments on the Skylab satellite — the soft x-ray tele- scope and the extreme ultraviolet spectroheliometer. Studies con- centrated on the physics of magnetically confined dense plasma in active-region coronal loops, coronal bright points, and other features. A major new experimental capability was successfully inaugurated with the first rocket flight of the hco Lyman Alpha coronagraph. This instrument, flown in a joint payload with a Science I 157 white-light coronagraph of the High Altitude Observatory, ob- tained the first measurements of coronal temperatures at distances beyond 1.5 radii from the sun center. This data will provide valuable constraints on proposed mechanisms for coronal heating and solar-wind acceleration. Studies of long-term solar variability conducted as part of the Langley-Abbot Program included theoretical investigations of mag- netic diffusion in the photosphere and observational analysis of the location and rate of emergence of magnetic flux elements revealed by x-ray bright points. The rate of flux emergence in bright points was found approximately to equal that of active regions, though it varies throughout the cycle approximately in opposite phase to the sunspot number, so that the total magnetic flux emergence rate may even be approximately constant. The evidence for variability of the solar "constant" gathered at SAO by Abbot, as well as in recent space data, was carefully ex- amined, and small but definite decreases due to sunspots, as well as increases due to active regions, were discovered. Observations from ground-based facilities confirmed that magnetized regions in the photosphere rotate faster than nonmagnetized regions — a result of considerable importance to dynamo theory. Finally, evidence was obtained for a significant decrease in the solar radius over the past several hundred years. If confirmed by more modern data, this result will be of extraordinary importance for an understanding of the time-varying dynamics of the solar convection zone. Theoretical studies of radiative transfer in the solar chromo- sphere continued, with the development of a series of statistical equilibrium models of solar features (the quiet sun, the magnetic network, sunspots, active regions, and flares). In addition, new calculations elucidated a density dependence correction to ioniza- tion equilibrium relationships. In parallel to these solar programs, stellar ultraviolet and x-ray data were acquired using the Copernicus (iue) and Einstein (heao-2) satellites. The ultraviolet observations concentrated on chromospheres and chromosphere-corona transition zones of late- type stars, x-ray binary stars, and horizontal branch stars of globular clusters. The x-ray observation involved, in addition to specific objects, a survey of the range of x-ray-emitting coronas on stars in all parts of the temperature-luminosity (H-R) diagram. 158 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Studies were pursued of stellar variability over time scales vary- ing from minutes to years. This included the development of scaling laws relating stellar flares to solar flares; study of ultra- short period variability (minutes) of chromospheres of giant stars; analysis of luminosity variations of late-type dwarf stars that show "sunspots"; and photoelectric photometry of peculiar variables. Theoretical studies of stellar atmospheres included investigation of relative instability in O-star winds; calculation of empirical statistical equilibrium models of stellar chromospheres based on Copernicus ultraviolet data; and publication of arrays of models giving temperature distribution, Balmer line profiles, and colors of stars of a wide variety of surface temperatures and compositions. Programs are under way on the definition of new instrumenta- tion for solar space astronomy, including a coronal dynamics ex- periment, an improved Lyman alpha coronagraph, and a precision solar-variability experiment. THEORETICAL ASTROPHYSICS The Theoretical Astrophysics Division carries out research on a diverse range of astrophysical phenomena, with theoretical studies often applied to the support and interpretation of observational data. Division members frequently work in collaboration with members of other divisions as well as with scientists in other insti- tutions. In addition, they contribute significantly to the educational programs of both the Smithsonian and the Harvard College ob- servatories. Valuable progress was made in the understanding of dust grains, charge transfer processes in ionized plasmas, chemistry of shocked regions, collision-induced dissociation, stellar dynamics, and the evolution of globular clusters. Basic studies continued of stellar dynamics, gravitational theory, radiative transfer, kinetic theory, scattering theory, and cosmology. Emphasis continues on the development and application of the methods of quantum mechanics to atomic and molecular processes, with special reference to energy-related problems. Studies also con- tinue on the role of atomic and molecular processes in astrophysical and atmospheric phenomena. A substantial effort has been directed toward the formulation of an equation of state for diffuse clouds, which includes the impor- Science I 159 tant influence of radiative transfer. One aspect is the development of an accurate method for treatment of the penetration of diffuse ultraviolet radiation into clouds subject to scattering by dust grains. Investigation of quantum gravity and supergravity theories has focused on a study of the so-called gravitational index theorems. These theorems relate properties of the field equations of fields of arbitrary spin to the topological invariants of the background gravitational field upon which these fields propagate. Use of such theorems can provide information about the quantum-field theo- retical divergences that appear in such theories. Supertheorems were also developed in the context of supergravity theory, and it was found that under special conditions supergravity theory can be made finite. Studies of the halos of galaxies continue. Exploration of various scenarios for the formation of galactic halos is under way, in addi- tion to a determination of the velocity dispersion and mass of the halos of elliptical galaxies (e.g., M 87) from the x-ray observations. An investigation of the effect of deviations from local thermo- dynamic equilibrium (lte) on the structure of a stellar atmosphere and on the emergent spectrum has led to the conclusion that the customary description of deviations from lte in terms of departure coefficients is deceptive and can be misleading. A study of the efficacy of chemical sputtering for the destruction of graphite grains, with particular application to H II regions, has been carried out. The physics of dust grains in hot gas was investi- gated, as well as the importance of various mechanisms for the destruction of interstellar dust. Work was done on the nucleation of interstellar and circumstellar dust, with particular attention paid to the thermodynamics of small clusters and the applicability of "classical" nucleation theory. The existence of an ionization-coupled acoustic instability of interstellar matter at temperatures of 30-100 K, previously believed to be stable, has been demonstrated. Recent hydrodynamic study of the nonlinear developments suggests that the instability affects the gas simply by including a "stirred-up" state at low enough temperatures. Also, fluctuations in temperature over the cycle of the disturbance can induce portions of the gas to cross into the regime of the previously found thermal instability. Research has been carried out in the area of grand unification — 160 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the development of theories that unite the strong with the weak and electromagnetic interactions. In particular, one aspect of these theories that may be of importance to cosmology has been ex- plored: baryon nonconserving processes in the early universe can produce a baryon-entropy ratio of the order of the observed ratio. Finally, study of models of x-ray emission from active galactic nuclei provided new techniques for describing Comptonization in these sources. An investigation of radiative pumping of fine struc- ture levels has continued, in order to deduce constraints on the nature of the clouds producing absorption lines in quasar spectra. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Why study the tropics? First, biologists still attain understanding primarily through comparison, as did Aristotle and Darwin. The sheer diversity of tropical plants and animals provides a field for comparison and perspective without rival. The tremendous variety of competitors and predators implies that adaptation will be most finely tuned and most easily studied in the tropics. Similarly, the mechanism maintaining this diversity in balance will be most pre- cise and sensitive in tropical communities. Finally, a great many people live in the tropics, and their fate is decisive to the political and economic stability of the world. Understanding the ways in which the balance of nature works in tropical communities may allow these people to use this balance to their profit rather than destroy it to everyone's harm. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute (stri) is a major center of basic research in the tropics, without equal in the New World. On Barro Colorado Island, the institute administers a tropical forest reserve, which is less disturbed and has a more com- plete animal community than any other equally accessible tract of tropical forest. The value of this reserve is decisively enhanced by the understanding and the background information built up by a half century of research. The institute's Caribbean and Pacific marine stations permit easy access to the spectacular natural experi- ment started when the Isthmus of Panama formed three million years ago. Fossils document in some detail the conditions that pre- Science I 161 vailed before the isthmus formed and provide the background by which one can judge how the biota has responded to the very different conditions on the two sides: the clear, low-productivity waters of the Caribbean contrasting greatly with the high-produc- tivity waters of the eastern Pacific, enriched by seasonal upwelling. Preserving these matchless opportunities has, however, brought new responsibilities. In spite of the enormous administrative demands to prepare stri for the treaty-related changes in operations, this year has been particularly fruitful scientifically. Over 140 scientific articles were published and 75 seminars delivered by stri staff, fellows, and stu- dents in 1979. WilHam Eberhard, Donald Windsor, and David Roubik joined the permanent scientific staff. The Barro Colorado Island Nature Monument has been increased by several tracts of forest in adjoining mainland areas, which will need vigorous protection, stri personnel is helping in various ways to bring about an interest in conservation among Panamanian citizens, and N. Smythe is advising Panama in the management of a large national park that Panamanian authorities have proclaimed on the mainland east and north of Gatun Lake, all in the hope that Barro Colorado will not be left a small oasis in an otherwise tree- less landscape. Members of stri feel strongly that the economic resources of the developed nations should be used to help the developing tropical na- tions preserve some of their biological resources. A system of tropi- cal reserves, financed internationally, will help insure the genetic reservoir in tropical forests for the future needs of all mankind. STRI staff and students also work in other tropical countries and sometimes even in the temperate zone, thereby providing an essen- tial perspective for studies closer to home. These studies help to show how typical Panama is of the tropics in general, permit com- parisons that shed light either on the origins or on the functions of phenomena encountered in Panama, and bring stri personnel in contact with researchers in other lands. Martin Moynihan visited Sumatra and Singapore to study cora- ciiform birds — hornbills, kingfishers, and the like — trying to gain perspectives on the very odd behavior some birds of this order display in Africa. He also went to Guam and Palau to study the squid Sepiateuthis, comparing its modes of communication with 162 / Smithsonian Year 1979 im^. 1 si W-i \l t L ^ |VJ^ J^ r Leff. Iguanas are unusual among lizards Katherine Troyer is feeding artificial diets extract energy and nutrients from plants. M. H. Moynihan during a recent visit to Center in northern Sumatra. The center is illegal pet animals to the forest. (Photo by nest of a feral colony of Africanized Apis in northern South America. The bees will by David Roubik.) in being almost entirely herbivorous, to growing iguanas to learn how they (Photo by Jon Mummaw.) Right. Dr. the Bohorok Orangutan Rehabilitation responsible for returning orphaned or Olga Linares.) Below. A comb from the mellifera, found in a mangrove forest enter Panama in coming years. (Photo those of relatives on the Caribbean coast of Panama. These squid have a system of communication more compHcated than those of any bird or of most monkeys. They communicate entirely by changes of color or position and can perform up to seven displays at once. They live in groups and are much preyed upon, and often have to play to different audiences simultaneously, hiding from a predator by a cryptic display, or surprising or confusing it with some sudden and totally unexpected color change, while trans- mitting useful information "in code" to other members of the group. This year also saw the completion of Moynihan's studies on Andean birds, with the publication of his book Geographic Variation in Social Behavior and in Adaptions to Competition Among Andean Birds. A group of STRi scientists, Yael Lubin, Michael Robinson, Barbara Robinson, and Thane Pratt, is working at the Wau Ecology Institute in Papua New Guinea. Lubin and the Robinsons have been working in part on social spiders. At Wau there are at least five species of web-building spiders with gregarious or social tenden- cies: their presence at one place provides a unique opportunity for learning both the functions and the evolutionary origins of social behavior in spiders. Yael Lubin and Thane Pratt are also studying the social behavior of terrestrial isopods in the montane forest at Wau. They have found immense aggregations of isopods ranging over hundreds of square meters of the forest floor. Olga Linares complemented her study of the Diola wet-rice peoples of Senegal by gathering comparative data on South Asian societies, especially the Batak of Sumatra, some of whom are wet- rice cultivators. Unlike the Diola, who are politically decentralized, nonhierarchical, and loosely organized into patrilineages three generations deep, the Batak are carefully organized into marga, exogamous patrilineages twenty or more generations deep. The descendants of the founding members of one of the marga control the village lands and "rule" the community in accordance with their traditional law. Despite their differences in social organiza- tion, the wet-rice cultivations of the Diola and the Batak share many features adapted to unpredictable rain and intermittent irri- gation. Mary Jane West Eberhard has been working in Colombia. She studied colonial wasps of the genus Synoeca in the eastern llanos. 164 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Their social behavior shows much evidence of competition within the colony, contradicting the image of social insects as communities of perfect harmony. Rather than devoting themselves to the benefit of the queen and brood, some females remain idle and behave like queens when near established queens or their eggs. These females live longer than foraging workers and may become workers when other workers are scarce. William Eberhard, who has just joined the STRi staff, completed a study of combat in male beetles, show- ing that the elaborate horns that have long puzzled naturalists are often used as weapons of battle. The Eberhards have just moved to Costa Rica, where Mrs. Eberhard will continue studying social wasps, while Mr. Eberhard continues to work on orb-web spiders and the behavior of insects. Alan Smith has completed seven years of research on the rosette plants Espeletia spp. of the Venezuelan paramo. The population of the most common species, Espeletia schultzii, is self-regulating: increased mortality leads to increased growth among the remaining plants. On densely vegetated sites, the dead leaves that adults drop about their bases inhibit the growth of other species but do not affect young schultzii. The adults thereby create safe zones for juveniles, whose main source of mortality here is competition from plants of other species. Higher up, where vegetation is sparser, inhibiting the growth of other species may harm young schultzii by exposing them to frost heave, and this species is replaced by others better adapted to the harsher conditions. The giant Senecios of Mt. Kenya, which live in the same type of habitat, resemble Espeletia both in form and in mode of population regulation. Alan Smith spent five months on Mt. Kenya, continuing his comparison of these Senecios with Espeletia. Egbert Leigh continued his comparative studies of "elfin wood- lands," the stunted, seemingly wind-planed thickets that occur on foggy, breezy mountaintops in the tropics. As part of his research, he visited Puerto Rico to look at ways in which the elfin forest trees there arrange their branches and leaves. As in Malaya, Costa Rica, and elsewhere, these plants tended to arrange their leaves in spiral decussate fashion around erect twigs, as do rhododendrons and frangipani, rather than in the horizontal sprays of foliage so char- acteristic of beech. It seems that here, as elsewhere, the shape of elfin forest trees allows them to grow with the least shedding of Science I 165 shaded twigs, although this forces upon them an inefficient form, requiring a great deal of wood for the leaves carried. Some understanding of the meaning of tree shape was suggested by the outcome of a local windstorm that opened two clearings of several hectares apiece near the laboratory of Barro Colorado Island. With admirable opportunism, Phyllis Coley, Arlee Montalvo, and Francis Putz, all graduate students at the station, and Annette Aiello, proceeded to map the damage and found that trees with dense, strong wood were uprooted, while those with lighter wood were snapped off their stumps. The trees with the densest wood were built most like trees of elfin forest; moreover, most plants react to wind by forming denser wood. The coincidence of Leigh's trip, the windstorm, and the studies of these students may lead to an entirely new approach to the study of the shapes of trees. At Barro Colorado Island most of the research is devoted to learning more about the myriad interactions that together maintain the balance of nature in this forest. Here, predoctoral and post- doctoral students, many financed now or previously by the Smith- sonian fellowship program, are leading the way. Phyllis Coley, a Smithsonian predoctoral fellow from the Uni- versity of Chicago, has learned that young leaves are eaten far more rapidly than older, tougher ones, and that leaves of light- demanding plants that sprout only in clearings are eaten far more rapidly than less weedy, more shade-tolerant plants. She is now trying to learn why some leaves are eaten more than others, and how hairiness, toughness, protein content, and the levels of various classes of distasteful or toxic compounds influence the rate at which leaves are eaten. Katharine Milton, just finishing a Smith- sonian postdoctoral fellowship, has been analyzing physical, chemi- cal, and nutritional properties of different leaves, flowers, and fruits in order to understand better the ways in which the seasonal rhythms in the abundance of fruit and new leaves control the numbers of spider and howler monkeys on Barro Colorado. Katherine Troyer has begun an eighteen-month study of the ways in which diet affects bacterial fermentation in iguana guts, and how this in turn affects the growth of young iguanas, which are unusual among lizards in their ability to live on a strictly vegetarian diet even as hatchlings. The seasonal rhythm of new leaves is important to the life of much of the forest. Henk Wolda is continuing to study the relation 166 / Smithsonian Year 1979 between the abundance of leafhoppers on Barro Colorado and fluctuations in rainfall and the availability of new leaves. He is also comparing the seasonality of leafhoppers on Barro Colorado with those of areas possessing different rainfall regimes. There is also a seasonal rhythm of leaf fall and decomposition, leaves dropping in the dry season and beginning to rot in earnest when the rains come. Nigel Franks has been studying population regulation in army ants, which live in swarms of several hundred thousand ants apiece, plundering the leaf litter like little armies for arthropods and other invertebrates. Swarms seem to be most abundant and active early in the rainy season, when the litter fauna is richest. Army ant populations seem to be limited primarily by the abundance of just two species of forest floor ant. Franks intro- duced army ants to a small island from which they were previously absent but which had an abundant supply of these two food species. He was able to demonstrate an increase in reproduction rate, and, for the time being, the army ants are thriving. Russell Greenberg, a former Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, and Judith Gradwohl have been studying the mixed flocks of insectivorous birds that form in the understory about two species of antwrens. Two pairs of antwrens, one of each species, share a territory, and often move about together, attracting other birds as they go. Different species of trees produce fruit according to different rhythms, attracting different dispersers. Andrea Worthington, from the University of Washington, has been studying the relation be- tween seasonal changes in the abundance of fruits on different understory shrubs and the feeding and breeding behavior of the birds that eat these fruits, trying to learn how these birds respond to a patchy and variable supply of food. Henry Howe, former post- doctoral fellow at STRi, and Gayle Vande Kerckhove are beginning a study of fruiting rhythm in a species of canopy tree related to nutmegs, the fruit of which is dispersed very largely by toucans. How does fruiting rhythm differ from tree to tree or from year to year? How do these differences affect dispersal? What degree of dispersal accords best with survival of the seedlings? How does the amount of fruit wasted and the pattern of dispersal differ from plants that attract a wide variety of consumers to a huge feast of fruit? Other rhythms are being studied that we are only beginning to understand. Male euglossine bees obtain from orchids and other Science I 167 flowers fragrances that they seem to use in connection with mating. James Ackermann, a stri predoctoral fellow, finds that the number of male euglossines attracted to different fragrances of known chemistry changes from season to season. Fragrances attract these bees in greatest numbers when flowers that they pollinate, and that supply them with fragrances, are blooming. George Angeher completed his study of seasonal changes in territorial behavior of hummingbirds. He found that the intensity with which hummingbirds competed for control of flowers in the clearing of Barro Colorado had rather little relation to the number of flowers available there; instead, hummingbird activity was con- trolled very largely by the abundance of flowers ten or fifteen miles away along the Panama Railroad, and when these were in bloom many hummingbirds left the island. The Environmental Monitoring Program on Barro Colorado Island is designed to provide the background information needed to meld these studies into a coherent picture. Records are kept of rainfall and other climate variables: the runoff from Lutz ravine, a ten-hectare catchment; soil moisture in that catchment; the weekly fall per unit area of leaves, fruit, etc., to the forest floor; and those trees on a census of 400 that are putting out flowers, fruit, or new leaves each week. Changes in soil moisture seem to be the most important factor in the rhythm of the forest, timing the onset of flowering and/ or the production and fall of leaves in many plants. As the results of its first seven years are being written up, the Environmental Monitoring Program at stri is being reorganized and new proposals prepared for the next five years. Dr. Donald Windsor has joined the permanent staff at stri in order to run the tropical phase of this program. Environmental monitoring plays a large role in the research at stri's Caribbean marine station, Galeta, where John Cubit, Mark Hay, and John Kilar, along with James Norris of the National Museum of Natural History, are studying the ecology of the inter- tidal reef flat and the habitats fronting it. Mark Hay has been studying turf-forming algae, finding that algae photosynthesize less when in a turf but are safer from dessication and herbivores. Indeed, turf-forming algae depend on herbivores to protect them from fast-growing but less resistant competition. Before beginning a sabbatical at Stanford University in Cali- 168 / Smithsonian Year 1979 fomia, Peter Glynn continued his studies on the factors affecting reef growth in the eastern Pacific. He and predoctoral student Gerry Welhngton were guests of the government of American Samoa to investigate the impact of Acanthaster upon coral reefs. Ross Robertson has been continuing his analysis of the interactions between different damselfish and between them and the algae they eat. Harilaos Lessios, a new member of the stri staff, began a study of the effect of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema on coral reefs: to what extent do they kill coral or prevent its recruitment? He is also examining the degree of reproductive incompatibility between congeneric sea urchins of the two coasts. Echinometra lucunter of the Caribbean coast will, for example, not accept fertilization by sperm of the Pacific urchin £. vanbrunti, although the reverse mat- ing works. He will be able to check the correlation of reproductive incompatibility with either morphological or genetic differences. Freshwater organisms have not been completely ignored this year. Mary Power, a Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, completed another stage in her study of the effects on armored catfish of seasonal variation in the amount and quality of their food. These fish live in pools in streams and graze algae from the rocks of the stream bottom. Their food supply is affected by shade over the pool, which slows algal growth, and the time elapsed since the last major flood scoured the rocks clean. High sediment content can also slow algal growth or even kill the algae — there is more sedi- ment the more slowly the stream flows. It appears that these fish populations are limited primarily by their food supply, which is greatest early in the rainy season when there is little sediment but few devastating floods. Professors Luis D'Croz and Raul Amores, with several of their students from the University of Panama, began a long-term study of the population dynamics of cladocerans in Gatun Lake. They will be making weekly plankton tows and hydrographic stations along a transect between Frijoles and Barro Colorado Island. There is, however, much more to tropical biology than the simple adage of eat or be eaten; there is a host of nuances, some affecting the function of the community in a vital way, some shedding light on aspects of natural selection not directly related to finding food or escaping predators, some helping us to understand the diversity of the community. David Janos, a Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow, is continuing Science I 169 his studies of the different relationships between tropical forest trees and the mycorrhizal fungi that assist their roots in extracting mineral nutrients from the soil. Most trees here, especially those of the mature forest, cannot grow without mycorrhizae; some second- growth trees only need mycorrhizae when on poor soils, and some plants, characteristic either of early succession or of very poor soils, do not need them at all. David Janos is starting another set of experiments to show how mycorrhizae affect the growth and competitive ability of plants from different stages of succession. Laurie McHargue is studying the nodules of nitrogen-fixing bac- teria, which one finds on the roots of many legumes: how do they affect the growth of seedlings of tropical leguminous trees? Several people have been studying the ways in which organisms attract mates. Robert Warner, a former Smithsonian postdoctoral fellow, has been working on the blue-headed wrasse, a coral reef fish. Most of its individuals are born female and change color and sex when large enough to be able to compete with the other males. These fish mate at special sites: on most reefs, the largest males, which attract the most mates, hold mating territories at the down- stream end of the reef, where eggs will most quickly drift off the reef. On the largest reefs, however, there are many small, non- territorial males, which mate in swarms and often occupy the downstream end of the reef while large, brightly colored males establish mating territories on its side. Warner wishes to learn whether the females choose the male or the mating territory he occupies. Beverly Dugan, a stri fellow, discovered that during the breeding season male iguanas use three different mating strategies. Very large males turn bright orange, and each defends an isolated tree as a territory, where females come to mate with him. Medium-sized males defend territories peripheral to those of large males and thereby attract the occasional female. Small males, which are the size and color of the green females, lurk in the territories of large males and attempt to fertilize the females gathered there. Large males do most of the mating, but small males are occasionally successful. Michael Ryan, a Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, is studying the ways in which female frogs, Physalaemus pustulosus, choose a mate, and why. These females prefer large males and seem to be 170 / Smithsonian Year 1979 able to judge a male's size by his call. Naida Zucker, of the Uni- versity of New Mexico, has been examining the same question for fiddler crabs at Naos. Male Jamaican fruit bats, Artibeus jamaicensis, keep harems. Douglas Morrison, a former Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, has affixed small radios to bats from the same roost in order to follow their movements. He finds that during mating season they are very solicitous of their females, always guarding the roost when females are present, and escorting them in as they return at dawn. To sup- port all this activity takes a great deal of energy; harem males eat twice their weight in figs every night, half again as much as other conspecifics. "Africanized" honeybees are spreading northward from South America and should reach the Panama Canal in a few years. When European honeybees were introduced to America many years ago, they apparently displaced many native pollinators and greatly changed the economics of pollination in the eastern United States. Africanized honeybees show every sign of exerting a similar effect. David Roubik has joined the stri staff to study this effect, and he is now working on the ecology and pollinating habits of those native bees and other pollinators with which the invading bees are most likely to compete. Gordon Burghardt and Stanley Rand have been studying thermo- regulation in nesting iguanas, using radiotelemetry to monitor the temperatures of nesting female iguanas on Slothia Island. These females normally thermoregulate rather precisely, but they are much less careful when nesting and continue to dig nest burrows even when their body temperature drops well below the normal activity range. Francis Putz, a new Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, has come to study the lianas of Barro Colorado Island. Lianas account for be- tween a tenth and a sixth of the leaves in most tropical forests, and for nearly 40 percent of the leaf production for one rain forest in Gabon. They are a great nuisance to tropical foresters because of their adverse effect on the tree growth, but very little is known about them. Putz would like to know how a liana's mode of climb- ing, and its degree of commitment to vegetative reproduction by side shoots to other trees, affects its role in the forest. Robert Silberglied has extensive records on Anartia, a common Science I 171 species of butterfly living in the laboratory clearing at Barro Colorado Island. He and Annette Aiello captured nearly all the butterflies of this species in the clearing every week for months on end and took extensive notes on the state of each insect captured. He can therefore judge the effect of different sorts of damage on the butterfly's life expectancy and determine how often the butter- fly comes within a given degree of being killed by a bird, and from what direction these threats usually come. He also painted over some of the markings of these butterflies to see how this affected their life span and the types of damage they suffer. Barbara Thorne, a Smithsonian predoctoral fellow, has come to study seasonal changes in the diet and behavior of termites. Very much to her surprise, she soon discovered that many termite colonies had several queens, something known at the turn of the century but utterly forgotten since. This rediscovery may shed light on the ways in which colonial behavior evolved among termites. Catherine Phillips has been studying the distribution of the two common ferns of the forest, Adiantum lucidum and Tectarias incisa. These are restricted to steep slopes and show few signs of competition. They seem to be limited by the places in which their gametophytes can become established. The gametophytes do not readily become established in flat areas where they can be dis- rupted by rain splash or smothered by litter. On steep slopes, gametophytes are more likely to find shelter from overhanging roots and stems, and litter accumulates only with difficulty. A parallel situation may exist in some marine organisms, such as the corals of the eastern Pacific, which are limited primarily by the capacity of their young to settle and become established. Thus they are rare even in places in which it has been shown that adults can survive without difficulty. It would be interesting to know how true this is of land plants. Through the provisions of the Panama Canal Treaty, a contract with the Ministry of Health, and arrangements with the Panama Canal Authority, stri will continue to operate research facilities in Panama indefinitely. There will be some changes in its mode of operation, but these operational changes are yet to be formalized. One significant change will occur on October 1, 1979, when the research reserve of Barro Colorado Island will be expanded under the designation of the Barro Colorado Nature Monument. In 172 / Smithsonian Year 1979 September 1979, under a separate agreement pursuant to Article VI of the 1940 Convention on Nature Protection and Wildlife Preservation, the negotiators of the Torrijos-Carter Treaty, repre- senting the governments of the United States and Panama, estab- lished the Barro Colorado Nature Monument and designated the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute as its custodian. The Barro Colorado Nature Monument will include not only Barro Colorado Island but also the adjacent areas of Orchid Island; the peninsulas of Bohio, Buena Vista, and Frijoles on the east bank of the canal; and the penisulas of Pifia Blanca and Gigantito, south and west of Barro Colorado Island. According to the nature monument defini- tion in the 1940 convention, "strict protection will be given to this area" and only scientific investigations and government inspections duly authorized will be permitted. The scientific management and protection of the 5,400-hectare Nature Monument will be an im- portant new conservation responsibility for stri. In addition to the establishment of the Nature Monument, the Republic of Panama has declared its intention to develop a 22,000- hectare national park in the Summit and Pipeline areas of the Canal Zone that will revert to Panama on October 1, 1979. Dr. Smythe, head of stri's Office of Conservation and Environmental Education, has been working with officials of the Republic of Panama (National Directorate of Renewable Resources [renare]. Ministry of Agricultural Development) and of the U.S. National Park Service and U.S. aid to prepare a master plan for the develop- ment of this park. The protection of this national park adjacent to the Barro Colorado Nature Monument should assure the continua- tion of the enormous animal and plant diversity that has long attracted scientists from around the world. Construction of a new circulating seawater system at the Naos Marine Laboratory was initiated on May 1, 1979. Work will soon begin on a replacement for the Barro Colorado Island dormitory and on a library wing for the Ancon laboratory building. The R/V Benjamin completed its refitting in February, and it began its re- search with a voyage in March to Cocos Island off Costa Rica, stri scientists were joined by Costa Rican conservation officials in the effort to obtain data necessary for the designation of Cocos Island as a national park. Science I 173 Out into the sun after 120 years on the bottom of Lake Superior, the boiler of the propeller-ship Indiana is hoisted onto the derrick barge Coleman. The salvage of this classic artifact was the most complex such operation ever undertaken by the National Museum of History and Technology. Smithsonian Year -1979 HISTORY AND ART CHARLES BLITZER, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR HISTORY AND ART Archives of American Art The sources of information scholars expect to find at the Archives of American Art comprise a wide variety of manuscript and printed material. Several of this year's most notable acquisitions offer an extraordinary richness of such forms. The earliest piece of material received is unusual for a special reason — it consists of a single item. It is a long and informative letter written by the painter Eastman Johnson from Germany in 1851, describing, in gratifying detail, his studies in Diisseldorf, his work with Emanuel Leutze, and his painting a copy of the latter's Washington Crossing the Delaware. Another source of information consists of the papers of Johnson's contemporary, Thomas Buchanan Read, famous in his time as a painter-poet. The papers are made up chiefly of Read's fascinating correspondence, with letters from such luminaries as Hiram Powers, Frederic E. Church, Harriet Hosmer, Henry Wadsworth Longfellow, Nathaniel Hawthorne, and Generals Sheridan and Sherman. Since Read's best-known work was a poem (and several versions of a painting) entitled Sheridan's Ride, inspired by a celebrated Civil War incident, several appreciative letters from the general come as no surprise. A more unexpected item is a neatly twisted lock from the mane of Sheridan's horse. Significant acquisitions reflecting American art in the later nine- teenth and early twentieth centuries include records of the painters J. Francis Murphy and John White Alexander, the latter an active figure in art organizations and president of the National Academy of Design. Both collections contain a large number of photographs, and 175 Murphy's papers include a finished but unpublished biography of the artist. The same period is covered in twenty-six volumes of a diary kept by Desmond Fitzgerald, a leading Boston art collector and patron whose daily observations provide a valuable record of the art establishment in his city. The papers of John Storrs, an early modernist sculptor, are of particular interest for the years during and after World War I, when he corresponded with Marsden Hartley, Joseph Stella, John Sloan, John Reed, Louise Bryant, William E. Bullitt, and many others. The Storrs collection includes correspondence, diaries, poetry notebooks, sketchbooks, scrapbooks, business and commission records, photo- graphs, exhibition catalogues, notes, and even accounts of dreams, all in great abundance. The same critical epoch in American art history is covered in a splendid collection of several hundred rare exhibition catalogues that reflect, among other things, the rise of modernism through gallery and art-society exhibitions, from The Eight show of 1908 (a par- ticularly scarce item) to the wide acceptance of the new art in the galleries of the 1920s. It brings to light dozens of short-lived galleries and associations that played a vital role in the burst of public art consciousness at the time. Scholarly concern with federal sponsorship of the arts under the New Deal is still growing, an interest that will be fed by large new additions to the papers of Holger Cahill, who directed the wpa Federal Art Project, and of Adele Clark, head of the Federal Art Project in Virginia. A useful group of records of the critic and writer Sheldon Cheney, including a series of letters from Alfred Stieglitz, also touches on cultural activities of the Depression period. The papers of John Steuart Curry, a painter closely connected to the regionalist movement of the 1930s, offer a well-rounded view of his life and career through several thousand items of correspondence, writings, financial records, and photographs. With the recent dona- tion of a considerable group of family letters, scrapbooks, notebooks, calendar diaries, and photographs, another artist often identified with the same decade, Reginald Marsh, is now represented by the complete corpus of his records. The remaining papers of the late Hudson Walker, art dealer, collector, and patron, filled seven cartons. They include extensive correspondence with artists, particularly Marsden Hartley and Philip 176 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Evergood, family letters, records of the Hudson Walker Gallery, and useful documentation on his own collection and on his work with the American Federation of Art and Artists Equity. One of the largest of the year's acquisitions was the correspond- ence, notes, and draft writings of the art historian and curator W. G. Constable, covering much of the twentieth century. His papers in- clude voluminous material on the history of art collecting in both Europe and the United States and on the role of American museum personnel in the protection and restitution of works of art in Europe during and immediately after World War II. This latter subject is also treated in the papers of Andrew C. Ritchie, the lecturer, writer, and museum director who served with the U.S. Army's Monuments and Fine Arts Section in its task of locating and saving works of art in Europe toward the end of the war. Gallery and institutional records among the year's acquisitions in- cluded those of the Doll and Richards Gallery, a Boston firm that recently went out of business after well over a century; the League of New Hampshire Craftsmen, the first state-supported crafts group in the country; and the Renaissance Society at the University of Chicago. Since the society's founding in 1915, its exhibitions and lectures have contributed much to Chicagoans' understanding of contemporary art. The Archives Oral History Program began producing videotapes in 1979 with tapes of interviews with the sculptors Louise Nevelson and Isamu Noguchi, both conducted in Detroit under the sponsor- ship of the Center of Creative Studies. More conventionally recorded interviews were conducted with the writer and authority on Alfred Stieglitz, Dorothy Norman; the scholar, curator, and museum director Adelyn Breeskin; and the artists Grace Hartigan, Richard Stankiewicz, Frans Wildenhain, Allan Crite, and Richard Hunt. The use made of archives resources is reflected in two statistics : 2,460 research visits and 1,150 rolls of microfilm circulated through interlibrary loans. A further indication of scholarship pursued at the archives appears in books, articles, dissertations, and catalogues acknowledging indebtedness to its holdings. Among these are a general survey of American art over three hundred years; a history of art in American culture in the years between 1865 and 1920; biographies of Louis Eilshemius (by the director of the Archives West Coast Center), Winslow Homer, Walt Kuhn, and Gertrude History and Art / 177 Vanderbilt Whitney; major catalogues on the work of Charles Burchfield, Adolph Gottlieb, Seymour Lipton, Edward Moran, Mark Rothko, John Singer Sargent, David Smith, and Elihu Vedder; and volumes on the Columbus Museum of Art collection and on Ameri- can expatriates in England. In order to encourage research and promote its resources among the scholarly and lay public, the archives cooperated in the publica- tion this year of The Archives of American Art: Collection of Exhi- bition Catalogues, a large volume listing holdings of over 15,000 American art-exhibition catalogues available on microfilm. A supple- ment updating the Checklist of the Collection was also published in fiscal year 1979, while the Archives of American Art Journal, under new editorship, continued to inform readers of acquisitions and pro- vide a medium for the results of research by art historians. The archives' regional office in Boston cosponsored a well- attended symposium on American watercolors and drawings. During the course of the year, members of the archives staff delivered fifteen lectures, addressed several seminars, and published six articles and a monograph. Several small exhibitions of archives material were held at the regional offices in Boston, San Francisco, New York, and Washing- ton, D.C. A larger installation of nearly one hundred documents and photographs was lent to the Whitney Museum in connection with its fiftieth anniversary, an event coinciding with the archives' own twenty-fifth anniversary. A significant event in the archives' Washington Center took place in January, when its quarters underwent a complete rearrangement and redecoration of offices, working space, and research area. The new design, incorporating additional space acquired in 1978, enables the staff to operate more efficiently and allows researchers greater privacy. Cooper-Hewitt Museum In many ways, the past year has been the most fruitful and successful in the history of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Institution's Na- tional Museum of Design. Attendance continued to increase over 178 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the previous year, with more than 180,000 visitors to the museum attending some of its most popular exhibitions to date. Beginning in October 1978, "Crosscurrents: French and Itahan Neoclassical Drawings and Prints of France and Italy from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum" was on view on the museum's second floor, and a photographic show, "Form Follows Film," was installed in the Contemporary Design Gallery. On October 3, "Ornament in the 20th Century" opened to the public. This exhibition contained ornament from jewelry to buildings and consisted of over 500 ob- jects. On October 10, "Artists' Postcards, Series 11" opened, consist- ing of 51 framed designs for postcards, as well as supplementary materials. "Vienna Moderne, 1898-1918" opened November 27. "Vienna Moderne" was the first major exhibition of Viennese work from this period to be installed anywhere in the United States. It proved to be extremely popular. "The Shopping Bag: Portable Graphic Art" opened on December 7 in the Contemporary Design Gallery. On January 23, 1979, "The Dream King, Ludwig II of Bavaria," opened, with a selection of drawings and gouache designs for Ludwig II's castles and their contents, in addition to articles of furniture, metal- work, ceramics, and memorabilia. "Indelible Images: Contemporary Advertising Design" opened in the Contemporary Design Gallery on February 6 and ran through March 25. It consisted of a selection of magazine advertisements and posters, with a videotape of tele- vision commercials. In the spring, "Japan Today," a festival celebrating Japanese cul- ture, was held in a number of American cities. In honor of the occasion, the Cooper-Hewitt devoted the two main floors of its galleries to Japanese subjects. The major show, "Ma: Space/Time in Japan," was designed by Arata Isozaki. The show consisted of nine sections, each expressing an aspect of the ancient Japanese space/ time concept of Ma by means of photographic essays, sculptures, and traditional structures, such as the teahouse and the Noh stage. The extensive catalogue was written and designed in Tokyo and then edited and printed in New York. The show opened to the public on March 13. On March 27, "Porcelain: A Selection from the Cooper- Hewitt Collections" opened in the Carnegie Library. On June 12, three exhibitions opened for the summer. "Fantastic Illustration and Design in Britain, 1850-1930" occupied most of the History and Art I 179 first floor. Organized by the Rhode Island School of Design, the show consisted primarily of original drawings, with a small selection of books, furniture, ceramics, and other items of decorative art. "Alvar Aalto," a retrospective show on the work of this major architect, was installed on the second floor. A traveling exhibition circulated by the Finnish Museum of Architecture, it was largely a photographic panel show, with a selection of models, furniture, and glassware. "Roma Interrotta," which was hung in both the Con- temporary Design and Decorative Arts galleries, was the third sum- mer show, and ran until August 12. It consisted of drawings of idealized schemes for Rome by twelve contemporary architects. On June 26, the museum's third immovable objects exhibition, "Urban Open Spaces," opened in the Mansion Garden, with a mayoral proclamation and a festive balloon launching. On this same occasion. Fifth Avenue from 86th to 102nd Street was closed to traffic for two hours in the evening so that visitors could stroll along "Mu- seum Mile" and visit the nine museums that make up one of the densest concentrations of cultural institutions in the world. The most extensive immovable objects show yet, "Urban Open Spaces" in- cluded a sixty-four-page newspaper catalogue, profusely illustrated; a postcard tour of outdoor art; a videotape on community gardens; and eleven exhibitions at sites throughout the city. The year's final exhibition was "Glass: Selections from the Cooper-Hewitt Collections," which opened on August 28 in the Decorative Arts Gallery. The Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service circulated three Cooper-Hewitt offerings: "Crosscurrents: Neoclassical Drawings and Prints of France and Italy," "Close Observation" (112 oil sketches by Frederic E. Church), and "Subways" (the second im- movable objects exhibition). In cooperation with the Book-of-the-Month Club, the museum has completed four parts of a twelve-part series. The Smithsonian Illus- trated Library of Antiques. The museum has also published the following eight catalogues on its collections: Porcelain; Glass; Em- broidery; French and Italian Neoclassical Drawings; Bandboxes and Shopping Bags; Japanese Woodblock Prints; Kata-gami: Japanese Stencils; and Tsuba: Japanese Sword Guards. During the past year, the museum offered four semesters of courses covering a wide range of topics relating to design and decora- 180 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Dr. Thomas Lawton, director of the Freer Gallery of Art, explains a model of the proposed South Quadrangle Project to Her Imperial Highness Princess Chichibu of Japan. Below. Secretary Ripley (center) and Abram Lerner (left), director of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, join in a celebration marking the eightieth birthday of Joseph H. Hirshhorn (right) on August 11, 1979. *»fc <•' n >^ tive arts. The museum continues to increase audience participation in these programs, as well as its course offerings. In the summer of 1979, 25 percent more courses and tours were offered than the previ- ous summer, and attendance reached 3,000, a substantial increase over previous years. Tours continued to be the most popular of the programs offered. Participation in lecture series also continues to grow, as more New Yorkers become acquainted with the museum. Total membership in the museum has now grown to 5,600, a 25 per- cent increase. The Sixth Annual Benefit Auction was held in May, with Sotheby Parke Bernet conducting the sale. This event continues to be popu- lar and an important source of revenue for the museum. The success of the museum has been very much dependent on the seventy volunteers who currently work there. In addition to their other duties this past year, they conducted tours for 460 groups, comprising some 16,000 adults and young people. During the past year, the museum accepted into its collections 3,058 works of art from 70 donors. The departments of Drawings and Prints, Decorative Arts, and Textiles purchased 13 items for the museum collections through a variety of restricted acquisition funds. Incoming loans to the museum continued to increase, as 4,598 items were borrowed from 220 museums and private lenders. The Cooper- Hewitt lent 555 objects to 30 museums and other organizations. Following a special allocation of congressional funds for the plan- ning and implementation of the inventory of the Cooper-Hewitt collections, the staff worked with the Office of Computer Services and with the Smithsonian Registrar to plan inventory systems and procedures. The inventory is currently in progress. At the end of fiscal year 1979, some 55,000 items had been inventoried, and 10 percent of the collection had been photographed. The following staff appointments became effective this past year. Christian Rohlfing was promoted to the position of assistant director for collections management. Daniel O'Leary joined the staff in April as assistant director for administration, and in November, David Revere McFadden assumed the position of curator of decorative arts. There were significant material changes in the mansion, with the cleaning of the exterior of the building, the completion of the fourth floor to house the textile collection, and the conversion of the old Carnegie Library to a permanent Decorative Arts Gallery. 182 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Freer Gallery of Art Several major appointments were made during the past year. Dr. Shen C. Y. Fu joined the staff as associate curator of Chinese art. A native of Shanghai, Dr. Fu received his Ph.D. in Chinese art from Princeton University and most recently was on the faculty of Yale University. The gallery's new associate curator of Japanese art. Dr. Yoshiaki Shimizu, came to the Freer from the University of Cali- fornia at Berkeley. Dr. Shimizu is a native of Japan. He did under- graduate work at Harvard and received his M.F.A. and Ph.D. degrees from Princeton. Julia K. Murray joined the Freer staff as a translator of technical materials. Miss Murray holds a graduate degree in Chinese art history from Princeton University and was formerly on the staff of the Far Eastern Department at the Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York City. With the arrival of Mr. Ryo Nishiumi, the Freer acquired the services of a specialist in the techniques of Far Eastern painting restoration. Nishiumi was born in Japan and com- pleted a ten-year traditional apprenticeship before coming to the United States. With the arrival of these new staff members, the need for addi- tional office space became critical. To meet that requirement, some of the corridor areas of the ground floor of the gallery have been desig- nated for renovation. A proposal to study the possibility of enclosing the Freer courtyard is also under way. Part of the preliminary study will explore the possibility of excavating the space beneath the court- yard to obtain additional space for offices. All of the Freer's exhibition galleries were repainted in 1979, and, where appropriate, carpeting has been installed. A preliminary study of possible alterations to the present lighting system has been com- pleted. A pilot program for a comprehensive relighting system will soon be tested. The gallery installed two major exhibitions in 1979. "The Brush of the Masters: Drawings from Iran and India" presented eighty-two works executed between 1400 and 1800. The examples included the earliest Islamic drawings from Iran made under the patronage of the Jalairid, Timurid, and Turkmen dynasties in the fifteenth century. A number of the Iranian drawings were signed and dated, including the works of such renowned masters as Muhammedi, Sheykh Muham- med, Muhammed Muhsin, and Riza and Muin Musavvir. The Historx/ and Art I 183 drawings from India represented the Mughal, Deccani, and Rajput schools. Esin Atil, the gallery's associate curator of Islamic art, pre- pared the illustrated catalogue. The second major exhibition, entitled "Japanese Lacquer," was part of the Washington observance of the "Japan Today" program. Fifty-nine examples of lacquerware, including richly decorated medi- cine cases (known as inro), food and water containers, writing boxes, brush stands, and incense containers from the Freer's permanent col- lection, represented eleven centuries of lacquer-making techniques. Publication of the catalogue, by Ann Yonemura, the gallery's assist- ant curator of Japanese art, was made possible by a grant from Matsushita Electric (Panasonic). An exhibition of early Armenian manuscripts opened on May 18, International Museum Day. The Armenian manuscripts form the largest single group among the world-famous early Christian manu- scripts in the Freer. The Armenian collection includes six gospels, a hymnal, and a psalter, and covers a span of seven centuries. On June 15, the gallery opened a show of Chinese paintings from the Ch'ing dynasty (1644-1911). The scrolls enabled visitors to com- pare the styles of the older, intellectual and scholarly paintings with those done by the eccentric, backward-looking artists during the early years of China's last dynasty. During his visit to the Freer Gallery on May 2, Prime Minister Masayoshi Ohira of Japan pledged a $1 million gift to help build the new Asian Art Gallery that is part of the Smithsonian's South Quad- rangle Project. As an adjunct to the Freer, the new Asian Art Gallery will provide room for expansion and will enable the Freer to increase its programs for exhibitions, research, and public service. Among visitors of note were Her Imperial Highness Princess Chichibu of Japan, His Imperial Highness Prince Norihito Mikasa of Japan, and Miss Chuo Lin, wife of the People's Republic of China's Vice Premier Teng Hsiao-p'ing. The collection was increased during the year by ninety-two ob- jects. One of the most important pieces to be acquired was a Japanese wood sculpture of a guardian king, which dates from the Kamakura period (1] 85-1333). This acquisition provided the gallery with a complete set of the four guardian kings. The Freer Gallery of Art sponsored the twenty-sixth annual series of "Illustrated Lectures on Oriental Art." One of the six lectures, by 184 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Professor Yoshiaki Shimizu of the University of California, Berkeley, was sponsored jointly with the Embassy of Japan and was entitled "Landscapes of Muromachi Monks: Images and Words." The Rutherford J. Gettens Memorial Lecture, "Silver in Ancient Greece and Byzantium: Production and Art," was delivered by Professor Constantin Conophagos of the National Technical University of Athens. A special lecture on "Japanese Lacquer" was given by Ann Yonemura of the Freer Gallery of Art for the "Japan Today" program. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden During its first five years, the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden has actively continued the important task of expanding its permanent collection through gifts and purchases. The purpose of these acquisitions is twofold: to keep the collection contemporary, so that it will reflect current aesthetic developments, and to build upon original strengths in the collection. During 1979, the museum ac- quired 280 works of art, including a major gift of 57 objects from the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation. A major acquisition was the museum's purchase of Aristide Maillol's monumental sculpture Action in Chains (U Action En- chainee) : Monument to Louis-Auguste Blanqui. The sculpture, meas- uring seven feet in height, was acquired with nonappropriated trust funds made available by the Smithsonian Board of Regents for the acquisition of important works of art. This acquisition immeasurably strengthens the museum's collection of modern European sculpture. Other important acquisitions consisted of works by Max Beck- mann, Josef Csaky, Josef Albers, Burgoyne Diller, Kenneth Noland, Raphael Soyer, and Richard Diebenkorn. An important event in 1979 was the accreditation of the museum by the American Association of Museums. The committee found the Hirshhorn's operation to be "exemplary. . . . The Hirshhorn is an exceptionally well-run museum that more than satisfies all require- ments for accreditation." The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden acted as host to the College Art Association's annual meeting held in Washington, D.C., Histoiy and Art I 185 from January 31 to February 3, 1979. With the cooperation of other museums in the area, the Hirshhorn was able to arrange a series of receptions and visits culminating with the convocation and a farewell reception on February 2. The museum's year of exhibitions began with "Saul Steinberg/' a large retrospective exhibition organized by the Whitney Museum of American Art. Public interest ran high, with excellent attendance. "Ben Nicholson: Fifty Years of His Art," organized by the Albright- Knox Gallery, opened at the museum in December 1978. This fas- cinating display of Nicholson's art, covering a half-century of the British artist's work, was elegantly installed and elicited favorable comments in the press. "Richard Estes: The Urban Landscape," organized by the Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, attracted unusual numbers of midwinter visitors. This exhibition seemed particularly fascinating to young people, including artists and students, an indi- cation of the current level of public interest in Neorealist art. The Hirshhorn Museum added to the exhibition five of Estes's silkscreen proof prints and their original studies. "Louis M. Eilshemius: Selec- tions from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden," organized for the museum by Paul Karlstrom, west coast area director of the Smithsonian's Archives of American Art, was probably the most complete review of Eilshemius's art since his death in 1941. Eilshem- ius, a controversial figure since Duchamp's "discovery" of him in 1917, was represented by eighty-five paintings alternating between lyrical landscapes and eccentric nude and genre subjects, the sum of which confirmed his reputation as a turn-of-the-century romantic artist. "Alexander Calder," organized by the Whitney Museum, drew the attention of thousands of visitors. This traveling version of the major retrospective of 1976 included over 125 works — mobiles, stabiles, wire sculptures, paintings, drawings, gouaches, tapestries, toys, and jewelry — from the fifty-year career of the re- nowned American artist. "David Hockney : Travels with Pen, Pencil, and Ink," organized by the International Exhibitions Foundation, opened at the museum on March 29, 1979. This exhibition, supported by a grant from the SCM Corporation, consisted of 150 prints and drawings, including portraits, interiors, still lifes, and views of Cali- fornia, Europe, Japan, and North Africa. In the spirit of keeping abreast of current developments in American contemporary art, the museum organized and presented a major group exhibition, "Direc- 186 / Smithsonian Year 1979 tions." The show of recent work by eighteen young artists from around the country included fifty-eight sculptures, drawings, paint- ings, site-oriented projects, and videomovies. This exhibition was received with remarkable enthusiasm by art critics both locally and nationally and by the public. Several smaller exhibitions, consisting of works from the mu- seum's own holdings, were presented. These included "Alfred Maurer," "David Smith," "The Cubist Heritage," "Josef Albers," "Cornell Boxes," "Benin Bronzes," and "Images of Children." The museum provided visitors with a variety of educational ma- terials, including wall labels, checklists, brochures, and handouts, the latter ranging from a single page to more ambitious illustrated minicatalogues, all distributed free to the public. All major exhibi- tions were accompanied by well-documented and -illustrated cata- logues that served the general public as well as students and scholars. Augmenting the museum's exhibition program was a series of lectures on various aspects of contemporary art and art history. The speakers were Karyn Allen, John Canaday, Howard Fox, Henry Geldzahler, David Hockney, Paul Karlstrom, Joan Martin, George Rickey, Richard Rubinfeld, Linda Sweet, and Judith Zilczer. The lively "dialogue" between Mr. Hockney and Mr. Geldzahler, New York City's commissioner of cultural affairs, attracted an overflow audience, with many people being turned away. The museum continued its tri-part film series : "Lunchtime Films about Artists"; "Evening Films by Artist Filmmakers"; and "Satur- day Films for Young People." Other events held in the auditorium were concerts by the 20th Century Consort, two piano concerts by Carla Hiibner, and an evening of "Visual Music" with John Dowell. Two programs especially designed for children were given. The annual Hirshhorn Holiday attracted 4,500 people, who were enter- tained by mimes, a Punch 'n' Judy show, and special children's play- lets. Musical accompaniment included a banjo player, flutists, and a barbershop quartet whose members led crowds to and from per- formance areas. This holiday event, sponsored in part by the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates, continues to be a great success, and another is scheduled for next year. A "Calder for Kids" program was organized by the museum's staff for eight- to ten-year-olds and their parents. The program consisted of a screening of the film Calder' s Circus in the auditorium, as well as a slide pro- History and Art I 187 gram emphasizing recurring motifs in his works, his significance to American art, and his unique contribution to the art of the century. Participants were given a map showing the location of Calder's works in the museum for further study after the program. In order to make the museum's collection accessible to the widest possible audience, extensive loans were made to museums in the United States and abroad. The Hirshhorn Museum lent 131 objects to 49 institutions, including the Fondation Maeght; Kunsthaus Zurich; National Museum of Modern Art; and the Hakone Open- Air Museum in Japan. Members of the staff continued to lecture at the museum and at other institutions; to write for publication; to work with graduate and undergraduate museum interns and Smithsonian fellows; to re- spond to written inquiries and visits from scholars, students, and artists; and to carry forward the tasks of research and documenta- tion. An active group of specially trained docents offered guidance to interested visitors with regard to the permanent collection and to exhibitions. An extension program designed to prepare school classes for their museum visits began in September 1978 and has already reached approximately 2,000 children. An extension program, de- veloped in conjunction with the Montgomery County School System, was tested in Millcreek Town Elementary School in Gaithersburg, Maryland, in January, February, and early March. The favorable response indicates that such programs might be extended to other areas and to metropolitan Washington in particular. Requests have been received from Prince Georges and Fairfax counties and the City of Alexandria for similar programs. On March 24, the Education De- partment conducted two workshops for the Northern Virginia Coun- cil for Gifted and Talented Education, and almost every teacher who attended expressed interest in future participation. A grant has been received from the Smithsonian Educational Outreach Program to en- able the museum to continue this experimental project for one year. All departments of the museum concerned with the care and management of the collection and the mounting of exhibitions con- tinued to make important contributions. Continuing changes were made to the installation of the permanent collection, unit installa- tions from the collection, and major exhibitions. The sculpture am- bulatories on the second and third floors were completely reinstalled. 188 / Smithsonian Year 1979 A young visitor to the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden's "Calder for Kids" celebration (April 12 and 13, 1979) proves the ageless appeal of the work produced by one of America's best-loved sculptors. Below. Children participating in a work- shop on traditional African architecture sponsored by the Education Department of the Museum of African Art. (Photo credit: Eliot Elisofon Photo Archives, Museum of African Art.) The Office of the Registrar completed an inventory of the painting collection. Such inventories are conducted yearly and are rotated among the sculpture, painting, and print and drawing collections. Joseph Henry Papers The third volume of The Papers of Joseph Henry was published in the past year by the Smithsonian Institution Press. The longest volume so far of the projected fifteen-volume series, it provides in- tensive coverage of the critical years 1836 and 1837, devoted mainly to Henry's scientific tour of Britain and France — his formal introduc- tion to the world of international science. Two other publications are well on the way to completion. Volume four (1838-40) documents Henry's reflections on the American scientific scene in light of his recent European experience and the re- sumption of his electromagnetic research at Princeton. Scientific statesmanship is the subject of the second publication in progress, which will present essays and speeches by Henry from the entire span of his career. It begins with an Albany-period statement about the hierarchy of science and technology and closes with a presidential address of 1876 to the National Academy of Sciences. A highlight of the volume is another presidential address to the American Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science, which pulls together major elements of Henry's scientific ideology. The theme of this special volume, aimed primarily at college audiences, is the scientific way of life in nineteenth-century America. Both the popular book and the fourth installment of the Henry Papers are scheduled to go to press late in 1979. Members of the Henry Papers staff have been active in other ways. Marc Rothenberg gave a course at the University of Maryland on the theme of American scientific exploration. Arthur Molella did con- sulting work for the newly launched Thomas Edison Papers at Rutgers and prepared an exhibition for a new science-technology museum in Richmond, Virginia. Nathan Reingold gave a University Lecture at Wisconsin on the early years of the Institute for Ad- vanced Study and again convened his monthly Nineteenth-Century Seminar. 190 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Two visiting scholars, Cynthia Field and Kenneth Hafertepe (a Smithsonian ten-week fellow), did research at the Henry Papers on the architectural and political origins of the Smithsonian Institution "Castle" Building. James Flack used the resources of the Henry Papers for research on the history of St. Elizabeth's Hospital. Char- lene Matthews carried out research for Arnold Thackray of the Uni- versity of Pennsylvania on Americans at the British Association for the Advancement of Science. These and other scholars availed them- selves of the more than 47,000 documents now entered in the project's computer catalogue. Museum of African Art On August 13, 1979, the Museum of African Art, estabUshed as a private museum in 1964 at the initiative of former American Foreign Service Officer Warren Robbins, officially became a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution. Senator Hubert H. Humphrey served as the first chairman of the museum's Board of Trustees, and continued to be one of its strongest supporters until his death in 1978. Following some four years of discussions, consideration by the Board of Re- gents of reports and analyses of the museum's resources, preparation of congressional legislation, and negotiation of the terms of the merger, authorizing legislation prepared by the late senator was in- troduced on his behalf by Senator Wendell Anderson and thirty-two cosponsors in February 1978 and, with the support of Senator Claiborne Pell, chairman of the Rules Committee, passed by unani- mous consent of the Senate on May 16, 1978. Similar legislation, introduced in the House of Representatives by Congresswoman Lindy Boggs, with Majority Whip John Brademas and all of the members of the Black Caucus among its ninety cosponsors, and with the guidance of Committee Chairmen Lucien Nedzi and Frank Thompson, passed by an overwhelming majority and was signed by President Carter on October 5. In keeping with the terms of the legislation and subsequent agree- ments, the museum turned over to the Smithsonian its collections of some 8,000 objects of African sculpture, artifacts, craftworks, tradi- tional costumes, textiles, drums, musical instruments, and jewelry; its archives of approximately 100,000 slides, photos, and film seg- History and Art I 191 merits on African art, culture, and environment, bequeathed to the museum by EHot EHsof on, the late world-renowned photographer for Life magazine; a specialized library of 6,000 titles on African culture and history, to which were added several thousand titles from the library of the late cultural anthropologist and pioneer American Africanist Professor Melville Herskovits, for whom the library has been named; a significant collection of early maps of Africa; and a variety of other art and educational materials that reflect and en- hance public appreciation of the African dimension of the American heritage. The museum is situated in a row of nine contiguous Capitol Hill townhouses in the 300 block of "A" Street, Northeast, just behind the Supreme Court, including the historic Victorian "bookend houses" that served as the first residence in Washington (1871-77) of the great nineteenth-century abolitionist orator and publisher Frederick Douglass. To the Douglass buildings a new wing was added and opened in 1971, through the munificence of Mr. and Mrs. David Lloyd Kreeger and other benefactors. Mews properties of two carriage houses and eighteen garages are also owned by the museum. With twelve public galleries located in the Douglass building proper, the other houses accommodate the Elisofon Archives and the Her- skovits Library, which, together with classrooms, comprise the mu- seum's Department of Higher Education; a community workshop center; a graphics studio; the Programming and Education Depart- ment; administrative offices; and Boutique Africa, the museum's highly acclaimed gift shop, which also serves as a showcase for con- temporary African crafts. At the time of the merger, the museum, which has mounted some fifty exhibitions in its fifteen years of existence, was showing "The Sculptor's Eye," several hundred works from the collection of the American sculptor Chaim Gross, one of the most important early collectors of African art in the United States; "Traditional Art from Upper Volta," an exhibition of 150 works on loan from private col- lectors or selected from the museum's permanent collection; a display of textiles from Upper Volta and Ghana; and permanent educational displays, including "African Influences in Modern Art," "2,000 Years of Nigerian Art," "Africa and Egypt," "Animals in African Art," "Drums and Musical Instruments of Africa," and "Memorabilia of the Life and Times of Frederick Douglass." Supplementing the mu- 192 / Smithsonian Year 1979 seum's exhibitions at all times are the award-winning audio-visual presentation "Tribute to Africa — The Photography of Eliot Eliso- fon"; other topical slide shows; and numerous color panels and black-and-white photo murals of Africa by Elisofon. During the past year, the Curatorial Department has also been pre- paring the exhibitions "The Useful Arts of Kenya" and "New Acqui- sitions," featuring the Samuel Rubin bequest and selections from the Herskovits collection on permanent loan to the museum. With the expansion of the museum's inner court from the area im- mediately behind the Frederick Douglass buildings to the consoli- dated garden areas of the other seven townhouses, the museum's permanent outdoor exhibit on the spectacular geometric color murals of the N'Debele people of southeastern Africa was greatly enlarged. Existing or new loans of artworks to other institutions during this period included fifty-nine works of African sculpture to the Ana- costia Neighborhood Museum; six African sculptures to the Cooper- Hewitt Museum; forty-three beaded works of the N'Debele people of southeastern Africa to the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi- tion Service; two African sculptures to the Cleveland Museum; and nine African sculptures to the Boston (Mass.) Zoo. Individual works of African sculpture were also lent for display in the offices of Vice President Mondale, Senator S. I. Hayakawa, Representative Walter Fauntroy, Mayor Marion Barry, and D.C. Commissioner Tyrone Brown. Ghanaian master weaver Gilbert Bobbo Ahiagble was engaged during the month of August to demonstrate traditional African weaving, and a display of Kente cloth woven by him and others was put on display. The Museum of African Art Drum Ensemble also performed at various functions. A special program of lectures, panel discussions, films, and per- formances was carried on by the Elementary, Secondary, and Con- tinuing Education Department as part of a year-long series on the theme "Africa in the Americas : Explaining the African Diaspora." A major part of this department's work has been concerned with group-orientation visits by school, college, church, and other groups, part of the total of more than 16,000 such sessions that have been held at the museum since its establishment. The groups are led by African members of the museum staff, assisted by members of the docent corps. History and Art I 193 The second annual National Endowment for the Humanities- sponsored Summer Institute for College Faculty, on African art and culture, was carried on by the Department of Higher Education, along with its program of credit courses taught each semester in cooperation with Georgetown, American, Catholic, and George Washington universities, as well as the Graduate School of the De- partment of Agriculture. The Department of Higher Education also supervised the training of a summer class of university interns in all aspects of museum work, as part of a program that continues throughout the year. National Collection of Fine Arts The efforts of the National Collection of Fine Arts (ncfa) to be re- sponsive to activity in art throughout the country have continued at an accelerated pace through acquisition and exhibition. The collec- tion has been enriched by a gift from the S. W. and B. M. Koffler Foundation of thirty-four works by contemporary Chicago artists, many of whom were represented in ncfa's "Made In Chicago," circulated through Latin America in 1973-74. These lively works, chosen by a knowledgeable board drawn from the Chicago art com- munity, went on tour through the western states immediately after being shown in Washington. From the West came a varied and provocative exhibition, "The First Western States Biennial Exhibi- tion," comprised of works by twenty-eight artists living in thirteen western states, selected by a carefully constituted regional jury sys- tem in which ncfa played a part. Organized under the aegis of the Western States Arts Foundation, the exhibition (which was sent on an extensive tour that included Hawaii) brought many artists to na- tional attention. With the help of private foundations, ncfa acquired three major works from the exhibition for the permanent collection. Also entering the collection this year was an impressive work chosen by NCFA from the annual juried exhibition — made up of works by seven southern artists — sponsored by the Southeast Center for Con- temporary Art (secca). In addition, in collaboration with secca, the refined collages of Irwin Kremen were given their first publication and exhibition. 194 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Among the 833 works accessioned during the year were many of especially notable significance. The quest for a major early landscape by Asher Brown Durand was fulfilled by the purchase of Dover Hills, Dutchess County, N. Y. (1848), an important painting of extraordi- nary silvery luminosity. Alexander Brook's Summer Wind, George H. Durrie's Winter Scene, and Joseph Raffael's very large watercolor Worlds Within Worlds, are masterworks by artists not previously represented in the collection. Several paintings were acquired that relate to forthcoming exhibitions, including David G. Blythe's Boy Playing Marbles (1850s), four paintings by John Graham, and a still life from 1930 by Jan Matulka, whose colorful works will be shown in an exhibition produced by ncfa and the Whitney Museum of American Art. As the result of a generous gift of material from Mr. and Mrs. John A. Benton, the sister and the brother-in-law of Joseph Cornell, ncfa has been able to establish the Joseph Cornell Study Center under its Department of 20th Century Painting and Sculpture. In addition to works by Cornell and related artists, the collection consists of books and materials used by the artist for inspiration, reference, and actual fabrication of his extraordinary creations. The study center is open to scholars and has already been widely consulted. As the museum's collection has become better known, there has been an increasing demand for loans and illustrative material for pubHcation and study. Some 225 works were lent for exhibition during the year, and the photographic laboratory, though small, produced 8,707 color slides, 2,565 transparencies for study and reproduction, and 15,280 black-and-white prints. Two new slide sets of works drawn from temporary exhibitions were issued, "The Har- monious Craft" and "Daniel Chester French." Work has continued on resources for research in American art at the museum. About 67,000 of the approximately 127,000 Peter Juley and Son negatives of works of art have been indexed, and 15,000 printed. The index of art in Smithsonian collections outside of art museums now lists more than 145,000 items, and a start has been made on computerizing the listings. The computerized Index of Pre-1877 North-American Art Exhibition Catalogues, in its first full year of operation, has recorded over 12,000 individual entries from seventy-six catalogues, many of little-known exhibitions rang- ing from Cincinnati to Boston. The rapidly expanding Slide and History and Art I 195 Photograph Archive, also organized for computer retrieval, now contains about 50,000 slides and 33,000 photographs, documenting the museum's collections, exhibitions, and works of American art elsewhere. The Inventory of American Paintings Executed Before 1914, much consulted by scholars from across the country, now numbers 200,000 entries and a file of 45,000 images. The largest of the twenty-five exhibitions mounted during the year was "Perceptions and Evocations : The Art of Elihu Vedder," the first comprehensive showing of this highly individualistic artist's works, later shown also at the Brooklyn Museum. The over 350 works were displayed in an especially evocative setting that em- phasized their rich but subtle coloring, and most were reproduced with others in the 246-page book accompanying the exhibition. The fifty-four original drawings for Vedder's famous illustrations to accompany The Rubdiydt of Omar Khayyam (1883-84), shown in the exhibition, were acquired for the permanent collection. Of very different character was "Seymour Lipton: Aspects of Sculpture," an exhibition and publication that investigated this con- temporary artist's creative forms, from drawings through maquettes to the imposing forms of his finished sculptures. A retrospective exhibition of the prints of Gabor Peterdi and early pastels and paint- ings of Santa Fe by WilHam Penhallow Henderson (1877-1943) were two other exhibitions devoted to the works of individual artists. One of the most popular of the print and drawing exhibitions was "Prints and Personalities: The American Theater's First Hundred Years." The International Year of the Child was celebrated by an exhibition entitled "Childhood," drawn from the museum's collec- tion. The Renwick Gallery presented many large exhibitions and smaller theme shows, including "Bo'jou, Neejee! Profiles of Canadian Art" from the National Museum of Man in Ottawa; the popular "Art of Russia: 1800-1850," assembled by the University of Minnesota from Soviet museums; and "Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places." The gallery also presented works by individual craftsmen — silver by Ronald Pearson, glass by Dale Chihuly, and jewelry by Olaf Skoogfors and Irena Brynner. These exhibits were supple- mented by demonstrations and lectures by master craftsmen, made possible in part by a grant from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates. In addition, a program of sales exhibitions of American crafts was initiated, sponsored jointly by the Renwick 196 / Smithsonian Year 1979 The Renwick Gallery's refurbished Grand Salon is now hung with newly restored works from the permanent collection of the National Collection of Fine Arts. Below. The studio room of Alice Pike Barney's recently restored Studio House, begun in 1902 and presented to the Smithsonian Institution in 1962. '" 1 i M K-J>«^ ' a" '•or ili- iif S") iqhri" ■'?'*?Y? nr~tT im. m. staff and the museum shops. The special public programs at the Renwick attracted over 17,000 people. Among the popular public events during the year were the noon- time lectures given by ncfa's scholars-in-residence. Subjects ranged from American bronze casting to European and American symbol- ists. The thirteen museum interns and nine summer interns from around the country did not present lectures but were engaged in every other aspect of museum activity. The junior interns, working through ncfa's Department of Education, worked in various depart- ments and assisted with the sixth biennial high-school graphics ex- hibition "High-School Graphics VI." The exhibit, of particularly high quality this year, opened with a reception for 1,100 people. The Discover Graphics workshop served twenty-six schools, and Dis- cover Graphics Day, on which seventeen artists demonstrated print techniques, attracted more than 1,600 participants. The annual day for children and families this year was called "Textures of the West" and was celebrated by 3,300, keeping a large number of the mu- seum's eighty-seven docents, aided by seventeen participating artists, very busy. Alice Pike Barney's "Studio House" on Sheridan Circle, begun in 1902 and once the center of fashionable artistic activity, has now been restored and will be used for a continuing series of special pro- grams. Many of Mrs. Barney's paintings and pastels are displayed in the house, which also provides an apartment for one of ncfa's visit- ing scholars. National Museum of History and Technology As an historical museum, the National Museum of History and Technology uses the man-made objects in its collections both to learn the effect they have had on us, and to find out, in turn, how our development has affected them. To illustrate the size and com- plexity of this undertaking, three projects on which the museum has been at work over the past year will be discussed in some detail: salvaging a primitive steamboat engine to reconstruct a wreck and study at firsthand a revolution in maritime transportation; using a set of nearly extinct technological skills to restore ancient clocks with original tools and materials; and, with a comprehensive new 198 / Smithsonian Year 1979 collection of lighting devices, nmapping out the bumpy road of inno- vation leading from the tallow candle to the electric light. On June 6, 1857, a calm Sunday evening, the propeller-ship Indiana was steaming across the open waters of Lake Superior, bearing a handful of paying passengers and a full load of iron ore from the Marquette docks toward the newly opened Soo Canal. Low to the water, with a single mast, it was an ungainly looking vessel, with the overhanging deck of a paddle-wheeler, a single-cylinder vertical engine, and massive, ten-ton, upright boiler, fueled on cordwood. Although the Indiana looked like a typical paddle-wheeler, it was, in one respect, quite advanced. When built, the Indiana was one of only a few Great Lakes steamers to be outfitted with an Ericsson screw propeller, a product of the technological revolution of the 1840s, that pushed vessels through the water rather than pulled them with a sidewheel. With the increased maneuverability, effi- ciency, and cargo room provided by this new system, the Indiana was clearly a ship of the future. But in the end, advanced technol- ogy, coupled with a case of metal fatigue, was to prove its undoing. The ship was passing High Sand Banks, near Crisp Point, off the northern peninsula of Michigan, when, suddenly, its ten-foot-wide propeller lost a blade, fracturing the outboard bolts and hub and jarring the propeller off balance with such force that it struck the rudder and threw the ship hard aport. The propeller shaft, vibrating from the imbalanced screw, ruptured the packing gland in the sternpost, and the boat began to take on water. In alarm, the engineer shut down the engine at the main throttle. The crew began to man the ship's single six-inch bilge pump, but this proved totally useless against the water pouring in. Calming the frightened passengers, the captain ordered more crew below to try to repair the damage; but when they reached the leaking stern, the men found their way blocked by thirty-five tons of iron ore packed into this critical space for the sake of taking on more cargo. The ship was now settling rapidly. The captain, who owned the vessel, at last was forced to admit that it was lost, and ordered all hands to take to the small boats. As passengers and crew rowed off toward the Crisp Point Lighthouse, five miles distant, the Indiana went down. Its odd, overhanging deck created such resistance that the entire superstructure ripped off and floated away. The hull con- History and Art I 199 tinued downward stern first through the icy water, until, at a depth of 125 feet, it hit hard bottom, snapping off the propeller and jam- ming the rudder upright into the sand. In slow motion, the bow came crashing down, and 330 tons of iron ore rolled forward, burst- ing the Indiana's thick oak sides. And that, for well over a century, was how the ship lay, undisturbed in the still depths of the lake. In August 1979, the museum set out to salvage the entire steam power plant and propulsion system of the Indiana. Recovery of this classic artifact, absolutely untouched since antebellum times, en- tailed the largest and most complex underwater salvage operation in which the museum has ever been involved. Overall coordination was handled by John N. Stine, museum specialist in the Division of Transportation. Primary participants included the U.S. Navy's Har- bor Clearance Unit No. 2 from Little Creek, Virginia, and its Chi- cago Reserve Unit; the crew of the derrick barge Coleman and the tug Lake Superior out of Duluth, operated by the U.S. Army's Corps of Engineers; and the team of scuba divers led by John Steel of Waukegan, Illinois, who initially located and filmed the wreck of the Indiana in its deep-water resting place. No other American-made commercial engine in its original state, nor any screw-propulsion system of comparable antiquity, is known to survive. The Indiana's machinery, including all engine accesso- ries, the rudder, and steering quadrant — the entire system totaling twenty tons — was salvaged by the Navy divers, who made more than 300 individual descents from their base of operations, the Coleman, which remained on station around the clock for a total of twelve days. Although partial funding was provided from the museum's Mari- time Hall Fund, the Smithsonian owes an enormous debt of grati- tude to other museum and educational institutions, to state agencies such as the History Division of the Michigan Department of State, to federal agencies, and especially to the U.S. Navy and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Without this splendid cooperative effort, such a difficult and costly enterprise would have been inconceivable. The Indiana was so well preserved that its firebox was found to be freshly stoked with wood that had scarcely begun to char as the ship went under and its fires were quenched. Though remarkably well preserved, the salvaged equipment will require extensive con- servation measures to counteract the effects of 121 years under- 200 / Smithsonian Year 1979 water. When the treatment is completed, the entire system will be displayed as one of the most remarkable technological artifacts brought to light in many years — a unique example of American steam engineering of the 1840s. When David Todd talks of the Golden Age of English clockmaking, his vision seems to focus on some inner panorama of escapements, fusees and counterweights, springs and balances. Todd, who is, in many ways, one of the museum's major acquisi- tions of 1979, gradually proves to be as astonishing as the mecha- nisms he restores. As a Liveryman of the Worshipful Company of Clockmakers, he is entitled to wear a sword in the City of London, enter the houses of noblemen by the front door instead of the trade entrance, and vote for the Lord Mayor. As a conservator of fine mechanisms and clockmaker extraordinaire at the National Museum of History and Technology, he can also work wonders with the in- voluted insides of the hundreds of clocks, watches, and other deli- cate instruments in the museum's collections. Born in the English town of Christchurch, Hampshire, in 1942, Todd first learned his trade and use of tools as a trainee instrument mechanic with the British Army, at the age of fifteen. After ten years of making and repairing instruments with the army, he went to work for a well-known firm of clockmakers and restorers, and, over the course of a decade, came to be recognized as an expert in the field. During this time, he was elected to the Company of Clockmakers, and became a Craft member of the British Horolog- ical Institute as well as a Freeman of the City of London. It was his search for a position with scope for his particular expertise — the repair of centuries-old clocks, using the original tools, materials, and methods — that led him eventually to America and the National Museum of History and Technology. Todd's small workshop at the museum is a museum in itself. The aspect of his work that makes him such a rare commodity is his belief in restoring not only the mechanism of the original piece, but also its essential integrity. That can only be done by using the tools and techniques employed by the original maker. "It's no good using modern tools on a piece like this," he says, indicating a late- seventeenth-century clock, its intricate insides spread all over his shop. "You simply don't get the same finish and character." History and Art I 201 To make replacement pieces for the museum's clocks, Todd uses tools like his eighteenth-century clockmaker's throw, a sort of hand-turned lathe, and the smaller clockmaker's turn, powered by a beeswaxed bow. The throw came from a ninety-year-old artisan in South Wales, who lived without a single modern convenience and gave the tool to Todd in the hopes that it would continue to be used. Mandrels, bead compasses and dialing scales for making clockfaces, and moulding cutters and bow-driven, hand-forged drills all have their careful places on his workbench. Where the old tool is not available, Todd makes his own, as in the case of the mainspring winder he fashioned after an old patent. The modern ones, he has found, tend to break when pitted against some old clocks. "Prior to the eighteenth century, clockmakers had to make their own tools," says Todd. "There was simply no standard equipment available." What applies to tools, also goes for hardware. Each old clock has its own homemade screws, with uniquely characteristic threads. So he must not only make the replacement screws to match, but must cast his own taps and dies to cut the customized threads. As a concession to the encroachment of modern times, he also has a collection of Victorian screwplates, through which blanks can be forced, in order to make threads for clockscrews of a later period. Though Todd works on clocks of all varieties at the museum, he is happiest when working on pre-1850 English clocks and six- teenth- and seventeenth-century timepieces of any kind. The museum now exhibits a wide range of styles and types of these clocks, thanks to his efforts. One of the most interesting clocks he has worked on recently is a late-eighteenth-century Czechoslo- vakian alarm clock, now on display in the museum's exhibition of the James Arthur Collection. The clock contains a flintlock mecha- nism and a candle, in addition to a small alarm bell. When the alarm is tripped, the bell rings; simultaneously, the hammer falls, igniting the small charge of gunpowder, and the candle pops up out of a small box to be lit by the smoking tinder. David Todd is only one of the many skilled technicians at the National Museum of History and Technology. His work is typical of the high standards of excellence within the museum and the Institution as a whole. 202 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Surrounded by the tools of his trade, nmht clockmaker David Todd restores the music box of an English bracket clock made in the style of Perigal and Markwick (ca. 1740). Below. The torch — in this case, a nineteenth-century whale-oil lantern from the Bassett Collection of Lighting Devices — passes from Acting Director Claudia Kidwell to the new director of nmht, Roger G. Kennedy. ^t!5^^ Preston R. Bassett is a longstanding friend of the Smithsonian Institution. Professionally associated with the aeronautics industry, he has for sixty years been a collector of American artifacts, includ- ing pottery, glass, pewter, furniture — indeed, almost any class of object that can shed light on American cultural history. In fact, shedding light is a quite literal interest of his, luckily for scholars and for the National Museum of History and Technology; for, early this year, Mr. Bassett made the museum a gift of 900 historic American lighting devices. Those from the early days of the country illustrate what a primitive matter lighting was for most Americans. Early American- made candleholders and chandeliers in the collection are fairly spindly affairs. The tallow candles themselves required constant tending, because of the impurity of the wicks, which had to be trimmed with special clippers, or "snuffed," every few minutes to prevent guttaring. Besides candlestands and -holders, there were splint holders — little more than large wrought-iron clips for holding lighted splints of sappy wood; rush holders, meant to hold the peeled pith of a meadow rush dipped in tallow; and pan lamps, metal saucers for holding grease and oil, with a twisted rag hanging over the edge for a wick. Innovation brought the betty lamps, pan lamps with little clips to hold the wick upright so it could give better light and burn without dripping or sputtering. These early lamps are most often made of metal; but the rise of the glassmaking industry in the early 1800s, coupled with the dis- covery that molds for glass cup-plates could also produce usable lamp bottoms, gave rise to the large-scale production of glass whale-oil lamps and other glass lighting devices. Whale oil, of course, was another booming American industry in the early nineteenth century. The Bassett collection contains a large number of patented whale-oil lamps, with their telltale twin wicks. Benjamin Franklin is credited with discovering that twin wicks close together made a flame more than twice as bright as a single wick — an advantage that diminishes with more than two wicks. Even with oils, however, nighttime work or social activities requir- ing illumination were always a problem. The picture that comes down to us of one person reading aloud to the family group was a practical necessity as well as an exercise in family closeness. 204 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Lamp designs attempted in various ways to deal with the prob- lem. One eighteenth-century candle holder in the collection has a swivel base for raising the four candles to the best height for read- ing. There were lenses and mirrors and polished surfaces attached to concentrate the light of candles and lamps. In some cases, the innovations are beautiful as well as functional, as in the case of the early "lacemaker's" or "shoemaker's" lamps, with suspended glass spheres filled with water on all four sides of a candle to focus the light for close work. The innovation with the largest impact was the Argand lamp, designed by the Swiss chemist Ami Argand in 1783. The first lamp to be constructed along scientific principles of combustion, the Argand lamp used a wick woven around a hollow draft and a glass chimney to make a brighter flame. Although very expensive, Argand lamps were in great demand. George Washington used them in Mount Vernon, and Thomas Jefferson in Monticello. Such innovations throughout the history of Hghting seldom succeeded without some resistance. The Domestic Encyclopedia of 1804 ad- mits that the utiUty of lamps is superior, but warns that the light from them is "frequently too vivid for weak or irritable eyes." Count Rumford, himself a designer of lamps, stated in 1811: "No decayed beauty ought ever to expose her face to the direct rays of an Argand lamp." Even when Preston Bassett went off to Amherst College in the early years of this century, his parents were con- cerned about the effect of the newfangled electric lights on his eyes. Innovations in design were generally safe; experimentation with fuels was another story. As whale oil grew more and more expen- sive, due to overharvesting and the dangers and inconveniences of whaling, the search for alternative fuels proceeded with a ven- geance. The 1830s and '40s saw the rise of "burning fluid," an ex- tremely volatile mixture of turpentine and alcohol, which was both cheap and gave good light. However, its flammability made it so dangerous that, despite refinements in the lamps to separate the flame from the fuel and keep the mixture from evaporating, news- paper articles recounting the gruesome accidents due to "burning fluid" were common. Nevertheless, various mixtures, bearing the name "camphene," after one popular distilled turpentine product, were in common use until after the 1860s, when the introduction of kerosene began to put other fuels out of business. History and Art I 205 Ironically, Mr. Bassett had little interest in kerosene lamps, with which he was well acquainted as a boy, and his collection thus con- tains only lamps of a special interest, such as the patented "angle lamp," with a canted wick designed to eliminate the shadow cast by a normal lamp's base. Nor does his collection have much to do with gas lamps, which, though first used domestically in 1806, really did not become popular until after the Civil War. But the wealth and diversity of his collection are extraordinary and will keep yield- ing secrets to scholars for years to come. These three activities — the salvage of an antique engine, the res- toration of historical timepieces, and the acquisition of an extensive collection of lighting devices — are specific examples of the daily work of the museum over this past year. A more general look shows the museum in transition during 1979. While the search for a permanent director was under way. Acting Director Otto Mayr tackled the problems of developing long-range plans for exhibits and collections management and of launching a comprehensive inventory of every object in the mu- seum, from abacuses through zoopractiscopes. In late August, when Dr. Mayr departed on a long-scheduled study trip to Munich, Mrs. Claudia Kidwell, chairman of the Department of Cultural History, assumed his responsibilities and brought the museum through the remaining month and a half, until the arrival of the new director, Mr. Roger G. Kennedy. Meanwhile, the staff, though very occupied with the inventory process, nevertheless achieved some signal distinctions. John H. White's book The American Railroad Passenger Car was nominated for the National Book Award. Acting Director Mayr's article "Yankee Practice and Engineering Theory: Charles T. Porter and the Dynamics of the High-Speed Steam Engine" won the Society for the History of Technology's Abbot Payson Usher Prize for the best article to be published in Technology and Culture in the past three years. Assistant Director for Exhibits Benjamin W. Lawless won an Emmy from the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences for writing the television show "Celebrating a Century," based on the museum's "1876" exhibit. Fourteen temporary exhibits further contributed to the success of the year. Leading the roll was the museum's centenary tribute to 206 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Albert Einstein, organized by curators Paul Forman of the National Museum of History and Technology and Paul Hanle of the National Air and Space Museum. With objects ranging from the complex experimental equipment used to test Einstein's theories, to the briar pipe he used to smoke, the exhibit took visitors through the stages of the great man's life and work, giving them a glimpse of his private as well as his public world. The effect of this exhibit was augmented by four Frank Nelson Doubleday lectures dedicated to Einstein. The Rt. Hon. C. P. Snow, British novelist and scientist, described Einstein the man, as he had known him; Dr. John A. Wheeler, director of the Center for Theoretical Physics at the Uni- versity of Texas, discussed Einstein's effect on our understanding of the universe; intellectual historian Peter Gay talked about the correspondence exchanged between Einstein and Freud on the sub- ject of war; and the eminent philosopher Sir Karl Popper shed new light on Einstein's revolutionary contribution to epistemology. Other exhibits were the addition of the Red Room Setting to the Hall of First Ladies Gowns, furnished with the curtains, rug, and some of the furniture of the original White House room as dec- orated by Mrs. John F. Kennedy in 1962; "Daum: 100 Years of Glass and Crystal," which featured a collection of the art glass produced by the Daum Company of Nancy, France, from the late nineteenth century to the present; "Traditional Japanese Medicine and Its Graphics," an assemblage of objects from the history of Japanese medicine and pharmacy; and "The Chase Manhattan Bank Money Collection," an exhibition of part of the bank's vast collection illustrating the development and use of money. Over the past year, the museum added some truly extraordinary objects to its collections. At the head of the Hst is surely the quartet of eighteenth-century Italian bowed strings acquired by the Divi- sion of Musical Instruments from the private collection of Laurence Witten. The four instruments — a violin by Ferdinando Gagliano (Naples, c. 1780), a viola by Gennaro Gagliano (Naples, 1762), a violin by Antonio Grangnani (Livorno, 1783), and a violoncello by J. B. Tononis (Bologna, 1740) — are particularly valuable acquisitions for this museum because they still possess many of their original eighteenth-century features, long since altered on most other instru- ments from this period. These original characteristics include History and Art I 207 shorter necks placed at a different angle and some of the original blocks and lining. The museum, in cooperation with the Smithso- nian Chamber Players and the outstanding Dutch violinist Jaap Schroeder, has already introduced these instruments in public concert and plans to continue performances on a regular basis. Other important acquisitions include the earliest dated American quilt, made in 1760; twelve watercolors from the early nineteenth century depicting various stages of porcelain manufacture at Ching- te-Chen, China's chief center for production of export ceramics; and an important eighteenth-century telescope made by the English scientist John Dollond, which is of a design well known and used in colonial America. National Portrait Gallery October 1978 marked the tenth anniversary of the opening of the National Portrait Gallery. To celebrate this occasion, a dinner was held in honor of those individuals who had contributed significantly to the growth of the gallery during its first decade. Two publica- tions were produced to coincide with this event: Fifty American Faces, a 256-page volume containing a cross section of portraits from the gallery's collections, together with essays on each by Margaret C. 5. Christman of the gallery's staff; and an Illustrated Checklist of all portraits in the gallery's permanent collection ac- quired through December 31, 1977, compiled by Linda T. Neumaier of the staff of the Catalogue of American Portraits, with photo- graphs by the gallery's photographer, Eugene Mantie. A third publication, A Gallery of Presidents, by Marc Pachter, historian of the National Portrait Gallery, was issued later in the year. These works were published by the Smithsonian Institution Press. In addi- tion, a symposium on "The Art of Biography," made possible in part by a grant from the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach Pro- gram, was held at the gallery in November. The speakers were Leon Edel, Justin Kaplan, Doris Kearns, and Barbara W. Tuchman. A volume entitled Telling Lives: The Biographer's Art, consisting of the texts of these talks, together with additional essays by Alfred Kazin, Theodore Rosengarten, and Geoffrey Wolff, and with an 208 / Smithsonian Year 1979 introduction by Marc Pachter, was published for the National Portrait Gallery by New Republic Books in the spring of 1979. Three distinguished American photographers, Marie Cosindas, Arnold Newman, and Alfred Eisenstaedt, spoke at the National Portrait Gallery in October and November 1978 in connection with the gallery's major fall exhibition "Facing the Light: Historic Amer- ican Portrait Daguerreotypes." The major exhibition of the year was "Return to Albion: Amer- icans in England, 1760-1940," organized by Dr. Richard Kenin. Accompanying this show was a book of the same title by Dr. Kenin, with an introduction by Alistair Cooke, published for the National Portrait Gallery by Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Eight other exhibitions were held at the gallery during the course of the year. Four of these were organized by Frederick S. Voss and Michael L. Lawson of the gallery's staff: "Black Hawk and Keokuk: Prairie Rebels," "Chester Alan Arthur: From Spoilsman to States- man," "They Have Made a Nation: The Creators of the Confed- eracy," and "The Whiskey Rebels: The Pennsylvania Whiskey Rebellion of 1794." An exhibition entitled "Time: Arts and Enter- tainment" was selected from the 856 original works created for the covers of Time magazine and presented to the National Portrait Gallery by Time, Inc. The show replaced the gallery's first exhibi- tion from this collection, "The Time of Our Lives," which traveled to the Lyndon Baines Johnson Library in Austin, Texas, in July. A display of significant photographs from the 1840s to the present from the gallery's permanent collection was organized by William F. Stapp, curator of photographs. In connection with the Tenth Annual American Print Conference (organized by Wendy Wick, curator of prints, and held at the gallery in May 1979), an exhibi- tion entitled "Translations: Lithographs from Daguerreotypes" was mounted. The conference was attended by more than 150 print curators and collectors from many parts of the country. Four of the eight speakers were staff members of the National Portrait Gallery: Dr. Ellen Miles, Katharine Ratzenberger, William F. Stapp, and Miss Wick. An illustrated volume containing all eight confer- ence talks will be published by the gallery in 1980. A display designed primarily for the visually handicapped was inaugurated in March. This "Haptic Gallery" — "haptic" meaning "relating to or based on the sense of touch" — consists of eleven History and Art I 209 casts of sculptures from the National Portrait Gallery's permanent collection made by the Smithsonian's Office of Exhibits Central. Among the likenesses included are those of George Washington, taken from a version of Houdon's life mask; Abraham Lincoln, from Volk's bust of 1860, also based on a life mask; Helen Keller and her teacher Anne Sullivan Macy, from life masks made by Onorio Ruotolo in 1916; Ralph Waldo Emerson, from Daniel Chester French's life portrait of 1879; and Lyndon B. Johnson, from the Jimilu Mason life bust. Each cast is accompanied by labels in large type and in braille. A self-guiding audio cassette made with the assistance of the Library of Congress's Division of Library Services for the Blind and Physically Handicapped is also available. Its text was written by the National Portrait Gallery's former cura- tor of education. Dr. Dennis O'Toole, who is now deputy director of museum operations at Colonial Williamsburg. A series of events called "Portraits in Motion" has been inaugu- rated by the gallery's Education Department. These consist of readings from or about, or interpretations of, individuals whose portraits are in the gallery's collection. One such "Portrait in Motion" was a performance given by Eugenia Rawls in December and devoted to Fannie Kemble and Tallulah Bankhead. A return performance concerning Tallulah Bankhead, which will be video- taped, will take place in the coming year. This year saw 231 portraits added to the gallery's collection, 37 of them by gift. One of the earliest of those purchased, painted in 1758, is John Singleton Copley's large (5X4 inch) miniature of the Massachusetts loyalist Andrew Oliver, who is best remembered as the official who accepted the British Crown's appointment to ad- minister the Stamp Act. On an equally small scale, but in another medium, are four silhouettes by Henry Williams, done in 1809, of former President John Adams and his wife Abigail and their son John Quincy Adams and his wife Louisa Catherine, just prior to the younger Adams's departure for St. Petersburg as President Madi- son's Minister to Russia. The acquisition of a portrait that is as unusual as it is notable was made possible in large part by a generous gift from the James Smithson Society. This is a painting done by a distinguished Euro- pean artist, Angelica Kauffmann, of Dr. John Morgan, the director 210 / Smithsonian Year 1979 This daguerreotype (made by J. H. Whitehurst, ca. 1851) is the only known portrait of Robert Mills and his wife. Mills was the architect for the first wing of the present National Portrait Gallery building. Below. Silhouettes of John and Abigail Adams, acquired by the National Portrait Gallery. The silhouettes were produced by Henry Williams in 1809. I general of hospitals and physician-in-chief to the American army during the Revolution, painted when the subject was in Rome in 1765. As the fates would have it, the self-portrait of Angelica Kauffmann painted for Dr. Morgan also happens to be at the Smithsonian, in the National Collection of Fine Arts. One of the most welcome gifts ever to come to the gallery is the only known portrait of Robert Mills and his wife, a daguerreotype by J. H. Whitehurst, made about 1851. One of the greatest of all American architects. Mills was responsible for the first wing of the very building in which the National Portait Gallery is housed. This precious portrait, together with an original eighteen-page manu- script of Mills's autobiographical sketch, was the generous gift of Richard Evans, a descendant of the subject. Office of American and Folklife Studies OFFICE OF AMERICAN STUDIES The Office of American Studies continued its program in graduate education throughout the year. The fall 1978 seminar on "Material Aspects of American Civilization" focused on the material evidences of urban development and was taught by the director of the office. Dr. Wilcomb E. Washburn, and Professor Howard Gillette of George Washington University. Other seminars given during the academic year included "The American Decorative Arts," taught by Barbara Carson; "Folklore in America," taught by Howard W. Marshall; "Vernacular Architecture," taught by Dell Upton, with the assistance of John Pearce and Dr. Washburn; and "Archaeology of Alexandria," taught by Pamela Cressey and Jonathan Haas, in- dividual graduate students also continued to pursue specialized research under the supervision of the director of the office. The Bicentennial exhibition "The Federal City: Plans and Real- ities," of which Dr. Washburn was the scholar-in-charge, was ex- tended for another year, from February 1979 to February 1980. A number of changes in the exhibition, which occupies the Great Hall of the Smithsonian Institution "Castle" Building, had to be made to fill in the gaps left by the return of some loan objects to their owners. 212 / Smithsonian Year 1979 During the past year. Dr. Washburn served as president of the American Studies Association, the national organization of scholars in the field of American studies, and of the Columbia Historical Society, the historical society for the District of Columbia. He was also appointed a member of the St. Mary's City Commission. The commission oversees the work of historical restoration of Mary- land's seventeenth-century capital, a project with which the Smith- sonian, through Dr. Washburn's office, has long been associated. Dr. Washburn began work on a popular biography of James Smithson and the Smithsonian Secretaries. In the course of his re- search he traveled to a number of cities in the United States and England. FOLKLIFE PROGRAM Most Americans would agree that the richness of the nation's cul- ture lies in the impressive diversity of its people and in their crea- tive responses to historical conditions. Research, presentation, and preservation of this cultural wealth is the goal of the Folklife Pro- gram. The aesthetic and utilitarian forms produced by America's people have a place in the Institution beside the other national treasures. The preservation of these cultural traditions means not only collection, storage, and careful display of objects; it also means working to create a national cultural milieu in which authentic folk expression can thrive and develop. The Folklife Program works toward this goal by giving the objects, performances, and per- formers of folk traditions the respectful and understanding recogni- tion they deserve. This effort entails the presentation of living folk traditions in the context of the Smithsonian. Since its inception, the Folklife Program has directed its attention to the identification and study of these folk traditions and to the development of methods for presenting them in a national setting to general audiences. As an academically oriented program, the Folklife Program also pursues university teaching, research into foreign folklife traditions that shed light on cultures that have taken root in American soil, and pubhshing of documentary and analytic studies. The Folklife Program, under the directorship of Ralph Rinzler, has finished its third year as an independent unit within the Office of American and Folklife Studies. It planned and supervised the research and presentation of the twelfth annual Festival of Amer- History and Art I 213 ican Folklife, which was held over the Columbus Day holiday weekend, October 4-9, 1978. Presentations of traditional culture from thirteen states and from Mexico were mounted for six days on the Mall and within the exhibits of the National Museum of History and Technology and the Renwick Gallery. The National Park Service continued its cosponsorship of the festival, and fund- ing support was provided by the Music Performance Trust Fund, the Department of Energy, McDonald's, Inc., the Inter-American Foundation, and the government of Mexico. In response to the success of its presentations within the mu- seums, the Folklife Program inaugurated a special program in 1979 entitled 'Tolklife in the Museum," which was held in the National Museum of History and Technology for four days prior to the thirteenth annual Festival of American Folklife. Traditions in Amer- ican folk medicine were the subject of discussions and demonstra- tions within the context of the exhibits in the museum's medical- sciences area. A scholarly symposium, "Folk Medicine: Alternative Approaches to Health and Healing," was held in conjunction with this program. The staff of the Folklife Program prepared and published a teacher's manual on folklore and folklife that was distributed to local teachers prior to the 1979 festival. This manual was written to respond to questions and concerns posed by D.C. area school teachers during orientation sessions prior to the 1978 festival. It was edited by a local high-school teacher who had used the festival as a teaching laboratory for his students for several years. The manual was designed to serve as a general introduction for teachers to the study of folklore and folklife, and it includes many sugges- tions for possible student research activities. Other educational objectives were met through the Folklife Pro- gram's continued involvement in presenting courses in folklore for the Department of American Studies and Anthropology at George Washington University. Smithsonian staff folklorists Dr. Jack Santino and Dr. Steven Zeitlin have taught courses in folklore each term since the spring of 1978. Each course included, as guest lec- turers, scholars from the Smithsonian, Library of Congress, Na- tional Endowment for the Arts Folk Arts Program, and from folklore departments of universities in other cities. Based on the success of these courses. Dr. Santino arranged a leave of absence for the 214 / Smithsonian Year 1979 spring of 1980 in order to teach folklife courses full time at George Washington University, with the goal of developing a basic, on- going scholarly program in this discipline at the university. Cooperative arrangements were maintained in other areas as well. The Folklife Program entered its third year of a folklore survey project in Nevada, in conjunction with the American Folklife Center at the Library of Congress and the Folk Arts Program at the Na- tional Endowment for the Arts. As a result of fieldwork in 1978, four small presentation projects were organized in 1979 in Reno (on the Mexican- American Cinquo de Maio celebration); in Elco (on methods to do fieldwork for and presentations of traditional craftsmen); in Fallon (to aid the Portuguese- American community in reestablishing a Holy Ghost Festa) ; and in Ely (to organize multi- ethnic presentations). In addition, a Nevada state-wide conference on folklore topics was considered for 1980, along with the publica- tion of an evaluation of the findings of the research project. In an international context, the Folklife Program supervised three research trips funded by the Smithsonian Foreign Currency Pro- gram. Noted scholars were sent to India, Pakistan, Egypt, and Guinea in 1978 to locate the oldest surviving forms of traditional puppetry, with a view to bringing groups of folk puppeteers to the Smithsonian as part of the World Puppetry Festival, scheduled to be held in Washington, D.C., in June 1980. Work began in the summer of 1979 on a project to preserve more than 3,500 wax-cylinder recordings at the Library of Congress, principally containing Native American songs and stories recorded prior to 1930. Dr. Thomas Vennum, the Folklife Program ethnomu- sicologist, serves as director for this project, involving the transfer of fragile cylinder recordings to magnetic tape, the preparation of accompanying written material, and the development of suitable means for the dissemination of these historic cultural documents. The project was planned as a three-year endeavor. As a result of an initiative of the Secretary's Folklife Advisory Council under the chairmanship of Dr. Wilcomb Washburn, plan- ning was brought to an advanced stage for a year-long exhibition of folk art at the Renwick Gallery. This exhibition will open in November 1981. Elaine Eff, the exhibition coordinator, is work- ing under the joint supervision of the Folklife Program and the Renwick. With a theme of "Celebration," 500 objects will be History and Art I 215 drawn from Smithsonian collections to fill all seven of the Renwick galleries. The objects will be chosen to demonstrate the ways in which different societies celebrate the important cycles and mile- stones in the lives of their people. The eminent anthropologist Dr. Victor Turner, a Smithsonian research associate, is serving as guest curator for the exhibition. Professor Turner has conducted impor- tant studies of ritual and celebration and is sensitive to the com- plexities of these events and their meanings. Five monographs are being prepared by Folklife Program staff members. All of these monographs are based in part on festival- related materials, and some reflect longstanding research interests. Topics include American ethnicity, sleeping-car porters, an oral history of Dunham School, street hawkers, and a monograph on occupational narratives. In addition, Indiana University Press is publishing a book by Dr. Peter Seitel on Haya oral narratives from Tanzania, entitled See So That We May See. The Folklife Program published two cookbooks in connection with the 1979 festival. One contained Caribbean recipes and the other presented recipes for foods prepared for Vietnamese holidays and celebrations. Two ethnographic films are being produced in 1979 and 1980. The first film (with an accompanying monograph) will examine the survival arts of the Paiutes of Nevada. The second will be an examination of "hollers" and street calls in East Coast fish and vegetable markets. The archive of film footage from the 1976 Bicentennial festival, consisting of 144,000 feet of film and accompanying sound track covering twelve cultures in the United States and abroad, was logged and cross-indexed by culture. In addition, the entire body of footage was synchronized with its sound track. This project has been carried out through an arrangement with the producer of the film. Documentary Educational Resources in Watertown, Massachusetts. Dr. Robert Byington, former deputy director of the Folklife Pro- gram, was retained on contract during 1979 to develop the cur- riculum for a course offered by the Office of Museum Programs Workshop Series, "Living Resources in Museums," September 29- October 4, 1979. Using the 1979 Folklife in the Museum Program and the festival itself as laboratories for the course. Dr. Byington drew on the twelve years of Smithsonian Folklife Festival expe- 216 / Smithsonian Year 1979 rience to provide professionals from museums throughout the United States who were enrolled in the course with insight and instruction in the use of "human resources" within a museum setting. Four visiting scholars used the Folklife Program archives, as well as the scholarly resources of the staff in 1979 and 1980. Barry O'Connell (Ph.D., Harvard University) is associate professor of English and American studies at Amherst College. Dr. O'Connell is conducting research on coal miners and the coal-mining industry between 1930 and 1960. David Whisnant (Ph.D., Duke University) is associate professor of American studies at the University of Maryland. Dr. Whisnant is working on an historical analysis of institutional intervention in traditional culture in Appalachia and the southeastern United States. Michael Harris (Ph.D., Harvard University) is conducting a study of Black American liturgies, with special attention to folk rituals of worship and their use of musical instruments. Robert McCarl is a doctoral candidate in folk- lore at the University of Newfoundland. Mr. McCarl is doing re- search on the occupational folklife of the firefighters in the Wash- ington, D.C., area. In December 1978, Janet Stratton left the Folklife Program to become the design manager at the Smithsonian Institution Press. Her design duties have been assumed by Daphne Shuttleworth, who joined the staff in May 1979. History and Art I 117 / In the Conservation Analytical Laboratory, Walter Hopwood (standing) and Tim Padfield attempt to measure the electrical conductivity of a silk fiber as a sensitive test for salt contamination. Smithsonian Year • 1979 MUSEUM PROGRAMS PAUL N. PERROT, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR MUSEUM PROGRAMS For a museum, the pursuit of excellence can have a variety of mean- ings: superlative collections, great research programs, imaginative educational offerings, new means to reach previously untouched or uninterested audiences; bringing into its halls the treasures of other institutions and nations, issuing scholarly catalogues, or reaping the fruits of careful archaeological, anthropological, or other research missions. These pursuits are all essential, indeed integral, to the historic and social functions of a museum. In all of them the mu- seums of the Institution have attained an internationally recognized status and are often considered the models that others seek to emulate. Yet, for a museum to be truly complete and fully worthy of its responsibilities to future generations, two other vital elements must be added: an overriding concern for conservation, supported by adequate funding and properly trained personnel; and a com- mitment to the creation of environmental conditions for its collec- tions in public view and in storage that will guarantee their safe- keeping and protect them from the vagaries of changing climates, the hazards of uncontrolled access, and the no-less-threatening menace of the out-of-sight, out-of-mind syndrome, which leads to inadequate monitoring and often to insufficient inventory proce- dures. These two important aspects of museum management have been given high priority in the past year, a priority predicated upon a policy decision that conditions in storage will, if possible, be no less favorable to the safeguarding of our collections than those that prevail in exhibition halls. Under the overall coordination of the Office of the Registrar, an Institution-wide program has been developed to attain, and per- 219 manently maintain, complete and accurate inventory control over the collections at the three museums with collections that had come into arrears in this very important aspect of management. Thanks to the foresight of the Congress, a special appropriation of $500,000 has been allocated to accelerate the inventory of the National Mu- seum of Natural History's collections, which number well over fifty-five million accessions; the collections of the National Museum of History and Technology, with some sixteen million accessions; and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum collections, which, though much smaller in number, had not been thoroughly inventoried since the museum was founded at the end of the last century. To anyone concerned with objects, there is probably nothing more boring than an inventory. This may explain why this activity is often pursued, if at all, with reluctance. Yet the pressing need of these museums, the enthusiastic leadership of their directors, and the splendid cooperation of their staffs, have made of this task an exciting adventure in discovery. The challenges of developing new techniques, presenting information in a coordinated fashion, and linking the results into data-retrieval mechanisms that have lasting scholarly value, have been met by all. In the process, collections that had been hidden away for decades have been rediscovered, with some of the same zest that animates the researcher in the field. Inventory and management supervision over collections was a priority in 1979 and will remain a priority in the years immediately ahead, until the awesome inventory task is completed. The result- ing data base will be an invaluable resource for identifying strengths and recognizing weaknesses in the Institution's collections. It may well become a model to be emulated elsewhere and play an im- portant role in international data networks that will come into being in the next decades. Inventory is essential to conservation, for it re- quires the physical examination of objects, and from this inspection comes the identification of hazardous conditions and of incipient decay that leads to the development of conservation strategies. The first and most vital step in conservation is not taken in the laboratory, but rather in the provision of environmental conditions that prevent the need for conservation. This is one of the major aims of the Museum Support Center, which has been under study for the last decade. After an exhaustive analysis of needs and of alternative solutions, the concept of a building complex of 308,000 220 / Smithsonian Year 1979 gross square feet was evolved. This will include up-to-date, economical, and environmentally stable facilities to house vast por- tions of the research collections of the National Museum of Nat- ural History. In addition, this complex will house the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center, with its vast collection of specimens in vitro, as well as some of the highly specialized collections from the National Museum of History and Technology. Directly related to the storage components, conceptually and physically, will be the research laboratories of those curatorial de- partments that will house their collections, either in whole or in part, in the Museum Support Center. The center will also contain the major part of the facilities of the Conservation Analytical Laboratory (cal) and will provide space for advanced, highly specialized research, and laboratories and studios for the training of conservators. This decision reflects the Institution's commitment to help bridge the enormous gap existing in the United States, and elsewhere throughout the world, between the need for trained conservators and the number currently avail- able. Hence no one should think of the Support Center as a mere storage facility. It will be a highly sophisticated complex, focused on conservation and research. In its configuration, appointments, and overall philosophy, it represents a major departure in museum management. The final approval of preliminary plans, developed by the architects Metcalf/KCF, has been obtained from the Com- mittee on Rules and Administration of the Senate, the Committee on Public Works and Transportation of the House of Representa- tives, and the National Capital Planning Commission. It is expected that ground will be broken in the spring of 1980 and that the entire complex will be ready for occupancy at the end of fiscal year 1982. In preparation for the move, the National Museum of Natural History has accelerated the inventory of those collections that are to be relocated. The Conservation Analytical Laboratory has been con- tinuously involved with specifying and reviewing environmental conditions at the Museum Support Center and with the special re- quirements of a training program. Concurrently cal has begun to plan for the development of a full- scale research program in archaeometry. Though related to con- servation, this special field examines objects and materials from all scientific and technological points of view. Archaeometry is as con- Museum Programs I 221 cerned with the sources of the raw materials from which objects are made as it is with the manner in which the objects were formed. The need for such research is becoming increasingly vital if our understanding of the evolution of technology and the interrelated- ness and/or separation of cultures is to be solidly founded. With the removal of a major part of cal's activity to the Support Center, laboratory space and equipment currently located at the National Museum of History and Technology will be primarily centered on archaeometric research, thus carrying out one of cal's original aims when it was established in the mid-1960s. During the year, cal continued to provide major analytical serv- ices and advanced conservation practices to the museums of the Institution and, in cooperation with the National Bureau of Stand- ards, coordinated a series of symposia bringing together archaeolo- gists, anthropologists, and scientists from various disciplines to focus on common problems. No less important than a proper research environment is the maintenance of the proper tools for research. None of these is more important to the Institution than a well-staffed, responsive, and up- to-date library system. In the last decade, the libraries of the Insti- tution have made tremendous advances: in the effectiveness of their central services, in the development of branch facilities, and in pioneering methods for accelerating and refining processing proce- dures, cataloguing in particular. During the last two years, the library unit has been ably led by an outstanding professional. Miss Jean Smith, who became acting director upon Dr. Shank's resignation in 1977. The task of finding a successor to Dr. Shank took longer than anticipated and proved to be an enriching experience for those who were involved with it, for there is a host of library talent, and many were intrigued by the great opportunities for service and personal enrichment that are present in the Smithsonian libraries. Among those interested, none ranked higher than Dr. Robert Maloy, director of the Library of the Union Theological Seminary in New York City. In August of 1979, Dr. Maloy accepted the Secretary's invitation to join the Institu- tion's staff. A paleographer and medieval scholar of note, he has also reorganized and planned libraries. This particular ability will be especially valuable as the Institution refines its library requirements for the proposed South Quadrangle Complex, which is to include 222 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the Rare Book Collections and the extraordinary assembly of docu- ments and printed materials relating to the history of science do- nated in 1975 by Dr. Berne Dibner. Part of the South Quadrangle Complex will also include the libraries' administrative and process- ing facilities, now inadequately housed in cramped and inefficient spaces at the National Museum of Natural History. During the year, the Rare Book Collections were assessed by Miss Ellen Wells, rare book librarian, working closely with Mr. Silvio Bedini, former deputy director of the National Museum of History and Technology and currently keeper of rare books. Mr. Bedini's great knowledge of scientific literature and his distinguished pub- lishing record have been invaluable in the formulation of policies for the further development of the Rare Book Collections. Books, like other objects, are affected by the irrevocable on- slaught of time. The Institution's libraries, like all libraries, have little hope of ever developing the resources and technologies to arrest this onslaught. Palliative measures are being sought through the acquisition of facsimile editions, microfiches or microfilms, and, for those materials that have too great an importance, through specialized treatment that is coordinated by the rare book conserva- tor, Mr. Johannes H. Hyltoft. Few institutions in their own history summarize better the de- velopment of scientific inquiry in a particular country than the Smithsonian. The evidence is to be found not only in its publica- tions but in the official files of the Institution. Under the direction of the archivist, the Smithsonian Archives has again made major head- way in coming to grips with a century and a third of accumulation, organizing it in a rational fashion and preparing published guides so that its contents can be retrieved by interested scholars. What was, some years ago, a miscellany of filing cabinets and boxes distributed in countless offices and storage areas has become, under Dr. Lytle's direction, an active research tool, constantly referred to by the staff and the scholarly community. The buildings of the Institution have a richness of style, elegance of disposition, and national architectural importance, which in the last few years have been greatly enhanced by the colorful and imaginative landscapes created by the Office of Horticulture. In the process, what could have been mere adornment has become a scholarly discipline, with carefully researched horticultural dis- Miiseum Programs I 223 plays, of which the best-known and the most evocative is un- doubtedly the Victorian Garden behind the "Castle." This verdant oasis of late-nineteenth-century plantings has been refined over the years by additional parterres and borders and constitutes today one of the most accurate and sensitive ensembles of this kind. The Office of Horticulture, in its leased greenhouses at the United States Soldiers' and Airmen's Home, is now developing virtually all of the plantings and the hundreds of floral arrange- ments that are called for by the special exhibitions or events in our various museums. In addition, it has developed a collection of or- chids, of national significance, consisting of a large number of en- dangered species that may not survive in the wild and that are being propagated for Smithsonian usage and exchange with other botanical organizations. Under the direction of horticulturalist James Buckler, plans have been made for a major exhibition of nineteenth-century horticul- tural paraphernalia, including dried floral arrangements and garden furniture that will be shown in the Arts and Industries Building in the course of 1980. Funds for this endeavor are in part being gener- ously provided by grants from the Society of American Florists, the American Institute of Floral Designers, and by the proceeds from the Victorian Ball that took place in mid-June. The long-planned Garden for the Handicapped, a major project funded in part by the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates, came closer to realization. Hugh Newell Jacobsen has developed a sensitive and imaginative plan that will transform the area between the Arts and Industries Building and the Hirshhorn Museum into a lively sensory environment that will focus on the needs of the handicapped and provide joy to all. Coordinated with this project is the redevelopment of the east entrance of the Smith- sonian "Castle" Building, extending to its junction with the Garden for the Handicapped. The plans have been reviewed and approved and construction is expected to start early next year. In preparation for these new garden areas, the Office of Horticulture is de- veloping a large number of plants that will have the tactile and olfactory characteristics suitable for the rich environment that is being sought. Just as the Victorian Garden provides the visiting public with an insight into gardening as an historic discipline, so the Smithsonian Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) provides to the museums of the 224 / Smithsonian Year 1979 nation at large and to historical societies and other organizations, an opportunity to share in the Smithsonian's collections and in a wide variety of exhibitions created by other organizations in the United States and abroad. Reaching some four to five million persons dur- ing the past year, sites circulated 160 exhibitions and developed twenty-nine new ones. Under the direction of Dennis Gould, since 1972 SITES has become a major national and international force and is now, by far, the largest traveling-exhibition service anywhere. In August of 1979, Mr. Gould resigned to become director of the Armand Hammer Foundation in Los Angeles. He left behind him a vibrant organization, highly talented colleagues, and a program that is universally admired, sites, pro tem, is under the able direction of Mr. Gould's deputy, Mrs. Eileen Rose. Closely involved in the success of sites has been the Office of Exhibits Central (oec). This staff has either designed or con- structed a large number of sites traveling exhibitions. To have a well-trained, understanding, in-house exhibits staff is essential for the proper administration of a museum. In the case of the Smith- sonian, each of our museums has its own exhibits facility, but some highly specialized disciplines or those in infrequent demand can best be coordinated through a central point. Thus, oec, in addition to providing services to sites, has served virtually every depart- ment of the Institution. The oec film unit, as has been its custom, has received recognition from the Council on Non-theatrical Events. It also received an Emmy from the Washington, D.C., Chapter of the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, and a Cine Golden Eagle award. Providing assistance to the museum profession is traditional for the Institution. Coordinating this assistance into regularly offered programs, supported by the Museum Reference Center, is a more recent development. The Office of Museum Programs during the year offered 30 workshops to 587 participants. In the aggregate, these workshops constitute courses on museum management. The participants receive bibliographies and other materials drawn from the Museum Reference Center, which is a key ingredient of the program's success. During the year, the center was enriched by the unique collection it received from the Museum Education Center of George Washington University. The collection is now perma- nently transferred to the Institution. This, combined with resources already present and that are constantly coming in from all parts of Museum Programs I 225 the world, provides a documentation and research resource on all aspects of museum management that is unparalleled in the United States. Working in close cooperation with the International Council of Museums Documentation Centre in Paris, the Museum Reference Center's holdings are being keyed so that its thesaurus can be co- ordinated with the resources of the International Centre for Con- servation (in Rome) and the International Council of Museums and the International Council of Monuments and Sites (both in Paris). A continuing perplexity for the museum profession is a method to determine the effectiveness of museum programs and to discover what lasting benefits audiences derive from their experience. The Office of Psychological Studies has continued to provide such a service to the Institution's various museums, and a number of im- portant studies were completed under the direction of Dr. Robert Wolf. These constitute the basic raw material for publications on the subject, which, it is hoped, can be initiated in the not-too-distant future. The Institution was among the first to realize that if the museums of this country are going to serve adequately a growing and in- creasingly more demanding constituency, they will require new sources of support. In particular, museums must have the means to enhance the expertise of their staffs and carry out studies and de- velop new techniques relating either to the interpretation or preser- vation of their collections. From this conviction grew the National Museum Act of 1966. First funded in 1972, it provides assistance to museums and to their professional organizations in areas that generally have not been served by the other funding organizations that have developed since. During the year, the National Museum Act Advisory Council re- viewed 189 applications and recommended to the Secretary 71 grants, to the amount of $702,006. These covered seminar work- shops, stipends to individuals for conservation studies, stipends for support of graduate professional-education training, stipend support for museum internships, travel for museum professionals, special studies and research, and professional assistance. The large number of applications and the paucity of funds available mandated once again the application of the highest standards of selectivity and re- quired, as well, that 40 percent of the applications be reduced by at least 1/3 of the amount requested. The effectiveness of the National Museum Act in servicing the 226 / Smithsonian Year 1979 profession was dramatically demonstrated by the publication of the Report on Grants — 1972—1978, which appeared in January 1979. During the period covered by the Report, more than $4.5 million was awarded to individuals and institutions. Throughout the years, the National Museum Act has emphasized support of conservation, both in training and in basic research. In order to insure that duplication was avoided and that grant applications were directed to the source most likely to provide support, the staff of the National Museum Act maintained close liaison with the staffs of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Institute of Museum Services, and the National Science Foundation. In addition to mailing some 15,000 brochures describing Museum Act programs and publishing its cumulative report. Miss Matilda Wells, coordinator of the National Museum Act, participated in meetings of national and regional museum or- ganizations and consulted extensively with members of the museum profession, advising them on the assistance programs available through the federal and state governments. Museums, whatever their nature, cannot be parochial. They must be part of their community; the larger they are, the more compre- hensive their collections, the broader that community is. The In- stitution's constituency is not only the nation, but the world. Be- cause the Institution acts as the keeper of the national collections and of a vast part of the tactile heritage of mankind, it is essential that its staff maintain the closest relationships with professional museum and scientific colleagues in all parts of the world. Assisting in this process is the Office of International Activities. It provides guidance to Smithsonian staff going abroad and coordinates the visits of a large number of foreigners who come to the United States, either to study in Washington or to visit Washington as part of a broader study program. This office offers valuable support to the assistant secretary for Museum Programs, whose own involvement in in- ternational activities on behalf of the Institution is extensive. Among his current responsibilities are the vice-presidencies of the International Council of Museums and of the International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and the Restoration of Cultural Property, involvement in national professional organizations, and representation of the Secretary on the Advisory Council for His- toric Preservation. This report is a condensed summary of the various activities Museum Programs I 227 coming directly under the aegis of the assistant secretary for Mu- seum Programs. These activities are described in greater detail in the departmental reports that follow. They reflect the high pro- fessionalism, dedication to purpose, and commitment to quality of an outstanding group of colleagues who are also friends. Conservation Analytical Laboratory The Conservation Analytical Laboratory (cal) provides conserva- tion expertise and practice concerning many diverse objects in the national collections. Its activities are closely involved with cura- torial investigations and with fundamental research in archaeom- etry, as well as in the more practical aspect of new conservation treatments. During the year, more than 300 visitors were received. CONSERVATION DEPARTMENT The conservation staff of cal, sometimes in concert with con- servation scientists, provides services to every museum of the In- stitution and to most curatorial departments. A broad range of objects were examined and/or treated. These included the Kitty Hawk Flyer, Frank Lloyd Wright's office chair, campaign hats, nineteenth-century scrimshaw, early ice skates, a unique oversized campaign cigar, and a host of other objects, some of which required profound study and analysis before suitable treatments could be recommended. Loans to the Smithsonian's special exhibitions were also cared for, including a poem sent by Albert Einstein to the Queen of Belgium and Brigham Young's gold-knobbed, hard-rubber cane. Important objects brought in for treatment included a lantern re- covered from the Monitor area and twenty-seven flintlocks and assorted archaeological finds recovered by the Peabody Museum, Harvard, from an Indian burial site in Louisiana, dated about 1735. Work continued during the year on Roman, Byzantine, and Islamic artifacts excavated at the Smithsonian's archaeological dig at Tel Jemmeh in Palestine. Other important objects conserved in- cluded a sixteenth- or seventeenth-century Flemish secretary that 228 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Pictured here are some unexpected additions to the Smithsonian collections, dis- covered by the Conservation Analytical Laboratory. Above left. A 2-mm-long dendritic crystal of silver sulfide found growing on a silver spoon exhibited in nmht. This is an unusual form of the familiar silver tarnish. Above right. Cadmium for- mate growing out from a cadmium-plated ring on a Bakelite mount. Below left. Waxy fibers formed by reaction between fatty leather dressing and the brass of a press stud. Below right. Bullet-shaped crystals of lead formate growing on the lead core of a bullet exhibited in nasm. Wood and plywood adhesives are among the numerous substances that emit organic acid vapours into showcases. had been treated some years ago with a coating detrimental to its appearance and preservation. Large numbers of objects were fumigated for the Freer Gallery of Art, the National Portrait Gallery, the Institution's Central Li- brary, the Dibner Library, the Renwick Gallery, and the Museum of African Art. Several divisions of the National Museum of His- tory and Technology and of other S.I. bureaus, in preparation for a long shutdown of steam, were provided with relative-humidity monitoring devices, conditioned silica gel, and consultation with different curatorial departments by cal so that the adverse effects of environmental changes could be kept to a minimum. In fact, no damage to any object was reported during the shutdown. During the past year, cal responded by telephone or letter to over 1,000 requests for conservation information from conservator colleagues, museum personnel across the country, and the general public. Over 12,000 conservation guidelines were mailed, more than double the number distributed the previous year. This increase has imposed a substantial demand on staff time. ANALYTICAL DEPARTMENT Ninety requisitions for cal services were completed, covering a wide range of materials. Special attention continued to be given to the problems of damage caused by certain substances used in mak- ing or furnishing display cases. Several members of the staff ad- dressed various aspects of this issue during the year. At the Ameri- can Institute for Conservation conference in Toronto, Walter Hop- wood delivered a paper on an accelerated aging test to determine the safety of modern materials that are used in close association with museum objects. Timothy Padfield, who joined the staff in February 1979, has been working with other scientists on examples of deterioration apparently caused by pollution within showcases. The growth of dendritic crystals of silver sulphide on a silver spoon, and sodium chloride fogging on the glass in front of a woven silk picture, are two examples of the problems caused or exacerbated by the lack of ventilation in well-made display cases within an environment of unusually constant temperature. Joan Mishara and Martha Goodway contributed to the identification of these and many other corrosion products, in addition to their usual work on the radiographic analysis of materials. Work on the metallurgy of 230 / Smithsonian Year 1979 harpsichord strings was continued by Miss Goodway during the year. Harold Westley continued his work with Dr. St. Hoyme on the trace-element chemistry of tooth enamel. His analysis of enamel from a 100,000-year-old skull with the earliest known human tooth cavities showed that it had the same peculiarities in trace element chemistry as modern carious teeth. This data was presented at the March 1979 meeting of the International Association for Dental Research held in New Orleans. CAL has purchased an x-ray detector to fit the Cambridge scan- ning electron microscope in the National Museum of Natural His- tory. This detector will provide an elemental analysis from sodium to uranium. The technique is nondestructive; however, the specimen holder is small, and for larger objects, samples must be removed. ADMINISTRATION cal's ongoing series of lectures on conservation orientation attracted eighteen participants, both staff and nonstaff. Thirteen of them completed the eighty, one-hour lectures and received certificates. Marjorie Cleveland and Quentin Maule joined the staff as tech- nical information specialists to continue abstracting reports, query- ing the computer, and editing conservators' reports. This fiscal year, 156 reports were entered into the Termatrex and 263 into the computer. CAL can now access the computer in the British Museum Research Laboratory for the purpose of using its bibliographic computer tapes of Art and Archaeological Technical Abstracts. This was done through the use of a codex modem. Many searches have also been made through the S.I. Dialog System. The administrative workload continues to expand, brought on by the appreciable growth of public interest in conservation and efforts to expand cal's conservation staff and to increase its archaeometri- cal effort, cal has purchased a floppy-disc-store Xerox word processor for the purpose of updating the "Guidelines" rapidly and efficiently. Increased staffing is needed, however, in order to serve better the public's demanding information needs. ARCHAEOMETRY Five seminars were held by the Conservation Analytical Laboratory and the National Bureau of Standards (nbs) as a continuation of the Museum Programs I 231 seminar series on "The Application of the Materials and Measure- ment Sciences to Archaeology and Museum Conservation." cal provided publication funds for the proceedings of the March 1977 seminar, "The Search for Ancient Tin." It is also supplying funds to edit the proceedings of the "Early Pyrotechnology" seminar held in April 1979. Jim Blackman was appointed to a four-year term as physical sci- entist to prosecute his researches by neutron-activation analysis at NBS, Gaithersburg, Maryland. CAL collaborated with the National Gallery of Art in support of a project on the neutron autoradiography of paintings. This process employs the reactor at the Armed Forces Radiobiology Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, and gamma spectrometry at nbs, for which CAL is providing a coaxial detection system. A postdoctoral fellowship in the Office of Fellowships and Grants was funded and a candidate selected to work on systems of ceramic production in the prehistoric American Southwest. National Museum Act Program For many decades, the Smithsonian Institution has encouraged and contributed to the development and improvement of museum prac- tices. With the passage of the National Museum Act (nma) in 1966, this traditional role of assisting other museums was reaffirmed. The act directs the Institution to cooperate with museums and their pro- fessional organizations in a continuing study of museum problems and opportunities both in the United States and abroad; to prepare and carry out programs for training career employees in museum practices; to prepare significant museum publications; and to per- form research on museum techniques. Funds appropriated to the Smithsonian for the implementation of the National Museum Act are made available primarily through grants and contracts to museums, nonprofit museum-related or- ganizations and associations, academic institutions, and individuals employed or sponsored by an eligible organization. Each year, guidelines describing the specific grant program offerings and ap- plication requirements are distributed widely to the museum com- 232 / Smithsonian Year 1979 munity and institutions having an interest in the objectives of the National Museum Act. In recent years, the priorities of the nma have reflected the pressing needs of museums for improved con- servation techniques and trained conservation personnel: during 1979, 42 percent (30 of 71) of the projects supported by nma grants addressed conservation training, research, and studies. Throughout the development of the National Museum Act grant programs, the Smithsonian has relied heavily on the expertise and guidance of an Advisory Council of eleven museum professionals who represent a cross section of museum interests and disciplines as well as various regions of the United States. The council plays an active role in determining the policies governing the grant pro- gram and reviews and evaluates applications for support. Smith- sonian staff and other experts also assist in the review of pro- posals. The council requires that projects supported by the National Museum Act must be of substantial value to the museum profession as a whole and must contribute to the improvement of museum methods and practices or to the professional growth of individuals entering or working in the museum field. A list of the members of the Advisory Council in 1979 is given in Appendix 1. In 1979, the National Museum Act received an appropriation of $796,900. During the year, 189 appHcations requesting more than $3 million were received and reviewed. The Advisory Council recommended funding totaling $702,006 for 71 grants. Of this amount, $325,930 was directed to conservation training and re- search activities. In recent years, the Advisory Council has noticed a significant im- provement in the quality of proposals and has found it necessary to award only partial funding in order to respond to the increased number of projects deserving support. During 1979, one-third of the projects were awarded 40 percent less than the amount re- quested in the proposal. The major effect of these reductions was to limit the number of stipends for students in museum training programs and to enforce strict economy in research programs. However, some grant recipients found that a National Museum Act grant award helped them secure additional funding from private sources. It is not anticipated that the substance of the projects will be unduly restricted or impaired by the reduced fund- ing. Museum Programs I 233 A majority (57) of the awards granted in 1979 supported the training of individuals preparing for professional careers in con- servation and museum practices and provided continuing educa- tion opportunities for museum personnel. Through these grants, approximately 203 individuals will receive training in the conserva- tion of textiles, enthnographic and archaeological materials, pho- tographs, and other conservation specialities. Seminars, internships, and graduate studies will also provide an additional 512 individuals with training in other areas, such as museum education, exhibit de- sign, museum management, and specialized curatorial techniques. One of the primary mandates of the National Museum Act is to support original research projects and studies that investigate the increasingly complex problems facing museums in the United States and abroad. This research is particularly significant in developing and improving conservation methods and practices. Among the research projects supported by nma this year are studies of the deterioration of nineteenth-century photographic prints, the effects of ultraviolet and visible radiation on works of art on paper, and the effect of environmental and physical forces on fabric-supported paintings. Another important study relates to the problem and con- trol of insect damage to natural-history collections. Recent federal regulations and laws have severely restricted the use of many fumi- gants, and this study may result in new techniques and effective solutions to this special museum conservation problem. These few examples of the projects supported by the National Museum Act reflect the scope of contributions being made to the nation's museums through this grant program. They also typify areas in which more study, research, and training are required. Many nma projects include provisions for publishing and distrib- uting findings to the museum profession. However, copies of all project reports are also maintained in the Museum Reference Cen- ter of the Office of Museum Programs, in which they are available for study and reference. To encourage dissemination of the in- formation accumulated through NMA-supported projects, particu- larly those directly benefiting a broad segment of the museum com- munity, in 1979 the nma published and distributed more than 15,000 copies of a special report describing the grants awarded from 1972 through 1978. As a result of the report, the nma office has received a significant number of inquiries expressing interest in the 234 / Smithsonian Year 1979 results of specific projects, particularly in the area of conservation. All such inquiries have been responded to with enthusiasm. The National Museum Act office has continued to consult regularly with government agencies and professional associations having an interest in museums and has participated in meetings of the Museum Task Force of the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities to assist with the coordination of all museum support programs. Office of Exhibits Central In addition to the normal wide variety of projects undertaken by the Office of Exhibits Central (oec), significant staff adjustments were made in 1979. Constance Minkin, chief exhibits editor since 1968 and assistant chief of oec since 1974, retired. She had been instrumental in establishing editorial standards for museums and had trained many museum professionals in workshops and lecture series. Her exceptional talents and dedication earned the respect and admiration of her colleagues throughout the Institution. John Widener, oec chief of production, replaced her as assistant chief. Linda DuBro, who joined the editor's office in 1974, is the new chief exhibits editor. Two senior staff members of dec's Models, Plastics, and Restora- tion Unit (mpr) retired this year. John Babyak, supervisor of the MPR Unit, left after eighteen years as a Smithsonian modelmaker. His broad experience and knowledge of the techniques used in museum modelmaking will be sorely missed. Walter Sorrell, a Smithsonian modelmaker since 1962, is the new supervisor of the MPR Unit. William Donnelly, hired as a boatbuilder (loftsman) in 1958 to work on the life-sized model of the blue whale at the Na- tional Museum of Natural History (nmnh), also retired after thirty- nine years of government service. His final task at oec was the restoration of an early metal model of the paddle-wheeler Robert E. Lee for a traveling exhibition. His position has been filled by a junior modelmaker. The OEC suffered a double loss when Carroll B. Lusk died shortly after his retirement in late 1978. He established the exhibits Hght- Museum Programs I 235 ing office after joining the Smithsonian in 1963 specifically to work on exhibition lighting in the then-new National Museum of History and Technology (nmht). Mr. Lusk was very active in the Illuminat- ing Engineering Society of North America and had served as chair- man of the society's Museum and Art Gallery Committee. He was also a member of the Task Force on Energy Conservation that established many of the standards now accepted throughout the profession. The many activities at oec in 1979 were both challenging and re- freshing. OEC provided assistance to the Museum of African Art early in the year and anticipates continued participation in its up- coming exhibition programs. Another project with the Museum of African Art and the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) has been a comprehensive exhibition of Ndebele beadwork. A graduate-student intern from Virginia Commonwealth University worked on the design and editing of this exhibition under oec direction. The exhibition, including custom mountings for the fragile beadwork, was produced at oec's shops at North Capitol Street. The MPR Unit made life masks and then sculptured the heads of the three crew members of Eagle Two, the first balloon to cross the Atlantic Ocean. These portrait heads will be assembled on manne- quins in a new National Air and Space Museum (nasm) exhibit in the near future. The mpr staff was also called upon to lovingly re- surface the hide of the Mall's resident triceratops, "Uncle Beasley." Every year, thousands of young visitors climb all over this life-sized reinforced plastic triceratops model (which lounges near nmnh's Mall entrance), and their enthusiasm takes its toll, no matter how thick "Uncle Beasley" 's skin. Plastic exhibition cases and beaver skulls were provided by oec for the Beaver Valley installation at the National Zoo, and several biological specimens were freeze-dried and delivered to the Insect Zoo and Discovery Room at nmnh during the year. Freeze-Drying Biological Specimens was published in June and is now available. This complete lab manual, the first on freeze-drying, is dedicated to John Anglim, former director of the Office of Exhibit Programs. It is the result of many years of dedicated work by its author, Rolland O. Hower, and the oec staff. The OEC Motion Picture Unit won a Cine Golden Eagle award for 236 / Smithsonian Year 1979 a pilot film entitled Reunions. Reunions records the personal ex- periences of the people who have special association with research and/or the collections of the Institution. The film (16mm, color, sound, 28 minutes) features General "Jirnniy" Doolittle discussing air-racing experiences for nasm and Gustav Tafel explaining and reminiscing about the manufacture and use of homeopathic medi- cine for the Division of Medical Sciences (nmht). It is hoped that other subjects can be similarly treated in the near future. A coordinated signage system identifying the offices in the S.I. "Castle" was designed in cooperation with the S.I. curator and produced by oec. oec also created a comprehensive visual aid on security devices, locks, fire-alarm systems, etc., for the Office of Protection Services' use in training lectures and for presentation at professional meetings. In all, oec received about 200 requests for exhibition and related services in 1979. About two-thirds were com- pleted during the year; the balance involved longer-range or con- tinuing projects. For more than a year, oec has worked in close cooperation with the staff of the Associates Travel Program, editing and designing its brochures for both domestic and foreign tours. In 1979 almost every one of its brochures was produced through oec, with par- ticular emphasis on developing a consistent style and format for foreign tour announcements. Working with sites, the staff of the Louisiana State Museum, and consultants on the music of New Orleans, oec designed, edited, produced, and supervised the installation of the major traveling exhibition "Played with Immense Success: Louisiana Music." The OEC editor's office wrote the exhibition script, based on a 640-page manuscript on the history of Louisiana through its music from 1840 to 1940. The core of the exhibition consists of over 350 pieces of original sheet music and several musical instruments and memo- rabilia of the period, all of which required originality in graphic designs and conservation techniques. The exhibition is being shown in New Orleans and will begin a two-year U.S. tour in 1980. Other comprehensive exhibitions produced for sites this year include "Cut on Wood," an nmht exhibition designed as a senior thesis by a student from Carnegie-Mellon University under oec supervision; "Erte," an exhibition of over 300 original fashion drawings from the designer's collection; and "The Year of the Museum Programs I 237 Hopi," created from private and museum collections of watercolors, photographs, and kachina dolls, oec did substantial work on more than twenty new sites exhibitions in 1979, and assisted in various ways on ten other exhibitions. "Crosscurrents," created in coopera- tion with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, was a major editorial under- taking. OEC also installed and removed the "Subways" exhibit in the Metro Center subway station in Washington. The exhibit editor's office, as well as the production units, made its annual contribution of time and effort to the Festival of Ameri- can Folklife. The Office of Horticulture was also assisted by the editors and other oec staff during the year, most notably in the fabrication of the Victorian basket display that won honorable mention at the D.C. Flower Show and is now installed in the Victorian Garden behind the S.I. "Castle." "Studies of Volcanoes," a limited-use exhibition, was designed and produced for the Na- tional Associate Program's Smithsonian Week lectures. OEC has been active in assisting and consulting organizations out- side the Institution when internal schedules permitted. Notable projects included editorial, design, and production assistance for the Supreme Court on its first comprehensive historic exhibition, "John Jay"; help with production and installation at the Capital Children's Museum on the exhibits opening in its new location; training for a National Park Service staff member in the restoration of conven- tional taxidermy; continued research into freeze-dry reclamation of old pathology specimens for the Harvard Medical School; and assistance in providing protective fixtures for the historic artifacts displayed at the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts. OEC staff directed six professional workshops for the Office of Mu- seum Programs this year, participated as faculty in several others, lectured for the National and Resident Associates programs and the National Trust for Historic Preservation, and conducted design seminars for Maryland University, Montgomery County Junior College, Northern Virginia Community College, and George Wash- ington University. Professional exchange of information with mu- seums, educational institutions, and commercial organizations has continued at a very active pace during the past year. OEc's Motion Picture Unit added to its list of honors with John Hiller receiving an Emmy for cinematography and editing of the film The Smithsonian Institution with S. Dillon Ripley, produced by 238 / Smithsonian Year 1979 y 7 \ \ The deciduous forest exhibit in nmnh's Dynamics of Evolution Hall was "grown" in the Office of Exhibits Central's Models, Plastics, and Restoration Unit. In the foreground, James Rueter puts the finishing touches on a sappling that will be installed complete with cocoon. Behind him, Walter Hock mixes mache to complete a tree trunk. the Office of Telecommunications. The film also received the "Best Independent Production" award of the National Academy of Tele- vision Arts and Sciences. Karen Loveland, director of the Motion Picture Unit, was invited to serve as a member of the Independent Film Program Review Board of the American Film Institute in Los Angeles. The board awarded forty grants on a competitive basis to filmmakers throughout the United States. In addition to Reunions, the Motion Picture Unit completed Thomas Edison and His Amazing Invention Factories (16mm, color, sound, 28 minutes) for SITES, to be shown with a traveling exhibition commemorating the one-hundredth anniversary of Edison's incandescent lamp. A thirty- second TV spot was also made to accompany the exhibition. Three films on Edison, approximately three minutes each, were produced for use in the upcoming nmht exhibit on the great American in- ventor. The recovery from the bottom of Lake Superior of the wood- burning steam engine from the freighter Indiana was recorded on film by John Hiller for archival use and as a possible documentary film. A film treatment and proposal for Ghosts of Forever, written for the Smithsonian by Ray Bradbury, was prepared for the Office of Telecommunications, and a thirty-second tv spot was completed for nmht's Hall of American Maritime Enterprise. Scheduled for completion before the end of 1979 is the ten-minute film Changes: The Story of Evolution and Speciation, coproduced by Film Polski of Warsaw, Poland, and directed by Karen Loveland for the Office of Education and Information at nzp. Now in the planning stages are a short film about coral reefs for nmnh and two films on Egypt to supplement a major exhibition on Mamluk art, in cooperation with the Freer Gallery of Art, sites, and nmnh. One final achievement of significance for 1979 deserves attention: the opening of nmnh's "The Dynamics of Evolution." This exhibit represented the fruition of many man-years of oec effort, in co- operation with nmnh's exhibition staff. At present, oec is producing components for the new Paleontology Hall at nmnh and has sched- uled deadlines for sites exhibitions into the spring of 1980. As the Institution's only central exhibits office, not part of a single museum, oec is aware of the importance of its role in providing assistance — often on short notice — to other S.I. bureaus in need of exhibit-related expertise. Several other projects, now in the planning 240 / Smithsonian Year 1979 stages, indicate that the new decade will provide continuing chal- lenges and varied activity for oec. Office of Horticulture During the past year, the Office of Horticulture continued to expand its programs of educational, research, and exhibition activities in- volving all of the museums of the Smithsonian and the develop- ment of the grounds as a horticultural showplace. With the sup- port of outside committees and floral societies, the Office of Horti- culture began major fundraising efforts for future exhibitions and educational research. Throughout the year, the office contributed to more than 200 special events, including the Folklife Festival, the National Portrait Gallery's Tenth Anniversary, the Women's Committee Christmas Ball, the Doubleday Lectures at the Natural Museum of History and Technology, the Viennese Waltz for the National Associate Pro- gram, the Musical Weekend for Friends of Music, and the Fourth of July Celebration. Support provided for such events included floral arrangements, potted palms, and other tropical plants that helped create an ambience suitable for the setting and the occasion. The second Office of Horticulture cooperative Christmas exhibi- tion opened at the National Museum of History and Technology on December 15, 1978. "Trees of Christmas" featured thirteen trees representing various ethnic and cultural traditions. Their decora- tions were researched and installed by numerous community spon- sors, including representatives of the Lithuanian and Polish com- munities. In less than three weeks, the exhibition was seen by over 250,000 people. The Education Division accessioned 4,378 plants and pre- pared permanent records for approximately 1,000 of these. Some 130 volumes on historic and contemporary horticultural subjects were added to the library's collection. Mr. Glen Parnell and Mrs. Denise Knott, interns from Northern Virginia Community College and Hood College, assisted the Education Division in these re- search activities. The division coordinated the highly appreciated and important service of the volunteers, who contributed approxi- Museum Programs I 241 mately 2,000 hours of work to many horticultural activities, in- cluding exhibitions and greenhouse productions. A special grant enabled the office to acquire a major new collec- tion of endangered species of orchids and display hybrids. The collection is under the able supervision of Theodore Villapando, orchid specialist. With this acquisition, the Institution's collection of endangered species of orchids has become one of the largest in the world, with 12,000 plants representing 270 genera and 2,000 species, in addition to hundreds of showy hybrids. The collections were further enriched by gifts from Mrs. Rudolph Pabst, and it is anticipated that additional specimens will be acquired in Panama during a collecting expedition undertaken by Mr. Paul E. Desautels and Dr. Robert Reed and Mr. James Buckler. An exchange program with other botanical gardens and arbore- tums in the United States and abroad is being developed. Complementary to the orchid collection, and with the advice of Dr. Robert Reed, a collection of bromeliad and cycads is being developed for research and breeding purposes. In December 1978, the Office of Horticulture began negotiations with the Society of American Florists (saf) and the American In- stitute of Floral Designers (aifd) for a joint fundraising venture to benefit an exhibition to be entitled "1876: Floricultural and Horti- cultural Arts and Crafts." This exhibition, to open in July 1980 in conjunction with the annual meetings of these two floral socie- ties, will feature items from the Smithsonian Institution collections (and other items yet to be gathered) relating to the famed Horti- cultural Hall of the 1876 Centennial Exposition in Philadelphia. The exhibit will feature flower arrangements; bridal and nosegay hold- ers; Christmas decorations; illustrations of glasshouses, stove- houses, and conservatories; bedding designs; books and prints of the period; and antique garden furnishings. Through the joint efforts of these societies, the Office of Horticulture established a Victorian Ball Committee under the honorary chairmanship of Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson and the chairmanship of Mrs. George C. McGhee. On June 15, 1979, this committee sponsored "The Vic- torian Ball," a gala dinner held in the Victorian Garden of the Smithsonian "Castle." The ball was a resounding success. It was attended by more than 350 guests in period dress or black-tie, and it raised $10,000 for the exhibition. All of the elaborate floral ar- 242 / Smithsonian Year 1979 rangements and decorations were provided through the generosity of the Society of American Florists, the American Institute of Floral Designers, and the floral industry of America. The Floral Committee was under the chairmanship of Mrs. Phil Temple and Mr. Ralph Null, both members of the organizations. Fifteen of the leading floral designers of the United States donated their time for this festive occasion. In conjunction with the Victorian Ball, the Office of Horticulture sponsored a "Victorian Horticultural Weekend" in cooperation with the Resident Associates and the Victorian Society of America. A series of lectures on Victorian horticulture was given in the Car- michael Auditorium on Saturday, June 16, 1979, by authorities in this unusual field of research. Speakers included Mr. James R. Buckler ("The Horticultural Extravaganza of the Victorian Era"), Mr. Ralph Null ("Fresh Floral Design of the Nineteenth Century"), Ms. Madeline Schroeder ("Nineteenth-Century Window and Parlor Gardening"), Mrs. Sunny O'Neil ("Dried Flowers and Pressed Flowers of the Victorian Era"), and Mr. Paul E. Desautels ("Orchid Mania of the Nineteenth Century"). On Sunday, June 17, Victorian tours were given by Mr. Buckler and docents in "1876" period dress for members of the Resident Associate Program. These tours high- lighted the Victorian floral arrangements, bedding designs, plant- ings of the Victorian Garden, and the interior floral arrangements in the Arts and Industries and the Smithsonian "Castle" buildings. The Society of American Florists Endowment generously donated $25,000 for the forthcoming exhibition, and additional private funds are expected to bring the total to $50,000 by early October 1979. The overall fundraising goal for the project is $225,000 ovor the next two years. During the year, the office installed two major exhibits at the Flower Show sponsored by the Professional Grounds Management Society of Washington, D.C., and held at the D.C. Armory. The featured entrance exhibit displayed a Victorian wicker flower basket reproduced from a photograph appearing in Henderson's Pictur- esque Gardens and Ornamental Gardening Illustrated (c. 1908). The Office of Exhibits Central, working with the Office of Horti- culture, fabricated this twenty-two-foot-wide basket of nylon rop- ing to simulate wicker, and, once in place, the basket was planted with flowers typical of the period. This exhibit was later installed Museum Programs I 243 in the Victorian Garden in May. The second exhibit featured more than 100 orchids and bromehads from Smithsonian collections and simulated a Victorian grotto, complete with a fountain and rock wall, which were created by the Office of Exhibits Central. The flower-show design, installation, and maintenance were under the direction of Mr. John W. Monday, assistant director of the office. As part of the continued educational and research activities of the office, Mr. Buckler presented lectures to the National Associates Program as well as other organizations throughout the United States. Lectures on "The Horticultural Extravaganza of the Vic- torian Era" were given to the New York Horticultural Society, San Diego Historical Society, Trowel Garden Club of Washington, D.C., Victorian Society of America at the Athenaeum in Philadelphia, Fort Worth Garden Club, and the Mark Twain Memorial in Hart- ford, Connecticut. Lectures on "Great Gardens of Italy, France, and England" were given at the Atlanta Historical Society and the Den- ver Botanic Gardens. In cooperation with the Selective Studies Pro- gram of the National Associates, Mr. Buckler conducted a number of seminars at the Smithsonian and elsewhere. Seminar topics in- cluded "Practical Horticulture: Eighteenth to Twentieth Centuries," "Planning Your Garden," and "Horticulture for Museums, Historic Houses, and Sites," this last being conducted for museum profes- sionals as part of the training workshop series offered by the Office of Museum Programs. Staff members assisting in this seminar were Ms. Lauranne C. Nash and Mr. August A. Dietz. At the Greenhouse-Nursery Complex at the United States Sol- diers' and Airmen's Home, renovation of the greenhouses con- tinued in order to maximize production and accommodate the specialized collection of orchids, bromeliads, cycads, and other horticultural specimens. During the year, the Greenhouse-Nursery Complex, under the direction of Mr. August A. Dietz IV, was responsible for the propagation and production of over 120,000 annual bedding plants; 10,000 cut flowers; 4,000 seasonal plants, svich as poinsettias, chrysanthemums, and Easter lilies; and main- tenance of several thousand tropical plants for use in special events and exhibitions. The Grounds Management Division, under the direction of Mr. Kenneth Hawkins, continued to renovate various areas surround- ing the Smithsonian's many museums. Special projects included 244 / Smithsonian Year 1979 installation of the Wicker Flower Basket and new rose beds in the Victorian Garden, the Hirshhorn Garden renovation, and installa- tion of over 140,000 spring bulbs, 120,000 annuals, and 2,000 fall chrysanthemums, as well as many trees and shrubs. The Grounds Management Division benefited from the services of four full-time CETA employees who assisted in the general maintenance and up- keep of the grounds in July and August. In June, the Office of Plant Services assisted the Office of Horti- culture in the installation of a magnificent cast-iron fountain (1849) in the Victorian Garden. The three-tiered fountain, cast by J. W. Fiske & Company of New York, was purchased in 1977 from the Ellerslie Farm Estate. Other antique garden furnishings acquired during the year included two cast-iron fountain basins (c. 1870-90), one of which was donated by Dr. Lida Woodbury; a Wardian case (c. 1900) donated by Mrs. Paul H. MacMahon; three garden settees of the Renaissance Revival style (1875) by Peter Timmes Son, Brooklyn, New York; three grape-leaf style settees (c. 1870); and two armchairs of the Renaissance Revival style (c. 1875) by Fred Gensil and Company of Philadelphia. During the year, the office continued its research on the evolution and design of garden furnishings. Detailed planning for several new landscape projects continued throughout the year. Designs for the Garden for the Handicapped and the East Garden at the east entrance to the Smithsonian Institu- tion Building were completed by Hugh Newell Jacobsen, faia, with construction of these two gardens anticipated early in 1980. In the spring, the office assisted the Museum of African Art with its landscaping concerns during its transition period prior to be- coming a part of the Smithsonian. In addition, plans were formu- lated with the Cooper-Hewitt Museum for development of a major exhibition for 1981 entitled "Horticulture and Its Relationship to the Decorative Arts." Office of International Activities The Office of International Activities fosters and coordinates in- ternational aspects of Smithsonian research and cultural exchange Museum Programs I 245 programs. The office serves the Institution's interests abroad through continuing liaison with the government of the United States, the governments of foreign nations, private institutions, and international organizations. A particular responsibility of the office is the development of opportunities for scholarly cooperation between the Smithsonian and foreign institutions wherever needed. The People's Republic of China (prc), Cuba, and the Soviet Union are cases in point. During 1979, the office sought exchanges with Chinese museums and re- search institutions. As a result, the Smithsonian has been invited by the Scientific and Technical Association of the prc to send a delega- tion to China in November 1979. The delegation will prepare for research cooperation in biology (particularly field research on the giant panda) and archaeology, as well as for museum professional exchanges. A Chinese delegation will subsequently visit the Smith- sonian. A delegation from the Cuban Academy of Sciences was re- ceived at the Smithsonian in 1979. Arrangements are under way for a Smithsonian group from the National Zoological Park and the Na- tional Museum of Natural History to make research visits to Cuba. Meetings were held with officials of the Soviet Union's Ministry of Culture to propose a number of areas of museum cooperation. The office obtained the support of the International Visitors Program of the United States International Communications Agency (ica) for the participation of some twenty foreign museum educators from eighteen countries in a symposium, "Children in Museums," planned by the Smithsonian's Office of Museum Pro- grams. The symposium is one of the Smithsonian's contributions to the International Year of the Child. The ica contribution provides that foreign participants receiving ica support will also take part in a twelve-city itinerant seminar on education in museums and science centers, planned by the Smithsonian's Office of Museum Programs. Logistic support for Smithsonian scholars abroad was provided through correspondence with United States diplomatic missions and with foreign governments and their embassies in Washington. The office also continued the processing of passport and visa appli- cations for the duty travel of Smithsonian staff and Smithsonian- sponsored scholars. The office arranged for foreign officials and scholars to come to 246 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the Smithsonian as short-term visitors, as students and exchange visitors, and as permanent staff members. The office received some twenty-five delegations and seventy individual visitors during the year, including more than thirty high government officials and many professionals in museum and allied fields. Thirty-one ex- change visitors and foreign students conducted research and related activities under Smithsonian programs in 1979. Office of Museum Programs The Office of Museum Programs, a department of the Office of the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs, organizes and conducts a group of distinct but interrelated activities for the professional enhancement of museum personnel and institutions throughout the United States and abroad, as well as research into methods that will improve the effectiveness of museum operations. The office conducts museum training workshops; arranges for in- ternships and for foreign professional training; produces and distrib- utes audio-visual presentations on conservation theory and prac- tice; undertakes psychological studies to evaluate museum exhibits and educational programs; provides training and consulting services for Native American museums; maintains the Museum Reference Center, consisting of books, periodicals, research papers, and documents on museums and their operations; and offers counseling services on museum careers, training, and museum practices. Group- ing these functions into one entity facilitates the efforts of the Institution to respond effectively and directly to the many requests received from museums for assistance and guidance in improving their own operational methods, practices, and techniques. WORKSHOPS AND INTERNSHIPS The Workshop Series sponsored by the Office of Museum Programs provides training opportunities for museum professionals from the United States and abroad through three- to five-day workshops at the Smithsonian Institution. The staff regularly surveys the needs of the broad museum community in such areas as traveling exhibi- tions, museum methods and practices, exhibit preparation, educa- tional programming, registration methods, museum-shop manage- Museum Programs I 247 ment and maintenance, evaluation, membership development, budgeting and accounting, and interpretation. All workshops have been filled to capacity, and most have been oversubscribed. The faculty is drawn largely from 5.1. staff, occasionally with outside experts. During 1979, enrollment for the thirty workshops averaged eighteen per program. A total of 5d>7 professionals participated dur- ing the year, representing all types and disciplines of museums and a broad geographic distribution, including most states in the con- tinental United States as well as Alaska and Hawaii. Professionals also attended from Australia, Canada, France, Iran, Israel, Nica- ragua, and Turkey. In addition, the Office of Museum Programs offered a series of specialized workshops for Smithsonian staff members on museum lighting, label writing and editing, information management and automation, and conservation and loan agreements. Recognizing the increasing demand for museum midcareer train- ing in all areas of the United States, the Office of Museum Programs cosponsored two programs with the Southern Arts Federation that drew forty-four professionals representing member museums of the federation. In early February, Smithsonian staff members con- ducted a program on registration methods at the McClung Museum in Knoxville, Tennessee; later that month, a second team of Smith- sonian administrators traveled to Atlanta, Georgia, to lead a pro- gram on museum management. These programs were funded by the Southern Arts Federation and were well received. The success of these cooperative efforts has led to plans for future expansion. The Internship Program has offered opportunities for specialized and individualized learning experiences to more than 400 individ- uals over the last five years. Interns come to the Smithsonian from undergraduate and graduate programs, other museums, and as representatives of foreign museums and governments. During 1979 the Office of Museum Programs placed thirty-two interns throughout the Smithsonian. Participants in the program represented the United States, Australia, France, Singapore, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, Turkey, and New Zealand. Internships, which do not carry course credit (unless a university arranges it with the in- tern) or provide financial support, range from two months to two years, with the average program lasting about six months. As with 248 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the workshops, the focus of the internships is on museum prac- tices. Interns assist with educational programming, exhibit or col- lections research, cataloguing, or design and production activities. Long-term interns, especially those from foreign countries, often elect to travel as part of their program. In these cases, itineraries are prepared by the Office of Museum Programs. An increase is anticipated in the number of internships and foreign professionals enrolled in Smithsonian activities, with an emphasis on cooperative programming with colleges and universi- ties and cosponsorship with foreign governments and funding agencies such as the Ford Foundation, the Council for Interna- tional Exchange of Scholars, the Fulbright Scholarship Committee, and the International Communications Agency. The Visiting Professionals Program has earned separate recogni- tion with the increased number of representatives who visit the Smithsonian for short-term training. Through this program, mu- seum professionals can gain access to collections and Smithsonian staff for specialized work and consultations. The Visiting Professionals Program is designed to serve people who plan to be at the Institution for periods of less than one month and who are interested in a combination of meetings, demonstra- tions, workshop activities, and research opportunities. The Office of Museum Programs also schedules trips to other museums in cities throughout the United States and abroad as part of this program. During 1979, twenty-seven individuals were served through the Visiting Professionals Program. The participants represented mu- seums in the United States, France, New Zealand, Singapore, Nica- ragua, Guatemala, Netherlands, Ivory Coast, Hong Kong, Chile, Romania, Jamaica, Brazil, Germany, Great Britain, RepubHc of South Africa, India, and Pakistan. NATIVE AMERICAN MUSEUM TRAINING PROGRAM The Native American Training Program of the Office of Museum Programs has continued toward its primary goal of offering training and providing technical assistance and consultation to Native Americans who have established or who are interested in creating tribal museums. The activities of the department focus on provid- ing assistance to Indian, Eskimo, and Aleut groups and individuals who want to learn methods of caring for and exhibiting their Museum Programs I 249 ethnographic and aesthetic collections. The training consists of field workshops, seminars, and internships at the Smithsonian, and of cooperative agreements between established professional institutions and Native American museums. The department works in close cooperation with the Department of Anthropology in the National Museum of Natural History. The week-long training seminar, "Native American Museum Di- rectors' Workshop," conducted at the Smithsonian Institution from October 30 to November 3, 1978, served several important func- tions. It enhanced the Institution's image as a leader in the Native Americans' quest to find solutions to the problems confronting them; it provided a unique opportunity for the participants to learn of federal, state, and private resources available to them; and it enabled participants to examine firsthand the significant role of the Institution in the ongoing preservation and study of Native A.meri- can cultures. At the same time, the participants made the seminar faculty aware of their special needs and goals, the result being a sense of cooperation and mutual assistance. The sharing of ideas among the directors led to the estabUshment of the American Indian Mu- seum Association (aima) in May 1979 at Denver, Colorado. The association now represents a hundred or more groups in the United States, Canada, and Greenland. The Smithsonian Institution's Na- tive American training coordinator. Office of Museum Programs, serves as secretary for aima. One function of aima is to acquaint the museum profession with the concerns and needs of the Native American museums and to introduce the organization to the American Association of Museums (aam). This was accomplished through two programs, "Native American Museums: An Overview" and "Too Many Chiefs and Not Enough Indians," at the aam annual meeting in Cleveland, Ohio, in June 1979. The Smithsonian's coordinator served as panelist for the sessions. The department has accepted representatives from four institu- tions for placement in the Native American internship program. Three participants from the Cherokee National Museum in Chero- kee, North Carolina, studied exhibit design and philosophy in order to implement a half -million-dollar renovation of exhibits at their institution. 250 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Eleanor Crow, an audio-visual specialist, is seen here in the TV studio of the Office of Museum Programs. Below. An overview of the activity areas in "Reflections: The Child in America," one of sites' exhibitions celebrating the International Year of the Child. ^. Chile m Mz 'V -rh Bacone College in Muskogee, Oklahoma, one of the oldest In- dian schools in America, sent its museum director to the Smith- sonian for study in museum administration. The college's centenary observance will take place in 1980, and the school administration plans to make its museum, with its superb collection, the focal point for public contact. Two tribal groups, the Crows of Montana and the Zunis of New Mexico, sent interns who studied museum admin- istration and the technical requirements for museum structures. Both tribes plan to build facilities next year. It is hoped that new funding will become available to continue the internship program, allowing participation by larger numbers of qualified persons. A grant proposal has been submitted to the Division of Indian and Native American Programs of the Department of Labor, to support training activities through 1980 by means of various in- ternships, workshops, and consultation services. Of significant importance to the department this year has been the impact of the Native American Religious Freedom Act. Ongoing discussions have been held with the Denver Art Museum and the Smithsonian Institution's Department of Anthropology regarding the implications of the act. The loan program of collection materials to tribal museums, initiated in 1978, has been demonstrated to be a useful component of the program's services. During 1979 the final disposition of arti- facts for loan to the Oglala Sioux Parks Board in Pine Ridge, South Dakota, was completed. AUDIO-VISUAL LOAN PROGRAM The Audio-visual Loan Program, which includes the Conservation Information Program, produces and distributes slide-cassette and videotape presentations as a service to museums throughout the United States and Canada. The current mailing list contains 2,000 entries, coded by borrower, purchaser, and institution type. Of these, about 600 entries represent the borrowers to date. The goal of most of the presentations is to provide fundamental, practical information on the care of museum collections. Some presentations are designed to illustrate techniques used in museums, and others are intended to enhance awareness of basic principles of conservation. There are now thirteen slide and eighty-eight video- tape titles in multiple copies available for circulation. 252 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Besides conservation information, programming has grown to include information on other aspects of museum operations, such as educational services and exhibitions. The past year has seen growth in the programming base and in services to other Smith- sonian divisions. Services to other divisions include: a one- camera videotape documentation of four concerts by the Division of Performing Arts; video support and documentation in two proj- ects for the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars; a video- tape documentary produced in collaboration with the Office of Telecommunications and the Cooper-Hewitt Museum; and a video- tape production of docents at work in the National Museum of Nat- ural History, produced in cooperation with the Office of Education. The staff reached a milestone in 1979 by completing its first four major videotape productions in color: "The Museum Bracket- maker," "Docents on Tour/' "Children in Museums," and one other videotape for the Division of Performing Arts. The distribution of these presentations and materials has been in operation since 1974. Since that time, a total of 1,564 slide and 1,107 videotape presentations have been sent on loan, 230 slide and 304 videotape packages in 1979 alone. In addition, 925 orders of printed materials were mailed since January 1978. Since the loan program is limited to the United States and Canada, a sales program was initiated in 1976 in response to the demand from other countries. To date, 47 institutions from the United States, Canada, Australia, Sweden, Great Britain, Italy, Hong Kong, Venezuela, Switzerland, New Zealand, Brazil, Guate- mala, and West Germany have purchased a total of 135 slide and 778 videotape presentations. Of these, 28 slide and 77 videotape packages were sold in 1979. OFF/CE OV PSYCHOLOGICAL STUDIES During 1979, the Office of Psychological Studies of the Office of Museum Programs sought to demonstrate the usefulness of evalua- tion across the entire Smithsonian Institution. The primary activity of the office, therefore, was to complete studies at various bureaus as a means of illustrating the role that evaluation can play in: un- derstanding the bureau's impact on the public; enriching program development; and facilitating exhibit planning and design. It was also important to demonstrate that evaluation need not be viewed Museum Programs I 253 as negative or threatening to the professional staffs of the museums. In addition to this function, the Office of Psychological Studies gave short-term evaluations, substantive and methodological presenta- tions, reviews and critiques of ongoing evaluation projects, and began to train Smithsonian museum personnel in the methods of conducting their own evaluation studies. The office has been extremely successful this past year in ful- filling its goals and objectives. Evaluation studies have been com- pleted at the National Museum of Natural History, the National Zoological Park, the National Museum of History and Technology, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Other evaluation projects have been successfully completed. One included the development of a comprehensive questionnaire for the purpose of evaluating the Smithsonian Institution Travel- ing Exhibition Service. The other involved an evaluation of the New Coral Reef Exhibit at the National Museum of Natural History as the exhibit was being designed and developed. These tasks were complemented by a variety of consultative activities with the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education and the Office of Equal Opportunity, the latter concerning an evaluation of the Smithsonian's accessibility to the handicapped. Presentations on evaluation have been made to education coordinators, to keepers and guides at the National Zoo, and to docents at the National Portrait Gallery and the Discovery Corner of the National Museum of History and Technology. MUSEUM REFERENCE CENTER The Museum Reference Center (mrc) is both a library and a re- source center, with collections of bibliographic and documentary materials on the history, philosophy, and operation of museums, as well as on legislation, conventions, and other developments affecting museums. A unit of the Smithsonian Institution libraries, the center was established in 1974 and is located in the Office of Museum Programs, as this office draws most heavily on the center's resources and serves as a conduit through which its resources can be channeled. The center is the only repository of museum information as- sembled and collected on a systematic basis for use by the museum 254 / Smithsoninn Year 1979 profession. Its holdings are rich in such fields as museum organi- zation, administration, and management; museum programs, activi- ties, and exhibitions; architecture; exhibit design; the management of collections; training activities; and conservation, registration, and related technologies. The center provides a variety of services for museum profes- sionals and students doing research on museums. These services include literature searches; preparation of bibliographies; responses to requests for information on current activities, issues, and training opportunities; and assembly of materials for use in workshops and training programs. One of the most-used services of the center is the free distribution of reports and papers generated in the Office of Museum Programs and by the National Museum Act grants. When the Center for Museum Education at George Washington University recently lost its funding, it voted to give its collection of materials to the Museum Reference Center. As a result, twenty- seven cartons of documents are now being integrated with the cen- ter's own collection, greatly enhancing its value to researchers. In addition, a mailing to the center's membership encouraged future gifts of materials to be sent to the Museum Reference Center. This collection is organized by a classification scheme created by the International Council of Museums (icom). As the result of a long-term project this year, the center's file and the icom scheme were reviewed for relevance and currency, with alterations made wherever necessary. This resulted in a classification scheme that more closely reflects mrc's unique collection while allowing for expansion. Major bibliographical projects were completed. One covered the updating and creation of forty subject bibliographies that are available for distribution in response to specific requests. The other project resulted in an extensive bibliography for distribution at the international symposium "Children in Museums," to be held in Washington in October 1979. Other projects completed during the year include the docu- menting of all journal holdings, arranging of annual reports on the open shelves, updating the geographic and subject files, and documenting and arranging the final reports of the National Mu- seum Act grants. All of these activities have served to make the collections of the Museum Reference Center more accessible to Museum Programs I 255 researchers and to meet the increasing demands for information by the museum profession. The Smithsonian Institution staff has full access to the services of the Museum Reference Center, in addition to new acquisitions lists and the circulation of publications. OTHER ACTIVITIES Career counseling for over 100 people per year interested in the museum field is a subsidiary activity of the Office of Museum Pro- grams, along with organization of national conferences. Resource materials are compiled, and staff members serve as consultants for other museum-studies programs. The staff members of the Office of Museum Programs also serve as advisors to other offices and de- partments of the Smithsonian Institution, such as the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars, "si-ali-aba Law Conference," and "Programs for the Handicapped." Over 125 consultations were provided on museum practices and organization during 1979, in- cluding those for the following countries: New Guinea, Afghani- stan, Norway, Japan, Belgium, Brazil, Kenya, the People's Republic of China, the USSR, Mexico, France, Switzerland, Canada, Korea, Taiwan, Egypt, Turkey, Argentina, India, Pakistan, and Syria. Plans for the Smithsonian's conversion to the metric system are under way, and the Office of Museum Programs held task-force meetings and compiled statistics for recommendations as to pro- cedures. Plans are being coordinated with the Federal Metric Operating Committee. The staff members of the Office of Museum Programs annually serve as speakers at regional and national museum conferences and are actively engaged in international museum activities. The Office of Museum Programs is conducting a major interna- tional symposium, "Children in Museums," in celebration of the International Year of the Child. World-renowned educators and museum professionals will attend as speakers and participants. The symposium, to be held October 28-31, 1979, is the first of its kind to deal with such issues as curiosity, learning to see, partici- patory experiences, intercultural relationships, perception, and use of museums in the future. A student panel will present its findings, and the proceedings will be published. 256 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Office of the Registrar The office's responsibility for the coordination of managennent matters pertaining to Smithsonian collections, has now been firmly established. Though a key role was envisioned for it when the office was reconstituted in 1976, full implementation was not immediately possible. Since then, several developments have helped strengthen both the acceptance and the performance capability of the office as a coordinating unit. One of these was the establishment of the Institution's collections policy and management study as a continuing effort under the auspices of the office. Another was assignment to the Smithsonian Registrar of overall responsibility for coordinating collection in- ventories on an Institution- wide basis. Meanwhile, the growing involvement of all museum registrars with policies, ethical considerations, legal requirements, innovative documentation techniques, and other aspects of collections manage- ment has drawn the office even further into such matters as a re- sult of its relationship to the Council of Registrars. Since the Smithsonian Registrar serves permanently as chair for the Council and for the Collections Policy and Management Committee, the office is in a distinctly advantageous position to perform its co- ordinating function. This greater participation by museum registrars in matters per- taining to collections management was confirmed during a project that the Council of Registrars began in 1978 and completed in 1979. The result of this effort, intended as a proposed classifica- tion standard for positions in the offices of museum registrars, has been forwarded through channels for possible adoption by the U.S. Office of Personnel Management. The document consists of two principal parts: first, an exposition of the work performed by mu- seum registrars; second, a grade-evaluation guide fashioned after the schema of the new Factor Evaluation System recently estab- lished for the federal civil service. Though intended originally as an introduction to the grade-evaluation guide, the first part can be used as a definitive description of this occupational specialty. The Registrars' Committee of the American Association of Museums recently requested permission to reproduce 200 copies of the guide for distribution to its members. Museum Programs I 257 One pressing need of collections managen\ent is the development of more effective techniques, especially computer related, for han- dling information about museum objects and specimens. Though by no means the exclusive domain of the museum registrar, efficient information management is particularly important to registrars be- cause much of their work depends on it. When reorganized in 1976, the Office of the Registrar was charged with promoting better and more compatible procedures for storing, managing, and retrieving collection data both inside and outside the Smithsonian. To supple- ment its regular efforts in this direction, the office devised a tutorial package that was first presented to an outside audience and then to a Smithsonian audience in 1978 through the Workshop Series of the Office of Museum Programs. Oriented toward users rather than computer specialists, this workshop on information management and automation is now offered once each year to professionals from museums throughout the country and several times each year to Smithsonian staff. Smithsonian Institution Archives In 1979 the archives published a Guide to Manuscript Collections in the National Museum of History and Technology. The Guide comprises 143 pages and includes 257 entries. Work continued on the records of the National Museum of Natural History, the National Museum of History and Technology, the National Collec- tion of Fine Arts, and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den. Records surveys were conducted in the Office of Supply Serv- ices and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, and the archives began preparation of retention and disposition schedules for the National Portrait Gallery. Major accessions were received from the Office of the Secretary, the Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs, the Assistant Secre- tary for Science, the Office of the General Counsel, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observa- tory, the Department of Invertebrate Zoology, the Contracts Office, the Accounting Division, and the Office of Fellowships and Grants. Other accessions of note included the papers of Ellsworth 258 / Smithsonian Year 1979 p. Killip, Harry H. Knight, William M. Mann, Watson M. Perrygo, and Henry B. Roberts, as well as additions to the papers of Charles G. Abbot and Alexander Wetmore. The Archives Oral History Program continued, with emphasis on the National Museum of Natural History and Smithsonian ad- ministrative history. Accessions included a series of interviews with James Bradley, retired under-secretary. Material prepared for re- search use during the year included interviews with Frank A. Taylor, former director general of museums, Fenner A. Chace, Jr., of the National Museum of Natural History, and Lucile Q. Mann, wife of former National Zoological Park Director William M. Mann. Scholars continued to visit the archives during the past year. Several recent publications have appeared, based at least in part on material in the archives. Among them are: Hamilton Cravens, The Triumph of Evolution: American Scientists and the Heredity-En- vironment Controversy, 1900—1941 (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978); Douglas V. Hoyt, "An Explosive Vol- canic Eruption in the Southern Hemisphere in 1928," Nature 275 (1978):630-632; Louise Daniel Hutchinson, Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979); Michael Laurent Prendergast, "James Dwight Dana: The Life and Thought of an American Scientist," doctoral dissertation. University of California at Los Angeles, 1978; and Deborah Jean Warner, Graceanna Lewis, Sci- entist and Humanitarian (Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1979). Smithsonian Institution Libraries The year 1979 culminated with the Smithsonian Institution Li- braries' most significant event — the arrival of Dr. Robert Maloy as its new director. Also of great moment to the libraries unit was the impetus given to rare book activities by the assignment of Silvio Bedini, former deputy director of the National Museum of History and Technology, as keeper of rare books. Two other appointments during the year improved the libraries' capabilities in very important areas. Ellen Wells became rare book librarian and Stephen Toney became the libraries' first systems librarian. Museum Programs I 259 In 1979, several major gifts and many excellent smaller ones enhanced the libraries' research potential. The late Alexander Wet- more, the Smithsonian's sixth Secretary, left his important natural history library and its many rare treasures to the libraries, almost all of it unrepresented in the present book collections. Daniel Boorstin, the librarian of Congress and formerly director of the National Museum of History and Technology, added to his earlier gift of the American Civilization Collection. The American Society of Interior Designers followed the gift of its library to the Cooper- Hewitt Museum Library with funds to process it, a most appreciated donation. The Color Association of the United States gave the archives and records of its sixty years' activity in color planning in fashion and home-furnishing industries. The Merrill Trust pro- vided funds to index the eighty cartons of this material. After it redefined its objectives and structure, the Center for Museum Edu- cation, formerly located at George Washington University, gave twenty-seven cartons of pertinent pamphlets and articles and donated staff time to assist with initial organization of these ma- terials. These documents add an appropriate dimension and re- source to the growing Museum Reference Center. Time-Life, Inc., in appreciation for reference services given in the bureau libraries of the National Museum of Natural History, National Museum of History and Technology, and the National Zoological Park, gave $2,000 to the Smithsonian Institution for the use of these libraries. A further gift of $500 to the National Air and Space Museum was turned over to that library. A grant from the Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation will permit the libraries to publish a union list of art periodicals in the Washington metropolitan area. The vitality of the rare book program was restored when the positions of rare book librarian and rare book cataloguer were filled by experienced staff, Ellen Wells and Dianne Chilmonczyk, respec- tively. Mary Rosenfeld was promoted to the position of Dibner librarian. For the first time, funds were budgeted for the purchase of rare books. Although modest, the funds made it possible to take ad- vantage of various opportunities on the rare book market to fill lacunae in the Dibner collection and enhance the substantial collec- tion of rare natural history books. A special purchase also bought 260 / Smithsonian Year 1979 the twelve parts of M. E. Bloch's Allgemeine Naturgeschichte Der Fische (1782-95). This is a significant addition, not only because of its rarity but because of its importance as a resource for ich- thyologists. A short title catalogue of chiefly pre-1800 books in the Dibner Library was produced in machine-readable form, and a handbound copy was presented to Dr. Dibner. A checklist of the balance of the Dibner gift and of transfers from the National Museum of History and Technology Library to the rare book room is in preparation. Increased staff coverage in the Dibner Library has meant increased service and more users. For the program as a whole, new procedures are being drafted to assure that the growth, use, and care of the rare book collections are all properly served. The rare book librarian has identified and established relations with rare book enthusiasts within the Institution and has studied its several rare book areas, as well as comparable libraries elsewhere. These steps have rein- forced the significance of the rare book collections and have en- couraged the growth of a larger reading audience. In the conservation training area, the conservator has held work- shops for the library staff on disaster preparedness, a workshop in the Cooper-Hewitt Museum Library on making boxes to protect rare books, and a workshop for conservation and rare book binders in the Washington-Baltimore area. The conservator has been consulted and actively involved in the preparation of exhibits, such as the Einstein exhibit, for which he treated approximately fifty items by paper restoration, deacidifica- tion, and encapsulation, and related conservation procedures. Some progress has been made in improved organization of large and dispersed library collections and initial organization of large gifts before full cataloguing. Computer listings have provided al- most immediately an inventory record and a means of user access to the Wetmore gift. A large technical report collection at the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies has been listed and organized for retrieval by this same computerized alternative to full cataloguing. The same system is being used for access to the reports of grants awarded by the National Museum Act in the Museum Reference Center. A number of special projects to improve organization and use of the libraries have been completed. The Entomology Branch Library Museum Programs I 261 has been recatalogued to the Library of Congress system, and re- cataloguing gains have been made in several other libraries. A significant segment of the Special Projects Unit has been occupied with cataloguing the large gift collection at the Cooper-Hewitt Mu- seum. The union list of journals currently received in all Smithso- nian Institution libraries has been expanded to include all journals — old, noncurrent, and dead — and is available in printout or micro- fiche format in those Smithsonian Institution libraries where it is needed. Not only has the libraries unit addressed internal needs for organization and cataloguing, but it has begun to face the national problem of a substantial change in international cataloguing rules, which if ignored will drastically affect the consistency and utility of its card catalogues. A major study has been completed that reviews the options in dealing with these new developments in cataloguing, in particular, the new Anglo-American Cataloguing Rules (aacrii) and the Library of Congress's decision to adopt these rules and to close its card catalogue on January 1, 1981. The Smith- sonian Institution libraries unit outlined in its study the options for the future of its catalogues and the cost factors for each option. The appointment of Stephen Toney as systems librarian has facilitated these studies and given impetus and expertise to many aspects of the libraries' automation programs. A thorough systems analysis of all library procedures has started as a first step in developing a totally integrated system, and an organizational study of the Catalogue Department has been completed. The acquisition function was improved by collaboration with the Smithsonian Institution Press to produce a machine-readable mail- ing list of all recipients of Smithsonian Institution publications and those that are the libraries' exchange partners. Claim letters on overdue orders for books and journals are now produced automat- ically. Automated procedures have greatly contributed to the efficiency and timeliness of cataloguing and acquisitions procedures. The addi- tion of a terminal in the general reference area now allows access to bibliographic information in the ever-growing Ohio College Library Center (oclc) data base, thus saving hours of manual searching for correct citations or for identifying libraries holding specific titles that can be secured through interlibrary loans. On- line transactions for interlibrary loans have also been initiated. The 262 / Smithsonian Year 1979 program of on-line access to major indexing and abstracting serv- ices and consequent preparation of individually tailored bibliog- raphies continues to attract users. A terminal has been placed in the National Zoological Park Library in response to the demand for this service. The National Air and Space Museum motion picture collection has been catalogued in machine-readable form. Computer indexing of aerospace periodical literature was converted to storage on data cassette, enabling faster and cheaper access to the central Smithso- nian Institution terminal. The libraries continue to extend outreach programs. Both the National Zoological Park and the Museum Reference Center librar- ians have initiated programs to establish relations with librarians (or quite frequently, nonlibrarians) in charge of zoo or museum libraries, with the objective of sharing problems and offering help from their wider experience. Both are pursuing this approach through their major professional associations, the American Asso- ciation of Zoological Parks and Aquariums, and the American Asso- ciation of Museums. As a further effort in this direction, the National Zoological Park librarian has compiled a union list of periodicals held by all zoo and aquarium libraries. The Museum Reference Center, with a clientele chiefly in the museum world, has been honored in a contest by the Library Public Relations Council for the design of its brochure proclaiming its existence and explaining its services. The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Library's effort to reach interested potential users in the Republic of Panama resulted in its use by 1,100 students dur- ing the year. Although space continued to be a problem in almost every area of library activity, plans were prepared and in one case a small step taken to relieve pressures. During the year, the proposed transfer of some library units and the rare book room to a new South Quadrangle building was thoroughly studied and preliminary plans were drawn up. More immediate is the anticipated decking of some of the library in the Natural History Building; and at the Smithson- ian Tropical Research Institute, the library will expand into newly created space. Library staff was also at work with architects on a new library unit in the Museum Support Center. This library will be formed by a combination of the Smithsonian Oceanographic Sorting Center Museum Programs / 263 and Conservation Analytical Laboratory libraries and will eventually serve all operations at the Museum Support Center. Reassignment and consolidation of units and offices in the Natural History Build- ing during 1979 made better use of existing space. In the past year, various components of the Smithsonian Institu- tion Libraries entertained many visitors. A delegation of Cuban scientists visited the National Zoological Park Library. The Con- servation Laboratory welcomed a number of distinguished conserva- tionists, and the director of the Musee de I'Air from Paris, France, visited the National Air and Space Museum Library. The National Air and Space Museum Library has produced a guidebook to its collections, and a guide to the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies Library has also been completed. The Museum Reference Center's brochure describing its resources and services continues to be distributed. The Natural History Bureau librarian, Mrs. Sylvia Churgin, and the Botany librarian, Mrs. Ruth Schallert, gave a paper on the history of the National Museum of Natural History Library at the annual meeting of the Society for the Bibliography of Natural History in London, in April. In October, a symposium, "Science and the Arts in the Renais- sance," was held jointly by the Folger Shakespeare Library and the National Museum of History and Technology, with some of the activities taking place in the Dibner Library. An exhibition of books from both libraries was prepared by the Dibner librarian. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service The International Year of the Child (iyc) was observed in 1979. Although the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service (sites) has planned for children's involvement in its exhibitions over the years, the iyc was a welcome opportunity to extend these efforts and to emphasize family and cross-generational activities both within and beyond the museum walls. Additional financial support from the Smithsonian's Education Outreach Fund allowed sites to pursue projects that would otherwise have been impossible within an individual exhibition's limited budget. sites planned and produced several major new exhibitions for 264 / Smithsonian Year 1979 and about children, designated several other current exhibitions as lYC shows, and produced new and innovative educational programs. Among the new exhibitions were "Jouets Americans: 1925-1975," "Reflections: The Child in America," and "Edison and the Electrical Age: 100 Years." Several exhibitions already in circulation, and of interest to children, were designated as iyc shows. Among them were: "Ride On!", "The Frederick Douglass Years," and "What's in a Map?". A board game called "Bright Ideas" was created to present an instructive and entertaining way to learn more about Edison. To introduce the many facets of quilting to children and adults, sites developed a quilt pattern kit and companion resource booklet en- titled Bee Quilting. Through the creative contribution of Fisher- Price Toys, SITES is providing a special toy as an educational supple- ment to "Jouets Americans." Each exhibitor receives copies of a freestanding punch-out circus toy that can be hand-colored. In addi- tion to the extensive catalogue and brochure for adults visiting "The Phillips Collection, In the Making: 1920-1930," sites developed special children's activities, including a collecting kit and a self- guided discovery tour. Twenty-nine new exhibitions began their tours in 1979. Among those organized by the International Program were "Benny Motz- feldt: A Norwegian Pathfinder in Glass," "Graficas: Contemporary Latin American Prints," "Polish Posters," and "Art of Sri Lanka: Contemporary Works on Paper." In response to the growing number of requests for international "exchange" exhibitions, a "sites abroad" emphasis was incor- porated into the International Program during 1979. Four sites exhibitions traveled to cities in Mexico, one was shown in Panama during the year, and international reservations for future sites ex- hibits were made. Staff members also investigated other means to increase the international audience for sites exhibits. The General Program launched sites' most important exhibi- tion: "The Phillips Collection, In the Making: 1920-1930." This exhibition, the first collaboration between sites and the PhiUips, also produced a major publication. In addition, "Erte" and "Vi- sionary Drawings: Planning and Architecture" began their tours. New American Studies exhibitions covered a vast range of topics: "The Audiences of the Moon: Photographs from the Age of Lunar Museum Programs I 265 Exploration/' "Patterns and Sources of Navajo Weaving/' "Build- ings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places/' "Quintessential Quilts: The Great American Quilt Contest/' and "Played with Immense Suc- cess/' SITES continued to serve the professional museum community by hosting a week-long workshop in cooperation with the Office of Museum Programs on all aspects of traveling exhibitions. Because these workshops are limited to a few participants, sites has begun the first of a series of technical-assistance publications specifically written for the exhibitors of temporary and traveling exhibitions. The first book, due in the spring of 1980, will address the topic of exhibition installations. In the area of public affairs, sites produced a television public- service announcement (psa) for "Close Observation: Selected Oil Sketches by Frederic E. Church." This announcement was success- ful and led to development of two more psas in 1979. Because of television's high visibility, sites intends to sponsor more psas in the future. With the assistance of Dr. Robert Wolf, a consultant to the Smithsonian's Office of Museum Programs on exhibition and pro- gram evaluation, sites developed an exhibition evaluation form that is now sent to each exhibitor. A pilot project was begun in the fall of 1978 with a draft questionnaire sent to fifty-nine exhibitors. The final form was developed with information from the pilot program and with assistance from the Smithsonian Institution Office of Computer Services, which will assist sites in evaluating the returned forms. Several staff changes occurred during the year. Dennis Gould, director since 1971, resigned to become director of the Armand Hammer Foundation in Los Angeles. He brought a vision of youth and energy to sites and was a leader as well as a friend to his staff. Under his direction, new standards were set. They will be main- tained. 266 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Tours for period October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979 Number of bookings 825 Number of states served (including Washington, D.C.) .... 49 Estimated audience 4-5 million Exhibitions (including duplicates) listed in last Update (catalogue of sites exhibitions) 148 Exhibitions produced for tour during the year (including additional versions) 29 Exhibitions beginning tours October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979 Art as Language Art of Sri Lanka: Contemporary Works on Paper The Arts of Latin America The Audiences of the Moon: Photographs from the Age of Lunar Exploration Benny Motzfeldt: A Norwegian Pathfinder in Glass Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places (two versions) Crosscurrents: Neoclassical Drawings and Prints from the Cooper-Hewitt Museum Edison and the Electrical Age: 100 Years (four versions) Erte George Grosz: Works in Oil Graficas: Contemporary Latin American Prints Inuit Sculpture Jouets Americains: 1925-1975 Louis M. Eilshemius: Selections from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Patterns and Sources of Navajo Weaving The Phillips Collection, In the Making: 1920-1930 Played with Immense Success Polish Posters Posters for Victory Quintessential Quilts: The Great American Quilt Contest Reflections: The Child in America Subways: An Underground Exhibition Twentieth-Century Sculptors and Their Drawings: Selections from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Visionary Drawings : Architecture and Planning Museum Programs I 267 At the opening of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum's "Out of Africa" exhibit in February 1979, Assistant Secretary for PubHc Service Julian Euell talks to Mrs. Marjorie Kinard, wife of John R. Kinard, the museum's director. Below. Copper slave tags, used to identify the skills of slaves at public auctions. The tags were loaned by the Chicago Public Library for the "Out of Africa" exhibit. Smithsonian Year -1979 PUBLIC SERVICE JULIAN T. EUELL, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR PUBLIC SERVICE Anacostia Neighborhood Museum The year began with the official opening of the exhibition "Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization" and the publication of its accompanying catalogue. The mounting of this exhibit was the culmination of work begun the preceding year that focused upon a greater use of primary-source materials in the production of Anacostia Neighborhood Museum exhibits and catalogues. During the past year the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum has further developed its research capability and exhibition techniques and has expanded its education and interpretive programs to place a greater emphasis on increased services to groups and teachers at the secondary level. These efforts have been supported by the establishment of a network of contacts with national, local, and university museums and archival repositories, that has resulted in a greater use of primary-source documents, artifacts, and memo- rabilia in the production of exhibits and publications. These new cooperative and collateral relationships, together with the loan of artifacts from other Smithsonian Institution collections, are evident in the "Out of Africa" exhibit, which will be housed in the Ana- costia Neighborhood Museum through June of 1980. Located in a community that has suffered many of the problems of urban blight and disorganization prevalent during the last decade, the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum is committed to bringing to local and neighborhood audiences the same quality of exhibitions and programs that are seen and enjoyed in other cultural institutions. Through use of artifacts and new research methodology 269 and techniques, together with new ideas in exhibit design, the museum continues to strengthen its commitment to sound scholar- ship. This commitment is apparent in the careful preparation of the exhibit "Anna J. Cooper: A Voice from the South/' that will open in September 1980. For in addition to the adaptation of a prepared manuscript, the museum staff has engaged in extensive site and archival research that has resulted in the discovery of new primary- source information that either was not accessible or not known before. The accomplishments of the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum's Education Department were highlighted by work with special audiences, teacher workshops, and special programs to interpret and amplify both the District of Columbia Art Association's art show and the current exhibition "Out of Africa." Services to secondary schools and tour groups were also intensified. To increase accessibility of museum exhibitions and programs to the handicapped visitor, the staff of the Education Department asked the Smithsonian Institution's Coordinator of Special Educa- tion for assistance. Beginning with "Out of Africa," museum staff prepared demonstration lessons and translated text material into a simplified English that is compatible with the syntactical and gram- matical characteristics of sign language. This "new" English was also used in special visitor programs. In addition to lectures, demonstrations, films, and special pro- grams planned and implemented to support "Out of Africa," the Education Department offered a summer puppet theater. This pro- gram attracted large numbers of young people and adults, as well as teachers interested in using puppetry to teach black history. Two teacher publications, How to Turn Your Classroom into a Museum and How and Why Africans Came to North America, were completed. The former has been used by a group of teachers to initiate a local school minimuseum. Division of Performing Arts The Division of Performing Arts programs for 1979 emphasized public concerts and free special events, as well as publications, record releases, and national outreach programs. 270 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Public concerts were presented in thematic series designed to educate and entertain. These series were: Jazz Heritage, The Amer- ican Musical Theater, American Country Music, The World Ex- plorer, Three Centuries of Chamber Music, and The Blues. Participating artists included Alberta Hunter, Illinois Jacquet, the historic Yakshagana troupe from India, Jan DeGaetani, Sunnyland Slim, the Sons of the Pioneers, and the Osborne Brothers. The Divi- sion of Performing Arts is particularly proud that three resident Smithsonian ensembles took part in these concerts. The Smithsonian Chamber Players performed on historic instruments from the collec- tion of the National Museum of History and Technology; the Smith- sonian Jazz Repertory Ensemble performed the music of James P. Johnson and Fats Waller; and the 20th Century Consort, the resident ensemble of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, performed several programs of contemporary music. The Division of Performing Arts also continued its exploration into the history of the American musical theater with stage per- formances of the music of Victor Herbert and of vaudeville. These performances were enhanced by material drawn from the "Nation of Nations" exhibit at the National Museum of History and Tech- nology, by furniture from the Smithsonian Institution "Castle" Building, and by authentic costumes, properties, and graphics from the collections of the Institution. National outreach was achieved primarily through touring per- formances to several American cities, in conjunction with the Smithsonian National Associates Program, and through the con- tinued publication cf historic recordings. The catalogue of the Smithsonian Collection of Recordings now contains 26 issues. Of special interest was the publication of the "Bach box," including Six Partitas for Harpsichord; Sonatas for Violin, Harpsichord, and Viola da Gamba; and the Brandenburg Concerti of Johann Sebastian Bach. This package of recordings, featuring numerous instruments from the Smithsonian collections of historic musical instruments, received national praise from music critics and the public. The American Record Guide stated, "Virtually at a single stroke the Smithsonian has established itself as a major force in the field of Baroque recordings." The African Diaspora Group has completed its task of sum- marizing and analyzing its research and programs during the past Public Service I 271 five years and has been redirected to explore and present programs dealing with the culture of black Americans. This activity has been retitled "The Program in Black American Culture." The Division of Performing Arts continued to offer a year-round program for children. The Smithsonian's Discovery Theater, re- furbished and now functioning with adequate technical equipment, offered monthly programs of puppet theater, dance, and music and served as a valuable introduction for children to the national museums. A Holiday Celebration, presented in conjunction with the Na- tional Museum of History and Technology from December 26 to December 31, 1978, served to remind museum visitors of the history and traditions that have evolved from the celebration of Christmas and Hanukkah. A July Fourth Celebration likewise acquainted the visiting public with the ways in which Americans have marked our great secular holiday. Each of these large-scale events was presented free of charge and drew more than one hundred thousand visitors. A new bimonthly publication. Notes on the Arts, was inaugu- rated. Articles on a variety of subjects related to the performing arts are contributed by staff members and by scholars and critics from a variety of disciplines. This publication began as an educa- tional adjunct to the regular programs of the division and is now circulated to more than 3,500 individuals and educational institu- tions. International Exchange Service Since 1851, the International Exchange Service (ies) has provided the means whereby learned societies in the United States can ex- change their scholarly publications for those of foreign institutions. During the year, the International Exchange Service was trans- ferred from the Support Activities group to the Office of Public Service. Pending legislation would transfer the responsibility for the ex- change of official U.S. government publications to the Library of Congress. In the meantime, ies has contracted with the Government Printing Office (gpo) to distribute official publications through 272 / Smithsonian Year 1979 GPo's Statutory Stock Distribution Division. This transfer will allow lES to place more emphasis on the exchange of publications between universities, colleges, medical and dental societies, etc., which was the original intent of the Institution in establishing the exchange system. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education With the belief that it is as important for students to learn to use works of art, natural history specimens, historical artifacts, and other museum resources, as it is for them to use words and num- bers, the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education (oese) con- tinued to serve the Smithsonian's education offices while working to meet a growing commitment to foster the educational uses of museums in the Washington area and throughout the nation. In fiscal 1979, this commitment led to the development of a major new program to make Smithsonian education programs accessible to hearing-impaired visitors. With support from the Smithsonian Educational Outreach fund, oese is now working with bureau education offices to adapt educational programs to the needs of hearing-impaired visitors. A number of programs have been undertaken: (1) sign-interpretation classes for volunteers and staff are conducted at both beginning and intermediate levels; (2) pro- grams with the National Portrait Gallery, Anacostia Neighborhood Museum, and the Division of Performing Arts have been adapted for hearing-impaired visitors; (3) oese's film Museums: Where Tun Is Learning has been captioned for teachers of the hearing-impaired; (4) oese's teacher workshops are now offered with both sign and oral interpretation; and (5) two hearing-impaired students par- ticipated in "Intern '79" (an educational program for high-school seniors that is described below). When oese provided interpreters for the recent symposium "The Joys of Research," a member of its advisory committee wrote: "For the first time the program was really meaningful to me. Always before it has been mostly panto- mime. The interpreters added a great new dimension to my under- standing of the presentation and I was also able to ask what I felt were appropriate questions." Although these are only a few of the Vuhlic Service I 273 many programs now available to hearing-impaired visitors, they are excellent indications of the work being done in this area by OESE and other Smithsonian education offices. On the local level, oese continues to offer a number of programs that have proven successful in the past and that are expanding with new programs in new directions. Let's Go (a monthly newsletter) and Learning Opportunities for Schools (an annual brochure) in- form teachers of the ever-growing variety of Smithsonian services available to students. Multiple copies were sent free to approxi- mately 1,200 schools in the Washington area. In May, the sixth annual "Teacher's Day" brought more than 150 Washington-area teachers and Smithsonian staff together for a series of informal activities celebrating the opening of the "Ein- stein" centenary exhibition at the National Museum of History and Technology (nmht). In December, the second annual "Teacher's Christmas Program" was held at nmht. Traditional Christmas games and foods enriched a tour of the museum's holiday exhibits. Now in its eighth year, oese's workshop and seminar program offered a wide variety of activities designed to help teachers use Smithsonian and other community resources to maximum advantage in their classrooms. Approximately 3,000 teachers participated in the workshops, which were expanded this year to include six sum- mer courses on the development of curriculum units based on Smithsonian resources. One new course, "Architecture in the Class- room," focused on ways in which teachers and students can become more aware and sensitive to the manmade environment. Teachers were encouraged to plan curriculum units in art, science, and even home economics, by using architecture as their primary resource. As one teacher explained, "The course receives a gold star! It is a truly provocative idea which produced many fine examples of incorporating multiple subject areas into functional teaching activities." For teachers nationwide, the distribution of Art to Zoo — a four- page publication to promote the use of museums, parks, libraries, zoos, and other community resources — reached approximately 50,000 classrooms. During the 1979-80 school year, Art to Zoo will be expanded to include a student supplement with each issue. In conjunction with Art to Zoo, two new audio-visual projects have been developed. Supported by a grant from the Women's 274 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Committee of the Smithsonian Associates, staff members from oese and the National Portrait Gallery produced a slide package entitled "The Museum Idea/' showing teachers ways in which to create a museum in the classroom with materials readily at hand. This package is now available for national distribution. In cooperation with the Department of Anthropology, oese began preparation of a media kit for high-school students drawing on the extensive papers and collections of the nineteenth-century naturalist Dr. Edward Nelson. This program, funded by the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach funds, will be tested in schools during the 1979-80 school year. It is anticipated that the "Nelson Kit" will be the first in a series of curriculum units on various aspects of the Smithsonian collections in art, history, and science. In 1979, OESE sponsored its fifth annual program for summer interns. "Intern '79" brought twenty-eight high-school seniors from rural and inner-city communities to the Smithsonian to participate in learning and service projects. The students worked under the guidance of curatorial and technical staff members in various parts of the Institution. The program often provides students with new perspectives; as one intern explained, "I have met so many interesting people and have done so many interesting things. When I explain what I have been doing they tell me that it sounds like such a great opportunity and they wish they had the same oppor- tunity when they were in school." This program was made possible through a grant from the Smithsonian's Educational Outreach fund. Other important oese activities include: (1) developing a series of teacher workshops and student tours for the District of Columbia public schools, with support from the Cafritz Foundation; (2) collaborating with other Smithsonian bureaus in celebrating the International Year of the Child; and (3) expanding the scope and understanding of the professional museum educator, through par- ticipation in national and regional conferences and workshops, oese staff members also helped to plan and teach seminars on docent training, museum/school relations, and museum interpretation. These seminars were offered at the Smithsonian by the Office of Museum Programs. Public Service I 175 Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars Knowledge for what? And for whonn? These questions were posed in a new brochure marking the tenth anniversary of the Smithso- nian's symposia and seminar program, designed to publish materials bridging the humanities and sciences and to improve interdisci- plinary cooperation among the Institution's professional staff and their colleagues elsewhere in the United States and throughout the world. These activities are aimed at the increase and diffusion of knowledge as a tool for research and educational outreach. Since January 1969, the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars has been responsible for four major symposia, a special Bicentennial international conference, more than fifteen continuing seminar series and special seminars, and resource services to universities, foundations, professional organizations, and government groups. Entering its second decade, the office paused to mourn the death of Margaret Mead, the anthropologist, long-time consultant, and mentor who, even in her last illness, was in close touch with Direc- tor Wilton S. Dillon about Smithsonian endeavors. Publication in April 1979 of Kin and Communities: Families in America, based on the Institution's sixth international symposium (1976-77), of which Dr. Mead was chairman, brought her sharp questions and insights once again to a broad audience of scholars and public. The office helped to organize a memorial service for Dr. Mead at the Washington Cathedral on December 7, 1978, and was instrumental in arranging for the posthumous presentation of the Medal of Freedom at a ceremony on January 20, 1979, at the American Museum of Natural History. It also is helping to establish the Mead Archives. Copies of Kin and Communities, edited by Allan Lichtman and Joan Challinor, were presented to the White House Library and to the Hubert H. Humphrey Papers of the Minnesota Historical Society. Director Dillon served as general chairman of the Smithsonian's Einstein centennial observance, which included a major exhibition at the National Museum of History and Technology and close collaboration with the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton. Dedicated to the linkage of "truth and decency as exemplified in [Einstein's] lifelong intellectual pursuits," a colloquium, "The Joys of Research/' brought together Nobel laureates Julius Axelrod, 276 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Linus Pauling, Howard H. Temin, and Rosalyn S. Yalow. George B. Field, Ernst Mayr, I. M. Singer, and J. Tuzo Wilson also ad- dressed the two-day session. A special musical evening, "First Hearing," was arranged by the composer William Schuman, presi- dent emeritus of the Lincoln Center for the Performing Arts and the Juilliard School, and a speaker's lunch was addressed by architect Konrad Wachsmann, who talked about the house near Potsdam that he designed for Einstein in 1929 before the great physicist fled Germany. The series of activities received high praise and forms the basis of a book edited by Walter Shropshire, Smith- sonian physicist, to encourage high-school and college students to pursue careers in science. Nathan Reingold, editor of the Joseph Henry Papers, chaired the colloquium planning committee. Among other highlights of the Einstein observance were: (1) a much-publicized gathering on March 14 of Washington-area school- children in the "Einstein" exhibition hall to sing happy birthday and to enjoy a cake bearing the famous "E = mc^" equation; (2) a limited-edition centennial poster designed by John Cullen Murphy, made available to other academic institutions and offered for sale at the museum shops; (3) distribution of reprints of Einstein's essay on Newton, published in The Wilson Quarterly, and (4) public lectures at the Einstein Spacearium of the National Air and Space Museum. Through the initiative of Senator Robert Morgan, Smithsonian Regent, the office developed a pilot program for high-school stu- dents. A group of fifteen gifted teenagers from rural areas of North Carolina came to Washington in May for the first in a series of seminars featuring presentations by six Smithsonian curators, augmented by special tours of exhibits, participation in ongoing cul- tural activities, and informal discussions over a period of several days. "The Planet Earth" will be followed by "The Quest for Beauty" in October 1979 and "Human Development: A Zoological Perspective" in April 1980. In all, forty-five students have been selected for the program, organized by Carla M. Borden and financed by the Z. Smith Reynolds Foundation. Director Dillon, an honorary commissioner of the U.S. Commis- sion for the International Year of the Child, worked closely with the Federal Interagency Committee and other government and private groups in focusing national and international attention on children Public Service I 277 in 1979. The Institution's major contribution to the Year was "Play and Inventiveness/' a cluster of Mall activities (May 23-25) explor- ing the links between play, art, science, and technology, and emphasizing the educational importance of playfulness in children and adults. Opening ceremonies at Baird Auditorium featured Secretary S. Dillon Ripley, Senator Charles Mathias (who gave the keynote address), Eunice Kennedy Shriver, Jean Childs Young, Frances Humphrey Howard, and Erik and Joan Erikson, along with a mime who enchanted the platform guests and audience. The Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Foundation organized the participation of handicapped children in a procession, workshops, and sports events. The Special Olympics on the Mall attracted Senator Edward Kennedy for a game of volleyball. "Learning through the Arts/Imaginations at Work" was the theme of a children's colloquium running concurrently under spon- sorship of the Learning About Learning Foundation, Trinity Uni- versity, San Antonio, Texas, and held at the National Gallery of Art. Joan Mondale and David Rockefeller, Jr., were special guests. The Eriksons, distinguished scholars of child development, gave memorable presentations on the human life cycle, with a particular view to Einstein's childhood — linking the International Year of the Child and the Einstein centennial — and the experience of play as intrinsic to art and science. Small seminars and workshops explored the role of educational systems, including museums, in keeping alive a sense of wonder and curiosity. The seminar series "Voluntarism and the Public Interest in Amer- ican Society" focused on International Year of the Child issues in 1979, including a lecture by Professor Kenneth Keniston of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, a television show on chil- dren's problems (sponsored by Pet, Inc., of St. Louis, Missouri), and cross-generational workshops presented by the Teaching- Learning Center of Ann Arbor, Michigan. On July 31, the office held a special breakfast for faculty and students, concluding a two-week seminar on "Women in History" organized by the Women's Action Alliance and Sarah Lawrence College to understand more fully the often-unrecognized import- ance of women in shaping life and events over the centuries. The Honorable Patricia Schroeder, Representative from Colorado, was featured speaker in the National Museum of History and Tech- nology's reception suite. 278 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Mary Grace Potter, director of the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, presents a token of appreciation to volunteer Thelma Wright at a ceremony honoring volunteer information specialists. Looking on are Reception Center staff members Gilmer Van Poole (left) and Sally Covel. Below. William C. Grayson (left), senior telecommunications specialist, and Nazaret Cherkezian, director of the Office of Telecommunications, holding an "Emmy." The office was awarded the gold statuette by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (Washington chapter) for The Smithsonian Institution with 5. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, selected as best film produced by an independent organization in 1979. Closing the year was a one-day symposium, "Pompeii and the Vesuvian Landscape/' cosponsored by the Smithsonian and the Washington Society of the Archaeological Institute of America, observing the nineteen-hundredth anniversary of Mount Vesuvius's famous eruption and the one-hundredth anniversary of the found- ing of the Archaeological Institute. His Excellency Paolo Pansa Cedronio, Ambassador of Italy, served as honorary chairman. Seven scientists and classical scholars offered illustrated presentations at Baird Auditorium on such subjects as recent excavations at Pompeii, architecture, sculpture, portraiture, and social and economic life at Pompeii and Herculaneum. A commemorative book was distributed to all symposium subscribers. The project was under the manage- ment of Dorothy Richardson. The office continued preparations for the Institution's seventh international symposium in November 1981, tentatively entitled "Nature and Nurture: New Perspectives," organized in consultation with Smithsonian anthropologist Donald J. Ortner. Professor James Neel of the University of Michigan will serve as the sym- posium chairman. Office of Telecommunications The year 1979 marked a series of "firsts" for the Office of Tele- communications. The office was honored with its first Emmys by the National Academy of Television Arts and Sciences, Washington Chapter. It garnered two of the coveted gold statuettes for its film The Smithsonian Institution with S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary. The film has won ten major awards, has been broadcast over more than sixty television stations, and remains in constant demand. This was also the year the office launched its "Smithsonian Galaxy" project — the exciting world of the Institution brought to life in new features for radio. Since its inception in midyear, "Smithsonian Galaxy" has had a popular reception, with some 120 radio stations throughout the nation and Canada broadcasting its lively, upbeat, informative featurettes. Also, 1979 saw the beginnings of a videotape operation as a support to other Smithsonian divisions. Production teams from the 280 / Smithsonian Year 1979 office, utilizing its lightweight mobile videotape cameras and re- corders, produced a fifteen-minute video story for the Cooper- Hewitt Museum's "Urban Open Spaces" exhibit and another fifteen-minute videotape for the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education, graphically demonstrating ways to assist visitors with hearing impairments. In addition, two half-hour films were completed and two new film projects begun. The two completed films, now being distributed to television stations, are: Mirrors on the Universe: The MMT Story, a coproduction with the University of Arizona; and Reunions — Memories of an American Experience, produced with the Motion Picture Unit of the Office of Exhibits Central. Filming began late in the year on A Sense of Discovery, which focuses upon the National Collection of Fine Arts. At the same time, scripting was initiated on The Orchid and the Spear, a film dealing with the exacting world of research at the National Museum of Natural History. The twelve months of 1979 were busy in other areas as well. "Radio Smithsonian," approaching its tenth anniversary, was being broadcast nationally each week to over sixty-five stations to a potential audience of more than six million. A number of public and commercial television projects are in various stages of development and planning, ranging from the ambitious "Smithsonian World" magazine format for public-televi- sion viewers to lively children's specials and an intriguing mini- series for commercial-television audiences. Smithsonian Exposition Books Smithsonian Exposition Books began the fiscal year by publishing in October The Smithsonian Book of Invention, an overall look at the nature of the inventive process. While the book ranges around the world and back in time to the pleistocene epoch, its major focus is on American inventiveness in the nineteenth and twentieth cen- turies. The book gained considerable acclaim from newspaper re- viewers as well as academic experts in the field. In the course of the year, approximately 145,000 copies were sold, mostly by mail Public Service / 281 to Smithsonian Associates, with several thousand sold through bookstores via W. W. Norton & Co., Inc. In the late summer of 1979, Smithsonian Exposition Books issued its fourth volume, A Zoo for All Seasons. This book, which included contributions by Dr. Theodore Reed and Dr. John Eisen- berg of the National Zoo staff, is an in-depth exploration of the National Zoo and its workings, including research and conservation work at Front Royal and elsewhere. It contains a lengthy section on some thirty other prominent zoos in the United States. The recep- tion for this book was gratifying: within two months of its an- nouncement, orders for more than 85,000 copies had been received. During the course of the year, editing and marketing proceeded on a major book for the fall of 1979, The American Land, and work began on two volumes scheduled for 1980, one on the American presidency and the other on the sun. In addition, exploratory work was under way on an atlas of American civilization and on a chil- dren's series. The organization's first two volumes. The Smithsonian Experience and The Magnificent Foragers, continued to be distrib- uted during the year. Smithsonian Institution Press During fiscal year 1979, the Smithsonian Institution Press (sip) con- tinued to make notable progress toward its two main goals. The first is to meet the Smithsonian's requirements for the quality publication of its research studies and monographs, art and exhibit catalogues, brochures, information leaflets, and the like, which are produced in connection with the Institution's manifold federally funded activities. Its second goal is to expand its university-press role by publishing and distributing for sale a growing number of scholarly and general-interest books by authors both within and outside the Institution on subjects related to Smithsonian collec- tions and studies. A reorganized, rejuvenated, and slightly expanded SIP staff has responded competently and enthusiastically to the greater recognition now being accorded it, as well as to the steadily growing workload that its improved capability is attracting. This increase is reflected in the sip's workload statistics. During 282 / Smithsonian Year 1979 1979, the press published a total of 141 books, catalogues, mono- graphs, and miscellaneous publications. In the 28 volumes of the Smithsonian Contributions series alone, manuscript pages sub- mitted totalled 15,050, compared with 11,348 in 1978 and 6,621 in 1977. Important publications produced with federal funding in- cluded Louise Daniel Hutchinson, Out of Africa; Howard N. Fox, Directions; Alan D. Franklin, Jacqueline S. Olin, and Theodore A. Wertime, editors. The Search for Ancient Tin; Harold F. Pfister, Facing the Light; and Linda T. Neumaier, compiler. National Por- trait Gallery Permanent Collection Illustrated Checklist. Scientific monographs of note were Lindenmeier , 1934-1974 Concluding Re- port on Investigations (anthropology); Morden Smithsonian Ex- pedition to Dominica: The Lichens (Graphidaceae) (botany); United States Women in Aviation through World War I (air and space); and Gammaridean Amphipoda of Australia, Part III: The Phoxo- cephalidae (zoology). The Smithsonian Institution Press published or added to its dis- tribution inventory on a consignment basis six new titles during 1979. The popularity of one of these books. The Smithsonian Collection of Newspaper Comics, was instrumental in helping the press to operate profitably in each of the first six months of the fiscal year, a "first" in the press's history. Demand for the first of the Harry N. Abrams-published books on Smithsonian museums. The National Air and Space Museum, which the sip offers to Smith- sonian Associates by arrangement with the publisher, promises to bring end-of-the-year sales up to the point at which trust-funded press operations will become self-sufficient — another "first." Other significant scholarly works published with nongovernment funds during the year included Don H. Berkebile, Carriage Termi- nology: An Historical Dictionary; Rolland O. Hower, Freeze-Dry- ing Biological Specimens: A Laboratory Manual; Richard P. Hallion and Tom D. Crouch, editors, Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base; Michael Grow, Scholars' Guide to Washington, D.C., for Latin American and Caribbean Studies (the second in this important Scholars' Guide series); Allan J. Lichtman and Joan R. Challinor, editors. Kin and Communities: Families in America; Marc Pachter, A Gallery of Presidents; and Richard J. Montali, Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals (the third in a continuing series of papers from seminars conducted by the National Zoological Park). Public Service I 283 In response to popular demand, the sip also published reprints of a number of Smithsonian works that have become classics in their fields, including Roland W. Brown, Composition of Scientific Words; James Mooney, Calendar History of the Kiowa; and John R. Swanton, Indians of the Southeastern United States (the first two volumes in what will be a reprint series of important anthro- pological works); S. Dillon Ripley, The Sacred Grove; and John R. Swanton's perennially popular Indian Tribes of North America. The Smithsonian Institution Press has profited from contacts and opportunities made available through active membership in the American Association of University Presses (aaup) to improve its marketing, warehousing, and order-fulfillment operations in cost-sharing combinations with other aaup member presses. For over two years, the press has been a member of the Columbia Uni- versity Press Consortium, in which twelve scholarly presses share the costs of an aggressive and well-organized sales force. During 1979, the Smithsonian Institution Press entered into a joint ware- housing and order-fulfillment arrangement at the Johns Hopkins University Press, together with the presses of the universities of Pennsylvania, Tennessee, and Virginia, and the State University of New York. The press acquired a new overseas agent for sales in British, European, and Near Eastern markets. In addition, the Smithsonian Institution Press has established copublication or U.S. distribution arrangements with British Museum Publications, Ltd; with the British Museum (Natural History); with the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities; and with Heineman Educational Books of Auckland, New Zealand. The quality of Smithsonian Institution Press books continued as usual to receive acclaim in numerous editing and design competi- tions. Gregory Gillespie, designed by Stephen Kraft, and Maria Martinez: Five Generations of Potters, designed by Elizabeth Sur, were two of the twenty-eight books out of 273 university press entries selected by the committee for exhibition in the American Association of University Presses' Annual Book Show. The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus, by Richard Hallion of the National Air and Space Museum, and Excalibur III: The Story of a P-51 Mustang, by Robert C. Mikesh, the first of the National Air and Space Museum's Famous Aircraft series, both published by the 284 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Institution Press, were winners in the Aviation/Space Writers' Mid-East Region writing awards competition. Two press books were winners of the National Association of Government Communicators' Blue Pencil Awards: Aeronca C-2, edited by Louise Heskett, and Galileo Galilei, designed by Natalie Bigelow Babson. Smithsonian Magazine The year's record shows more of everything at the Smithsonian magazine. There have been more magazine editorial pages; more circulation, with increased revenue; more advertising pages, with increased revenue, and more total revenue, but, alas, more produc- tion expenses, too. Inflationary pressure has driven up costs in the areas of salaries, obtaining editorial material, postage, prepress preparations, printing, and, most importantly, paper. Thus, uncon- trollable operating charges have resulted in a net profit somewhat below that of the record year preceding. Nevertheless, the per- centage of net return to sales remains the envy of the industry, whether in educational or out-and-out commercial areas. As always, all proceeds go to the Trust Fund of the Institution. The magazine's overall editorial purpose has been to keep pace with the expanding frontiers of human understanding. Readers were given views of the new research being conducted by the Na- tional Institute of Health, the National Bureau of Standards, and the Smithsonian-University of Arizona multimirror telescope for focusing on individual stars. Articles described the scope of the U.S. Geological Survey's modern mandates, the nature of thunder- storms, and ways in which oceanography seeks to chart details of the vast seas; they told of a pilot attempt to reverse the advance of the Sahara (with funds processed by the Institution) and the mysteries of bird navigation. More immediate problems — such as the ways in which American cities try to cope with the twin phenomena of modernization and stagnation — received a three-part treatment. The magazine did not hesitate to deal even-handedly with such controversial subjects as violence to animal life in the name of Public Service I 285 conservation, the threat of tribalism to Third World well-being, and the rivalry between Indian and other fishermen for West Coast salmon. It even began a two-part examination of the emo- tional harp-seal question. Historical aspects of the year, such as the centenary of Edison's electric light bulb (subject of an exhibit at the National Museum of History and Technology), the diamond anniversary of manned flight, and the revelatory archaeology of ruined Carthage, received full treatment. The activities of the Institution received complete coverage in "Smithsonian Highlights," to which the Secretary (in "View from the Castle") and Edwards Park (in "Around the Mall and Beyond") added more subjective interpretations. Major exhibits in Smith- sonian museums were the subjects of major articles, for example: the Renwick Gallery's exhibit on imperial Russian art; the National Portrait Gallery's record of the Peale family papers; the National Air and Space Museum's exhibit on "Our Beautiful Earth"; the Hirshhorn Museum's Eilshemius retrospective; the Freer Gallery's exhibit on Near Eastern art; and the National Museum of History and Technology's new maritime hall. Institution experts joined other outstanding authors in writing articles. They included James Cornell (Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory), Farouk El-Baz and Tom Crouch (nasm), Edward S. Ayensu (director of the Institution's Office of Biological Conserva- tion), Esin Atil (Freer Gallery), C. Frederick Starr (Kennan Insti- tute), Joshua Taylor (ncfa), James K. Page (Smithsonian Exposition Books), and Edwards Park (magazine). A start, which seems likely to result in more articles, was made during the year toward tapping the vast resources, particularly in the fields of art, archaeology, and history, of the People's Republic of China. Following the publication of two articles — one on a cave containing about 50,000 figures of Buddha, the other on the success- ful breeding, by artificial insemination, of a baby panda — will come publication of pictures of the incredible buried terra-cotta army of the Emperor of Qin and a magnificent display of Ming dynasty bronzes. Although communication with sources in China is still difficult, a number of contacts have been made. Preliminary estimates on the twenty-two-by-thirty-three-inch poster of the Sep- tember panda cover indicate that it will be widely distributed. 286 / Smithsonian Year 1979 The magazine is now able to guarantee a circulation of 1,750,000 copies per issue, at no increase in the cost per thousand to adver- tisers. Advertising increased from 795 pages in the last fiscal year to 855 this year. The magazine's mailing lists have been made available to other divisions of the Institution for purposes of solicitation. Parts or all of them have been used in mailings by Smithsonian Exposition Books, Smithsonian shops, the Division of Performing Arts, the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, the Smithsonian Institution Press, the Resident Associates, and The Wilson Quarterly. A conservative estimate, based on names used, is that these lists would have cost more than a million dollars in the open market. Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center In its eighth year, the Visitor Information and Associates' Recep- tion Center is continuing to refine and expand central information and assistance services for the public. Associate members, and the Institution's staff. Existing programs were expanded and new serv- ices were introduced and developed. The dedicated corps of 400 volunteer information specialists remains the nucleus of the center's Seven Day Information Services. These men and women contribute their time and skills to ensure full and rewarding experiences for Smithsonian visitors, 364 days a year. In spite of the hardships inflicted by severe winter storms and gasoline shortages, these dedicated volunteers met their com- mitment to the Institution, realizing a remarkable 90 percent of desk-coverage goals in 1979. Results of a survey conducted by an outside firm attested to the effectiveness of museum desk operations and procedures. The installation of a new information desk at the National Air and Space Museum was a welcome addition, creating the extra space needed to accommodate visitor demands in the Mall's most popular museum. Throughout the year, volunteer educational events concentrated on highlighting major exhibits. Lectures and tours by the profes- Public Service I 2S7 sional staff provided insight and knowledge that were, in turn, enthusiastically passed on to the visiting public. Steady escalation of the Reception Center's telephone traffic dictated designating the Telephone Information Service as a separate program unit. Efforts are under way to streamline this operation through intensive volunteer training and reassessment of information aids. To address the needs of the many large groups of visitors arriv- ing at the Smithsonian annually, the Group Orientation Program was established. Thirty-minute slide/lecture sessions provide a basic introduction to the Institution's twelve museums and galleries in the nation's capital, as well as the National Zoo, thereby allow- ing group members to make more rewarding use of their limited time at the Smithsonian. Given the early summer energy crisis and the restrictions it imposed, a 10 percent increase in the number of visits by National Associates came as a pleasant surprise. The survey of National Associates conducted annually during the summer months in The Court indicated that 97 percent found that their privileges at the Smithsonian met their expectations. Revision and reprinting of the Guide to the Nation's Capital and the Smithsonian Institution was undertaken in cooperation with Smithsonian magazine. This popular guide is available once again through the Smithsonian museum shops and the Reception Center. The Castle Docent Program continued to work closely with the Smithsonian National Associate offices by offering tours on a routine basis for participants in the "Washington Anytime Week- end" and "Selected Studies" seminars. Special services were also provided for numerous visiting contributors to the Smithsonian magazine. Two grants were gratefully received by the Reception Center. Monies were made available by the James Smithson Society to survey the need and feasibility for low-cost or no-cost transporta- tion between Mall museums for persons with ambulatory diffi- culties. Another sum, from the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates, came in response to a request for support to update and revise audio-visual media used for visitor orientation and the new Group Orientation Program. 288 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Experience gained in the development of Smithsonian volunteer programs was shared with museum professionals from across the country through the participation of Reception Center staff mem- bers in management seminars, organized through the Office of Museum Programs. Progress made by the Staff/Volunteer Service Programs was significant. Behind-the-scenes volunteers registered with the Inde- pendent Volunteer Placement Service now number more than 500. Some 40 percent of these volunteers were placed through this program, accumulating over 32,000 hours of service. Two program highlights included a pilot work/learn experience for students in business management, and recruiting and organizing the volunteer interpreters for visiting Russian museum specialists. Procedures for issuing identification credentials to independent volunteers were revised to provide a more effective security system. An additional Magazine Membership File was transferred to the Reception Center, and a new system was created to accommodate the growth and special nature of the reduced-rate National Mem- bership Employee/Volunteer file. The addition of a program-coor- dination assistant has added strength to the fulfillment of program services and enhances future potential. Public-inquiry mail increased by 10 percent. Office efficiency was improved through the addition of one part-time staff member to aid in research and production of preprinted material. A booklet describing facilities and programs for handicapped visitors was produced and is now being used Institution-wide. Participation on the Auxiliary Activities Council and compilation of a bimonthly list of products offered for sale by Smithsonian bureaus have helped to centralize information. A survey of 500 National Associate members who visited during summer months indicated that information packets and the services of the Recep- tion Center were valued membership benefits. The entire Reception Center staff was saddened by the death of a valued colleague and friend, Dorothy Adamson, who contributed much to the program's creation. Public Service I 289 Smithsonian Associates experience the wonders of the Alaskan wilderness in Mt. McKinley National Park as part of a domestic study tour. Smithsonian Year '1979 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT JAMES MCK. SYMINGTON, DIRECTOR As ITS NAME IMPLIES, the Office of Membership and Development has two separate yet interrelated purposes. In the development area, the office's primary mission is to serve the needs of the individual museums for financial support of ac- quisitions, exhibits, research, and various other scholarly and edu- cational activities. Such support is sought by this office on a project- by-project basis from individuals, foundations, and corporations whose interests or guidelines could be congenial to the character of each project. In 1979, there were thirty-eight such projects, for which nearly seven hundred proposals were distributed for the benefit of twenty different bureaus, departments, or offices of the Smithsonian. The Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates also plays an important role in raising funds for a number of Smith- sonian projects. The net proceeds of the annual Christmas Ball at the National Museum of Natural History, organized and managed by the Women's Committee, provided financial assistance in 1979 for six Smithsonian organizations. Receiving support were: the National Museum of Natural History's "Discovery Room"; the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden's "Hirshhorn Holiday"; the Chesapeake Bay Center's publication. Guide to the Common Butterflies; the Visitors' Information and Associates Reception Center's orientation slide program; the concert series of the Na- tional Museum of History and Technology's Division of Musical Instruments; and the Free Film Program of the Resident Associates. An additional beneficiary of Women's Committee support for several years has been the planned Garden for the Handicapped 291 between the Hirshhorn Museum and the Arts and Industries Build- ing. In May 1979, the committee organized a benefit jazz piano con- cert by the distinguished pianist Brooks Kerr, proceeds from which were added to the substantial amount the committee had already raised toward making this attractive new addition to the Mall. Beyond seeking suport for individual bureau needs, the Develop- ment Office has been active in such broad Institutional activities as the proposed "Smithsonian World" public television series; the Quadrangle Project, embracing two new museums, the Museum of Oriental Art and the Museum of African Art; as well as the de- velopment of unrestricted trust funds through a program of life- income giving plans, wills, and bequests. The Membership Program of the Smithsonian has, since its incep- tion in 1965 as the Smithsonian Associates, served the interests of Washington area residents. With the publication of Smithsonian magazine in 1970 and the creation of its large national audience, the National Associates Program came into being. There are, therefore, two Smithsonian membership programs: the Resident Associates, providing a wide variety of activities and benefits for more than 51,000 Washington area members, and the National Associates, whose members now number 1,800,000 across the nation. National Board of the Smithsonian Associates The National Board of the Smithsonian Associates has, since 1970, provided the Associates Program with leadership and support. Intimately involved with the programs and activities of the Smith- sonian as these affect communities around the country, its members are selected for geographical representation and prominence in their own localities. Under the chairmanship of William S. Ander- son, board chairman of NCR Corporation, the board met in Wash- ington in the autumn of 1978 and in New Orleans in the spring of 1979. Five new members were elected to the board in 1979: G. Morris Dorrance, Jr.; Gordon Hanes; Richard D. Hill; Honorable Carla Anderson Hills; and Roger B. Smith. 292 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Other members of the board are: William S. Anderson, chair- man; Robert H. B. Baldwin; Henry C. Beck, Jr.; Nicholas F. Brady; Keith S. Brown; Mrs, Jackson Burke; Mrs, Charles H, Clark; Honorable William T, Coleman, Jr,; E, Mandell deWindt; Gaylord Donnelley; James A, Elkins, Jr,; Thomas M, Evans; Honorable John N, Irwin II; James M. Kemper, Jr.; Scott McVay; Mrs. Robert A. Magowan; John R. Norton III; George S. Pillsbury; Arthur A, Seeligson, Jr,; David E, Skinner; and Vernon Taylor, Jr, Smithsonian National Associate Program In Secretary Ripley's words,^ an Associate "[has] joined a special community . . , [and] become part of a rigorous educational and cultural force everywhere in the land," This national dynamism was observed again and again in 1979 as Associates participated in activities planned for members and as the Institution continued to expand its commitment to public education and scholarship through membership programs. Since 1970 and the appearance of Smithsonian magazine, pro- grams have been developed that allow active participation in the life of the Smithsonian without regard to geographical location. These National Associate Programs include: Contributing Member- ship, Regional Events, Selected Studies, and the Travel Program. These programs are dedicated to the proposition that learning should be an enjoyable lifelong pursuit for everyone and that the national museums and research organizations of the Smithsonian Institution can make a valuable contribution to this learning process. CONTRIBUTING MEMBERSHIP The 4,200 Contributing Members of the Smithsonian National Associate Program gave $295,000 in unrestricted funds during fiscal year 1979, By renewing at a rate of 85 percent, members con- tinued to confirm their special commitment to the Smithsonian and insured a continuing income for educational and research projects. The levels of annual support offered to Smithsonian Associates are: Supporting ($50); Donor ($100); Sponsoring ($250); Sustain- ing ($500); and James Smithson Society ($1,000 and above). 1 Smithsonian, September 1976, page 6. Membership and Development I 293 Introducing the new Sponsoring level, a series of "Collectors' Tours" was presented in cooperation with the Freer Gallery of Art and the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. In the Chinese program, members enjoyed an after-hours tour of the Freer Gallery of Art with Dr. Thomas Lawton, followed by a visit to Senator and Mrs. Hugh Scott's outstanding private collec- tion. The contemporary art program gave members an opportunity to visit behind-the-scenes at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and to tour Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn's personal collection. Close Observation: Selected Oil Sketches by Frederic E. Church, was chosen as the 1979 Contributing Membership publication, and all levels of membership received it. Members of Donor level and above also received a portfolio of wild flowers by Mary Vaux Wal- cott. The original edition of prints was published by the Smith- sonian in 1925. The Contributing Membership Program sponsored nine special events, including the Viennese Waltz in the Renwick's Grand Salon, a Victorian Tea Dance and Garden Party in the Victorian Garden, and a black-tie opening reception for the "Return to Albion" exhibition at the National Portrait Gallery. A major objective has been to broaden the geographical distribu- tion of the Contributing Membership. Representing a dramatic in- crease in national scope in 1979, some 60 percent of the Members reside outside of the Washington, D.C., area. The James Smithson Society, established in 1977, represents the highest order of Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian Associates. Annual Members are individuals who make unrestricted contributions of $1,000 or more in a given year. Life Members are those who give $25,000 or more, either in monetary donations or in additions to the Smithsonian collections. In its third year, total Smithson Society membership increased 48 percent, from 181 to 268. The number of Annual Members en- rolled in 1979 was 148, up 24 percent from last year; there were 58 new Life Members, bringing their total to 120, a 94 percent in- crease. Among these were six former Life Members who made addi- tional contributions this year. It has been estimated that the total value of the additions to the collections given by Life Members in 1979 amounts to $7,600,000. These gifts represented a wide range 294 / Smithsonian Year 1979 of splendid objects and collections given to ten Smithsonian bureaus, among them minerals, gems, jewelry, sculpture, drawings, paintings, portraits, pottery, glass, coins, musical instruments, and scientific equipment. Contributions from Annual Members made possible four sig- nificant acquisitions and supported two important Smithsonian activities. The National Portrait Gallery acquired the Benjamin Lay oil portrait by William Williams (c. 1758); the Freer Gallery of Art purchased a Turkish brass candlestick of the Ottoman period (c. 1500); the National Museum of History and Technology added to its superb collection of eighteenth-century silver an important American silver teapot by Samuel Casey (c. 1750); and Michael Ayrton's 1972 sculpture, Icarus, was bought by the National Air and Space Museum. Grants were made to the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama for a plant-growing house on Barro Colorado Island and to the Visitor Information and Reception Center toward a feasibility study of transportation about the Mall for visitors with ambulatory problems. The Smithsonian Institution acknowledges with deep gratitude the generous and loyal support of the James Smithson Society's 1979 Annual Members, Life Members, and the Contributing Mem- bers of the Smithsonian Associates, all of whose names are given in Appendix 8. REGIONAL EVENTS In 1979 the Regional Events Series, traveling to San Diego, Atlanta, Denver, Philadelphia, Hartford, and New Orleans, offered over 200 events to which approximately 200,000 households of Associates, cosponsoring members, and their families, were invited. Over 73,000 tickets were requested for lectures as varied as "Landscape and Mind: Art and American Vistas" by Joshua Taylor (ncfa); "The Collector as Artist" by Edward P. Lawson (hmsg) ; "Precious Jewels in Priceless Settings" by Paul E. Desautels (nmnh); and "Be- witched by Buildings: Melnikov, Russian Visionary" by S. Frede- rick Starr (Kennan Institute, wwics). During this season, the num- ber of lecture topics doubled, and the number of events increased by 30 percent over the preceding year. Ticket requests in 1979 alone equalled the cumulative totals from 1975 to 1978. The list of 53 cosponsors also equalled the combined totals of Membership and Development I 295 cosponsoring groups for the previous 3 years. Philadelphia, the largest city visited since the inception of the program, included the greatest number of topic areas (20), events (72), and cosponsors (18). Two specialized lectures highlighting Philadelphia collections were offered: "Perfect Likenesses: Indian Portraits Preserved" by Herman J. Viola (naa) and "Philadelphia and the Origins of the Steamboat" by Brooke Hindle (nmht). Cosponsoring organizations exhibited artifacts that complemented the lectures. Two Philadelphia coordinating organizations, the Museum Coun- cil of Philadelphia and the Greater Philadelphia Cultural Alliance, representing more than 100 local cultural and scientific groups, also cosponsored the events. In order to bring additional benefits to these organizations, a professional seminar, chaired by Jane Glaser, was offered in conjunction with the Office of Museum Programs. James Mahoney (oec) and Robert H. Angle (snap) spoke to more than 100 museum staff members on shared problems in exhibition design and membership. For the first time, the Regional Events Series returned for a second time to a host city. Denver, originally visited in 1977, was revisited with a greater-than-anticipated response. The nineteen programs originally planned grew to forty-six to accommodate an unprece- dented demand for tickets. The Denver community also responded wholeheartedly to a pilot program, "More About Animals : Denver Builds a Zoolab." Several thousand members requested tickets for themselves and their families for a series of weekend workshops in which they bought, researched, and donated animal specimens to the Denver Zoo. With the help of Judith White and Marlene Robin- son (Office of Education, nzp) and members of the Education staff, the Denver Zoo took its initial step in making the Zoolab a per- manent part of its program. In 1979, family events and in-depth seminars in photography by Kjell Sandved (nmnh), in horticulture by James Buckler (Office of Horticulture), and in papier-mache sculpture by Washington artist Joan Danziger, met with an enthusiastic response. Additionally, a special program for the Hispanic community was offered by Marc Pachter (npg) in San Diego. Educational materials were once again prepared as enhancements to each of the lectures and seminars. 296 / Smithsonian Year 1979 SELECTED STUDIES During 1979 the Selected Studies Program cor\tinued to draw for program content upon the collections and expert staff of the Smithsonian Institution, visiting scholars, and the other superb cultural offerings in the Washington, D.C., area. This series of seminar programs provides National Associates with an environ- ment that broadens their appreciation and understanding of the arts, sciences, and humanities, and enables them to pursue knowl- edge for their own stimulation, enrichment, or professional ad- vancement. Designed for small groups of approximately thirty-five people, these five-day intensive seminars include lectures, films, behind- the-scenes tours, and field trips to the Smithsonian and other scien- tific and cultural organizations in the greater Washington area. In addition to the educational aspects of the seminars, the program includes a welcoming reception and special tour of the historic Smithsonian "Castle," breakfast each morning in the Associates Court, and a farewell luncheon with faculty and staff. The response to the large variety of subjects offered by the Selected Studies Program in its second year was uniformly enthusi- astic, with National Associates being drawn to Washington from across the country and Canada. Participants' backgrounds ranged from interested novices to lifelong buffs to travelers preparing for trips to China and Japan. In certain fields, such as "Connoisseur- ship of American Antique Furniture" and "Aircraft Restoration," a large number of professionals participated in the seminars. Selected Studies began the year 1979 with two seminars in Oc- tober. Experts from the National Genealogical Society presented lectures and conducted field trips to the National Archives, the dar and National Genealogical Society libraries, and the Library of Congress. Also during October, Selected Studies presented "Man's Quest for Wings: A History of Flight," in conjunction with the National Air and Space Museum's staff. This seminar offered participants a wide variety of lecture topics, from the Wright Brothers to manned space flight, with specially arranged tours at nasm and a full-day trip to nasm's preservation, restoration, and storage facility at Silver Hill, Maryland. An important aspect of the Selected Studies seminars is the small Membership and Development I 297 size of the participating groups, providing staff, faculty, and par- ticipants an opportunity to become well acquainted during the week. The limited enrollment, however, necessitates turning away many enthusiastic Associates from these popular seminars. In an attempt to meet the demand, several of the seminars were repeated in January and June. The "Genealogy" and "History of Fhght" seminars were offered in June and "China: A Cultural History" was repeated three times during the year. New subjects in the spring included "Astronomy of the Ancients" with NASM staff and experts from across the country lecturing on Stonehenge, Egyptian pyramids, and the Mesoamerican Indians' knowledge of astronomy. Demonstrations in the Albert Einstein Spacearium were enthusiastically attended. Daily gallery tours at the National Gallery of Art and the Phillips Collection were offered during the "French Impressionist Painting" seminar. Tours of the temporary exhibitions at the Freer Gallery of Art and the International Monetary Fund, dinner at a Japanese restaurant and a special tea ceremony in the Embassy of Japan's garden teahouse were presented during "The Arts of Japan" program. "Historic House Preservation: How To," coordinated by the His- toric House Association of America and the National Trust for His- toric Preservation, covered such practical topics as buying a house, maintenance problems, and legal questions of historic properties. Walking tours of Georgetown and Alexandria and visits to numer- ous restored as well as still-in-progress public and private proper- ties were popular features. Participants learned practical methods and techniques of "Air- craft Restoration" at workshops at nasm's Silver Hill facility. This seminar was an outgrowth of the "History of Flight" series : partici- pants had mentioned that they would like the opportunity to spend additional time at Silver Hill learning more fully about the process of restoration. ASSOCIATES TRAVEL The Associates Travel Program continues to design and administer a variety of unique educational tours that mirror the interests and concerns of the Smithsonian Institution. An expanded program in 1979 established small group tours to a variety of foreign destina- 298 / Smithsonian Year 1979 tions, in addition to continued charter programs. It also intensified the educational aspects of the tours. While 150 Associates made the first direct flight from New York to Rovaniemi, Finland, on the Arctic Circle, to participate in Mid- summer Night ceremonies, a group of 18 amateur naturalists jour- neyed to the Aigas Field Centre in Scotland for two weeks of study. The first of a series of seminars held in cooperation with schools and universities around the world saw 120 members established at Oxford University to take part in sessions designed by Oxford faculty especially for Associates. An introductory tour of the People's Republic of China began with lectures in San Francisco for 25 members before they flew to Peking, Sian, Loyang, and Shanghai. Twelve subsequent programs in four different areas of China will provide Associates with exciting new study opportunities there. Domestic study tours continued to grow in scope, with more than forty trips in 1979. The program offers a wide range of study topics in natural history, architecture, history, and art. Each trip is designed for a group of fifteen to thirty participants and is led by a study leader and Smithsonian staff representative. This year, for example. Associates learned about the winter adaptation of plants and animals while exploring spectacular Yellowstone Park on cross- country skis and snowshoes and spent a week hiking and studying alpine ecology in the Collegiate Peaks of the Colorado Rocky Mountains. Members interested in historic preservation visited the antebellum homes of Natchez and Vicksburg, while others learned about antiques in Connecticut and the history of Annapolis and the Eastern Shore of Maryland. They particularly enjoyed the opportunity to meet people from local museums and visit private homes, which provided a personal impression of each region. Associates from all parts of the country visited the nation's capital through the Washington "Anytime" program, presented in cooperation with the Visitors' Information and Associates' Recep- tion Center, or through the "Sampler Weekend" designed to present a sampling of the Institution's collections, with lectures by curators and other museum staff. Membership and Development I 299 Smithsonian Resident Associate Program The Smithsonian Resident Associate Program^ the self-supporting membership and continuing education arm of the Smithsonian In- stitution for metropoHtan Washington, is considered a model for museum membership and education programs both nationally and internationally. Established in 1965 by Secretary Ripley to provide opportunities for those who live in the Washington area to partici- pate actively in the life of the Smithsonian, the program offers a broad range of educational activities that complements the exhibi- tions, collections, and research of the Institution. Resident Associate members are drawn from the entire spectrum of the greater Washington community, encompassing all aspects of life in the capital. Membership has grown from 8,000 in 1972 to more than 51,000 in 1979, representing some 130,000 persons in the greater Washington area. Largely as a result of word-of-mouth, 12,419 new members joined in 1979, and the retention rate, which has risen every year since 1972, when it was 50 percent, this year reached 79 percent. During 1979, the program presented 892 activities, attended by well over 100,000 individuals. During the year, the program's national and international stat- ure was enhanced by a number of special projects supported by grants from the National Endowments for the Arts and Humanities and the National Science Foundation. Under a joint grant from the two endowments, the program served as national sponsor, con- sultant, and audience source for two international symposia cele- brating the contemporary cultures of Japan and Mexico through art exhibitions, films, panel discussions, performing arts, and courses. With a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts, the program presented a three-part series of African, Third World, and Black American Films. To increase public understanding of current and controversial national scientific issues, the program offered a series of monthly lectures funded by its third annual grant from the National Science Foundation. The program received national recognition for its outstanding educational activities re- lated to architecture when Director Janet W. Solinger was awarded Honorary Membership in the American Institute of Architects for "implementing the Resident Associate Program's broad range of 300 / Smithsonian Year 1979 The Grand Promenade at the Victorian Tea Dance and Garden Party sponsored by the Contributing Membership of the Smithsonian National Associate Program. Below. Young people and adults collaborate on the construction of miniature doll- houses and decorate them with Victorian furniture in this special parent-child course offered by the Resident Associate Program. courses, lectures, and tours, which has spread understanding and appreciation of good architecture to more than 40,000 persons since 1972." In 1979, the Resident Associate Program strengthened its civic commitment to involve the Washington community more fully in its activities. In April, Mayor Marion Barry opened the program's all-day symposium on adaptive reuse of older buildings, presented in conjunction with the Renwick Gallery exhibit "Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places." The mayor also proclaimed April 17-24 "Japan Today Week" in the city of Washington, and the D.C. public schools honored Japan the entire month of April in celebra- tion of the "Japan Today" symposium, cosponsored by the pro- gram. One hundred and eleven young people from fifty-six inner- city schools received tuition-free scholarships to Young Associate classes, and in addition, eighty-six full scholarships were awarded to adults for Resident Associate courses through the offices of the Adult and Continuing Education Division of the D.C. Public Schools. In observance of Caribbean Independence Week in the District of Columbia, the program offered its "Celebration of Caribbean Rhythm and Rhyme" for the third consecutive year. The year was marked by continued close cooperation with Smith- sonian bureaus on projects to heighten knowledge and appreciation of their exhibitions, research, and curatorial expertise. The program works in close collaboration with the Smithsonian museums in plan- ning exhibition openings, lectures, symposia, tours, and courses highlighting their activities. The monthly Smithsonian Associate newsletter made possible the public announcements of the Smithso- ian community — for example. Division of Performing Arts activ- ities; Smithsonian Institution Press books; Museum Shop products; and National Air and Space Museum lectures and symposia. The Resident Associate membership list was used eighteen times this year to bring activities of various Smithsonian bureaus to members' attention. ADULT COURSES The adult course department offers an exciting range of educational programs in the arts, sciences, humanities, and studio arts that pro- vides opportunities for serious study with distinguished experts in a variety of fields. "Illustrators on Illustration," featuring nationally 302 / Smithsonian Year 1979 syndicated cartoonists such as Edward Sorel; "Archeology of Egypt"; "New Masters of Photography"; "New Directions in Architectural Design/' with renowned architects such as Cesar Pelli and Stanley Tigerman; "American Antique Furniture"; and "Spring Wild Flowers" were among the best-received courses for the year. Some 294 adult courses scheduled in four terms, as well as in a special September studio arts miniterm, were attended by 9,090 students. SPECIAL EVENTS, LECTURES, SEMINARS, AND SYMPOSIA From comprehensive explorations of subjects in the arts, humani- ties, and sciences to individual and multiple film screenings; from brunch and courtyard concerts to lectures by Smithsonian curators and eminent guest scholars, the Office of Lectures, Seminars, Sym- posia, and Special Events responds to and stimulates member in- terest in current cultural topics. Major film series — such as the Indian films of James Ivory and the award-winning color docu- mentaries of the historic Mercury, Gemini, and Apollo manned- spaceflight programs — were among the year's highlights. Brunch and courtyard concerts featured pianist John Eaton, the bluegrass group None of the Above, and The Washington Jazz Ensemble. Filmmaker Claudia Weill, actress Jessica Tandy, and artist Louise Nevelson spoke as part of the "American Women in the Arts" series. Other notable speakers included editor Norman Cousins, Ambassador Elliot L. Richardson, and photographer Ansel Adams. Intensive all-day seminars exploring such topics as the art of Monet, the England of great literature, and desertification, con- stitute an increasingly important component of the program. Mem- bers also heard lectures on black holes of the universe, the Book of Kells, "Mad" King Ludwig of Bavaria, Saul Steinberg, and the Wright Brothers' Kitty Hawk flight. During 1979, some 56,038 people attended 211 of these special programs. TOURS On-site learning experiences are offered to members in art, archi- tecture, archaeology, history, and the sciences, both at the Smithso- nian and nearby cultural facilities. Ranging in length from one hour to two days, these tours appeal to all age groups and interests. From an excursion to Seventh Avenue designers' studios in New Membership and Development I 303 York City with Washington Post fashion editor Nina Hyde, to behind-the-scenes viewings of the Hving coral reef and the electron microscope lab at the National Museum of Natural History, there were 208 tours during the year. Some 21,000 persons participated in these programs, which also included visits to the homes of lead- ing Washington-area architects who discussed their own architec- tural philosophies; trips to the Barnes Foundation in Merion, Penn- sylvania; and walking tours in the Washington area — Georgetown, DuPont Circle, Meridian Hill, Foggy Bottom, and Chevy Chase Village. One-day excursions to explore the architecture, history, and art of nearby towns, such as New Castle, Delaware; Water- ford, Virginia; and Lancaster, Pennsylvania, were also regularly scheduled. VOLUNTEER PROGRAM Some 439 volunteers provided invaluable assistance to the Resident Associate Program during the year, monitoring special events, classes, and tours, and performing vital office duties. In June, volun- teers were feted at a gala reception celebrating "The First Western States Biennial Exhibition" at the National Collection of Fine Arts. YOUNG ASSOCIATE AND FAMILY ACTIVITIES Young Associate and Family Activities provide an opportunity for young people and family groups from the metropolitan area to experience museum enrichment programs specially planned to enhance their enjoyment of the Smithsonian's vast resources. The nationally publicized boomerang and kite festivals, held each spring, attract competitors of all ages, some from distant locales. Family activities, such as monthly free films and excursions to Fer- guson Farm, are regular features; and this year, parent/child pro- gramming was expanded. Some 95 activities were attended by 12,221 people throughout the year. A parent/child magic class and one featuring the filming of National Zoo animals were among the most popular of the 84 classes attended by 1,129 students in 4 terms. Other classes explored archaeology, creative dramatics, art appreciation, and entomology. 304 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Year • 1979 ADMINISTRATION JOHN F. JAMESON, ASSISTANT SECRETARY FOR ADMINISTRATION In Smithsonian Year 1978, it was reported that the Board of Regents was giving preliminary consideration to the matter of bylaws. At the September 17, 1979, meeting of the board, bylaws were adopted to govern the conduct of the Institution's business. The bylaws cover the Board of the Regents, its Executive Committee, and other committees, officers of the Institution, and financial administration. The Institution's first Five-Year Prospectus of its plans and ob- jectives for the period of fiscal years 1980-84 was approved by the Board of Regents at its January 22, 1979, meeting and subsequently made available to the Office of Management and Budget, the Con- gress, and others. An update of this prospectus for the period of 1981-84 was prepared for review by the board at its September 17 meeting. Further reorganization of the Institution's administrative and sup- port activities during the year resulted in the assignment of the offices of Computer Services, Contracts, Printing and Photographic Services, Programming and Budget, Supply Services, and Travel Services to the assistant secretary for Administration, joining the Equal Opportunity, Management Analysis, and Personnel Admin- istration offices already assigned. A new coordinating Office of Facilities Services, headed by Tom L. Peyton, Jr., was established, with responsibility for strengthening the management of construc- tion projects and for overseeing protection, health, safety, and plant services operations. Facilities Services includes the offices of Facil- ities Planning and Engineering Services, Plant Services, and Protec- tion Services. 305 Administrative and Support Activities During the past year, significant improvements were made to pro- vide timely administrative support for the Institution. Some high- hghts follow. The Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 has had a major effect upon the activities of the Office of Personnel Administration. By the end of fiscal year 1979, policies and procedures for probationary periods for newly appointed managers had been established. A plan for appraisal of the performance of senior Smithsonian executives was developed for use in fiscal year 1980. Implementation of other provisions of the act is well under way and is due for completion by October 1981. A comprehensive review of both the Civil Service and trust-fund personnel systems is also being conducted to assure that changes brought about by the act are fully integrated into the Civil Service system and are compatible with the trust-fund system. The office participated with the Accounting and Computer Services offices in planning and developing a unified personnel/payroll sys- tem. In an effort to enhance the environment of the Personnel Office and to provide better employment services to the public, the em- ployment office was renovated in period motif in keeping with the Victorian era of the Arts and Industries Building. The new office opened to the public in August 1979. In the Office of Equal Opportunity, efforts to improve accessi- bihty for handicapped visitors to Smithsonian programs and activ- ities have been enhanced through the employment of a new staff member assigned to develop, coordinate, and implement an Institu- tion-wide accessibility plan. Improvements for vision- and hearing- impaired visitors have been made in a number of programs, including the installation of exhibit labels in simplified English as well as the use of such special equipment as teletype systems, clamp-on mirrors, building models, and braille reading machines. A new coordinator of cooperative education was employed during the year in an effort to bring the Institution's employee profile into closer alignment with Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 as amended. This new work/study program, in collaboration with colleges and universities, is now under active development as part of the Institution-wide affirmative-action program. Other important affirmative-action pro- 306 / Smithsonian Year 1979 grams for women, Hispanics, and for upward mobility continued to be emphasized during the year. The Office of Programming and Budget worked closely with all operating and managerial levels in the development and justification of budgets to the Board of Regents, the President's Office of Man- agement and Budget, and to Congress. A significant improvement was made in the format and content of the budget to the Congress by showing comprehensive information on all sources of funds available for each operating organization and program. This im- provement should result in significantly enhanced understanding of the Institution's financial resources and the ways in which they are used. During the year, expenditures and staffing plans for some seventy organizational units were closely monitored in relation to their established budgets. The Institution was able to meet higher utilities costs without significant disruption in operating programs. The office continued to develop new ways to use the computer for the storage and retrieval of budget data, including refinements in the system to monitor and project personnel costs, the largest area of Institution expense. The Office of Computer Services continued to respond to increas- ing demands for automatic data-processing services in all areas of Institutional operations. Approximately 125 researchers now receive assistance in mathematical and statistical applications yearly, many of them taking advantage of the interactive processing capability afforded by the present computer. The Management Analysis Office continued to improve the In- stitution's policies and directives system and to focus on completion of the forms inventory in anticipation of issuing a catalogue next year. The Office of Supply Services planned and installed word-proc- essing equipment to facilitate preparation of procurement and con- tract documents, to transmit purchasing data electronically for computer and accounting records, to prepare reports required by law and regulation, and to simplify preparation of instructional handouts. This equipment will proivde data to the new accounts- payable system being developed by the Accounting Office. In the Office of Printing and Photographic Services, increased emphasis was placed on custom laboratory processing for exhibits, research, collections management, and publications. Microfilming Administration I 307 was eliminated during the year, and the Government Printing Office Print Shop was phased out and replaced through the purchase of new phototype equipment. An inventory of nitrate films and nega- tives was completed as an initial step in the plans to eliminate the hazard posed by their combustible condition. Support offered by the Travel Services Office, in addition to pro- viding official travel services to the staff during the year, included arrangements for approximately 250 people from around the world to attend the Tenth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in New Delhi. In addition, the Travel Office arranged for Latin American scholars to attend Washington meet- ings on the Economic Stabilization Programs in Latin America and for several prominent American writers to attend the Soviet-Amer- ican Writers Conference in Moscow. In the Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering Services, major projects during the year included assistance in the develop- ment of the South Quadrangle and the proposed Museum Support Center to be located in Silver Hill, Maryland; and design and con- struction of a new maintenance building for the Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, a dormitory for visiting scientists at the Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute in Panama, and an annex to link the 1.5-meter and 0.6-meter telescopes at Mt. Hopkins, Arizona, for the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory. Major emphasis continued to be placed on improvements to make all Smithsonian buildings fully accessible to handicapped visitors and staff. Projects under way include a number of museum entrance and restroom modifications, as well as modifications in the Hirsh- horn Sculpture Garden. Energy conservation continues to be an important objective of the Office of Plant Services. Its energy-program efforts resulted in a cost avoidance of nearly $435,000 in utilities expenditures during the last year. In addition, the Smithsonian played a large role in the cultural community's successful efforts to obtain an exemption from the federal temperature restrictions for collections areas of museums, archives, and art galleries across the nation, helping to protect and preserve fragile and irreplaceable artistic works, cultural artifacts, and scientific specimens. Also during the year, the Institution re- vitalized its energy program, established some five years earlier, by the creation of a Smithsonian-wide energy-conservation task force. 308 / Smithsonian Year 1979 with an assignment to develop further energy-saving measures in all museums and facilities. Ongoing conservation measures through- out the Institution included reducing lighting levels in work spaces and, wherever possible, in public areas; operating heating and air- conditioning systems at the minimum levels required to prevent damage to the collections; shutting down fans and other heavy con- sumers of electricity during nonpublic hours; phasing major air- conditioning systems into operation to keep the peak demand rates to a minimum; and, where possible, retrofitting utilities-distribution equipment to improve energy efficiency. A number of programs already initiated by the Office of Protec- tion Services continued throughout the reporting period, including safety inspection and accident prevention programs, as well as oc- cupational safety and health surveys and fire-prevention inspec- tions. Progress continued toward completing the planned conversion from a leased security and fire protection system to an Institution- owned and -controlled system. New procedures were implemented during the year to identify, monitor, and correct all areas within the Institution containing asbestos, in order to eliminate any potential safety hazard. Security services provided to the entire museum com- munity included the formulation of a museum security checklist for the International Council of Museums (in conjunction with the National Museums of Canada) and the organization of a workshop on museum security for the American Association of Museums. Financial Management Activities On June 30, 1979, Mr. T. Ames Wheeler retired as treasurer after overseeing eleven years of modernization and expansion of the In- stitution's financial, accounting, and business-management activ- ities. Mr. Christian C. Hohenlohe, who has been with the Institution for eight years, and had served most recently as assistant treasurer, was appointed by the Board of Regents as treasurer, effective July 1. The firm of Coopers and Lybrand was selected by the Executive Committee of the Board of Regents to conduct the annual audit of the Institution's nonappropriated funds beginning with fiscal year 1979. Coopers and Lybrand replaces the firm of Peat, Marwick, Administration I 309 Mitchell & Co., which has served the Institution with diligence and proficiency for over thirty years. Improvements continued to be made in accounting and related areas of financial management. Following an extensive review of the Institution's banking practices coordinated by the Investment Ac- counting Division, a manual is being prepared detailing appropriate banking procedures. In recognition of the need for cooperative management of limited computer resources, a review group on auto- matic data-processing priorities has been established to review and set priorities for computerizing the operations of accounting, budgeting, personnel and payroll, and financial and statistical re- porting. Progress in providing more comprehensive support of financial operations was realized with the establishment of a second accounting service unit. These service units, located in various museum buildings and equipped with a computer terminal, make accounting services more accessible to the bureaus and expedite payments and other accounting operations. Risk-management studies that analyze and identify the potential for financial loss were conducted in the following areas: Smithso- nian activities outside the United States, publishing activities, use of domestic watercraft, and the protection and preservation of Smithsonian collections included in traveling exhibitions. In addi- tion, a brochure was designed and prepared by the Office of Grants and Risk Management to increase understanding and awareness of employee benefits available to trust-fund staff. Technical training seminars in timekeeping, payables, travel vouchers, and financial reporting were offered to more than 400 administrative and clerical employees of the Institution by the Ac- counting Office. In addition, the Office of Grants and Risk Manage- ment participated extensively in a series of workshops developed by the Office of Museum Programs for museum professionals throughout the country. The continuing success of the Institution's Museum Shops unit was evidenced in 1979 by an 11-percent increase in sales. Important to this growth were the creative, eyecatching displays that brought to the Institution a second award in international competition. The highly successful annual seminar for museum-shop personnel at- tracted managers from Sweden and France, as well as from many parts of the United States. 310 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Strong sales growth was also experienced by the Mail Order Division. The handsome 40-page fall catalogue produced a 21-per- cent sales increase over 1978, while the 24-page spring catalogue doubled the volume of sales realized by the previous year's cata- logue. The modern warehouse facility in suburban Virginia that houses the mail-order fulfillment operation has been furnished with electronic and materials-handling equipment, further enhancing the prompt and efficient processing of orders. The Belmont Conference Center, a 240-year-old manor house surrounded by 365 acres of lawns, forests, and fields, offers an attractive, secluded conference site for the needs of small groups. Located between the District of Columbia and Baltimore, near Inter- state 95, Belmont can accommodate twenty-five in-house residents, with facilities for meals and meeting sessions for ten to twelve additional participants. The center's limited size ensures that each conference has the undivided attention of the entire staff, as well as the opportunity for unusually close interaction within the meeting group in an atmosphere unencumbered by the normal intrusions associated with offices. Of the 80 or so meetings that Belmont hosts in a year, approximately 60 percent are from federally funded agencies; the balance includes those from foundations, universities, and other philanthropic organizations, as well as private industry. Smithsonian Institution Women's Council Activities The Smithsonian Institution Women's Council continued with long- range planning for career-oriented training during the year. Special- interest activities included a lecture by Gloria Steinem, Woodrow Wilson Scholar (1977-78), entitled "The Women's Movement To- day," as well as "open forums" that were designed to acquaint a larger segment of the Smithsonian work force with the programs of the Women's Council. The council was represented at the Na- tional Training Conference of Federally Employed Women, in Seattle, Washington, and several other council members par- ticipated in local training conferences during the year. Administration I 311 The Tiller in the Fields, created by Anthony Tudor for the American Ballet Theatre, the Kennedy Center's official company, had its world premiere on April 13, 1979, and featured Patrick Bissel and Gelsey Kirkland. (Photo by Jack Buxbaum.) Smithsonian Year- 1979 JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS ROGER L. STEVENS, CHAIRMAN The JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER foT the Performing Arts was established in 1958 by an Act of Congress as the National Cultural Center and designated in 1964 as a living memorial to the late President Ken- nedy. As a national showcase for the performing arts, the Kennedy Center's artistic, educational, and broad public-service programming is focused on the cultural enrichment of the entire country. The John F. Kennedy Center Act clearly presents the duties and responsibilities to be carried out by its Board of Trustees: 1. present classical and contemporary music, opera, drama, dance, and poetry from this and other countries; 2. present lectures and other programs; 3. develop programs for children, youth, and the elderly (and for other age groups as well), in such arts, designed specifically for their participation, education, recreation; and 4. provide facilities for other civic activities. Since 1971, more than 8,000 performances have been presented to an audience of nearly 13 million. With virtually no federal sup- port for its artistic operations, the center's first years of operation focused principally on the presentation of outstanding performing- arts programming and as a result achieved financial stability and attracted audiences that exceeded 80 percent of the capacity of the center's houses. The Kennedy Center's preeminent success as a performing-arts facility — both artistically and financially — has enabled it to attract substantial private gifts to further fulfill its broad artistic and 313 public-service mandate. Over the past several years, therefore, the center has sought particularly to expand its commitment to the future of the performing arts in America and to serve as a catalyst for the development of new audiences, new works, and talent across the nation. Thus, while it has immeasurably enriched the cultural life of Washington, the Kennedy Center's programs and presentations have drawn millions of audience members of all ages from through- out the country. It has not only presented outstanding performing- arts groups from across America but also secured private contribu- tions to nurture young playwrights, discover talented musicians, and involve thousands of young people in the creative experiences of the performing arts. As a living memorial that has hosted thirty- five million visitors, it has served well the late President Kennedy's dedication to the cultural enrichment of America and its people. Performing- Arts Programming During the 1978-79 season, 1,280 performances were presented in the Opera House, Concert Hall, and Eisenhower and Terrace Thea- ters, and audience attendance exceeded 1.5 million. In addition, the American Film Institute (afi) presented more than 700 films to an audience of 92,000 in the afi Theater. DRAMA AND MUSICAL COMEDY During 1978-79, some 600,000 theatergoers attended 652 perform- ances of 33 productions. The drama season in the Eisenhower Theater included Howard Sackler's Semmelweiss, starring Colin Blakeley; Arthur Kopit's Wings, directed by John Madden and starring Constance Cummings; the National Theatre Company of Great Britain's production of Alan Ayckbourn's Bedroom Farce; D. L. Coburn's The Gin Game, starring Jessica Tandy and Hume Cronyn; the Comedie Fran(;:aise repertory presentation of Victor Hugo's Ruy Bias, Feydeau's La Puce a I'Oreille, and Moliere's Le Misanthrope; Home and Beauty, by W. Somerset Maugham, star- ring Rosemary Harris and directed by Jose Ferrer; and Ira Levin's play Deathtrap, starring Brian Bedford. In the Terrace Theater (Japan's gift to the people of the United 314 / Smithsonian Year 1979 States, which opened in January of 1979), thirteen dramatic offer- ings were presented. Among the productions were Albee Directs Albee; the first Theatre of the Americas festival, which presented Macunaima, by the Grupo Pau-Brasil; La Diva, by the Theatre d'Aujourd'hui of Montreal; Cudntos Anos Tiene un Dial by Chile's Grupo Ictus Theatre Company; An Exhibition of Images: The Little Elephant is Dead, with Japan's Kobo Abe Theatre; Glory Van Scott's musical exploration of the life of the slave Sojourner Truth, Miss Truth; Dylan Thomas Growing Up, starring Emlyn Williams; and the British-American Repertory Company's American premiere of Tom Stoppard's Dogg's Hamlet, Cahoot's Macbeth. The season's musicals in the Opera House included a revival of Whoopee, starring Charles Repole; Carmelina, by Joseph Stein, Alan Jay Lerner, and Burton Lane, starring Georgia Brown; and major revivals of Peter Pan, starring Sandy Duncan, and Rodgers and Hammerstein's Oklahoma!, directed by William Hammerstein. Tom Stoppard's "play for actors and orchestra" Every Good Boy Deserves Favour was presented in the Concert Hall for a return engagement featuring Eli Wallach and Rene Auberjonois. Finally, the Grand Kabuki of the National Theatre of Japan ap- peared at the Kennedy Center with generous support from the Japan Foundation to present Shunkan and Renjishi with featured performer Nakamura Kanzaburo XVII. Since 1971, some 135 theatrical productions have been presented at the center. Of these, 80 have been produced, coproduced, or made possible by the center itself. DANCE During the 1978-79 season, the Kennedy Center presented 127 performances of ballet by the American Ballet Theatre, the New York City Ballet, Ballet Nacional de Cuba, and the Stuttgart Ballet. American Ballet Theatre, the Kennedy Center's official company, appeared in two engagements totaling seven weeks. Highlights in- cluded the world premiere of Anthony Tudor's The Tiller in the Fields and Washington premieres of the company's production of Balanchine's Theme and Variations; Birgit Cullberg's Miss Julie; and Glen Tetley's Pierrot Lunaire and Contredances, the latter danced by Natalia Makarova and Anthony Dowell, for whom the ballet was created. The American Ballet Theatre repertory also in- John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 315 eluded return engagements of Mikhail Baryshnikov's full-length ballets Don Quixote (or Kitri's Wedding) and the Nutcracker, each of which had its world premiere at the Kennedy Center. New York City Ballet's sixth Kennedy Center engagement fea- tured eighteen ballets, including five Washington premieres: Tri- colore from the Entente Cordiale; Harlequinade; Prodigal Son; The Four Seasons; and Jerome Robbins's Interplay. The Ballet Nacional de Cuba and Stuttgart Ballet made return engagements to the United States through a continuing dance partnership between the Kennedy Center and the Metropolitan Opera designed to faciHtate American appearances by major foreign companies. The summer engagement by the Ballet Nacional de Cuba, under the direction of Prima Ballerina Alicia Alonso, marked the second American appearance by the company. The Cuban Ballet's first appearance at the Kennedy Center in 1978 marked the first major cultural exchange between Cuba and the United States in more than seventeen years. The company's repertory in Washing- ton included twenty-two ballets, six of these American premieres, reflecting both traditional ballets of international scope and new works founded on Latin American themes. The Stuttgart Ballet returned for its seventh visit to the United States, bringing four works for their American premieres, most notably John Neumeier's Lady of the Camellias set to music by Frederic Chopin, which highlighted the Kennedy Center's festival, "Paris: The Romantic Epoch." The Washington Performing Arts Society, a Kennedy Center affiliate, presented the eighth center engagement of the Alvin Ailey City Center Dance Theater and folk dance troupes from Yugoslavia, Bulgaria, Mexico, and the Soviet Union. MUSIC The 1978-79 music season was particularly reflective of the center's commitment to present the highest quality of music from America as well as other countries. Through the combined efforts of the center, its resident orchestra (the National Symphony), its affiliates, and independent producers, the season included 128 symphony concerts, 73 opera performances, 34 recitals, 25 choral concerts, 31 concerts of chamber music, and 60 concerts of popular, folk, and jazz music. 316 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Kennedy Center affiliates, the Washington Performing Arts So- ciety, and the Washington Opera, along with the National Sym- phony, operate within the center under separate administrations. The Washington Performing Arts Society presented more than 70 concerts at the center, including performances by 25 major symphony and chamber orchestras and such recital artists as Andre Watts, featured in a celebration of Schubert; Luciano Pavarotti; Frederica von Stade; and Lazar Herman. The National Symphony, under the musical direction of Maestro Mstislav Rostropovich, performed 133 concerts to audiences of nearly 350,000. In addition, America's greatest orchestras were presented at the center: the Philadelphia Orchestra, the Boston Symphony Orchestra, the Cleveland Orchestra, the Milwaukee Symphony, the New York Philharmonic, the Detroit Symphony, and the Los Angeles Philharmonic. During May 1979, the center presented its ninth major music festival, "Paris: The Romantic Epoch," highlighting the exciting achievements in dance, theater, the visual arts, and music focused in Paris during the years between 1820 and 1850. The Oratorio Society of Washington, the National Symphony, Choral Arts So- ciety, the Paul Hill Chorale, American Film Institute, Performing Arts Library, and National Gallery of Art all produced special programs and exhibits as part of the festival. Visits by three major companies from abroad — the Orchestre de Paris, the Comedie Fran^aise, and the Stuttgart Ballet — formed the core for the Romantic music, theater, and dance celebrated by the festival. Under the direction of Daniel Barenboim, the Orchestre de Paris and its chorus presented all of the great choral works of Hector Berlioz: Damnation de Faust, Requiem, and Romeo et Juliette. The center's operatic season was particularly rich. In addition to Washington Opera productions of / Capuleti ed Montecchi, La Traviata, and Cendrillon, the annual center engagement of the New York City Opera featured productions of Dido and Aeneas, The Daughter of the Regiment, Carmen, Manon, Faust, and The Turk in Italy, a gala performance of which marked Beverly Sills's last Wash- ington appearance with the New York City Opera before assuming directorship of the company. During the summer, the center presented a first season of cham- John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 317 ber opera in collaboration with the Washington Opera. An en- semble of young performers who had appeared with America's leading companies was assembled for four operas ideally suited to the size and intimacy of the new Terrace Theater: Wolfgang Ame- deus Mozart's The Impressario and Carl Maria von Weber's Abu Hassan, joined in a new presentation by librettist Hugh Wheeler; Dominick Argento's Postcard from Morocco; Christopher Colum- bus, with music of Offenbach set to a new libretto by Don White; and Donizetti's // Furioso aU'Isola di San Domingo, presented in a complete and authentic version for the first time in America in over a century. The center's third Handel Festival, directed by Stephen Simon, featured a concert-staging of one of the most popular of Handel's operas, Giulio Cesare, and the oratorios Semele and Jephtha. FILM Since its opening in April 1973, the American Film Institute Theater has shown more than 3,000 motion pictures to an audience num- bering almost 700,000. Programming selections have reflected the entire span of the development of film as art and industry. Many selections, particularly of pre-1942 motion pictures, are made possible for audience viewing only by virtue of afi's film-preserva- tion program. Among the series presented by the afi during the 1978-79 season were tributes to directors Vincente Minnelli, Leo McCarey, Sam Fuller, Werner Hochbaum, and Norman McLaren; retrospectives of Hollywood stars Jean Arthur, Rosalind Russell, William Powell, Astaire and Rogers, and Paul Newman; new cinema from Israel, Greece, and Yugoslavia; classic cinema from Italy and Germany; lecture programs on musical theater and film and on the French director Robert Bresson; thematic series focused on such topics as "Show Biz," "The War Years," America's fascination with trains ("Romance of the Rails"), and the law ("Disorder in the Court"). In February 1979, the afi launched a complete retrospective of the works of French filmmaker and critic Francjois Truffaut, with Truffaut appearing in person in the Eisenhower Theater with his most recent film. Love on the Run. The six-week program included all of his own films, plus several dozen others that he admired as a critic. 318 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Educational/ Public-Service Programming The Kennedy Center's authorizing legislation, which established it as the National Cultural Center, mandates a broad range of per- forming-arts, educational, and public-service programming. The center's responsibilities and concerns in carrying out its congres- sionally mandated activities focus not only on the nation's capital but extend across the country through a wide variety of outreach efforts, particularly through the center's Education Programs. Over the past year, the center has continued to expand the entire range of its public-service and educational efforts in order to stimulate both local and national interest in the performing arts. EDUCATION PROGRAMS As the National Cultural Center, the Kennedy Center bears a specific congressional mandate to serve children and youth. Toward this end, the center's Education Programs are committed to cooper- ating with other cultural centers around the country in developing model arts-education projects and providing a national focus for quality performing-arts programming for young people. The Kennedy Center's Education Program is committed to inte- grating the arts with the educational experience of every child. As one essential part of its national commitment, the Kennedy Center's Education Program works closely with the National Committee, Arts for the Handicapped, an educational affiliate of the Kennedy Center. The center seeks, therefore, at both the national and state level, to identify and support exemplary arts-education programs and to promote greater cooperation between arts organizations and educational institutions. Kennedy Center Education Programs include four major com- ponents: the Alliance for Arts Education; the American College Theatre Festival; Programs for Children and Youth; and a newly implemented pilot Regional Cultural Center cooperative arts-edu- cation project for the Pacific Northwest — Arts Coalition-Northwest. Each element is integrated with a national outreach network de- veloped through the Alliance for Arts Education (aae), a coopera- tive effort of the center and the United States Office of Education. In this way, the four broad program areas help to determine the presence of the arts in education in virtually every state in the country. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 319 THE ALLIANCE FOR ARTS EDUCATION The National Alliance for Arts Education's state network assists state AAE committees in providing technical assistance in planning and implementation of comprehensive arts-in-education programs. Technical assistance includes monitoring progress; convening meet- ings, conferences, and workshops; developing advocacy programs; providing in-service programs to arts-education demonstration sites; identifying community arts resources; developing curriculum materials; and implementing cooperative programming using exist- ing state and local resources. Thus far, arts-in-education plans have been developed in more than forty states, and a nationwide com- munications network has been established to monitor model arts- education projects and relevant legislation. During the past year, ten regional conferences were organized, funded, and implemented by the national aae. Agenda topics ranged from strengthening communication networks between model arts- education programs in state and local projects to handling specific challenges on the community and state levels. During October 1979, a National Summit Conference on Arts Education was held at the Kennedy Center, bringing together state aae chairpersons, chief state school officers, and other national leaders in the fields of the arts and arts education. Speakers included Mrs. Joan Mondale and Senators Edward Kennedy and Charles Percy. AMERICAN COLLEGE THEATRE FESTIVAL The American College Theatre Festival (actf) is presented annually by the Kennedy Center and the Alliance for Arts Education and serves to provide national recognition of the efforts of college and university theaters throughout the United States. During the eleventh actf (1978-79), more than 12,500 students and 2,200 faculty members from over 400 schools participated in the program. Their productions across the country drew audiences of more than 2 million. The festival seeks to encourage new styles of theatrical presenta- tion and new methods of staging, new approaches to the classics, new plays by young writers, and revivals of important plays of the past, as well as excellence of total production — acting, directing, design, and writing. 320 / Smithsonian Year 1979 New York City Ballet principal Jacques d'Amboise was commissioned by the Ken- nedy Center and its educational affiliate, the National Committee, Arts for the Handicapped, to create a new work for the National Children's Arts Festival known as "Imagination Celebration." An Encounter with Dance was performed by d'Amboise and his young company of deaf boys in Washington, Chicago, and Seattle. Below. The Kennedy Center Honors recognize life achievement in the per- forming arts. Richard Rodgers, Fred Astaire, Marian Anderson, George Balanchine, and Arthur Rubinstein were the first outstanding artists chosen by the Trustees of the National Cultural Center and honored at the White House for their contribu- tions to America's cultural life. (Photo by Richard Braaten.) Nearly seventy productions were presented in thirteen regional festivals. Of these, eight were chosen for showcase presentation at the Kennedy Center's new Terrace Theater: Look Back in Anger, Wright State University, Dayton, Ohio; Five by Beckett, University of Maryland, Baltimore County; Waiting for the Feeling, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts; And They Dance Real Slow in Jackson, Hanover College, Hanover, Indiana; The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid, University of Iowa, Iowa City; Summer of the Seventeenth Doll, Hofstra University, Hempstead, New York; En- dangered Species, ucla, Los Angeles, California; and Luann Hamp- ton Laverty Oberlander, University of Florida, Gainesville, Florida. The festival program includes a series of annual awards for indi- vidual excellence. Winners during the 1978-79 season were: Lee Blessing, University of Iowa — National Student Playwriting Award for The Authentic Life of Billy the Kid; Peter Baloff, University of Florida — Norman Lear Award for the best student-written comedy, Barnum and the Mermaid; Richard Russell, San Jose State Univer- sity, and Daniel Du Plantis, winners of the Lorraine Hansberry Award for American Chalk Circle and Throw Me Something, Mr. God, awarded for the best plays on the black experience in America; Peter Baloff, University of Florida — David Library of the American Revolution Award for the best original play on American freedom, Barnum and the Mermaid; Gerard W. Pauwels, Indiana University, ACTF-Critics' Institute Scholarship; and the recipients of the actf Awards for Theatrical Design Excellence — William Buckingham, University of Minnesota (Set Design) and Jeffrey Ross Struckman, Webster College (Costume Design). Winners of the Irene Ryan Winners' Circle Evening of Scenes Scholarships were Sharon Rolf of the University of Evansville and Larry LoVerde of Rhode Island College. Thirteen Irene Ryan Scholarships were also awarded to student actors on the regional level. The festival, sponsored by the Amoco campanies and the Kennedy Center's Corporate Fund, is produced by the University and College Theatre Association for the American Theatre Associa- tion. PROGRAMS FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH The commitment of the center's Education Programs to quality per- forming-arts programming for young people is clearly expressed in 322 / Smithsonian Year 1979 rhe goals of its Programs for Children and Youth: to support arts- education programs in the schools through the medium of perform- ance and to provide a variety of quality performances to school groups and general audiences. Along with the development and presentation of performances for young people, materials are pro- vided for audiences and teachers by the staff of Programs for Children and Youth in order to help integrate the performance ex- perience into the students' overall education. During 1978-79, Pro- grams for Children and Youth presented nearly 300 performances and related events for an audience of over 100,000 young people in Washington, D.C., and cities around the country. The Programs for Children and Youth produces a children's per- forming-arts series at the Kennedy Center during the spring and fall seasons. The model series features professional companies from all parts of the country, which perform for young people. This past year, nearly seventy culturally diverse performances of theater, dance, mime, music, and puppetry were presented. Featured per- forming groups included A Contemporary Theatre from Seattle, Washington; the Southern Educational Theatre from Biloxi, Missis- sippi; and the Chuck Davis Dance Company from New York City. Coordinated teacher-workshops, focusing on such topics as "Teaching Performing Arts for the Hearing-impaired" and "Poetry and the Black Experience," drew more than 1,000 teachers. A School Residency Program enabled selected artists appearing in the Chil- dren's Arts Series to perform and teach in local schools. The Children's Arts Series provides a model performance pro- gram that can be replicated in other performing-arts centers around the country and develops teaching materials that enhance the arts- education curriculum in schools throughout the country. The Programs for Children and Youth's annual National Chil- dren's Arts Festival, "Imagination Celebration," not only provides a model for performing-arts festivals but enables the Kennedy Center to contribute to the development of new works, to involve noted artists in performing for young people, and to serve as a catalyst for the development of children's arts festivals around the country. Denver, Chicago, and Seattle have already mounted their own "Imagination Celebrations," with technical assistance and core productions from the Kennedy Center. Atlanta and Phoenix will participate in 1980. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Art> I 323 "Imagination Celebration 1979" — presented at the Kennedy Cen- ter and in Chicago and Seattle — opened with a gala performance celebrating the importance of imagination in the lives of young people. New York City Ballet principal dancer Jacques d'Amboise received the second annual Kennedy Center "Award for Excellence" in programming for young people for his work with young deaf boys in creating and performing An Encounter with Dance. "Imagination Celebration 1979" also featured New York City Opera Theatre's The Toy Shop; Joy, a musical tribute to Duke Ellington, with Leon Bibb and Stan Keen, commissioned by the Kennedy Center for the festival; the Empire State Theatre for Youth's Kabuki production of The Sleeping Beauty; and the Atlanta Children's Theatre's The World of Folktales. In Chicago, DePaul University hosted the city's first "Imagination Celebration," featuring two new works commissioned by the Ken- nedy Center, An Encounter with Dance with Jacques d'Amboise and Joy. These well-known performers were joined by nineteen Chicago performing groups and enjoyed by over 25,000 children, parents, and teachers in a week-long celebration. In Seattle, the entire facility of the Seattle Center, along with twenty-three schools, hosted a ten-day festival that featured forty Seattle productions, sixty performances, and hundreds of related events, as well as the two Kennedy Center-commissioned produc- tions that were brought to the city to serve as a catalyst for the West Coast's first 'Imagination Celebration." More than 25,000 people attended more than forty performances that focused the attention of the entire city on the importance of the performing arts in the lives of young people. The Programs for Children and Youth was supported during the 1978-79 season with generous assistance from the Kennedy Center Corporate Fund and with grants from the McDonald's Corporation (for "Imagination Celebration" outreach activities) and from the Mobil Foundation, Inc. (for the School Residency Program). Special performances were also presented in the Grand Foyer throughout the year by student artist ensembles from the states of Georgia, Michigan, Massachusetts, West Virginia, Texas, Connecti- cut, New York, and Pennsylvania. Nearly 4,000 visitors to the center attended free concert programs. 324 / Smithsonian Year 1979 SPECIALLY PRICED TICKETS Since its opening in September 1971, the Kennedy Center has main- tained a Specially Priced Ticket Program through which tickets for center-presented attractions are made available at half price to students, the handicapped, citizens over the age of sixty-five, low- income groups, and military personnel in grades E-1 through E-4. The attendant costs, in terms of reduced revenue potential and administrative overhead, are borne by the center itself and are viewed as a part of its educational/ public-service responsibility. During the twelve-month period ending September 30, 1979, some 98,522 tickets for center-produced or -presented attractions were sold at half price through the Specially Priced Ticket Program. The sale of these tickets at full price would have resulted in an additional gross income to the center of $417,259. The center also requires that affiliate organizations and independ- ent producers participate in the program by making a percentage of their tickets available for sale at half price. During the twelve- month period ending September 30, 1979, combined half-price ticket sales for center-produced or -presented attractions and those of affihate organizations and independent producers totalled 114,925. The sale of these tickets at full price would have resulted in a total additional gross income of $763,477 to the center, its affiliates, and independent producers. PUBLIC-SERVICE PROGRAMMING The Kennedy Center is charged by Congress with wide-ranging responsibilities for performing arts, public service, and educational programming. During 1978-79, the center allocated more than $2 million, raised from private sources, to support its extensive chil- dren's arts programming and hundreds of free events, including special performances, symposia, lectures, and exhibits. During the past year, 426 free public-service events were pre- sented at Kennedy Center, of which 363 were sponsored by the center itself and 63 by affiliated and other public-service organiza- tions. Audience attendance totalled 219,000. Presentation of free public-service events at the center itself was curtailed somewhat by major repairs that have been carried out during the past year, particularly interior renovation of the Grand John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 325 Foyer and repair of the Roof Terrace above the Grand Foyer. Use of the theaters during dayhght hours, except for regularly scheduled matinee performances, was also adversely affected. To offset these limitations, greater efforts were invested in national "outreach" programs. Repairs to the center are now complete, and it is expected that the numbers of free performances and public-service events, par- ticularly those that utilize the Grand Foyer to reach large visitor audiences, will be restored in the coming months to levels estab- lished in previous years. The completion of the Terrace Theater complex, which includes the Performing Arts Library, the Musical Theatre Lab, and offices for the center's Education Programs, has greatly enhanced the center's efforts in all areas of its public-service programming, in- cluding the development of new talent and works. Young performers from the Duke Ellington School for the Arts presented Puttin' on the Mask, featuring the music of W. C. Handy, in the Musical Theatre Lab. All performances were free of charge to the public. A total of seven theater companies, five from Latin America and two from Canada, were presented in the first multilingual hemispheric theater festival in the Terrace Theater and Musical Theatre Lab. Free performances in the Lab included the Factory Theatre Lab of Toronto's production of Lucky Strike; Teatro de Los Buenos Ayres's production, Historias para Ser Contadas; Teatro Taller de Colombia's Los Amigos de Candelita; and the Teatro Repertorio Unam of Mexico's Ldstima Que Sea Puta. The center annually hosts the Kennedy Center-Rockefeller Foun- dation International Competitions for the Performance of American Music and the Friedheim Awards for musical composition. Semi- finalist and finalist recitals for these competitions are open to the public free of charge. National radio broadcast of the concerts en- ables an enormous audience across the country to appreciate and enjoy the discovery and recognition of important young talent. The center's 1978 Holiday Festival included eleven special per- formances for all age groups. The festival's highlight was again the Messiah Sing-Along, which drew a capacity house and full audience participation. Free weekly performing-arts symposia are coordinated and pro- 326 / Smithsonian Year 1979 grammed by the Friends of the Kennedy Center, the center's aux- ihary volunteer organization, and feature many of the artists ap- pearing at the center and at other theaters in the Washington area. Among the participants during the last year were Carol Channing, Arthur Kopit, John Neumeier, and Alec McCowen. The Friends also coordinate free weekly demonstrations of the Concert Hall's Filene Memorial Organ that include recitals by young organists from around the country. Demonstrations are also pre- sented periodically in the American Film Institute Theater to illus- trate the use of organ music for silent-film showings. Finally, the National Town Meeting Program, sponsored by the Mobil Oil Corporation, continued to provide a live and radio- broadcast forum on national issues between citizens and leading public figures. During the 1978-79 season, thirty-one Town Meet- ings were held at the center. FRIENDS OF THE KENNEDY CENTER In 1966, the Kennedy Center's Board of Trustees established the Friends of the Kennedy Center as its nationwide, volunteer, self- supporting auxiliary. For the past thirteen years, the organization has met its goal of providing public-service programs and activities on the center's behalf through income from memberships and from the sale of gift and souvenir items. Friends membership now numbers nearly 8,500, including 290 active volunteers whose combined contribution to the center totalled more than 65,000 hours during the past year. Friends volunteers staff the Volunteer Office, an information and assistance center for visitors and performance-goers, 365 days a year, from 9:00 a.m. until 9:00 p.m. Volunteer guides provide free tours of the center to more than 6,000 visitors each day, and for the benefit of foreign visitors, tours are available in French, German, and Spanish. In addition, the Friends have prepared tour-script translations in Dutch, Italian, Hebrew, and Japanese. The Friends of the Kennedy Center also host a number of special public-service events throughout the year, including the free weekly Performing Arts Symposia Series. In April 1979, the Friends spon- sored the center's first poetry reading. The noted Russian poet Andrei Voznesensky read from his volume Nostalgia for the Present. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 327 During the summer months of 1979, the Friends played special host to nearly 6,000 4-H members from 41 states. The Friends also sponsored the Sixth Annual Performing Arts Seminar, in conjunc- tion with the Theatre School, which enabled over 1,000 high school and college students to participate in free workshops on theater training. Volunteers also aid in the administration of the Specially Priced Ticket Program, staff souvenir stands, help coordinate special ar- rangements for the handicapped, assist the center's mail-order department, and respond to requests for information from all over the country. The Friends work closely with the National Park Service, which is responsible for maintaining the Kennedy Center as a national memorial, and, during the past year, the Friends and Park Service personnel offered information, assistance, and hospitality to more than four million visitors and performance patrons. Activities of the Friends are guided by Mrs. Polk Guest, who has served as chairman since 1968. MINORITY-AFFAIRS PROGRAMMING The chairman of the Kennedy Center's Board of Trustees, Roger L. Stevens, announced in late 1976 the establishment of a commission to explore ways in which the center could expand its commitment to minority participation in all aspects of the performing arts. The chairman's National Commission to Expand the Scope and Con- stituency of Black Participation in the Performing Arts was for- mally convened in March 1977 and filed its formal report and recom- mendations to the center's Board of Trustees two years later, in March 1979. The commission's report, entitled Cultural Diversity and Quality in the Performing Arts, detailed extensive findings about increasing minority participation in the performing arts; described more than a score of projects sponsored by the commission with nearly $600,000 in support made available by the center through its Corporate Fund; and made eleven major recommendations to the center to further fulfill the overall objectives the commission had pursued. Throughout this period, the commission continued to provide technical assistance to artists and administrators and presented three recitals at the center at which two commissioned works were 328 / Smithsonian Year 1979 premiered: George Walker's Sonata No. 2 for Violin and Piano and Roque Cordero's Doble Concierto sin Orquesta. Two national projects undertaken by the commission are still ongoing and are exemplary of its commitment to encourage new works and young talent. An independent Task Force was established to work with the commission in designing a National Black Theater and Playwright Project. The Task Force, with the technical assistance of the Ameri- can Theatre Association, compiled the first comprehensive listing of black producing theaters in the United States (subsequently pub- lished by the commission and distributed by the Black Theatre Alliance) and awarded grants to six black theaters to commission and help produce new plays: Urban Arts Corps, New York City — Vinnette Carroll's But Never Jam Today; amas Repertory Theatre, New York City — Charles Fuller's Sparrow in Flight; Dashiki Proj- ect Theatre, New Orleans — Sharon Martin's The Moving Viola- tion; New Freedom Theatre, Philadelphia — Meet Me on Broad Street; Inner City Cultural Center, Los Angeles — James Bronson's The Invasion of Addis Ababa, Alfred Brenner's The Death of Black Jesus, and J. D. Hall's Void Where Prohibited by Law; and Karamu House, Cleveland — Margaret Ford-Taylor's Don't Rock the Boat. The commission also sponsored the first National Black Music Colloquium and Competition to identify and assist talented young minority musicians and to encourage the performance of music written by America's black composers. The competition for pianists and string players is being carried out with the technical assistance of the National Music Council. Entrants from twenty-nine states auditioned in Chicago, Los Angeles, New York City, Atlanta, Houston, and St. Louis. Finalists in each performance category from the regional auditions will par- ticipate in the final colloquium and competition to be held in the Terrace Theater, January 11-18, 1980. One of the most important recommendations made to the center by the commission was the establishment of a standing committee to advise the Trustees of the Kennedy Center on minority affairs and to monitor continuing commission-sponsored projects. The center will shortly announce the composition of a National Ad- visory Committee on Cultural Diversity in the Performing Arts, which shall begin operation in fiscal year 1980. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 329 The work of the National Commission on Black Participation in the Performing Arts and the many projects it sponsored were made possible in large measure by generous support from the center's Corporate Fund. The Black Theatre and Playwright Project also received a grant from the General Foods Corporation. Members of the commission were: Dr. Archie L. Buff kins, presi- dent; Kathryn Bloom; Catherine Chance; Shirley Trusty Corey; Mattiwilda Dobbs; Katherine Dunham; John M. Ehle; Roberta Flack; James O. Gibson; Denise Hamilton; Jessie Hill; Marvin Holloway; Fred Hudson; Quincy Jones; Jack Morrison; Bud Schul- berg; Elie Siegmeister; Ellen Stewart; and Nancy Wilson. MUSIC AWARDS The second annual John F. Kennedy Center-Rockefeller Foundation International Competitions for Excellence in the Performance of American Music focused on vocal music. Ten semifinalists, selected from a field of 312 singers from around the world, com- peted during a week-long series of semifinal and final recitals pre- sented in the center's Concert Hall in September. Competition winners, announced after the final recital on September 15th, were: First Place — William Parker (Butler, Pennsylvania); Second Place — Leslie Guinn (Conroe, Texas); and Third Place — Sanford Sylvan (New York City). The aim of the Kennedy Center-Rockefeller Foundation competitions is to stimulate the interest of performers, teachers, and students in the large body of recital music written by American composers since 1900, in the hope that more of the heritage of twentieth-century American music may become better known and that additional compositions will take their place in the standard repertory. The 1978 competitions were open to pianists and, in subsequent years, the competitions will be open to instru- mentalists, pianists, and vocalists on an alternating-year basis. The competitions are funded by a grant from the Rockefeller Founda- tion, and winners receive cash prizes and concert and recording contracts. The Kennedy Center-Friedheim Awards were established to recognize outstanding American achievement in the composition of symphonic and chamber music. The Friedheim Awards Jury is selected by the Music Critics Association. The 1978 awards were given for compositions in the symphonic field; in 1979, instrumental 330 / Smithsonian Year 1979 chamber music compositions were judged. Works by the five final- ists were performed in a public concert on September 16. The first winners in the chamber music category were: First Place — George Rochberg (Newton Square, Pennsylvania), for String Quartet No. 4 from The Concord Quartets; Second Place — Claude Baker (Louis- ville, Kentucky), Banchetto Musicale; Third Place — Claus Adam (New York, New York), for String Quartet '75. The awards honor the late distinguished pianist Arthur Fried- heim and are partially funded by a grant from the Eric Friedheim Foundation. KENNEDY CENTER HONORS The Kennedy Center Honors Program was conceived in 1978 by the Board of Trustees of the National Cultural Center as a way in which the United States as a nation could accord the fullest possible recognition to its preeminent performing artists. The first recipients — Marian Anderson, Fred Astaire, George Balanchine, Richard Rodgers, and Arthur Rubinstein — were honored at a White House ceremony and a special performance in the Opera House on De- cember 3, 1978. On December 2, 1979, Aaron Copland, Ella Fitzgerald, Henry Fonda, Martha Graham, and Tennessee Williams will be honored at a second gala performance in the Opera House for their life achievements in the performing arts, which have so enriched American life and culture. The evening's program, which will fea- ture many of America's outstanding artists in salute to the honorees, will again this year be broadcast on nationwide television on De- cember 29th. Terrace Theater The Terrace Theater, a 513-seat auditorium, opened on January 28, 1979, completing the theater facilities that had been planned for the Kennedy Center in its original design. The theater was de- signed and constructed with a $3 million gift from the government and people of Japan to the people of the United States in com- memoration of the American Bicentennial. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 331 The Terrace Theater was designed by Philip Johnson and John Burgee to accommodate all of the performing arts — theater, dance, and music — and has become the home of the center's children's arts programming and the American College Theatre Festival. The theater's size, intimacy, and design have facilitated its use for new and innovative works in all media and added a broad new dimen- sion to the center's programming. The Terrace Theater will provide an appropriate forum for small performing groups and works that would have been economically unfeasible for presentation on the center's major stages. The completion of the Terrace Theater will provide greatly expanded opportunities for artists and performers to reach audiences for the future development of new works and techniques in all areas of the performing arts. Mrs. Rosalynn Carter, Ambassador Fumihiko Togo, and Chief of the Japanese Delegation Nobuhiko Ushiba participated in the opening ceremonies, which were climaxed by a dedicatory dance, performed by members of Japan's Grand Kabuki Troupe. Performing Arts Library The Performing Arts Library formally opened on March 8, 1979, the last element in the Terrace Theater complex to be completed. A joint project of the center and the Library of Congress, the Per- forming Arts Library serves the reference and information needs of artists, visitors, and staff at the center and provides a national focus for the creative resources and materials necessary to the en- couragement of new works and new audiences. The Performing Arts Library houses reference, periodical, visual, and recorded sources on theater, dance, music, film, and broadcast- ing. Reference staff and computer access to the vast collections of the Library of Congress complement the library's holdings. Since its opening earlier this year, the Performing Arts Library has served over 14,000 people. Visitors to the library have also enjoyed two special exhibits on the performing arts: "An Introduction to the Performing Arts Collections in the Library of Congress" and "Paris: The Romantic Epoch." The Performing Arts Library was designed by Philip Johnson 332 / Smithsonian Year 1979 and John Burgee. Its construction and furnishing were made pos- sible by generous gifts from the center's Corporate Fund and former center trustee Mr. Lew Wasserman, and Mrs. Edith Wasserman. Funding from the National Home Library Foundation and a gift from the Recording Industry Association of America contributed significantly to the expansion of the library's book and recording collections. Building Repairs In 1977, Congress authorized a special appropriation of $4.7 million to the National Park Service for repair, renovation, and reconstruc- tion to correct design and construction errors that resulted in seri- ous water leakage from the center's terraces. East Plaza Drive, kitchen, and roof. Since that time, funds totaling $4.5 million have been appropriated; roof, kitchen, and Concert Hall ceiling repairs were completed by early 1978. Work on the most extensive phases of the repair project — the Roof Terrace and East Plaza Drive reconstruction — began just prior to the beginning of fiscal year 1978 and was completed during early November 1979. Reconstruction of the East Plaza Drive allowed resumption of normal traffic flow to and from the center. The interior of the Grand Foyer, damaged by water leakage from the Roof Terrace above, was refurbished once waterproofing of the Roof Terrace had been completed. The center was thus able to anticipate normal operations and activities for 1980. Foreign Gifts During 1978-79, the center received gifts from Brazil and Ghana. Ambassador J. B. Pinheiro presented a fiber sculpture entitled Caroa, created by the outstanding Brazihan artist Jacques Douchez. A wood sculpture entitled Asase Due was presented to the center for the African Room by Ambassador Alex Quaison-Sackey. The ]ohn F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 333 sculpture was carved by Dr. Oku Ampofo in memory of President Kennedy; its title translates as "Condolences to Mother Earth." Funding The Kennedy Center was authorized by an act of Congress in 1958 as the National Cultural Center and in 1964 became a living memorial to the late President John F. Kennedy, by unanimous vote of the Congress. However, the center receives virtually no direct federal, state, or municipal funding for its performing-arts pro- gramming or administrative operations. The center was also charged by Congress in its authorizing legis- lation to carry out a broad range of performing arts, public-service, and educational programming designed to enlighten and give pleas- ure to all citizens through the performing arts. The varied and ex- tensive programs developed by the center in response to its legisla- tive mandate have been made possible this year by over $2 million in private, foundation, and corporate contributions. The sole exception has been the Alliance for Arts Education, which operates as a co- operative venture between the center and the U.S. Office of Edu- cation, by virtue of funds appropriated to the Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. A relatively small portion of the contracted funds from the Office of Education is also used to support the activities of the American College Theatre Festival and the Pro- grams for Children and Youth; both of these activities are sup- ported for the most part by funds raised by the center from private sources. During the past year, the center's operating budget exceeded $20 million, and in meeting its budget obligations, the center was al- most wholly dependent upon revenue from its theater operations, concession income, and private contributions. The center reimburses the National Park Service a pro-rata share of certain annual maintenance, utility, and housekeeping costs on the basis of a formula devised to apportion costs of the building's upkeep as a presidential memorial and its operation as a perform- ing-arts center. The center bears 100 percent of the costs of main- taining its theaters and extensive backstage facilities. For fiscal year 334 / Smithsonian Year 1979 1979, the Kennedy Center's reimbursement to the National Park Service under the terms of the pro-rata formula was more than $600,000. Financial support from a wide range of private sources is essential if the center is to be able to carry out the broad mandate of per- forming-arts, public-service, and educational programming set forth by Congress but for which the center receives no federal support. Since 1971, when the center opened, individuals, foundations, and corporations have contributed more than $12.7 million to enable the center to meet its responsibilities as the National Cultural Center. In 1977, principal officers of thirty-six major American corpora- tions organized the Corporate Fund for the Performing Arts to provide continuing corporate support to the center, particularly for its public-service and educational programs. Contributed funds are used to encourage the development of new works, encourage a new generation of young artists, to broaden all aspects of the center's constituency on a national basis, and to enable certain performing-arts presentations to be offered free or at reduced prices. Participation in the Corporate Fund is open to any corporation that contributes to the center. Rawleigh Warner, Jr., chairman of the Mobil Corporation, served as chairman of the 1979 Corporate Fund. During the past year, fund contributions were received from the following: Corporate Leadership Circle Alcoa Foundation; American Telephone and Telegraph Company; At- lantic Richfield Foundation; Exxon Corporation; International Business Machines Corporation; McDonald's Corporation; Mobil Foundation, Inc.; The Prudential Foundation; Standard Oil Company (Indiana). Corporate Patrons CBS, Inc.; Champion International Corporation; General Foods Corpora- tion; General Motors Foundation, Inc.; The Charles E. Merrill Trust; R.J. Reynolds Industries, Inc.; Time, Inc.; United States Steel Foundation, Inc.; Xerox Corporation. Corporate Sponsors Allied Chemical Foundation; Anheuser-Busch Foundation; Arthur Ander- sen & Company; Coastal States Gas Corporation; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Company, Inc.; General Electric Company; Hess Foundation, John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 335 Inc.; Hoffmann-La Roche, Inc.; The Merck Company Foundation; Philip Morris, Inc.; The Procter & Gamble Fund; Raytheon Company; Shell Companies Foundation, Inc.; Texaco, Inc.; Warner Communications, Inc.; The Washington Post Company. Corporate Donors The Joe L. and Barbara B. AUbritton Foundation; Allis-Chalmers Founda- tion, Inc.; The Allstate Foundation; American Broadcasting Company; American Can Company Foundation; American Express Foundation; American Security Bank, N.A.; Bechtel Corporation; Bethlehem Steel Corporation; The Bristol-Myers Fund; Burroughs Corporation; Celanese Corporation; The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A.; Chesapeake and Po- tomac Telephone Company; Chevron U.S.A., Inc.; Chrysler Corporation; Ciba-Geigy Corporation; Citibank, N.A.; Clark-Winchcole Foundation; The Continental Group, Inc.; Continental Oil Company; Corning Glass Works Foundation; Cummins Engine Foundation; Dart Industries, Inc.; Dayco Charitable Foundation, Inc.; Walt Disney Productions; Dresser Industries, Inc.; The First National Bank of Chicago; Fluor Corporation; Fruehauf Corporation Charitable Fund, Inc.; General Dynamics; Georgia- Pacific Corporation; Getty Oil Company; The Gillette Company; Gould, Inc.; John Hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company; Honeywell Fund; The George Hyman Construction Company; International Tele- phone and Telegraph Company; Johnson & Higgins; Johns-Manville Corporation; The Johnson's Wax Fund, Inc.; The Joyce Foundation; Levi- Strauss Foundation; The McGraw-Hill Foundation, Inc.; Martin Marietta; Metropolitan Life Foundation; Monsanto Fund; ncr Corporation; Na- tional Broadcasting Company, Inc.; National Geographic Society; Neiman-Marcus; Northrop Corporation; Northwest Industries Founda- tion, Inc.; J. C. Penney Company, Inc.; Perpetual Federal Savings & Loan Association; Phelps-Dodge Industries, Inc.; Potomac Electric Power Com- pany; Price Waterhouse & Company; Reader's Digest Association, Inc.; Reynolds Metals Company Foundation; The Riggs National Bank; Schering-Plough Foundation, Inc.; Charles E. Smith Companies; Sperry Rand Corporation; Standard Oil Company (Ohio); Sun Company; The Times-Mirror Foundation; Union Carbide Corporation; Union Pacific Foundation; United Technologies Corporation; Hiram Walker, Inc.; Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.; Woodward & Lothrop, Inc. Corporate Contributors Abbott Laboratories; Acacia Mutual Life; American Airlines; Ashland Oil, Inc.; Baker International Corporation; The Bendix Corporation; Black Starr & Frost, Ltd.; The Boeing Company; Borg-Warner Corpora- tion; Burson-Marsteller; Cabot Corporation Foundation, Inc.; Chevy Chase Savings & Loan, Inc.; Continental Bank Foundation; Crum and Forster; Equitable Life Insurance Company; Ethyl Corporation; Federal- Mogul Corporation Charitable Trust Fund; Giant Food Foundation, Inc.; 336 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Government Employees Insurance Company; Earl G. Graves Publishing Company, Inc.; Halliburton Company; The Hecht Company; Hospital Corporation of America; Lazard Freres & Company; Lever Brothers Foundation, Inc.; Liberty National Bank & Trust Company; Eli Lilly and Company; ltv Corporation; Loews Foundation; Mapco, Inc.; Mars Foun- dation; Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company; National Bank of Detroit; National Bank of Washington; National Permanent Federal Savings and Loan Association; National Savings and Trust Company; New York Life Insurance Company; Owens-Corning Fiberglass Corpora- tion; Petrolane, Inc.; Phillips Petroleum Company; Reading & Bates Cor- poration; The Singer Company Foundation; Trans Union Corporation; Uniroyal, Inc.; U.S. News & World Report, Inc.; Western Electric Com- pany; The Young & Rubicam Foundation. Board of Trustees Although organizationally a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, the Kennedy Center is separately administered by a forty-five-member Board of Trustees. Thirty members are appointed by the President of the United States to ten-year terms; six board members are thus appointed every two years. The remaining fifteen members are appointed ex officio as repre- sentatives of the legislative and executive branches. Members of the Kennedy Center's Board of Trustees are listed in Appendix 1. John F. Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts I 337 Two members of the Delegation of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences that visited the United States in April 1979 are greeted by five Wilson Center Fellows. Left to right: Robert J. Donovan, author and former Washington bureau chief of the Los Angeles Times; Alan Henrikson, associate professor of diplomatic history, Fletcher School of Law and Diplomacy, Tufts University; Samuel F. Wells, Jr., cur- rently secretary, Wilson Center International Security Studies Program and formerly associate professor of history. University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill; Rei Shira- tori, director. Institute for Political Studies in Japan, Tokyo; and Saburo Okita, chairman, Japan Economic Research Center, and special advisor to the chairman of the International Development Center of Japan. Smithsonian Year- 1979 WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS JAMES H. BILLINGTON, DIRECTOR The Woodrow Wilson Center is — with the Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts and the National Gallery of Art — one of three institutions created by the Congress within the Smithsonian Insti- tution in Washington, D.C., in order to fulfill a national mission with mixed trust/ public funding under a board appointed by the President of the United States. The Wilson Center is an active workshop and switchboard for scholarship at the highest levels. Since it opened in 1970, it has gained widespread recognition for the work of its fellows in mining the scholarly riches of Washing- ton, for its many meetings bringing together the world of affairs and the world of ideas, and for its democratic openness, unique among the world's great institutes of advanced study. Some forty-five fellows each year are brought in through inter- national competition involving ever-increasing numbers of appli- cants from a wide range of backgrounds, disciplines, cultures, and nations. A broad spectrum of ideas is, in turn, shared with a non- specialized national audience through the Wilson Quarterly, which already has more subscribers than any other scholarly quarterly in the English-speaking world. The center seeks to render a service to this country and to the Washington community by throwing open its core fellowship pro- gram to all interested individuals, both American and foreign. In effect, the center conducts an annual inventory of creative scholarship throughout the world. Fellows are selected for the promise, importance, and appropriateness of their projects on the 339 recommendation of broadly based academic panels outside the center. Nevertheless, the center does have special areas of emphasis that provide focus without the rigidities of university departments and of a tenured faculty. Thus, the center chooses fellows competi- tively for limited periods, not only in its broadly inclusive general divisions of social, political, historical, and cultural studies, but also in special programs in Russian and Soviet studies (the Kennan Institute), Latin American studies, and international security studies. Each program is headed by a scholar on the staff. Following its mandate to symbolize and strengthen the fruitful relation between the world of learning and the world of public affairs, the center sponsors conferences and seminars on topics of special current interest to both worlds. In 1979, for example, repre- sentative meetings brought scholars, businessmen, and policy- makers together to discuss such topics as the impact of the oil crisis on democratic institutions; a comparison of Soviet and U.S. negotia- ting techniques in salt; and antidisease strategies for the 1980s. In many cases, the meetings produced papers or books that have been widely circulated to interested persons. As usual, the center's fellows have come from many corners of the globe and from all sections of the United States. Among its 1979 fellows and guest scholars have been Saburo Okita; Professor John Ely of Harvard Law School; anthropologist Laura Nader, University of California, Berkeley; the historian and Directeur d'Etudes at the Ecole des Hautes Etudes en Sciences Sociales in Paris, Alexandre Bennigsen; the Schweitzer Professor of the Hu- manities from Syracuse, Dwight Waldo; Mansour Khalid, former foreign minister of the Sudan; and Robert J. Donovan, former Washington bureau chief of the Los Angeles Times. The product of this broad mixing of scholarly interest and life experience is greater than the sum of its parts: the collegial atmosphere provides opportunity for communication and learning that crosses cultural, national, and disciplinary boundaries for the enrichment of all. 340 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Year- 1979 READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. MRS. ROBERT S. MC NAMARA, CHAIRMAN RUTH GRAVES, PRESIDENT In its THIRTEENTH YEAR of Operation and eleventh year of association with the Smithsonian, Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. (rif) continued to fulfill its mission by developing and supporting more than 2,300 community projects that give young people a chance to own books and that encourage them to read. The traditional rif method, inspired by founder Mrs. Robert S. McNamara in 1966, continued to be the keystone of this year's activities, with notable success. Reports from educators, parents, librarians, and others have stated that when rif projects offer youngsters books that engage them, the young people read more, start to enjoy books, and, sometimes, begin to read better. This past year marked the observance of the International Year of the Child, providing a unique opportunity for Reading Is Funda- mental. With support from the Mattel Foundation, rif joined world- wide efforts for children by staging a project that brought literacy to the center of American concern. The high point of rif's project on behalf of the International Year of the Child arrived on National Reading Is Fun Day, October 11, 1979. rif invited all of its projects operating in some 10,000 sites to hold simultaneous reading celebrations and book distributions. In every state and the territories of the United States, on National Reading Is Fun Day young people in rif projects chose books and enjoyed book parades, visits from celebrities, and other events. In Washington, D.C, the White House observed National Read- ing Is Fun Day by joining with rif in a book distribution on the South Lawn, hosted by the First Lady and Miss Amy Carter. Mrs. Carter, writing to rif's local projects, congratulated them for "the 341 wonderful work" they are doing "in getting books to children and children into books, reading, and learning. I am so pleased/' she wrote, "that Amy and I can join you and be a part of the celebra- tion of National Reading Is Fun Day." Two hundred youngsters from rif projects in the Washington, D.C., area, as well as classmates of Miss Carter's, selected books at the White House event. Books were donated to Reading Is Fundamental by many of the more than 250 suppliers with which RIF has special agreements. Joining the young people at the White House were the master of ceremonies, John Chancellor, of nbc News; entertainer Carol Bur- nett, who was featured in rif's public-service advertisements; tennis star Arthur Ashe, also featured in rif's public-service an- nouncements and a member of the rif board of directors; officials from the Mattel Foundation and Reading Is Fundamental; and other honored guests from publishing, education, and business. Along with the book distribution, youngsters at the White House were entertained by a mime troupe and a band, watched Miss Carter unveil the National Reading Is Fun Day poster, and released colored balloons with messages asking their finders to write back. State and local officials around the country joined rif and the White House in celebrating National Reading Is Fun Day. Procla- mations of the day were made by governors around the country, including those of New York, Vermont, Georgia, Arizona, Dela- ware, Virginia, Indiana, Tennessee, Mississippi, Kansas, South Dakota, New Mexico, and California. In an international event, Reading Is Fundamental cooperated with Sister Cities International, Inc., to make it possible for rif projects in ten U.S. cities to send books to youngsters in their Sister City counterparts overseas. The RIF "Reading Is Fun!" poster that Miss Carter unveiled at the White House was created by Maurice Sendak, one of America's leading illustrators and authors of children's books. It features the benign monsters and rascally young hero. Max, from Mr. Sendak's Caldecott Award-winning Where the Wild Things Are. Reading Is Fundamental also produced color bookmarks featuring the illustra- tion. Posters were distributed by Reading Is Fundamental to the sites of local RIF projects, rif also provided projects with bookmarks for 342 / Smithsonian Year 1979 each youngster participating in National Reading Is Fun Day dis- tributions. In addition, Reading Is Fundamental produced a National Reading Is Fun Day work kit, to help projects plan their local October 11 and International Year of the Child events. In other highlights, Reading Is Fundamental was recognized through awards made to Mrs. Robert 5. McNamara. Mrs. Mc- Namara was named a 1979 Washingtonian of the Year for her work with rif and also received an honorary doctorate, from the University of Nebraska at Omaha. Both Mrs. McNamara and rif President Ruth Graves participated as guest panelists in seminars sponsored by the Center for the Book at the Library of Congress, and Mrs. McNamara was appointed by the president to serve on the White House Conference on Library and Information Services. Reading Is Fundamental also earned important endorsements in 1979 from major education, service, and professional organizations. Among the organizations supporting rif in 1979: the National As- sociation of Elementary School Principals; National Association of Secondary School Principals; National Association for the Educa- tion of Young Children; American Library Association, Association for Library Services to Children; International Reading Association; National Urban League; National Education Association; Girl Scouts of the U.S.A.; Boys' Clubs of America; and Camp Fire Girls, Inc. Educators from state superintendents of education to classroom teachers also continued to support Reading Is Fundamental this year, as did parents, local businesspeople, librarians, and many other interested citizens. For three years, rif has contracted with the U.S. Office of Educa- tion to provide matching federal funds for local dollars raised to buy books for young people, rif estimates that in the past three years, projects have distributed some nineteen million books to five million young people, ages three through high school. With a staff of fifty-two, Reading Is Fundamental continued in 1979 to provide extensive services. In roughly the first half of the year, rif's technical-assistance team held more than 125 meetings and site visits throughout the country, helping local groups through each stage of developing and operating their projects. In the same Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. I 343 period, rif processed thousands of proposals for federal book funds, held a symposium for local project directors, and responded to the hundreds of requests that arrive daily for information on the program. Reading Is Fundamental also produced publications and training aids in 1979. In addition to special materials created for the Inter- national Year of the Child, rif distributed: RIF Newsletter, sent to more than 20,000 citizens and groups interested in Reading Is Fundamental activities RIF Bulletin, circulated to local projects, providing detailed information on motivational activities, book selection, volunteer training, fundrais- ing, and other issues RIF Speaks, volunteer training kits provided to local projects Information Flyer, general rif information handed out at conventions and meetings and mailed to interested groups RIF Brochure for Schools, sent to teachers, administrators, and others interested in starting rif projects in schools RIF Brochure for Libraries, sent to librarians, library associations, and others interested in starting rif projects in libraries Inexpensive Book Distribution Program Brochure, sent to groups wish- ing to apply to RIF for matching book funds Spanish Version of the Book Program Brochure, provided to Spanish- speaking groups interested in applying to rif for matching book funds Resource Manual, sent to local volunteers to guide them in organizing and operating their rif projects RIF's Painless Guide to Ordering Books and Making Payments, pro- viding detailed instructions to local projects on purchasing books Read, Read, Read, a fifteen-minute film that shows how volunteers work and how children respond to books in a rif project Profiles of Book Companies, distributed to local projects to detail the discounts and services provided by publishers and distributors cooperat- ing with Reading Is Fundamental A Book in Every Hand, brochure describing rif and local projects, distributed to interested citizens It is estimated that since 1972, Reading Is Fundamental public- service advertisements promoting literacy have received some $15 million in donated broadcast time and print space. In 1979, NBC, ABC, and cbs radio and television networks con- 344 / Smithsonian Year 1979 tinued to be generous in the time given rif public-service advertise- ments. Local stations also gave substantial air time to the rif announcements, and virtually every national magazine printed rif messages free of charge. Entertainer Ed Asner has agreed to appear in the new Reading Is Fundamental public-service announcement, scheduled for release in early 1980. Reading Is Fundamental continued to enjoy the strong support of American corporations and foundations in 1979, as well as excel- lent cooperation from book publishers and distributors. But Reading Is Fundamental received its strongest support this year, and made its most notable progress, in local communities. In this International Year of the Child, tens of thousands of citizens, 40 percent of them parents, worked with Reading Is Fundamental to bring books, the love of reading, and the hope for a better future to America's young people. Reading Is Fundamental, Inc. I 345 Smithsonian Year • 1979 SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE, INC DAVID F. HERSEY, PRESIDENT Last year's report indicated the decision of the legislative and executive branches of the government to affiliate the Smithsonian Science Information Exchange (ssie) with the Department of Com- merce in fiscal year 1979. The transfer of this function, however, was delayed until fiscal year 1980. The Office of Management and Budget (omb) asked the Department of Commerce to request ap- propriated funds for partial support of ssie as a part of its budgetary submission for fiscal year 1980. It was further requested by omb that the department contract with ssie, as had the Smithsonian Institution in previous years, to provide partial support, said fund- ing to be used with user income for the operating expenses of ssie. As the Congressional Appropriations Conference Report noted, $200,000 has been provided for a study on the feasibility of inte- grating the Science Information Exchange program with the Na- tional Technical Information Service of the Department of Com- merce. This study, which is to be carried out in fiscal year 1980, will help determine the best approach to the full transfer of ssie to the department in fiscal year 1981. IMPROVEMENTS IN ONGOING RESEARCH INFORMATION A number of events occurred in 1979 that are expected to improve both the comprehensiveness and timeliness of the exchange's data base and its use as a management tool for research and development. In January 1979, Dr. Frank Press, chairman of the Federal Coordinating Council for Science, Engineering, and Technology (fccset), created an ad hoc committee to review Science and Tech- 346 nology Information (stinfo) policies in the federal government and make recommendations for improvement in such policies. One of the first items on the agenda included a review of ssie and its inter- actions with federal agencies. Discussions between the exchange and major federal agency representatives on the committee high- lighted problems associated with input to, and use of, the system, and ways in which these could be improved. Action that could be taken by agencies on a short-term basis has been initiated, in ad- dition to the identification of issues that will require broader policy review, and, perhaps, recommendations to the fccset or omb for action on a long-range basis. A majority of federal agencies have agreed to arrange for special briefings by ssie of their research-and- development management staffs in the coming year. The exchange has continued its program to increase awareness of its services in both the public and private sector. SSIE efforts to enhance national accessibility to ongoing research information (ori) included making the ssie data base available through a third commercial vendor. Bibliographic Retrieval Services (brs) in New Hampshire. Interaction with this organization is par- ticularly important, as it will substantially increase access by aca- demic institutions and other users over that now available through the System Development Corporation and Lockheed systems. Use of the ssie data base through such online vendors has increased significantly over the last twelve-month period. The preliminary analysis of responses obtained by the exchange in its latest user survey has reaffirmed the high regard ssie users have for the exchange's products and services. The importance of ongoing research information has been recognized not only na- tionally but internationally as well. The exchange has continued its program of encouraging expan- sion and use of such systems in other countries by preparing the first worldwide inventory of Information Services on Research in Progress, compiled by ssie in cooperation with unesco, which was published last fall. The exchange has agreed to prepare a second edition of this work at the request of, and with the support of, UNESCO. The exchange also participated in December 1978 in the development of a special section devoted to research in progress- information systems at the International Symposium on Animal Health and Disease Data Banks sponsored by the U.S. Department Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. I 347 of Agriculture. The session included papers from three overseas and two U.S. information systems covering this field. It is important to note that more countries are continuing to develop specialized data bases of ongoing research information, not only at the cen- tralized national level, but on an international subject-oriented basis as well. This fall the exchange's president will co-chair a session on research in progress-information systems in social sciences as a part of a North American Roundtable on the International Aspects of Social Science Information, cosponsored by the U.S. and Cana- dian National Commissions for unesco. In addition to some twenty- five U.S. and Canadian representatives, the chairperson of the Committee for Ongoing Research of the Organization for European Cooperation in Social Science Information and Documentation has been asked to attend and participate, further strengthening efforts for cooperation in this area. This group (ecssid) includes representa- tives of both Eastern and Western European countries. On a pilot study basis, ssie has made its records for fiscal year 1978 available in Japan to determine interest in and use of U.S. research-in-progress information to a selected group of foreign users. Funding for the study was provided to the Japan Information Center of Science and Technology through the Japanese govern- ment's Science and Technology Agency. Results of the study are expected to influence ssie's future decisions in regard to the leasing of its data base overseas. Expressions of interest by other countries in Europe and Latin America have also been received and are being considered by ssie. If these approaches are approved, they could be an important source of user income to the exchange and provide much wider access to the U.S. data base of ori, as well as benefit the research-and-development activities in developing countries. In addition to providing economic benefits to ssie, such agreements serve to increase the awareness of U.S. users in regard to foreign research information; agreements include options to permit access to the information held by foreign governments. IMPROVEMENTS IN PRODUCTS AND SERVICES The exchange continues to work with various federal agencies to improve the use of output products to meet the needs of research- and-development management. Among these new efforts were the development of programs using microprocessers for repackaging of information obtained in searches of the ssie data base. These tech- 348 / Smithsonian Year 1979 niques and this equipment allow the exchange to organize material retrieved in searches of the data base in more meaningful subsets, including the development of a mini-index for the information re- trieved. Detailed information on the cost and value of such an ap- proach is currently being gathered. The approach, if cost effective, could be applicable to searches from other information systems as well as ssie's. Information in selected subject areas is now being made available to users in a number of instances through agency-controlled data bases such as toxline, cancerproj, and water-resources research information systems. These may, in time, replace printed catalogues, as more users turn to the rapid online modes of access now being offered, though hard-copy overviews of research in a selected sub- ject area are still best prepared manually. A matter of some concern to ssie has been its ability to continue the input of nonfederally supported research projects resulting from economic constraints of federal support. Primary support for ssie, which is made available through a contract of appropriated funds, has remained relatively constant over the past few years. As a con- sequence, inflationary costs have reduced the amount of input that can be processed into the system. As in the past, priority for proc- essing of information has been given to the processing of federally supported research. Funds for the processing of nonfederal input consequently have come either from government agencies with special subject-oriented interests (such as cancer, energy, etc.) or from user-generated income. The exchange hopes to improve input of nonfederally supported research in the future and is currently ex- ploring a number of ways in which to do so. To offset these inflationary costs and provide better service to users, continued improvements in the data-processing system are constantly being made. These efforts effectively reduce the time and, ultimately, the cost associated with the processing of informa- tion into and out of the exchange. As noted earlier, federal information systems are currently being studied by both the executive and legislative branches of the govern- ment. A number of omb policy bulletins and legislative bills have been introduced that could affect ssie. The exchange has provided input wherever possible to such groups and will continue to do so in the future, realizing that a system such as ssie plays an important role in the overall management of federal research and development. Smithsonian Science Information Exchange, Inc. I 3A9 The Artist and His Mother by Arshile Gorky. Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund. Smithsonian Year- 1979 NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART J. CARTER BROWN, DIRECTOR The national gallery of art, although formally established as a bureau of the Smithsonian Institution, is an autonomous and separately administered organization. It is governed by its own Board of Trustees. Early in 1979, the Chief Justice of the United States, citing the press of judicial business and other official responsibilities, asked the Board of Trustees to accept his resignation as its chairman, in which capacity he had served since 1969. He continues to serve as a trustee, ex officio, with the Secretaries of State and of the Treasury and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution. John Hay Whitney, vice president and trustee since 1963, retired from the board. At the May meeting, the board elected trustees Paul Mellon as chairman, John R. Stevenson as president, and Carlisle H. Humel- sine as vice president. Dr. Franklin D. Murphy continues to serve as a general trustee. To fill the vacancy caused by Mr. Whitney's retirement, the general trustees elected Ruth Carter Johnson of Fort Worth, the founder and president of the Amon Carter Museum of Western Art. During the year, attendance at the gallery surged to a record 5,188,000. A number of significant works of art were acquired. A set of Stuart portraits of the first five presidents, owned for more than a century by lineal descendants of Jefferson, came to the gallery by a combination of gift and purchase. Copley's Adam Babcock was donated by a descendant of the sitter, and Eastman Johnson's The Brown Family was purchased. Twentieth-century paintings acquired 351 by purchase included Matisse's Palm Leaf, Tangier and three seminal works by Arshile Gorky. A dramatic enhancement of the gallery's collection of American drawings came with the receipt of the John Davis Hatch Collection, 150 years of American drawing from colonial times to the early twentieth century. The most important European items acquired were a Burgkmair drawing. Fight in the Forest, Barocci's oil sketch of a Head of St. John, an Altdorfer landscape etching, the Piranesi drawing Grottesco with the Tomb of Nero, a Piazzetta drawing of a Boy with a Lute, and a fine impression of Diirer's woodcut The Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse. The twenty-two exhibitions offered by the gallery during the year covered an immense span of time and space — from the third millennium b.c. to the mid-twentieth century, from Micronesia to Norway and the Aegean. In the East Building's main exhibition hall were shown "Edvard Munch: Symbols and Images," the most com- prehensive assemblage of Munch's work ever displayed in America, and "The Art of the Pacific Islands," illustrating the creative artistry of Oceania, with examples drawn from cultures ranging from the Spice Islands eastward to Easter Island, and from New Zealand northward to Hawaii. The smaller galleries of the East Building were used effectively to display early Cycladic sculpture; a small but comprehensive "Berenson and the Connoisseurship of Italian Art," mingling old master paintings, photographs, and printed materials; and exhibitions of artists as diverse as Grandma Moses and Mon- drian. Galleries in the West Building housed special exhibitions of Italian Renaissance paintings from the Hermitage, French Roman- tic paintings, and the drawings of the Carracci family, Fragonard, Robert, and Daumier. The gallery made loans to thirty exhibitions at thirty-eight Ameri- can institutions and to ten exhibitions at thirteen museums in Europe and Asia. Included were a total of twenty-seven paintings, five sculptures, and fifty-six works of graphic art. During the year, the audience served by the Department of Ex- tension Programs increased by over 30 percent to 8,300,000, and extended throughout the United States and to twelve foreign na- tions and four territories. More than 38,000 bookings of slide sets, films, and videotapes reached over three million viewers, and pro- grams aired through public television and state educational net- 352 / Smithsonian Year 1979 works reached an audience of more than five milhon, the latter an increase of more than 50 percent over the preceding year. A special effort to produce multimedia programs in connection with the Munch and Berenson exhibitions reached many thousands unable to visit those exhibits. Inside the gallery, the Education Department tours and talks con- ducted by volunteer docents were enjoyed by more than 100,000 visitors. Attendance at more than a thousand film showings in the East Building's two auditoriums exceeded 57,000. Forty-eight Sun- day afternoon lectures, including thirty-one by guest speakers, drew over 15,000. Among the invited lecturers were John Rewald, emi- nent authority on French painting and the Andrew W. Mellon Lecturer in the Fine Arts, whose six lectures dealt with Cezanne's works in America. Other distinguished scholars who lectured in- cluded George Heard Hamilton, Kress Professor-in-Residence; Colin Eisler of the Institute of Fine Arts, New York University; Everett Fahy, director of The Frick Collection; Terisio Pignatti, director emeritus of the City Museums of Venice; and Hugh Brig- stocke of the National Gallery of Scotland. The Music Program continued with thirty-nine Sunday-evening concerts in the East Garden Court of the West Building and two string recitals. The concert marking the 150th anniversary of the death of Schubert was taped by the Voice of America for broadcast overseas. During the spring and summer, the working facilities of the board, executive officers and staffs, and most of the curatorial and related departments were moved from their original locations in the West Building to the Study Center portion of the East Building. The effect of the move was felt most strongly by the staff of the library, which had to shut down for eleven weeks as it moved its more than 100,000 volumes and vertical-file materials. With the East Building virtually complete, the board authorized major reconstruction in the entire ground level of the West Building. This project, long envisaged and planned in detail, will open up for public use a concourse running the entire length of the east-west axis of the building and convert former office spaces to exhibition galleries for public display of graphic arts and small sculptures. The work, to be financed by private donations, began in August and is scheduled for completion in 1982. National Gallery of Art I 353 TEMPORARY EXHIBITIONS AT THE GALLERY IN FISCAL YEAR 1979 American Art at Mid-Century: The Subjects of the Artist from the previous fiscal year to January 14, 1979 The American Folk Art Tradition : Paintings from the Garbisch Collection from the previous fiscal year to February 4, 1979 Small French Paintings from the Bequest of Ailsa Mellon Bruce through the entire fiscal year Edvard Munch: Symbols and Images November 11, 1978 to March 4, 1979 French Printmaking in the Time of Fragonard and Robert November 19, 1978 to January 21, 1979 Drawings by Fragonard in North American Collections November 19, 1978 to January 21, 1979 Hubert Robert: Drawings and Watercolors November 19, 1978 to February 4, 1979 Berenson and the Connoisseurship of Italian Painting January 21 to September 3, 1979 Early German Drawings and Prints: Two Recent Acquisitions and Related Works January 24 to February 25, 1979 Circus & Carousel : Watercolor Renderings from the Index of American Design January 31 to February 25, 1979 Grandma Moses: Anna Mary Robertson Moses (1860-1961) February 11 to April 1, 1979 Prints and Related Drawings by the Carracci Family March 18 to May 20, 1979 From Leonardo to Titian : Italian Renaissance Paintings from The Hermitage, Leningrad May 13 to June 24, 1979 French Romanticism May 15 to September 3, 1979 Cycladic Art: Ancient Sculpture and Ceramics of the Aegean from the N. P. Goulandris Collection May 20 to the end of the fiscal year Self-Portraits : Prints from the Collections of the National Gallery of Art June 3 to September 3, 1979 Eighteenth- and Nineteenth-Century American Costumes: Watercolor Renderings from the Index of American Design June 3 to September 3, 1979 Spanish Sculpture of the Twentieth Century July 23 to the end of the fiscal year Pablo Picasso: The Vollard Suite June 3 to September 3, 1979 The Art of the Pacific Islands July 1 to the end of the fiscal year Mondrian: The Diamond Compositions July 15 to September 16, 1979 Honore Daumier (1808-1879) September 23 to the end of the fiscal year 354 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Year • 1979 CHRONOLOGY The following is a representative selection of Smithsonian events during the year. No attempt has been made to make it a complete compilation of all Smithsonian activities. October Education: The National Museum of Natural History expanded its Outreach presentations to the elderly and to institutionalized adults and children and inaugurated a free film and demonstration program for family audiences. Publication: The Smithsonian Book of Invention, a lavishly illustrated exami- nation of the inventive process through history, was published by Smith- sonian Exposition Books. Publications: In connection with its tenth anniversary, the National Portrait Gallery published its first Illustrated Checklist of the Permanent Collection and a book on a selection of its holdings, entitled Pifty American Faces. October-November Lecture Series: The 1978 Guggenheim Lecture Series, "Planet Earth: A New Look at This Old World," was held at the National Air and Space Museum. October 1 Education: The Selected Studies Program of the National Associate Program sponsored the first of fourteen week-long, in-depth workshops combining lectures and tours in specialized areas of interest. The initial offerings were: "Genealogical Research: How To Do It" and "From Flights of Fancy to Kitty Hawk and Cosmos: A History of Flight." Film Series: The first screening of a six-week series, "Mexican Films Today," part of the international symposium "Mexico Today,"' was sponsored by the Resident Associate Program. October 2-4 Conference: A Symposium on the Comparative Pathology of Zoo Animals, drawing pathologists and technicians from all over the world to summarize current knowledge and expose new areas of research, was held at the Na- tional Zoo. 355 October 4 Exhibition: "Saul Steinberg," the largest retrospective ever assembled to honor the Rumanian-born American artist, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, on tour from the Whitney Museum in New York and bound for Europe. October 4-9 Festival: The twelfth annual Festival of American Folklife featured more than 200 participants from across the nation, demonstrating crafts, discussing traditions, and performing in dance and musical presentations. October 5 Special Event: The National Portrait Gallery marked the tenth anniversary of its opening with a reception. October 6 Acquisition: The Stuart M. Speiser Photo-Realism Collection, twenty-two pho- tos with aviation as a theme, was the most valuable gift of art from a private donor ever received by the National Air and Space Museum. October 7 Education: The first of twelve orientation programs for participants in the foreign study tours was conducted by the National Associate Program. October 8 Concert Series: Drummer Jo Jones and friends appeared in the first concert of the annual Jazz Heritage Series offered by the Division of Performing Arts. October 9 Lecture: Marie Cosindas was the first speaker in a lecture series on photog- raphy held in connection with the National Portrait Gallery's exhibition of great American portrait daguerreotypes, "Facing the Light." October 13 Exhibition: "Perceptions and Evocations: The Art of Elihu Vedder," includ- ing drawings for his famous illustrations for the 1884 edition of The Rubaiydt of Omar Khayyam, opened at the National Collection of Fine Arts. October 15 Exhibition: "Children of South Africa," showing the work of prize-winning South African photojournalist Peter Magubane, opened at the Anacostia Neigh- borhood Museum. Concert Series: The 20th Century Consort began its residence at the Hirsh- horn Museum and Sculpture Garden, performing works by Reale, Penn, Stra-, vinsky, Hindemith, and others in the first of four concerts cosponsored by the Division of Performing Arts. October 16 Exhibition: "The Brush of the Masters: Drawings from Iran and India," opened at the Freer Gallery of Art. October 19 Lecture: Norman Cousins, editor-in-chief of the Saturday Review for forty years, shared memories of his career in this presentation by the Resident Associate Program. 356 / Smithsonian Year 1979 October 23 Opening: Birdlab, a resource center for public information about birds, opened at the Bird House of the National Zoo. October 27-28 Symposium: "Science and the Arts in the Renaissance" was sponsored jointly by the Folger Shakespeare Library and the National Museum of History and Technology. October 30 Workshop: The Education Department of the Anacostia Neighborhood Mu- seum conducted a workshop, "How to Turn Your Classroom into a Museum," for D.C. public school teachers. New Program: The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education began its Special Education Programs for Handicapped Visitors. November Publication: Northeast, the second handbook in a twenty- volume encyclopedia that will summarize all that is known about the history and cultures of North American Indians and Eskimos, was published by the National Museum of Natural History. Research: National Museum of Natural History mammalogist James Mead began regular flights up and down the Atlantic's remote barrier beaches to monitor migrations of marine mammals and check beaches for strandings of these animals. Research: The Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies and the Maryland State Department of Agriculture began a joint study, "Impact of Open Marsh Water Management on the Ecology of Chesapeake Bay High Marsh Vegetation." November 1 Acquisition: Twenty-five works by Joseph Cornell, in addition to archival material for the Joseph Cornell Study Center, were formally accessioned by the National Collection of Fine Arts. November 3-5 Sampler Weekend: One of five weekends for members of the National As- sociate Program included special tours and lectures in five museums on the Mall. November 3 Exhibition: "Loose the Mighty Power: Impressions of the Steam Engine in America" opened at the National Museum of History and Technology. November 9 Award: The film The Smithsonian Institution with S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary received an award from the International Film and Television Festival of New York. As of November 1979, this Office of Telecommunications produc- tion had been telecast on more than fifty Public Broadcasting System stations around the country. Exhibition: "Louis M. Eilshemius: Selections from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden" opened for a seven-week showing before beginning its national tour with the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. Chronology I 357 November 10 Symposium: Mexican and American scholars met at the National Collection of Fine Arts to discuss "Colonialism to Independence as Reflected in the Arts of Mexico and the United States." November 13-14 Symposium: At the National Portrait Gallery, biographers Leon Edel, Doris Kearns, Justin Kaplan, and Barbara Tuchman discussed the art of biography. Launch: The National Aeronautics and Space Administration's Einstein (heao-2) satellite was launched, carrying an x-ray telescope designed by sci- entists at the Harvard-Smithsonian Center for Astrophysics. November 15 Symposium: "Battle of Britain" featured two of the aces who fought in the famous air battle of World War II as speakers at the National Air and Space Museum. November 17 Exhibition: "Baskets and Cylinders: Recent Glass by Dale Chihuly," one of a series of exhibitions by contemporary craftsmen, opened at the Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts. Film/ Lecture Series: "New Visions," first program of a three-part series of films by African, black-American, and Third World filmmakers, supplemented with lectures by leading authorities, was scheduled by the Smithsonian Resi- dent Associate Program under a grant from the National Endowment for the Arts. November 18 Concert Series: The Musical Theater Series of the Division of Performing Arts opened with a survey of the songs of Victor Herbert. Exhibition: "The John Paul Remensnyder Collection of American Stoneware" opened at the National Museum of History and Technology. November 23 Exhibition: A major print exhibition, "American Color Woodcuts: The Years of Transition," opened at the National Collection of Fine Arts. November 24 Acquisition: Fifty- four original drawings by Elihu Vedder for The Rubdiydt of Omar Khayyam were formally accessioned by the National Collection of Fine Arts. November 27 Concert: The Theater Chamber Players performed works by Haydn, Bach, and others in the final concert of their five-year residence at the Smithsonian, presented by the Division of Performing Arts. November 28 Opening: "Worlds of Tomorrow," a half-hour-long space voyage to other planets, began daily showings in the Albert Einstein Spacearium of the Na- tional Air and Space Museum. December Publication: The Flora of Barro Colorado Island, by Thomas B. Croat, the culmination of many years of research on the Smithsonian Tropical Research 358 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Institute's Barro Colorado Island in Panama, was published by Stanford Uni- versity Press. December-January 1979 Expedition: Ursula Marvin, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory geologist, participated in a joint U.S.-Japanese expedition to Antarctica to search for meteorites. December 2 Special Event: The "Hirshhorn Holiday" children's celebration was held at the museum for the third consecutive year, under the sponsorship of the Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates. December 8-10 Special Event: The National Associate Program's seventh annual "Christmas at the Smithsonian" featured lectures, tours, and tree-trimming. December 11 Premiere: First showing of "A Place of Dreams," a one-hour documentary on the National Air and Space Museum produced by weta-tv, a local public- broadcasting station. December 13 Telecast: "A Place of Dreams," a one-hour film documentary on the National Air and Space Museum and the experience of flight, was broadcast over the PBS network. December 14 Exhibition: An exhibit commemorating the seventy-fifth anniversary of the Wright brothers' flight opened at the National Air and Space Museum. Five papers were presented at a colloquium marking the occasion. December 15 Exhibition: "Trees of Christmas," thirteen trees decorated with traditional and handcrafted ornaments by the Smithsonian's Office of Horticulture, were displayed in the National Museum of History and Technology. Exhibition: "Black Hawk and Keokuk: Prairie Rivals," focusing on the con- flict between these Indian leaders in the early 1800s, opened at the National Portrait Gallery. December 17 Concert Series: The Smithsonian Chamber Players performed an all-Bach concert on period instruments, the first in a series of programs sponsored jointly by the Divisions of Performing Arts and Musical Instruments. December 21 Exhibition: "Ben Nicholson: Fifty Years of His Art," the first American retro- spective of works by one of Britain's leading abstractionists, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. December 26-31 Special Event: A traditional holiday celebration reflecting the customs of Christmas and Hanukkah, cosponsored by the National Museum of History and Technology and the Division of Performing Arts, opened with puppet shows, craft demonstrations, music, games, films, and special tours. Chronology I 359 December 27 Performance: Ventriloquist Susan Linn opened the Division of Performing Arts season of programs for children. December 28 Performance: Actress Eugenia Rawls presented portrayals of Fanny Kemble and Tallulah Bankhead at the National Portrait Gallery. January 1979 Research: The Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies began a three-year research project on the ecology of lawns, under funding from the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Research: George B. Field, director of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Ob- servatory, was appointed by the National Academy of Sciences to head a two-year survey of astronomy and astrophysics. Inventory: The National Museum of Natural History began a comprehensive inventory of the sixty million specimens in its collections, an effort that will improve their management and care. January 6 Broadcast: Charter radio-station subscribers began weekly national broad- cast of "Smithsonian Galaxy," a new series of two-and-a-half-minute fea- turettes produced by the Office of Telecommunications. January 10 Seminar: "Community Challenge: Creating Potential with Old and Young for the Future Together," sponsored by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars, marked the beginning of Washington's and the Smithsonian's activities in celebration of the International Year of the Child. This date also marked the tenth anniversary of the 05SS. January 22 Special Event: A program of traditional Irish music was performed in a con- cert cosponsored by the Division of Performing Arts and the Division of Musical Instruments of the National Museum of History and Technology. January 23 Lecture Series: "Key Issues in Science Today," first of five panel discussions made possible by a grant from the National Science Foundation, was or- ganized by the Smithsonian Resident Associate Program. January 25 Exhibition: "Richard Estes: The Urban Landscape," an exhibition of paint- ings and prints by the well-known realist, on tour from the Boston Museum of Fine Arts, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. January 30-31 Visit: Vice Premier T'eng Hsiao-Ping of the People's Republic of China vis- ited the National Air and Space Museum. His wife, Madame Zhou Lin, toured the National Museum of History and Technology, the Freer Gallery of Art, and, accompanied by First Lady Rosalynn Carter and her daughter Amy, visited the giant pandas at the National Zoo. 360 / Smithsonian Year 1979 February 1 Exhibition: Four polychromed wood statues of the Kamakura period (1185- 1333), representing the guardian kings of the four cardinal directions, were placed on display at the Freer Gallery of Art. February 4 Exhibition: "Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization," covering early African civilizations, the slave trade, the abolitionist movement, and the founding of the first African republic, opened at the Anacostia Neighborhood Museum. February 7-9 Workshop: The Office of Museum Programs conducted a workshop on "Mu- seum Registration Methods" in Knoxville, Tennessee. February 8 Exhibition: "Highlights from the Chase Manhattan Money Collection" opened at the National Museum of History and Technology. February 9 Visit: Princess Wijdan Ali of the Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan visited the Freer Gallery of Art. Visit: Scientists from Peking's Institute for Space Physics toured the Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory facilities and discussed research projects. February 11 Concert Series: The Romantic Chamber Ensemble performed works by Hum- mel, Brahms, Schubert, and others in the premiere concert of a series spon- sored by the Division of Performing Arts. February 14 Exhibition: "Traditional Japanese Medicine and Its Graphics" opened at the National Museum of History and Technology. February 23 Exhibition: A selection of recently acquired rare Mexican masks was placed on display in the National Museum of Natural History. Special Event: "A Viennese Waltz" in the Grand Salon of the Renwick Gal- lery was sponsored for Donor Members of the Smithsonian Associates by the Austrian ambassador and the Smithsonian National Associate Program. February 25 Concert Series: Jim and Jesse and the Virginia Boys opened the seventh sea- son of the Country Music Series of the Division of Performing Arts. February 26-28 Workshop: The Office of Museum Programs conducted a workshop in "Funda- mentals of Museum Management" in Atlanta, Georgia. March 1 Exhibition: The National Portrait Gallery opened its "Haptic Gallery," a per- manent installation of specially made casts of eleven sculptures, enabling the blind and others to experience the works through touch. Braille labels and an audio narrative are also provided. Chronology I 361 March 1-13 Education: The Regional Events Program of the Smithsonian National Asso- ciate Program offered lectures, performances, and special exhibits among forty- one events for members in Denver, Colorado. March 3 Exhibition: "Einstein: A Centenary Exhibition," paying tribute to the scien- tist's life and work, opened at the National Museum of History and Tech- nology. March 9 Exhibition: A major print retrospective, "Gabor Peterdi: Forty-five Years of Printmaking," opened at the National Collection of Fine Arts. March 15 Exhibition: "Calder's Universe," a traveling version of the retrospective of work by Alexander Calder presented in 1976 by the Whitney Museum of American Art, opened at the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. March 16-17 Colloquium: "The Joys of Research," sponsored by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars, was dedicated to Albert Einstein during the cen- tennial of his birth. March 29 Research: The first scientific colloquium and public discussion of the results from the Einstein (heao-2) satellite was held at the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, in Cambridge, Massachusetts. March 30 Exhibition: The re-installation of the Grand Salon of the Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts was completed, with nineteenth-century works from the collection. April Research: National Museum of Natural History curator Meredith Jones began studying giant worms recently discovered off the Galapagos islands. He be- lieves the worms represent a new subphylum of the animal kingdom. Special Event: The Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies held an open-house afternoon "Behind the Scenes," providing lectures, walks, and participatory ecology activities to initiate a new series of spring and summer education programs. April 2 Exhibition: "Nineteenth-Century American Carpeting" opened at the Na- tional Museum of History and Technology. April 5 Symposium: "Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places" explored adaptive reuse of old, often historic buildings in an all-day session, presented by the Smithsonian Resident Associate Program, that has become a model for similar programs organized to complement the exhibition nationwide. Opening: The National Air and Space Museum's second imax film, "Living Planet," projected on a screen five stories high, takes the visitor on a whirl- wind tour over five continents. 362 / Smithsonian Year 1979 April 6 Exhibition: "Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places" opened at the Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts. April 12-13 Special Event: "Calder for Kids," a two-day program at the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden, introduced children to the work of Alexander Calder. April 17-June 6 Symposium: The opening of the international symposium "Japan Today," made possible by a grant from the National Endowment for the Humanities and the National Endowment for the Arts, was sponsored by the Smithsonian Resident Associate Program. April 17 Exhibition: "Japanese Lacquer," fifty-seven items spanning eleven centuries, opened on the inaugural day of the international celebration "Japan Today," at the Freer Gallery of Art. Award: Reunions: Memories of an American Experience, a new film pro- duced by the Office of Telecommunications and the Office of Exhibits Cen- tral Motion Picture Unit, premiered at the Smithsonian and was awarded a CINE Golden Eagle. The film focuses on Gen. James "Jimmy" Doolittle, the pioneering aviator, and Gustav Tafel, the nation's largest manufacturer and exporter of homeopathic medicines. April 19 Award: The 1979 Brewer Trophy was presented to Michael Collins and the National Air and Space Museum staff for the development of the museum. April 20 Exhibition: The National Portrait Gallery opened "Return to Albion: Ameri- cans in England 1760-1940," an exhibition of portraits and objects concerning American expatriates in England. April 21-22 Musical Theater: An original production entitled "The Gershwins, 1930, and Girl Crazy" was presented by the Division of Performing Arts. April 25 Broadcast: nbc's "Today Show" was taped in the Transportation Hall in the National Museum of History and Technology. April 28 Exhibition: "Edison and the Electrical Age: 100 Years," honoring the inventor and illustrating the development of electric power, opened at the National Museum of History and Technology, beginning a national tour under the auspices of the Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service. April 29 Special Event: The American premiere of Handel's oratorio Esther, performed with period instruments, was presented by the Divisions of Performing Arts and Musical Instruments. May Award: National Museum of Natural History Director Porter M. Kier received the Joseph Henry Medal from Secretary Ripley, for "carrying the museum Chronology I 363 into a new era — developing modernized exhibits that interpret the natural sciences for the American people." May 2 Visit: While on a tour of the Freer Gallery of Art, Prime Minister Masayashi Ohira of Japan announced Japan's intention to give $1 million toward the construction of an annex to the Freer Gallery. May 4 Permanent Installation: The National Zoo's "Beaver Valley" exhibit, featur- ing aquatic animals such as seals and sea lions as well as v.'olves and bush dogs, in a natural wooded setting, opened to the public. May 5 Exhibition: "Our Beautiful Earth: The View from Air and Space," photographs taken by aerial photographers, astronauts, and satellites, opened in the Flight and the Arts Gallery of the National Air and Space Museum. May 6-10 Seminar: "The Planet Earth," sponsored by the Office of Smithsonian Sym- posia and Seminars, was the first in a series of pilot programs for academically gifted high-school students. May 8-10 Special Event: Customs and traditions of the Faroe Islands were explored in an evening of discussion, song, and dance presented by the Division of Per- forming Arts, and Faroese crafts were demonstrated in workshops cospon- sored by the Division of Performing Arts and the National Museum of History and Technology. May 9 Dedication: The Multiple Mirror Telescope at the Mt. Hopkins Observatory, Arizona, a joint effort of the Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory and the University of Arizona, was dedicated and the first scientific results were obtained. May 10 Premiere: The premiere of the film "Mirrors on the Universe: The mmt Story," produced by the Office of Telecommunications and the University of Arizona's Radio-TV-Film Bureau, was part of the dedication ceremonies for the Multiple Mirror Telescope. May 14-20 Visit: A delegation of Cuban scientists visited the National Zoo's facilities at Rock Creek and the Conservation and Research Center at Front Royal, Vir- ginia. May 17 Acquisition: The gondola of the Double Eagle II, the first balloon to make the transatlantic crossing, was given to the National Air and Space Museum. May 18 Exhibition: "Dynamics of Evolution," the first exhibit hall in any American science museum to explain the basic steps of evolution, opened as a perma- nent installation in the National Museum of Natural History. 364 / Smithsonian Year 1979 May 20 New Service: The Group Orientation Program, a new service of the Visitor Information and Associates' Reception Center, will provide groups of visitors with an overview of exhibits in the twelve Smithsonian museums. May 23-25 Colloquium: "Play and Inventiveness," exploring the proposition: "Are art, science, and technology the products of the play impulse in mammals?" was the Smithsonian's major program for the International Year of the Child. The program was organized by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars. May 28 Exhibition: "They Have Made a Nation," devoted to the figures who estab- lished the American Confederacy, opened at the National Portrait Gallery. June Research: The Coral Reef Evaluation study was initiated by the Office of Psychological Studies of the Office of Museum Programs, at the National Museum of Natural History, the first evaluation of its kind to study all stages of the design process in cooperation with exhibit specialists. June 1 Exhibition: "Ten Years of Sesame Street," featuring Big Bird and videotape playback of selections from the program, opened at the National Museum of History and Technology. June 2 Awards: The film The Smithsonian Institution with S. Dillon Ripley, Secre- tary, a production of the Office of Telecommunications, was awarded two Emmys by the Washington, D.C., Chapter of the National Academy of Tele- vision Arts and Sciences. June 5 Special Event: Members of the U.S. Congress celebrated the National Zoo's Congressional Zoo Night with dinner, tours, and informative activities. June 5-7 Special Event: The Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute sponsored an en- vironmental film festival at the Museum of the Panamanian Man in Panama City, Panama. June 6-13 Visit: Several curators from the British Science Museum visited the Na- tional Museum of History and Technology. June 11-12 Conference: Educators from around the country attended a conference on multicultural aerospace education programs in schools and museums, spon- sored by the Education Office of the National Air and Space Museum. June 13 Visit: Her Imperial Highness Princess Chichibu of Japan and His Imperial Highness Prince Norihito Mikasa visited the Freer Gallery of Art. June 14 Exhibition: "Directions," a major exhibition reflecting the diversity of cur- rent American art, opened at the Hirshhom Museum and Sculpture Garden. Chronology I 365 June 15 Exhibition: "The Whiskey Rebels," an exhibition on the Whiskey Rebellion in 1791 in western Pennsylvania, opened at the National Portrait Gallery. Acquisition: Action in Chains, a major work of twentieth-century sculpture by Aristide Maillol (1861-1940), the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den's first purchase under the Regents' Acquisitions Fund, was placed on display. June 25 Workshop: The eighth annual series of summer workshops and classes for teachers offered by the Office of Elementary and Secondary Education drew over 500 participants. June 30 Acquisition: The Museum Reference Center of the Office of Museum Pro- grams accepted the reference library of the Center for Museum Education. July 4 Special Event: The National Museum of History and Technology celebrated Independence Day with music, craft demonstrations, films, and special per- formances. Julys Acquisition: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden announced a gift of fifty-six works of art from the Joseph H. Hirshhorn Foundation. July 11 Performance: The mime troupe Archaesus performed "Mall Bearings," an imaginary tour of the Smithsonian, the first in a series of productions, spon- sored by the Division of Performing Arts, in the Discovery Theater at the Arts and Industries Building. July 20 Special Event: The tenth anniversary of Apollo 11 and the first manned land- ing on the moon was celebrated at the National Air and Space Museum. Activities included a morning press conference by astronauts Armstrong, Aldrin, and Collins; a public ceremony; special exhibits; and free films. The museum remained open until 1:30 a.m. to relive, via videotape, the first walk on the moon. July 26 Exhibition: "David Smith: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection" opened, displaying the largest public holdings of works by this artist. July 27 Exhibition: "Time: Arts and Entertainment," an exhibit drawn from the National Portrait Gallery's collection of original portraits for Time magazine covers, succeeded the original exhibition from the Time collection, "The Time of Our Lives." July 30 Publication: A Gallery of Presidents, a book on the collection of presidential portraits, was published by the National Portrait Gallery. 366 / Smithsonian Year 1979 August Publication: A Zoo for All Seasons, a careful look at the exhibitions, research, and conservation efforts carried out by the National Zoological Park, incor- porating a survey of other U.S. zoos, was published by Smithsonian Exposition Books. August 9 Lecture: Artist Judy Chicago discussed her monumental sculpture The Din- ner Party, and the story behind its creation, in a presentation sponsored by the Resident Associate Program. August 11 Special Event: More than 1,300 well-wishers gathered at the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden to celebrate the eightieth birthday of its principle donor, Joseph H. Hirshhorn. August 13 New Museum: The Museum of African Art, with collections of more than 7,000 objects of sculpture, carvings, textiles, paintings, and musical instru- ments that include items from virtually every country in sub-Saharan Africa, formally joined the Smithsonian Institution. August 15 Award: The film Mirrors on the Universe: The MMT Story received a Gold Cindy Award from the Information Film Producers of America, Inc. The film was jointly produced by the Smithsonian Office of Telecommunications and the University of Arizona. Exhibition: "An Engraver's Potpourri: Life and Times of a Nineteenth-century Bank Note Engraver" opened at the National Museum of History and Tech- nology. August 30 Publication: The Anacostia Neighborhood Museum's Education Department published a pamphlet. How and Why Africans Came to North America. Audio-visual Release: "Storage in a Swiss Museum," a slide show directed at museum personnel, presenting one museum's solution to the ever-present challenge of artifact storage, was produced by the Audio-visual Loan Pro- gram of the Office of Museum Programs. September Publication: Volume XI of Ars Orientalis, a publication devoted to the art, architecture, and archaeology of Asia, was published jointly by the Freer Gallery of Art and the Department of Art of the University of Michigan. September Renovation: Construction began on the first phase of a long-term plan to provide increased access for the handicapped to the sunken garden of the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. September 2 Festival: The third annual Frisbee disc festival attracted thousands of visitors, who watched demonstrations by human and canine experts and participated in workshops to learn different techniques of throwing and catching. Chronology I 2>67 September 9 Lecture: World-renowned photographer and conservationist Ansel Adams pre- sented a slide-illustrated lecture sponsored by the Resident Associate Pro- gram. September 12 Visit: The Dalai Lama visited the Freer Gallery of Art for a tour of the collections and viewed Smithsonian films about vanishing Tibetan Buddhist culture. September 14 Exhibition: "The Red Room: An Addition to the First Ladies Hall" in the National Museum of History and Technology recreates the Red Room as it appeared during Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis's years at the White House. September 20 Seminar: "The Observer Observed" featured John Kilepak Kisokau, long- time informant to Dr. Margaret Mead in Papua, New Guinea, in a program sponsored by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars. September 28 Education: The Office of Elementary and Secondary Education's new media kit for teachers, "The Museum Idea," was completed. Awards: The James Smithson Society program honoring major contributors to the Institution was held in conjunction with the autumn meeting of the National Board of the Smithsonian Associates. September 29 Symposium: "Pompeii and the Vesuvian Landscape," organized by the Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars in association with the Washington Society of the Archaeological Institute of America, commemorated the 1,900th anniversary of the catastrophic eruption of Mount Vesuvius. September 30 Videotape Release: "Docents on Tour," unrehearsed demonstrations of teach- ing skills practiced by museum docents at the National Museum of Natural History, was produced by the Office of Museum Programs for use by museum educators and docent trainees. 368 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Year- 1979 APPENDICES Organization Chart page 370 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1979 372 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Awards Made October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979 379 3. Smithsonian Research Awards Program in Fiscal Year 1979 383 4. National Museum Act Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1979 386 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year 1979 389 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1979 398 7. Academic Appointments in Fiscal Year 1979 465 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1979 477 9. List of Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1979 492 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1979 557 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1979 558 369 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION BOARD OF REGENTS AUDITOR THE SECRETARY* UNDER SECRETARY* TREASURER* Accounting Office Office of Grants and Risk Management Investment Accounting Division Business Management Office Concessions Mail Order Division Smithsonian Museum Shops GENERAL COUNSEL* Assistant Secretary for SCIENCE* Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies Fort Pierce Bureau National Air and Space Museum National Museum of Man Center for the Study of Man National Museum of Natural History National Zoological Park Office of Biological Conservation Office of Fellowships and Grants Radiation Biology Laboratory Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Assistant Secretary for HISTORY AND ART* Archives of American Art Cooper-Hewitt Museum Freer Gallery of Art Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Joseph Henry Papers Museum of African Art National Collection of Fine Arts Renwick Gallery National Museum of History and Technology National Portrait Gallery Office of American and Folklife Studies Assistant Secretary for MUSEUM PROGRAMS* Conservation Analytical Laboratory National Museum Act Office of Exhibits Central Office of Horticulture Office of International Activities Office of Museum Programs Office of the Registrar Smithsonian Archives Smithsonian Institution Libraries Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Secretary's Executive Committee r L r u Under Separate Boards of Trustees: JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE, INC. Coordinator of PUBLIC INFORMATION* Office of Congressional Liaison Office of Public Affairs Office of Special Events Director of MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT* Development Office Smithsonian National Associate Program Smithsonian Resident Associate Program Assistant Secretary for PUBLIC SERVICE* Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Division of Performing Arts International Exchange Service Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Office of Smithsonian Symposia and Seminars Office of Telecommunications Smithsonian Exposition Books Smithsonian Institution Press Smithsonian Magazine Visitor Information and Associates Reception Center Assistant Secretary for ADMINISTRATION* Office of Computer Services Contracts Office Office of Equal Opportunity Office of Facilities Services Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering Services Office of Plant Services Office of Protection Services Management Analysis Office Office of Personnel Administration Office of Printing and Photographic Services Office of Programming and Budget Office of Supply Services Travel Services Office APPENDIX 1. Members of the Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions, September 30, 1979 Smithsonian Institution Board of Regents Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio (Chancellor) Walter F. Mondale, Vice President of the United States, ex officio Henry M. Jackson, Senator from Washington Barry Goldwater, Senator from Arizona Robert B. Morgan, Senator from North Carolina Silvio O. Conte, Representative from Massachusetts Norman Y. Mineta, Representative from California Frank Thompson, Jr., Representative from New Jersey Anne Armstrong, citizen of Texas John Paul Austin, citizen of Georgia John Nicholas Brown, citizen of Rhode Island William A. M. Burden, citizen of New York Murray Gell-Mann, citizen of California Caryl P. Haskins, citizen of the District of Columbia A. Leon Higginbotham, Jr., citizen of Pennsylvania Thomas J. Watson, citizen of Connecticut James E. Webb, citizen of the District of Columbia Executive Committee, Board of Regents Warren E. Burger, Chancellor (Board of Regents), ex officio James E. Webb, Chairman Caryl P. Haskins William A. M. Burden 5. Dillon Ripley Smithsonian Council Gordon N. Ray, A. Hunter Dupree Peter Marler Chairman Frank B. Golley Ruth Patrick Dore Ashton Stephen Jay Gould David Pilbeam Milton Brown Neil Harris Vera C. Rubin Frederick Burkhardt August Heckscher Carl E. Sagan William H. Davenport Nathan I. Huggins Andre Schiffrin Anne d'Harnoncourt Ada Louise Huxtable Gunther Schuller Richard M. Dorson George F. Lindsay Barbara W. Tuchman Archives of American Art Board of Trustees Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth, Mrs. E. Bliss Parkinson, Chairman Vice President Mr. Gilbert H. Kinney, Mr. Henry deForest Baldwin, President Treasurer Mrs. Nancy B. Negley, Mrs. Dana M. Raymond, Vice President Secretary 372 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Mrs. Muriel Kallis Newman Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro Dr. Irving F. Burton Mr. Joel S. Ehrenkranz Mrs. Walter B. Ford II Mrs. Joseph Hirshhorn Mr. Howard W. Lipman Mr. Harold O. Love Mrs. Alvin M. Ferst, Jr. Mr. Richard Manoogian Mr. Russell Lynes Mr. Porter A. McCray Dr. Abraham Melamed Mrs. WilUam L. Mitchell Mr. Frederic A. Sharf Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Mrs. Louise Talbot Trigg Mr. Edward M. M. Warburg S. Dillon Ripley, ex officio Charles Blitzer, ex officio FOUNDING TRUSTEES Lawrence A. Fleischman E. P. Richardson Mrs. Edsel B. Ford HONORARY TRUSTEE Mrs. William L. Richards Archives of American Art Advisory Committee NEW YORK James Humphry III, Chairman John Baur Milton Brown Frederick Cummings Anne d'Harnoncourt Lloyd Goodrich Eugene Goossen James J. Heslin John Howat Bernard Karpel John A. Kouwenhoven Abram Lerner Russell Lynes A. Hyatt Mayor Barbara Novak Clive Phillpot Jules D. Prown J. T. Rankin Marvin Sadik Joshua Taylor Charles van Ravenswaay William B. Walker Richard P. Wunder NEW ENGLAND Harley P. Holden, Chairman Winslow Ames Mr. and Mrs. George H. Bungardner Charles Ferguson Wolfgang M. Freitag Hugh Gourley Elton W. Hall Patricia Hills Sinclair Hitchings John Kirk William Lipke Kenworth Moffett Elliot Offner James O'Gorman Stephen Prokopoff Stephen Riley Laurence Schmeckebier Theodore Stebbins Richard Teitz Bryant F. Tolles Peter Wick Margaret Graver Withers NORTHERN CALIFORNIA Wesley Chamberlin, Chairman Stanley Andersen Joseph Baird Herschel Chipp Van Deren Coke Wanda Corn James Elliott Albert Elsen Alfred Frankenstein Lanier Graham Henry Hopkins Robert Emory Johnson Martha Kingsbury George Neubert Peter Selz Kevin Starr Don Stover Harvey West Ian White SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA Donelson Hoppes, Chairman E. Maurice Bloch Carl Dentzel Beatrice Farwell Burton Fredericksen Thomas H. Garver David Gebhard Constance W. Glenn Paul Mills Moira Roth Maurice Tuchman Robert R. Wark Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 2>72> WASHINGTON, D.C. Bernard Mergen, Chairman Lorraine Brown David Driskell Lois Fink Henry Glassie William Homer Charles Hummell Peter Marzio Peter Mooz Suzanne Newman Marc Pachter Marvin Sadik Phoebe Stanton Joshua Taylor John Wilmerding Board of Fellowships and Grants Ira Rubinoff, Chairman Porter Kier Abram Lerner Walter Shropshire David Challinor, ex officio Charles Blitzer, ex officio Cooper-Hewitt Museum Advisory Council August Hecksher, Chairman Rosemary Corroon Joanne DuPont Harmon Goldstone Karen Keland Russell Lynes Susan Mellon Kenneth Miller Arthur Ross Robert Sarnoff S. Dillon Ripley, ex officio Folklife Advisory Council Wilcomb E. Washburn, Chairman Roger Abrahams Richard Ahlborn Richard Dorson William Fitzhugh Lloyd Herman Robert Laughlin Scott Odell Ralph Rinzler Peter Seitel Richard Sorenson Thomas Vennum Freer Visiting Committee Mrs. Jackson Burke Kwang-chih Chang Marvin Eisenberg Murray Gell-Mann Mrs. Katharine Graham Laurence Sickman Charles A. Greenfield John Thacher John M. Rosenfield Richard Weatherhead Hugh Scott Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Board of Trustees Daniel P. Moynihan, Chairman Leigh B. Block, Vice Chairman Anne d'Harnoncourt Joseph H. Hirshhorn Thomas M. Evans Sydney Lewis Jerome Greene Dorothy C. Miller Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio 5. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Srnithsonian Institution, ex officio Horticultural Advisory Committee Jimmie L. Crowe Belva Jensen Carlton Lees Donald Parker Robert Read ORCHID SUBCOMMITTEE Paul Desautels Robert Read Mary Ripley foint Sponsoring Committee for the Papers of Joseph Henry Fredrick Seitz, Chairman Lee Anna Embrey Blick S. Dillon Ripley Whitfield J. Bell, Jr. Charles Blitzer Henry D. Smyth 374 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Museum of African Art Commission Lee Bronson David Driskell John B. Duncan Carl Freeman S. I. Hayakawa Frances Humphrey Howard Frank Moss Robert Nooter Thomas Schwab Franklin Williams Charles Blitzer, ex officio 5. Dillon Ripley, ex officio Museum of African Art National Council Joseph James Akston Arthur Ashe James Avery Ernie Barnes Saul Bellow Julian Bond Rep. John Brademas Dona Bronson Edward W. Brooke Joseph Campbell Rep. John Conyers Ossie Davis Lula Dawson Rep. Ronald Dellums Barbaralee Diamonstein Rep. Charles Diggs Ofield Dukes Joanne duPont Jill and Elin Elisofon Ralph Ellison John Hope Franklin Buckminster Fuller James Gibson Dick Gregory Chaim Gross Lily Polk Guest Alex Haley George Haley Eliot Halperin Philip Handler Geoffrey Holder Rep. Frank Horton Muriel Humphrey Barnaby Kenney David Lloyd Kreeger Jacob Lawrence Vera List J. Bruce Llewellyn Richard Long Stanley Marcus Mel McCaw Mary McFadden Robert McNamara Rae Alexander Minter Clarence Mitchell Rep. Parren Mitchell Nancy Negley Mace Neufeld Dorothy Porter Vincent Price Benjamin Quarles Milton Ratner Michael Rea Saunders Redding John Reinhardt Stellita Renchard Norman B. Robbins Harold Rome Bayard Rustin Senator Hugh Scott Stanley Scott Evelyn Sessler Mabel Smythe Michael Sonnenreich David Stratmon Lynette Taylor Anne Teabeau Maurice Tempelsman Paul Tishman Sterling Tucker Mike Wallace Barbara Watson G. Mennen Williams Isabel Wilson Lester Wunderman Elizabeth Bouey Yates Andrew Young Nicholas Zervas National Air and Space Museum Advisory Board Mr. S. Dillon Ripley, Chairman Mr. Jefferson W. Cochran Brig. Gen. James L. Collins Rear Adm. Robert H. Scarborough Lt. Gen. Thomas H. Miller, Jr. Maj. Gen. B. F. Starr, Jr. Vice Adm. Frederick C. Turner Mrs. O. A. Beech Lt. Gen. Elwood R. Quesada, USAF (Ret.) National Air and Space Museum Visiting Committee Dr. Alexander H. Flax Dr. Gerard K. O'Neill Dr. Leon T. Silver Lt. Gen. James T. Stewart, USAF (Ret.) Dr. Richard T. Whitcomb National Anthropological Film Center Advisory Council Ira Abrams T. Berry Brazelton Roma Crocker William H. Crocker Herbert Di Gioia Phoebe Ellsworth Gordon Gibson Edward T. Hall Glenn Harnden Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 375 Stephen P. Hersh Paul Hockings Matthew Huxley Bennetta Jules-Rosette Peter Marzio Constance B. Mellon Norman Miller Phileo Nash Marion Stirling Pugh Jerrold Schecter Hubert Smith George Spindler Sol Tax E. Fuller Torrey Colin Turnbull Carroll W. Williams Joan Swayze Williams National Armed Forces Museum Advisory Board John Nicholas Brown, Chairman^ Clifford J. Alexander, Secretary of the Army Edward Hidalgo, Secretary of the Navy Hahns Mark, Secretary of the Air Force Fred L. Dixon William I. Greener, Jr. William H. Perkins, Jr. Theodore Ropp James M. Stone, Sr. Harold Brown, Secretary of Defense, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio ^ Deceased October 9, 1979. Advisory Council for the National Museum Act Paul N. Perrot, Chairman Joel N. Bloom Richard F. Brown Marigene Butler Russell Fridley Ann Hitchcock Philip S. Humphrey Thomas W. Leavitt Richard H. Randall Kenneth Starr A. Brett Waller National Board of the Smithsonian Associates William S. Anderson, Chairman Robert H. B. Baldwin Henry C. Beck, Jr. Nicholas F. Brady Keith S. Brown Mrs. Jackson Burke William T. Coleman, Jr. HONORARY MEMBERS Richard P. Cooley Joseph F. Cullman III Leonard K. Firestone Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. E. Mandell deWindt Gaylord Donnelley James A. Elkins, Jr. Thomas M. Evans Mrs. Karl G. Harr, Jr. John N. Irwin II James M. Kemper, Jr. Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Scott McVay John R. Norton III George 5. Pillsbury Arthur A. Seeligson, Jr. David E. Skinner Vernon Taylor, Jr. William A. Hewitt Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Lewis A. Lapham George C. McGhee Francis C. Rooney, Jr. Merritt Kirk Ruddock Thomas J. Watson, Jr. National Collection of Fine Arts Commission George B. Tatum, Chairman Mrs. Hiram W. McKee, Vice Chairman 5. Dillon Ripley, Secretary Elizabeth Brooke Blake Thomas S. Buechner Lloyd Goodrich Walker Hancock R. Philip Hanes, Jr. Bartlett H. Hayes, Jr. August Heckscher Mrs. Robert Homans Thomas C. Howe Jaquelin H. Hume David Lloyd Kreeger Nan Tucker McEvoy Charles H. Sawyer George Segal Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth Otto Wittmann Abram Lerner, ex officio 376 / Smithsonian Year 1979 HONORARY MEMBERS Martin Friedman Paul Mellon Edgar P. Richardson Henry P. Mcllhenny Ogden Pleissner Andrew Wyeth National Portrait Gallery Commission John Nicholas Brown, Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Robert H. Smith Chairman^ Andrew Oliver Frank Stanton Barry Bingham, Sr. E. P. Richardson Barbara Tuchman Katie Louchheim Charles Blitzer, Assistant Secretary for History and Art, Smithsonian Institu- tion, ex ojficio J. Carter Brown, Director, National Gallery of Art, ex officio Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio 1 Deceased October 9, 1979. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Visiting Committee Harvey Brooks A. Lee Loomis, Jr. Merritt K. Ruddock William Kaula Walter Orr Roberts James O. Wright Smithsonian Foreign Currency Program Advisory Councils ARCHEOLOGY AND RELATED DISCIPLINES ADVISORY COUNCIL Esin Atil George Dales Daniel H. Ingalls Daniel G. Bates George R. Hughes Thomas W. Jacobsen ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES ADVISORY COUNCIL Felix Chayes Paul Hodge Thornton Page Henry Faul William Klein Victor Szebehely George Field William Melson Louis Walter SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY ADVISORY COUNCIL Kenneth Cooper Norman D. Newell R. Ruibal D. A. Livingstone Robert Ornduff Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Smithsonian Research Awards Advisory Council James Griffin John Ostrom Virginia Trimble William Hazen Beatrice Sweeney Harry Woolf Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates Mrs. Karl G. Harr, Jr., Mrs. Thomas E. Bryant Chairman Mrs. Thomas J. Camp, Jr. Mrs. Clifford Alexander Mrs. Joseph V. Charyk Mrs. William Alexander Mrs. Richard Cobb Mrs. Charles Bartlett Mrs. James M. Collins Mrs. Robert O. Blake Mrs. Ernest A. Connally Mrs. Robert A. Brooks Mrs. Thomas E. Crocker Mrs. John A. Bross Mrs. John Howard Dalton Mrs. James T. Broyhill Mrs. Avery Faulkner Appendix 1. Smithsonian Council, Boards, and Commissions I 377 Mrs. Randolph A. Frank Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mrs. C. Leslie Glenn Mrs. Parker T. Hart Mrs. Hugh Jacobsen Mrs. James Kraft Mrs. Archie Lang Mrs. George Varick Lauder Mrs. Lawrence Bruce Olds Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Mrs. Charles H. Percy Mrs. Horace White Peters Mrs. Richard Powell Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley Mrs. Reynaldo Rodriquez Mrs. Frederick B. Rooney Mrs. Peter T. Russell Mrs. John T. Sapienza Mrs. Leonard R. Silverstein Mrs. Harold Snell Mrs. Potter Stewart Mrs. Willard G. Triest Mrs. Sander Vanocur Mrs. Edwin M. Wheeler Mrs. Gordon Page Williams Mrs. Morton Wilner Mrs. Anthony T. Wilson Mrs. Laurence I. Wood Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars Board of Trustees William J. Baroody, Chairman Paul W. McCracken, Vice Chairman James A. Baker III Daniel J. Boorstin Robert J. Bork Joseph D. Duffey Stuart E. Eizenstat Bryce N. Harlow Patricia Roberts Harris James E. O'Neill A. James Reichley John E. Reinhardt S. Dillon Ripley Cyrus R. Vance Rawleigh Warner, Jr. Kennedy Center Board of Trustees Roger L. Stevens, Chairman Henry Strong, Vice Chairman Mrs. Howard H. Baker, Jr. Marion Barry K. Le Moyne Billings Daniel J. Boorstin Mrs. Edward T. Breathitt J. Carter Brown Robert S. Carter James C. Gorman Mrs. Edward Finch Cox Marshall Coyne Mrs. J. Clifford Folger Abe Fortas Peter H. B. Frelinghuysen J. William Fulbright Ralph Philip Hanes, Jr. Orval Hansen Patricia Harris Mrs. Paul H. Hatch Mrs. Bob Hope Frank Ikard Edward M. Kennedy Melvin R. Laird Marjorie M. Lawson Joseph M. McDade Mrs. J. Willard Marriott Ronald H. Nessen Charles H. Percy, Vice Chairman Donna Stone Pesch John E. Reinhardt Mrs. Abraham A. Ribicoff S. Dillon Ripley II Franklin D. Roosevelt, Jr. William H. Rumsey Mrs. Jouett Shouse Mrs. Jean Kennedy Smith John G. Spatuzza Frank H. Thompson, Jr. Benjamin A. Trustman Jack Valenti William J. Whalen Harrison A. Williams, Jr. Mrs. Jack Wrather Mrs. George A. Garrett, Honorary Trustee (Note: No ex-officio appointment for the Commissioner of Education has been made.) National Gallery of Art Board of Trustees Paul Mellon, Chairman Carlisle H. Humelsine Ruth Carter Johnson Franklin D. Murphy John R. Stevenson Warren E. Burger, Chief Justice of the United States, ex officio Cyrus R. Vance, Secretary of State, ex officio G. William Miller, Secretary of the Treasury, ex officio S. Dillon Ripley, Secretary, Smithsonian Institution, ex officio 378 / Smithsonian Year 1979 APPENDIX 2. Smithsonian Special Foreign Currency Program Awards Made October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979 ARCHEOLOGY, ANTHROPOLOGY, AND RELATED DISCIPLINES American Institute of Indian Studies, Chicago, Illinois. Continued support for administration; research fellowships; Center for Art and Archeology; photo- history of India from nineteenth- and twentieth-century photographs; pro- duction of Alls volume on anthropology; translations program; participation in the Tenth International Congress of Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences. American Research Center in Egypt, Princeton, New Jersey. Operation of the Center in Cairo; continuation of the epigraphic survey of the Oriental Insti- tute of the University of Chicago; The Middle Commentaries on Aristotle's Organon by Averroes; medieval Islamic astronomy; publication of the exca- vation findings at Mendes; fellowship program in the study of archeology and related disciplines; archeological investigation of Qasr Ibrim, Egyptian Nubia; a historical and architectural study of the Bayt al-Razzas; an archeo- logical map of the Theban Necropolis; books for the Cairo Center Library; publication of a catalog of astronomical manuscripts; publication of Luxor Museum catalog. American Research Center in Egypt, Princeton, New Jersey. The Wadi Tumilat project (Egypt). American Schools of Oriental Research, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Excava- tions in salient areas of Punic and Roman Carthage (Tunisia); the Wadi Tumilat project (Egypt). Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts. The ancient city of Stobi: archeo- logical research (Yugoslavia). Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Epigraphic recording and archeo- logical survey of the pharaonic and pre-pharaonic remains at Gebel es-5ilsilah, Egypt- Columbia University, New York, New York. The study, transcription, and translation of popular narrative ballads of modern Egypt; Sayed Shah: Islam in a Panjab Village (Pakistan); The Sacred Year: A Village Temple in South India and its function as a focus of art and ritual performance in traditional society. Dumbarton Oaks Center for Byzantine Studies, Washington, D.C. Publication of the Corpus of the Mosaics of Tunisia (India); Corpus of mosaics of Tunisia project. Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. An exhibi- tion of Mamluk art (Egypt). Appendix 2. Foreign Currency Program Awards I 379 Herbert H. Lehman College, Bronx, New York. Women and rice cultivation: a comparative study in four traditional rice-producing states of India. Indiana University, Bloomington, Indiana. Preparation for publication of Folktales of India. Indo-U.S. Subcommission on Education and Culture, New York, New York. Indo-American Fellowship Program. Lawrence University, Appleton, Wisconsin. Marathi folk songs in Malarashtra and northern Mysore (India). National Anthropological Film Center, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Filmic inquiry into the processes of ecological adaptation and social integration in India of the Pashtoon nomads of Afghanistan. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. A metallurgical site survey of the western Chagai district (Pakistan). Southern Methodist University, Dallas, Texas. Prehistory of Egypt; publica- tion of The Afian: A Study of Stylistic Variation in a Nilotic Industry (India). University of California, Berkeley, California. Conduction, recording, and film- ing of last performance of an Agnicayana ritual in India. University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Quseir project (Egypt). University of Connecticut, Storrs, Connecticut. Comparative field study of socialization in three communities in India. University of Hawaii, Manoa, Hawaii. U.S. participation in the Indo-Pacific Prehistory Association meeting (India). University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky. Exploration of an early medieval settlement in the Kujawy Region in Poland. University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Publication of pro- ceedings of symposium on desertification. Tenth International Congress of An- thropological and Ethnological Sciences (India); excavations at east Karnak, Upper Egypt. University of Washington, Seattle, Washington. Catalog of Islamic coins (Egypt). University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin. Changing patterns of produc- tion in an Indian village, with a view to introducing use and local construc- tion of solar energy devices. Washington State University, Pullman, Washington. Studies in predynastic Egypt: subsistence-settlement studies, the Nagada-Khattara region. SYSTEMATIC AND ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGY (INCLUDING PALEOBIOLOGY) Brown University, Providence, Rhode Island. Participation of U.S. officers in International Primatological Society International Congress, Bangalore, India. Columbia University, New York, New York. Marine geology and biology of the Indian Ocean. Duke University, Durham, North Carolina. Anthropological and paleontologi- cal research on fossil anthropoid sites of the Egyptian Oligocene. Harvard University Medical School, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Integrated field study of behavior, genetics, and virology of the hanuman langur in Rajasthan, India. 380 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Howard University, Washington, D.C. Cenozoic mammals of Pakistan. National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C. Revisions of Trimen's Handbook to the Flora of Ceylon; biosystematic study of insects of Ceylon; a study of the biological productivity of some tropical lakes in South India; the natural history of ground beetles at a temperate forest site, Bialowieza Primeval Forest, Poland; tropical forest avifaunas in southern India. National Zoological Park, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Zoo- logical park exchanges (India). Office of Assistant Secretary of Science, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. U.S. participation in International Symposium on the Tiger (India). Our Lady of the Lakes University, San Antonio, Texas. Zoogeography of the Anostraca of south India. Rutgers-The State University, New Brunswick, New Jersey. Participation in International Union of Forestry Research Organization workshop (India). University of Miami, Miami, Florida. Nitrogen cycling in a mangrove estuary of western India. University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Studies on the molluscan genus Bulinus in Africa and other regions (Egypt); symposium on adaptive grades in the evolution of primates (India) : fossil mammals in Paleocene and Eocene continental sediments of Pakistan. University of North Carolina, Charlotte, North Carolina. Symposium on the origin of the new world monkeys and continental drift: biogeographic and phylogenetic consideration (India). Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut. Hominoid evolution in south Asia and the origins of hominidae (Pakistan). ASTROPHYSICS AND EARTH SCIENCES Harvard College Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Participation in Indo-U.S. workshop "Solar-Terrestrial Physics." International Solar Energy Society, Washington, D.C. Participation in Inter- national Solar Energy Society Congress (India). National Air and Space Museum, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Desert erosion and sand movement (Egypt). Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Continua- tion of operation of satellite tracking lasar system on Helwan Observatory in Egypt; continuation of operation of Uttar Pradeh State Observatory/ Smithsonian Astrophysical Tracking Station at Naini Tal (India); development of laser tracking program in India. National Museum of Natural History, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Defining Plio-Quaternary to Recent sedimentation patterns on the Nile Cone (Egypt). University of Alabama, Huntsville, Alabama. Participation in Indo-U.S. work- shop "Solar-Terrestrial Physics." University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona. Playa Lake studies, Nubian Desert, Egypt. University of California, Los Angeles, California. Participation in Committee on Space Research (COSPAR) Symposium on Non-Solar Gamma Rays (India). Appendix 2. Foreign Currency Program Awards I 381 University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois. Program in high energy astrophysics (India). University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado. Field investigation on program of earthquake prediction (India). University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. Participation in Indo-U.S. workshop "Solar-Terrestrial Physics." University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Field investigation of the geologic context of the present occurrence of Libyan Desert silica glass (Egypt); geochronology of alkaline complexes of the southeastern desert (Egypt). MUSEUM PROGRAMS Capital Children's Museum, Washington, D.C. Consultation on establishment of an Egyptian children's museum. Carnegie Museum of Natural History, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Museum training and exchange with the Museum of Natural History, New Delhi. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts, Smithsonian Insti- tution, Washington, D.C. Museum professional exchange (India and Guinea). The Puppeteers of America, Washington, D.C. Folk puppet traditions in Africa and Asia (India and Pakistan). 382 / Smithsonian Year 1979 APPENDIX 3. Smithsonian Research Awards Program in Fiscal Year 1979 NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Paul Hanle. Study of European Archives in History of Aerodynamics and Modern Physics. Ted A. Maxwell. Comparative Studies of Desert Pavement. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Richard E. Ahlborn. The Will of a Woman, 1761. Harold D. Langley. The First Century of Medicine in the U.S. Navy, 1798- 1898. Philip K. Lundeberg. The Emergence of Galvanic Sea Mine Warfare. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Richard Benson. Paleoecology and Crises in Atlantic "Deep-Sea" Circulation. Arthur H. Clarke. Studies on the Ecology, Life History, Systematics and Zoo- geography of the Freshwater Mollusks of Central America. Clifford Evans. Prehistoric Human Ecology of the Rio Guapore Area of Western Brazil and the Eastern Lowlands of Bolivia. Kurt Fredriksson. The Anatomy of Chondrites: The Composition of Lithic Fragments and Clasts vs Bulk, Chondrules, and Matrix. Richard Grant. Permian Brachiopods of Greece and Turkey: Living Habits and Extinction Patterns. Mason Hale. Biochemical Systematics of the Lichens Genus Usnea in Tropical America. W. Ronald Heyer. Speciation Patterns of Neotropical Frogs Determined from Quantitative Immunological and Morphological Evidence. L Speciation Pat- terns in the Frog Genus Leptodoctylus. W. Duane Hope. A Monographic Study of the Marine Nematode Family Leptosomatidae. Richard S. Houbrick. Ecology and Systematic Studies of Gastropods of the Family Cerithiidae in Australia. Erie G. Kauffman. Why do Evolutionary Rates Vary? A Text of the Marine Ecosystem. Raymond B. Manning. Application of a Microcomputer/Word Processing System to Basic Research in Systematic Zoology. Bruce Smith. The Emergence of the Middle Mississippi Cultural Tradition in the Cairo Lowland, Missouri. Appendix 3. Smithsonian Research Awards Program I 383 Daniel J. Stanley, Oceanography and Sedimentology of the Hellenic Trench, Ionian Sea: Mediterranean Basin (mediba) Project. Thomas R. Waller. The Living Scallops of the Western Atlantic — A Study of the Effects of Ocean Dynamics on Evolution and Biogeography. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Ellen G. Miles. Catalogue of the Work of Charles Balthazar Julien Fevret de Saint-Memin. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Mitchell Bush. The Physiological and Hematological Changes in Exotic Ani- mals During and After Physical Restraint, Chemical Immobilization and General Anesthesia. Eugene S. Morton. An Experimental Study of Intraspecific Variation in Pair Formation Behavior in the Carolina Wren: Behavioral Impediments to Gene Flow in a Continuously Distributed Passerine Bird. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Maurice Margulies. Characterization of m-RNA Bound to Chloroplast Photo- synthetic Membranes. SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY Nathaniel P. Carleton. A Study of Infrared Emission Lines from Galactic Nuclei. Edward Fireman. Neutrinos in Nature and the Law of Baryon Conservation. Fred A. Franklin. An Investigation into the Stability of Orbits in the Outer Part of the Asteroidal Belt. E. M. Gaposchkin. Thermal Convection Models-Subduction Zones. Kate Kirby-Docken. Calculation of Potential Curves and Warefunctions for Small Astrophysically Interesting Molecules. John L. Kohl. An Experimental Study of the Dielectronic Recombination Process. Rudolph E. Schild. Proposal for the Development of a Low Light Level Imag- ing System for the Multiple Mirror Telescope. Herbert Schnopper. The Continued Testing of Microlithographic Transmission Grating Efficiencies. Daniel A. Schwartz. To Develop a CCD X-ray Imager for Astrophysical Appli- cations. Robert F. C. Vessot. Test by Computation the Concept of a Correlated Linear Doppler Tracking System. Charles A. Whitney. Designing and Breadboarding of a Stellar Radial Velocity Spectrometer. 384 / Smithsonian Year 1979 SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE G, Gene Montgomery. Comparative Energy Economics of Sympatric Mam- malian Anteaters with Different Foraging Strategies. Robert Silberglied. Evolutionary Studies of Reproductive Isolation in Anartia Butterflies (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) Alan Smith. Ecology and Evolution of Plant Form in the East African Giant Senecios. Hindrik Wolda. Fluctuations in Abundance of Insect Population in Nonsea- sonal Tropics. SPECIAL PROJECT Crimilda Pontes. Collecting Material about John Howard Benson for Archival and Biographical Use. Appendix 3. Smithsonian Research Awards Program I 385 APPENDIX 4. National Museum Act Grants Awarded in Fiscal Year 1979 SEMINAR/WORKSHOP PROGRAM American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C. American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee. Association of Science-Technology Centers, Washington, D.C. Bay Area Art Conservation Guild, San Francisco, California. The Decorative Arts Chapter of the Society of Architectural Historians, New York, New York. National Trust for Historic Preservation, Washington, D.C. New England Aquarium Corporation, Boston, Massachusetts. New Mexico Association of Museums, Santa Fe, New Mexico. New York State Office of Parks and Recreation, Peebles Island, Waterford, New York. The North Carolina State Museum of Natural History, Raleigh, North Caro- lina. Southern Arts Federation, Atlanta, Georgia. STIPENDS TO INDIVIDUALS FOR CONSERVATION STUDIES Virginia Caswell, Art Conservation Programme, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Barbara H. Christen, Institute of Archaeology, University of London, London, England. Helen Ganiaris, Art Conservation Program, Queen's University, Kingston, Ontario, Canada. Janet Garbarino, The Victoria and Albert Museum, London, England. Karen Garlick, Folger Shakespeare Library, Washington, D.C. Judith K. Golden, Colorado Historical Society, Denver, Colorado. Greta Hansen, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Stephen P. Koob, Institute of Archaeology, London, England. Michael J. Mills, US/ICOMOS, Washington, D.C. Susan Paterson, The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. Anne Rosenthal, Kimbell Art Museum, Ft. Worth, Texas. Thomas E, Solon, US/ICOMOS, Washington, D.C. John Turney, Institute of Archaeology, London, England. Evie Zachariades-Holmberg, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts. 386 / Smithsonian Year 1979 STIPEND SUPPORT FOR GRADUATE/PROFESSIONAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING Bank Street College of Education, New York, New York. Conservation Center, Institute of Fine Arts, New York, New York. Cooperstown Graduate Program, Oneonta, New York. The George Washington University, Washington, D.C. The University of California, Los Angeles, California. The University of Delaware, Newark, Delaware. The University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan. The University of Vermont, Burlington, Vermont. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. STIPEND SUPPORT FOR MUSEUM INTERNSHIPS Association of Science-Technology Centers, Washington, D.C. The Children's Museum, Boston, Massachusetts. The Minneapolis Institute of Arts, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Museum of Fine Arts, Boston, Massachusetts. New York Botanical Garden, Bronx, New York. Rochester Museum and Science Center, Rochester, New York. The University Museum, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota. Yale University Art Gallery, New Haven, Connecticut. TRAVEL FOR MUSEUM PROFESSIONALS Michael Alexander, Museum of Science, Boston, Massachusetts. Kathryne Andrews, The Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn, New York. Stephen Barbata, Coyote Point Museum Association, San Mateo, California. Michael Canoso, Harvard University Herbaria, Cambridge, Massachusetts. Allan D. Griesemer, University of Nebraska State Museum, Lincoln, Nebraska. Judith Henson, Fernbank Science Center, Atlanta, Georgia. Laurence Libin, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York, New York. Floyd Merenkov, The Denver Art Museum, Denver, Colorado. Estella Pate, Brooklyn Children's Museum, Brooklyn, New York. Terence Pitts, Center for Creative Photography, Tucson, Arizona. Mark S. Rich, The San Diego Zoo, San Diego, California. Leila M. Shultz, Intermountain Herbarium, Logan, Utah. Geri Volpe, Talkeetna Historical Society and Museum, Talkeetna, Alaska. Appendix 4. National Museum Act Grants Awarded I 2>S7 SPECIAL STUDIES AND RESEARCH Carnegie-Mellon Institute of Research, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. North Dakota State University of Agriculture and Applied Science, Fargo, North Dakota. Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, New York. The School of Textiles, Raleigh, North Carolina. The University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland. The University of the State of New York, Albany, New York. Washington University, St. Louis, Missouri. The Winterthur Museum, Winterthur, Delaware. PROFESSIONAL ASSISTANCE The American Association for State and Local History, Nashville, Tennessee. American Association of Museums, Washington, D.C. The Association of Systematics Collections, Museum of Natural History, Lawrence, Kansas. The International Council of Museums, Paris, France. The Library of the College of Physicians, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 388 / Smithsonian Year 1979 APPENDIX 5. Publications of the Smithsonian Institution Press in Fiscal Year 1979 GENERAL PUBLICATIONS TRADE PUBLICATIONS Roland Wilbur Brown. Composition of Scientific Words. Reprint. 882 pages. October 20, 1978. $12.50. John C. Ewers, editor. Indian Art in Pipestone: George Catlin's Portfolio in the British Museum. 79 pages, 5 color and 35 black-and-white illustrations. Feb- ruary 28, 1979. $8.95. Howard N. Fox. Directions. 103 pages, 12 color and 31 black-and-white illus- trations. July 1, 1979. $15.00. James M. Goode. Capital Losses: A Cultural History of Washington's De- stroyed Buildings, xxiv + 517 pages, 482 black-and-white illustrations. Octo- ber 22, 1979. $37.50. Michael Grow. Scholars' Guide to Washington, D.C., for Latin American and Caribbean Studies, xii -f- 348 pages. June 25, 1979. Cloth: $19.95; paper: $7.95. Rolland O. Hower. Freeze-Drying Biological Specimens: A Laboratory Manual. 196 pages, 145 black-and-white illustrations. May 16, 1979. $25.00. Louise Daniel Hutchinson. Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization. 223 pages, 12 color and 220 black-and-white illustrations. March 1, 1979. $25.00. Allan J. Lichtman and Joan R. Challinor, editors. Kin and Communities: The Peopling of America. 335 pages, 11 black-and-white illustrations. March 22, 1979. Cloth: $17.50; paper: $7.95. Luis G. Lumbreras. The Peoples and Cultures of Ancient Peru. Translated by Betty J. Meggers. Fourth reprint, vii -f 248 pages, 372 black-and-white illustra- tions. September 24, 1979. Paper: $9.95. Richard J. Montali, editor. Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals, vii -|- 275 pages, 2 color and 67 black-and-white illustrations. January 10, 1979. Cloth: $12.50; paper: $7.95. G. Gene Montogomery, editor. The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores. 574 pages, 177 black-and-white illustrations. February 23, 1979. Cloth: $22.50; paper: $12.50. James Mooney. Calendar History of the Kiowa Indians. Reprint of the Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 17, with a foreword by John C. Ewers. August 13, 1979. Paper: $8.95. Linda T. Neumaier, compiler. Checklist of the Permanent Collection. 172 pages, 1,267 black-and-white illustrations. October 3, 1978. Paper: $5.95. Marc Pachter. A Gallery of Presidents. 95 pages, 39 black-and-white illustra- tions. April 23, 1979. Paper: $4.95. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 389 Harold Francis Pfister. Facing the Light: Historic American Portrait Daguerreo- types. 378 pages, 327 black-and-white illustrations. October 23, 1978. $25.00. Nathan Reingold, editor. The Papers of Joseph Henry, Volume 3: The Prince- ton Years, January 1836-Decemher 1837. 585 pages, 250 line cuts, 16 portraits. August 15, 1979. $30.00. Nathan Reingold, editor. The Sciences in the American Context: New Per- spectives. 399 pages. September 6, 1979. Cloth: $19.95; paper: $9.95. S. Dillon Ripley. The Sacred Crove: Essays on Museums. Reprint. 159 pages. March 19, 1979. Paper: $4.50. Jay P. Spenser. Aeronca C-2: The Story of the Plying Bathtub. 72 pages, 108 black-and-white illustrations. November 22, 1978. Paper: $4.95. Theodore E. Stebbins, Jr. Close Observations: Selected Oil Sketches by Frederick E. Church, ix -f 110 pages, 5 color and 122 black-and-white illus- trations. November 22, 1978. Cloth: $17.50; paper: $10.00. John R. Swanton. The Indians of the Southeastern United States. Reprint of the Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 137. 943 pages, 112 black-and-white illustrations, 13 maps. August 20, 1979. Paper: $17.50. John R. Swanton. Indian Tribes of North America. Fifth reprint of the Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 145. vi + 726 pages, 5 maps. September 17, 1979. Paper: $35.00. Joshua C. Taylor, Jane Dillenberger, and Richard Murray. Perceptions and Evocations: The Art of Elihu Vedder. ix -j- 246 pages, 7 color and 302 black- and-white illustrations. March 27, 1979. Cloth: $25.00; paper: $15.50. Deborah Jean Warner. Graceanna Lewis: Scientist and Humanitarian. 139 pages. April 23, 1979. Paper: $3.95. TRADE SALES DISTRIBUTION Esin Atil. Ceramics from the World of Islam. 225 pages. 20 color and 81 black- and-white illustrations. September 1979. Paper: $12.50. Richard Edwards. The Field of Stones: A Study of the Art of Shen Chou (1427-1509). 313 pages, 115 black-and-white illustrations, 50 plates. Septem- ber 1979. $15.00. Freer Gallery of Art. Arts of Asia at the Time of American Independence. 41 pages, 95 black-and-white illustrations. September 1979. Paper: $3.00. Rutherford John Gettens. The Freer Chinese Bronzes: Volume II, Technical Studies. 227 pages, 13 color and 302 black-and-white illustrations. September 1979. $30.00. Richard P. Hallion and Tom D. Crouch, editors. Apollo: Ten Years Since Tran- quility Base. 192 pages, 70 black-and-white illustrations. July 20, 1979. Cloth: $17.50; paper: $6.95. Richard P. Hallion, editor. The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus. 146 pages, 84 black-and-white illustrations. December 17, 1978. Cloth: $15.00; paper: $5.95. Aschwin Lippe. The Freer Indian Sculptures. 128 pages, 3 color and 52 black- and-white illustrations, 1 map. September 1979. $15.00. John A. Pope, Rutherford J. Gettens, James Cahill, and Noel Barnard. The Freer Chinese Bronzes: Volume 1, Catalogue. 638 pages, 8 color and 193 black-and-white illustrations. September 1979. $40.00. 390 / Smithsonian Year 1979 ANNUAL REPORTS American Historical Association. Annual Report, 1977. viii + 201 pages. December 18, 1978. Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies. Annual Report, 1978. 13 pages. July 15, 1979. Office of Membership and Development. Benefactors of the Smithsonian In- stitution, October 1, 1976, through September 30, 1977. 28 pages, 1 black-and- white illustration. November 7, 1978. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution, October 1, 1977, through September 30, 1978. 35 pages, 1 black-and-white illustration. July 16, 1979. Smithsonian Institution. Smithsonian Year, 1978. Programs and Activities. October 1, 1977, through September 30, 1978. viii + 525 pages, 105 black- and-white illustrations. May 3, 1979. . Smithsonian Year, 1978. Statement by the Secretary, vi 4- 65 pages, 41 black-and-white illustrations. May 3, 1979. EXHIBITION CATALOGUES Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Louise Daniel Hutchinson. Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization. 223 pages, 12 color and 220 black-and-white illustrations. Feb- ruary 3, 1979. Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Howard N. Fox. Directions. 103 pages, 12 color and 31 black-and-white illus- trations. June 8, 1979. Paper: $6.25. Miranda McClintic. David Smith: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Gar- den Collection. 48 pages, 33 black-and-white illustrations. August 8, 1979. Paper: $2.75. Phyllis Rosenzweig. Arshile Gorky: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection. 47 pages, 6 color and 44 black-and-white illustrations. September 14, 1979. $3.75. National Collection of Fine Arts High School Graphics VI. 16 pages, 24 black-and-white illustrations. April 20, 1979. Joshua C. Taylor, Jane Dillenberger, and Richard Murray. Perceptions and Evocations: The Art of Elihu Vedder. ix -f 246 pages, 7 color and 302 black- and-white illustrations. March 20, 1979. Cloth: $25.00; paper: $15.00. National Museum of History and Technology Einstein: A Centenary Exhibition. 48 pages, 30 black-and-white illustrations. July 17, 1979. Paper: $2.50. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Paul J. Karlstrom. Lowis M. Eilshemius: Selections from the Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden. 108 pages, 15 color and 95 black-and-white illus- trations. November 1, 1978. Paper: $6.95. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications / 391 Pochoir. Revised edition of the catalog of an exhibition held at the National Museum of History and Technology in 1977. 22 pages, 5 color and 8 black- and-white illustrations. May 21, 1979. Paper: $3.00. EXHIBITION CHECKLISTS Hir'shhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Alfred Maurer: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Collection. 16 pages, 1 color and 19 black-and-white illustrations. April 30, 1979. Paper: $.75. Grant Mudford: Photographs. 12 pages, 10 black-and-white illustrations. May 31, 1979. Paper: $1.00. National Collection of Fine Arts After the Crash. 4 pages, 5 black-and-white illustrations. August 23, 1979. Chicago Currents: The Koffler Foundation Collection. 8 pages, 34 black-and- white illustrations. July 18, 1979. Gabor Peter di: Forty-five Years of Printmaking. 16 pages, 9 black-and-white illustrations. May 31, 1979. Perceptions and Evocations: The Art of Elihu Vedder. 32 pages, 3 black-and- white illustrations. October 6, 1978. Prints and Personalities: The American Theater's First Hundred Years. 16 pages, 7 black-and-white illustrations. July 20, 1979. William Penhallow Henderson, 1877-1943: An Artist of Santa Fe. 8 pages, 1 color and 5 black-and-white illustrations. November 9, 1978. National Museum of History and Technology The John Paul Remensnyder Collection of American Stoneware. 16 pages, 16 black-and-white illustrations. November 15, 1978. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts Clay Figures from Guerrero. 6 pages, 8 black-and-white illustrations. No- vember 1, 1978. Mexican Masks. 8 pages, 8 black-and-white illustrations. November 1, 1978. BOOKS Conservation Analytical Laboratory Alan D. Franklin, Jacqueline S. Olin, and Theodore A. Wertime, editors. The Search for Ancient Tin. viii -f- 63 pages, 27 black-and-white illustrations. March 13, 1979. National Air and Space Museum Jay P. Spenser. Aeronca C-2: The Story of the Flying Bathtub. 72 pages, 108 black-and-white illustrations. November 22, 1978. Paper: $4.95. National Collection of Fine Arts Harry Rand. Seymour Lipton: Aspects of Sculpture. 80 pages, 1 color and 89 black-and-white illustrations. March 13, 1979. Paper: $4.00. 392 / Smithsonian Year 1979 National Portrait Gallery Linda T. Neumaier, compiler. Checklist of the Permanent Collection. 172 pages, 1,267 black-and-white illustrations. October 3, 1978. Paper: $5.95. Office of Fellowships and Grants Smithsonian Opportunities for Research and Study in History, Art, Science. 152 pages. September 18, 1979. Smithsonian Institution Archives Guide to Manuscript Collections in the National Museum of History and Technology, 1978. xiv + 143 pages. October 3, 1978. BOOKLETS National Collection of Fine Arts Alan Sonfist/Trees. 12 pages, 13 black-and-white illustrations. December 12, 1978. National Museum of History and Technology Luna Lambert. The American Skating Mania: Ice Skating in the Nineteenth Century. 20 pages, 6 black-and-white illustrations. November 30, 1978. The Honey Bee. 26 pages, 5 black-and-white illustrations. June 8, 1979. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Let's Go to the Smithsonian: Learning Opportunities for Schools. 32 pages, 47 black-and-white illustrations. August 15, 1979. Office of Membership and Development James Smithson Society of the Smithsonian Associates. 6 pages. February 8, 1979. Dinner program for the Second Annual Dinner in Honor of the National Board of the Smithsonian Associates and the James Smithson Society. 12 pages. October 6, 1978. Dinner program for the Third Annual Dinner in Honor of the National Board of the Smithsonian Associates and the James Smithson Society. 16 pages. September 28, 1979. Office of Museum Programs National Museum Act Guidelines for 1980 Grant Programs. 31 pages. July 10, 1979. National Museum Act Report on Grants, 1972-1978. 70 pages. January 26, 1979. Smithsonian Institution, Office of Museum Programs Workshop Series, 1979— 1980. 16 pages. March 20, 1979. Office of Personnel Administration Employment at the Smithsonian: Questions and Answers. 12 pages. Octo- ber 24, 1978. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 393 Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Art of Sri Lanka: Contemporary Works on Paper. 16 pages, 9 black-and-white illustrations. September 5, 1979. FOLDERS Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies Animal Adaptations: Insects and Spiders. Reprint. October 24, 1978. Estuary Chesapeake. Reprint. October 24, 1978. National Air and Space Museum National Air and Space Museum. Revised reprint. August 29, 1979. National Collection of Fine Arts Ars et Scientia: American Painting and Science in the Nineteenth Century. February 9, 1979. Sculpture and the Federal Triangle. September 21, 1979. National Museum of History and Technology Atom Smashers . . . 50 Years. Reprint. May 31, 1979. Handicapped Visitor's Guide to the National Museum of History and Tech- nology. March 13, 1979. Welcome to the National Museum of History and Technology. Reprint. July 1, 1979. National Museum of Natural History National Museum of Natural History, November 28, 1978. Reprinted Au- gust 17, 1979. Office of Horticulture Program for the Victorian Ball. June 13, 1979. Office of Elementary and Secondary Education Art to Zoo. Newsletter published several times a year. Let's Go to the Smithsonian! Bulletin published several times a year. Office of Fellowships and Grants Program of Higher Education and Research Training in Anthropology. Octo- ber 20, 1978. Program of Higher Education and Research Training in Biological Sciences. October 20, 1978. Program of Higher Education and Research Training in Cultural History. October 20, 1978. Program in Higher Education and Research Training in Earth Sciences. Octo- ber 20, 1978. Program of Higher Learning and Research Training, Eppley Smithsonian Fellowship. October 20, 1978. 394 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Program of Higher Learning and Research Training in History of Art. Octo- ber 20, 1978. Program of Higher Learning and Research Training in History of Science and Technology. October 20, 1978. Smithsonian Fellowships. September 25, 1979. Office of Museum Programs Children in Museums. August 17, 1979. Museum Reference Center. October 6, 1978. Reprinted September 25, 1979. Office of Public Affairs Smithsonian Institution. Revised reprint. June 4, 1979. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts The Harmonious Craft: American Musical Instruments. December 28, 1978. Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service Cut on Wood: The Art of American Wood Engraving, 1790-1900. Septem- ber 26, 1979. Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute. November 22, 1978. INVITATIONS Anacostia Neighborhood Museum Out of Africa: From West African Kingdoms to Colonization. January 5, 1978. National Collection of Fine Arts Alan Sonfist/Trees. October 5, 1978. Collages by Irwin Kremen. January 9, 1979. Cabor Peter di: Forty-five Years of Printmaking. January 12, 1979. High School Graphics VI. April 3, 1979. Jackson Pollock: New Found Works. November 27, 1978. Seymour Lipton: Aspects of Sculpture. January 5, 1979. Sculpture and the Federal Triangle. September 5, 1979. William Penhallow Henderson: An Artist of Santa Fe. October 16, 1978. Office of Horticulture Victorian Ball. April 30, 1979. Office of Membership and Development Victorian Tea Dance and Garden Party. May 16, 1979. Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts The Art of Russia: 1800-1850. June 20, 1979. Bo'jou Neejee! Profiles of Canadian Indian Art. November 22, 1978. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 395 Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places. February 3, 1979. Irena Brynner: Jewelry since 1953. August 1, 1979. Olaf Skoogfors, 20th Century Goldsmith. March 19, 1979. Smithsonian Institution Press Capital Losses. August 14, 1979. SERIES PUBLICATIONS SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ANTHROPOLOGY 24. Edwin N. Wilmsen and Frank H. H. Roberts, Jr. "Lindenmeier, 1934-1974: Concluding Report on Investigations. 187 pages, 166 figures, 3 maps, 108 tables. March 6, 1979. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO BOTANY 40. Michael Wirth and Mason E. Hale, Jr. "Morden-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: The Lichens (Graphidaceae)." 64 pages, 12 figures, 11 plates. October 26, 1978. 42. Harold Robinson. "A Study of the Genus Schistocarpha (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)." 20 pages, 25 figures. July 17, 1979. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO EARTH SCIENCES 22. Robert F. Fudali, editor. "Mineral Sciences Investigation, 1976-1977." 73 pages, 22 figures, 20 tables. September 11, 1979. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO PALEOBIOLOGY 36. Bruce W. Hayward and Martin A. Buzas. "Taxonomy and Paleoecology of the Early Miocene Benthic Foraminifera of Northern New Zealand and the North Tasman Sea." 154 pages, 26 figures, 27 plates, 4 tables. August 3, 1979. 37. G. Arthur Cooper. "Tertiary and Cretaceous Brachiopods from Cuba and the Caribbean." 45 pages, 2 figures, 7 plates, 1 table. January 30, 1979. 38. G. Arthur Cooper. "Tertiary and Quaternary Brachiopods from the South- west Pacific." 23 pages, 4 figures, 2 plates. December 15, 1978. SMITHSONIAN CONTRIBUTIONS TO ZOOLOGY 245. J. Lauren Barnard and Margaret M. Drummond. "Gammaridean Amphi- poda of Australia, Part III: The Phoxocephalidae." 551 pages, 269 figures. December 20, 1978. 269. J. Laurens Barnard and Margaret M. Drummond. "Gammaridean Amphi- poda of Australia, Part IV." 69 pages, 38 figures. August 3, 1979. 271. J. Laurens Barnard. "Littoral Gammaridean Amphipoda from the Gulf of California and Galapagos Islands." 149 pages, 74 figures, 11 tables. March 21, 1979. 273. J. F. Gates Clarke. "Neotropical Microlepidoptera, XXI: New Genera and Species, of Oecophoridae from Chile." 80 pages, 54 figures, 6 plates. Octo- ber 10, 1978. 279. Oscar L. Cartwright and Fortune E. Chalumeau. "Bredin-Archbold-Smith- sonian Biological Survey of Dominica: The Superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Co- leoptera)." 32 pages, 16 figures. December 14, 1978. 396 / Smithsonian Year 1979 281. Tyson Roberts. "An Ichthyological Survey of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea with Descriptions of New Species." 72 pages, 39 figures. Decem- ber 28, 1978. 282. Donald R. Davis. "The North American Moths of the Genera Phaeoses, Opogona, and Oinophila, with a Discussion of Their Supergeneric Affinities (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)." 39 pages, 128 figures, 1 map. November 24, 1978. 283. Karl V. Krombein. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, II: A Monograph of the Scoliidae (Hymenoptera : Scolioidea)." 56 pages, 36 figures. December 14, 1978. 284. George R. Zug and Patricia B. Zug. "The Marine Toad, Bufo marinus: A Natural History Resume of Native Populations." 58 pages, 20 figures, 22 tables. March 16, 1979. 285. Wayne N. Mathis and Guy E. Shewell. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), I: Revisions of Parascatella Cresson and the triseta Group of Scatella Rovineau-Desvoidy." 44 pages, 62 figures, 1 table. December 21, 1978. 286. Ernest A. Lachner and Susan J. Kamella. "Fishes of the Genus Eviota of the Red Sea with Descriptions of Three New Species (Teleostei: Gobiidae)." 23 pages, 11 figures, 2 tables. December 27, 1978. 287. Wayne N. Mathis. "Studies of Notiphilinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), I: Revision of the Nearctic Species of Notiphila Fallen, Excluding the caudata Group." Ill pages, 210 figures, 1 table. June 19, 1979. 288. C. C. Lu and Clyde F. E. Roper. "Cephalopods from Deepwater Dump- site 106 (Western Atlantic) : Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Abundance." 36 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables. June 25, 1979. 290. Richard S. Houbrick. "Classification and Systematic Relationships of the Abyssochrysidae, a Relict Family of the Bathyal Snails (Prosobranchia: Gas- tropoda)." 21 pages, 11 figures. June 5, 1979. 923. C. Allan Child. "Shallow-Water Pycnogonida of the Isthmus of Panama and the Coasts of Middle America." 85 pages, 25 figures. September 27, 1979. 295. Wayne N. Mathis. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), II: Phylogeny, Classification, and Zoogeography of Nearctic Lamproscatella Hendel." 41 pages, 52 figures. August 3, 1979. 298. Karl V. Krombein. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, V: A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)." 29 pages, 24 figures. July 27, 1979. 299. Ernest A. Lachner and James F. McKinney. "Two New Gobiid Fishes of the Genus Cobiopsis and a Redescription of Feia nympha Smith." 18 pages, 11 figures, 3 tables. September 14, 1979. 300. George R. Zug, S. Blair Hedges, Sara Sunkel. "Variation in Reproductive Parameters of Three Neotropical Snakes, Coniophanes fissidens, Dipsas cafesbyi, Imantodes cenchoa." 20 pages, 13 figures, 7 tables. September 14, 1979. SMITHSONIAN STUDIES IN AIR AND SPACE 2. Claudia M. Oakes. "United States Women in Aviation through World War I." 44 pages, 48 figures. November 14, 1978. ATOLL RESEARCH BULLETIN 222. Michael Pichon. Recherches sur les peuplements a dominance d'anthozo- aires dans les recifs coralliens de Tulear (Madagascar). 447 pages, 67 figures, 18 tables. December 15, 1978. Appendix 5. Smithsonian Institution Press Publications I 397 APPENDIX 6. Publications of the Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and Its Subsidiaries in Fiscal Year 1979 Publications are by staff members unless otherwise indi- cated. SCIENCE CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Balling, J. D.; Donovan, W. L.; and Leavitt, L. A. 1978. "Maternal Physio- logical Response to Infant Signals." Psychophysiology 15:68-74. -; and R. C. Flanery. 1979. "Developmental Changes in Hemispheric Specialization for Tactile Spatial Ability." Developmental Psychology 15(4); 364-72. 1979. "Environmental Decision-Making: A Psychologist's View." Ali- Aba Course of Study: Environmental Law 2:849-55. Melhop, Pat, and Lynch, J. F. 1978. "Population Characteristics of Peromyscus leucopus Introduced to Islands Inhabited by Microtus pennsylvanicus." Oikos 30:17-26. Pogell, S. M. 1979. "Estuaries Provide Labs for Ecology Studies." Smithsonian Institution Research Reports, Winter 1979, pp. 4-5. . 1979. "Public Participation: Some Opportunities and Mechanisms for Non-Adversary Resolution of Environmental Conflict." Ali-Aha Course of Study: Environmental Law 2:857-938. 1979. "Smithsonian Institution's Chesapeake Bay Center for Environ- mental Studies: A Research and Education Facility on the Rhode River. Boating Almanac 4:85. 1979. "Government-Initiated Public Participation in Environmental Decisions." Environmental Comment, April 1979, pp. 4-6. Whigham, D. F. 1979. "The Distribution of Seeds, Seedlings, and Established Plants of Arrow Arum (Peltandra virginica) (L) (Kunth) in a Freshwater Wetland." Bulletin Torry Botanical Club 106, July-August. , and Simpson, R. L. 1978. "Aboveground and Belowground Biomass Relationships of Freshwater Tidal Wetland Macrophytes." Bulletin Ecological Society America 50:112. 1978. "The Relationship Between Aboveground and Belowground Biomass of Freshwater Tidal Wetland Macrophytes." Aquatic Botany 5:355-64. -, and McWethy, M. 1979. "The Reproductive Ecology of Tipularia dis- color (Orchidaceae)." ASB Bulletin 26:93. Wu, T. L. 1979. "The Distribution of Atrazine in Cornfield Soils at Various Elevations." In Proceedings of Northeastern Weed Science Society 33:121- 30. TORT PIERCE BUREAU Buzas, M. A. "Community Unity? Patterns in Molluscs and Foraminifera." In Recent Advances in Estuarine Research with Special Emphasis on Estuarine Interactions, edited by M. L. Wiley. 1978. 398 / Smithsonian Year 1979 . "Foraminifera as Prey for Benthic Deposit Feeders: Results of Preda- tor Exclusion Experiments." Journal of Marine Research 36(1978) :617-27. Gore, Robert H., and Scotto, Liberta E. "Memoirs of the Hourglass Cruises: Crabs of the Family Parthenopidae (Crustacea, Brachyura: Oxyrhyncha) with Notes on Specimens from the Indian River Region of Florida." Florida Department of Natural Resources, Marine Research Laboratory 3(6) (1979) :l-98. McDonald, Jack, and Grant, Jonathan. "Desiccation Tolerance of Eurypanopeus depressus (Smith) (Decapoda: Xanthidae) and the Exploitation of Micro- Habitat." Estuaries 2(3) (1979) :172-77. Miller, J. E., and Pawson, D. L. "A New Subspecies of Holothuria lentiginosa from the Western Atlantic Ocean (Echinodermata: Holothuroidea)." Pro- ceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(4)(1979) :912-22. Pilger, John F. "Reproduction of a Parthenogenetic Sipunculan." American Zoologist 18(3) (1978) :663. Rice, Mary E. "Review: The Living Dock at Panacea, by Jack Rudloe." Bioscience 29(5) (1979) :316. , and Murdoch, Joseph D. "Influence of Adults on Metamorphosis of Oceanic Sipunculan Larvae." American Zoologist 18(3)(1978) :664. Ruppert, Edward E. "The Reproductive System of Gastrotrichs. III. Genital Organs of Thausastodermatinae Subfam. n. and Diplodasyinae Subfam. n. with Discussion of Reproduction in Macrodasyida." Zoologica Scripta 7 (1978):93-114. Wilson, Kim A.; Scotto, Liberta E.; and Gore, Robert H. "Studies on Decapod Crustacea from the Indian River Region of Florida XIII. Larval Development under Laboratory Conditions of the Spider Crab Mithrax forceps (A. Milne Edwards, 1875) (Brachyura: Majidae)." Proceedings of the Biological So- ciety of Washington 92(2) (1979) :307-27. NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Office of the Director Boyne, Walter J. "Technological Progress in World War I Aviation." Diamond Jubilee of Powered Flight, Dayton, Ohio, 1978. . "Famous and Obscure Planes, No. 4." Air and Space (September- October 1978). . "A Covey of Curious Contraptions." Airpower (October 1978). "Test Pilot's Log Book — The Story of Sam Shannon." Airpower (March 1979). . 'Penrose of Westland." Wings (April 1979). -. "Fly Off — The First U.S. Aircraft Competition." Airpower (Septem- ber 1979). . "Military and Commercial Aviation." In Grolier Encyclopedia, 1979. Art Department Dean, James D. "The Artist and Space." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews (September 1978). . [Review] Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquillity Base, edited by T. D. Crouch and R. P. Hallion. 1979. Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Abdel-Rahman, M. E.; El-Etr, H. A.; El-Baz, F.; and Hamdan, A. H. "Statisti- cal Analysis of Craters in the Equatorial Belt of the Near Side of the Moon." Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 399 In Fourth Conference on Statistics, Computer Science and Social Research, pp. 351-99. Cairo: Ain Shams University in Cairo, 1979. Andre, C. C; Wolfe, R. W.; and Adler, I. [Abstract] "Are Early Magnesium- rich Basalts Widespread on the Moon?" In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 36-37. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. . "Evidence for a High Magnesium Subsurface Basalt in Mare Crisium from Orbital X-ray Fluorescence Data." In Mare Crisium: The View from Luna 24, pp. 1-12. New York: Pergamon Press, 1978. Andre, C. G.; Wolfe, R. W.; Adler, I.; and Clark, P. [Abstract] "Mare Basalt Depths from Orbital X-ray Data." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 38-40. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. Breed, C. S.; McCauley, J. F.; Grolier, M. J.; Witbeck, N.; and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Eolian Depositional Features in the Western Desert of Egypt: Comparison with Mars." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978- 1979, pp. 282-85. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, TM- 80339, 1979. Chaikin, A. L.; El-Baz, F.; and Maxwell, T. A. [Abstract] "Comparison of Mariner 9 and Viking Imagery of the Cerberus Albedo Feature." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978-1979, pp. 279-81. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, TM-80339, 1979. El-Baz, F. "A Stratigraphic Approach to the Evolution of the Lunar Crust." In Comparative Planetology, edited by C. Ponnamperuma, pp. 103-39. New York: Academic Press, 1978. . [Abstract] "Earth Orbital Photography in the Shuttle Era." In Ab- stracts with Programs, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, p. 395, 1978. "Naming Moon's Features Creates 'Ocean of Storms'." Smithsonian 9(10) (1979) :96-104. [Abstract] "Wind Erosion in Egypt's Oweinat Mountain and Implica- tions to Eolian Erosion on Mars." In Second International Colloquium on Mars, p. 26. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Conference Publication 2072, 1979. -. [Abstract] "Clones of Martian Light- and Dark-colored Streaks in the Southwestern Desert of Egypt." In Second International Colloquium on Mars, p. 26. National Aeronautics and Space Administration Conference Publi- cation 2072, 1979. "Apollo and the Scientific Harvest." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch, pp. 34-47. Washington, D.C. : National Air and Space Museum, 1979. . "Recent Space Missions Give Us a New View of Mars." In Action, pp; 1-8. New York, 1979. "Shuttle Operations Explained." Arab News, (April 1979) :7. Jedda: Saudi Arabia, 1979; also in Arabic, "Kaifa Satatim Al-Rahalat Al-Makou- kia." Al Sharq Al Awsat {The Middle East), (March 1979) :7. London: Eng- land, 1979. . Egypt As Seen By Landsat. Cairo: Dar El-Maaref Press, Cairo, Egypt, 1979. "Misr wa Makouk Al-Fada (Egypt and the Space Shuttle)." In Al- Majal, pp. 22-23. Washington, D.C: International Communications Agency, Issue No. 96, 1979. "Siwa Resort of Kings." Aramco World Magazine (July-August, 1979) :30-35. El-Baz, F., and Maxwell, T. A. [Abstract] "Eolian Landforms in Southwestern Egypt: Implications for Surface Processes on Mars." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 349-51. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. . "Comparison of Desert Formations in Southwestern Egypt with Simi- 400 / Smithsonian Year 1979 lar Features on Mars." In Press Abstracts, Tenth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, pp. 13-18. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. [Abstract] "Wind Streaks in the Southwestern Desert of Egypt: Topo- graphic Influences and Martian Analogies." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978-1979, pp. 296-98. National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration, TM-80339, 1979. El-Baz, F., and Ondrejka, R. J. "Earth Orbital Photography by the Large Format Camera." In Proceedings of the Twelfth International Symposium on Remote Sensing of Environment, pp. 703-18. Ann Arbor: Environmental Research Institute of Michigan, 1978. Gifford, A. W., and Maxwell, T. A. [Abstract] "Topographic Effects on Slumped Craters in the Lunar Highlands." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 431-33. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. Gifford, A. W.; Maxwell, T. A.; and El-Baz, F. "Geology of the Lunar Farside Crater Necho." In The Moon and the Planets 21, pp. 25-42, 1979. Grolier, M. J.; McCauley, J. F.; Breed, C. S.; and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Yar- dangs of the Western Desert of Egypt." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978-1979, pp. 290-92. National Aeronautics and Space Adminis- tration, TM-80339, 1979. Maxwell, T. A. "Origin of Multi-Ring Basin Ridge Systems: An Upper Limit to Elastic Deformation Based on a Finite-Element Model." In Proceedings of the Ninth Lunar and Planetary Science Conference, pp. 3541-59. Hous- ton: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1978. . [Abstract] "Field Investigation of Martian Canyonlands in South- western Egypt." In Second International Colloquium on Mars, p. 54. Na- tional Aeronautics and Space Administration Conference Publication 3073, 1979. Maxwell, T. A., and El-Baz, F. "The Nature of Rays and Sources of Highland Material in Mare Crisium." In Mare Crisium: The View From Luna 24, pp. 89-103. New York: Pergamon Press, 1978. . [Abstract] "Fluvial Landforms in Southwestern Egypt: Implications for Surface Processes on Mars." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 786-88. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. [Abstract] "Grain Size Characteristics of Eolian Deposits in South- western Egypt: Implications for the Surface of Mars." In Reports of Plane- tary Geology Program, 1978-1979, pp. 277-78. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, TM-80339, 1979. Maxwell, T. A., and Phillips, R. J. "Stratigraphic Correlation of the Radar- Detected Subsurface Interface in Mare Crisium." In Geophysical Research Letters 5, pp. 811-14, 1978. McCauley, J. F.; Breed, C. S.; Grolier, M. J.; and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Pitted Rocks and Other Ventifacts in the Western Desert of Egypt." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978-1979, pp. 286-87. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, TM-80339, 1979. Prestel, D., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Microscopic Characteristics of Quartz Sand From the Arid Environment of the Gilf Kebir, Southwest Egypt." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978-1979, pp. 293-95. National Aeronautics and Space Administration, TM-80339, 1979. Strain, P. L., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Topography of the Smythii Basin." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 1180-82. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. Walker, A. S., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Analysis of Craters on the Floor of Aitken." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 1271-73. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. Warner, D. M., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "Apollo-Soyuz Photographs of Arid Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 401 Lands." In Abstracts with Programs, Geological Society of America Annual Meeting, p. 512, 1978. Wolfe, R. VV. [Abstract] "Olympus Mons Aureole: Possible Evidence for the Antiquity of Olympus Mons." In American Astronomical Society, Division of Planetary Sciences Meeting, 1978. . [Abstract] "Orientation of Eolian Features in the North Polar Region of Mars: A Preliminary Assessment." In Lunar and Planetary Science X, pp. 1364-66. Houston: Lunar and Planetary Institute, 1979. Wolfe, R. W., and El-Baz, F. [Abstract] "The Wind Regime of the Western Desert of Egypt." In Reports of Planetary Geology Program, 1978-1979, National Aeronautics and Space Administration, TM-80339, 1979. Department of Aeronautics Casey, Louis S. Flying Boats. London: Phoebus Publishers, 1979. . "Naval Aircraft, 1914-1945." Phoebus Publishers. Republished in Sea- power, 1979. Mikesh, Robert C. "Night Intruder, Korean Style." Air Enthusiast No. 8. . "More about Those Japanese Planes." American Aviation Historical Journal (Winter 1978). "Restoring the Museum's Aircraft." Kokufan. Tokyo: Burindo Co., Ltd. August 1979. Oakes, Claudia M. "United States Women in Aviation through World War I." Smithsonian Studies in Air and Space, no. 2. Washington, D.C. : Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1978. Spenser, Jay P. Aeronca C-2: The Story of the Flying Bathtub. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. . "Caged Owl — The Heinkel 219." Wings (August 1979). Department of Astronautics Crouch, Tom D. "Engineers and the Airplane." In The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus, edited by R. P. Hallion. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1978. . "December: Diamond Anniversary of Man's Propulsion Skyward." Smithsonian (December 1978). . "The Sands of Kitty Hawk." Rotarian (December 1978). "The Path to the Apollo: Unmanned Exploration of the Moon." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1979. Dillon, Walter. "The Apollo Command and Service Modules." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1979. Durant, F. C D., III. "July 20, 1969: The View across a Decade." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1979. Flint, Walter H. "Operational Support for Apollo." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washing- ton, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1979. Kennedy, Gregory. "Pioneers to a Cloudy Planet." Model Rocketry News (De- cember 1978). — . "Voyage to the Outer Planets." Model Rocketry News (January 1979). . "Apollo 11 and Beyond." Model Rocketry News (July 1979). . "The Lunar Module." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washington, D.C. : National Air and Space Museum, 1979. 402 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Purnell, Louis. "The Evolution of the Apollo Space Suit." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washing- ton, D.C. : National Air and Space Museum, 1979. Winter, Frank. "1928-1929 Forerunners of the Shuttle: The Von Opel Flights." Spaceflight (February 1979). Winter, Frank, and James, George. "Happy 50th Birthday Buck." Starlog (March 1979). Department of Science and Technology Hallion, Richard P. "Wooden Aircraft and the Great War." Journal of Forest History 22(4) (October 1978) :200-2. . "X-15: Highest and Fastest of Them All." Flight International (Decem- ber 23, 1978) :2255-61. . "Saga of the Rocket Ships: The Lifting Bodies." Air Enthusiast 8:51- 59. "Lippisch, Gluhareff, and Jones: The Emergence of the Delta Planform and the Origins of the Sweptwing in the United States." Aerospace His- torian 26(1) (March 1979) :1-10. -, editor. The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus. Washington, D.C.: National Air and Space Museum, 1978. Hallion, Richard P., and Crouch, Tom D., editors. Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquility Base. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1979. Hallion, Richard P., and Winter, Frank H. [Monthly feature] "Out of the Past: An Aerospace Chronology." Astronautics and Aeronautics (September 1978- September 1979). . "The Soviet Stovepipes: A History of Soviet Ramjet Research." Air Enthusiast 9:55-60. Hanle, Paul A. "Indeterminacy before Heisenberg: The Case of Franz Exner and Erwin Schrodinger." Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences 10(1979). . [Review] My Life: Recollections of a Nobel Laureate, by Max Born. ISIS 70(1979). Hanle, Paul A., and Forman, Paul. Einstein, A Centenary Exhibition. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Education Division Joels, K. "Space Industrialization: Education." AIAA Princeton Conference Proceedings, May 1979. . "Apollo and the Two Cultures." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tran- quility Base, edited by R. P. Hallion and T. D. Crouch. Washington, D.C: National Air and Space Museum, 1979. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN, CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER Maloney, M. Michael, and Sorenson, E. Richard. "An Update on the National Anthropological Film Center and its Activities." In: Society for the Anthro- pology of Visual Communications Newsletter, Fall 1978. Sorenson, E. Richard, and Neuberger, Gay C, with the staff of the NAFC and the Executive Committee of the Advisory Council. The National Anthro- pological Film Center, A Report on its Beginnings and Programs. 415 pp. Washington, D.C: NAFC, 1979. . "The Development of the Advisory Council to the NAFC." Supple- ment 1 to: The National Anthropological Film Center, A Report on its Beginnings and Programs. Ill pp. Washington, D.C: NAFC, 1979. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 403 . "Annual Reports of the National Anthropological Film Center." Sup- plement 2 to: The National Anthropological Film Center, A Report on its Beginnings and Programs. NAFC, 1979. "The Development of the NMNH Advisory Committee on the NAFC." Supplement 3 to: The National Anthropological Film Center, A Report on its Beginnings and Programs. 269 pp. Washington, D.C. : NAFC, 1979. "Analysis of the Program and Policy Committee Report." Supplement 5 to: The National Anthropological Film Center, A Report on its Begin- nings and Programs. 38 pp. Washington, D.C: NAFC, 1979. RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES Bryce-Laporte, Roy S. "New York City and the Caribbean Immigration: A Contextual Statement." The International Migration Review, vol. 13, Sum- mer 1979. . "On the Presence, Migrations and Cultures of Blacks in the Americas." Carihe, vol. 4, 1979. Couch, Stephen R. "Money and Music." Working Papers for a New Society, July/August 1979. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Department of Anthropology Angel, J. Lawrence. "Osteoarthritis in Prehistoric Turkey and Medieval By- zantium." Henry Ford Hospital Medical Journal 27(1) (1979) :38-43. Brooks, Alison S. "A Note on the LSA Features at T^gi: Analogies from His- toric San Hunting Practices." In Botswana Notes and Records 10, 1978. Brooks, Alison S., and Yellen, John E. "Archaeological Excavations at =7^gi, (Western Ngamiland, Botswana) : A Report on the First Two Field Seasons." In Botswana Notes and Records 9, pp. 21-30, 1977. Brooks, Alison S.; Crowell, Aron L.; and Yellen, John E. "^Gi, a Stone Age Archeological Site in Western Ngamiland, Botswana." In Proceedings of the Eighth Pan-African Congress of Prehistory and Quaternary Studies, Sep- tember 3-10, 1977. Burch, Ernest S., Jr. "Native Claims in Alaska: An Overview." In Etudes/ Inuit/ Studies 3(1) (1979) :7-30. Conkey, Laura E.; Boissevain, Ethel; and Goddard, Ives. "Indians of Southern New England and Long Island: Late Period." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, pp. 177-89, Wil- liam C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion, 1978. Cox, Steven L. "Paleo-Eskimo Occupations of the North Labrador Coast." Arctic Anthropology 15(2) (1978) :96-118. Duncan, Kate C "Alaskan Athabascan Beadwork." Alaska Journal (Summer 1977): 113-24. Fitzhugh, William W. "Maritime Archaic Cultures of the Central and Northern Labrador Coast." Arctic Anthropology 15(2) (1978) :61-95. . "Winter Cove 4 and the Point Revenge Occupation of the Central Labrador Coast." Arctic Anthropology 15(2) (1978) :146-74. Gibson, Gordon D., editor of translation. The Ethnography of Southwestern Angola, vol. 2, The Nyaneka-Nkumbi Ethnic Croup, by Carlos Estermann. New York: Africana Publishing Co., 1979. Gibson, Gordon D., and Yellen, John E. "A Middle Stone Age Assemblage from the Munhino Mission, Huila District, Angola." South African Archaeo- logical Bidletin 33(1978) :76-82. Goddard, R. H. Ives, III. "Eastern Algonquian Languages." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North Anierican Indians, vol. 15, pp. 404 / Smithsonian Year 1979 70-77, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution, 1978. -. "Delaware." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, pp. 213-39, William C. Sturtevant, gen- eral editor. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1978. -. "Central Algonquian Languages." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, pp. 583-87, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1978. -. "Mascouten." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, pp. 669-72, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. "Synonymy" in the chapters "Northern Iroquoian Culture Patterns," "Huron of Lorette," "Wyandot," "Erie," "Mohawk," "Oneida," "Onondaga," "Cayuga," "Seneca," "Tuscarora Among the Iroquois," "Fox," "Sauk," and "Southeastern Ojibwa." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Hand- book of North American Indians, vol. 15, pp. 319-21, 393, 404-6, 416-17, 478-79, 489-90, 499, 503, 515-16, 524, 645-46, 654-55, 768-70, William C. Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. -. "Technical Alphabet." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, p. x, William C Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. "Ethnohistorical Implications of Early Delaware Linguistic Materials." In Neighbors and Intruders: An Ethnohistorical Exploration of the Indians of Hudson's River, edited by Laurence M. Hauptman and Jack Campisi, pp. 88-102. Ottawa: National Museums of Canada, 1978. [Reviews] Studies in Southeastern Indian Languages, edited by James M. Crawford; Menomini Lexicon, by Leonard Bloomfield; A Proto- Algonquian Dictionary, by George F. Aubin; and A Bibliography of Algon- quian Linguistics, by David H. Pentland et al. American Anthropologist 80 (1978):719-21. -. Delaware Verbal Morphology: A Descriptive and Comparative Study. New York and London: Garland Publishing, Inc., 1979. -, linguistic editor. Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, William C Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Goddard, R. H. Ives, III, and Golla, Susan. "Synonymy" in the chapter "Win- nebago." In Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, p. 706, William C Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Hesse, Brian, and Evans, Robert K. "A New Permanent Exhibition at the Smith- sonian Institution." Archaeology 32(3) (1979) :53-55. Houchins, Chang-su. "Kankoku min'ga ni egakareta tora (The Tiger Motif in Korean Folk Paintings)." Han, Institute of Korean Studies, (March 1979), Tokyo. (Japanese translation by M. Narisawa.) Meggers, Betty J. "Climatic Oscillation As a Factor in the Prehistory of Amazonia." American Antiquity 44(2) (1979) :252-66. . [Prehistoric America] Gakusei-sha, Tokyo, 232 p. [Japanese transla- tion of Prehistoric America, 1972.] Meggers, Betty J., and Evans, Clifford. "Aspectos Arqueologicos de las Tierras Bajas de Suramerica y las Antillas." Cuadernos del Cendia, vol. 258, no. 4. Universidad Autonoma de Santo Domingo. [Complete translation of Meg- gers and Evans, 1978, in Ancient Native Americans.'] . "Lowland South America and the Antilles." In Ancient Native Ameri- cans, edited by Jesse D. Jennings, pp. 543-91. San Francisco: W. H. Free- man and Co., 1978. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 405 . "Apresentacao." Areas da Amazonia Legal Brasileira para Pesquisa e Cadastro de Sitios Arqueologicos, by Mario F. Simoes and Fernanda Araujo-Costa. Museu Goeldi, Pubs. Avulsas no. 30, p. 5. Belem, 1978. Nagle, Christopher. "Indian Occupations of the Intermediate Period on the Central Labrador Coast: A Preliminary Synthesis." Arctic Anthropology 15(2)(1978):119-45. Okrand, Marc. "Metathesis in Costanoan Grammar." International Journal of American Linguistics 45(1979) :123-30. . "Costanoan Philological Practices: Comment and Criticism." Inter- national Journal of American Linguistics 45(1979) :181-87. Quilter, Sarah McAnulty, compiler. "George Catlin — Painter of American Indians" [accompanying slide packet]. Washington, D.C. : Office of Printing and Photographic Services, Smithsonian Institution, 1979. Smith, Bruce D. "Determining the Selectivity of Utilization of Animal Species by Prehistoric Human Populations." American Antiquity 44(1979) :155-60. Stewart, T. D. "George A. Dorsey's Role in the Luetgert Case: A Significant Episode in the History of Forensic Anthropology." Journal of Forensic Sci- ences 23(4) (1978) :786-91. . "The Skull of Vendovi: A Contribution of the Wilkes Expedition to the Physical Anthropology of Fiji." Archaeology and Physical Anthropology in Oceania 13(2 & 3) (1978) :204-14. Essentials of Forensic Anthropology, Especially as Developed in the United States. Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas Publisher, 1979. "The First Americans: Migrations to a New World." In Kin and Communities: Families in America, edited by Allan J. Lichtman and Joan R. Challinor, pp. 59-75. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. "Forensic Anthropology." In The Uses of Anthropology, edited by Walter Goldschmidt, pp. 109-83. Special Publication of the American An- thropological Association, no. 11, 1979. St. Hoyme, Lucile E. "Ancient Tooth Decay." Science News 115 (May 19, 1979) :328. Sturtevant, William C. "The Hole-and-Slot Heddle." In Ethnographic Textiles of the Western Hemisphere, edited by Irene Emery and Patricia Fiske, pp. 325-55 (Irene Emery Roundtable on Museum Textiles, 1976 Proceedings). Washington, D.C: The Textile Museum, 1978. . "The Last of the South Florida Aborigines." In Tacachale: Essays on the Indians of Florida and Southeastern Georgia during the Historic Period, edited by Jerald Milanich and Samuel Proctor, pp. 141-62 (Ripley P. Bullen Monographs in Anthropology and History No. 1, Florida State Museum). Gainesville: University Presses of Florida, 1978. "Sale of Harvard Peabody Museum Collections." Council for Mu- seum Anthropology Newsletter 3(1)(1978) :16-20. -, general editor. Northeast. Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. -. "Oklahoma Seneca-Cayuga." In Northeast, edited by Bruce C Trig- ger, Handbook of North American Indians, vol. 15, pp. 537-43. William C Sturtevant, general editor. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. "The Cherokee Frontiers, the French Revolution, and William Au- gustus Bowles." In Cherokee Indian Nation: A Troubled History, by Duane H. King, pp. 61-91. Knoxville: University of Tennessee Press, 1979. "Louis-Philippe on Cherokee Architecture and Clothing in 1797." In Journal of Cherokee Studies III, no. 4, pp. 198-205. Cherokee, N.C, 1979. Sturtevant, William C; Bray, Warwick; and King, Jonathan. "The Americas on the Eve of European Conquest." In The Times Atlas of World History, edited by Geoffrey Barraclough, pp. 148-49. London: Times Books, 1978. Trousdale, William. "Backhouse and His Mountain-train." In The Journal of the Royal Artillery 106(1) (1979) :23-26. 406 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Ubelaker, Douglas H. "Human Cremations from the Gore Mound, Boone County, West Virginia." The West Virginia Archeologist 26(1977) :13. ."Microscopic Analysis of Archaeological Bone." In Ancient Disease in the Midwest, edited by Dan Morse, pp. 66-72. (Illinois State Museum, Re- ports of Investigations, no. 15.) Springfield, 111.: 1978. [Review] The Middle Woodland Population of the Lower Illinois Val- ley: A Study in Paleodemographic Methods, by David L. Asch and Hope- well in the Lower Illinois Valley: A Regional Study of Human Biological Variability and Prehistoric Mortuary Behavior, by Jane E. Buikstra. Vols. 1 and 2, Northwestern Archeological Program Scientific Papers, Evanston, Illinois. Plains Anthropologist 24(83) (1979) :76-78. Ubelaker, Douglas H., and Kerley, Ellis R. "Revisions in the Microscopic Method of Estimating Age at Death in Human Cortical Bone." American Journal of Physical Anthropology 49(4) (1978) -.545-46. Viola, Herman J. [Review] A Bibliographical Guide to the History of Indian- White Relations in the United States, by Francis Paul Prucha. The Colo- rado Magazine of History (Spring 1978) :107-8. . [Review] John Ross, Cherokee Chief, by Gary E. Moulton. The Ameri- can Historical Review (April 1979) :560. [Review] Lincoln and the Indians: Civil War Policy and Politics, by David A. Nichols. The Indiana Magazine of History (March 1979) :108-9. Viola, Herman J., and Kvasnicka, Robert M., editors. The Commissioners of Indian Affairs. Lincoln, Nebraska: The University of Nebraska Press, 1979. Wapnish, Paula; Hesse, Brian; and Ogilvy, Anne. "The 1974 Collection of Faunal Remains from Tel Dan." Bulletin of the American Schools of Ori- ental Research, no. 227 (1977) :35-63. Department of Botany Ayensu, E. S. "The Beginnings of Agriculture." In The Smithsonian Book of Invention, pp. 50-57. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1978. . "The Farm Goes Industrial." In The Smithsonian Book of Invention, pp. 160-67. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. . "The U.S. Red Data Book." Garden 2(5) (1978) :2-3. "Calling the Roll of the World's Vanishing Plants." Smithsonian 9 (7)(1978):122-29. "The Role of Science and Technology in the Economic Development of Ghana." In Science and Economic Development: A Historical and Com- parative Study, edited by W. Beranek and G. Ranis, pp. 288-340. New York: Praeger Publications, 1978. Ayensu, E. S.; Matlock, W. C; and North, A. M. The Research Function of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research. Accra, Ghana: Govern- ment Printer, 1979. Bohlmann, F.; Dutta, L. N.; Dorner, W.; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Zwei neue Guajanolide sowie weitere Longipinenester aus Stevia-arten." Phyto- chemistry 18(1979) :673-75. Bohlmann, F.; Jakupovic, J.; Zdero, C; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Neue Melampolide und cis,cfs-Germacranolide aus Vertretern der Subtribus Me- lampodiinae." Phytochemistry 18(1979) :625-30. Bohlmann, F.; Zdero, C; King, R. M.; and Robinson, H. "Neue Labdanderivate aus Carterothamnus anomalochaeta." Phytochemistry 18(1979) :621-24. Cowan, Richard 5. "Harleyodendron, A New Genus of Leguminosae (Swart- zieae)." Brittonia 31(1)(1979) :72-78. Cuatrecasas, J., and Cleef, A. M. "Una neuva crucifera de la Sierra Nevada del Cocuy (Colombia)." Caldasia 12(57) (1978) :145-58. Duek, J. J., and Lellinger, David B. "New Combinations in the Fern Flora of Venezuela." American Fern Journal 68(December 1978) :120. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 407 Eyde, R. H. "Reproductive Structures and Evolution in Ludwigia (Onagraceae). II. Fruit and Seed." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(1978): 656-75. Fosberg, F. R. "Documentation of Identifications in Ecological Work." Tropi- cal Ecology 18(1) (1977) :97-98. . "A Fossil Garcinia Fruit from the New Hebrides, Melanesia." Pacific Science 31(3)(1977) :293-97. "Miscellaneous Notes on the Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands: VII. Eugenia elliptica var. levinervis (Myrtaceae)." Kew Bulletin 33(1) (1978) :133-34. "Miscellaneous Notes on the Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands: VIII. Hedyotis subgenus Oldenlandia (Rubiaceae)." Kew Bulletin 33(1) (1978) :135-40. "Miscellaneous Notes on the Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands: IX. The Native Aldabra Solanum." Kew Bulletin 33(1)(1978) :141-42. "Miscellaneous Notes on the Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands: X. The Aldabra Clerodendrum (Verbenaceae)." Kew Bulletin 33(1) (1978):143-44. "Miscellaneous Notes on the Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands: XL Critical Notes on Euphorbiaceae." Kew Bulletin 33(2) (1978); 181-90. -. "Miscellaneous Notes on the Flora of Aldabra and Neighbouring Islands: XII. Boerhavia repens L. var. maris-indici Fosberg (Nyctaginaceae) Validated." Kew Bulletin 33(3) (1979) :398. "The Woody Rubiaceae of Aldabra Island (Indian Ocean)." Phyto- logia 41(5)(1979):347-62. Fosberg, F. R., and Sachet, M.-H. "Callicarpa erioclona Schauer (sensu stricto)." Phytologia 41(5) (1979) :363-65. Fosberg, F. R.; Sachet, M.-H.; and Oliver, Royce. "A Geographical Checklist of the Micronesian Dicotyledonae." Micronesica 15(1-2) (1979) :41-295. Goldberg, Aaron. "A New Species of Melochia from the Planalto of Bahia, Brazil." Phytologia 43(3) (1979) :287-88. Hale, Mason E., Jr. "A New Species of Ramalina from North America (Lichens: Ramalinaceae)." Bryologist 81(4)(1978) :599-602. . How to Know the Lichens, 2d. ed. Dubuque, Iowa: W. C. Brown Co., 1979. Hale, Mason E., Jr., and Figueiras, M. Lopez. "New Species of Evernistrum and Hypotrachyna from South America. (Lichens: Parmeliaceae)." Bryologist 81 (4)(1978):590-93. King, R. M., and Robinson, H. "New Records and New Species of Central American Eupatorieae (Asteraceae)." Wrightia 6(2) (1978) :41-42. . "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLXXIV. A New Genus, Nothobaccharis." Phytologia 41(6) (1979) :396-97. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). CLXXV. A New Genus from Bahia, Litothamnus." Phytologia 44(2) (1979) :79-83. "Studies in the Eupatorieae (Asteraceae). The Relationship of Eupa- torium cyrili-nelsonii." Phytologia 44(2) (1979) :84-88. Kirkbride, Joseph H., Jr. "Raritehe, An Overlooked Genus of the Rubiaceae." Brittonia 31(2)(1979) :299-312. Lawrey, J. D., and Hale, Mason E., Jr. "Lichen Growth Responses to Stress Induced by Automobile Exhaust Pollution." Science 204(1979) :423-24. Lellinger, David B. "Rio Palenque Fern Notes." Selbyana 2(September 1978) : 283-85. Little, Elbert L., Jr. Checklist of United States Trees (Native and Naturalized). U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agriculture Handbook no. 541. Washing- ton, D.C.: U.S. Department of Agriculture, 1979. 408 / Smithsonian Year 1979 . "Four Varietal Transfers of United States Trees." Phytologia 42(3) (1979) :219-22. Nicolson, Dan H. "Araceae." In Flora Vitiensis Nova. A New Flora of Fiji (Spermatophytes Only), by A. C. Smith, pp. 438-60. Lawai, Kauai, Hawaii: Pacific Tropical Botanical Garden, 1979. . "Illegitimate 'Basionyms,' Impact on Priority and Author Citation or, The Rise of Desmodium incanum and Fall of D. canum (Fabaceae)." Taxon 27(August 1978) :365-70. "Neolaugeria, A New Name for Terebraria (Rubiaceae) of the West Indies." Brittonia 31(1)(1979) :119-24. 'Nomenclature of Bombax, Ceiba (Bombacaceae) and Cochlospermum (Cochlospermaceae) and Their Type Species." Taxon 28 (August 1979) :367- 73. "The Reinstatement of Capparis rheedii DC. (Capparaceae)." Bulletin of the Botanical Survey of India 17(1979) :20-21. Norris, D. H., and Robinson, H. "The Systematic Position of Bryobrothera crenulata." Bryologist 82(2) (1979) :305-9. Payne, W. W.; Croat, T. B.; Elias, T. S.; Holmgren, P. K.; McVaugh, R.; Nicolson, D. H.; Nevling, L. I., Jr.; Ornduff, R.; and Thorne, R. F. System- atic Botony Resources in America. Part II: The Costs of Services. Mill- brook, New York: The New York Botanical Garden, Cary Arboretum, 1979. Read, R. W. "Live Storage of Palm Pollen." Principes 23(1) (January 1979): 33-35. . "Monocotyledoneae (Palmae)." In Flora of the Lesser Antilles, Lee- ward and Windward Islands, by Richard A. Howard, vol. 3, pp. 320-68. Jamaica Plain: Arnold Arboretum, Harvard University, 1979. Robinson, H. "Lundellianthus, A New Genus from Guatemala (Heliantheae: Asteraceae." Wrightia 6(2) (1978) :40-42. . "New Species of Clibadium, Heterosperma and Milleria from Peru (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)." Wrightia 6(3) (1979) :46-48. "New Species of Vernonieae (Asteraceae). I. Veronia harlingii from Ecuador." Phytologia 44(2)(1979) :65-69. "Notes on Oyedaea in Central America (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)." Wrightia 6(3) (1979) :43-45. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XIII. A New Genus, Pery- meniopsis." Phytologia 40(6) (1978) :495-96. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XIV. Validation of Sub- tribes." Phytologia 41(1)(1978) :39-44. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XV. Various New Species and New Combinations." Phytologia 41(1)(1978) :33-38. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XVI. A New Subtribe, En- hydrinae." Phytologia 41(6)(1979) :398. "Studies in the Heliantheae (Asteraceae). XVII. Additions to Monac- tis and Kingianthus." Phytologia 44(2) (1979): 70-78. "Studies in the Liabeae (Asteraceae). XIII. A New Species of Lia- bellum from Nayarit, Mexico." Phytologia 41(1)(1978) :45-49. "Studies in the Senecioneae (Asteraceae). IX. A New Genus, Dres- slerothamnus." Phytologia 40(6) (1978) :493-94. "A Study of the Genus Schistocarpha (Heliantheae: Asteraceae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, no. 42. Washington, D.C. : Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1979. Robinson, H.; Bohlmann, F.; and King, R. M. "Chemosystematic Notes on the Asteraceae I. New Correlations in Subtribes of the Heliantheae." Phyto- logia 41(1) (1978) :50-54. . "Chemosystematic Notes on the Asteraceae II. Acyclic Sesquiter- penes." Phytologia 41(6)(1979) :387-95. Appendix 6. Publicatiorjs of the Staff I 409 Sandved, Kjell B. "De Vlinders van Prikkebeen." Panorama 22 (May 1979) : 60-65. . "Papillons les bataillons de la nuit." CEO 4(1979) :60-76. Shetler, Stanwyn G. "North America." In Systematic Botany, Plant Utiliza- tion and Biosphere Conservation, edited by I. Hedberg, pp. 47-54. Stock- holm: Almqvist & Wiksell International, 1979. . "Pollen-collecting Hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae), I: Historical Review." Taxon 28(1, 2/3) (1979) :205-15. Skog, Laurence E. "Flora of Panama, Part IX. Family 175. Gesneriaceae." Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden 65(3) (1978) :783-996. . "A Look at Leaf Surfaces of Reldia Using Scanning Electron Micros- copy. The Cloxinian 28(5) (1978) :9-12. Skvarla, John J., and Nowicke, Joan W. "The Morphology of the Exine in Nigella (Ranunculaceae)." American Journal of Botany 66(2) (1979) :162-65. Smith, Lyman B. "Recollections of Mulford Foster." Journal of the Bromeliad Society 29(1) (1979) :4-7. Smith, Lyman B., and Ayensu, Edward S. "Velloziaceae Brasiliae — 1." Bradea 2(49) (1979) :326-28. Smith, Lyman B., and Pereira, Edmundo. "Emenda Necessaria na Descri<;:ao de Dyckia ferruginea Mez." Bradea 2(49) (1979) :324-25. Smith, Lyman B., and Read, R. W. "Aechmea milsteiniana." Journal of the Bromeliad Society 29(1) (1979) :21-23. . "Notes on Bromeliaceae, XL." Phytologia 41(5) (1979) :329-45. . "Orthophytum Burle-Marxii." Journal of the Bromeliad Society 29 (4)(1979):164-65. Soderstrom, Thomas R. "The Bamboozling Thamnocalamus." Garden 3(2) (1979) :22-27. Soderstrom, Thomas R., and Calderon, Cleofe E. "Chusquea and Swallenochloa (Poaceae: Bambusoideae) : Generic Relationships and New Species." Brit- tonia 30(3) (1978) :297-312. Stafleu, Frans A., and Cowan, Richard S. "The Making of A Book: An Interim Report on TL-2." Taxon 28(1979) :77-86. . Taxonomic Literature: A Selective Guide to Botanical Publications and Collections with Dates, Commentaries and Types, 2d. ed., vol. II: H-Le. Utretcht, The Netherlands: Bohn, Scheltema and Holkema, 1979. Stone, B. C., and Nicolson, Dan H. "Arguments for Limonia acidissima L. (Rutaceae and Against Its Rejection as a Nomen Ambiguum." Taxon 27 (November 1978) :551-52. Wirth, Michael, and Hale, Mason E., Jr. Mor den-Smithsonian Expedition to Dominica: The Lichens (Graphidaceae). Smithsonian Contributions to Botany, no. 40. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Wurdack, John J. "Certamen Melastomataceis XXIX." Phytologia 41(1) (1978): 1-10. . "Certamen Melastomataceis XXX." Phytologia 43(4)1979) :339-55. . "Vicariads in Henrietella (Melastomataceae)." Wrightia 6(2)(1978): 21-22. Department of Entomology Cartwright, O. L. "A New Species of Psammodius from Sand Dunes of Cali- fornia (Scarabaeidae: Aphodiinae: Eupariina)." Coleopterists Bulletin 31(3) (1977) :281-82. . "Concerning Aphodius aegrotus Horn and Aphodius geomysi Cart- wright. Coleopterists Bulletin 32(3) (1978) :258. Cartwright, O. L., and Chalumeau, Fortune E. "Bredin-Archbold-Smithsonian Biological Survey of Dominica. The Superfamily Scarabaeoidea (Coleoptera). 410 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 279, 32 pp., Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Davis, Donald R. "The North American Moths of the Genera Phaeoses, Opo- gona, and Oinophila, with a Discussion of Their Supergeneric Affinities (Lepidoptera: Tineidae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 282, 39 pp. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. . "Two New Genera of North America Incurvariine Moths (Lepidop- tera: Incurvariidae)." The Pan-Pacific Entomologist, no. 54 (1970) :147-153. New Leaf-Mining Moths of the Family Nepticulidae from Florida. The Florida Entomologist 61 (4) (1978) :209-24. Deonier, E. L.; Mathis, W. N.; and Regensburg, J. T. "Natural History and Life-cycle Stages of Notiphila carinata (Diptera: Ephydridae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(1979) :798-814. Emerson, K. C, and Price, Roger D. "Two New Species of Emersoniella (Mal- lophaga: Philopteridae) from New Guinea Kingfishers." Pacific Insects, 19 (1-2) (1978) :105-8. Erwin, Terry L. "Systematic, Natural History, and Zoogeographic Notes on the Genus Agra Fabricius, with a Description of a New Species from Panama (Coleoptera: Lebiini)." Coleopterists Bulletin 32(4)(1978) :261-68. . "Techniques." Coleopterists Bulletin 32(4) (1978) :372. . [Review] Handbook of Common New Guinea Beetles, by J. Linsley Gressitt and Richard W. Hornabrook. Entomological Society of America Bulletin 24(4) (1978) :443-44. Erwin, Terry L., and Halpern, Anne L. "Max Banninger: His Collection and Publications (Coleoptera: Carabidae)." Coleopterists Bulletin 32(4) (1978): 357-66. Erwin, T. L., and House, Gloria N. "A Catalogue of the Primary Types of Carabidae (including Cicindelinae) in the Collections of the United States National Museum of Natural History (USNM) (Coleoptera)." Coleopterists Bulletin 32(3) (1978) :231-55. Faran, M. E. "Anopheles (Nyssorhynchus) trinkae, a New Species in the Albimanus Section (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 11 (2) (1979): 26-39. Flint, Oliver S., Jr. "Studies of Neotropical Caddisflies, XXII: Hydropsychidae of the Amazon Basin (Trichoptera)." Amazoniana 6(1978) :373-421. . "Probable Origins of the West Indian Trichoptera and Odonata Faunas." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Symposium on Trichop- tera, pp. 215-23. Junk, The Hague, 1977. Huang, Y.-M. "Redescription and Subgeneric Position of Aedes meronephada (Dyar and Shannon) with Notes on the Subgenus Diceromyia (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mostyuffo Systematics 10(3) (1978) :335-50. . "Taxonomic Status of Aedes (Stegomyia) laffooni Knight and Roze- boom with Redescription of Aedes (Stegomyia) pseudalbolineatus Brug (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 10(3) (1978) :351-64. "Medical Entomology Studies-XI. The Subgenus Stegomyia of Aedes in the Oriental Region with Keys to the Species (Diptera: Culicidae." Con- tributions of the American Entomological Institute, 15(6)(1979) :l-79. Hurd, Paul D., Jr. "Bamboo-nesting Carpenter Bees (Genus Xylocopa Latreille of the Subgenus Stenoxylocopa Hurd and Moure (Hymenoptera : Anthopho- ridae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 51(1978) :745-64. . "Superfamily Apoidea." In Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, by Karl V. Krombein et al., vol. 1, pp. 1-1198; vol. 2, pp. 1199- 2209. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Knutson, L., and Flint, O. S., Jr. "Do Dance Flies Feed on Caddisflies? — Fur- ther Evidence (Diptera: Empididae:Trichoptera). Proceedings of the En- tomological Society of Washington, 81(1979) :32-33. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 411 Krombein, Karl V. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, III. Life His- tory, Nest and Associates of Paraleptomenes mephitis (Cameron) (Hymenop- tera: Eumenidae)." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society 51(1978): 721-34. . "Biosystematics Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, II. A Monograph of the Scoliidae (Hymenoptera: Scolioidea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 283, pp. 1-56. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, IV. Kudakrumiinae, a New Subfamily of Primitive Wasps (Hymenoptera: Mutillidae)." Trans- actions of the American Entomological Society 105(1979) :67-83. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps, V. A Monograph of the Ampulicidae (Hymenoptera: Sphecoidea)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 298, pp. 1-29. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. "Studies in the Tiphiidae, XII. A New Genus of Methochinae with Notes on the Subgenera of Methocha Latreille (Hymenoptera Aculeata)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 81(1979) :424-34. "Biosystematic Studies of Ceylonese Wasps. VI. Notes on the Sclero- gibbidae with Description of Two New Species (Hymenoptera: Chrysidoi- dea)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 81(1979): 465-74. Krombein, Karl V., and Hurd, Paul D., Jr., et al. "Introduction: Hymenoptera, Apocrita, Aculeata, Bethyloidea, Scolioidea, Vespoidea, Pompiloidea, and Sphecoidea." Catalog of Hymenoptera in America North of Mexico, vols. 1 and 2, vii-xvi, 1-2, 1199-1321, 1469-1740. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Mathis, Wayne N. "A Synopsis of Neotropical Eleleides Cresson (Diptera: Ephydridae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 80 (1978):465-72. . "Studies of Notiphillinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), I. Revision of the Nearctic Species of Notiphila Fallen, Excluding the caudata Group." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 287, pp. 1-111. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. [Review] Record of My Life-Work in Entomology, 1903-1904, by C R. Osten Sacken, with an appreciation and introductory preface by K. G. V. Smith. Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 81(1979) :330-31. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), II. Phylogeny, Classi- fication, and Zoogeography of Nearctic Lamproscatella Hende!." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 295, pp. 1-41. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Mathis, Wayne N., and Shewell, Guy E. "Studies of Ephydrinae (Diptera: Ephydridae), I: Revisions of Parascatella Cresson and the triseta Group of Scatella Robineau-Desvoidy." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 285, pp. 1-44. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Mathis, Wayne N., and Wirth, Willis W. "Paracanace New Genus Near Cana- ceoides Cresson, Three New Species, and Notes on the Classification (Dip- tera: Canacidae)." Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 80(1978) :524-37. Peyton, E. L., and Harrison, B. A. "Anopheles (Cellia) dirus, a New Species of the Leucosphyrus Group from Thailand (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 11(1) (1979) :40-52. Price, Roger D., and Emerson, K. C "The Neopsittaconirumus (Mallophaga: Philopteridae) from Cacatua (Aves: Psittaciformes)." Pacific Insects 18 (1-2) :33-36. Sirivanakarn, S. "The Female Cibarial Armature of New World Culex, Sub- 412 / Smithsonian Year 1979 genus Melanoconion and Related Subgenera with Notes on the Character in Subgenera Culex, Lutzia and Neoculex and Genera Calindomyia and Deinocerites (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 10(4) (1978) :474- 92. -. "A New Species of Culex (Melanoconion) from Bolivia and Ecuador (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 11(2)(1979) :135-37. Sirivanakarn, S., and Jakob, W. L. "A New Species of Culex (Melanoconion) from Southern Brazil (Diptera: Culicidae)." Mosquito Systematics 11(2) (1979):139-43. Spangler, P. J., and Santiago-de Bueno, S. "A New Water Scavenger Beetle from Mexico (Coleoptera: Hydrophilidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(2) (1979) :333-38. Traub, R., and Wisseman, C. L., Jr., editors. "Korean Hemorrhagic Fever." Journal of Infectious Diseases 138(2) (1978) :267-72. Department of Invertebrate Zoology Barnard, J. L. "Littoral Gammaridean Amphipoda from the Gulf of California and the Galapagos Islands." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 271, pp. 1-149. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. . "Redescription of Plioplateia K. H. Barnard, a Genus of Amphipod (Crustacea) from South Africa." Annals of the South African Museum, vol. 77, pp. 47-55, 1978. Barnard, J. L., and Drummond, M. M. "Gammaridean Amphipoda of Aus- tralia, Part 3. The Phoxocephalidae." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 245, pp. 1-551. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. . "Gammaridean Amphipoda of Australia, part 4." Smithsonian Con- tributions to Zoology, no. 269, pp. 1-69. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Barnard, J. L., and Karaman, G. S. "Classificatory Revisions in Gammaridean Amphipoda, part 1." In Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washing- ton, vol. 92, pp. 106-65, 1979. Bayer, Frederick M. "Adelogorgia telones, a New Species of Gorgonacean Coral (Coelenterata: Octocorallia) from the Galapagos Islands." In Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington, vol. 91, pp. 1026-36, 1979. Bowman, Thomas E. "From Brazil to Jamaica: A Range Extension of the Neritic Calanoid Copepod, Pseudodiaptomus acutus." Crustaceana 35(3) (1978):249-52. . "The Modified Suture Between Segments 8 and 9 on the First Antenna of Some Calanoid Copepods." Crustaceana 35(2) (1978) :113-18. Cairns, S. D. "A Checklist of the Ahermatypic Scleractinia of the Gulf of Mexico, with the Description of a New Species." Gulf Research Reports 6(1)(1978):9-15. . "The Deep-water Scleractinia of the Caribbean and Adjacent Waters." Studies on the Fauna of Curacao and Other Caribbean Islands 57(180) (1978) : 341. "Distichopora (Haplomerismos) Anceps, a New Stylasterine Coral (Coelenterata: Stylasterina) from Deep Water off the Hawaiian Islands." Micronesica 14(1) (1978) :83-87. -. "Types and Figured Specimens of Stylasterina and Scleractinia at the NMNH, Smithsonian. Part 1. Recent and Cenozoic." Fossil Cnidaria 7(2) (1978):9-14. Chace, Fenner A., Jr., and Brown, Diane E. "A New Polychelate Shrimp from the Great Barrier Reef of Australia and Its Bearing on the Family Bresiliidae (Crustacea: Decapoda: Caridea)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(3) (1978) :756-66. Cressey, R. F., and Randall, J. "Synodus capricornis, a New Lizardfish from Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 413 Easter and Pitcairn Islands." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington 91 (3) (1978) :767-74. Cressey, R. F., and Russell, B. C. "Three Species of Indo-West Pacific Lizard- fish (Synodontidae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(l)(1979):166-75. Downey, Maureen E. "Pythonaster pacificus n. sp., a New Starfish of the Family Myxasteridae (Echinodermata: Asteroidea." Proceedings of the Bio- logical Society of Washington 92(1) (1979) :70-74. Fauchald, Kristian, and Jumars, Peter A. "The Diet of Worms: A Study of Polychaete Feeding Guilds." Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review, vol. 17, pp. 193-284. Harshbarger, J. C; Squire, R. A.; Goodman, D.G.; Valerio, M. G.; Frederick- son, T.; Strandberg, J. D.; Levitt, M. H.; Lingeman, C. H.; and Dawe, C. J. "Tumors." Pathology of Laboratory Animals, vol. 2, pp. 1051-1283. Hart, C. W., Jr. "A New Species of the Genus Sphaeromicola (Ostracoda: Entocytheridae: Sphaeromicolinae) from Texas, with Notes on Relationships between European and North American Species." Proceedings of the Bio- logical Society of Washington 91(3)(1978) :724-30. . [Review] Wind in the Rock, by Ann Zwinger. Smithsonian 9(11) (1979) :132-35. Hart, C. W., Jr., and Fuller, Samuel L. H., editors. Pollution Ecology of Es- tuarine Invertebrates. New York: Academic Press, Inc., 1979. Hart, C. W., Jr., and Hart, Dabney G. "Ostracods (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Ostracoda)." In Pollution Ecology of Estuarine Invertebrates, edited by C. W. Hart and S. L. H. Fuller, pp. 127-44. New York: Academic Press, 1979. Higgins, R. P., and George, R. Y. "A Eutrophis Hadal Benthic Community in the Puerto Rico Trench." Ambio, no. 6 (1979) :51-58. Hobbs, Horton H., Jr., and Paters, Daniel J. "A Substitute Name for the Homonym Aphelocythere Hobbs and Peters (Ostracoda, Entocytheridae)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(4)(1978) :l-37. Houbrick, R. S. "Classification and Systematic Relationships of the Abys- sochrysidae, a Relict Family of Bathyal Snails (Prosobranchia: Gastropoda)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 290, pp. 1-21. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. . "The Family Cerithiidae in the Indo-Pacific. Part 1 : The Genera Rhinoclavis, Pseudovertagus and Clavercerithium." Monographs of Marine Mollusca, no. 1 (1978) :1-130. -. "Reassignment of Batillaria sardida (Gmelin) from the Cerithiidae to the Potamididae (Gastropoda: Prosobranchia). Proceedings of the Biologi- cal Society of Washington 91(3)(1978) :246-49. Kensley, Brian. "Decapod Crustaceans Collected in Southern African Waters by the Th. Mortensen Java-South Africa Expedition (Crustacea, Decapoda)." Steenstrupia 4(1978) :249-61. . "Five New Genera of Anthirid Isopod Crustaceans." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(1978) :775-92. -. "Interaction Between Coastal Processes and Lagoonal Fauna, Between Walvis Bay and Luderitzbucht, South West Africa." Madoqua 11(1978): 55-60, 1978. "The South African Museum's Meiring Naude Cruises Part 8. Isopoda Anthuridea." Annals of the South African Museum 77(1978) :l-25. Kensley, Brian, and Kaufman, H. W. "Cleantioides, a New Idoteid Genus from Baja California and Panama." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington 91(1978) :658-65. Kensley, Brian, and Koening, M. L. "Two New Species of Quantanthura from Brazil (Crustacea, Isopoda, Anthuridae)." Proceedings of the Biological So- ciety of Washington 91(1979) :953-62. 414 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Kensley, Brian, and Penrith, M. J. "Biological Survey of Sandvis 1, Introduc- tion and Faunal List." Madoqua 10(1979) :181-90. Kornicker, Louis S. "The Adult Male of Harbansus bradmyersi Kornicker, 1978, and a Key to Subfamilies of the Philomedidae (Ostracoda: Myodo- copina)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(1979): 999-1007. . "The Question Mark in Taxonomic Literature." Journal of Paleon- tology 53(1979) :761. Kornicker, Louis S., and Sohn, L G. "Viability of Freeze-Dried Eggs of the Freshwater Heterocypris incongruens." In Proceedings of the View Imkrish Society of Ostracodes, p. 272, 1979. Manning, Raymond B. "Additional Records for Two Eastern Atlantic Stoma- topod Crustaceans." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91 (2)(1978):450-52. . "Lobsters." FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes: Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31) 6(1978). 'Nannosquilla vasquezi, a New Stomatopod Crustacean from the Atlantic Coast of Panama." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Wash- ington 92(2) (1979) :380-83. "Notes on Two Species of Stomatopod Crustacea from Phuket Island, Thailand." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(2) (1979); 394-98. "Stomatopods." FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Pur- poses: Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31) 6(1978). Manning, Raymond B., and Froglia, Carlo. "Brachynotus gemmellari (Rizza, 1839), the Third Mediterranean Species of the Genus (Crustacea, Decapoda, Brachyura)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington (3)(1978): 691-705. Manning, Raymond B., and Makarov, R. R. "A New Species of Faughnia from the Western Indian Ocean (Crustacea, Stomatopoda)." Bulletin du Museum national d'Histoire naturelle, Paris, ser. 3, no. 520 (1978) :517-23. Manning, Raymond B., and Reaka, Marjorie L. "Three New Stomatopod Crus- taceans from the Pacific Coast of Costa Rica." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(3) (1979) :634-39. Pawson, David L. "Some Aspects of the Biology of Deep-sea Echinoderms." Thalassia Yugoslavica 12(1) (1978) :287-93. . "The Eichinoderm Fauna of Ascension Island, South Atlantic Ocean." Smithsonian Contributions to the Marine Sciences, no. 2, pp. 1-31. Wash- ington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Pawson, David L., and Miller, J. E. "A New Subspecies of Holothuria lenti- ginosa Marenzeller from the Western Atlantic Ocean (Eichinodermata: Ho- lothuroidea)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91 (1979) :912-22. Perez Farfante, Isabel. "Families Hippolytidae, Palaemonidae (Caridea), and Penaeidae, Sicyoniidae and Solonceridae (Penaeoidea)." FAO Species Iden- tification Sheets for Fishery Purposes, Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31) 6(1979). . "Range Extension of Penaeopsis serrata (Crustacea: Penaeoidea) to Off New Jersey and Rio Grande do Sul." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(1) (1979) :204-7. "Penaeopsis jerryi. New Species from the Indian Ocean (Crustacea: Penaeoidea)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(1) (1979) :208-15. Rice, Mary E. "Morphological and Behavioral Changes at Metamorphosis in the Sipuncula." In Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, 83-102. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 415 . "The Living Dock at Panacea, by Jack Rudlow." Bioscience 29(5) (1979):3161. Rice, Mary E., and Chia, Fu-Shiang. Settlement and Metamorphosis of Marine Invertebrate Larvae, pp. i-xi and 1-290, 1978. Rice, Mary E., and Murdoch, Joseph D. "Influence of Adults on Metamorphosis of Oceanic Sipunculan Larvae." American Zoologist 18(3) (1978) :664. Riitzler, Klaus. "Shallow-Water Sponges of the Western Bahamas, by Felix Wiedenmayer, Experientia supplementum 28." The Quarterly Review of Biology 53(4) (1978) :465-66. Riitzler, Klaus, and Macintyre, Ian G. "Siliceous Sponge Spicules in Coral Reef Sediments." Marine Biology 49(2) (1978) :147-59. Roper, Clyde F. E. "Cephalopods of the Western Central Atlantic Ocean." FAO Identification Sheets, (Fishing Area 31) 6(1978). Roper, Clyde F. E., and Lu, C. C. "Cephalopods from Deepwater Dumpsite 106 (Western Atlantic) : Vertical Distribution and Seasonal Abundance." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology no. 288. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1979. . "Rhynchoteuthion Larvae of Ommastrephid Squids of the Western North Atlantic, with the First Description of Larvae and Juveniles of lllex illecebrosus." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(4) (1978):1039-59. Roper, C. F. E.; Walters, J. F.; and Young, R. E. "Eyes and Extraocular Photo- receptors in Midwater Cephalopods and Fishes: Their Roles in Detecting Downwelling Light for Counterillumination." Marine Biology 51(1979): 371-80. Rosewater, J. "Parakrama Kirtisinghe. 1978. Sea Shells of Sri Lanka." National Capital Shell Club Newsletter 11(1978). . "A Reconnaissance of West American Littorinidae." Bulletin of the American Malacological Union, Inc. for 1978 55(1978). Williams, Austin B. "A New Crab Family from Shallow Waters of the West Indies (Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 92(2) (1979) :399-413. . "Symposium on the Composition and Evolution of Crustaceans in the Cold and Temperate Waters of the World Ocean." Bulletin of the Biological Society of Washington, no. 3(1979) :xiv, 359. "True Crabs." FAO Species Identification Sheets for Fishery Purposes. Western Central Atlantic (Fishing Area 31) 6(1978). Williams, Austin B., and Duke, Thomas W. "Crabs (Arthropoda: Crustacea: Decapoda: Brachyura)." In Pollution Ecology of Estuarine Invertebrates, pp. 171-222, 1979. Williams, Austin B.; Boothe, Billy B., Jr.; and Herbst, Gary H. "Reassessment of Northern Geographic Limits for Decapod Crustacean Species in the Caro- linian Province, USA; Some Major Range Extensions Itemized." Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(4)(1979):989-98. Department of Mineral Sciences Chalmers, R. O.; Henderson, E. P.; and Mason, Brian. "Australasian Micro- tektites and the Stratigraphic Age of the Australites: Discussion and Reply." Geological Society of America Bulletin 90(1979) :508-12. Clarke, R. S., Jr. "A Response to Wasson's Views on Cutting the Old Woman Meteorite." Eos 60(1979) :652. . "Carbon in Iron Meteorite Structures." Program Forty-Second Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, Heidelberg, 1979. Clarke, R. S., Jr., and Jarosewich, E. "The Concentration and Distribution of Cu in Meteoritic Metal." Meteoritics 13(1978) :418-20. D'Antonio, P.; Konnert, J. H.; and Appleman, Daniel E. "Analysis of Thin- 416 / Smithsonian Year 1979 walled Glass Capillaries." American Crystallographic Association, Program and Abstracts, ser. 2, vol. 6, no. 2 (1979) :84. Dunn, Pete J. "Dehrnite and Lewistonite : Discredited." Mineralogical Maga- zine 42(1978) :281. . "Gem Peridot and Enstatite with Spinel Inclusions from Chihuahua, Mexico." The Journal of Gemmology 16(1978) :236-38. "New Minerals 1973-1977: A Perspective." The Mineralogical Record 9(1978) :363-65. . "Sanmartinite: New Data." Mineralogical Magazine 42(1978) :281. "Ganomalite from Franklin, New Jersey." The Mineralogical Record 10(1979) :47-48. -. "Guest Editorial: When You Are All Through Collecting." The Min- eralogical Record 10(1979) :66. "Light Green Zincite from Sterling Hill, Ogdensburg, New Jersey." The Mineralogical Record 10(1979) :45-47. Dunn, Pete J.; Appleman, Daniel E.; and Nelen, J. "Liddicoatite, A New Gem Tourmaline Species from Madagascar." Journal of Gemmology 16(1978): 172-76. Dunn, Pete J.; Peacor, D. R.; and Palmer, T. D. "Desautelsite, A New Mineral of the Pyroaurite Group." The American Mineralogist 64(1979) :127-30. Dunn, Pete J.; Peacor, D. R.; and Sturman, B. D. "Mandarinoite, A New Ferric- iron Selenite from Bolivia." The Canadian Mineralogist 16(1978) :605-9. . 'Marsturite, MnsCaNaHSisOis, A New Mineral of the Nambulite Group from Franklin, New Jersey." The American Mineralogist 63(1978) :1187-89. "Carlhintzeite, A New Calcium Aluminum Fluoride Hydrate from the Hagendorf Pegmatites, Bavaria, Germany." The Canadian Mineralogist 17 (1979) :103-5. -. "Paulmooreite, A New Lead Arsenite Mineral from Langban, Sweden." The American Mineralogist 64(1979) :353-54. Dunn, Pete J., and Rouse, R. "Morelandite, A New Barium Arsenate Chloride Member of the Apatite Group." The Canadian Mineralogist 16(1978) :601-4. Dunn, Pete J., and Seel, P. [Review] The Mineralogy of the Diamond. The Mineralogical Record 9(1978) :383. Dunn, Pete J.; Wolfe, C. W.; Leavens, P. B.; and Wilson, W. E. "Hydroxyl- herderite from Brazil and a Guide to Species Nomenclature for the Herderite/hydroxyl-herderite Series." The Mineralogical Record 10(1979) : 5-11. Fiske, R. S. "A Deontological Code for Volcanologists? — Response to Derek Bostok's Editorial." Journal of Volcanology and Ceothermal Research 5(1979) :211-12. Fleischer, Michael. "F. W. Clarke and the Data of Geochemistry." Ceotimes (March 1979). Fleischer, Michael. Third list of additions to "Glossary of Mineral Species." The Mineralogical Record 9(1978) :371-74. Fleischer, Michael. "Relation of the Relative Concentrations of Lanthanides in Titanite to Type of Host Rocks." The American Mineralogist 63(1978): 869-73. Fleischer, Michael. "Relative Proportions of the Lanthanides in Minerals of the Bastnaesite Group." The Canadian Mineralogist 16(1978) :361-63. Fredriksson, K.; Noonan, A. F.; and Nelen, J. "Ultrathin Sections: An Apoca- lyptic View of Chondrules and Chondrites." Meteorites 13(1978) :462-64. Fredriksson, K.; Noonan, A. F.; Nelen, J.; and Beauchamp, R. H. "Bonding and Reactions During Accretion of Ordinary Chondrites: L Bjurbole." Lunar and Planetary Science 10(1979) :397-99. Fredriksson, K.; O'Keefe, J.; and Brenner, P. "The Bulk Composition of In- dividual Chondrules." Meteorites 13(1978) :464. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 417 Fudali, Robert F. "Gravity Investigation of Wolf Creek Crater, Western Aus- tralia." Journal of Geology 87(1979) :55-67. Fudali, Robert F., and Ford, R. J. "Darwin Glass and Darwin Crater: A Progress Report." Meteorites 14(3) (1979) :267-82. Gait, R. I.; Sturman, B. D.; and Dunn, Pete J. "Prosperite, HCaZn2(As04)2 (OH), A New Mineral from Tsumeb, Southwest Africa (Namibia)." The Canadian Mineralogist 17(1979) :87-92. Gomes, C. B.; Keil, K.; Ruberti, E.; Jarosewich, E.; and Silva, J. "Studies of Brazilian Meteorites XVI. Mineralogy, Petrology and Chemistry of the Ipiranga, Parana, Chondrite." Chemie Der Erde 37(1978) :265-67. Johnson, H. Paul, and Melson, William G. "Electron Microprobe Analyses of Some Titanomagnetite Grains from Hole 395A." In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 45, by W. G. Melson, P. D. Rabinowitz, et al. Washington, D.C. : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978. Leavens, P. B.; Dunn, Pete J.; and Gaines, R. V. "Compositional and Refrac- tive Index Variations of the Herderite — hydroxyl-herderite Series." The American Mineralogist 63(1978) :913-17. Mason, Brian. Data of Geochemistry, Sixth Edition, Chapter B, Cosmochemis- try, Part 1, Meteorites. U.S. Geological Survey Professional Paper 440-B-l (1979). . "Descriptions of Antarctic Meteorites." Antarctic Meteorite Newsletter 1(1, 2, and 3); 2(1 and 2) (1978-1979). . "Strontium Abundance in Cosmos, Meteorites, Tektites, and Lunar Materials." Handbook of Geochemistry 2(5) (1978). McClelland, L., and Simkin, Thomas E. "Volcanology: Review of 1978." Ceotimes 24(1) (1979) :50-51. Melson, William G. "Chemical Stratigraphy of Leg 45 Basalts: Electron Probe Analyses of Glasses." In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 45, by W. G. Melson, P. D. Rabinowitz, et al., pp. 507-12. Washington, D.C: U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978 Melson, William G., and O'Hearn, Timothy. "Basaltic Glass Erupted Along the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Between Composition and Latitude." In Deep Drill- ing Results in Atlantic Ocean: Ocean Crust, Maurice Ewing Series 2, edited by M. Talwani, D. G. Harrison, and D. Hayes. Washington, D.C: American Geophysical Union, 1978. Morris, L.; Simkin, T. ; and Myers, H. [Map] "Volcanoes of the World." World Data Center A (NOAA), 1979. Nakai, Izumi, and Appleman, Daniel E. "Klebelsbergite — A New Definition and Synthesis." The American Mineralogist (1979). Nakai, Izumi, and Appleman, Daniel E. "The Crystal Structure of Gerstleyite, Na2(Sb,As)sSi3*2H20." Geological Society of America 11(1979). Natland, J.; Bouganlt, H.; Fujii, T.; Graham, A. L.; Melson, W. G.; Prosser, E.; Rhodes, J. M.; and Zolotarev, B. "Chemical Data for Site 395 and 396: Analytical Procedures and Comparisons of Interlaboratory Standards." In Initial Reports of the Deep Sea Drilling Project 45, by W. G. Melson, P. D. Rabinowitz, et al. Washington, D.C : U.S. Government Printing Office, 1978. Nelen, J. A.; Noonan, A. F.; and Fredriksson, K. "A CAI in Clovis, an Impact Droplet." Meteoritics 13(1978) :573-77. Noonan, A. F.; Nelen, J. A.; and Fredriksson, K. "Ca-Al-Na Rich Inclusions and Aggregates in H-Group and Carbonaceous Chondrites." Meteoritics 13(1978) :583-87. Noonan, A. F.; Rajan, R. S.; and Fredriksson, K. "Agglutinates in Ordinary Chondrites." Meteoritics 13(1978) :587. Noonan, A. F.; Rajan, R. S.; Nelen, J. A.; and Fredriksson, K. "Petrologic and Isotopic Constraints on the Origin of the Bhola Chondrite." Annual Report of the Director — Department of Terrestrial Magnetism 1977—1978, pp. 452-56, 1978. 418 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Shannon, R. D.; Gier, T. E.; Foris, C. M.; Nelen, J. A.; and Appleman, Daniel E. "Crystal Data for Some Sodium Rare Earth SiHcates." Journal of Applied Crystallography (1979). Simkin, Thomas E. "CDF Numbered Contributions." Noticias de Galapagos 28(1978) :24-29. . "Volcanology: U.S. National Report (1971-1978) to International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics." Reviews of Geophysics and Space Physics 17(4) (1979) :872-87. [Review] Volcanic Regimes in Canada. The American Mineralogist 64(1979) :932. [Review] Generation of Basaltic Magma. The American Mineralogist 64(1979) :932. Tobisch, O. T. and Fiske, R. S. "Near Parallelism of Nevadan and Mid- to Late-Cretaceous Deformations in the Central Sierra Nevada." Geological Society of America, Abstracts with Programs (1979) :132. Weinke, Helmut H.; Kiesl, W.; and Clarke, R. S., Jr. "The Waterville Iron Meteorite." Program of the Forty-Second Annual Meeting of the Meteoritical Society, Heidelberg, 1979. Department of Paleobiology Adey, W. H. "Algal Ridges of the Caribbean Sea and West Indies." Phycologia 17(1978) :361-67. . "Coral Reef Morphogenesis: a Multidimensional Model." Science 202(4370) (1978) :831-37. Buzas, M. A. "Community Unity? Patterns in Molluscs and Foraminifera." In Estuarine Interactions, edited by M. L. Wiley, pp. 173-90. New York: Aca- demic Press, 1978. . "Foraminifera as Prey for Benthic Deposit Feeders: Results of Predator Exclusion Experiments." Journal of Marine Research 36(4)(1978) :617-25. -. "The Measurement of Species Diversity." In Foraminiferal Ecology and Paleontology, SEPM Short Course no. 6, by J. H. Lipps, W. H. Berger, M. A. Buzas, R. G. Douglas, and C. A Ross, pp. 3-10. 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"A Census and Analysis of Autumn Raptor Migration in Pan- ama." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1978. Garwood, Nancy C; Janos, David P.; and Brokaw, Nicholas. "Earthquake- caused Landslides: A Major Disturbance to Tropical Forests." Science 205 (4410) (1979) :997-99. Gee, John H., and Graham, Jeffrey B. "Respiratory and Hydrostatic Functions of the Intestine of the Catfishes Hoplosternum thoracatum and Brochis splendens (Callichthyidae)." Journal of Experimental Biology 74(1978) :1-16. Glynn, Peter W.; Wellington, Gerard M.; and Birkeland, Charles. "Coral Reef Growth in the Galapagos: Limitation by Sea Urchins." Science 203(4375) (1979):47-48. Graham, Jeffrey B.; Kramer, Donald L. ; and Pineda, Elpidio. "Comparative Respiration of an Air-Breathing and Non-Air-Breathing Characoid Fish and the Evolution of Aerial Respiration in Charachins." Physiological Zoology 51(3) (1978) :279-88. Grand, T. I. "Adaptation of Tissue and Limb Segments to Facilitate Moving and Feeding in Arboreal Folivores." In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 231-41. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Haines, B. L. "Element and Energy Flows through Colonies of the Leaf-Cutting Ant, Atta colombica, in Panama." Biotropica 10(4) (1978) :270-77. Hendler, Gordon. "Development of Amphioplus abditus (Verrill) (Echinoder- mata: Ophiuroidea). II. Description and Discussion of Ophiuroid Skeletal Ontogeny and Homologies." The Biological Bulletin 154(1) (1979) :79-95. Herrera C, Amalia, and Chang, Fernando. "Inventario y Analisis Ecologico de Algunos Parasites de Peces Comerciales del Pacifico de Panama." Thesis, Universidad de Panama, 1978. Hladik, Annette. "Phenology of Leaf Production in Rain Forest Gabon: Dis- tribution and Composition of Food for Folivores." In The Ecology of Ar- boreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 51-71. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. 446 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Hladik, Annette, and Halle, N. "Note sur les Endocarpes de Quatre Especes de Spondias d'Amerique (Anacardiacees)." Adansonia 18(4) (1979) :487-92. Hladik, C. M. "Adaptive Strategies of Primates in Relation to Leaf-Eating." In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 373-95. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Howe, Henry F., and De Steven, Diane. "Fruit Production, Migrant Bird Visi- tation and Seed Dispersal of Cuarea glabra in Panama." Oecologia 39(2) (1979):185-96. Howe, Henry F., and Vande Kerckhove, Gayle A. "Fecundity and Seed Dis- persal of a Tropical Tree." Ecology 60(1) (1979) :180-89. Hume, Arthur G. "A New Cyclopoid Copepod, Pseudanthessius, limatus, As- sociated with an Ophiuroid in Panama (Atlantic Side)." In Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington 91(1)(1978) :242-49. Karban, Richard, and Smith, Alan P. "Notes of Leaf Temperature Balance in Sedum adolphi (Crassulaceae)." Bartonia 45(1979) :6-10. Karr, James R. "Man and Wildlife in the Tropics: Past, Present and Future." In John S. Wright Forestry Conference Proceedings, Wildlife and People, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources and the Cooperative Exten- sion Service, pp. 120-39. West Lafayette, Ind.: Purdue University, 1978. . "On the Use of Mist Nets in the Study of Bird Communities." Inland Bird Banding 51(1) (1979) :1-10. Karr, James R.; Willson, Mary F.; and Moriarty, D. J. "Weights of Some Central American Birds." Brenesia 14-15(1978) :249-57. Kennedy, Helen. "Calathea elegans and C. spiralis — New Panamanian Maran- thaceae." Botaniska Notiser 131(3) (1978) :349-54. . "Notes on Central American Marantaceae III. New Species of Cala- thea from Costa Rica and Panama." Brenesia 14-15(1978) :349-56. "Systematics and Pollination of the "Closed-Flowered" Species of Calathea (Marantaceae)." University of California Publications in Botany 71(1978) :l-90. Kimsey, Lynn Siri. "Nesting and Male Behavior in Dynatus nigripes spinolae (Lepeletier)." The Pan-Pacific Entomologist 54(1978) :65-68. Kramer, Donald L. "Reproductive Seasonality in the Fishes of a Tropical Stream." Ecology 59(5) (1978) -.976-85. Lasker, Howard R. "Intraspecific Variability and Its Ecological Consequences in the Reef Coral Montastrea cavernosa." Thesis, University of Chicago, 1978. . "Light Dependent Activity Patterns among Reef Corals: Montastrea cavernosa." Biological Bulletin 156(2)(1979) :196-211. Leigh, Egbert G., Jr. "Leaf Production, Leaf Consumption, and the Regulation of Folivory on Barro Colorado Island." In The Ecology of Arboreal Foli- vores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 33-50. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. . [Review] The Evolution of Sex, by John Maynard Smith. Science 202(4374) (1978) :1274-75. Lessios, H. A. "Use of Panamanian Sea Urchins to Test the Molecular Clock." Nature 280(5723) (1979) :599-601. Libonati-Barnes, Susan D. "Filoboletus propullans, a New Poroid Agaric from Panama." Mycotaxon 9(1979) :232-38. Linares, Olga F. [Comments] Food, Taboos, Diet, and Hunting Strategy: The Adaptation to Animals in Amazon Cultural Ecology, by Eric Barry Ross. Current Anthropology 19(1)(1978) :23. . [Review] The Prehistory of Chalchuapa, El Salvador, edited by Rob- ert J. Sharer. American Antiquity 44(3) (1979) :628-30. "What is Lower Central American Archaeology?" Annual Reviews of Anthropology 8(1979) :21-43. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 447 Lubin, Yael D. "Seasonal Abundance and Diversity of Web-Building Spiders in Relation to Habitat Structure on Barro Colorado Island, Panama." Journal of Arachnology 6(1) (1978) :31-52. Lubin, Yael D.; Eberhard, W. G.; and Montgomery, G. G. "Webs of Mia- gramopes (Araneae: Uloboridae) in the Neotropics." Psyche 85(1) (1978): 1-23. McCurdy, Warren W. "Investigacion Tropical en el Canal de Panama." Hori- zontes USA 32(1979) :33-36. McNab, Brian K. "The Comparative Energetics of Neotropical Marsupials." Journal of Comparative Physiology 125(2) (1978) :115-28. . "Energetics of Arboreal Folivores: Physiological Consequences of Feeding on a Ubiquitous Food Supply." In The Ecology of Arboreal Foli- vores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 153-62. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Merserve, Peter L., and Glanz, William E. "Geographical Ecology of Small Mammals in the Northern Chilean Arid Zone." Journal of Biogeography 5 (2)(1978):135-48. Milton, Katharine. "Behavioral Adaptations to Leaf-Eating by the Mantled Howler Monkey {Alouatta palliata)." In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 535-49. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Milton, Katharine; Casey, Timothy M.; and Casey, Kathleen K. "The Basal Metabolism of Mantled Howler Monkeys {Alouatta palliata)." Journal of Mammalogy 60(2) (1979) :373-76. Mittermeier, Russell A. "Locomation and Posture in Ateles geoffroyi and Ateles paniscus." Folia Primatologica 30(1978) :161-93. Mittermeier, Russell A., and Milton, Katharine. "Proposal for an Island Na- tional Park in Panama." Oryx 14(4) (1978) :343-44. Montgomery, G. Gene, editor. The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores." Washing- ton, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Montgomery, G. Gene. "El Grupo Alimenticio (Feeding Guild) del Oso Hormi- guero." Conciencia 6(1) (1979) :3-6. Montgomery, G. Gene, and Lubin, Yael D. "Movements of Coendou prehen- silis in the Venezuelan Llanos." Journal of Mammalogy 59(4) (1978) :887-88. . "Social Structure and Food Habits of Crab-Eating Fox (Cerdocyon thous) in Venezuelan Llanos." Acta Cientifica Venezolana 29(5) (1978) :382- 83. Montgomery, G. Gene, and Rand, A. Stanley. "Movements, Body Temperature and Hunting Strategy of a Boa constrictor." Copeia 3(1978) :532-33. Montgomery, G. Gene, and Sunquist, M. E. "Habitat Selection and Use by Two-Toed and Three-Toed Sloths." In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 329-359. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1978. Mori, Scott A. "A New Species of Gustavia (Lecythidaceae) from Panama." Brittonia 30(3) (1978) :340-41. Morrison, Douglas W. "Foraging Ecology and Energetics of Frugivorous Bat Artibeus jamaicensis." Ecology 59(4) (1978) :716-23. . "Lunar Phobia in a Neotropical Fruit Bat, Artibeus jamaicensis (Chi- roptera: Phyllostomidae)." Animal Behaviour 26(3) (1978) :852-55. Moynihan, Martin. "An ad hoc Association of Hornbills, Starlings, Coucals, and Other Birds." La Terre et la Vie 32(1978) :557-76. . "Geographic Variation in Social Behavior and in Adaptations to Com- petition among Andean Birds." Publications of the Nuttall Ornithological Club 18(1979) :1-162. Nagy, Kenneth A., and Milton, Katharine. "Aspects of Dietary Quality, Nu- trient Assimilation and Water Balance in Wild Howler Monkeys {Alouatta palliata)." Oecologia 39(3) (1979) :249-58. 448 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Perrone, Michael. "The Economy of Brood Defence by Parental Cichlid Fishes, Cichlasoma maculicauda." Oikos 31(1) (1978) :137-41. Perrone, Michael, and Zaret, Thomas M. "Parental Care Patterns of Fishes." The American Naturalist 113(3) (1979) :351-61. Pye, Ade. "The Structure of Cochlea in Some Mammals." Journal of Zoology 187(1) (1979) :39-53. Rabinowitz, Deborah. "Early Growth of Mangrove Seedlings in Panama, and an Hypothesis Concerning the Relationship of Dispersal and Zonation." Journal of Biogeography 5(2) (1978) :113-33. . "Mortality and Initial Propagule Size in Mangrove Seedlings in Pan- ama." Journal of Ecology 66(1) (1978) :45-51. Rand, A. Stanley. "Reptilian Arboreal Folivores." In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 115-22. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Rand, A. Stanley, and Rand, William M. "Display and Dispute Settlement in Nesting Iguanas." In Behavior and Neurology of Lizards, edited by N. Green- berg and P. D. McLean, pp. 245-51. Rockville, Md. : U.S. Department of Health, Education and Welfare, 1978. Ranere, Anthony J. "Toolmaking and Tool Use among Praceramic Peoples of Panama." Advances in Andean Archaeology (1978) :41-84. Ranere, Anthony J., and Hansell, Pat. "Early Subsistence Patterns along the Pacific Coast of Central Panama." In Prehistoric Coastal Adaptations, edited by Barbara L. Stark and Barbara Voorhies, pp. 43-59. New York: Academic Press, 1978. Rettenmeyer, Carl W.; Topoff, Howard; and Mirenda, John. "Queen Retinues of Army Ants." Annals of the Entomological Society of America 71(4) (1978) :519-28. Roberts, Tyson R. "An Ichthyological Survey of the Fly River in Papua New Guinea with Descriptions of New Species." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 281, pp. 1-72. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Robertson, D. Ross; Polunin, Nicholas V. C; and Leighton, Kimberly. "The Behavioral Ecology of Tree Indian Ocean Surgeonfishes {Acanthurus linea- tus, A. leucosternon and Zebrasoma scopas): Their Feeding Strategies, and Social Mating Systems." Environmental Biology of Fishes 4(2) (1979) :125-70. Robertson, D. Ross, and Warner, Robert R. "Sexual Patterns in the Labroid Fishes of the Western Caribbean, II: The Parrotfishes (Scaridae)." Smith- sonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 255, pp. 1-26. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Robinson, Michael H. [Review] The Ethology of Predation, by Eberhard Curio. The Quarterly Review of Biology 53(1978) :198-99. . "Symbioses between Insects and Spiders: An Association between Lepidopteran Larvae and the Social Spider Anelosimus eximius (Araneae: Theridiidae)." Psyche 84(3-4) (1978) :225-32. . "Untangling Tropical Biology." New Scientist 82(1153) (1979) :378-81. "Wondrous Ways and Means of Tropical Spiders." Smithsonian 9(7) (1978) :66-75. Robinson, Michael H., and Robinson, Barbara. "By Dawn's Early Light: Matu- tinal Mating and Sex Attractants in a Neotropical Mantid." Science 205 (4408) (1979) :825-27. . "Culture Techniques for Acanthops falcata, a Neotropical Mantid Suitable for Biological Studies (with Notes on Raising Web Building Spi- ders)." Psyche 85(2-3) (1978) :239-47. "Thermoregulation in Orb-Web Spiders: New Descriptions of Ther- moregulatory Postures and Experiments on the Effects of Posture and Coloration." Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 64(2) (1978) :87-102. Robinson, Barbara, and Michael H. Robinson. "Developmental Studies of Ar- Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 449 giope argentata (Fabricius) and Argiope aemula (Walckenaer)." Symposia of the Zoological Society of London 42(1978) :31-40. Rosenblatt, Richard H., and Stephens, John S., Jr. "Mccoskerichthys sandae, a New and Unusual Chaenopsis Blanny from the Pacific Coast of Panama and Costa Rica." Contributions in Science 293(1978) :l-22. Rubinoff, Ira. "Los Problemas Ambientales que Confronta Panama." Revista Medica de Panama 4(1) (1979) :21-33. Schroder, Steven L., and Zaret, Thomas M. "The Adaptive Significance of Color Patterns in Cichla ocellaris." Copeia 1(1979) :43-47. Silberglied, Robert E. "Inter-Island Transport of Insects Aboard Ships in the Galapagos Islands." Biological Conservation 13(4) (1978) :273-78. Silberglied, Robert E., and Taylor, Orley R., Jr. "Ultraviolet Reflection and Its Behavioral Role in the Courtship of the Sulfur Butterflies Colias eury- theme and C. philodice (Lepidoptera, Pieridae)." Behavioral Ecology and Sociohiology 3(3) (1978) :203-43. Smith, Alan P. "Buttressing of Tropical Trees in Relation to Bark Thickness in Dominica, B.W.I." Biotropica 11 (2) (1979) :159-60. . "Establishment of Seedlings of Polylepis sericea in the Paramo (Al- pine) Zone of the Venezuelan Andes." Bartonia 45(1978) :11-14. -. "Function of Dead Leaves in Espeletia schultzii (Compositae), an An- dean Caulescent Rosette Species." Biotropica 11(1)(1979) :43-47. -. "Spacing Patterns and Crown Size Variability in an Ecuadorian Desert Shrub Species." Oecologia 40(2) (1979) :203-5. Smith, Neal G. "Alternate Responses by Hosts to Parasites Which May Be Helpful or Harmful." In Host-Parasite Interfaces, edited by Brent B. Nickol, pp. 7-15. New York: Academic Press, 1979. Smythe, Nicholas. "The Natural History of the Central American Agouti (Dasyprocta punctata)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 257, pp. 1-52. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Studier, Eugene H., and Wilson, Don E. "Effects of Captivity on Thermo- regulation and Metabolism in Artibeus jamaicensis (Chiroptera: Phyllosto- matidae)." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology, 62A(2)(1979) :347-50. Terwilliger, Valery J. "National History of Baird's Tapir on Barro Colorado Island, Panama Canal Zone." Biotropica 10(3) (1978) :211-20. Turner, John R. G.; Johnson, Michael S.; and Eanes, Walter F. "Contrasted Modes of Evolution in the Same Genome: Allozymes and Adaptive Change in Heliconius." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 76(4) (1979):1924-28. Vleck, Carol M., and Vleck, David. "Metabolic Rate in Five Tropical Bird Species." The Condor 81(1) (1979) :89-91. Vollrath, Fritz. "Behaviour of the Kleptoparasitic Spider Argyrodes elevaius (Araneae, Theridiidae)." Animal Behaviour 27(2) (1979) :515-21. Warner, Robert R., and Robertson, D. Ross. "Sexual Patterns in the Labroid Fishes of the Western Caribbean, I: The Wrasses (Labridae)." Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 254, pp. 1-27. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Weinstein, M. P., and Heck, K. L., Jr. "Ichthyofauna of Seagrass Meadows along the Caribbean Coast of Panama and in the Gulf of Mexico: Composi- tion, Structure, and Community Ecology." Marine Biology 50(1979) :97-107. Wells, Kentwood D. "Courtship and Parental Behavior in a Panamanian Poison-Arrow Frog {Dendrobates auratus)." Herpetologica 34(2) (1978) :148- 55. West-Eberhard, Mary Jane. "Polygyny and the Evolution of Social Behavior in Wasps." Journal of the Kansas Entomological Society, 51(4) (1978) :832-56. . "Temporary Queen in Metapolybia Wasps: Nonreproductive Helpers without Waltruism?" Science 200(4340) (1978) :441-43. 450 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Windsor, Donald M. "The Feeding Activities of Tropical Insect Herbivores on Some Deciduous Forest Legumes." In The Ecology of Arboreal Folivores, edited by G. Gene Montgomery, pp. 101-18. Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1978. Winston, Judith E. "Polypide Morphology and Feeding Behavior in Marine Ectoprocts." Bulletin of Marine Science 28(1) (1978) :1-31. Wolda, Henk. "Abundance and Diversity of Homoptera in the Canopy of a Tropical Forest." Ecological Entomology 4(1979) :181-90. . "Estudios Ecologicos sobre Insectos en la Region de Fortuna y Su Importancia para la Conservacion de la Naturaleza." ConCiencia 5(1)(1978): 3-6. -. "Fluctuations in Abundance of Tropical Insects." The American Nat- uralist 112(988) (1978) :1017-45. Yeaton, Richard I. "Intraspecific Competition in a Population of the Stilt Palm, Socratea durissima (Oerst.) Wendl. on Barro Colorado Island, Pan- ama." Biotropica 11(2) (1979) :155-58. Young, Orrey P. "Resource Partitioning in a Neotropical Necrophagous Scarab Guild." Thesis, University of Maryland, 1978. Zucker, Naida. "Monthly Reproductive Cycles in Three Sympatric Hood- Building Tropical Fiddler Crabs (Genus Uca." Biological Bulletin 155(2) (1978) :410-24. HISTORY AND ART ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Karlstrom, Paul. Louise Michel Eilshemius. New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc., 1978. . Louis M. Elshemius: Selections from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. "Louis Michel Eilshemius: A Closer Look." American Art and Antique Magazine, September-October 1978. "Eilshemius, Pursuit of Fame: A Tragic Story." Smithsonian, Novem- ber 1978. McCoy, Garnett. [Introduction] The Archives of American Art Collection of Exhibition Catalogs. Boston, Massachusetts: G. K. Hall & Co., 1979. COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DESIGN AND DECORATIVE ARTS Dee, Elaine Evans. Japanese Woodblock Prints in the Collection of the Cooper- Hewitt Museum. New York, 1979. . Kata-gami: Japanese Stencils in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, 1979. -, contributor. Connoisseur Magazine, July 1979. McFadden, David Revere. Porcelain in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, 1979. , contributor. Connoisseur Magazine, July 1979. Oliver, Richard B. Bandboxes and Shopping Bags in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, 1978. . "Images of Special Places." In Urban Open Spaces. New York, June 1979. Sonday, Milton, contributor. Connoisseur Magazine, July 1979. Taylor, Lisa. Foreword to Designs for the Dream King: The Castles and Pal- aces of Ludwig II of Bavaria. London: Debrett's Peerage Ltd, November 1978. . Foreword to Minoru Niizuma. Tokyo, January 1979. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 451 . Foreword to Japanese Woodlock Prints in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, March 1979. Foreword to Kata-gami: Japanese Stencils in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Museum. New York, March 1979. -. Foreword to Porcelain in the Collection of the Cooper-Hewitt Mu- seum. New York, March 1979. . Foreword to MA, Space/Time in Japan. New York, April 1979. -. Foreword to Cooper-Hewitt Benefit Auction Catalogue. New York, April 1979. -. Foreword to Porcelain, Smithsonian Illustrated Library of Antiques prepared by the Cooper-Hewitt Museum, distributed by the Book-of-the- Month Club. New York, April 1979. -. "Notes from the Director." Cooper-Hewitt Newsletter, Fall, Winter, and Spring issues, 1979. editor. Urban Open Spaces. New York: Cooper-Hewitt Museum, Smithsonian Institution, June 1979. FREER GALLERY OF ART Atil, Esin. The Brush of the Masters: Drawings from Iran and India. Wash- ington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1978. . "Ahmed Naksi: An Eclectic Painter of the Early 17th Century." In Fifth International Congress of Turkish Art, edited by G. Feher, pp. 103-21. Budapest, 1978. Chase, W. Thomas, III. "Photomacrography of Artifact Inscriptions — How To Bring out Finite Detail." Functional Photography 13(5) (1978) :18-21. Chase, W. Thomas, III, and Franklin, Ursula Martius. "Early Chinese Black Mirrors and Pattern-etched Weapons." In Ars Orientalis XI, edited by W. T. Chase, E. W. FitzHugh, T. Lawton, J. Winter, and L. Zycherman, pp. 215-58. Ann Arbor, Mich.: University of Michigan, 1979. Chase, W. Thomas, III, and Ziebold, Thomas O. "Ternary Representations of Ancient Chinese Bronze Compositions." In Archaeological Chemistry — II, edited by Giles F. Carter, pp. 293-334. A.C.S. Advances in Chemistry Series, no. 171. Washington, D.C., 1978. Fu Shen. "The Paintings and Calligraphy Collection of the Grand Princess of Lu-kuo, Sengge — A History of the Yiian Imperial Art Collections: Part I." The National Palace Museum Quarterly 13(1)(1978). . "Emperor Yiian Wen-tsung and the K'uei-chang-ko — A History of the Yiian Imperial Art Collections: Part II." The National Palace Museum Quarterly 13(2)(1978). Murray, Julia K. "An Album of Paintings by Yun Shou-p'ing, the Recluse of Nan-t'ien." Record of the Art Museum, Princeton University 37(1) (1978): 3-25. . A Decade of Discovery: Selected Acquisitions 1970-1980. Washington, D.C. : Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1979. Simpson, Marianna Shreve. The Illustration of an Epic: The Earliest Shah- nama Manuscripts. Outstanding Dissertations in the Fine Arts. New Yoi'k and London: Garland Publishing Co., 1979. Winter, John. "Reports on Reference Collections." In ICOM Committee for Conservation, Fifth Triennial Meeting, Zagreb, 1-8 October. Yugoslavia, 1978. . "Sources of Reference Materials for Museum Laboratories." ICOM Committee for Conservation, Fifth Triennial Meeting, Zagreb, 1-8 October. Yugoslavia, 1978. -, editor and designer. Japanese Scroll Paintings: A Handbook of Mount- ing Techniques by Masako Koyano. Washington, D.C: Foundation of the American Institute for Conservation, 1979. 452 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Yonemura, Ann. Japanese Lacquer. Washington, D.C.: Freer Gallery of Art, Smithsonian Institution, 1979. Zycherman, Lynda A. "Radiography in the Freer Gallery: New Equipment and New Techniques." Materials Evaluation 36(12) (1978) :18-21. HIR5HHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Fox, Howard N. Directions. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. . "The Thorny Issues of Temporary Art." Museum News 57(July/ August 1979) : cover, 42-50. -. "Clarity and Ambiguity: The Drawings of Robert Longo." Sun & Moon: A Journal of Literature and Art, no. 8 (Fall 1979). McCabe, Cynthia Jaffee. "A View of Sculptors in the Hirshhorn Museum Col- lection." In Twentieth Century Sculptors and Their Drawings: Selections from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Washington, D.C: Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden and Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. . Fernado Botero: A Retrospective, Washington, D.C: Hirshhorn Mu- seum and Sculpture Garden and Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Millard, Charles. "Theodore Reff, The Notebooks of Edgar Degas." Art Bul- letin (September 1978) :565-68. . "The Later Monet." Hudson Review (Winter 1978-79) :637-43. . "Baziotes and Rothko." Hudson Review (Summer 1979) :245-51. . Grant Mudford: Photographs, Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Insti- tution Press, 1979. Rosenzweig, Phyllis. "Problems and Resources in Thomas Eakins Research: The Hirshhorn Museum's Samuel Murray Collection." Arts (May 1979) : 118-20. . [Review] Julio Gonzalez: Sculpture in Iron, by Josephine Withers. Museum News (November/December 1978). -. Arshile Gorky: The Hirshhorn Museum Collection, Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Weil, Stephen E. "In the News: McClain Decision." Aviso (June 1979) :5. . "Vincible Ignorance: Museums and the Law." Museum News, Sep- tember/October 1979:31-36. Zilozer, Judith. "Anti-Realism in the Ashcan School," Artforum 17 (March 1979) :44-49. . Alfred Maurer: The Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Col- lection, Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. 'The Dispersal of the John Quinn Collection," Connoisseur (Septem- ber 1979). JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Reingold, Nathan. "National Science Policy in a Private Foundation: The Car- negie Institution of Washington, 1902-1920." In The Organization of Knowledge in Modern America, 1860—1920, by A. Oleson and J. Voss. Bal- timore, 1979. . "Clio's Handmaidens Uncovered?" Review in Reviews in American History, September 1979. -, editor. The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Reingold, Nathan; Molella, Arthur P.; Rothenberg, Marc; Waldenfels, Kath- leen; and Bodansky, Joel N. The Papers of Joseph Henry, Volume 3: The Princeton Years, January 1836— December 1837. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1979. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 453 MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART EXHIBITION CATALOGUE Traditional Sculpture from Upper Volta. 12 pages, 14 sepia-and-white illus- trations, 1 map. Summer 1979. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Breeskin, Adelyn D. Essay for William Penhallow Henderson, 1877-1943: An Artist of Santa Fe. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Fink, Lois M. "The Innovation of Tradition in Late Nineteenth-Century Ameri- can Art." The American Art Journal 10 (November 1978). Flint, Janet A. Essay in Cabor Peterdi: Forty-five Years of Printmaking. Wash- ington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. . Essay in Prints and Personalities: The American Theater's First Hun- dred Years. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Grana, Teresa C. High School Graphics VI. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Instiution Press, 1979. Gurney, George. Sculpture and the Federal Triangle. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1979. Herman, Lloyd E. Fall and Winter Lectures in the Renwick Gallery of the National Collection of Fine Arts. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1979. . Text for booklet The Harmonious Craft: American Musical Instru- ments. (Prepared for the Renwick Gallery and for the Office of Printing and Photographic Services slide kit; privately printed), 1979. Text for checklist The Harmonious Craft: American Musical Instru- ments. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Hormats, Bess. Essay in "Duncan Phillips, Collector as Critic: 1920." In Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service exhibition The Phillips Col- lection in the Making, Washington, D.C, May 1979. Hutchinson, Sara. Essay in After the Crash. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Minter-Doud, Christine. "Made in Alexandria, 1790-1860." City of Alexandria, Virginia, 1979. Monroe, Michael W. Text for Baskets and Cylinders: Recent Glass by Dale Chihuly. (Privately printed), 1978. Murray, Richard. Essay in book Perceptions and Evocations: The Art of Elihu Vedder. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Rand, Harry. "Jacob Kainen." Arts Magazine, November 1978. Taylor, Joshua C The Fine Arts in America. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1979. . "Perceptions and Digressions" and Foreword in Perceptions and Evo- cations: The Art of Elihu Vedder. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1979. Essay in Clay Figures from Guerrero. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. . "Malvina Hoffman." American Art and Anitques, July-August 1979. . Introduction to The First Western States Biennial Exhibition. Den- ver, Colorado: Western States Arts Foundation, Inc., 1979. -. Introduction to The Decorative Designs of Frank Lloyd Wright. New York: E. P. Dutton, 1979. Introduction to Chicago Currents. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Foreword to Seymour Lipton: Aspects of Sculpture. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. 454 / Smithsonian Year 1979 . Foreword to Collages by Irwin Kremen. Washington, D.C. : Smith- sonian Institution Press, 1978. . "Past 100 Years in Art." Washington, D.C: Cosmos Club, 1979. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Office of Director Lawless, Benjamin W. "Notes on Restoring an Underwater Obstruction." Motorboat (December 1978) :62-65. "A Curmudgeonly View of Air Comfort." Smithsonian (September 1979) :113-22. Malone, Alice Reno. [Recording] "Publications For and About the Disabled." In Museums and the Disabled: Solving 504. Program of the American As- sociation of Museums, June 3-8, 1979, Cleveland, Ohio, 1979. Post, Robert C. "The American Genius." In The Smithsonian Book of Inven- tion, pp. 22-31. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. . "Science, Public Policy, and Popular Precepts: Alexander Dallas Bache and Alfred Beach as Symbolic Adversaries." In The Sciences in the Ameri- can Context: New Perspectives, pp. 77-98. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Tillotson, Robert G. "Maritime Museum Security." In Third International Congress of Maritime Museums, September 24-29, 1978, Mystic, Connecti- cut, 25 pages, 1979. Department of Cultural History Fesperman, John T. Organs in Mexico. Raleigh, North Carolina: Sunbury Press, 1979. . "Early Organs in Mexico." In Research Center for the Arts Review, vol. 2, no. 1 (March 1979). San Antonio, Texas: University of Texas. Hoover, Cynthia Adams. "Instrumental Ensembles in 18th-Century America." Summary published in RIdlM/RCMI Newsletter, vol. IV, no. 2 (Fall 1979). Kidwell, Claudia B. "Short Gowns." Dress The Journal of the Costume Society of America, 4(1978) :30-65. Myers, Susan H. "A Survey of Traditional Pottery Manufacture in the Mid- Atlantic and Northeastern United States." In Northeast Historical Archae- ology 6, nos. 1-2 (Spring 1977) :1-13. (Published in 1978). . The John Paul Remensnyder Collection of American Stoneware. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Department of National History Clain-Stefanelli, Elvira. Highlights from the Money Collection of the Chase Manhattan Bank. Washington, D.C: The National Museum of History and Technology, 1979. Houchins, Lee. "Sources of American Knowledge of the Brazil Coast to 1822." In Anais Hidrogrdficos (Annals of Hydrography), pp. 121-27. Rio de Janeiro: Brazilian Navy Department of Hydrography and Navigation, 1977. Langley, Harold D. "Museums and the Historian." The Maryland Historian, 10 (Spring 1979) :25-28. Department of the History of Science Davis, Audrey B. "Medical Technology." In A History of Technology, the Twentieth Century 1900 to 1950, vol. 7, chapter 54, pp. 1317-62. Oxford, England: Oxford University Press, 1978. Eklund, Jon B. "From the Artisan's Hand." In The Smithsonian Book of In- vention, pp. 72-81. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 455 . "Industry's New Ingredients." In The Smithsonian Book of Inven- tion, pp. 168-73. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Finn, Bernard 5. "Keeping in Touch." In The Smithsonian Book of Invention, pp. 174-81. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Finn, Bernard S., and Coates, Vary. A Retrospective Technology Assessment: Submarine Telegraphy. San Francisco: San Francisco Press, 1979. Finn, Bernard S., and Friedel, Robert. Edison: Lighting a Revolution. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1979. Forman, Paul. "The Reception of an Acausal Quantum Mechanics in Ger- many and Britain." In Reception of Unconventional Science, pp. 11-50. Washington, D.C: American Association for the Advancement of Science, 1978. . "The Atom Smashers." In The Smithsonian Book of Invention, pp. 132-39. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Forman, Paul, and Hanle, Paul A. Einstein: A Centenary Exhibit. Washing- ton, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Hamarneh, Sami K. "Medicinal Plants, Therapy and Ecology in al-Ghazzi's Book on Agriculture." In Studies in History of Medicine, vol. 2, pp. 223-63. New Delhi, India, 1978. . "Problems of the Techno-scientific Manuscripts from the Arabic Legacy." In Episteme, vol. 6, pp. 103-25. Italy (Marked 1976 but appeared 1979). -. "Sabur's Abridged Formulary: The First of Its Kind in Islam," and "A New Light on Sabur's Formulary: The First of Its Kind in Arabic Phar- macy." In Hamdard Medicus, vol. 22, pp. 4-30. Karachi, Pakistan, 1979. -. "Ibn al-'Ayn Zarbi and His Definitions of Diseases and Their Diag- nosis." In Proceedings of the First International Symposium for the History of Arabic Science, April 5-12, 1976, Aleppo, Syria, vol. 2, pp. 305-23, 1979. Warner, Deborah J. The Sky Explored. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1979. . Craceanna Lewis: Scientist and Humanitarian. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. -. Women in Science in Nineteenth Century America. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. "Women in Science in Nineteenth Century America." Journal, Ameri- can Medical Women's Association 34(1979) :59-66. . "Women Astronomers." Natural History (May 1979) :12-26. Department of the History of Technology Adrosko, Rita J. Introduction to The Weaver's Draft Book and Clothier's As- sistant. Worcester: American Antiquarian Society, 1979. (Reprint of a book by John Hargrove first published in 1792 in Baltimore, Maryland), 11 pages. Hoffman, John N. "Pennsylvania's Bituminous Coal Industry: An Industry Review." Pennsylvania History 65(4)351-363, October 1978. Kulik, Gary, and Bonham, Julia C Rhode Island: An Inventory of Historic Engineering and Industrial Sites. Washington, D.C: Historic American En- gineering Record, 1978. . "The Pawtucket Textile Strikes of 1824." In Federal Rhode Island, The Age of the China Trade, 1780-1860, ed. Linda Lotridge Levin, pp. 86- 112. Providence, Rhode Island: Rhode Island Historical Society, 1978. 'Patterns of Resistance to Industrial Capitalism, Pawtucket Village and the Strike of 1824." In American Working-class Culture, Explorations in American Labor and Social History, ed. Milton Cantor, pp. 209-39. West- port, Connecticut: Greenwood Press, 1979. Ostroff, Eugene; Herschel, Sir John F. W.; and Talbot, W. H. Fox. "Photo- graphic Research." The Journal of Photographic Science, vol. 27, no. 2 (March/April 1979) :73-80. 456 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Schlebecker, John T. "The Occupation of the Great Plains, 1897-1960." In Proceedings of the Seventh International Economic History Conference, pp. 411-18. Edinburgh: University of Edinburgh Press, 1978. . "Tillage and Crops on Prairies and Plains: America, 1830-1960." Journal d' Agriculture Traditionelli et de Botanique Appliquee, 24(2/3) (1977) :171-84. Published December, 1978, Paris. Sharrer, George T. 1001 References for the History of American Food Tech- nology. Davis, California: Agriculture History Center, University of Cali- fornia, 1978. Walther, Robert G. The Honey Bee. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institu- tion Press, 1979. White, John H., Jr., editor. Railroad History, 139 (Autumn 1978). . Railroad History, 140 (Spring 1979). White, John H., Jr. "Rails: From Old World to New." In The Smithsonian Book of Invention, pp. 94-97. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research Pogue, Forrest C. "The North Carolina Museum of History." In Proceedings of the Program Public History in North Carolina, 1903-1978, March 6-7, 1978, Raleigh, North Carolina, pp. 43-53. 1979. . "The Military in a Democracy." International Security, 3, no. 4 (Spring 1979) :58-80. -. "Germany and Origins of the Cold War." Problems of Communism, 28 (March-April 1979) :55-60. NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Appel, Toby. [Review] "Henri Dutrochet (Henri du Trochet, 1777-1847): Le Materialisme mecaniste et la physiologic generale, by Joseph Schiller and Tetty Schiller." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1978. . [Review] "The Pursuit of Knowledge in the Early American Republic: American Scientific and Learned Societies from Colonial Times to the Civil war, by Alexandra Oleson and Sanborn C. Brown." Bulletin of the History of Medicine, 1979. Henderson, Amy. [Review] Images of the Ohio Valley, by John A. Jakle. The Filson Club History Quarterly, January 1979. . [Review] Dame Myra Hess, by Marian McKenns. History, August 1979. -, contributor. The Dictionary of Biographical Quotations. New York: Knopf, 1978. Lawson, Michael L. [Doctoral dissertation] The Pick-Sloan Plan and the Mis- souri River Sioux, 1944-1970. Ann Arbor: University Microfilms, 1978. . [Review] Native American Testimony: An Anthology of Indian and White Relations, First Encounter to Dispossession, edited by Peter Nabo- kov. The American West, January 1979. [Review] Frederick Remington and The West: With the Eye of the Mind, by Ben Merchant Vorpahl. The Pacific Historical Review, August 1979. [Review] German Artist on the Texas Frontier; Friedrich Richard Petri, by William W. Newcomb, Jr. The Western Historical Quarterly, Fall 1979. [Review] Objects of Bright Pride: Northwest Coast Indian Art from the American Museum of Natural History by Allen Wardwell. Montana: The Magazine of Western History, Fall 1979. Miles, Ellen G. Thomas Hudson 1701-1779, Portrait Painter and Collector, Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I i^Sl A Bicentenary Exhibition with Catalogue Entries by Jacob Simon. London: The Iveagh Bequest, Kenwood, Greater London Council, 1979. Miller, Lillian B. "The Peale Family: a Lively Mixture of Art and Science." Smithsonian, April 1979. Neumaier, Linda T. Checklist of the Permanent Collection. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Pachter, Marc. A Gallery of Presidents. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian In- stitution Press, 1979. , editor. Telling Lives: The Biographer's Art. Washington, D.C: New Republic Books, 1979. Pfister, Harold Francis. "Daguerreotypes at the National Portrait Gallery," The Magazine Antiques, December 1978. Walker, William B. "Art Libraries: International and Interdisciplinary." Spe- cial Libraries, December 1978. OFFICE OF AMERICAN AND FOLKLIFE STUDIES Office of American Studies Washburn, Wilcomb E. "A National Museum." In The Smithsonian Experi- ence, pp. 20-26. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution, 1977. . "Seventeenth-Century Indian Wars." In Handbook of North Ameri- can Indians, Vol. 15, Northeast, edited by Bruce G. Trigger, pp. 89-100. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. The Cosmos Club of Washington: A Centennial History, 406 pp. Washington, D.C: The Cosmos Club, 1978. "The Indian-White Contact in Alaska." In Actes du XLW Congres International des Americanistes, Congres du Centenaire, Paris, 2-9 Sept. 1976, Vol. 5, pp. 265-69. Paris: Societe des Americanistes, 1978. . "The Archivist's Two-Way Stretch." Archivaria 7 (Winter 1978); 137-43. "Part II: Discussion" of Symposium on American Indian Studies. American Indian Culture and Research Journal 2 (1978) :3, 4, 28-46. "On the Trail of the Activist Anthropologist; Response to Jorgensen and Clemmer: JES 6:2, 6:3." Journal of Ethnic Studies 7 (Spring 1979) :1, 89-99. -. "Can Tribal Government Survive?" In C.T.C.A. [California Tribal Chairmen's Association] Newsletter 2 (March, April 1979) :l-4. -. "Samuel Eliot Morison, Historian." William and Mary Quarterly, 3d ser., 36 (July 1979) :3, 325-52. Folklife Program Ball, John, editor. Folklife and Folklife: Teachers Manual, (written by the staff of the Folklife Program), S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. Kalcik, Susan. "CB Community: Folklore in the Modern World." In Festival of the American Folklife Program, S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. . "Folk Festival Pros and Cons," Newsletter, Center for Southern Folk- lore, 1979. "Regional Folklore: A Resource for Local Colleges." In Student Ac- tivities Programming (a publication of the National Entertainment and Campus Activities Association), Spring, 1979. Nathan, Joan. A Booklet of Vietnamese Cooking. S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. . Callaloo, Creole, and Carnival — Cooking of the Caribbean. S.I. Folk- life Program, 1979. Rinzler, Kate, editor. Children's Games from Tradition (a series of guides for teachers to accompany four video tapes on children's folklife). S.I. Folklife 458 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Program, 1979. Guide titles and authors are: "Children's Games from British Tradition," by Stu Jamieson; "Children's Games from Southern Play Party Tradition," by Alison McMorland; "Children's Games and a Folktale from African Tradition," by Paul Ofori-Ansah; "Children's Games and Cultural Activities from Chinese Tradition," by Marg Scherbatskoy. All Things Shall Be Remembered (three video tapes encompassing the repertoire of Southern Afro-American children's games of Mrs. Bessie Jones). S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. Rinzler, Kate. "Play and Inventiveness — Implications of American Children's Culture to Educational Practice." Cultures Magazine, UNESCO, Paris, 1979. Santino, Jack. "Flew the Ocean in a Plane: An Investigation of Airline Occu- pational Folklore." Journal of the Folklore Institute, Indiana University, 1979. . "Healers, Curers, and Herbalists: Folk Medicine in America." In Fes- tival of American Folklife Program Book, S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. Santino, Jack, and Zeitlin, Steven. Open Market Vendors (an ethnographic film). October, 1979. Seitel, Peter, editor. Festival of American Folklife Program Book, S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. Zeitlin, Steven. "Street Cry!" In Festival of American Folklife Program Book, S.I. Folklife Program, 1979. MUSEUM PROGRAMS CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Olin, J. S.; Harbottle, G.; and Sayre, E. V. "Elemental Compositions of Spanish and Spanish-Colonial Majolica Ceramics in the Identification of Proveni- ence." In Archaeological Chemistry II, edited by Giles F. Carter, Advances in Chemistry Series, 1978. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Bain, Alan L. "Computer Applications to Archives and Manuscripts at the Smithsonian Institution Archives." International Council on Archives ADPA 2(1978) :13-21. . Guide to Manuscript Collections in the National Museum of History and Technology. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. Henson, Pamela M. "Oral History at the Smithsonian." Oral History Asso- ciation Newsletter 13(1) (1979) :1, 6. Lytle, Richard H. "Subject Retrieval in Archives: A Comparison of the Prove- nance and Content Indexing Methods." Ph.D. dissertation. University of Maryland, 1979. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Goodwin, Jack. "Current Bibliography in the History of Technology (1977)." Technology and Culture, 20(2) (1979) :403-513. Pisano, Dominick A. "The Wright Brothers: A Guide to Research." In The Wright Brothers: Heirs of Prometheus, edited by Richard P. Hallion, pp. 137-46. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1978. . "Project Apollo: A Selective Bibliography and Research Guide." In Apollo: Ten Years Since Tranquillity Base, edited by Richard P. Hallion and Tom D. Crouch, pp. 167-74. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 459 Scott, Catherine D. "NASM Library: a Guidebook." Washington, D.C.: Smith- sonian Institution Libraries, 1979. Wells, Ellen B. "Horsemanship: a Guide to Information Sources." Detroit: Gale Research, 1979. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE EXHIBITION CATALOGUES Beall, Karen. Contemporary Czechoslovakian Printmakers. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Dentzel, Carl Schaefer; Wheat, Joe Ben; Link, Martin; Conn, Richard G.; and Dockstader, Frederick. Patterns and Sources of Navajo Weaving. Wash- ington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Hormats, Bess, and Grogan, Kevin. The Phillips Collection, In the Making: 1920-1930. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Lehman, Arnold. The World of Haitian Painting. Washington, D.C: Smith- sonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1978. McCabe, Cynthia. Twentieth Century Sculptors and Their Drawings: Selec- tions from the Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Opstad, Lauritz, and Ada Polak. Benny Motzfeldt: A Norwegian Pathfinder in Glass. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Stevens, Andrea, editor. Update, 1978—79. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian In- stitution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1978. BOOKLETS Ehrlich, Hedy, and Nancy Davis. The Homefront Times. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Gerson, Sareen. George Crosz: Works in Oil. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. . The Phillips Collection, In the Making: 1920-1930. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Bee Quilting. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibi- tion Service, 1979. Erie. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. KITS AND GAMES Share, Marjorie. Bee Quilting. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. Bright Ideas. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service, 1979. America's Architectural Heritage Buildings Reborn: New Uses, Old Places Dance Masks of Mexico Edison and the Electrical Age: 100 Years Graficas: Contemporary Latin American Prints Inuit Sculpture Ride On! (Reprint) The World of Haitian Painting 460 / Smithsonian Year 1979 PUBLIC SERVICE DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Morris, James R. [Program notes] American Musical Theater presentation. Songs of Victor Herbert, November 18, 1978. . [Narrative script] American Musical Theater presentation. Songs of Victor Herbert, November 18, 1978. [Program notes] Chamber Music of the Twentieth Century: Music of Joan Tower, Lucas Foss, Bela Bartok, Lawrence Widdoes, Paul Reale, William Penn, Igor Stravinsky, Wallace Berry, Paul Hindemith, Gunther Schuller, George Rochberg, Gerald Chenoweth, Olivier Messiaen, Maurice Wright, Earl Kim, Jacques Ibert, and Arnold Schoenberg for the series of 20th Century Consort concerts, October 15, 1978, November 5, 1978, De- cember 10, 1978, and March 18, 1979. -. [Program notes; musical arrangements] American Musical Theater presentation. Vaudeville, January 27, 1979. [Program notes] Chamber Music of the Romantic Era: Music of Johann Hummel, Johannes Brahms, Charles Loeffler, Franz Schubert, Gabriel Faure, Karl Maria von Weber, Ludwig Spohr, and Max Bruch for the series of Romantic Chamber Ensemble Concerts, February 11, 1979, and April 8, 1979. Reagon, Bernice Johnson. "The Borning Struggle." In They Should Have Served that Cup of Coffee, by Dick Cluster. South End Press, February 1979. Taylor, J. R. [Record annotation] "Dizzy Gillespie and Sonny Stitt: The Mod- ern Jazz Sextet." Verve 2533. Williams, Martin. [Review] Jazz: A History, by Frank Tirro. Radio Free Jazz, January 1979. Victor Herbert There's a Good Time Coming and Other Songs of the Hutchinson Family Let's Face It Bach Partitas Bach Brandenburg Concerti Bach Sonatas Whoopee Ellington 1940 Music of Jelly Roll Morton OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Art to Zoo (Newsletter). Published four times during the year. Let's Co to the Smithsonian: A Bulletin for Schools. Published five times dur- ing the year. Let's Go to the Smithsonian: Learning Opportunities for Schools, 1979-80. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution Press, August, 1979. OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Dillon, Wilton S. "Margaret Mead: 1901-1928." Grants Magazine, March 1979. SMITHSONIAN EXPOSITION BOOKS The Smithsonian Book of Invention. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institu- tion, 1979. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 461 A Zoo for All Seasons. Washington, D.C. : Smithsonian Institution, 1979. Post, Robert. American Maritime Enterprise: Checklist, Guide, Acknowledg- ments. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, National Museum of Natural History, 1978. . "From Pillar to Post: The Plight of the Patent Models." Industrial Archeology 4(1978) :58-60. "The American Genius." In The Smithsonian Book of Invention, pp. 21-32. Washington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution, 1978. [Review] The Pioneer Stage of Railroad Electrification, by Carl Con- dit. Railroad History, Fall 1978. [Review] A Treatise upon Cable or Rope Traction, by J. Bucknall Smith and George Hilton. Railroad History, Fall 1978. -. [Review] Tramways and Trolleys: The Rise of Urban Mass Transit in Europe, by McKay. Technology and Culture, October 1978. [Review] Travels in Southern California, edited by Schoenmann. Pacific Historical Review, November 1978. [Review] The Yellow Cars of Los Angeles, by Walker. Pacific His- torical Review, February 1979. [Review] The Story of the Los Angeles Pacific Railway, by Myers and Swett. Pacific Historical Review, February 1979. [Review] Personal Rapid Transit, edited by Anderson. Technology and Culture, April 1979. [Review] The Autobiography of John Fitch, edited by Prager. Annals of Science, May 1979. -. [Review] Fogg and Steam: A Regional Look at Steam in North Amer- ica, by Clodfelter. Railroad History, Spring 1979. "Science, Public Policy, and Popular Precepts: Alexander Bache and Alfred Beach as Symbolic Adversaries." In The Sciences in the American Context: New Perspectives, edited by Nathan Reingold, pp. 77-98. Wash- ington, D.C: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1979. "Indiana Salvage: Oldest American Engine Recovered." Society for Industrial Archeology Newsletter 8 (September 1979) :1. MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM The Smithsonian Associate. Janet W. Solinger, Publisher/Executive Editor; Helen Marvel, Editor. Harney, Andy Leon, "Atria through the Ages." AIA Journal, July, 1979. , "Community Design Center." AIA Journal, November, 1978. , editor. Reviving Urban Waterfronts. National Endowment for the Arts, Partners for Livable Places, and Office of Coastal Zone Management, 1979. regular contributor of design and lifestyle articles. The Washington Post Magazine. NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Backlund, Carolyn. Index, 1977-1978, to Smithsonian (Summer 1979). Bohlin, Diane. Prints and Related Drawings by the Carracci Family, A Cata- logue Raisonne. Washington, D.C: National Gallery of Art; Bloomington, Ind. : Indiana University Press, 1979. Brown, David A. Berenson and the Connoisseurship of Italian Painting. Wash- ington, D.C: National Gallery of Art, 1979. 462 / Smithsonian Year 1979 . "Berenson and Mrs. Gardner: The Connoisseur, the Collector, and the Photography." In Fenway Court, pp. 24-29. Boston: Isabella Stewart Gardner Museum, 1979. Brown, David A., and Oberhuber, Konrad. "Monna Vanna and Fornarina: Leonardo and Raphael in Rome." In Essays Presented to Myron P. Cilmore, 2 vols., edited by Sergio Bertelli and Gloria Ramakus, pp. 25-86, vol. II. Florence, 1978. Edelstein, J. M. A Jargon Society Checklist 1951-1979. New York: Books & Co., 1979. . "About Jonathan Williams." Truck 21(1979). Fine, Ruth E. [Review of exhibition and accompanying catalogue] "Blake at the Tate." Blake, An Illustrated Quarterly 45 12(1) (Summer, 1978) :42-53. . "John Taylor Arms." [Review of exhibition] Arts Exchange, 2(6) (November-December, 1978) :36-40. "The Duality of Hitoshi Nakazato." Arts Exchange 3(2) (March-April, 1979) :20-22. Two by Fifteen: Contemporary American Prints. La Plume, Pa.: Key- stone Junior College, 1979. Grossman, Sheldon. "Ghirlandaio's Madonna and Child in Frankfurt and Leonardo's Beginnings as a Painter." Stadel-Jahrbuch 7(1979) :100-25. Hutton, Richard W. "The History of the Shakespeare Gallery and Its Role in the London Art World at the End of the Eighteenth Century." Introduc- tion to Aldermen Boy dell's Shakespeare Gallery. Chicago: University of Chicago, David and Alfred Smart Gallery, 1978. Lewis, Douglas. [Review] The Literature of Art: Sansovino and Venetian Ar- chitecture, by Deborah Howard. The Burlington Magazine, 121 (910) (Janu- ary 1979) :38-41. . "PALLADIO, Andrea." In The Encyclopedia Americana, vol. 21, pp. 207-8. New York, 1979. Lippman, Irvin M. "William Michael Harnett's My Gems." The Journal of the American Medical Association 241/14(April 6, 1979) :1438, 1482. . "James Jacques Tissot's Hide and Seek." The Journal of the Ameri- can Medical Association 24l/l5(April 13, 1979) :1550, 1598. Parker, Barbara. [Review] Aesop in England: The Transmission of Motifs in 17th-century Illustrations of Aesop's Fables, by Edward Hodnett. Book Collector's Market 4(5) (September/October 1979) :17-19. . "Marriage on the Boards." Book Collector's Market 4 (5) (September/ October 1979) :41-42. Parsons, Margaret. "Orientation Needs and the Library Setting." In Sign Systems for Libraries, compiled and edited by Dorothy Pollet and Peter Haskell. New York: R. R. Bowker Company, 1979. Rathbone, Eliza. "Mark Rothko." Center State Magazine (October 1978). . Robert Stark. Washington, D.C.: The Phillips Collection. Robison, Andrew. "An Aesthetic History of Paper in Prints." In Paper — Art and Technology, edited by Paulette Long. San Francisco: World Print Council, 1979. Sheehan, Jacquelyn L. "A Pair of Unrecorded Audubon Portraits." The Ameri- can Art Journal XI, 1 (January 1979) :87-88. Wheelock, Arthur K., Jr. "Perspective and Its Role in the Evolution of Dutch Realism." In Views of Pictorial Representation: Making, Perceiving and Interpreting, edited by C. F. Nodine and D. F. Fischer. Praeger. Williams, William J. The Treasures of Tutankhamun. New York: The Metro- politan Museum of Art, 1978. Wilmerding, John. "Portrait of John N. Fort by Thomas Eakins." Studies in the History of Art, I. Williamstown, Mass.: Williams College Museum of Art, 1978. Appendix 6. Publications of the Staff I 463 . "Thomas Eakins' Late Portraits." Arts Magazine 53(9)(May 1979); 108-12. . "Luminism: The Poetry of Light." PortfoUo 1(2) (June/July 1979): 20-30. [Reviews] American Art at the Century, by A. Hyatt Mayor and Mark Davis; and Art America, by Mary Ann Tighe and Elizabeth Ewing Lang. The Magazine Antiques CXIV(6) (December 1978) :1296-99. "The American Painting Collection of the White House." The Maga- zine Antiques CXVI(l)(July 1979) :135-145. "Nineteenth-century American Landscape Painting: Luminism: The Poetry of Light." Review 4(9) (September 1979):78-88. With, Christopher B. "French Romantic Paintings at the National Gallery of Art." In Paris: The Romantic Epoch, pp. 25-32. Washington, D.C. : The Kennedy Center for the Performing Arts, 1979. 464 / Smithsonian Year 1979 APPENDIX 7. Academic and Research Training Appointments in Fiscal 1979 Smithsonian Fellows pursue research problems in Smithsonian facilities and collections in collaboration with professional staff members. SMITHSONIAN POSTDOCTORAL FELLOWS Program in Anthropology David Timothy Clark, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh. Analysis of the Rus- sell Cave archeological assemblage, with Bruce D. Smith and Dennis J. Stan- ford, Department of Anthropology, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Marc Okrand, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Costanoan languages of the central California coast, with R. H. Ives Goddard, Department of An- thropology, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1980. Program in Astrophysics Haldan N. Cohn, Ph.D., Princeton University. Astrophysical research primarily centered on stellar systems; globular clusters, galactic nuclei and quasars, and galaxies in a cluster environment, with Alexander Dalgarno, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from January 1, 1979, through December 31, 1979. Bruce T. Draine, Ph.D., Cornell University. Physics of interstellar grains, with Alexander Dalgarno, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Reinhard Genzel, Ph.D., University of Bonn, Germany. Investigation of H2O maser sources in regions of star formation, with J. M. Moran, Jr., Smith- sonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Wendy A. Hagen, Ph.D., University of Hawaii. Spectroscopy of stellar maser sources, with Herbert Gursky, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Aubrey D. Haschick, Ph.D., Michigan Institute of Technology. Research in experimental radio astronomy, with J. M. Moran, Jr., Smithsonian Astro- physical Observatory, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Program in Cultural History Michael Wesley Harris, Ph.D., Harvard University. Problems in American liturgical history, with Wilcomb Washburn and Thomas Vennum, Office of American and Folklife Studies, and John T. Fesperman, Department of Cul- tural History, from June 1, 1979, through May 31, 1980. Frank Phillips King, Ph.D., University of Cambridge. American policy, the European Advisory Commission, and planning for peace in Europe during the latter phases of the Second World War, with Forrest C. Pogue, Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research, from July 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 465 Program in Earth Sciences Charles Arthur Wood, Ph.D., Brown University. Synthesis of volcanological data, with Thomas E. Simkin, Department of Mineral Sciences, from Septem- ber 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Program in Environmental Sciences Bruce Robert Bartlett, Ph.D., Oregon State University. The reproductive biol- ogy of brooding bivalves, with Mary E. Rice, Fort Pierce Bureau, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. Joel Berger, Ph.D., University of Colorado. Visual and olfactory communica- tion in Persian onagers and Grant's zebras; a comparative approach to spac- ing systems, with John F. Eisenberg and Christen M. Wemmer, National Zoological Park, from August 15, 1978, through August 14, 1979. Maxeen Biben, Ph.D., University of North Carolina. Noble Foundation Fellow. Role of play in the development of social behavior in South American canids, with Devra Kleiman and Christen Wemmer, National Zoological Park, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Claire Buchanan, Ph.D., University of New Hampshire. Eppley Fund Fellow. Study of the photokinetic swimming responses of zooplankton and their inter- action with the phototactic reactions, with William Klein, Radiation Biology Laboratory, from November 1, 1978, through October 31, 1979. Ora D. Canaani, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Biochemical and spectroscopic studies on the structure and localization of phycobiliproteins, with Elisabeth Gantt, Radiation Biology Laboratory, from May 1, 1978, through April 30, 1979. Ryszard Jan Chrost, Ph.D., University of Warsaw, Poland. Phytoplankton; bacterial interactions at the Rhode River estuary, with Maria A. Faust, Chesa- peake Bay Center for Environmental Studies, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. Malcolm Gregory Erskian, Ph.D., University of California, Davis. Dynamics of spatial patterns in epiphytic foraminifera, with Martin A. Buzas, Fort Pierce Bureau, from January 1, 1979, through December 31, 1979. H. Jack McDonald, Ph.D., University of South Carolina. Reproductive ecology of the decapod crustaceans of the Indian River region of Florida, with Robert H. Gore, Fort Pierce Bureau, from May 15, 1978, through May 14, 1979. Hemanta R. Mishra, Ph.D., University of Edinburgh. Population distribution and behavior of chital in the Royal Chitwan National Park with reference to population and distribution of the tiger, with Theodore H. Reed and Christen M. Wemmer, National Zoological Park, from February 1, 1978, through Janu- ary 31, 1979. John Frank Pilger, Ph.D., University of Southern California. Metamorphic processes in the head of Themiste langeniformis, with Mary E. Rice, Fort Pierce Bureau, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Osamu Tanaka, Ph.D., Kyoto University. Studies on the flowering of Lemna, with Charles Cleland, Radiation Biology Laboratory, from October 1, 1978, through March 31, 1979. Program in Evolutionary and Systematic Biology Joachim Ulrich Adis, Ph.D., Georg-August University, Gottingen. Neotropical Carabidae of forests in Central America, with Terry L. Erwin, Department of Entomology, from June 1, 1979, through May 31, 1980. Susan Howard Brawley, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Nutrient cycling in a model reef system, with Walter H. Adey, Department of Paleobiology, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. 466 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Stephen John Culver, Ph.D., University of Wales. Ecological and taxonomic studies of Recent benthonic Foraminiferida of the East Coast of the United States, with Martin A. Buzas, Department of Paleobiology, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. Amnon Friedberg, Ph.D., Tel-Aviv University. Revision of the world Terel- liinae with bio-taxonomic and numeric studies, with Wayne N. Mathis, De- partment of Entomology, from March 15, 1979, through March 14, 1980. Robert Ewan Fordyce, Ph.D., University of Canterbury, New Zealand. Sys- tematics of North American Oligocene Cetacea, with Clayton E. Ray, Depart- ment of Paleobiology, from February 1, 1979, through January 31, 1980. Charles Garrett Messing, Ph.D., University of Miami. The systematics of tropical western Atlantic Crinoidea emphasizing the evolution of Recent crinoid communities and geographical and ecological variations in morphology, with David L. Pawson, Department of Invertebrate Zoology, from April 1, 1979, through March 31, 1980. Richard Peter Vari, Ph.D., City University of New York. Generic relation- ships and anatomy of the family Curimatidae, with Stanley Weitzman, De- partment of Vertebrate Zoology, from June 15, 1978, through June 14, 1979. Program in the History of Art Wanda M. Corn, Ph.D., New York University. The American artist and Euro- pean Modernism, 1880-1940, with Joshua C. Taylor, National Collection of Fine Arts, from August 1, 1978, through July 31, 1979. Charles Eldredge, Ph.D., University of Minnesota. The affinities between American art and symbolist aesthetics, 1885-1915, with Joshua C. Taylor, Na- tional Collection of Fine Arts, from January 1, 1979, through June 30, 1979. David Killoran, Ph.D., Tulane University. The kinship of 19th-century Ameri- can painters and writers, with Lois M. Fink, National Collection of Fine Arts, from September 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Jean Fagin Yellin, Ph.D., University of Illinois. Slavery in 19th-century Ameri- can art with Janet L. Flint, National Collection of Fine Arts, from September 15, 1978, through March 14, 1979. Program in the History of Science and Technology Joseph J. Corn III, Ph.D., University of California, Berkeley. Flight and Ameri- can society, 1880-1970, with Richard P. Hallion, Department of Astronautics, National Air and Space Museum, from August 1, 1978, through July 31, 1979. Von Hardesty, Ph.D., Ohio State University. Guggenheim Fellowship. The great patriotic war and the shaping of Soviet Air Force strategy, with Donald S. Lopez, Department of Aeronautics, National Air and Space Museum, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. John Douglas Helms, Ph.D., Florida State University. A study of the cotton boll weevil and the American South, with John T. Schlebecker, Department of the History of Technology, from July 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Program in Tropical Biology Michael Dennis Greenfield, Ph.D., University of Wisconsin. Niche segregation of neotropical clear-wing moths, with Robert Silberglied and Donald Windsor, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Robert Robbins, Ph.D., Tufts University. Ecological genetics of the Nymphalis Butterfly, Chlosyne lacinia, with Donald Windsor and Robert Silberglied, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 467 SMITHSONIAN PREDOCTORAL FELLOWS Program in Anthropology Susan B. Beman, Ph.D. candidate. University of Connecticut. Detailed analysis and description of Kagamil mummies and artifacts, with Lucile St. Hoyme, Department of Anthropology, from June 1, 1978, through November 30, 1978. Kate Corbin Duncan, Ph.D. candidate. University of Washington. Bead and silk embroidery of the Northern Athabascans; origin, evolution, and transfer of design with John C. Ewers, Department of Anthropology, from July 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Clark Spencer Larsen, Ph.D. candidate. University of Michigan. Morphological changes in the human skeleton associated with agricultural adaptation on the Georgia coast, with Douglas H. Ubelaker, Department of Anthropology, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Vincas Petras Steponaitis, Ph.D. candidate. University of Michigan. Analysis of Moundville phase ceramics, with Bruce D. Smith, Department of Anthro- pology, from September 15, 1978, through September 14, 1979. Program in Astrophysics Paul Hertz, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Studies in astronomy and astrophysics, with Alan Lightman, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from October 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Daniel Jaffe, Ph.D. candidate. Harvard University. Development of an InSb array camera for infrared astronomy, with Douglas Kleinmann, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from October 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Sten Odenwald, Ph.D. candidate, Harvard University. Analysis of infrared and radio data on the nucleus of the Milky Way galaxy with Giovanni Fazio, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from October 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Jan Vrtilek, Ph.D. candidate. Harvard University. Investigation of various as- pects of the Far-Infrared Spectrometer (firs) program, with Nathaniel P. Carle- ton, Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, from October 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Program in Cultural History Lynn Rachele Eden, Ph.D. candidate. University of Michigan. The rebuilding and reshaping of the American military, 1945-1950, with Forrest C. Pogue, Eisenhower Institute for Historical Research, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. Phillip Harris, Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland. Field research with the African Diaspora Program, with Bernice Reagon, Division of Performing Arts, from February 1, 1979, through January 31, 1980. Luna F. Lambert, Ph.D. candidate, The George Washington University. Study of the greeting card industry during the era of chromolithography, 1874—1910, with Rodris Roth, Department of Cultural History, from September 1, 1978, through May 31, 1979. Robert McCarl, Ph.D. candidate. Memorial University of Newfoundland. Ap- plied ethnography of urban fire fighters, with Ralph Rinzler and Peter Seitel, Folklife Program, Office of American Studies, from January 1, 1978, through December 31, 1979. Willa Rouder, Ph.D. candidate, Brandeis University. Some beginnings of piano jazz; the New York stride pianists of the 1920's, with Martin Williams, Divi- sion of Performing Arts, from November 15, 1978, through November 14, 1979. Gretchen Adel Schneider, Ph.D. candidate. University of California, Davis. The ballroom in 19th-century America, with James R. Morris, Jr., Division of Performing Arts, from January 15, 1978, through January 14, 1979. 468 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Program in Earth Sciences Joseph P. Donoghue, Ph.D. candidate. University of Southern California. Sediment transport and deposition in the Rhode River, Maryland, with Jack W. Pierce, Department of Paleobiology, from January 1, 1979, through Decem- ber 31, 1979. Izumi Nakai, Ph.D. candidate. University of Tsukuba. Study on oxidechalo- genides, with Daniel E. Appleman, Department of Mineral Sciences, from August 1, 1978, through July 31, 1979. Program in Environmental Sciences James L. David Smith, Ph.D. candidate. University of Minnesota. Tiger dis- persal in the Chitwan National Park, Nepal, with Christen M. Wemmer, Na- tional Zoological Park, from February 1, 1978, through January 31, 1979. Kotaro Yamamoto, Ph.D. candidate. University of Tokyo. Study on the photo- reversible binding in vitro of purified phytochrome to particulate fractions iso- lated from etiolated pea seedlings, with William O. Smith, Radiation Biology Laboratory, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Program in Evolutionary and Systematic Biology Maria Eulina Jorge da Silva, Ph.D. candidate. University of Sao Paulo. Study and classification of mouthpart structure of neotropical carabidae and their phylogenetic significance, with Terry Erwin, Department of Entomology, from October 1, 1978, through February 28, 1979. Nina Jablonski, Ph.D. candidate. University of Washington. The functional anatomy of the masticatory apparatus of the Gelada baboon, with Richard W. Thorington, Jr., Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from October 1, 1978, through March 31, 1979. Ming-Jou Lai, Ph.D. candidate. University of Helsinki. Revision of the Tai- wanese Parmeliaceae (Lichens), with Mason E. Hale, Jr., Department of Botany, from July 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Program in the History of Art Henry B. Nichols Clark, Ph.D. candidate. University of Delaware. The Dutch influence in American genre painting in the first half of the 19th century, with Lois M. Fink, National Collection of Fine Arts, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. Douglas Kirk Hyland, Ph.D. candidate. University of Delaware. Lorenzo Bar- tolini and American sculpture, 1825-1850, with Joshua C. Taylor, National Collection of Fine Arts, and Charles W. Millard III, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, from September 1, 1978, through February 28, 1979. Alice Kreit, M.F.A., Rochester Institute of Technology. Artist-in-residence with the Discover Graphics Outreach Program, with Teresa Grana, National Collec- tion of Fine Arts, from October 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. Ellen Hope Gross Landau, Ph.D. candidate. University of Delaware. Lee Kras- ner and the development of Abstract Expressionism, with Lois M. Fink, Na- tional Collection of Fine Arts, from August 1, 1978, through July 31, 1979. Richard Lee Rubenfeld, Ph.D. candidate, Ohio State University. Preston Dickinson, American Modernist, and a catalogue of known works, with Judith K. Zilczer, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Julie Ann Schimmel, Ph.D. candidate. New York University. Westward the course of empire; the rise and progress of John Mix Stanley, with William H. Truettner, National Collection of Fine Arts, from January 1, 1978, through December 31, 1979. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 469 Beverly E. Schreiber, Ph.D. candidate. Harvard University. The contributions of Francois Boucher to the development of the decorative arts in the 18th century, with Elaine E. Dee, Cooper-Hewitt Museum, from July 1, 1978, through May 31, 1979. David Paul Schuyler, Ph.D. candidate, Columbia University. Public landscapes in urban America, 1830-1860, with Joshua C. Taylor, National Collection of Fine Arts, and Wilcomb E. Washburn, Office of American Studies, from De- cember 1, 1978, through November 30, 1979. Michael Edward Shapiro, Ph.D. candidate. Harvard University. The develop- ment of American bronze foundries 1850-1925, with George Gurney, National Collection of Fine Arts, and Charles W. Millard III, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, from August 1, 1978, through July 31, 1979. James Yarnall, Ph.D. candidate. University of Chicago. John LeFarge's theory and practice of landscape painting, with Richard N. Murray, National Collec- tion of Fine Arts, from October 15, 1978, through October 14, 1979. Program in the History of Science and Technology Robert Blake Belfield, Ph.D. candidate. University of Pennsylvania. The Niagara frontier; the evolution of electric power systems in New York and Ontario, 1883-1930, with Bernard S. Finn, Department of History of Science, from September 1, 1978, through August 31, 1979. Valnora Leister, Ph.D. candidate. University of Sao Paulo. Guggenheim Fellow- ship. Transfer of space technology and the Outer Space Treaty, with Frederick C. Durant III, Department of Astronautics, National Air and Space Museum, from October 1, 1978, through September 30, 1979. William Stanley Pretzer, Ph.D. candidate. Northern Illinois University. Printers, printing, and technology in Washington, D.C., with Elizabeth R. Harris, De- partment of Cultural History, from April 1, 1979, through March 31, 1980. Program in Tropical Biology James David Ackerman, Jr., Ph.D. candidate, Florida State University. Pheno- logical relationships between male euglossine bees and the fragrance flowers they pollinate, with Robert L. Dressier, Smithsonian Tropical Research Insti- tute, from January 1, 1979, through December 31, 1979. Phyllis Dewing Coley, Ph.D. candidate. University of Chicago. Walter Rath- bone Bacon Scholarship. Ecological and evolutionary responses of tropical trees to herbivore pressure, with Egbert G. Leigh, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from June 1, 1978, through May 31, 1980. Susan Farabaugh, Ph.D. candidate. University of Maryland. Comparative study of the duetting behavior of three wren species in Panama, with Neal Smith, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from March 1, 1979, through Febru- ary 28, 1980. Gerard Michael Wellington, Ph.D. candidate. University of California, Santa Barbara. Ecological determinants of zonation patterns among reef corals, with Peter W. Glynn, Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute, from July 1, 1978, through June 30, 1979. CHARLES A. LINDBERGH CHAIR OF AEROSPACE HISTORY Benjamin Scovill Kelsey, Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Development of military aircraft, 1927-1940, with Donald S. Lopez, Department of Aero- nautics, National Air and Space Museum, from February 1, 1979, through January 31, 1980. 470 / Smithsonian Year 1979 SMITHSONIAN VISITING SCHOLAR David Whisnant, Ph.D., Duke University. Analysis of institutional interven- tion into traditional culture in Appalachia and the southeastern United States, with Ralph Rinzler, Folklife Program, Office of American Studies, from Janu- ary 1, 1979, through June 30, 1980. MUSEUM EXHIBITS OPERATION FELLOWS HoIIister S. Smith, University of Iowa and St. Louis Medical Museum, with Kerry M. Joels, Education Division, National Air and Space Museum, from June 11, 1979, through August 3, 1979. Herbert D. Thier, New York University and Lawrence Hall of Science at the University of California, with Kerry M. Joels, Education Division, National Air and Space Museum, from June 11, 1979, through August 3, 1979. VISITING RESEARCH STUDENTS Program in Anthropology Kathleen Bragdon, Brown University. The history of Massachusetts Algon- quians following King Phillip's War, with R. H. Ives Goddard, Department of Anthropology, from October 1, 1979, through December 7, 1979. Program in Cultural History Kenneth Hafertepe, University of Texas, Austin. James Renwick's Smithsonian building and the politics of public architecture, with Nathan Reingold, Joseph Henry Papers, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Beverly Grieve, University of Michigan. Study of American festivals, 1775- 1825, with Lillian B. Miller, National Portrait Gallery, and Joshua C. Taylor, National Collection of Fine Arts, from October 1, 1979, through December 7, 1979. Program in Earth Sciences Masaaki Shimizu, University of Tokyo. Mineralogy and characterization of skarn-type ore deposits in the United States, with Brian H. Mason, Department of Mineral Sciences, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Program in Evolutionary and Systematic Biology David Steadman, University of Arizona. Study of vertebrate paleontology of the Galapagos Islands, with Storrs L. Olson, Department of Vertebrate Zoology, from June 4, 1979, through August 10, 1979. John Zawiskie, Wayne State University. Archasaurian skeletal anatomy and related studies on a new Wyoming Thecodont, with Nicholas Hotton III, De- partment of Paleobiology, from January 14, 1980, through March 21, 1980. Program in Exhibits Linda Gordon, Virginia Commonwealth University. Studies in exhibition and design, with James A. Mahoney, Jr., Office of Exhibits Central, from June 4, 1979, through August 10, 1979. Program in the History of Art Judi Freeman, Johns Hopkins University. Joan Miro and his American audience and influences on post-1945 abstraction in America, with Charles W. Millard Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 471 Ill, Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden, from June 4, 1979, through August 10, 1979. Gloria Garaventa, University of California, Berkeley. Study of Heian and Kamakura paintings in Freer Gallery collections, relationship between figural traditions of 12th- and 13th-century China and Japan, with Ann Yonemura, Freer Gallery of Art, from June 25, 1979, through August 24, 1979. Program in the History of Science and Technology Pluma Beyer, University of Maryland. Study of early printing, with Elizabeth M. Harris, Department of Cultural History, from May 14, 1979, through July 20, 1979. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN INTERNS Ann Belsky, George Washington University. Research and study, with Edward P. Lawson, Department of Education, January 1979 through May 1979. Linda Cabe, University of North Carolina. Study of museum operation with work projects in one or more departments, with Charles W. Millard III, De- partment of Painting and Sculpture, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Karen Domenici, Arizona State University. Study of museum operation with work in a specific department, with Anna Brooke, Library, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Julianne Hinton, Harvard University. Study of museum operation with work projects in a specific department, with Edward P. Lawson, Department of Edu- cation, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Carol Kiefer, University of Pittsburgh. Research and study, with Charles Millard III, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from June 1979 through August 1979. Kathleen McClain, University of Mississippi. Study of museum operation with work projects in one or more departments, with Sidney Lawrence, Public Information Office, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Leila Milani, George Washington University. Research and study, with Charles Millard III, Department of Painting and Sculpture, from September 1978 through December 1978. Lauren C. Stringer, University of California, Santa Cruz. Study of museum operation with work projects in one or more departments, with Joseph Shan- non, Office of Exhibits and Design, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN CONSERVATION INTERN Holly Hotchner, New York University Institute of Fine Arts. Studies in the conservation of paintings, with Laurence M. Hoffman, Conservation Labora- tory, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS INTERNS Beth Barban, University of Michigan. Curatorial research for exhibitions and study of day-to-day operations, with Harry Rand, Department of 20th-century Painting and Sculpture, from June 4, 1979, through August 3, 1979. C. Reynolds Brown, George Washington University. Nancy Burdman, George Washington University. Bayla Cohen, George Washington University. 472 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Sarah Cohen, Oberlin College. Expanding and organizing file on miniatures in curatorial office, with Robin Lee Bolton-Smith, Department of 18th- and 19th-century Painting and Sculpture, from June 4, 1979, through August 3, 1979. Glenn Cooke, George Washington University. Christine Daulton, Winterthur Program, Winterthur Museum. Sarah Donnelly, Stanford University. Designing Outreach and Workshop ma- terials for museum tours for secondary school children, with Teresa Grana, Department of Education, from June 4, 1979, through August 3, 1979. Elizabeth Haas, Bowdoin College. Research activities on future exhibitions, with Peg Cogswell, Office of Program Support, from June 4, 1979, through August 3, 1979. Mary Kahn, George Washington University. Victoria Lautman, George Washington University. Susan Marteney, Hartwick College. Becky MillhoUin-Bane, University of California at Berkeley. Karen Nelson, George Washington University. Kitty Nicholson, Brown University. Maribeth Phillips, College of William and Mary. Research and exhibition and design work in the Renwick Gallery, with Michael Monroe and Ellen Myette, Renwick Gallery, and Judith H. Houston, Office of Research and Professional Training, from June 4, 1979, through August 3, 1979. Susan Pitler, Sweet Briar College. Lisa Schick, Duke University. Nancy Solomon, Yale University. Designing and installing exhibitions and working in the silkscreen, frame, and cabinet shop, with David Keeler, Office of Exhibitions and Design, and Judith H. Houston, Office of Research and Professional Training, from June 4, 1979, through August 3, 1979. Lisann Weinberg, University of California at Berkeley. Zahira Veliz, Post-graduate intern. National Museum Act Program through the Inter-Museum Laboratory, Oberlin, Ohio. COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM INTERNS Sidney and Celia Siegel Fellowships Amy Friedman, Wesleyan University. Research and study in the Programs Department, with Mary Kirk, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Susan Niewiarowski, Hampshire College. Research and study in the Depart- ment of Exhibitions, with Robin Parkinson, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. Dominique Payot, Columbia University. Research and study in the Public Relations Department, with Isabelle Silverman, from June 11, 1979, through August 17, 1979. SMITHSONIAN OPEN STUDY STUDENTS Jane Adams, George Washington University. Research on "Lost Washington" project, specifically defense housing and temporary buildings, with James Goode, Curator of Smithsonian Institution Building. Judy L. Anderson, University of California. Work and study of various aspects Oi academic program administration, with Edith McRee Whiteman, Office of Fellowships and Grants. Sally Benjamin, University of Michigan. Research for historical data to be used to generate annotations, with Marc Rothenberg, Joseph Henry Papers. Pluma Beyer, University of Maryland. Research on early presses and type foundries, with Elizabeth Harris, Department of Cultural History. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 473 Charles Brodine, James Madison University. Research on and cataloging of dental instruments and equipment, with Audrey Davis, Department of History of Science. Alan Lee Braddock, Northern Virginia Community College. Analyzing and defining patterns of energy consumption in a museum, with Arun Vohra, Energy Conservation Officer. Lawrence E. Clemmens, Frostburg State College. Work and study emphasizing cataloging and registration of museum specimens, with Donald Kloster, De- partment of National History. Brenda Cramblett, East Carolina University. Study of various aspects of pro- duction in performing arts, with Ken Wilson, Division of Performing Arts. Batya Friedman, University of California. Study of process involved in design- ing a large-scale science exhibit, with Daniel Appleman, Department of Min- eral Sciences. Kay A. Harris, University of Iowa. Work on production for the American Musical Theatre Series and the Concert Series, with Sharyn Reitz, Division of Performing Arts. Frederick Heuser, Drexel University. Archival studies including surveying, classifying, and cataloging various collections of records, with William Deiss, Smithsonian Archives. Jennifer A. Hoffman, University of California, Berkeley. Study of preparatorial and curatorial procedures in mammalogy, with Charles O. Handley, Depart- ment of Vertebrate Zoology. Greg A. Jacobson, University of California, Los Angeles. Archival studies in the records of the Ethnogeographic Board, 1942-1945, with William Deiss, Smithsonian Archives. Donald R. Kirkpatrick, James Madison University. Review of the systematics of the Devonian fishes of Southeastern Canada, with Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Research Associate, Department of Paleobiology. Catherine Lark, University of Michigan. Archival studies of the records of the Museum of Natural History, with William Deiss, Smithsonian Archives. Linda B. Lostfogel, University of California, Los Angeles. Work and study with Nancy Nooter, Education Department, Museum of African Art. Barbara Lyons, Williams College. Work and study with Betty Beuck, Folklife Program, Office of American Studies. Tamara J. McCracken, Evergreen State College. Research in indexing and com- puter coding of manuscripts, with Arthur Molella, Joseph Henry Papers. Christine Moenke, American University. Work and study in public relations, promotion and press functions, with Manuel Melendez, Division of Perform- ing Arts. Joanne L. Ratner, American University. Work and study associated with the National Portrait Gallery's tenth anniversary, with Susanne Roschwalb, Office of Public Affairs, National Portrait Gallery. Gregory Sabourin, University of Southern California. Research and study to prepare materials for exhibition for centennial celebration of the birth of Albert Einstein, with Paul Hanle, Department of Science and Technology, National Air and Space Museum. Ben Tacheron, Georgetown University. Research on descriptive anatomy and interpretive work on fossil dolphins, with Frank C. Whitmore, Jr., Research Associate, Department of Paleobiology. Lisa Wagner, University of California, Berkeley. Collation and organization of materials relating to the grasses of Sri Lanka, with Thomas Soderstrom, De- partment of Botany. 474 / Smithsonian Year 1979 CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES WORK/LEARN STUDENTS Patti Baker Eileen Mendel Mark Fly Cynthia Read Claire Forman Alan Remde Robert Glaser Steven Vail Kathleen Hull Ann Valega Katherine Kenyon Katherine Wagner Beth Marsh-Doyle Megan Wood SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES INTERN Frederick J. Heuser, Jr, Theory and practice of archives administration, with William A. Deiss. Catherine Ruth Lark, University of Michigan. Theory and practice of archives administration, with William A. Deiss. SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE SHORT-TERM FELLOWSHIPS IN TROPICAL BIOLOGY Scholarly Studies Program George Angeher, University of Colorado. Pamela Balogh, University of Maryland. Mark Bertness, University of Maryland. Tamsie Carlisle, University of California at Santa Barbara. Stephen Garrity, University of Maryland. Mary Hagedorn, Scripps Institution of Oceanography. Camille Logue, Institute of Animal Behavior, Newark, New Jersey. William Nowell, McGill University, Montreal, Canada. Richard Olson, Harvard University. Patricia Parker, University of North Carolina. Robert Richmond, State University of New York at Stony Brook. Michael Ryan, Cornell University. George Stevens, University of Pennsylvania. Katherine Troyer, University of California at Davis. Scott Winterstein, New Mexico State University. ASSISTANTSHIPS IN TROPICAL BIOLOGY Educational Outreach Fund Carlos Brandaris, Universidad de Panama. Tina Colburn, Western Kentucky University. Milton Collazos, Universidad de Panama. Clifford Cunningham, Yale University. Stephen Graff, Temple University. Patricia Hansell, Temple University. Harold Herzog, University of North Carolina. Roberto Ibanez, Universidad de Panama. Laurie McHargue, University of Michigan. Edgardo Mufioz, Universidad de Panama. Dolores Piperno, Temple University. Javier Sarsanedas, Universidad de Panama. Julio Tejada, Universidad de Panama. Valery Terwilliger, Western Maryland College. Nancy Town, University of San Diego. Appendix 7. Academic Appointments I 475 Katherine Troyer, University of California at Davis. Petra Volkel, Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum, Germany. Janie Wulff, Cornell University. Luis C. Zamora, Universidad de Panama. Rolf A. Zell, Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum, Germany. EXXON Corporation Juan Achurra, Universidad de Panama. Ritelia Angulo, Universidad de Panama. Rafael Araujo, Universidad de Panama. Clotilde Arrocha, Universidad de Panama. Carlos Avila, Universidad de Panama. Victoria Batista, Universidad de Bogota, Colombia. Tania Beliz, Universidad de Panama. Jose Castillo, Universidad del Valle, Colombia. Milton Clark, Universidad de Panama. Alvaro Florez, Universidad del Valle, Colombia. Eric Gonzalez, Universidad de Panama. Rigoberto Gonzalez, Universidad de Panama. Gustavo Justines, Universidad de Panama. Victor M, Leon, Universidad de Panama. Leonardo Mariduena, Charles Darwin Station, Ecuador. Rene Mariscal, Universidad de Panama. Carlos Martin, Universidad de Panama. Antonio Prieto, Universidad de Bogota, Colombia. Cecilio Puga, Universidad de Panama. Albaida Ramirez, Universidad de Panama. Osvaldo Rodriguez, Universidad de Panama. Jorge Roldan, Universidad de Panama. Javier Sarsanedas, Universidad de Panama. Guadalupe Scott, Universidad de Panama. Jose Urrutia, Universidad de Panama. Jorge Ventocilla, Universidad de Panama. Octovio Winter, Universidad de Panama. Megumi Yamakoshi, Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Manaus, Brazil. Luis C. Zamora, Universidad de Panama. 476 / Smithsonian Year 1979 APPENDIX 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1979 As a trust instrumentality of the United States, the Smithsonian Institution has received federal support since it was established in 1846 to carry out the terms of James Smithson's will. Appropriated funds have long provided impor- tant additions to the trust funds, donated by Smithson and subsequent bene- factors, to enable the Institution to carry out its responsibilities for research and exhibition of the national collections and maintenance of the valuable ob- jects and records of science, history, and culture entrusted to the Institution. The Smithsonian's basic trust funds have provided the Institution with the elements of flexibility and independence essential to its creative, innovative growth. Trust funds traditionally have made possible many of the research, acquisition, and educational programs, which are central to the Smithsonian's present resources and achievements. The Smithsonian is extremely grateful to the foundations, corporations, and individuals listed below for their gifts, bequests, and contributing memberships in the Smithsonian Associates. GIFTS AND BEQUESTS TO THE SMITHSONIAN $100,000 or more: The T. M. Evans Foundation Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis James Smithson Society Mary Horner Stuart Foundation $10,000 or more: Anonymous Mrs. Patricia D. Beck The Brown Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Helen W. Buckner Mary Livingston Griggs & Mary Griggs Burke Foundation The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation Chamber of Commerce of the U. S. Robert Sterling Clark Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John A. Corroon Doubleday & Company, Inc. The Max & Victoria Dreyfus Foundation, Inc. Thomas Alva Edison Foundation Ernst & Company EXXON Corporation Far Eastern Art Studies The Ford Foundation Goethe House Mr. Jerome L. Greene Hanes Dye & Finishing Co. Dr. and Mrs. Herbert E. Hawkes Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Heaton Estate of Carrie Susan Hinton Janet A. Hooker Charitable Trust International Committee, Centennial of Light International Minerals & Chemical Corporation Japan Society Samuel H. Kress Foundation Dr. Maury Leibowitz Mr. Joseph O. Losos Mr. Richard Manoogian Masco Corp. Cordelia S. May Charitable Trust McDonald's Corporation Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I A77 $10,000 or more — continued Mrs. Cecilia DeGolyer McGhee The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation The Charles E. Merrill Trust The Ambrose Monell Foundation Irene Morden Trust Philip Morris Incorporated Parthenon Books Readers Digest Ringling Brothers-Barnum & Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. Lewis & Rosa Strauss Memorial Fund Mr. Kelso F. Sutton The Ruth and Vernon Taylor Foundation Mr. Richard W. Weatherhead The Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates World Wildlife Fund Estate of D. Lorraine Yerkes Zoological Society of San Diego $1,000 or more: The Alvord Foundation Amax Foundation, Inc. Amoco Foundation, Inc. Amos Press, Incorporated Anonymous Armed Forces Communications & Electronics Association — Washington Chapter Miss Felicia Degolyer Arnold Badger Meter Foundation, Inc. Mr. Robert R. Barker Foundation Mrs. Evelyn F. Bartlett The Bass Foundation The Beneficia Foundation Beneficial Foundation, Inc. Mr. Edwin A. Bergman Mr. Barry Bingham, Sr. Mr. Leigh B. Block Mrs. John L. Bradley Viola E. Bray Charitable Trust The Bristol-Myers Fund Brunschwig & Fils, Inc. The Bundy Foundation Bunker Ramo Corporation Miss Mary Griggs Burke Mr. Irving F. Burton Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. Mr. John G. Case CBS Foundation, Inc. Celanese Corporation Century Columbia Broadcasting Systems, Inc. Mr. G. Arthur Cooper Mr. Julien Cornell Corning Glass Works Foundation Ms. Lucile Turnbull Daum Mr. and Mrs. Christian de Guigne Mr. David Dibner Estate of Mary L. A. J. Dietrich Dillingham Corporation The Henry L. and Grace Doherty Charitable Foundation, Inc. Joel & Ann Ehrenkranz Mrs. Ruth M. Epstein The Explorers Club Benson & Edith Ford Foundation Walter and Josephine Ford Fund Garfinckel, Brooks Brothers, Miller & Rhoads, Inc. General Foods Corporation Sumner Gerard Foundation Gilman Foundation Inc. Mr. Leo Gold Mrs. Katharine L. Graham Mr. Preston Greene The Griffis Foundation Inc. Mrs. Diane Lane Hamilton Miss Nancy Hammond Dr. Herbert E. Hawkes Lydia Bush-Brown Head Trust The Bothin Helping Fund Miss Jenifer Henderson Dayton Hudson Foundation The Island Foundation Mrs. Sally Faile Jeancon Morris Joseloff Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Ruth Cole Kainen Kaman Corporation Mr. Jacob J. Kaufman Mr. Erie G. Kaufmann Ms. Karen J. Keland Kent-Lucas Foundation Mr. Gilbert H. Kinney The Sydney and Frances Lewis Foundation Links Club of Washington, D.C. Mr. Howard Lipman Little Gallery Mrs. Elizabeth Lorentz Mrs. Kathleen S. Louchheim The Magowan Family Foundation, Inc. Mr. Roland Marcotte, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. William A. Marsteller Mr. Brian H. Mason Robert and Phyllis Massar 478 / Smithsonian Year 1979 $1,000 or more — continued Dr. and Mrs. Abraham Melamed R. K. Mellon Family Foundation Dr. Eugene Meyer Michigan Council for the Arts The Midgard Foundation Ms. Marian 5. Mitchell Mr. Robert A. Mosher National Audubon Society, Inc. National Geographic Society New York Zoological Society Newsweek The Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc. Owens-Corning Fiberglas Corporation Mr. Jefferson Patterson Ellis L. Phillips Foundation Phillips Petroleum The Pioneer Foundation, Inc. Feodor Pitcairn-Beneficial Foundation Mr. Joe D. Price Mr. Lloyd E. Raport Rare Animal Relief Effort, Inc. Anne S. Richardson Fund Mr. and Mrs. Harry Richardson Dr. and Mrs. S. Dillon Ripley Mr. R. Thomas Schaub The Scherman Foundation, Inc. The Florence and John Schumann Foundation Siegle Foundation Ms. Ann Marie Shapiro Ms. Anne Shapiro Ms. Sarah I. Shieffelin Simon Foundation, Inc. The L. J. & Mary Skaggs Foundation SMC Corporation Mrs. Eloise Spaeth Sperry Rand Corporation Stacks J. M. Stangl Steelcase, Inc. Abbot & Dorothy H. Stevens Foundation The Stroh Brewery Foundation Student Loan Marketing Association Mr. A. Alfred Taubman The Termont Hotel Texas Instruments Incorporated Mr. John Thacher Miss Helen R. Thompson Time Incorporated Time-Life Books Inc. Miss Louise Talbot Trigg The Tinker Foundation Incorporated United States Steel Corporation United Technologies The Valley Line Company Mr. Chi-Chuan Wang The Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Ralph J. VVeiler Foundation Mr. Fred L. Whipple Xerox Corporation $500 or more: Mr. Louis H. Aborn American Geological Institute Anonymous Baker, Knapps & Tubbs Ms. Marcella Brenner Dr. Annella Brown Mr. Mario Buatta The D. C. Art Association Mr. Vincent J. Doyle Dr. H. A. Fehlman Mr. Dean F. Frasche Mr. Ira Gershwin Mr. Gordon P. Getty Henfield Association Miss Ruth L. Hewitt William and Mary B. Jack Mrs. Lois K. Lawrence Linn's Stamp News & Amos Press, Incorporated Maryland Arts Council Mrs. Hiram W. McKee Herman Miller, Inc. New York Community Trust Mr. Andrew Oliver Mr. and Mrs. James M. Reynolds Riveryway Co. Mr. Matthew Schutz Mr. Sidney N. Shure Miss Celia Siegel Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Mr. Kenhelm W. Stott, Jr. The Taubman Company Inc. Miss Ruth R. Teague Dr. and Mrs. Joseph B. Wheelwright Mr. Takashi Yanagi We also gratefully acknowledge all other contributions to the Institution. Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 479 SMITHSONIAN ASSOCIATES • CONTRIBUTING MEMBERS The Contributing Members of the Smithsonian National Associates sup- port the Institution's work through annual contributions of $50, $100, $250, and $500. The James Smithson Society was created in 1977 to encourage and rec- ognize major gifts to the Smithsonian Institution. This Society, which is the highest order of the Contributing Memberships in the Smithsonian Associates, is comprised of two membership categories. Annual Members are individuals who make unrestricted contributions of $1,000 to $24,999 annually. Life Members are those who give $25,000 or more either in monetary gifts or additions to the collections. The Smithsonian Institution gratefully acknowledges the generous sup- port of the James Smithson Society 1979 Annual Members, Life Mem- bers, and the Contributing Members of the Smithsonian Associates. JAMES SMITHSON SOCIETY 1979 Life Members Dale B. Dubin, M.D.* Lita Annenberg Hazen Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn" Stuart M. Speiser Mrs. Anni Albers Joan Hay Baizerman Mr. Preston R. Bassett Mr. and Mrs. Edward B. Benjamin Mr. and Mrs. John A. Benton Dr. and Mrs. B. Narayana Bhat Dr. Ruth Dowling Bruun and Dr. Bertel Bruun Benjamin Hubbard Caldwell, Jr., and Gertrude Sharp Caldwell Dr. and Mrs. Robert C. C. Chiu Dr. and Mrs. Bruce E. Dahrling II Willis H. duPont Dr. Lawrence Andrew Funt and Thalia Riordan Funt Jerome L. Greene* Evelyn Annenberg Hall Mr. and Mrs. John Levey Mr. and Mrs. Robert Levey Frances and Sydney Lewis Doris Merrill Magowan Harry I. Saul Benjamin Stack* Norman Stack* Mr. and Mrs. E. Hadley Stuart, Jr. Richard W. Weatherhead* Patricia D. Beck Kit and Clay Bedford Catherine B. Cantrell and Lawson J. Cantrell, Jr. John R. Doss Mrs. Francis Tracy Henderson Samuel W. and Blanche M. Koffler Sen. and Mrs. Hugh Scott David K. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner Edith Mansfield Hills Dr. and Mrs. Howard Ihrig Dr. Arthur A. and Marie L. Kirk Mr. and Mrs. L. E. "Louie" Leininger Mrs. Sara L. Lepman, in Memory of Dr. Harry Lepman Dr. and Mrs. Leo J. Malone Jack L. Messman Dr. Walter A. H. Mosmann Fredric Mueller * Life Members previously awarded a Smithson Society medal for other gifts. 480 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Marvin Murray, M.D., Ph.D. Mortimer L. Neinken Dr. James Brooks Newbill Mr. and Mrs. Henry K. Ostrow John Alexander Pope Thomas M. Roberts Richard G. Rogers, Jr. Helen Goodwin Rose Eloise Spaeth Dr. and Mrs. Richard F. S. Starr June and Leo F. Stornelli Membership (Annual and Life) Mr. and Mrs. Joe L. Allbritton* Mr. and Mrs. William S. Anderson Hon. and Mrs. Walter H. Annenberg Mr. Ronald P. Anselmo* Mr. Scott R. Anselmo* Mr. Geoffrey B. Baker Mr. and Mrs. John E. Baker II Mr. and Mrs. F. John Barlow* Mr. and Mrs. Perry R. Bass Mr. and Mrs. Harry Hood Bassett Mr. Henry C. Beck, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. William B. Berry* Mr. and Mrs. Gerald M. Best* Mrs. Harry Payne Bingham Mr. and Mrs. Leigh B. Block* Mr. Allan J. Bloostein Mr. Winton M. Blount Mr. and Mrs. Thornton F. Bradshaw Mr. Nicholas F. Brady Mr. and Mrs. Keith 5. Brown Mrs. David K. E. Bruce* Mrs. Susie Brummer Hon. Wiley T. Buchanan, Jr. Hon. and Mrs. Philip W. Buchen Mrs. Jackson Burke Maj. Gen. and Mrs. Daniel S. Campbell* Allan Caplan* Mrs. John B. Carter, Jr. Hon. and Mrs. Henry E. Catto, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George P. Caulkins, Jr. Hon. and Mrs. Robert Home Charles Mr. E. Taylor Chewning, Jr. Mr. James H. Clement Mr. Thomas G. Cleveland* Mr. Robert L. Coleman* Mr. and Mrs. Gardner Cowles Mr. Marshall B. Coyne Miss Louise Crane Mr. Kenneth M. Crosby Mr. Joseph F. Cullman 3rd Katharine Sergava (Mme Bernard W.) Sznycer Drs. Yen and Julia Tan Dr. and Mrs. David J. Tepper Richard W. Thomssen Dr. and Mrs. Francis S. Walker Mr. and Mrs. Thomas E. Whiteley Mrs. Thomas J. Williams Cora Witten and Laurence C. Witten II Mr. and Mrs. Leo A. Daly III Mr. and Mrs. Justin Dart Hon. Shelby Cullom Davis Mr. and Mrs. Walter Davis Mr. and Mrs. Stanley R. Day Mr. Morse G. Dial, Jr. Ms. Kathryn F. Donaldson Mrs. Kathryn W. Donaldson Mr. James C. Donnell II Mr. and Mrs. Gaylord Donnelley Mr. John T. Dorrance, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leslie Douglas Mr. Willard D. Dover* Mr. and Mrs. Morton Downey Mr. Duncan L. Edwards* Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Elkins, Jr. Mr. Joseph M. Erdelac* Mr. and Mrs. Thomas M. Evans* Mrs. Eric Eweson Mr. Charles E. Exley, Jr. Mr. Charles T. Fisher III Hon. William H. G. FitzGerald Hon. John Clifford Folger Mrs. John Clifford Folger Mr. and Mrs. Hugh K. Foster Mr. and Mrs. Gerald Freed Rear Adm. and Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider* Mrs. George A. Garrett Mr. Alfred C. Glassell, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould* Mr. Robert C. Graham, Sr. Mr. Jerome L. Greene* Mr. and Mrs. John Bradley Greene Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert C. Greenway Mr. and Mrs. Alton B. Grimes Mrs. Lloyd P. Griscom Mrs. Helen K. Groves Dr. Armand Hammer* Mr. Gordon Hanes Mrs. Richard Harkness* * Life Members. Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 481 Membership (Annual and Life) Mrs. Averell Harriman Mr. and Mrs. Don C. Harrold* Mr. Joseph H. Hazen John and Lucia Heard Mr. Andrew Heiskell Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Herring Mr. Jacob W. Hershey Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn* Mr. and Mrs. Wallace Holladay Janet A. Hooker* Mr. Allan Oakley Hunter Mr. and Mrs. James D. Ireland Mr. R. L. Ireland III Hon. and Mrs. John N. Irwin II Mr. and Mrs. Sam Israel, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George H. Jacobus Mr. and Mrs. George D. Jagels Mr. and Mrs. George Frederick Jewett, Jr. Mr. Samuel C. Johnson Mr. J. E. Jonsson Mr. and Mrs. Jacob Kainen* Mr. and Mrs. H. Warren Kampf Mrs. Louise Page Kastner* Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman* Mr. and Mrs. James M. Kemper, Jr. Hon. and Mrs. W. John Kenney Mr. and Mrs. Randolph A. Kidder Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney Mr. and Mrs. Peter Merrill Klein* Mr. and Mrs. Philip M. Klutznick Dr. David Landau* Mr. R. Heath Larry Dr. Morris P. Leibovitz* Mr. Harold F. Linder Mrs. Jean Chisholm Lindsey Ms. Betty H. Llewellyn* Mr. and Mrs. John A. Logan* Mr. and Mrs. Jack Lord* Jack and Betty Lou Ludwick Mr. Edmund C. Lynch, Jr. Mrs. Edward Macauley Hon. and Mrs. George C. McGhee Hon. and Mrs. Robert M. McKinney" Mr. Malcolm MacNaughton Mr. and Mrs. Donald McNeely Mr. Henry S. McNeil Lt. Gen. and Mrs. Sam Maddux, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Leonard H. Marks Mr. and Mrs. J. Willard Marriott Hon. and Mrs. William McChesney Martin, Jr. Dr. Ruben F. Mettler Mr. and Mrs. Edmund C. Monell* Dr. Josephine L. Murray Mrs. Nancy Brown Negley Hon. and Mrs. Paul H. Nitze Mr. and Mrs. John R. Norton III Hon. and Mrs. R. Henry Norweb* Mr. and Mrs. Gyo Obata George L. Ohrstrom Mr. and Mrs. Ricard R. Ohrstrom Hon. Daniel Parker Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Judge and Mrs. G. Burton Pearson* Mr. C. W. Peebles Mrs. C. W. Peebles Mr. and Mrs. Charles Emory Phillips Mr. and Mrs. Charles M. Pigott Mr. and Mrs. George S. Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Louis F. Polk Mrs. Abraham Rattner* Mr. and Mrs. John Paul Remensnyder* Hon. Frederick W. Richmond Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Ridder Mr. and Mrs. Walter T. Ridder Mr. and Mrs. Ralph C. Rinzler* Mrs. Dorothy Hyman Roberts Mr. John J. Robertson Mr. and Mrs. Hamilton Robinson Mr. ElUs H. Robison* Dr. and Mrs. Milton L. Rock Judge Martin J. Roess* Mr. Arthur Ross* Mr. William R. Salomon Mr. and Mrs. B. Francis Saul II Mr. and Mrs. Arthur A. Seeligson, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Frates Seeligson Mrs. George M. Seignious II Mr. William M. Siegel Mr. and Mrs. Morton Silverman* Mr. and Mrs. Leonard L. Silverstein Mr. David E. Skinner Mr. David G. Skinner Mr. and Mrs. C. Grove Smith Hon. and Mrs. Gerard C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Robert H. Smith* Hon. and Mrs. Joel Solomon Mr. Benjamin Stack* Mr. Harvey G. Stack* Mr. Norman Stack* Mrs. Edith C. Steinbright Miss Marilyn L. Steinbright * Life Members. 482 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Membership (Annual and Life) Mr. David A. Sutherlund Mr. J. Fife Symir^gton III Mrs. Gardiner Symonds Dr. Hans Syz* Mr. and Mrs. Vernon Taylor, Jr.* Mrs. Edith Hale Thomas* Hon. and Mrs. Clark W. Thompson Mr. Bardyl R. Tirana* Ms. Margaret Brown Trimble Mr. and Mrs. Walter R. Truland Mr. and Mrs. Milton Turner* Mr. and Mrs. Wynant D. Vanderpool, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. C. Woods Vest, Jr. Mr. Richard W. Weatherhead* Mr. Caspar W. Weinberger Mr. Brayton Wilbur, Jr. Mrs. Leonard E. Wilkinson* Mr. Leonard John Wilkinson* Mr. and Mrs. Morton H. Wilner Mr. and Mrs. David Wintermann Mr. and Mrs. David O. Woodbury* Mrs. Stanley Woodward* Mr. James O. Wright Mr. and Mrs. James Y. M. Wu* Mr. Barry Yampol* SUSTAINING MEMBERS ($500 and above) F. G. Addison Mr. and Mrs. Ellis B. Anderson Arthur J. Curry Mr. and Mrs. Geoffrey S. Fuller Ms. Susan Goldman Mr. Abner J. Golieb Mr. W. J. Handelman Hon. and Mrs. John W. Hechinger Mr. Louis W. Hill Mr. A. Atwater Kent, Jr. F. M. Kirby Foundation, Inc. Mr. Edmund W. Littlefield Mrs. John E. Long Dr. Raymond Mize, Jr. James J. Scott Mrs. Arthur H. Sulzberger Mr. and Mrs. Raymond E. Thompson Raymond John Wean Foundation SPONSORING MEMBERS ($250 and above) Mr. and Mrs. David R. Anderson Myron Anderson Lt. Gen. and Mrs. Earl W. Barnes Mr. and Mrs. Richard D. Barrett Mr. Robert W. Beckham Mr. and Mrs. John H. Bernard Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Bernett Mr. Robert K. Blum Mr. and Mrs. David H. Blumberg Mr. and Mrs. Frederick F. Burks Mr. Alan L. Cameros Mr. and Mrs. Jerald L. Clark Mr. W. C. Cobb Edward L. Cochrane, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. J. A. Corbet Alexander D. Crary Mr. and Mrs. David R. Dear Ann E. Erdman Mr. and Mrs. M. F. Flaherty M. F. George Mrs. Ted R. Goldsmith Joseph Guilietti, Jr. Morella R. Hansen Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Hinton Brig. Gen. and Mrs. Edward Hirsch Mrs. Raymond J. Howar Mr. and Mrs. Charles R. Hubatka III Dr. and Mrs. Jeffrey J. Irving Mrs. H. L. Kempner, Jr. Mr. Walter H. Kidd Dr. Robert Krasner Dr. and Mrs. Merrill D. Lipsey Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Mascioli Laura and Terrence McAuliffe Mr. and Mrs. Philip L. McHugh Dr. David B. Michaels Mr. and Mrs. E. Kirkbride Miller Mrs. C. E. O'Connor Mr. and Mrs. Gerald H. Patrick Helen Ann Patton Mr. and Mrs. Harry A. Paynter Dr. James G. Schwade and guest James G. Shakman Mr. and Mrs. George E. Sherman Mr. and Mrs. Milton L. Shurr Hugh M. and Marilyn M. South Mr. and Mrs. A. Stutzer John E. Toole * Life Members. Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 483 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above) Mr. and Mrs. Leonard L. Abel Ms. Boucie Addison W. W. Alexander James E. Alford Woody A. Allen Dr. and Mrs. R. Eric Alving Mr. and Mrs. Robert Amory Mr. and Mrs. Emmet D. Anderson Prof. Evelyn J. Anderson Joseph R. Anderson Mr. and Mrs. Paul B. Anderson Mrs. Paul 5. Anderson G. J. Andrews Mr. and Mrs. R. S. Antes John D. Archbold Mr. and Mrs. William Buck Arnold Joseph S. Asin Mr. and Mrs. John W. Auchincloss Dr. Doris B. Autry Mr. Fred C. Babcock Morton W. and Joyce S. Bachrach Mr. and Mrs. Smith Bagley Dr. Bernard W. Bail Geraldine R. Baker Mr. Warren Baker Dr. and Mrs. H. H. Balch, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Terry M. Banks Leo T. Barber, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. John Bartlett John P. Bartlett Mrs. Alice G. Bauer Winifred H. Bauer Mr. J. Fred Beamer Mr. and Mrs. Joel L. Beardsley Mr. and Mrs. Walter Beck Mrs. Jack Bender Mr. and Mrs. E. E. Benedict Col. and Mrs. George C. Berger Merrill Berkley Samuel W. Bernheimer Mr. and Mrs. Max N. Berry Paula and Steven Bershader Mr. and Mrs. Albert J. Beveridge III Mr. and Mrs. Livingston L. Biddle Mr. and Mrs. Frederic F. Bigio Mr. H. Harold Bishop Mrs. Jill S. Bixler Gerald and Sara Bjorge Mr. and Mrs. Donald Eric Black Hon. and Mrs. Robert O. Blake James B. Blinkoff Frank Bliss, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Huntington Block WilHam W. Blunt, Jr. Mrs. Julian S. Boardman Robert F. Bodroghy Ms. Marie-Therese Boever Mr. and Mrs. J. B. Bogan Mr. and Mrs. Mel H. Bolster Victor L. and Barbara J. Bonat Joan V. Bonk and Mrs. Philip Bonsai Hon. E. Bordenet, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. F. Borowsky C. Joseph Bowdring Mr. and Mrs. Paul A. Bowles John and Patricia Boyd and family Mr. Maxwell Brace Eugenie Rowe Bradford Mr. and Mrs. Glenn M. Branch Richard L. Branvold Edward L. Bratton Mr. Harold H. Bredell Mr. J. Bruce Bredin Terence R. and Vivien C. Brewer Robert L. Bridges Dr. and Mrs. Clifton H. Briggs Dr. and Mrs. S. B. Brinkley Ms. Dorothea T. Bristol Mr. Harvey K. Brock Mrs. George H. Brodie Lt. Col. William W. Brooks John A. Bross Mr. F. Carroll Brown Mrs. Maude E. Brown Patricia L. Brown Mr. and Mrs. Ralph H. Brown Guy J. Brunacci Mr. and Mrs. Frederick B. Bryant Mr. and Mrs. J. M. Buck Mr. and Mrs. C. W. Buhler Edward P. Bullock Alfred F. Buonaguro Hon. William A. M. Burden Mr. and Mrs. I. Townsend Burden III Mr. James M. Burger Mrs. Julia T. Burlen Mrs. Poe Burling Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Burns Richard Scott Burow Joseph Burton Dr. and Mrs. J. A. Burwell Marion B. Busch Mr. and Mrs. Thompson H. Butz Mr. E. T. Byram Mr. and Mrs. James M. Byrne Lorena Smith Cabaniss G. W. Cage, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Callahan 484 / Smithsonian Year 1979 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above)— continued Thomas J. Camp, Jr. William D. Campbell Francis Caponegro, Jr., M.D. William I. Cargo Mr. and Mrs. Woolsey Carmalt Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth S. Carpenter Mr. and Mrs. Leo A. Carten Col. Douglas H. Carter Thomas K. Carter Mr. Robert J. Carver Mrs. Eugene B. Casey Dr. Gary W. and Carol S. Cashon Mr. and Mrs. Edmund L. Castillo Mr. and Mrs. Walter Cate Dr. David Challinor Mr. E. P. Charlap Dr. and Mrs. Joseph V. Charyk Mr. and Mrs. G. Howland Chase Joel Chaseman Mrs. Harold W. Cheel Mr. and Mrs. Timothy W. Childs Gregory M. Christopher Priscilla M. Christy Mr. and Mrs. Page B. Clagett Patricia D. W. Clark Mr. and Mrs. William S. Clement Miss Isabelle L. Clouser Mr. Hayward C. Coe Dr. and Mrs. David G. Cogan Bertram M. Cohen Col. Russell C. Coile Mr. Arthur J. Collingsworth Mrs. Ethel Conlisk Dr. George W. Conner Mr. and Mrs. Robert S. Cook Ralph J. and Debbie Coselli Mrs. Logan O. Cowgill Mr. and Mrs. David M. Crabtree Fritz J. Cramer, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Walthall Crist Mrs. Thomas E. Crocker Mrs. Richard S. Cross Marsha C. and Andrew D. Culver Ms. Ida D. Cutherbertson Mrs. Chester Dale Helen E. Daniells, M.D. Capt. and Mrs. R. L. Daniels Helen Darling Mr. and Mrs. F. Elwood Davis Mr. and Mrs. Keith Davis Olivia Davis Evelyn Y. Davis Ms. Patricia Davis-Wack Mrs. Alva A. Dawson E. A. Dawson Mr. and Mrs. Charles DeRoche Mr. Alan L. Dean Dalene B. and Joseph E. Dean Mr. and Mrs. Wayne Richard Delaney Capt. and Mrs. Victor Delano Adalberto Delgado, M.D. Arthur F. and Isadora Dellheim Howard Dellon Dr. and Mrs. Lewis Hilliard Dennis Gen. Jacob L. Devers James L. Dietz Dr. Henry Dillon Mr. and Mrs. John Dimick Mr. and Mrs. Allen T. Dittmann Austin F. Dohrman, Jr. Steven Donaghey George Arntzen Doole James A. Dorsch David M. Dorsen Mr. Alden Lowell Doud Mr. and Mrs. T. M. Douglas Mr. and Mrs. C. E. Draper Roburt Andre Dumas, Sr. Lucia J. Dunham Helen Jean Arthur Dunn Mr. and Mrs. H. Stewart Dunn, Jr. Vernon J. Dwyer Mr. Cyril H. Dye Mr. and Mrs. Leroy Eakin Dr. Elizabeth M. Earley Mr. and Mrs. Lynn R. Eastridge Frank K. Eggleston Lawrence A. Ehrhart Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Eichholz Comdr. and Mrs. Harvey Eikel C. Burke Elbrick Mrs. Leila Eley Mr. George M. Elsey J. C. Mason Emde Elinor and Harry Emlet Mr. and Mrs. Pleasanton H. Ennis Mr. and Mrs. Stephen B. Epifano Mr. and Mrs. John G. Esswein Mr. and Mrs. James G. Evans, Jr. Mrs. Herbert P. Fales Ms. Marilyn Farrand James P. Farrell Col. and Mrs. J. J. Felmley Mr. and Mrs. D. R. Fesler Roy Feuchter Mr. Marshall Field Mr. and Mrs. Donald Finberg Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 485 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above)— continued Robert C. and Karen J. Fink James P. Finn Mr. and Mrs. John D. Firestone Edward P. Fischer Mr. and Mrs. 5. Greenhoot Fischer John A. Fischer, M.D. H. Marshall Fitzgerald Ronald and Barbara Fitzgerald Mr. Thomas R. Flagg J. Fleischman Robert W. Fleming Mr. and Mrs. M. K. Fleschner Jerry L. and Carol C. Fletcher David Fogelson Hon. and Mrs. Edward Foley Mr. and Mrs. Lee M. Folger Mr. and Mrs. Oliver Harold Folk Albert A. Folop Richard E. Ford Miss Helen E. Forshier Mr. and Mrs. Philip A. Francis Randolph and Mafalda French M. C. Freudenberg Mr. and Mrs. Arthur H. Fribourg Col. and Mrs. Clarence D. Fried Dr. Howard L. Friedenberg Arthur D. and Barbara B. Friedman Ms. Robbin Marie Fusero Atsushi Futamase Mrs. Charles E. Camper Mr. and Mrs. Arthur W. Gardner Mr. and Mrs. Paul Gardner Mrs. Virginia B. Garvey Mr. T. Jack Gary, Jr. Rachel Gay Larry Gaynes The General Products, Inc. Gerald R. Gereau Frances Giacobbe Miss Alice L. Giles Douglas J. and Carol Giles Robert S. Gillia, Jr. Mrs. N. Gimbel Mr. and Mrs. W. Shuler Ginn Mrs. E. W. Glascock Dr. Sanford A. Glazer Mr. and Mrs. T. K. Glennan Mr. and Mrs. Leonard J. Godet John M. Goehner Mr. and Mrs. Henry H. Goldberg Susan S. and Richard W. Goldman Col. and Mrs. Julius Goldstein Mr. David Goodman Mr. James G. Gore, Jr. Mrs. Bette C. Graham Ms. Betty R. Graham Mrs. Katharine Graham Capt. and Mrs. C. A. Grandjean Dr. Sheila H. Gray Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Green Hix H. Green, Jr. Judith Greenwood Designs Mr. and Mrs. George G. B. Griffin Richard P. Grill Robert Groberg Drs. Christian and Carol Gronbeck Dr. and Mrs. C. D. Groover Mr. and Mrs. Patrick W. Gross Mr. and Mrs. Kenneth M. Grubb Helena Gunnarsson Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Guttag Walter and Elise Haas Fund John L. Hafenrichter Louis P. Haffer Mr. and Mrs. Ernest V. Hallberg, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Allen Hamburg Mrs. Ivan Hamilton Mr. and Mrs. Elwood C. Hamsher Mrs. E. P. Hand Mr. and Mrs. R. E. Hansen Dorcas Hardin Mr. and Mrs. William L. Harding George D. Hardy Robert C. Harris William J. Harris, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Byron E. Harrison George A. Hatzes, Jr. Thomas Hays Mr. and Mrs. Patrick Healy III Miss Annabelle Heath Mr. and Mrs. Richard Hedlund Judith B. Heimann Col. and Mrs. Robert D. Heinl, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Martin D. Held Alverne S. Hellenthal Ralph D. Helwig Jeffrey L. Hendry Nona G. Herndon Earl C. Hertenstein Mrs. Christian A. Herter Claire C. Hicks Robert A. Hicks Mr. Alan R. Hill Mr. and Mrs. Jonathan B. Hill Dr. and Mrs. J. D. Hills Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Hinchcliff Mr. and Mrs. William J. Hines Mr. and Mrs. Maurice A. Hoard 486 / Smithsonian Year 1979 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above)— continued E. Roberts Hofsas Mr. and Mrs. John B. Holden Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Holle Mr. and Mrs. George B. Holmes Jesse H. Holmes Mr. and Mrs. X. L. J. Holroyd Anthony and Judith Hope William E. Horn Mr. and Mrs. Charles A. Horsky Mr. John K. Hoskinson Mr. Arthur A. Houghton, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence R. Houston Mr. and Mrs. Morton B. Howell Dr. Sam W. Huddleston Mrs. Hugo G. Huettig, Jr. Mrs. Albert A. Hughes Mr. and Mrs. James H. Hughes Mr. and Mrs. Phillip 5. Hughes Mr. Leslie R. Hunt Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Hunt R. Bruce Hunter Claude D. Hurd Mr. and Mrs. F. Irving Hutchins Ms. Marjorie P. Hutchinson Ann H. Hyde Mr. and Mrs. William K. Ince Mrs. S. T. Inglish Terrence Jach Patricia Hale Jackson W. D. Jackson Mr. and Mrs. Hugh Jacobsen Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence Jacobsen Dr. John R. Jacoway Dr. Glenn James Mr. and Mrs. Donald W. Jeffries J. Ruskin Jelks, Jr. David B. Jenkins Robert E. Johnson Col. and Mrs. F. M. Johnson, Jr. Ms. Patricia E. Jones Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Jung John M. Kalbermatten Linda H. Kamm Mr. and Mrs. Edward W. Kay Mr. and Mrs. C. M. Kaye Mr. Daniel C. Kaye Mr. Ronald G. Keeping J. R. Keiper, Jr. Mrs. George C. Keiser Mr. Robert E. Keiter Harris L. Kempner Thomas C. Kibirsky John Kicak Linda H. Kight Mr. Charles T. Kindsvatter Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Kirchheimer Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Klein Mr. and Mrs. Frederick G. Klemm Hon. and Mrs. Herbert W. Klotz Mrs. Virginia H. Knauer Mr. and Mrs. J. K. Knee Dr. and Mrs. Rolf A. Koehler David E. Koranek Dr. and Mrs. M. C. Korengold Laurence E. Korwin Albert Kramer P. G. Kruzic Mr. Stanley J. Kuliczkowski William P. La Plant, Jr. Mr. Albert J. Laflam Mr. and Mrs. Samuel J. Lanahan Mr. and Mrs. A. Scheffer Lang R. D. and M. A. Langenkamp Mr. and Mrs. Chiswell D. Langhorne, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Anthony A. Lapham Mr. and Mrs. Felix J. Lapinski Dr. and Mrs. K. C. Latven Mr. Robert F. Law Mr. George E. Lawrence Walter E. Lawrinson, M.D. Mr. Sperry Lea James A. Lee Mr. George Lehnen III Jacob and Charlotte Lehrman Foundation, Inc. Edward L. Lembitz Mrs. Ethelynne H. Leonard Mr. and Mrs. Edward H. Levi Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Levine Mr. and Mrs. Ernest E. Lewis H. D. Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Robert G. Liebhardt Frank W. Lindenberger Mr. R. Robert Linowes Mrs. Eunice K. Lipkowitz David H. Lloyd Kathleen E. Lloyd, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Millington Lockwood Mr. and Mrs. William W. Loftin Mr. and Mrs. R. Logan Mr. and Mrs. James P. Londergan, Jr. William A. Long Lois Lorton Mrs. Richard Keith Louden, Sr. Dr. and Mrs. James Louie Roger H. V. and Claudine G. Lourie Charles L. Lowery Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 487 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and Mr. Phillip C. Luttenberger Mr. and Mrs. John A. L. Lyons Marian S. Maclntyre Anthony J. Maciorowski Mrs. J. Noel Macy Louise Mann Madden Rex A. Maddox Mr. and Mrs. Edward P. Maffitt Mrs. Genevieve E. Major E. S. and Jean C. Mangiafico Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mannes Mr. E. Manuel Manning Mrs. R. A. Marmet Mr. and Mrs. Andrew W. Marshall Barton A. and Barbara H. Marshall Mr. and Mrs. David R. Marshall, Jr Mrs. Elizabeth Martin Mr. and Mrs. Guy Martin Miss Priscilla Mason Dr. and Mrs. Glenn B. Mather Ms. Billie G. Matheson Mrs. G. L. Mathews Mr. Stephen C. Matula Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Maxwell Dr. and Mrs. Francis Mayle, Jr. Hannah and Michael E. Mazer June L. McCalla R. McCann, M.D. Mr. and Mrs. Lacy McClain Truman McCray Mr. Matthew B. McCullough James P. McGranery, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. John J. McGrath John S. Mclnnes Mrs. David H. McKillop Mr. and Mrs. J. T. McLane Mr. John McNeill Mr. and Mrs. Alfred A. Michaud Dr. and Mrs. Hubert S. Mickel Mr. and Mrs. Gordon K. Milestone Mr. and Mrs. Donald E. Miller Linda B. and Marc E. Miller R. Eric Miller Mr. and Mrs. T. Craig Miller Mr. and Mrs. Walter C. Miller Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Minutillo Col. and Mrs. Kenneth L. Moll Mr. and Mrs. Charles N. Monsted Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Cotton Moore Mrs. E. P. Moore Mr. and Mrs. J. Edward Moore Richard H. Moore Margaret Morgan Mr. Charles W. Morris above) — continued Mr. and Mrs. Dapray Muir Mr. and Mrs. Carl J. Mulert, Jr. G. R. Munger Jerry L. Mungo Burnaby Munson John F. Murphy Mr. Edmund L. Murray Arthur Heaton Nash Richard Needelman Arthur H. Nelson Mr. and Mrs. Bruce H. Nelson Mrs. Robert E. Newby William and Louisa Newlin Dr. and Mrs. Dwight W. Newman Gary Ray Newport Thomas 5. Nichols Dr. and Mrs. Thomas P. Nigra Glenn and Judith Nordin Mr. Gerson Nordlinger, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jack R. Norwood Mr. Robert O'Brien Patricia H. O'Connor Marilyn O'Harrow Grace and Jerry O'Regan Dr. Carlos E. Odiaga Comdr. and Mrs. Lester E. Ogilvy Dr. and Mrs. Edward C. Oldfield III Mr. and Mrs. Lawrence B. Olds Joseph A. Ondrejko Mrs. Carolyn C. Onufrak Robert Orben Mr. and Mrs. Forrest E. Orr Mr. and Mrs. E. G. Osbourne David and Irene Osterman Daniel J. Ostrowski Gayil Nails Overholser Mrs. Dudley Owen Mr. Philip T. Pagliaro Mr. and Mrs. David J. R. Pales David S. and Sarah C. Palmer Comdr. Everett A. Parke Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Parnell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. David T. Parry Mr. and Mrs. Ray Patrick Mr. and Mrs. James R. Patton, Jr. Miss Ruth Uppercu Paul Louis Peller Mr. and Mrs. Jack Walter Peltason Edmund Pendleton William C. Penick James P. Perry Mr. and Mrs. Melvin G. Perry Mr. and Mrs. George A. Peterson Mrs. Elizabeth M. Petrie 488 / Smithsonian Year 1979 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above)— continued Hon. and Mrs. Christopher H. Phillips Rae H. Pickrel Jacqueline Pierce Mr. and Mrs. L. Harrison Pillsbury Mr. and Mrs. Larry R. Pilot Mr. and Mrs. L. B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. Dwight J. Porter Ms. Leezee Porter Alan W. Postlethwaite Mrs. Richard Preece Mr. and Mrs. John J. Prenzel Mrs. Charles P. Price Mr. and Mrs. Douglas S. Price Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Price Dr. and Mrs. Jerold Principato Mrs. Dow Puckett Mr. Cyrus J. Quinn John B. Radner Dr. and Mrs. Ernest G. Rafey Ms. Mary E. Ragan William Rausch Mr. and Mrs. Wayne F. Rayfield Isabel M. Rea Eugene L. and Marina Irma Reagan Mr. and Mrs. Edwin Rector Henry Reed Dr. Michael J. Reilly Don Rhodes Joseph A. Rice Ronald P. Rich Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Robb Ms. Jane F. Roberts Mrs. David Roberts III Garnett Lynn Robins Walter P. Robinson, Jr. Mr. Laurance S. Rockefeller C. O'Neil Rogers Dr. and Mrs. Charles C. Rogers Mr. and Mrs. John L. Rogers Gary D. Rosch Mr. Gerald A. Rosen Seymour and Elizabeth Rosen Mr. and Mrs. Samuel J. Rosenfeld Benjamin J. Rosenthal Mr. R. M. Rosenthal Irma R. and Kenneth M. Royer Ms. Roberta Ruliffson H. E. Russell Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Russo John M. and Madeline S. Ryan Henry Sabatell Dr. and Mrs. Abner Sachs Mr. John S. Samuels III Dorothy B. Sandleman Hon. Joseph C. Satterthwaite Mr. David Saunders Donald R. and Mary C. Saylor Francis B. Sayre Mr. John K. Scales Mr. and Mrs. William C. Schaefer Ms. Wendy Schaetzel Mr. and Mrs. Tony Schall Robert J. Schemel Mr. and Mrs. James H. Scheuer Dr. Basil A. Schiff Ms. Antoinette B. Schmahl Ms. Diane M. Schmitt Col. and Mrs. William P. Schneider Florence M. Schoenborn Miss Harriet Schofield Morton and Judith A. Schomer Mr. and Mrs. Frederick P. Schubert Mr. and Mrs. Emanuel Schugar Lloyd E. Schuster Mr. and Mrs. David L. Schwartz Mr. C. W. Scott Corine G. Scott Mrs. Charles Scribner Marjorie H. Scribner Miss Carolynne Seeman Mr. and Mrs Gene F. Seevers David A. Seibold Jean T. Seidenstein Harold A. Serr Sherman J. Sexton Miss Ronna Sharp George and Alison Sharpe Mr. Donald W. Shaw Miss Kathleen Sherman Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Siegel Mr. and Mrs. Jack Silberman Mrs. John Farr Simmons Dr. and Mrs. James D. Singletary Mr. and Mrs. Robert Sivard and family Nelson Slater Sanford Slavin Mrs. Charlotta B. Sloan Anne Smalet Mr. and Mrs. Albert H. Small Col. and Mrs. C. Haskell Small Marvin Small Victoria B. Smalley Raymond L. Smart Charles S. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Dean Smith Mr. and Mrs. John M. Smith Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution I 489 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above)— continued George E. Tuttle Shirley A. Smith Hon. and Mrs. Henry Smith III Mr. Benjamin M. Smith, Jr. Lawrence P. and Helen R. Snipper Mr. and Mrs. Harry R. Snyder Mr. and Mrs. Joel W. Solomon T. A. Stanhope Gary Staples Bruce E. Stauffer Stuart L. Stauss Dr. Colby S. Stearns Dudrey N. and Frances S. Steel William R. Stehle Mr. and Mrs. Charles Steigerwald Dr. Marjorie L. Stein Mr. and Mrs. Robert B. Stephens W. Clinton Sterling III William C. Sterling, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Malcolm Sterrett Mr. and Mrs. Roger Stevens Dr. and Mrs. T. Dale Stewart Mr. and Mrs. Richard H. Stratton Mr. and Mrs. A. Michael Sullivan, J Mr. Larry D. Sumner Mrs. Fairfax Foster Sutter Mary H. D. Swift Richard O. Swim James McK. Symington Martha Frick Symington Inc. M. D. and R. Tabakin Mr. and Mrs. Leland E. Talbott Cleonice Tavani Ms. Evalyn Taylor Mrs. May Day Taylor Ms. Linda Teixeira Joseph M. Tessmer The Treuhaft Foundation Mr. Beverly T. Thompson Mr. and Mrs. Max E. Thompson Mr. and Mrs. Brian Thomson Dr. John L. Thornton Dr. and Mrs. George Tievsky Phillip and Sylvia Tiger Mr. and Mrs. Vladimir S. Tolstoy Mr. and Mrs. John J. Toner Mr. and Mrs. David G. Townsend Wesley Townsend Carol J. and Timothy J. Traub, Sr. Mr. and Mrs. James C. Treadway Mr. and Mrs. Stephen A. Trentman Robert L. Tull James M. Tully David S. Turner John H. Turner Charles A. Turner III Mr. and Mrs. James S. Tuttle Anthony S. Vaivada Caroline E. Van Mason Peter Van Roijen Dr. and Mrs. Philip Varner Emily W. Vaughn Mr. and Mrs. William V. Vaughn Maria C. Volpe H. F. Wachsman, M.D. John R. Wagley Mr. and Mrs. John P. Wagner Col. and Mrs. John K. Walker, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Edward L. Wallace Barbara R. Walsh Daniel C. Warren, M.D. Robert L. and Carol B. Waters Mr. and Mrs. Ray Watkins Mr. Arnold Watson Col. and Mrs. Louis V. Watwood Hon. James E. Webb Ms. Elizabeth A. Webber Mr. and Mrs. Frederick S. Webster Nathan and Pauline Wechsler Dr. Morris A. Weinberger Mr. and Mrs. Eric W. Weinmann Mr. and Mrs. Mark Weinstein Gen. Sarah P. Wells Elizabeth A. Werner Stuart L. Werner Mr. Kenneth F. Wesolik Mrs. Mary Nan West Mrs. Thea Westreich Mrs. Edwin M. Wheeler Mary Anne Whitcomb Mr. Maurice E. White Mr. and Mrs. Milton G. White Mr. and Mrs. Grover C. White, Jr. James L. Whitehead G. William Whyers Mr. and Mrs. Harry W. Whyte Mr. Crocker Wight Mrs. Vivian Wildman Mr. and Mrs. J. Burke Wilkinson Dr. and Mrs. Robert S. Wilkinson Dr. and Mrs. B. H. Williams Edward D. and Sheryl A. Williams Mr. and Mrs. Harold M. Williams Mr. and Mrs. John K. Willis Mr. and Mrs. Thomas B. Wilner Mr. and Mrs. Edward Foss Wilson Mrs. Mark Winkler Mr. and Mrs. Milton S. Winters Mrs. Jean Sohner Wirtz Mr. and Mrs. Payson Wolff 490 / Smithsonian Year 1979 DONOR MEMBERS ($100 and above)— continued Mr. and Mrs. Eugene Wolfson Ms. Carolyn Wong Mr. David L. Wood Ms. Rosemary Wood Mrs. Joseph H. Woodward Mr. and Mrs. Herman Wouk Mr. and Mrs. C. L. Wright Mr. and Mrs. Nelson Wurz Mr. and Mrs. Philip D. Yaney Hal L. and Janice M. Young Mr. and Mrs. Abraham Zelony Mrs. John H. Zentay Ms. Jolie Zielinski Samuel E. and Karen R. Zimmerman Mr. G. H. Zinkgraf Mr. and Mrs. Joseph M. Zorc Mr. George Zournas There are, in addition to those Contributing Members listed above, 3,380 Members at the Supporting Level ($50) whose contributions in 1979 amounted to $169,000. Their names are included in the separate publication. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution. Appendix 8. Benefactors of the Smithsonian Institution / 491 APPENDIX 9. List of Donors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1979 The Board of Regents and the Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution join with the entire staff in thanking all of the Institution's friends for their generous financial support and for their gifts to the collections. If perchance the name of any donor has been omitted from the following list, it is an inadvertence and in no way diminishes the Institution's gratitude. Many gifts were received from donors who prefer to remain anonymous; the Smithsonian wishes to thank them for their generosity. OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY SPECIAL PROJECTS Donors to the Furnishings Collection Dr. Richard H. Rowland, Washington, D.C. : pair of Renaissance Revival music cabinets, c. 1865; Renaissance Revival sideboard, c. 1860. The Reverend and Mrs. Edmund S. Matthews, Wappingers Falls, New York: Renaissance Revival music cabinet, c. 1870. Bequest of Glenn Edward Thompson, Washington, D.C: set of one arm chair and five side chairs. Colonial Revival, c. 1895. SCIENCE NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Donors of Financial Support Johnson Wax. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Donors to the Collections Academy of Model Aeronautics, Washington, D.C: electric motor, model air- plane. Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R. : space research equipment. Mr. James S. Alcorn, La Jolla, California: aircraft model. Capt. Ben S. Allen, Sunnyvale, California: USAF personal flight equipment. American Airlines: propeller. Mrs. A. Francis Arcier, Boulder, Colorado: memorabilia. Mr. Richard Ault, Alexandria, Virginia: WW II flight equipment. Mr. John Babel, Monterey, California: flight helmet. Sfc. Clyde W. Ball, Fort Belvoir, Virginia: personal flight equipment. 492 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Bendix Field Engineering Corporation, Owings Mills, Maryland: dynamotors. Col. Robert J. Benford, USAF (Ret.), Satellite Beach, Florida: WW II flight sur- geon's kit. Boeing Aerospace Company: aviation art. Sen. Neville Bonner, Ipswitch, Queensland, Australia: boomerang. Mr. William Booth, Deland, Florida: personal flight equipment. Mr. Lawrence H. Boteler, McLean, Virginia: USAF personal flight equipment. Mr. Leroy A. Boutwell, Concord, New Hampshire: WW I helmet and goggles. Mr. Richard Brant, Springfield, Virginia: aircraft model. Burroughs Corporation, Detroit, Michigan: data processing equipment. Mr. R. J. Butler, Chiltenham, Maryland: uniform and personal flight equipment. Mr. J. Duncan Campbell, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: WW I, US Army aviation badges and insignia. Columbia Pictures Corporation: spacecraft model. Mr. Peter Cook, Wiscasset, Maine: aviation art. Mr. Steve Crichton, Gresham, Oregon: boomerang. Col. John M. Davies, USAF (Ret.), Falls Church, Virginia: personal flight materiel. Ms. Glenna Mae Davis, St. Simons Island, Georgia: aviation trophy. Department of Defense: flight equipment. Mr. George Marsden Design, Washington, D.C. : model aircraft. Mr. Daniel J. Dossert, Syracuse, New York: aircraft model. Mr. Charles Stark Draper, Newton, Massachusetts: awards and memorabilia. Ethyl Corporation, Detroit, Michigan: antique aviation spark plugs. Federal Aviation Administration, Washington, D.C: airline emergency oxygen equipment. Mr. Jean Fo, Les Vans, France: aviation art. Fort Benjamin Harrison Museum, Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indiana: WW II aerial bombs — U.S.A., German, and Italian. Wilson A. Foust, Jr., New Holland, Pennsylvania: memorabilia. Mr. Patrick Frank and Ms. Linda Frank, West Hartford, Connecticut: memora- bilia. Ms. Candy Gamble, Baltimore, Maryland: Pan American stewardess uniform. Mr. Everett Gamble, Washington, North Carolina: Pan American World Air- ways uniform. General Electric Company, Burlington, Vermont: bombsight attachment. General Electric Corporation, Lynn, Massachusetts: turbojet aircraft engine. Mr. David Gray, Mundelein, Illinois: helicopter model. Greeff Fabrics, Inc., Port Chester, New York: aircraft materiel. Grumman Aerospace, Bethpage, Long Island, New York: portable communica- tions system, space construction beam. Haystack Observatory, Westford, Massachusetts: research electronic equipment. Mr. Brian Hessler, Kensington, Maryland: photographic equipment. Historical Aircraft Research & Development, Denver, Colorado: aircraft model. Mr. Robert B. Hodes, New York, New York: aviation art. Mr. Carman L. Hoovler, Jr., Camp Springs, Maryland: aircraft components. Ms. Nena Norris Hudson, Arlington, Virginia: aviation art. James Smithson Society, Washington, D.C: sculpture. Mr. Robert T. Jones, Sunnyvale, California: aircraft model. Gen. K. Jorgensen, Copenhagen, Denmark: memorabilia. Mr. Michael Jorgensen, Hastings, Nebraska: flight materiel. Mrs. Emma Kavert, Howell Township, New Jersey: memorabilia. Mr. George Kay, Browns Mills, New Jersey: flight equipment. Mr. Taras Kiceniuk, Palomar Mountain, California: hang glider. Mr. Rolf Klep, Astoria, Oregon: painting. Mrs. A. S. Koch, Falls Church, Virginia: personal flight materiel. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 493 Dr. Richard Koszarski, Elmhurst, New York: amateur rocketry equipment. Maj. Thomas C. Kulhgan, USAF, Colorado Springs, Colorado: WW II uniform item. Mr. James C. Lackridge, Kailua, Hawaii: flight equipment. Kenneth M. Lane and Everett Cassagneres, Miami, Florida: Lindbergh trans- Atlantic flight survival kit. Col. John M. Lucker, Arlington, Virginia: flight materieL Mr. Kenneth R. Lundquist, Doraville, Georgia: aircraft model. Marine Corps Museum, Quantico, Virginia: aircraft engine. McDonnell Douglas Corporation, St. Louis, Missouri: Mercury and Gemini series equipment, Gemini series spacecraft components, aircraft flight instru- ments, accessories and components, astronaut equipment. M. Sgt. Clair Mittan, Andrews Air Force Base, Washington, D.C. : USAF oxy- gen equipment. Mrs. Christine Montgomery, Ann Arbor, Michigan: insignia. Museo Caproni, Milano, Italy: Italian WW II uniforms and flight materiel. National Aeronautic Association, Washington, D.C: Apollo- Soyuz world rec- ord information file. National Aeronautics and Space Administration: cameras, NACA memorabilia, thrust chamber, lenses and equipment, space suit components, retro rocket igniters, instruments and components, oxygen and scanning instruments, space shuttle model, heat shield, space suit and survival equipment, and Voyager spacecraft model; Ames Research Center: Pioneer program elec- tronic equipment; Jet Propulsion Laboratory: reproduction. Viking space- craft; Johnson Space Center: Apollo camera equipment, space program per- sonal flight equipment and accessories, rescue equipment, lithium hydroxide canisters, lunar module components, biomedical space flight equipment, in- struments and electronic components; Kennedy Space Center: emergency egress trainer, Saturn V launch vehicle and hardware; Langley Research Cen- ter: Skylab equipment; Marshall Space Flight Center: photographic equip- ment, spacesuits, cameras, biomedical equipment; Pasadena Office: Vernier spacecraft engines. National Park Service, Washington, D.C: aircraft cannon. Naval Air Development Center: personal flight equipment, military oxygen equipment. Naval Air Facility, Andrews Air Force Base, Washington, D.C: personal flight equipment. Naval Air Systems Command: flight equipment, personal flight equipment. Mr. A. J. Ostheimer: memorabilia. Mr. Christopher Pickup, Vienna, Virginia: insignia. Capt. Holden C Richardson, Washington, D.C: memorabilia. Rockwell International, Dunney, California: spacecraft components and thrust chamber. Ruben Brothers Waste Company, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: USAAF personal flight equipment. George J. Sobrick, Somers Point, New Jersey: Japanese aircraft fabric. Ms. Francis Schoenwetter, Chicago, Illinois: aviation art. Mr. and Mrs. David Schwartz, Silver Spring, Maryland: flight materiel. Thomas Sefton, San Diego, California: antique aircraft components. Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory, Cambridge, Massachusetts: space-age equipment. Specialized Electronics Corporation: electric flight and pre-flight navigation computer. Mr. Stuart M. Speiser, New York, New York; aviation art. Mr. William F. Spengler, Colorado Springs, Colorado: memorabilia. Sperry Gyroscope Company: WW I bomb sight. 494 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Ms. Doris A. Stilwell and Mrs. Sally Stilwell Nannestad, Kanneoke, Hawaii: WW I, U5N pilot's uniform and insignia. Mr. Raymond L. Suppes, Chevy Chase, Maryland: memorabilia. Mr. C. G. Sweeting, Clinton, Maryland: flight equipment. Capt. Howard B. Thorsen, USCG, Alexandria, Virginia: military flight helmet. Thrift Shop, Andrews Air Force Base, Washington, D.C. : WW II rescue flight equipment. Toshihiko Sakow Associates, Teaneck, New Jersey: aircraft model. Col. John M. Tucker, USAF (Ret.), Arlington, Virginia: personal flight materiel. Mr. Douglas Tyler, Notre Dame, Indiana: aviation art. Mr. Naomi Uemura, Tokyo, Japan: electronic equipment and memorabilia. US Air Force: personal flight equipment, flight helmets and oxygen masks; Helmet Development Branch, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio: equip- ment, flight helmet. US Army: WW II ordnance, aviation equipment, protective flying helmet. US Army Aviation Museum, Fort Rucker, Alabama: military clothing and equipment. US Coast Guard: helicopter rescue equipment. Mr. Thornton Utz, Sarasota, Florida: painting of Alan Shepard. Family of Rodman Wanamaker, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: memorabilia. Col. John 5. Weeks, London, England: Hale war rockets of the 19th century. Mr. Richard N. Whitman, Columbus, Ohio: USN airship telephone. Mr. Robert Whipperman, Harbor City, California: first Ercoupe production airplane. Williams Research Corporation, Walled Lake, Michigan: turbofan engine. Mr. Frank Youngquest, Rock Island, Illinois: memorabilia. Mr. Joseph Zacko, Springfield, Maryland: aircraft propeller. Donors to the National Air and Space Museum Library John Bodin: collection of 90 autographed letters and photographs of aircraft and airmen and 14 aircraft accident reports. The Honorable William F. Bolger: imprinted album of the First Day cover, 21- cent airmail, U.S. Postal Card, September 16, 1978. Louise Breck Fergus: 4 astronomical prints. Patrick Frank: Herman Goering holograph. Ira Milton Jones: WW I Overseas Flyers Roster with the signature of 5 United States Presidents — Harry S. Truman, Lyndon B. Johnson, Richard Nixon, Gerald R. Ford, and Jimmy Carter. M. J. Kasiuba: collection of 50 military aircraft slides. Mrs. Ann Kerr: postcard featuring the Wright Brothers and Walter Brookins. Miss Rae T. Lewis: 30 airline decals. A. J. Ostheimer: letters, documents of early aviation pioneers. Joseph de Casseres Reshower: 2 framed sets of autographs of early aviation pioneers. Mrs. Eugene Scroggie: 2 photographs. Gerald A. Willey: postcards of the wreck of the USS Shenandoah. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN, CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN Donors of Financial Support NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER R. K. Mellon Family Foundation: in support of expenses to convene the Ad- visory Council to the National Anthropological Film Center. RESEARCH INSTITUTION ON IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES Ford Foundation: in support of research of Donald L. Horowitz, "Ethnic Con- flict in Developing Countries." Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 495 Donors and Collaborative Acquisitions NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER Lain S. Bangdel, Royal Nepal Academy: 104,100 feet of synch sound research footage on the cultural heritage of Nepal, filmed in 1978-79. Josef Bohmer: 1,365 feet of master/print film and 35 mm original nitrate still negatives of the Austrian Motorcycle Tour Through Africa, Capetown-Cairo, 1935-36. Lewis Cotlow: 2,000 feet master/print film Primitive Paradise. Margaret Cussler: 800 feet master/print film Hopi Horizons, c. 1945. Wayne Dye/Summer Institute of Linguistics: 44,500 feet of synch sound re- search footage from traditional cultures in Papua New Guinea, filmed in 1979. Museu do Indio, Rio de Janeiro: 42,700 feet of synch sound research footage on the Canela Indians of Brazil, filmed in 1979. National Museum of Natural History: 1,048 feet nitrate original film of The Vanishing Indian, c. 1928. Luding Khen Rinpoche/Library of Tibetan Works and Archives: 74,400 feet of synch sound research footage of traditional Tibetan life and culture, filmed in Ladakh (Western Tibet) 1978 and 1979. Dr. Gyatsho Tshering/Library of Tibetan Works and Archives: 47,330 feet of synch sound research footage of traditional Tibetan life and culture, filmed in traditional Tibetan monastic communities in India in 1979. NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Donors of Financial Support Frances J. Allen American Geological Institute Amoco Foundation, Inc. Ann M. Anderson Anonymous Keiji Baba Evelyn F. Bartlett Kathleen L. Bolick E. L. Bousfield J. Bruce Bredin Bunker Ramo Corporation Beatrice L. Burch Melbourne R. Carriker Mr. and Mrs. Fenner A. Chace, Jr. Ailsa M. Clark Maureen E. Downey The Max and Victoria Dreyfus Foundation Mrs. Robert F. Duckworth Exxon Corporation H. A. Fehlmann Dr. and Mrs. Gordon E. Gates Sumner Gerard Foundation Isabella Gordon The Griffis Foundation, Inc. Janet Haig Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Malcolm F. Hodges L. B. Holthuis Carl L. Hubbs International Minerals and Chemical Corporation Mildred E. Joseph Kazuo Koba Mrs. G. R. Lunz Brian Mason Lucien Masse Cordelia S. May Charitable Trust William G. Melson Marvin C. Meyer National Geographic Society T. Odawara Phillips Petroleum Marie M. Picard Grace E. Pickford Ernest S. Reese W. D. Robertson Katsushi Sakai R. Thomas Schaub Mary Horner Stuart Foundation Hiroshi Suzuki Time-Life Books, Inc. Marion D. Tolbert U.S. Steel Corporation Elizabeth D. Walsh Washington Art League Alvin J. Wegman The Whale Protection Fund General Whale Alan J. Wike Women's Committee World Wildlife Fund 496 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Restricted Trust Fund Donors Armstrong Fund Drake Fund Mineral Fund Beauregard Fund Henderson Fund Mitchell Fund Brown Fund Hillyer Fund Noyes Fund Canfield Fund Hitchcock Fund Rathbun Fund Casey Fund Hrdlicka Fund Roebling Fund Chamberlain Fund Hughes Fund Schultz Fund Cooper Fund Kellogg Fund Springer Fund Desautels Fund Kramer Fund Sprague Fund Division of Mammals Fund Lyons Fund Walcott Fund Division of Reptiles and Maxwell Fund Amphibians Fund Donors to the National Collections INSTITUTIONAL Aarhus Universitet: Jutlandicum Herbarium, Denmark Academy of Sciences, California Academy of Sciences, Poland Academy of Sciences, U.S.S.R. Adelphi, University of Adit Agriculture, U.S. Department of Air India Airlines Alabama, University of Alaska, University of Alpine Exploration American Museum of Natural History Applied Scientific Research Corporation, Thailand Arizona State University Arizona University: Herbarium Arizona, University of Artrox, Inc. Auburn University Australian Museum Axel Giese Associates, Inc. Baghdad, University of, Iraq Beak Consultants, Inc. Bell Laboratories Bermuda Biological Station Bernice P. Bishop Museum Biology Laboratory, Palau Boston University Botanical Museum, Sweden Botanischer Garten und Botanisches Museum, Germany Botanisches Museum Berlin-Dahlem, West Germany Bradeanum Herbarium, Brazil Bristol, University of, England British Columbia, University of, Canada British Museum of Natural History, England Bruce Hughes Fund Butler University Calgary, University of, Canada California, Department of Agriculture California Institute of Technology California, State of: Department of Fish and Game California, University of: Berkeley Campus, Herbarium, San Diego Campus, Santa Barbara Campus Calvert Marine Museum Canada, Centre for Mineral and Energy Technology Canada, Department of Geological Sciences, Geological Survey of Canberra Botanic Gardens, Australia Canfield Fund Canterbury, University of. New Zealand Cape Breton College, Canada Carleton University, Canada Carnegie Institution of Washington Carnegie Museum of Natural History Centre Office de la Recherche Scientifique et Technique Outre-Mer, French Guiana Centre Internacional e Agricultura Tropica, Colombia Chamberlain Fund Charles Darwin Foundation for the Galapagos Isles, Ecuador Chevron Oil Field Research Company Chicago, University of Clemson University College of Charleston Colorado Gem and Mineral Company Colorado State University: Lassa Fever Multimammate Mouse Project Colorado University: Herbarium, Museum Cominco, Ltd., Canada Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 4:97 Commerce, U.S. Department of Commissao Executiva Do Piano da Lavoura Cacaueira, Brazil Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organization, Australia Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Switzerland Copenhagen, University of, Denmark Cornell University Crystal Cavern Minerals Dalhousie University, Canada Dallas Museum of Natural History Dartmouth College Dauphin Island Sea Laboratory Defense, U.S. Department of: Navy Delaware, University of Denver Museum of Natural History Departamento de Botanica y Ecologia, Argentina Departamento de Conservacas Ambiental, feema, Brazil DePauw University Deutsches Museum, Germany Duke University: Herbarium Drake Fund Economic Herbarium of Oak Ames Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuaria, Brazil Environmental Protection Agency, U.S. Escuela Nacional de Agricultura, Mexico Escuela Nacional de Ciencias Biologicas, Mexico Fairchild Tropical Garden Field Museum of Natural History Florida Atlantic University Florida, Department of Agriculture Florida State Museum Florida State University: Herbarium Franklin-Kiwanis Mineral Museum Free University, The Netherlands Freshwater Institute, Canada Frozen Seafood Specialties Fundacao Instituto Agronomico do Parana, Brazil General Electric Company Geological Museum, Denmark Geologicky Ustav csav Paleontologie, Czechoslovakia George Peabody College for Teachers George Washington University Georgia, State of: Department of Natural Resources Georgia, University of Ghana, University of Glenville State College Goteborgs, University of, Sweden Government Chemical Laboratories, Australia Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Gulf Coast Research Laboratory Museum Gulf Specimens Company, Inc. Harbor Branch Foundation, Inc. Hartwick College Harvard University: Botanical Museum, Gray Herbarium, Mineralogical Museum Hawaiian Electric Company, Inc. Hawaii, University: Harold Lyon Aboretum, Manoa Campus Health, Education, and Welfare, U.S. Department of Helsinki University: Botanical Museum, Finland Herbario "Alberto Castellanos," Brazil Herbario de la Universidad de Panama, Panama Herbario Hortorio, Mexico Herbario Rafael M. Moscoso, Dominican Republic Herbarium Bogoriense, Indonesia Herbarium of the Northern Territory, Australia Herbier du Centre Orstom de Cayenne, French Guiana Heron Island Research Station, Australia Hong Kong, University of. Hong Kong Houston, University of Hubbs-Sea World Research Institute Humboldt State University I. T. V. Maden Fakultesi, Turkey Ichthyological Associates Illinois, University of Indiana, University of Institut fur Allgemeine Botanik, West Germany Institut fur Seefischerei, West Germany Institute for Systematic Botany, The Netherlands Institute for Systematic Botany and Plant Geography, West Germany Institute of Applied Zoology, Poland Institute of Biology and Pedology, U.S.S.R. Institute of Earth Resources, Australia Institute of Hydrobiology, China 498 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Institute of Jamaica: Science Museum, Jamaica Institute of Ocean Sciences, Canada Instituto Agronomico do Parana, Brazil Instituto Botanico, Venezuela Instituto de Botanica, Brazil Instituto de Conservacao da Natureza, Brazil Instituto de Investigaciones Sobre Recursos Bioticas, Mexico Instituto de Pesquisas Agronomicas, Brazil Instituto Nacional de Investigacion y Desarrollo Pesquero, Argentina Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas da Amazonia, Brazil Instituto Oceanografico do la Armada, Ecuador Instituto Paranaense de Botanica, Brazil Interior, U.S. Department of International Zoological Expedition Iowa State University: Herbarium J. E. Purkyne, University of Czechoslovakia James Cook University at North Queensland, Australia Jardim Botanico do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Jardin Botanico del Valle, Colombia Jardin Botanico Nacional, Dominican Republic Jardin Botanique National de Belgique, Belgium Joseph Moore Museum Jundi Shapur University, Iran Kansas, University of Karachi University: Herbarium, Pakistan Kerala, University of, India Kristalle Kyushu University, Japan Laboratorio de Botanica, Uruguay Laboratorio di Technologia della Pesca, Italy Laboratory of Plant Taxonomy and Plant Geography, The Netherlands Lae, Territory of Papua New Guinea Lakehead University, Canada Laval Universite, Canada Liverpool Polytechnic, England Litton Bionetics, Inc. Lomonosov State University, U.S.S.R. Longwood Gardens Los Angeles County Museum of Natural History Louisiana State University Louisville, University of Lyko Mineral and Gem, Inc. Macaulay Institute for Soil Research, Scotland Malaya University: Herbarium, Malaysia Manitoba, University of, Canada Marie Selby Botanical Gardens Marine Environmental Sciences Consortium: Herbarium Marine Science Research Center Marquesas Expedition Maryland University: Herbarium, Horn Point Environmental Labs. Massachusetts University: Herbarium Memorial University at Newfoundland: Herbarium, Canada Miami, University of Michigan University: Herbarium, Museum of Zoology Mid-Coast Trading Corporation, Inc. Mineral Fund Mineralogical Research Co. Mineralogisk-Geologisk Museum, Norway Mineralogisch-Petrographisches Institut und Museum, West Germany Ministerio de Agricultura, Bolivia Minnesota University: Herbarium Mississippi State University: Herbarium Missouri Botanical Garden Missouri, University of Mobil Oil Corporation Modena, University of, Italy Montana University: Herbarium Moss Landing Marine Laboratories Mote Marine Laboratory Musee Royal de I'Afrique Central, Belgium Museo de Historia Natural, San Salvador, Central America Museo Nacional de Costa Rica: Herbarium, Costa Rica Museu Botanico Municipal, Brazil Museu Paraense Emilia Goeldi, Brazil Museum National D'Histoire Naturelle, France National Aeronautics and Space Administration Fund National Botanic Gardens, India Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 499 National Geographic Society National Herbarium, Rhodesia National Herbarium of New South Wales, Australia National Museum, New Zealand National Museum of Natural Sciences, Canada National Museum of Victoria, Australia National Science Museum, Japan Naturhistorisches Museum, Austria Newcastle, University of, Australia Newfound Harbor Marine Institute New Mexico, State of. Bureau of Mines and Mineral Resources New South Wales, University of, Australia New York Botanical Garden New York State University New Zealand Geological Survey, New Zealand New Zealand Oceanographic Institute, New Zealand Normandeau Associates, Inc. North Carolina State Museum of Natural History North Carolina, University of: Chapel Hill Campus, Wilmington Campus North Dakota State University Northern Kentucky, University of North Wales, University College, United Kingdom Nova Scotia Museum, Canada Nucleo de Nueva Esparta, Venezuela Oceanographic Research Institute, South Africa Ohio State University: Herbarium Old Dominion University Oporto, University of, Portugal Oregon State University Ottawa, University of, Canada Pacific Bio-Marine Supply Company Pacific Environment Institute, Canada Pala Properties International, Inc. Paterson Museum Peace Corps, U.S. Pennsylvania State University Pennsylvania University: Museum Phelps Dodge Corporation Philippines, University of Plumbago Mining Corporation Port Harcourt, University of, Nigeria Prague, Geological Survey, Czechoslovakia Prefeitura Municipal de Curitiba, Brazil Puerto Rico, Commercial Fisheries Laboratory Queen's University, Canada Queensland Herbarium, Australia Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden Research and Control Department, West Indies Rhodesia, Geological Survey Department Rijksherbarium, The Netherlands Rijksmuseum Van Natuurlijke Historie, The Netherlands Roche Research Institute of Marine Pharmacology, Australia Roebling Fund Rothamsted Experimental Station, England Royal Botanic Gardens, Australia Royal Botanic Gardens, England Roval Botanic Gardens, Scotland Royal Ontario Museum, Canada Ruhr-Universitat Bochum, West Germany San Diego Zoological Gardens San Francisco State University San Jose State University Scientific and Industrial Research, Department of. New Zealand Seoul National University, Korea Servico Publico Federal, Brazil Silliman University, Philippines Island Simon Fraser University, Canada Society for the Investigation of the Unexplained South Australian Museum, Australia South Carolina, University of South China Sea Aquatic Resources Institute, China South Florida, University of Southern Illinois University: Herbarium Southern Methodist University Southern Mississippi, University of Southland Museum, New Zealand Southwest Missouri State College Southwest Research Institute Springer Fund Standard Fruit Company, Central America Second Oceanography Research Institute, China Stetson University Stuart Fund Sul Ross State University Summit Herbarium, Canal Zone 500 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Swaziland National Herbarium, Swaziland Taiwan Forestry Research Institute, Taiwan Tasmania, University of, Australia Technische Hochschule Darmstadt: Institut fur Botanik, West Germany Tennessee, University of Texas A&M University: Marine Laboratory, Moody College, Tracy Herbarium Texas University: Austin Campus, Dallas Campus, Herbarium Texas Tech University Tohoku University: Research Institute for Iron, Steel and Other Metals, Japan Tokyo University, Japan Toronto, University of, Canada Towson State College Trinity College: Herbarium Tsukuba, University of, Japan Tufts University Tulane University Universidad Austral de Chile, Chile Universidad Central de Venezuela, Venezuela Universidad Centro Occidental, Venezuela Universidad de Costa Rica, Costa Rica Universidad de la Republica, Uruguay Universidad Nacional, Colombia Universidad Nacional de la Plata, Argentina Universidad Nactional Autonoma de Honduras, Honduras Universidad Nacional Autonoma de Mexico, Mexico Universidad del Nordeste, Argentina Universidade de Sao Paulo, Brazil Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Universita Degli Studi di Firenze, Italy Universitat Osnabruck Abt. Vechta, Germany Universitat zu Berlin: Zoologisches Museum der Humbolt, Germany Universite Libre de Brusselles, Belgium Universite P. et M. Curie, France Universiteit van Amsterdam, Netherlands Uppsala Universitet, Sweden Utah, University of Utah State University: Herbarium Van Scriver's Minerals Victoria University at Wellington, New Zealand Vienna University: Institut fur Mineralogy und Kristallography, Austria Virginia Institute of Marine Science Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University Washington University: Thomas Burke Memorial State Museum Waterloo, University of, Canada West Virginia, Geological and Economic Survey Western Australian Museum, Australia Western Foundation of Vertebrate Zoology Wisconsin University: Herbarium Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Yale University: Peabody Museum of Natural History Zoologisk Museum, Denmark INDIVIDUAL Abbott, Mae (Deceased) Allen, Dr. Richard K. Alvarez, Dr. Fernando Amthauer, Dr. Georg Antonius, Dr. Arnfried Antunez de Mayolo, Kay K. Armstrong, Dr. Carol W. Ashby, Wallace L. Asselborn, Dr. Eric Ayal, Yoram Bagchi, Dr. Pranab Baker, Dr. A. N. Baker, James H. (Deceased) Ball, Dr. George E. Bandy, Mrs. M. C. Barber, John C. Barbosa, Carlos do Prado Barnard, Dr. J. L. Barr, Dr. W. F. Barrow, Dr. Ronald Bartelke, Dr. Wolfgang Bartlett, Mrs. Bradford Bath, Dr. Hans Baum, John Bayer, Dr. Frederick M. Belk, Dr. Denton Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 501 Bennett, Bruce R. Berger, R. Beus, Dr. Stanley S. Bhat, Dr. B. N. Bickley, Dr. William Blachly, Mr. and Mrs. Frederick J. O. Blake, Dr. James A. Blanchard, Andre Blasco, Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Blasdell, Francis S. Blow, Warren C. Blume, Richard R. Bokermann, Werner C. A. Bosch, Dr. Donald T. Bostwick, Richard C. Boudier, Dr. Francois Bouseman, Dr. John K. Bowman, Dr. Thomas E. Brandon, Dr. Ronald A. Brewer, George Boucot, Dr. A. J. Britton, Dr. Joseph C. Brumbach, William C. Brunn, Dr. Ruth Dowling Burke, Randolph B. Burr, Allan L. Busack, Stephen D. Caldwell, Dr. Ben H., Jr. Canelhas, Dr. Maria da Graca Carver, Dr. Mary Cavey, Chistopher R. Challet, Gilbert Chalumeau, Dr. F. Chao, Dr. George Y. Chasens, Steven Chenowith, Rob Child, C. Allan Chiu, Dr. Robert C. C. Christiansen, Dr. Kenneth Cianciulli, Victor Clarke, Dr. Arthur H. Clarke, Dr. J. F. Gates Clayton, Dale H. Clench, Dr. William J. Cohen, Dr. Daniel M. Colin, Dr. Pat Collins, Timothy Michael Cornwall, John H. Correll, Dr. Donovan S. Cowger, Brian R. Cowie, Dr. Robert H. Cressey, Dr. Roger F. Crocker, Dr. Denton W. Crombie, Ronald I. Cruz, Gustavo A. Cuatrecasas, Dr. Jose Cureton, F., II Dahl, Dr. Arthur L. Dahrling, Dr. Bruce E., II Dahrling, Mrs. Margaret S. Davidson, Mrs. Maureen M. Davis, Dr. Don R. Davis, Donna K. Davis, Mignon Dawson, Dr. C. E. DeBoer, Charles Decosimo, Joseph F. DeLeo, Dennis M. Dellacasa, Giovanni Deonier, Dr. D. L. DeVries, Philip J. Didham, Mrs. Lallie Lee Dietrich, Dr. Roland Doolittle, Gen. J. H. Dubin, Dr. Dale B. Duenas, Ricardo Duffield, Dr. Richard M. Dunn, Pete J. DuShane, Mrs. Helen Eads, Dr. Richard B. Ebner, John C, Jr. Edmunds, Dr. George F. Edwards, Bob Edwards, Lt. Col. Corinne Egoscue, Harold J. Eicher, Dr. D. B. Eiten, Dr. George Elbel, Dr. Robert E. Emerson, Dr. K. C. Empey, Dr. H. N. Emry, Robert J. Engbring, John England, Dr. Brian M. Ernst, Dr. Carl H. Erseus, Christer Erwin, Dr. Terry L. Escobar, Linda K. Evans, Dr. Clifford Falster, Al Fauchald, Dr. Kristian Ferguson, Dr. Douglas C. Fisk, Dr. David Fitt, Alfred B. Flint, Mrs. Carol M. Flint, Dr. Oliver S., Jr. Flint, Dr. and Mrs. Oliver S., Jr. Fosberg, Dr. F. Raymond Fowler, Mrs. Raymond B. Frack, Donald Fredriksson, Dr. Kurt Froglia, Dr. Carlo Fujioka, Tomoo 502 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Fulton, Richard, Jr. Funt, Dr. Lawrence A. Futrell, Darryl Cabrera, Mrs. Sally Gaedike, Dr. Gaines, Dr. Richard V. Garcia, Frank A. Gardner, Dr. Alfred L. Garg, Dr. G. S. Garmo, Thorgeir T. Garrison, Rosser W. Gautier, T. Gary Gerk, Arthur Gerstmann, Ewald Gibbs, Dr. Robert H., Jr. Gill, John W. Godden, Dr. Donald Goodstadt, George J. Goodyear, Dr. Richard H. Gordon, Linda K. Gorman, Dr. George C. Gomon, Janet Grady, Fred V. Grey, L. Paul Griffiths, Dr. Henry J. Gurney, Dr. Ashley B. Hafalla, Mrs. Juliana R. Hamilton, John Edward Handley, Dr. Charles O., Jr. Hansen, Dr. Gary Hardy, Dr. Alan R. Harlan, Maj. Harold J. Harmatuk, P. J. Harris, Marguerite Harrison, Dr. Bruce A. Harrison, Richard V. Hart, C. W., Jr. Hatschbach, Dr. Cert Hauck, Richard Hawks, Dr. C. H. Hayes, Mr. and Mrs. Joe C. Hayward, Dr. Bruce J. Hayward, Dr. Bruce W. Haynes, L. M. Hecker, Barbara Hedges, S. Blair Helm, Dr. E. Helms, Dr. J. Helmy, Dr. M. M. Hendrix, Bunny Heppner, Dr. John B. Heron, Hugh Herting, Dr. B. Hevel, Gary F. Heyer, W. Ronald Higgins, Dr. Robert P. Hills, Mrs. Edith M. Hinderling, Dr. Paul Hobbs, Dr. Horton H. Hodges, Dr. and Mrs. Ronald W. Hoffman, Dr. Richard L. Hoffman, Vernon Hogue, Dr. Charles L. Honkala, Mrs. Elsie Louise Hope, Dr. W. Duane Hopkins, Dr. Thomas S. Houbrick, Dr. Richard S. House, Dr. Michael R. Howard, R. Vince Howell, Dr. Kim M. Howells, Robert G. Hubricht, Dr. Leslie Hueber, Dr. Francis M. Huneke, Jack C. Hunt, Dr. Gary W. Hurd, Dr. Paul D., Jr. Hurlimann, Dr. H. Ivanov, Dr. Boris G. Jackson, Dr. Kathleen Jackson, William B. Javidpour, Dr. Mahdokht Jaxel, Robert A. Jayasekera, R. D. B. Jell, Dr. Peter Johnson, Dr. J. G. Johnson, Roy Jones, Dr. Meredith L. Kaicher, Mrs. Sally D. Kaplan, Dr. G. Kasaoka, Mr. and Mrs. Gary Kasper, Dr. Andrew E., Jr. Kauffman, Dr. E. G. Kaufmann, James Kawaoka, Kenji Keating, Robert B. Keller, Dr. Paul Kelso, Dr. Donald Kennedy, A. J. Kensley, Dr. Brian Key, Charles Keyser, Dr. Thomas De King, Mary M. King, Robert M. King, Vandall T. Kirk, Dr. and Mrs. A. A. Kissling, Prof. Don L. Kistner, Dr. David H. Klemm, Dr. Donald J. Knez, Dr. Eugene Kohn, Dr. Alan J. Kolic, John Korowski, Stan Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 503 Kozykowski, Bernard Kraissl, Mrs. Alice Krauss, Dr. N. L. H. Kravitz, Michael Kristiansen, Roy Krotki, Carl Kuhn, L. B. Kupper, Kenneth M. Lago, Dr. Paul Lambert, Mrs. James S. Lamberts, Dr. Austin Lane, Dr. H. Richard Larson, Ron and Kathy Larson, Ronald J. Larson, William Lauer, Mr. and Mrs. Merle B. Law, Alfred B. Lawry, Vance Lee, Dr. Daphne Lee, Richard B., Jr. Lierly, James Elmo Lindh, David E. P. Linsley, Prof. E. Gorton Liska, Dr. Robert D. Lloyd, Brian S. Lobl, Dr. Ivan London, David Low, The Honorable and Mrs. S. McConnaughey, Dr. Bayard H. McCullough, Frances L MacDonald, John MacGinitie, Dr. and Mrs. George E. McKenzie, Dr. Ken MacLean, Dr. Stephen F., Jr. McLeod, Dr. John D. Maier, Bruce Maitland, Dr. M. Maizels, Dr. Albert D. Malcolm, Stanley Maldonado Capriles, Dr. J. Malone, Leo J. Mankins, Dr. J. V. Manley, G. V. Manlev, Gary V. Manning, Raymond B. Marble, Mr. and Mrs. Roger H. Marshall, Dr. Bruce A. Mason, Dr. Brian H. Masteller, Dr. E. C. Mather, Bryant Mathis, Dr. Wayne N. Maul, David R. Meggers, Dr. Betty J. Meister, Charles A. Melton, Charles F. Mendryk, Harold Merz, Rachel Metcalf, Dr. A. L. Metzler, Eric H. Meyer, Richard P. Micheli, Dr. Julio Mielke, Dr. Olaf Miller, Dr. Andrew Miller, Mr. and Mrs. Hugh, Jr. Moldenke, Dr. Harold N. Monnig, Oscar E. Morgan, Dr. A. V. Morris, Jack Morrison, Robert Mortensen, Dr. B. Kim Mosher, Dr. L. C. Mosmann, Walter H. Mucke, Dr. Arno Nagano, Chris Nagatomi, Dr. Akira Nelson, Dr. Gayle H. Nelson, Robert C, Jr. Nemuras, Kenneth T. Newbill, Dr. J. Brooks Nichols, Dr. Jean Nikolaus, Herr Gerhard Nimmo, Dr. Andrew P. Norden, Arnold Nova, Fritz Obodda, Herb Ochoa, Dr. Carlos Ogden, Dr. James Ogle, Dr. Douglas W. Oliver, Royce Olson, Dr. Storrs L. Omholt, Dr. P. E. Opler, Dr. Paul Orejas-Miranda, Dr. Braulio A. Ostrom, Gerald Otway, Charles Owen, Robert P. Paine, Dr. Parker, Fred Parnau, Jack Pascal, Robert Patten, Samuel M., Jr. Peet, Dr. William B., Jr. Pennington, Wendell Peratino, William S. Perdue, Dr. Georgia P. Perkins, Nancy Perkins, Dr. Philip Pessagno, Dr. Emile A., Jr. Petuch, Edward J. Phelan, Thomas Pickett, Joseph F., Sr. Pitt, William D. 504 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Poche, Richard M. Polhemus, Dr. John T. Pollack, Joseph Pope, Mrs. Alice James Potts, Deborah L. Powell, Dr. A. M. Powell, Eric N. Proctor, Dr. G. R. Proper, Datus C. Provenzano, Dr. A. J., Jr. Pulawski, Dr. W. J. Purnell, L. M. Putterman, Isaac Pyburn, William F. Quick, Edward Rageot, Roger H. Reddell, James Rehder, Dr. Harald A. Reichart, Dr. C. V. Reinert, Dr. John F. Resig, Dr. Johanna Rhoades, Mrs. Rendell Ridgely, Robert Riesenberg, Dr. Saul H. Ripley, S. Dillon Ristau, Dr. Donn Roberts, Ken Robinson, Dr. A. Grant Robinson, Dr. George Roemhild, Dr. George Rogers, Edward Rogers, Dr. Richard Rohr, David M. Roldan, Prof. Gabriel Root, Dave Rosewater, Dr. Joseph Ross, Charles Andrew Ross, Dr. E. 5. Rossolimo, Dr. Olga L. Rotger, Bernard Roth, Bernard Rothstein, Joseph Ruetzler, Klaus Sabrosky, Dr. C. W. Sailer, Dr. Reece I. Salmon, John Sanford, Steve Saul, Harry I. Sawyer, Dr. Roy T. Scheltema, Mrs. Amelia Schindel, Dr. David Schultz, Dr. George A. Schuster, Dr. Guenter A. Serodino, V. P. Sever, Dr. David M. Severance, William Sharpe, William F. Shapiro, Dr. A. M. Shaw, Dr. J. Kevin Siber, H. J. Kirby Siddons, Derek Sinton, Dr. John Skelton, Dr. P. W. Skog, Dr. Judith E. Smith, Dr. Cecil L. Smith, David Smith, Mr. and Mrs. David S. Smith, Judith Ann Smith, Dr. Lyman B. Smith, Mrs. M. F. I. Soderstrom, Dr. Thomas R. Sohn, Dr. G. Solervicens A., Prof. Jaime Spangler, Dr. Paul J. Spjeldnaes, Dr. Nils Springer, Victor G. Squires, Dr. Hubert J. Standing, Dr. Jon D. Stansbury, Dr. David H. Staples, David A. Stark, Dr. William Starmuhlner, Dr. F. Steadman, David Stearns, Palmer N., Jr. Steiner, Warren E., Jr. Stewart, Jay Stewart, John Steyskal, George C. Stinchcomb, Dr. Bruce L. Stornelli, Dr. Leo F. Strickler, Robert Sturm, Dr. Helmut Sutcliffe, Ralph and Barbara Svecz, Robert Sweeney, Michael J. Swegman, Dr. Bernard G. Swindell, Clyde Taft, Prof. Stephen J. Taibi, Douglas M. Tan, Yen T. Taylor, Dr. John L. Taylor, Dr. Margaret C. Tepper, Dr. David J. Teskey, Margaret Thomssen, Richard W. Tkac, Dr. Martin A., Jr. Trainor, James Triplehorn, Dr. C. A. Troelsen, Johannes C. Troth, R. Gay Trumpf, William F. Turner, Ray Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 505 Turner, Dr. Ruth Turetsky, Matthew Turinge, Dr. Aris P. Van Arsdale, John M. Van Landingham, T. C. Venable, George L. Verity, Dr. David S. Verwoerd, Dr. W. J. Von Nidek, C. W. R. Grace Co. Waddell, J. M. Wade, David C. Walenta, Dr. Kurt Walker, Dr. Francis S. Waller, Dr. Thomas R. Wals, Dr. L. Walter, Chad Wappes, James Watrous, Dr. Larry Watson, Dr. George E. Way, Kathie Weires, Dr. Richard, Jr. Wellington, Dr. Gerald M. Wells, Dr. John W. Wenzel, Robert F. Wenzel, Dr. Rupert L. West, Dr. Ronald R. NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Donors of Financial Support Miss Felicia Degolyer Arnold The Explorers Club Fourth grade science classes, Manchester, Maryland Wewalka, Dr. Gunther Wheeler, Alfred G., Jr. Whitehead, Dr. Donald R. Whiteley, Thomas E. Whitmire, John Wichard, Dr. W. Widener, Millard E. Wiedemann, Mrs. Kent Wiezlak, W. Wilkinson, Mrs. C. Kirk Wilson-Shook, Mr. Winters, Mrs. Mary Wirtz, Dr. Peter Wright, Dr. John D. Yasuda, Dr. Tosiro Young, Stephen Youngsteadt, Dr. and Mrs. Norman W. Yount, Victor Zajicek, Ralph Zampetti, Sr., Marcello Zardini, Rinaldo Zimmerman, Dr. James R. Zinn, Martin, III Zweibel, Julius Zweibel, Mr. and Mrs. Julius Contribution in memory of Mrs. Helen D. Gutman Mrs. Henrietta S. Henrich Kenhelm W. Stott, Jr. Miss Helen R. Thompson Grants Eli Lilly and Company Friends of the National Zoo^ National Geographic Society National Institutes of Mental Health National Science Foundation Ringling Brothers Barnum and Bailey Combined Shows, Inc. RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Donor of Financial Support Eppley Foundation SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Donors of Financial Support Cinefoto, S. A. The Nature Conservancy Henry B. and Grace Doherty Foundation EXXON Corporation Rare Animal Relief Effort James Smithson Society 1 These funds were earned by Friends of the National Zoo, according to their provision of public service under contract to the Smithsonian Institution. 506 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Restricted Trust Fund Donor George Becker Fund HISTORY AND ART ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART Donors of Financial Support $10,000 and above Mrs. David R. C. Brown (Brown Foundation) $5,000 and above The Bothin Helping Fund Mr. and Mrs. Gilbert H. Kinney The Theodore N. Law Foundation $1,000 and above Mr. and Mrs. Edwin A. Bergman Mr. and Mrs. John L. Bradley Mr. and Mrs. John Lee Bunce The Bundy Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Irving F. Burton California Arts Council Mrs. Lucile Daum Mr. and Mrs. Christian de Guigne Mrs. Albert DeSalle Mr. and Mrs. Joel S. Ehrenkrantz Benson and Edith Ford Fund Gilman Foundation, Inc. Mrs. James L. Goodwin Mr. and Mrs. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mr. and Mrs. Clarence Hoiles Mr. and Mrs. Phillip S. Lawrence Howard and Jean Lipman Foundation $500 and above Mr. and Mrs. Saul Z. Cohen Mrs. William G. Costin, Jr. Nina J. Cullinan Mrs. George R. Fink Mr. and Mrs. Henry L. Goldberg Mr. Donald Gray Mrs. Alfred C. Harrison Mrs. Robert G. Hartwick Mrs. Dorothy H. Hirshon John and Ella Imerman Foundation Mrs. Carmen Lacoppidan $100 and above Mr. and Mrs. Hale R. Allen Mr. and Mrs. Anthony Ames Mr. Ms, and Mrs. Denton Anderson Edith M. Aufiero Mr. Richard Manoogian Michigan Council for the Arts Sid W. Richardson Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Richard Manney Felicia Marsh Mr. and Mrs. William A. Marsteller Dr. and Mrs. Abraham Melamed Mrs. Edwin Meredith Mr. and Mrs. William Mitchell Diane L. Morris Fund Mr. and Mrs. Dan Oppenheimer Mr. and Mrs. Chapin Riley Mr. and Mrs. Harry Rubin Mr. and Mrs. Robert F. Shapiro Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth The Stroh Brewery Foundation The Symonds Foundation Mr. A. Alfred Taubman Mrs. Louise Talbott Trigg Mrs. Robert R. Williams La Vetta Mrs. Annalina Levi Mrs. Muriel Kallis Newman Louise R. Noun Shirley Polykoff Advertising, Inc. Ms. Ethel R. Scull Mrs. Helen Urban Mrs. Esteban Vicente Mrs. Rudolph W. Weitz Mrs. French Zeller Mr. and Mrs. Philip Augerson Mr. and Mrs. Louis C. Baker Mr. and Mrs. Henry deForest Baldwin Mr. and Mrs. Lewis E. Ball II Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 507 Mr. W. N. Banks Mr. and Mrs. Charles U. Banta Joyce Barnes Mrs. Norma Bartman Mr. and Mrs. Bruce A. Beal Mrs. James H. Beal Mrs. Bernhard G. Bechhoefer Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. Benkert Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Bennett Mrs. James A. Beresford Mrs. James Biddle Mrs. Anne Bing (Bing Fund) Mr. George B. Bingham Mr. and Mrs. Theodore D. Birnkrant Mr. and Mrs. H. Glenn Bixby Mr. and Mrs. Alan Blinken Mr. and Mrs. Joseph L. Braun Mr. Winston Broadfoot Mrs. George R. Brown Mr. and Mrs. William W. Brown Mr. J. Lawrence Buell, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Sandor Burstein Chapellier Galleries, Inc. Mrs. Maryette Charleton Mr. and Mrs. Ralph F. Colin Mrs. Janet Coors Mr. Gardner Cowles (Cowles Charitable Trust) Dr. and Mrs. Burrill B. Crohn Miss Ruth Gumming Mrs. Chester Dale Mrs. Elaine Dannheisser (New Hermes Foundation) Mr. and Mrs. Fredric J. Danzinger Mr. and Mrs. Keith Davis Mrs. Mary M. Davis John Deere Foundation Mrs. Barbara Chobot Deutsch Mrs. Amy Dobronyi Mrs. John C. Dorn Mr. Lawrence F. Du Mochelle Mr. and Mrs. Saul H. Dunitz Mr. and Mrs. George C. Dyer Mr. and Mrs. Albert L Edelman Mr. and Mrs. Harold Edelstein Mrs. Allan D. Emil Mr. and Mrs. George M. Endicott Jimmy/Dallas Ernst Mr. and Mrs. E. M. Estes Mrs. Aubrey Ettenheimer Mr. Bayard Ewing Mrs. William Rodman Fay Mr. and Mrs. Porter Fearey Mrs. Betty Feldman Mrs. John H. Ferguson Fischbach Gallery, Inc. Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. Fisher The Janet and Mortimer Fleishhacker Foundation Walter and Josephine Ford Fund Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Fraad Mrs. Lewis Fraad Mr. and Mrs. Ivan Frankel Mrs. Helena Fraser Mr. and Mrs. Marshall M. Fredericks Mrs. John S. French Mr. and Mrs. Walter J. Fried Mrs. Hugh E. Frisbie Miss Elizabeth H. Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Sheldon Fuller Mr. and Mrs. Kennedy B. Galpin Mr. and Mrs. William N. Genematas Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Mr. Howard Gilman Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Glen Mr. and Mrs. Seth M. Glickenhaus Mr. and Mrs. Abner Goldstone Dr. and Mrs. Joseph R. Goldyne Mr. and Mrs. Stuart Gorelick Mr. Alan L. Gornick Mr. and Mrs. William T. Gossett Mr. Charles M. Grace Mr. and Mrs. Fredric J. Graber Mrs. Graham J. Graham Mrs. B. Thomas Green Dr. and Mrs. Ceroid M. Grodsky Mr. and Mrs. Lester Gruber Mr. and Mrs. Melville W. Hall Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Hamburger Mr. Joseph Hardy Mr. and Mrs. John C. Haro Mr. and Mrs. E. Jan Hartmann Helen Hays Mrs. Randolph A. Hearst Mr. and Mrs. E. H. Heaton Mr. and Mrs. Walter W. Hess, Jr. Hess's Fine Arts Gallery Dr. and Mrs. Charles H. Hine Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Hirsch Mrs. Jacqueline S. Hoefer Mr. and Mrs. Mark Hoffman Mrs. Grace Garden Hooker Mr. and Mrs. F. Herbert Hoover Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Horowitz Mrs. J. Stewart Hudson Mr. Frederick G. L. Huetwell Mr. and Mrs. A. D. Hulings Mrs. William M. Hume Mr. and Mrs. James Humphry III IBM Corporation, Graphic Design Miss Milka Iconomoff Mr. and Mrs. Lewis Iselin 508 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Mrs. Harrison Ivancovich Mrs. Carter Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Henry C. Johnson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred Winslow Jones Mr. and Mrs. John Lowell Jones Mr. and Mrs. Geoffrey Kalmanson Mrs. Virginia W. Kampf Mr. and Mrs. Jacob M. Kaplan Mr. and Mrs. Bernard Karpel Mr. Sidney Katzman Mr. and Mrs. Martin A. Kellman Mrs. Robert L. Kemper Mr. and Mrs. Dwight Kendall Kennedy Galleries, Inc. Mrs. E. Coe Kerr Mr. and Mrs. Barron Kidd Mrs. Lillian Kiesler Mrs. David L. Klein Mr. and Mrs. Harry L. Koenigsberg Mr. and Mrs. Robert P. Kogod Mr. Nate Krause Mrs. Roger Kyes The Lachaise Foundation Mr. and Mrs. A. R. Landsman Mrs. Richard E. Lang Dr. William A. Lange Mrs. Rodney M. Layton Mr. Rensselaer W. Lee Mr. Arthur D. Leidesdorf Dr. and Mrs. L H. Leopold Mrs. Philip J. Levin Mrs. Leonard Levine Mrs. Stanley K. Levison Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Miss Diane L Leweck Mr. Harold F. Linder Mr. and Mrs. Louis M. Loeb Mr. Meredith Long Longue Vue Foundation Mrs. Sylvia Loomis Mr. and Mrs. Harold O. Love Mrs. Madeleine M. Low Mr. Jack Lowrance Mr. T. Melvis Lowrance Mr. Earle Ludgin Mr. Harry H. Lunn, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Russell Lynes Mr. and Mrs. David Hunter McAlpin Mr. Porter A. McCray Mrs. Dent W. MacDonough Mr. John P. McGrath Mr. James T. McKay Mrs. Hugh McMillan Mr. and Mrs. Robert L. McNeil, Jr. Mrs. Elizabeth H. Maddux Mrs. Robert A. Magowan Mr. J. A. Mallinckrodt Mrs. Edward Marcus Mr. and Mrs. Tom F. Marsh Mrs. Grey Mason Mr. and Mrs. Louis K. Meisel Mr. and Mrs. John F. Merriam Drs. Paul and Laura Mesaros The Metropolitan Museum of Art, American Paintings and Sculpture Mrs. Barbara B. Millhouse Mr. and Mrs. Irving J. Minett Mr. and Mrs. A. Minowitz Mrs. Carleton Mitchell Dr. and Mrs. Coleman Moppet Mrs. Juana Mordo Mr. and Mrs. Joshua A. Muss Raymond D. Nasher Company Mr. and Mrs. Theodore Nasser Miss Emily Nathan Mrs. Eldo Netto Mr. and Mrs. Roy R. Neuberger (Neuberger Foundation) Charles Newton Mr. John C. Nicholls, Jr. Norman Foundation, Inc. Mrs. Harris K. Oppenheimer Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Oroshnik Mrs. Mary T. Osborn Mr. Alfonso A. Ossorio Mrs. Lawrence Ottinger Overbrook Foundation Mr. and Mrs. Francis F. Owen The Pace Gallery of New York, Inc. Mr. L. Vere Peter Page Mrs. E. Bliss Parkinson Mrs. Henry Pearlman Mr. and Mrs. S. B. Penick, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Laughlin Phillips Mrs. Max Pine Mr. and Mrs. David N. Plant Mrs. Herbert Polacheck Mrs. Leon B. Polsky Mr. and Mrs. William J. Poplack Mr. and Mrs. M. P. Potamkin Mr. and Mrs. John Rakolta, Jr. Albert B. and Faye Ratner Mrs. Dorothy H. Rautbord Mrs. James A. Rawley Mrs. Dana M. Raymond Mrs. Michael Rea Mr. Raphael Recanati Miss Margaret A. Reichenbach Mr. and Mrs. E. P. Richardson Mrs. Barbara Cavender Riley Drs. Ulrich O. and Barbara Ringwald Mrs. Maurice Ritz Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 509 Mr. and Mrs. Allen Robinson Mr. and Mrs. C. David Robinson Mrs. John D. Rockefeller III Mrs. William F. Rosenblum Mrs. Edwin Rosenthal, Jr. Mrs. Joseph Rubin Mrs. D. J. Russell Mrs. Madeleine H. Russell Miss Anna Wells Rutledge Mr. and Mrs. Irving D. Saltzstein Mr. and Mrs. James H. Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Walter Scheuer Mr. and Mrs. Allan B. Schmier Mr. and Mrs. Douglas A. Schubot Mrs. Gertrude Schweitzer Mrs. Henry Sears Mr. Melvin R. Seiden Mr. Stephen Shalom Mr. and Mrs. Frederic A. Sharf Mrs. Allan Sheldon III Mr. Stephen Sloan The George M. and Mabel H. Slocum Foundation Mrs. J. Scott Smart Mrs. Lawrence M. C. Smith Mr. and Mrs. Maury L. Spanier Mr. Ira Spanierman Mr. Jay Spectre Mr. and Mrs. Mark C. Stevens Mr. Stanford C. Stoddard Mena Storrs Mr. Philip A. Straus Mr. and Mrs. Robert D. Strauss Mrs. Maury Strom Mrs. Jerome John Suich II Mr. Emanuel Sulkes Mr. and Mrs. Albert Susman Mr. and Mrs. Richard L. Swig Mrs. Robert Taubman Kathryn F. Taylor Mr. and Mrs. Robert N. Taylor Mr. Eugene Victor Thaw Mr. and Mrs. Carsten Tiedeman Mrs. Paul Tishman Mrs. William C. Tost Mr. and Mrs. Lynn A. Townsend Mr. and Mrs. Raymond Troubh Mrs. Hooper Truettner Mrs. Maurice Tumarkin Mr. Al Virzi (G & D Communications Corporation) Mrs. Norton Walbridge Mrs. Hudson D. Walker Ms. Suzanne Walker Mr. Edward M. M. Warburg Mrs. W. Clyde Ward Eleanor Ward Mrs. Joan Washburn Mr. and Mrs. Alvin Wasserman Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Weinstein Mr. Maurice Weir Mrs. Elaine Graham Weitzen Mr. and Mrs. Jerome Westheimer Mrs. David R. Williams, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Jack Winston Greta M. Wolff Mr. and Mrs. Warren R. Woodward Mr. and Mrs. Clarence J. Woodward Mrs. C. Bagley Wright Mr. and Mrs. Leroy H. Wulfmeier III Mr. Nicholas Wyeth Mr. and Mrs. William J. Young, Jr. Mrs. James N. Youngblood COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DESIGN AND DECORATIVE ARTS Donors of Financial Support $10,000 and above Mrs. Helen W. Buckner Robert Sterling Clark Foundation Mr. and Mrs. John A. Corroon Janet A. Hooker Charitable Trust Japan Society, Inc. Japan-U.S. Friendship Commission $1,000 and above The Bristol-Meyers Fund Brunschwig & Fils CBS, Inc. Celanese Corporation Mr. and Mrs. Gordon P. Getty Frances Head Sally Faille Jeancon Samuel H. Kress Foundation Charles E. Merrill Trust New York State Council on the Arts New York State Council on the Humanities Arthur Ross Foundation Phyllis Massar Newsweek Ohrstrom Foundation, Inc. Celia Siegel Time, Inc. Wyeth Endowment 510 / Smithsonian Year 1979 $500 and above Annella Brown Matthew Schultz Mario Buatta Skidmore, Owings & Merrill Henfield Foundation Donors to the Collection A total of 3,151 objects were given by 63 donors during the period October 1, 1978, through September 31, 1979; among the most important are the following: Carol B. and Stephan W. Brener: 1,425 match safes of divers materials ranging from gutta-percha and celluloid to gold and enamel. Carnegie Corporation of New York: 2 embroidered tablecloths with matching napkins belonging to Andrew Carnegie. Thomas Camese: Tiffany "Favrile" glass vase. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Colin: portfolio of 10 color lithographs, "Anarchitecte Suite C," by Jean Dubuffet. Mrs. Eleanor Delanoy: 24 Spanish and Italian tiles and over 300 tile fragments for study. Sidney Frank: a superb memorial hair wreath. Suzanne Geismar: carved and lacquered chair, "Chiquita," by the donor. Marco Grass: 5 sixteenth- to seventeenth-century embroideries, including an important German or Italian hanging. Mrs. Ralph Hanes: 3 bed covers, each of a nineteenth-century printed fabric. Mrs. Curt Hasenklever: 43 textiles and technical material recording early pro- duction of F. Schumacher with some demonstrating processes. Marilynn and Ivan Karp: 6 architectural ornament fragments from New York buildings. Howard Kottler: porcelain plate "Pupil Reflex," with transfer decoration, by the donor. Mrs. Homer Kripke: 4 pieces of Libby glass tableware in the "Diana" pattern. David Macaulay: anaxiometric drawing "The Subway," by the donor. R. M. Manders: portfolio of 33 drawings, designs for glass lamp shades. Jane Merritt: machine-knitted souvenir picture for the proposed coronation of Edward VIII. Paul Mills: album of 15 drawings, designs for Chinese style carpets for the nineteenth-century firm, Victorien M. Meyer. Mrs. B. Richard: chandelier of silk passementerie. Paul Rudolph: 16 architectural drawings for the New Haven Government Center. Mrs. Howard J. Sachs and Mr. Peter Sachs in memory of Edith Sachs: a group of 77 objects, including an eighteenth-century lounge, textiles, drawings, paintings, andirons, candlesticks, a clock, an ormolu-mounted crystal vase, seventeenth- to nineteenth-century bronzes, and a pair of Limoges enamel plates. Charles Sampson Memorial Fund: a pair of Bow sauceboats, purchase. Isabel Shults: precious stones and gold in Art Nouveau style, and 7 pieces of enameled glass tableware by Salviati. Mrs. Marietta Tree: a pair of nineteenth-century tole coal scuttles and a signed eighteenth-century chair by Porrot. FREER GALLERY OF ART Donors of Financial Suport The Japan Foundation Smithsonian Institution Scholarly Japan Society, Inc. Studies Program Mrs. Cecilia DeGolyer McGee Dr. Richard Weatherhead Metropolitan Center for Far Eastern Ellen Bayard Weedon Foundation Art Studies Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 511 Donors to the Freer Collection Mrs. Hubert Grigaut Mr. Leonard Klein Mr. Wolf Ladejinsky Mr. and Mrs. Louis S. Rothschild The Honorable and Mrs. Hugh Scott Donors to the Study Collection Mr. Alfred Bodian: 55 Japanese prints. Dr. Thomas Lawton: pair of Chinese lacquer vases (reproduction); 1 Japanese stencil. Dr. and Mrs. Richard F. 5. Starr, in memory of Langdon Warner Mr. Alan F. Winslow Mr. David C. Winslow The Reverend Donald F. Winslow Mr. Richard Louie: Chinese painting (reproduction). Mr. John Menke: 54 Korean shards. Dr. S. J. O'Connor: 1 Malaysian shard. Donor to the Library The Honorable Raymond A. Hare HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Donors of Financial Support GENERAL CONTRIBUTIONS Washington Art League HIRSHHORN HOLIDAY ACTIVITY GRANT Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Associates ACQUISITION GRANT FOR PURCHASE OF Sculpturc Abstraite, Figure Debout Sydney and Francis Lewis Foundation MATCHING ACQUISITION FUND CONTRIBUTIONS Mr. Leigh Block Ernst and Company Mr. Leo Gold Mr. Jerome Greene Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Mr. Jack Kaufman Mr. and Mrs. Sydney Lewis Mr. and Mrs. Harry Richardson Mr. and Mrs. Henry A. Rosenberg, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. George F. Shaskan, Jr. PURCHASE OF ROBERT KULICKE PAINTINGS HONORING ANNIVERSARY OF MR. AND MRS. GUSTAVE RING Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Dr. and Mrs. Mr. and Mrs. Mrs. Garfield Mr. and Mrs. Henry Abraham Arnold Auerbach S. M. Barnett Bernard Bechhoefer Alfred L. Bennett Irving Berger Ned Bord Donald A. Brown Joseph D. Danzansky Jack Diener Jonathan England Aubrey Fischer Millard B. Fleischer Gerald Freedman Walter Freedman David Gichner Stanley Glassman Bernard S. Green Milton Harris Leonard Jacobs Kass Joel Kaufmann Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Kolker Dr. and Mrs. Marvin Korengold Dr. and Mrs. Herman Kossow Mr. and Mrs. Leonard Levin Mr. and Mrs. Donald Levison Dr. and Mrs. Benjamin Manchester Mr. and Mrs. Wilton Mendelsohn Mr. and Mrs. Elliot L Pollock Mrs. Leonard E. Nelson Mr. and Mrs. Robert R. Parks Mr. and Mrs. Maury Rosenberg Mrs. Philip Rosenfeld Mr. and Mrs. Stanley Rosensweig Mr. and Mrs. Philip H. Sachs Mr. and Mrs. L D. Shapiro Mr. Philip Smith Mr. and Mrs. David Stone Mr. and Mrs. Sidney Teplin Mr. and Mrs. Jules C. Winkelman Mr. and Mrs. Morton H. Wilner Dr. and Mrs. Paul Wilner 512 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Donors to the Collections Martin S. Ackerman Foundation New York, New York Ms. Anni Albers Orange, Connecticut Josef Albers Foundation, Inc. Orange, Connecticut American Academy of Arts and Letters (Hassam Fund) New York, New York Mrs. Saul Baizerman New York, New York Best Products Co., Inc. Richmond, Virginia Mr. and Mrs. George Blow Washington, D.C. Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Cohen New York, New York Mr. Gene Davis Washington, D.C. Elsa de Brun New York, New York Dreyfuss-Glicenstein Foundation New York, New York Bella and Sol Fishko New York, New York Forum Gallery New York, New York Mr. Joseph H. Hirshhorn Naples, Florida Joseph Hirshhorn Foundation New York, New York Mr. Brooks Jackson New York, New York Mr. R. Michael Heidenberg New York, New York Boris Lovet-Lorski Estate New York, New York Mr. Loren Madsen New York, New York Mrs. Felicia Meyer Marsh New York, New York Mr. Robert Natkin New York, New York Mr. Philip Reissman New York, New York Mr. Richard Roth Chappaqua, New York Smithsonian Resident Associate Program, Washington, D.C. Mr. Raphael Soyer New York, New York Mrs. Suzanne Vanderwoude Great Neck, New York Mr. Donald Wall Hoboken, New Jersey Mr. James Younger Washington, D.C. JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Donor of Financial Support Peter C. Cornell Trust MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Donors of Financial Support^ $100 AND ABOVE Miss Dorothy May Anderson Dr. and Mrs. Lewis Atkinson Mr. and Mrs. Alfred F. Bryan Mr. Flournoy A. Coles, Jr. Dr. and Mrs. Paul Comely EXXON Corporation Mrs. Nancy M. Folger Mr. Gordon Hanes Donors to the Collection^ Melville Herskovits Collection (permanent loan) Joseph Peters Mrs. Sylvia Candib Hurston Dr. and Mrs. Harold M. Johnson The Honorable and Mrs. Clinton E. Knox Mr. and Mrs. James Mitchell Mr. and Mrs. John U. Nef Mrs. Barbara Held Reich Mr. and Mrs. Jack Wilson Samuel Rubin Ernie Wolfe III 2 August 13-September 30, 1979. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 513 NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Donors of Financial Support Betty Benton Judith L. Bonstein Marcella Brenner CBS Preston Greene R. Philip Hanes Thomas Howe Mrs. Jacob Kainen Kaman Corporation Donors to the Collections Gertrude Abercrombie Trust American Academy and Institute of Arts and Letters Mr. David Anderson Anonymous donor Anonymous donor Mr. and Mrs. Linden B. Arthur Rudy Ayoroa Helen Baltz Xavier J. Barile Mr. and Mrs. William Benedict Mr. and Mrs. John A. Benton Mrs. Fannie T. Brenner Donald A. Brown Mrs. Margaret 5. Bruce Lowry Burgess Dr. and Mrs. Jerome Canter Mr. and Mrs. J. Roy Carroll, Jr. Murray Cohen Miss Winifred Compton Mrs. George L. Crofford Frances Currey Mr. and Mrs. Frederick Darling Mr. Gene Davis Estate of Robert Tyler Davis Estate of Jean de Botton Mrs. Gleb Derujinsky Olin Dows Werner Drewes Mrs. Lincoln Dryden Edward Dunay Miss Maria Ealand Mr. and Mrs. Daniel Fendrick Barbara Fiedler Mrs. Lenore E. Fitzsimons Lawrence A. Fleischman Dr. and Mrs. Henry Fogelman Seymour Fromer Aline Fruhauf Rupert Garcia Mr. and Mrs. Arthur Granick Luke Gwilliam Roland Marcotte, Jr. Mrs. Margaret McKee Charles E. Merrill Trust Mrs. Edgar Rossin Charles Sawyer Smithsonian Women's Committee Student Loan Marketing Association Mrs. Brereton Sturtevant George B. Tatum Mr. and Mrs. Philip Hanes, Jr. Mrs. Ida Watkins Harkness Tony Harvey Elizabeth W. Henderson Mr. and Mrs. Jack M. Hockett Mr. and Mrs. Wallace F. Holladay Mariana Howes Sheila Isham Luis Jiminez Hilda Katz Mr. and Mrs. Louis Kaufman S. W. and B. M. Koffler Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Monroe Kornfeld Mrs. Ann Kraft Kenneth A. Larson Mr. and Mrs. Murray Lebwohl Katrina Williams Lester Seymour Lipton Frank McClure Lauris Mason Mrs. Ethel W. Mohamed Breton Morse Mr. Frederick Mueller Mrs. Alice Ingersoll Neagle Emily Nordfeldt Mrs. Jefferson Patterson Miriam Pearlman, Inc. Gabor Peterdi Jozef Pielage Jozef and Betty Huse Pielage Henry Ward Ranger Fund (bequests through the National Academy of Design) Anton Refregier M. C. Richards Mr. and Mrs. Hugo Robus Mr. and Mrs. Louis S. Rothschild Dr. and Mrs. Richard Schoenfeld Estate of Leonard Hastings Schoff Mr. and Mrs. A. Serviente Mortimer Slotnick Michael Smallwood 514 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Smithsonian Resident Associate Saul Waller Program Stokely Webster Southeastern Center for Faith Bordon Weston Contemporary Art (Ford Foundation Dr. and Mrs. Robert J. Wetmore Purchase Award) Mr. Nelson C. White Mrs. Otto L. Spaeth Mr. Kurt Wiener Ethel Starbird Ms. Adriana Williams Beth Ames Swartz Diana Wheeler Williams Mrs. Katharine Sergava Sznycer Xerox of Canada Limited Prentiss Taylor Mahonri Sharp Young Hilda Thorpe James M. Younger Edward Toledano NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Donors of Financial Support MISCELLANEOUS UNRESTRICTED GIFTS Eldorado School Ira Gershwin Time-Life Books, Inc. DIVISION OF CERAMICS AND GLASS Melville N. and Mary F. Rothschild DIVISION OF COMMUNITY LIFE Sports Illustrated The Washington, D.C., Chapter of The Links, Incorporated DIVISION OF ELECTRICITY AND MODERN PHYSICS Armed Forces Communications and Electronics Association, Washington Chapter International Committee for the Centennial of Light of The Thomas Alva Edison Foundation The Thomas Alva Edison Foundation DIVISION OF EXTRACTIVE INDUSTRIES U.S. Chamber of Commerce DIVISION OF MECHANISMS U.S. Chamber of Commerce DIVISION OF NUMISMATICS Amos Press Inc. The Bass Foundation Stack's DIVISION OF PHOTOGRAPHIC HISTORY Women's Committee of the Smithsonian Institution Associates DIVISION OF POLITICAL HISTORY The Estate of Mary L. A. J. Dietrich DIVISION OF POSTAL HISTORY Amos Press Inc. Sidney N. Shure DIVISION OF TRANSPORTATION The Washington, D.C. Chapter of the National Railway Historical Society DOUBLEDAY LECTURE SERIES Doubleday & Company, Inc. THE HALL OF AMERICAN MARITIME ENTERPRISE Dillingham Corporation Women's Propeller Club, Port of Riverway Co. New York The Valley Line Company Friends of Music at the Smithsonian Mr. Mark Adler Dr. and Mrs. Allan B. Bell Miss Helen Appeldoorn Mr. Harold Bredell Mr. Fred Aufford Mrs. Percy W. Brown Miss Virginia Ballard Mr. and Mrs. Albert J. Caplan Mr. and Mrs. Charles Banta Mr. Anthony Chanaka Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 515 Mr. and Mrs. Edward C. Childs Mrs. Thomas Cline Mr. Robert Dabney Mr. and Mrs. William P. Debbington Mr. and Mrs. George A. T. Dongly Mrs. Mildred Fenton Mrs. Philip Gibbons Mr. and Mrs. William H. Greer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. G. E. Hall Mrs. John B. Ham Diane Lane Hamilton Mr. Samuel Henes Miss Virginia Hof¥ Mrs. Jane Holben Mr. and Mrs. William Jack Mrs. Anne Kimzey Mrs. Edward T. Maben Mrs. Herbert C. Mayer Mrs. Loudon Mellon Mrs. W.A.C. Miller III Mr. and Mrs. Stephen V. C. Morris Mrs. Thomas R. Morton Mrs. Charlotte Nopar Mr. and Mrs. J. Paul Nuse Mrs. Anne O'Keefe Mrs. Verner Partenhemer, Jr. Mr. and Mrs. Thomas Roberts Mr. and Mrs. Robert Rothman Mr. Fulton Samson Mrs. John Farr Simmons Mrs. Francis Smith The Honorable and Mrs. Henry P. Smith III Mrs. Sylvia Smith Mrs. Janet W. Solinger Mrs. Lucy Fox Stern Mr. and Mrs. James Symington Mr. and Mrs. Curtis Tarr Mrs. Pauline Bird Treman Miss Marian Urland Donors to the National Collections Raul Santiago Acosta y Lara: 1976 mint set from Uruguay (1978.0999). John P. Adams: Longest Walk Indian materials, including buttons, brochures, posters, patches, handouts, t-shirts, and armbands (1978.2202). Eugenia Afanasiev (through Mrs. Jay C. Bryant): woman's brooch and 3 seals (1978.0324). John Aiello: counterstamped ancient coins (1978.1053). Lonnelle Davison Aikman in memory of Mabel May Davison: water pitcher and goblet with stand and tray made by Pairpoint Manufacturing Co., New Bedford, Massachusetts, 1880-1900 (1979.0428). Government of Aitutaki, Aitutaki Post Office: 2 used postage stamps and 18 used official stamps all of Aitutaki (1979.0134); Postal Accounts (through Resident Agent's Office) : 6 mint souvenir sheets, 3 First Day covers, 9 mint postage stamps, and 4 used postage stamps all of Aitutaki (1978.2249). Alphaeus H. Albert: 9 reproduction US buttons and 3 reproduction wax button impressions (1978.0659). Frank I. Albin: RCA Victor model 66E Victoria (1978.2230). All Plastic Corporation: 4 plastic bottle caps concerning the 1964 political cam- paign, bag in which bottle caps were mailed, and a mailer for soliciting financial support for Republicans in 1964 (1978.2135). Mrs. Elizabeth B. Allen: 45-star US national flag, official date 1896-1908 (1978.0953). Irving Amen: serigraph, color wood cut, and 3 color lithographs all by Irving Amen (1978.0926). The American Negro Commemorative Society (through George Beach) : com- memorative silver medals issued by the donor (1977.0414). American Red Cross: 60 American Red Cross posters (1978.0880). Martin P. Amt: lead-glazed earthenware jar with incised decoration (1978.- 2425). Adelaide S. Anderson: woman's designer wedding ensemble, 1946 (1977.1086). Anonymous: Violin labelled "Nicolaus Amatus Cremonen, Hieronymi/Fil, ac Antonij Nepos Fecit, 1679" (1979.0548). Douglas Applegate: lapel sticker in the shape of a red apple with a white gate overlay (1979.0629). Aquarius Collector Coins of America (through R. Winston Harris) : 10 cent 516 / Smithsonian Year 1979 trade tokens, Aquarius Collector Coins, 1976 (1978.2326); 2 sets of 1979 one- and five-cent tokens (1979.0057). Mrs. Audrey Z. Archer-Shee in memory of Mary Stuart Roe Zeigler: gold watch belonging to Mary Abigail Fillmore, engraving of Millard Fillmore, framed portrait of Matilda H. Stuart, letter documenting the gold watch, and a pam- phlet entitled "Dedicatory Exercises, June 24, 1858" (1978.2199). Mrs. Blanche Armstrong in memory of Mr. Dewey Armstrong: turning plow, new ground plow, disk harrow, and a cultivator (1978.0945). Mrs. R. H. Armstrong: locomotive wheel center gauge (1979.0031). Grant Arnold: Hthograph North County Blizzard and photolithograph Snow- fall (1979.0492). Michael Arpad: long pink chiffon gown, long pink and lavender chiffon scarf, short gold brocade coat all worn by Perle Mesta, and a photograph of Presi- dent Lyndon Johnson and Perle Mesta (1979.0697). Art Display Service, Inc.: political bumper stickers (1978.2132). Cevriye and Ibrahim Artuk: group of modern Turkish coins (1978.0930). AT&T Long Lines (through Robert C. Cooper): 2 sections of type TAT-6 coaxial submarine cable (1978.2297). Jane McCall Babson: 119 clothing and accessory items (322657.00). Bachrach, Inc. (through Fabian Bachrach) : photograph of Albert Einstein, orig- inally made c. 1935 (1979.0627). Rosalie F. Bailey: brain trepanning set and a surgical instrument set (1979.- 0264). Baird Corporation (through Walter Baird and David A. Low) : commercial grat- ing spectrograph and grating taken from spectrograph (1979.0025). Stephen Bairstow: sliding caliper rule (1978.2143). Arlene T. and Murry Bakel: 14 items used in the manufacture of Manoil Com- pany toys including molds, dies, stencils, and castings (1978.2349). Terry W. Baker: Oregon State University football jersey worn by donor (1979.- 0529). William C. Banning: Lenegre 1862 postage stamp album (1979.0231). Lewis Williams Barber: collection of Vietnam period uniforms, footwear, and insignia (1979.0330). Government of Barbuda, Philatelic Bureau, Post Office: 6 First Day covers and 29 mint postage stamps all of Barbuda (1978.2296). Stanley Bard: 4 designer paper fashion sketches (1979.0067). Eugene R. Barenburg in the name of the family of the late J. W. Barenburg, M.D. : ophthalmic test case, ophthalmoscope with case, set of 2 optical trial frames, and a tonometer (1978.2269). H. A. Barker: sample of first artificially produced Carbon-14 (1978.2113). The Honorable Marion Barry: oilcloth banner, "Marion Barry for Mayor" (1979.0376). F. W. Bartlett II: lithograph of Michigan Central Station, Ann Arbor, Michigan by the donor (1978.0494). BASF Wyandotte Corporation (through Fred F. A. Jacobson) : recording tape display panel (1979.0304). Donald P. Basham: US Navy laundry safety pin (1979.0493). Dorothy and Nat Bass: pair of Regency candelabra made of pineapple-cut lead crystal and cast brass, Bristol, England, c. 1812, and a porcelain floral group, Derby, England, c. 1810 (1979.0246). Preston R. Bassett: 8 glass fly traps, 3 with stoppers, 1 with a base, and 1 with a flower holder (1978.0609). Mrs. James "Lee" Batson: American Agriculture Movement flag and a news- paper, "American Agricultural News" (1979.0243). Frances Z. Baxter: boy's clothing items including 2 suit jackets, a 2-piece suit, coat, and cap (1978.0299). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 517 Bruce Bazelon: WW 11 ration, K type (1977.0702); U5AAF silk head scarf from WW II period and a US Colt revolver holster made in 1918 (1978.0532); US Army insignia, WW I Captain of Artillery card, WW II branch insignia and ribbons, and Army-Navy game ticket (1978.0828); US Lighthouse Serv- ice uniform button, US Navy sleeve insignia, collar insignia, rating badge, shoulder patch; and utility jacket patch, US Coast Guard rating badge and utility jacket patch, US Marine Corps gunner's patch, 3 Vietnamese-made naval sleeve insignia, and International Morse Code cardboard training aid (1979.0293). Mrs. Anna B. Beach (through Gregory G. Connell); ship models, USS Con- stitution and Tripolitan Gallery Gunboat both with bases (1978.0981). Estelle Scharfeld Bechhoefer: woman's clothing items including 4 dresses, a cape, suit, hat, and stockings and a child's dress (1977.0882). Mrs. Dorothy Gondos Beers: WW II uniform, service ribbon, and lapel pin (1978.0962). Virginia Beets: poem from the campaign of 1960 "I'd Love to See My Portico" (1978.0889); magazine — The Life of George C. Wallace, "Our Kind of Man" (1978.0988); 2 bumper stickers and 1 sticker referring to Khrushchev, and 2 U.S. News & World Report magazines dating from August 1958 and August 1959 (1979.0503); sticker with note saying that Nixon is the only one who can save the world from Communism, and a political bill stating "A Vote for Nixon or Kennedy is a vote for integration . . ." (1979.0436); comic book about Caroline Kennedy entitled "America's First Young Lady, Caroline Kennedy" (1979.0183). Bell Telephone Labs, Inc. (through Mildred Boyd and E. F. Carpenter) : auto- mated X-ray diffractometer (1978.2176). Lawrence J. Bellarts: WW II aircraft escape kit ration (1978.0329). Benay-Albee Novelty Company, Inc.: plastic hats, Johnson/For President (1978.1087). Daniel L. Benson: Lincoln commemorative cigar fan, c. 1909 (1978.2172). Evelyn O. Berke: woman's designer dress and woman's shoes (1978.0427). Don H. Berkebile: coupler pin, c. 1880 (1979.0404). Mrs. Freda Beria: Stereo Realist 35mm stereoscopic camera, TDC Stereo Vivid stereoscopic slide projector, TDC Stereo Vivid viewer for 35mm stereoscopic transparencies, and 142 35mm color stereoscopic transparencies (320771.00). Mrs. Julian Berla: child's chair designed by Mies van der Rohe (1978.2334). Martin Berman: a collection of 112 geometric models representing regular- faced convex polyhedra (1978.1065). Martha Berrien: pochoir colored halftone, "Perspective View of the Blockade of Boston," reproduced by the Meriden Gravure Company, 1978 (1978.2187). Doris D. Best: 6 US Navy enlisted men uniform shoulder patches, 4 US Navy utility uniform fleet and ship id patches, and a brochure for the Guided Missile Frigate "Worden" (1978.0171). Bethlehem Steel Corporation (through L. T. Burtchby) : gas blowing engine model (1978.2278). D. Lewis Bickel: Model 1911 spurs (1978.0258). William F. Bigspring, Sr. : Montana button from the 1976 Republican National Convention (1979.0533). Dr. and Mrs. William C. Binzer: man's 4-piece court suit, 1860-79, woman's parasol, c. 1840-70, and woman's parasol, c. 1890-1900 (1977.0943); 6 hand- painting, animated "slipping" magic lantern slides (1978.2499). Mildred A. Birge: 3 pairs of woman's shoes, 1920-29 (1977.0945). Leet Wilson Bissell: pocket compass, inclinometer, thickness gauge, hand level, and a cased set of drawing instruments (1979.0633). Ethel F. Black: silk paisley shawl given by Queen Victoria to Florence Nightin- gale, drawing of young Florence Nightingale wearing a shawl, and 3 letters of documentation (1978.2234). 518 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Dr. James E. Blackburn in memory of K. T. Hall: medical irrigation set in mahogany box (1979.0431). David D. Blackmer: Gunter scale (1979.0011). Mrs. William McCormick Blair, Jr.: woman's clothing items including 4 pairs of shoes, 3 dresses, 1 coat, and 1 3-piece ensemble, and boy's clothing items including 1 3-piece suit, 1 shirt, and 1 tie (1977.1218). William M. Blair: political campaign badges, tickets, press credentials, etc., col- lected by the donor while reporting for The New York Times (1978.2190). John B. Blake: group of 13 Louisiana state lottery tickets from 1884-89 (1979.- 0478). Joseph A. Blake: McGovern-Shriver license plate (1979.0532). John A. Bland: seal embossing stamp with dies for Walthall Printing Co., Inc. (1979.0005). Mrs. William W. Bland: woman's clothing items including 2 hats, a 2-piece suit, a dress, and a blouse (1978.0426). Mr. and Mrs. Robert Blauner: 7 English figure groups, eighteenth and nine- teenth centuries (1979.0373). Reba Harden Bloom: woman's dress, parasol, and shawl (1979.0205). George Blow: Transcontinental Railroad broadside (1979.0403). Ellen R. Bocek: letter dated October 23, 1936, from the volunteers for Sun- flower Day in the Alf Landon political campaign (1978.2193). Colonel Charles T. R. Bohannan: 1 miniature offset "X" press with 2 inking roller handles, operating instruction book, red ink, black ink, yellow paper, and master sheets (1978.0522). Natalia A. Bolognini: baton case with 5 batons, a baton fragment, and a pencil, all used by Arturo Toscanini, and a photograph of Arturo Toscanini (1979.- 0192). Margaret Neave Boswell (through Elizabeth B. Stephan) : woman's Quaker bonnet and dress, 1860-76, and woman's cape, 1840-69 (1977.1063). Mrs. Joann D. Bowen: glove darner marked " f & r sterling" (1978.2500). Mrs. J. L. Bowes: 1952 Ike pin (1978.0964). Stephanie J. Boylston: cotton and wool overshot coverlet (1978.2528). Mrs. Margaret B. Brandt: US Navy Officer and Midshipman uniforms and uni- form items, worn by Captain John Henry Brandt and Midshipman Thomas K. Brandt (1978.0232). Paul Braunstein: 2 gold peanut buttons and 1 white peanut button (1978:2418). Dorothy Emmert Brewster: Girl Scout 2-piece uniform and hat, c. 1917 (1977.- 0881). E. J. T. Bristow: brass US tokens (1977.0459). Britannia Commemorative Society, Ltd. (through W. T. Baird) : silver commem- orative medals, serial #6 (1978.1000). Eli Broad: sculptural textile hanging. Meditation Space, by Barbara Shawcroft (1979.0002). The Brookings Institution (through Ruth McCarthy) : automatic signature ma- chine (1978.1076). Tim J. Browder and Mrs. Dora J. Browder: paper currencies of the Maldive Islands (320705.00). Stanley W. Brower: transit, dial marked: "w. & d. mogey. bayonne, n.j. 350" (1979.0266). Bruce M. and Diana B. Brownell: sheet-iron radiator and a motorized drill press (1979.0032); bench vise screw, blacksmith's bellows, hand-crank blower, and a treadle lathe (1979.0206); electric oven (1979.0250); milking stool, log bee hive, box bee hive, grubbing hoe, hand seeder, and a swingling knife (1979.0280). Mrs. Rowena Brownell (through Peter Brownell) : ship model of the brig Argus with display case (1978.0827). Franklin R. Bruns, Jr.: 3 UN First Day covers, 20 mint UN postage stamps, 1 Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 519 used UN postal stationery, 1 mint UN postal stationery, 1 mint US Bicen- tennial souvenir sheet, 338 mint US postage stamps, and 50 mint Canadian postage stamps, all in presentation folders (1979.0051). Charles E. Brush: man's tie bar and cuff links (1979.0342). Robert Bryson: woman's collar box, 1895-1915 (319935.00). Eugene D. Buchanan (through Gordon Buchanan, Jr.): Dr. Wall's Worcester cup, C. 1755-65 (1978.0932). Mrs. Eugene D. Buchanan (through Gordon Buchanan, Jr.) : Chippendale corner chair, c. 1775, and tin tray, France, c. 1780 (1978.0108). Mrs. Marjorie Gordon Buchanan: infant's cap, white-on-white embroidery (1978.2442). Charles S. Buck: Zumbrota, Minnesota, Bicentennial medal, 1976 (1978.2342). Diane E. Bull: era material including a pot holder, plastic key chain, and stickers (1978.0876). George G. Bull: 3 specialty covers commemorating the seventeenth annual con- vention of the Postmark Collectors Club (1979.0230). H. C. Burchard, Jr.: 2 Ku Klux Klan membership tokens (1979.0349). Ken Burnett: farmers cap, bumper sticker, and flag from the American Agri- culture Movement (1979.0244). Gordon Burroughs: Observox TV receiver (1978.0936). C.T.P. Industries, Inc. (through Arnold L. Silberman) : plastic shopping bags with political legends from 1972 (1978.0997). California Intraocular Lens Corporation (through R. Dale Cook) : 6 intraocular lenses of various types (1979.0583). University of California, Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (through George Pappas, Emilio Segre, and Dr. Clyde Wiegand) : Stilbene scintillation crystal, nuclear emulsion plate, stack of exposed nuclear emulsions, stack of unex- posed nuclear emulsions, Cerenkov counter, cross-section of McMillan syn- chrotron, and 2 reels of photos of 15" bubble chamber and 15" liquid-hydro- gen-using bubble chamber (1978.2302). Cambria County Bicentennial Association (through Martha M. McDonald) : 1 silver and 1 bronze medal issued by the Cambria County Bicentennial Asso- ciation in commemoration of the American Bicentennial, 1976 (1978.2355). Bank of Canada: Bank of Canada lOO-doUar specimen note (1975) No. 047 (1977.0452); one-dollar Canadian specimen bank note (1978.1054); (through R. H Osborne): 20-dollar 1979 specimen bank note (1979.2510). Government of Canada (through G. M. Sinclair) : First Day cover of Canada celebrating the opening of capex 1978 (1979.0136). Canadian Large Cents Club (through Gary C. Littrell) : group of CLCC wooden Canadian large cents (1978.0934). Leopoldo Cancio : specimen bonds issued by the International Bank for Recon- struction and Development, Washington, D.C. (1977.0441); group of speci- men bonds for Kuwait and Libya issued by the International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, Washington, D.C. (1978.2316). Dr. Mary Canfield in memory of Jay Livingston Canfield: woman's designer suit, 1948-52 (1977.1087). CAPEX 78 (through Kenneth Rowe) : capex Court of Honor participation medal, 3 souvenir cards distributed at capex 78, and 3 specimen souvenir cards from CAPEX 78 (1979.0226). Miriam M. Cappers: 2 radio telegraph operator licenses, license verification card, radio operator license certificate, and an amateur radio license (1979.- 0698). Mrs. George Carl: man's vest, 1850-1910 (1979.0070). Carlisle Colonial Minute Men, Inc. (through Robert R. Heath) : 2 medals issued by the Carlisle Colonial Minute Men in commemoration of the Estabrook Trail Walk, 1978 (1978.2351); 2 1979 Estabrook Trail Walk medals (1979.- 0476); 2 1976 issue Estabrook Trail Walk medals (1979.0639). 520 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Wallace O. Carlson : book, illustrated with photo tri-chromatic prints of Wash- ington buildings (1979.0504). Earl R. Carneal, Jr.: certificate of promotion, 2 discharge certificates for Charles Helton, and a US Colt's DA revolver with leather holster (1978.2367). Carnegie Institute (through Merle Tuve) : Van de Craaff accelerator (1978.1075). Carnegie Institution of Washington: framed photograph of Rear Admiral Robert E. Peary presenting a gold medal to Amundsen in Washington, D.C., in 1912 (1979.0472). Joseph L. Carr: woman's muff 1933-45 (1978.0796). The Jimmy Carter Campaign Committee and The 1976 Presidential Campaign Committee (through Robert J. Lipschutz) : Carter campaign materials includ- ing buttons, bumper stickers, handouts, postcards, newsletters, invitations, stationery, pamphlets, and booklets (1978.0980). Oscar L. Cartwright: Byrd Antarctic Expedition II cover and Clemson, S.C., cover of 1935 (1979.0229). Mrs. Judith H. Cash: Argoflex seventy-five twin-lens reflex 620 rollfilm camera with flashgun (1977.1032). Frederick Casoni: photographs of Senator Hubert H. Humphrey's funeral in the Rotunda of US Capitol (1978.2119). Claire Monod Cassidy and John Rosine: Philco air conditioner, 1951 (1978.- 2111). Celebration 'lb (through Patricia Gordon and the Reverend George Greenough) : bronze medal issued by Celebration '76 commemorating the Bicentennial, 1976 (1978.2352). Central Illinois Light Company (through William T. Reid and Harry D. Felten- stein, Jr.): Turbo-Generator, Kerr/Allis-Chalmers, 1912 (1978.2391). Carolyn Chandler: WW I Army Nurse Corps cape (1978.2213). The Chase Manhattan Bank, N.A. (through David Rockefeller) : replica cased set of the "Church," Hamilton-Burr dueling pistols (1978.2273). Chicago Albumen Works, Inc. (through Dr. Joel Snyder and Doug Munson) : portfolio of 10 gold-toned albumen prints produced by Chicago Albumen Works, 1977, entitled "Eadweard Muybridge Yosemite Photographs 1872" (1978.1031). Peoples Republic of China (through His Excellency Chai Ze-Min) : needlework picture of the Great Wall of China, embroidered luncheon cloth with 12 nap- kins, and a porcelain vase (1979.0585). Republic of China, Director General, Directorate General of Posts (through Y. C. Shih) : 19 First Day covers, 79 mint postage stamps, 35 unused specimen stamps, and 32 used postage stamps, all of the Republic of China (1979.- 0137); 10 commercial covers, 2 mint souvenir sheets, 1 presentation folder, 65 mint postage stamps, and 18 used postage stamps, all of the Republic of China (1978.2268). University of Cincinnati: Tinius and Olsen Universal Testing Machine (1979.- 0029) ; (through Donald L. Vieth) : Keleket X-ray diffraction apparatus (1979.0049). Elvira Clain-Stef anelli : Italian medals by Giacomo Manzu (1978.2489); pair of steel dies used for the striking of silver pieces of twenty units of a hybrid design derived from coins issued c. 350-280 B.C. in Populonia (1978.2516); pair of steel dies used for striking silver coins of a design patterned after silver staters issued c. 480-400 B.C. in Poseidonia (1978.2517); pair of steel dies showing designs derived from ancient silver staters issued c. 550 b.c. in Tarentum (1978.2518); pair of dies used for the striking of silver pieces pat- terned after Tetradrachms issued c. 310-304 at Syracuse (Sicily) during the reign of Agathokles (1978.2519); group of US medals and store cards (1979. 0298); collection of ancient Greco-Roman coins struck in the name of Em- peror Augustus (1978.0972); two ancient Greco-Roman coins struck in the name of Emperor Domitian and his wife, Domitia (1978.0977); historical Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 521 collection of ancient Greco-Roman coins showing the damnatio memoriae of Emperor Geta (1978.0978); group of ancient Greek coins, mostly from the third to first century B.C. (1978.1055); group of ancient, mostly quasi-auton- omous Greek coins (1978.1056); group of Romanian paper currencies (1978.- 2315). V. Clain-Stefanelli: bronze medal commemorating the First National Nu- mismatic Convention (1978.0970); ancient coins struck in Alexandria, Egypt, in the name of Antoninus Pius and Lucilla (1978.0973); ancient drachms from Alexandria, Egypt (1978.0974); group of ancient Greek and Roman coins (1978.0975); collection of ancient Greco-Roman coins (1978. 0976); group of ancient coins, mostly "sestertii" (1978.1057); group of an- cient Roman coins (1978.1058); Portuguese religious medal (1978:2329); South African Mint medal (1978.2478); pair of steel dies by the Italian master counterfeiter Tardani used for the striking of silver coins of a design issued c. 331-302 B.C. in Tarentum (1978.2520); pair of dies used for the striking of silver coins patterned after ancient staters issued at Caulonia, c. 480-388 B.C. (1978.2521); pair of dies probably by Tardani used for the striking of silver tetradrachms derived from the ancient coinage of Rhegium issued c. 466-415 B.C. Also 1 pair of lead off-strikes (1978.2522); pair of steel dies made prob- ably by the Italian master counterfeiter Tardani and used for the striking of silver pieces patterned after 16-litrae coins issued at Syracuse during the reign of Hieron II and bearing the portrait of Queen Philistis. Also, lead off- strikes (1978.2523); ancient Roman aureus of Septimius Severus (1978.2524); ancient Roman contorniate showing the portrait of Nero on the obverse and, on the reverse side, Alexander the Great standing with his horse (1978.2525); diagnostic set with ophthalmoscope head (1979.0524). Ada M. Clark: woman's clothing items including 4 blouses, trousers, boots, a belt, coat, jacket, skirt, and a vest (1977.0996). Mrs. Jessie B. Cleveland: desk used by Grover Cleveland (317944.00). Margaret M. Coffin: wine glass with tin "make-do" foot (1978.0352). Mrs. Albert H. Cohn: woman's 2-piece designer ensemble, 1942-52 (1977.1093). Mrs. Rosalee S. Cohn: English soft-paste porcelain circular, pierced basket decorated with foliate motifs in underglaze blue. Probably Bow, England, c. 1755 (1978.0839). Herbert R. Collins: 31 newspapers, 2 bumper stickers, 2 sample ballots from Virginia, license plate, brochure, checklist card, postcard, and a visitor's pass (1979.0174); newspaper dated September 27, 1881, York, Pennsylvania bear- ing a memorial of James A. Garfield (1979.0175). Mrs. Isabel G. Collison: Wisconsin State iwy meeting materials including a wooden stop sign, handout, leaflet, newsletter, and an invitation (1978.1078). Republic of Colombia, Jefe de la Oficina Filatelica, Administracion Postal Na- cional (through Carlos Julio Medina Salamanca): 31 First Day covers and 2 used postage stamps, all of Colombia (1979.0053); First Day covers of Co- lombia, 8 of 1978 and 4 of 1979 (1979.0138). Colorado Centennial — Bicentennial Commission (through Errol Giddings): Colorado Centennial — Bicentennial commemorative medal set (1978.2338). The Columbia Historical Society (through Elizabeth J. Miller) : souvenir token from the Howe Scale Co., at the 1876 Centennial (1978.2109). Columbia University (through Professor Samuel Devons) : Dunning cyclotron (1978.1074). CONRAIL (through W. M. Wehner) : watercolor rendering of "Erie Railroad Co. Proposed Addition to Pier 7, New York City" and 3 tinted engineering drawings of "Transfer Bridge for Erie Railway Co." (1979.0351). Jorge Schaerer Contreras: lottery-bond certificate issued by original Panama Canal Company, June 26, 1888 (1979.0024). Government of Cook Islands' Ministry of Posts, Philatelic Bureau (through 522 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Officer in Charge): 48 First Day covers, 10 mint souvenir sheets, 82 mint postage stamps, and 30 used postage stamps all of Cook Islands (1978.2254); 2 First Day covers from 1978, a mint souvenir sheet of 1978, 15 mint postage stamps, and 23 used official stamps, all of the Cook Islands (1979.0139). Mrs. Grace R. Cooper: wooden quilt frame (1978.2407). Van Cooper and Georgia Agrirama (through Charles T. Hall, Jr., for Georgia Agrirama): peanut planter (1978.2386). Cordis Corporation (through Dr. William Murphy, Jr.): Omni-Stanicor lithium- powered programmable cardiac pacer, Omni-Stanicor programmable cardiac pacer, and a Cordis-Omnicor programmer (1979.0374). Irma M. Coridan: 6 woman's designer dresses (1977.1152). Cornell University, Laboratory of Nuclear Studies (through B. D. McDaniel): strong-focusing poleface laminae (1978.2175). Dr. Ivor Cornman: Adjustable tri-square, panel-marking gauge, plow plane, chalkline, brace, spokeshave, scyth-sharpening iron, broad ax, crimping tool, molding plane, 2 C-clamps, scorp, auger hole cleaner, digger, cleaver, oven rake, oven spatula, two-man saw, and log dog (239502.00). Mrs. Benedict Cunio Cosimano: infant's shoes, dress, and blouse (1979.0066). Mrs. Grace Coupe (through Mrs. Marian C. Robertson): WW I Armed Forces Special Services Librarian's uniform coat, skirt, handkerchief, insignia, neck- tie, service ribbon, and 2 shoulder patches (1977.0929). Joel Crawford: 220 rolls of film from the McGovern primary campaign, spring of 1972 (1979.0182). Warren M. Crawford, Jr.: 2 US national bank notes and 4 notes of the Potomac River Bank in Georgetown, D.C. (1978.2356). Ingrid M. Crepeau: puppet, "Arba the Eagle," made by Patchwork Productions to emcee Bicentennial events on television (1979.0124). Dolores Gray Crevolin (through Stanley Weaver): woman's designer dress, 1958, and woman's designer dress with shawl, 1962 (1978.0458). Mrs. Ruth E. Crownfield in the name of Albert C. Crownfield: 1 protractor (1978.2291). Robert J. and Virginia A. Crozier: Nelson Rockefeller campaign umbrella (1979.0573). Cube Card Corporation (through Constance M. McKee) : Republican cube cards in form of an elephant, 1964 (1978.1090). Colonel James W. Curtis: autographed one-dollar silver certificate of 1935, carried by King Farouk of Egypt during the end of WW II (1978.2324). Government of Cyprus, Embassy of Cyprus (through His Excellency Nicos Demetriou) : mint postage stamps of Cyprus (1978.2266); First Day cover, 7 unused specimen stamps, and 3 used postage stamps, all of Cyprus (1979. 0140). DMV Contact Lens Company (through Robert England) : contact lens remover/ inserter, epilating mirror, set of 2 luma serters, and dmv remover/ inserter (1979.0340). Daisy — Heddon, Division Victor Comptometer Corporation (through John R. Powers, Jr.) : collection of foreign and US air guns and accessories (1978. 1028). Nicholas W. Danforth: white linen damask napkin with American eagle woven pattern (1978.2526). Raymond Darida: 2 US Army Flying Cadet belts, c. 1930, and 2 original boxes (1978.0657); 2 rifle belt rings for model 1912 cavalry belt and a saber sling attachment (1978.2102). Pyllis O. Davenport: newspapers, the Boston Sunday Herald, November 26, 1865, and The Atlas, January 11, 1840 (1978.2275). Walter Davis: Davis pattern plate puller (1979.0413). The Deadly Nightshade (through Pamela Brandt, Helen Hooke, and Anne Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution / 523 Bowen) : items relating to the musical group "The Deadly Nightshade," in- cluding a scrapbook, press kit, T-shirt, button, wooden doll, magazine, 2 record albums, and 3 posters (1978.2200). Rene Delcour: 29 engraved steel plates (1978.2258). Delta Queen Steamboat Co.: model of steamboat Delta Queen (1978.2287). Kingdom of Denmark, Ministry of Public Works, General Directorate of Posts and Telegraphs: 65 mint postage stamps of Denmark and 40 mint postage stamps of Faroe Island (1978.2252); 35 mint postage stamps of Denmark and 15 mint postage stamps of Faroe Island (1979.0141). Dertoit Historical Museum: automatic surveyor level and stake setter (1979.- 0238). Renato Di Lauro, Jr.: Kelly automatic press (1978.0942). Barbara Dickstein: woman's shoes and 2-piece designer dress (1979.0081). Matthew Dickstein: 4 man's necklaces, 1968-69 (1979.0274). Nancy Dickstein: girl's clothing items including a pair of trousers, a hat, a blouse, a coat, and a boy's belt (1979.0089). Sidney Dickstein: man's clothing items including 2 suit jackets, 2 ties, 3 shirts, a 2-piece suit, and a pair of trousers (1979.0091). C. May Diekmann in memory of Mr. and Mrs. George O. Diekmann: book entitled A Practical Treatise on the Hive and Honey-Bee and a book entitled Barry's Fruit Garden (1978.2374). Mary Louisa Adams Johnson Dietrich (through Joseph B. Manello) : 15 pieces of John Adams blue and white cornflower dinner service, 27 pieces of John Quincy Adams pink and gold banquet service, 10 pieces of French silver, c. 1805, baby rattle and a silver basket marked "JJC" (1977.0675). District of Columbia (through Martin K. Schaller) : posters, bumper stickers, pamphlets, notices, circulars, etc., concerning the 1974 District of Columbia elections, first "Home Rule" elections in the District for 100 years (1978. 0843). Eileen K. Dodd: 2 woman's designer dresses and 2 woman's 2-piece designer suits (1977.1155). Richard F. Dole: 2 builder's plates from railroad cars (1979.0318). Mrs. Irma M. Donnellon: Anti-ERA button and keychain (1978.2142). Mrs. Paul J. Donovan: ibm electric typewriter — Model A (1978.2227). Gladys C. Dougherty: butter knife, ladle spoon, jelly spoon, and a sugar spoon (323532.00); infant's booties and shoes (1979.0079). Doulton & Company, Ltd. (through Joseph Lee) : 6 porcelain figures of soldiers of the Continental Army — Royal Doulton, Ltd., England, c. 1977 (1978.2436). Michael M. Doyle: WW II uniform, officer tropical worsted (1977.0898). Thomas J. Drake: Emerson portable radio model 508 (1978.0825). Petro Drapala: Bicentennial wall hanging made of ribbons (1978.2173). Orcutt Phillips Drury: Semiautomatic rifle model Tl, Smith and Wesson "New Departure" revolver in original box. Smith and Wesson revolver, Harrington and Richardson "32 Auto Ejector" revolver, and semiautomatic Colt's M1911 pistol with leather shoulder holster and extra magazine (1977.0478). James Du Vail (through Rick Miller) : continuous discharge book No. 090354^ (1979.0399). Mildred F. R. Duncan: woman's brooch, 1900-19 (1978.0554). Mary B. and William F. Duncan: Bausch & Lomb microscope, 1905 (1978.0982). Mrs. Arthur Wallace Dunn: official Navy correspondence, personal corre- spondence, and personal memorabilia of Comdr. Arthur W. Dunn, USN (Ret.) (1979.0291). W. Clyde Dunn: Polaroid Speedliner land camera in case with accessories (1979:0009). Willis H. duPont: 1855 Kellogg $50-gold-piece struck at San Franciso. (1978.- 2507). 524 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Christopher J. Durborow: Philco color television receiver, c. 1954 (1979.0494). William H. Duvall III and Betty Duvall Rigoli in memory of William H. Duvall, Jr.: 15 hand tools from the William H. Duvall Collection (1978.2235). Mrs. Richard F. Dwyer: woman's 2-piece designer suit, 1953 (1977.1176). Ira Dye: Astronomical calculating device used on Type 21 German U-boats, WW II, and carrying case (1979.2307). John I. H. Eales: Bacon and Co. single-shot pistol and flint "Lock" stamped "Tower" (1978.2332). Prescott Eaton: Fowler meo rifle with powder horn (314674.00). Barton M. Eckert: man's clothing items including a shirt, tie, shoes, and stock- ings (322628.00). Lucy E. Edens: fabric print of Santa Claus by Thomas Nast (1978.0848). Elizabeth Longmire Edinger: woman's stole and muff, c. 1900 (1977.1068). Mrs. Nat Edmonson: objects relating to Anti-ERA (1978.0459). Constantine Eisinger: horizontal boring machine (1978.2112). Cecil E. Ellis and Ted Farrell: painted wooden sign from the front of a tractor used in the American Agriculture Movement, January, 1979 (1979.0368). Harold W. Ellis: US Marine Corps Officer's uniform leather puttees, c. 1922 (1978.2419). Mrs. Dorothy Ellis: 13-star flag of the ship Bedford, c. 1780 (1977.0886). Major William K. Emerson, USA: 3 models of a bomb, spherical munition, and a bomblet (318008.00); experimental jacket, wide mesh (1977.0774). Irene R. Eno: woman's step-ins and chemise from 1930 (1979.0093). Bessie Powers Evans (through Clara Powers Basnight) : woman's 2-piece wed- ding dress from 1888 (1979.0062). Dr. and Mrs. Henry C. J. Evans: Hand balance, set of 6 weights, set of 5 weights, and a pocket compass (1978.2178). Elliot Evans: glass tumbler cut by the Eggington Rich Cut Glass Company, Corning, N.Y., c. 1899-1920 (1978.0841). Ever-Ready Lace and Textile Company (through Mrs. Faye Basow) : political emblems (1978.2128). Executive Design, Inc. (through E. T. Richards, Jr.) : Goldwater political jewelry consisting of a tie tac and a tie bar (1978.2127). Ada M. Fagin: toy bear by Steiff (1979.0287). Herbert I. and Robert E. Fahnestock: rubberized British seaman's protective suit, yellow coat and trousers (1979.0357). Irving S. Falk: US propaganda leaflets, WW II (1978.0183). Fargo Rubber Stamp Works (through C. M. Fossum) : political campaign but- tons from 1964 (1978.2139). Elizabeth Coonley Faulkner: linen napkin designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Avery Coonley House in 1908 (1978.0327). Albert Louis Feldstein: Button — "Wages for Housework" and poster — "March on the FBI/FBI out of Native American Nations" (1978.1080). Capt. William G. H. Finch, USN (Ret.): Finch facsimile machine (1979.0103). C. W. Fishbaugh: Victory Loan rubber stamp (1978.1007). Joseph C. Fisher: US Navy id tag worn by the donor, c. 1963-66 (1978.0253). Mrs. Ruth K. Fisher: beaded reticule of a scene with buildings, lake, and swans (1979.0105). Mrs. Anne M. Fitzsimmons: collection of 166 US and foreign zeppelin, cata- pult, and commercial covers and post cards, and 30 mint postage stamps from the Saar (1979.0080). Carolyn E. Fix: Prohibition and g.a.r. badges and ribbons (1978.0987). Mrs. Virginia S. Fledel: woman's designer 2-piece suit, 1944-45 (1977.1158). Millicent C. Fleming: woman's 2-piece designer suit and a purse from 1946 (1978.0425). Shelly Jayne Foote: Woman's jewelry including 1 brooch and 3 bracelets, and Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 525 woman's clothing items including a scarf, cap, brassiere, and panties (1979. 0076). Mrs. Gabrielle E. Forbush: 2 newspapers, a membership card, poster, campaign button, "Roosevelt" pin, and a booklet, all from the Franklin D. Roosevelt era (1978.2417). Harry J. Forman: Lithographic vignettes and related materials used mostly on financial documents (1978.0866). Paul Forman: 3 ticket stubs from "(Pl?)ayland at the Beach," San Francisco, California (1979.0194); bronze medal commemorating the Einstein Centennial Symposium held in Jerusalem in March 1979 (1979.0442). David R. Fox: RCA type RT-3A tape recorder (1978.0814). Grace Fox: collection of 27 pieces of nineteenth- and twentieth-century cloth- ing (1978.0583). Dr. Grace Fox and Mrs. Mary W. Fox Whittlesey: pair of knitted black silk mitts, infant's white-on-white embroidery dress, and tan twill weave shawl (1978.2533); woman's dress, cape, and hoop (1979.0088). The Foxboro Company (through Earle W. Pitt) : direct digital control panel for chemical processes (1979.0186). Anselm Frankel: 7 books of "war scrip" (1979.0392). The Franklin Mint Cor- poration (through Martin F. Walsh) : 2 sets of specimen banknotes from Northern Ireland (1978.1083); President Jimmy Carter's official inaugural medals in silver proof and bronze proof (1978.0802); original obverse plaster model and steel obverse and reverse dies for the Jimmy Carter Inaugural Medal, 1977. (1978.0803); 5 President Jimmy Carter inaugural medals, 1 "Official Inaugural Plate," and 1 "Inaugural Crystal Paperweight" (1978. 0804); specimen banknotes — States of Jersey (1978.2188); group of foreign specimen banknotes from Ghana, Gibraltar and Tonga (1978.2311); group of recent issues of Swaziland treasury notes (1978.2439) ; 11 silver commem- orative medals struck by The Franklin Mint (1978.2466); group of new issues of specimen banknotes from Mauritius (1978.2495); set of specimen bank- notes from Bahrain Islands (1979.0041); set of new specimen banknotes of the Dominican Republic (1979.0288); (through William J. Krieg) : 45 silver commemorative medals, 1 bronze commemorative medal, and 20 silver "in- gots" (1978.0867). French Cable Company (through Jacques Berenger) : telegraph pieces including lighting arrester, test bench, galvanometer scale, reversing switch, send- receive switch, telegraph key, test set, test switch, switch board, 4 switches, 3 test keys, 3 resistance boxes, and 2 galvanometers (1978.2346). Friendship Dedication: plastic license plate with legend "McGovern-Shriver/ Unite America" (1978.2242). Fruit Growers Express Company (through C. S. Hill) : model of refrigerator car, C. 1925 (1979.0319). Melinda Young Frye: dressmaker's drafting tool with instruction booklet (1977.0045). Mr. and Mrs. Daniel B. Fuller: woman's blouse, c. 1955 (320856. C2). Mrs. Edwin Gaines Fullinwider: woman's designer dress, 1947-57, and woman's designer two-piece suit, c. 1957 (1978.0451). Kenneth Fulton: Democratic National Committee objects from 1968 and 1972 including 3 pamphlets, 2 badges, 2 guidebooks, a photograph, and a sign (1978.0993). Galanos (through Verene B. Lane and Stanley Weaver) : woman's designer fall dress, 1977, and designer sketch, fall/winter 1977 (1978.0157). Galaxies Unlimited, Inc. (through Robert Weber) : Bicentennial presidential commemorative medals in silver and bronze (1977.0395). David L. Ganz: pattern piece in pure nickel for small-sized silver dollar (1978.- 2493); pattern piece in titanium for small-sized dollar (1978.2494). 526 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Frances Gardiner (through Stanley Weaver) : woman's 2-piece designer dress from 1959 and a woman's 3-piece ensemble from 1962 (1979.0064). Dr. Leslie N. Gay, Jr.: collection of medical items including metabulator ma- chine, ophthalmometer, medicine instrument cabinet, air compressor, blood- pressure testing apparatus, autoclave, centrifuge, incubator, 2 percussion hammers, tuning fork, aspirator, stethoscope, nasal speculum, 2 copper specimen traps, 2 ophthalmoscopes, throat illuminating apparatus, and a blood lancet (1979.0306). Mrs. Mary W. Geer: Geer color television tube (1978.0816). General Electric Company (through Cliff Rockwell) : telephone carrier test equipment (1978.0813). Mary D. Gentry: woman's suit, hat, and shoes, 1942-45 (1977.1168). Georgetown University in the name of the Donahue and Kelliher families (through Joseph A. Haller, S.J.) : woman's 2-piece dress, 1876-81 (1978.- 1004). The Georgian Lighting Studios, Inc. (through Judy K. Hymes and Sol Wein- traub) : miner's lamp and a kerosene lamp (1978.2497). John R. Gerwig, Jr.: pair of sardine scissors (1978.2490). Dr. Donald A. Glaser: xenon bubble chamber and 4 experimental glass bubble chambers (1977.0994); propane bubble chamber (1978.2168). Alexander Glass: 2 sets of Zeiss Standard Gauge Blocks, both with cases (1979.0190). Estate of Margrethe C. Goddin in memory of Commander John Morris Goddin (through Vincent D. Farrell and Robert J. Stapleton) : slave bill of sale, Richmond, November 14, 1850/$750 (1978.0850). Mr. and Mrs. Chaim Goldberg: 2 black-and-white engraved posters and 1 "Shtetl" engraving all by Chaim Goldberg (1979.0044). Carol Hirschler Goldstein and Samuel J. Goldstein, Jr.: rosewood flute and case made by Bohm and Mendler of Munich (1978.0613). Jose I. Gonzalez: Spanish Order of Military Merit medal, belonged to Eusta- quio Gonzalez (1978.0957). Harold E. Good: US Marine Corps enlisted man's winter field uniform with accessories, c. WW I (1979.0471). G. Dean Goodsell: 2 fabric panels from a satin dress (1978.2441). Alvin J. Gordon: octagonal platinum pocket watch with platinum watch chain (1978.2103). Jane T. Gotwols (through Miss Elizabeth Edinger) : 2 woman's hats, 1955-62 (1978.0452). From the Collection of Dr. and Mrs. Wilbur J. Gould: 40 pieces of scrimshaw (1978.0052). Josephine C. Graff: woman's 2-piece designer suit, 1950-51, and 2 hats, 1950-53 (1977.1070). Lt. Comdr. Edwin G. Graham (Ret.): 9 US plate blocks autographed by gen- erals and admirals of WW II (1979.0227). Mr. and Mrs. Robert W. Grant: WW II items including Japanese national flag, American downed-pilot recognition flag, Japanese gun elevation plate, 2 Japanese nomenclature plates, and 3 Japanese shell casings (1978.2257). Gray Communications Consultants, Inc. (through Thomas J. Sabiston, Jr.) : TV camera, control rack, and 2 power supplies (1978.0857). The Great American Picture Company, Inc (through Lynn Goldsmith) : lino- leum block and linoleum cut entitled On the Beach by Margaret Burroughs (1978.0811). Green Duck Company (through Kenneth S. Mirza) : political campaign ma- terial from 1964 including 4 clips, 21 buttons, a medal, plaque, and bumper sticker (1978.2131). Louis C. Green: celestial globe, J. Wilson & Sons, 1826 (1979.0203). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 527 Julius Gregory: political campaign medal, 1840 (1978.2165). Mrs. Leontine Grialon: als letter from Thomas Hey Usher to his mother, 1862 (1978.0950). George W. Groom: German porcelain cup and saucer, German porcelain litho- phane lamp, Austrian porcelain trembleuse cup and saucer, European por- celain lithophane gas or electric bulb shade, European glass bud vase, Euro- pean porcelain cup and saucer, and a pressed glass fairy lamp (1979.0599). Ruth and Robert Gruenberg: 4 milk bottles, c. 1940, from Thompson's Dairy, Washington, D.C. (1979.0056). Mabel B. Gudgell: woman's 2-piece designer suit (1978.1066). Dorothy Guimaraes (through Dona Guimaraes) : memo tablet (1978.0164). Government of the Republic of Guinea: 6 mint and 6 used postage stamps of Guinea (1978.2253). Edith M. Gullett (through Martin J. Murtagh) : US emblem, button, badges, pin, and 2 medals (296665. C2). Edward C. Gumprecht: Mary Todd Lincoln Plate, early twentieth century (1979.0181). Wilma I. Gurney: Union League of America certificate (1979.0531). Dr. William Haddon, Jr.: wooden flat shovel, hay hook, sun plane, corn chop- per, hay saw, bung borer, branding iron, ice hook, food chopper, horn plane, Dutch plane, cooper's adze, reel winder, sugar devil, flail, lumberstick, gruls hoe, pea scythe, wooden log caliper, and a peevy hook (1978.2375). Mrs. Maxine H. Hall: oil painting of 5.S. Alianca by Antonio Jacobson (1978.- 2218). Robert L. Halvorson: 2 pairs of earphones and a listening station for ear- phones used in listening to Watergate tapes, microphone used by Alexander Butterfield as witness in the impeachment inquiry of Richard M. Nixon, and a plaque which reads "This device was used at impeachment inquiry OF R. M. NIXON . . . SECOND WATERGATE TRIAL Nov.-Dec. 1974" (1978.2416). Joyce E. Hamula: Anti-ERA buttons (Pro-Family) (1978.0844). Mrs. Mary Ellen Handwork: carpet stretcher (1978.2335). Dorothy K. Handy: 1852 Winfield Scott kerchief (1978.0859). Morton W. Harmel: 234 US covers posted on board US naval ships, and 7 miscellaneous covers relating to the US Navy (1979.0558). James W. Harper: cartridge and 4 accessory pouches (1978.2463). Elizabeth Harris: color photolithographs (1978.1044). Michael R. Harris: man's coat, c. 1965 (1978.0662). April J. and Dennis M. Harrison: ship's bell from the USS Guadalcanal, 1943 (1978.2292). Edward R. Harrison: audio-visual political campaign memorabilia (1978.2192). Edward R. and Marion L. Harrison: hotel key with brass fob, inscribed "Orn- dorff Hotel/34/Tucson, Ariz." (1979.0196). Hartland Vermont Historical Society (through Leslie F. Motschman) : booklet, Hartland, the Way If Was 1761-1976 (1979.0325). Mrs. Walter M. Hartman: woman's designer suit and woman's designer 2-piece suit both from c. 1944 (1977.1149). Elinor G. Hayes: yearbook from Bates College, Lewiston, Maine, with com- mencement program for July 1, 1880 (1979.0455). Hannah L. Hayes, BD nurse's pocket surgical kit, 7 clinical thermometers, a bath thermometer, surgical saw, and a trocar (1978.2357). Fairlie Lane Haynes (through Mrs. Homer Waitstill Orvis) : white and gold porcelain cake plate which belonged to President and Mrs. Tyler (1979. 0382). Hearst Corporation, Hearst Metrotone News (through John D. May) : Eyemo motion picture camera with 3 lenses and accessories, Arriflex II-C motion picture camera with 3 lenses and accessories, J. M. Wall motion picture 528 / Smithsonian Year 1979 camera with 5 lenses and accessories, film magazines, optical amplifier and Akeley Cyro tripod for Wall camera, and an Akeley Cyro tripod for Arri- flex camera (1979.0115). Mr. and Mrs. Raymond J. Hebert: group of Islamic and European coins (320707.00); collection of United States and foreign notes and other finan- cial documents (1978.0829); group of United States and foreign medals, badges, tokens, and coins (1977.0450). Frances Held: sheet music — Woman Suffrage song entitled "Votes for Women Suffrage Rallying Song" (1978.2141). Joseph Henchel: pin — "American Women's Voluntary Services," arm band — "United War/Work Campaign," bumper sticker — "Welcome Home/POWS," and "A Coin History of the Presidents" (1978.0986). Provie L. Henderson: blacksmith's hand hammer (1978.2277). Jane and Mary Henle: collection of 30 pairs of opera glasses, 25 with carry- ing pouches, and 1 extra case (1978.2216). William K. Henson: cans of peach jam (1977.0571); US Navy enlisted man's blue flat hat, c. 1913-41 (1978.0131); US Army 4 buckle Arties, 1943 (1978.- 0835); Spencer rifle cartridge (1979.0486). Rochambeau A. Herosian: 32 cartridges, machine gun bullet, shotgun shell casing, projectile, shell casing, rifle cartridge clip, and a "D" ring handle from reserve parachute (1978.2473). Sue Hestor: 4 issues of "The McCarthy Advance" newspaper from August 1968 (1979.0435). Mrs. Donald F. Hilderbrandt II: woman's designer dress, 1947-52 (1977.1156). Louis Hill and Allen R. Salfer: US postage stamp commemorating Mariner lO's visit to Venus and Mercury with missing colors, 1975 (1978.2153). Ernest G. and Ruth I. Hinck: 20-star US flag, official date 1818-20 (1979.0292). Mrs. Laural Buxton Hobbes: copy of photograph of Dr. John Gorrie, made by Fabian Bachrach of Boston (1978.2430). Kemp B. Hobbs, Jr.: Chesapeake Ferry Company ticket from 1933, program bulletin for George Washington Bicentennial in New York, and a pass, itinerary and silk ribbon all used for a visit to Wakefield on February 22, 1932 (1978.0060). Robert Hodges: group of US broken banknotes (1978.2364). Mrs. Frank Hodson: invitation from the Mayor of Boston to meet Her Majesty Queen Kapiolani and Her Royal Highness The Princess Liliuokalani of the Hawaiian Islands, dated May 1887 (1979.0438). Dr. Stanton S. Hoechstetter in memory of Mrs. Bertha B. Hoechstetter: tin- glazed earthenware dish in form of a shell upon a coral twig stand (1979.- 0012). Lt. Col. George A. Hoffman, USA (Ret.): WW II period Japanese and US Army equipment, and Australian insignia (1978.0958). John N. Hoffman: Republican National Convention ticket for June 1924 (1979. 0123). Holiday Tie Company: black necktie with elephant and "Goldwater '64" (1978.1092). Adeline L. Holleran: woman's dress and collar from 1860 (1979.0090). The Hollerith Family (through Elisabeth C. Hollerith) : No. 1 Panoram-Kodak panoramic camera manufactured by Eastman Kodak Co. (1978.1034). Helen R. Holmes in memory of Elsie R. Worrall: woman's 2-piece wedding dress, 1889, and a woman's petticoat, c. 1889 (1977.0892). Donald W. Hoist: German entrenching carriers, c. WW I (323539.00). Mrs. Mildry S. Hopper: toy dog (1978.2105). Mrs. John F. Houck: 20 plates and 8 plaques. Continental European porcelain with birds of the states, hand-painted by the donor (1979.0256). Rolland O. Hower: carton of 25 7.62 mm ball cartridges (1979.0283). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 529 Richard H. Rowland : 3 woman's jabots, a woman's collar, a woman's collar and cuff set, and a man's combination (1977.1160); "Shopping list" note- book (1977.1160.C3); X Piano Taboret by L. Postawka (1978.2378); 33 pieces of early twentieth-century woman's jewelry (1979.0337). A. W. Huebner: wooden tripod, Premo film pack tank, Eastman plate tank, and a Baby Brownie Special camera (1979.0007). Hughes Aircraft Company, Research Laboratories (through Dr. Robert L. Forward and George F. Smith) : set of 9 technical journals, "Hughes Aircraft Company Technical Journals" (1979.0129). Hunt-Ragan, Inc.: Goldwater campaign eyeglasses (1978.1091). Harry Hunter: cartridge carton and 3 M1911 caliber .45 match cartridges (1978.2468). Immaculata School (through Sister Mary Olive O'Connell and Sister Mary Dempsey, S.P.) : 2 Corona typewriters, 1 Remington typewriter, and a Dalton adding, listing, and calculating machine (1978.2479). INA Corporation (through William A. Slugg) : oil painting of clipper ship Young America (1979.0525). Indiana State University, Department of Physics (through Mark Branham) : surveyor's Vernier compass (1979.0649). Mary Inman: pamphlet. The Two forms of Production Under Capitalism; journal issue. The Political Affairs Journal; flier. Credit Women Without Discrediting Men; flier. In Woman's Defense; leaflet. Facts for Women; book. In Woman's Defense, by Mary Inman (1978.1038). Institute for Studies in Equality (through Anita M. Miller) : book. Women's Rights and the Law, and 2 issues of the magazine Equal Rights Monitor (1978.2339). Intermedics Intraocular, Inc. (through Larry M. Wigent) : ophthalmological collection including 2 contact lens starter care kits, contact lens care kit, and 9 intraocular lens demonstration models (1979.0469). International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades (through S. Frank Raftery) : labor union membership card and labor union book entitled Con- stitution General Laws and Trade Rules of Carpet, Linoleum and Tile Work- ers Union Local No. 1 (1979.0198). Evelyn D. Irish: girl's dress, 1860-75 (1977.1189). Loretta M. Irwin: man's clothing items from 1938 including a formal suit, for- mal shirt, collar, collar stud, bow tie, pair of socks, and gloves (315474.00). State of Israel, Ministry of Communications (through Director General): 6 First Day covers, 14 used postage stamps, and 1 mint postage stamp, all 1978 of Israel (1979.0142); Ministry of Posts: 17 Israeli First Day covers issued in 1977 and 1978 (1978.2300). J. A. Industries (through S. P. Mallett) : 5 Mystic Grip Discs with 1964 political campaign slogans (1978.2125). Jack-Bilt Corporation (through Marshall Hughes, Jr.): political campaign items including 8 stickers, 3 paper banners, and a bumper sticker (1978.2126). Emma Bee Jackson: photographs, news articles, and a booklet concerning Emma B. Manchester, Supreme Guardian of the Woodmen's Circle (1978.- 2121). Mrs. Ewell Y. Jackson: boy's WW II civilian bombardier outfit, 1944 (1978.- 0456); toy truck (1978.1062). Carl H. Jaeschke: group of US tokens used by merchants, coal mines, and transportation companies (1977.0444); collection of US military tokens used in Vietnam (1977.0445). The Bank of Japan (through Haruaki Hayakawa) : 2 100-yen specimen coins dated 1976, commemorating the fiftieth anniversary of Emperor Hirohito's accession to the throne (1978.2313). Lorena E. Jennings: 1898 certificate of Civil War service (1978.0959). 530 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Arthur Jensen: fan, "Keep Cool With Me and Take Me Home From — " (1978.- 0965). Doris S. and William M. Jimison: 2 ingrain carpet fragments (1979.0166). Joseph P. Jodoin: factual chart of WW II Asiatic-Pacific Operations (1978.- 2164). Johnson City Bicentennial Committee (through Frank A. Tannewitz) : bronze Bicentennial medal issued by donor (1978.2350). Charles E. Johnson: 3 Finnish commemorative medals (1979.0202); china plate bearing a color transfer of Washington's tomb (1978.2243). Eleanor M. Johnson: woman's 2-piece designer suit (1977.1090). Gary Johnson: etching, Stonybrook, by the donor (1979.0296). Lloyd E. and Margaret Ann Johnston: corkscrew spigot (1978.1063). Mrs. Diana D. Jones, Anna W. Knapp, and Mrs. Babette R. Woodruff in mem- ory of Frank Knapp: Scharf Schutzen Trophy and a collection of 16 medals presented to Frank Knapp (1978.2432). Holmes Ed Jones: oil painting depicting early days in the Spindletop Oil Fields (1978.2279). Mrs. Jewell Jones: china plate used on the train which carried President Franklin D. Roosevelt to San Francisco in 1942 (1979.0055). Virginia C. Jones (through H. McCoy Jones) : oil can, globe, 24 Christmas lights and 10 duplicate lights (1978.0571); 2 toiletry bottles with caps and 4 Christmas tree candle lamps (1978.0571). George E. Jordan: silver tea spoon and silver fork (1978.0547). Margaret F. Joy: woman's 2-piece designer wedding suit, 1944 (1977.1169). Jerome F. Kapp: man's shoes, c. 1946 (1979.0485). June C. Karamessines and Vera C. Parmiter: South Carolina ten-pound note, June 1, 1775 (1978.0935). Mrs. Elizabeth de B. Karrick: 4 knives, spindle, carving fork, carving knife, and a steel (1978.0610); 19 glass items of late-nineteenth-early-twentieth- century origin, mainly American, 1 ceramic salt dish by Lenox, Inc., Tren- ton, N. J., and 9 porcelain handled knives, late nineteenth or twentieth century, Austria (1978.0840). Jessie W. Karsted: 2 woman's 2-piece designer suits (1977.1153). Lucille D. Kaufman: boy's coat, trousers, and shoes (1979.0094); boy's clothing items including 2 shirts, a 3-piece suit, a tie, and a pair of shoes (1979.0479). Margaret C. Kaylor: 2 man's designer shirts, 1950-59 (1977.1088). A. C. Keller: Western Electric rubber line electrical recorders (1978.2539). Priscilla R. Kelley (through Miner D. Crary, Jr., Esquire) : white porcelain vase and cover, jar-shaped, made by Adelaide Alsop Robineau in 1910 (1979.- 0104). Frances A. and Roger G. Kennedy: Japanese porcelain place setting (6 pieces of the 60's editions) for a dinner service designed by Frank Lloyd Wright for the Imperial Hotel in Tokyo, c. 1922 (1979.0591). Sally A. Kenney: man's overcoat, 1954 (1979.0086). Verna Rudd Kenvin and Joan Weekes Smith: paper bill from 1799 (323619.00). James W. Kerr: 6 full sheets of US Christmas seals (600 objects), 335 mis- cellaneous Christmas seals, 3 full sheets of Easter seals (254 objects), 136 progressive proofs of US Christmas seals, 1 Danish Christmas seal on cover, and 1 Danish Christmas seal on postcard (1979.0225). James R. Ketchum: anti-Nixon poster produced in 1968 by the afl-cio (1978. 2422). Jane M. Kindle and Sarah M. Moore: woman's designer dress and woman's hat from 1947 (1977.1157). Margaret Brown Klapthor: green and white china plate with teddy bears going to the White House and a pamphlet entitled My Mother's Gold Ring (1979.- 0849); 4 American Red Cross pins. Subordinate Grange manual, and a USA Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 531 War Ration Book from WW II (1978.1096); handout from the Capitol Hill Chapter of the National Organization for Women (1978.2217). Robert Lee Klinger: WW II Pro Kit, unopened, 1945 issue (1978.2177); 1 Japa- nese slide rule in dark brown leather case (1978.2289); pin from the Young Men's Blaine Club, "25th Anniversary 1884-1909" (1979.0505). Carolyn Berhard Knapp: woman's 2-piece designer suit, 1949 (1977.1170). Emma C. P. Knapp: painted and carved lunette (1978.1069). Dr. Eugene Knez: album of unused Korean postage stamps issued during 1970 (1978.2159). Grand Encampment of Knights Templar of the United States of America (through Paul C. Rodenhauser) : Knights of Templar badges (1978.0940). Edward A. and Jean A. Kohl: shipping articles of the private armed hermaph- rodite brig Prince de Neufchatel, and articles of agreement between the owners and crew of the private arrqed vessel the brig Prince de Neufchatel (1978.2467). Roland A. and Saga L. Kollbeck: man's clothing items including 5 pairs of socks, 3 bow ties, cap, gloves, ski pants, ski jacket, ski boots, ski goggles, 2-piece hunting outfit, a pair of shorts, pair of ice skates, pair of stockings, and a shirt, and woman's clothing items including a cap, pair of overshoes, and a pair of shoes, and a pair of girl's shoes (309462.00). Irving Kolodin: RCA record player, c. 1949, and Columbia record player, c. 1948 (1978.0824). Elmer R. Koppelmann: Carter bust peanut container (1978.1009). Robert Korver: 10-dollar banknote of the Jefferson County Bank, Watertown, New York, dated January 4, 1830 (1978.2314). Amelia Pachmayer Koski: woman's wedding dress and hat from 1940, and a woman's 2-piece dress from 1937 (1977.1065). Sandy Koufax: "Rawlings" baseball glove used by donor (1979.0530). Mrs. Marion Kramer: book. Women of the War, 1866 (1978.0581). Mrs. Genevieve Kratzer in memory of Einar A. Johnson: WW II bar pin with the letter "E" (1979.0440). William K. Krutz: 1 Post Versalog slide rule and instruction manual (1978.- 0800). Jeanne E. Kulp: toy, "Felix the Cat" (1978.1067). Frederick E. Kusiak in memory of the family of Alma and Joseph Kusiak (through Judith S. Patch): WW I posters (1978.0401); 3 WW I recruiting posters (1978.0638). Cameron J. LaClair, Jr.: 2 molds for casting toy soldiers and a ladle for pour- ing molten lead (1978.2450). The Lagonda Printing Company (through John E. Harwood) : coasters with likeness of John F. Kennedy and a set of 7 placemats depicting events in US history (1978.2196). Elizabeth Tyler Lane (through Mrs. Homer W. Orvis) : silver sugar tongs which belonged to President John Tyler and Letitia Christian Tyler (1979.- 0699). John Langer: cornet by the Boston Musical Instrument Manufactory with period case (1978.0517). I. B. Laskowitz: variable delivery pump or blower, experimental model (1979.- 0464). Mrs. Edith M. Lawall: William Hall and Son guitar, Gibson mandolin, guitar and tenor banjo — all items with cases (1978.0845). Benjamin T. Layton, ETC USAR Retired: WW I identity card (1978.0637). League of Women Voters (through Davida Kristy) : 2 era T-shirts (1978.0557). Mrs. Dorothy M. Leatham: steam gauge valve plate from the USS Maine, 1898 (1978.1098). 532 / Smithsonian Year 1979 John H. Leckenby: push-button telephone dial (1978.2366). Lehigh University, Department of Chemistry (through Professor Frederick M. Fowkes) : Spencer spectroscope, Coleman University spectrophotometer, Coleman Jr. spectrophotometer, Beckman pH meter, Beckman oxygen ana- lyzer, and accessories for these instruments (1979.0432). L. E. Leininger: collection of wooden box ends and boxes (approximately 475) (1979.0441). Mrs. John Lemp: 4 panels of embroidered curtains and an unfinished panel of an embroidered curtain (1979.0498). Lenox China, Inc. (through Robert J. Sullivan) : porcelain plate, ninth in the limited edition birds series, "Mockingbirds" (1978.2263); porcelain plate in the limited edition 'Woodland Wildlife Series— Whitetail Deer" (1978.0838). Mrs. Clyde B. Leonard: pay order form from the Washington Office of Dis- count and Deposit (1979.0477). Mrs. Sara L. Lepman in memory of Dr. Harry Lepman: political campaign commemorative ribbons, badges, etc. (1978.0590); broadside, campaign litho- graph, flier, corn flakes box, equality button 1903, oval cardboard sign, bronze donkey, and Van Buren-Adams ballot (1978.0591); collection of po- litical memorabilia including broadsides, posters, cartoons, sheet music, pamphlets, ballots, comic books, tickets, window stickers, bumper stickers, postcards, caps, hats, cloth items, and campaign objects (1979.0215). Alice N. and Peter R. Levin: 168 scenic post cards, c. 1900 (1978.0801). Ruth S. Levinson: woman's clothing items including 4 designer dresses and 2 purses (1979.0069). C. Theodore Lewis: peeled splint broom made by the donor (1978.0381). Mrs. Grace Elaine Lewis: photograph of the "Big Three" at Potsdam, invita- tion to the Misses Tiffany from Mrs. Wm. H. Taft, and an announcement from President and Mrs. Wilson of the marriage of their daughter (1979.- 0350). Mabel E. Lewis and Viola Lewis Allen: 2 girl's muffs, c. 1874-75, and a box, c. 1874-75 (1978.0047). Andree Lindow: woman's clothing items including 5 hats, 2 dresses, 3-piece ensemble, 2-piece suit, blouse, coat, pair of shoes, and a pair of stockings (1978.0651). H. L. Lindquist Publications, Inc.: 874 assorted First Day covers, special can- cels, used and unused postal cards, locally issued souvenir cards, and used postage stamps of the world (1979.0487); 1462 US and foreign philatelic items (1979.0297); 1346 US and foreign philatelic items (1979.0347); 1331 assorted First Day covers, special events covers, and used postage stamps of the world (1979.0454); 520 assorted covers and postage stamps of the world (1979.0642); 1497 US and foreign philatelic items (1979.0692); (through Frederic A. Lambert) : collection of United States gold coins (1977.- 0412); collection of United States gold coins (1978.0868). Mrs. Patricia A. Lipman: Resurrection City items including photographs, bro- chures, handouts, newspapers, buttons, and posters (1978.1093). Geraldine C. M. Livingston and Mary Livingston Ripley: woman's Whipper- in outfit, man's daytime Master of Hounds regalia, evening Master of Hounds coat. Matador regalia, and 9 other costume items (1978.0454). Mrs. Edward J. Loewenthal: silver meat fork by Falick Novick (1978.2333). Ethel F. Loewer in memory of Bettie Jo Van Horn: woman's mourning ring, 1829 (1978.2445). Rebecca Pollard Logan: woman's designer dress, 1953 (1979.0068). Helen R. and James W. Long: Climax gas making machine including air pump, gas mixer, index clock, and a set of direction sheets (1978.0787). Dave Longhofer: political ballots (1978.1047). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 533 Mr. Loring: red earthenware vase, c. 1876, red earthenware vase impressed "Chicago Terra Cotta Works, 1876," and a brownish-red earthenware nurs- ery kettle and stand (1979.0501). Mrs. Walter Louchheim: printed cotton fabric — Liberty of London and needle- point lace (320014.00). LaVerne Love: booklet and program for the Convention of the National Coun- cil of Negro Women (1978.2340). Richard O. Lovering: sea chest, 1843 and a needle case containing 6 needles (1979.0412). Mrs. Anna Martin Lowe on behalf of her husband, Gerald Lowe, Jr.: letter from George Washington dated August 13, 1780, to Major Benjamin Tall- madge (1978.2276). Tom Lowenstein and Mrs. Hanna Wildenberg: a mint and used collection of philatelic specimens of the world (1979.0541). George K. Lucey: "Original Odhner" calculator with instruction booklet (1978.2290). Lynell Medical Technology Inc. (through Stanley Poler) : intraocular lens and insertional tool kit (1979.0465). Robert MacKellar: 2 reciprocating steam engines (1978.2317). Mrs. Grace B. Madison: blanket, brown with striped borders (1978.2406). Mr. and Mrs. Frank R. Magan: book on the USS Leviathan of WW I (1979.- 0447). Porter Capps Main and Frances C. Robinson: man's 2-piece suit, 1937-1939, and man's 3-piece suit, 1920 (1977.0178). Alexander Maish: boy's clothing including a 2-piece suit, trousers, and a shirt, all c. 1920 (1979.0085). Mr. and Mrs. James E. Mallard, Jr.: A. S. Aloe Company wye level (1979.- 0584). Bonnie Dow Mallory: dinner plate and an oval relish dish from a service of porcelain made by the Paris firm of "Rihouet, Rue de la Paix" (1979.0466). Harry L. Mangerich: 48 airmail and 49 postage stamps from Afghanistan, all unused (1978.2160). Jean A. Mann: porcelain snuff bottle with ivory spoon and a porcelain Blanc de Chine plate both made by donor (1978.2437). Darwin R. Martin: 28 WW I and WW II period posters (1978.2348). S. Stephen Marvin: Deacon's Synchronological Chart, universal history in 7 languages, London (1978.2362). University of Maryland, Department of Physics (through John S. Toll) : gravi- tational radiation antenna (1979.0563). Massachusetts IWY Coordinating Committee (through Mrs. Anne Barron) : report — Women at Home in the World, brochure, delegates packet which includes handouts, activity schedules, and posters, all relating to the Massa- chusetts observance of IWY (1978.1029). Genevieve D. and Harold B. Master: broadside of "The President's Prayer," offered by President Eisenhower at his inauguration January 20, 1953, and a brochure giving the history of the broadside (1978.0574). Mr. and Mrs. Marvin Mayberry: electric lawn mower (1979.0204). Edith P. Mayo: petition. League of Women Voters Education Fund "Presi- dential Debates: Equal Time for Issues" (1978.0990). David R. McCann: coat tree and hat rack by Utilatree Products, Inc. (1978.- 1016). McClatchy Newspapers (through C. K. McClatchy) : newspaper and printing plate of the front page of "The Sacramento Bee" bearing the story of an assassination attempt on the life of President Ford (1979.0177). Margaret A. McCorkle: woman's designer hat, 1942-1952 (1979.0084). 534 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Emmett McDonald: personal store cards of the donor (1978.2337). George J. McDonald: G. E. electric refrigerator, c. 1927(1978.0831). Frances McFerran: tintype of donor's parents and grandparents standing in front of log cabin, taken May 1890 (1978.2403). James M. and Reathie L. McKee: Edison electric D.C. motor (1979.0430). Dr. Edwin McMillan: Lauritsen electroscope and recording of McMillan syn- chrotron (1878.2174). Mrs. William McMillan: 8 WW II posters, "Careless Talk Costs Lives" series by the artist Fougasse (1978.2379). Robert T. McNamara: silver medals struck and issued by Heraldic Art, Cleve- land, Ohio (1977.0439). Tom O. Means: two-burner kerosene stove (1979.0169). Medallic Art Company (through William T. Louth) : group of 87 medals struck before 1976 by Medallic Art Company (1978.2427); (through Donald A. Schwartz): Inaugural medal of President Gerald Ford (1978.0927); Nelson Aldrich Rockefeller Vice Presidential Inaugural Medal (1978.0928); silver "Bicentennial Calendar Medal" (1978.0979); silver "Bicentennial Year Cal- endar Medal" (1978.2465). Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center (through Glenn A. Wesselman): first betatron designed and fabricated specifically for cancer treatment and medi- cal research (1978.2361). Mrs. Elaine Fine Menszer: electrified eye examining chart (1979.0221). Roger J. Merritt: 2 one-cent tokens issued by the donor in Miami Beach, Florida (1979.0610). Evelyn M. Meyer: cast-iron coffee mill (1978.1072). Mrs. Marian C. Mickelwait: 71 Royal Copenhagen Christmas plates and 56 Bing and Grondahl Christmas plates, all from Denmark (1979.0587). Mrs. Arnold Miles: 1 bronze lapel pin and 5 paperback books (1979.0122). Mrs. R. L. Miles: woman's 2-piece wedding suit and wedding hat from 1944 (1977.1173). Wyndham Miles, M.D. : death mask made of white plaster (1978.2328). Mrs. Albert L. Miller: Roosevelt button, 1942, and war production board pin, 1942 (1978.2114). Dorothea S. Miller in memory of Frank C. Miller: golf bag and clubs used by the donor's husband during the 1920's (1979.0197). Mr. and Mrs. Elmer M. Miller: group of United States fractional currency notes and other currencies (1978.0869). Mrs. J. Brown Miller: woman's wedding items from 1946 including a designer 2-piece suit, shoes, and a hat (1977.1167). Mr. and Mrs. Joseph F. Miller: Atlas Designed to Illustrate the Geography of the Heavens, Elijah Burritt (1979.0027). Marguerite G. and Hugh Miller, Jr.: woman's clothing items including step-ins, brassiere, gloves, stockings, and a dress, boy's drawers and 2-piece suit, and an infant's cap (1978.0070). Ruth A. Ming: 13 drafting instruments (1978.2110). Myrna Lynn Minna: Woman's designer dress, 1950 (1977.1174). Mrs. Bettie Mintz: 2 pairs of cotton stockings (1978.2408). The C. J. Mitchell Company, Inc. (through Lloyd W. Olcott) : political cam- paign sign (1978.2140). Faye Mizell: woman's designer suit, 1942 (1978.0059). Robert L. Mohlenkamp: oil canning sealing machine and a hand embossing sealer (1978.2281). Government of Monaco, Office des Emissions de Timbres-Posts (through M. H. Chiavassa) : 136 mint postage stamps, 11 used postage stamps, 4 mint sou- venir sheets, and 16 precanceled postage stamps, all of Monaco (1979.0144). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 535 Donna Moore: calendar, "Sisters Sol Screens" (1978.0286). Dr. F. Morgan: New Jersey cent, 1787 (1979.0346). Midshipman Richard Andrew Morgan: US Navy submarine patrol badge worn by donor, c. 1978 (1978.0952). Mrs. G. Morgenstern: copy of the Chicago Daily News, Chicago Today, an envelope from "Office of The President-Elect/Richard M. Nixon," advertise- ment for drinks "Johnson Juice" and "Goldwater," card of acknowledgment of support signed by Richard Nixon, letter to Mrs. Morgenstern from Richard Nixon, letter to Mrs. Marrisay from Women's Division of the Democratic National Campaign committee. Republican Congressional Com- mittee Newsletter, and 7 postcards with scenes in Washington, D.C. (1978.- 1085). Peter Morse: mint postage stamps; 4 of Albania, 2 of Epirus, 17 of Turkey, and 25 used postage stamps of Turkey (1979.0127). Owen D. Mort, Jr.: group of oriental coins and related objects (1978.0991); Umayyad die (1978.2155); group of Sasanid and Sasanid-like coins (1978.- 2156); group of Indian coins (1978.2158). Mrs. Jean Moss: five-armed candelabrum, probably Venetian (1978.2179). Sherrill and William B. Mozey, Jr.: Spanish officer's sword, framed photo- graph of soldier taken at Fort Henry in 1915, and a handwritten message taken from the hilt of the sword (1979.0514). Dennis P. Mroczkowski: 2 US ignition fuzes and 1 US mine fuze (1978.2492). Kathryn Murdock: whole-plate tintype photograph, hand-colored (1978.2225). Mrs. Ray D. Murphy: 31-star US flag, said to have been made by the donor's grandmother during the Civil War (1978.2223). Roland Murphy: US Marine Corps Officer's uniform items (1977.0821). Mrs. John H. Murray: 1 game of fortune, 1 pack of fortune cards, 2 packs of playing cards, and 1 Mah Jong game all dating from the 1920's (1978.2451); sheet of parchment with the heading: "the united states of America, de- partment OF THE navy" acknowledges the loan of a pair of binoculars in response to the Navy's appeal for "Eyes for the Navy" during WW I, a bowl with pale green printed decoration on a cream ground with the in- scription "Temperance and Industry; Industry pays debts," mark, "Adams," small cream colored earthenware plate inscribed "Band of Hope" at the top and "Signing the pledge" at the bottom, cup and saucer — cup has "G. Washington" on one side and in the center of the saucer is "1774 Congress 1874," "Martha Washington Cook Book" prepared for the 1932 observance, book by Roxana B. Doran titled "Prohibition Punches," and a photograph (1979.0562); 30 pieces of glass and ceramics (mostly English) (1979.0652). James A. Muscarella: sign, reverse painting on glass — "J. A. Muscarella. Ph.D., Lilly, Pharmaceuticals and Biologicals" (1979.0185). Chester Myers (through Richard M. Miller) : US postal stationery, postal cards, picture post cards, meter impressions and precancelled stamp collec- tion (1978.0559). Susan H. Myers: porcelain insulator made in Trenton, New Jersey (1978.2426). E. J. Myerson: Lincoln Model 50 record turn table (1978.0817). Dr. Perham C. Nahl: 192 US first flight covers from 8 different air mail routes (1979.0099). National Academy of Sciences (through Jean R. St. Clair) : dissectoscope con- tained in wooden case, Carl Zeiss manufacturer (1978.2382). The National Commemorative Society (through William F. Krieg) : silver medals, issues #137 through #146, issued by The National Commemorative Society serial no. 3 (1977.0415). National Society Children of the American Revolution (through James H. Johnson): percussion rattle instrument (1979.0160). 536 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Anna and Mortimer L. Neinken: group of mostly Greek, Greek Colonial, and Roman coins (1978.0864). Mortimer L. Neinken: reverse die for the Columbian Exposition commemora- tive half dollar, 1892 (1977.0411); group of Judaean coins (1978.2487); uni- face trial striking of the James Madison medal by Fuerst (1978.2488); specimen banknote engraving produced by Tanner, Kearney and Tiebout in Philadelphia, c. 1815 (1977.0408); receipt for one million dollars in bonds signed by David Rittenhouse (1977.0409). Jan Nelson: era drinking mug and buttons (1978.0967). Government of The Netherlands, Netherlands Postal and Telecommunications Service (through Dr. A. W. Van Ommeren) : mint souvenir sheet and 41 mint postage stamps of The Netherlands (1978.2251); (through J. D. Smeets) : 6 mint postage stamps, 4 mint semi-postal stamps, and a mint souvenir sheet all of The Netherlands (1979.0145). Linda Taylor Nettleton and Nancy Whistler: Colorado State IWY meeting materials including 5 handouts, a pamphlet, and a poster (1978.1081). Georg Neumann GmbH (through Gotham Audio Corporation) : Neumann U-47 microphone (1977.1096). New England Rare Coin Galleries (through Edgar B. Phillips) : North Caro- lina Bill of Credit for 3 pounds, 1729 (1977.0451). Government of New Zealand, Philatelic Bureau, Post Office (through A. J. Murray): 11 mint postage stamps of New Zealand (1979.0146); First Day cover, mint souvenir sheet, and 19 mint postage stamps, all of New Zealand (1978.2265). Clinton T. Newby: Amsler integrator with instruction booklet (1978.1095). Mrs. Peter H. Newby in memory of her son Peter Henry Newby (through Mr. and Mrs. John J. McManus): baby's rattle (1978.0304). Mary Burke Nicholas : New York state IWY meeting T-shirt and poster (1978.- 0954). Mr. and Mrs. Louis A. Nick: paperhanging tools used professionally by Louis A. Nick (1979.0307). Government of Niue, Niue Post Office (through L. Douglas) : First Day cover, 2 mint souvenir sheets, 2 mint postage stamps, and 8 used postage stamps all of Niue (1978.2255); 1 First Day cover, 2 used postage stamps, and 10 mint postage stamps, all of Niue (1979.0147). Janice A. Noack: Cine-Kodak magazine 8 camera and No. 1-A Kodak folding rollfilm camera (1979.0008). Noble Popcorn Farms, Inc. (through Alan Vast) : "GOP" elephant coin bank produced for 1964 campaign (1978.2129). Anne Noggle: 4 untitled silver print photographs by Anne Noggle (1979.0045). Mrs. Helen Meredith Norcross: collection of 199 Norcross greeting cards (1978.0439). Norsk Teknisk Museum (through Torleif Lindtveit) : Lieben electron tube and Weinstrom dynamo (1978.0833). Government of Norway, Postens Generaldirektorat: Souvenir folder, 4 First Day covers, and 14 mint postage stamps (1978.2294); 2 First Day covers, 1 unexploded booklet, and 3 mint postage stamps, all of Norway (1979.- 0148). Mrs. Nora C. O'Brien: Teddy bear postcard dated 1907 (1978.2423). Robert Oehmig and Mrs. W. H. Oehmig: mustard mill model (1979.0223). Frank A. Ognibene: scrotal truss (1978.2220). Earl C. Oler (through Mrs. Ruth B. Weaver) in memory of Esther V. and Earl C. Oler: 177 pieces of art glass (1978.2513). Robert M. Organ: qcii audio equalizer, quad ii audio amplifier, quad i audio amplifier, and acoustical fm tuner (1978.1049). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 537 Dennis H. Pack: 3 US postal insurance booklets, 2 US postal cards with RPO cancels, 2 US covers with RPO cancels, and 1 International Reply coupon (1978.2162). The Packer Collegiate Institute (through John Skillman, Jr.) : optical bench with accessories (1979.0302). John S. Palanuk: Ukrainian hammered dulcimer made by the donor, set of wooden hammers and a tuning wrench (1978.0614). The Paperlynen Company (through Joan M. Knox) : political folding hats (1978.2133). The Pasquaney Trust (through John K. Gemmill) : Statistical and Chrono- logical History of the US Navy 1775-1907, vols. 1 and 2 (1978.0160). Mrs. Jefferson Patterson: electric lamp and steel housing for indirect lighting (1978.2365); objects associated with John Cabell Breckenridge, including a sword, scabbard, hand string without tassel, chamois storage bag, 2 ma- hogany walking canes, and a mountain climber's cane (1978.2240); floor lamp by Tiffany, hat rack with beaded picture, and a bench by Val-Kill (1979.0213); colored cartoon entitled "Can't Shake The Plum-Tree" copy- right 1888 by Arkell Publishing Company of New York (1979.0572); man's clothing items including a vest, undershirt, drawers, shirt, boots, and a coat (1978.0578); lead, copper, and glass lamp shade marked "tiff.^ny studios NEW YORK 1435 68," pair of colorless glass bird figures from France, and a bronze lamp stand marked: "tiffany studios/new york/423" (1979.0489); side chair of wood and cloth by Emile Galle, 1890-1910 (1979.0596). Frederic K. and Joan P. Patton: man's hat and hat box, 1880-1950, and Gilbert opto Kit (315371.00). Peach State Depression Glass Club, Inc. (through John W. Davis) : depression glass plates made in the US (1978.2149). Mrs. Eugene Pedersen: woman's wedding items including a 2-piece designer suit, shoes, gloves, and a purse from 1948 (1977.1150). J. Roy Pennell, Jr.: American Bond Detector in original green cloth (1978.- 0863). Government of Penrhyn, Penrhyn Post Office: 2 First Day covers, 14 mint postage stamps, 4 mint souvenir sheets, and 6 used postage stamps all of Penrhyn (1978.2248); 15 used official stamps of Penrhyn Islands (1979.0149). Nancy M. Perkins: stockholder's committee report of the National Typo- graphic and the Mergenthaler Printing Companies of 1887 (1979.0372). Martin J. A. Petersilia: 22 objects relating to Marion Barry's campaign for Mayor of the District of Columbia (1979.0273). Mrs. Cornelia B. Peterson: continental note, colonial paper money dated September 26, 1778 (1978.2504); Waterman pen (19-190039). Diane M. Peterson: poster, "Florida Women's Conference I.W.Y./Speak Out/ Forum/ Jacksonville" (1978.2148). Mendel L. Peterson: study collection illustrating minting techniques (1977.- 0447); study collection of facsimiles and contemporary counterfeits (1977.- 0448); phonograph and 2 phonograph records used by advance forces in Pacific during WW II, USN face mask and field cap, 1964, and a jungle hammock with 10 stakes used for a tent in Antarctica, 1947-48 (1978.1097). A. R. Phillips: 2 Victor phonograph reproducers (1979.0040). C. Robert Phillips: Roosevelt New Deal hat, 1932 (1978.1010). Picatinny Arsenal Coin Club (through Hannibal Geruntho and Gino R. De Togni) : silver bar commemorating the Picatinny Arsenal (1977.0437). Mrs. Alfred G. Pickney: doll house including 45 pieces of furnishings (315340.00). Pictorial Productions, Inc. (through Kay Anderson) : political campaign but- tons from the 1960's (1978.2137). Mrs. Nancy J. Pietropaoli: waterproof folding canvas bag (1978.0836). 538 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Ann Groot Piken: woman's designer blouse, 1950-55 (1977.1091). The Pioneer Rubber Company (through Betty Wolfe) : Qualatex Advertising Balloon Buyer's File and a bag of 20 different sample balloons (1978.2123). Mrs. Mary B. Poats: embroidered piano cover (1978.2182). Dr. Philippe F. Polani: 91 nineteenth-century mint and used European postage stamps (1979.0106). Government of the Polish Peoples Republic (through S. Dillon Ripley) : 2 500- zlotych gold coins, 1976, commemorating Kozciuszko and Pulaski (1978.- 2482). Mrs. M. and Matthew Poole: 1776-1976 US quarter made at the Denver Mint nicknamed "Stick Pin, Hair-Do Drummer Boy" (1979.0354). Mrs. Alice James Pope: 91 pieces of silverware, document relating to the col- lecting of taxes in Dartmouth, Massachusetts Bay Colony, manuscript inventory of the possessions of Seth Pope in 1727, likeness of Lafayette engraved on paper, wax doll, and a miniature lidded tureen with platter (1977.0334). Porcelain Enamel Institute Inc. (through Robert L. King) : porcelain enamel exhibit mounted on display (314516.00). Mrs. Joan P. Porter: looking glass, eighteenth century (1978.0533); Bristol porcelain plaque, c. 1775, Bristol, England (1978.0943); looking glass, eighteenth century (1978.1068). Professor Robert V. Pound: gravitational red shift apparatus (1979.0522). Mrs. Katherine Power: depression glass salt and pepper shakers with per- forated threaded metal tops (1978.1094). Mrs. Richard B. Prindiville: woman's designer wedding dress and headdress, 1938 (1979.0095). Igor Prissovsky: specialized collection of mostly German and Russian paper currencies (1979.0234). Kathryn and Richard Ralston: Schumacher and Ettlinger cigar label catalog, c. 1883, Louis E. Newman and Company cigar label catalog, c. 1886, large scrapbook of cigar box labels, c. 1890, small scrapbook of miscellaneous cigar box labels, and a miscellaneous collection of cigar box labels (1979.- 0367). Loretta M. Rankin: book. Coal Miner's Pocket Book (1979.0366). RCA/David Sarnoff Research Center (through W. M. Webster and C. E. Kur- lander): amorphous semiconductor solar cell (1979.0187). Mrs. A. Bradford Reed: micrometer stamped "reed small tool works Worces- ter, MASS. U.S.A. 901" (1979.0282). Mrs. Passya O. Reefer: mounted silver photographic prints (1977.0934). H. A. Register, Inc. (through Michael O. Flatt) : world's first electronic cam- paign button, 1976 (1978.1046). Mrs. Freda L. Reiter: 21 original drawings made by the donor for use on abc TV news (1979.0667). Robert S. and Sylvia K. Reitman: pair of porcelain whippets made by Boehm, New Jersey, c. 1952-61 (1979.0101). Remington Arms Company Inc. (through Richard F. Dietz) : modern reproduc- tion Old Timers, ammunition tin, and gun oil can (1978.2358). R. D. Remley: Katzenbach & Warren wallpaper samples, Welsbach Co. adver- tising tray, and Richter toy building blocks (1978.0443). Christian F. Rendeiro: button "Hamden 1776-1976", booklet The American Revolution Bicentenntial, and a program of events (1978.0847). Republican National Committee (through Gus Miller) : plastic hand puppet of Uncle Sam elephant, and "Vote Republican" plastic cap (1978.2274). Elizabeth Rhodes in memory of her mother, Jessie A. Rhodes: silk on wool sample with Adam and Eve with tree, snake, birds, animals, hearts, and alphabet (1978.2515). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 539 Oscar W. Richards: ToIIes objective, Spencer and Smith objective, set of 2 diffraction plates for 16mm objective, microphotograph made by Margaret C. Cubberly, and a portable microscope in a case (1978.2420). Ethelette T. Ridder: woman's designer debutante dress, 1938 (312920.00). Jeanne LeSalle Rigley: woman's designer wedding dress, 1945 (1977.1151). Jacqueline C. Rigsby: woman's designer dress, 1947-49 (1977.1154); woman's jacket, 1935-36 (1979.0364). Dr. S. Dillon Ripley: commercial cover and 2 mint souvenir sheets, all 1978 issues of Indonesia (1979.0107). Deborah Ann Rippe: woman's cape 1900-9 (1979.0075). George C. Roberts: sample ballots for states, bumper stickers, stickers, post- card, admission ticket, membership card, brochure, broadside, letterheads (1978.1048). Markley Roberts: Chinese note from the period of the Ming dynasty (1978.- 0628). Edwin K. Robinson: 3 folding pocket maps. New York State, 1824, New York State railroads, 1890, and New Jersey railroads, 1890 (1979.0405); political campaign flyer from Fiorello H. La Guardia's 1933 campaign for Mayor of New York City (1979.0640). Wilbur F. Robinson in memory of the Rev. Charles E. Robinson: 60 car- tridges, 2 cartridge cases, 22 spent bullets, 8 rifle cartridge clips, 3 pieces of shrapnel, 4 iron balls, 1 lead ball, 1 native made knife, 1 native made razor, 1 leather cartridge belt, 1 piece of carbon, 7 Army buttons, 1 mess kit and 1 pod button (1978.2401). Ellis H. Robison: collection of foreign coins (1977.1138). Henrietta Roig: collection of first flight and airmail covers of Panagra, twa, Capitol, and Northwest Airlines (1979.0637). I. Carl Romer, Jr. in memory of Carl Romer and Irving C. Romer: foot treadle lathe, 1902 star (1978.0985). Cornelius V. S. Roosevelt: WW I French poster and French WW I fourragere awarded to Major T. Roosevelt, Jr. (1978.2459). Theodore Roosevelt III: 2 silver models of Chinese junks (1979.0502); gold toilet set including 2 hairbrushes, clothes brush, hat brush, glass bottle containing a toothbrush and a nail brush, soap dish, tooth-powder holder, glass bottle for lotion, glass bottle for mouthwash, whiskey flask, case with nail scissors, cuticle knife, and shoe-button hook, case with shaving brush holder, shaving brush, shaving soap spring holder, and pill box, case with mirrors, and a jewelry case (1979.0507). Mrs. Helen G. Rose: saltglazed stoneware figure group, Staffordshire, England, C. 1725-50 (1978.2512). Edward Rosenblum: white damask tablecloth with coats-of-arms and 12 white damask napkins (1978.2534). Philip J. Ross: Carter campaign objects including buttons, posters, portraits, kerchief, and envelopes (1978.0306); bumper sticker, booklet, and large oil- cloth banner with political legends (1978.1086). Michael Rothbaum: ibm dial time recorder, c. 1912-14 (1978.2237). Harry E. Rothman: framed postal history collage commemorating the inaugu- ration of President Carter and Vice-President Mondale, and a framed col- lage commemorating the First Day of Issue of the US Declaration of Inde- pendence stamps of 1976 (1978.2170). Leon E. Rowe: Nixon license plate, 1972 (1978.1008). Royal Craftsmen, Inc. (through Barbara Kling) : woman's jewelry from 1974 including 6 necklaces and 2 bracelets (1979.0058). Royal-Globe Insurance Companies (through R. H. Gerrard) : shelf clock by Smith, c. 1841 (1979.0528). Rubin Brothers Waste Co. (through Edward Rubin) : US Navy parka hood. 540 / Smithsonian Year 1979 ditty bag, silk neckerchief, swimming trunks, parka, and service dress uniform jacket, US Marine Corps utility jacket and softball uniform shirt, and a nonregulation utility jacket (1979.0294); US Navy, US Coast Guard, US Revenue Cutter Service, US Merchant Service, and US Naval Academy uniform items (1979.0446). Edward Rubin: Pitch-pipe made by the William Kratt Co. in New Jersey (1978.0524). Eli Rubin: Near East powder charger measurer (1978.2464). Peter M. Rudolph: Frank Pierce medal (1978.2104). Barbara Korff Russell: woman's card case and parasol (1977.1064). P. F. and Phyllis A. Russell: collection of steamship menus (1978.2256). Julia P. Weekes Russo: 3 color abstract serigraphs, 2 etchings, and a color abstract lithograph (1979.0267). Anna Wills Rutledge: cotton damask tablecloth (1978.2529). Jim Ryun: track jersey, "Kansas," and a track uniform, "Witchita Kiwanis Track Club" (1979.0536). Terry M. Sachs: 1 Pickett slide rule and 1 computer printout (1978.2239). Juliana Sivik Samoriski: alto saxophone, c. 1929 (1978.2532). Phyllis Schlafly: stop-era materials including newsletters, pamphlets, a card, bumper sticker, button, book, handout, and a videotape (1978.0924). Leonard Hastings Schoff: photograph of Willey Brook Bridge and Mt. Web- ster, p & o R.R., Crawford Notch, N.H. (1979.0545). Estate of Leonard Hastings Schoff (through Joseph J. Rink) : collection of prints, drawings, and photographs (1979.0114). Mrs. Emilie Schulz: cornet by H. Schindler, violin labelled Carl Schulz, and a violin bow (1978.2376). Edward G. Schumacher: "Bailey" office copying press, inking brayer, 6 perfec- tion copying sheets, 5 copying pads, 2 rubber copying pads, and a micaschist stone (1978.1039). Walter R. Schumann: 11 different Post Office Department presentation folders containing various US souvenir sheets, stamped envelopes, postal cards, and postage stamps (1978.2250). Mr. and Mrs. Samuel Schwartz: toy bed (1977.0038). Catherine D. Scott: film, in original box. The Inauguration of Eisenhower and The Nation's Capitol, by Castle Films, and a brochure titled "Youth Salutes The President on the Occasion of His Birthday/Ike Day/Oct. 13, 1956" (1979.0575). Honorable Hugh Scott: cartoon printed of Senator Hugh Scott dressed as William Penn and standing on the dome of the US Capitol, 1970 (1978.2115). Bruce Scull: 48-star US National Flag (official date 1912-59) (1977.1100). Sy Seidman: 6 bandannas, 2 "Vote" socks, and a wall plaque saucer (1977.- 0799). R. J. Sellers: facsimile letter signed by King George of England welcoming the United States troops on behalf of the British Isles, April 1918 (1978.2380). Anne Marie Serio: Polaroid J33 Land camera kit in leather carrying case (1978.1030). Mrs. Margaret M. Sharke: jacquard double woven coverlet (1978.2413). Sidney A. Shaskan: political items including 31 buttons, 1 badge, 2 pins, and 1 stud (1979.0506). Margery W. Shaw, M.D. : volumes 1 and 2 of Henry A. Meyer's collection of Napoleonic and French Revolutionary covers (1979.0098). Dorothy Heckman Schrader: triple chime whistle from steamboat John Heck- man (1979.0542). Dr. Edwin B. Shykind: Nimbus storage tube (1978.0832). Richard A. Sicking: cover franked with a 2-cent Guam Guard Mail stamp and two unused Guam Guard Mail stamps (1978.2161). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 541 Shirley Ebnar Siebert: WW I memorabilia including a pass, telegram, auto- matic interpreter booklet, and 2 postcards (1978.2341). Louis Siegel: bass ocarina with amplifier (1979.0162). Len Silverfine: nylon star from the Bicentennial flag displayed on the Verrazano-Narrows Bridge at the entrance of New York Harbor in 1976 (1979.0295). Ted F. Silvey; bronze medal commemorating the Peace Jubilee celebrated in Washington, D.C. on May 23-25, 1899 (1978.2399). Joseph S. Simms: man's designer belt, tie and eye glasses, and a woman's designer dress (1978.0301); 13 pieces of woman's designer clothing, 1 man's designer suit, 1 man't shirt, and a designer fashion sketch (1977.1166). Mrs. Charles Singer: 7 cable samples, microphone, microphone stand and an electron tube (1978.2347). Dr. Vijai Pal Singh: 13 mint souvenir sheets, 2 used souvenir sheets, 6 mint sheetlets, and 1 mint postage stamp, all of Poland, and 2 Czechoslovakian souvenir sheets (1979.0014); 122 various mint and used postage stamps of the world including color errors and one First Day cover (1979.0641). Mrs. Pansey Aiken Slappey: watch shop sign (1978.1071). Beatrice T. Slater: infant's clothing including 3 dresses and 2 slips (1979.0082). Doris E. Slothower: wooden dancing doll figure, and a folding or pocket knife in form of a shoe (1978.0621). Dr. Stephen D. Smith: beanpot with lid and 2 mugs of earthenware decorated with sgraffito and glaze, made by the Shearwater Pottery, Ocean Springs, Mississippi (1978.2438). Edith Hertz Smith: woman's bag, 1917-18 (1979.0065); Stevenson shoe ear- rings (1978.0629). Helen Powell Smith: woman's clothing items including a riding jacket, sun- bonnet, gloves, bonnet, collar, and purse, and a glove box (1978.0665); toy theater with stage, base, and 5 plays, and a toy doll house, 1904, with 39 pieces of furniture (1978.0931). N. B. Smith: 2 St. Louis Browns baseball scorebooks-1, c. 1902, and 1, c. 1903 (1979.0379). Ralph Smith: American Agriculture Movement flag (1979.0245). Smithsonian Institution Product Development Office (through Ann McC. Mil- ler) : 5 pieces of pressed glass, c. 1880's, and 11 pieces of pressed glass re- productions of items in the Smithsonian collections (1978.2514). The Society of Medalists (through Howard Tooter) : bronze medal, issue No. 94 (1977.0435); (through Donald A. Schwartz): 2 bronze medals of The Society of Medalists, 1978 (1978.2336). Sohio/BP Alaska (through Charles B. Towill) : 1 gallon of crude petroleum oil from Alaska (1979.0365). Frederick H. Solliday: 2 combination gas-electric ceiling fixtures, c. 1910, and 2 shades (1978.0808); in memory of Mr. and Mrs. F. H. Kremer: electric light fixtures (1978.1050). Jack D. Solomon: 2 crystal glass plates, 1 with the scene of Washington cross- ing the Delaware, the other with the Declaration of Independent (1979.- 0546). The South African Mint (through J. J. Groenewald): proof 1 rand, 1977, in nickel (1978.2310). University of Southern California (through Dr. Robert Cole) : Alvarez linear accelerator (1978.1073). Mrs. Allen Sparrow: 2 woman's 2-piece designer suits (1978.0057). Mary Eleanor Spear: 6 Teddy bear name cards (1978.2421). Mrs. Robert D. Spear: lithograph of Jacob Perkins (1978.2150). Talbot T. Speer: painting of Harriet Lane Johnston, lace collar, handkerchief. 542 / Smithsonian Year 1979 French porcelain platter, and French porcelain centerpiece, all owned by Mrs. Johnston (1978.1037). Mrs. Mary N. Spence: wicker work box or basket, embroidered linen work bag, needlework accessories and examples of embroidered netting and mac- rame (1978.2503). Mrs. Carolyn A. Spencer: memorabilia from the Bicentennial Celebration in Hartland, Vermont (1979.0242). William F. Spengler: group of Indian and Afghan coins (1978.2157). The Spirit of '76: bumper sticker, stamp booklet and newspaper all concerning the 1964 political campaigns (1978.2138). Spotswood Specialty Co., Inc. (through Mrs. Marianne S. Kohler) : campaign material from 1964, including 8 paper hats, 3 fans, 1 cardboard hat, 1 game, 1 mask, 1 toy gun made of paper, and 5 paper head bands (1978.2130). Benjamin, Harvey G., and Norman Stack: medals commemorating heroes and battles of the American Revolution (1977.0393); master hubs made at the Philadelphia Mint for the coinage of Honduras of 1871 (1977.0422); steel dies by Italian master counterfeiter for the striking of medieval and modern coins from Italy (1978.0852); group of steel dies made by an Italian master counterfeiter for the striking of late Roman and Byzantine coins (1978.- 0854); 2 badges, 6 medals and 1 ribbon (1978.1084); group of Middle Eastern coins (1978.2483); groups of Indian coins (1978.2484); Conrad Wiegand $20.00 gold ingot dated 1867 (1978.2506); gold medals, "The Atoms for Peace Award" and "the Albert Einstein Award" (1978.2511); Brazilian silver bar dated 1932 (1979.0001); bound volume published in 1869 by the American Bond and Currency Detector Company, entitled The American Bond Detector and the Complete History of the United States Government Securities (1979.0281); silver bar made in 1932 by the foundry "Santa Casa de Misericordia" of the Department of Cold in Sao Paulo, Brazil (1979.0377). Harvey G. Stack: 25 dies by two master counterfeiters (1978.0861); dies for the striking of ancient Greek coins made by a master counterfeiter (1978.- 1040); coin dies for ancient Sicilian coins made by a master counterfeiter (1978.1041); dies for ancient Greek coins made by an Italian master counterfeiter (1978.1042). Anna Pierce Stafford (Mrs. Russell H. Stafford) : Old England: A Pictorial Museum of Regal, Ecclesiastical, Baronial, Municipal, and Popular Antiq- uities, vols. 1 and 2, 1845 (1978.2327). Jackson W. Staley: Bell & Howell 16mm projector and Kodak carousel slide projector and associated items used by the donor in making the film. The Raising of the Gunboat Philadelphia (1978.0209). Stanford University, W. W. Hansen Laboratories of Physics (through Marshall D. O'Neill) : set of 2 sections from Mark I linear electron accelerator, set of 2 sections from Mark III linear electron accelerator, Mark III klystron power supply, and Niobium superconducting accelerator section (1978.1082). Mrs. Daniel P. Stanton: combat ration (1978.2100). Gerald and Phyllis Steinberg: worldwide collection of John F. Kennedy First Day covers and associated material (1979.0358). Mrs. Ruth A. Steiner: Meissen porcelain cup and saucer with green Watteau- type decoration, c. 1740-50 (1979.0362). Frederick A. Stevens, Jr.: 20 textile tools (1978.2414). George M. Stevens: US Stevens crossbow, five shot repeater, 2 bow strings, and 10 arrows (322731.00). Gladys Carroll Stewart: woman's designer suit, 1947 (1977.1089). John A. Stewart: New York Arms Co. revolver and Smith &. Wesson new 32 departure revolver (323601.00). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 543 Stokley-Van Camp Inc. (through Alfred J. Stokely): Texturemeter (1978.1022). Charles R. Stouch: Coffman portable typewriter, 1902 (1978.2226). Lewis H. Strauss: 17 commemorative medals from the collection of the late Rear Admiral Lewis L. Strauss (1979.0631); 12 commemorative medals from the collection of the late Rear Admiral Lewis L. Strauss (1979.0662). Mary E. Studebaker: 2 woman's dresses from 1897 (1977.0037); barber's bag and equipment used by donor's father, c. 1900 (1979.0199). Colonel Reni Studler: US Army Colonel's 1936 full dress uniform with accessories (1977. 0572). Richard B. and Ann M. Sullivan: cotton picker (1978.0474). Superior Match Company (through E. R. Cable) : political match book covers dating back to 1940 (1978.2136). Superior Stamp and Coin Company (through Mark Goldberg) : striking in gold from four frank pieces, 1860, issued in the name of Norodom I, King of Cambodia (1978.2323). -Louis Suskind: illuminated plumb bob (1979.0509). Government of Sweden, General Directorate of Posts (through Nils Horjel) : 31 first day covers, 6 postal cards with first day cancels, 90 mint postage stamps, 20 mint unexploded booklets, and 1 used postage stamp, all of Sweden (1979.0151); 59 First Day covers, 15 unexploded booklets, 7 aerograms, 7 letter sheets, 7 postal cards, and 130 mint postage stamps, all of Sweden (1979.0272). James Mck. Symington: needlework memorial to William McKinley, 1901 (1978.2171). Dr. Hans Syz: Meissen porcelain including a platter, clock with case and stand, pair of plates, figure of a man with grapes, figure of a pikeman, figure of a street singer, and a pair of nesting birds (1978.2185); porcelain saucer, white with blue strawflower decoration, Thuringia, Germany, c. 1810 (1978.2381); 3 printed fabric fragments (1978.2530); 17 pieces of porcelain made at Meissen, Germany, eighteenth century (1979.0120); 4 white- glazed busts on round pedestals representing the four seasons, modeled by Rustelli, Nymphenburg, Germany c. 1755-60 (1979.0611). Tandem/TAT Productions (through Norman Lear) : wing chair, lolling chair, table, dolly, ashtray, 2 beer cans, and 6 set designs, all from the television show "All in the Family" (1978.2146). Frank A. Tannewitz: commemorative cover marking the fortieth anniversary of the sinking of the USS Panay by the Japanese on December 12, 1937 (1979.0228). Bank of Tanzania (through M. E. J. Nkurlu) : 100 shilling specimen banknote (1978.2325); 2 specimen notes from the Bank of Tanzania, 1979 (1979.0339). Joan Taylor: button, "Alvin For President" (1979.0437). Joyce "S. and Lawrence E. Taylor: broadside entitled "Pin the Bug on The Watergate Donkey" (1979.0439). Estate of Miss Marion Taylor (through Alec Greenfield) : Quilt, "Tulip" pattern with "Saw-Tooth" border (1978.2412). Telephony Museum — Illinois Bell (through Gregory R. Russell) : Ader tele- phone transmitter and receiver (1978.0815). Telescreen Company (through Robert A. Mann) : conservative bumper stickers, political campaign, 1964 (1978.1089). Lloyd B. Thomas: collection of iron truss bridge parts from Keysville, Mary- land (1978.0786). Marilee Tillstrom: girl's bathing suit 1955-58, woman's slip 1968-69, man's bow tie 1945-55, woman's scarf 1940-59, woman's brassiere 1920-29, and woman's rubbers 1950-59 (1978.0158). Jeffrey W. Tinsley: US national flag, 45 stars, usqmd Post and Recruiting 544 / Smithsonian Year 1979 flag 1896-1908 (1978.0661); 4 bumper stickers relating to the American Agricultural Movement (1979.0576). Tip-Top: 2 pennants — Carter "Next President of the U.S.A.," and "Operation Sail '76, A Tribute from 30 Nations, American Revolution Bicentennial 1776-1976." (1979.0128). Tokelau Islands Administration (through J. A. Bain) : 4 "Bird" stamps, 4 Queen Elizabeth II "Silver Anniversary" stamps, and 4 "Sports" stamps all issued by Tokelau Islands (1979.0153). The University of Toledo, Department of Civil Engineering (through David C. Colony): Beckman wye level (1979.0635). Mrs. Miriam L. Transue: 39-star US flag, official date 1890 (1978.2152). Luisa Trelles: woman's designer 2-piece suit, 1952 (1977.1172). Lee Trevino: "Super Mex" golf cap and a "Hogan" golf glove both auto- graphed by donor (1979.0626). Laura M. Trexler: tin container (1978.2280); woman's 2-piece dress, mantle, and coat, girl's hat and coat, boy's hat, and a man's undershirt (1979.-0571); "Brainerd & Armstrong" color card, wool throw rug, and a wool blanket fragment (1978.2409). Trifari, Krussman and Fishel, Inc. (through Robert F. Flood and Susan Sadlier) : woman's jewelry including 2 necklaces, 2 bracelets, a ring, and an earring and pin set (1978.2502). Trigere, Inc. (through Clark Radley and Pauline Trigere) : woman's designer dress, fall 1974, and woman's 2-piece designer ensemble, 1961 (1977.0942). Turkish Federated State of Cyprus: 4 First Day covers, 8 mint postage stamps and 12 mint specimen stamps all of Turkish Cyprus (1978.2320); First Day cover, 3 mint postage stamps, and 6 mint specimen stamps, all of Turkish Cyprus (1979.0154). Maxine Kennedy Turquette: pair of ice skates with skate guards (1977.0183). Unimation Inc. (through Stanley J. Polcyn) and Owens-Illinois (through E. James Tippett) : industrial robot, Unimate®, Mark II, 1962 (1978.2205). Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (through Raymond Lloyd and D. C. Kimmel) : set of 30 medals, "Ceres Medals Series," Issued by the fao Money and Medal Program of the Food and Agriculture Or- ganization of the United Nations (1978.0018). United Nations Postal Administration (through Ole Hamann) : 594 mint post- agestamps of the United Nations (1978.2298); 550 mint sheets of UN stamps, 44 mint blocks of four of US stamps, and 14 used postage stamps of the UN (1979.0155). Unknown: woman's dress, 1968-69 (1978.2108); mimeograph 91 duplicator (1978-2207); times Stenafax (1978.2208); photograph of Rosendale Bridge, Wallkill Valley Railway, New York (1978.2429); US Navy, Marine Corps, Coast Guard, Naval Academy and Merchant Service uniform insignia and uniform items (1978.2469); 4 phonorecord discs titled "Merry Christmas Bing Crosby" (1979.0462); United Steelworkers of America afl-cio- CLC membership card with the name Bickhart (1979.0463). US Department of Commerce, Maritime Administration: parallel rule, c. 1940's (1979.0407); US Patent Office: relic of US Patent Office fire of 1877 (1978.- 0842). US Department of Defense, Defense Property Disposal Office: 3 ammunition carrying vests, 1 fragmentation protective vest, and 1 fragmentation pro- tective body armor (1978.2452); Defense Supply Agency, Defense Contact Administration Services Region, Detroit (through Environmental Research Institute of Michigan): Spectra-Physics/Perkin Elmer #110 laser (1978.- 0826); Department of the Army: Russian AK-47 magazine pouch (1978.- 2458); Institute of Heraldry: Collection of US Army distinctive insignia Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 545 and shoulder sleeve insignia (314467.00); US insignia, officially authorized by the Institute of Heraldry (1978.0603); Mobility Equipment Research and Development Command, meradcom Services and Support Directorate, r&d Model Fabrication Division: collection of 211 blacksmithing and foundry hand tools (1978.2204); District of Columbia National Guard: collection of 1970's period recruiting posters and pamphlets (315479.00); Pueblo Depot Activity: 5 M-6 knife bayonets with MSAl scabbards and a M-1 knife bayonet (1978.2272); Women's Army Corps Museum: pair of women's service shoes, pair of women's field shoes, and a pair of women's marching boots (1978.1015); US Department of the Navy, Naval Weather Service Command, Environmental Detachment (through Benjamin L. Holt) : Adak, Alaska, Bicentennial medals issued by Naval Weather Service Environ- mental Detachment (1978.2363); (through Owen H. Oakley): 1 integraph (1978.2308). US Department of State, Office of Chief of Protocol: shotgun with case, belt and 22 shotgun shells (1978.0622); mother of pearl box from Jordan con- taining ancient coins (1978.0862); recent issues of gold and platinum coins from Panama (1978.0877). US Department of the Treasury (through Robert Carswell) : US currency collection (1978.0941); Bureau of at&f: Sturm-Ruger revolver (1978.2154); US Raven Arms semi-auto pistol (1979.0096); New Jersey District Office: US Iver Johnson revolver, US Hopkins and Allen revolver, and a US Remington carbine (1979.0097); Bureau of Engraving and Printing (through Seymour Berry) : certified plate proof sheets of US postage stamps (1978.- 2267); 302 certified plate proof sheets of US postage stamps (1979.0232); 67 certified plate proof sheets of US postage stamps (1979.0565); Bureau of the Mint (through F. H. McDonald) : group of United States proof sets and proof dollars (1977.0453); 2 Jimmy Carter Presidential medals and 2 US proof sets (contains 12 proofs) dated 1978-S (1978.0162); group of US coins and Assay Commission medals struck between 1974 and 1976 1978.0860); group of US coins and medals struck between 1975 and 1977 (1978.0870); group of US coins from the Philadelphia and Denver Mints dated 1978 (1978.0929); group of uncirculated mint sets, 1975-78 (1978.- 2312); Customs Service: group of 1966 Rhodesian gold coins (1978.0873); 1887 US $1.00 gold coin in an earring setting (1978.0878); Internal Revenue Service, Eastern Judicial District of Pennsylvania: Belgian FN rifle (1978.- 2259). US Department of Transportation, Fifth Coast Guard District: navigational buoy (1978.2285); US Coast Guard Yard: Combat Information Center equipment from the US Coast Guard cutter Chautauqua (1977.0775); US Coast Guard: miniature copy of the Alexander Hamilton medal (1978.- 2151); US Coast Guard: 3 Jackson china cup saucers with usee insignia, 2 dated 1945 and 1 dated 1942 (1978.2476); ship's binnacle from the usee cutter Chautauqua (1979.0171); 1st order lighthouse lens from Graves Lighthouse in Boston Harbor (1979.0410); Lyle gun and projectile (1979.- 0527); Curtis Bay Shipyard: steam engine and auxiliaries and radio room and equipment from usees buoy tender Oak (1979.0518). US Government American Revolution Bicentennial Administration (through Susan Hamilton) : 170 Bicentennial objects including flags, scarves, flyers, ties, plaques, belts, and posters (1977.0530); 20 medals from the Franklin Mint's "Bicentennial History of the United States Commemorative ingot series" (1978.2477). US Government, Executive Office of the President, The White House (through Clement E. Conger) : state dinner menu and program of entertainment held at the White House for Vice Premier Deng Xioaping of the People's Republic 546 / Smithsonian Year 1979 of China on January 29, 1979 (1979.0284); Christmas tree ornaments used at the White House: 4 from 1974, 3 from 1975, 6 from 1976, and 6 bro- chures concerning the tree ornaments from 1975 (1979.0285). US Government Printing Office: recording temperature gauge, recording py- rometer, and a laboratory balance (1979.0222). US Government, Veterans Administration (through Carl P. Mason) : collec- tion of 60 prosthetic devices (1979.0648). US Library of Congress: French Medal Commemorating Charles Samaran (1978.0830); print. Harper's Weekly, dated June 11, 1859 (1979.0265); (through Nathan R. Einhorn) : Continental Currency Note, US banknote, and US medals (1978.0871); ceramic plaque with profile of James A. Garfield (1978.0963); Exchange and Gift Division (through Peter H. Bridge): phila- telic presentation folder commemorating the enduring friendship between the Republic of China and the USA (1978.2299); 1 mint souvenir sheet and 5 mint postage stamps, all of Poland (1979.0559); Manuscript Division (through John C. Broderick) : used stamps including 8 Canadian, 2 Aus- tralian, and 302 US, 54 used telegram envelopes, 38 used foreign commer- cial covers, and US philatelic items including 4 unused postal cards, 461 used commercial covers, 28 used special delivery covers, 16 used free franked covers, 2 used newspaper wrappers, 173 used stampless covers, 22 used covers with meter marks, 45 used penalty envelopes, 19 used mourn- ing covers, 39 used stampless folded letters, 30 First Day covers, 16 airmail covers, 138 used postal stationery covers, 116 illustrated advertising covers, and 8 unused cut squares from postal cards (1979.0052); assorted philatelic specimens (1978.0417); assorted US and foreign covers and postal history items (1979.0612); assorted US and foreign covers, postal stationery, post- cards, and used postage stamps (1979.0701). US National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Director of International Affairs (through Don Gregory and Robert A. Forsy: sword and 2 ladies bracelets, all yellow gold with gems (1979.0326). US Postal Service (through Gordon C. Morison) : 27 US stamp panels with First Day cancellations (1978.2295); Administrative Group (through James R. Williams) : US stamp panels with First Day cancels (3 copies of each design) (1978.2293); 54 mint postal stationery, 3 mint postal cards, 3 mint reply postal cards, 3 mint unexploded booklets of stamps, 43 mint coil postage stamps, 141 mint postage stamps, and 3 mint postal cards, all of the US (1978.2460); Stamp Management Branch, Stamps Division (through James R. Williams): 12 unexploded booklets, 15 mint postal cards, 3 mint airmail postal cards, 6 mint reply postal cards, 36 mint postal stationery, 3 mint souvenir sheets, 78 mint postage stamps, and 12 mint coil stamps, all of the US (1979.0156); 19 US stamp panels with First Day cancellations (3 copies of each stamp) (1979.0158); 30 mint postage stamps, 3 mint postal cards, 3 mint aerogrammes, and 3 mint postal stationery, all of the US (1979.0560); 6 American stamp panels, 3 commemorating Albert Einstein, and 3 commemorating Pennsylvania Toleware (1979.0561); Office of Inter- national Affairs (through Michael J. Regan) : 2811 mint postage stamps, 11 mint unexploded booklets and 132 mint souvenir sheets all of the world (1978.2321); 1784 mint postage stamps of the world, 3 mint unexploded booklets of the world, and 58 mint souvenir sheets of the world (1978.2322); 1120 mint postage stamps of the world and 34 mint souvenir sheets of the world (1978.2461); 3781 mint postage stamps of the world, 5 mint unex- ploded booklets of Sweden and 199 mint souvenir sheets of the world (1978.- 2462); 4185 mint postage stamps of the world, 2 mint unexploded booklets of Belgium, 10 mint unexploded booklets of Sweden, and 187 mint souvenir sheets of the world (1978.2485); 5,149 mint postage stamps, 259 mint sou- Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 547 venir sheets, and 10 mint unexploded booklets, all of the world (1979.0033); 2,248 mint postage stamps of the world, 139 mint souvenir sheets of the world, and 5 mint unexploded booklets of Sweden (1979.0034); 1,114 mint postage stamps of the world, 1 mint unexploded booklet of Hungary, and 35 mint souvenir sheets of the world (1979.0268); 5,302 mint postage stamps of the world, 139 mint souvenir sheets of the world, 3 mint unexploded booklets of Sweden, and 1 mint unexploded booklet of Hungary (1979.0269); 5,029 mint postage stamps of the world, 208 mint souvenir sheets of the world, 5 mint unexploded booklets of Belgium, and 3 mint unexploded booklets of Sweden (1979.0270); 5,153 mint postage stamps of the world, 180 mint souvenir sheets of the world, and 9 mint unexploded booklets of the world (1979.0271); (through H. Edgar S. Stock): mint souvenir sheet and 56 mint postage stamps all of Japan (1978.2396); 240 mint postage stamps of Japan (1979.0143); 47 mint postage stamps of Spain issued in 1977 and 1 mint souvenir sheet of Spain issued in 1978 (1979.0150); 13 mint souvenir sheets, 312 mint imperforate postage stamps, and 78 proofs of postage stamps, all of Togo (1979.0152). US Youth Council: US Youth Council voting rights material (1978.2206). Ritta L. Valentine: silver albumen photograph, and a photo-ceramic tea set which includes a teapot with lid, sugar bowl with lid, creamer, 4 cups, and 4 saucers (1979.0369). Mrs. Harry A. Van Lear: Teddy bear and burial costume (1979.0021). Vatican City, Philatelic Office: used postage stamps of the Vatican City issued during 1977 and 1978 (1979.0157). Janet Lyle Vaughn: woman's wedding veil, c. 1927, and infant's christening dress, 1868 (1977.1163). Veeder-Root (through William Stoloff) : Vacuum die-casting machine and col- lection of die-cast parts (1978.1060). Ray Veloff: 1919 recruiting poster and a WW II German propaganda poster/ leaflet (1978.0397). Ken Venturi: pair of "Aristocraft" golf shoes worn by the donor in the 1964 US Open Golf tournament (1979.0538). Leonard R. and Muriel S. Viner: woman's clothing items including 3 designer dresses, 2 2-piece designer ensembles, 3 pairs of shoes, a dress, and sweater (1978.0302). W-R-S Corporation of America: 2 Barry Goldwater banks and 2 Lyndon B. Johnson banks (1978.1088). Jacqueline Wakeling: pocket watches with silver cases (1978.2231). Dr. Felix A. Wallace: surveyor's tackle-case (1979.0218). William L. Walters, M.D.: sculptured wooden tooth used for advertisement (1978.2345). Virginia B. Warner: woman's clothing items including a wedding hat, 1945, shoes, c. 1952, designer coat, 1960-63, and a designer dress with jacket, c. 1968 (1978.0577). Washington Area Field Artillery Ball Committee (through Richard L. Reynard and David A. Schulte) : medal commemorating the 200th anniversary of the Field Artillery, 1775-1975 (1978.0865). Washington State University, Department of Psychology (through Professors Ronald H. Hopkins and Francis A. Young) : graphic chronomometer of the Jaquet type and a double Deprez signal (1979.0028). C. Malcolm Watkins: 3 cups, a child's alphabet bowl, and a teapot (1978.- 0611); child's knife, fork, and spoon (1979.0003). George H. Watson: "Emigrant" doorlock (1978.1061); 7 hand tools including 3 planes, a draw knife, a saw, chisel, and a hammer head (1979.0453); nineteenth-century New England painted wood display case (1979.0470). Buell F. Weare: WW II period olive drab field jacket (1978.0797). 548 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Helen Richards Weber: woman's clothing items including 6 dresses, 2-piece suit, blouse, culottes, purse, and a pair of shoes (1977.1188). Ben H. Weil: 360 Zip blocks of 4 mint US stamps, 1 mint US souvenir sheet, 1 Zip block of 10 mint US stamps, 2 Zip and Mail Early blocks of 8 US stamps and 3 Zip and Mail Early blocks of 6 US stamps (1978.2393); 298 Mail Early blocks of 6 mint US stamps, 1 Mail Early strip of 20 mint US stamps, 1 Mail Early strip of 10 mint US stamps, 4 Mail Early and Zip blocks of 8 US stamps, and 1 Mail Early block of 4 mint US stamps (1978.- 2394); 860 mint postage stamps of the world, 126 mint souvenir sheets of the world, and 1 First Day cover of Ecuador, all celebrating the US bicen- tennial year (1979.0100); 4 used souvenir cards, 5 First Day covers, and 11 used postage stamps, all UN of 1977 (1979.0126). Leon and Maury Weisel: bandanna, "In God We Trust," 1909 (1978.1051). Weissberg Development Corp. (through Arthur O'Donnell) : water turbine. Woodward Type Ll2 governor and oil pump for the governor (1978.0984). L. John G. Wenner: watercolors of US War Office Seal and US Presidential Seal (1978.0818); 2 watercolors — 1 of the great seal of the US Navy and 1 of the great seal of the US Marine Corps (1978.2229). Mrs. Margaret D. West: silk dress fabric and 3 silk fabric samples mounted on a card (1978.2536). John H. White, Jr.: lithograph of Her Majesty's Ship Albion (1978.2228). Mrs. Helen Wicksten: political campaign letter from Senator Edmund Muskie dated May 18, 1972, and a press release dated April 27, 1972 (1978.0994). Halsey H. M. Wilbur: "Peking Siege Medal" (1978.1001). Wilkes-Barre Township Bicentennial Committee (through Tillie Klutz) : 1 sil- ver and 1 bronze medal commemorating the 200th anniversary of the found- ing of the Wilkes-Barre Township, Pennsylvania, 1974 (1978.2354). Mrs. Rachel B. Willcox from the Russell G. Willcox Collection: archery bows and accessories and a set of 10 wooden tapering jigs for duocurve bow laminations (1979.0133). Mrs. Elizabeth P. Williams: white damask tablecloth, scenes from the life of Christ pattern (1978.2535). Kenneth A. Willson: Japanese loan contract between Nippon Kangio Bank, Tokyo, and Sotoma Eiske in Okinawa for 400 yen, dated October 6, 1936 (314597.00). Willson Products (through James E. Crider and Michael Weik) : Koenig- Martens Spectrophotometer (1979.0570). University of Wisconsin in honor of Emeritus Professor J. W. Williams (through Professor Aaron J. Ihde) : ultracentrifuge rotor (1979.0188). Mrs. Annette Witkin: WW I period accessories, web equipment, and saber carrier (1977.0733). Cora and Laurence C. Witten II: violin by Antonio Gragnani, dated 1783 (1979.0173). Charles W. Wittholz: 2 treenails and wedges (1979.0519). G. E. and H. R. Woltman in the name of the H. R. Woltman Family: ship's log of the US prize steamer Don, kept by Richard D. Dodge, Engineer in Charge (1978.0837). George H. Wood: pair of lcdr's epaulets usn, late nineteenth c. (1978.2359). Hannah O. Wood: camera patented on July 15, 1902, wooden tripod, 2 double plate holders, 2 printing frames, and a compartmented fiber carrying case (1979.0370). John R. Wooden: 1932 Player of the Year certificate for basketball, photograph of John Wooden and Gary Cunningham in 1975, 1932 Helms Athletic Foundation medal, "Pyramid of Success" chart, book by John Wooden en- titled They Call Me Coach, portfolio of 4 tapes by Wooden entitled "Talk- ing Basketball," and a party program from October 14, 1975 (1979.0539). Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 549 Donald L. Woodford: Woodford front surface radius computer for contact lens manufacturing (1979.0303). Clifton W. and Mary Simescus Woodry: woman's designer dress, 1946 (1977.- 1092). Mrs. Donald O. Woolf : woman's stockings, 1915-30 (1977.0944). Rosemary 5. Woolston (through Kenneth R. Washburn) : woman's ring, 1875- 85 (1979.0391). Worcester Polytechnic Institute (through Gardner Pierce) : hydraulic elevator valve (1978.0933). Douglas Wornom: motorman's hat badge and ticket book for Inman Line Steamship Co. (1979.0398). Faye Evelyn Wright: woman's nightgown, 1925 (1979.0078). Frances Wright: cup and saucer (1978.0271). Leland Yoshitsu: phonograph record, LELAND: This is My World, 1976 (1979.0689). The Vincent Youmans Company, Inc.: political campaign sheet music (1978.- 2134). Wilfred G. Zinavage: Eisenhower dollar, 1976, mailed July 4, 1976, from air- craft carrier U5S America in Bicentennial envelope (1978.2370). Thomas E. Zinn: Cram's map of Virginia, West Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware railroad systems (1979.0406). NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Donors of Financial Support Amax Foundation, Inc. Barry Bingham, Sr. Carter Hawley Hale Stores, Inc. Morris Joseloff Foundation, Inc. Kent-Lucas Foundation Dr. Maury Leibovitz Mrs. Katie Louchheim Maryland Arts Council The Ambrose Monell Foundation Donors to the Collections Gertrude Abercrombie (by bequest) Mrs. Alfred A. Angrist Mr. and Mrs. Michael Arpad Mrs. Frederic C. Bartlett Mrs. Alfred Bendiner Mrs. Margaret Garber Blue Mr. and Mrs. Ralph Connor Mrs. Gleb W. Derujinsky Mrs. Garrison Ellis Richard Evans Mrs. Philip Burt Fisher Andrew Oliver The Florence and John Schumann Foundation Simon Foundation, Inc. James Smithson Society Abbott and Dorothy H. Stevens Foundation Xerox Corporation Richard E. Guggenheim Mrs. Irene Cooper Hustvedt Mrs. Pauline R. Mergenthaler Hon. J. William Middendorf John O'Brien Henry Ostrow Terence Pepper Marvin Sadik Miss Bess Udoff Peggy Wood (by bequest) OFFICE OF AMERICAN AND FOLKLIFE STUDIES Donors to the Folklife Program Mrs. Jackson Burke Documentary Educational Research, Inc. Giant Foods E. Miles Herter The Music Performance Trust Funds U.S. Department of Energy 550 / Smithsonian Year 1979 SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Donors to the National Collections INDIVIDUALS James C. Bradley: taped Watson M. Perrygo: the papers of reminiscences. Watson M. Perrygo. Mrs. Patricia Knight: the papers of Evelyn P. Walter: the papers of Harry H. Knight. Edward A. Preble. Charles R. Long: the papers of Alexander Wetmore: the papers of Conrad V. Morton. Alexander Wetmore. Mrs. Lucile Q. Mann: the papers of Mrs. Sarah Adler Wolfinsohn: the William M. Perrygo. papers of Samuel P. Langley. Brian Mason: the papers of Brian Mason. INSTITUTIONAL American Ornithologists' Union: Eastern Bird Banding Association: the records of the Union. the records of the Association. American Society of Ichthyologists and Herpetologists: the records of the Society. SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Donors to the Collection Aalbers, G. C. E. T.: 25 booklets. Agnelli, Mrs. Gianni: II Tessuto Moderno: Disegno Moda Architettura 1890- 1940. Albrecht, Fritz: Die Nordamericanische Vogelwelt, by Heinrich Nehrling, 1891. Appleman, Daniel: The Earth beneath the Continents. Assaad, Hany: Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of the Treasures of Tutankhamun, by donor. Audubon Naturalist Society: 31 volumes of Atlantic Naturalist and Wood Thrush. Auerback, Alfred: 47 monographs. Ault, Richard: Smithsonian Magazine, volumes 1-9. Banks, Harold: 3 volumes. Banks, Mrs. Marian: Powder Puff Derby Commemorative Album. Bartlett, Dexter S.: Elements of the Branches of Natural Philosophy, by J. Elliot, 1786. Beer, Alice B. : 300 books and magazines. Bickel, George D.: Studer's Popular Ornithology, by Theodore Jasper, 1881. Blue, Rhea C. : 5 volumes of American Oriental Society "Journal." Bodine, John W. : 66 books, 226 journals, and other miscellaneous items on space. Boorstin, Daniel J.: 42 books and 36 journals. Botwin, Ed.: 36 journals and monographs. Bowers, Rae: 7 publications. Brack, Peg: Time backfile on microfilm. Breeskin, Adelyn: 56 art monographs. Brener, Steven W. : 35 monographs and magazines. Brown, J. Carter: program of Ceremony in Celebration of the Opening of the East Building of the National Gallery of Art. Cahn, Mrs. Lester: 50 magazines and books. Campbell, William: 10 issues of The Connoisseur. Cannon, Susan Faye: Science in Culture, volume 1. Churchill, Mrs. Mary S.: Pitture a Fresco del Campo Santo di Pisa, 1812. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 551 Clain-Stefanelli, Mrs. Elvira: 12 volumes. Coles, Victor L: 16 volumes. Crombie, Ronald: Common Snakes of South East Asia and Hong Kong. Dee, Elaine: 11 volumes. Dorfsman, Ann: 2 volumes. Doulton, Michael: Royal Doulton Figures, by Eyies and Dennis, 1978. Drubba, Dr. H: 2 volumes. Dubois, J. Harry: 44 books, pamphlets, and trade literature. Ellsworth, Robert: Chinese Furniture, by donor. Eppes, William: 6 items. Ernst, Dr. Gertrud: 14 volumes. Etchecopar, Robert: Les Oiseaux de Chine, by donor. Fergus, Louise Breck: astronomical prints. Ferguson, Mrs. Dewey: Romance of Collecting Case Knives, 1978. Fordyce, R. Ewan: The Morphology and Systematics of New Zealand Fossil Cetacea, by donor. Frelick, Jane: 4 monographs. Fremersdorf, Joseph: 9 monographs. Frings, John: 25 monographs. Gardner, Brig. Gen. Paul, USAF: Aerospace: The Challenge. Gatheral, Mrs. W. M.: 75 magazines. Gerwig, John R., Jr.: 42 miscellaneous publications. Gordan, Robert: 9 motion picture annuals. Greenwell, Frank: 100 issues of National Geographic. Group, Ralph Edward: Pittsburgh Glass company brochures. Hammer, Armand: Appeal of Conscience Foundation Annual Award 1978. Henderson, Edward: 7 volumes. Hilton, George: 2 volumes. Hirohito, Emperor of Japan: Crustacean Anomura of Sagami Bay, by donor. Hodges, Chantal and Fletcher: 25 books and monographs. Houbrick, Dr. Richard: Monographs of Marine MoUusca. Hughes, Barbara: 20 magazines. Hummel, Julius: 3 catalogues. Hunt, Margot A. : Hobbies magazine subscription. Huxtable, Ada Louise: 175 magazines. Jacobs, George J.: Dictionary of Vertebrate Zoology: Russian-English, English- Russian, by donor. Johnson, Mrs. Oliver F.: 172 issues of Handweaver and Craftsmen. Johnson, Paul C.: 16 volumes. Jones, F. F. : The Art of Drawn-work, 1894. Jones, Mrs. T. B.: The 1915 Mode as Shown in Paris. Kainen, Mr. and Mrs. Jacob: exhibition catalogues and journals. Kaufmann, Robert C. : 7 volumes. Kidd, Dick: R/C Modeler magazine. Kier, Porter: Mycobacterial Infections of Zoo Animals, edited by Richard J. Montali. Knez, Dr. Eugene: assorted monographs and journals. Knowles, Thomas A. : 3 aeronautical monographs. Krombein, Karl: Bulletin de la Societe Entomologique d'Egypte, vol. 59, 1975. Lane, Maggie: Oriental Patchwork, by donor. Larcher, Jean: 5 volumes on art. Larsen, Carl W: 302 monographs and journals. Larsen, Jack Lenor, Inc.: Danese Milano — Catalogo della Produzione 1976. Lerman, Leo : 2,000 magazines, monographs, and ephemeral materials. Livingston, M. Stanley: The Production of High Velocity Hydrogen Ions without the Use of High Voltages, by donor. 552 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Loebell, Ernst : 3 monographs. Lowe, David: Lost Chicago, by donor. Lynes, Russell: 36 art catalogues. Lyons, Roger: 55 volumes. McFadden, David: 30 monographs. Mademoiselle Magazine: 10 bound issues of Home Furnishing Arts. Magriel, Charles L. : The Glass of Rene Lalique: The Magriel Collection, 1979. Manton, Mrs. A. E. O. : issues of American Fabrics/Fashions Magazine. Marton, Dr. L. : 4 volumes of Advances in Electronics and Electron Physics. Mason, Dr. Brian: 5 volumes. Mauro, Richard: 11 photographs by donor. Mecinski, Louise: 175 monographs on English architecture and decorative arts. Melson, William: Pluto's Chain. Metcalf, Pauline: 30 magazines and books. Metz, Mike: 13 drawings of objects, by donor. Meyers, Ernest G.: 25 issues of Animals magazine. Mitchell, Ann: Andrew Carnegie, by Joseph Frazier Wall, 1970. Morgan, Thomas B.: 14 issues of Politicks & other Human Interests, bound. Moss, Gilliam: 2 volumes. Multhauf, Dr. Robert P. Neptune's Gift: A History of Common Salt, by donor. Munsell, Alex: portfolio of 7 color photographs of paintings by donor. National Association of Colored Women's Clubs: Colored Woman in a White World. Navez, Andre: Ethiopia's Endemic Birds. Oliver, Richard: 30 books and magazines. O'Neil, Isabel: 4 volumes. Ossorio, Robert U. : 275 magazine issues and several books. Overlock, Les: The Roneo Story and Vickers: Against the Odds 1956-1977. Palley, Reese: 11 publications on Boehm Porcelain. Parkinson, Russell: 3 volumes. Perkins, Nancy: trade literature materials. Perrot, Paul N. : Catalogue of Constable-Maxwell Collection of Ancient Glass. Pettibone, Marian: Beitrdge zur Kenntnis der Polychaeten-Familien Hermelli- dae, Sabellidae und Serpulidae, 1927. Phillips, Mary Walker: issues of The Workbasket and Home Arts Magazine. Prager, Mrs. Frank: Neue (Sogenannte) Magdeburger Versuche iiber den Leeren Raum, 1968. Rice, Dr. Mary: International Symposium on the Biology of the Sipuncula and Echiura, Proceedings, edited by donor. Riesenberg, Saul: 145 monographs and journals. Ripley, S. Dillon: 2 volumes. Rohlfing, Chris: 25 periodicals and monographs. Rosewasser, Beulah G.: 2 volumes. Ross, C. A.: 2 volumes. Schimel, Bob: 3 brochures and 5 posters of Experimental Design Ltd. Scott, Catherine D.: Larvae of Insects: Lepidoptera and Hymenoptera, Part I, by Alvah Peterson, 1948. Scroggie, Mrs. Eugene: photographs and journals. Selig Manufacturing Co: photographs of chairs. Setzer, Henry: monographs and journals. Shropshire, Dr. Walter: 63 journals. Smith, C. Ray: 4 auction catalogues. Smith, Mark Stewart: 6 volumes. Smith, Sheila: 200 items including monographs, journals, and ephemeral materials. Smith, Master Timothy: 11 volumes. Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 553 Sohn, Bertha: 55 issues of Special Libraries. Sohn, Dr. I. Gregory: Bioresearch Index and Zaliva Petra Velikogo. Sonday, Milton: Threads of Time: Artistry in Jewish Costume, 1978. Stained Glass Association of America: transferred their entire library to the Cooper-Hewitt Museum Library. Bookplates were designed, printed, and funded by William Bridges and John McLaughlin. Stanbury, Helen: 13 magazines. Stann, E. Jeffrey: Native American Astronomy. Stark, Helen: 2 volumes. Stern, Lynn S: 175 magazines. Sullivan, James T. : F-42 Corsair in Action, by donor. Suter, Dr. Heinz E.: 2 volumes. Swickley, C. W. : Boy Aviators in Record Flight, 1910. Taylor, Bertrand: portfolio of Avedon photographs. Taylor, Lisa: 250 items. Torre y Rabasa, Dr. Ing. Mario de la. Vision del Mundo — 1844, Frederick Catherwood. Vogel, Robert: De Architectura Venice, 1511. Warren, Miss Dorothy: 125 monographs and magazines. Wasicko, Richard: Air Progress magazines. Watson, George: Mechanick Exercises. Weber, M. R. : Flow Blue China and Mulberry Ware and Staffordshire: Ro- mantic Transfer Patterns. Wedel, Mr., and Mrs. Waldo: 27 issues of Horizon. Wetmore, Alexander: 3000 titles. White, John H., Jr. : Railway Engineering and Maintenance Cyclopedia. Wilson, Druid: Prodrome de Paleontologie . . . 1850. Winkler, Major George N. : monographs and journals. Winship, Frederick: 3 exhibition catalogues. Winslow, Dinny: books and journals. Winter, Frank: aeronautical books. Wolf, Joy: Japanese art catalogue. Yeager, Mary Lou: Royal Doulton Figurine Collections, by donor. Zellers, Albert. 7 magazines. OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Donors of Financial Support Smithsonian Education Outreach Fund: Special Education Programs, Intern '79, The Edward Nelson Papers Curriculum Project. The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz Foundation: Curriculum Project with the District of Columbia Public Schools. OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Donors of Financial Support BASF Wyandotte Corporation Learning About Learning Foundation Bunker Ramo Corporation McDonald's Washington Area Family Ellis L. Phillips Foundation Restaurants General Foods Corporation National Institute of Child Health and Hasbro Center for Child Development Human Development and Education Texas Instruments Incorporated Joseph P. Kennedy, Jr., Foundation U.S. Department of Energy 554 / Smithsonian Year 1979 MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT SMITHSONIAN RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Donors of Financial Support National Endowment for the Arts: granted funds for a three-part film series, "New Visions," featuring the work of contemporary African, Third World, and Black American Filmmakers, November 1978-March 1979 National Endowment for the Humanities and National Endowment for the Arts: granted funds for the Program's participation in national symposium, "Japan Today," April 17-June 6, 1979. National Science Foundation: granted funds for a monthly lecture series, "Key Issues in Science Today," January-May 1979 Smithsonian Women's Committee: for the Free Film Theater NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART Donors of Works of Art Keith Achepohl Anonymous Art Center, Inc., South Bend, Indiana David Baron in memory of his wife, Mary F. Baron Mr. and Mrs. Jacques Z. Baruch Ruth B. Benedict in memory of her parents, Sophie and Carl Boschwitz Ruth B. Benedict and Bertha B. Leubsdorf in memory of Sophie and Carl Boschwitz William and Ruth Benedict Mr. and Mrs. Sam R. Broadbent Collectors Committee Thomas Jefferson Coolidge IV in memory of his great grandfather, Thomas Jefferson Coolidge, his grandfather, Thomas Jefferson Coolidge II, and his father, Thomas Jefferson Coolidge III Mr. and Mrs. Joseph Edinburg David B., James R., and Richard A. Epstein David Edward Finley and Margaret Eustis Finley Edgar William and Bernice Chrysler Garbisch Dr. and Mrs. George Benjamin Green Brian Halsey John Davis Hatch Collection Philip Hofer in memory of his mother, Mrs. Jane Arms Hofer Istituto Nazionale per la Grafica-Calografia, Rome Gerald Johnson Peter W. Josten David Landau Sylvia Benson Lawson Mark and Bryan Leithauser Bertha B. Leubsdorf in memory of her parents, Sophie and Carl Boschwitz Dieter Erich Meyer Matthew J. Mitchell in memory of Robert M. Mitchell Henry A. and Caroline C. Murray John T. Overbeck Ambrose and Viola Patterson Lessing J. Rosenwald Charles Ryskamp in honor of Mr. and Mrs. Paul Mellon Leonard and Mary Schlosser Appendix 9. Donors to the Smithsonian Institution I 555 Mr. and Mrs. Seymour Schwartz Regina Slatkin in memory of Charles E. Slatkin Robert H. and Clarice R. Smith William M. Speiller The Taylor Foundation Donors of Financial Support Ferdinand Lammot Belin Fund Ailsa Mellon Bruce Fund William Nelson Cromwell Fund Chester Dale Fund Dr. and Mrs. Ronald R. Lubritz Fund Mr. and Mrs. E. W. R. Templeton Dr. and Mrs. Walter Timme Mr. and Mrs. Arthur E. Vershbow Dr. and Mrs. Maclyn E. Wade Mr. and Mrs. Robert M. Walker Ian Woodner Andrew W. Mellon Fund Adolph Caspar Miller Fund Pepita Milmore Memorial Fund Print Purchase Fund 556 / Smithsonian Year 1979 APPENDIX 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution in Fiscal Year 1979 Smith- sonian History Institu- Arts & Natural Freer & Tech- tion Industries History Air & Space Gallery nology Month Building Building Building Building of Art Building October 1978 62,795 70,722 323,936 837,698 22,228 298,353 November 43,296 52,234 357,019 933,946 21,467 246,335 December 33,046 43,393 301,889 767,140 19,357 217,032 January 1979 21,749 33,563 224,524 641,546 14,640 133,688 February 25,703 32,427 195,249 468,843 11,404 141,639 March 66,537 66,778 512,661 758,713 21,995 300,957 April 124,173 117,807 873,631 1,442,551 33,625 568,851 May 92,876 95,077 687,584 893,973 30,356 525,672 June 104,162 110,649 586,493 909,138 26,634 536,027 July 115,888 119,229 591,389 1,004,552 27,683 526,781 August 123,531 133,047 645,275 948,017 33,883 578,835 September 64,079 65,917 295,098 545,242 22,997 293,013 TOTALS 877,835 940,843 5,594,748 10,151,359 286,269 4,367,183 Fine Arts Anacostia & Neigh- Cooper- Portrait Renwick Hirshhorn borhood Hewitt Month Gallery Gallery Museum Museum Museum Totals October 1978 43,882 18,009 109,627 2,003 11,185 1,800,438 November 36,666 15,014 102,362 858 11,707 1,820,904 December 35,422 15,631 62,974 30 14,214 1,510,128 January 1979 32,378 11,824 51,112 — 20,435 1,185,459 February 24,484 7,864 58,742 2,241 14,127 982,723 March 40,428 10,338 120,730 4,855 18,241 1,922,233 April 38,852 15,184 158,538 3,439 16,393 3,393,044 May 39,588 13,019 127,356 3,301 15,664 2,524,466 June 40,558 12,914 110,009 2,679 18,134 2,457,397 July 34,391 13,923 117,011 4,600 16,531 2,571,978 August 37,207 32,548 122,994 3,034 15,993 2,674,364 September 30,625 22,520 69,984 1,968 11,661 1,423,104 TOTALS 434,481 188,788 1,211,439 29,008 184,285 24,266,238 Note: Not reflected in the above tabulation are an estimated 2,200,000 visitors to the National Zoological Park in calendar year 1979. The very nature of the Park, with its indoor and outdoor exhibits and its several vehicular and pedestrian entrances, makes it impossible to obtain exact visitor statistics. To overcome this difficulty, NZP has developed a reliable sampling system, which was used to determine the 1979 estimate. The Museum of African Art has a total of 6,936 visitors during August and Sep- tember 1979. Appendix 10. Visitors to the Smithsonian Institution I 557 APPENDIX 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution and its Subsidiaries, September 30, 1979 SECRETARY'S OFFICE AND RELATED ACTIVITIES THE SECRETARY S. DILLON RIPLEY Executive Assistant Dorothy Rosenberg Special Assistant James M. Hobbins Special Assistants to the Secretary .... Margaret Hird Richard H. Rowland Assistant Secretary for Administration . John F. Jameson Assistant Secretary for History and Art . Charles Blitzer Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor Assistant Secretary for Museum Programs Paul N. Perrot Assistant Secretary for Public Service . . Julian T. Euell Treasurer Christian Hohenlohe General Counsel Peter G. Powers Director, Office of Facilities Services . . . Tom L. Peyton Director of Membership and Development James McK. Symington Coordinator of Public Information Lawrence E. Taylor Curator, Smithsonian Institution Building James M. Goode Honorary Research Associate Paul H. Oehser OFFICE OF THE UNDER SECRETARY The Under Secretary Michael Collins Executive Assistant John Motheral SCIENCE Assistant Secretary for Science David Challinor Executive Officer Harold Michaelson Program Manager Ross Simons Administrative Assistant Rita Jordan OFF/CE OF BIOLOGICAL CONSERVATION Director Edward S. Ayensu Administrative Assistant Marsha Cox CHESAPEAKE BAY CENTER FOR ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES Director J. Kevin Sullivan Associate Director for Education Programs John H. Falk Associate Director for Science Programs David L. Correll Administrative Officer Donald L. Wilhelm Facilities Manager John Rynarzewski 558 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Scientific Staff UPLAND ECOLOGY ESTUARINE ECOLOGY WATERSHED STUDIES Edward Balinsky Robert Cory Liza Hamill Christine Fritz Robert Disque William Schaffner Daniel Higman Paul Dresler Kathy Vaughan Elizabeth Ley Maria Faust Tung Lin Wu James Lynch Debbie Ford Robert Tabisz Nancy Goff Dennis Whigham Anson Hines Margaret McWethy Joseph Miklas Jay O'Neill Education Staff John Balling Katharine Kenyon Linda Chick Sharon Maves Ann Coren Suzanne Pogell Jamie Harmes FORT PIERCE BUREAU Director Vacant Administrative Officer June J. Jones Scientific Staff Carcinologist Robert H. Gore Embryologist/Life Histories Mary E. Rice Research Assistants: Karen J. Carle Liberta E. (Scotto) Poolt Margaret Davis Kenneth P. Severin Cynthia Hunter Kim A. Wilson Julianne Piraino Museum Assistant Paula M. Mikkelsen Biological Illustrator Mary Ann Nelson Postdoctoral Fellows Bruce R. Bartlett Malcolm G. Erskian H. Jack McDonald John F. Pilger Collaborators, National Museum of Natural History Martin A. Buzas Richard S. Houbrick David L. Pawson NATIONAL AIR AND SPACE MUSEUM Director Noel W. Hinners Administrative Assistant Betty J. King Deputy Director Melvin B. Zisfein Executive Officer Walter J. Boyne Administrative Officer M. Antoinette Smith Public Information Officer Rita C. Bobowski Staff Assistant Louise Hull Program Management Assistant Helen McMahon Building Manager Joseph L. Davisson Registrar Robin A. Schroffel Budget Analyst Wendy Stephens Curator of Art James D. Dean Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 559 Department of Aeronautics Assistant Director Donald S. Lopez Historian Emeritus Paul E. Garber Curators Louis S. Casey Robert B. Meyer, Jr. Robert C. Mikesh E. T. Wooldridge, Jr. Assistant Curators Claudia M. Oakes Charles G. Sweeting Department of Astronautics Assistant Director F. C. Durant III Curators Tom D. Crouch Walter H. Flint Associate Curator Louis R. Purnell Research Historian Frank H. Winter Department of Science and Technology Assistant Director Howard S. Wolko Curators Richard P. Hallion Paul A. Hanle Center for Earth and Planetary Studies Research Director Farouk El-Baz Geologists: Andrew Chaikin Gar C. Schulin Diane Cobb Priscilla Strain Ann Gilford Alta Walker Ted Maxwell Robert W. Wolfe Library Bureau Librarian Catherine D. Scott Reference Librarian Dominick Pisano Presentation Division Chief Von Del Chamberlain Planetarium Officer Vacant Theater Manager Ronald E. Wagaman Education Division Chief Kerry M. Joels Education Specialists Charles Courchaine Holly Haynes Helen Podolske Janet Wolfe Editor Julie Forbush Exhibits Chief (Acting) Melvin B. Zisfein Chief, Audiovisual Unit Hernan Otano Chief, Design Unit Robert Widder Designers John W. Brown John R. Clendening Lucius E. Lomax Terezia M. Takacs Editor Edna W. Owens Chief, Production Unit Frank A. Nelms Preservation, Restoration, and Storage Division Chief Edward B. Chalkley Assistant Chief Walter R. Roderick Collections Management Alfred Bachmeier 560 / Smithsonian Year 1979 NATIONAL MUSEUM OF MAN, CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF MAN Director Porter M. Kier^ Assistant Director James F. Mello Acting Director James F. Mello^ Administrative Officer Sherrill Berger NATIONAL ANTHROPOLOGICAL FILM CENTER Director E. Richard Sorenson Research Film Studies Coordinator Gay C. Neuberger Research Film Editor ^ Pamela C. Wintle Assistant Research Film Editor Vacant Visual Data Specialist Barbara Y. Johnson Research Assistants M. Michael Maloney Mathias Maradol Research Film Cataloguer Vacant Assistant Research Filmmakers Ragpa Dorjee Steven C. Schecter Vacant Research Film Intern Helena M. Da Rocha Administrative Assistant Leslie A. Curtin Secretary Vacant Administrative Aides Mary L. Azoy Mark P. Borneman Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scholars Research Associates Asen Balikci, University of Montreal, Quebec John K. Marshall, Director, Documentary Educational Resources, Sommerville, Massachusetts Collaborating Scholars: Asen Balikci, University of Montreal, John Kolia, Director, Institute of Quebec Papua New Guinea Studies, Dirk A. Ballendorf, Director, Boroko, Papua New Guinea Micronesian Area Research Center, Luding Khen Rinpoche, Library of Agana, Guam Tibetan Works and Archives, Lain S. Bangdel, Chancellor, Royal Dharamsala, India Nepal Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal Claudia Menezes, Museu do Indio, Dhundiraj Bhandari, Royal Nepal Rio de Janeiro, Brazil Academy, Kathmandu, Nepal Johan Reinhard, University of Judith Chase, Tribuvan University, Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin Nepal Indera P. Singh, University of William Crocker, Associate Curator, Delhi, Delhi, India National Museum of Natural Thepo Tulku, Library of Tibetan History, Washington, D.C. Works and Archives, T. Wayne Dye, Summer Institute of Dharamsala, India Linguistics, Ukarumpa, Papua New Gyatsho Tshering, Library of Guinea Tibetan Works and Archives, M. K. Jaya Sinhji Jhala, Director, Dharamsala, India Institute of Audio- Visual Scott Williams, Bellevue Resources, Ajitniwas, India Community College, Bellevue, Washington ' Resigned May 31, 1979. ^ Resigned June 1, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 561 Consultants : Melvyn Goldstein, Case Western Sol Tax, University of Chicago, Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio Chicago, Illinois Hubert L. Smith, Director, Carroll Williams, Director, Contemporary Yucatec Maya Film Anthropology Film Center, Project, Venice, California Sante Fe, New Mexico RESEARCH INSTITUTE ON IMMIGRATION AND ETHNIC STUDIES Director Roy S. Bryce-Laporte Administrative Assistant Betty S. Dyson Research Coordinator Stephen R. Couch Program Coordinator Delores M. Mortimer Clerk-Typist Constance Trombley Research Associate Donald L. Horowitz NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL HISTORY Director Porter M. Kier^ Assistant Director James F. Mello Acting Director James F. Mello* Writer-Editor Thomas R. Harney Administrative Officer Charles Ossola Management Analyst John Townsend Staff Assistants to Director C- Willard Hart^ William P. Haynes Catherine J. Kerby Chief of Exhibits Eugene F. Behlen Coordinator, Office of Education Joan C. Madden Chief of ADP Program T. Gary Gautier Building Manager Jerome A. Conlon Anthropological Researcher Samuel L. Stanley^ Registrar Margaret A. Santiago Operations Officer, Scientific Events Alert Network David R. Squires ANTHROPOLOGY Chairman William W. Fitzhugh Senior Ethnologists John C. Ewers" Saul H. RiesenbergS Curator, National Anthropological Archives Herman J. Viola Collections Manager U. Vincent Wilcox Supervisor, Conservation Laboratory . . . Carolyn L. Rose Supervisor, Processing Laboratory George E. Phebus Supervisor, Illustration Unit George R. Lewis Public Information Specialist Ruth O. Selig Latin American Anthropology Curators Clifford Evans Robert M. Laughlin Associate Curator William H. Crocker " Resigned May 30, 1979. * Appointed June 1, 1979. ^ Transferred April 8, 1979. " Retired July 6, 1979. ' Retired February 1979. * Retired August 1979. 562 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Old World Anthropology Curators Gordon D. Gibson Eugene I. Knez^ William B. Trousdale Gus W. Van Beek North American Anthropology Curators William W. Fitzhugh Dennis M. Stanford William C. Sturtevant Associate Curator Bruce D. Smith Linguistics Associate Curator R. H. Ives Goddard III Physical Anthropology Curators J. Lawrence Angel Donald J. Ortner Douglas H. Ubelaker Associate Curator Lucile E. St. Hoyme Chemist David W. Von Endt Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists John P. Albanese (Geology)^° Betty ]. Meggers (Archeology) Larry D. Banks (Geology) Walter G. J. Putschar (Physical Alison S. Brooks (Archeology) Anthropology) Ernest S. Burch, Jr. (Ethnology)^^ Owen S. Rye (Archeology; Henry B. Collins (Archeology) T. Dale Stewart (Physical Steven L. Cox (Archeology) Anthropology) Brian C. Hesse (Archeology) Mildred Mott Wedel (Archeology Paula Hesse (Archeology) and Ethnohistory) Richard T. Koritzer (Physical Waldo R. Wedel (Archeology) Anthropology) Theodore A. Wertime (Archeology) BOTANY Chairman Dieter C. Wasshausen Senior Botanists Richard S. Cowan Mason E. Hale, Jr. Phanerogams Curators Dan H. Nicolson Robert W. Read Dieter C. Wasshausen John J. Wurdack Associate Curators Joseph H. Kirkbride, Jr. Marie-Helene Sachet Stanwyn G. Shetler Laurence E. Skog Ferns Associate Curator David B. Lellinger Grasses Curator Thomas R. Soderstrom " Retired November 1978. "' Appointed March 15, 1979. ^^ Appointed March 1, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 563 Cryptogams Curator Harold E. Robinson Associate Curator James N. Norris Palynology Curator Joan W. Nowicke Plant Anatomy Curator Edward S. Ayensu Richard H. Eyde Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Katina Bucher (Cryptogams) Elbert L. Little, Jr. (Dendrology) Paul S. Conger (Diatoms)^^ Alicia Lourteig (Neotropical Judith L. Connor (Algae)^^ Botany) Jose Cuatrecasas (Flora of Tropical Kittie F. Parker (Compositae) South America) Duncan M. Porter (Phanerogams) Arthur Lyon Dahl (Algae) Clyde F. Reed (Phanerogams) James A. Duke (Flora of Panama) Velva E. Rudd (Leguminosae) Marie L. Farr (Fungi) Lyman B. Smith (Flora of Brazil) F. Raymond Fosberg (Tropical Island Seymour H. Sohmer Plants) (Phanerogams) Aaron Goldberg (Phanerogams) Marie L. Solt (Melastomataceae)^^ Charles R. Gunn (Seeds) Frans A. Stafleu (Phanerogams) LeRoy H. Harvey (Grasses)^* William L. Stern (Plant Anatomy) William H. Hathaway (Flora of Edward E. Terrell (Phanerogams) Central America) Francis A. Uecker (Fungi) James D. Lawrey (Lichens)i^ Egbert H. Walker (East Asian Paul A. Lentz (Fungi) Flora) ENTOMOLOGY Chairman Don R. Davis Collections Manager Gary F. Hevel Senior Entomologist Karl V. Krombein Neuropteroids and Diptera Curator Oliver S. Flint, Jr. Associate Curator Wayne N. Mathis Lepidoptera Curators John M. Burns Don R. Davis W. Donald Duckworth William D. Field Coleoptera Curator Terry L. Erwin Associate Curator Paul J. Spangler Hemiptera and Hymenoptera Curators Richard C. Froeschner Paul D. Hurd, Jr. Myriapoda and Arachnida Curator Ralph E. Crabill, Jr. ^" Deceased August 12, 1979. " Appointed January 15, 1978. " Appointed March 1, 1979. '^ Appointed January 1, 1978. •"' Deceased December 29, 1978. 564 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Charles P. Alexander (Diptera) Arnold S. Menke (Hymenoptera) Donald W. Anderson (Coleoptera) Douglass R. Miller (Homoptera) Edward W. Baker (Mites) Carl F. W. Muesebeck S. W. T. Batra (Hymenoptera) (Hymenoptera) S. Franklin Blanton (Diptera) Kenelm W. Philip (Lepidoptera) Barnard Burks (Hymenoptera) George W. Rawson (Lepidoptera) Robert W. Carlson (Hymenoptera) Mary Livingston Ripley (General Oscar L. Cartwright (Coleoptera) Entomology) J. F. Gates Clarke (Lepidoptera) Louise M. Russell (Homoptera) Hilary Crusz (Insects of Sri Lanka) Curtis W. Sabrosky (Diptera) K. C. Emerson (Mallophaga) Robert L. Smiley (Mites) John H. Fales (Lepidoptera) David R. Smith (Hymenoptera) Douglas C. Ferguson (Lepidoptera) Theodore J. Spilman (Coleoptera) Richard H. Foote (Diptera) George C. Steyskal (Diptera) John G. Franclemont (Lepidoptera) Manya B. Stoetzel (Homoptera) Raymond J. Gagne (Diptera) F. Christian Thompson (Diptera) Robert D. Gordon (Coleoptera) Edward L. Todd (Lepidoptera) E. Eric Grissell (Hymenoptera) Robert Traub (Siphonaptera) Ashley B. Gurney (Orthoptera) Hayo H. W. Velthuis Jon L. Herring (Hemiptera) (Hymenoptera) Ronald W. Hodges (Lepidoptera) Ronald A. Ward (Medical Harry Hoogstraal (Medical Entomology) Entomology) Richard E. White (Coleoptera) John M. Kingsolver (Coleoptera) Donald R. Whitehead (Coleoptera) Lloyd Knutson (Diptera) Willis W. Wirth (Diptera) James P. Kramer (Homoptera) David Wooldridge (Coleoptera) Paul M. Marsh (Hymenoptera) INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Chairman W. Duane Hope Senior Zoologist Horton H. Hobbs, Jr. Crustacea Curators: J. Laurens Barnard Charles W. Hart, Jr.^^ Thomas E. Bowman Louis S. Kornicker Roger F. Cressey Raymond B. Manning Associate Curator Brian F. Kensley^^ Echinoderms Curators Frederick M. Bayer David L. Pawson Klaus Riietzler Mollusks Curators Richard S. Houbrick Clyde F. E. Roper Joseph Rosewater Associate Curator Arthur H. Clarke Worms Curators Robert P. Higgins Meredith L. Jones Mary E. Rice Associate Curator Kristian Fauchald^^ " Appointed April 8, 1979. ^^ Appointed November 30, 1978. " Appointed March 11, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 565 Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists S. Stillman Berry Patsy McLaughlin J. Bruce Bredin Marian Pettibone Stephen D. Cairns^o Anthony J. Provenzano, Jr. Fenner A. Chace^i Harald A. Rehder Sing Chen Chang^^ Frank R. Schwengal Hillary Boyle Cressey^^ I. G. Sohn Isabel Perez Farfante Geerart J. Vermeij^^ John C. Harshbarger Gilbert L. Voss Lipke B. Holthuis Austin B. Williams Roman Kenk David K. Young J. Ralph Lichtenfels MINERAL SCIENCES Chairman Daniel E. Appleman Meteorites Curators Roy S. Clarke, Jr. Brian H. Mason Geochemists Kurt Fredriksson Robert F. Fudali Mineralogy Curator Paul E. Desautels Associate Curator John S. White, Jr. Petrology and Volcanology Curators Richard S. Fiske William G. Melson Thomas E. Simkin Physical Sciences Laboratory Chemists Julie N. Barrows^^ Eugene Jarosewich Joseph A. Nelen Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Howard J. Axon (Meterorites) Peter A. Jezek (Petrology) Vagn F. Buchwald (Meteorites) Peter Leavens (Mineralogy) William C. Buell IV (Volcanology) Paul B. Moore (Mineralogy) Gary R. Byerly (Petrology) Izumi Nakai (Mineralogy)'''' Robert T. Dodd (Meteorites) Masaaki Shimizu (Mineralogy)28 John Filson (Meteorites) George S. Switzer (Mineralogy) Michael Fleischer (Mineralogy) Geoffrey Thompson (Petrology) Martin Flower (Petrology) Othmar T. Tobisch (Peterology) John J. Gurney (Petrology) John J. Trelawney (Mineralogy) Chris Hatton (Petrology)^^ Suzanne Wass (Meteorites) Edward P. Henderson (Meteorites) Charles A. Wood (Petrology)^^ -" Appo ^ Appo "" Appo -^ Appo "* Appo ^ Appo -" Appo "" Appo "^ Appo: * Appo nted nted nted nted nted nted nted nted nted nted April 1, 1979. November 1, 1978. October 1, 1979. October 1, 1979. August 1, 1977. January 28, 1979. March 1978. August 1, 1978. June 11, 1979. September 1, 1978. 566 / Smithsonian Year 1979 PALEOBIOLOGY Chairman Martin A. Buzas Collections Manager Frederick J. Collier Invertebrate Paleontology Curators: Richard M. Benson Richard E. Grant Richard S. Boardman Erie G. Kauffman Martin A. Buzas Porter M. Kier Alan H. Cheetham Thomas R. Waller Richard Cifelli Geologist Kenneth M. Towe Vertebrate Paleontology Curators Nicholas Hotton III Clayton E. Ray Associate Curator Robert J. Emry Paleobotany Curators Walter H. Adey Leo J. Hickey Francis M. Hueber Sedimentology Curator Jack W. Pierce Geological Oceanographer Daniel J. Stanley Geologist Ian G. Macintyre Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists Patricia Adey S. Taseer Hussain Jan J. Roth Arthur J. Boucot Ralph W. Imlay Bruce Runnegar Sankar Chatterjee Jeremy B. C. Jackson William J. Sando Anthony G. Coates Gilbert Kelling Frederick R. Siegel G. Arthur Cooper Harry S. Ladd Elwyn L. Simons Daryl P. Domning^o N. Gary Lane Judith E. Skog Raymond Douglass Kenneth E. Lohman Norman F. Sohl J. Thomas Dutro Venka V. Macintyre George Stanley^^ Douglas Emlong Andres Maldonado Steven M. Stanley Ralph E. Eshelman Sergius H. Mamay Robert S. Steneck Jerzy A. Federowski James F. Mello Margaret Ruth Todd Robert M. Finks Robert B. Neuman Ronald R. West C. Lewis Gazin William A. Oliver, Jr. Frank C. Whitmore, Jr. Mackenzie Gordon, Jr. Thomas F. Phelen Druid Wilson Richard Graus John Pojeta, Jr. John W. Wilson Peter J. Harmatuk Roy H. Reinhart Wendell P. Woodring Bruce N. Haugh Charles A. Repenning Ellis P. Yochelson Joseph E. Hazel E. Carol Roth VERTEBRATE ZOOLOGY Chairman George R. Zug Fishes Curators Robert H. Gibbs, Jr. Ernest A. Lachner Victor G. Springer Stanley H. Weitzman Associate Curator William R. Taylor^^ ™ Appointed July 1978. ^' Appointed March 22, 1979. ^ Retired September 7, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 567 Reptiles and Amphibians Curators W. Ronald Heyer George R. Zug Birds Curators George E. Watson Richard L. Zusi Associate Curators Storrs L. Olson Paul Slud Mammals Curators Charles O. Handley, Jr. Richard W. Thorington, Jr. Associate Curator James G. Mead Assistant Curator Michael D. Carleton^s Research Associates, Collaborators, and Affiliated Scientists John W. Aldrich (Birds) E. V. Komarek (Mammals) Ronald Gail Altig (Reptiles, Irving Kornfield (Fishes) Amphibians) Roxie C. Laybourne (Birds) John S. Ash (Birds)^* Joseph T. Marshall (Birds) Richard C. Banks (Birds) Roy W. McDiarmid (Reptiles, William Belton (Birds) Amphibians) Michael A. Bogan (Mammals) J. A. J. Meester (Mammals) James E. Bohlke (Fishes) Edgardo Mondolfi (Mammals) Robert L. Brownell (Mammals) Russell E. Mumford (Mammals) Howard W. Campbell (Reptiles, Ralph S. Palmer (Birds)36 Amphibians) William F. Perrin (Mammals) Daniel M. Cohen (Fishes) Dioscoro S. Rabor (Mammals) Bruce B. Collette (Fishes) Randall R. Reeves (Mammals) Robert K. Enders (Mammals) S. Dillon Ripley (Birds) Carl H. Ernst (Reptiles, Amphibians) Brian Robbins (Mammals) Alan Feduccia (Birds) Rudolfo Ruibal (Reptiles, John G. Frazier (Reptiles, Amphibians) Amphibians) William Schevill (Mammals) Herbert Friedmann (Birds) David W. Steadman (Birds) Jeffrey Froehlich (Mammals) Ian R. Straughan (Reptiles, Alfred L. Gardner (Mammals) Amphibians) Richard Highton (Reptiles, Stephen G. Tilley (Reptiles, Amphibians) Amphibians) George J. Jacobs (Reptiles, Richard Wassersug (Reptiles, Amphibians) Amphibians) Frances C. James (Birds) John C. Weske (Birds) Clyde J. Jones (Mammals) Ralph M. Wetzel (Mammals) Warren B. King (Birds)^^ James D. Williams (Fishes) Gordon L. Kirkland (Mammals) Don E. Wilson (Mammals) HANDBOOK OF NORTH AMERICAN INDIANS General Editor William C. Sturtevant Production Manager Diane Delia-Loggia SMITHSONIAN OCEANOGRAPHIC SORTING CENTER Director Frank D. Ferrari Supervisory Marine Biologists Herman A. Fehlmann ^ Appointed September 4, 1979. ** Appointed August 1, 1979. ^ Appointed August 1, 1979. ^^ Appointed February 1, 1979. 568 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Gordon Hendler Leslie Knapp Betty J. Landrum Ernani Menez Oceanographer Cathy J. Kerby NATIONAL ZOOLOGICAL PARK Director Theodore H. Reed Assistant Director for Animal Programs John F. Eisenberg Assistant Director for Support Services Vacant Special Assistant Robert Hoage General Curator, Office of Animal Programs Vacant Curators: Daryl Boness Charles W. Pickett, Jr. Dale Marcellini Miles S. Roberts Olav Oftedal William A. Xanten, Jr. Scientist-in-Charge, Office of Zoological Research Devra G. Kleiman Scientific Staff Eugene S. Morton Katherine Ralls Associate in Ecology S. Dillon Ripley Collaborators Paul Leyhausen Richard Faust Kenhelm W. Stott Research Associates and Affiliated Scientists: Maxeen Biben Kenneth M. Green Rasnayagam Rudran Carolyn Crockett Judith L. Hand James K. Russell Jean Delacour Robert A. Hoage John C. Seidensticker IV Wolfgang P. J. Dittus James R. Malcolm Ranka Sekulic Nicole Duplaix Walter Poduschka Melvin E. Sunquist John G. Frazier, Jr. Galen B. Rathbun Gay Troth Sheri L. Gish John G. Robinson Susan C. Wilson Chief, Office of Animal Health Mitchell Bush Veterinarian Emeritus Clinton W. Gray Chief, Office of Pathology Richard J. Montali Research Associates (Pathology) : Daniel R. Brooks John D. Strandberg C. K. Hsu Charles O. Thoen Opendra Narayan Bernard Zook Curator-in-Charge, Conservation and Research Center Christen M. Wemmer Chief, Office of Education Judith White Chief, Office of Graphics and Exhibits . . Robert E. Mulcahy Chief, Office of Construction Management Fred G. Barwick Chief, Office of Facilities Management . Emanuel Petrella Chief, Office of Police and Safety Samuel L. Middleton, Jr. Chief, Office of Management Services . . Vincent J. Doyle Director, Friends of the National Zoo . . Sabin Robbins RADIATION BIOLOGY LABORATORY Director William H. Klein Assistant Director W. Shropshire, Jr. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 569 Agricultural Engineer John Sager Anthropologist Robert Stuckenrath Aquatic Ecologist Claire Buchanan* Biochemists Ora Canaani* Maurice Margulies Biologists Elisabeth Gantt Rebecca Hayes Biophysicist Josef Grabowski* Geneticist Roy W. Harding, Jr. Physicist Bernard Goldberg Physiological Ecologists Theodore M. Dejong* Bert G. Drake Stephen N. Turitzin* Plant Physiologists: Charles F. Cleland John L. Edwards William O. Smith Gerald Deitzer Tetzuya Katoh* Osamu Tanaka* Machi F. Dilworth* Thomas Redlinger* Students: Susan Daniels Denise Knott Don Philip David L. Herrin Marjorie Mooney SMITHSONIAN ASTROPHYSICAL OBSERVATORY (Including Harvard Members of the Center for Astrophysics) Director Assistant Director George B. Field John G. Gregory Eugene H. Avrett John A. Ball Barbara Bell John H. Black Graziella Branduardi Alastair G. W. Cameron Bartley Cardon Nathaniel P. Carleton Frederick Chaffee Eric Chaisson Kelly Chance Steven Christensen Haldan Cohn Giuseppe Colombo Guy J. Consolmagno Eustratios Constantinides Allan F. Cook II John L. Cowan Alexander Dalgarno Marc Davis Robert J. Davis John P. Delvaille Bruce Draine Andrea K. Dupree John Eddy Arnold S. Epstein Giuseppina Fabbiano S. Michael Fall Giovanni Fazio Edward L. Fireman Brian P. Flannery William Forman Peter Foukal Fred A. Franklin Daryl E. Freeman Bruce A. Fryxell Edward M. Gaposchkin John C. Geary Margaret J. Geller Reinhard Genzel Riccardo Giacconi Owen Gingerich Leo Goldberg Leon Golub Paul Gorenstein Richard E. Griffiths Jonathan E. Grindlay Mario Grossi Herbert Gursky Shadia Habbal Wendy Hagen F. R. Harnden, Jr. Lee W. Hartmann Thomas Hartquist Aubrey Haschick Timothy Heil J. Patrick Henry Claude Herzberg John Huchra Luigi G. Jacchia Christine Jones-Forman Paul Kalaghan Wolfgang Kalkofen Edwin Kellogg Kate Kirby-Docken Douglas Kleinmann Edgar Knobloch David G. Koch John L. Kohl Yoshihide Kozai Max Krook Robert L. Kurucz David Latham David Layzer Myron Lecar Randolph H. Levine Alan P. Lightman Martha Liller William Liller A. Edward Lilley Keith MacGregor Postdoctoral Fellows. 570 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Brian Marsden Ursula Marvin Edward Mattison Alan Maxwell Brian McBreen Richard E. McCrosky James M. Moran Stephen S. Murray Peter Nisenson Robert W. Noyes Michael Oppenheimer Costas Papaliolios William H. Parkinson Cecilia Payne-Gaposchkin Michael R. Pearlman William H. Press Harrison E. Radford John C. Raymond Robert Rosner Micheline Roufosse George B. Rybicki John A. Rys Paul L. Schechter Rudolph E. Schild Herbert Schnopper Ethan J. Schreier Daniel A. Schwartz Joseph Schwarz Zdenek Sekanina Frederick D. Seward Larry Smarr Peter L. Smith Robert Stachnik Harvey Tananbaum Paul O. Taylor Wesley Traub Wallace H. Tucker Giuseppe S. Vaiana Leon P. van Speybroeck Jorge E. Vernazza Robert F. C. Vessot George Victor Trevor C. Weekes Steven Weinberg Heinz Weiser Nigel O. Weiss Fred L. Whipple Charles A. Whitney George L. Withbroe John A. Wood Kouichi Yoshino Frederick D. Young Martin Zombeck SMITHSONIAN TROPICAL RESEARCH INSTITUTE Director Ira Rubinoff Assistant Director Vacant Assistant Director (Academic Programs) Neal G. Smith Special Assistant to Director Adela Gomez Deputy Special Assistant to Director . . Elena Lombardo Senior Scientists Martin H. Moynihan A. Stanley Rand Administrative Officer Luis R. del Rio Superintendent, Barro Colorado Nature Monument Vacant Facilities Manager Thomas R. Borges Deputy Facilities Manager David Cantagalli Librarian Alcira Mejia Head, Office of Conservation and Environmental Education Nicholas Smythe Educational Assistant Georgina DeAIba Editorial Assistant Arilla H. Kourany Scientific Staff: John Cubit Harilaos Lessios David Roubik Robert L. Dressier Olga F. Linares Roberta W. Rubinoff Mary Jane West Eberhard G. Gene Montgomery Robert E. Silberglied William Eberhard D. Ross Robertson Alan P. Smith Peter W. Glynn Michael H. Robinson Donald M. Windsor Egbert Leigh, Jr. Arcadio F. Rodaniche Hindrik Wolda Research Associates: Annette Aiello Robin Foster Bruce Menge Humberto Alvarez Nathan Gale Anthony Ranere Robin Andrews Pedro Galindo Tyson Roberts Carlos Arellano Carman Glynn Barbara Robinson Charles F. Bennett, Jr. Jeffrey B. Graham Gordon B. Small Jose Ignacio Borrero Deborah Caldwell Hahn W. John Smith Gordon M. Burghardt Jane Lubchenco Henry Stockwell Richard Cooke Yael Lubin Alastair M. Stuart Reinaldo Diaz Ernst Mayr Paulo E. Vanzolini Kerry Ann Dressier Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 571 HISTORY AND ART Assistant Secretary Charles Blitzer Special Assistants Dean Anderson Susan Hamilton Administrative Officer Patricia DuVall Secretary Grace F. Fulton ARCHIVES OF AMERICAN ART NEW YORK (administrative OFFICe) Director William E. Woolfenden Secretary Arleen A. Pancza WASHINGTON (PROCESSING OFFICE) Deputy Director/Archivist Garnett McCoy Administrative Officer Richard J. Nicastro Secretary Elizabeth C. James Curator of Manuscripts Arthur Breton Associate Curator of Manuscripts .... Judith Throm Area Collector Julie Link Haifley Membership Secretary Elizabeth Eastburn Archives Technicians Linda Best Elizabeth Kirwin Ann Ferrante Buck Pennington Judy Reis Judith Throm Susan Williams NEW YORK AREA OFFICE Area Director William McNaught Secretary Jemison Hammond Field Researcher Ivor Avellino Archives Technician Elizabeth Evans BOSTON AREA OFFICE Area Director Robert Brown Secretary Lane Rogers Archives Technician Joyce Tyler Archives Clerk Demetra Pulos DETROIT AREA OFFICE Area Director Dennis Barrie Administrative Aide Marilyn Wheaton Archives Technician Marilyn Florek SAN FRANCISCO AREA OFFICE Area Director Paul Karlstrom Secretary Irene Sickel Archives Technician Karen Davis COOPER-HEWITT MUSEUM OF DESIGN AND DECORATIVE ARTS Director Lisa Taylor Assistant Director for Collections Management Christian Rohlfing Assistant Director for Administration . . Daniel J. O'Leary Curator of Drawings and Prints Elaine Evans Dee 572 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Curator of Decorative Arts David Revere McFadden Curator of Textiles Milton Sonday Curator of Architecture and Design .... Richard B. Oliver Librarian Robert Kaufmann Conservator, Textile Lucy Commoner Conservator, Paper Konstanze Bachmann Exhibition Coordinator Dorothy Twining Globus Exhibition Designer Robin Parkinson Business Administrator Kurt Struver Chief of Security Luis Palau Programs Manager Mary Kerr Museum Shop Manager Railey Macey Public Relations Manager Isabelle Silverman Technician for Drawings and Prints . . . Xenia Cage Exhibition Research Lucy Fellowes Assistant Registrar Sheila Silverman Program Coordinators Jennifer Jarvis Susan Yelavich Business Office Manager Elizabeth McKirdie Administrative Assistants to the Director Barbara V. Foss Peter M. Scherer FREER GALLERY OF ART Director Thomas Lawton Executive Assistant Richard Louie Associate Curator, Chinese Art Shen C. Y. Fu Associate Curator, Japanese Art Yoshiaki Shimizu Associate Curator, Near Eastern Art . . . Esin Atil Assistant Curator, Japanese Art Ann Yonemura Translator Julia K. Murray Head Conservator, Technical Laboratory W. Thomas Chase III Conservators John Winter Lynda A. Zycherman Research Curator, Far Eastern Ceramics John A. Pope Research Assistant Josephine H. Knapp Librarian Priscilla P. Smith Assistant Librarian Chung-ming Lung Registrar Eleanor Radcliffe Registrarial Specialist Sarah L. Newmeyer Honorary Associates Richard Edwards Calvin French HIRSHHORN MUSEUM AND SCULPTURE GARDEN Director Abram Lerner Deputy Director Stephen E. Weil Administrative Officer Nancy F. Kirkpatrick Chief Curator Charles W. Millard Curator of Exhibitions Cynthia J. McCabe Curator for Archives Inez Garson Associate Curators Frank Gettings Phyllis Rosenzweig Judith Zilczer Assistant Curators Howard Fox Miranda McClintic Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 573 Librarian Anna Brooke Conservators Laurence Hoffman Antoinette Owens Steven Tatti Registrar Douglas Robinson Chief, Education Edward Lawson Writer/Editor Nancy Grubb Chief, Exhibits and Design Joseph Shannon Information Specialist Sidney Lawrence Photographer John Tennant Building Services Coordinator Frank Underwood JOSEPH HENRY PAPERS Editor Nathan Reingold Associate Editor Arthur P. Molella Assistant Editor Marc Rothenberg Staff Historian Kathleen Waldenfels Research Assistants Joan F. Steiner Beverly Jo Lepley MUSEUM OF AFRICAN ART Director Warren Robbins Assistant Director for Administration . . Jean Salan Secretary to the Director Helen Loerke Editorial Assistant to the Director Lee Williams Buildings Manager Basil Arendse Public Affairs and Development Officer Isabel Brookfield Public Information Officer Thomas Peterson Curator of Collections Lydia Puccinelli Registrar and Research Assistant Marietta Joseph Conservator Rene Welfeld Program/Education Director Amina Dickerson Program Officer Helen Haynes Academic Coordinator, Higher Education Edward Lifschitz Assistant Academic Coordinator Nancy Nooter Archives Assistants Bryna Freyer Dorothy Huete Librarian Janet Stanley NATIONAL COLLECTION OF FINE ARTS Director Joshua C. Taylor Assistant Director Harry Lowe Administrator H. Eugene Kelson Associate Administrator Charles J. Robertson Assistant to the Director Birute Vileisis Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Harry Rand Associate Curator, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Virginia Mecklenburg Assistant Curator, Joseph Cornell Study Center Lynda Hartigan Consultant, 20th Century Painting and Sculpture Adelyn Breeskin 574 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Curator, 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture William H. Truettner Associate Curator, 18th and 19th Century Painting and Sculpture .... Robin Bolton-Smith Curator, Prints and Drawings Janet Flint Associate Curator, Prints and Drawings Martina Norelli Curator of Education Barbara Shissler Associate Curator of Education, Secondary Teresa C. Grana Assistant Curator of Education, Elementary Margery E. Gordon Director, Renwick Gallery Lloyd E. Herman Curator, Renwick Gallery Michael Monroe Associate Curator, Renwick Gallery .... Ellen Myette Curator of Research Lois Fink Chief, Office of Exhibition and Design . David Keeler Assistant Chief, Office of Exhibition and Design Val Lewton Conservators Ann Creager Katherine Eirk Stefano Scafetta Editor, Office of Publication Carroll Clark Registrar W. Robert Johnston Assistant Registrar, Permanent Collection Thomas W. Bower Chief, Packing and Shipping Burgess A. Coleman Coordinator of Program Support Lois A. Bingham Chief, Office of Public Affairs Margery Byers Chief, Office of Visual Resources Eleanor Fink Assistant Chief, Office of Visual Resources Rachel Allen Photographers Martin A. Curry Michael Fisher Coordinator, Inventory of American Paintings Martha Andrews Coordinator, Smithsonian Art Index . . . Bess L. Hormats Librarian, NCFA/NPG William B. Walker NATIONAL MUSEUM OF HISTORY AND TECHNOLOGY Acting Director Otto Mayr Special Assistants Josiah Hatch Claudine Klose Assistant Director for Administration . . Robert G. Tillotson Administrative Officer Jean J. Middleton Public Information Officer Geraldine E. Sanderson Coordinator of Education Alice Reno Malone Senior Historian Brooke Hindle CULTURAL HISTORY Chairman Claudia B. Kidwell Senior Curator C. Malcolm Watkins Ceramics and Class Acting Supervisor Claudia B. Kidwell Curator Emeritus J. Jefferson Miller II Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 575 Community Life Curators Richard E. Ahlborn Carl H. Scheele Costume Curator Claudia B. Kidwell Curator Emeritus Anne W. Murray Domestic Life Curators Rodris C. Roth Anne C. Golovin Graphic Arts Curator Elizabeth M. Harris Musical Instruments Curators Cynthia A. Hoover John T. Fesperman Honorary Research Associates: Ceramics and Glass Hans Syz Domestic Life Ivor Noel Hume Joan Pearson Watkins Musical Instruments Mrs. Sheridan Germann NATIONAL HISTORY Chairman Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli Military History Curator Craddock R. Goins, Jr. Associate Curator Donald E. Kloster Naval History Curators Philip K. Lundeberg Harold D. Langley Numismatics Curators Vladimir Clain-Stefanelli Elvira Clain-Stefanelli Political History Curators Margaret B. Klapthor Herbert R. Collins Assistant Curator Edith P. Mayo Postal History Associate Curator Reidar Norby Honorary Research Associates: Military History Anne S. K. Brown Naval History Lee Houchins Numismatics R. Henry Norweb Emery May Norweb HISTORY OF SCIENCE Chairman Bernard S. Finn Senior Scientific Scholar Robert P. Multhauf Curator Emeritus Sami K. Hamarneh Electricity and Modern Physics Curators Bernard S. Finn Paul Forman 576 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Mathematics Curator Uta C. Merzbach Mechanisms Curator Otto Mayr Medical Sciences Curator Audrey B. Davis Assistant Curator Ramunas A. Kondratas Physical Sciences Associate Curators Jon B. Eklund Deborah J. Warner Honorary Research Associates: Office of Chairman Derek J. De Solla Price Bern Dibner Electricity and Modern Physics Gerald F. J. Tyne Mechanisms Edwin A. Battison Physical Sciences Arthur Frazier HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGY Chairman John T. Schlebecker Extractive Industries Curator John T. Schlebecker Associate Curator John N. Hoffman Assistant Curator George T. Sharrer Mechanical and Civil Engineering Curator Robert M. Vogel Photographic History Curator Eugene Ostroff Textiles Curator Rita J. Adrosko Assistant Curator Gary Kulik Transportation Curator John H. White Associate Curator Don H. Berkebile Honorary Research Associates : Mechanical and Civil Engineering Charles T. G. Looney Transportation Peter B. Bell Arthur D. Dubin Melvin H. Jackson Extractive Industries Philip W. Bishop EISENHOWER INSTITUTE FOR HISTORICAL RESEARCH Historians James Hutchins Forest C. Pogue COLLECTIONS MANAGEMENT Collections Manager John Shroeder Registrar Virginia Beets Assistant Registrar Martha Morris Inventory Control Project Manager .... Warren J. Danzenbaker Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 577 CONSERVATION Head Conservator J. Scott Odell OFFICE OF EXHIBITS Assistant Director for Exhibits Benjamin W. Lawless Chief, Exhibits Management Richard S. Virgo Acting Chief, Exhibits Design Benjamin W. Lawless Chief, Exhibits Production Walter N. Lewis OFFICE OF BUILDING MANAGEMENT Building Manager Lawrence A. Bush NATIONAL PORTRAIT GALLERY Director Marvin S. Sadik Deputy Director Douglas E. Evelyn Program Management Officer Harold Pfister Administrative Officer Barbara A. Faison^^ Historian Marc Pachter Curator of Painting and Sculpture Robert G. Stewart Associate Curators of Painting and Sculpture Monroe Fabian Ellen Miles Curator of Prints Wendy Wick Curator of Photographs William F. Stapp Curator of Exhibitions Beverly J. Cox Editor of Publications Frances S. Wein Curator of Education Dennis O'Toole^^ Associate Curator of Education Kenneth Yellis^^ Chief, Design and Production Nello Marconi Keeper of the Catalog of American Portraits Mona Dearborn National Survey Coordinator of the Catalog of American Portraits Richard K. Doud Editor of the Charles Willson Peale Papers and Historian of American Culture Lillian B. Miller Senior Conservator Felrath Hines Librarian William Walker Senior Photographer Eugene Mantie Registrar Suzanne Jenkins Public Affairs Officer Susanne Roschwalb*" Public Affairs Officer Sandra Westin*i OFF7CE OF AMERICAN AND FOLKLIFE STUDIES AMERICAN STUDIES PROGRAM Director Wilcomb E. Washburn Administrative Assistant Dorothy D. Blaska ^" Appointed June 17, 1979. ^ Resigned November 18, 1978. ^ Appointed Curator January 28, 1979. *° Resigned February 28, 1979. "■ Appointed March 9, 1979. 578 / Smithsonian Year 1979 FOLKLIFE PROGRAM Director Ralph Rinzler Senior Folklorist Peter Seitel Ethnomusicologist Thomas Vennum Administrative Officer Betty Beuck Program Coordinator Jeffrey LaRiche Folklorists Susan Kalcik Jack Santino Steve Zeitlin Project Coordinator Diana Parker Designer Daphne Shuttleworth Archivist Richard Derbyshire Administrative Assistant Sarah Lewis Clerk-Typist Barbara Strickland OFFICE OF FELLOWSHIPS AND GRANTS Director Gretchen Gayle Ellsworth Associate Director Edward Davidson Grants Specialists Francine Berkowitz Betty Wingfield Grants Technician Edith McRee Whiteman MUSEUM PROGRAMS Assistant Secretary Paul N. Perrot Executive Assistant William N. Richards National Museum Act Coordinator .... F. Matilda Wells CONSERVATION ANALYTICAL LABORATORY Director Robert M. Organ Supervisor (Archaeometry) Jacqueline S. Olin Supervisory Conservator Eleanor McMillan Supervisory Conservation-Scientist Timothy Padfield Administrative Officer Montague Smith Conservators : Walter Angst Mary L. Garbin Nikki Horton Christine Smith Conservation-Scientist, X-ray Diffraction Joan Mishara Conservation-Scientist, X-ray Fluorescence Peter Waldstein"*^ Conservation-Scientist, Metallurgist . . . Martha E. Goodway Chemists Walter Hopwood Harold Westley Physical Scientist James M. Blackman*^ Secretary Zelma Coleman Clerk-Typist L. Susan Tolbert Conservation Technician Carol Callahan Conservation Aide Mary Ellen Fossey*^ Resigned April 13, 1979. ' Appointed December 3, 1978. Temporary appointment ended September 30, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 579 Technical Information Specialists Marjorie Cleveland^^ John Fuller*'' Quentin Maule*^ OFFICE OF EXHIBITS CENTRAL Chief James A. Mahoney Assistant Chief John C. Widener Administrative Officer William M. Clark, Jr. Chief of Design James A. Mahoney Chief of Production John C. Widener Chief Exhibits Editor Linda S. DuBro Director, Motion Picture Unit Karen Loveland Freeze Dry Specialist Rolland O. Hower OFFICE OF HORTICULTURE Director James R. Buckler Assistant Director John W. Monday Secretary Rebecca A. Evans*^ Administrative Services Clerk Sandra L. Conway Chief of Education Division Lauranne C. Nash Foreman, Grounds Management Division Kenneth Hawkins Foreman, Greenhouse Nursery Division August A. Dietz IV OFFICE OF INTERNATIONAL ACTIVITIES Director Kennedy B. Schmertz Deputy Director Richard T. Conroy Program Officer LeRoy Makepeace International Liaison Specialist Saundra Tilghman-Thomas OFFICE OF MUSEUM PROGRAMS Program Manager Jane R. Glaser Administrative Officer Gwendolyn G. Baker Assistant Program Manager, Training . . Nancy L. Welch Program Aide, Training Phyllis Meltzer Native American Museum Training Coordinator James A. Hanson Program Coordinator, Conservation Information Program Elena Borowski Television Production Specialist Peter R. Erikson Audio-Visual Production Specialist .... Eleanor D. Crow Program Assistant Mary B. Nugent Program Aide Kelly Forrest Psychologist/Evaluator Robert Wolf Museum Reference Center Librarian . . . Rhoda Ratner OFFICE OF THE REGISTRAR Registrar Philip Leslie Assistant Registrar Mary W. Lund *^ Appointed August 13, 1979. " Resigned June 1, 1979. " Appointed November 27, 1978. ** Resigned May 18, 1979. 580 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Management Assistant Melva L. Simmons Secretary Athena Carvounis*^ SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION ARCHIVES Archivist Richard H. Lytle Deputy Archivist William A. Deiss Associate Archivists Alan L. Bain Richard V. Szary Assistant Archivists William R. Massa, Jr. James A. Steed Supervisory Archives Technician Norwood N. Biggs Historian Pamela M. Henson SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION LIBRARIES Director of Libraries Robert M. Maloy^" Keeper of Rare Books Silvio Bedini^^ Systems Librarian Stephen R. Toney'^^ Administrative Librarian Thomas L. Wilding Administrative Officer Mary C. Quinn Assistant Director of Libraries for Technical Services Vija L. Karklins Acquisitions Services Chief Mildred D. Raitt Gift and Exchange Sharon H. Sweeting Order Librarian William B. Neff Serials Librarian Robert W. HulP^ Cataloguing Services Chief Mary Jane H. Linn Assistant Chief Bertha S. Sohn Cataloguers Angeline D. Ashford Charles H. King Helen S. Nordberg Frances W. Penfold'^* Margaret A. Sealor Rare Book Cataloguer Dianne M. Chilmonczyk^^ Processing Services Chief Mary J. Pierce Rare Book Conservation Laboratory Conservator Johannes H. Hyltoft Special Projects Special Projects Librarian Neal T. Turtell *" Appointed November 5, 1978. ™ Appointed August 27, 1979. ^^ Appointed September 9, 1979. ^ Appointed October 1, 1978. ^ Resigned August 25, 1979. ^ Retired May 10, 1979. ^ Appointed October 6, 1978. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 581 Bibliographic Support Chief Victoria Avera Assistant Director of Libraries for Bureau and Information Services .... Jean C. Smith^® Assistant to the Assistant Director of Libraries for Bureau and Information Services Susan VanHaften-Mackler Access Services Chief Jack F. Marquardt Assistant Chief Amy E. Levin Bibliographer for the History of Science and Technology Jack S. Goodwin Bureau Libraries Chesapeake Bay Center for Environmental Studies Librarian Mary Clare Gray Cooper-Hewitt Museum of Design and Decorative Arts Librarian Robert C. Kaufmann Freer Gallery of Art Librarian Priscilla B. Smith Hirshhorn Museum and Sculpture Garden Librarian Anna M. Brooke Museum Reference Center Librarian . . . Rhoda Ratner National Air and Space Museum Librarian Catherine D. Scott Reference Librarian Dominick A. Pisano National Collection of Fine Arts and National Portrait Gallery Librarian . . William B. Walker Reference Librarian Katharine Ratzenberger National Museum of History and Technology Librarian Frank A. Pietropaoli Reference Librarians Charles G. Berger Barbara F. Veloz Rare Book Librarian Ellen B. Wells" Dibner Librarian Mary Rosenfeld National Museum of Natural History Librarian Sylvia J. Churgin Anthropology Branch Librarian Janette K. Saquet Botany Branch Librarian Ruth F. Schallert National Zoological Park Librarian .... Mary Clare Gray Reference Librarian Kay A. Kenyon^s Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory Librarian Joyce M. Rey Smithsonian Radiation Biology Laboratory Librarian Mary Clare Gray Smithsonian Tropical Research Institute Librarian Alcira Mejia SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION TRAVELING EXHIBITION SERVICE Director Dennis A. Gould^^ Acting Director Eileen Rose Public Affairs Officer Eileen Harakal ' Served as Acting Director through August 26, 1979. Appointed January 7, 1979. ' Appointed June 25, 1979. ' Resigned July 27, 1979. 582 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Administrative Staff Administrative Officer Antonio Diez Registrar Emily Dyer Assistant Registrars Mary Lou Cocker Sally Slater Accountant Marie-Claire Jean Secretary Marie-Marthe Goodwin General Exhibitions Program Program Officer Anne R. Cossett Exhibitions Coordinators Janice Driesbach Elizabeth DriscoU Quinton Halletteo Regina Lipsky*'^ American Studies Program American Studies/Publications Coordinator Andrea Stevens Exhibitions Coordinator Nancy Davis Science Exhibitions Coordinators Martha Cappelletti Deborah Dawson Education Program Education Specialist Marjorie Share Education Coordinator Hedy Ehrlich Education Clerk Mary Lynn Riley Interns Susan Boer, George Washington University Linda Daur, University of Delaware Kathryn McGuire, St. Mary's College PUBLIC SERVICE Assistant Secretary Julian T. Euell Executive Assistant Vincent L. MacDonnell Administrative Officer Jewell B. Dulaney Publications Coordinator Glen B. Ruh ANACOSTIA NEIGHBORHOOD MUSEUM Director John R. Kinard Secretary Vashti Hill Administrative Officer Audrey Archer Research Department Historian Louise D. Hutchinson Secretary Hazel Evans Research Assistant Carolyn Margolis Exhibits Center Exhibits Program Manager Victor Govier Secretary Linda Fantroy Resigned July 27, 1979. Resigned July 20, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 583 Photographer Christopher Capilongo Supervisory Visual Informatior\ Specialist Laurence Thomas Supervisory Exhibits Specialist James E. Mayo Exhibits Specialists James P. Daniels Omar Wynn Woodcraftsman Grandison Jones Exhibits Helper Milton Jones Education Department Education Specialist Zora Martin-Felton Secretary Frances Webb Education Technician Schroeder Cherry Museum Aid Marshall Jackson Maintenance General Maintenance Worker Alexander Foster DIVISION OF PERFORMING ARTS Director James R. Morris Administrative Officer Ernestine A. Potter Director, Jazz and American Culture Programs Martin Williams Director, Chamber Music Programs .... James M. Weaver Production Associate Peggy Martin Culture Historian, Program in Black American Culture Bernice Johnson Reagon Director, Museum Programs Shirley Cherkasky Director, Education Services Cynthia Hightower Production Coordinator Bill Bennett Coordinator of Children's Programs . . . Susan Price Drachsler Director, Marketing and Communications Sally Roffman Technical Coordinator Harold A. Closter Public Affairs Officer Manuel Melendez INTERNATIONAL EXCHANGE SERVICE Director John E. Estes OFFICE OF ELEMENTARY AND SECONDARY EDUCATION Education Program Coordinator David W. Estabrook Education Specialist Ann P. Bay Writer/Editor Thomas E. Lowderbaugh Specialist Education Coordinator Janice Majewski OFFICE OF SMITHSONIAN SYMPOSIA AND SEMINARS Director Wilton S. Dillon Associate Directors Carla M. Borden Dorothy Richardson Assistant Helen Leavitt Consultant Barrick W. Groom 584 / Smithsonian Year 1979 OFFICE OF TELECOMMUNICATIONS Director Nazaret Cherkezian Senior Telecommunications Specialist . . William C. Grayson Telecommunications Specialist Paul B. Johnson Radio Production Specialist Ann M. Carroll Production Coordinators Lawrence E. Kline, Jr. Jean B. Quinnette SMITHSONIAN EXPOSITION BOOKS Director James K. Page, Jr. Senior Editor Russell Bourne Business Manager Thomas A. Hoffman SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION PRESS Director Edward F. Rivinus Secretary to the Director Ruby Hamblen Deputy Director Felix C. Lowe Administrative Officer Ceorgiana Hahn Administrative Assistant Bessie J. DeBeck Managing Editor, General Publications . Maureen R. Jacoby Managing Editor, Series Albert L. Ruffin, Jr. Writer/Editor Hope Pantell Editors: Mary Frances Bell Joan B. Horn Barbara Spann John Harris John Korytowski Ruth Spiegel Louise J. Heskett Kathleen Preciado Judith F. Wilder Production Manager Lawrence J. Long Production Assistants Kathleen Brown Alan Burchell Production Clerk Don Fisher Design Manager Janet Stratton Senior Designer Stephen Kraft Designers Natalie Babson Elizabeth Sur Jr. Designer Carol Hare Distribution Manager Frederick H. MacVicar Publications Distribution Specialist .... Theresa F. Hostettler^^ Publications Technician Rosa E. Maness Distribution Facilities Specialist Frank Mathis Publications Assistants: Eleanor R. Dixie Sarah King Margaret Thompson Brenda Green Florence R. Morgan®^ SMITHSONIAN MAGAZINE Editor and Publisher Edward K. Thompson Executive Editors Ralph Backlund Donald B. Moser Retired August 31, 1979. ' Retired June 29, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 585 Members, Board of Editors: Grayce P. Northcross Paul Trachtman Edwards Park John P. Wiley, Jr. Bennett Schiff Richard L. WilUams Associate Publisher Joseph J. Bonsignore Advertising Director Thomas H. Black Circulation-Promotion Director Anne Keating Picture Associate Caroline Despard Production Nannie Shanahan Business Carey O. Randall VISITOR INFORMATION AND ASSOCIATES' RECEPTION CENTER Director Mary Grace Potter Secretary Elizabeth Bennett Assistant Program Coordinator, Weekends Lois Brown Deputy Director Carolyn Clampitt Program Manager, Staff Volunteer Services Sally Covel Building Coordinators Gail Dalmat Gilmer VanPoole Program Assistants Mary Epremian June Graham Program Editor Maria Heasly Assistant Program Coordinator Nancy Hinton Secretary Wyn Keating Program Coordinator Gretchen Latimer Office Manager Bee Gee Livsey Editorial Assistant Evelyn McClave Manager, Public Inquiry Mail Ann Perper Staff Assistant, Weekends Katie Simpson Coordinator, Group Orientation Program Jennifer Williams MEMBERSHIP AND DEVELOPMENT Director James McK. Symington OFFICE OF DEVELOPMENT Deputy Director E. Jeffrey Stann Associate Development Officers Arthur W. Gardner Martha R. McLure Carole A. Rader NATIONAL ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Robert H. Angle Regional Events Program Manager Charlene James Program Assistants Amy Kotkin MaryBeth Mullen Contributing Membership Program Manager Jessie Brinkley 586 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Selected Studies Program Manager Nancy Starr Program Assistant Abby Yochelson Associates Travel Program Program Manager Jacqueline Austin Deputy Program Manager Prudence Clendenning Foreign Study Program Manager Barbara Schneider Program Coordinators Bryan DeLeo Bliss Schumann Janet Varn RESIDENT ASSOCIATE PROGRAM Director Janet W. Solinger Assistant Director Michael C. Alin Administrative Officer Harry H. Bair Program Coordinators Paul J. Edelson Edward P. Gallagher Moya B. King Christine Parker Associate Program Coordinators Diane Lynn Arkin Natalia Krawec Alice Dana Spencer Consultant, Studio Arts Andy Leon Harney Public Information Specialist Helen A. Marvel Assistant Public Information Specialist . Michael L. Roney Art Director Margaret V. Lee Membership Coordinator Jeanne B. George Registration Manager Nuzhat Sultan-Khan Assistant Registration Manager Xenia Sorokin Arnelle Volunteer Coordinator Elinor K. Emlet Staff Photographer Lillian M. O'Connell ADMINISTRATION Assistant Secretary John F. Jameson Director, Agenda Office Robert L. Farrell Contracting Officer, Contracts Office . . . Elbridge O. Hurlbut Director, Management Analysis Office . Ann S. Campbell Director, Office of Computer Services . . Stanley A. Kovy Director, Office of Equal Opportunity . . Will Douglas, Jr. Director, Office of Personnel Administration Howard Toy Director, Travel Services Office Ann H. Krafthofer Director, Office of Printing and Photographic Services James H. Wallace, Jr. Director, Office of Supply Services .... Harry P. Barton Director, Office of Programming and Budget Jon E. Yellin Director, Office of Facilities Services . . . Tom L. Peyton, Jr. Director, Office of Facilities Planning and Engineering Services Phillip K. Reiss Director, Office of Plant Services Kenneth E. Shaw Director, Office of Protection Services . . Robert B. Burke, Jr. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 587 FINANCIAL SERVICES Treasurer Christian C. Hohenlohe Assistant to the Treasurer John R. Clarke Financial Analyst Frances C. Rooney Director, Accounting Office Allen S. Goff Assistant Director, Accounting Services William B. Henegan Assistant Director, Financial Systems . . John P. Howser Director, Office of Grants and Risk Management Phillip H. Babcock Director, Investment Accounting Division Ernest A. Berger Director, Business Management Office . Richard Griesel Controller, Business Management Office Ohlen J. Boyd^* Director, Smithsonian Museum Shops . . James J. Chmelik Director, Belmont Conference Center . . Mary B. Force Director, Mail Order Division David H. Ehrlich OFFICE OF THE GENERAL COUNSEL General Counsel Peter G. Powers Associate General Counsel Alan D. Ullberg Assistant General Counsels: Robert A. Dierker Suzanne D. Murphy John W. Lang III George S. Robinson Marie C. Malaro James I. Wilson FACILITIES SERVICES Director Tom L. Peyton, Jr. Administrative Officer Mary Anne Sedillo Director, Facilities Planning and Engineering Services Phillip K. Reiss Director, Plant Services Kenneth E. Shaw Director, Protection Services Robert B. Burke, Jr. WOODROW WILSON INTERNATIONAL CENTER FOR SCHOLARS Director James H. Billington Deputy Director Prosser Gifford Editor Peter Braestrup Librarian Zdenek V. David Publications Officer Elizabeth Dixon Assistant Director for Administration . . William M. Dunn Secretary, Kennan Institute and Assistant Director Abbott Gleason Coordinator, East Asia Program Harry Harding Assistant Director for Fellowship Selection Michael J. Lacey Secretary, Latin American Program .... Abraham F. Lowenthal Appointed October 1, 1979. 588 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Assistant Director for Development .... George Liston Seay Program Officer Ann Sheffield Special Assistant to the Director Mernie Wright Weathers Secretary, International Security Studies Program Samuel F. Wells, Jr. JOHN F. KENNEDY CENTER FOR THE PERFORMING ARTS Honorary Chairmen Mrs. Jimmy Carter Mrs. Gerald R. Ford Mrs. Richard M. Nixon Mrs. Lyndon B. Johnson Mrs. Aristotle Onassis Mrs. Dwight D. Eisenhower^^ Chairman of the Board of Trustees Roger L. Stevens Vice Chairmen Charles H. Percy Henry Strong Secretary Frank N. Ikard Assistant Secretary Charlotte Woolard Treasurer W. Jarvis Moody Assistant Treasurers James F. Rogers William H. Ryland Henry Strong General Counsel Harry C. McPherson, Jr. Associate Counsel William W. Becker Director of Opera and Ballet Martin Feinstein Director of Operations Thomas R. Kendrick General Manager of Theaters Judith O'Dea Morr Controller Clifton Jeter Director of Development Jillian H. Poole Director, Building Management Edward G. Schessler Budget Officer Verda V. Welch Deputy Director of Operations Geraldine M. Otremba Associate Manager of Theaters Richard H. Owens Director of Education Jack W. Kukuk Director of Public Relations Leo Sullivan Director of Marketing Kathryn K. Elliott Manager of Sales Carl A. Matte Minority Affairs Consultant Dr. Archie L. Buffkins Management Systems Consultant Alexander Morr NATIONAL GALLERY OF ART President John R. Stevenson Vice President Carlisle H. Humelsine Director J. Carter Brown Assistant Director Charles P. Parkhurst Treasurer Robert C. Goetz Administrator Joseph G. English Secretary and General Counsel Robert Amory, Jr. Construction Manager Hurley F. Offenbacher Deceased November 1, 1979. Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 589 Staff Assistant to the Director, Music Richard Bales Assistant to the Director, PubHc Information Katherine Warwick Assistant to the Director, Special Events Carol M. Fox Planning Consultant David W. Scott Curator of American Painting John H. Wilmerding Chief Librarian J. M. Edelstein Chief, Education Department Margaret I. Bouton Head, Extension Program Development . Joseph J. Reis Head, Art Information Service Elise V. H. Ferber Editor Theodore S. Amussen Chief, Photographic Laboratory William J. Sumits Curator of Photographic Archives Ruth Rowe Philbrick Senior Conservator Victor C. B. Covey Head, Exhibitions and Loans Jack C. Spinx Head, Department of Design and Installation Gaillard F. Ravenel Registrar Peter Davidock, Jr. Curator of Early Italian and Tuscan Painting David A. Brov^n Curator of Graphic Arts Andrew C. Robison, Jr. Curator of French Painting David E. Rust Curator of Sculpture Douglas Lewis, Jr. Curator of Twentieth-Century Art E. A. Carmean, Jr. Curator of Northern and Later Italian Painting Sheldon Grossman Curator of Northern European Painting John O. Hand Curator of Dutch Painting Arthur K. Wheelock Curator of Spanish Painting Anna Voris Assistant Administrator George W. Riggs Associate Secretary and General Counsel Carroll J. Cavanagh Assistant General Counsel Elizabeth A. Croog Assistant Secretary Kathryn K. Bartfield Personnel Officer Michael B. Bloom READING IS FUNDAMENTAL, INC. Chairman of the Board Margaret McNamara President Ruth Graves Executive Secretary Patricia Robinson Deputy National Director Arnold Baker Director of Development Don Walther Director of Field Services Division Carolyn Gunn Director of Finance Administration .... Christina Mead Director of Publications Kristine Wilcox Publications Secretary Joanne Fox Writer/Researcher Charlie Miller Director of Resource Coordination and Support Services Barbara Atkinson Resource Coordination Officer Maxine Cohen Resource Coordinator Rosemary Zibert 590 / Smithsonian Year 1979 Support Services Officer Ryazard Obuchowicz Support Services Manager Calvin McFadden Support Services Assistant Dewan Vines Regional Program Coordinators Curtis Brown Denise Bullock Jessie Lacy Saucie Melnicove Program Specialists Mary Chor Cassandra Freeman Quintina Hoban Debbie Serling Program Assistant Steve Lawson Project Specialist Hemlata Lepperd Subcontract Manager Peter Shaw Subcontract Control Specialist Jean Merriwether Subcontract Secretary Dahlia Parry Finance Manager Donna Wagley Assistant Finance Manager John Crance Finance Secretary Vickie Lewis Payments Procedures Specialist Etta Seward Invoice Coordinator Christine Moore-Tanner Invoice Control Specialists Scholar Okorie Wanda Sweeney Data Retrieval Manager Jill Gaines Data Retrieval Specialists Marian Isaac Deborah Wilson Technical Assistance Specialists Laura Baker Mary Erkson Alex Intermaggio Administrative Assistants Barbara Barse Beverly Briscoe Barbara Cunningham Nancy Lewis Secretaries Louise Evans Cathy Franklin Receptionist Deborah Anderson Mail Control Clerk Joann Campbell General Office Workers William Cabell Walter Moore SMITHSONIAN SCIENCE INFORMATION EXCHANGE, INC. President David F. Hersey Vice President, Scientific Affairs Division Donald A. Elliott Vice President, Data Processing Division Martin Snyderman Special Assistant to the President and Treasurer Thomas P. Bold, Jr. Assistant Treasurer and Secretary Evelyn M. Roll Marketing Manager Karen Wheeless CURRENT CANCER RESEARCH PROJECT ANALYSIS CENTER Director Donald A. Elliott Deputy Lily Ayad Appendix 11. Staff of the Smithsonian Institution I 591 MEDICAL, BEHAVIORAL, AND SOCIAL SCIENCES DIVISION Director Donald A. Elliott Deputy Charlotte M. Damron Chief, Medical Sciences Branch Charlotte M. Damron Chief, Behavioral Sciences Branch Rhoda Goldman Chief, Social Sciences Branch Ann Riordan NATURAL SCIENCES AND ENGINEERING DIVISION Acting Director Donald A. Elliott Deputy Samuel Liebman Chief, Chemistry Branch Samuel Liebman Chief, Agricultural Sciences Branch .... William T. Carlson Chief, Biological Sciences Branch James R. Wheatley, Jr. Chief, Materials and Engineering Branch William H. Payne Chief, Physics, Mathematics, and Electronics Branch Robert Summers Acting Chief, Earth Sciences Branch . . . Chalmer G. Dunbar DATA PROCESSING DIVISION Director Martin Snyderman Deputy Bernard L. Hunt Manager, Systems Development Branch Bernard L. Hunt Manager, Input Services Branch Jack Devore Manager, Programming and Reports Services Branch Robert A. Kline Manager, Computer Operations Branch Paul Gallucci 592 / Smithsonian Year 1979